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4 STJLY Of THE RATE OF DECAY OF ORGANIC WAITER IN SAND

(+)

AT DIFRERENT CLEFTHS.

Ih Taccuctici.

Tne importance of organic matter,ve it Jreen manure,staole
manure or any otner form of organic matter,in forw of a crop

roots or tne wnole crop turned under(tne more desirable plant

1a) | iD! ized
food elements it contains tne vetter) can not oe overempnasize

Again and again practically in all of tne Avciculvaral oxperisent
Stations o! the Jnited States experiments to tiie end nave seen
conducted and nearly in ali of them positive results were ovtained
as to its paramount importance in the vetterment of tne physical
oiolosical and chemical properties of tne soil, and consequently
in tne increased yields of crops. Its effect is not only temporary
but it has aiso a residual etfect,sometines lasting three or

more seasons.

A. J. Fieters in his Review of tne Awerican ¥xperiment
Stations Literature on Green vanuring, Sives tne experiacental
results of ali tne Wxperiwent Stations concerned in the proolem
of the effect of green manurin3s. It would ve too long to quote
nere tne results and conclusions of these numerous experiments
but tne results of tne few will ve citei in order to prove the
avove statement that organic matter is of great importance in

the oetterment of the various properties of the soil and con-

sequently in crop production.
9

Tne following is tne effect of 1eguminous green manure on
the seed cotton yield. Tne total yieia of seed cotton grown
for three years following tne turning under of a crop of bur
clover and one of crimson clover exceeded tne yield from a piot
continuously in cotten by about five nundred pounds. Ine average
gain in cotton from plowingunaer tne vines of summer legumes was
gixty tnree per cent, from lejume stuvvie eignteen fer cent.
The following also shows that leguminous green manuring 1s petter
than non leguwinous ones. Ine ellect of turning under crimson
clover was to increase the yield of cotton, as is snown oeloa:
After oat stuvole 242 pounds seed cott p.A.
After criwson clover stuoole 45é€ " " " "
After crimson clover entire
ripe and dry crop plowed under 523 =" " " "
2esidual effect of the reen manure crop. An important feature
of the Alabama work is tne record of tne residual effect of tne
Sreen manure crop. In some cases this was clearly Marked up
to tne tnird season. In Georgia ,the ix

W#xp. Sta. furnisnes out

one vulietin of importance on this sudject ,out tnis contains

tne record of a remarkably clear and convincing experiment on

tne economic results of turning under a green crop or stuoole.

In Maryland a3 given in Bulletins tnirty one and taoirty

eignt tne yields of potatoes after crimson clover ., shcwed in
one case a siiail increase and in tne otner a fifty per cent
increase was found to result from turning under a green manure

crop of crimson clover. In jiew Jersey yipwan and others report

tnat tne yjekd of rye was nearly a fourth more after legumes tnan
on plots without legumes, and tnat tne yield otf wheat was more
tnan douloed. In the Vichigan station too, results snow that the
wneat-clover rotation has maintained tne fertility of the land
vpetter tnan continuous wheat culture, and pernaps a little pvetter
than continuous bean culture withrye as a jsreen manure’.

Tne above illustrations suffice to show the importance of
ordanic matter, especially lesuwinoust,to crop production. After
peing assured of tnis fact sowe important questions can oe per-
tinently asked.

1. What type of organic natter decay faster, the sreen
manure or tne stable manure?

2. what can be tne elfects of tne additional suvstances,
such as caicium carbonate and acid phosphate upon tne rateof decay

3. At what deptn is tne decay or decowposition most apparen
and greatest,i.e. whnetner on the surface or below tne surface?

In this paper,] have tried to find an answer to the third
guestion and possivly to tne second nalf of tne second question ,
Since it would ve a very long experiment to cover all tnree
questions. Moreover otners such as 2.3. Fotter, R.S. Snyder and
G.i. Boltz nave more or less answered thew -( Tne first and the

first nalf of tne second question. )

It way oe pertinent to state here tnat tne results cvtained

by this experiment can not ve considered as aefinite ana avsolute,

Slnce such experiments require more tnan a year to Lully satisfy

Our inguiries,yet, nowever , this may be of some service Oy

giving a clue to future investigations,
Historical xXeview.

Before entering into tne details of tne experimenis,it will
oe proper to give nere the works and possinly tne results of sone
of the experimenters who have devoted time and energy to answer
some of tne avove stated questions.

R.S. Potter, and 2.5. Snyder t nave conducted a series of wel
planned experiments avout tne decomposition of green and staple
manures in soils. Tnis experiment is done oy the measurements at
frequent intervals of tne carbon dioxide evolved from manured and
unmanured soils. Their work is divided into three parts puolished

2 the
in three different papers. In the first of these papers
effects of lime, ammonium suipnate and sodium nitrate on carvon
dioxide production were determined. In the second paper several
phases of the supject were taken up ,tne more important of which
are:

1. Tne relation of the amount of air drawn over soils to the
amount Of carvon dioxide evolved.

2.A dedermination of tne percentaje of caroon dioxid in plots
treated with varying awounts and «inds of organic matter,

3. A comparison of the results ovtained oy the laooratory
metnod for tne determination of carpon dioxid evolved from soils
to the results of the determination of tne percentage of carbon
dioxid in the atmosphere of the soils in tne field, and

4. Determinations of the amount of carvon dioxid evolved

from soils treated with lime and varying amounts of staple manure’
Oo

Tne conclusions were oriefly as toilcws’:

vithnin liwits there was not mucn variation in tne amount of
carbon dioxid evolved from soil with different amounts of air
passed over the soil. Tne results optained py the laboratory metnod
agreed well with those ootained in tne field plots. Calcium carbo-
nate accelerated tne rate of decomposition of ooth tne original
organic matter of soil and tnat added in amounts of staole manure,
varying from ten to fitty tons per acre. There was less calcium
carbonate decomposed in tnose soils receiving applications of
manure than in tnose unmanured.

In their third paper concernin’ the decomposition of green
and staole manures in soil, tney draw the following conclusions:

Lime in the form of carvonate under tne conditions of this
experiment(determination of decomposition of different organic
matters oy the measurements at frequent intervals of the carvon
dioxid evolved from manuredand unmanured soils) appreciaoly
ennanced tne rate of decomposition of votn original soil organic
matter and tne organic matter of stable manure and the green
manures oats and ciover wnoen added to soil. Iwo of the more impor
tant resuits of tnis are : tne increased availability of plant
food and tne wore rapid depletion of tne soil organic matter,
and second tne green manures oats and clover are decomposed gucn

more completely than staole wanure, clover is decowposed somewhat

more rapidiy tnan oats.
Staple manure increases tne rate of decompositionof jreen manure

wnen used in connection witn tne latter.

The treatments in the apove experiwents were in case of
staole and green wanure in dry and ground condition, a second
experiment was conducted, using fresn norse wanure not dried, and
oats and clover were taken from samples grown in tne green nouse
to about two third maburity. Material was cut into half inch lengt
and weigned out while still in an unwilted condition and thus
added to tne soil immediately. Tne results of the second exreri-
ment were:

1. Tne carvon of staple manures is evolved as caroon dioxid
from soil under unlimed condition to tne extent of approximately
fifty tive per cent. [ne carven of oats under like conditions is
evolved to the extent of seventy nine per cent, and that of
Clover ninety Live per cent. Under unlimed conditions staole
manure did not increase the rate of decomposition of the green
manure as measured vy tne eyolution of the carvon dioxid;with
dime there was a slight increase in tne awount of carpon given
from the green manure wnen used with tne staole manure over that
given vy tne Jreen manure wnen tne latter was used alone. There
is not a very great difference in the rate of decouposition of the
green manure when added in a finely ground dry state and when

used fresh and ina relatively coarse state of Suvodivision.

-_
nN

G.#, Coltz nas conducted a very interesting experiment
C2

which has a closer connection with wy present paper. The provlem
is tne loss of orjanic matter in green manuring. He used jreen
clover at the rate of 7744 pounds per acre to two small areas.
In one of these areas ne merely put the clover on the surface,
and in the otner it was spaded under. [ne clover and soil were
analyzed for organic. matter at tne peginnjng of tne experiment
and tne surface application of clover was collected at tne end of
the experiment and the amount of organic natter remaining was
determined . Tne soil and soil and ciover mixture were analyzed
at the end of tne experiwent also. Tne clover was exposea to the
action of tne weather tor a period of 2CE days.

Tne results indicate tnat tne joss ot organic matter is
not so great wnen the crop os ciowed under immediately as when
crop is allowed to remain in tne surface for sowe time. Tnat tne
organic matter in the clover was: destgoyed and not lost by lea-
Ching was determined oy analyzing tne drainage water coilected
from the lysimeter test,only aoout one per cent of the organic
matter applied was lost vy drainage ana tne remainder escaped
tnroughn process of decay into tne atmospnere as carbon dioxid.

The crop residue placed on the surface of the soil dimi-
nished the rate of evaporation of moisture, as a result tnere
Was apout inirty tive per cent more drainage water from the
plot witn clover on tne surface than where tne clover was mixed

with the soil. The loss of Nitrogen vy leéacning as indicated

oy the amount found in tne drainage water trom tne clover allowed

to remain on the surface was avout four times as great as tnat
fron the vlot where clover was mixed with the soil.sbowino that

tne decowposition of the clover on tne forner plot proceeded more
rapidly than on the latter, and as a conclusion he states that
organic matter is not lost as rapidly wnen incorporated in the
soil as wnen applied to tne surface. more organic matter is added
to tne soil oy plowing tne crop under directly than by cutting the
the crop and allowin, it to remain on the surface of sone time
oefore plowing it under.

In research vul. 26 of Jowa ex. st. Brown states tnat tbe
common humus forming materiais in maximum amounts for fara
conditions and in a dried condition increasey bacterial activi-

ties, awwonification, nitrification to a consideraple extent.
10

Flan of the Experiment.

Tne above quotations have more or less answered to the two

important questions whicn |; nad stated in my introduction. Now
one important guestion remains yet to ve answered and that is

tne rate of decay of organic matter at different depths, and also
the effect of acid phosphate on tne rate of decomposition. The
following pages will ve devoted to tnis proplem.

Tne soil used was wediuw sand. Tne containers were elght
inches deep and two incnes in diameter. Tnree hundred 3s. sand was
used in each container tnruout tne experiwent, with a moisture
content of ten per cent,i.e. eacn container received thirty cc
od water .Tne amount of application of toe different organic

watter was in tne case ot airaifa and june clover one g. dried

and coarsely cut material to fitty 3. of tne sand ,and in the
case oi dried vlood one naif 2. tor fifty 2. of sand. Tnree diiter

ent aeptns were used. :
Surtace,
Four inches,

Right incnes.
Checks were used . They contained tnree nundred 3s. otsand witn

ten per cent of moisture . All of tne sets were conducted in
duplicates . The wetnod of treainent was as follows:

fifty 3s. sand was taken and wixed witn one p. altaifa
and june clover in the case of alialia and june clover respec

tively, and one nait 3. dried olood to fifty js. sand. After
11

mixing the one gram organic matter witn fifty gs. sand,five cc
water was added and mixed again. Then 25C Js. sand was weighed
and moistened with twenty five cc water, mixed and filled in

the containers, and on tunis tne fifty gs. treated sand was added .

Tnis was the surface trestment.

for the four inches deep treatwent , 25C gs. was moistened

with twenty five cc water , mixed and tne containers filled up

to the four incnes mark.To this was added the fifty 2s. treated
sand, and over tnis tne renaining moist sand was added.

For eignt incnes treatment fifty gs. sand was treated in tne same
manner and was placed on the oottom of the containers, and over
this tne 95C3s. moistened sand was added.for checks only 200 gs.
of moistened sand was used.

In order to ootain unitorm conditions of weather and tempera
ture tne sets were piaced in an electric oven having a constant
temperature of avout seventy elgnt degrees Farenneigsht, thruout
the incubation period,whicn consisted ot thirty, and forty five
days in case of alfaifa and june clover, and twenty days in case
of dried vlood. Tne containers were lett open and from time to
time water was added to replace the evaporated woisture, great
care veiling taken not to disturo tne treated deptns.

At tne end of tne incuvation period tne containers were

water
euptied into large oeakers wnere, five times tne weight of tne
Sand was added, and tne contents ot tne oeakers were shaken for
tnree minutes. iney were allowed to stand for twenty minutes ,

after whicn tiwe the liquid portion of eacn veaker was emptied
12

into chamoerlain filters and were thoroughly filtered under pressur

Tne filtrates were carefully coilected and tne content of

yitrates and organic jjitrojen in them determined vy the £Ehenol-
dysulphonic colorometric method for nitraies , and oy the mo-
dified Gunnin’ metnod for organic Kitrojen,using potassium sul-
phate , copper sulpnate , and concentrated Sulphiric acid, and
digesting one hundred cc of the filtrate , after digesting it
amwonia was collected into tenth normal Sulphuric acid, and this

was titrated oack witn sodium nydroxid to determine tne no. of

cc acid used to aosoro tne distijled over ammonia.
In case of coloroweter , tifty cc of tne filtrate was used a

and compared with standard sets, the resuit was multiplied oy
twenty to find the nitrate content per thousand cc solution.
In case of orSanic nitrogen tne following formula was used

to find the amount of nitrojen in parts per million obotn in
the filtrate and in tne soil.

iormal cc Sulphuric acid a 14 ae,
wane nee eres wenn nnn nnn neenn= ¢. of organic ,itrojen
1COC
in one hundred ce of tne filtrate. j’ultiply tnis oy ten ana
tnis jJives g. of org. Nitrogen in 10CC cc filtrate , this veins
in m.gs. it can ve expressed in parts per miilion . To find tne

parts per miiiion in tne soil we use 50C

S = parts per piliion in filtrate. Also tne freezing point
depression was ovtained. In tnis case rifteen ts. sand was taken
and moistened with five cc of water and Ireezing point depressio

determined as usual.
Taole I.
Determination of tne rate of decay of alialfa in sand

at difierent deptns,for a period of tnirty days.

Amount of Ors. Amount of |;itrates Freezing
Nitrosen expr. expressed in point
in parts per parts per depression
million. million.
P.P.hh. P.P.M. PoP. P.P.li. Je pression
in in in in Below F.P,
Wilt. Soil. Pilt. S0ilL of water.
Surface 11.2 56. 30. 150. ~O45
Surface 11.6 O98. 20. 150. ~049
Four in.
Jeep. 17.6 63. 33. 160. 050
Four in.
Jeep. 12.2 61. 39, 150. ~042
Pilghtin.
Veep. 14, 70. 32, 160, O04
sient "
Deep. 14. 70. 20, 129, oe
SHOCK. 1 A tr’. { "Q) 002
 

 
MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

 
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Lee ee eats a) ee eee ee ee ee ww ee re eo-- [ ee te ee oe
ne ee - Loe eee a : os ee . - : . I - oe tee .
se ee . . . eee . sae . coe ' eee ee se we ee
Yo... - ‘ a. . . + 2. . eee ~ oe et 4 - -¢ . . . se one ,
}o..- 4 Il. oe. be. . _ | Le De ee Be Lae tae bee . Do
‘ . | ! a . . . ae ee oo . Looe ' :
eo Vs ee samt ne ar ea rt mh tne ee ee ee te ere eee re em | ne ee Ranma seb eee ewe a ee a
ay . . 1 : , - . ' - .- : eee ee . t- . ’ 4 ' ‘ : t se .
‘\ . : oo. bo. pee OE, Selb ilo. : . i. _
i : ' te te ee oe ee he ee 3 Lees a. a L Does . .
se , t ‘ t
focccc my . - ‘ : eee the . oo oo - i : . . - : - : bee . {
i
Oe 3 | |
| : . we . : qo . . wt . '
eee 6 ob eee : : - + 5 sore : . : foe ee : oo
+ + A ‘ I ne eee + cee hea me eee Le . - meee be te wee ee -+ ee et ae
pe ee ban od ~~ sipee tn edn o-& spe et .- . } an my roe : . Ppl . J
ow--* abhi bi wt re ee ees eee oo. : aoe ' . wee eee - rs oe aoe
pdt} oo + tPrscrrmpteper it eee . aay t -- n+ : ry . see -- a eos se
bb phd oe + ee 4 -s oy « soe ~ eo. t eo 4 eee + wt ene « t aeanwere aes
+ ae ee te ee or eee ee eee eee Jf. . oe : woe oo - we she . . wea
[a ae pet ot eet Ot oe Ge OH Hee r “2 8 a? - ote 6 . . oF 4 i _ oe 4 - + mye 2 te ewe
eee —4-4 be ne tee bbe ee ep 4 meee te os tebe a eee
Ee oo oe OR he eee ee HO ~ oe eee ‘ . 7 : - { oe . { rn or
Sr STEP Ti poe wee. - . ed - ee : ts oo
. a , eee ee ae ee mee eo cece ete week be eee Ge ee ee mm co ee
tbh ese eee ie - oboe eee ‘ “ \ an J . ot.
+ ++ eo * (wer ee see i } '
—+ ++ be oe + > o oe m_ oe oe ee { . ~ 4 ae . .~e > a .
+ . ae . . . . + rok . ee ee
+ I be eee |. - oa t . wa ecal - See
+ | bees tos | ese, Jo... ee wf. — .
> . Co eee ' wee . . - see : ‘ :
+? en re ofl. bi ebipi. et. t.
S ++ t. Se ee Jo: we i - oe Co ee
~ fomed -- ve bee wate meee a me re eee
ea | . ; vo yt .
oo tL . : - / Chae . my -¢ oe -
ppb te F soe , -S | , - oe
$900 0-4 - =f | oe - . : . aoe of . tes tse . wos
epee : } ree : oe pt ae
o +44 - ae : ' = rans cae 4 tw ee
| 1
\ 4 spe . : . sere
deat fee ee ee mm ce Cee ee nme et ewe
ys woe + i. - oF - 2 nr
4-4-6 wba vee . er | : ' . ~- a
é . oo . oa he - oe ee : a t wee
afew. ee bee ee spe ee ee ~ edo. Lae
4 . wee eh ee ee he foce es we '
- ee oe eee eb ee wee poet . > . . aes :
. or ars . toe . Lee : : wae : ‘
© ta nh eee gremte @e be te te ae eee ho one me ~-.3 ee ed ce ee ee ee oe ce ee te a ee ee me mee et _: wwe Jane ee eye t
. sh bee eee } . a “7 o- . wo ee es oh ee . se me a rhe , ' ‘ . oo ss to : .
. + t-eehiw es + { oboe tego itise . soe : |: ‘ rr ~ oe ee te ee , Cee ee eee toe. ¢
t . . i .
. ae eae spe . wee hee ar ebee we . se teh tee . soe . ‘ . 7 ’ ee
: Ck ee ee ee woe re woe . . ne wae - | . . : soe :
eben eb eee wb eee ne wee eee whee rary eo ee aoe one ye ‘ Loe “40 Le . rot a
~ O- + —-- we -9 rot gt woe pores: . toe . ~ + soft - ot ee . - soe toe . - 5 @ # -~ - + .° ‘ - . - -
. eee ee ew te hee em . a eee oes ever ae eee - oe ee te ~ a eee - 4 woe ood. so tow sae oe ee .
eteee eee ee! est oe torte “26 poserrserst rn re eres ee toe fete Saereerarene bee “tog rg
cicietetin a a on axtteeateefiunen on wd

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

aH DEPARTME EMATICS

  
14

Taole II.

Determination ot tne rate of decay of alfalfa in sand

at different deptns,for a period of forty five daya.

--------- me ae ft rer rr rene n nnn tenon

Amount of Ors. Amount of Nitrates Freezing
hitrosen expr. expressed in point
in paris per parts per depression
million. million.
P.P.m. P.P.w. P.P.M. P.P.iu. Depression
in in in | in Below F.P.
rilt. Soil. Filt. Soll. of water.
ewer me eww we ww ee ee eww oe PS, Ptr nn ewww nw ee eee we we wee em we we ewe eee
Surface 14. 70. A, “10. O70
ourface 14.2 71. A>, 210. ~O73
our in.
Veep. 13.4 57. oO. 290. 064
Four in.
Deep. 13.9 POCA 40. 250, 970
Mignt
Deep. 14.0 74, 20. "20, 030
Might ™
Deep. 15.° "6. 50. 250. 033
Oneck 3.6 19 - 0 C10
15
Table ITI.

Determination of tne rate of decay of June CLover in sand

at different deptns,for a period of tnirty days.

Surface
Surtace
‘our im.
Deep.

Hour in.
JECp.

Hignt in.
veep.

Sint in.
veep.

Oneck

Anount of Or2.
Nitrojen expr.
in parts per
miliion.

O1, 105
Ol. 105.
17.2 31
10.4 4,
13.6 TS
20. 100.
364 17.
Q.4 17

Amount of Nitrates Freezing
expressed in point
parts per depression
million.

P P. fee F. C eav vepress 10n

in in elow F.B.
rilt. SOLld. of water.
2 120. 069

6 130. 06S

Fae 140, 057

Oe 140, ~059
4. 170, OE2
BA. 17C. C63

1 20 <1 4

)
cy
oO
p>
oa
MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

ei retest
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MATHEMATIC

 
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oo to : a . Ps oy -
pore ergs ee pegs semen mp mrs mere meme se gee err ree
a ee Cp 4
Se . . — a. ol + ee {
_.Gragpn indicating tne rate of decay of june clever’ | |
: ae ef sow. ; . i. me, ce \ . ho wo ot !
~vin send ub-difterent deptes , for a-petios of tairty—...
cn ee 4
 Gays,expressed in parts per willion.of sitrates. 6 = |
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+ + bot ee - i a ~a he - 7 1 . . 7 + . ee v a .
44 peteinig fee me Pee cee whee dee oe ' , oo. aoe ‘ , .. doe. eel.
ae boedb + a wee ew te bm he : os 4 - : . oo a hoo, . ose
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44 o> +--+ he ee od to . ‘ ‘ | : i - : Ve Le
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if fer eeee . Lo | 7... Lye Doe ee be Oe
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+ + 44 wth fief ob ce oe ea ae - . ~ oe , : : . : : . . t- oe we
94 pnd 4 : ~-+ bere ee - re ml, : . ‘ : : : soe ee eee
enihenhemtenrtennemthectioned oe eee mw eee copycat -. aoe - wee, ~~ Se em ee Le —— . . - : ee a ne Senne cme tet
db —--~4- + bs 4-$-¢ e o- en a bo hee ee . ‘ - oe . - - - soe ee . a bee we
44-4 +
4 patito flip og. oa ,, : : , : . | Le 4
7, + 1 : ts : | t t
++ 4444-44 4 tty we eee .. eae . : . ; - 1 oe
4 + e + oe pee eee Re ee . - . ; - ‘
T ~ ’ ' ‘
aod pes pee ee fe ee OL. . J L ‘
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4—$-~<p bh 4 ma + - + . ese 4 - - !
++ ‘ + ;
bs 4 otis ee ened wee de . » oo. : : j .-
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npr 4 — be ee bh hh eee ee eee pe . ,
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rt TF Tv . T f r ! ) )
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fof y + .
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+ : +
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+
1 ail : 444-444 oo 4 es b gee ek . , te a . a t . . . , .
ont 4 + . }
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44 -$-4.4-444 i 44 ee . ee ee . Lo an : toe Loa !
+ > — > ' . — t i
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o +-+ + 4p ete ep tee oo . / - . . aoe t . toe ‘ ~ dae eee ee ‘ . see, ‘ ‘ oe
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oi-4444-4 + 4 4» be “+s 0 . mo oe : - see 5 . wo ee . - : cae
+t Tt. t* tt : ‘ ' i
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~ 1
i te te . bd hi eh 4 . ~ to ee Le . — - .— ~ 8 ae wtae- wee ee wae eee + ee ee - wee be eee ee Top tre ttt oe
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+44 i] fiiiy + ar e+ - ea . . _— . |: . wb oe e Se ‘ _
+
4 bbe bed onde ine > 4 ate. . tone, Lee bo, to, J... te
+ ~ + + +
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+- +
4 + bong a 4— 4 44 —4eb- 6 >—)—-+ : .. . . ~ 5 » So. ‘ sae ee ' - ‘ ee ee ee
4—r +—+- + '
pad eee ep tan te dei byt oo, - - . fe. ‘ wee { : me ees
re ~ . ‘
4 : L st4—4 Ly + Joe . : . ‘ : _ 4 . a . Io. - f - ose e
> 4 > 4 -+ 4 . . } . eo . te oe . t: eee eee
Ag +. to ——" dea be tame eee a ee ee we ee ee nee een ee en wt te we pt ne
4-4 » . . ; . . : } - Spe ee, Done . Ms : .- . :
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ou & + + oy oe - , . : : soe eo he ee - hose me +. . oe
oS? . T \ ‘
Ah —- + a , odo. Se re 2 of. rrr) . nee
T* 5 :
++ 4 + 4-0 eh Lo. a . tee lees _ J i. woe be kee
++ t
T : ; ‘ +
+ ~f. | - oe : _ toe : : ee owe bee. . . 6 : - ‘ a
T ’ t ' 1 ! :
+++ she eeae . . - me : - 4 . te ae ! tee ob . \ ‘ sa
4 ds at wdace. \ ose nn 1 : . - oe bee ee 24. . ri ' Lo, . .4
abe duct wane ee eee we ge me bee ee eee ee ee -———-— —. --+4 wm ee ee ee eb ee ot ete
I
4 4-4 ei hee eee ee he, . donee. . +e : ae Lee hee. ws . , t . - oa .
J 44 4 tet br ee gene eee hr eee cas ‘| sees oe seas toe . oe . . be ' oo ode. sn t. ‘ eee
4 pai ae se eee Cr a a er ~e fa. oe ae + ae eee . eo @eeee . : ~ ere . > vy. — -
a4 ~~ ber se uee 4 se aw eee Ge we we | : . oe -- Dh he eee oe be + teu. note . . to . .
+- + + an Pe - e. “> ry se ee weve ben ee ec rene ° . bua : : | - + - tae . ( . . - - oe
‘ ‘
oS +—4--4-+ deedic scenes ee tee ee eee a be prs pots rere: . te on ee ee ee ' - rode se pee
444 +4 > + eee eee se aheina. . . we bebe pec i. det teen ‘ : ~ se ee Lon eee . tow. ror pee See hee . .
dy $444 +++ petite fede ee Bw eee he ee ee hee ee pe hie cae, Lee ees .. i. tee he he ee el,
44 to 4+ bog 44h 3 es. frcttesee- eee bee een e snes we oe we eie-ewe : tthe st - se be bakibpanebeney hasan ee a a eS res
Ad Le tech a hh ht teeth i pei.. ron exutumimamteaatencis epee. 4 a th ttt ereche An

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Co DEPART

 

a ¥
1é
Taple IV.

Determination of the rate of decay of June clover in sana

at different depths,for a period of forty Live days.

Amount of Or3. Amount of Nitrates Yreezin3
hitrosen expr. expressed in point
in parts per parts per depression.
million. million.
Pepeine PoP eine oC Pola P,P. hi. Depression
in in in in Below F.R.
biit. Soil. Hilt. Soil. of water.
Surface 2? 149. 26, 100. OC
Surface One? 141. 36. 100. 020
"our in,
Deep. 0.0 12). 50, 250. ~ C60
Four in.
Deep. P51 180.5 FQ, 20, 064
Bight in.
Deep. 2”, Los. 1@. 709. 070
wilJnt.in.
Deep. 27.4 137 AC, “00. O71
Check 2.7 13.5 Ge 30, .012
COneck ras 1%. Ce On .0O17
17
Tavle V.

Determination of tne rate of decay of dried plood in sand

at different depths, for a period

of twenty days.

Amount of Or¢.
Nitrogen expr.
in parts per
million.

Amount of Nitrates
expressed in

parts per

million.

Freezing
point
depressio

P. Pwia. P.P.M.

De pression
celow F.P.
of water.

surface

Four
Deep

Four
Deep.

Hight
Deep.

Bisht
veep.

Cneck

in.

in.

in.

in.

9.3 AQ
9.6 AC
364 Ae
co. 4 42

22, 110.
3.2 16.
3.7 16

in in
rilt. Soil
10 FO
10 50
10 EO
10. 50.
°0, 100.
0, 100.
2. 10.

2 10.

014

014

025

S222 2 BS OB Soae eae a
—_

In the case ot dried plood the freezing point of

Was obtained, in tne previous

15 3.

LO Oubagy WPL),

ine
cases the soil in amounts of
WOtn 5 ce Walor was ysed

filtrate
‘
MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

eros

 
MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

MATHEMATICS

 

wa. Mf,
Determination of tne effect of acid phospnate upon tne rate

of decay of organic matter.

In order to determine tne eifect of acid pnaghate upon the
rate of decay of organic matter a few more. experiments were conduc
ted . In tnis case thnree nundred 3s. sand , three gs. of the
Organic matter , and tnree gs. of acid pnosphate were used as the
treated set, and oniy tnree nundred js. sand and three gS. Organic
matter. as cnecks.

To tne 20C3s. sand ,tnreegs. organic matter , such as dried
vlood ,june clover or alfaita, was acded, and also tnree ars of
acid pnospnate and tnorcuguly wixed, aud then ten per cent water
was added and mixed ajain to oovtain a uniform wOisture tnrougn-
out the saniples, and tnen tne ccntainers were filled with these
treated sampies. in the case oi cnecks only Organic matter was
used . Tnese sets too were incuvated in tne saue electric oven
incuvation period veins one montn eacno tor alfaifa and june
Clover, and twenty days for dried viood. TO outain tne freezing
point depression iifteen »s. soil and five ce of water was
used . Ali were conducted in dupiicates.

Leterminations were made similar to tnose of tne previous

ones,i.e. tie contents olf orvanic nitrogen , and nitrates were

expressed in parts per miiiion.
19

Taple VI.

Determination of tne effect of Acid Phospnate

rate of decomposition of dried vlood ,for a period of

twenty days.

on tne

Amount of Org.
hitrogen expr.
in part per

Amount of Nitrates
expressed in

Freezing
point
depression

million.
P Pols P.P i‘
ln in
Hilt Soil.
«
check 12.6 52
Check 19.2 51
Treated
with acid
Phosphate 20.2 101
Treated
with acid
Phos phate. 20.2 101.

parts per
million.

Pp Pw. P,P
in in
Fiit. Soil
A A
A A
A A
A A

Depression

Below F.P.
of water.

174

" The cnecks are the ones that contained only 3 gs,

dried plo

mixed with 300 3s. sand and 10 per cent water. The treated ones
beside the above contained 338s. of acid phosphate
A ine color of tne Olood spoilt the colorometric readin.
2C

Tapic VII.

Determination of the effect of Acid Phosphate on tne

rate of decay of alfaifa ,ior a period of thirty diys.

eee oo we ewe oe paz-oo-- ahs eet tg i

Amount of Or2. Amount of tiitrates Freezing
Litrogen expr. expressed in point
in parts per parts per depression
nillion. million.
| epression
Pp P.M. Lec lie P.Pem P. P.M D P
in in in in Below F.P.
Fiit. Soil. rilt. Sori. oi water.
oneck 25. 125 to. 740. 152
Check 25.6 120 40 P40, 185
Treated witn
acid
pnos phate. 49.5 P47 5 64 320. 714
Treated
with acid
phosphate. 49.” ZAC .5 BA 390, O17
Taole

VIII .

Determination of tne effect of Acid Phosphate on the

rate of decay of June Clover,for a period of

tnirty days.

Amount of Ore.
bitroven expr.

Amount Of iitrates
expresscvd in

Yreezin;s
point

in parts per parts per aepression.
million. wikdiion.
PLPouie OP. Pee Pr. Poine Py Pou. ve pression
in iii. in in below F.P.
Pilt. SOll. Pidt. Soil. of water.
Check RO.8 sis 28, ORK, ~195
Check 20,9 152,54 3, 9G5, 204
Treated
with acid
pnos phate. 0445 312.5 ee ao 2294
rreated
With acid
phosphate. §61.C 109. 7. ee ~ 7390
é
MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
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MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

 

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Cc J tta/led wlt DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
viscussion of results.

Alfalfa.

when we take tne results optained from the alfalfa set,
we see that there is a jJradual increase in the rate oi decay of
organic matter as we go deeper. Tnis nolds true with organic
nitrogen content, wnile nitrates content increases up to tne four
incnes depth and then remains constant. It is true that we don't
see a very striking difference oetween the parts per million
of organic nitropen and nntrates, considering the different dertns
yet, nevertneless ,it shows some difference and tnis is in favor

of the deeper treatmwents, especially tne eignt wnches depths.

This of course does not necessarily indicate tnat there is a

faster decay at tne lower depths than on tne surface , since it

cK
is provable, as in case of G.z. coltz's experizent that tne

surface mignt have vgen decayed faster vut toss of ammonia from
tne surface miznt nave taken place. As stated tnis is provanle
yet the results show tnat ,altnough not considerable, there is
wore organic nitrogen and nitrates at lower depths, and this
fact alone would sugsest tnat it woula ve safer to apply tne
Organic matter frou four to eight inches deep , il not to opotain
more rapid decay , at least to eliminate losses vy evaporation
wind action etc.

The one great advantaje of tne orjanic watter vein) on tne
Surface layer is , tnat it ig wucn vetter aerated and tnere is

Conseguentiy bhetter btolesical artivities, vet wnen we consider
the fact that almost aiways the moisture content on tne surface
is much lower than in the deeper layers, this advantage ( tne ample
supply of air) is offset and it makes us to tnink tnat the organic

matter coming in contact witn wore moisture in the deeper layers

would naturally decay faster.

June clover.

When we consluer une results ovtained from the june clover
set, we find a different case. Orsanic nitrogen sligntly ecreases
as we go down , and on tne ovner nand nitrates content apparently
increases. Yet tne aecrease 15 very gligat and apparently at the
eignt inches depth it vegins to increase and approacnes tne
surface rate;wnile tnere is a jraduai increase in tne nitrate
content as we Jo down. [nis result is partly in tavor of tne
surface treatment and partiy in lower deptns treatment, yet on
tne whole it does not indicate tnat tnere is a very great

advantage in tne surface treatment.

Sried viood.

nen we consider tne results from the dried plood treatment
nere also we ooserve the Sane results as we mad opserved in ine
cage of aifuifa. we see a consideravle difference in the content
of organic nitrogen and nitrates at eignt inches depth than
on the surface. At eignt inenes depth ooth the orzanic nitrogen
and Nitrates have practically aounlea in their awounts. This 1s
in favor of tne deeper treatgents , and snows tnat tne rate ot

decay nas veen greater at tne lower deptns tnan on the surface.
NY
pe

Discussion on tne effect of acid pnospnate upon the

rate of decay of organic matter.

As tne tavies indicate ,in all tnree of tne experiments,
witn dried plood,june clover and alfalfa, the effect of acid

pnospnate 1s consideravle favoraple. In the historical review
1t wus stated tnat &.S. Fotter, and snyder when used calcium
Carvonate incorporated witn tne organic matter in the soil , their

results favored its application and in all cases acid pnosphate

had increased and accelerated tne decomposition of the Organic
matter.3So ln tne experiment , we tind that Acid pnospnate too

increases tne rate ot decay of tne organic matter, as we Can

clearly ooserve from tne results. Inis eifect may be due to tne

presence and reaction or tne calcium sulpnate , or to tne

wioleé material. I nave not tried to investigate to whicn factor

it was due. But tne results are oovious and tiere is a preater deca
, this vein shown vy tne increased content of or#anic nitrogen

and nitrates in ail cases wnere acid pnospnate was applied.
Conclusion.

In conclusion we may state:

1. Tnat the application of Organic watter at a dertn
of avout eight incnes is vetter tnan tne application

On the surtace, not only because it nag > Slightly

in some cases and consideraoly in otner cases,

increased tne rate of decay of organic matter, pout
also , oecause it is safer as ict eliminates to a
great extent the loss of Nitrogen vy evaporation.
Ci course moisture content, temperature and aera-
tion dust also ve taken into consideration,gince
it is scientifically proved tnat soil organisms act

oetter ana are more eificient when Optidum condition

of moisture, tewperature and air exists. Too much

heat and moisture veing as detrimental totheir

activities as too little air, and moisture or too

low temperature.

2. ITnat acid phosphate has a favoraple effect upon tne
rate of decay of ecrganic matter , as shown oy the
increased amounts of ooth organic nitrogen and

Nitrates.
ACLI OWLS Dama.

The writer desires to express his sincere thanks and
Sratitude to ovr. h.iiw Mc Cool , head of tne Soils
Department, for nis kind suggestions and friendly advice
during the course of tne experiments, also to Mr. Wheeting
and the other wemvers of tne Soils Department for tneir

various nelps.
C2

27

BIELIOGRAPHY.

R.S. Potter and 2.5. snyder.

62

Decomposition of Green and Stable manure
in Soil.

Jr. Agr. Researcn Vol. 11 (1917) Pase 4877

u
Ca

. Potter and .S. Snyder.

er
-
e

Caroon and Nitrogen cnanzes in soil variously
treated:S50ii treated witn tLine,Ammonioun Sulphate
and Sod ul Nitrate

OSOli Science Vol. 1. 1.0. 1. Pave 76- 94.

n.O. Potter and 3.5. Snyder.
Caroon ‘Jioxide Production in Soils and Jaroon
ana Nitrogen cnanjes in soils variously treated.
Iowa Agr. Xp. ota. Xesearcn Bul 39, pagze252-309.

A.J. Pieters.

Green Vanurins:A Xeview of tne American
oxperiment Station Literature.
JX. Amer. Soc. Agr. VOL. 9 ho 2. paze 62-99

“re

ho. 3 paze 109-1°6- Ho. 4. page 162-190.

4

Ne Boltz.

Loss of Organic jatter in Green lanurins.

Onio Air. txp. station ito. nul. Vol.1 tio.11.p.347-

P.&. Brown ani ®.B. Ailison.

Towa Research cul fo.36.
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