es LOGGING AND DRIVING MARITIME Babi Thesis fer the Degree of M. For. Earl €. Sanferd at) an ~~ J ye s . © Nw LOGGING AND DRIVInG eanp on are qua ap o~—_ ones oes. as naw apes aug aa au» Thesis for Degzree of Master of Forestry. ~ Earl C’. Senford. ee | L919 6 THESIS ORGAVIZATION O: FIRST SORGSTRY ReGlicitT. - - - - AREAS ALLOTITAD TO CQLPATY ~+OPOGRAPEY . Turve.:tininse Reprocuction, Stand cy Parcelles, Comparison of Estimate Cost or Stumocagee PLAN OS LOGGIi'G, 1s On UO PO &@e@ @60 @6@ @¢ O00 v3 SLOATADILITY Ov TlibioR. RIVER. , LLG SITE. DeCISIOU IN FAVOR OF DR Class or Lill Availivility of Equipment. . Suitavle Shipvoing Yord. .c . 2. 2 Le ailroad Rignts of Way. Obtaining Obtaining } WE ; to be Used, OCo1e. - - « Difficulty of Railroad Construction, ~~... Adapting Loscin Timber Purcnases. Possivility ov Water Transportation. ~~ -— AUREILHAN CALP,. -- - BOO CALR, COURAITT CAMP, - - - Camp Construction. - - Road Building. - - - RIVER ILPROVinadIT., - - = BRUSH CUTTI.G, -- = FRLLING AMD BUCKING - IRE HAZARD, = or LOGGI°G, #4 # e-« = - Wago: Se - = Tongs and Chokers, . Busawnerse -~-- Bic Wheels. - = - Railroads. - = - DRIVILG. - - - Periodic cr continuous Sinkers, --- Fellins and Bucking 1:1 Deckiiiite ~- - - Felling ana lietnods of nandliny; SULCAATY OF SUCCESS OF OPE RATION. DETAILED MEASUR UN COLPARISON OF 1.1L LiITHODS PICTURLS,. 7 ae @ Leaving wit. e Plans to Terms of - = = «= "Ge = te we wt ee em me Drives mee Adverce of Drivingce .« « « 1 Needles One -— -— mo T On 10 53 a aN 3 167 TRIS. CUT WWITE DECIMAL C OCALE . ' refer @ e ~JAN fp Lu np pw ww w& IU Po CO OMS] } © — 4 te \O Cow © © t~ }~ t t/ |~w NM forr oO TO f> Co) tw w YO COM +g OR Pw Orn “iP i? t rr “J NY t~ tw i fw CO 92> for CUCU > CJ Loe © WWbILULO tLe pg PO . CAYO PO PTO Rk ODw py PL Cv > 1,12 Qn the Couraite LOGGING AtD DRIVING LARLTINE PINE, Organization of the First Forestry Regiment, At the time or tne entrance of the Unitec States i::to tne "World War", our cllies were greatly in need of specially skilled men and it was on their advice tinat spece jal resiments of Forestry and Railroad Engineer troops were organized and sent to France among the first troops that went abroade Tie first Forestry Reginient to be organized wes the Tenth Engineers, which was mobilized at American University, De. Ce during thie month of August, 1917, and sailed Tor foreign service September 10, 1917. It landed at Glasgow, Scotland, traversed England rapidly, crossed tne channel, and went into concentration camp at the old city of Nevers to await tie arrie val of tne American made equipment with which it was to work and to perfect plans of operation. Areas Allottec to Company "B", At Nevers the "advance party", which liad been securing timber for American exploitetion, joined the regiment and fure nished maps and otner data concerning the timber areas winich had been purchasec, Which enabled tne commander to dispose or the recgiment most effectively for purposes of lumber production, Halt of Company "A" went to Loauoel-Camors in Morbihan, Brittany, where they operated in Scotch pine, he remainder of tne rirst battalion, co:ipriseda of the reiainder of Company "A" and Comp-r- mies "BY and "C", was detailed to tre Devartment of Landes, mi the southwestern part oz France winile the second battalion was seneculed to work in eesterm France, . The main part of the first battalion was located some sixty miles soutnwest of Bordeaux in the vicinity of Pontenx-les-Forges, the part of Company "A" being two kiloe meters east in tne Forest of Burricos; Corpany "C" four cilometers northwest in *he Forest of Labroquette, and Compae ny "BW" seven kilometers northwest in tne Forest of Ste, Bulclie, The map in tie appendix snows vne areas allotted to Company "EB" in their relation to the little villace or Ste, EBulelie, to the Courant River, to tne Ztang dtAureilhan, anc to each otnuer, It v is witn the log.csing of these tracts that wtiis article hes to aeale Topography. The timber tracts which were to be exploited by Company "B" were -ituated about Tive miles from t..e Bay or Bise cay, pert of tiem being in the ranous"dune"™ region ond part or them in the flat country just back of the dunes which had fore merly been swamp land, There were a few dunes east of the Courant River, but, in general, the line o: the river imarked tie division line between the dunes and the flats, Both tne dunes and tne flats had been reclaimed from a vast waste by Gra@inisg and plantinge Tiie "dunes" are simply omiks or sand blown from tne sea cnore anc piled un like huss: snow banks to neignts of Prom one hundred to three hundred fect, TO a) There is usually a flat, veryins in width from one or two hundrea feet to as iianzy yords , between tre base or one dune and tie base of tiie succeeding one, The west slope of each dune is Generally long ana gentle, wnile wne east is short end avorupte While tne entire dune region is loose white sand, tne flats between the cunes are comevnat firmer than the dunes themselves and are not only easicr to los, wut are a. also of acvantase in affording means ov avoroach to tle dunes. Tne flats east of t.c @aune region are the areas which were not reacned oy the drifting sand, vut which were convertec into marshes by action of the wind in pilins up tne sand in dunes between tie Plats anc the sea, tnrus cutting oft . the drainase. Tne soil of the flats is quite fir wien dry and presents a satisfactozy surface for logginse In tne pro~ cess o. reclamation, nowever, a ver Grest number or open ditcies were dug in order to dr aad in tne flats, oud these were often w.e source o= cousideravle inconvenience in wne loc ing operations, Tirber., The timber on these parcelles was vthe same occ that covering practically all the Landes resion, 1. e. Maritime Pine, ach parcelle was eveneaged anu the ranse of ages for all the percelles cut was between 50 and 75 yearse The timber on tlie flats was taller anc of mucn better quality than tiiat on the Sh dunes, beins straight end sound anc attaining, at an age of 5 to 60 years, a neicnt of 100 feet and a breast hig. diameter of Turpentine "Faces" = Lettvot Parcelle,. Cones of Maritime Pine, Major David T. Mason, 15 inches, although many of the trees were much siscller. Turpentinin;. In accordance with the custom in this region, @2ll the trees of these tracts had been resined since ate taining en ase of 15 or 20 years and showed, in the butt 108, evicences of seven or eignt Paces. In the vicinity Or eacn face tre wood was densely inprecgnated with resin and it was tnousht, av wic time thot drivin: tis timber as first conternplated, that t is woulc i::fluence the floatactility of the putt logs unfavorably, It also ape peared in tie woods that tne faces would malice excessive slabbing necessary at the mill, but it was found that ore a Ginery slaboing would take care of ‘the Fh They ke et 4 1 = aCe€S DUL VNAae Nenvy + slatbing W.5 occasioned br the creat amount of croox in the first lose It is notea>le that unde: te French system of ture pentinins cuppin,: noes On year arter year until cutting or the timber is scheduled uiider “lie systen or nanagement and that dead trees are cntirely unimovn, Revrodcuction, Normally the forests are kept free from underzrowth tQ Of all kinds in order to permit of easy access ond convenience in the collection of resin end in waking tiinnings, as well as rvs to minimize the fire hazarc, On tne moist flat lands t..ere each Tall, placed in cr ° © 7 ™. -~ 1.9, ™ = . " ~. 7 t 77 is 8 heavy crows of bracken w lca isc cu ope ee ae TA - a a, ae -. 2.7. ow . nn comimost heans with stable refuse, oni used on the land as fert lizer, In thnese yearly cuttings of undergrowth bracken, ~~ sorse, heather and reproduction are renoved so tiat the rorest i8 left quite parkelike in a»npearance, This was the case with the parcelles on the flat land east of tne river, but the cuttings had not been made west or the river, except on two daunes, ana tic reproduction iad come in densely, It Yrenged from knee hicsh to firtteen feet tall and stood so thick that it was impossible to ride a horse tnroush it, Accordin; to the terms of our contract of purchase, it was necessary to cut all underorush level with the sround before proceeding with the loscing, Stand by Parcelles,. The followings tavle, prepared from cata Turnicied by French Toresters, snows the stanu by dlancter clacces in eacn parcelle, with the exception of Lettot, of the tracts surchesed from M, Thevenot and which were logged in the Aureilhnan-Courant operation. Tiie estimates of cefect and q yoarc feet equivalents were mace by American Forest Engineers, Cy. .-Parcelle,. No, Oo: Trees bry Diazieter Classes, 30ec:a 40cm 50cm GOem 70cm [O0cen Totel — Le Pioe 164 336 1874 308 9 0 0 3927 Douillovs 165 1667 1091 340 66 = 21 3 3162 Bremonvier 172 13863 1879 384 58 7 0 4191 Larraillet (Nori) 167 2437 4641 464 25 0 0 Larraillet ae 162 34 912 0 0 {92 2 Lorraitlet (Sud 1538 1795 2210 Lata 234 ll 0 Seba Nid de l'Agasse 169 1302 237) 900 0 QO 4609 Pourjeau aes Tucs 12 1113 873 A14 37 5 0 29 23 Pourjeau 127 «©6627 oR 514 160 21 0 2195 Naou 132 2078 776 120 LO 1 5643 Lousvaline 137 337 a 12 40 2 0 762 Gona liartz 390s. 326 §=203 «49 2 0 791 Dune de 1'Ousvaline lol 1107 690 291 13 0 0 101 Totals = = 16957 21157 ©6068 034 79 4 44199 Total number of Trees 44199 Total volune 50746 cubic meters Less 20% for punk and crook 10149 " " Net Volume - = = = 40597 Board tect 11,367 li. There were subsequently adcced to this logcins chance the varcelles ciic nunbers or trees listed below, Yor which no diameter measurements are available, vut whic: were comparavle in ¢izée to those alread: listed, Parcelle Nuiiber of Trees Lettot oe st) 33 23 Lettot Ouest) 516 Sar.cos {100 Crouzet 1162 Puysecur (Gor:;ones) 730 Total - = = = 11551 ~J Eee eee a—O@ ae OOS OR ee SD The nbove fimures show an averase volume of 1,195 cubic meters per tree or, arter deductin:;; for defect, of eJ2 cubic wseters ner tree, The metric scele in the woods was made without any ceduction for cerect and is comparable to tne sross volume or the estimate when proper allowance is meade for Firewood. Detailed measurements on 167 trees (shovm in aopendix) save a total volume in the sawlogs of 173227 cubic meters or 1.904 cubic ineters per tree, To tilis risure snould be added .3 cubic meters per tree for Tirewood, Tae followings tavcle, compiled from the scale books of the ope eration and coverin; tne parealles on which logs.:ins had been completed at the time, snow the cubic contents of the sawlogs taxen from each tracts Tract No. of No. ot Scale cu. Averajse trees logs neters scale per tree cu.izeters Naou and Pont de l'Oustaline 5946 25825 7508079 1626. Gone Martz 791 262 690.35 007 Dune de l'Oustaline 2101 711 1559019 74 Pourjeau des Tucs 2923 15051 3607.39 1.23 Nid de l'Agasse 4169 14232 3625.2 037 Brenontier 3790 12871 3334.3 089 Puysegur 730 3397 510.1 1.11 Crouzet 1162 3033. 355-70 o 74 21592 837923 22041.82 1,02 To this volume should be added .3 cuvic meter per LL = ~~ ay ya- =~ vure@ LTOr Lirevywood, ‘“ f From the tops of 242 trecs i:: tie Naau tract, 9Jo steres (cubic meters) of Sirewood were cut, or an aver- on - ace OF w:0ut «4 cusic meter per tree Tiiis was in te largest timber on the operation, -.owever, oa War son; tie first logssed, so that utilization Yor saw timber was not as complete as it was on the areas loczec later, For “ese reasons it is tnougnt viet a Pisure oF .4 cubic meter cllowe ) n mics ©or Lirewosd is excessive w2.0 Tint .3 cuvic meter per 4 ree is nearer the actual averazse ror ail thie trees loccec, cr COst of Stumpace. The greater part of tris losciis chance was mace a uy of timber comprised in a purchicse oF 239,090 trecs frou ', Thevenot to whom 5,099,000 Trancs were paid. AS tie established rate of exchanse was then 5.70 francs per dollar this would be aout $377,920. for ne entire purchase, tnuc cost per tree beinc 21.74 francs or $3.62, T is would cor- 4. ( say on f a resnond to 2 stwrwpage rate of betveen $15.09 and 3160.09 per thousand tonrrd tTeet,. f - ry eye Plan of Logins. In formulatin:; locscins plans tniere were a muuber or factors to ve considered, such as? le Clecs or Lill? to ve used, De Avallanility of Bquiniient,. Je Ovotainin:;: suitadle saipping yard on French Ra i 4. Ootainin; rizgnts of wey for narrow gauge ra Vilroa Ce Difficulty of railroad construction i:: to. sane mines. Oe Necessity of adapting logins plans to the conditions “ or timber purchase contract. le Possibility of water transportation, le Compeny "B" had two mills, one os tnem beins a small easily portable mill of 10M daily (10 hour) capacity, mede by the Lane Manufacturing Company of Liontpelier, Vermont, while the other was a heavier, semleportaocle nill oF 20 if, daily (10 hour) capacity,:2ziaade by the Clark Bros. Company of Olean, New York, In leyin,;; ouv the loscing it was inore practical to locate tne large mill at a point to which the bulk oF tne availe aole tintber could be logged, leavin. the sincll snd izore scatter- © ad troeets “o be picked up vy tne small mill, Tne mills arrived pleceneal, 2ut the siiall mill was complete and reacvy vor opera-= tion sorie two months before tie large one, The small mill was set up at Bellevue, one isilometer soutneast of Ste, Hulalie an. one anu one half kilometers nortnwest of tne Conmvany "C" mill site at Lavroquette, It wes planned to put up the large mill in tne vicinity of the Pont dau Gouvernement on trae Courant River connecting it by narrow gauge railroad with Bellevue, Labroquette, and Pontenx and hondlin= the output of ell vuirec uullls over the same reilroad and w.rough tie same sninoing yarce A number i -* of ocjections to tris plan cevelopved, Oo Waen equipinaent wes vurciinsec in the United “tetes for tie use of tiie Forestry troops, it was not “nown under what conditions it would be used in France, cond Trequently sufficient quantities of t:e most desirecle equipment for a particular joo were rot available, Trig @Ondition wes ine creased by wne distance and difficulties oF ocean tratfic, the great number of ports et which landings were made, the excessive demands made on the railroads of tne country, ana tie great number and scatterec location of tne Forestry operations, Before leaving the United “tates, avout thirty miles of 25 pound steel, suitable for narrow gauge railrocds, were purchased, cut up to w.e time of starting tie Bellevue mill QW ~é no tracc of it could be found in France, As railroad mater» lal end reilroad equipment of all kinds were very scarce and difficult to obtain, it was seen ti.at it would ve wice to limit railroad conctruction as much as possible, e Great difficulty was experienced in securing a site for the snipping yard in Pontenx, There were few vacant places and the French railroad officials were very exacting .:s to the conditions under which they would allow the installation of a switch to the main line. Finelly, by purchasing and cutting tne trees on a tract of avout one and oneeshal? acres, a yard of that size was secured, As it was necessary to have at least two main line switches and two narrow gauge tracks in the yard, there was little space left for the piling of lumber ect such times as standard gauge cars were not available, It was soon seen that while it was feasible to handle the output of the Labroquette and Bellevue mills, it was not practicable to try to put through the output of another large mill, 4e Richts of way for narrow fauge railroads were granted along the highways by the French authorities with the reservation that the shace trees be not interfered with and that the highways be restored to their previous condition at the close of tre operation, Whenever it was necessary to go outside of the highways or the areas on which we had pure chasead the timber, special nesotiations had to be carried on with the owners concerned, There was not sufficient space between the hard rocdway and the flenking row of shade trees to permit the construction of a standard gauge railroad, so -e 12 - that it wes necessary to transfer in the yard ell prode ucts brought in from tue mills, as tne were necessarily brought over narrow gauge tvraciis. Se Carerul eXaisination of the dune country shlow= ead that trere were :2zore aifficulties in constructing raile roads to it from the vicinity o7 Bellevue than had been expected, Being formed by wind action rather tuan erosion, there is no arainacge system in tne dunes and one may pass up a seemins valley and be suddenly confronted by a cune Lirtty or a hundred feet in height and calling for more excavating than he is prepared to do on a temporary logring railroad, 6. Logcing plans in the dunes were influenced greatly by the conditions of the contract of purchase of the timber, ond many economies in logsing were prevented by its terms, There were excellcnt opportunitics for power skidding, but all power skidders, locomotives, and other ap-= pliances using fire, were prohibited on account of the danger of starting a conflagration, The necessity of usins liorses as motive power on tle railroad was e« strong argument in favor of other means of transportation, 1 I Lo i ve As all the timber which it wes proposed to hanagle tnrovgn tne larse mill lay tributa:y to the Courant River ona Laxe Aureilhan, it was provosedc vy Captain Inman , Bldredge tnat the feasivility of driving the river be ine vestisated, IZ a practicable mill site and outlet to the French railroad could be secured many of the cifficulties of railro:nd construction, transportation or boilers and other ~ neavy equipment over sandy roads, delivery o2 supylies and loadins o* products would ve eliminated, Bloatavility of Timber, As tine first consideration of a plan involving drive ing was tat cue timper suould float, experiments to determine the floatability orf sieritiie Pine were instituted, It was xnown tnat the timber when green was very heavy end it was tnhous.t that tie heavy impregnation of resin in tc butt log mignt cause excessive loss by sinkaze, During the early part o: November a number o:. trees growing near t- river in the vie cinity oz Port cu Gouvernement were felled, cut into log le gths anG put into the stream for observation. All o+ tiie logs flocat- ed off and passed rapidly down the stream, but artcer going vary- ius cistances tiey were caugnt in eddies or held on ovsvruction:: in tne river, Here viey were uider observation sor severa! . . cays, and altnuough they beca.re sonewiat water-logcsed ai.d Tloa a. ian) Vue low in the water, tueir buoyancy was considered suv_iciei t to warrant a conclusion that tney coulc be criven successrully over a the five or six miles betveen thet point aw tie mill, In wns m 14 «= experiment, wie vutt logs were watched wit. particular care and not all ot tne otner cuts were accounted Zor at tire end Or the experiment, River. The river was gone over caresully to deteruine its driveable character, to locate the obstructions, and to esti-« mate the amount of work necessary to put it in shape for use, There was a river gauge at wie Ponte cu-Gouvernenent anc the Hrench sovernment hac records o. streala flow coverin: a period oz several yecrs. Tnese records were secured ana snowed that the maximum flow had been 1.29 cubic meters per second, while the minimum reached in October, 1913, was .37 cubic meters, we yearly average bein: about .€2 cubic meters per sccond. The average width or tne stream is avout thirty feet, Tne fairly steady flow orf tne river with absence of sudden fresnets anc extremely low water is accounted for by the Tact tint it is fed by tne large laxes Biscarosse and Cazeau whic: have extene sive drainage basins, anc ore kept up vy numerous streans,. Tie lower tnree miles of the river were found to be ox sufficient cepth to float logs without difficulty, even cure ing the lowest water, but the upper two miles in the vicinity of the Pont cu Gouvernement had a number or sharp curves, soll islands, rapids, on. snallow places Where t.e river flowed over a hard pan or layer of soft sandstone about 18 inches in thicke ness. Tuese last cirficulties coulc. be renoved without excessive L- u cost, but it was fore at in a yesur of extremely low wat: ~ a"? een chere would be considerable dirticulty in driving tie upper reaches or tie stream during tie months of August, September and October, Will Site, A practicable, thouga oy no means ideal, mill site was Tound on the sout:: side of the Etang Aureilhan, It was on the hare land avout a hundred yards from the shore of the laxe and approximately a mile from the standard gauge raile roade By putting in a switch to the standard gauge line, it would be entirely practicable to load out manufactured products directly from the mill, thus doing away witn the necessity of laborious transfer froi narrow gauge to standard gauge railroad, Decision in Favor ov Driving. After cue consideration of tue facts affecting loge Ging, milling and transportation of the untinished and finished products, it was decide. to drive the river, The plan of oper- ation was, briefly, as follows; to establish three caups simultaneously ,- a logsing camp on whe Courant River near the Pont du Gouvernement, a small boomecamp at the moutn of thie river end tie mill cain at Aureilhan; to cut tne logs in whe woods and transport tiem to tie river by the best means availavcle; to Grive then down the river, catching them at the mouth in bag booms; to tow them across tne lake anc place them in the pond at the mill, usin, ». gasoline driven motor boat for the purpose; ys? to dig a canal from tne lolze to the mill so that the logs could be floated Zrom tne pond to tie hauleup; to build a spur Crom tne Frencn railroad to the mill so that the sawed 7 procucts coulc be loaded directly from the mill to the standard gauge coarse Tliece General vlans were carrricd out, tic Tirst stop bein: the estoblishiaent of the three cenms; Aurelinan, Boom anc Courant, 3 Aureilhen, The mill eacp at Aureidics was in direct charge or Captain Inman F,. Bldredase, wo exercised general super- vision over t.:e entire operation, AS soon as %.e surveys were completed ana tue rights o- waz;y secured, crews were ine mediately set to work on Sie railroad Spur, tie canal, and cond mill foun idat tions. A kitcnen was built of lumber neuled fron Bellevue, out otuer builciscgs were nov erected until the mill organ producing. The railroad wien completed had a track On each sice of tneloadin.; dock ani a sidiuy for e:pty cars wich ran elongsice the store..:ouse. The cancel was cug deepese 4. at tie end toward «:ec mill en. a narrow gauge railroad laid on the vottom To: 2a cdistance oF about thirty feet, On tunis was overatcc 2a steel submarine car on whicn *%.e logs were floated 4. ena tir.n hauled invo vie mill by 2 cable and drum arrangencnt, A thirtyesix foot motor boat was purchased in Bore deaux to co the hauliny; oY logs From v.e mouth oF the river to tiie Mill pond, Camp Aureilhan - Laxe in Distance, Cabin Constructed by Menbers of Boon Camp, -17- Boom Comp. A smell camp or nine men witn Sergeant Jizics Svyencer in charge wa: estavlished near the mouth of Courant River to drive piling, to put in shear booms, to get out bvoon sticks “or tie bas booms, to assist in drivin.; te lower part of tne river when crivirns began, .:. to attend to tre filling of the voonms, Tiie viles driven here were o- siuinll size, bee ing eignt to tn feet in length, -na six to eicgnt inches in diameter, A pile driver was constructed on tie ground rrom hevwed timbers. It had a horse operated, automatically re- leasea hoavmer, with a maximum fall of fifteen feet anu was economicel, ranid az:a wnoily successful in every wry. he piles were cut out O.. Tre tons ox trees, avoura quarter of a mile avove tire river, Arter being peeled ticy were thrown into tie river to .loat covm to were vnew Were 20 ve used, uv instead of floating they dove to tic cotton vr tiie stream and renainec vtlere until YTisned out again. Ky O This was thie Yirst Llitimation received tnav ticre min airfficulty in driving tne s.tall sized pieces, Courant Camp, The logsins caw, of whieh First Lieutenoiut Earl Ce Scuford was in cnarge, was estaclisned at an almost ideal cap site on tie Courant River, avout tyvo hundred yards avove tre a>. Pont du Gouvernenent, ond three-eisgnts of a mile below t.:¢ end of tie loeraw round lenzdin: to Ste. Hull: lie, This was to Courant Caap in Surmer, In Foreground - Freneh Sawmill lioving. Some Buildings at Courant Cap. 1: Cooks! Qu:irters,. 2s “Kitenen:, 3: Canteen, 4: Store:ouse, 5: Office, be the lergest of the canps, an.was laid out to accortiod.te two hundred men aid seventveTive aninals, The munber of men on the operation varicd from time to time, ranging from cne hun- ared and ten to two lhundred and riftyesix, Tne iumber or horses and wules was more uniform, as tnuere were usually about seventy animols in use, »ut at one time wien a change from horses to :ules was oeins made, tiere were elyityeone iorsces “1. saxtyveel cit imles in canpe Tie Cirst men were tatten into tis cam on Januar 6, 1913, and immediately crews were organized for (1) canp con- struction: (2) road buildins: (3) river work: (4) brush cuttins: (5) fellins and bucking, end (6) logging. Camp Constimctlor.. Tire iuen were quartered in tents, sixteen fcet by sixteen feet, which were later floored ana sided up about three 2? f Tect, so tnat whey were very comfortable, A kitenen wes cone structed as soon as possible, 21d this was Tolloved iy oa staule accormodating ninetyesix lorses, a blacksilith snop, an orfice, storeouse, OtLficerst quarters, Ye -l. C. A. hurt, oil :0use anc saw Tilin.; room, mess nall, meat nouse, pig ven, burber silop and snoe siiop, and hay shed, Luniber sor all nurvoses was secured from tne Bellevue mill, ey nr It was very difficult for heavy wazsgons ond cutomovile viucks ON which our suvvlies were carried, to get rrom tne end of the hard road to caro on account oF tl.c sand. A corduroy road was started at ozce «ia carried on as fast ag 3 Ooscsivtle, from the hard road to cap, the stovles, an. on a »O to tie Pont cu Gouvernement, The slabs were laid directly on the sand aftcr leveling off a bed, anu were held in place by three or Your incnes of earth tnrown on the top. It made a fair road which, though somewhat rough, accomodated heavy trarfic for over a year in a2 satisfactory manner, River I:mvrove:nent,. A sreat deal of worx was put on wie river, First, a trail wes cut alons eacn bank from the Etang Aureillan to we hi;nest point at wnicn logs would be put ins all obstruce tions, sucil as snags, rocks, Fish weirs and foot bridge abute ments tiat could be removed by hand were cleared out; when heavier ones were removed vy horse power, usin cdouvle vlocks wiere necesSsarye It was extremely difficult to secure dyna» mite, anc a great deal of work wad done with horses tat could have been much more economically acco:mplisned by tie use of reet in lenstn, A explosives, Two wins dais, each about forty were built to deepen channe}ys on shellow rocky rifiles anda great number of shear booms were placed in curved anc ecaics to nrawonrt tarmin7 at tt naea waiaiate = 20 - Brush Cuttvinze According to the terms of our contract of purchase it was necessary to cut all reproduction and other undergrowth even with the ground before logving. This was not construed to mean that all the underzrowth on all the parcelles must be cut berore any logzing could proceed, dur ratiier t.at the brush on any porticular tract should be cut vefore tne area was lossed. This brush cutting was a very tedious and une popular job anc did not progress very rapidly. At one tine an efTort was made to have it cone by the French, By way of experiment to determine the cost, eignut women - wno were at least equal to our vest men on tnis kind of a job = Witha Hrench man supervisins tne work, cut for one day on the Lare raillet Sud parcelle., They were able to cut the brush fron a strip 100 feet wide and 709 feet longs, or avout 1.6 acres, tiis particular area containing 107 trees of merchantable timber, This was all the cutting that was done by the French, out the job was pushed with as many men as could be spared for tie work, until it was finally coripleted early in September, Several kinds of cuttin: imvlements were tried out ror this work, including scythes, brush hooks, »ill hooks and AXES» It was found tlint for revroduction alone the axes were most satisfactory, thous: more rapid progress could be made »y pullin; where tie trees were not over four or five feet high, For corse, wiicn is exceedingly prickly, a billehook hung on a single bitted axe helive worked well, Follin,; «nd Bucking. Cutting was started on tie Naou tract on tne end nearest Ste. Bulalie and carried progressively Torward to one river, including, arter Naou, the parcelles Pont de l*Oustaline, Dune de l'Qustaline ana Gona ilartz, cas it was desired to drive all of this timber before tne hish water of sprins nad passed, The trees were cut as close to the ground as practicavle, so as to leave very low stunps lengvil as possivle, anu were bucked into loss +o = top dinmeter limit of five inches, or sli.shtly less. he tops were cut into meter lengtns to a dianater of avout a. one half inch and later converted into charcoal, while the small aiount of brush remaining was seattered evenly over the surface of the cround, It was customary on most operations to cust trench timbers and entanglement stakes Tron tne tops and larger limbs, but on this particular job it was not done, as a deal was made witn the French manager of tie forges at Pontenx whereny we secured 15,000 additional trees and sot rid of the task of slash disvosnl, Bire Hazard. As vie warm wentner cae on the slosh dried out ravid- lye The Frencen and Syanisn woodeutters were unable to keen up with the los cins operation anc cvhere was a constantly ine my t-te creasing dancer Trou. Jlres, Swvrict precautions were toaicen agains. tie setting out of siicll Vives i:: the woods Tor any purpose, ona smoking wos restricted to a ten minute period in viie Torenoon anda ten ininute period in tne afternoon, at which time the men ceased vork oni ccuie toseti.cexr in a cleared SpDOt. The roads tetween tiie cunes widened lnto fire lines on. acdaLtional Lines were constructed on tie Voundaries of severa of the tracts, Tiliese measures were evlTective to su2hn an exe tent thot there was no Cire on tie Aurelihan-Coura..t overa- tion, 2ltousi vie Season Was a Very Cry oe oll... Tires were constently breaki::: out in tiie region, ici” thouscainl acres J. > a - 4 = 26.1 ST 2 3 nade y 4 mas era or veluable tiinber 1:: the Landes Devartment were “urn]ecd over a mm Guring the months of July, Aust and September, 1918. At the titse of bevinscin, to log, there was still a distressing lack oF log vin. equipment ena it Wes 1n0t until late in the sprins: what t..is loek was overcome to o.27 novices avcle extent. Tnis veils; t..e¢@ case, tne equipment available a 7 ~~ head to be usea ac adventoaszeously as posciszle, wut ofven nad to ce used beyond its range Tor econominal los clin. Tiere were usec «xt vorious times Tor the transporvucion oF loss é " ST 7s aN . % * men “57-7 - ai . ‘a aoe! | mn ” © ; . . ‘ WAGONS, tONSS ona cnOicrs, osuUliers, LIS wacels cna LaLlLroedsSe ow “ - 23 WivjOnSe Wasons or loging trucks were not used to any great extent on account of not being availasle wnen the timoer on the flats was log;sed and not being practicable in tne dunes, Three logging trucks were used for a few days durins the early logcsing in the Naou parcelle and worked satisfactorily, put there were not enoursh of then to be used econonmicelly and they were discarded in favor or big wneels., In tne dunes wagons were wortnless, as they buried so deep in the soft sand that a team could scarcely haul an enpty truck, Tongs 21d Chokers. Tongs and chnokerechains were used extcnsively throug out the life of the operation in bunching: for tne wagons anc big wheels, in skiddin; to the railroads on the landings, or wiere- ever logs were to be moved for short distances, Tongs were use ed for moving single logs, while chokers were most effective in movirtg a nunaber of tne sinallest logs at once, Several sizes tongs were tried, but tnose opening to a maximum width of about twentyefour inches were best adapted to use in ‘tilis sized timber. Tongs and chokers were used very economically for skiddin; distances of two hundred difty feet or less, “wut tney were frequently used on the dunes for distances as Creat as four hundred fect, Tor the reason tnat tiey were so much easier for the horses to haul up tne cunes than were bummers or other 5 . 4 7 re ad + siriccin cdevices.s. as ? A a ad. Buriners, or svool cliicuers, were used curin : the entire operation with uniformly cood success, Tey were ese peciclly valuazle on the cunes as theirwide (54 inch) wheels did not sink bacly in the loose sand; tney were casy to load and unload; tlies; were easy to move and could te tatxen up tne dunes without heavy haeulixs. Tiney were economical for skic- Cin un to two hundreca yards, our wier cid not carzy sutlicicnt load to iiaze it pay on lonser hauls, Tey weve Trecuently use. for Cistances up to three hundrea yards, however, as t..ey were tne nost satisfactory skidccing Cevice tint ve hod Tor use On heavy grades Whicn were beyond thie ranse of toxugse Bach set of puruners cane from tne Factory equippec wit: a pair of heavy wougs, wut we were aole wo increase tneir cannrcity niae terially “wy removir,; the tongs cnd substituting a chokere chnoaine In tiv worry wiree or Your logs could ve loaded enc nauled witn considerasle Tacilit:. Bis Wheels Five sets of Jefoot wneels mace by C. S. Overvpec:: of Manistec, iiichisgan, were tuxen across with the first instale ment of rorestry equinnmcnt, en. these were soon supple:nted by an equal number of French incde wn cls of somewhat cifrerent deS1LEN. Tne main cditYerences between tie two stvles weve SX Lk 7d , ue id ~ do 4 4. “7 5 wonfé ar ~ Sf” 8 ; ~, . canes . that tue American Wieels wove ninc Tecv wash, six DTeew Gauce, Type of Log:;inz;; Truck SCiue . French Type of Big Wheels, Note narrow gauge and ponder- ous construction, . American Type of Big Wheels, had a straisnt wooden axle, and were :izde of select, thoroucnly seasoned timber while tne French wheels were three meters (9t 10") hish, 4t 8" cauge, hai 2 3" steel axle curved upward befween the wicels to sllow greater clearance for the load, and were built of large pieces or poor ly seasoned wood, which mace tiem nearly 50% heavier tnan the other tyve of wneels, Botii types of wheels were used in logsing the Naou, Dune de l'Oustaline, Pourjeau, Pourjeau des Tucs, Douillats, Bremontier and Lettot Quest parcelles, so that tney nad thorouysn tryeouts on flats and aqunes. On the flats votn types workea very satisfactorily, The french wheels were a little harder to load and, at first, the drivers lost a number of trips on account of overeturnins. As a general thing eaci set of wheels made tne same nunber of trips daily anc tie loads hauldd by each type were practically the same, as 1s shown by tne Tollowing taole: AMERICA WTS Number of logs cubic poard in load, meters, TC ute 7 2.56 538 6 3.26 654 7 2el3 447 6 2 24 4.79 be 2.31 A85 6 2,10 651 6 1.90 398 6 2.28 4.78 6 233 489 6 2259 544 62 24.70 5184 Averace Lond American Wmeecls = Averaze Loe2d Frencn Volume in Contents Wheels - Logs Cu,iicters FREICH WH us Munber Volurie in Contents or logs cubic board in load. meters, fect 6 2.89 607 6 2063 052 7 207 579 6 2097 623 7 2045 514 7 1.69 355 7 leel 254 7 3.08 647 6 2.31 485 3 2033 433 62 24,32 5104 ' Ba, fect, 6.2 2.47 513 6.2 2043 510 The anpoended table shows the contents of several loads of long timbers hauled on tne American wheels, Hach Load consisted of three pieces, each of forty, forty=elige or fifty feet in length, whicn were first cut for piles but wWhicn were later nauled to the landing ond sawed into the num. ber of logs shown in tne tavle; a a _ es. ape “ae Number of Logs Cubic Meters Board tect 7 3.01 632 7 2.12 445 9 1.98 418 7 2299 439 8 2.41 506 8 2054 5 33 8 2,09 5 39 8 2055 535 8 2, 24 47 7 1.79 37 Z 2054 533 2.47 519 Total - = 94 27.83 5845 Average 7.83 2.32 | 487 = 23 « a On tne dunes tne American made wheels were far superior to the French built ones, buv their capacity was diminished about 20% on account of tne sinking of the wheels in the loose sand and the consequent dragging os the load, The higher wheels and curved axles of the French made wheels were advantageous in the sand, but the narrow gauge wnich was responsible Yor 2 tendency to upset on hill sides or even on the level when one wheel ran over 2 stump or root was a handi- cap so serious and disagreeable as to more than offset any re Other points of advantage, Railro: 1S e a Narrow gause railroads were used for los sing the dunes fartnest from the water wilich are embraced in the parcelless= Puysesur, Nid de l'Agasse, Larraillet Nord and Sud, Crouzet, le Pico «na Lettot st, The inain londing was at the south end of the Douillats parcelle end tie main stretcn of railrond ran from thiere to tne Dune de Puysegur. Branch lines were laid alonsz the siall flats between dunes to bring tiem as near as practicavle to the timber to be logged. The cars used were meter gauge and about five ineters in length. on ond Bucwing in Advance oF Drivinge a It was found to be niore economical to buck at tne time of Telling and where botp operations could be verYromied four weeks or over in advance of loscing, the ends of the logs seasoned sufficiently to permit drivins to thre mill with little loss, The length of time necessary Tor drying cependeda, of course, On wie Weather Wich was liavle to be stormy a cone Siderable port of the time from October to April, Decking Logs. Logs Decked Near Rivere - 32- Decking. The first logs were cecxec in order to have sute= | ficient room for the large number of logs on hand, but cechking as a factor in seasonings was disappointing. The top logs of each deck dried out rapicly, sut v1ose which were in tiie lower loyers seasoned mich more slowly than logs wniich lay in tne open, cue to the absence of sunshine and the poor circulation of air, Bellin: ond Leaving witn Necdles on. On the flats where the trees srew most rapidly ond contained a great amount of sapevood, tre metuods of felling the trees ond leaving limbs ond needles on until ready for logscing was put into effect. Under this plan the lower logs or tne tree dried out first and it required from thirty to forty cays to brings about satisfactor seasoning in the top logs to matte Griving practicable, Durins tne rainy season this plan had considerable advantec;e pecsause transpiration Fly fron the leaves continued at times when the ends anc sides o logs were saturated with moisture end little dryin,;; action was takings »lace, Durini: warm ary weather, .i0owever, logs felled ond vcuckecd ct once were .riveasle as quickly enc with less expensituve of lavsor than were those left witii tne necdles ON. ~nN t a Pecling, Top logs peeled end thus ceprived of the buoyant erfect of the bark invariably sank when placed cirectly in the water. If peeled end placed on skids so that air circulated freely ebout tiem, they seasoned sufficiently i. in tnree wees so there was no doubt but that they woulc reach tiie mill, Peeling strips on Your sides anc seasone ime on skids for an equal length of time was equelly effece tive, while peelins on two sides required only e slishtly longer seasoning process, As peelin:; was an expensive a. Operation it was ov extensively practiced, but was restricte eu to de.dheads cud small logs, The landing crews vecane expert at picking out logs which were lieble to sink, and ae ae 7 . bo av vie lende hese were peeled on two sides with spuds ke ID tug for the purpose end vlaced on skids for further season ing before driving. Methods of Handlins Dencanead In spite of the precaution taken to prevent sinke ace, there wes a driving loss of about 23, This loss was Only temporary, ilowever, as the river was so shallow tiat a lerge proportion or the logs were recovered and ultimately reached the mill. A salvose Yorcece of turee inén anc one veam Bes constantly emoloyed in hendlirngs deacheads, At “irst tney were pulled frou tne water anu decked, wut tne inner logs ov de” 7 7.4.2 7 e J . aes -*n 5 dhe a a) 7 a € lk wre ceck caried out so slowly thet otiier methods of handling were employed, some were vlaced on ski 3 four cles berore ceéin found to have advanta; tensively usea uriny + The length of a. - uO acoain sufliciently wner, but six weeks was of six veels J.% Gun to open in the ends, I> struck in the end yOle OF peavey when Sirm anc insta, while ££. “~ *5 St ages oy a sort, sousy « wo ‘es in expeditin: sea vr 4 valze them driveavle varied witn tne the bark ha dA mnulled out on tie ary . GS$3 and come weve peelec on two or ~ a7) 4 72 8 1 5 de ee Slaced on sitlds, Tne last meviiod was SONLNG aia was exe 1€ lavter half oF the operation, time require. Yor seasoninz: deadneads Weae necessary. By the end J7. 48 ee .. aie usuel tine 5 ‘ 9 Wa carled out cond seasonechecks hod bees with a pike concaitvion was reacred the lo; felt inzicatea Sustiam ov lethods. By tie end oF slx ilonwis mnie onevavtion had become been stondardized, a... 2 Tairly re,ular routi of . cle various oarts of 4 144 oe -- . vs oC ‘ 4-71, 7 Jn7 , J ye, : GQ) ASG uve ve vO €a, 771 QO UiLET » me ¥lLiOGaS av wie activities of production revuced to ne of accomplishment. In the wood: tio sets or fellers end buckers and two sets of logsers were Kept at vork, cne set operating in tracts accessi:le areas wiere railro::ds were usec. aavance of logsginec os to bis wheels — - tac , _ QO: JhstCy on re a —_ 7t v2 ci “tie ot.er in :znore renote Trees were Telled as ter in eStonrt “eins inne to Sl keep at least four wees cghead oF the loging crews, On wie areas to be loggec (47 tne bis wheels, the voles were | nae lett with tie needles on until reaczy 30 log. They were a. then swamped, cut in two at the end of the second or tnird log, ain. hauled to tne landing wnere they were bucked into los lengths cnc rolled into tne river, Any small logs Wiich annearecd insurriciently seansonec to float were spud- aed on two or more Laces ai... placed on skids for urtirer asoning,. Where railrosa logo-ng was used, tne trees were felled ani bucked into loz lengths on she svote The logs were tien skidded to whe rallroacs with tongs, chokers or purmers, loaded on cars, :.auled to tie river, an. rolled Cirectly from the cars into wie water, Tie @rive on ‘tiie river was coitinuous »sut each week tle reav was tiorougily sackec to see viat no flocntale logs remained in the streari, Any necescary river work, such as deepenin: tne channel or reuving obstructions was cavrica on Simultaneously wivh tie arivin; operation, Tire ceadhend crew pullea sinkers Trou tie river, vroke te bark alon.; two or more Siuves, on... pleced thei on skias Tor seasoninive At the mouth of the river tne logs were caugit in booms, holdin; frou 009 to 1,666 logs, 2nc towed across tre l.w:e to t::¢ mill pond, As t:e prevailin=; wind cane from t..@ west, the Filled booms coulda usually be turned loose in wie lake, cut wnen they hac drifted opnosite the iill could iL be swung irto te mill pond wiv. the expenciture o- vut little 7 aeo, as ~ onde Froit tne Mill pond ie logs were poled into tie canal leadin: to the mill,floatec upon tie submarine car, hauled into ianee) mae mill oy a cable and aru arrangement an. rollea of upon 4 ucts of © on inclined ramp leadin.;: to tne saw carwtiase. The pro 4 a d.* lc Saw were conveiyca to tue edger by live rolls, an. arter passin; tie edger were loaced upon small cars an. cistributed 3 i. 4.7 7 r - - ss i.* a 7 Irma . 4-9. ~~, v “ or. "ss - “a oi LO wile Yards, From ie yard they were loanaed expeditiously an LO standard gauge wellrosda cars atid shin ved to teir destinavion, Succes of tne Operation. The mill wes operated two ten-nour shifts anc procuced from fitty thousand to scixvy tnousand board Teet daily, or sore ti:can 055 over tcc rated envacitz of t..e mill, THrowuni0ust c..e€ lite o- tiie operavion, %:ec Mill was never rorecd a. tO Smut cown on account of lack oF loss mim. t. is was surtvicicnt 4. >, ’ justification oF tne mevnods euployed in the woods, ana reward 5 24 on a for tiie dilisent efforts of vi:e woocs crewSe APP E PEADIX Detailed Measurements on 167 Trees, Appended are measurements on one hundred sixtye seven (167) trees, showing the size of trees, Logs and tops, as well as tne volume of scw timber taken out, The scale in cuoic meters c2n be converted to board feet by allowing two hundred ten (210) board feet per cubic meter for this class of timber, Guam ap .4 eo ee eed «os eee 2S oa 2 ee Oo ee eee es ee ee - oe ures genre LO Cs Senle, cue Me Len tn iid. Diz. Log Tree sth.or Diza.of ! Decineters CLS. Too in ton o | Ceecliiitrs, It. of CU CliS» : 1 50 10 0 31 20 43 022 50 42 069 50 32 0 tO 24 26 ol3 21275 60 ae 2 0 24 38 eol 43 52 e 32 o4 23 ol5 30 A 213 ; 24 20 009 1.35 CU 20 3 46 54 dd 052 O4 33 ony 48 30 ° 34 3 20 21d o4 22 009168 “4 16 4 56 56 52 1.19 3 4-6 200 36 3,6 237 40 26 ook) 2 57 52 22 5 28 43 26 025 43 o4 0 22 30 20 210 057 76 20 6 46 33 42 053 56 36 057 20 32 022 )=61,32 84 28 7 30 20 26 .16 30 24 113 35 20 12 el CO 1& 3 46 0 40 253 54 34 0 49 39 24 ¢ 1.25 36 20 9 30 26 18 -0 24 24 24 23 "iF 30 30 ecl 24 a elS mere 44 198 lo 28 30 2 019 30 22 ell 23 18 207 - 37 60 16 11 24 39 22 214 26 5 209 023 50 13 12 26 36 26 219 59 26 ac 26 20 008 03 ao 16 13 38 , 36 05 5 20 e Ol 24 Og w15 2-4 20 099 1.01 £9 29 14 32 35 32 0c) 36 26 20 . , “42 20 16 005 bn) 16 re, M51 16 17 19 20 al 22 23 25 26 27 28 30 34 30 40 ro Cn 48 ~. ‘ CIOL PO POLY wD OWVONO AHL Hp ro tw RO 24 PW CO NO PO CYCY PO O Oro ho NO iS wLerCLee FP 28 \f au el2 ~e23 276 093 0/4 1.74 OQ 44 £83 46 16 16 16 24 16 OA o~ 35 36 37 CO 1S) 39 40 41 Cid (a ’ 42 4.4 40 38 34 4 36 42 CY BU P VW Waly ArtNWWwoLY WO POO DOWO OW PO SVRQD CoO Oo ho WW NO uM “fT f= \G OOo + fh £243 40 46 40 52 40 WSU tO “9 D1 Cn 18 16 r) iJ bth 45 46 47 18 ee 49 52 D3 54 LT SY Lo ho 40 46 49 40 DS OVLYws TY RLY PQ boy COD OVD ONC HOIYO ( LU C30 t 4.9 on 40 40 . ae ee 1.99 45 e Og 1,05 (J Cc. 22 = 110 40 Lv Co ont Cn b ~ s <0 1& TO fo Q nw] 13 60 61 63 64 69 42 46 44. Ad 40 30 52 26 ee -- ec... ell wan e 39 213 ef 3 2 4 , 20 ell 05 e 4 cp 1.23 086 1.38 1.26 2.63 64 56 00 60 60 64 20 04 71 72 73 74 76 77 78 73 82 33 84 40 46 44% a a 40 1.12 1.12 42 72 J oO» 24 16 20 20 ™] CO OY 90 91 93 94 96 97 CO 40 49 38 54 £0 40 jee. ST Ox i) Mr ow Me uo On ) ec POOF OW Wrywlwwy & 1.26 1.50 a De tL feeb 09 36 46 42 60 h CO PO fo ww!) SO 190 } © a 102 193 197 103 109 110 Lil 112 (LJ qh) J On Ww CO sf COO K 7+ IPI W VII WAT HTP BOWORUWD Hp © ) OLY Rot ~. OO Once xaCaImr f 7 c. e ott 4 eat O14 0/3 46 7 nO 09 ~O 7 “J PO oN 1S 18 Ne © C2 ee) tO XO -. wee - = TR me eee —_ ee 116 117 i) {3 CO 119 120 L2l L122 123 } NO CO ory 34 TO (J 40 44 . re + Wp c To Lo po PobWwUalw fs f 20 007 LOO 62 70 CO PhO t2 Co 64 24 ¢--4 r Nw) 130 131 aA m4 —w 134 (Uy CON 143 L4e, 145 146 L47 1 fo NW Le. tl 30 32 “VR ' . vk es Nd 2) \R pp OF Chu polu Ov CUO IN TP DS e RB, —_ >» ‘ e =C) LV CORRS © Cro hot~o © © eeee @ tH polyuppo Privo PHC IS Co e fr SC e a RNR I FR ® OVO pO NO = Poly Oro PV’ 1,04 PO IN tO Cc) fo 4 NX Ly BS © Cr }- ~] Cn . fo fh) CO © fo “7 to i 14 19 7 LO 7 16 14 f Lo t~ to 148 32 70 20) ecl 42 Oe old 49 13 el2 149 24 24 22 009 | 30 16 099 150 26 24 26 e13 . 30 12 209 151 24 48 18 212 Oe o4 ell 152 22 26 20 203 36 13 009 153 2g 26 2g 01d 24 22 209 30 20 210 154 30 24 18 206 O4 22 209 | 30 26 216 155 36 04 2 019 24 30 017 24 26 e13 Ly 30 20 el2 156 22 24 20 20d 24 22 00 157 22 50 20 36 , 24 2 00 159 32 24 26 "13 24 22 299 42 20 14 160 22 24 20 208 36 18 209 | 24 16 005 Lol 36 Te 36 0 24 43 30 34 42 22 216 162 36 48 34 044 4s 28 e 30 , 24 20 208 163 42 48 40 260 59 32 240 , 48 26 02 164 36 12 36 a) 2 2 02 30 24 ol 165 24 39 20 "39 A3 Gg 212 166 20 12 20 004 . 24 16 005 Lo7 30 2D 39 43 34 04 el jH o /4 74 50 63 70 52 46 SV OG —- Cc. tl 16 16 16 14 17327 he followi:z; Table indicates the scale of six (6) trees by the Decimal C Scale end actual mill cut, Ace of Los No. Length lia ecaie Tree. Lieters ding Cubic Bae Ft. Bue st. cris eters hilll run DEC. C, 6036 4.0 40 200 130 100 6039 4,6 48 087 120 160 6046 465 62 1.45 200 240 C047 346 32 222 =—©_00 30 Total for Tree - - - -- = = 3.21 O70 340 50 6048 4.8 46 20 168 (160 6049 4.2 34 238 GO 79 6050 3.0 23 el9 40 10 6051 2-4 18 006 12 5 Total for Tree -----+ = - 1.42 200 245 46 6064 4.2 44 204 134 100 6065 504 32 043 99 20 C066 4.8 24 222 46 20 Total for Tree -- ----- 1,29 270 2.20 53 6067 3,6 45 260 126 120 6068 4.6 36 049 103 199 5969 3.6 30 2 26 55 30 6070 326 2 219 40 20 Totel for Tree - - = - se = - 1.54 224 270 6078 3.0 42 042 OO 90 6079 4.2 4 © 38 50 0 6050 4.8 20 23 63 29 Totol for Tree ----+-+-- 1.10 231 199 601 3.6 46 260 126 120 6082 3.6 38 41 56 90 6033 4.2 32 = 34 71 0 6984 320 2 216 24. 20 Tot. Tor Tree - - - - - -- 1.53 317 200 we eS Mess Time at Boon Cape River and a Portion of Courant Camp, Placing Sheer Boon, Bucking on Landings - French Wheels Unloaded. The Lower Part of the Courant was Deep. Rapids Near Courant Camp Master Engineer Kenfieid and lst Sergeant La Forest in Foreground, Locomotive Used on Narrow Gauge Line from Pontenx to Bellevue, Log Rolling Contest, May 30, 1918. Exercises at"Jouvain Field" Decoration Day, 1918. aa lg, eS Contests at Minizan-les-Bains, July 4, 19184 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES iii