es Ae

Thesis fer the Degree of AM. §,
Py is
1914
eee ge

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ROOM USE ONLY

 
dre
Gy?

GRAFTING,

PRISENTED AS A THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
BY

PAUL THAYER,

MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL CCLLEGE,
1914.
THESIS
 

ee ee

 

 

————————

The Story of the Graft.
Six years ago a scion bearing 3 buds was cleft grafted
into a limb.Each of the three buds produced a limb,one

going to the rishnt,one to the left end one upward.

403963
- GRAFTING -

"You see sweet maid we marry
A gentler scion to the wildest stock
And make conceive a bark cof baser kind
By bud of nobler race; this is an art
“Which doth mend Nature, change it rather, but
The art is Nature."

- Winter's Tale.
Definiticn.

Grafting consists of so applying a perticn of
cne plant to ancther plant, or to another yortion cof the
same plant, tht the two parts shall grow together and
the processacs of life shall have such free course through
the point of union that the two parts, once widely sepa-
rated, shall beccme to all intents and purposes one.
Parasitism is not graftage, although the mistletoe and
oak are united almost as closely as the oak with its cwn
branches. A true graft must be, as some cne has termed
it, & close ccorerative orzanization of stock and scion
for mutual benefit, a true marriage, and cne must not be
a parasite upon the other. Again ina true graft, while
the line of demarkation ma’; be distinct, the annual layers
cf wood must be cintimous. We have all seen grafts
between unccrngenial plants i: which the scion, after per-
haps several years of growth, would, when sufficient pres-
sure wis applied, cleave cleanly away frcem the stock,
showing that while the growth wes clo-e enough to permit
of absorpticn between cells yet there waa nce ccentinuity
of annual growth and hence no true graft unicn.

This definiticn is a broad cne which includes
budding as well, fcr budding is one form of graftaze. In
& narrower sense when a single bud, taxing with it a larger
or smaller section of tark and cambium ana little or ne
wood, is transferred, the cperaticn is termed budaing;

while the use of the entire diameter of the shoot is termed
- 3-

grafting. In grafting there is usually, theuszn not
necessarily, @ stock and a scicn. The satcck is the
member of the graft unicn bearing reots or the one which
is intended to furnish sap to the other portion. The
scion is the member which is .ore or leas dependant upon
the stock for its suprly of sap.
History.

The origin of the art of grafting is unknown.
The Chinese, with all their skill, are celieved tc Lave
known nothing of this art uotil it was breusht to them
by western explorers. We have no record of tke ancient
people of Fgypt, Persia or Syria practicirzg it. “hen
we come to Rome, however, we find that from the earliecxt
times the Roman horituclturists knev cf the art and used it.
By them it was spread wherever the Roman arnis and law went.
St.Paul knew of it and used it in a figurative way in
his Feistle. tc the Romans(*), indicating that the oper-
ation was a well known one through.ct the Roman Empire
at that day. iW. Andre Thouin in his "Monographie ces
Greffesa" published in 1821(**) says that the inventor of
grafting is unknown but that the Carthagenians and Greeks
received a knowledge of the art frou the Phoenicians and
that the Greeks passed it on to the Romans, by whom it
Was disseminated over Eurcpe. In Europe, especially in
those countries where gardening has been developed into a
high art, grafting has been sc develored that we find in

ver

“4. Thouin's book a list of 125 different forms of grafting.

*Romans XI 17-32.

**Trenslated from the French of Chartes C'Albrecht in
Gardner's Chronicle for 1851.

 
Natural Grafts.

Probably the idea of grafting was suggested
to the inventor by e case of natural grafting, an occur-
rence by no means rare. The following cases have come
to my attention since taking u; this study.

In the Michigan Horticultural Scciety Report
for 1880, ;ace 113, is an account of a natural graft of
yellow oak and white oak presented to the Michigan Agri-
cultural College by Frank Hodgeman of Climax, Michigan.
The top of the latter grew for some years after all con-
nection was severed with its own roots.

In the American Inventor for 1905, page 385, are
illustrations and descriptions of two natural gfafte
between adjacent sycamore trees.

The Gardner's Chronicle for 1895, ; age 770, tells
of a wall trained pear tree, a branch of which producea
fruit year after year after being severed from the main
trunk. Investigation showed thet a small twig about the
size of one's finger had joined itself to the old branch
on the top df the wall by friction and was sustaining the
severed branch.

Botany of the Graft.

An understanding cf physiology, especmly the
physiology of wood growth, is necessary for a yroper under-
standing of the graft processes. It is with exogens
thet all, or practically ail, grafting work has been done,
and perennial exogens grow by the divisicn of the cambium

layer, a layer between the bark and wocd. Each year by
a multiplication of the | 7
cells of this cambium layer
anew layer of wood is

added to the outside of

the wood and a new layer

of bark to the inside of

the bark. The only way

by which great oaks may

from little acorns grow

except for the simple elon-

 

gation of the tender growing
terminal shoots, is by
this activity cf the cambium

 

layer. In the body and
limbs and twigs of a tree

this, and this alone, has

 

the power cf change,of growth; =
Picture of section of

has, in this sense, the one year's growth cn a graft.

power of life.

The wood cells ave fixed and will nct change their form

or size as long as they endure; nor have they the power

of creating a single new wood cell. The same is true of the

bark cells. But, as we have said, the cells of the cam=

bium are different. Lock where a limb has been removed

and as the summer advances you will see no change in the

weed or the bark, but between them you will see a quantity

of new crowth pushing out to cover the wound and protect

the exposed wood.
- § =

In grafting it is necessary th. t the cambium
layers cf the two parts come together for a union to
occur. Wood cannot grow to wood, nor bark to bark,
but cambium will grow to cambium, and so coalesce that
when a new layer is formed by it both portions of the
graft are enclosed in a new continuous layer of wood
and the two are joined. The acccmpanying illustraticn
shows the way in which the scicn and stock lose their
identity and beccue merged into a single individual.
Objections to Grafting. There have always been those
who objected to grafting, claiming that it was unnatural
and even going so far as to say that the world would be
better off if craftirg h:d never been xnown. In an essay
entitled "Is Grafting a Devitalizing Process?", Prof.
Le E. Bailey(*) takes up this question in reply to sweep-
ing statements made by F. %. Burbage of Dublin, whe held
that grafting was pernicious, a makeshift, anu often a
fraud, and that, as own rooted plants wsre better, healthier
and longer lived, it would b= best to discard any fruit-
bearing or ornamental tree that could not be grown on its
own roots. Prof. Bailey could find but three arguments
advanced for these denunciaticns of crafting: (1) the
citation of numerous instances in which ¢graftaze had ziven
pernicicus results; (2) the affirmaticn that the process
was unnatural; an: (3) the statement that own root trees
are better, i.e., longer-lived, earlier, mcre virile than

grafted trees. His anevers are (1) thet the fernicicus

 

 

“Mich. Hort. Society Report, 1°$1, 5.145.
- J
EIGeh Bre usually with ornamentals and the wost common
is the tendancy to sucker. This is con.:ion and yet
there are numercus instances in which it does not occur
on apple, pear, peach, etc., while it frequently occurs
on own root trees as plum, lilacs, etce., grown frem cut-
tings or eprouts. (28) All gardening operations, such as
prunirg, transplanting and cultivaticn are unnatural.
Grafting is less unnatural than the rooting of a cutting,
for it is less qatural for a wound to heal than for a
stem to throw out roots. (3) In answer to the claim
that own root plants are stronger and better he says
that the unicn is scmetimes the strongest part of the
pliant and refers to an apple and a peach orchard in which
the seedling trees were no lonzer lived than the grafted
trees.
Influence of Grafting on the Seed.

Another objection to grafting is voiced by
Dowhing, in an early edition of "Fruits and Fruit Trees
of America", page 45 "But there is another reascn for
this habit, sc cerplexing to the novice, who, having
tasted a luscious fruit, plants, watches and rears its
seedling, to find it, perhaps, wholly different in wost
respects. This is the influence of grafting. Among
the great number of seedlins fruits produced in the United
States, there is found occapionally a variety, cerhaps a
plum or a peach, which will nearly always reproduce itself
from wed. From sone fortunate circoumstence i: its

origin, unknown to us, this sort, in becominz improved
- § =

still retains strongly this habit of the natural or wild
form, and its seeds produce the same. We can call to
mind several examples cf this; fine fruit trees whcse
seeds have established the reputation in the neighborhcod
of fidelity to the sort. But when a graft is taken from
cne of these trees, ad placed upen anoth:r stock, this
grafted tree is found to lcse its singular rower of
producing the sence vy seed, and beecmes like all cther
worked trees. The stock exercises scme, as yet unex-
plained power in dissolving the strong natural habit of
the variety, and becomes, like its fellcws, subject to
the lavs of its artificial life."

In a later edition the fcliowine fcotnote is
appended to the above parersrepht "The doctrine here
advanced has perhaps no foundation in fact, nor has there
been any test made, that to cur knowledge would ccntrovert
it. Observaticn cf many years, hovever, leads to the
belief that the nere engrafting a variety upon ancther
stock in no way affects its habit or capacity for repro-
ducing itself just the same as it would if retained upen
its parent root. The sreat vitality possessed by sone
varieties, their strcng character, etc., prevent them,
as it were, from receiving impregnaticn frcu a less vig-
orous sort, and hence, as a strong variety is oftener
than otherwise surrounded by those of less vitality, it
mainly fertilizes itself fren its c#wn blosscnis ana thus

reproduces its leading qualities.
-~S-
Purposes

While it would be impcssibdle to name all the
uses which have been found for the practice cf grafting
it may be well to enumerate sone of the principal ones.

l. Perpetuation of a Variety.

®e The Rapid Multiplicaticn cf a Variety. The two rur-
poses are so closely connected that it may be veil to
consider them together. Many cf our fruit trees do nct
come true to the variety from seed, and propagaticn from
cuttings is slow ana uncertésin, hence grafting is resorted
to. . In this way the chance fence-corner seedling, if it
is of merit, can be preserved, and in a few years hundreds
cf acres of the same variety of fruit can be ;roduced.

ve are not coapelled to quit eating Rhode Teland Greenings
just because the original tree hag passed avay, for there
are thousands of grafted trees producing the same kind

cf apples the original tree did. When the Colorado

Blue Spruce is grown from seed there is a wide range of
blueness in the seedlings, only a small preportion being
of the desired shade; . when;yropagated by grafting exch
tree is like the one from which the scion is tzcken.

The perpetuation of a variety by grafting was
disputed by Thomas Knight, ~ho held that, as the scicn was
a porticn cf the original tree, every variety of exple
or pear was as old as the original tree ana was subject

to deterioraticn and decay as was thet original tree. (*)

 

"Knight's Horticultural Papers, 1841, pp.13,£1,383.
- 10 -

"very cutting, therefore, tcken from the apple(and probsbly
from eae other) tree, will be affected by the state of the
parent stock. If that be too young te preduce fruit,
it will grow with vigor, but will not blessom, and if it
be too old, it will immediately bere fruit, but will
never make a healthy tree. The durability of the apple
and rear I have long suspected to be different in different
varieties; but that none of either would vegetate with
vigor much, if at all, beyond the life of the parent stock,
provided that died from mere old age."

This theory of Might, that the life of a
variety is to be measured b; the life of a single tree,
is not generally accepted toduy.

Oo. Correcting Mistakes in the Selection of Varieties.

ene Gner- ee ab = -qner +

 

The practice of top-working undesirable varieties is so
universal that comment seens unnecessary.

4. Testing Seedlings. Contrary to the belief of Knight,
~ho held that a scion frcem a young seedling would not bear
fruit until the secdlins tree itself reached the age of
fruitfulness, it is the usual custom in testing new
varieties to top-work them intc older trecs tc hasten

the production of fruit. The main objection to this is
the fact that it is impcessible thus to learn anythinz of
the tree charactzsristics cf the new variety. MTnus in

the apgle breeding work of the New York Experiment Stition(*)
crosses which were made in 16898 and 1899 and top-worked
inte bearing trees in 19Cl, began bearing in 1904, while

in 1905 the seedling trees, thevch crowded in nursery

 

ee

*Bulletin 330.
= a ee

rows under conditions w-ich would seem to favor fruition,
hed not as yet borne.

5. Produce fruitfulness. Knight says(*) "Then great
difficulty is found in making a tree, whether fructif-
erous or ornamental, of any species or variety, produce
blossoms, or in making its blosscms set when produced,
success will probably be obtained in almost all cases by
budding or grafting upon a stock which is nearly enough
allied to the graft to preserve it alive for a few ere
but not permanently."

6. The Production of Several Varieties on the Same Tree.

In testing new varieties, or in growing trees upon city

 

 

 

 

EE

Tree Grafted to 180 Varietics of Apples.
lots where the number of possible trees does not equal the
Number of varieties desired, it is often convenient to proauce
several varieties of fruit upcn the same tree. The accocn-
panying photograph shows a tree upon which 180 varieties of

*Knight's Horticultural Papers, 1£41, EP. 222-27 4.6
-~12-
apples have been grafted, 134 of the grafts living and
producing fruit at the present time.
7. Graft in the Missine Sex in Dioecicus Trees. While all
of our fruits in the temperate zone are moncecisus, there
are fruit and ornamental trees in the tropics which are
dicecicus. To insure pollinaticn of these trees it is
necessary to plant trees of ooth sexes, or else to enzraft
branches of a staminate tree upon the pistillate trees.
8. Grafting to Aid Cross-fertilization. Where solid blocks
of one variety have been rlanted it hus been frequently
found necessary to tcepyrraft a certain portion to another
variety to insure the proper cross-pollinaticn.

9. Change the Size of a Tree. Dwarf trees are so well

 

known that further comment is unnec:ssary.

10. Change the Form of a Tree. It is peseicle by combining
two xlants of different habits to rreduce plants unlike
either. The Catealpsa bungei, which is e dwarf bush, when
gerafted S or & feet above the ground upon a straignt tree
of C. specicsa or C. bigncenicides makes a round headed

tree weich is much used in formal or semi-formal gardening.
Similarly, our weeping trees such es Camperdcwn elm, Teas
mulberry, weeping ash ard sci.e weeping willows, and aiso
Our tree roses, hydr-ngeas, currants and pooseberries are
combinations of an erect stem and a spreadire or weeping
tOp,

ll. Addition of Lirbs to Restcre Symmetry. In the manage-

ment of trained trees i: England cr on the continent, when

the symmetry cf a tree is destroyed ty a branch lacking or

dying, it is customary to graft or bud in a new branch to
   

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vigorous stock. The editor of the Gardner's Chronicle(*)
tells of a Mr. Webb who grafted into an cid apple tree
which was trained
arborlike over a

path, and which

showed signs of decay,
(becouwing unfruitful,
etc.) two scions of

a strong growing
variety. Asa

result it yielded for
Several years & crcp
of 12 bushels, besides
@ bushel from the two
grafts. <I. Charbon
grafted some delicate
roses of weakly growth

wild
on very robust, stocks

 

to give them vigor;

nearly all the grafts

Bridge Grafting.

died by a kind of

plethora or surfeit of sap.

15. Improve the Quality of Fruit or Flower. The suyerior
Quality of some of our finest pears when grown as dwarfs

is an illustration of this use.

16. Adapting a Plant to a Soil. It is a well-known fact
that peach trees are frequently grown on plum roots cn heavy

soils, while plum trees are often grown on peach roots an
FLE79, P6565.

 
- 15 -

light, sandy soils. It is saia that on moist rich eail
the quince is the best stock fcr the year, on uryer soils
the pear reot is used, on light sand the mountain ush is
recommended, while cn calcareous soils the hawthorne igs
more successful.
17. Overcoming Insect Attacks. Two examples of this use
of grafting are the practice of working peach on plum to
avoid the ;each borer which attacks the peach recst3, and
the use of American vires in growing the grape in Hurope
because the Phylloxera destroys the Furopean grape when
ungrafted. Woodbridwve Strong(*) tells of his success
grafting quince on the roots of the native thcrne,
Crataegus crus-galli and ©. ecccinea, to avcid the injuries
of the round-headeu apple-tree borer; whilethe use of
Northern Spy rocts for apples ir. regicns where the woolly
aphis is serious is well known.
18. Qvercome Diseases. |§$ It has been recomended that
English gooseberries be topzrafted on long cuttings of
the buffalo currant (Rites Aureum), cr Ribes Palmatum to
raise the plants abcve the ground and avelid the milcew
which i383 so sericus &« hindrance to the growth cf this
fruit. The most common illustraticn of grafting tc pre-
vent disease is the custém of tcop-working Grimes Golden
and King to avcid the collier rov.vhich is apt to attac« the
lower porticn cf the trunk. Crozier(**)quotes the follow-
ing from Prof. J.i.=udu: "In cur intsrior climate trees
doing vell under forest ccnditions as to shade of stem

Lay utt: tly fail when the stems are exrosed to the direct
£

4 GOUKS LY | Gen NET ewEN war e AG) 1e2c.
Mich.fort.%o Negt.,2 oe:
- 135 -

rays of the sun and hot southwest winds when locatea on
the open prairie. As an instance, the buffalo berry,
Chepherdia Argénta, is plentiful on the banks cf the upper
Missouri, growing thickly lixe hazelbrush, but when planted
by itself in cur yards with a stem 3 fect in height, it is
certain to be dead dn the southwest side cf th: stem in
three years. But topworked on the Asiatic species,
Eleagnus augustifolia, even at a height of six feet, its
stem will remain perfect."

The pcint must be kept clearly in mind that
this immunity is not due to any effect of the stock upon
the scion or the scion upon the stock, although this may
sometimes cocur indirectly through a chage in viger of
the plant, but rather to the replacing of a portion of
the plant especially susceptible to a certain disease with
a variety or species which is unsusceptible. That sus-
ceptibility or resistance -is not transmissible,except
indirectly, I saw recently ina tree bearing two varietics
Of apples and standing in close proximity to a cedar tree;
one portion of the tree showed many leaves marked with the
cedar rust while the other variety seemed immune. Ancther
instance noticed was a plum tree, its leaves showing little
or no shothcle injury, while a graft cn the tree showed
leaves fairly peppered with shothcle fungus.
19._ Sugar Beet Grafting. A rather uncommon use for graft-
ing is mentioned in the Experiment Staticn Record(*).
In the production of sugar beed seed the yield of seed from

&@ single "nother" beet cf superior quality may be much

 

*E.S.R. X1,p.334.
- 17 -
increased by taking the little crowns froii the mother beet
and transplanting them into other beets. Thus as high as
ol beet plants have been obtained from a single bect rcot.
20. Graft Hybridizaticn. So far as I know the only graft-
ing done with hybridization in mind has teen experimental
work, largely with herbaceous plants, and in an effort to
ascertain the laws of graft hybridization rather than the
production of new species or varieties. The entire mat-
ter of graft hybridization will be taken up in a later
porticn of this paper.

Methods of Grafting.

While herbacecus crafting may be ;erformed at
any time of yeer, go the plants are in the .roper condition
or staze cf development, the grafting of woody plents is
usually done in the winter and early spring. The scions
may be cut any time during the period that the plants are
fully dormant, and consist cf weil ripened wcod of the
previcus year's growth. Watersprouts may be used, al-
though they are open to two objecticns; the wood is art
not to be well matured, and the buds, especially toward
the base, are apt not to be vell developed. When a
fall unfavorable tc the proper waturirng of the new growth
is followed by a winter of low temperature there is a
distincé advantage in cutting scions befcere severe winte:
sets in, as anything which lovers the vitality of the
scicn weakens the graft.

The storage of scions is somewhat of a problem.
- 18 -
They must be kept dormant; they must not be allowea to dry
out; and they mu:t not be allowed to become"water-logged."
During the winter they are frequently kept packed in uamp
(no6t wet) moss, sawdust or sand, in a cold cellar, and
during the spring they are frequently kept in ah icebox
until ready for use.

In grafting, the scicn shculd be dormant, or
nearly so, and the more difficult the species is to graft,
the greater the importance of this rule. In no case
should the scion be further advanced than the stock.

The earliness in the spring at which grafting may be done
depends upon the temperature, as the weather must be

Warm enough for the wax to work well and the stock warm
enough for the wax to adhere; the lateness depends upon
the length of time that the scions may be kept dormant,
although the slirping of che bark in late spring renuers
cleft-grafting difficult and uncertain.

Grafts are classified according te their rosition

as reot, crown and top grafts.

 

Rootgrafts are usually made indcors during the winter and
are the only grafts so made. They constitute one of the
principal methods of propasating the apple and pear. The
seedlings, one cr tvo years clad and 1/4 to 5/8 inch in
diameter, are dug in the fal? and stored until time .er-
mits of grafting. The tors are cut fron the seedalirgs
and eithsr the entire rcot used as a stock or else the
reot is cut in secticns ard each section used as a stock.

These two modes are kncwn as "whcle root" and "piece rceot"
-19 -

grefts. The whip or saylice graltt is the one generally
used. The grafts are then stored until spring and then

set in the nursery.
The
honor of inventing
the root graft is
claimed for both

America and @ngland.

‘fr.Jogseph Curtis (*)

 

who started the
first nursery in
Illinois in 1818
is gaid to have

originated the ida

 

of grafting upon
rcots. <A man who
learned it from him
1s said to have gone

to the easter

 

states and instructed
people in this Reot Graft
"secret process" at “100 apiece. Lindley (**) clains
that Thonas Knight was the discoverer of root grafting
about 1811.

Crown or Collar Grafting is the term applied

4

to a similar union when the roots are not dug but the
grefting is done in the fieid in the spring, the scion

being pleced, aa in the previcus case, at te crown or

c.Pept, II1(18é¢),p.238

* TE Hert.

wn}
the rléce where the root and stem me t. Score form cf
Blue or cleff ia weners2ly used.

Topgrafting is elwaysa performed in the spring.
When cne or tvo scicns wre placeu in the ocdy of a little
tree to ferm the top the term oodygr:fting might be applied,
but the term topgrefting is generally used to cover both
this and the grafting of the li:bs.

To accomrlish these different purrcses there
are a greut varie.y of crafts used. Cne French writer
describes and illustrites 125 different szrafts. Of
course some cf these are but slight modificaticns of others,
while ecme are designed for special puspcses.

Cleft Graft. This greft is one of the sime_eat
grafts and is almost too well known to need descrixrtion.
It is used i-.. topworking alm:st exclusively. I know
of one nureery which use@ it in roctezrafting but this
ls the excerticn. It is best used cn stocks between
3/4 and 3 inches in aiameter. The stcek or limb issawed
off square, using a sherp saw. It is then cerefully
split go as not to loosen the bark from the wood. Two
scions are prepared(one if the stcck is very small) by
taking well ripened wocd of the rrevicus year's growth
and trimming the basal end to a slender wedge, having
one edge slightly thinner than the other, end so made that
e bud shall be et the base of the wedge, upon the thicker
edge. The scion is then cut cff abdove the third bud.

The cleft in the stock is then opened with a wedze or the

Rrafting tool, and the two ecions inserted with the
- 2l1-
thicker sides cutwards and the lower buds on the outside
and opposite the top cof the stock. Great care must be
taken in setting the scions that the cambium of scion and
stock coincide, as without this all the work is useless.
Sometimes the or,
scion is slightly
slanted so that the
line of cambium on
the scion must inter-
sect the cambium on
the stock. When
the grafting tool
or wedge is removec
the spring of the
wood should hold the
scions firmly in
place. The wounds
are then covered
with grafting wax
to prevent drying
out and the entrance
of disease organisms.
Usually one of the

two scions is cut

 

off aftcr a year or

 

 

two of growth, its
Cleft Root Graft.
object being to
 

- 66 -
insure a stand and to assist in healing the wound. On small
stocks where a sirgle scicn is used the side of the stock
opposite the scion is cut sloping. Scme cf the requisite
conditicns for succeés in torszrafting are: good vizorcus
scicns, neither sapry watersprouts nor stunted twigs;
acrmant or nearly dormant scions, expediticus work so that
the saicns may not dry cut; careful work so that there
ie good ccrnneccticn through the two cambiums, cereful cov-

ering of all expcsed surfaces with wax.

Tee

 

 

 

Cleft Graft.

In changing grape vines the cleft er: ft is
the one most commenly used. In this case ~he work muy be
done in the fall, early in the srring before the sap
starts, or late in the spring after the rush cf sap hes
QA@bated. The vine is cut off ctceicw the surface of the -srcuna,
amd the graft made as described above, excert thst no

Wax 1s uscu, but insteau the craft is covered with earth.
 

- 63 -

    

 

Grape Craft.
Kerf Graft. One objection urgedagainst the cleft
graft, especially where large stocks are used, is that
the wound requires several years to heal over ard, as
the sides of the stock heal before the top heals over, if
the top is not kept carefully ccverec with wax, the cleft
in the heartwooi offers an exceptional opportunity for
disease to start. To obviate this weakness some one,
a few years ago, sugsested the kerf graft, especially for
large stocks.

The limb is cut off as for cleft grafting but
ids not split. Instead, a longitudinal kerf is sawed in
the stock, enter:ng it in a slanting directicn from the
base upwards and only deep enough to receive the scion.

This, after it is smoothed out with a sharp knife, gives

& kerf in which to insert the scion, which ig prepared
- 34 -

as for cleft grafting and inserted in the same manner,
except that, in place of therreleased spring of the limb
holding the scion in place, it is tapped into place
with a mallet.

  
   

Kerf Graft.
One advantage of the k-orf graft is, if the limb cut off
ile a large one, four or five or more scicns may be set
around the stub, favoring a rapid healirg of the wound,
the surplus grafts being removed as the would heals over.
The same waxing is necessary as for cleft grafting.

Crown Grafting. Another mavnea which is especially
valuable for large wounds is crown grafting. This con-
Sists in slipping the scion down between the bark and the
wood of the stock. Fer this purpose the scion may
be either cut with a single long bevel and slipped in
with the cut surface toward the wood, or it may be cut

1/2 or 2/3 off and the remaining portion cut to a long
~ 95 -
slender bevel. Until they are well established crown
grafts are liable to be broken out and accordingly

should be sécurely tied in place. The end& of the stock
should of ccurse be car<«fully waxed. Like the kerf graft,
ap many scicns as thought best can be used ona single
stock.

Saddle Graft. While this style is not very common in
nursery or orchard work, it is used in the grafting of
some ornamentsls, especially soft wooded plants. For
saddle grafting.the stock and scicn should oe of the
game size. The end of the stock is cut cff in the form
of a wedge; the baee of the scicn has a corresronding
V cut out of its centre; the scicn is then placed astride
the stock and tied and waxed or else wrapped with waxed
tape. This form cf zrafting hes the merit of exposing
practically no cut surface and affords a chance for a
perfect cambium contact. Its disadvantages are thet it
requires rore care and exactness than some other forms and
hence it is ore slowly made. |

Side or Bark Graft. There are innumerable ways in
which this graft can be made. The scicn is cut wedge
shape, usually, thcugh not always cutting all frem cne
Side. In some cases a T-shaped cut is made in the
bark as for budding and the scion slipped down between
the wood and bark. In oth: r cases a vertical slit is
made in ths bark, the bark <n cre side lifted, and the
scicn pushed laterally and downvard between the bark

and the wood. A modification of this is recomrendea
by Theodore Williams, the eminent Nebraskan horticulturist:*
"In this method we
like ecions three

or four inches long,
getting them fron the
new growth as soon as
the terminal buds have
been formed in June.
We slope these scions
with a sloping cut

and run them beneath
the bark of the tree
we wish to i:preve,

by the aid of two

cuts less than an
inch long. The first

cut is made on a line

 

with the growth of

the tree; the second

Bark Graft.

parallel with the

first, one-fourth of

aninch away end three-fourths of an inch lower down.
Across the tcp of the upper cut the knife is drawn,
raising the bark, behind which the scicn is pushed between
the two cuts, a piece of bark tying it in. It is necess-
ary that the tree that is grafted should be in an active

state of growth with plenty of deecending sap which

*Amer.Breecers! Assn. ,1906,p.1&5.
= 27 =

spreads over the cut surface of the scicn. Healing and
growth begins instantly. No waxing or tying is used."

Prof. Taugh(*) saya that good success is had
in grafting young seedlings, especially cf plum, in situ
or in the grafting room, by bending them over and making
a Slenting cut devnward and invard near the surface of
the ground, inserting a scion sharpened cn both sides,
the spring ef the top holding it fast. After growth
svearts the tor cf the stock may be cut aay.

The res:molance of side cr bark grafting to
oudding makes it ¢cassioble to do the work either in the

spring or in midsumuser at the usual time for odudding.

 

Veneer Grafting. The relative sige of stock
and sicn is not cf especial imp-:rtance in this craft.
It is used so:.etimes in reot graftin»s and may be used in
topsrefting as well. The stock is cut off. A transverse
cut is made an inch cr so below the end and e thin tan-
sentiel sliver of wood ana oark split off. A similar
Blice is cut fren the scion and the tvio cut surfaces
Placed together, tied and vaxed. E. S. Crandall (**)
prefers t’is to the whip graft because less wood is
exposed to uscay and there is much trore contact of the
cambium. It has the objection of being easily diserranged
and requiring careful wraprine.

Bridge Grafting. Frequently young trees which
woulda othervise be destroyed by mice may be saved by the

operation of bridge grafting. Scions are cut slizhtly

 

Sm meee ee eee —_— — ee

*Gardnera Chron.1903,p.407. **Auer.Gurden II,:.54.
- 28 -

longer than the distence across the wound. Sockets

are cut cn the upper and lower margins of the wound to
receive the ends of the scions and the scicns slipped

into place. Usually the spring of the scion is sufficient
to keep it in place, although tying is sometimes resorted
to. The scions are placed 2 or 3 inches apart around the
trunk of the tree and the ends waxed to prevent drying
out. As the scions enlarge and meet, the wound dis-
appears and in a few years one would not suspect the tree

having ever been injured.

Splice, Tongue
or Whip Grafts.
With the possible
exception of the
cleft graft this
is the most com: on
form of grafting
known. Practically
all root grafts are
made by this method
and it is successfully
used in topgrafting
upon young trees.
One requisite is that
stock and scicn shall

be of approximately

 

the same diameter.

Whip Graft.
- £o -

The sraft may be made by cutting both stock a:d scicn
with a lonz bevel cut and applying the two cut surfaces
to each cther. As it is somewhat difficult to held the
stock and scicn when thus prerared, it is customery to
cut a tcrngue up7n each piece. The stock and scicn are
first pre:vared as stateu adcsve; a tongue is then cut
upon each by startins on the cut surface cne-fourth of
the distance from the pcint and splitting the wood care-
fully for a short distance parallel to the bark. ‘Yvhen the
two cut surfaces are placed together the tongue of each
is caught under the tongue of the cther and the two
forced together lengthwise. The graft is then wrarred
with waxed cloth, although, if “ell made, this is not
necessary.

inlaying. This form of grafting is often used in
inarching or grafting by approach. It is usually performed
with a speci: 1 tool, aithough it c:n be done with ordinary
tocls. Where it is intended that the tors and roots of
both members of the unicn shall be retained, at least
for a seaecn, a triangular groove is cut in the bedy of
the larger member, parallel tc the li:ec of srowth; this
groove starts at the surface of the bark and graauéelily
deepens until it attains its meximum depth when it
becomes gradually shallower tovara the other end. The
scicn is cut et the same angle sc as to fit into the
stceck perfectly, ard the two are bound together. This
le scmetines us-d in to;grefting, ir which case the

triangular groove sradualiy deerens to th: end of the
-~ 30 -

stock and the scion is sharpened to a triangular point
at the base. ir. Martin Frnet(*) finds this a good
method in grafting stone fruits and FE. G. Lodeman (** ),
describes it as one metned of grape crafting.

Other Grafts. One method.which has been used for suf-
plying limes where they are lacking is the plug sreft.
A hole is becred intc the stock at the desired csoint,
using a bit the exact size of the scicn without its bark.
The bark is then removed frem th: base of the scion for
a distance equal to the depth cf the hole and, after
fitting, the scicn is driven irtc place.

Bud Grafting.consists of taking from the stock,
by a sloping and a transverse cut, a trianzsuler pateoh of
bark and a little wocd, and replacing it with a similar
pateh contwining @ bud, tying and waxins the sane.
trout." in Gardners Chroricle(***) reports that this method
is tuking the place of bdudding for roses.

In propageting grapes in Europe many of the
vine growersa(****) instead of grafting cn rooted vires,
craft cr. Cuttirgs, so thet the healing of the graft and

the rectine cf

—

ct

ne cutting tukes flace simultanecusiy.
The New York Fxperiment Station(#) found this a good
method of crare grafting.
Thus fer we have spoken entirely of crafting with

Ggetached scions. There ig another form of grafting xnevn

as imarching or grafting by erproach. In grafting by

this method the scicn is not separated fro. its roots

Ee -te —ee-
ee Ges ae me tee i ee eee ee - - -

weountry Gentleman , Ley (1 CO) e ~**Cornell Fx. Cta.£ul.77.
aarten &: enzeiturs = 6 ac
Gard: Chiba: 7889 5.632. menzed CULE uotec in

#Peull 350.

E°
- 61 -

until it has effectec a unison with the stock. This methced
of grafting is much used in tra‘red trees, in which the
branches are made tc assume cecnetricel shepes, and it is
also used in herbacecus greftirng in cases ir which it is
difficult to secure a unicn with detached grafts. Thus
M. LTaniel(*) claims by this method to rave secured grafts
of kidney bean and cockle bur, kicney bean and castor oil
bean, sunflower arc melon, cabcage and tomato, chrysanthemum
and tcmato, Jerusalem artichoke ard black nishktshade, ccieus
and acaranthus, cinereria and tomato, aster and phlox,
coleus and tomato, maple ard lilac, zinnia and tomato.

For grafting by approach the veneer graft or

the method cf inleying is the cne senerally used.

Mixed Grafting. Before leaving this discussion of

 

 

 

modes of grafting the subjeot of mixed grefting shculd be
corsidered. lie Daniel ia his experiments in the graftire
cf vegetables conceived that vy allowing a porticn of the
growth on the stcck to remain, the equilibrium of sap
between root and top might be better maintcined and

unions otherwise impossible might be secured, as wel! cs
the recizrocal action of scicn ani stock changed. He
termed a graft in which a portion cf the fcliage of the
stock was permitted to grow ae mixed craft. In an exper-
iment(**) in which he crafted Black Belgien Faricot (ocean)
on Soissons Haricot usirg both the ordinary and the mixed
graft, when srefted in the créainary way the plant resenbied
Quite closely the ungretted Slack Belsian, while the ecicns
"Ex. Dta.Rec. XII, p.545. °° ** Sara Chron. (LESE)NEITIUD. 64.

i’
 

ape et er -

—-

te

—wee 2.
- $2-

of the mixed graft showed characteristics somewnat

intermediate between these of the stock and scion.

Tools, Waxes, Ftc.

For whip grafting the only tocl neeessary is
a sharp knife; for cleft grafting a knife, saw and
mallet, besides a heavy knife’ for splitting the stock and
a wedge to hold the cleft open for the inserticn cf the
scicns. The heavy knife for srlittin:s and the wedge are
frequently combined in a single tool, and this forme the
only special tocl used in the work. For inlaying a knife
with a blade like the edge of a corner chisel(of which
there are seVeral types) is advantagecus. Other tools
have been invented. Ashael Focte(*) tells of a tool
inventéed by him for splitting etocks in cleft grafting
and F. A. Yaugh(**) tells of ancther tool invented by e
Frenchmun which mekes the oblique cut for a splice craft
readily and the tongue awkwardly, but neither of these
tools are of any practical value. Le. “. Bailey in his
"Nursery Bock" shows two cther tools desizned to split
st cka for cleft grafting, but the only twe special tools
in generel use in gfafting are the combined knife and wedge
for gleft grafting and the special tool for inlaying.

To hold scicns in place in certzin forms of
grafting, various things have tceen used or suggested as
rucber strips, strips cof cloth, ruffle, basswocd bark or
bast, and thread. The use cf scme “aterprocf coverirg

*fownings Horticulturist IT(1847),p.341.00 0 0
** Vt.Fx.ctaeFept. ,1E95,p.122.
to }rotect cut surfaces frici decay has always been followed
and this has been comoired with the vrarpping of zrafts vy
impregnating the cloth cr thread with graftinzs wax or by
firet wrapping the craft and then applying the wax. In
making waxed thread the ball cf thread is ;laced in hot
wax Long enough for the wax to penetrate. It is then
taken cut and drained and is reacy for use. In preparing
waxed cloth the cloth mey be first dipped ir. hot wax and
then cut up, cr, better yet, it may be torn into strirs,
wound, not toc tightly, on a ball, and the ball put in the
meltec wax.

Prof. Bailey found in ris experinerts in herb-
acecie ereftirg(*) while in some instances there was much
benefit from the application of crafting vrax to the unicn,
probably due to the checking of undue evaeporaticn, in
cther cases the wax seemec to have a decidedly injuricus
effect on the tissues when it came in direct contact wit!
the cut surface. H. Von Schrenk(**) is of the cpinian
that the wax exerts a deleterious influence cn the tissues
wren brought in contact with them, as a result of his exper-
iizents in wrapping arrle roctgrafts. In the test a number
of whip crafts were carefully made and then wrapped with
various materials. After a year's growth the rocts were
examined end varefully graded, separating the smooth
frem those showing signs of rootgall or hairy root.

After grading, tne percentage of smcoth rects was us

-— ee ee

 

Cornell BULL. BBQ
**U.S.Bur.Plant Indus-vy Bul. 1CG, pt.2.
— 34 =

follows: wrapped with ruodbtr strips, &5.5; wrapped vith
cloth, with just encugh wax on the outside end of the strip
to hold it in place, 5.1; waxed paper, 70.65; plain
thread, 68.5; waxed thread, 63.7; plain thread with the
eraft aftezrverd waxed, 44.2; unvrarred, 54.6.

Waxe In topgrafting it is necessary to cover the
wounds with sccme preparation to prevent evaporation and
exclude moisture and disease gerus. Grafting clay was
formerly much used for this purpose. It was composed of
varying properticns cf ciay and fresh cow manure. ‘while
it proved very satiefactcry, its use has leorzecly given
Way to graftinzs waxes of vericus xinds.

The different formulae for grafting wax are alncet
countless but they may be divided into two classes called,
for want of a better term, Americanani French waxes. The
American waxes are tased cn a comoination of resin, beeswax
and tullow, while the French waxea include such substances
as pitch, bitumen, alcohol and turfe ne and might be
further divided into those rerdered rlastic by Neat and
thsse which ere already liaguid anc harden by the evapcra-
tion of some volatile ingrecient. Tie following are a
nunber of French vwexcal*):

(1) Beeswax 75, purified resin 225, turpentine 35, rape
O11 12, venice turpentine 65, zine white 25, cclor yellow

with tumeric.

~~ = - _ _—— oo - oe - ew — ee eee

 

rm -- - = - eS ee ee ee

*Reprinted in Gard. Chron. ,1899,p.1€4, from Pharmaceutische

Zeitung.
(2) Japen wax 100, yellow wax ZCC, resin 800, turpentine 4CC,
harc paraffine 100, suet 3C0, venice turpentine 800.
Fluid “axes
(1) Resin 1250,pitch £00, linseed oil 120, terpentine 5C,
yellow wax 130. Melt with a gentle heat, stir continually
until ccld and then add methylated spirit 4CC fluia parts.
(2) Burgundy pitch 500, is melted slowly, removed from
the fire and mixed with alcohol 70 to 8C. Put in wide-
necked class betties cr in tins.
(3) Turpentine resin 1, methylated spirit ¢.

fncther fluid wax is: (*) made es follows:
"Melt one pound of rosin gently, then adi 1 og. beef tallon,
stir it well, teke it fron the fire, cocl off a little,
then mix with it 1 tablespecnful spirits cf turpentine and
add 7 oz. of alechol 95% rrceof. This will cocl don so
rapidly that it will be necessary tc put it on the fire
agein, stirring it constantly, ‘akinzs care that it does
not inflame; remove fre. the fire es 360n as the lamp

begins to melt azein and stir until thoroughly mixed,

It will appecr like strained honey. Apply with a brush."
The standard or conmwenest American wax is maie by
melting together 4 lbs. reain, 2 lbs. beeswax and 1 1b.
tallcw, thoroughly mixing them by stirsing and then pouring
the mixture into a pail of vater tc cool it eno.zh for pull-
ing, pulling until it is smooth and bright strajw-colcred.

While this wax remains fairly hard at ordinary terreratures,

 

--— ee |e om ae ee eee ee ee ee + ee —_—_—e —_— ow eee ee ee eee

*Country Gentleman, 1870, 5.. 43.
- 35 -

On @ warn spring Gey it can be warmed sufficiently by a
little maniruleticn in the hand to spread nicely. It is
usually found necessery in using the wax to first grease
the hands slightly to ;revent sticking. The Horticul-
‘tural Department ef the Rhode Island Fxperiment Staticn
made a test a fev years ago(*) with varicus modificeticns
of ttis formula. They Sound that 2 parts of resin to l
of beeswax was the best propsrticn. More or less tallow
or oil can be vsed te render the wax less cr more hard.
Adding tallow to a good wax dces not bring lumps if nct used
in too great quantities. Adding resin to a soft lumpy
wax will render it smooth and rliable.

In an experiment maae last spring tc test the
effect of substituting paraitfine for beeswax ana raw

iinseea oil for tallow, the cost of th: different waxes

Was:

4 lbs. resin 2 1bsa. b.cewax 110. tellow rer 1b. 233¢
4 0 n gM n 1 pt. oil nN  €5 ¢
4 1" " a " paraffine 1 ibd. tallow noo" G9 ¢
4." 1 2° " 1 pt. oil non 10l¢

The substitution cf 2 lbs. of paraffine for 2 lus. cf
beeswax or the substituticn of 1 pint of oil for cne =cund
of tallow made a softer wax. Especially was this true

in the wax ccntaining both cil and yparaffine. This

could be corrected by increasing the prorertion cf resin.

 

 

*R.I.Pxp. ota. Pept.1e06,p-lol.
= 3 Y -

As ¢ractically all the treea in our orchards
are grafted or budded it may te well tc discuss the
stocks used.

APPLE.

French Crab. Phe word crab is here used in the sense
of eae small wild apple, juet as we gommonly speak cf the
Pyrus coronaria or native wild appie &é8 a wild crab.

The French crab belcenzs te the same srecies as cur culti-
vated apples. “he stocks are imported or the ceec is
imported and the seedlinzs are grown in Kanses, Nebraska
' and Iowa by men whe sake a specialty of growing stocks.

Paradise

Deucir These ar: the two dwarfing stocks for the ayrle
and are simply dwarf growing varieties cof the Pyrus nauls
Or commcn apple. Prof. Yaugh cpeaks cf the fact that
dwarf growing apples are frequently found among miscella-
neous seedlirgs along roadsides which would gerve equa l’y
well as dwarfing stocks. The terms Paradise, French
Paradise, Dutch Paradise, English Paradise, Broad-Leaved
Paredise and Nonesuch Faradise are confusing and do not
always refer tc the same variety, the terms Fnglisn Para-
dise and Broad-Leavei Paradise frequently referring to
the Doucin. The true French Paradise is a very dwarf
growing apple prceragated by mcund layering or cuttings
while the Doucin is a half-dwarf stock propagated ir the
Same manner. U;:en these stocks as upon the preceding,

the apple may te budiei cr grafted.
- $8 -

Pyrus baccata or Siberian crab. There are two
species cf apple knovm as Siberian crab, the small fruited
crab, P. baccata, a comparatively rare species in America,
and the large fruited P. prunifclia, the ancestor of all
our crubarpyples of the orchard. Both of these are valuable
sto¢éks for apples in the cold nerthwest. The P. baccata
is especially valuable as it comes from near Lake Baikal
where the climate is purely continental - dry and cold
with little or no snow, the precipitation for the entire
winter being cnly half an inch. Coming from a climate
sc gimilar it has proven very successful experimentally
as a stock for the hardy varieties cf apples in the
Takotas and Iowa, where the French stocks winterkill.
It can be roctgrafted or budded, one advantaze of budding
being the absence of any roots frcem the scion, it being
found that the roots of the P. baccata are hardier than
even the roots of the hardy Russian apples. It has scmewhat
of a dwarfing effect with the accompanying characteristic
of early fruitfulness.

Pyrus rivularis. In the 19065 Report of the Alaska
Experiment Station the use of a native crab aprle, P.
rivularis, is recommended as a stock for propagating
trees for Alaska. Crown or collar grafting seems prefer-
able, although topworked trees do fairly well. Aprles can
@lao be propagated on pear and on hawthorn as well as

on our native wild apples.
PAR,

 

French Pear, Scedlines of wild forms of the co:mon
pear are used es stocks. These pears are uacd in France

4

in the proiluction of perry and the secd3s separeted from

o

the porace, The seecs are gometimes imported but more
cften the seedlinzs thenselves are purchased from France.
ig the usual :.cde of propacating.

Quince. Pears are dwarfed py bu ding on Angiers
quince stocks obtained by .wcund leyerirng. The following
varieties are said to do well upon yuince; Puerre Hardy,

Williams Bon Chretien, Duchess d'Angcoulene. when

the varicty desired wili not readily unite with the
cuince recourse 13 had to double-workin-. The quince
is first bucded with a varicty of pear which readily
unites with 1t and efter « vear's growth the pear is avain
btulised to the desired veriety. The Clarzs Favorite,
Duchess de Eordezux, Jargonelle, uarle Louise, Passe
Crassone, Thompsens, Souvenir au Consres, Triomphe ce
Vienne, are said to ac batter when double-workxed,

ry
4

4

m

fxzle.,

The resultins fruits are usually larce, out the union ag
wo 2 Pd

@ role is short-lived. ceckel is protacly tne variccty iest
uged,
Hawthorn. Fregaent refererces are ede in horticultural

_

literature to the use of the thorn es a stocx, both 6
Furopean thorn, Crataesus oxyxantna, and sne American
species beings used. This union gé¢e..8 more stacle than

»

the one on apple, one writer recording a tree(*) grafted

 

eee ew mmm we A

ntry Gent. 1868, p.376, XXXII.

peur is frequently topsrafted on the apole.
in 1808, 50 feet high with a trunk measuring 5 feet ¢
.inches in circumference, and bearing 30 bushels of rears
annually.

Other Stocks. The pear is scnetimes grown <r the

 

mountain ash, cne writer repcrting that in France the
Virgaliems is so grown, to the improvement of its quality.
Mr. S. Me. Exery(*) revorts that the wild crab of Minnesota
was tried .s a peer stock but that, thourh it worked fine
at first, the top outerew the stock and the tree broke
over.

QUINCE.

Angiers Quince. The quince is usually propagated
cn the Angiers quince, as a rule by budding, scrnetines
by rootgrafting.

Hawthorn. The quince is not infrequently worked cn
the thorn. Mr. Yoedbridge Strong(**) ssys tht the
Quince dces much better cn Fnglish hawthorn, Crataegus
oxycantha, than on its own rocts, although there is but
| little less susceptibility to borers. Uren the American
thorns there seems te be almcct complete immunity from
borers; the bushes are vigorcus, productive, and the
fruit Yripens uniformly eerlier.

In this connecticn it is interestins to notice
that. another writer suggests th:t when the recirrocal
graft is made, the quince rect dwarfs the thorn and if the
thern is an ornementel cre like the double-flowered scarlet

thorn the dwarfing makes it a handsome ornamental shrub.

*Nont. Exp.Sta.Bul.16 p. 84.
**Country Gent.LV (189C0)p.228.

 
- 4] =

PEACH,

 

Peach. The peach is usually srepagated cn peach Beed~
lings during August or September of the first seascn's
growth. Budding is the method employed and the stocks
are grown preferably fro: "Tennessee pits", the pits
cethered from wile peaches in the mcuntains cf Tennessee.

Plum. On heavy scil peach trees are sometimes
budded on plum stocks.

_Sand Cherry. Prof. "%. ¥. Hansen(*) says that the

 

sand cherry should make arn excellent dwarfing stccx for
peach, especially upon rather light soil. He says the
peach bears early and is prolifis on sand cherry and that
the size is rot decreased. Thia latter fact is i:portant
ag Mr. H. Comers Rivers cf Fngland says(**) "It is curious
that apples cn Paradise, pears cn quince, and cherries on
Mahaleb give excellent and large fruits, but when it cosies
tc a dwarfing stock for slums and peaches, the stock which
reduces the size of the tree also affects the fruit and
makes it much smaller."

The New Jersey Experiment Station(***) also tested
sand cherry and Americana plum es stocks for peach and
found them arparently immune to bcrers. The trees were
awarfed and rendered earlier ir coming into bearing.

These might be advantegecus to city planting although the
trees would be more cxpensive. There are also accounts

of peaches propagated cn whitethorn, C. oxycartha.

 

 

ee Pee ee ee eee eee eee

*Bul. 87, So. Dak. “x. Sta.
sageard. Chron, 1910,p.325-371-445,
Rept.1907 ,¢.129.
PLUM.

“ith plums the questicn of stocks is « ccnfusing
One. There is such a difference in habit of growth
between the Furorean, Americen amd Japanese plurs as well
as between the diffcrent races cf Furopean and of American
plums that there is re best stock for all cenditicns.
Prebably the work done by Prof. Yaugh, as rercrted ir the
Vermont Fxperim nt Station repcrts 1900-1905 and the “ass-
achusetts report 1909 is the most extensive experiment clcng
this line. iis conclusicns were as fellovs:

Horse Plum. Sturdy and uniform in growth, much used as

 

a stock fcr Lomesticas and Tanscns and at rresent rezarded
by many nurserymen as the best fer these zrcups.

St. Julien, Dwarfish, hardy anid uniform. It hes been

 

extensively teste: fer Tomesticas and Damsacns but is too
Slow growing for Americen nursery purposes.

Myrobolan.is extensively used for propagating. It is most
p E S

 

used for Pomesticas, Damsons and many native verietics ana
seems suited tc all cr nearly all cf these. It lacks
hardiness in the rerth and in Canada.

Marianna is an csffsheoct frem the Myrobclan and is used
extensively becsuce it is reaiily grown fron cuttinse.
It has been used especially in the south for Jay,aness,
Hortulanas, Chicaseaws and Waylands. It has the same
cefects as the Myrotclen except that it is not quite so
dwarf and hence net quite sc liable to be cvergrown.

Juépanese. Uave nct been very fully tested but vculd
~ 43 -

probably preve valusole for Japansse varicties.

Americana and iisra. ThE3a stocks are growing in favor

in the northwest and are adacted to varieties of Americans,
Sigra and cliner but do not texe the Domesticags well,

Wayland. Favorei by ir.J. W. Kerr for nitive scrts.,
Chicsc.sav7. Used in tne south for Chickasaw an mortuiana,

but sprout badly.

 

 

Sand Plum. In the experimental stage.

cand Cherry. Is expected to maxe a hardy, early dwarf
of native varieties for tne northvest.

Choke Cherry. never proven satisfactory.

black Cherry. Unpromiasaing,

Peach. Unites weil witn most classes, <sgpecialily the

freer growinz eone3, as Japanese. ""n the cage of plus

@ a

propagated on perch root3, grarting is such better then

budding, which 1s an empiricism of some interest,"
wr.dJ. W. Kerr, tna veteran plu. grower, 3gays

that where the peach is nerdy it is a good plum stocx for

plums to ke rccetgraited upon. The beat general purpose

plum stock in his irind, combining the i.oat good qualities

and unitiings readily with the different types, is the

Vayland.
CHERRY oe,

 

Our cultivated cherries are uguvlly divided into
two ¢roups or sreciesa; the iexrts snd Sievarcaus, coiipris-

cherries, belonsinyg to Proenus fAvitin, snd

ro)
ct

ins the swe

es and g°ur cherries belconsing to P. cerna3su3. The

4 New

<"

41%
yQe

—
\

Us

sweet cherrieu are usually propagated on the Verzard svock,
- 44 =~
a variety of P. avium and hence closely related, while
the Dukes and sour cherries are propagated ci: this stock
and on Other stocks as well.

Mazzard P. Avium. Tnis is a wild red cherry cf turope
from which is supposed tc have spruns our sweet varieties.
It is a strong-grceowing, vigorous stock but has the weak-
ness of beins somewhat susceptible to winter freezing,
esp<cially ina dry clinate like thet cf Iowa and Nebraska
and northvard. It may be budded or grafted, but for ccld
climates srafting with a long scion, enabling the scicn
te root above the graft, is recommended.

Morello P. Cerasus. This is a rather dwarf-zrowing
stock, dvarfing the variety rropasated uscn it, with the
acce.mpanying effect of early fruiting. The Merello is a
very hacdy stock which may be graftod or budded, but has the
objecticneble habit of throwing up a scod many sprouts
from the rocts.

Macgsleb P. mehzlebd. This stock is a native of southern
Europe end is used extensively in propugatin,: cherries,
especially the secur varieties. It is elwayes bdudded as
it docs not succeed when reotgerafted. It is hardier than
the MNazzerd but not so hardy as the Morello. There is
pome objection tc its use, especially in the propagation.
of sweet cherri:s, as it is unccubdtedly a better stock for
sour cherries, especially the varieties like Farly Rich-
mond and Montmorency which have cclorlese juice, than it

is for sweet cherries. Prof. J. ©. Budd tellse(*) of

 

 

—~—~—os ww eee ——-—w 2 we ee ee

*Towa rx. Sta. Bul.10 »et e 3.
™
hi

Reariy Nic

a ~ ~ fo LAA Je Le VW, 4 TS def
builing $0,000 ancleh stocks to nueond, Kentish,

Nontuoreney and English “orello. The next sea3on they

made a fins growth. They vere banked during tie winter
vo prevent winter injury. The next season the first

three varieties weda scod growtn but the “orelloa died

at the ends end the foliacse wags sickly. An examination
showed that 90° of the rcctsa vere dead, due to the fact
that the union was 30 pvor a3 to starve the roots nile

the root3a of the three paleiuiced sort3 were sound, for

the reason thet tne union wes sore nearly perfect. CGther
test3 with other varisties showed tuas, for Towa at least,
the “lahalebd wis a poor stock Gacept for the pelesuiced. sour
cherries.

D,Pennaylvaniou. this 13 the native wild red cherry

 

and nua been used experimentally to 30:e extent az a
stock. VWhile successful experimentally it has never
been given a trial commercially.

SamiCherry FP. Punil?ea. While it i3 difficult to mere

 

tame cherries unite on the 32nd cherry stocx the union

f Seemey Aa AS aq --tns bya
Prof. Tailey{*) gives as nig cpinion that
"Apricot is the ideal stecek for apricot uron eollé@ wnien

. 7 “wee & ° . 4% -e * . 9. - — “fe on ~ an“ em ye
are well sulted to it, those whaicn are desu end leosae cud

%

-3

rich sani welle-crsaired.
lanis of this character, however, eni it i3 pre

“much safer to rely upon other stocks, particularly as

 

*Dul.71, Cornell Ex.Sta,.

 

ae SR a oo

 

oe ee 2
—— 7 ~~ oe
——_—_
@-= 45 =
our winters are so long end the ground becoues saturated
with water. For the stiffer lands, plum stocks will

4

usually be found tc be safer and I am inclined to favor
tcpworked stock ~ that is plum trees topbududed or toj=rafted
in the orchard - rather then the nursery budded trees.

On all the lighter and drier scils - and these will srobabdly
comprise the greater part of lands devoted to the apricot -
the peach nursery-budded will probably be found tc be the
best. In order to prevent the unions of nursery budded
trees from breaking, the trees should be set low, 50

thet, if possible, che unicn is velow the grceund; end

this is especially important with the peach stock in craer

to escape injury freon the borer."

Limitaticns of Grafting.

_

 

The laws determining whether two plents cen be
united by grafting cr net have never been fully worked cut .
To ao’ thia woulu recuire, for cne thing, a cereful sepa-
ration of tradition und legend “rom actual authenticated
fact, a work requiring nue.little judsement. For instance,
I have ceen told by a farmer that he cculd graft the aryrle
on the hickory, tvo widely different families, a statement
I did not believe worthy ci credence, and yet Prof. Van
Deman tells us(*) of a man in Pennsylvania whe sent him
positive evidemce that he hee srafted a <o

oe ~~.
~
New —

cseverry on an
apple tree, apparently just as impcssible a fent.

Botaniocsl “elationshic.hincley(**) sayay "It ia not,

2
isi ie

 

*Ohio Hort. Soc. Rept. 1890,z7.28.
**Theory cf Norticulture,p.<16.

 
 

 
however, to be supposed tnoat these Poe cen be
Bpec

performed indifferently, vevsysan any t 10 BeSssses, Qlthowsh

s . iL \ ver ~ om 4. ~ -%, rf whe
wb Lt was &2sgerted tnes

U2
CJ
me
as
t
Ww
qw
©
mh
O
ry
J
F
+
qe
to
Cp
ids
}4
—eo
©
ry
ct

rafced on black currconta and
oranses crimson vnen worsetd on pomezranate. In point of

fact the operations are successful in those ca3e3 only where

one stocex end the scion are very nearly allied; and the

deeree of succe3s3 is in pro,ortion to the agezree of
affinity. Thvs varieties or the sane spccieg unite

3

_ ar & - » ~ & 4. j as a er +
the most freely, then species of the same cenera, then

erera of the seme natural order, beyond which the power

mistletoe, which crow indifferently upon totally different
plants. For instence, pears worx freely upon peers, very
well uron gquincesg, leas villinely upon apile3s or thorn3s end

not al all ucon pluns or cherries."

i
While in a general wey this idea of Lindley,
that the closeness of relationship determined whether
rlants wo-ld intersrart or ret, 13 true, we rust remember

that this division into orders, families,

species i3 but a human atvenrt to express the relationshirs

asa we 3¢e them and thet no two potanists will exactly azr-e
upon tne matter. The sour cherry will sot zrow upon che
black cherry P. ser:Atina, thovlsh beth belons to che sane
genus, while the pear grows upon hawtaorn and mountain

ash, botn different ¢-nera.

structure. One other factor affecting the union is
 

wg OD Oe
=
-~ 48 -~-

mentioned by Ff. Leroux in Jcurnal cf Society of Natural
Horticulture, France(*) in which he summarizes his werk
ch the irfluence of the hardness of the wood in grafting
cider apples. Hia conclusions are: "(1) In the culture
of cider aprles v:.rieties with tendzr wood can be mast
successfully grafted cn <tocxs havirg tender wood, or
varieties with hard wood on stocks having hard cod;
(2) success follows cnly rarely when a variety with tender
wood is grafted on a stock having hard wood; (3) success
seldom or neve: fcoliovs when a variety with hard wood is
erafted cn a stock with tender wood. These ,»rinciries
are believed tc apply to other orchard fruits as well és
the apple." This should help us to understand why the
pear does better cr thern una quince than cn apple.

Loudcn(**) after speaking of the need of relatior-
ship between stock and scicn, as quoted ahove from Lindley,
Bays that neo plant can be successfully crafted upon ancther
stock which does nct thrive at the same temperature, the
creriod of growth shculd be the same, evergreens selaom
succeed for any lensth of time crn deciduous rliants;
there shculd ce scr.ewhere near the same vigor, us in cases
in which the scion was m.ch the weaker it woulda be unable
to use the flood of sup furnished it while in case the
Scion were much the more vigorous the stock weuld be
unacle to furnish it surficient seep; there enculd be

similar density, scftwecds do not unite readily with hard

 

Px. ctaeReadeXIV,po1l45. | TTT TTT a
**Loudons Horticulturist,p.Zee.
i
\

e 49 -
woods, nor ligneous with herbaceous, nor annuals with
perennials; there sroculd be analogy in sap as a plant
with milky sap will nct associate long with one with
wetery sap, thus the Norway meple, Acer platanoides, the
only maple with a milky sap, docs nct do well when grafted
with other maples.

Some Special Graftins Problems.
1. The Kieffer as a Stock for Topworking. The

 

heavy plantings of Kieffer when this variety was new,
Amounting in soe cases to overylanting) together with

the fact that ~he Kieffer is a vigorous grower, has
suggested topworking this variety with the European varie-
ties, in the one case to substitute crors of Bartlett,
Howell and Seckel for crops of Kieffer, and in the other
to secure a good vigorous stock for the slower growing
European varieties. While horticulturel vriters seer
pretty well decided on the questicn cf advisability of the
Kieffer as a stock, some in favor and scone aguinst, there
is in horticultural literature a dea:th of evidence suppert-
ing either contention and giving rise to the suspicion
that these views were seneral deductions basei cn little
or nc investig:tion. On this account a search was made

to find crenards so treated.

~ ~ mma tt 2 r a - 7 yy * pat rF oaArne
Oo wn 8 ob ag ek 2 a Cola is fue < Nee he we
“ ~ ~ dt ~ ewe em ~ « - ~ “ ~ re an PL _
S1keravicon a . 2 ui Ab Cola two ff TUL coy lod i wv iive AL. agcr Qa a
- - _ — 4 s fn ae ar > so. ~ ~~ 7 -~
stc Che s I. e ® we! de T ) C a \. “21 CVG, | e e al ~~ WY -~ uC wb
~ i 4 7 =. VOR 5 = a 7+ 1 Se ( 4 1 - * t. 4. ae)
yuce vicn re T a “ ™ ~ w aw Law / “ a w tu ro
er Sauer -
- 50 -

don't want anything better", (‘lr Powell says:({*)"
have grafted the wieffer pear and had the beat Anious
and Boses I heve ever grown", Other writers could
be quoted who gay thet the union is poor and that the
trec3 are snort lived.

The New York Experiment Station (**) gives
a tabulated report cf replies to inquiries aent to
growers in different portions of the United States,
Unfortunately the writers de not agree, eicsht reconsendings
Vietfer as a stock and eleven refusing te recon:.end.
The number of trees graftei is not siven in any case but
there is reason to sucrose from the answers thet in some
caseg the number was quite asmall, making the observations
le33 valuaole. In studyins this problem it seemed to
the writer to be important to get observations on as
many grarted trees ag pos3idle and 30 more or less
complete information throuen correapondence, interview
and observation va3 gathered on nearly thirty orchards
containins upwards of 5000 beserin=s topworked Kieffers.
The numncer of such treeg in each orchard varies froma

ple of dozen uz to 500,740, and in one case 1000 trees.
In analyzing the observations it is vell to se,crate

the problem into its several factors.

(a) dll‘the Zieffer reaiily unite with other pears?

—- a = ee ee ee mere ee ee

 

Yes. ien report SC%:, 95% and sven more of a perfect atand
of scicns. Cir.:turphy rerorted that the second year he

received eno:gh pears frou 7000 Bartlett scicnea on Kieffer

 

 

— eee _—o
- — ee ee me eee ee

(*) “Western N.Y.Yort Soc. Nept.191l, 5.199,
(**) Bul 332.
-~ 51 -

to pay for the grafting.

(co) Is the union strong? Yes, as strong as any graft.
Tae best unions for looxa and atrength seen to be on the
trecs not over 6 cr & years of age. I s2v grafts meie 4
years in which only a gingle scion lived but the Kieffer

stub threw cut so uch of new tissue along the wound on

the otner side tiat tie stubs were healed as well ag though
both scions had lived. In sectionins grafte I found thet

the scion frequently filled the cleft with new wood naking
the stroncest possible kina of a union. One man wrote thet
wnen the limos broke from wind or weizht of fruit they
always broke a fcot or so above the graft. Another man told
me of savings out the srafte and splitting them and said

" The union is fine, alnost impossible to break it."

(c) Is the union sichtly? Usually so, The younger

the tree the less chance of @n unsightly callo:s or knot,
“¢. Hutohins reported such @ knot on a Mieffer worked to
Bose but said that later it disavpeared. The 740 Kieffer
trees in the orchard of Hr Heinze which were erarfted to

.

croweh

@

&

Bose end Howell at 7 years cr ase, after 7 years
are about a3 smooth as ungrafted treea wniie on the 20 year
old trees of “ir.Yolmes grafted wren they vere 6 or 3 if

is frequently impossible tc tell just where the graft took
place.

(d) Does the crafting make a vigorous lasting tree? che

oldest trees examined were the twenty year old trecsa of
ir. Holmes wnich have been worked 18 years. These are ag

healthy and visoroug as coulda be desired. Jir, Pung writes
W535 ~
taat his 160 fifteen year old teees,workel ll years scen
stungei and poor.The trees in the orchards of tir.tlleinze,
Murphy Bros.,ani Dr.Xales,740, 500,and250 trees
respectively and topworkxed 9, 7 and 8 years are vigorous
thrifty trees ag:a man could ask for ani give every
promise of long life and productiveness.

Having enavered the question regarding t.ie union the
nsx ees than, advisability of usins cne Kieffer as a stock,
(ef Is tue grafted tree more subject or lesa subject to
blight? The nieffer seems very erratic in the matter of
blizhnt.Onee it was believed to be inmune and frejyuently it
seems little affected but when it starts te blight there
seems to be no way cf checking the disease. The past gees0r
has been 2 bad one for this malady and this fact mist be
keyvt in mind in interpreting observations.The sentiment
seems to be that there is more danger of blisht in the
grafted tree.When it attacks the grafted tree it spreads
more quickly and is more destructive.Espvecially is tl.is
true in srafting older trees.of course the period of
especial danser is the firat few years after grafting
and when this coincides witn a blis'.t epidemic there is
@ probability of serious loss.

(f) What is the effect on the fruit? Where there is any

 

chenge noticed the size and appearance of tne fruit is
improved.One grower thougnt the fruit inferior while
Many of them said that there was a distinct gain in size.
If the shane varies at all it is only slithtly. Three

different growers report that the fruit is tio weeks later
 

 

Section of Bartlett on Kieffer grafted four years.

 

Twenty-year old Bartletts topworkei on Kieffer at two or

three years of age. Almost impossible to find the point

of union.
ten 3 ee ee ee
-~ 54-

ee Different Methcius of Propacetion.

Grafting vs. Budding. Of course trere are numerous
oecasicns when cne or the other of these methods of 4Snoc-
ulation", to use an old term, is much more successful than
the cther, and in these cases expediency determines the
method to adcpt. Thus y;yeaches and cherrizss are usually
propagated by budding, while in topworking old apple tress
grafting is the cnly methcd employed. There are these,
hewaver, who argue that there is an intrinsic difference
in the trecs themselves, independent of the ease of propa-
gation. The arguments for and azuvinst this ccntention
were quite well stated at a meeting cf the Utah State
Horticultural Society(*), Prof. . H. Eomer arguing against
the grafted trees while Mr. J. Edward Taylor, State Horti-
cultural Inspector, and othera defended vrafting. The
arguments azainst crafted trees were:

lL. The grafted trees roote: above the graft and thus
instead of being entizely <n the uniform French crib stock
they came to be on varicus stocks of various degrees of
excellence.

ee Prof. Hosier had 1500 oudded Spitzenbergs and 50C
grafted Spigzenbergs all four ye.rs old, and the graftea
trees were decidedly inferior.

3. He advanced the idea(not erzument) that the only cxcuse
for nurserymen yersisting in reot crafting was the fact
that it gave winter work for their employees.

The arguments brought up in defenee of grafting were:
*Tept 1912 p.66 and 107.

 
- 55 -

1. Kost of the crchards we have, which ere ziving us such
fine apples today, are grafted. It was admitted that
there was more opportunity for root gall infection in
grafting, but this shculd be detected vefore leaving the
nursery.

6. Mr. Holingren, 4 ysars ago, bought <C0OO trees both buddea
und grafted aid tcodzy no one can tell which are bduaueu and
which grafted.

3. In experiments cf the Kansas Experimert Station(*) there
wag no difference in growth seen.

4. The tap root on a budded tree is lonzer than cra

graft, but the grafted stock rect system is usually stcck-
jer ana the total is abc.t the same.

Se The budded tree is rething but a piece root craft a3

the seealings are usually cut back before rlanting, if they
were not most of the small roots would be below the tree

Qlizcver and wtulu be lost.

raw
16

So. The rcoting cf srafted trees above the graft is less
objecticnable than the srrouting of budded trees belcw the
bud.

7. In inspecting trees M:. Taylor finds roor rocts cn bude
and on giafts ag well as good roots cn beth ans hence he
favors selecti:n according to root daeveloynent rather than
accorcing to mode of prcpazaticn.

There wre cases, as in growing apple trees in the

Cy

northwest, when the French craod stock is less harauy than
the scicn, in which »rafting is deciaedly surericr to busd-
ing, but the question in the main is w nurserymun's questicn

*Sulletin 1C6.
- 56 -
and a3 lons as he delivers to the fruit crower a well
rooted tree on the proper stock the question cf wode of
propagation need not ce asked.

&e Roct- vs. Top-crefting. There ere many times
when tcopworking is necessary, due te a change cf gian, but
there are many pecple who believe it aavisautle, es:ecially
in the case cf apples, to set trees with the plan of top-
working them scon after setting to the cesired veriety.
There are argunents in favor of this plan and eccnuiticns
under which it is undeniacly an advintage. scmetines an
crehard is plantea just «es a new variety is passing through
the testing period, and cy plantirg a haray variety fer
tcrworking it is ;ossible tc have cne or two years! <srowth

~

on the orchard ard at the same time observe the behavicr
of the new veriety fcr enother season or two before cecid-

ing whether or not to ;ut it in the orchard. It igs alsc
Oustcnary te topwork varieties which have acme weakness

in reot or stem. The Kinz and Grimes Gclden are aubject
tG collar rot ana by topsrafting this danger is avoided,
although there sre ci.ses cn record of tiie colisr rot cor
something very similar occurring in the top of the tree,
at tne union of stcockx ana scicn.

Pesiaes these cases, which ure very patent,

there 13 a belief held by many uer thet there is a
fefinite auvantcze in toprorking all the arple trees
they plant, helding that the trees so munsveud will be
yore visorcus, herdy and productive. Their arguments
are, a8 stated by cne of them: (*)

GeHarola Powell, Vela.trx.cta., Gul. 45.

 
~ 57 -

Ml. It provides a healthy, Strong trunk fer all verie-
tics, corrects the poor zrewth cf sime, overcomes the
tenderness of others in the fur north, and sometines
makes a stro.eer system or roots.

2. It gives the grower a chance to select the buas
or scicns from trees of steady preductiveness, hardy

foliage anda hLizsniy colored fruit.

Se It is said tc hasten fruitfulness."

The arguments azainst topwerkxing are the increased
exgyenge and tre danger cf misshapen trees if the work is
not fcllowel uj.

One thecry is that in root srafting the root
System is affected oy the scion used producing ws nmeny
Varying root systems as vorieties of scicns UBEt while in
trees which ure tcpzrafteda at planting or later, if
work7u cn a stock having a good root system, a «ore
uniform roct system is securea and hence a vetter orchard.
Mr. “. “. Farnsworth of Waterville, Ohio, whe hese used
Spy and ten Levis for stocks, tcrvorking the y2ar the
trees were set, held this theory for a nunber of years and
nearly all tis crchards have been thus -rown. At present
he believes that the scion h: s as much influence cn the
rocts of thé topworked tree as on the root3 of tie rict-
grafted tree and kence he has abandcned the plan of trp-
working. kn excellent refutaticn cf the claim that
tcopworxing increases vigor is seen in adjacent muiure
trees cf Sutton's “eauty in “Vr. Farusworth's creharda.

QO

some are tcpworked on Stark and scme are con their ovn
 
 

 

nursery. Note the difference in enlargement at point of

union.
   

—

ee
—_- www See ee

0d -

roots, but between the tc there is no chctice so fur as

vigor is ccncerned. It is eviuernt that to secure any

increase of vigor or improved root system tcprrafting must

not ce dene until the trees are 3 cr 4 years cla or clider.
In the nerthivesct there seers to be & very

geniral belief that topgrafting such varietiés us ordin-

CoO

arily will net stand the sever: winters upon stocks which
ace hardy will render it possible for the horticulturists
or thet section te ruise varieties ctherwise imrcssibdie.
Cne writer(*) tells ef 2C Virginia crao trees torpworked
vo realthy, soot cf which survived and bore veil for SC
years or long after en adjoining row of “ealthy on their
own rocts had died. Mr. f. G. Hanford cf “Yaukesha,
Wis. (**) cives the fellowirg statement alcng this line:

NRaldwin rectzrafted, tender in nursery, bark splits
en. ter kills back; worked hich seems hardy.

Fsopus Critzenbere seme =:s Faldwin.

Reixoury Russet tender if rootworked, stockworked is

ee ee oe

more hardy.

q

Ricue Islara Greening. Almcet sveorthless “hen roct-

 

worked excerpt cn sandy or liznht land with porcyus sub-

soil. Stockworned it isa bardy wud prouuctive.
pwaar. ERardy when rootvorxeéu.

Yellow Eelilflover. Hardy vvorkhed either way.

 

iecrthern ey. Hardy worked eithcr way."

 

Peter \. Gideon claimed(***) thet the crab and hardy

 

el

 

Fuinnesota Forticulturis?*, ;
**Country Tent. vii (1856) oe ‘
***Country Gert. XLIII(1878),p.231.
- 59.
hybrids make 4 rorous growth anil as they raturally
ripen their weoi eeriy in the Lali the tendency is for then
to forces the top tc ripen early enouzh to avoid winter
injury. Vnile this ney oe true, I believe that frequently
winterxillins taxe3 place in the trunk and rocts and
che fact that the trunk end roots were of a hardy varicty
would seem a levical explaration., Jest of us no doubt

9

have seen winterkilled trees expand their buds and souctimes

open tneir leaves only to die because the deud trunk or
roota could not gupply the buds with food. A clue ney

be siven te the renv3son for topgrafting in the nortnyest
in the stetervent ef one vriter that grafting on the libs
wea preferable to body grafting. This would indicate
that winterkilling took plece in the body or forks «end
nence the real reason for tne topesrefting was to revlace
these auscerntible parts ratner than to cause the early
rizenins ef the tep as tT. Gideon sugsested,

Writers do not ‘all agree on tnis subdiect.
For instance, ir. Macoun in the Report of the Canada
Mxporinmental Terns, 1504, page 109, says that "During
the past six yeara £0 varievies of apyles nave been top-
grafted on hardy stocks with the obdject of detsrnining
whether varteties which would not succeed when grown in
the ordinary way would prove satisfactory when topsrafted
On trees having hardy trunks. Last winter killed prac-
tically ell that huve proven tender vnen tried aa 3tendard

trees, The dividins line betvsen stock and.
-~ £60 -

scicn “ies very marked in all cases examined. A worthnern
Spy vhich hed teen tepercft<sd on a Tuchess for 135 ysers

was Killed co.yletely beck to +h: stook, which wes as
healthy as ever. A YVealtny tree was topezraftcd half
to Miiwaukee and half to Uartha. The Martha was all

kilicd but the Yilwaukce not cnly lived tut bore fruit.
Toygrafting will coring a tree into tesring socner and
Will permit cf grewing varieties which sunscald cn the
trunk or are week in the trunk in other respects but if
the grafts are mace eny hardier it is net erouzh to enabtle
them to withstand very severe wisters."

seven years later Prof. Nacoun is quoted by ir.
Kains(*) as saying: "Ye have done acre or less top-
grafting here for the saat 17 vears. I have teen inter-
ested in it werely fron the stcndpoint of increasing the
hardiness of trees which, grown as standard tress was
net satisfactory. After trying a great many varieties,
about SC, I found that the stock did not make the -raft
sufficiently haray to withstand severe winters, sc I
huve cone tc the eorclusicn thet, as far as increasing
harainess is ccncerned, while tcyvrafting may neke some

difference,there is rot ercugh te werrant this aethcd. "

~

Thus authorities disagree end the problem must
receive further stucy. Is it ~ossible that in northern

Tllincis, Iowa, “isconsin, Minnescta, Dakota and Neb-
reeka, where the air is dry and the snow nct deep,
Winterkilling uay taxe a Cifferernt turn free the winter-

killing in Ontaric, where the air co..tci:e more ucisture
*Vestern N.Y. Hort, Soc.Rept.1911 p.dl.

 
— ewe a ee ee ee

end the snows afford greater protection for the rocts and
trunks? Vie do not as yet know enough about the phe-
nomena we call winterkilling end the crportunities for
observation and study come so irregularly that this
problem is difficult of solution.

Tc,working is of undoubted value in the case
of varieties having a weakness of root, like the Mann, or

ste.. like the King and Grimes, cr in case

°o

f e& peculiarly
trying climate as the northwest, cr in special cases

as the changing cf undesiratie varieties into desiratle;

 

Mann Trees.

it also ir sce cases hastens fruitfulness by the shock
which the act of grafting, with its accompanying pruning
bringsto the tree, but that the benefits derived from
tcpgrefting as a general policy are sufficient to ray

for the increased labcr and cost hag not yet been

ccncelusively preven.
-~ 68 -

vncle Root vs. Piece Foot Grafting. Yniie it is

 

purely a nurserymuntgy problem, the fect that certain
nurseryuwen .se the clouim cf whcle-rooted trees to inuuce
the fruit grover to ouy from them, claiming thet such trecs
are vastly superior to piece-rcoot trees, makes it impor-
‘unt that the matter te straightened cut end that every-
one fumilicrize himself with the true facts i: the case.
It i6 #@ cOmmen sizht to see in the frint pages of a
mursery catalog a picture of a bunch of whele-root crafts
such as "we" use and beside it a much smelier bunch
labelled "piece-rcsot rrafte", the iumplicaticn beings that
thre velue of the trees produced by these tvio methoas
varies in exactly the same progorticn as the size cf the
eralttea ;crtrayed. Ther: are three arguments offered
when this stana is attacked; that piece-rcot grafting
is a cheap takeshift, thet the piece-root trees are rot
BC Vivycorous end lasting, una thit the collar is tie cnly
natural(and hence the crly prover) glace for stem and
roct tc unite.

Probably the most extensive experiments carried
On to test this problem cut Was the work repertcd ir
CFulletins 65 and 106 of the Kansas Fxperiment Staticn.

G 40 16S5

Mm

In carrying ontheir tests during the years 1&
Over 138,500 grafts were made ana grown in the nursery
row for &@ yexr or mcre. These were nase with e4-inch
Scicns, lég-inch scicns una G-inch scicns, vith whole

roots, whele roots trimmed to elzht inches, S-inch stccks,

3 e e & 4 2 ~
Gpg-inch 2tccke, lj-inch stocks; vith stocks grafted an

Co
2
.~ 65 «

inch above the collar and others an inch telow the coller.

The conclusicns reached as a result of all this work are:

 

“whole Root"!

"Firet. That whole rcot grafted apple trees ar: of ne
greater value to the buyer than trees grafted on piece
roots 5, 4 er &§ inches in length.

"Second. That grafting above the crown of the seedling
stock secures in a tree uc valuable quality which is not
secured by grafting below tre crown.

"Third. That the use of whcle roots or long pieces may
offer scme slight eadvantaces tc the nurseryman, but

that these will nct cozpensate for the entra labor and
expense.

"Fourth. That the greatest coifcrmity in srowth is secured
by use of grafts that secure an ecrly rooting of the

scion above the union.”
- B -

Come of these trees were
crehard and ten years late: they were sessured(*). The
piece rect tress averesea 11 itches tullter then the whele

ata es -- , an °F - . . , ry - 7 , ‘ ~~ * 2 . “ + e
roet bus were 2/1C cf an inch smaller in dianeter,

KY

£ Ye me Sy ete rs _~at
ference teinc werth uctice.

neither di

a)

Besides their own experiments the rengas
iment Steticn(**) cives the resulte of e test wade by
Judze F. Yellhcuse, President of the Kensas Horticultura?
Society. In 1875 he rade 3C,CCO ercfta,rrincipaily
Tinesap,y Een Cavis and Misscuri Fipein. The scicns were
gall cut ebout 6 inehes long. Six hundred grafts cf cach

»

of the accve three verieties were nede on whele reots

a fect long -, 6CC cf each were srafted g inches atcve
Lhe recetrcrown and S7C cf each 4 inches abcve, the roots
being cut off 4 inches below the crown; 60C of each
were put on piece roots 4 inches luerg, oct of each on

"~

Riece rocts 3 inches long, sCO ef exch tn ysiece rocts

Cc:

e inches long and SCC of exch on pieces 1 inch lone.
The roots which were zsrafted abdcve the erown were set
eo the sraft wu > at the surface cf the sround ana then
a furrow thrown uy egainet them. After two sea3cns
srovth the trces were dug,shiwing the fcllcwing nunber

of first clcss trees{crt c

mw wm ee me ee le a a mee me mem : - oe -_———_ = - - +e —_——_— — —s

one Ul 100.
**Tulletin 65.
Vine sap Ben Tavis Mo.Pi:cin
On whele roots S15 D298 26
Grefted 4 inches above crown 411 448 3&1
fn 4 " below " 435 485 403
Cn 4-inch roots 516 520 203
On 3 0 " 513 514 494
ong " " 550—Ct:—“‘ézéd*Q 502
Onl * " 342 380 321

He found that in all cases the cla root grew put little;
even in the whole rooted trees the tar root was often
emaller than some of the side roccts. The c-incen roots
puve the best rootea lot of trees and in his cpinion
this is «bout the right lensth roots te use. The first

re set in the orchard

a)

six or eight vcars after the trees

i.
the whole root trees threvy uz more vctersprceuts than the

es

var

fiece roct trees. Finally Judge “ellhouse says, "These
whole root trees have oeen grcvwing nineteen years in the
orchard end twe yeare in the nursery side by side with
em-inch piece root trees, and if, i:. all thet time, the
Whole root trees have grcwn . more vigorously, borne more
fruit, <r shcwn mcre signe of longevity, I have not been
acle to see it."

The Illinois Fxperiment Station(*) also 2xjper-
imented extensively tc test the vaiue cf whole rcot and
piece rect trecs. Of course, the term whole reot ocn

ct meen the entire root system as the rocts are Droxen
in dizzing, but is applica te the collar and 5 or 6 inches
below it. Tvo thousand rect arefts were yrepar 2 in the

*Bul.cl pelle TT

 
-~ 66 -

following ways.
"Roots 10 inches lcig with the scicn set 2 inches abcve
the collar, on the coller and 2 inches below.
Rocts cut in 2 pieces each 5 inches long,being careful
tO put the scion in the collar cf the upper cut.
Roots cut as above but side branches left on.
Roots cut into three pieces exch 4 inches long, being
careful to put the seion in the coller of the urper cut.
Also e-inch and l-inch lengths.

The conclusicns of one year's work are:
The whole root has neo adventave over the piece root of the
same size(length and thickness).
Roots with the small side brenchea left gave better results
than root: of the same size with rootlets cut away.
Roots 5 inchs. lone ~sve vtetter results than roots 4
inches, £ inches cr 1 ineh long.

a results

@)
Q)

Rocts S inches long untrimied cave nearly as =
ag reots 10 inches. "

The U. S Derertment of Agriculture in 1897 sent
out a number of varieties of Hungarian apples propagated

he

3

in sets cn whole root, tc:. half end wttcm half.
Alabama Experiment Staticn(*) re:ortsd on the growth of
the trees received ty them ufter two years! arowth, the
Oregon Experiment Station(**) after four years’ zrcwth,
and the Fennsylvania Experiment Station(***) after 11
years! growth, and all report that the iiffe-ence vetween
the different lots is tec small to consider.

“Ale. fx. Sta. ,Bul.S6 bp. 267.  ** Ore. Px. Sha. Rept. 1501,7.38.
**Penn. Fx. Sta. Fept.1908,1r.136.
- 67 -

Thus we have a record of experiments carried cn
by careful invedtivators in which over 48,CCC grafts
were made and grown under experimental conditions and
all are agreed that there was nce advantsge cf the whole
root over a réusonable sized piece rcot stock. “ere
tiis evicence not sufficient to prove that a reascnable
ancunt of root, whether next the collar or nct, is all
that is rnecessery fer a stock in roct grafting, it would
be ¢cssible to offer in calition evidence frem practical
fruit growers and nureeryuen to the sane effect. (*)

One secticnal cbjection to whele root grefting
cowes fro... the Plains states cf the Northwest. The seed-
ling roots used ir propasetion are net so hardy as the
roots from the hardy varieties grown there. Piece root
grafts, especielly when rlanted deeply, frejuently roct
froin the scicn and ere able tc survive even aftcr the
seeullup rocot is Killea, while u whole root tree has its
seedling reots nearer the surface, is less opt to rect
frou the scion end ir case of winter-killing of the
seedling roots the tree necessarily dies.

scicns from Bezring Trees. There are three prob-
lems involvea under tis heed: first, is there aunger
of producing barren trees cy continually prepazating
from imuature nursery stock? Seccnd, is thers uore
GEneer, or less, of spreading mistekes end aisease by
cuddins or grafting from nursery stock than fron beuring
trees? Third, will propavaticn from a tree of kncwn
*Tountry Gent. VII(1855) ,¢.415 ena 1E59,;.110. °°
- 68 -

Burericr merit produce a strain of petigre-2 trees?
Upon none of these quesaticns have we sufficient evidences
to give a ¢yeositive ansver.

Regarding the first question we have the testi-
mony of Alexander Hamilton of Fangeor, Mich., ar experienced
and careful nurseryman ho said: (*) "I have budded from
the Hills Chilli for 35 years, and I can shew you trees
today tyvc years old fron the: stock thet ere just es
full as they can hang, and I have Flbertés frow my orig-
inal stock that I never went tack to the criginal tree
for, and I do net think it affects the beuring quality cne
single bit, and my experience along that line hcelas me

out ir saying thet it does nct. I believe you can bua

jo
qu

it for a hundred yexurs and it will ccrntinue, if it a
Chilli or a Lewis seedling it will come into be:ring

at once. Last fall nearly every veriety was filled ith
hundreds and hundreds of fruit buds in the nursery and in
-varleties we have had in the nursery for twenty years."
Of course you may sey thet in budding from nursery trees

’

of peach ycuare buading from bearing trees. 7T know cf neo

test or prcof either for or avainst this claim as reserds
apples cr pezrs. The fact that wsiccst nurserynuen gropaerzate

frow the nursery rew and that, so fur es we can detor-
mine from litereture, cld varieties behave very much us
they were wont to ac years aco,seema to throw the burien

we

of proof ugycn these whe object to cutting cuds and scicns

 

_~. ee me ee em ee ee ee em eee —_— = ~ -—- See

*Mich.Hort.Soc. Rept. ,1900,p. 22.

 
- 69 -
from mureery trees.

The next proposition, the introduotion and
perpetuation of mistakes and diseases into nursery stock,
ig ome open to debate. The nurgeryman will tell you that
hig men can recognize the different varieties by their
appearance and mode of growth and that any deviation is
rogued out, that in the cutting of buds and scions in the
orchard there is the sams danger of a stray tree escaping
the memory of the orchardist, and that his nursery is free
from disease, but the cutting of buds midscions outside
(necessarily, to secure the varieties, in a number of
aif ‘erent orchards) would mean the possible introduction
of yellows, little peach, scale and other troubles.

On the other hand, the orchardist can show that a few
mistakes inrropagation from nursery trees have the power
of unlimited multiplication in a few seasons. As this,
when divested of the other two phases of sterility and pedi-
greedtress, is a question purely of nursery management, it
may be passed without further comment.

The third question is that of pedigreedtrees
or propagation from trees of known worth. In this we
must carefully distinguish between pedigreed anid bud
varieties. In the case of bud varietions or sports
such ag the two red Twenty-Ounce, Hitchings and Collamer,
and the two red Gravensteins, it is a well known fact that
trees propagated from the sports will perpetuate the
variation, but whether the little variations in size,

shape, color and productiveness which lead a man to ~o to
- 7 -«-

@ particular tree to secure applee for exhibition or
scions for propagation can be transmitted by grafting or not
has not been demonstrated by any series of experiments.
Prof. Shamel in his work with oitrus fruits has shown that
there is great difference in the quality and amount of
fruit produced by different trees of the same variety and
that these characteristics are correlated with certain tree
characterbtics. The next thing to do is to prove whether
these characteristics are transmissible or not.

3e Reoiprocal: Influence of Stock and Soion. The mutual
effect ofatock and acion is by far the most important problem
connected with graftage and the one concerning which the
most has been written and the most intense feeling aroused.
There are all grades and shades of opinion from those who
are ready to accept any story of change even to the old
Roman legend of black roses being produced by grafting.
the rose on the black currant, down through those who admit
some change, to those who claim like Baltet, the eminent
French horticulturist, that "grafting is a form of feder-
ative union wherein the interested parties retain their
antonomy.* (*)

To understand the true relation existing between
stock and acion and the influence that each holds in the
life of the other, we must approach the subject without
prejudice and, after tabblating the facts, attempt to ascer-
tain the laws and principles governing the phenomena. No

one who has evsr seen a dwarf tree can deny that there

1g some influence between stock and scion. The best

 

—— ~<a + ee ee ee - oe

 

ee

*Gard.Chron.XX1I(1897)p.207.
am =

cs

 

 

v:
 

~ fi _

article writtem on the mutual influence of stock and scion
le probably the one by A. A. Crozier in the Report of the

Michigan Horticultural Society for 1891, pages 105 to 148.
In this Mr. Crozier cites nearly 300 references, tabujat-

ing them according to the effect rroduced. These effects
as given by him are as follows:

Change in habit.
1. Dwarfing. He quotes A. & Fuller as drawing

a sharp didgtinction between dwarfing and etunt-
ing. Dwarfed trees are apt to be more vigorous
the firat year or two than standard trees.

@e Inoreased vigor. A scion may add vigor to

a stock or a stockmy add vigor to a ecion.

So. Fruitfulness, or its lack, is usually assoc-
ijated with the two above effects.

4. Form. He quotes A. & Fuller as saying that
if two buds of the same variety of cherry be
placed on Mazzard and Mahaleb the tree on Mazzard
will tand to become pyramidal while the one on
Mahaleb will be more spreading.

5. Character of the roots. The ecion, especially
in root grafting, exercises an influence over the
roots of the stock, so that in digging nursery
trees diggers notice a difference between the
root systems of one variety and that of another
variety. This difference is, however, not
marked enough to enable anyones to identify 3

variety from the roots alone. Probably the
_73 -

most self-evident example of this influence is
the Mann apple. It ia seldom that we see a }
dozen or more full-grown Mann trees in an orchard
that one or more of the trees are not recumbent,
due to a weak root system.

Earliness. Upon this the reports are conflicting, some
reporting a difference and some not. In general the differ-
ence is more apt to appear in fruiting time than in budding
or blooming. Some grape grafteaare cited to show that an
early stock tends to make the graft bud earlier while an
early scion has not the@ame effect on the stock. In
general where there is a difference in ripening the stock
tends to cause the period of ripeniug of tne scion to
aonroach the time of ripening of its own fruit.

Character of the Fruit. | |
1.%fnnobling and Degeneration." There was an

 

old belief that grafting on superior stocks
improved the quality of fruits and that repeated
ennobling continued to increase the excellence;
while the continual use of inferior stocks
caused the quality to deteriorate or degenerate.
2. Flavor. Numerous references are given to show
the increase or decrease of. acidity due to work-
ing on eweet of sour stocks, as well as soe
telling of other changes in flavor.

Color. Under this head citations are given of changes
of color of stem, blossom and fruit.

Disease. Cases are cited showing the transfer of disease

from stock to scion and scion to stock.
- 73 -

Variegation. When certain variegated-leaved plants
are intergrafted with green-leaved, the green-
leaved portion, whether stock or acicn, is very
apt to take on the variegation. |

Hardiness. Knight, Fuller and Hovey are quoted as
believing that the stock gave little if any
increased hardiness to the scion, but a list
of references are also given showing apparent
increase of hardiness.

Adaptation to Soil. The change of stocks with the
change of soil conditions is discussed, the
point also being brought out that whether a
stock bore a graft or not sometimes affected
its behavior in a given soil.

Split Grafts and Graft Hybrids are alao discussed.
The conclusions ath which he arrives are clear
and are worth consideration at this time.

"In the foregoing pages there is abundant evidence that
the stock and graft influence each others crowth in many
ways. Seldom, however, is it shown that the recorded
observations were based on direct experiments undertaken
for the particular purpose of determining the modifying |
influence of the stock or graft. Certain of the state-
ments made are contradictory; and if we would come to any
conclusion in the matter, some of the testimony must be
rejeoted. In at least a few cases ‘the changes said to have
been observed were evidently imaginary or due to other
causes than grafting. As these cases appear to form but

& ema}l proportion of the whole, and as it is of some
 

~ 74 -

interest to know what beliefs are held, I have not excluded
tedtimony eimply because it seemed unreasonable to me.
There is need of careful and extended experiments to fully
settle many of tne points involved, and the writer hopes

to contribute something to this end in.the future. A
careful study of existing evidence seems to justify the
following conclusions:

"1. Size and Vigor. The stock and graft each imparts
to the other something of ite own degree of vigor or lack
of vigor. This influence is greater the first year or
two than afterward. If the difference in vigor is great,
doth stock and graft may ultimately perish. The dwarfing
which in certain cases results from grafting does not
alwaye arise from a diminished food supply, but often
indirectly from earlier and more abundant fruitfulness.

"3. Form. The alterations in the forme of trees, as the
result of grafting, arise mainly from increased or dimin-
ished vigor. This probably applies also to alterations
in the form of the roots, vigorous roote having larger,
longer and fewer branches than feebdle ones. Many of the
observed changes, however, in the formof the roots of
grafted trees,are probably due to the trees having rooted
from the graft. The observed ch2nges in the form of the
fruit of the graft, causing it to resemble that of the
stock, are as yet too few to be considered other than
accidental.

—*Pruitfulness. The most important of all th> results

 

of grafting is increased fruitfulness. This is being
brought about(a) by the mere procesa of grafting, which
-75 -
operates in the same manner as a ligature, or the removal
of a ring of bark; (b) by diminished vigor through defec-
tive nourishment from a feebler stock; (c) by increased
vigor imparted by vigorous stocks to varieties which are
naturally toofeeble to bear heavily.

"4. Precocity. Earlier, as well'as more abundant fruit-
ing, l6induced.: ty the act of grafting; also by diminished
vigor due to dwarf or feeble stocks. The precocity of
trees on dwarf stocks is not, however, always directly due
to diminished vigor, but largely to the habit of early bear-
ing imparted to the graft by the stock in a manner not
fully understood. Probably the diminished supply of
sap derived from dwarf or feeble stocks, and its consequent
richer character, is an imrortant factor in inducing the
earlier and more abundant fruitfulness.

"5. Season of Growth and Maturity. The stock and the

 

graft each modifies the period of vegetation of the other
when their normal times of beginning and closing their
season's growth are different. Thus a late variety

grafted upon an early etock begins and ends its season's
growth earjier than it otherwise would. This alteration

in habit appears in some cases to affect the time of ripen-
ing tHe fruit.

"6. Hardiness. There is some evidence that hardy stocks
increase the hardiness of the grafts. This, however, does
not appear to be by the transfer of any inherent hardiness
peculiar to the variety, but to result from the increased

or diminished vigor in certain cases or an earlier maturity
 

—_— a

 

- 76 =

in varieties which, upon their own roots, are inclined to
grow too late in the season. The advantage usually

sought in hardy stocks is to furnish hardy stems able to
resist injury to the bark by sunscald, etc., and to supply
roots of uniform hardiness in place of those of ordinary
seedlings which are frequently less hardy than those of

most cultivated varieties. Conversely, a hardy graft

has been known to increase the hardiness of the stock, but
known examples of this are rare and usually no such influence
can be observed.

"7. Adaptation to Soil. 'Favored by the influence of the

 

stook, many species are able to thrive in unfavorable soils,
and often in those in which they could not live if upon
their own roots.! There is in this fact no evidence
that the character of either stock or graft is modified.
In some cases, however, the demands of a vigorous or
fruitful graft may render the roots cf the stock more
exacting as*to soil, so that they require one which is more
fertile or of.more definite character in which to maintain
in health the grafted tree than would be required for a
tree of the same kind as the stock growing in its natural
state. |

"8, Color. An alteration in color as the result of graft-
ing, may occur, (a) by the direct transfer of coloring
matter, as in the case of the white and yellow carrots;
(bo) by earlier or later maturity, earlier maturity inducing
more heightened color; (0) by the restoration of normal nutri-

tion to a 'variegated' stock or scion; (d) by the transfer
~ 977 -

to a healthy stock of the disease known as variegation.
There is little evidence that the characteristic color of
fruits is modified by grafting.

"9, Flavor. The testimony is abundant that fruitea may
acquire the flavor of the fruit of the stocks on which they
are grafted; this has been especially noticed in the case
of sour apples grafted upon sweet varieties. Other
modifications in the flavor and texture of the fruit have
been noticed, which do not cause them to resemble the fruits
of the stock. The operation of grafting itself often
causes the fruit to be larger and more succulent, and to
ripen earlier; this latter change, when it causes more
perfect ripening, improves the flavor. We can say that
certain stocks improve the flavor of fruit borne by the eraft,
while others deteriorate it, and that it is probable that
stocks bearing highly flavored fruit intensify the flavor
of the fruit borne by the craft, while atocks bearing
fruit which are sweet or mild in quality diminish it;
but notwithstanding the abundant testimony to this end,
direct and careful experimentea are needed.

"10. Disease. The evidence is conclusive that certain
diseases may be conveyed from stock to graft, and viceverea.
This applies not only to diseases caused by parasitic fungi
but also to the peculiar form of malnutrition known 38s
variegation. It will be observed that nearly all the
best established changes which are noted are due to altered
nutrition, and though they sometimes cause the stock and

graft each to acquire seme of the features of the other,
-~ 78. «

these alterations extend mainiy to such roints as vigor,
color, and veriod of vegetation, and in no case can they
' be considered to be of the nature of hybridism."

Another though shorter summary of the effect of
grafting is given in the Country Gemtleman for Mey 18, 1899(*).
A large number of instances of the effect of stock cn scion
are given in two papers presented before the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society and in the accompanying discussion as
given in the reports for 1875(**), 1879(***) and 1880(#).
The effort of Josiah W. Talbot(##) to explain the phenomenon
led him to assert that 2: the wood of the scion governed
the fruit(a pear graft produces pears, even on quince)
then the only way thet the sap elaborated in the leaves of
the stock could affect the fruit of the scion was to change
the nature of the wood.

Singularly enough about the only experiment under-
taken with the purpose of studying the influence of stook
upon scion has given a negative result. Prof. A. G.
Gulley(##/) took trees grown from root grafts of Sweet
Bough and Jersey Black, selecting the latter because it
was an exact opposite of the former, being a very late,
small, dark red apple of just fair quality. On these he
topworked Red Astrachan and Red Canada, the latter because
it is supposed to be variable under different circumstances

and on different stocks, and the former on account of ite

 

*Page 388. ** Page 83. **#Pace 7. FPage 93.
##Mase.Hort.Soc.Rept.,1879,p.7.
#iz Mich.Hort.Soc.Rept.,1905.p,158.
- ee x

- 79 -

difference from the latter. ‘When they fruited there was

no observable difference in the rroduct. The Astrachans,
which might have been expected to be sweeter on the sweet
stock and later on the late stock showed no change in
flavor, season, size, shape, or color, nor did the Red
Canadas. Why these resvits were not obtained will be dis-
cussed later.

That changes do occur as the result of grafting
we are forced to admit, but there are certain limitations
to these changes. In the first place the change is tem-
porary, lasting only as long as the union of stock and
scion endures (except in the case of variegation and
hybridization as we will see later). Were this not
so, such varieties as the Baldwin and Greening would be 60
changed by being repeatedly grafted on so many different
stocks that they would be lost in a maze of esprples of all
sizes, shapes and cclore, and all Baldwins or Greenings.
Just before its death, Prof. Gulley secured scions from the
original Rhode Island Greening tree, which had a written
record of 160 years of bearing, and grafted them beside
scione from New York grown trees(without doubt many "*eraft-
generations" from the original}. In a recent letter he
gaye: "I have fully demonetrated that the many generations
of grafting the Greening have had no result."

Another point is that different varieties seem
to show different degrees of susceptibility to this influ-
ence. The Canada Red, which showed no change for Prof.
Gulley, is frequently mentioned 2s being susceptible, but
the most frequent reference is to the Porter, the acidity

of which seems to vary with the acidity of the stceck.
- £0 —

A third factor which will be discussed later ie
the quantity of stock.

That there is a reason and a law governing this
matter no rational person doubte and a study of the histol-
ogy of the graft should assist us to understand the problem
and discover the answer. |

If we could section a graft so as to see just
how healing and growth take place it would be of great
assistance, but as Prof Waugh{(*) found it is impossible
to secure a section showing cell develorment. Let us
therefore, without the aid of the section, study a graft
union, for instance, pear on quince. The two pieces
are go applied that their cambium layers are pressed
together. We know that the cells of wood and bark can
never chahge their form until destroyed by decay. The
cells of the cambium, however, under the influenoes of
growth do change and their numbers increase. The cells
do not fuse together; so far as we know it has never
been proven that a cell of stock and one of scion ever
fused together, but the pear cells divide each becoming
two pear cells, and the quince cells similarly each beconm-
ing two quince celle. By this cell growth a new layer
of wood is formed between last yeer's wood and the bark,
but the cells composing this layer are either pear cells
or quince oells. Though as the celle elongate they may
dovetail together and under the microscope aprear contin-

vous, yet the fact remains that there is an invisible

we eee eee eee

 

~~ - oS Se eee OO

 
 

el oi

- 8] -

boundary line between the tio kinds of wood. The cell,
however, is not the life of the tree but is rather the
house in which this life, the protoplasm, resides.
Here I wish to quote from Prof. T. J. Burrili:(*)
"No true liquid lives. Propoplasm, however soft, is never
soluble in the living state. Hence it can not be carried
living through plant tissues with ascending or descending
sap. It can, to a limited extent, get from cell to cell
by migratory powers peculiar to itself. Thies ie why when
two v2erieties are grafted each preserves its. own peculiar-
ities." Thus in grafting there is no fusing of the
tro natures, no commingling of the protoplasm of stock and
scion, any more than in two ropes neatly spliced there is
any union of the hemp and sisal of which the two ropes
ere made. Each rope is distinct ‘though the union may be
so neatly made as to be almost invisible.

Difficulties of Interpretation.

There are a number of feotors which have made
for confueion and controversy in this problem of stock and
scion and in order to he able to offer a solution of this
problem we must have a clear idea of these factors which come
in and obscure the vision.

Mystery. There is a disposition among many reople to
surround anything whibh they cannot understand with still
more mystery and each of nature's miracles but affords an
opportunity for charlatans to delude and the credulous to
weave a network of fable, legend or tradition about it

and in studying this prohlem we must make allowance in some

-_ aT ew = ceo-eeoe _——_T~ es oe
-_— oe en ae. oo oem ow eo ee eee
a Se = _!

 

oo ee ew a a ee

*VWaas.Hort.2oc.Rept.,1007,p.461.

 
-~ 93 -

cases for the obviously imaginary.

8. Ignorance and Carelessness.of Observers. Much that

—_ ee a

 

 

is laid to grafting might be explained by other causes

were all the data available. Thus in one case described,
the fruit from acertain tree always decayed before ripen-
ing and accordingly the tree rac torworked to English Russet,
a long keeping variety. The Russets on the grafted tree

3

partook of the nature cf th= fruit of the stock and also
e

decayed. The inference was that the stock affected the

scion through the eraft but, in the light of rlant rath-
Ology, would it not be possible that a bitter rot canker in
the top of the tree might explain the decay of fruit on
stock and scion?

Again we have the case of Mr. Benjamin P. Ware(*)
who cut with his own hands scions of Sheppards Sweet which
he grafted on two trees of his own. The fruit on the
larger tree.was true while that on the smaller tree was
entirely different. Later he found that the tree from
which he cut his grafts bore both kinds, and in fact his
own large tree bore both kinds.

3. Effect of Pollen. §§ This may be seen in tvo ways.

 

The grafting of a limb of another variety into a barren
tree might induce it to bear but the fruiting might be due
to crosspollination.

Mr. Mehan is quoted(**) as authority for the
statement that a bough of a pear tree was unfruitful until
it was projected into the boughof a neighboring apple tree;

when fruit w3s produced which in skin, flesh and other

eo: ewe we © - ee ewe ee ee ee eee eee ee nae aes — .

 

*Mage.Hort.Socerept.1879,p.l7.
**Masa.Hort.Soc.Rept.1879,p.7.
- 93 -

respects were apples and had only seeds, carpellary por-
tions, and stalk of the pear. Had the rear Jimb been
grafted on the apple we would have unhesitatingly attri-
buted to the influence of the stock th:t which was pat-
ently the influence of pollen.

4. Difference Between Influence cf Stock over Scion and
Substitution of stock for Scicn. In the matter of resis-
tance to cold or heat the increased hardiness is often due
to the fact that the susceptible portion(roots or body)
is replaced by the hardy stock and while the resulting
plant is more hardy the resistance of the scion itself may
be unchanged. Similarly in selecting a stock congenial
to the soil, the relation of scion tc soil is unchanged
but a more favorable connection secured.

So. Stimulus due to the Operation Itself. The mechanical
operation of grafting met be taken into account. Crozier
quoted Darwin to the effeot that grafting has scme such
invigorating effect asa the changing of seed, while Knight
likens the influence of grafting to that of ringing. We
all must admit that the pruning incident to grefting as
well as the imperfect tranefer of food materials while stock
and acion are uniting must exert at least a temporary influ-
ence to be considered.

6. Bud Variation.is by no means uncomron. There are

 

more varieties in the Apples of New York that are the
result of bud variation than the result of definite plant
breeding where both parents are known. Should one of

these variants happen to be used as a acicn the variation
- 84 .
would undoubtedly be attributed to the stock, especially
if it was in the direction of the stock.

7. Quantity of Stock. Crozier touched upon an tmpor-
tant point when he discussed the matter, quoting Charles
Downing, Burbidge and others to the effect that the quentity
of the stock affected the influence of stock over scion.
Burbidge says: "Do we not rob the stock of a deal of its
power to ameliorate the scicn when we denude it of all its
own leaves?" while Charles Downing says: "There is no
doubt that in large trees tocgrafted the stock has more
or less influence, but when grafted or budded on small
est@cks near the cround the influence, if any, would be little."

Herbs are so much more easily worked with then
woody rilants, and seem so much more sensitive to influences
that those who are studying the effects of grafting finda
herbaceous grafting affords a superior opportunity for
study. M. Daniel, who has done considerable work in
herbaceous grafting, found, as 2 saw cn race 31, that in
grafting beans the graft having all the tov of the stock
removed resembled closely the ungrafted plant of the s=me
species as the scion, while the graft in which some of the
leaves of the stock were left(a mixed graft) develoned a
plant intermediate in oharacter between the stock and scion.
A clue to the reason may be found in the following exper-
ment. M. Ch. Laurant(*) made the reciprocal grafts both
plain and mixed of tomato and nightshade. When the night-
shade was used as the stock none of the atropin(poisonous
alkalodd of the nightshade) passed from the nightshade to
®Gard.Chron.46(1907)p.414 amd Bul.fcr.Intell.&Pl.Dis.Nov.1912.

 
 

 

 

 
- 865 .

the tomato but when the tomato was used as the stock the
atropin passed from the nightshade to the tomato, being
found in the stem, leaves and fruit. In some of the
mixed grafts of tomato on nightshade the fruits contained
the alkalodd. In other words, the finished product(in
this case atropin) for which the roots supplied the
crude sap, is the product of the foliage. The leafless
atock cannot formulate these products for distribution in
the scion, the leafy scion con formulate them and transmit
them to the stock, and if both bear foliage an opportunity
ig offered for an interchange of elztorated sap. May not
the negative results of Prof. Gulley's experiment with Red
Astrachan and Red Canada have been due to the fact that none
of the foliage of the stock was allowed to remain? Thus
you see the importance of knowing whether a graft ie a
mixed graft or not, a fact which few observers are careful
to record.

Conclusions.

 

1. Variegation. Having @iscovwered the various limiting
factors which must be kept in mind while we are reviewing
the evidence submitted, let us first take up the phenomenon
in which the evidence is least contradictory. It has been
found that when certain green-leaved and variegated-leaved
plants are intergrafted, regardless of which is the scion,
the green-leaved portion tends to change its nature and
become variegated. The most frequently quoted example is
the grafting of Abutilon Thompsoni upon a green-leaved

Abutilon. One small graft seems enough to transform the
- 86. -

entire plant. It ia usually conceded that variegation is
e disease, perhaps enzymatic, in which case budding or
grafting would be in the nature of inoculation.

8. Graft Hybrids and Chimeras. Certain phenomena have

 

been observed from time to time which have been so0 analogous
in their results to the results obtained in hybridization
by cross-fertilization that they have been termed "graft
hybrids", The cldest of these and cne which has been
so much quoted as to become a classic is the oase of the
Cytisus Adami. In 18286 a French gardener named Adam
budded the lilac flowered Cytisus purpureus on the yellow
flowered Laburnua, Laburnum vulgare. As a result branches
arose some showing the characteristic foliage and lilac
flowers of the Cytisus and some the characteristic folliace
and yellow flowers of Laburnam, while other branches showed
all gradations and combinations between. Upon these inter-
mediate forms the foliage and form of the blossom clusters
were more or less intermediate while the same oluster held
some blossoms entirely lilac, some entirely yellow, and
those in which one or more petals were one color and the
remainder the other. Moreover, plants propagated from
this form retained the habit and the variety beoame known
as a graft hybrid and named Cytisus Adami. Another famous
case was the graft hybrids of Brouvaux between the white
thorn, Crataegus monogyma, and the medlar, Mespilus ger-
msnica. Two types were represented hy *t*o branches

which grew side by side from the point of union of medlar
 

 

 

 

 

 

- 87 -

and thorn. One of these types known as Crataego-mespilus
Dardari approaches the medlar more closely; the other,
Crataeco-mespilus J.d*Aanieres is more like the thorn.

The supposition wis that these shoots each arose from a
bud which was the direet outcome of the fusion of two
cells, one from each member of the graft union and hence
that it was a graft hybrid, just as the union of pollen
cell and ovule cell forms a seed hybrid. Further study
has changed this view and given us further information in
the matter, at the same time giving us an illustration of
the way in which different experimenters working along
different lines may each contribute to the solution of

a given problem. In 1907 Hans Winkler published a report
of grafting invrstigation carried on by him with nightshade
and tomato. He had grafted nightshade on tomato and
after growth had been resumed a transverse cut was made in
such a way as to sever both stock and scion in the hope

of obtaining an adventitious growth from the cut surface
along the line of growth of stock and scicn. Such shoots
appeared and in one case the shoot contained tissues of
both stock and scion but it was not a hybrid because one
side of the shoot was tomato and the other nightshade, the
boundary being so sharply marked that some leaves were part
one and part the other. Winkler called this production
& chimera. A year later he announced the production
of a true graft hybrid, the first ever produced under

exact experimental control, and named it Solanum tubingense
- 883 -

after th university town where it was produced. In 1909
he announced the discovery of four more graft hybrids

(some of which appeared several times in the cultures), two
favoring one parent and two the other. While hia resuits
were. accepted hisenclusions were not. One reason was
that the seedlings always reverted to the nearer parent
and that, while they could be hybridized sexually with the
nearer parent, the resulting generation was always pure
tomato or pure nightshade.

Here the work of another man, studying another

problem, entered the field. "Erwin Baur found(*) from
@ careful study of geraniums with white margined leaves
that the green cells and colorless cells each are descended
fromothers of their kind, the peripheral portions(compris-
ing two or three rows) being colorless and the internal
portions green, the limits between them being sharp. Since

the sexual cells are fro the peripheral white portion
the seedlings are pure white. White branches give only
white forms vegetatively and green branches only green
forms. If a pure white and a pure green form are hybrid-
ized sexually there result, besides pure vhite and pure
green offsrring, green-vhite mosaics. If intne latter the
crowing point is situated on the line between the white
and green pertions there results a chimera such as Winkler
cbtained so frequently in Solanum. Since in cross secticn
the two conponents appear as sectors Baur has given to
such forma the name of sectoricl chimeras. For the
condition that Baur finda in an ordinary pelargonium with

*Yenry C.Cowles Bot.Gaz.Feb.1Sll,Vol.51,p.148.
- 893 -
white margined leaves he gives the name periclinal chi-eras,
one of the conponents investing the other. Be holds
that these so-called graft hybrids of Winkler are periclinal
chimeras." He found thet the Crataego-mespilus hybrids
were also periclinal chimeras, one being a Crataegus bady
with a Mespilus epidermis of two layers and the other the
reverse. Similarly the Cytisus Adami is a body of Cytisus
and epidermis of Laburnum, and the seedlings are always
Laburnum because the sex cells arise fmm the hypodermal
layer. Winkler applied the teat to his so-celled graft
hybrids and found four out of the five evident periclinal
chimeras but the fifth may be a true graft hybrid.

One interesting fact in this connection is th-%
fifteen years before another writer, McFarlane, spoke of
these plants as resembling one plant wrapped about ancther,
but he lacked the evidence to prove the reality of his
statement.

In a recent number of the Journal of Heridity
(*) ig a reference to a statement made by VieLucien Daniel
before the French Academy of Science that in anatomical
examination of grafts of Helianthus on Helianthus and
cactus on cactus he found internal adventitious roots from
the scion penetrating the stock, in some cases even to
the soil, so astm give the scion complete independence
of the stock. He believes this the rrobable exnlanation
of sove cases of craft hybridization.

3. Rutrition. After disposing of the cases of varie-

 

pation, graft hybrids and chimeras, and after making sliow-

 

"Yol.No.1,P.9.
= ‘90 -

ance for ignorance and carelessness of observation, for
insufficiency of data, for the effect of pollen, and even
the act of grafting itself, and for bud variation, I believe
we can be safe in saying that most, if not all the other
changes attributed to grafting are caused by a modification
of the quantity and quality of crude sap furnished to the
scion by the stock or of elsborated sap returned to the stock
from the scion or(in the case of mixed grafts) to ean inter-
change of elaborated sap. To demonstrate this fully
would require a vast amount of ocar2ful scientific work
but to demonstrate its reasonableness a review of Crozier's
list of changes shculd suffice,
Change of Habit
Dwarfing. Ajl dwarfing stocks have a relatively
small feeding area; dwarfs as a rule are partic-
ular about the soil they occupy, so that probably
both quantity and quality of sap is modified.
Increased Vigor. A vigorous stook or scion
furnishes more crude or elaborated sap to the less
vigorous portion.
Fruitfulness depends largely upon the two above.
To this is added the stimlus due tc the overation
of grafting itself.
Form. It is concievesblie that the form might be
affected by the quantity of quality of the sep.
Character of Roots. In piece root grafted trees

the soion is apt to root above the graft and it
Ear liness

- gi -

ig claimed that buaded trees show less of this
root effect than grafted trees.

In grafted grapes it hes been found that an early
stock will advance a late acion while an early
scion has little effect on a late stock.

Whether this is caused by sap pressure or not

I am unable to say. Some other phases, such as
tne reriod of ripening, are not so readily ex-
plained, although it may be possible to account

for them along the line of nutrition.

Character of Fruit.

OO ne SD =~

Flavor. If alkaloids can be traneferred between
stock and scicn it is reasonable to assume that
fruit sugars and acids may.

In some of the references given there wa: a direct

transfer of solubie coloring matérials. In other

cases color is affected by time of ripening,
amount of foliage, etc., making color seccndary
to vigor.

The tranemission of disease is more in the nature-
of inoculation or infection than physiological

change.

Variegation has been discussed.

Ad=ptaticn to Soil in almost every case is 3 case of substi-

tution rather than influence cf atock over scicn.
Graft Hybrids have been considered.

Summary.

1. Grafting is an ancient art handed “own to us from
the Romans or Phoenicians who were familiar with top-
grafting though they probably knew nothing of root-grafting.

2. Root-grafting was first practiced about 1800, being
the inveation of Thos. Knight.

3. The use of grafting by the horticulturist are mani-
fold and to this art is largely due the production of B80
much fruit of superior quelity that we have todsy.

4. By means of grafting men is able to in many ‘eys
adapt a plant to me2t conditions or to meet his desires.

5. There are numberless forms of grafting, many of them
adapted to special uses or simply minor modificetions of
standard types.

6. The more important forme of grafting sre the cleft,
kerf, crown, saddle, side, bridge and whip graft.

7. The cleft graft is the one most commonly used in top-
working.

8. The kerf amd crown graft are used where the limb is
too large for cleft grafting and have the adventage over
cleft grafting of not srlitting the heart wood.

9. The whip graft is used in topworking where stock and

and scion are of nesrly equ2l size and is almost
- .93

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~ 95 -

REFERENCES
To give a list of all the references tc zraft-
ing would require almost a complete list cf the horti-
culturel books and magazines as almost every one of them
ecmtains nore or less extended references to grafting.
Much cf tiis cf course is singly rcevrint. The following
are ziven because the: cre devoted entirely to this sub-
ject, becceuse they are especially good or tke writings

of a horticulturel authcrity, or are the recorc of exper-
iments or observeticns. These letter ere of especial
value. An unsurported statement may sincly ce the
author's finespun thecry cr a quctation fror> scnme other
thogrist, while an actual observuticn, esreciaully when

taken in connecticn with other similcr observations, shculd,

when rightly interpreted, sive ‘the truth.

General
Grafting and Budding Charles Baltvet
Translaticn cf "L'Art de Greffes"
Grafting Trans.from French of D' Albrecht
Gard.Chron. 1651.
Grafting,Itsa Ccnsequences and Effects Cr. Masters
Gard.Chron. 1872,p6.215,322,361.
The Pleasant Art of Grafting GC. S. Crandall
iich.Hort.foc. 1685, p.205.
Influcnce of Grafting on the Seed A. J. Downing
Fruits and Fruit Tress cf Aicerica,:.4.
Is Graftase a Tevitalizins Process? Le %. Bailey
Wilich. Hort. foc., 1891,;.146.
Effects and Limitations of Grafting TD. Be. Miller
Indiana Hort. Soc. ,1§895,c.1€&2.
-Grafting Jackson Dawson
Mass.Eort.Soc., 1£€95,p.115.
 

 

The Graft Unicn
Mass. Fx.Sta., Teck. Bul.
Naturel Grafts.

Natural Crafting
EX. Sta. “ec. XVII, ¢.371.

Natural Greft | :
Gard.Chron.1595,Vol.xVIII,3d Cer. ,p.770C.

Naturel Craft
Mich. Hort.Soc., 1880, ¢.1138.

Natural Grefting of Rhubarb Leaves
Gard. Cnron.1893,Vol.XIII,3d Ser. ,p.3S6.

Purposes.
Use for Grafting Re. E. Smith
Jteh Hort. Soc. ,1912,;.16.
Grafting to Fvade Borers wocadbricge Strong

Country Gent. NMar.20,1835C.
y ’

The Grafting of Beets
Ex. Sta.Rec.XI,p.334.

Plum cn Peach
“ish. Hort.Sce. ,1&S5,5.48.

Grafting - "xX" - |
Gard.Chron., 1879,,.365.

Purrcese cf Crafting _ | UePe Hedrick
N.Y.fx.Sta., 2ul.350.

Use cf Grafting T.eAe Knight.
Knight's Horticultural Papers,1§41
Lo. 8287872

Methods.
Reet Grafting John Lindley
Theory of Herticulture, p.°25.
Roct Grafting Bb.0.Curtis

Tll.Hort.Soc. ,Vol.III.

New Ser. (1668) ,5. 238.

Root Grafting the Aprle
Country Gent., XIII,p.302.

Root Crafting Stone Fruite mnorterept.
Country.Gent. ,XLI(1@76) p.54.
- 07 o

Roct Grafting F.K. Phoenix
Downings Eorticultusist,I(1848) p.2é0.

Autumn Grafting and Spring Bucding Robt.Nelson
Downings Berticulturist 1(1847) y.515.

Rud Graftine instead of Budding Roses mR.
Gard.Chron.XL,3d. Ser. (1906) p.367.

Grafting Roses : F.R.Mathison
Am. Forist ,xIV,p.13gc$

Grafted Roses Robt.Craig

Am.Gardening XX (1899S) ,r.61.

The Double Grafting of Pears Ae.
The Garden, XLIX(1&96) p.73.

Methods of Herbacecus Grafting LeH.Baile
Cornell fx.Sta. Bul.25,p.174.

Grape Grafting ,
Country Gent. XXXVIITI,p.27%.

Grare Grafting E.G. Lodeman
Cornell Ex.Sta. ,Bul.77.

Herhaceous Grafting(of Grapes) T.Gre
fm.Gardening XVI(1895) p.178.

Grafting the Grajy.evine Geoe’.Campoell
Country Gent. XVII(1861) p.232.

Grape Grafting N.2.chite
fm.Gariening XXIV(19C3) p.703.

Bench Grafting Resistant Vines
Calif.Ex.Sta. Bul.137.

New Methods of Grefting and Budding Vines E.H.Twight
Calif.Ex.Sta., Bul.1456.

Random N-tes cn Grafting A. "ahnestock
ownings Horticulturist III,p.33C.

On Propagation of Woody Plants Throuzh Grafting Under
Glass Protectors
Ex.Sta.nec.V,p.l0l7.

wetnods and Results of Hybridizing Fruits Theo.Villiens
Am. Breeders.Assn.19083,p.186.

Grafting on-Cuttings
Gard. Chron. ,1889,p.631.

A Method of Grafting Martin ©rnet
Country Cent. ,LXV(19CC)p.504.
 

 
 

Bridzse Grafting ‘Mice Gnawed Trees .
Country Gent. , VIII(1857) ,p.191.

Two “ethcds of Grafting F.o. Crandall
Am.Gardening ,AI,p.54

re TeA.AnNicht

Grafting “alnut Trees
Knight's Horticultural Papers,np.3cs.

vursgery Hirts L.C.Ccrbett
vest Vest VYaeEx.Sta. , Bul. 54.
Fars Grafting T.V.Peticclas

Country Gent. III, (1853) p.394.

Side Crafting F.eA.Vaugh
Gard. Chron. X¥YIII,3d Ser. (18C3)p5.407.

Side Graft Chas.Jones
Sard. Chron. XLI,3ad. Ser. (1907) p.201.

Side Grafting JeBeSmith
Country Gent. LV(1890) +.348.

winter Eudding Thos. L. Brunk
Md. Ex. Sta.Rrept. , 1851.

Recovering Dried Srafts
Rurel New Yorker,II, (1851) p.43.

Graft Euciing Pru. A. Peck
Dewnings Horticult-rist,1I1I(1848)p.376

New Mode of Grafting "Sigma"
Country Gent. XI(1858) 5.366,

Crown Grafting cf Cherries John Creig
Bul.17,Tept.of Az. ,Ottawa,Caen. |

Grafting Stone Fruits Jel.sudd
Canadian Hort. ,XIII(18$9C) ».185.

 

Torpgiefting

Topworking cf Pecans Wee Carrcil
Southern Orechuras 5 Farms,Jan, lvld.

Topworking the Peach L.“.Corbett
Am.Gardenii.g XX(1SC1) +.147.

Tre Topworking of Orchards Ye, diunson
Maine fx.ota. ,Buls.le2e & 1393.

Teper: “ting Nursery frjple Trees Oe. eCicse

feb
naa - TA ar,
LelaekFX. Ste. »oul.3c.
Topsrafting

Ceantry Cent. UxxX(1s C5)

~Topgsraftins the fp;le

Iowa Hort.Soe.xXVIII(lé¢

- Tops

Fruit Trees

Colo. Exp. Sta. 2ul.147

Toepgerafting fpple Trees

Dela. Fx.Sta Sul. 48

Also Te Sele le Year Fock pL oC he

ACS, Toc 13,

- - - 2 = -

 

Grafting “axes
Px.eOta. Rept. ,lsCs,E

Grafting “EX
Country

tort.
wel SVG

eet.
3) p.5cS.

Ue te woigrpd e

Ecrt.Cept.
151.

Sece0O.Green

Cents. L¥XI(1905) p.gCe.

,TI1(1849)r.349

Cre'rarkliin

r.(1lESS)p.1€4.

Grafting Wax

Downings Horticuiturtst
Grafting Vax

Ohic Hort.Soc. ,1eE8,p¢.75.
Grefting "sxes

Garde Chron. ,XXVI,3d.8
Potato insteau of Sraeftin

> Wak
rv

Gard. Chron. f, 1(1823) be

Ro
—
“4
@

Saga

\

refting clachine

Oo.

EF e f ‘e -augh

Vt.0x. Sta. Rept. ,1826,p.122

New

T>

Grafting Tocl

Lovnings Horticulturist, II (1847)

A Tocl for Tréensplanting Duda

Gard.Thron.XXVII.3d Ser.

afts

“Yapesng of Apple Gr
2Secur.ePient Inaustry,5

TY
Le

Ruover-striy for Grafting

Royal Hort.coc.Londen,Ls

stocks

Fruit Tree Ctocks

GarueChron.£LVIII Sd.cer

Russian Stocks for Arjles
ce Lake FXe taeFul.55

Also Country Gent.183s.

in the Northwest

Ashael Focte
pr. 34]

(15CC)p. E52.

Esvon cenrens
ul.1Cd, nt.d.

7 Of

hele hOusersa
Ol »be O48 6
=.eSomerg Rivera

(1510)

W.I. Hens ta
- 100 -
Pyrus Eaccuta as a fvock for fArrles S.f.bedford
Canada Fxpe.Farms,Fept.19C5,¢.540.

Arpiles Ova Siveriz2n Crab Jet! ° Ure
Country Gent.,XLIV(1879) ».6.

Pyrus rivulans as a ¢tcck
Alaska txp.cfta.Rept. ,1SCs.

UtOCcKs MeG.Xsing
eastern N.Y.Hort.foc.191l p.2g

ctocks for Root Grefting Pe Se GOSB
Wis. 'xecta., "ul. 77.

fpele cn Huwtherne he TeHesketh
Gard.Chron. XXXNIX,$a Ser. (1EC03)p.347

Stocks for fFrrles in Iowa E.R Heize
I¢ewa Hort.Soc. ,1&79,p.57.

Apples <1 Fear Trées
Card. Chron. XII,3d.Ser. (18S2)p.5624

Pyrus baccate 7 _ Hor. Hansen
fiie POM. S0C.1599,;7.143-151.

Pear cn “hite Thorn "5.7."
Country.Gent.XXIX(1657)p.315

Pear cn Eawthern Eort.Fraitor
Country Gent. X*X*XIL,1¢5&,r.375

Pear cn Thorn ie Quinby
Country Gent. XVI(1860) 5.240

Pear on Thorn ify. borwari
MicheHert Toc. 19CC,1.429

Pear cn /pple S.i..eEmery
Mertana Ke Stae Bul.l6,P. E4.

Pear cn Apple Hort.rditor
Country Cent.LVII(1893) «.328

Pear on Apple Nexperimenter"
Am. Gardening, XXII (1001)z7.171

Pear cn Wountiia Ash D Hulsey

° L e ti
Covntry Gent,,XIV(155¢) 5.174.

Pear on Quince "
Gard.Chron.XI¥,3d Ser. (18¢c¢e

Pear Stocks Thoea.I.. Brunk

Texas. Fxe.Sta ~Bul.S.
-~ 101 +
Guince

Quince en White Thorn BeAMing
Country Gent. X¥XVIII(1873) 9.314

Thorn cn Cuince
Gard.Chron. 187¢

Guinee cn Thorn Woodbridge Strong
Country Gent.LV(1890)p.228

reach

Plum Stocks for Peaches
N.J.Ex.Sta.Rept.1907,p.1369

Peach on White Thorn A.S.F.
The Amer.Carden IX(1888)p.41.

Stocks for Peach and Plum €,.C.Masen
Kan. Ex.Sta.Bul.73,p.185

Plum

Stook and Scion Waugh and Stuart
Vt. Ex.Sta.kept.XIII(1900) , XIV(1901)

XV(1902),XVIII(1905
and Vase.Ex.Sta.Rept.xxI(1¢09)
Stocks for American Plums G.Cnderdonk

Bailey in Cornell Ex.Sta.Bul.38.

Plum Stocks W.UFruit Growers
Country Gent. VIII(1857)p.14. Asan.

Stocks for Wild Goose Plum J.5.,Newmsn
Ala. Ex.Sta.Bul.30,p.15

Stocks for Plum J.W,Kerr
Country Gent. LXIII(1898) p.288.

Sand Cherry as Stocks Budd &% Hansen

Iowa Bk.Sta.Bul.os,pt.4.

Western Sand Cherry
Co. Dak. Ex.Ste.Rul.87.

Cherry

Stocks E.S.Goff
Wis.Ex.Sta.Bul.77

Cherry Stocks H.C.Price & ©.%.
Towa.Ex.Sta.Bul.73. Little

Stocks for Cherries W,.G.Waring

Country Gent .XXXIX(187 4) p.5S8_
- 103 -
Cherries on Mahaleb Stock
Country Gent. XXXIIT(1869)p.36
¥vazzard Stocks for Cherries JeV.Hopper
“Country Gent. XXIx(1887) 1.334
Limitaticns of Grafting

Strange Grafts
mN.Y.IV(1853)p.189

Gooseberry on Yellow-flowered Currant
Horticulturist IV(1850) p.65

Gooseberry on Apple Prof .VanDemen
B4th Ohio Hort.Soc.Rept.(1890-})p.28

Graftine Grain
Downing's Horticultusist III(1849)p.437

Grafting Humbugs
Downing's Horticulturist III(1849)p.437

Grafting F.D.Pershore
Gard.Chron.1850 , Nov. 30

Grafting Lindley
Theory of Horticulture ,p.216-3239

Grafting Marshall P.Wilder

Intergrsfted Genera
Gard.Chron.xxVI 3d.Ser.p.57

Influence of Hardness of Wood in Grafting Cider Aprles
Bxesta. Rec. xIV,p. 146

Limits of Possibility in Grafting Plants L.Daniel
Ex.Sta.Rec.%ii,p.642

Experiments in Grafting L.4#.Bailey
Country Gent.L(1886) p.676

Limitations of Grafting Robt. Vanning
Mass.Hort.Soc.Rept. 1879,p.37

Seme Special Grafting Problems

Kieffer
Kieffer Grafting Geo.T.Powell
Vesatern N.Y.Fort.Soco.Rept.1911,p.199
s*
Grafting Kieffers : Chas.f.Bassett
Mich Hort.So0c.Rept.191l,p.131

Grafting Kieffers : Geo. Chatfield
Mich. Hort.Soc.Rept.19llep.13l

Kieffer as Stock S.D Willard
Mich. Hort.Soc.Rept.1883,p.473

Kieffer as Stoek JeT»aLOVett
Qlet Chio Hort.Soc.Rept. (188768) pas5

Kieffer as Stook Isaac Freeman
35th Ohio Yort.Soc.Rept.(1901)p.69

Kieffer as Stock C.L.Whitney
35th Chio Hort.Soc.Rept.(1901)p. 70

Grafting on Ki-cffer Davidson Greenault
Am. Gard.XX(1889)p.219

Oriental Pears and Their Hybrids John Craig ®& U.R.Cax
Cornell Ex.Sta.Bul.330

Crlental Pear Stocks | J.8.Haynes

R.N.Y. April 1, 19112

Kieffer as a Sto-k S§.D.Wiliard
Country Gent. LX8I(1906) p.472

Grafting on Kieffer MeL.Bell
AuCard. ¥X(1899)p.129

Rooted Graft vsa.Budded Trees
Utah Hort.Soc.Pept.1912,p.66 & 107

Root vs.Top-Grafting

 

Effects of Winter-Killing on Top-Grafted Trees
Canada Exp.Farme Rept.1904,p.109

Fardiness cf Stocks W.F.Macoun

Quoted by m. G. Fains,¥.N.Y.Hort.Soc.
Rept.1911,p.31
Root vs.Tor—-Grafting Peter ‘'. Gideon

Country Gent. XLIII(1878)p.221

- Root and Top-Grafting Hort . Dept.
Country Gent.XLIX(1884) ».976

Root Grafting va.Stock Grafting A.G.Hanfprd

Country ~“Gent.VII(1856) p.238

- Top-Grafting A.J.Phillirs

Minn. Horticulfurist ,19C° ,n.463
Top Grafted Apples
WeVa.ex.Sta.Bul.47,p.448
¥.Va.Ex.Sta.Repte1895,p.199

Root Grafting va.Stock Grafting A.Babcook
Country Gent. XxxxI(1868)p.30 &@ 150

L.°.Corbett

Thole vse.Piece Roots

Whole and Piece Root Grafting
I11.Ex.Sta.Bul.sl,p.8l

Whole va.Piece Root Grafting John P.Stewart
Penn.Fx.Sta.Rept.1908,p.198

T.J.Burrill

Toole Reot va.Piece Root Arrie Trees

F.S.Farle
Ale. Ex.Sta.Put.98,n.367

Root Grafting Suel Foster
Country Gent. XXVIII(1863)p.286
Root Grafting

Oregon Ex.Sta.Rept.1901,p.38

Grafting the Aprile

S,0,.Masgon
Kans2s ExpSta.Bul.65
Uxperimental Apple Orchard A, Dickens
Kane Ex.Sta.Bul.106
Whole ve,Piece Root Grafts Hort.Editor

Cé6untry Gent. XIII(1859)p».110

Thole vs.Piece Root Grafts N.v,Fruit Growers

Azan.
Covntry Gent. VII(1856)p.412
Scions from Bearing Trees.

Budding fromthe Nursery A,Hamilton
Mich. Hat.Soo.Rept.190C ,p.22

Apple Scicns from Bearing Trees for Torworking
RaN.V.00t 14,1505

-Doubleworking Apples on Vigorous Stocke F.*™,Card
: Soc.Hort.Science,1S06,p.49

Reciprocal Influence of Stock and Séion

“dutual Influence of Stock and Scion A. A. Crozier
“ich. Hort.Soc.Rept.1891,p.105-148

The Effect of Grafting Hort .Dept.
Country Gent.May 18,1899 ,p.328

Infiuence of the Stock an::the Graft Josiah V.Talbot
Massa.Hort.coc.Rept.1879,n.7
- 105 -
Influence of Stock on Scion Dr.E.L.Sturtevant
Mags.Hort.Soc.Rert.1880 ,p.93

Natural Sports and Stock and Soion ' C.M Hovey
Mass.Hort.Soc.Rept.1875,p.82

Stock and Scion - B, Hathaway
Mich. Bd.:geRept.1871,».123

Effect of Stock upon Varieties A.G,Guiley
Mich,Hort.Soc.Rept.1905,p.159

Stock and Scion . A.C.Hammond
Gard.Chron,1870,p.1057

Influence of Grafting on Posterity of Scion
Ex,Sta.Rec.xVI,p.265

Stock end Scion A.G.Guille
Western N.Y Hort.Soc.Rept.LI(19064p.14

Case of Grafting Having no Effect on Growth
Robt.Tawes
Gard.Chron.XXXV,3d Ser. (1904)p.316

Influence of Stock -n Scion J,Paelinck

Ey. ctasRec. XXVIII, p.541

Stock 2nd Scion J.P,Kirtland
Horticulturist II,p.544

Grafting of Solanume E,Griffon
E2,.Sta.Rec.XxIX,p.37

Stock and Scion
Mich. Hort.Soc.Rept.1880 ,p.327

Influence of Scion on Stock G.W.Trobridce
14th Ohio Hort.Soc.Rept.1881,p.93

Stock and Scicn
Amer.Jour.Hort.1IX,p.185,2815,309

Stock and Scion W.Paddock
Amer .Gard.XXIII(1903)p.6

Stock and Graft in Apples g,L.Budd
Amer .Gard.XII1I(1892)p.506

Stock and Scion T, Baines
Gard.Chron.1873,p.472

Stock and Scion Wm. Burns
Gard. Chrogs1880 ,p.53
- 106 =

Stock and Scion
Gard. Chron.1879,p,596

Stock and Scion
Gard.Chron.XII,3d Ser(1893)p.497

Relations of Stock and Growth J.W,Taloct
Country Gent.XLIV(1879)p.198

Stock and Scion
Gard.Chron.X 3d Ser(1891) p.35

Stock and Scion W.H.Clark

Gard.Chron. XXXVI 3d Ser(1904) p.450
. Scion on Stock-Double Grafting Thos.Riversa

Gard. Chron.1869,p.54

Stock and Scion | . HEB,
Country Gent. XLVITI;(1883)p.312

Stock and Scion T.H.Hoskins
Country Gent.XLIV(1879)p.234

Stock and Scion Hort.kd.

Country Gent. XXXIX(1874)p.6

Influence of Stock on Scion JoN.
Country Gent.XXXI(1868)p.168

Influence of Scion on Stook
Country Gent.XXIX(1867)p.398

Stock and Scicn Prof .L,H.Pammel
Amer. Gard. XXIII(1902)p.86

Stock and Scion L,Baniel
Ex.Sta.ReceXxV,p.d63

Grafting BP, Ware

Masa .Hort.Soo.Rept.1879 , p17

Stock and Scion
Macs .Hort.Rept.1880,n.108

Physi6logy of the Graft T.J.Burrill
Mass.Hort.Soc.Rept.1887,9.461

Stock and Scion
Gard. Chron. XXI(1897)p.207

Stock and Scion Prof.Stuart
Vt Ex. Sta.Rept.1$05,p.304

Influence of Scion and Stock A.S.Fuller
Propagation of Plants,np.244
- 107 =

Bud Variation

Sports Physiclogicslly Considered JW .Talbot
Maga.Hort.So0.Rept.1883,p.144

Dimorphism J.Paelink
Ex. 5ta.Rec.XXVITI,p.541

Bud Variation 0,7. Blacknall
Country Gent. Lx¥(1905) 1.179

Pud Variaticn
Country Gent.XXXVI(1871)p.152

Apple Sport
Gard. Chron. L1(1812)p.35

Natural Sports and Reciprocal Chag..i.Hovey
Infiuence of Stock and Scion |
Maes.Hort.Soc.Rept.1875,p. 88

Bud Srort David Starr Jordan
Pop. Sci. Mo. LX(1905)N.3,n.201

Roots in Nursery (Tffect of Scicn)

Apple Trees and Roots W.F,vMasgey
R.Y.N. Nov.18,1911

Foots in Nursery Josiah ".Ts1bot
W2a83.tort.Soc.Rept.187S,p.18

Influence of the Graft uron the Roots
Auer Jour. sort. III,+.363

Stock end Scicn A.A. Fensel
County Gent .XLVII(1883) p.48

Influence of Scion over Stock Yort.Fditor
Country Gent.XXIII(1864)p.366

Ferbaceous Graftin
Influence of Grafting on Posterity of Scion
Ex.Sta.Rec. XIV, 0.2685

 

Grafting of Muekmelon
Ex.Sta.Rec.XI,p.153

Grafting of Herbaceous Plants
Gard.Chron.XLVI,3d Ser(1S08)n.78

Grafted Dahlias
Gard.Chron.xLI,3d Ser.p.254

Cure for Mildew -n Cucumbers Feu.
Card.Chron.XXXVII 3d.Ser.(1905)n.386
 

 

 

 

 

 

 
- 108 =
Grafting Cucumbers
Gard.Chronicle ,1850 ,p.139

Herbaceous Grafting
Gard.Chron,XVII,3d Ser(1895)p.394

Grafting Embryos
Gard. Chron.1855,p.687,578,692.

Grafting Beets
Gard.Chron.1855,p.20

Grafting of Herbaceous Plants
Ex. Sta.Rec.eXX np. 751

Grafting the Chrysanthemum
Gard.Chron.XIV,3d Ser. (1893)p.659

Grafting Chrysanthemums
Gard.Chron.XLIII 3d Ser.(1808)p.10

Carnation on Saponaria Editor
Gard.Chron.XXxVIII 34 Ser.(1905) ».150

On the Limits of Possibility of Grafting Plants
LgDaniel
Ex.Sta.Rec.XII,p.6438

Grafting and Its Results HALtor
Gard.Chron.XXXVIII 34 Ser. (1905)n.248

Bxperinents in Grafting
Gard.CGhron. XXXII 3d Ger(1908) p.3S°

Herbaceous Graftins Experiments R.H.Biffen
Annals of Botany XVI(1592) p.174

Potato Grafting

 

Potato Grafting Henry Taylor
Gard.chron.1869 ,p.630

Grafted Potatoes
Gard.Chron.XKVI,3d Ser.(1899)p.174

Experiments in Grafting Potatoes E. Laurent
Ex.Sta.Rec.XII,p.940

Potato Grafting
Gard.Chron.xXTV 3d. Ser. (1859)pn.187

Potato Grafting Chas.Rintoul
Gard. Chron. (1870 )p.1507
 
- 169 =

Grafting Potatoes
Gard. Chron.1868,p.598

Graft Hybrids

 

Graft Hybrids
Jovrn.cof Yeridity,VY No.l,p.25

Craft Hybrids
Gard.Chron.xVII 3d Ser.(1895)p.140

Graft Yybrids
Gard.Chron.XLIX 3d Ser.(1911)0.170

Graft Hybrids R.P, Gregory
Gard.Chron.L,3d Ser.(1911)p.161,135,
The Existence of Craft Hybrids ¥.Kosg

Ex.sta.Rec.xvI ,n.1082

Graft Hybrids and Chimeras WO, Cowles
Bot.Gazette LI(1911)p.147

Cytisus Adam
Gard. Chron. X¥XVI 3d Ser.(1€04) p.317

A Graft Hybrid : Herbert L.Jpnes
Gard.Chron.xXIIT,2d Ser. (1893)p.545

Graft Bybrid Tavid Starr Jordan
Por.Sci. Mo. LXYVI(1805)%0.3,p.e01.

Curious Sase of Asexual Hybridization
Ex.Sta.Fec.XVI,p.588

Graft Variaticns
Gard.Chron.XX¥XVI,3d Ser. (1904)p.225.

Graft Hybrids
Gard.Chron.XLI 3d Ser. (1S07)p.140

Curious tffect of Grafting by Avproach A.Nomblot
Ex.Sta.Rec.XVITI,p.537

. Graft tybrids Dr. Beal
Mich.Hort.Soc.Rept.1880 ,p.333

Graft Hybrid
Gard.Chron.LIV 3d Ser. (1913)p.188
 

-~ 110 -

Experiments of Prof.Paniel

Stock and Scion
Card.Chron.X¥IV,3d Ser. (1858)p.246

Grafting a3 a Means of Medifying the Habits of Plants
Gard.Chron. XXXIV 3d Ser. (1903)p.3290

uw.Daniel.
Gard.Chron. XXXVI 34 Ser. (1904) 1.464

Mixed Grafting L.Paniel
Ex.Sta.Rec.1X,p.945

The Conditions of Suce2s3 with Grafts L.Paniel
Ex.Sta.RecXII,p.947

“ebaniel's Experiments in Grafting
Gard.Chron. XXXII 3d Ser. (1902)n.459

Effects of “rafting
Gard.Chron.¥Y¥II 3d Ser(1902)p.419

Snecific Variaticns Caused by Grafting Editor
Gard. Chron. XXXII,3d Ser(1902)p.408

Srecific Variations in the Graft
: Ex.Sta.ReceXIV,p.654

Mixed Grafting
Gard.Chron. XXIII 3d Ser.(1898) 7.84

Variations Produced by Grafting and their Inheritance
Gard.Chron.X¥XVII 3d Ser.190C ,pp.13,35,85,11%

'ffect of Grafting cn Conuposaition

— ee ee - ee a —_——c -— ew

 

Stock and Scion
Exenta.rec. XIX p.o39

Stock and Scion
Ex.Sta.Rec.X¥, p.l3sil

Grafting and Chemical Variations rd.Griffon
Bul.Agr.Intell.and Pl.Dis.,Nov.1913.

Stock and Scicn Transfer of Alkaloids "Editor
Card.Chron.xL,3d Ser.(1907)p.414

Hybrids in Relation to Grafting and Vines L.Daniel
ExeSta.Reco.XVII,n.1070
- lll -

Influence of Grafting cn Cuality of Wines
Ex.Sta.Rec.xXIiX,p.739,
and Ex.Sta.Rec. XX, p.443.

f
Influence of the Graft on the Quality ora Grapes and
Wine and its Employment in the Systematic Amelioration

of Sexual Uybrids Curtel & Jurie
Exeota.Rec.XVIT ,n.975

Influence of Grafting on Composition of Grapes
G.Ccurtel
Ex. Sta.Reco.XVI,p.877

Variation in Ocmposition and Comparative Resistence of

Crafted and Non-—Grafted Plants C, Laurent
BxeotaeRec. XIX, p. 728

Variation in Commcsition of Certsin Food Plants

after Grafting C. Laurent
Ex. Sta.heo. XIX, 0.728

Degeneration of Planta Horace Piner
U.S.Dept.AgeRept.1857,p.315

Effects of Grafting on the Vine
Gard.Chron. XXXVI 3d Ser(1904)p.11

Influence of Grafting cn Piants Containing Hydrocyanic
Acid.
L.eLuiguard

Ex.Sta.Rec XIX, p.10ss
 
 

 
 
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