ce Aisi 3 CONTROL OF FERTILIZATION IN ene. Thesis fer the Degree af Ai. §, GS sites 1912 on OO ’ ~* 3 4 { es oP) + wp) e PT SOMNTR OL OF re er ITT IOI Li) CLOVER. aaad ~ fh. ~ I-LORIGAGT ACTICULTURAL COLLECE, aT BaoT LC ING, TICHIGA™. 1912. THESIS — CLOVER ‘ Tre clove®S belong to the order Leguiinosae, Pauily Pavi-e lionaceae, genus Trifolium. Tre number of species telongix:s to the genus Trifolium ere av rut two huncred ofa fifty (250) in nur- ber. Trey are the -:ost abundnnt in the Vorth Te neri:te Zone. About sixty-five (65) snecies are know in Yorth Avericn, the grent est number of tiese teins found netive to the “'estern st:.tes. PRCRACIS OF TOT POW Ss. Tre flowers of the clover ere cornrzosec of the FUORAL ENVEL-|- OPE (corolla and ealyx), arc the TSSEX TIAL ORCAS (stomens and pistil). Tre corolla is GAUTPTTALOUS,. The celyx persists to- gether with the_gorolla aroun’ the rive fruit. The inflores- cence is svike, casitulun or casiteate u-vdel. Tre pegfal which overlaps the otherSin the bud is termed the FAUNDR or STAD DARD (vexellum). The tro acjoining leteral petals are the “/I? GS (alae), while te other to cohere at txe tov to form a hollow boat shaves tody en’led the FEEL or CARINA. Trere are nine sta- mens. The umner encs of the stamans an” style curve uowards in the pocket of the keel. They are all attached together at the base. “tien the keel is pressed down the essential organs oro- trude, cut they return wren the pressure is re-oved. the pole len is thus nrotected from the weather and from robbery. Tne flowers of the cloverscontain honey whith is secreted at the base of the conering st-mens. It surrounds the base of the ovary 103335 \ ) fF ‘ | \. Prat d 4) / & Ar PLATE | Cy Oe and can only te rer hed throu.’. two spertures, one on either side of tne case of ti.e eunocrior free strmens. I. orde. to vre:ch the horney en insect rust etened uson the wins. T..ese ane the 1 keel are couseyuently -ressel cowovrords. Tye vDaimer is pressed unowards by t.e insect's hecd, anc tre steome:rs enc the sti::.a pro- trudins from the ke-l, are forcec un efcinst the ventral side of the insect. cross fertilizetion tekes nlace regulerl, since the stigma nrojects slichrtly tevord the anthers avid therefore comes in co:tact with the insect vtefore t:e st :ens. Viren the insect leaves te flower, all orsc vs retur. to their foimer plece. TH: WHIT™ “LOVER, (Trifoliw:i renens). Tro eolor of the flovers cre white or re ¢cish. the corolla tube, wrich na -its of the move ents of tne tenner -n" “eel are only 2mm 19077, ss that the less svecialized bees c:n recch the honey. Plite I, fig. 1 shove c Trifolium renens flower cs seen frorn re ‘oval OO Free, 2 shows the sove as seen from evove after t> Fic. 3 shows the richt wing (cla) as seen fron tre i ner side a). Mectur vaceace. (ec). Pite in the eel vetals into which the wing »etrls BLD CLOVER, (Trifolium orrtense). Tae inflorescence is ordi:narily celled a hear, and consists of a round *5 elonrv-ctes oval. The enike is usually single, but So ow —_—— Prat. 2 Dy. 6 18 sonetinmes forced, T2 18 one 279 one onc oneshalf inches long 9 auc contsins from one to to huncrec (169-290, seszile flovers. In color t-.ey «re light to dark pis cond selcon ~vhite. a7ey are evuncently visitec vy insects. ane honey is ct tne tese of th corolla which is from nine to ten mm. long. T:. order to reach the honey an insect ust hve e@ nro oscia nt lenst nine to ten mm. loxns. 7.2 pollen is accecsible to all insect> that ean press cown the keel. Bees or other insects havin: these reauire- rents, cross-=nollixate the flowers whether they are suckin: the honeyor cat*eriy, the pollen. Plate ITI, fis. 1 shows a Trifolivw or tense flower as seen fror: telovw. Pic. 2. shows the enme as seen from arove caftcr tne re oval Fic. 2 snows the enterior vnart of tre scsce with the edges of ic, 4 shows the right wing fala) with the clay torn off, as seen fro. tre in-er sice. Ter, 5 shows the richt kalf of the keel, wits the claw torn away, as seer from tre outsice. Tig. 6 stows the essenticl or ans ecersins fror the denoressed (uj. sabe formed ty the corlese-nce of the nine filanents with the claws of the banner, wings ond keel. \ ~ : - a (o je - CL.LeLD. js Hollow on tre in .er sice of tre wins. (e). Lower “orcer of the vin. (f). Gutsice of the wine. Heaus of Crimson clover. i). Strle. (..). Free u-ner stomens. Sticees. \Vaeje #207: ers, (rn). Point of unio’ Yetveen wines cond “eel. ™ (o). Point at which the cel is ~oved wo an” corn. CRIMSON “LOVTR, (Trifolitm incrrnatun). ry- bo.c mechoniss: of the flovers is tre se.e cs in tre “rifo- lium. oratense,. Tne levgeth of the corolla tube is 2-9 nm and the calyx tube 5 ma. in lenzth. Tlic baer is foldcc uy, and tierefore serves to guice the vororvoscis of tre lonper-torcued insects ts the honerv,. ADSIEE “LOVIR, (Trifolivm hv ridu:). 7 \ eclanis:: of tre floverse is tre srre ac thet of trifo- co Ne aia liwi renens. aie flowers sre evanll anc white or reccish in color. Thom clover nollinntton work trese Tour s»ecies of tre clo- vers were used, and tre cescri:ctio. of the flover mechenis:u is conBined tc these senecies sololr, Murinz the c:iurse of the work Vur.cl- tees, honcv ‘ees, and te -terflies were otserved woriting on these svecies of tie clovers, ‘omy other insects were ob- “ents in the 3 +~ , 5 ctr ra 0 Ch iS ry Oo Co 22 y } c 4 C © ct mo Cu 9) “7 2 9 servec visitin; these ecross--c’linction. Tools used in work. NS e OLS, — e followin: tools were usec in the wor;-- r I de To. (1). A s-2ll -air of scissors for re-ovive varts of the co- rolla, starrens, etc. (2). A pair of forcens to hole tie st. .cus while recoving the antrers. . whet wes used to conly , ‘ 9 a a - we 8 a . wee Sek 24 mnt. so. 8 .2 je oh BEGLI voocen Lox vrich was oniives Bleek: dnsice and ct se or a 7; sy, A -- .. ee tervard covered with « s9 rays surface s..00tn. rie w.lacc color enatles one to see the zollen, “7. ¢ a7. - a4. te Fg, Le --y- +¢ + 14. Wo te LL,@ S one ere SP. ace J PeVel. v5 . uQ Sa a y1-4 a.9 - ey nee $ . .. ' , a os =. .< & Ja bell fx oi = eh eae (5). A TCUB.e ao Cs Sad e oerme €00e vrlive vlovwineg ever with which to gry the stigrna after devollination Ly water. (7). Sore tees for keeping tye records of the different ex- 44 ae % 29 * 7 a “hile the seeds are rivevireg. mS YD ‘4 pt @M cr (2 5 “~ . . ( )e For cenollin-tion a wash VLottle was used. Tt wos an a. ae. ne - ver mar aa rowel a: ow oe 7. orisa.ary tottle of two gcuilon capacity, ana ™ 7 Veter. A twoeloled stonner wes put in tie mouth of the tote Te A class tuve masses throush one hole to i.ear the Lotiim oF “7 8 Lottle. This tobe is Lent at rigert ancles cLove the ston jer c.d on it is attacied a ravver tuve. ‘At The end oF “a 2ube cer tute Gf suotner class tute Svavi aut tO a Cul hilary tate ot C1.8 uC. A ohuck velve closes the rucber ture. IM ine O%her “ole is sleced an orCanary Lycicle valve. THIS enables guc t9 keto Mig fd petein aly pressure vitlhin tne cottle. Ty openir: 7 LJ. - @ ae * am or me = a an te ee 7~ oP -, = 4 wa) wee kt Nia rc . ‘ 1 I a \ - ‘oa d ~ - g a - te Cc wey q ‘. _ a in Q le eC A CG A Rw le & Yr e wee _—_ Oo ow Mee ne mw oa 7 ws 1 ow "~N wre bd fe pet . hoy -a . cot, d. cet obo ws a Cc. mw. ? -~ = stan bk nm ~ 4 .. ao 4 a ~- oy 2... 407% “ owes po me 43. . weet a Cio le i 15 ‘ont ~ e a on WVier gs, whe es ol.) OL OV 3 735 aS ook. Coithee 47. - a- d. ory bes ene 4 va ; ~ - - oh, x. - , d “ an“ , -.~%9 w-~ @e wa J ¢ al le amt i e v 3% LU bate cle rae wey Cael'h aA re lL ‘ QD a3 Led wea Jun Gekbh & 3 - a =~ 43 . - we ~~, + Vea - - ye eo” a . 3M Sow a q. . Cital £9 OLE Cer. “iO vu sti. OW s wh Y Vie Led Oe ea vd Aba ats ta LEX i,aCce Uno 4+ %. 7 od avcuay ° ° -* * *. a ee a 4". MA yc vo. _ 7M sp ete 4 1. Tees tre Flowers are covered “efsrve the bau.er untolés fron the ents the heacs vere this coverec ty tlring a viece of creese cloth avout each reac, Tis tre Tirst? series of S. ese ax erin ents tTiis erecawlion Was 1ou veven ci thus fPfajilure vos the resvlt. wae Tlowers develay in the head that ave syossitle to worir this cover i.ay “le re. oved ang tuen replecel cfter the i ark is fone. Tne tus tiier recores tie perivienst G.valeé ve attached tsa th eoverlig of the head ci.cd not Sesarately to the stern. Tie stens are frequently “voren at thie tise vien the sceds are riyering, TET NS OW TRYST attr ea, : . .. ' 2 um ee a oe -~* A472. 2 4 @ If tie results of our crossirgés are to wean anything defi- 7 3 ore ° - ef 471 mite it is -ecessary to control tre fertilization of the selected + fy + “4 > ” he 8 _m 27 rad ad oe OOM oP me y : 5 7 se ara 4. 3 - - — Lovers, oreverting self-fe-t lication. Pifferect wetroas ere 4.°% reco. exuded for * is yur pose. — a he a . 4 *. Le: we Swe. a9. 1 wwe be TV , a. £ . + %. (1). ™ a&eulavion, ox tre revusving of tus enthers vefore the en gollen is deposited. Tne v.lnute anc delicate structure of the ete,e.s in tre clover flowers woulc seem to wake the wor. daiffi- cult, cut when one is ex verienced this vork is easily Cone. amie er LA * t a ‘ a7, es om _ a es ame vom 44. 4+ mc ot le Circe Ci. fi OW » X’ Le wV¥,C Cra vii’ lowe be ar sh forest waias. > V; ad tk vei wen aed no ith wuite clover. z oO Hy x = he Three stacés in , @ rectin. -«eccirst the Pivser. "Telors fee Povaers tele 7 ole sf ove of tlhe cies. Tew Whogs and “teel] will “e® vent beet together, and. Lay We .beced uader tre tl. Tl.é Essential osigenus cre then so sed, Vedic ’ re five oF the Soreceps vat the spares wowesos, POL OWOPa Ve Toner. If tie entrers have nou pet telun to 9 en Chev will te eutirely broken off ers re .oved. Df Viet ont lere eieey AA Tee? a meee ML 1. Reale aw Fe 41.3 - , ~. 32 hf Gee COL. ll eS DoT. eis Oy MG] be cruchec & vsiS rrocesS ei.0 7% me cen easil: ‘iow vhetier tie Tlover selected is a sofe oue to use. The was il showla mat ve iugurec .y this »rocess es it T@.CS taweredr the Panser. (2). A second rnethos is recow.e iced vy Vr. Geovee T. Oliver, wlant prog .rctor 60 Vasnipgtonu, es ecially in the case of ciosover. Te recoriierds Washing off the uollen vy mecus of a s..ell stream of water, gust at the tire “hen the anthers onen and the »ollen is cdenositec. This method is calles cepolliration. a \ a NAAsts + + %- , vo tt ” _ 7 ct WA (3) in aaaition to tuese two et ors I aCULCea & twnlra ore, tre renovah of the pollen ty menas of a trusn witout wash- ing the Tlower,. Tlany authors such as Darwin, “nut, Fermazn, ¢¢ erd ““yller write that clover is incepavle of self pollination. “ry. Oliver says; “Ilany otservetions indicate that the flowers of tie red clover are irccnatle of self fertilins*ion when ~rovec- tec from irsects, as nlents ri rave teen tested with this end in view have iu no case vrocucec seeds." (U. SC. Den't. of Acri- wlture, Purenu of Plant In-ustry, HKurietin Yo. 167, lew lvetlocs of Plant Ereecing.). All tis suggests the removal of the -ol- len tv rornms of the trush without washing. TalrS vieti.o€ is more easil: cone. It saves tive aS one caunot vollixate « wet stile mad wecdletvely, after wasnine. Tie deliccts parts of tre flow Three stages in wor: whit rea clover. mo ‘ e en. boot el, Oo tat. . So donate by Yasin LU OD —- NT om = 7 ¢ : 2 he sm vio i) - ~~? ame -]s0 Lei CP en w~ NOU -elyt a ‘on Oa. aoa, a ed y WaAsS 11. Ghacana ~ y . f m8. 7 TL. we ®. "Ce 1.8 AY: at we XN fy e TT .- a mJ 4. - +74 . 4 = a on % we db ao x fs ~ + -_ Fr . 3 * = ae or —— —~ ~ be ae re oh, a O77 Le ese Oicte Cultag 18 « i Je Car un co! wm ain J VO "¢ Vim aed Lak ‘ Woo ty - oO u 4 wie SP, oa * co os ere, ‘ . An aa wo ~ ¢ -- 5 ~a ; s 4. e v¢ 4 ~ ort 4 a vee Chace, weleé Lemavea, leaving Jase & fev eG DO :FVeve One rs - £ . Ys L* 3 or 5 wo ° ~ % @ < ” arp 7 ‘ & 4 cy : cirmnineg faur or five flowers onl weve Left. Teter it oy -— 7 7 = 7: ’ “* “le 7 4. _ one OR ON Ty -=, Ye sy-4 7- ae * rr os wos founs sossivle tu vorkx vitn a greater munter of flowers on ny ha +. o. vr vo ~ 2 - ~ ; ‘ . : - + ™~ 4a & I. + 43 7. 4 ” ars a7 4 4 a CECE read. _ Pac en Onc L - a Oe: Ma a wb flu va © Les ad | culo ng 5 U9 LEaEVE 4. V. mm roe te een aos : so yo opN wey £ ~ s- a ££ 4 %- Va a: oo “« a bre flowers ic « sin le vow fro. ove side of tre hea: across +o — ad TV. a4. ees wy .. mae, . — o = FM... a ae TM LOAN ~ a 4 %.. 3 . ‘ ‘ _ °€ « ea nN, : 7 7+. . - - «~~ bii€e 0 2.-OL., n— e awe Dh trig ae eyo +> et - So eg wa wae — - he -’ t ran £. Ot a ete ” e win Uwe @ G, - TTS TNO rem - “yO v— : 2 faa- eb re 4 ade! -@ ~ a de 2.4 8 -7 7% 2 7 a) a - “a — ~ a wn to we ~ oe -. ats _ . J. A ’ so 1 ’ 7 a “ c * Z ‘ ” ~ ~ a‘) Qo lac. baa t ? eo t,t * ae ail? whoa boo ‘\ + me OE diy ~_ uf Les Ww) woe . 2 JOM Le, i. . CVT Ove . . _ aw a oh i 3. + - ave 4. & >. a - ” 4° o . - a ° - . | ° -~ ” ce Ne -~ “_ v o . a4 . 7 -” 7 . ~ BB we ~ tO 2. Tb oe rl a OY. t rs poy Joe A vi. (a af a dia \. 2 - Ot we, Netty . Wh 2 valk ete eG. mM le. Tae A Ww -~ Bae + ane Gllen iss veeded. Theee heads were cpvered to orotect then fro: Ine a war? © C) ct vA 1 : J a | P) t te rx ct ‘4 D tone y JF meow. a OM oa, an bbw e “ ~ _- pen Sure, Petoure gatherin: tre flowers Syo Tie chit, an Sle vind sonvsers ie $31ite4, AL Ter = er. ad S teepooet our Nours saab abawsdasee oF cip”e pollen vray ve easily ovtaived, TA everpuet ig te Lablen Foe Maver as grasped Bevan hte tha.) 7 SP oreTiager Sas) as iu the ease of Ce ot ™tanatiou. Tale Heel .. 7. vines ave slaced avder tie Tia Vid tne wollen is epasred into “ne “ox. a OES OF APPUYT OS Sohn. In soc.e 07 the Tollovains eyveriuedits tie Flor:1 envelone is re.ocoved, which fecilit:.ces tre an lioestics: of tee noatlen with the cruch., Tr cusses where the flor.il enveZtose is not cut tre flower mre bent is cvrecovec ryach the sce ce 2 a a es Tyeoasail. erty 790m art niaces Corum ont ~ LON. l.e Wines 2 PS yuder the thw; waged under whe before, a? i keel ocr e . 9 ® 7 on 18 vite re 7 mormel. n vent is oe "9 the 1. “TTT ITT NT CAR 7 TT Th ge ao Ro . Joa. e bola? oO: Me, "ido tsa. De a. we 3 wees ole “, -- . . . cle a 7, 3 e e 4 4 e . . a, ant TOsalownn, Ccupoaa ce u.t7 oon Te civided into two - ev-eral Te HL RN FA on . - yo... ~ A « ZTOUNS. Woiecn tne flovers cludes +* We. incluces all A 390° 7 . “7 de - winueted, 28 wir earde" T —_ “ aa 5A 2 es yrotected ceforoe tne treat oractice shove? ‘ane, Vtia OvwP I. were different mctnods e-tioned st rrourd ~elous ocl t e exoeriments i- not cross-nollinated. T.Ls groeud Las of desollinetion. se secon? rroup fiwhich tre flowers reve cross- avove uncer tne nerd "Pre auratian Scries tne flowers were not - i> wor of esc.erin Was pesun. Tater @ ' te st @ this ethod wes not ovrnrctical. POTTY “OU Civision A, Lewoollinatio ty weter, ~ivieior BE, ©: stlinstio. ey brush. Sydetiviseto: Ll, ctav,ens ans florsl envelone were not cut. “sbeOivieton 32, Stamens weve recover “ut flozrel enveonve "75 10T. Pivision 7, Co.trol. Flavors rere nrovected fron insects. Sabelivision 1, Plowers wevs vot salltiasted. Gulecivision 0, Plover? were celf-aollinsnter, “xveriment. Number of flow- ere used, a l 1990 A. 199 EY 1°29 = 2 149 X21 OLD O ON }- IrxvO Oc. © ctr >is 13s ATMNOR Wit JOD e2OUP) IT's TT NTTIATN A m9 items OULIZALITD. Division A, Flowers denollinated vy water. 22ViSTOn B,. sioevera cevoseylated Sub-divisionsl, Floi.wl envelone removed. SubecivisionS2, TlLoral envelone sot revoved. ee ee Swe eee ee em me ee ee ee ee ee nn ee ee es --Frc--- —--- = <= "No. of fesults. Frneriner.t "flovers | -<----4----- 4 "used Lio. of ' seeds 7) ’ O° Suried — —_—_ ' _—_—— A Wires... ~oliea usel at cuce 4134 4, 20k A 2 green wollow. User a22.0..0e 25) 5 28.7 Boies oe mn Ns eee we Cae 1154 Bl 22 & 2 Poltinustéed at bnée,; colle 5 says 916'195 ne 17 a 9 awe ow , wie 1 " V9 19 19 vO £2 wu wi s Ta LS it Ww? "199 7 7 4.2 uw we ) we 2° “ Wty 09 0 0 fp wey wy ) wn so " WIS TG 0 0 Bl Fresh sollea usel 2% once "144 7 4.8 5 2 Fresh pollea usel a. orze tava 9 8 Be s : s after 4 hourd100 24 24 8 “ " it) " 24 # 27 lay. nF B 2 " " " " 48 " 28? 9 7 COD scalS2OLS SOn. so Sia SSRISS. Seeds were often ottaincd in the first pro.s of tiis series of exseriments, wi.ere flowers were not pollinated. Sune flowers iad teen was..ed to rid tnen of the mollen, ov vere Cco,ollbnhated cy means of tue brush. tnis leala us +9 telieve tlas fe 2etili- zation had been acco:: lished sy the insects before Ce-ollination, or else tie cesollinwtlon was 290 com lete. Bécavse al tie res sults obtuined in che rirst group we can come to no co..clasion 9.. the resalts “ilir tie Second, groups. On: ici ons. (Or tAase- Tete a second series of these exveri-ents were unaertaceny where all tre flowers +29 be used were covewdd with cheese cloth wi-ile in the green stage, rae a, | Nie ee we -owm n- - ee 4-44 . athbods, “4 es 1....7% I UE LO s ws WS he ony = yo oo. . tee ve, Obi fae we anh. _.O . J T ' 1 \ { ‘ ' i 1 1 i ‘ { I f 1 1 \ { 1 f ‘ j ‘ 99 { ; reser | 1 (yous 4 f te “cf f \ es | ' a | 3 I ee ee f rl t Co. SP AS A OMOOOC COT OOS 9990 DDIIAYMADIOIIIOIDIIDI IND 2H . ® i oJ to f ea by ‘ j j t J r: { { 4 i C: ! 3 ' cy ! 143 t 4 ! fo \ : Fooan ! 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DO: ~~ 7 .c 77 GY a aa “some 4 - _- = on “~~ 5 1 ~'V ‘ ~™ lad ” a] + ~ > a s a ee er ee Dao m — d de -tn Be te ONT eo. ws oe toe tS . “os a - ate o+@ Le wee -. .. uw . at + ~~ Paci +. Masato ak A ae aA? ok - Jiu -) @ ~ oe ea — -=—_ = aR GBR ew OF SE we aw 22) eR SR ow _-_ =m TS ee TTS ~~ WER WR to am em OR oye SP em! TRO Sle Re es ee Sa em CS = mec c.lts ’ “y “ok ws. wad be be Se 7 ae .- we ‘ _=-y s ‘ : wv wy oe — 2. 7s ao en = on =: —_ —_ as J e of a. Je weed aS ~ Wa 07. ~ www ae hi st 8 doe Ol -~ -_ = ~ oo ot os we om ow rte lant Boe pee oo dale a) 2 DipA _ Ce a. a on = <— 0. oo ae “ , Nad ew es ny - 8 Y. u- . ecs - " mM: ve fe wT ee Roce ~ od 11 Se oe Nes a Cede 4 4, Lae Ne — ww re we es eee Wa pene eee eee eee pee ee eee ed . T1499 e 0 ) O 2 }~ | 9 [> (ys 297 Loot: 2287 ” 9 o- 208 Vsti? 11457 }- - Nn 297 llju; 11457 y . 4 ’ 4 3 \ . J yy 7 A557 ” * 7 A i - ~ an - 3 t 7 , ~12 13025 11157 a 9 to tJ +4 tf }~ c C) + — an S23 “J f a a) oo. Live hho eo w Q NS t~ bp t- ! NY ¢ + } t+ Cin ~J a X te (3 4 ~ -_ ay a 4 r~ 4 oe 390% Jam la 3 oy > Cb ha fou ame yd : _! ” - “ 7.97 TY AIS x a Low whe { Ll" St he Ts? \ y we ~ ” e Ta aa 9 12 34 cy fee she a te ete ef J Ne — ot 777~9 MRLs Z a tw te wae ote ee h | wa we wo a% 14997 MAI A ” oN = 249 4 a fry ~ a 1 wos ee ae {4 y 3 cn “4 me or a te oe os : aa « ’ Local LOU LO oe ene pe ees ~ ~ m_ae ~~ we “| = = oe - os WO ) ake J f-4 +2 +4 }+ }- }-4 t- }~ }2 "3 7 ah ' “y 5 TT N “ms “4 .aAt we ee @ a “ . 7 4 -, / q “0 ny te a e a: - sa nwae ws d ae -* ” - : ewst hoe « 4 sae DUALS. a wh 8 ° — -—m am 2.4 oe TT =e =e a oF ~ . | -~r om . r. ~~ aa r ) 7 oni we vet Oe OY ae ole Ch a ar ff 24, o- V0 - aA a bel ow we we 97 , oe kw ob soa T TO, woe te - o- Or ses! + oe so! Nae te ~ woe -3. we ow rr ee eee eo 4 ars 7 4 — ~ 4 to —~ } —~we ly) een 7 ~~ om .~ > ‘ 1 my ‘, + ta a ~ > —_ me 7 ar 74 — ww Wd ~ t- - Ja A Wy 2 ae ate ~, . w@& wo ym ° —- sy laa ww ea TU 4 ° + A 4 a . oN 1 ‘ a u sw 7 “se | +- Cs a +3 Pu am. w of - oe eo om 4 5 vr AA wT -_ -——=— wom Pr) ) id 14 bom ")- 5c 8 db Wee -- —_- - oo —o. ~Vay, ’ = aa we —_ -— =a C8 ~O oD ~& > e wt a? a et foe A we fs “Ne 93 ‘2? ade a 1 whet t e a eee 5 4 o”¥ ND = ™ a we me. ee ee . om 374 -- oe tl the after 4° == @ am eh -@ oR om, nt oo LO e = «= oa: -2 ! ay f 4 }- vy Lo -_ Sw “" = a 4 f sn et % ~ aie - 7 = ~% tJ t ~ “7 —-= <= 82 @2R oe@ 22 22 2 Go ac ro 5, tide ..-Jd vue a“ we aly Ree - man = De oe BS 3 OP = 4 oan) whe oh us an 3 7 “— tae, ad 729 ~~ 1 of aa} ony at yy an = > oy : ) J RN Ot whe ee ee LD a a, nt iN - » . + - ~ Vywnn woes ooldinat mT yD C1 wm gn 740 o SAIS Bee Clad peo mew om en “SR “oD we at ws & ~ . ” ~ a4 aide OO. wa oe oe . -- er . 3 1 7-7 - oO? 7 whe ye Vn tee ne Fw ee te OA a. ", o he wae > = ah oe ob +e ah ow GP SB oe oe a a 7 cf + 6 - -_wv a4 : am LS A yar bee dd 5 - on, a“ f S S vf 71474 — “vy =~ a4 4 ~~ aw RRS 2 294 275 ae - . 7 V1: , —- Tow ~ «Zw 121.5% TYAN. oe <= row a 11450 ae tye so aw sm te 11455 a vt Llib s? 11a ft wie te OT to o b owe > = <2 J Se) r-4 “7 _ = ab am ww « Sob ao = . ~V ase Sata - - -8 ~ —_ “_é" Y: ex £ - 7 ts we ony . 4 Js —_— w= o, =e we em oon oe = @. °-* =P ap am ie oS a ae 7m = on og mm ot om , wa 7%) ™mnrw em = am ~—s = - Oe FU PY ne a CHE Y b- = ah w «2 oR oF od . at at ~ *; as- fie z~? 4 ~~ 7 7m o was + + 3 H! t-? }~ +4 t 4 + 4 }—-4 }- a ,nA FN fe ws ww ". an v= i? 0c oa ~/ ~~ ~ ae ode ~ Lan “soo DIY J ae x97 4 Ne oe 9 “1 wl Vauie [a ~ oN ? . . , a, Sa wwe / “ ~ ON os a” n _¢ be Ne ’ ~ ° ”~ mers be ate a = fe t —- Cm -_ aoe * ade -. >< <2 ob a a g dw wd eam me cena Mmm en we =e eR ee ae + —_ e - - - -= ° ~~ & > ~ ~ vos ™”~ _ = whe 4 8 -- , owe tn Pe Mae eR ee 1 oP OE SE OS® - v e 9f i om oo .. 3 ~" corjn Fy ANA ae ahs Loam bs we ae ~ n = 44 e-p o.oo PO ae eka > 4-064, CO Wd ew \ a Pe = = @ GR we -e oe oR SD. SH tO 19° ae we wy CIN Lleol 7 75 8 I 4 a oe ~ Ve 3 a | +A +4 J 4 NS | ‘“ 4 3-. eae rt ” -~.Jde oe me FF ae WO eo ~32 en @ @& oD a —s at 7 ws es Na YN wr) Noe ce Ss wt me tw -_ = a om oO ve c x (Re-nved a - Af . _« ree vo at aw a ds tc whw wl on iw Ww wWhaoeoaw wy @ = pe PT em ee eR Re eR em ee = OR ee aR ee we og . - 4. . ,oyry 7 db, ww Ph ah EP on om a oR SS OP em om am am «= =e on GD ag . ..9 of yo das anne e - hn we ew ww 8! : a 4 ry 7 YA O teaine Ne eh bee =e ow OH Sow ow Ee ee lee SD Se le = ot nn 7 On Cyn - 8 vs. TNT? + VIO 7 TUY 0Q7 - At Tat +. o- bh a et dee - tn “ Jee as @ 2uie flovers «ove orget mot Lt td et og en cit sallen which 79. ays a wey sy 7,3 449 a4 72 - 4 ~ 7 . 4 a Sage. . hol teen etaved dia Mittle oc livine c.Laule Ll. cotlh t27 sce. ed ene AD tae Ae Get (- nt. 22 Titiom a. eevers or otdinites at in aI A (sollen e hae de ke me ew ee . “ee eee Noe “sare rer Tee eee oo -: wT eee ee ee eee EE i . 23 oc or te a ay ~~ Nw L- a&& " r ~ , 7 eM 4 7? ~ ne ~, _ 6 98 eyes on —_ = —-. = nom oe = = - = w= ‘ . » - ' . —_ a. Je Je. a\ We we ~.Je ven a? laa _. De Lake | a a2 _—o- = = = -. A - ry . ' . be Pay et -e , LF. U . L : s an a . ‘ s . » . Ne . ‘2. ' “~~ - 7 ache, ~ whe vas oe wie a os wwe a> Vy - J @ ae —_ cE . a 95 : e - _ A o~ aye ~ ' = N ey yy — == a wel tw wd ae Jeu ~ te - bo te ee wow a ca —_ =ah ae ot =m «<2 $2 we aR eh ~e esq oR SS em fe oe a -=_——or—eocer ovr ero reir ror ae a Pe en ee me me an oe em aso = No Lt rtrd ~ ~ BY LOT) Less } o” i —_ —~ | 7, _¢ , - t- a) - 7 eos ~~ A ww eC I ) 7‘ Lee a) L 7 t a oe jm a “wo i ® XC Or }— ) Voy ( XQ }-4 fr. Ge Ort (ys Gq) — \ ae 73S 7 coy y iY qn vitd ae pte, e-6 YD) i sO 339772 TTS if a / ‘— / -/ avy > bs “8 a) ~ 4,4 - oak .% * ~ N 7 rn a | o > - a ;* Nw! ae LY bw ~O AN a aw mrt aw oF fo A r| 4 \, oo N - ! va , 1 en | dn Sot ~~ te fe ae DY . ‘ b ; \G XL iO yo ~ 5 ) + yd ) _. J \ \ | ae M + © ct t* f+ }~ a? Q : + 2 WW) a) “be 8 oe 8 . rn Ne SADT A en QZ - :. 069 -aivision &. Put flowers wero decolttinwtca vse 2. iT A. se _ aI? ~ Ngee . = mo 3 4 ’ ay ete ye r wast 2s an om bb AO - te ew AN we Seve Wont naps caer name panne ss camennr essa c aces a yen ene aon m ee aa nesults P - L . >. 7 ef, 77 co - Li de 4). a. Qe - QO... oa -:'w~zw+Se ).. we ok i : oar roi UVePrs -_——_weww eee oO ee eae eo eae ah Le Peon wien Lame ~2. of Seeds S9iLe.. Was Outatue'd Saat C sa => <-> = ae ah SF ee] — am -2 = om 8 am ae em a em cm wh owe we =e em eo we wm oe we we we we we wee em we et em ww 8 em am a oe om = on ae oe ae om = oe oe oe me ee oe te --4 ye ] 1 3S 7 ws - - °C pio or "te 3 “ ove 7 - // 2 bw ro tT a1 wd — “mF “4 - ows, = > «6 mm a a ” D ns . 1 4 ~ “4 . re Sf wo Me —_— -_ a 7 4 2. ‘ ” r ‘a ¢ 4 \ t- J sal ao © Le: \ ©: b ry +> 5) re } 4 [. to jn G q 4N4 St tN 5 ow « c 1 A J + awefr aoe et Ne wes \ 4 Pd 5 “ An¢2 i) a / a he ww be Tia -—— @o ’ v 7" - ) 220 12452 12454 4 1 4 129 59 12 ah 7 . bu 4 tr SY Xe) Kk }- - q3 YK. } ..) }-4 ) \FV -}— C*) + Ly XK | J ~~ i. is C. > -t [ : ‘4 + CD c) nr a 1 ty “~“ ™mtwa a) a . “ji 0 3 = Se . 1 ‘ QTY eee —~ 7 yt - ¥ wot ,NT v 1 —~ 8 | rs ry aa - . &, ~ ? / / ae ta ee we A — ru t sc ae ” vw_ _AN* se 7 y°. 4 ~ A ‘ “y Quay ee ae ae S - a co Cod 1 a toe we OF }H i. Ky f» 7] 4 om ‘Pose + co r be a “4 . 3 an: o- . . en ~ . a A « ~ cy, - ~ G.c TD VIIT boa.e 2) ya Vere ergs: QO 2isveted at omee, wv @ — = Cr uw oe 5 "ew aed nS +7 , — 7°97 mm ergs 8s A . “a , ane eo a 5 - “rr , myn. em v lrRan Le ~~ VED Weve ReAMOLLAIN Vee aS 21. TL ok. ...@ . a“ at ea a are,: ~ i -e,s a S9Llen caso was Lo Foge olf. Ce nn ne eee enn nn nnn ag Results 9 ° ° oy ~ be * * ale ” sot 5 som eve « Ue 0% ja. We aad ls. on - ld 92 rar. ~ Je 2a VVOTS a ak ab A AP = ah Eh a =m ak on am oe os Om am a ant Mm ons ™ « o aaa eerys , lm ~My 7 ad co oo r. baz A whe . 1 f° yn 3 hb oe ws Ne) an _. ») ° 9. none me O1LLON ws svutuined 4 .%5 Ghee... ™menes =e sm ow GR =i ow ee ~~) - we em oe ee 8 — em me em Oe 8 ee em em meee RS TNA ON i S: 1 2 o? b -_- ‘es vole tee Se eee ' i) No L. . ° a a - N aw AS 7 ~ dé ol Y J LNT RAAT DZ 11 27 m 1 fe . et ~~ Je ~ -- = ae t Loan yA TT 7 7 1 ° - 7 “ f\ ~ o bade “ omy / ~~ ww we 4 4 — 2 ) 4 oN | 5 oO la. Cc } 4 }~ t r C t- }— ( Cc kt © ( ae f-- {Oo J hey NX ll | p—s Co. C4 }- om © e 1 u- t- = tr) my MT 4 “ft Nw oe “I” Rey ee Li ou a a ; }J ) > 4 oe) | [J (:.. onaee (3) On oO + t “ on ‘ a 4 aed de. e Bearinz adinorvinad tie fact that .2t1 te flowers were covere:. rile -reen to ~votect the: fro1i the insects, the results of the seco..d series of er-erime«nts .. 14 7 uoointigzed ws Fol: ows5-- - nnn ny ae ~esult Lamerimert To. of “0. OF | - slowors|seeds VPereent veer. Dbtadfiec eel oe ee, ee ee ee ee, ee _— — oe oe om oS OD we am aR om we ae =e <2 =e a am 4 Pp —— 88 we oh we ao SS oP ue a Geou7r .. Soclf-nollination A. Flowers not treated 2E1L25 [51 18 on 1148 aye ona 4 20.90 aw @ .” =* Wt en. Ne DP hw a“ ® ~— on vt S2ene@n aa. closed LOY 1’ 17.09 De wat cracved 2 OR OF Ss aroun Li. Wo wal7iuntionr. Fiorers treated be woes =~ we ae tert notu. ‘al ° ~ ry J moO IO a) wae: aA 4 se ane “tee: g ~aaragyes 16> ©: « - ® a | t 4 ! OO 7 ra) oO CEO ry ts }4 ps «> © Ons >) CNN e OS \ pwc renoved x Ne age OTT mo IIs. boon. 7 me ' . ‘ 44> , . ‘ . wa + ~ , ~ au \ud he Ju: ¥ e a. WJ 2a 1 aren wee bow ' @ _ 7h AN eS ae ~) x c aaa oN aA as C we -+0 Lw ete he e ad ane ett wataral 13 : 3 we 2hbOTUR envolave roeigved 11.9 Q 0 GYOUD Ve CUISS OGL Laction. Prec pollen, c.. >i aus in II A. Aw Plowe wtet as in IIA, nNoLlinates. ... onee 149% 50 Ne Bb. Dollivnvel efter 4 Rayss Lis a) or Ue a ne we 112 23 29. Dow te TPO A114 nk ew ~ a oh an? @ Polli- iL ww sated at once Low £9 TQ. roup YI. Cross sollinavion A. Hlovers cepolliuated as in iil a. 7 . . Pollinates 2% o1ce 13s De 32. E. Pollinated after 4 ours | 157 53 AT Ce wit "24 " Los 32 22. D. Pepyollineted ac in TIT Ep aid eoilinated at one Loy 1+ 1 be ,y . 9 . . ba ‘. “ys a ats re eeoie@ countinuesse-- —_— eR oe Se Oe em eee eee ls 2erimnent ~ q ov” 4 e d. 2 9 s vr a on Groun VII. Tr0ss ynolli:.ntion. ' - 747 Uk be A - as “wv , ° -” = Jie Sue Ce re: AL. ww we 4 os we ia te + die Polilie . - , - ws wale DOM ce 3..Cce8@ ~~ omy 7~ RM FY . ie] ry db « A ere ee - @ . 9. ete’ Ce bow ” . a aa “ 7c 09 " on "f w/ @ — 44 a 2 moo ae " ce gay ok 7} te - “y 4 e . oy thee LO tb 9uaCe ~ - .7T wer -N ~~ : 2 ® _77 « =4 oe - se oo - aN “ULOUS Vala. CTVOSS MOL Lantion ucin. wa ww + ~ — the el . - ~~ +7 tien 2 OD atl id e she 4 ya 33 S @ ~ 2 of No, a LO aan D.. * T;,,7 a4 ml ae 7° ih © roilen , Se 2 Oa. { mee f 4 4 hw @ Lo a ae 17 "1 1 we QN1¢ nolleiua. c .0 errr rer reer re een 45 - -: e wa me ns 2290 /0rs ar 4 wwe /—— =< ah am — a am a 179 7 Lo _. De ey «~~ 4 Ah bee é 13 ‘ ww 7 be Ne : _ mam eb et Gb om ee we we en =| 2 wow =F Oe SB SP OR ee |B Bw eee == Bese -82 —§ SB Pe ese = =F ct n Og . + J h : 0 4 Y + Gu $te 2 n, 3 Vo ote toz wep ae ain tn atatatale - j i + Cd LD ne 3 e Nein WLM LOC y pro “4 3) we 2 © a oO ¢C, « w ~ r » ¢ ; Cc 5 - - . . - . a: . oma wv Ee 7 3ST y MW 26 ry . "OT nF Oo i, “~ brie sre mt a ee tem mm ae ww ae As ae whe ©& ama. . to ot to esranen iri, ad we te em ome we on mn =e ve oe ol pore cece nnrence-eee- -, TT Leeds rercent Ow to? ne . Pp oe GR ob am —— = am oa rc oo ----.4--.-di. ne eae of ::esult + Sae—pet “eet © eu 14. inh De 12f 6.8 4. 11.8 f Oe 9ver cau ce covered to 2ro-= we LL a - vor, S de . - ~ Le 1 £ toy i1j ‘ SY DN “ a ~~ 2 nm at i ad Rm A w 2 7) Og we 0 One tee ee 1 wa 1 de SD ue ob wr © wD ° 9ce Cu vd. 1ze - 4 - 1.2 .- - 4-7. _— . ~~ Lo. 4 -. ee Uk nn TF ON MM 4 “ - vs x,y oe ves = . os roan eo] 4 \ i > Yaa we Ub ASML (ves walt = Sree none) Le Tr: Ne ul ‘md y veal 9? 5en= . % * 4 ao So. . nm * ~ o* . . qr ri) “y Lite, ue bot & 9S a7 3 wS a Ww ase Fe le \ oil; (Cone. sonal .” . ea my f Qn —ae Ti - a TTT Ve. Ae + * + -) wre wt Vs ter 4 “. easel Seok IS 9 We 2 hid o ae wlate a9 Vo SLO: Vaowbe CONG. Laced oO. MOQ IS > sere, ba eS many) ban n sre ocd wat - ap PV ee wy a ce. i) — 6 Oe ls om wea d vA at bad CU a e. + whe ) a a dane th Vs “7.9 Ri WUD @ we at me J ure seat 2 nw” 4 eae 7 aw "8a ut wee + 2 ~ * . . acCiacl ve goat vet Qas reGeuen wed Wane ob La ~ Wo. e woe ~ L ce Ww een wt eacLil uaccecome- . . on Vm. 12 ~ ope ara ae L - \: ad - 1+ olisi.eu, weal. Ulta Cu tl av ( Giite ~d wes 90 .2...00 adeedi ? we aD TEouU 28 of we ow oe . . L 9 ~ . uw? - «- . 9 co r . c wl en ~ ~ - ~ < > - * . . . Uw Wop a. ce J omy, ww Ws sO ‘on ce saw *. -“v a PLS Q1 wane Ce ASL is Une wn ; ~~ FM. , . =~ os wae = - c - r 1 4.” wn = - / - “ws Powluele wiess wo eloo co acculiuls *t7 2 Plavor (Tri.7.). - mmf veo oo” 2. aa _ * he ~ - son de : ~“~ a ~ acl we e978 to covsider cross callinwtion, we wist sy . - 8 a“ “sf - on ‘ ¢ - owe “AF =m 4} asics tle results of froun VI, teescnuse as we hive seer, cenol- .. : Ne p ee a oo ~. ~ oan ’ : awAdDda wy fee . 4 Llimation ty vers of tt. rusmn is unreliacle ov i:icom lete. bee <* NL > “7 Tv ven 3 - -— « ”" 2 . 8 x eos ti.e results of Erouns Vy vii, anid VII are relisitle Ues:vise nave bteen oabteine?t in Crow V¥, under that the best results , tl }. o od or D J O } 1 }- >) a C: ub pte O wi water when the vollination is ut once ov withn- i sac on. a4 ‘ows a . | ws OA 9 os TA: 3 ‘: | 7 1: Tour h3urs, aewwe LalP us (997% results nave ceen opntauli..ed in al ~“ * e on om wee ~ Ayes . ay tak ee 2 .. . a wa Pa . ~ 1 Mares eS cul 41 7 “1 3 bd LU 10T " Li: lo 9911 Pnnted ie wh 90:.Ce, ~ 4d. be a t ere we find wetter results wren nvollinated vetwee: four ac cms twenty-four hours inter. ~..¢ Tlowers used in crow, Y ave +t Least tventy-four sours older tnan those use?’ ii. Jroun VII . Tis shows trat the sticia ricsens « few sours ahead of the an- tiers, an? is ree tive for et lenst two cays. Veo. ana VII.E. v1 . a7 $4 2% 2 2 . oY. a) a. . snoy wus tat tre pemovel of ibe Tloval ec i) 4 mM O 1 c 2 ry J 3 C: Ou CG hy © +4 +~ }-- § .., ses a aaloUF+ - pay 4 me PYicl2 oF seea to mam sur one- mS ws 4.74 . e- on 4. ; + ver . ” q- 7 i ¢ My Vs ~ 1. ~ -- YT - ‘ reqs. Tifth omat it would have been with tre floral envelo-e. sae oe... . ad er a yk am +4 a , - . stigsa is yroaea.wly creotected by the Tlorpal onveloje. ‘ oo. a4 ~~ as de — moe , ° Aw Loa wi.e results of Group VIII sliow cha Least two weoes aia still obtain seecs. sowevery, Gaon rive Taare YAK IANS 3 +a aL hoaiat a aLf . + 3 “A174 Lica reauces TTS Value acouyt one . ali. taki vi uaDy wvIAds WMeea oo: 7 8 — ~ 4 re meu lee soot lak L Os oy Tek fourtl. resmains at ten cays and oneeeisith ni fifteen days. Jased oon devollini.tion uy woter or oc cceulation. fon. these we a4, ™ ~~ :_ —— ~ “ SVITM OH Ack. yh we ot e * . ern we 4. -. “ ~ . row ke a eae Lf ns wo. vee Tre Quvnor wisres to empress his gratituae for the vale warle aic rendered by 3 ‘ 7 sider vr AS cts 4 ACHE. Cw. Qe e —u.UeEL ou Vv - @ tee md dbo Cur scy yp dre a | ee eee ' ASP ry he Ce i We) r - <3 ~~ a 7 a 3° a a4 ave nq 4 a eras - Ui. 1 Ores dbidis wssveOCun AvlOows Were COonwictueda. wLlanics are als oi LD0u2.:.P uy. 1e75, Lua win, Noress ana belf-fortilicati: ety Qe 21). 1°23, Edward Stes, "Plant Life 1°03, Vew wan ‘uller, "Tie Fertilization of Flowers", (vol. iT, Nuge Lil). 1885, be. Ve Behrens, "Text-o00% of Lotany" 1290, Darvin, “Oricia of Species", (vol. I, claw. III). “a “ry “aN . "4 “a ob 7: iT. 5 . a o oc ‘ + . - TY) yn en 4-.- om, ) s 4 : ey 19°22, ~/ @ woe wei OL eS ? ' 1010 ‘hy ep x Alona! ws dy un OL Pyperacwure YOllineti Oli, wits General Votes of artificial Pollination an. Setting of Truit without Pollination. U. Ss. Acre. beo'tt. of eluant Inaucstry, cul. q9 ——@ On ~ 77 Ts . Oot t 7 5 ‘9 ~ es a 2 T6o L007, wie «sie vuille,, a ude eecding”, (Gages j5bA 5 5DL e @ 7 _ —) aa ae’ ~ - Ta aan o: S _ a ‘ L997, Jvonhn Percival, lM. Aw, "“Agviculvural fotani,; (sace +4). ” - ~- “ys ere om me ~y , : ee -- 27 ie, TT . 1909, “nuth, “Handbook of Flower Polli:ution", (vol. IT, v. 284). Thin