if ee THESIS chs i MER LD oa ret eae STATION BY ERNEST D MENKEE ees an Investigation of the Cedur Street Power station, Lansing, hiichigan, a Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of LICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE By Ernest Dancla Menkee Candidate for tue Degree of Bachelor of Science June, 1921 Index Object Description of the Plant General Coal Storage and Coal Handling Boiler House Boilers Stokers Feed Pumps St, Pipes, auxiliary Pipework, and Vater Supply Engine Room Steam Turbines Condensers Generators Building Detuils Eleotrical apparatus Pumping Fcuipment Operating Data Conditions of Operution Sample-Veekly “tation Charzes Analysis of Kionthly Operation Sxpenses lien Employed and Pay Operating Pactors Definitions Utility and Use Factors Thermal Characteristios Economic Characteristics PZ 9 - o oO Ft Ep eF WwW Bp 11 11 11 L2 12 14 15 15 1”? 18 20 Ze 24 24 26 Caloulations to Find Out at What Loads Machines are Operating At 31 Index Cost Data PZ. 32 Plant Equipment Boiler Koom } 33 Engine Room 34 Coal Handling Lachinery 36 Electrioal aquipment 3” Conclusion led Bibliography l=) Drawings and iilustrations Drawing Oopporite Pz, é-Property Map Drawing .--.--_. PZ. 4=Coal Handling System Photograph ------ fz. 5=Boiler Room Drawing ----____ PZ, 8-Exhaust Steam Piping ema ee e tZ« GeMain Steum Piping meter ek Pz. 9-Feed ‘ister Piping Saar eR eee g.11-Plan View of Flant Photograph -------. rZ.ll-ingine Room Teter e nee ee eee - Pg .ll-Engine Room weenie ee eel Pg .12-Exterior View of Plant Drawing .W-.-.--- ig l2-Hlevation of Plant weeeee= eee Pg .i5-Typical Load Curves w----.- ~---~~--~- Pg ,c5-Thermal Chareteristios Benen LL Pg .£7-Economie Characteristics 1026714 em eee eee Foreword- In the preparation of this thesis, I gratefully acknowledge here my obligations to Supt. 0O.E, Bulkely of of the Lansing Board of Water and Eleotrio Light Commissioners, who gave me permission to enter the plant and gave me some of the data and drawings; and to Mr, Renz, operating engineer of the plant for his explanations of various plant features, and to Mr, Reed of the Firm of Woodwell and Resler, Consulting Engineers, for the loan of several drawinzs and permission to get photographs from the firm's negatives, Odject~ The objeot of this report is to make an investigation of the Cedar Street Power Station in Lansing, Mich.,with the idea of the writer obtaining more information, especially, first hand information ooncerning power stations, their layout, equipment, cost data, and characteristics of operation, This report might be said to be supplementary to the course in Fower Plant Design of the Winter Tern, namely to find out some of the things studied in the course, The benefit of this thesis will not be so valuable, perhaps to the reader as to the writer himeelf, who hee had the experience of looking over the plant in oonsiderable detail, The things to be determined in this investigation are as follows: 1. Find out nature and position of equipment} a. Type. db. Size, ao, Cost as far as possible, 2, Capacity at whioh the plant operates, 3. Operating data- a. Load ourves, 4. Caloulations to find out at what loads various machines are operating, and to find out cost of their operation per day. 5, Economic characteristiocs- a, Gurves. Desoription of the Plant- General. The city of Lansing is located in the south oentral part of the state of Michigan, on the banks of the Grand River, one of the longest and largest rivere in the state, Laneing is the Capitol City of Michigan and also the center of important industries that have developed greatly since the advent of the automobile. The population has been steadily inoreagsing sinoe the beginning of the city until now it contains about 60, 600 inhabitants, Due to the great growth of the city, the water power available is not sufficient to supply the need of industrial demands, and for that reacon reoourse wae had to steam power, at the present time there are three main stations in the city for supplying the lighting and power cirouits, The street railway syetems are supplied from other souroes of power, The three atations above mentioned are the Ottawa Street Station, the Cedar Street Station, and the hydro-eleotrio plant back of the property of the Oldsmobile automobile factory. It will not be the purpose of this report to touch upon facts such as the time of building the plants, reasons for their being built or being enlarged, or reasons for any changes that may have been made from time _L. PZ ok to tine, The plant selected for thie investigation as has already been stated is the Cedar Street Station, This plent was seleoted beocanse of the better standardization of equipment as compared to the Ottawa Street Station, and because the general layout of the plant conformed more nearly with modern high grade engineering principles, The station sets back just a little way from Cedar Street, ( south, about one half block from Mich, Ave, E. ) and to be exact is on Jay St, It is a very short way from the Grand River to whioh it i8 connected by two large intake tunnels for ciroulating water and by sewers, Thus, by the olose proximity of the river, the plant is assured of water for condensing purposes, aA siding from the N.Y. Oentral R.R. permits the coal to be brought directly to the power house, The blue print of the property map shows the holdings of the plant and the relation of the various buildings to each other. The etreets of the city are algo shown in their proper relation to the plant, As oan be readily seen from the blueprint, it shows that the boiler house is parallel to the engine room and to the coal bunkers, and that both are practically parallel to the railroad track. Coal Storage and Coal Handling- There are two main coal storage sheds, and the bunker over the boiler room, The capacity of the coal storage ie sufficient for about a months run when the plant is running at full capacity, The coal storage shed next to the Pg. Se boiler room is filled by machinery and the other one is filled by hand, We will next describe the manner of filling the coal storage shed in which the coal is handled by machinery. | The ooal, delivered, when possible, in bottom A€umping cars. After arriving at the plant the car is located over the track hopper, thus permitting the coal, when the bottom of the car is dropped,to fall directly into the track hopper. From the track hopper the coal is taken by a coal feeder to the coal orusher, After being crushed, the coal goes to the elevator and thence to the overhead bunker, The coal is distributed in this overhead bunker by a distributing conveyor, The manner of distribution is as follows: the conveyor sorapes the coal along a shallow metal trough in whioh there are small holes at regular intervals for the coal to drop through, The coal, as it is soraped along the trough, falle through the first hole in the trough until the bunker underneath is so full that no more coal can fall through, In like manner, the coml falls through the next hole, and so on, until the bunker is filled. Any more coal than is necessary to f111 the bunker falls into the coal storage shed underneath the bunker, There are chutes on the underside of the overhead bunker to let the coal into the coal storege. As was stated before only one coal storage shed can be filled in this manner, fhe coml in this bunker is taken out by means of a reclaiming conveyor. This conveyor is in a passage way PEt under the coal storage. The coal storage floor has holes in it to permit the cosl to drop into the oonveyor,. This reclaiming conveyor takes the ooal from this storage and delivers it to the elevator, and thence to the overhead bunker, From the foregoing statements it can be seen that the elevator handles some of the coal twice; once coming from the coal crusher; and again, that part of it that goes to the coal storage. | The coal in the other coal storage shed is shoveled €irectly there from the coal cars, The coal is taken out by hand and not by machinery. It is dumped into the hopper of the elevator, and then taken to the overhead bunker, This coal is used for emergency purposes, The coal bunkers and coal storage sheds are constructed entirely of brick and concrete except the roof whioh 1s of wood and steel Boiler House----Buildings, The provisions in the boiler house for getting coal to the boilers are of rather heavy construction and take up considerable space, The overhead coal bunker is made of reinforoed conorete and is very heavy. It is of 300 tons capacity. The distributing conveyor is over the bunker as is shown in the acoompanying blue print which shows the coal handling machinery, being in the passage way under the roof monitor. The passage way, and in fact all of the coal handling machinery are enclosed as much as possible to keep Things of interest on the opposite paze:-- This picture was taken in the boiler room from the &, end, It shows the fronts of the Murphy stokers very plainly In front of the furnace doors on the floor may be seen the iron cover to the ash pit, Over in the far left of the picture may be seen a man who is standing near the weizghin? larry. Above may be seen the I beams that the hand operate! col buckete run on, Pg.5. the coal dust from getting into the boiler room, Chutes run from the overhead bunker into the boiler room, As oan be seen from the blue prints, there is a smell track on top of the stoker settings for the 1 ton weighing larry to run on. fhe boiler house itself is of the usual construction, being of brick, conorete and steel work, the steel being used in places where greater strength is needed, The roof is supported by both steel and wood trusses, the wooden being in that part of the plent which was first constructed, Boiler House----Boilers In the boiler house are six 400 h.p. Wickes vertical water tube boilers, and two 740 hep. Sterling water tube boilers. The room is approximately of an area S6ft x 125ft, and equal to 6875 eq. ft. The boilers have a maximum output of steam,if all boilers are running at 200% rated capacity, of 116,000F per hour, The weight of steam produced per eq, ft. of boiler room floor area equals about 17#, This is just about one half of the amount that was produced per sq. ft. of floor area per hour according to the first layout at the Markische Electricity Works, but it must be remembered that this plant is an emceptionally well designed plant, and for that reason the comparison probably is not of much value, The Wickes boilers are encased in metal sheeting to prevent air infiltration. The Sterling boilers are bricked PE 6. in and their tops are completely covered with heat insulating mterial, Only one front is used for the two boilers, fhe Wickes boilere use mtural draft and the Sterling boilers use forced draft. The foroed draft used is equal to about 3” of water, 0,2" draft is used over the fire beds and about 0,6" is used in the back breeching, The chimneys are are large size, one being 9'x 200' ané of radial brick construotion, and the other 9'x 187'=-6"and of reinforced concrete, For the pressure or forced draft syetem on the Sterling boilers, there are two pressure fans in the basement,one of which is electrically operated,and the other by a steam engine. The fan operated by the steam engine is a Sirocco fan of about 28" dia, and the other is and ordinary blowing fan of about 30" dis, The ash from the furmace of the Sterling boilers is handled and disposed of by letting it drop into a pit unéer the boiler, thie pit being on the level of the basement | floor, From thie pit it is howd into the opening of the ash conveying system, the system being of the air suction type. It then goes to the ash bin outside of the plant, The ash from the Wickes boilers is raked,in the same manner as in the previous explanation, from a pit which is under the furnace setting, the pit being about 1/2 foot below the level of the boiler room floor. The ashes are then conveyed to the ash oolleotor, PE.7. The gases from the Wickes boilers enter the chimey at an average temperature of lees than 400 degrees F,. and from the Sterling boilers at a temperature a little less than 500 degrees F,. A reoording thermometer is installed for recording the temperature of the stack gases coming from the Wiokes boilers, The feed water temperature, due to the abundance of exhaust steam from the feed water pumps and other auxilliary apparatus, especially, when the plant is running at full capacity, is close to 212 degrees z, The condensate water and make-up water are heated in two open feed water heaters. A Hoppes feed water measuring weir is in the Cirouit, but at the time of writing this is not in operation, All of the boilers have the S-C feed water regulator for maintaining the proper water level in the boilers, They can be set so that water level oan vary from 2 to 8 inohes before acting. The feed water pumps also have &0vernors for maintaining the proper pressure in the feed mains. The latter are the Fisher Feed pump governors, In case that the water regulators should not work for some reason or other, there are whistles on the boilers to show high and low water, Boiler Room ---Stokers Stokers are ugeed for firing the boiler furnaces of which there are two types in the equipment, The Wickes eed y aka vacuum pump Pires) Tae a SPE aes a bb.) ec Mir py WE baslen yb a. phe ya Atmos, ‘ir, Turbine Relief Valve Weetinghouss axciter soos 29 Bnginee for for forced @raft blowers A PZ 8. boilers have Murphy etokers in dutoh oven settings, end operated by either a steam engine or electric motor at the operators pleasure, The Sterling boilers are equipped with faylor underfeed stokers which are operated from a line shaft on the basement ceiling, the shaft being conneoted to a wariable speed motor, Boller House---~yeed Pumps Although the feed pumps are not in the boiler room it was thought to be best to take up their desoription at this time, The boiler feed pumps are of both the reoiprocating and the turbine driven type, The water pressure in the feed lines are regulated by the Fisher governor for feed pumps, The feed pumps take up quite a lot of room as may be seen from the biue prints, Three pumps, among which is included the turbine Qriven pump, are in the engine room and the other is in the basement, Boiler Housen-~-Btean pipes, auxilliary pipework, and water supply. The main steam piping is shown diagramatiocally on the blue print. The drawing is not correct as to actual location of the parts,buat shows the manner of connecting in the various machines. The main steam range consists of a 12" header carried along the wall back of the boilers. It is connected to the Wickes boilers by 7" pipes and to the Sterling boilers by 8" pipes. The pipes going to the main units are either 6" or 8", Steam separators are in all the main steam line connecting in the various units, There is — = eo ee [AS] Os amet ©, TRAP c.D.MENKEE PE 69. no oross conneoting of the steam mains to form a complete loop. The main steam piping is of steel, and ia fitted with both the gate and globe valves, There are no devices to show when the valves are open although there ought to be, because some of the valves are not readily accessible, There is one expansion joint in one of the M.rge pipes leading to the basement. The fixed point is on an elbow in the basement, The main steam piping and the feed water piping are lagged with a heat insulating oompaund that is about 1 1/2" thick, The exhaust steam piping is as shown in the accompanying blue print. The main lines are of 10" dia, The operating engineer of the plant declares that even with exhaust pipes of this size, there is considerable back pressure in the piping, especially, when the plant is running with full load, The exhaust steam piping leads to the feed water heaters, The feed water and condensate piping is connected in as shown in the blue print. The condensate piping is mostly of cast iron although there is some steel pipe used, When the plant ia in full operation, water does not go thru the feed water heaters fast enough to supply the boilers, 80 @ by-pass is connected in to let the water go directly thru the water meter, There is also a roof tank from which feed water may be obtained. The water in the roof tank Comes from the condensing apparatus and from the steam Pg. 10, traps. The water from this tank is used either for feed water or for the water seal on the bearings of the Allise Chalmers turbines. Feed water may be obtained from the oity mains in an emergenoy. The condensate piping is not lagged due to the low temperature of the water in the pipes. As before stated, feed water pipes are well lagged, The feed water pipes are of steel in order to stand the high pressure of the water inside of them(180#/sq. in.). The pipes are in duplicate as far as possible to guard against breakdowns, The pipes vary in diameter considerably, The pipes that connect into the boilers are 21/2", The main feed water pipes ere 31/2" and 4 1/2", There is @ small make-up pump used to supply the water loss, The water is quite hard; so a water softening compound is pumped into the feed water system twice a day by means of a small pum. The intake and discharge pipes are shown in the property map of the plant. The main intake pipe is of 24" diameter, There is also another smaller one, These two pipes supply the condensing water, The outlet pipe is of cast iron, 18" in diameter, There is also a 10" tile sewer, One of the feed water heaters is placed on top of the semi- underground flue from the Wickee boilers, ani the other is: hung from the roof trusses, The water measuring dévice is with the latter. To get the water from the lower feed water heater to the upper, a small pump is used, From wy . “et Oe oe ~ we . - ~~ eseerwee —y m- - - - - =e Things of interest on the opposite pageie- This is a pioture looking to the south, In it are shown the reciprocating dry vacuam pump in the immediate foreground and the 2000 K.W, Allis-Chalmers unit in the background. Over on the left the raised switchboard platfom may be seen; On the platfperm may be seen some of the constant current transformers, On the wall over in the corner may be seen some of the equipment for lightgning proteotion. Things of interest on the opposite paze;-~- This picture shows the engine room when looking from the south, In the immediate foreground is shown the lOOO KY, -: Allis-Chalmers unit. Over in the background may be seen the fly-wheels of the pumping engines, This picture show the switohboard to good advantage, Phe switohee on the far end are the power switches and those on the near end are for the lighting cirouites, One motor generator set is shown under the platform, The crane track is seen to be just over the top of the switchboard, the meas wad to t sood shap “ould be The tn very § there has plant, 5 prineiple fr lack Duine R Th apace th breadth stg! te 5 of 5of One 20¢ aK ony th om M ifs Pg ll. the measuring tank the feed water flows under @ positive head to the feed water pumps. The piping is neither in as good shape as it could be, nor is it laid ont as well as it could be if there was more roon, The piping, considering the plant as a whole, is not in very good shape, This is probably due to the fact that there has been 80 many changes and alterations in the plant, The plant is not laid out on generous enough principles, and due to the laok of room the piping suffers for lack of space to put it in right, Engine Room- The dimensions of the engine rooms considering the space that the steam turbines ocoupy are: length 80' and breadth 42':; height of roof 34'; height of basement 12', Engine Room----Steam Turbines Steam is supplied to the steam turbines at a pressure of 150#/ sq.in, and ia saturated, The units installed are One 2000 K.W. Allis~Chalmers, one 1000 K.W, Allis-Chalmers, and one General EBleotrio-Curtis unit of 2000 K.W, oapacity, The machines are standard anite of their respective manufactures and need not to be further described here, Engine Room----Condensers- The condensers are located immediately below the steam turbines and they reet on Jarge conorete blocks. The Circulating and condensate pumps which are driven by a Small steam turbine are along the side of the condenser in Things of interest on the opposite pagej- This is a picture of the plant looking at it fron the southeast and shows what might be called the back yard, The pioture shows the ash ocolleotor just to the left of the chimney in the center. In the foreground are the transformers used to connect the plant with the others that it is interconnected with, The smoke flue from the Wickes boilers may also be seen running along the side of the building to the center chimney, The picture also gives a general idea of the appearanoe of the building. Sass H A SE x tiie Pg.l2, a@ shallow pit made in the floor, The condenser and auxiliary pumping equipment are of Alberger make. The condensing plant does not take up very much room, Eaoh turbine has its own condensing equipment. There are some openings in the floor of the engine room around each turbine for the purpose of inspecting the condensing apparatus or moving parts of it by means of the orane, The condenser itself is of the surface type, and for a 2000 K.W, unit contains 6000 aq, ft. of surface for cooling. A small turbine drives the circulating and condensate pum, all being on the same shaft. There is also a reoiprocating vacuum pump attached to each condenser for exhausting air out of it , and thue bettering the vacuum, The condenser and its auxiliary apparatus are in the basement of the plent, while the main units are on the ground floor, The circulating water is pumped from a well in the basement floor that connect with the river, and is discharged into the sewer, The condensate water zoes to the feed water heaters and to the roof tank, Mngine Room---Generators The main generators supply 3 ¢ alternating current at a pressure of twenty three hundred volts, and this is voltage is vezulated by means of a Tirril regulator, These generators are of standard contruction, regular types as Manufactured by the respeotive companies. The cables from the generators run to the switchboard in conduits, Pg.13, The air required for cooling the generators comes in through openings in the foundation walls of the building, The air comes in on the under side of the machines and leaves on the top side, The switchs and meters for the various units are on the main switohboard in full view of the operator, Bngine Room----Building Details The building is of ordinary oonstruotion and design, The plant has been altered three or more times; so there ia some variation in the architecture of the building. The building is faced with red briock,and in the new part with both red brick and while tile. The roof of the new part is held up by rigid steel trusses while the o14 part has wooden trusses reinforced by steel rods. Zhe engine house walls are built of solid brick, but in the boiler room there are some eteel columns in with the brick and concrete, Both engine and boiler rooms have skylights; however the boiler room is rather dark even on a light day. The engine room has a large number of windows to give the necessary light. The wallsof the engine room are painted a light oolor. The switching gear is in the engine room, being on a platform raised about 10' off the floor level and reached by a steel stairway. | There are two stadrways in the engine room leading to the basement, and another two stairs leading from the engine room to the boiler room, These last mentioned steps are necessary because the level of the boiler room floor is a little lower than the engine room floor. Pz .14, One of the photographs shows the general appearance of the plant looking at it from the southeast, It is not a very good picture due to the fact that it is hard to find a place where where a zood photograph oan be taken, Engine Roome---Eleotrical Apparatus aS mentioned above, the switching gear is on a raised patform in the engine room, For the main power circuits there are 10 marble panel switohbmrds, and for the street lighting circuits there are 17 marble switohboards, All the marble panels are arranged ina straight row. all of Bwitches are of the oil type. There are two main typer of Cirounits, lighting,and power, The main lighting circuit is for street lighting, There are 7 constant ourrent transformers for street lighting, The electrical sw,ezear is of various makes and types and will be taken up in more detail in another part of this thesis, To measure the current output, there are two totalizing watt hour meters, one on the main bus bar, and the other on | line conneoting this station in with the other stations, The management of the plant is going to install more meters in order to get a check on the present meters, At the time of writing this thesis the management of the plant was very eager to have more meters installed, because then they could determine more accurately what the various unite were doing when loaded, and how much current was generated, es eo] Pa us z 4 ‘e ‘o}| Q| rm y oO Z 2 5 A - io) aa) ve ae TIME OF YT peak in the morning and in the evening, Pg.15. Engine Room----rumping Equipment- This plant contains both the electrical machinery and pumps for the city water supply. That part of the blue print, markedVater Pumping ixachinery", is where tie pumps are located, The pumping machinery consists of one Snow 10,C00,000 gallon or 41,0C0,CCC ft, 1b, duty pum of the horizontal compound type; one 4,00C,C0O0O gallon slberger centrifugal yump; one o1d uolly horizontal steam rump that is used no more, beoause of small capacity, There is also a deep well pum of 12" size made by the american ‘iell Vorks of aurors, Ill, in prepsrirg this report not co much attention was paid to the pumping equipment of the plant, for the rurpore of this work was to investigate more partioulaurly the power equipment or the etution,tuch as boilers ard electrical machinery. Opereting Dutae---General Conditions of Gperation Due to the unsettled conditions at the preeent time the plant is not running at its full capacity, This is caused by the present business depression that causes Eome of Lansing's largest plants to run only part time, thus not requiring £0 much power, The blue print ehowing tre load curves of three typical days gives the reader an idea of how the load varies, It is readily seen that there is a peak in the morning and in the evening. — — —— = Pg lb. The peak in the morning is due to the factory load and the one in tie evening is due to the residential lights and street lignts, The blue print ehowe that tne evening peak is nearly constant for the different days srown on the curve, the maximum pezk is about 31C0—--3200 k.w.. The full rated capacity of the plant is 5000 kw, The operatore at the plant caida that peaks as high as 6300 kw, have been Succesefully carried at times during the years of the var, Due to the fact that this is a municipal lighting plant, not as good reoords are available as could be wished for, There are no records of water consumption, for the measuring device is not in running order. There are no cteam hh ted Eat ee ee meters to measure the eteam flow to the various machines, Io tests have been curried out lately to tee if the steam consumption of the vuarious machines still agree with their respective manufacturers guaruntee, Owing to the low rating at which the plant is running at the present time it would be difficult to make satisractory tests of the plant as a whole, There are several reoording meters such as a flue gas temperature meter, steam pressure meter, and one or on the switohboards, Because of the pumping engines being on the same boilers with the electrical machines, it is a little more diffioult problem to find out the exact cost of the electrical energy. The way this is taken care of is to allocate a certain amount Eg el, for the cost of running the pump per week and charge it to the Vater orks Dep't, This is ehown in the following list showing the weekly station charges for a certain week, Weekly Station Charzes----Speocimen of 4 Weekly Report Cedar Street Station Cost per K.wW.Hr. for week ending april 15, 1921. Coal---588.9 tons at $5.30 G31Z1.00 Oil, waste, and packing £0.00 supplies & Liscellaneous £00.00 Labor:~ Supervision $125 ,« Repmirs 400.= riremen 124 ,- Firemens Helpers 116 .= ash Handling | Z1E = Coml Handling 78 ,« Operators 230.2 hiscellaneous 50 = 1341.00 Total cost S682 00 To viater Dep't.(Snow Fump) 50 .00 Ket Cost 4652 .CO Total K.w,Hre., generated 214,CC0 Station cort per K.v.Hr. $0 .0147 Use factor 37 4% By use factor is meant the ratio of the number of K,j,Hre that are actually zgeneruted in a given length of time to the number that the plant could generated if running at rated capacity. From the above data it is seen for the week endingsapril 15, 1921 that the plant only generated one third of the power that it was able to generzte, Following are two monthly analyses of the Cedar Street station. One is for December 1920 and the other forliaroh 1921, They are given on the next page, yo bs ae analysis of Operating Expenses~---Monthly | For December 1920 and Maroh 1921, Superintendance Labor-Boiler Labor-Engine Labor=-Misocellaneous Fuel Lubricants Supplies Re~sale Supplies Distribution Supplies Inspeotion Setting and removing Transformers Maintenance Ash Repmire to Conductors & Pole Lines Eleotrical Machinery Service and Weters Transformers Buildings and Grounds Boilers Caml Handling Equipment Stok ers Transportation Equipment Injuries and Damages Street Lighting System Boulevard Lighting System Furnaces Administrative Executive Salaries Clerical Salaries Office Expense Stationary and Printing Telephones and Telegraph Interest on Funded Deb Insurance Unoolleotable Bills Depreciation popeene Deo ,1920 Mareh 1921 $275 .00 3230. $2589 99 612 .50 613 ,~ 467 .10 830 .97 34,443 .97 17,264 23 85.28 46.01 773.76 136 .24 22.23 8 .84 153 e 50 150 e™ 578 .92 224.,54 1255.08 1349 ,@4 141 .13 1869 .75 197 .70 69 .Ol1 68 .75 4.79 234 .16 110,47 887 .59 1102 .40 786 .12 45.62 659 .30 776.42 721,75 661 .41 5 = 1823 .70 767.77 491 .18 126 .97 1738 .6"7 342 .22 923 .32 1940 .87 2588 .97 69 .53 139 .56 93,29 150,53 14,40 74,82 1466 .75 1468 ,75 131.92 131 ,92 36,61 26,19 4359 .94 3945.53 53 .48 $BBEd5 03 $40826.56 Pz .1l8, | Pg .19,. Following are the K.W.Hre,. output of several months including the two months given in the analyses, This table ahows the amount of coal burned per month and ite cost, besides the cost per K.W.Hr, Cedar Street Station K.W.Hre. Month Coal burned Total Total Cost per generated in tons Cost of cost K .W Hr, per mo, and cost, coal, per mo, 2,084,000 Nov, 4658 $54,000 $365,693.30 $0,0315 1920 at. $8 .55 2,083,000 Deo, 4550 $33,200 $66,242.03 $0,0259 1920 at $7.50 1,671,000 Jan, 3603 $22,100 $44,867.51 $0,0268 — 1921 at | $6.30 1,674,000 Feb. S633 $20,350 $42,697.76 $0 ,0255 1921 at $5.60 1,471,000 March 4545 $24,100 $40,836.56 $0,0277 1921 at $5 .3Q The following data gives the manner in whioh the boilers are banked for the loads carried on April 14th and 15th, The boilers are numbered from 1-8 beginning from the south end, April 15,1921. #2 Banked from 11300 A.M. 6300 B.M. #4 Bankead from 12:00 A.M.-6:00 A.M, Banked from 11:30 A.M,-12:00 P.M, Pg.20, Continued from preceding pg. #6 Banked from 12:00 4.M.- 6:00 A.M, Banked from 8:00 A.M.=- 9:30 A.M, Banked from 10:00 P.M,- 12:00 P.M, April 14,1921, #2 Banked fror 12:00 Foon- 68:00 P.M. #3 Banked from 10:00 A.M.- 11:15 A.M, #4 Banked from 12:00 A.M.- 6:00 A.M. Banked from 11:15 A.M,- 12:45 P,ii, Banked from 5:00 F.M.- 6:00 A.M, #5 Banked from 12:00 A.M.= 6:00 A.M, #6 Banked from 11:30 A.M.- 7:00 P.M. Banked from 10:00 P.M.- 12:00 Mia.N. The following data gives the number of men employed | From the data it is seen that | Working around the plant and their pay. the men working in the plant receive good pay. conditions are good so there is not much complaining on a the patt of the men employed. At the time of writing this, the plant management was thinking of giving a out in pay. This is the pay the men received before their cut, Men Bmployed in Plant and Their Pay $140.00 per mo, $165.00 per mo, $155.00 per m, $155 .00 per mo, $150.00 per mo, $275.00 per mo, l-Boiler washer at 4-Firemen at 2-Firemen (six days a week) at 1-Coal Unloader at l-Engine Room Sweeper at l-Operating Engineer at Pg.2l. $200.00 per mo, $175.00 per mo, $ 87.50 per mo, l-Aseistant Operating Engineer at S~Operators at l~Operator(Spare) at 7-Ash Handlere at $0.65 per hr.-8 hrs per day and 7days per week, 2-Repairmen at$0.85 per hr.-8 hr day. l-Repairman at$0.80 per hr.-8 hr day, 6-Repairmen at$0.65 per hr.-8 hr day, 31 men are employed in the plant, The repairmen handle coal wheneve necessary, One half of the time of the spare operator is charged to the Water Works Dep't, There are two machinist and a bis cksemith and their time ie charged to whichever dep't, they happen to work for, It is seen that the men are mostly well paid when in most cases the day is only & hrs, The amount of ooal, oil, and waste used per day is The amount of coal used per day depends Some of the coal was bought At the hard to determine, on the heating value of the coal. a long time ago when poor coalflooded the market, present time with a maximum peak load of about 3000 K.W., the coal consumed per day amounts to 85 tons per day. fhe coal bunkers hold about 4000 tons of coal; so it is seen that the plant oan run better than a month on the reserve BSupplxy of coal, Turbines do not use much oil; maoh of an item of expense, Sometimes the oil if the turbines so the oil used is not is changed once in several years, The pumps ase most of the PZ eke oil consumed. The o11 used amounts to about 4or 5 bbls. per month wa ak The plant uses rags instead of waste. No exact figures were obtained for the amount used per day, The water costs nothing except for the coal used to make the steam for the pump. Operating Factors----Definitions There are several fundamental terme used in power plant work to show efficiency of the plant in operation, They are as follows: 1. Total Connoetions equals capacity of all plants Supplied with energy from a power station, 2. Houre of full use of power station equals ratio of K .W,-hours per annum supplied to feeders to peak load of power station in KW, 5, Load factor referred to power station equals ratio of K.W.hours per annum generated to highest peak load of power etation in EK... x 8760 equals ratio of averaze load generated, to peak losd of power station, 4. Load factor referred to consumer, a. Ratio of K.W,. hours gold per annum, to peak load on feeder x 8760 equals ratio of average load sold to peak lamd on feeder, b. Ratio of K.W.hours sold per amnum, to consumers' installed capacity x 8760 equale ratio of average load sold, to censumers' installed oapacity. 5. Diversity factor equals ratio of peak load on PZ .e5, feeders to sum of consumereé' or group of consumers' maximam demands, 6, Utility feotor of power station equals ratio of K.W.,hours generated per, to capacity of plant installed in power station x 8760 equals ratio of average load generated to inetalled oapaoity, The utility factor is determined by the load faotor and the available standby plant. It is reduced each time an extension is made, and will become equal to the load faotor when the whole of the installed plant is made use of'and no Spare plant is left. 7. Running factor equals ratio of sum of hours per annum during which the plant was running, to the possible maximum; the latter is obtained by multiplying the number of sets installed by 8760, Owing to lack of sufficient data we will make use of Only two of the above factors and in the following we will show their application, we will figure out the load factor and the utility factor for each day represented by the load curves on the blue print sheet, The days represented are Saturday, April23,1921; Sunday, April, 24, 1921; Wednesday, April, 27, 1921. The terms having been already defined it is nothing but a matter of arithmetic to get the desired results and they are tabulated below, The results were obtained by dividing the average load of the day in question by the maximum half hour peak, Pz kt Utility and Use Factors Utility Factore% Day Load Factor-% Wed,,April 15, 1921 67 39 15 Sat.,April 23, °1921 © 70.8 28 .35 Sun,,April 24, 1921 50 15 Wed,,April 27, 1921 56 ,2 56,7 In the paragraph preceding the tabulated data the method of ebtaining the load factor was described, To get the utility faotors, the daily station output in K.W.Hre was divided by the station's rated oapacity in K.W, x 24, It ie seen from the above data that considering only a short space of time that the load factor is good, but that the utility factor is poor, being only about 33%, This means that a smaller return is being made on the investment than could be made, for the higher the utility factor the cheaper power can be generated, To get very accurate factors, the average should cover a long period of time, In this case it was impossible, Charaocteristios----Thermal The greater part of the thermal obsracteristios represents fuel consumption. To show the relation of fuel consumption to ourrent output, the thermal characteristic curve is drawn, and from this the relation may be ascertained, To what extent the coal consumption depends on the utility factor may also be shown on the above mentioned ourve, The ourve representing the thermal characteristic moves along a straight line, This curve cute the aboissa . ; : : a eeue ——— - Ro Rd | BH vas feelan ae See) Pg 25, at a point that represents the coal consumption necessary | to supply the constant losses, The thermal characteristic plotted on the blue print givee the reader an idea as to the thermal characteristios of this plant, iIt was plotted from data taken over a long time, and in this data I tried to get the largest and also the smallest fuel consumption per day that was possible to get. I was disappointed in not finding a day with smaller coal consumption, The reason for so many of the points being so far away from the curve is because of the great variation of fuel used, Probably the pumping equipment also has something to do with it. The small dote represent daily coal consumption and the dots with a cirole around them are the average for the month, It was rather hard to determine just where the line should be drawn, If the points could have been obtained where the curve crosses the aboissa it would have been an easy matter, From the ourve of coal consumption the following table was determined, The heat consumption in B,T.U, may be found by multiplying the proper values in the table by the heating value of the fuel in B,T.U, Utility Faotor n Coal Consumption per KW, Hr. 0.2 5.16 0.2 : 4.76 0.5 4.47 0.4 4.37 0,5 4.30 0.6 4.25 0.7 4,22 Pg .26, The values in the above table show that as the utility factor inoreases the coal consumed per K.W.Hr,. inoreases, The values obtained seem to be a good average for a power plant of the average type. On some days the coal consumed per K.W.Hr. will be less than the above, but on other it will be more, all depending on the nature of the fuel, Comparing the above values obtained with some mentioned in the book "Engineering of Power Plants" by Fernald and Orrok, we find the following: That 5# of coal per K.W.Hr, with low load factor is good. Good practice is 2# and 3# of coal per K.W.Hr., and very few reported are under 2# per KW Hr, “eonomis Characteristics Similarly, the expenses for oil, waste, eto,., and up to a certain point, the staff expenses are dependent on the load on the station, A portion of the repair costs are likewise constant and independent of the load, the remaining part being proportional to the latter, The total cash payments oan thus be separated into a constant part and a part proportional to the load, and, therefore, to the hours of full use or the load factor, The indirect expenses consist of the amount allowed for depreciation of the plant and the sum required for providing the interest and amortization of the capital expenditure, The amounte to be written off are as a rule definitely determined in advance according to the probable life of the td uM mA ne we 2 Mea ast, . a ~_ v » ® 7 aw m a — eS SEE PS ST. Te 7 pores ake’, ‘| Pg .27. different part of the plant, fhe economic characteristics of the power station can be obtained from the monthly working accounts of the station, Certain values will of course vary to a certain extent according towhether large sums for taxes, repiirs, etc., happen to have been paid out during any month, The . extraordinary amounts should be distributed thruout the year, In figuring out the curve interest and amounts put into the reserve fund are not taken into account, To plot the curve for determining the daily working costs, the generuting costs are plotted on the X axis and the load in K.W.Hrse,. on the Y axis. To do this the daily cost over a long period should be calculated, but in this example only two or three points were determined in order to get the slope of the line, To do this the following figure must be computed, The daily fixed charzes are found from the two monthly analyses, for liaroh 1921 and December 1920, For December 1920 the fixed charges less the reserve fund and interest are $7039.46 and for Maroh 1921 are $7980.84, The average amount for the two months is $7510.15, The fixed oharges per day is equal to 1/31 of the above amount or $242 per day. To the fixed charges must be added the station charges whioh amounts to more than the fixed charges. The station charges are made up of money paid out for Supervision, fuel, oils, waste, labor, supplies, eto, For this problem we will assume the following figures, Coal at $5.30 per ton, Pz 28, O11, waste, and packing at $3.00 per day. Supplies and Miscellaneous at $30.00 per day. Labor, repairs, and miscellaneous at wL92,00 per day, From the above figuresit will be seen that the coal and labor make up the bigest items of daily expense. The item for labor will remain constant within certain limits of power output, The daily costs will vary more or less in accordance with the amount of ooal burned per dey. We will figure out the daily working costs for several days considering that the costs of daily operation vary with the amount of coal consumed, april 15, 1921, Fuel 87.85 tons at $5.30 per ton 3465 = Oil, waste, and packing 3 o> Supplies and Miscellaneous 50 .< Labor, supervision,eto,. 192 .- 690 eo” Less $7 for Erow Pump 74° Station charges for the day 683 .= Fixed Charges for one day £42 .- Total Cmrges for the day - K .W .Hre, 47,000 April 27, 1921 Fuel 82,25 tons at 25,20 per ton 3436 ,= Oil, waste, and packing | 3.0 Supplies and Miscellaneous 30,.- Labor, Supervision, etc. 192 .- 661 .- Less $7 for Snow Pump 7.2 Station charges for the day 654 = Fixed Charges for one day 242 = Total Charges for the day 7 KW Hr, 44,000 PE LG « April 23, 1921 Fuel 61.15 tons at $5.30 per ton DOES a= O11, waste, and packing 3 = -upplies and liiscella neous 50 .= Labor, supervision, eto. 192 ,- Less £7 for Snow Pump 7 = Station charges for the day 542 = Fixed Charges for one day 242 = Total Charges of the day "64,- K W.Hrs, 34,000 In plotting the daily load curve, time is plotted along the X axis and K,%7, load on the Y axis, The corresponding K.\J,Hrs. per day at the various loads is also plotted on the Y axis. The unit of cost as figured out above is laid out along the X axis to the left. Having plotted the dalilv load curve, it is transferred to the fourth quedrant as is shown by the dotted lines on the blue print. The new curve is the cost curve, and from it the hourly working cost at any hour of the day may be found, or both the variable and fixed costs per hour, The oosts per hour are also plotted on the Y axis, The cost per K.!.Hr. could also be plotte! there if desired, The area under the curve represents cost of operation and its area is equal to the cost of operation for the day whose load curve is plotted in the first quadrant, The curve as plotted represents the load curve for April 15, 1921. The area under the curve was measured as nearly as possible with a planimeter to cheok on the accuracy of the work. Not knowing how the load curve varies from reading to reading, it is not to be expected that the area will exactly represent the cost of operation of the day in question, Pg 50-6 By scaling the curve it was found that isa, in. of area equals $15.40. The total area under the curve equals approximately 59 sq.in, Therefore. the total daily working cost from the curve is equal to 59x $15.40 or $910,00. The cost of operation for the day whose curve is plotted ae figured out before was $925.00. Thie is an error or 1.62%, The purpose of the daily coet curve is for finding the cost of producing power at different times of the day when supplying different loads, Thue we vill investigate the cost of power at two different losds to find difference in cost per K.ii,Hr, Suppoa, that we tuke the 1100 KW, load and the 2900 K.... load. According to the curves, at the 1100 K,ii, load it costs $26.CO per hour and at the 29C0 Kev. load {53,00 per hour, Then at the 1100 K.7, load, in one hour there are zenerated 1100 K..).Hrs., and at the 2°00 EW, load 2900 KK... Hrs. The cost per KY’, Hr. at the 1100 K.7. load is £0,0236 and at the 2°CO E.W. load $0.01825. a curve of this kind could be nade use of to find suitable rates to charge consumers of power when operating at different loads and taking power at different loads, In plotting a daily oost curve, the fixed charges should be sumed up for a sufficiently lonz fime so as to be apportioned more evenly to the days of the year, for in geome days or weeks more is paid out than in others, Pz .ol. Caloulations To Find Out jit What Loads Machinee are Operating at It was not thought to be worth while to fizure out the loade that the various machines were orerating at, The following will give the reader an idea of how the machines are manipulated, a8 far as possible a main unit is chosen that will give the most economical water rate for the load being ourried., This will necessitate either a 2coci. 7, machine or &@ 10CO E,Y,. machine or sometines both as the case may be, ost generally more feed pumps are used tnan are needed, This is done for the purpose of keeping the water hammer in the pipes down to a minimum, when only one feed pump is running at its full oapacity there is considerable etrair on tie piping due to the intermittent surges of water, By putting on eeveral punce ut the same time the individgpal surzes are made smaller and the time in between cehorter and with less strain on the pume, The condensing equipment runs at a constant speed and ite load derends on thst of the turbine, The bollers sre not overloaded ordinarily. Carrying such a load on the station as is chown by the blue prints, there ig really no need of any boilers being overloaded, at one time however,it was said by the operators, 2000 Ke. were handled on one 740 h.p,. Sterling boiler. The cost of their operation per day was not computed. Pg .oe, I was disappointed in not being able to procure rore cost data than is given below, ‘Supt, Bulkely of the water and =leotrio Lignt Commiseioners promised to let me take the detailed list of the appraieal that the Consulting Sngineering rirm of wWoodwell and Resler had compiled, The detailed report did not come back in time to be inoluded, ine preliminary report Game b..ck from h.Y, and I have inoluded it in this report, It is not in muoh detail, Cedar Street Station .----Cost Data | item Cost to Fer Cent «acorued fPrecent heproduce, Good, Dep. Value _ Jan, 1°21, _ Landa ye bcd 100 2 =— wee (G00, ERS buildings v1.56, C45 oO $14,805 $143,242 Mechanical Uquip, | Turbines and acces, ~21&,2°7 o7 ¢6, 7665 j2il, 55€ Boilers wil?, 461 Oo” 215,657 ¢102,764 “tacks wld, 2CU o7 £10 +4, 650 Goal & Ash Systen 80, TES 75 ys, 892 ,60,861 Piping cystem 70,471 ES “be, Lel , 58,290 Bieotrical Equip, | Switohboards 24, 004 98 Z60 25,644 mxoitere and Liotors ¢16,130 oC 8135 gi7, 317 Wiring and Cabling 6,300 95 | 240 6, C60 Lighting 730 Of | 1c 713 yl4b, ele “ pelo Y ove cerap G8 .5 “168,650 169,850 woul 6,c0e 00D, 06% Electrical Equipment includes switchboards, panele, exciters and motor generators, reguiutors and wiring and cable, PZ dc 6 List of the iain Plant Equipment Boiler Room 1-500 h.p. Cookson reed water heater. Cpen tre. 6-400 usp. wickes Vertical Water Tube boilers, £-740 hep. Sterling Vater Tube boiiers, i-~Hoppes F.wW,. Heater and V-notoh meter, 6-Murphy Stokere .Cn wickes boilers, 2=-Taylor Stokers.0n Sterling boilers, l-Burnham Steam Fump used for mkeup. Feoiprocuting type, leBurnham Stexum Fump used to pump water from Cockson ?.i, Heater to the .-Sotoh meter, lel ton weighing larry on track on stoker settings, Hllison praft Gauges on kurphy UCtokere, l-RNeciprocating pump for injecting boiler compound into the feed water systen. 5S-C boiler water level regulator, SeC Regulator Co.,Frostoria, GQ Diamond Soot Blowers, Coal buckets and pulleys for hand operation in oase coal handling machinery breaks down, cemi-underground flues for the Wiokes boilers, Steel breeching for Eterling boilers, Geco ash handling system m'f'g, by Green Eng, Co, l-Radial Brick chimney installed by Kellog Eng. Co.(°'x200). l-Reinforced Concret ochimmay installed by Kellog Eng. Co. Size 9'x 187-1/2', Pg 54. Engine Room Bauipment, i-Burnham Feed Water Pump, Mfg. by Union Steam Fump Co., Baftle Creek, Mich, Reciprocating Pump, Size 14 x 9 x 16 inches, l-Feed ‘ister Pump for boilers, lifg. by the American Steam Pump Co., Battle Creek, Wich, Size 16 x 10 x 20 in, Reciprocating pump, 1-Knowles Boiler Feed Water Pump, In basement uged as a spere, No size given on pump. l-Boiler Feed Water Fump, kfg. by the am, Well Wke.,aurora,Ill. Type 124 Delo .273-60 h,p.-3600 r.p.m. Pump direct connect to Ameriocan-Kerr Turbine .-Type BYTD-Size 4- Shop bo, 26303- r.p.m. 3600, 1-Deep Well Pump-Mfg. by Am. Well Wkse.,aurora,Il11, 12" size, Direct connected to 50 hep. 3g induction notor-Speed Full load 1160-Type KT-6=5001200-FormA.-Cyoles 60- 2200 V-12 Amp-50 h.p. continuous 40°C= 25% overload 2 hrs-55° C-General Blectrio Co, l-Holly Yater Pump(not used) l-Alberger Pump and Gondenser Co's, 12"=2 stage volute pump used for emergency purposes, Direct connected to induction motoreType PM-6-200-1200-Form C-Cyoles 60- 3 $-200 h.p.-2200 Ve46,5 Amp-Speed no load 1200-full load 1175- Ft.Wayne, Motor, l-Worthington Horizontal Pumping Engine of the Compound Type. Size H.P 20"9L.P, 44"-Water 19"-Stroke 36", } 10,000,000 gallons- 41,000,000 ft.,lbs,. duty. Pg eae 1-Exoiter-Mfz, by Westinghouse Electric and fg. Co, D.C, Generator-25 K .W,-125 V~200 Amps-375 r.p.m.- Direct connected to Westinghouse Std, Engine of Vertioal Type 6 1/2" x 8", l-Exciter-Mfg. by Allie Chalmers Co,,ililwaukee, i/is.- Miotor driven-Volts no load 120-Fall load 120- Rep.em,. 850-Motor-H.P., 60-Volts 1200eAmps 14,8 39-60 oyoles-850 repos l-Allis-Chalmers Turbo driven exciter-Generator-Volts no load 120-Volte full load 120-amps 416-2400 r.p.m.- | Turbine-No, TINel3- Normal K.W, 50-Speed 2400, I-iiotor Generator Set:- liotor-100 K,W.-Form PReType aTl~8-amps 25-Volts 2300- Cycles 60-H,.P,. 125-Speed 900-P.F,. 1-General Hleot, GeneratoreD,.C.-Type LPL 1-6-25+3258Form 2eFeK W, 75= amps8 125eSpeed 900-Volts Io Load 600-Full Load 600-G.E, Generator-D,.C.-Eype MPL 1-6-25-325-Form 2-B-K W, 75- Amps 600--Speed 900-Volts no load 125-Full Load 125-G.E, S-Alberger Dry Vacuum PumpseReoiprocating Type-Steam Cyl, 8" dia.,-Vacuum oyl, 20" dia,-Stroke 12", l-lain Unit:e Turbine-Curtis-General Eleot. Go.-K.W,. 2000-Speed 1&00- Form G-Steam Prees .250f/in” .-Condensing-P.F. 0.8. Alternator-Type ATB-4-2500N-1800-Form HT-K.W.2000- Volts 2300-Ampes 628-Speed 1800-G.E.Co. l-Main Unit:- Turbine-Allis-Chalmers Co, Parsons Type-K.W, 1000- 1800 r.pem. Generator-Volts 2300-Amps 251-36-Freq.60-1800 r.p.Me Pz .d6. l-Main Unit:e Turbine-sllis-Chalmers Co.-Parsons Type-Ho ,452~Max K.W. 2000-0,.8 P.F.-1800 r.p.m, Generator~Volts 2300-Amps 628 Max-Z3%-Freq 60-Speed 1800, £-Condensing Units consisting of:- Alberger Condenser-6000 sq.ft. of condensing surface, Alberger-Curtis Turbine 75 h.p, Volute ciroulating pump, 3" Volute condensate pump, 14" l-Condensing Unit consisting of:-~ Alberger Condenser~-3000 sq.ft. of condensing surface, Alberger-Curtis Turbine 50 h.p, Volute oirculating puny. 14" Volute condensate pump, 2 1/2" The condensing equipment and the Knowles feed pump mentioned above are in the basement, The following equipment is also in the basement, l-Ingeredll-Rand Air Compressor for compressing air used in oleaning machinery-4 1/2"x 5" oylinder belt connected to a 5 hep. 3g induction motor-Volts 440- Amps 7 l-Mfg, by Western Elect Go, 1~Blow Off Tank used for blowing off the boilers-2 1/2'x 12', l=-Forced Blower Equipment :« Fan 30"-American Blower Co.-Plate Fan Wheel- Motor-§$440 Volts-60 Amps-2$-60 cycles-50 h.p,-Type KT- 336-6-60-1200-Form B-50°C@Speed full load 11655, l-foroced Draft Blowing Equipment;- Fan-lo,.7 Sirocco-Amerioan Blower Co, Detroit, Mich, Pg .d6, Steam Engine-9"x 8" American Blower Co, 2-12 h.p. motorse-91 Amps-110 volts-940 rep elle to 100 r.pem,. adjustable speed, Coal Handling Machinery — Coal Handling Equipment installed by the Guarantee Conetruotion Company of Chioago,. No name plate on the Coal Crusher, The elevator is made by Stephens-Adamson Co, and has a capacity of 30 tons per hour, The coal orusher has @ capacity of 35 tons per hour, By suitable gearing the reclaiming conveyor may be thrown in or out of operation. The coal crusher, feeder, and the reclaiming conveyor are run by a motor of the following capacity: Motor-fype 1-6-15 4-15-Form K-Amps 19-Volts 440-Speed no load 1200-Full load 1145. The Stephens-Adamson Co's, plant is located at Aurora, Ill. The elevator and the distributing conveyor are operated by one motor. The distributing conveyor is also manufactured by the Stephens-Adamson Co, The motor is of the following sise:ie@ Motor-15 h.p.-3f-Induction motor=-Type KT-440 Volts- 26 Amps-Speed 855 r.p.m.-Weatern Eleotrie. 1-Capstan along the railroad tracks for pulling the ooal oars over the coal hopper, The ash handling machinery consists of the reoeiving tank and blowing machinery, The fan is of the centrifugal type and operated by a motor of the following size:- 50 h,p.-3600 r.p.m.-440 volts-23¢ induction motor, Electrical Equipment PZ .57. ELeotrical Equipment The electrical equipment is manufactured by several different oconoerns, and no attempt was made to get a list of equipment’in any great detail, The equipment consists primarily of 10 power switchboards and 17 used for the lighting oirouits. The ewitohboards are of marble, There are 7 constant current transformers, Some of the bigzer electrical units have been described in detail in tne »receding pages, and to describe the Sualil parts of the ewitohboard would take up more €pace than is allow-:ble; ¢o it will be nezglecte: here, The metere on the evwitcnboardse are mostly of the westirghowce manufacture vhile the ewitches(knife) are nearly all of the Cutler-Hamrer make, Tre oil sxitohee are of Generul slectric manufacture, The traneforgsre are made by tevcerul concerns inoludin, tlhe large and « few of the Sill concerns, Tne electrical equipment was iretalled by the B, Baily Engineerirz Co, cf Toledo, Chio, miscellanesus Zaui;nent leZoxboro Recordirg Flue Gus Thermcmeter 0-s00°R, RKanufactured at Foxboro, lass, oct of the pressure and vucuum guges are manugactured by the slberger Co, l-Northern 15 ton orane, Pg .l-A Conolusion | In oonoluding thie report the following things might be well worth oon sidering. In starting on this report, the idea was for the writer to obtain a better understanding of power stations and their operation by going to one and observing what took place; also to get some data from a plant actually working, in order to find out some of the characteristios of operation. As far as cost data was conoerned, not much was obteined, This does not mean much anyway on account of the unsettled business conditions and rapid fluctuations in prioes, It would probably not be amiss to give the writers opinion on some of the good and bad features of the plant, and in the succeeding paragraph he will endeavor to point out a few of the good features of the plant, The plant is very oompactly arranged and does not take up much space for the amount of power generated, It would probably be better if the plant had been laid out on more generous principles. Most of the main generating are easily accessible and well arranged, As far as the coal handling equipment is concerned, it takes up little space and appears to be efficient. Some changes could probably have been made in it when installed for the better, but they will not be taken up here. The plant is near a good water supply which is nearly always necessary. The feed water piping is in duplicate in most cases so as to prevent a shutdown on account of the water supply breaking down, The basement of the plant is kept in good order and it contains lookers Pg .1-B. for the workmens' clothing. Operating conditions are good,which being conducive to (oonducive) tq well satisfied men causes little dissatisfaction among them. In opposition to the good features some of the bad features are mentioned in the next paragraph, One of the very noticeable bad features of the plant seems to be that too many men are needed for handling ashes; the cause of;this lies in the way that the setting of the Kiurphy stokere are arranged, which makes it hard for the ashes to be hoe@ into the ash conveyor, It would be better if the Murphy stokers were arranged as the Taylor stokers in which oase the ashes fall down on to the basement floor, Another bed feature is the position of the Hoppes F.W. Heater which is because it is hung from the boiler room roof trusses, a place where it is very hot and crowded. Due to the above mentioned facts it is hard to repair anything around it when it breaks down, Lack of steam and water flow meters are noticeable, It would be very much more easy to find out how the plant was running if more flow metere were installed and also some more eleotrical measuring instruments, It would be better for the plant as a whole if it were laid out on more generous principles, As it is now the piping suffers from lack of sufficient: room, Due to the many changes in the plant from time to time, to say the least, the pipes have been put in any way to get them in, They are a terrible mess. Another bad feature is the low power factor of the station, Some of the consumers have a P.F, a6 low as 50%. The Reo factory inthe morning has a P.F. of from 50-60%, Pg .l-C,. This low P.F,. makes itself known in the heating effeotso on the station apparatus. The consumers should have some way to raise the power factor; a synchronove motor will do it and also permit power to be taken from it. The writer feels that he has received corsiderable benefit from the work by being around a large power station, He had never been around a power station of this size before and this gave him an opportunity to find out just what there is to a power station and how it is arranged, The writer craves the readers indulgence for any typographical errors that may be found, The typewriting was done by the writer himself, and thruout the work my be found several mistakes where a word has been put in or left out, but it aleo must be remembered that even the better grades of books often chontain typographical errors in their first editions, 1 ebil, * te Bibliography The bocks uged in the preparation of this Theeis are: Electric Power Stations blingenberg Engineering of Fover Plants rernald and Orrok of . . 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