“a with wu! Chowan boul Caw fe ean

a | ,7 rN PY

Tf aT 4 + \ sone, ; : ra - fe pot
wi Stiwuae weed aus adds dp od end tie os wd Weds diet Ua nar
a es ma lm
ue Wad

tr owe 7 LON 1 a ser. Tor. ye
dod ed ua SS Ls Ue Cli, LUay

vs

In aobawivunu to claw au.
. , : ;
K L4, cf fy rr 4s

,
CUneoter

Chepusr

PX. de a
wits py Lie

Cid we or

Une vler

Une pter
Chapter

1.

fue

re

ey @

a
e

(7)

L..

re ~ coy
Li dh asii dns @

. eae ° e my” .7 .

“ao OF,08 elit oleae ”
_— oo. og 3 4° ~ +
sVvedts @€1.0 tie wa.8li

LMG VaBate

> . to c
. . - . 2 v- ©

wif

wl tu

soructure,

wAhlé

JLECUOV EL

Contaniits

C

it tia

esi

105420

.D > - rn

eee bv li
wi

2a Ls

DC ila

adiviar

Lic LUCK,

Cnron.ce

nr,

1

v7 a as ¢ ' yo . “4
~-@LPueiilouus

a

u

(e-

3 -
71.0d 6

nt

\ ~~

- _,
Se clu Cx
a “MOS a ”
—~ G a “x: Je
~~ vf
.oo™ :
~u 3? 4 fe
Lise
5 ws oy,
Ga. NG e Ue

-. an
weird @
abet ule

craze 77.
—_—_> awe

* nn 74 ~ 3 ~ .
TOV — @ \s @ Haug homie ns

/,
Lorinning Lut mot in clente until in Tuo *. Ce. wren
tie seuylcuiens cbleerved tue did net preve the ex-

a - 8 oy. Dog he fe Te an] -- a we Np ge te ~~ 43 a
Qaucticn cou tL b.G¢riberl oh woeale MO VOLO] . “Thu Cai Li.G Cc: J Chkie

Lod diliigi. Dervez.

Xo y . 7 ypc - . - m, ~e 7d a: -oQ 4 °? . 2. 4.
reVO Vi.> Werld € theory of reorcducticn tev

47 ON 47 4 -,. oP 2. «7 ay 4 +- - °
uUl.2 Vie us uu Cutie he LOL Lil . my tae! 7G a bo pur wi Gel
7 @. 7% + ~ 4 eg Von Ne ase doors ae, 4 8 . eo ay.
dvr: Cr &€0 bee. DvD E..E LE X~OUe UC GCCiG¢2 (baci L4i Ve @
9 9

- 2 eg - 4} 4.7 4- +) weary. : 4.% 2 . ~- .? ae +4

breis Sod vist tro owu ie vir cruuuet of such une
; ‘ 3 t saat ee a . ae “8 eo * . - _4 4 7 ey 4 -2 econ “ vo N

CCOHUeCLOUS UveeC1~ se G@Polvo vv CuncerveLeit Cha Lec ives

' a Y . 4. ~- 4 . , wert re bh vy 4 Fy : 4° a 1]
MiG We@vuellabt GSlbe evel: 2. vil@® 1: Glee

t
Cc.
C.
Cc
th
bY
—
ct
C3
«|
<
c~
b 4
>
C
e
K
he 4
~
Cc
WD
rm
e

\ ’ . 7 a we , 4. < — - . root e
BeGde PP won lot er 7G Lh. Pou poh Ota UB TLL Cre EC Boe
6).

¢
wd

1673 Je OVErm erage

Ty
-
e
[0
}-
G2
e

Discovered hermephrcditis:.

1lo74 edi li ae
v. - - 4 > a aA et : > wre a Be * ogee
OVE 2 GaVvenced aevaicea aesecrivilsen Of vient

tissue end Wes t1.39 DTirst to €opliy vie nicrosco ve VO

47. 4 wot oy . Co a oe ove,
betn plernt rnd endmei tlerieuse

7 . ~~ x. o en mgs ™ {fr : Los 7 . oN
Lo7o nviClLorn e&cob C&ierius.

.. 4-7. Pel, ee 4 ae ew ft ge , ae ye a ty ne te
me WES vie Lars’ Oo Lose Lis GVLGONC? CY Bho eri: ents.
nY, ~ ay ee - ~~ Tee
L077 allteony VO) Leen One
Jieceverer Of gberretoecs enu Farnisi ea vie
wt a es i tee TO ure a 4 4 > +t) eore SAR
aiiex Dl Gi Pisve b+ B2UVE .Ce 1Nn vier LL.e2e0LF Ow Li ‘co-

muctione

LL&L Cir Dhcwac Lilliistcin.

Soar rt und yoy ETA at nie er - aden) ~ ve 4 47 7 yL ~- <4

Cy aBréecur C a... & ‘a Ue fo, UW. to doe Jk €1 LY me Pilurx. @
‘ ™ 7T iX , sate

Lu’ & te ve Caloriugs

tf

wleecvered vie ebietenes cL Poncaecivuvse e
VIG LL ass “+ fee ws yp gery ta ecu 403 “Ao d ya Ol L tne
Wes BS GLULCLOEUS YNleives, eva vies Nee OL  ~OLliine-

tichn in corne

L765 ( Uvists ).

nosy / 4. . - we . s -, " ° Lo wees 5 yo. . coe *
SPECVIL8N Ove SE LS GLScOVvVe red ti Cleat -_l1C@Ge
 

 

3
7
; . J
a, U
L7ol vore ft. ZCttLlLoeii ateircuvuer.

14 ‘ 4 . * ie : - ‘ 7 “oat . ‘ a. . and van ‘ i . . + 4% pe 1
2rYoeuucuda ho LCiGc aL vaiicCiesrl: » FMA Yoo seVvVed

~ =~ - +

og % 4 y rr 4 ons “< ~ }: 4. Cc fats 7 on ‘ ’ mat sone
Ui& Vl.O Ci.s CoC CtGrse Cl 2uulh Bet Ue Gai acer dd lh ith

2. eoyp ete en a7 4 wean TO ae -, - 5 yo. 8 a, yO wy ° 4.
VISCECVETEQ tig Nucleus Le uo ASE Ate LOUY LM

‘ _ wR. r ‘ 4- 4 ~~ aed . < ° _>
woe & pCeeler! Leu, é..dk gey .{£.0 cf 24 tec ua Cli 4
x ~ i> ~ ae | s - . _4 °° os . 3
bounett vec Vie siret vo vprectice eErvtiLficial
pert.ei0 *enecis.
. ~
L&el rWOSS e
1 rant e 7 - e “ an ~
oesrvesteticon Obeerve . fr eos end ne kse

LES aalilCGle

red A To - Sou - “ ee 2 of
LE24 —<fevest et Dues.

Tare oe Soy AAR AF yt pe et “ey
aQVenCcd & iid ULecry, OCs Lelbidasevren, elu

we

re a Teo ou, ode A ge . oc - . Seg -- .
Es tre Liret resgl euvene?2 22.2.8 vrtelLalrZgle

Olion tuvces

=,
Cc,
bs
a
ro
uD
or
Cc
ct
c
os)
5

c

b

(-
ct
br .
~
a
c
i

ee
i
ro

400 nor, , . a .. e ~ e 4 («wf 5 fot pe
biUS Cord eiorist ALCL © Vote
~ , re sf 4

Losu albicl
ewe a de - eg ee ee > a a4
weOLa ea CU UCT EAE Gewese Fo OU iL -Olian tuoes etl

the wey tc tic ovules.

a7 x. _ 5 a. a - Von aay 4 vl. mee ~ 0 Vp mye ve
MLCT whl GV ULB TMOCLe Me eo br Ae Pan ag ~reBpent

4 4+ 5 > Voce eg | es ~
tm tre tise 1e en Lis Cf 2vrléverotemee

ryt ““ a
L 29 YW vEralie

\ 4
0"
<4
C
c
. a
(D
r
iw
C C
ry
ar
CO
Co 2
D
ct
Co
ct
78
Ks
Qa
ct
Q
}
C*
ve
O
Ke

the wmicelluler fir eis etuaied ty him.

rec: ~ gate, ~ 7 an
LESE eGeurtleS -aGCO0u wCl: belli.
AN o 7 : 4 1- ae Cot o? on nr 1 ~ $ os Ad. - 4. +o o+ oe
Wray tw Us ui 8 .. ben v Gil Ny 348 a LVS creos wi ttidwu CL
. “ . - - .. 4 4. we ~ . “ 2 .. . a . a - “ee @ ay ad 4 - ~ 4 . ~ v7
tre coll, end tre vor evien of u gelinitve cali teeory

or Py. ey. rn
L&ESb EBfeCOCOUOY OGCHilGillfie

Sood ge OD tA ’ oe At , 4 ey yeaye . o
sstevliencd ti.e Peet thet tiie cvun is 6 cell,

‘ Tye > 4. ay \ om DP a cy 4 o-, 4-° SP aang . 7
Avvliecd tie tern “orctogleen” to tie Ter: etive

L&41 aOLlLi:ere
vemnonstceted tiet tie Sourretorzce erieceo directl
 

164éE “jse.orrt.

mat Lt cyvby c¢erriea tis: tdes c® § Suee¢esri: jen oc Verte

4 So o4d on ae 7
mone Ol wh LLO Taye

L&40 huge von achl.
Avjsiled the Yard pretoples:. Uo une Livia?
Sucstences vitiin tie Coil vells.

- a a op ae c. a ro 47.2 "ary -
Mecutniged tie’ COLLS efietd x Wi.G aiVie ivneor

~ |. . 4.

vy wee oe as ee of abe OB .-
auur>o ree £) OC NM to @hiect vsicce tie pollen
1549 Leucxerte

Ouw tie Cocermetoccae enter tre froz's egg in

1649 sartn-re
weruéelit; cunfiri.ed in « lervze nuncer of

plents.

L&ol Biccrorf.
rogetrer witr Allen Vhompecn preved that
Fertilizsticn is éccemolished by the seetuel

e

entrance of ti.e Sper: etcz0a into tro ett.

LESL Hormeicter.

~epleced tre cla aistineticn of siterneticn
Of feneretion Essoad ugeon tre reti.cds oF roproducticn.
oshncwed the existence of two life cycles. DVistin-e
guished between e spore beering gererevicn end en-

Cther vicn c.1ibits sexuel reproducticne

L653 Dzierone

venonstreted thet in the hence; bee the males
&Giwea;s c.ne from ihe uninpreviscted ez-s, wiile wine
femelos, yuesns end workers cctme Tron. the inpreg-

nated ess.

1854 Vhurete

oo
C0
c

bescrited the sexuel ect in “ucus.e \

Step in the xnowledvte of fertilizéticn.
en
cn

srissheime

Conzvirimed tie work of YThurvet

ory yt 1 i 6 ‘
Wi.C1i 1.0 LEW Vile

hele organ C. Tresi. water algée peietrete iito the

% ~ . oe
sy ee + ‘ : .
Ss ubStEe.: 2

LESE

tue

1601

l&ol

Law o2

it.

in

of tie err end be cissclivea
Vircei.CWve (eo,

4- \- 37 +1 ’ TWIN Te
blL.28 UbliatvVver.

weainteivieod

oupporteu by ti.e worn of

Mo ais

bescrited t:2 cexuéel ect in
Ges QiOGUL «
Vartebrete e22 proved te be

tOlreuter.

Dowmia tiie cnueréeecters of both

LOLlliker.

Gave the nee "ceytopl:sm”™ to

ground substze:nce as Opposed to tne

1803

luax Schulze.e

astabrLis: ed tre

Giity of cell

Cti.ers

vsretic ccptisuit: cl cells in

Welrnteined

a

cellulsa e celiuls’.

tn2 Conjurceteee
d ae

in tne

the protceplssnic

Pranules.

fect thut protoplasm is tne
a 0: 2 eee
4

verete: ee .ite.

Cra

Vitel wrinciple of aninael on
my

ee 4.7% ie os ” . ~ any oN de e war ~
alte u vr.a orotoplesr. of the botenists Era sia

Sarco e@ OF tie €nines. Jesiolovtists 18 the Scale

L&05 uregory ienudel.

asteblicnod tia two so-celled Lews of . enael,

V1iZ3

une Lew cf dtuinence, end

Tre splittins cl the hybrid rece.
L&D nOLLiker.

foe
fu

Applied the nene "cell sap" to the nore liqu
arcund subeteice of tre nucleus.
L605 Senweigzer-veldel
La Velette ste veorge.
eroved Sinultaneously ti.st tre sperratozoae
is & ccornplets cell, cconsistins of € nucleus end
cytoplésm, and hence cl the stro merphciotical

“Nature Esc tre CvUme

L806 haeckele
wxpressed the view thet "Yhe internél nucieus
provides Lor the trensmiscion of nereditary crar-

eeters".

L&o7 Eilcebr: ndt.
Cbhserved that in crossing maize tiet the

en.oryo wiS hyorid, éia tre ti.e@ endosperm showed

craracters prover to each of the parents.
cO

L&u0b Celaiicwshye
bictinguisied two sitfersnt «zinus cf iLife
cycle ena e,yolied the néves "brotopuyt" cnd “"sntiph;t"

4

to the tO pLesSce i.e@.es replecead Lléeter by saretoph; te

~

id svorovryte.

~~

L575 sutschlie

Gvserved in tie es7 of @ nevaetcde tre &->roech

Ci

snd contact of two structures, .:.icn we r.0W KnOW

to be tie gerin nucleie

1675 anton ochneider.

eublisned werks thet eave us a better iusisht
into the process of cell divisicne axpleined the
diff-rence in ecnsistency in tie reticuler hycothescis

of cell protoplesm, end Suszcasted @ bir.ainz szeney

for tre different ninds or protople<cn. recognized.

15735  =WwScCminge
Gave tne first sececunt o- tne ansetcuical

development ci the stamen.

L&74 Auerbache
vescrited the éspeerence of two nuclei 4t

the opoosite ends cr the elonz:ted ess of Rhabdites.

1875 otresbur7er.
Called tne tiickening of the Spidle or fibres

from which the pertiticn wall srices during the
Givisitn of vslzent cells, the "cell plute".
+ 9 LY

L&7o SLlemninge
foe minute body detected et the spindle
poles, ena found to be én insepéreble ccnpenion of

tre eningel cells he cslled tite "“centrosone".

1875 Gsker Lertwige

Observed end described correctly for the
first tine the process of fortilizetion.

Later. Reeched the coneluscicn thet ferti-
lizstion ccnsists in the union of the male end

feneale pronuclei.

1875 wduocerd van Senedene
Observed in the ravbits egg the fusicn of

two nuclei before cleavége.

1675 Sir srancis valtone

eublished nis lew cf Ancestrel Feredity.

1876 Hol.
Observed the deteils of penetrs:icn of
the Spernato:o0a with a cleasrvess thet Las never
been surpassed for these forums.
Gave the first correct uccount of the matu-
ration divisions, end crigin of the egg nucleus.
Gave specisl attention to the fertilizaticn

merbrane end founded tre classic theory thet it was
Li

Gri eada@ntaticn to prevent polysperny.

@w&S the first one to edevuctely present the

harn.ful effects of polyspermye

1877 Wletming.e
Discovered and nared the chrometin bodies in

the nucleus now known és "chronmoscr.es"™.

LE77 Sol.
Cbhserved ond described the occurence or the

ar. phiastere

1878 Ce hertwig.
First cbserved the epprcoacn end union of the

egz snd Soernm nuclei.

_

1676 FYlenminz.
phowed tre existence of e& centroscie in ani-
mals, end in additicn outlined the wnole sche.e of

wWitosis es we now know ite

1878 Kleine
Discovered the presence of a nucleer membrane

Sseperating it trem the reet of the celle

1879 Flemming e
Gave the neme “chrometin" to the deeply
Staining substance of the nucletr net work, end of

the chror.oson.es ecneistineg or nucleine
+4
NW?

Ubserved in the Bpirogyra tie fusion of the

eggs end Sperm nuclei.

1879 Plemuminge

Discovered thet the chrcnmoscnes arreize
thenselves in tne eyustcrial plete of the Spindle,
and euacn plits longitucinelly in twoe whis was

ccenfirnea by tetzins in 1681.

L&EEU

Ubserved treat "The chronetin net work is con-
vertea intc a thresd weich wretler continuous or
discentinucus egolits tnroughout its entire ienztn

into two exactly equivalent ralves.

L661 Focke.e
Gave the neue "xenia" to the pshenomenon dis-

covered Ly Eildebrarndt in 1807.

1882 Strasburver.
Gave the nere "cytoplasm" to the substance

of tie cell as Osposed tc tret of the nucleus.

LEGe Slenming.
SB )plied the name "Gdispirnmen"” to that stare
Of witosis in weich each daushter nucleus Los 2Ziven

rise to a soirete.
es)

¥6S also tbie to extend Virchow's avnorisr
to the nucleus éisc, "omnis nucleus e nucleo".
lace obsorvaticons con cvecies wics2 chro.oso.es

ay

Size ena

a)

SiON CveciTic una cCenstent aitiverencec ii
Sigpee #UYLiScuea uci. eviagerca Lcr tie lncecependent

existenee of tiesce todies.e

156<z clitzner.

ou0dwed tict the Spiitvinz cf the cnromeoscmes
in tie eyusetoriel plete wes culy tre rear, ,e:rence
Of «© Sxlit in the ¢spirene tireed, snd wes due to a

esacr of the two chromatin

™

corresponuin?g divisicn of

Prerules.

LEES RCUXKe
rointed out that the daugrter nuclei receive
precisely equivelent porticns of chronetin from the

motier nucleus.

1883 Se ven Penedene
First described & process of nitosis end
avvlied the term "recuction - divisions” to it.
1584 otresburzer.
lLanmed the four »eriods in mitosis, viz;
le rrophese; cg. Letecnéese; oO. anéplese;

4. Telopnese.
L4

L685 neble
Concluded tiet the chrcr.osci.cs do net Lose
tleir identity 6t the tine cl their aivisicn, rut

oercist in tha chronsetic retienulum or the nucleus.

~

L557 Slenminze

" }. oa ~A oan — _. 2 , aos
6S the Lirst to rere cnd deserile tre first
-¢ _ 2 aya st fry A ee et pei. wy ot A + 4- *..
Stere of Leturatiicn adivisicic, end céisrca it tne

"heterotyvic division" beceuss of tic reduction in

Tie wwab:r of tre ChrcL.osczr.esSe

L&&7 oecnwertzae
ywnOwced tie existence cL linin tnhreedse in the

restin? nucleus.

L567 Eugo ve Vries.

os

Discovered mutéeticns in the xcvenuin2g Lriurose.

1667 te vin Beneden.

Mound in the fertilized cvun ond blastcneres
of asceris Megelocepuals, et the poies of the nuclear
Soindle, definite Spheres eéech vith a@ dense certer,
“Which he ecrsidered és wverienent cell orgéens in

a 7.

connecticn with tre nucleus, end eallea tictke fpnere

Ca

"attractii:n Son-res".
1687 Theodor boveri.e
Cbserved tret tne attrecticn svhere we. oceu-

pled by & minute bcay. Ee called tris dere central
Lb

boay tie "certrosone”. Uoveri vid ven benevwen ve-
verded tie eantres¢e.2 e8 nit eniy initictis.7% the
Givisicn of tie ceil dLuy, bur teet oF the Ghre.ctin
GLO

tT?

Vy pothese”™ wes ut forth

Cy,

che "Individuelitets
by soveri in '€7 ss : result of C. Habl's observa-
tion on tne epithelisl ceil cf tne stlanuanacer in
"65-2. «wlS liter supported by Severtel prominent in-

vestizators.

1567 CSker lLortwig.e

Initiated the incdern ,oriod in ti.e puysiclogy
or fertilizeticn, involving two cc:.sigereticns, viz;

the direct exyerinental énalysis or the trerti-
lization process itself, end

the etterpt to initiate the ection of the
Sperneic oa by cinenicsl ena onvyesicéel e7encics, or,

in trieZ, the studies cn artificial pertienoesi:esis.

L&88 theosor 3ovori.e

Ghe fornaticn of the reticulum in the telo-
preeses end its tehavior in tne proOphaurcs Leea to
| .

tie ide:itifticetlon of the so-cailed "unit reticulée"

aerived fren. tie single chronoscmsas.

L&&B J&ldever.
sGVe tue uche "ehromoso.as™” to the deeply

vad

staining bodies cf tie contrecteu soiree.
 

Lo

LE8Y Fuse be Vries.
xsubdlisred is treory of Intercelluier

rancenesis.e

Loyd Ee Lenkiise
viscoverea & adeecly stainins boay in the

growth seriod of the prilery ss ermetocyte of
iyrrocoris, end its unequal distributicn in the
seccrna Givision, shere by cne Soerrnitozsce receive
cne lore chronetin elenent then the other, -nd vere
therefore dinorpliic in respect to the nuiber of

CLYOM.oScr.eSe

L891 “lemming.
First fcund ettraction epheres end centroscmes

in tne restinz eterzes of leucocytes, end in the epi-

thelial cells of the lunss of the Sel&!.ander.

LESL sulgnerde
round ettraction Spheres «nd centroscmes in
the resting sterze end mitosis, in reproductive veze-

tetive cells.

L69e Heackere
&ppliea tie ter: "bivelent™ to tne chromsztin

rods represertiug two crrenosomes joined end to end.

LEYE Butschli-.

Was the first to emphssize the fact thet proto-
a4

plese. Is & cCOnp,plex structure. 2t tv: 5 tine suteckli

edvenced :is "Soe. Vheor,".

Lobve OG. hertwige

Considered thet tie nucleus is tinue beerer of
(icreuity] inheritence neteriel.

the equivelence cv the inneritence Leterial
in tale enu feielee

The equel distribution of the inheritence
méteriél tc éll the cells cof tne orgenism.

she preventicn of the Stusraticn of the in-
heritance reteriél, &° its reaucticn tolfore Ferti-
Lizaticn.

the isotropny cof tne prcetopiss..

Lb&GeE oar 73rte
ohowed thet Lhitosis after reduction is eyual

to oraingry witcsis.

LE9e2 a“. Lermenne
the discovery of tre centrél Spinale first
cleérly siicowed thet two .inds of fibres must te

recognized in tre witotic rizure.

LEUS Ae WeilSianne

Published his "Sernples:. Theory".
Je De UVertone

a
mM
\
1S

Arnounced the discover: c* reduction-divisions

e?

in plents.

wvtresbureere

ex

LS
croved thet the centroso.e key et tine and
in Svine Species be Surrounded by & Spicricel mess

rEncwn ec the centroscshere.

1694
placed the élternaticn cf esanersticns on a
chro:.ogerne besis, ty ennouncins the generalizsticn

tie neorr.el

C
Ct
|
rey

théet tre reduced cell cciitéins
nun.ber of chromescies, ie ee tie Zanetoprytie

Seneretione

L599 L.ooree

>

unéet phese cl the nucleus gust preceedin’ the

re “synapsis".

O3

heterotype mitosis was ziven the fr

LEY7 Euie.
the direct growth of tre curonetin knots
W: iGh ere present in the restins nuclei into tne

cnromosciies wes first cbserved by Euie in 'Y7.

1896 Lontgornerye

(1

wes tne first to detect tret the accessory

chromosome is bivalent.

L8B9E Vewesciine

viscovered the wrenoncnon or icuble Lertili-
Lu

Zevicn in Liiliwt.

LEYE Jesele

V4 ~ * 7 ‘ “TN € =. 4." ~N ¢ ~ os ~ + iN 4 - A = 7 NN
biscoverea part.ienur7encsis in pilents.

LEYS Cevlmicr.e

CC;
[

Contirmed tie dimer iis. in elernetozca dai

> a] -| y. r a roy ae * f
covered ty Nerxinz in "Cl.

f “~N s ae
LESY ouisnerd.
> 7“ ‘ 7-3 a , * A+ +7 NO S a-aad wr ?
gresortea COVL2E8::0C% ~eL ~1.9 contanulity OL

Chrewoscc.es in treir presence throw lnterkinceis.

LQuu Juel.
srovea cciclusively tre veneréetien of the

Lilerce pore wucilele

LOGVUYU suyeLre

she paivrins of chroncsonmes discovered.

LOYGL. sULziaerde

YouLtle Lortilizetion in corn observede

19VU2 Cannone
~@letion of péirin: cf chronmceci.es to

wendelisn expleined.

LUZ i.cClunse

ousvestea & theory Zor tia Sineticn of the

accessory chror.oec: @e
Or.
bye

LUGS ‘ie De suttcne
advenced « tieor: cn the reicticn Letween

cnrc.nosccr as end gllelencrprs.

LouU4 nogenberg.

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Jiscovered the vairin~ co7 the echrcrncec:3:

end of tie chrinonores in the Lilliu..

LGUs lie Lie Stevens.

Descrited another type cf alisorpnism voth
clesses of wiich neve tne Sane number of chro-
MmOSsci.es tut difter in that one clese ecntuins &

lerge idiocircuosctciie end tie otuier & Sieil che.

LYUd je ie wilS ine

Described the "m" chrcr.osorncs wiich are two

Sperwéetozcnicl curornosones w.ich de not unite at
tue Fenorcel Syneptic period and vwoich hey or Lay
not ccoraense in the eériy growth seriod to forn

two Siuell chromosene nucleolie Uher undergo a

late synaypsis in tne prophese of tre Viret divisicn

.

to form 6 bivslent whien divides in both divisicis.

‘ - ~ - 6 ~ eo ~ ~~ wy
108 “erdinend razne.

ronism in ws.i¢h tier?

©

Described &€ type of din.

5

ére five chromorci.cs, wich Givice ae wiveloits in
ae
j-/

the first nétureticn diviSicn. In the Seeccia divi-
tre, do not diviue tut four of the Vive pecs to cne

pole end the otrer to tre Onposite pole.

LYUD TUTEL e
Vhe x enrer.ocone in releticn to sex extended

to mene

LUUY wills Cirle
crese:ted evide..ce for ti-e sexuéci predeter:in-

ation End precestineticn in the vern. ceils.

LOLU ive i4e Cestlee

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advenced tre Lrecernce end Absence tieorye

LYLL Te Ee wOrgs tie

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wenelinited in heritence.
wexe-linkea intheritencee
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Lae JLOEL il.

v ’ . ‘ ft voy
+ eb L . _dondar & does 06 kd eet a ‘a! te ho - asad 0
ca 2 t 47° 1 + ' ~ » ry , TF.
at ic tin 3 five vi, ~re. t EPOwdL si Cr. fs. i LE! it 9

vy ° . .. - ~“s. “ toy . a a a . Mw oN ey “y . e ’

Whie-£4 Cau: LYPVe avs Ss uci. aad Pert ise 2. GPa LeSs ’ Teic:: ved

wf sty oe wey Sag 44 4 44, - ect o ~s 2 fe Some Det ‘ “yoy yr .

Sicio (-HLVeCSLEL EttT8enNtion ef cuszr Liclcrv1ietes: Leen b.ore
Ld 9

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- a on" e dog. . rm LA ee e d “7 ~ ad 2» . 4 ~ a ~ _ _ “aon
elolidv; C1 &h Usvsi hl eve cedauveacn rustu © VELL Ute

4

, ~! 4 fp + ye oe -ee . 1 SO dk ee 43 ~ . 7 .
Lhe Vectors reelad wie ch aeteviuine we rer. ologicel

qe tA: ,- a werd — opt ee Se ae —— a a
turies of pyetvery, Titled Viti agivere thsgorice, hay

: ” ° 1, + - wi. wp ee yo . 7 > os > - . 5 . 7¢ 4. a 4 : . . \
Of woleh to us ned’ €gposr evsurd, cut in treir  erivca

or = os ~ ~ . . - . en a ~- 7% aN Tf : re Ve . tors . .
oy virtue coc. tie - ature of cur proeclon Jo must

neces. @rily aeél vith tre seruélit;, cl plenits end
eninels, ered voercfore with the ocrecese of Lartili-
Zuabticne

Sro.. the Letinni.s.s OL vie Listcory of ten the
prirnery Gect cf tice nocescery ccucurrerc: Of to

lnaiviuuels to proguce offepcins les been recoiled.

. a . e “7? . Jee owe \ ° ~ . ” ° ‘ oO ~ 4- ras “« “ Oo
Livile wore Wee hie. Of tie e. Sa..tic Peeturces ct

Tr.2 eexugel orce ss. in Shinaelse then tea been Terilic-
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hn
- 4: ts 7 ‘ -oo4 1 --, +4 27 GN m ~ 4 mn. "oo . a Vo. . 4
ae ul. @ dat wn Cian ’ sy ~ LLEG.S C3 Oe CPs wo i we Re
rT ~ ow pote. oes 5 - ™ ain ,mee ay 4. y C, * . 4 ioe r - as
twenty Cumnuenelos 2Povas ue 1 Loci. oo be LD lve
+ 4 - 7 6. +. os 5 ‘ _ .. “y 73 wT™ TM De wy Fr re) oe slo. ‘ . 2
L ill eloumue Leu ure eee eercvulnw oF Serie ec 1s
ee ee a) 4 ° a ~ 3 y-, t : 7. /
(CG we Ce > oveY lt rowenta OP Ue Pius Love vo
eLCVE by bbe Ol OU rit. ieee ule CUED ! ee tie Giiete
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Wes Oe da OT sol. o 4. ar
2ile Tire uu UQisSCUV Licte ~WJ 2hiua vl uy.’ Xviste
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euce cx eex in plentes 27 VLG. 6b LG Ver eerl:
, + ’ . . ~ . ‘ - wb ee -- 7 . r om af . ‘ “a 777 ~ .
Afl dau Mie vor et HOveLoe C GLtivewvi.. t Wiis eve
na4.. x — aA myo 8s ak 8. oy wa. — ° a 2 .,
bledts Lor PeoGe Vie Exlstves.ee cl Tertile éna ster-
7 - . 5 — Pa oo. AS - rs - ~ + . _-
11° tre 2S OL i. La f. v2 Oedr Peak. ar | -'dli uC Lilie peoples
a \ wy ~ ~ 4- wea - 4d. . ° owe. . a co - j a ¢
OL wet Glitk alue Lu mebO alo. LbliG @frFf _1TSes. 4b... OS,
. 4 4. enw 4 . Yoo . eoo24 ath os Pe . ayer fe
DUbL OVvVOoNn Vi.8 et speens welis tc aor &1: li.vere
Tye 4. nd a 5 as -* am a ° . apy TORT Tt “” ae + 4, 4 vA
wSsteti n tor teis weil known Yecte aristctie end
my . on dias wey, 4-7. - _4 47. 4 yor ve 4 7 -
AlLeOwiPeswvda. resort bhe.2 Dect tiucet ecre or vie tress
i? 4-7 7 Toes. ~ eo} ca wh awn. S$ 2 a 7 - . tatty 8 de 4.7 Ny
OL the “ete, Tit ene bovebinva vorr fre rult vneii-
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solves but in fc..s wey e1a tie Sortile tre. in vere
ye e 4. Panes? rr .- a -,4 4200 47
eet La TUS graulte Tv Cie be Tt Omer Ue OO See es ute
- .- a -, we age TS Hee OG Sp ete oo Ne det 5 4
lnovwlLed * 2 ODF Salva. lt . Ln wiht 0 Me t *, 390) 6 LO UY OEU
wt en 8 ae a | ay es. oe, Of et - tn ~ ee lf * ~
ter tient Cenqvurice gp os eb tL OR rod D1 oP a neel
o* °° $ “? os rer “fe ‘ aN a4 - 7s 4 7 ‘ q * = a7 Cop * a
"SeunULS Of VEEAPLUue vue LV & CCAuciresiiive &is Jer Lo

LLG GUcGEViLT.

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SGRUGLLitY in

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bint poecccrig7d 1 fe2 UU Levase tb ti et

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cre Cf neture:t 1 ano! 208 bel treir
Vee per lelec ch peau uny th. are e
poet ts 4s Co - oe

sa ~tblos ut ‘i Lil Ca sed cm e
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bi Gers w Le wet - eo we br le Ll. . mu + ’ ly due aii h Yo. Liu

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2. 47 4 foo, wot Fe >. Ai. ye Cae * -
Ahi Ui S ANUS Pee Le OL te eu afizy tle uaevote

Goouecrete treetles (Which isc Cie uown to us) to
Gvdio ak Pee Poauctiche when OULoL te. tek be ctuuied
Vin@ Gaavelco heit Of the @)o ick aby bp Gen witn so rue:
Geteia tact wlalle:.. perve, Pelt coLnoelisu vo séy

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2 soti-: cag tie forer of wetter: end ccecra. ° t
OF GCvi-en £249 i.e Torest Gl! SCULERPS e1a ECcCccrai OC

s ° ° 4 -_ ~ q. 7 ~ #& - 4. .
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e - . ~, 4 “ “ . . oo . . “, 4- * e —~ i > . “= Fat : ~ _ @ ~

ited ]o.iselt ve ths Pentestic luce tiev concestion
~ 4 wy Ae 2 2 tae tS cep tok . 44 4. cot;

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selit, cf ceil sivieicn, Conci l2i7 thet ever? ceil
de tre O Vepe it Of & peougiis is * Coibe Lhe Vern
Cl heLllizors Lés-s-¢03 norl cotisigus .eichert L€41-47,
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+ vic un - we C x. i. \s — e
e
a cree - ~.
meee St 24 Ne we O
uv
. en e e ‘ — .
? ery Doe ye, 4 4 ’; - ; ws a ay Do ;
mabe a ww [ow Baer Wan U _ L uo + a 1 okég Fa te
he e. -/
4... . . ~ . ° a ~ -~- ” ° » a . -.
‘ _ —_ Cm ‘ a y “yy 8 ares.
Ga UrriS .o hain bee ek a at EL So at GL a tb ute Dud

.* d . 4 ry . a - 7 oY ay * ~ ° ye ee
yo 4 Hi . '
en wt LUC Poa 6 too. ! SOV bie a Phe ek he
. + “ : a . . * . . . . 7
4 . & : ‘ . . mo r . . . a. . 4% ge)
sioauaee Sli we eho tr. ow ka te 4 hel kh. eo Loo 7m Gob.
o a: aw Ne
1 J . . e di o 7 -. “t ’ . 7 . =
vo ' 4 “A www Y . v7 1 > 7 ~ oy Y ea -y c f.
wee TO we a ho ae Gok eUeh Woe hy we ed vio Lec te Ola
Pd 7

“7 . . _ v ~ nq « “, .
ro 3 0 TP “7 af we vo r 7 o™ en *
a, Oboe OP LV re Loa! cae a & OL ist, a aa Coal ke AL _ oo
_ ” a i
. 4 5 4.09" 4 a” al ty ~.? Le el _ , na Ls
ee UPR Ve Lee EEO Veh CL eS be ber Ok CL whiz

: my . . “4 yee, » . : " yey -, Lo, 1 + 4 .
Lt bead COAL uo Von bode : vo Lae eae ht oy Choe Cee Ss

. a -« aA - “ -, . . ~~ ° . . t 4 . a0. . an 4 wo.
Pode bebe eo ed CO wa Le -- | te DO re wi ial baelioe
, . a \ o. , C + . . : ., . . . + . .
asc Vu C. ~ Cc. - wn fla bee oe we Se be em me | 82..3 a wv Ls L ts - Lol .
wt
. a ‘ ode . . ° “ . , ~~ t; / . . a . _
Poe Tb wu abou Ee (ek eens ti ky BC G2 oie ib.Qbi. i

uu
re
Cc
2
b

c
C
ce
e
U.
~~
r
CD
(r
wo
tr,
.
5
'

whe neteroty pic uivir.l n censicits
ection iver one eneotior of tie tye wenh-rs cr e&ch pair
OF chLYrcmortnes, Cne lerber peccins te tue cne daughter

nucleuc, its i.cte te ine otier.e Liisc srocess of Sepa-

Yevirsn tenes wlece threushout the sole Serics cf
yélrs of chromeogo..3as, end thus ¢€ Guantitetive: re-uction

is brevugnt ekcut, e&cn of tre d&uriter nuclei contein-
ing @a sirele series of chromoscies, ef coOlhpered with
tre paired ocr ciubie ceries wnich is Founda in tre sonmetic
cells." Gresory (19U%)

the most widely i.nown investizéetors supporting
the ov&irin>e cot ncnolotous metornel end peternel ele-

Lents in tue Tor. of persliel tirresdés era: Arion, 65;

Berghs, O43 Céerulirl, Ov; csrerzorie U4-u73 wiyséhe, ub;

Overton, US; s. Senberg, Yoru; Yeuno0uci.id, Ul. cver-
teu brines fcerwéerd evidence Supportis.? views it tore
Werd by nin in connecticn with otresturser, allen end.

hiyeke wean the occurrence Of & Lliterel yvairinz in the

proprese cL tne teoterotypic division wes eavocatede

Telos, ueo8ise
"The clternetive interprets ti.n prcoviaecs tie
Sere Divel result, but involves ¢ different rnetiod of
pairing. It is a chérecteristic feeture of tha hetero-

.erges fron the

ene

type Jivisici, thst tne Suireme, es ite
ecntracted conaiticn kno.m ss syngevsis is thrown into

é series of loops. According tec the interoretaticn
o/

We ev Lov Ciieireri 7, ibe peiriusr of tae ChroLcsones

Otrer ov the Linis of tiese loops. Thus eeci: pair of
chronosco.es if et LTirst ae "U" echaped structuce, the
two circrh.o: cress beins gcineu end to end, tie oscint of
Jumeticn ferniys tna -Eent corticn of the U.

flie perallel linbs oY the U cci.e closer end

Ci2

clos2r tcveti.er, end Sconer or luter é€ tréensverse

plece at the aizle, tre peired chrono-

fission tunes

ror the senereticn wreich

co
)
4
WD
ov
<j
C0
b
Oy;
OM

Sones now lyin
texes plece in the retanrese cf the koterotyoie di-

vicicen. This metic of ettainine the vaired erranze-

Lent,-~y the Loovins of the tiresd end the subseyient

Guproxl:..ticn OF tre Loos tovwerds c.e eirotuereinvelves

a

-

ai: "ena tc end peir net" of the chronosu.es. since tne

looss sre fernereliy continuous with cue cnucther Et
tnelr inner end: it icllows thet the cLro.ostc. es ere
errenzged in & circle linesr eeries.

altizoueh cirect proof is necescecrily Lleciine,
the evicence is ver; stroene in favor of the ccrrect-
nes. of tre hypothesis tiet the tyvc chrchovcnoes wien
are united in eech pélir tre ressectively of maternal

refcore, fcliows thet tne

©

and veternal orivin. It, t:
Looped tnreed, es it erverses fren. tie contracted state,
chremosomes ot materrnel end veternel orisin nust be
arrenzed elterrnetely in € sinzle linetr series."

Gresory (lou)
oO

anes? stvvoectins the view tret the solit Vvoiekh
CcccurcS et the tine cl Synépsis is u true slit, end
ls net preceeacd ty & péirins cr perellel trreede,
but tie threea is el yle Yerun tre teginrnines. Yarkmer
we lkcore Ud-U0, in Lilliunt, Usnrande cnd Csilotun;
Perkner « shove, vb, Tredese ntis; scnaerfrer, Oo;
wOttier, v6-07, Lillium, Pedophyllu, « Vredescertis.
These studies cf echromoscre reductitn in aiffer-
ent vlents indicete thet tiere ere tuo conerel methods

of reductiin in crgenierns, viZ; peréeynensis end telo-

oe

Syuepeise "The difference, novever, ic net of phyio-
zenetie Ssisniticenee, becsuse the vuole chrorn.oso.e

&
iS
(6
cn
ct
h
oD
_
os
-
}
ct
C
Ft
=
©
t
©
0

Ky
©
-
oO
om)
©
m
}

must be regec
Structure. In tenerél, tenera Leviiit ¢€:.0fr Crrcel.cecires
Will snow telosyneptic p,&iring, wrile in ferns witn
lonz tireéd lia® chroenoscies, the chro.o-omes cere
linely tc seir geresvneoticell:.

In orgeuisns revving roteromor:hic chroi.oscnes,
beth Latnoas iney oeecur in the Sere nucleus, whether
the péirint Snell te siae bL,7 cide or end to end is,
therevcre, not of ohylogenetic or of herecitery im-
portsrce, Lut is merely a metter oF cell mechenics;
end tne two metiods of chronmocre reauction ere t.ere-

fore essentially cne." Gates (1911)

Those supportin’? ire synévtic cenciticns ere:
Ceraift? potryerniwn okflLiqnum.

rérrer & woore USrunue regelice
6Y
crezoire Usrunde resélis.
Yarngenoucni ieponrcdiun molle.
1? “>

surlineene Cpriogléessciales.

C3

COCUEtri:

—
|
O
O
ct
oO
td
tH

Larqyuette

" warSilic yuedrifclie.

" aquicotum h,enele.
otresturger meny ocpecies of LarsSilice
Cerdirf vinkoO Biiobe.

Loren Juniperus cCcLacunis

aALlLen Cclecc! este.

C0

Pieca!.un In ti.e rusts.
hervosr In iwildews.
iS: D&ndS In Liicaews.e

Clive In wgxcn; cotes.

Uvertcon (1SuUs)
(Ae

Sunbliiasar leh

fron. the beginnins of ~Le Listor; of man the

printer, rect cf tne meceSeer;, cecncurreuce cf two

eo:
cr:

individuels in tue proaueticn cf offsurinz nes been
recognized. Little cre wes hnovm of the esseitial
Teetures of tne sexual srocese: in Gi.lkel then hed
been fcérnilier tc the ascyrians, icyptiens cnd Greeks
ét iesst twent; centuries srevious to 185uU. wiile

exuality in plents Led been suspected gs eerl;

in 7uu B. Ce, yet it revsined for Csererius (1594)

ct
4
OO

to prove exverine .te rly existence cf sex in plants.
“rom tne tile of saristotie cuwérds many tieocries
recerdit.: Foertilizeticn were bela by 2S Many Gurnors.
“rue, some of the more n.table theeries censtituted
distinct steps of sdvércerent towserds cur present
Guy kncowled2z: of sex. Loteble vere tivse of Eaurvey,
wotllenzerni end cf rrevost et Dumes.
Avonz the botanists Serreicel 1747, Zsenbeck
18éez, Bischoff 1528, tUnzer 1634-37, Naezgeli 1644,
Observed motile soirsél filaments, aninalcilée, és
tney thcougnt to be in Several of tne lower plents,
viz; liverworts end ferns. Unger (1637) in his studies
on the Losses decléired thet they were :.ale fertiliz-
ing cells.

At about this tine the zoolorists were raring

scme interestin? cbserveticns cn the Spermetczce or
71

GEninels. Varry (1644) ned seen @ spermetozoe within
the ezg ct & rabbit. Leucksrt (1649) saw tLen enter
the froz’s eg2; end Eischoff torether with Allen
fhonpscn prcved thet fertilizeticn is eccomplished
by the ectual entrance cf the sverietoroa into the
OLZ.

be 3ery for tre bcténist in 1658 descrited at
leneth tre Sinvlest form in the seoxuel ect of the
Conjuzetée, end regarded it as & sexual process.

Butsechli in 1673 publisi.ca hie disecveries on
tne ner.ctcde in w..ich ne observed in the e2z2 O71 a
nenetcde the eecvoroéch end cu.taect of two structures,
W:ich ve now know to be verrn. nuclei, iumedistely
preceding tia first cleevege Of tre Ovlune sutsenli

e -”

ld net essign en interpret: ticn to tiiS snencirene

Ps

(iQ
—_

et tne tine.
aAuerbeck in 1674 descrited the teppeerénce or
two nuclei at the ovcosite ends cof the eionrveted
egs of Rhebdites, tnese incresse in size, hirrete
towerds the centre of the eg7, meet, sotate throucn
gor end fuse togethere aA dicentric fizure avpeers
snd cleavage follows. It wes supposed thet the
nuclei at the erids of the elonzeted ets Groce rreely.
Osker tertwig in 1875 observed cerd usserived
correctly tue orincivle vienorecnon cr fertilizetion

in the se& urcnin es3. He did net actually soe the
7 ‘>
tw

Spornetozoa Seretrete tue es Lut cbhserved tne © 5 2rk

nucieus sud its ester scon efter, end inter_reted

trerefrcr ccrrectly <12 process of fertilizeiicone
(The e22 nucleus wee reverded us bainy the porelietent

nucleus of the vermineél vesicle). Ee reeched the
acfinite ccnrelucicn thet PortiLizsetion crunsists in the
unicn of tie wswulie end fenele trcnuclei-e

sdwerd ven Seneden (1875) ovserved in the rebbit's

the fucicn of two nuclei tLevcre cleevere. Fe did

M

oye
e2:

U

| ~ N - ‘ sey r ne ° LN dk Re “ . a- — af 5 L.
net $28 we Spernetcocrce enver tie et3z, Lut Found then.

~

Witn their hesas closely a, lied te i12e Ssurféce in
ever, unectsrnenutea e=7. be ecnelu.ed tiect fertiliza-

tTlen cebeieteu ecrentisily in the fusi.n cf thespernic

fv

Subste.coes vith t12 superficici lever cz tre vitellus.

c

1. (A

re found ¢€ srell nucleus in

m|

At & little leter steve
tie ecrtical leyor of tne erg; this he celled the
werivnerél pro onucieut, & centrel pron. clus ¢oneered

Simultciecusly. They erow, eperoack one encther end

Ci,

ieet in tlhe centre, leter tiere is ciiy cne nuclau

9
ercteciy Perned >. t1.3a vmicn c® tre two.
Mol reae scrie cheorveticns in LE7S-0, ourtly
in deverndent end portly efter the sublicsetion cf
Lertyvict'’s iret veper.

le Ee observed the detéils ov venetreticon of
the Spermetozose viith 6 clensioss tuet res never been

Surpeccea Lor tiecco Lerhkee

Ke He weve tre first correct ececount cf the
 

 
~
>

» 47

meturaticn Giviticne end Oricin of tire e*7% Nucleus.

Oe he peid eyectet Ettoa.ticn to tua cricsin
of tue Lortisiz retic MN iLenbrene, end Pounued i13 clascic
Lneury thet at wes En ada pieticon of prevent oclysverny,.

Ge re wee tre first to saeyuetely present tre

in 1 7&6 the 6&..roach

4
CO
ry
ct
an,
-
bs
fs
>)
ve
ct
o
CL
¢9)
ry
<{
cn
P

end unicn oF etx end S sri. iucleli.e wockwitg one veer
deter Coferve in spirceyre tne fucsicn of tiie es@ and

bie S Arh. MUCcCLeie

rertwig in 1667 initisted tee lMiouern period in

0
ct
-.
Or
Joe
a}
CD)
©
ct

tie physiclowy of Vertilizgeticn.e Zhe cite
experitentel enelysis of tre fertilization process ite
fe The ctrer is the éttenmpt to initiste th. ection

of the e lorretcsos ty cher icel end chyeiceal esencies,

+ we, i 7 ~~ = 5. on™ 4 ~~ at “ -_ x ~ ee - 2 ~* $ . e . “ v7 - _ —™~ . .
in ghort, the etucictes cn ectiticicl certhencervcnesis.

Yertilieeticn Wee vor) Letericil,y prenoted co, true dis-

Govery, bieae by ven Lencden (LOES] tiet the niumter of

fin

Ci Gi LOtA Lie Clougutautinug nuclei.

CHYCLosoLes is tie
SUrtLer To ovectirtericne Ee. tevlicicu tie Tect, ror toth
plents end enineie, eret & eduicticnu te cne relt the
nunber of the chremoscmes in the * neréiive nuclei
preceedsS tne Sexuél act, end thet in cct:.seyuence ci
tie COLL eo CP bP de peed Le OT ety ne
NucLeus OO. tig Ysrtilizea ovik. peese.ses tle nunber of
Chrouoso..eS cCiurecteristic of & verctative cell. ™

LL oN x .* od —_" . /
2 Laocislor “> le Lov4)
/ ow)

oi Lae

in l&o7 Eileebranat neticsza & wseuLlér J1.encemencn
resultin2 frem crcséing &@ Geri brovi ond &€ yeliow reco
Of malice. Vhe exnbryo wee Lp brid end the erdos.v.erin
Sucwed ciarécters prop r to ofcr oF the tye verents.e

rs Ay aa roe. 5 ac roomy -TFaT OO. -%. _=2ae 7 : 5 : 7 ~7s “. Ov
Qhisc S.the .heronownen wee clesrves ot in in L676 by

>

-r ney _ - : *. ° ‘ - ye “~ * Y vegeta \ 5 + 7. wet
wornecanoe Atcin in L&&6L by Scec.e Wire gesve the fréL.e

vt wig ow tg py et QaPre aq « 40. we

xenie™ to ite aenise re, bo defined es tie effect of
pollen of entther réco upcn vue tis.2e cf a soou .laent

QBpert Grom thet anitiéevin’ the Lorkation cr the oubryo.e

une tert: oritizelly weent the effect oF collinzticn

6

upon povner ticssnre, butvi2zs cone to be e-szlied to tue

vi

Evpesrence Cl we Hy) roorid evace ler -rcduced t: the
fusion cf tre secind rele nv-eleus vith tre soe-called
endocper.. (fusi:n) nucieus of the enuryo-sac, when

its Cherecters cre aitferent fren ticse exnibited by

.ticne ‘ne endo-

ct
tH!
©
rs
Oo
—t
oc
©
ry
wy
+
in
3
ct
ce
Hy
ct
©)
ry
Ue.
©
Ry
by
CD
ry
ct
fH
-
~
Cc

Sperm shows the chsrsecteristic Yeetures cr tne plant

ty

from wricn it is Yforued end &lLSO Of thet Pron. wreichn

(4

w.S derivea tre pollen the cistil received.
The fect of tris fusicn wes proved ecytolczic-

ally by Guienerd (1699) end by Naweschin (16¢%).

vi
te
fou
a
Hy
~
ct
bk
rn
t
oO
cn
ct
O
Oy
wr
ps
go:
©
K
CG

In view of errtéin ec.)

ad
c*
ry
3
}«
a

CQ

it possible to forrnulete the follovine lew res
?

5
t~
b
1¢9)
“
hr
09
---
cn
-
©

xernliae “when tyve reeos differ in ez
endoguvern cheracter in -idith ac: ineneea is cchuplete,

—

xenia occurs cnly wien the a

'

Wiinéent perent 15 tle

~

O
v y
co;
CO
ry
3

vl

Ingle; when they ciftfer in c si:rrle visible end

of

b

charecter in which the dtiineres is ineciplete cr in
twe crerecters 'otr oF which ere necesfer, Lor tre
Gevelovrent of the visitic witisrence, 2 7n1s occurs

woG: Olther ig hele west (19135)
V0

rect Oa Cae caeg

b
CG
c+
D
©
cD
+

preséeres Lor divicicn tre mest con-

trenesefcrmeticn cf the nuclrter eub-

s

rf}
Hh
Q
ct
bh
CO
¢*

JYLERONES

-

4

Stance involvin® both spysieéel 2nd cionicel cle jaces.

ones

a . ~~ ~~ - SM ' , >, Sam - rf
she c}lrenetin substencs re: idly increese

(a

in

Cs

téivins
power, loces its net line ervcense:rent, cna by resclving
itsell into we Suire.e Tincll, ‘vlvee risa tL. definite
iuecer cl seperetely intensely, steinins bodies, usuelly
rod Shéped, curved cr stréeisnt, cond anOWii es Chrceoncsoles.

ej” "_ =

rost aesceritead sy Slenminz in 1L&o7

C1,

POLS puencn. ne we
winG AS ccusisvered to be tre disccverer of chromcsomes,
but were rnéie ty weliever in 1656 because of the deep-
ly stéininz yuslities of t: se boules crf tne snireme.

une relnerkabie fect hes been estzii lisi::ed with
high prcevebilit:: tuet "every slecies of clsnt or ani-
mal has 6 fixed end c::grecteristic number or chromo-
Sches wiich regulerly recurs in tre divisicns of all
its cells, end in eli forms serisins by Sexual repro-
ducticn, the nwnber is even."

Pleuming in 1680 observed the syolittiny of the
chromoscre tret 18, when tre chro... tie net werk is
ccenverte2a into ¢ threed, clitinuous or diseuntinuous,
Splits trreuvnceout its entire tenth i:.to tye exactly

we

eyuivelent ialves. his vec closely fclioved by the
Te

Observeticns of Roux vc in 1665 steted tiit “tne
dausi.ter iuclei reecive srecisely eyuiverent oertions
of echrcretin Yron the metior nuclense”™ Uhis wes besed
to & cortsin deszrer cn ths work of :. rfitgner wi.c in
166% wes the firct to Snow treet the splittine of th.
chrorn.cco.Ggs in tie eyuetocricl pl: te was only the re-
Gp -eeréence or « Split in the Soirene thresa ena wes
due to & Gorres oncdin= aivisicn cf etch of the two
CNYOLEUAN twenless

waU0Erd von Seneden in his obtserveti:ns on the
perm cells of aAvcéeris in 1682 wee ti:e first to describe
ti-lS proces. ol Litosis wrer in .1e@ CLYronoxecres were
ralvea, end nened it reducticn sivisicns.

Otreeburger, one yeor léeter, 1664, in his ob-
Serveticns on tris orn cf ceil division recognized
Four rstrer distinct poriod end suzsested the names
Or tors oros.ése, Meterrese, Graphese cia teloxz
respectively for then. hese terns Lieve teen in use
Since tieir proposcel, end escn nesns as Lollows:
wne proer.ecso covers ell the chenves cl the nucleus
up to tre conpletion of the witotic figure. the

Letesnése is the  -ertias or tne sister chro. oecc.es

DLE. GhHe gnueonece 18 ure term

4

in the equétcriel
@oolied to tieir péerseze to the Opposit ocles of the
Spindle; end their reco structicn te form tre dsughter

nuclei, tre telornesa.

Pletumint in L667 vcviiis on tice Sene yphéeses of
1%

Lelosis es aid otructirczer described end ised the
first stuges or r.tureiicn divisicns end calica it
tne teterotrpic divicicn bLecéuse of the reduction
li tie Numer CL tie cnurcwoecnes.

dieve S. rent up in 1&66e at the insteice of
otresburser cortein trieories in ressra to the prctetle
indiviauelity ena pernenence of the chrokceones vhen

otresvuwrszer Kecde ot

cn

~ ~ ww, “4 . “ye ‘“ ~ . . ‘ a id oN
SeVetacnS ch siecies of slents

+

©

WI.CSe CLronoceres sroved S:ecirice end constent dif-
terenceS in Size End Sieve, tiers’ ° furniec:ing nuch
evidence tcr the inde ,enaent existence of t: cece bodies.
seterorn.orgricn in tne chrcncéecies in pl nts es ob-
cerved by otrecturzer hive been ebly sunported bk; tne
‘york Of 1.0ore recent e;tclosists, nitebliy Rosenterg,
U4; uiyvyeane, O53; cenatiner, UY; Clernens Luller, UY;
Thera, lu; end Isrphewa, 10. rere is also © vest
literéture resznrdin®? heteromorpLicn e: co: % chrono: cmes
di Guimels, regeraint vhicn ese eyguete Sius.crics i.éve
been *iven by stevens, wilson ena - ontse.er.7, oil well
known present dey sutioritics.

the hovctnesis cL chromeceune Lo udivicduelity daetes
beck te Rabi who in 1665 " coneluced thet tie chromo-

cones ao not lose their identity et the tire of divi-

Gt in ti.2 eclironatic reticulum of the

C1
}-
C)

Sion, cut pers

— om

ep

mnuc.euee" Yhe orsenizéerticn of the nucleus us ae

ce of the

r

cribed by xnabl involves Gireectiy the oernens
te.

Chron.ogoneSe A COhperison of t1.e nosition ena form
Cr tie Grrcnoce..o3 auri.s recenstructicn stases in
tne epit:rerliel coils of the séle.ernder, wiin their

Cy

cositicn end Peru cuciney the prcepheses cl Givicicn,

Ci

“oa e - i ie ~, 7 5 “4 : ¢ _ 7 - . ome - . ware . 4- 7 ~ . e
Gonvinced “Ebi tauet tee enromcrc.es ac nov jose their

Wolch tiey entered the reticuLun. In tie restil2

we

nucleus Méel believed he cctuld find tréeess of tie
chromoecies, end described & distinct polerity of
the nucleus, in vhich the ckhromosccnos ccnverse towsras
a definite point. Ont fF t16 restixny nuclowe tie

ary a Ny om et c . + yg oy * -y + tA a7. Yr ge + 2
eliocroscres s@nin ccna inte vioyv dus to the enrcretic

precdateri ined  Jetis into

mm
i
CG
ct
C4
ré
O
J
a
t~
O
p-
cc"
OQ
Pt
C7
fF J
O
a
Q

eScecially e072 thre -colov7ists, v.iel: relete to
S,neptic ccn recticn, strouetly support Recl's ecn-

ae 7 « +3 - a- .} a4, a ras . - ° 4 ‘\- ‘. un 7 oft roeN
Cue & 103’ j fak ' ~ eC. aitlYy Ce Co ui.@ Cl. cCrmiosg CILeS e

Those suppertiny the sre otic contrictiin of the nucleus
nisen UL BSetrecr.ckei8e

ane vl Triton a@leectris, T,
SUnGTETUS «

ri)

JEnc

_t V. ‘ _ “ 44 . , n ~ & x .* V
Scnoenfeia Ve perme torvrenecisc or tre
DULL.

Leves Ue wLGludirade
ywenreiner, A & sete U4 Liycine, end os inex.

Parmer & L.oore Ub Ppericiecretea.
cl

e 4.4. -@

my. o.oo Bale AL, a 7. am es byt .
~he dnaividueri UY Of The CHYCL.OSCL OS e

“ro... the staeirdscint cf rere ity tie ceriticel

ccrntributed bi esch verate, tosre is no iLornser eny

ct+

Gcubt. Te. “Indivicuelitets Yypoiness"” wee orizine-

@lly ~ut gertn by Paecdor woveri in 1667 és & result
of C. Reabi's okcurvetitn in 1665 tiraet in ine 25iuvermel
ceils of the vé€iénenuer lervé tie cChrce:o8cies fee ppeEr

7 4." .- - Co 4X.
byrerbi 8 en tics Ci tre

bw
a
ct
pew ~
‘

©
ct+
Oo
Cf
te:
Cf
©
F
ct
be!
-
<D
-
c+
Q
a
OQ
cb
--'

U si&o9a CHrol.o:c¢nes beli.t Girectcad towerae cne vole

of tre nmucleuse Poveri secvursd 2oSitive end Sinrilsr

}:
ct
©
ct
CW

eviderice br iic vroesults in 166. Fis Individuel

Ey pothese wee éolyi tie werk Of Fula, $5;

vv ~> rc 2. 1m | . 4 Coot oe ¢. ane sy eg.
Le ae LOS, Gos eid CzZur stre.ses, YE. Che eviaence
. ” ant 5 ~ - 4 >. Ve tt . ~ 5 N 5 > “og samy “ . 77 - a)
SUL kCrvln™ ve Ls myoothesis is beesa Lirzel, Ciiso
So de

Le on the unizfornity in the niuster end cherac-

ter of the chroL..csunres Epuesrint in cruceas.ive daivi-

t

Slerme

C

9
.S “SN le 4% af .o™ <* 4 - af ~ : a “~\-: . ° te: roo ~ tN
fe v1 LL.C ore. tet a MT OWI ci Toe,
te ' ste oy : a ane SO A Ate ett cr
tren tio more nunmbes cf ci.ro.osci 22 enter e rucleus

‘ | e . _ oo” . : -. yo . rT. weet, . wo c £
eicCerlie Tif Sel ala or ole, ee ee OLS
 

 

dui Uh Later Givisi ns CL inet nuclenc,

ee Cle THO SViUeGLcCe thet tue Loe. CL CivChorol.e
lusititv, aurin: the veticv. te. co. sition as cnly
eoverent,

46 Un the prool tuet nucleer Tuseitn doubles
Vue Number Of chro.oscenes, vile tie rediucticn uivisicn
reagucess ti.@ Nucor Uy Lai.
Boveri catc.ucd v1.29 conception of Ligivisvelit; to

=, , a - ~ ec . Team, 4-7. | oN ~ gn oy an wv
we ectent cl roegeroiny tue chronoccies es clewentery

or - ~ “ é - 7 ° yy ~ “ é : ~ S ~ . - = ae , ~~ op x
Cre: nisns retier tien merely eS -ernenent cell cresileme.

ry , 7 4-3, navy Domne pf. . ee a
alien too, tret the nunbler of clhronoS0..c¢ Lf€

~ _ =” A. 2 - 4. 4. . yo aN a ~ ys 7 ° 7 V . - em, ~
UPOUGL bicnel oO Lid NuUMcer Cx BuUEelel tret L26:V2 2 cod
AY — . capes e44- 54: at 7
torvat: er ves 210m } aur str See, Suporte. 2;
sCyarsi ot Omer a wn 4 he A ae
~OVerl 1.f Lt Weim ws, Ciskho wl oa. ID Sewn VO, Wii Lat ver Oy

nis cblservsticne ch the Festilizetion of enuciected
SoG urchin e227 TrevhLentse.

In 1697-99 wise Luie obcerved tne direct “rowth
OF the Chroletin knets w.ies. ere precent in the rest-
in” nueleli inte cirewoscies.e It wee not until 1LYUL
tit:t Euie's wore see ecriir: ed by “Vcsenberge

Continuit, of the circomoscrcs.

avidence for tee Cenbtanuaity of tie chronosones

found in their vresence trrouctn interkinesise It

fe.
tr

zenecréelly conmeceded tret in lenny forms the chronmosones

}-
CG

Scércély crense their for in pecsine fren the hetero-

4

Vy Lv

typic to the nonotypic division. Gols rect wee srown
Hk Levy

thet in Ce -selle

definite chronmetiac me

69)
a .
@
C

ivicitn fiw
rey ity repres
chrcnetic rasees

nucleolLes"™

Crearton

Yenéenouenl

Seibech.

©.

Cc:
en

Tuiznerd (16%).

ited in the

GUC) prop

Ue -lu ®

lonz

restin?

2YCCcL.CuwCsulcs

ww @

uF

~ceentverse called

¢
+!

VG ce€elle
4Zosterée
cu a i.1e

wnélic trim
Calzce. tn
bors eet ns, 11.

Trendise

waeltonie

- tir
CECtLAS

nucloue bk

©
Cr
Cc
Ou

Ure

stout (1912)

to discover

tie nulzber

acy

RNCWN enreorn.os as

+ a a ar) oN pss :

-* eX Woe :
ty7.ece “Ppeaude-
the pehe

‘Ss corres sci.

Ber 1n nun or ’ i Orin

miu 3Lr one

JULrSG puStoris,
&e, Celeon %

Ct
OL
r J
OM
vy
0

oy
oe 9
wue Chromosties in Heredit.

Wes. . : 4

‘ 7 . ¢ 7) Wars 8 So we -7 ‘ a - ~ 4 eo .
elore ls rere.n tGo eclleve ti:t treve 1s &
definite reléeticn between ceronosu es cra elleiloncrons,
Or unit cherecters tut vo Live not befecre jinuvlired wrotier
€o77 a lL: VT CM TY » (7 Lo Ns 4. ~ "Vg 5 om +) + °
gi entire ¢hrio0sct:e cr cn , & Tele CL eme Le vo ce re-

. 1 Vos - ot . 2 ela 5 . . pas ee ENA
veerded 8 & becise of ths civ7tia eilelec.ucriie Vie ans .or
+ on - oyu “ , TL aN +> + + ” . - ” m4: + 7 « + a... 7. oN ON ON ON . $ s 4+ wo
Pvwet unquertionsebls bea 1% firvor Cz v1.9 Livurver ecseibility;
— 0 Las. satvrs CN; 4.° s- aye} ter TE UD ee - To nw At eta ., ~ oN ~ oN
Tor Ct srwiee tio nunbowr of dlistinet cierécters porcscesse-

way - ye _- oe: cs aay vos ~ 4. ae ae mo, a “ h-a
ed by ¢7) Ludividisl couls nov ereasta t:.e muuber cl chro-

j-
ur
c
C
Cc
J
c+
C
C
k
a
i

Moso.ce in tne germ proauctS; ich

ce
cr

trery t. fucte .@ ust, trherercr:, Sue Thet core
CLYOLCecL as ect igect eve relseteu to & nuncver cor airtfer-
ent ellelomorprse If tien, the chrcnosci.es perienentiy
retéein tieir indivitvelity it Ccoliovws thet ~ll the
&éilelomorcns reoresentsu uy tny one curo.esc.e rust be
1eces-
Sery to escune tret gil buet bb? eccerenit in tre organ-

Gcr.jiiene? enters end it

tr
ti
ri
cc
p>
Cc
ans
©
ber

Por tere the quee

Pe,

not ,ot knowm thet aoeminence i8 ue fvneticn of en

p-
cn

entire chromosc:. Ve cbserve thet ti.ere cennot Le
more than x (x reanin2z tLe reduced or heploid muter
of echrer.ceores ) independent veirs of silelovorens

in eny adiscusscicn. The reréin sce oi tee inraritse:ce

4

! es
Cf

sorreleted or tieuw tozotn%er in tee chrornoso.2s in

co

cit

Fe,
©
0

in.epondent «rovupse
It is coriceivetle thet tue curcen.osd..9 ley be
(sonownet &S «e@isi.ern

@ivisitie inte s:mseller a:.titi

CD
a)
Cr
Or

ascunes) which resresent ihe ellelonorphe cid ta; te
deninant or reenesive ivdependently. In tiie we: thre
Sane chro..osor.e mMitit et cne tine represont botn coni-

nent end recessive ellolo.orpis."” wsuttcn (19U3)
Cnapter Ia

Wen BOULUD CLUS.

Ee Leucin2? in 1601 discovered ue despiy steinines
beds) in wt1.0 growti. gorici-of the vrimery eS permetocrte
of w.yrrnocoris, rut cid nit detect ite orizin. Ee did
not recewni ec its chroustic weturr2 end ite une guel
Gistritution it tie Seeccna ulvicion Wiereuy one Ssperm-
atlo.ucen receivea ene Lore Curoletii Sici2nt thew tie
Ot. ere rene (1uU4)

It reweisca Lor Lauimier (Yv) te conrvirn the

lf, in S vernetocos algccvereda by Lenn.iny by

2
-
e
O
Kh
eH
’

ft
UK,

his stucise on anesée Tristis. [Ee aescribeia wret he
c&élied & "chr.wetin nucleclue", Lich he ti.cught

a ee | _ - af. 47 s . wy ~ =e oe . - . rn
Orisirngvea &t t:@ ti..e OF S nepslis by tee union ofr

two Siheil Spern. tozoniézi circhuoeccies, divided in

irst Leturéetiicn cdivisicn, but cessed over un-

HH,

the
divided in the seccrd.
The work of Lontzorer; Supoortin2 thet of sgaulmier

snowed thet Henking's observetions on Yrrrhoccris

were lergoiy true of tie reristerée in venerele
ry mNv7 - ye . ~ Tv wv o , + <. +
ehe results of p.ontvcrory erre Pitn tecee of

ry
Q)
ou
ct
Cc
_
ct
bh
b-
©
H!.
©
a
—~
r
C23
©
by
OQ
rR
ct
~.
MD

L.cCiun? wie is cconcide
theor, Cr the acces. ory Chron.cetn.2 SO iehod by Lin in
Li vz men re hed cbserved tit @8e0a1tiéeL Deetuecre

. 9 wilG da eGrv a fh vA udets esc e.ible we Ge te ON

chérecteriging tie eccessor, cGirchercis, Outlinscd its
histor, end eusrtected « tieocr: in exoléencticn of its

2, - Sore « 72 4) >; 4- . . on ~e “ wrt yar Aye 7 3 Sas , \
funeticn, es thet cc’ & 9x ditervminere ieCiuns ob-

CA ke Nowa ete: 4 Loa 7 mf yh ween

rerved tro reser ticnuce te ec nucleclue in tne reetir.
. ‘ -} VL ay . . 9 . x5 + - - 7 x 4] reo7y yy Tee ~~ , a 7% - 7.

Steve, e1d tir Sipdlderity te & cheo. Cec, 2 anki tie

perion OF Givieicne In ine mornester it ig destined
to lie in ti.2 eylater encit chrenosti.es "ere it é1lso

wa.

divided inthe % tévrese CF mitosis,

©

beccre
(KQReteni:esis), end so ternisetes Ly cetisr Like a
crronoso.e, eS et tre coh: ence: ent it head cerned ore.
"here ig in the seernetoevtes of ell the ingeets
so Sur studieu un unusucl uvcie r element which is
crerecterized:-
by & rel.g. a6 ie unitcerr it: in stélnine power,

* 4

Simrilsr to thet exnitit in the

©
Cu
cr
b~ J
+

CD
GO
~~
-

ry
oO
Oo
(a
CD
tp

Letéepheses

oy @ continuous peorivsnerisl positiin curin’ the

Spire: etése;
BY ean isolsticon Yrom tre chrometin rorpieuLum ond
noneverticivsticn in ite ci:nrves, ena

By fissicn durinz retéxinesis érter the henner of

ckirc..oecmes."” LeClung (1YUé)

sutton (1lybe) wee first eble to distineuizl the

accessory curonoscone in the cysts of & or lo cells.
¢

Wr ve + - - “~~ “ + ‘ a a7, ~~ ‘ 5 . -N os 4. ”
here €€ in tre Sperretcaytes, it seems te be r

J

ved

©)

1
4 aoe

my

-¥

és far ge possible rem the influence oF tre criinary
ris is gccthylicied bi en snelosure ins

Seperéte nucieuse. aA dictinet existence is huirteined
 

aguris t 61l tre staves Veen a poesible encia:ize or

~éz

Ieteorisl between tie EccesSeery chrolklese..e Lud tire

e

—~

Otier chronosciews Lilegnt be acconplisiede Uniy Eexrter
tne crrencecnoes ere definitely estetiished és ine
depandent Lodies ere tne berriers rermovea, ara tnen
Only lomey encush to pernit the ect of retexine-.is to
tere plics.

buri:.7 the peric. irterve ing vetveen tre ects
Of agivisicn tre concuct oF tire seccessory error.ceore
perellels thet of tre nucieus ccontetinins the reneinaer
Or tie chrometin.e a veSicle is for.ied, the chromatin
Subeteice is devosited upon its weil in intiliste re-
deticn wviti tie eytoslesn, € concentreticn ersuce, end
& Gefinite crrcrorcie if predveed.

LéVlnier held thet the gccessory crro..osci.e wes
aqezoner’tii2 ened eccneisered it in the orcces. cr “is-
&.perrinz Fren the €peeues, ena reéecicS veils coiciusion
etter cblservine tnet in tle Lest Sgernetocyte nitosis
it feils to divide end is tus uneuuelly eovorticned
te tive recuitiny cpcermetoucae

“ror. tre ©€.ernrat wonle, eke. eperi.:tocyzte re-
Geived cne chronwoscone (the eccessory) wich through
Gli tre sutseyuent eteves eX1IStS &S © crronoscne end
mever eulfers exteisive aletucbencs oF its crro.c: eres,
eitzer fcr the our ooie oY ietslclic ectivivice, cr 2er
the possibie exe.énze Yor tie mutuel influence with

tie cthor chronmnoscenese Lonte ners «ssi7ns: tie origin
- - 7 { ~ 7 A: 7 ’ ~ xf? ° . a ott 4 ch tN ey gc o, ,
O- tre Eccoseor, chrencec. 8 tO 2 Ss nro Scevmat ~coniésl
4 ~ Y oe co e a aq . ~ Ct . o ~~ , ! * ~~ EB ~’ ’ mn
chroncscie, end it Lust t2 rorerdeu, t ererore, as a

Sincwl2 ¢icrent exd ce tle Lposcessor of tre cirolksetids,

gftes its wconctituained civicicn, «nu ec differs Prem

tie oteer e@.enonts oict tve ccietituted cr Yorvr enrc.ae-

i?
oe

tids. tUtisr circrose.es cf tie spernetertils “oe lost

¢
c
=

. - Ty wax yop ' + 40 . - * NY a4 <= + 7. * yr A oN
du tie Spire.e, in wich ccnditicn their circercoeres
<4 = +5 a - 4 ¢ >, y yey C. TT: 7 moe sea, . ¢ -..
exist in relevicu Yer rencvei from trot? prevel .iin2z

li the ecmgonent iscivicusi Ghronoscne.

m4 ~ ~ 4 m™, ” Ss 7 ‘ . . v cut 4. , 5

2e Prowse §2 Ceenpices ee roeletively Lleout tine end
Nt 4* sae A re my 4+, : 7 sof 4 ~o. 4%. nN . oN aa * -
prorecuna Crenrwrs ves cleen Li br. mvclouse, “££ & See

tue Liat Of Velich 72 ere whelb:ie to Linu

di en, Obtner colis wf tre tcay.e. Instetd of teviusr two
Crrohaetius ot tio tine cf ce wetelie se eéch of tiese
hes Powe Weroit tut 2al tie tine invcivea in the  ro-
aqueticn of tise2 fonts: entel div:
Scery chro.oecn.3 bre existed quite écurt Feom the Field

of putuel trfluence in wick tra other Ghror.cfo.eas

Oporetee. It is iLue eprerent ti. t it Les its e sractere

fixed, .ct in tie wonersuti n vs ich witnosses its divi-

Sicn., rut in wre screvir rus cine. In oOti.er weoras, it is
9 ie 9

@ svecicetorcnléel cironczetie °°: !en divides in wre

‘we
-

Sperhetcecyte mitosis." LcClung (LvuL)

+.

re of
whe

uD

—_

wcClinz's esneenticn of the Funeticn cf t

Or eceodsecr . crrohn.cicr.> is thet it if t)e bcevor of
a” 7 oo a7, 2 4. ¢ . ° cr .. - - * . + ~ * ' r . 7 vw. . 7 3 ¢*.
vi.vt eo yh ToL LLL. oa CO dae Orekh wb uL vl.G Be Lo CL. ods ae le,
~ * - ~ . -. o% . ” 2 . * ay - Lt . =, . ~—. n
plat, G.. jae LC.. ta (ial heC LL ve GC O,.Pre

- -, 1 - + . . 4 . ~ « _* sy Y . a rc Y¥ o- , rT Cc.
OM Geabe Vlecov 1.i.V2 2.0) TCV. CL US LU CGLIE UL CZCGe

Qe (be elea:rent <<) c.ae bo chreinescthic 2m Gi are

- 4. . . _ 4 . 1. £ 4. 4°, 7 . , op w-oN ny a a7 ~ , tf ae o
BCurtlf Boia € a! eb te oe Oe Pe OT aa 2 Un ee Ce LO 6 6OOL

cg
C*
a
©

; > - on . + - . ' ~~ ”
tole POC Gebers 2.3 wi "Or. CB LL

cn
e
‘
}-'«
tw
}- =

to eroy inte vescive yolk Levon oCve; cr into minute
metile sperméetozoa, it scrould be precent in all tre

fcruincg cells until they ere definitesr; 2° -bailicu.ca
in ti€ CYCaL de

Ge aS the foxes exist in gebcurt eyuet proyertions
it es cr dl bo? .r2.- ent in relf tie motiure vorn. celle cr
toe Sen trct boevo lie

Ge och Gif Ositien el vie casi ent in the two

~~ q

tors Of t rn. celicy site ered chee Liver.ned, cicula ce

r-

4

. ‘ _ ° . 7 a7 a. . 7.2 ~ 4. ee - 4.7 J or 71
LC edt OO. tie wrseedic&e&t resoctn:- 2 to tio Gelinad

C1

L.cue
Sd a 5 A Ty NC be oN Ye, ~ awe fe -* . : . - ya de s om ~ 7 .
Ox GnVLE OVinent Po: Lo. ene ti.e b- Ooocrticn Co EONS e
Ce It <:.cald S.ic.r verieticn in eteuvcivec in

. . ylo--- g, cag * SF - toca 2 eG st D wes 2! -, - apy4 ay
GcCCOrw2..6E° Vite 1.9 Verle*itcne cb £92 50ter

” ryt ae 2S 44 a e of : . - _
Observer te in adivtere .t SlAcltse
2 ~ - _ ® 2° 4 ww? a ° ’ ~
Geo 6oIn Lert’? enotesocsis ite Suneticn sveula ba
~ Hoy 4.” - * - - -
G&S. Wu7d | Ui.e GLOonontes Cf ae cartoin .cher boo ye

: + ct oN Y ‘ ee ow ° . ; . . 7° * 4. 4 t ‘ rn) -° "1% “
It 26 Gouceivectle ati tris vrocvc.rd, bac UD Gib OE 2CLfTi

~ ie 4+ alee - _ ee 2 ~>, .. \ ag pot "am a .. s .
Lt tunevicn Ss tea ncnNeseteLhiineiit

p-~e

OL pOler LOU, L.

SOrh. CcoLLe
re ~~ ep 2 4 we o~N --
®Llrnelly, with respe

a

 

 

“S

\Z

et te th

Irew. pirtienoce esis, it ehould be rene.crrad thet ve
ere reco dentine vith © dbrectiecl exproeeicn cil cex-
weLlite, ena it is to ba e peetec th. t c..tensivs modi-
Ticeticers of the ordinery rroeece will follow. IF the
ess ten.ee upen iterlf cil ure Su.cticns cechu.cnly exe
ercigcrd ty it in cougunceticn vith tie elporhetozce.,

it must Le tze.2t the ueter
slic? w2GOlLunge eni.c

Jiseticn of sex is incaudaed"

meOLruiz (Lous)

nced iis aiscuverices in Lyle,

G&G Taw otirer extcicvisets, stinulstcd ty wcClunez's re-
suits Leve carried cut irndepensont invertiveticone with
tie net resuit thet seveorel caucitivuel types of ai-

UL ji ls.. Léve

Cne of ti.ese

by wilson enu stevens in

isUs, énd cceurin:s in the

oF e@y.ron.cec..es in the

S99
a

one clese contcins &@ lers

Oti.er & Srell one. “hega

nite in ernéevsis, deveona

to gern. e kiveient toed.

.

another type ov dit

Mn" chronoccih.os es aescri
Syperhetozcilol chrowoeci..

wyenerél Syneytic

. *. ~ ad
VOLL OA,
whe

Girngenvce in the eerily 2ro

c.

ae

Y
4

Liseovered finultenecously

(*
Ye

SUS, confirmed vy Lowlin

insectS neve the Skéne nuLker
Tretozoe tut airter in that

e "idice. ro:cec:.e", md tie

CHrOLoei Les Mey or ley not
tn iM ti? Orver cL ine2zets
Orwu:.ie:r. Lf thev Kno.m ce the

7
win

ved by wisceone The, er: two

S wi.ier ac not unite set the

_

ema V! LC Lag

Wis “veecios to rvorw

i?
a

tvec chroe
, . . = _. rm OL pe 4 wey ge tw fs 7
LC cl.e8 muciteclie bel, Maer re ij tots CY oGucle aha Lie

. _ : aoaf ~ fe | . we. 4. + 38 ~~ Q $ -4 + + - oo yey <. Li . TA 4 4 7
pCO ULas ‘a Ne ne La. - aa Le L eli Viera. 2] UG ew dee oe L1Vea Lot: 9 Vi.hCl.

Ci
e

Givides jin octh aivicicn

Perdinend Layne (LY) describes en edditicnel
tripe cf scecos: cry, cironesiiee In tris trpe there five

Curc. Ge ti S oh tech Ativide se univelorts li tre Yirst

o 8 7, . oe 4 a . , o 4 ar - a rr > nae, _
ime Ciner Chic to tne Oppcsite gclce In tiis Jorn. tre
4% v » . ry ’ 4 7: ys . . ‘ - , a , Y ONG » am 4 1 ‘ a <- 4 ‘¢ 2 «
PTeneLo vse three hiss cehroencec. 22 then true Lale, and

bi@ tzree axntrae clhroe

ct
~~
'
©
C5
hy
c"
c
a
j
C)
Cr
ama
-_
+?
-—
O
-$
c+
ce
hw
a9

Losonec wuct ticrefore te tie feneie oroecrcins eless.

.cized as

CL
ce
ce
—
t

te

the Situeticm.z: be briefly
follows: Whe view tret sex is determined 27> cunuitions

cxternal 10 tre cern. celis, Les in recent j;eers clovly

Ch
C
ry
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Sects troir tvo Kinus of Ss, ,ernatovoe cyguei in nunber,

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Visibl, in ree vrct to nucieer censtituticu, wails tiere
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Geticel vith ore of t e clesens cf Suerme croae What

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WS alae uly. ca ww be de ol ache Cag

morgsu's extensive er.lorinents, orinceiveily on

.. i. es ie ton meee A
reo VO! Lea ep ih. te @rew certe. in ¢ccre

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b~. 4
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Cuaukienis, { aC. wl Ge™

Goole cn the @sstu.sticn thet cne ci the i.eterici Yectore
Of e¢ sex Llinited cieréecutr is cerricd Ly the €ote cenro-

a. yo GY 7 ; ~ 4: 4 . 7 wt “on 2”, . oN
movorues tret cerry the peteriel factor fcr Terrie oss.

ta

the efeceis:ticn of cert:in crerectors
in interitenes ie aque te the pecxinity Jn tic crro-
mosc.es of tie cienic1l (Lectors; sit
eS:entiel Cor the ercuucticn oF ticse Creractore.
Morgen (1911)

the evidence that worgen hes cttel..cd i: S Cone
Vineoa tin tiret casreszcti i, the keynote tu eka
Menislien sheachen:, is te be fcund th the co cretion,

rs - a : . - tf? 4. ., . , . eo, $ 5
Aue ay)? hoc. Uadk fu UL 16} OQ; .i'3 en” Emu cL wer. to ine terisl

SS
G3
b>
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b= 4

7. rr / os 7 Te ™
2 CHroncechese e

bodies (cie.ic#1l substances) tc

may 8 . Loge — ; ~ cr -- = ae Soe oe » - de 47 ‘
alie Ceivcilenw Det 1:82 RAQ fie b&b esi Lic U blo Le)

SUb OF “iich tie wnit ciic  cters cre built upge Cn the
convrery ell test tiie evidence oes te Shoyv is thet
tie bodics reorese..t cule Metori:di recosecity for the
“eveloprient or tie wserticuler in juosticn, end it is

certain tuet ctrer certs of cle cell eleo cer:tri rie
to tre @ietcre'ticn of the wnit crhereetore wie EUs orte-

ing evidence 18 thet the rea ¢eoicr cl the vila rly is

4 4 oan : ~ 7 ' ® we. Tl Cont

uO S if ti S; Cc eek ok 9 flo voy ty L od, Ne L bow 9 ~ fhu ce fi ive
< ay - 27. a) +4 : -* fin. , , = Vr - - - wy - x

Getesminer end @ cclor Lrcednce2re Lhe pink asteorminer

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but ere not ot. erviss releted." Lierge:, (1011)

ah2 ced fector Ls centei.ed in sci. other enirernceore;
the crau7o Pectcr Lfeluwiiie % Uiceiveue

212 Wuericeul aepecture Poon. su, eetaticn wu. t

yoo =n ae te we “oy poo co we
be aus te speciid Gieturciiit Tiectors. Verint eecrez-

BLL Cort ih Pecters ere pere Linciy tc r@hein tvo-

ae) bi.eLr tren Te J25eLets, {LO u b- Chula OL Gils 2eLtrection
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~bebien Of Petit et pOC Lite tie mn flor tet ~CL@G@ Of vi:2

ro

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~ “ . r ~ ~. we ac 4 ° + a 4 a ‘

Mt. bE L > 4 ‘one CL 12 Cc “he rene Le - wok Y q L - “ we ~ pe
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OL YU sc ule ~, OL correleticun _ Sov bebeas rut to
: 4 er ee . Lot U7 : 278 7 . wae
yesrlLoctl vedio OL pet ehCL on ase bie CLPuUL.LU Gite e

7

4. * t “> ie "yy" . ", “+ . en Nee STs, . ~ : CTE eNO, 7
Tt dooS CREST wes levii 24hh & CUnsbuecGlevcaid isabil De Wu

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C , wens u wv 1.2 Ste di vl. oak Cows: OL ladda Oil oo

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LiekolLozous Cirt.becntS the Lenvars Of @btr pede tlist
BL ida Cho. Fi 22 2bn2 tio ClipUmGluts cl uo rye.

rr 7. tm 17: - * ~~ SS . gorse “  ¢ ’ “~~ Us woos "5 e yr 44g tls ~ . ij
wht. a: TA hao LL . ulo<st ee a Ca.2Uack CL: AS ae (AK. OD wlata wm OL Lei e
Ty. + a . . -» ° ae $ 0 a ‘ Sa, moa tos . 2 - 4+ 7.
betes, & LO rive 2 ca 2 Lit Ccocuiss cre, soEer. in tte
SicLt2Gu ultese Cure Ceci. Ge seis split nov aieés in

es cow ea . oy ee rm, roe os mae tae - J wan 2B he
LLG plene, Le@e ACIS NOV .Caad CES Give Of tie UNnLltea

ChrcCnoetiece Ii ctnceyuaice of the

ss A e owt i ols - , . 5 Fe . 7 . , “ co “ . - 4 , ° ; |~ — -% - cer
10 WV plere Ca South tt. mY Or we hVaiea Nn beck Ludi, Ov New
ona : Pps , ede Mo. , 2 a. «* coat ” . cows coe -

CLYOMOLCLe Lust te Leue up Cl  perts cr cio on. Jie rt

OF thee Otte CL tro Criviic. Groner; vues ti.e6t united

hd ~ . e . Tv . ' a . 7 . 7 Sue a 7; - _ 5 we a. 4
1M polrs ec eshoeoene pis Srowile Be & result cl t:.9

. . oo. ™~N YS : oa - 7 “e ; ~ Toe 4 *- cN - aan 4.* . 7 .7 8
subsecuont veductircn aiviseivn tec celiac trut -ro pros

Compoeinuy tho orivined crrovelc oe [i tee chrchckchel
Ieteriele treet relrecent tie Lect. re cY 1poaredit, ere
ced Gliceia,y weionz the crrenocone eta in corrce vond-
Linneécs Ceries tic usuel wocudellen feiduen er7regz-
etichi wiil texke plecs if the Leriier ces3, Areigs of
fuctors vill tend to roa.cin torveticr cr tbe &e.cciéted

iti nereait,
wlot ls LOre TLoorbteit Le tre alsecver. tiet tue

q rn NON oe 45, 8 a: +. ne + ~ om 2 -7L os -. toe
&” Churomcecsci.e Gitta ios not onl ene Of trod e&fsear.t ial

fectors in sex deterhins tion, tut elso cll othor
Guuractore thet eco sex Linited in inicritence.e ris

Leeds et cnece to ti.2e fii Socreics thet it isa not tie 2

ti@ a Le tbe Son crhro.oecciec, vnon tia Y is tne sex
dinitea in & acvuvile sencee Its Plisei ist po vetreui.ce in
certein forse reprecents tic tutes. Lose of ell crerec-
ters tint Gen bvace.ée Sekelinitea in itis itence.
wee tlie ta oil ial.

In recent ,oers € usy fect in wenaelien ine
-oritelice Lec cthe te Llitnt, ith veil ¢ it cuscures
ho 2.8m. Clien ex vacteticn veera On inue: yient -eg-

rezsticn oOo: tie Vectors cl inperitaence, ciovws thet the

«- f ~ , «47 ey + > 7 a7 -~— Nos . \ » * ‘ + + e ~ i s
Wéin «encellen pri:c¢ipies eres by no Leone in velidetea;
oe . = - a os $f e+ 1. +4 4- . h 7 Tose, ~
Gor, tra; teo Ere ina:.itest, tut ci scured ct, tie Linsaerve

eeclier in the Same poser “ovori (UL) hed referred to

. - Aa (4 ot ane, 4 nee new toe, cow bk
Sibie CONRCCULLCY.e tui Od te one ae 2oOVIr lL Gri. Lb

az os

(0

GB Cs
forwérd ccisiucréetle evideiice Fro. tis Ticiau c? exe

Jef iLventel enbryeLoszy iniiestin thet tie ebhroncec:

=
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me POLS Dr oy TLC Te are aoaad ritence.e

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rr -p 7 407. Jo. 3 8 ~ - ee. . oe So ° fs saw yw da
&ecurcewsr ity & GoPlo uit: C1 ren cee. 2 Cone Va tin. CULUNnT'S
Cx suer7eetion tect tie mum ¢ Oop a Fe 2 par cetvperns
& SUT TOSUTL i. nob ti Ww Ce.YCCoo' & ze uo VAN CoO VeePrlis

Lritr e stevens end wilson (Ue Tee LPL LTod vibe b- wile va OS

- s 1 . - ~~
Qn. - a ’ 7 + 2 - oN 7 a“ yo egy ‘ x , ’ CG _~
OA Clre? Ceei.e Le. Baie dia oe Li.@ C mM 9 Casa ala 12 ac-

-. , 7 TM, Yo. yt Loom . 7 7 a . . .
6 Sieve or pencLorns, a2: bid 2649 Lre.ncin® © Bf. 6

Surtior steo wee 1€u2 rai. .orestn 'Lu ebcwed that the
fuctcr Ver cci¢os (hn the ores cf t:2 fig yrvusovrile

Cc
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vv - . -~ 8 2 . see ° - 4 - : s -~ ~~ ° “4 . -
LCoLl¢O vs ti.82 adietrinvtien ©f the © 2% eLrormcosecine

. : ‘ o . -, . 4a 7 Loc . “ ~ r he «vr “ \ =<
cert: _n UL Lic Creruecters ce GSC: vod iite. LOA,

7
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tr.2 releticn totveen Linkerve sit bhreeciny of liiinevze
a in in? * “ . ro ‘ ~~ ~~ ad 1 ~ ¢ pm * ~
(crossine cvar) if shown st crest ly the mele flies
° e a e -- 4 e . abe : 2 an) , - . or, \- . ‘ . s -. a - oo e +", : oo tet
Wi lcr lPaicete witrcut conplic.ticn tre wir of ess

1, 47 4 OR Par es yee - i _ : , oy ti, oo
tie wists ~] 491.840 erode oke In cert in con iceticns

t
tr

LOTR Leé.es tnd Tonules vivo tris resulte sucn c. £2

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muteti o becourtht cut @ new pointe Vhis covld heso-en

oily if “cros:in> over" were pos. ible; which Loans
wns , e ow. VT 44 Y yO 4 Ts + | ~ “Sol on Tf: ey .; toe
Or T1@ excldsutlen het veoOtiu CL cee fectors ers Li

° . -_ owe + . . 4 oy te et ew uy oo. ° ‘
ti@ S@X Curos.08 Oo. @S, Liat on Liiercnentea of weterisls

+

also it Lectne eviueut teat co.e oi the eex-
dinned cherecters ere “aeseceletcu", ied. ercesii7 over
Goss nou. ocegur freely betveon 2.0 LTectors. Tiis .cans,
Cli Une Giriucetie. Viow, tee t the cirohoocuwcs, or et
aoest cortein sct ents cl tien ere v.cre lineiy 10 re-
“wLéin intect caurins reduction then t: e,
Gience ueterisls." Sturtevent (1913)

Whe pienorencn of Lite t2 wee etiaied on cs
resetiveiys Liecrs eceaue 'o carduned t1.2 cceeurronce of

& - ue, many as os wot. ~ Noe, 4.4 * sore: - ‘ (> “4X 7 1 ¥ ° o 4-
ere Or e 1.0 r-sults ras LC V ul-c U gee te. Ar aL 2H LL le We en ber

Co
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in tre  renaecrniaoretne woresover, it Lene:
fron the point c2 view cf Linhess weet: er e« "present"
fector iS linnwed witi evctrer present Téectce or to

‘ ~ tt? . : A » . ft aot. Nm de. Dey wy yt ~, c Sf art,
il abcrence Or evel: T.08.E88 biG €PS&anca8a cre tinged

ne of tre parents. she pienoisncn is the

O

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Luv

HLloulus.asiuy

 

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yer? u

Le,

Leeciénicine of Cel

selience

Ye Se. S4:
ven Bencden, sduocerd
arche GQ BDIOL., 4,
Est, c+ sme
wenii
5O0te GEZ~e 55 ELT

aneyclopedia srittan.
wleverto sditicn
Cantrid272 Unive

Vole 18 pp 595-4

buna tiie snuosporm oO

L

L¢Lld
1 activity.
L&EES
1653: «ud
1sid

oy
eS

an?10<¢ 5° rms

ress.
U7

1gil

the wmode of Chromoscme Neducticn.

veteS, Ne Re
bOte Gas. 51:22e1

vreen, de neynclds

risctcry of -voteny

Oxford
srezory, Ae Pe

ode OF

e&iri:i* in heiosi

Lew zhytolozist.
UCLEW, le

very

the sanetonmy of +

CLurcmoson.

‘Lé

LoUY

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co

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S:140

lobe

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GwULguerd, Le LEY
n@Ve vene Seteriygue ll:ley
harvey, wWle Lud
Uri tue reneréeticn of aniless
uke “oF
Eenwlisz, bP. L&u1
Selitserre © wise. Cool al
Jeonnson, wuncen Be LYLS
wexuuLlit: in ~léents
Jourcne of Heredity Vel. 4. 1. 1¢15

Lillie, “re. 2. LY lo

ocience ne 2 Vole 43, p dU Atlo
merguette, ive LOL1L
visecver: of tre hueleus
bOte sige Ol: vo tol
weCluiitr, Co ste LUVUE
sex Tnieoccitence ena sitliorzrephry
accesscry Cnrcmosone2 g& vex Leter:.inernt
Biol. Lull. yS
morgen, ‘ve Ee L9LL
Chremosomes end Bex Lirited Inl.eritence
JCULiie LXpte ZOOL. L1, Bod
wKEWNESChin, v- LEvsy

-”

Bulle Acad. Imp. sci. Ste weteorsbourgz 9: #4
LUvertcn, de De Leu
a revics cf ihe Literetire Lesrine cn the
Tneory of tre Indiviuuslit; of tue Cnrornocci.e.
aniléeéls OF Lote wd. LY

£auluier Lov
JCurnel cl LorpreLorr; Vole Lod

Jauwrocs Tay
4G, me 9 se

we

U

ne
we

ra ~

ocne Lew aypes of Chrcnosctne wistributicn ena
ti.cir .eL.eticn te sex.
Biol. Suile Vel. lo

yvecn, Julius von LEYU

>
PS

vaech's Eistory of “oteny.
SChETINer, cCliai He LEU4
whe NEturt enG wistribution or attrecticu-
speneres end Centrosunes in Veretseble Celis.
SOte GEZ56 14:444
otevens enu videcn Luvoeuo
the accessor, Chrom and sex.
JOUPNe UXpe UOCLe Vole 3
stout, ae be L9Le
aie Individuality cl the Cnrencsones ona tLeir
yeriel arrernzene t in Curex ayguetilis.
aYClie TUL seadtcrocirunig GR-li4.
wtrasopurcser, ue LEGS
“ne <ericcic Neduction of tre its r oF tis
Chronoscn.2s in tre Live Histor; of Livi?

UrmEGLeLe. aille O77 Pot, §- eel.
LUO

Vole 14
suttcn, ie De Loud

. ~y . : ~, Soe 4 vv, + ad
Cihrercecr.cs is: “eradit:y.

oe

~Lole luile 4@tecl1

rn ~ oe 7
2OL. CSO, vie te Lor
7” e 1 ~ ,
a2 Cul beg LU ieee we Glisd Leute
me ,
@MlLOoewGii, aa @ Lvu4

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2l28 aVeLution Lh20nye ob

Joel. L: 4£uU6

witor Lay ~s®@ we Levi

ac.

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wie Cell in vevsle wnt end Ini trite:ice.

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pete -.ine-
Che,ter Ye Yue saccec.scery Unromosomee Its Dis-
covery éna COC ::cction with sex.
rece Bue
Cnapter lu. sex Linked end sex Limited Cherecters.
Perce 94.
Bictiicvcasiuy.

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Bb ; Sie fg
Lp so Stee hee 4% ‘4
 
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