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these the fungus rsalily shows itself because the bulbs are
“The tern nack as Use) in this pepper is epelicl ts that part
of the onion plant, just above the bulb, which reserbles a
stew, nately, the leaves which are enclosed in the sheath of
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ani often ons Finds a
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scales. The bulb may be
very soft, containing
considerable liquid and
js
On
On the falt white Onions shippsd tothe northern states fron
the southern onion growing regions, igure 9 shows
Fig. 9,- Typical diseased srecirens of flat white Onions.
typical Specinens picked fron less than one-half bushel of
Texas onions in a grocery store in Vichigan. Other bulbs
May show the oresence of both the sclerotial ani ¢
Conidial stase of the fungus at the same tite (Figs UC):
j into the bulbs one frequently finis the spece
Qpon cutt
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- 15.- Onion plant inoculated with onion Fotrytis,
Killed in advance of ths hyphae, From the behavior of these
1
Plants it Was plainly évident that TmOst cf the infections
Cccurred thru the neck of the bulb and not thru the Upper
Portions of the leaves. Thea uninoculated checks remained
healthy, After these Plants were killed by the Onion Eotrytis
and hed fallen Over to the ground the loose-srowing,
common Eotrytis e@ppsared on some of them @éS a@ saprophyte
On the dead plants. This experitent was repeated a number
of tines with Similar and convincing results, which proved
Conclusively that it is cotperatively easy to bring about
infection of growing onion plants, Apparently, the only
limiting factor being that the drops of water of suspension
did not dry off too auicxly.
7
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Vigorously growins onion plants in sterile soil, was plac
in the inoculation cha
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experiments were made, one of which was as follows; Thirty
healthy onion plants about 6 to @ inches high and growing
in a greenhouse bench at the Ganeva Station were covered
with large glass lantern globes. Ten
Oo
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A
atomized with the onion Eotrytis spores suscenied in water,
ten with spores in prune juice end ten were retained as
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checks. All of the glass globes were then closed at the top ,
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by wrapping cotton loosely about the projecting leaves and
covering the retaining space with a glass plate. Five days ;
later there were unvistakeble signs of. infection on both the . {
prune=juice and
the water-spray-
ed plants, but it
could not be seen
that the rate of
infection was any
greater in the
case of the prune
-juice-sprayed
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two instances.
The most marked
instance is
Shown in fisure
17 which was Figyi¥.- Prune juice vs. water as a
medium for spore suspension. be”
photographed a
Ir
fev days later andi shows the prune-juice plant dead, while
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ulation seven of the fifteen plants showed infection, i.e.,
the leaf was wilted, drooping, and appeared as if it had
been scalded. On eight of the plants no noticeable infect-
ion had taken place, Thirty days fron the date of incculation
nine of the fifteen plants showed severe injury from the
Botrytis infection. The leaves were dead and nearly dried
up and the fungus mycelium was found to have passed down into
the necks of the bulbs (Fig.18). The checks remained healthy.
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(ig.18.- Infection by placing spores between leaf and neck.
It was evident from these and similar tests that the dry
spores lodging in the axils of leaves or in the leaf sheath
very readily found moisture conditions suitable for germ-
ination and later caused infection. It seems fair to assume
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three-fourth inch above the wax covering, and on some leaves
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was completely killed. Some of the plants selected were
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one of the necks was left uninoculated. Figure 19 shows three
\ /
Fig.19.- Showing effect of inoculating thru incisions.
of these double bulbs with the inccluated neck or plant
dead. These are compared with both single and double
uninoculated bulbs at each end of the group which were
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completely filled with the fungus mycelium making it
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Onions in various storesge hovses and from pure cultures were
sterilized externelly in severel ways, then pleced in test
tubes of sterile soil, in deep erd shallow dishes of sterile
send and loamy soil, end kept in the labcrstcry, cut of doors,
and in the ice box for veryirg lenstks of tire; but in ell ceses
the tufts of sontdrenreres vere produced when germinetion took
Plece. Cterilized sclerotia vhicl! were thrust into sterilized
corn-reel coistered vith weter, prodtced, in gerrinetion, an
} A.
ebundsent nyceliusx which geve a fairly abundert cree cf ecler- 1
th
otia tkrucut the mediur. In other experirents sterilized scler-
otia were floatei vpon sterile water end prune juice. Ecre of
the selerctie senk tc tke betton cf the Jiovid; but meny cf
those which renained at the surefce projvuced conidiczrores
eng ccnidie. “ken the sterilized vere thrust inte prune,
Peteto, and. cniot 226r in petri gishss, pure oul~ures cf
tre funcus vere inverisbly obtseined (Hig. 22). Ircisicrs
cf heelthy cricn
bulbs end then
ctis thrust irto
fection resulted
enj rottire cf the
bulbs follcved.
Hig, 2%.- Fure culture from eclerctie.
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--
in
-otiun
clerx
Cc
mw
o
ft
U
It was noted ebove that in one particular instance ger-
mination tock place other than by the pecduction of the
typical tufts of conidiorphores or the formation of myceliur.
This wes the case with eae lot of sclerotierpicked fror cnion
bulbs in storege in 1912. These were sterilized by being
soaked in sterile distilled water, ther irzersed ina
C.1.4% wereuris ¢blorigé solttion for tro rinvtes, rd
ao
C
o
He
=
washed in sterile distilled weter. The sclerotie were then
ficked fror the pweter with sterile forceps and placea uren
a
roist sterile send in petri diskes. fore cf the dishes tere
kept in the lebcretory in e dars closet, the ctherse rere
tleced in en ice box. Cn June 6, 1512, it wesncted that two
of
tne pletes in tke ice box slowed thet ¢cer.inetior hed taken
tlece by the production cf tufts cf ccnidiorplores bearing
conidie, while upon a third tlate there vere ne typical
conidiophores but insteed there were forzed stelk lixe bcdiés
with masses ips (hig. 24). The stalke of
trese pectlier etructures were
black while the tips were white.
These bodies were ZC rm. high and
on. Wide. Cultures made fron
the kncbs of thes> structures
upon egar gave pure cultures
of the Eotrytis. The conidiée
found on these kncbs gave en
averege measurenent of 11.2
Fiz. 24.- Gearninetior of
sclerotia in an unusuel tricrons long and &.7 microns
fanner.
s A
Wldé. é& further analveic r
| ysls of these struetures showed the stelk
1
fe e
Dy
2d
Of one of then to ‘ede ur c: °
em to be mede up cf 1€ eon chores. he further
-)
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os
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A
Common Cnion
2o.- D
Corpered with five cultures
rt
The writer will not venture
Fotrytis with the one on onion.
7
of Eotyrits fron greenhouse
figure 27 is presented to stow tke onicn Fotrytis
whicl are typically loose
Crowing and which heve comperetively long conidiophores.
a statement es to the class-
a
!
oO
N)
| . “2 ificstion of
species of i
Fotrytis shoy-
ing the loose, |
; Orton eRati he
WS ad obh yh cettory growth.
As
a 1/96 While greatly
_| @ oz
reserbling eack
-other, it rey
be seid that
scene distinct-
ive cultural
crerecteristics.
The onior Ecot-
rytis has been
source enons
Hig. 27.- Comperisccn cf Eotrytis cultures. ther were &,
parasitica said
to be the catse of the "3utch bulb disecese", end B. peoniae the
cause of tre Fotrytis disease of peonies. None of these secms
et all similer to the onion EFotrytis.
To summarize, the writer is confident thet the onion
Fotrytis is responsible for the neck rot disease cf orions
—_— —-=_ --
Y
causing the onion disease "wes net ée tyvicel cineree" because
fives some excellent
cof ite "lov, dense warner cf srowtkh” re
ya
f
7
r
od je cf tre cnicr
Oo
fle
©
2D
fre
Ww
ap)
Jllustretions of the cconisictrrores
n
Eotrytis compverine tre: with Botrytis cinerea.
t
{
mn
‘ 4 40a F oC + ar L *
48 Exteted es te a nexe fer tris
a
ry)
re
QO
a
m=
Mn
t~
qd
mt
furdts since it hes erprerently heen knewn under e@ nero
different nemes. Coraver (167¢) erreare to be ihe first tec
reecrd « diseese cf cnicrs vhictr sey Le tre rece ret ciseesc.
Tn 1626 the cere evitcr tecericed e diccese cf cnicns dve te
a Eetrytie vhicr evicgertly isstuded e sclerctiel] stece. 1¢€
veferyed the totrvtis steve te fotrytis conu (fers.) ir.,
and the selerctiel steic to Solerotiur cones. freln, jn (1SCE),
Coreuer @isousee? «© Eotrytis diccese of enicre end rererres
tre Eotrytic stece to GSotrytis cana fze. et. cerr., erd tre
solerotiel eteze to Selerotiuy cenvivory, rere,
Frenk (126, icyc) reverted e Eotrytis diseese cr oricrs.
?
rts as to t
Mm
ty
oO
mn)
ni
Le
rr
}—
M
Loge
n
—
|
cr
cg
cr
Cy
+
an
tity cf the Ectrytis stele cf tre furgus with BFotrutis cana
Fers., end the sclerctiel steve to Selarotin’. cepae Fer.
a -y - : Lon 4.7 c - 4506, +
b. Er. This ettror steted thet re reted ea ectrytis ch
“Dp
awd 0
cy
BSS
{43
He
=
—
Li
oN
-
ay
mn
‘te
—Je
J
Os
hf
or
oO
ctr
my
On
ctr
Allium ursinum reer |:
1 1 | " i
7 ~: .
Ccossrved by tcebreter.
AM
iPs.
calsted (1€SC), in whet
c
4
Auerice of en
4 CO li Onicn C SE ESE Que c | ]
11S€ese aue to e Fotrytis, stetes thet
Sotrytis Lt i E |
y parasitica Cav., tay be the céuse.,
In 1€94, jpescee epnitinng ty 4 “
G4, HeSsee, wlIiting in the "“Carderere Chronicle"
dj
>
4
)
descriped en Cnion 9
mm!
Us
ia
t
-
=~
-
~Ce
‘amend
S
Encus ste This di
mM”
‘<0
4
oJ
Q
CD
rh
pe
Gwe
n
limiler te
|]
ck
t
4
u
Ct
—
h
+
L
ry)
ate &
vo
(\
bulborun
my
()
or
rw
Y)
GS
vi
ct
r-
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Oo)
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|
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ary
im
Wo
op
fo
oO
~
ryy
cy
ry
as)
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ob
"|
on
a
C+D
QW)
Lerotinia bulborun
nior oulb ret
Tor
ner cf er
DY .
uf
~~!
1 3
on C
LL
uv J
cfasce Alltum
Le
1 ¢@g
eble to prove ceonclus-
ively thet the onion dJiseese caused by a Eotrytis as described
by SCorauer (1€¢6) end Prillievx (1£97) is not due to Sclerotium
cepivorum Ferk., but ke suggested that it mey be e Ectrytis
"
described by Cchroter on dllium ursinum and one found by
himself es occurring on onions end referred to Sclerotium
anbiguum Cuby. This author stated thet due te the kiniress
of Frofecscccr F.hk.teccaric he wes envle to exerire in tne
©
CY)
kxsiceati of Tibert (Cryptog. exs. Ard. ne 226) typical
-e€xeiples of Selerotiun cepivorus Eerv. (S. cepae Ferk. et.
Er.) end to detrvine the identity of trese with theoe feund
or gégllium sativum, Tris aevutrcr further steted that tre ecler-
ctiel form cf Libert end of erecizers which develop ir vericus
certs cf Itely ere constertly spherice] in form es id true cf
a.
the form found cy
{~
XQ
‘s)
etterec urnier the name Scelerotiur oryzeag (Ssec. Tyll. hung.
es reported by ‘ries ir Surma Veretecilie scendineviee Pece
472, ard by Seccerdc, Svllove Funeerur Vol.1¢, pr. ici, fer
Selerotiun ecevivorus Eerk., (S. eevae Ferk. et. Ere). “ein
utur, spreercizeun, sregsriur, etrer, tezerento distincte
tricatic alhia feretur". Vodlingo cerefully werked cue ter
- wes very ebundent cn the
bulbils and ubioh Fe Jeserit#ed a= Sohacelia allii distir-
Svishing it ty the following echerecters; "iffuse bultcs,
Allii sativi erustecec- prulvinete, rosecle, sporcproris eé€
strate proligero oriundis, remulosis, hvyalinis, dense
_-_ — ere i
un)
Or
fN
fasiculstis septatis, 4C-—F0 microns longis; conidiis ephaer- |
icis, hyalinis, quandcaque catenulatis, l-guttulatis 2-4.5
a
ticrons diam’ This important vweik perforned py Vezelirce ana to
1 .
whict attention has been called by Lelacreix (1$C
Cy
XO
; £.4C1) en
cthers, pleces beyond ell dcvuot tre fossicility of the neck
rot cf onions beings due to tre furgus Sclerotiun cepiverun
Clinter (1504, 19°04) in reporting a retrytis as causin
JO,
8 ¢s71i0us onzon belb rot cf white cricrs ir Connecticut
sucstested that poseizly it is the cere es the Ectrytic bulk
rot of onicrs end kyecintts in Hurcpe, where it is krncwn
in its ferfest form as Selerotinia bulbdcrun altho fe ststed
that re perfect cr escosencts stele hed been neted in Conn-
ecticut. Es further emrbecized the ressicility thet it is net
')
PForert From the cco#son Ectrytis wrick is found
le
@))
recifically j
\-
co conmonly cn greenrouse tlents. feecrsing te this auvrors
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frov Connecticut, ne dcuet is enterteined but that it 1s
identically tre save fungus es is found in ter York, Lich-
igen end eleevbere causing the necr ret cf eonion bulbs.
Eruot (1607) naje note cf e Jisease of cnions in bvreye
Jue te a Ectrytis with a sclerotiel stece which he eusicsted
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is Selerotium egvag Lie. Tris furs
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ese of onions in tre forr
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ing occurred in Connecticut. This evuthcr referrdd tre trouble
fw
te the sene funsus (a Ectrytis) es reperted by Clintcn (16C2)
end elso recermerded a siziler vretred of tresetrent.
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a possible index cf the toxic action. Following disccloraticr,
Gissclved by tke action of tlhe fungus .Lick later serds its
hypthee between the cells, Girectly thru the disorganized cell
wells, or across the intercellular speces end very cften
directly frozone cell into the next (Flete I], Fig. 11).
Tre host tissve rey be found es disorganized rush cf a
firm consistency filled vith bre fungus ryceliuc, cr the
cells, in soxe of which the distorted protcplest mey still
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From this effect on the best it voul4 epreer thet a ridile
larella dissolvirg enzyt is produced. £ cersideratiorcf£ ¢ fer
typicel ceses will cerve to meke these roitts clear. Fi¢gere
( 27 shove ep enter bulb wrick wes
tteacked thru the rects cr the
boitenm erd- a betton irfscticn.
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cuter bulb sceles which shoved
eny trace cf tke Eotrytis rycel-
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chown The edge of the scale
bordering on tre incisicr shows
mee the seticn of the furgte ir disr
Riss: 27s<- EPFeet cf, an=
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coloring end softening the tissue.
The aczen or more white spots on
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where the fungus had worked its way thru the scele ebove,
dissolving the scale beneath. bo trace cf nycelium cculd be
found in any of these white spots eltho the tissve wes very
teterially changed. Tre scale tissue at tre bottom cf tte
bulb was discclored for quite e distance upwerd altro ne
ryceliur wes present. Figure
2 shows cone of a nurbéer of
sound bulbs which were in-
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si6r of tre onion Botrytis: Ta
distilled weter, vsirg ¢ byrpo-
derzic syringe. The paint cf
inoeuletior is é@t &
: in Sad. Soeels oe = : ;
yoint the heavy Ectryeis “y hig. Z€.- Evlb injected with
esliuew wes found exterding @ epoere sSvepersicr.
ovt in all direetiors end ¢redivelly decrezsirg to tre poirt £
vhere nore wes te be fourd. brer £ te the rergin or berjer of
been ettached thru tke neck by the Ectrytis. Three of the
cuter scelee vere filled with the furgus tycelivr. Vien
these vere stripred cff, tke scele below shcwed thet it
bed just beer invaded by a fen Fyphse at tle point -. ft
the point E no tycelial strands could be fourd, eltke
fro. this point to the point C or the nargir of the aree
3
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WES discolored. Tkis wes a
@ very ccoutor occurrence
among the diseased bulbs.
extending dcwn nearly to
he center of the bulb
iun woven toze
His. 29.- Fffect of attack c
the form cf a dense furgsus on tissue at neck
crust or weft. £11 of tke scale tissve below, altko
cslivum was found to be present, wes discolored end the cells
were broken dcun te a scfi
ush. The eprevt in the center
Fas been etiscked at the Upper
€rd where it is in ecrtecst
witr the Jiseesed ecsles
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end softered tissue.
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fetholegical conditiors
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