(Abstract)
L a u g h lin , W inston M.

A 8t-udy o f t h e E f f e c t s o f D i f f e r e n t

F e r t i l i z e r M ix tu re s and C e r ta in M inor E lem en ts on th e
Growth o f M int and on th e Y ie ld s and P h y sic o c h e m ic a l
C o n s ta n ts of t h e O il.
P ep p erm in t was grown on muck s o i l i n th e g reen h o u se,
and p e p p e rm in t and sp e a rm in t i n f i e l d e x p e rim e n ta l p l o t s ,
w ith v a r io u s s o i l t r e a tm e n t s .

M easurem ents o f p l a n t h e ig h t

and o b s e r v a tio n s o f symptoms o f V e r t i o i l l i u m w i l t w ere made
a t i n t e r v a l s d u r in g g ro w th i n th e g re e n h o u s e .

When t h e

p l a n t s commenced t o bloom , b o th to p s and r o o t s were w eighed.
I n th e f i e l d c o u n ts o f p l a n t s show ing symptoms o f V e r t i c i l l i u m w i l t were made and a t h a r v e s t tim e th e m in t was
w eighed im m ed ia tely a f t e r c u t t i n g , cu red and d i s t i l l e d . In
t h e l a b o r a t o r y t h e amount o f o i l an d th e fo llo w in g p h y s ic o ­
ch em ical c o n s ta n ts w ere d e te rm in e d — s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y ,
s p e c i f i c o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n , and r e f r a c t i v e in d e x o f b o th
p e p p e rm in t and s p e a rm in t o i l , th e p e r c e n ta g e o f e s t e r s ,
m e n th o l, and m enthone o f p e p p e rm in t o i l , and th e p e r c e n ta g e
o f carv o n e o f sp e a rm in t o i l .

A ll d a t a w ere s u b je c te d to

s t a t i s t i c a l tr e a tm e n t by th e a n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e .
L arge a p p l i c a t i o n s o f calciu m and of calciu m an d mag­
nesium c a rb o n a te d e p r e s s e d r o o t y i e l d s o f p e p p e rm in t i n
t h e g re e n h o u s e .
Copper a p p lie d i n th e g re e n h o u s e s tim u la te d e a r l y
grow th b u t had no e f f e c t on y i e l d o f p l a n t m a t e r i a l o r o i l .

WinBton M. L a u g h lin
2.

I n th e f i e l d co p p er te n d e d t o in c r e a s e o i l y i e l d s on a d e o id e d ly a c id s o i l w hich had b e e n lim e d .
The o i l p r o d u c tio n o f p l a n t s i n th e g re e n h o u s e was
in c r e a s e d b y io d in e a p p l i c a t i o n s .

T hese tr e a tm e n t s had no

e f f e c t on t h e e a r l y g ro w th o r t h e y i e l d o f p l a n t m a t e r i a l .
T here w ere no d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e y i e l d o f p l a n t m a te r ia l
o b ta in e d b y t h e u s e o f s i x d i f f e r e n t c a r r i e r s o f io d in e .
I o d in e a p p l i c a t i o n s i n t h e f i e l d had no i n f lu e n c e on th e
p r o d u c tio n o f f o l i a g e o r o i l .
A p p lic a tio n s o f b o ro n , c o b a l t , and s i l i c o n were to x io
o n ly when t h e fo llo w in g form s and r a t e s i n p ounds p e r a c r e
w ere u s e d :

c o b a lt s u lp h a te , 160; b o r i c a c i d , 100; sodium

m e t a s i l i c a t e , 3200.

Lower r a t e s o f a p p l i c a t i o n o f th e s e

m a t e r i a l s had no s i g n i f i c a n t in f lu e n c e on e a r l y g ro w th o r
y i e l d s o f p l a n t m a t e r i a l i n th e g re e n h o u s e .
Molybdenum, s tr o n tiu m , chromium, m agnesium , and z in c
had no s i g n i f i c a n t i n f lu e n c e on e a r l y g ro w th o r y i e l d s o f
p l a n t m a t e r i a l in t h e g re e n h o u s e when t h e fo llo w in g fo rm s
and r a t e s i n pounds p e r a c r e w ere u s e d :

sodium m o ly b d a te ,

08; s tr o n tiu m c h l o r i d e , 1600; p o ta s s iu m d ic h ro m a te , 3 20;
magnesium s u lp h a te , 8000; z in c s u lp h a te , 960.
No m in o r elem en t tr e a tm e n t in f lu e n c e d th e in c id e n c e o f
V e r t i o i l l i u m w i l t symptoms i n th e g re e n h o u s e o r i n th e
fie ld .

W hile th e u s e o f 2000 p o u n d s p e r a c r e o f 0 -1 0 -2 0

f e r t i l i z e r had no in f lu e n c e on th e in c id e n c e o f V e r t i c i l l ium w i l t , th e p l a n t s p ro d u ced g r e a t e r f o l i a g e and o i l

Winston IL. Laughlin
3.
i n s p i t e o f t h e p re v a la n o e o f t h e d i s e a s e .
Y ie ld s o f p e p p e rm in t o i l and o f sp e a rm in t f o l i a g e and
o i l te n d e d t o d e c r e a s e and y i e l d s o f p ep p e rm in t f o l i a g e
te n d e d t o i n c r e a s e a s t h e r a t i o of p o ta s h t o p h o s p h a te i n
th e f e r t i l i z e r r o s e above 1 : 1 .
A lp h a tro n , a r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l , had no e f f e c t on
y i e l d s o f f o l i a g e o r o i l o r t h e in c id e n c e o f V e r t i o i l l i u m
w i l t symptoms.
I n 19^7 p e p p e rm in t grown t h e p r e v io u s y e a r d e p re s s e d
p e p p e rm in t f o l i a g e and o i l y i e l d s .
19U6.

T h is was n o t t r u e i n

O th e r c ro p s o f t h e p r e v io u s y e a r h ad no in f lu e n c e on

y ie ld s of f o lia g e o r o i l .

Orops o f th e p r e v io u s y e a r had no

e f f e c t on th e y i e l d s o f e i t h e r th e f o l i a g e o r t h e o i l con­
t e n t o f s p e a rm in t.
The p h y sic o c h e m ic a l c o n s ta n ts o f th e o i l s w ere n o t in ­
f lu e n c e d b y s o i l t r e a tm e n t s .
The c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s b etw een y i e l d s o f p e p p e r­
m int f o l i a g e and o i l , y i e l d s o f sp e a rm in t f o l i a g e and o i l ,
o f t o t a l m enthol and m enthone p e r c e n ta g e s , and o f t o t a l men­
t h o l p e r c e n ta g e and s p e c i f i c o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n w ere 0.5S4-,
0.&97, - 0 .9 7 1 , and O.7 7 7 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZER
MIXTURES AND CERTAIN MINOR ELEMENTS ON THE
GROWTH OF MINT AND ON THE YIELDS AND
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CONSTANTS OF THE OIL.

by
WINSTON MEANS LAUGHLIN

A. THESIS
S u b m itted t o t h e S chool o f G ra d u a te S tu d ie s o f
M ichigan S t a t e C o lle g e o f A g r i c u ltu r e and
A p p lied S c ie n c e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t
o f t h e r e q u ire m e n ts f o r t h e d e g re e o f
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
D epartm ent o f S o il S c ie n c e
19^9

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The w r i t e r w ish e s t o e x p r e s s h i s s in o e r e
a p p r e c i a t i o n t o D r. P a u l U. Barm er f o r e f f e o t i v e a i d
a n d g u id a n c e th ro u g h o u t t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , and to
D r. E rw in J . Benne an d o t h e r members o f t h e D epartm ent
o f A g r i c u l t u r a l C h em istry who g ave h e l p f u l s u g g e s tio n s
and made a v a i l a b l e l a b o r a t o r y sp a ce and equipm ent f o r
p e rfo rm in g t h e ch em ical a n a ly s e s *

He a l s o d e s i r e s t o

th a n k th e B eech n u t P a c k in g Company f o r f i n a n c i a l
a s s i s t a n c e whioh made t h i s stu d y p o s s i b l e .

TABLE OF CONTENTS
P age
I n tr o d u c tio n

1

Review o f L i t e r a t u r e

1

E x p e rim e n ta l

_.

G reenh o u se E x p erim e n ts

5.
6

O b je c t

6

G e n e ra l P ro c e d u re

6

S o il T re a tm e n ts

9

F e r t i l i z e r s and C a rb o n a te s
M inor E lem en ts
F i e l d an d L a b o ra to ry E x p erim e n ts

9
IS
4l

O b je c t

4-1

G e n e ra l P ro c e d u re

4l

M ethods Used and p h y s ic a l C o n s ta n ts and Con­
s t i t u e n t s D eterm ined

43

S o il T re a tm e n ts

44-

F e rtiliz e rs

44

M inor E lem en ts

54

R a d io a c tiv e M a te r ia l (A lp h a tro n )

75

Crop R o ta tio n
D is c u s s io n

7S
gg

Summary

100

L i t e r a t u r e C ite d

104

INTRODUCTION
P ep p erm in t (M entha p i p e r i t a ) i s a n im p o rta n t c ro p on
t h e muok* s o i l s o f M iohigan and I n d ia n a .

However, i t s

c u l t u r e i s d e e l i n i n g ^ p r i n c ip a lly b e c a u s e o f d e c r e a s in g o i l
y i e l d s , p a r t o f w hich i s d u e t o t h e p r e s e n o e o f V e r t i o i l l i u m
w ilt.

S p earm in t (M entha v l r l d i s o r M entha s p i o a t a ) . on t h e

o t h e r hand, d u e t o i t s g r e a t e r r e s i s t a n c e t o t h i s same d i s ­
ea se, i s becom ing a n i n c r e a s i n g l y im p o r ta n t cro p i n t h i s a r e a .
T h is stu d y was u n d e r ta k e n t o a s c e r t a i n t h e e f f e c t o f v a r io u s
s o i l t r e a tm e n t s upon t h e g ro w th o f p e p p e rm in t and spe& xm lnt,
t h e in c ld e n o e o f V e r t i o i l l i u m w i l t , th e p ro d u o tio n o f o i l ,
and t h e physfcochem ical c o n s ta n ts o f th e o i l .

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
P i l e (3$P) ( A u s tr i a ) r e p o r te d t h a t p e p p e rm in t resp o n d e d
t o n i t r a t e and p o ta s h a p p l i c a t i o n s , b u t showed no re s p o n s e
t o p h o s p h a te s .

S p rin g e r (3 7 ) (Germany) found th e l a r g e s t

y i e l d s o f p e p p e rm in t and p e p p e rm in t o i l a s s o c ia te d w ith tl*e
a p p l i c a t i o n o f n i t r a t e s and p h o s p h a te s w h ile B a u e r, R u d o rf,
and H eeger ( 4 ) (Germany) s t a t e d t h a t t h e p h o s p h a te o o n te n t o f
i n d iv i d u a l e x p e rim e n ta l p l o t s was d i r e c t l y p r o p o r ti o n a l t o
th e o il y ie ld .

L u tz e n b e rg e r (2 6 ) (Germany) re g a rd e d p h o s­

p h a te a s h a v in g a p a r t i c u l a r l y b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t on p e p p e rm in t
* The te rm Mmuok s o i l ” i s u se d in te r c h a n g e a b ly w ith Mp e a t w
An t h i s d is c u s s io n .

2.
grown on m arsh s o i l s .

Pow ers and J o n e s (3 3 ) fo u n d on d i f f e r e n t

O regon p e a t s o i l s maximum y i e l d s w ere o b ta in e d b y p o ta s h
a p p lic a tio n s .

Sohlemmer and S p rin g e r (36} (Germany} and

K w in lch id ze an d R o z an sk i ( 2 5 } (P o la n d ), a f t e r e x te n s iv e f i e l d
e x p e rim e n ts w ith v a r io u s f e r t i l i z e r m ix tu re s , r e p o r t t h a t t h e
form o f th e f e r t i l i z e r a p p lie d e x e r te d o n ly a s l i g h t ( i f any}
in f lu e n o e on t h e o i l y i e l d s .

Harmer (1 7 ,1 8 } , f o r p e p p e rm in t

on new muok i n M ichigan, recommends a r a t i o o f p h o s p h a te t o
p o ta s h o f 2 ; l f ohanglng t o a r a t i o o f 1 :1 o r 1 :2 a f t e r t h e
la n d i s cro p p ed a few y e a r s .

N itr o g e n i s recommended i n t h e

f e r t i l i z e r m ix tu re o n ly f o r r a t h e r p o o r ly d r a in e d s o i l s . u n d e r
ab n o rm a lly w et c o n d i tio n s .

E l l i s ( 1 1 ) , Harmer (1 9 , 2 1 ), and

E l l i s , F a w c e tt, G a y lo rd , an d B a ld in g e r (1 3 ) r e g a r d t h e y i e l d
o f p e p p e rm in t o i l a s b e in g d i r e c t l y a f f e o t e d b y t h e f e r t i l i z e r
and s t a t e t h a t a f e r t i l i z e r m ix tu re h av in g a r a t i o o f e i t h e r
one p a r t o f p h o sp h a te t o two p a r t s o f p o ta s h o r e q u a l p a r t s of
p h o s p h a te and p o ta s h i s th e m ost e f f e c t i v e .

They r e p o r t a n

in c r e a s e i n t h e p r o p o r ti o n o f p o ta s h f r e q u e n t l y r e s u l t s i n
more h ay b u t l e s s o i l .

They a l s o fo u n d 300 p ounds o f f e r t i ­

l i z e r p e r a o r e g ave a s good r e s u l t s a s 600 p o u n d s.

P ow ers and

Jo n e s (3 3 ) o n O regon p e a t s o i l s , w here re s p o n s e i s o b ta in e d
o n ly t o p o ta s h , r e g a r d 3^0 pounds o f
a s t h e maximum am ount.

p o ta s h s a l t s p e r a c r e

Harmer (2 2 ) i s now a d v is in g heavy

f e r t i l i z a t i o n (800 t o 1000 pounds p e r a o r e ) a s p a r t o f a p ro ­
gram i n t h e g ro w th o f p e p p e rm in t on a s o i l i n f e s t e d w ith th e
V e r t i o i l l i u m w i l t o rg a n ism .

3*
L i t t l e h a s b e e n p u b lis h e d c o n c e rn in g th e in f lu e n c e o f
v a r io u s m in o r e le m e n ts on th e g ro w th o f p e p p e rm in t.

Bode

( 6 ) , a f t e r grow ing p e p p e rm in t i n n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n s , con­
c lu d ed t h a t p ro b a b ly b o ro n , c o b a l t , alum inum , z in c , and
co p p er w ere e s s e n t i a l f o r h ig h o i l fo rm a tio n i n th e p l a n t .
L u tz e n b u rg e r (2 6 ) r e p o r te d m anganese and b o ro n in c r e a s e d o i l
y i e l d s on o r g a n ic s o i l s b y in c r e a s in g th e number and s i z e o f
le a v e s on th e p l a n t s .
The pH o f th e s o i l p ro d u c in g p e p p e rm in t h a s b e e n g iv e n
c o n s id e r a b le th o u g h t.

D eel and D eel ( 9 ) fo u n d th e maximum

o i l y i e l d was o b ta in e d a t pH 5 . 0 .

B irk e li (5 ) has s ta te d th e

p l a n t p r e f e r s a pH from 6 .0 t o 7*0, w ith th e maximum y i e l d
b e in g s e c u re d a t pH 6 .6 .

P ow ers (3 1 ) i n O regon fo u n d good

y i e l d s c o u ld b e o b ta in e d on s o i l s o f pH 4 .6 t o 7*3 and Harmer
(1 6 ) i n M ich ig an on s o i l s o f pH 4 .5 t o 6 .0 .

S im ila r ly E l l i s

(1 0 ) h a s r e p o r te d good y i e l d s o f m in t hay i n I n d ia n a on muck
s o i l s v a r y in g from pH 5*0 to 6 .0 , w ith a n optimum ra n g e f o r
g ro w th an d y i e l d o f o i l a t pH 6 .0 to 7*5*

Pow ers (3 1 ) g iv e s

t h e optimum pH f o r s p e a rm in t p r o d u c tio n a s 6 .0 .
The c o m p o sitio n o f p e p p e rm in t o i l a s a f f e c t e d b y f e r t i ­
l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n s h a s b y no means b e e n d e te rm in e d .

Ummey

(4 0 ) i n 1696 re g a rd e d t h e ch em ical c o m p o sitio n o f t h e o i l a s
l i t t l e a f f e c t e d by th e s o i l upon w hich th e orop was grow n.
Sohlemmer and S p rin g e r (3 6 ) c a r r i e d o u t e x te n s iv e f e r t i l i z e r
tr e a tm e n t s w ith N, P , an d X i n r e l a t i o n to m enthol and e s t e r

c o n te n ts .

They fo u n d t h a t P and K w ith o u t N p ro d u ced o i l

h a v in g th e h ig h e s t e s t e r c o n te n t w h ile th e h ig h e s t m en th o l
c o n te n t was o b ta in e d w ith N and K w ith P a b s e n t.

S p rin g e r

(3 7 ) h a s te n d e d t o b e a r t h i s o u t s in c e he fo u n d t h a t t h e
o i l from p l a n t s r e o e iv in g P and N w ith no K c o n ta in s t h e
le a s t e s te rs .

H armer and Benne (2 3 ) found th e m enthol and

e s t e r c o n te n t o f th e o i l r e l a t i v e l y in d e p e n d e n t o f t h e p ro ­
p o r t i o n o f p h o s p h a te and p o ta s h i n t h e f e r t i l i s e r m ix tu re
when b o th w ere a p p l i e d .

P ow ers (3 2 ) h a s fo u n d t h e u s e o f

b o ra x in t h e f e r t i l i z e r r e s u l t e d i n i n c r e a s e d m enthol con­
te n t of th e o i l .

E l l i s , F a w c e tt, G a y lo rd , and B a ld in g e r ( 1 3 ) ,

a f t e r c o m p le tio n o f a t h r e e y e a r s tu d y , h av e s t a t e d t h a t t h e
ohem ioal an d p h y s ic a l c o n s ta n ts o f p e p p e rm in t o i l a r e n o t
a f f e c t e d b y f e r t i l i z e r e x o e p t a s f e r t i l i z e r a f f e o t s th e
m a tu r ity o f t h e p l a n t s .
Harmer (2 0 ) r e p o r te d th e c a rv o n e c o n te n t o f s p e a rm in t
o i l increasedWsbfeh t h e p r o p o r tio n o f p h o s p h a te i n th e f e r t i l i z e r
when b o th p h o s p h a te and p o ta s h w ere a p p lie d .

5
EXPERIMENTAL

S tu d ie s of m in t w ere made i n t h e f i e d i o r i n t h e g re e n ­
hou se o f t h e fo llo w in g o r g a n ic s o i l s :
1*

Muck E x p e rim e n ta l Farm, C lin to n C ounty.

P art of a

l a r g e muck a r e a o f a p p ro x im a te ly 1400 a c r e s o f d eep
muok (pH 5*9 “ 6 . 2 ) .

Oropped 7 y e a r s .

No V e r t i -

c i l l i u m w i l t p r e s e n t u n t i l summer o f 1946.
2.

L a p e e r C ounty.

P a r t o f a l a r g e a r e a o f deep woody

muck (pH 6 .7 - 7 - 2 ) .

Oropped aro u n d 15 y e a r s .

F e r t i l i z e d ea ch y e a r w ith a b o u t 400 p ounds p e r a c r e
o f J - 9 -1 6 com m ercial f e r t i l i z e r .

V e rtio illiu m

w i l t h a s b e e n p r e s e n t f o r e ig h t o r more y e a r s .
3.

O alhoun O ounty. P a r t

o f a n a r e a o f aro u n d 200

a c r e s o f d eep muck (pH 4 . 0 ) .

New muok lim ed i n t h e

s p r in g o f 1946 w ith 5 to n s p e r a c r e o f d o lo m itic
lim e s to n e b r in g in g th e pH t o 5 .6 when th e p e p p e r­
m in t was h a r v e s te d .
4.

C lin to n O ounty. P a r t

o f a l a r g e a r e a o f w e ll d e­

composed muck (pH 5*2 - 5 * 6 ) h ig h i n m in e ra l m a tte r .
No p e p p e rm in t grown b e c a u s e o f s e v e r i t y o f V e r t i ­
o illiu m w i l t .

6.
G reen h o u se E x p e rim e n ts
Obj e c t
P ep p erm in t was grow n i n tw o - g a llo n g la z e d c la y p o t s i n
t h e g re e n h o u se t o s tu d y th e e f f e c t o f v a r i o u s tr e a tm e n t s
upon t h e g ro w th o f th e p l a n t and t h e p r e v a le n c e o f p e p p e rm in t
w ilt.

I n two o a s e s t h e o i l was d i s t i l l e d from t h e p l a n t s i n

t h e in d i v i d u a l j a r s o f th e e n t i r e e x p e rim e n t.
G e n e ra l P ro c e d u re
F e r t i l i z e r s , a s w e ll a s a l l o th e r m a t e r i a l s a p p lie d , w ere
mixed w ith th e e n t i r e amount o f s o i l i n e a c h p o t.

T hese

p o t s w ere k e p t a t a n a p p ro x im a te ly optimum m o is tu r e c o n te n t
b y b r in g in g them up t o a p re d e te rm in e d w e ig h t b y t h e a d d i­
t i o n o f d i s t i l l e d w a te r .

Four p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s w ere t r a n s ­

p la n te d i n t o eaoh j a r from a l o t w hich had b e e n grow n p r e v io u s ly from rh izom e c u t t i n g s and w hich w ere s e l e c t e d f o r
u n if o r m ity .

D uring g ro w th , h e i g h t s o f i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s

were r e c o rd e d .

W henever s o i l n i t r a t e s a p p ro a c h e d a low

v a lu e , a s r e v e a le d b y t h e Spurway (3 0 ) S im plex s o i l t e s t ,
ammonium n i t r a t e was added i n s o l u t i o n a t t h e r a t e o f 100
p ounds p e r a c r e .
were h a r v e s te d .

J u s t a s th e p l a n t s commenced t o bloom , th e y
I n m ost c a s e s th e w eig h t o f t h e to p s* and

r o o ts * o f t h e f r e s h l y c u t m int** w ere o b ta in e d .
* Tops th ro u g h o u t t h i s d is c u s s io n r e f e r s t o a l l p o r t i o n s o f
t h e p l a n t above th e gro u n d w h ile r o o t s r e f e r s to a l l p o r­
t i o n s below th e g ro u n d .
** Y ie ld s o f a l l h a r v e s te d m in t i s r e p o r te d a s w eig h t o f
f r e s h l y c u t g r e e n m in t.

7.
P l a t e 1 shows t h e l a b o r a t o r y a p p a r a tu s u s e d i n th e d i s ­
t i l l a t i o n o f t h e to p s from in d iv i d u a l g re e n h o u se p o ts .

T h is

a p p a r a tu s c o n s i s t s e s s e n t i a l l y o f two f i v e - l i t e r F lo re n c e
f l a s k s (o n e s e rv in g a s a steam g e n e r a to r , th e o t h e r a s a "m in t
tu b " ) , c o n n e c tin g tu b in g , a w a te r c o n d e n se r, an d a l a r g e
s e p a r a to r y f u n n e l a s a r e c e i v e r .

The steam i n l e t i s d i r e c t e d

to th e b o tto m o f th e "m in t t u b " . . I n a d d i t i o n a Bunsen b u r n e r
i s p la c e d b e n e a th t h i s f l a s k to p r e v e n t c o n d e n s a tio n o f steam
in th e "m in t tu b " r a t h e r th a n i n t h e c o n d e n se r.

P la te 1.

L a b o ra to ry a p p a r a tu s u se d i n d i s t i l l a t i o n o f
p e p p e rm in t from in d i v i d u a l g re e n h o u se p o t s .

9S o il T re a tm e n ts
F e r t i l i z e r s and. C a rb o n a te s .

The f i r s t o f t h e s e g re e n h o u se

e x p e rim e n ts in v o lv e d t h r e e r e p l i c a t i o n s , w ith f o u r l e v e l s o f
c h e m ic a lly p u re f e r t i l i z e r and s i x l e v e l s o f p r e c i p i t a t e d
calciu m and magnesium c a rb o n a te s a p p lie d t o a muok (pH 5 .2 )
h ig h ly i n f e s t e d w ith t h e V e r t i o i l l i u m w i l t o rg an ism from a
d is e a s e d O lin to n County m in t f i e l d .

The o a rh o n a te s w ere

a p p lie d t h r e e m onths b e f o r e f e r t i l i z i n g and p l a n t i n g t h e
f i r s t crop o f p e p p e rm in t.

Im m ed iate ly a f t e r h a r v e s tin g th e

f i r s t c ro p , w hich had b e e n t r e a t e d w ith a 0 -1 0 -2 0 f e r t i l i z e r ,
a seoond was p la n te d and th e same f e r t i l i z e r tr e a tm e n t s r e ­
p e a te d w ith a 0- 1 0 -3 0 m ix tu re .
Crop 1 .

T a b le 1 p r e s e n t s th e w eig h t o f m a t e r i a l p ro d u ced

w ith v a r y in g c a rb o n a te and 0 -1 0 -2 0 f e r t i l i z e r t r e a t m e n t s , t o ­
g e t h e r w ith th e a v e ra g e pH o f th e s o i l r e s u l t i n g from eaoh
tr e a tm e n t .

T hese d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t th e y i e l d o f to p s i s n o t

a f f e c t e d b y i n c r e a s in g a p p l i c a t i o n s o f f e r t i l i z e r n o r b y c a r ­
b o n a te s o f calciu m o r b o th calciu m and m agnesium .

However,

t h e t o t a l p l a n t w e ig h t, and e s p e c i a l l y t h e r o o t s , d e c r e a s e
w ith th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f c a r b o n a te s , t h i s d e c r e a s e b e in g h ig h ly
s i g n i f i c a n t w ith t h e 1 6 - t o n - a p p l i c a t i o n o f c a lciu m c a rb o n a te
and caloium and magnesium o a rb o n a te .

The more r a p id d e c r e a s e

i n r o o t w eig h t w ith i n c r e a s in g am ounts o f c a rb o n a te s i s w e ll

10.
i l l u s t r a t e d b y th e r a t i o o f t o p s t o r o o t s w hich m ark ed ly in ­
c r e a s e s w ith t h e h e a v i e r c a rb o n a te a p p l i c a t i o n s .

The pH o f

5 .2 o f th e o r i g i n a l s o i l was c o n s i s t e n t l y r a i s e d b y th e
a p p l i c a t i o n o f c a lciu m and o f m ixed calciu m an d magnesium
c a rb o n a te t o a p p ro x im a te ly 7 .1 w ith t h e 1 6 - to n a p p l i c a t i o n s .
A ll p l a n t s d e v e lo p e d symptoms o f V e r t i o i l l i u m w i l t .

11.
T a b le 1 .

E f f e c t s o f V arying Amounts o f 0 -1 0 -2 0 F e r t i l i z e r
and o f Caloium and. Magnesium C a rb o n a te s on th e
W eight o f P ep p erm in t P l a n t s P roduced on liuck S o il
i n t h e G reen h o u se.

Crop 1 . 1
CVi
W
Pi

T reatm en t
F e rtiliz e r
L b s./A
500
500
500
500
500
500
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
1.
2.
3.

OaCO-z
T/A
0
4
8
16
2
8
0
4
8
16
2
8
0
4
8
16
2
8
0
4
8
16
2
8

Tops

Hoot 8

T o ta l
P la n t

5 -2
5 -5
6 .3
6 .9
5 .9
7 .1

389
360
345
330
340
333

5 .8
6 .3
6 .9
5 .9
7 .1
5 .3
5 .8
6 .3
7 .0
5 .9
7 .1
5 .2
5 .8
6 .3
7 .0
5 -5
7 -0

140
138
121
106
143
96
109

373
376
369
311
_ 392
393
350
364
367
388
441
399
3«3
375
385
331

529
%8
466
436
483
429
492
519
477

UgCO?
T/A
0
0
0
0
2
8
0
0
0
0
2
8
0
0
0
0
2
8
0
0
0
0
2
8

H a rv e ste d June 1 1 , 1948.
Ju n e 11, 19^9A verage o f 3 r e p l i c a t i o n s .

W eight ( g r a m s ) 3

P

I t

79
125
60
159
126
111
70
97

3k89

125
59
139
102

sp
ss
371
551

434
464
485
553
488
508
464
524433

12
A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource

DF

Tods

SS
T o ta l

US

71 195£95

C a rb o n a te s

12$L64

23577 4715

3

14190 4730

2

7328 3664

C a rb o n a te s x
F e r t i l i z e r s 15

18552 1237

22757

46 131648 2862

50506

R e p lic a tio n

E rro r
L .S .D .1

415970

2933S 5868"*

5

F e rtiliz e rs

T o ta l P la n t
us
SS

R o o ts
SS
US

2515

94692 18,936*
10831

3610

6835

3418

1517

35315

2354

IO96

268297

5632

838

21046 10523

(5 $ )

55

126

w

73

168

* S i g n i f i c a n t a t 5% l e v e l .
** S i g n i f i c a n t a t 1 $ l e v e l .
1.

T hroughout t h i s d is c u s s io n L .S .D . r e f e r s t o l e a s t
s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e .

Summary

T re a tm e n t
CaC03
T/A

'V

A verage W eieht i n Grama
Tops

R o o ts

T o ta l
P la n t

R a tio
Tops
to
_R o o ts

P

0

0

401

136

539

2 .9

4

0

374

132

506

2 .g

g

0

363

115

47S

3 .2

16

0

361

g6

447

4 .2

2

2

366

126

492

2 .9

g .

g

3*1

g9

430

3 .6

500

350

124

474

2 .g

1000

359

109

468

3 .3

2000

376

110

4g6

3 .4

4000

3S6

114

500

3 .4

F e r t i l i z e r Lbs/A

Prop 2 .

T a b le 2 p r e s e n t s m easurem ents o f e a r l y p l a n t grmwth

and t h e w e ig h t o f m a t e r i a l p ro d u ced w ith v a r y in g c a rb o n a te
an d 0- 1 0 -3 0 f e r t i l i z e r tr e a tm e n t s , t o g e t h e r w ith th e a v e ra g e
pH o f t h e s o i l r e s u l t i n g from ea ch tr e a tm e n t .

T hese a p p l i c a ­

t i o n s ( 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 p o u n d s p e r a c r e ) o f f e r t i ­
l i z e r w ere i n a d d i t i o n t o any r e s i d u a l f e r t i l i z e r re m a in in g
from Prop 1 .

A lth o u g h e a r l y p l a n t g ro w th te n d e d t o i n c r e a s e

w ith t h e 500 pound a p p l i c a t i o n o f 0- 1 0 -3 0 f e r t i l i z e r , t h e r e
w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a s r e l a t e d t o f e r t i l i z e r o r
c a rb o n a te l e v e l .

The t o t a l w eig h t an d th e to p w e ig h t w ere n o t

a f f e c t e d b y f e r t i l i z e r o r c a rb o n a te l e v e l .

However, r o o t

g ro w th was i n h i b i t e d b y a l l f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n s ex o e ed in g
500 p o unds p e r a c r e , p a r t i c u l a r l y w ith t h e h e a v i e s t lim e a p p l i ­
c a tio n s .

T h is w ould i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e f e r t i l i z e r a p p l ie d i n

a d d i t i o n t o th e r e s i d u e from t h e p ro c e e d in g cro p p ro d u c e d a
t o x i c e f f e o t , p o s s i b l y d u e to a h ig h s o lu b le s a l t c o n te n t o f
t h e s o i l , o r t h a t t h e r e was so much n u t r i e n t a v a i l a b l e t h e r o o t s
d id n o t f i n d i t n e o e s s a ry t o grow i n s e a rc h o f i t .

T hese com­

b in e d f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e two c ro p s am ounted t o 4
t o 16 tim e s a s much a s t h a t recommended i n t h e f i e l d .

A lth o u g h

r o o t g ro w th te n d e d t o b e d e p re s s e d a g a in b y t h e 16 to n a p p l i c a ­
t i o n o f calciu m and o f calciu m and magnesium c a r b o n a te , t h i s
d e c r e a s e was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

T h is d e c r e a s e may b e i l l u s t r a t e d

b y t h e r a t i o o f to p s t o r o o t s w hich r i s e s , a s w ith cro p 1 ,
w ith t h e h e a v ie r c a rb o n a te a p p l i c a t i o n s .

The pH o f t h e s o i l

was a p p ro x im a te ly t h e same a s t h a t a f t e r t h e f i r s t cro p was
h a r v e s te d .

A ll p l a n t s d e v e lo p e d symptoms o f V e r t i o i l l i u m w i l t .

15.
T ab le 2 .

E f f e c t s o f V ary in g Amounts o f 0 -1 0 -3 0 F e r t i l i z e r s
and o f O alcium and Magnesium C a rb o n a te s on th e
E a r ly Grow th and W eight o f P ep p erm in t P l a n t s P ro ­
duced on Muck S o il i n t h e G reen h o u se.

Crop 2 . 1
T re atm en t
F e rtiliz e r
L b s./A ...
500
500
500
500
500
500
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
4000
4000
4000

4ooo
4000
4000

CaCO-z
t/a
0
4
6
16
2

6
0
4
6
16
2
6
0
4
6
16
2
8
0
4
6
16
2
6

pH2

H eig h t
(cm. y

MgC03
T/A _
0
0
0
0
2
8
0
0
0
0
2
8
0
0
0
0
2
8
0
0
0
0
2
8

5 .2
6 .2
7 .0
6 .0
7 .1
5-1
5-7
6 .3
7 .0
6 .0
7 -1
5 .2
5-7
6 .3
7 .0
5 .9
7 .1
5 .1

§•7

6 .3
7 -0
5 .7
7 .1

33
39
42
37
41
39
37
34
30
?7
4i
31
28
30
38
37
30
37
33
?x
40
38
27
29

u
~ W eight (G ram s)
Tops
R o o ts
T o ta l
P la n t
10?
114
123
125
120
125
133
84
124
129
106
3.15
141
119
139
141
96
120

138
139
1 ?1
1*K)
116
100

56
§8
63
56

71
62
44
38
52
40
48 .
44
45
49
44
^9
46
60
63
37
38
34
26

159
172
186
181
191
187
177
122
176
169
154
159
186
168
198
185
135
166
198
202
168
178
150
126

1 . H a rv e s te d O c to b e r 9 , 19**®
2 . O c to b e r 9 , 1949
3 . A v erag e h e ig h t o f p l a n t s o f 3 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f 4 p l a n t s eaoh.
J u ly 2 9 , 19IW.
4 . A verage o f 3 r e p l i c a t i o n s .

A n a ly s is o f V arian c e

DF

S ource
T o ta l
C a rb o n a tes
F e rtiliz e r
R e p lic a ti o n
C a rb o n a te s x
F e rtiliz e r
E rro r

S ource

DF

T o ta l
71
C a rb o n a te s
5
F e rtiliz e rs
3
R e p lic a tio n s 2
C a rb o n a te s x
F e r t i l i z e r s 15
46
E rr o r
L .S .D .

us

SS

5,364

71
5
3
2.
15

409
1^3
1,097

136
72
73

46

3,5^7

77

168

To*>8
SS
US
44558
6106 1221
1814 605
1719 860
6555
26364

570
573

Roc>ts
SS
US

83823
20028
802 160
7208
3659 1220** 3560
1188 59^
997

1442
1193
498

4066
10313

1396
1110

271
224

(5 $ )

25

(l£ )

33

** S i g n i f i c a n t a t 1 ajo l e v e l

T o ta l P la n t
SS
US

20976
51062

Summary

T reatm en t

A verage W eight i n Grams

UgOO?
0a 003
t/a
. T/A

Tops

B o o ts

T o ta l
P la n t

R a tio
Tops
to
R o o ts

0

0

129

51

ia o

2 .5

4

0

114

52

166

2 .2

a

0

129

53

ia 2

2 .4

16

0

13*

45

179

3 .0

2

2

110

4a

15 a

2 .3

a

a

115

45

160

2.6

500

ua

61

179

1-9

1000

11 5

44

159

2 .6

2000

126

*7

173

2.7

4000

12 a

*3

171

3 .0

F e rtiliz e r

Lbs/A

IS .
M inor E le m e n ts:

I n a l l c a s e s each p o t was f e r t i l i z e d a t

t h e r a t e o f 1000 p o unds p e r a c r e o f a 0 -1 0 -2 0 f e r t i l i z e r .
W ith t h e e x o e p tio n o f t h e e lem e n t i n q u e s tio n m in u te an d
u n ifo rm q u a n t i t i e s o f t h e o t h e r m in o r e le m e n ts w ere added
t o eaoh p o t b y means o f a s o l u t i o n .

Whenever a p o ta s s iu m

s a l t ftf a n e lem e n t was u s e d , enough p o ta ss iu m i n t h e form o f
p o ta ssiu m c h l o r i d e was added t o t h e v a r io u s p o t s so ea c h r e ­
c e iv e d t h e same t o t a l am ount o f p o ta s s iu m , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f
tr e a tm e n t .
t h i s s tu d y :

The fo llo w in g m in o r e le m e n ts w ere in c lu d e d i n
o o p p er, io d in e , c o b a l t , molybdenum, s tr o n tiu m ,boron,

chromium, magnesium , z in o , an d s i l i c o n .
C opper. . . .

T h ree p o t s c o n ta in in g much s o i l o f pH 4 .7

o b ta in e d from n o r th e r n I n d ia n a r e o e lv e d no o o p p er w h ile th e
re m a in in g t h r e e r e c e iv e d 100 p o u n d s p e r a o r e o f co p p er s u l­
p h a te .

P l a t e s 2 and 3 show t h e re s p o n s e i n e a r l y g ro w th t o

c o p p e r s u lp h a te .

However, t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s d id n o t con­

t i n u e th ro u g h o u t t h e g ro w th o f t h e p l a n t .

T a b le 3 p r e s e n t s

t h e o i l y i e l d and w e ig h t o f p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s .

A lth o u g h

t h e d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f o o p p er s u lp h a te
r e s u l t e d i n a s l i g h t d e c r e a s e i n y i e l d o f b o th w eig h t and
o i l , t h e d e c r e a s e was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

P la te 2.

P l a t e 3»

The e f f e c t o f co p p er s u lp h a te on e a r l y g ro w th o f
p e p p e rm in t grown i n t h e g re e n h o u s e on muok s o i l .
(pH 4 . 7 ) . The p o t on th e l e f t r e c e iv e d no co p p e r.

The e f f e c t o f co p p e r s u lp h a te on e a r l y g ro w th o f
p e p p e rm in t grow n i n t h e g re e n h o u se on muck s o i l .
(pH 4 . 7 ) . The p o t on th e l e f t r e c e iv e d no c o p p e r.

T a b le 3»

E f f e c t o f 100 p o un d s p e r a c r e o f Copper S u lp h a te on
O il Y ie ld and W eight o f P e p p e rm in t P l a n t s P ro d u ced
on Muck S o il (pH 3*1) i n

W eight (G ram s)

T reatm en t

Bo c o p p e r
s u lp h a te
Copper
s u lp h a te

G re en h o u se.

O il ( M l .)

I

II

III

Mean

420

410

445

403

324

322

I

II

m

Mean

425

0 .3

0 .?

i.i

_ 0 .9 3

351

0 .8

0 .7

0 .3

0 .7 7

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S o u rce

Tops

O il

DF

ss

T o ta l

5

1 3 ,6 0 9

T re a tm e n ts

1

3 ,1 4 0

3 ,1 4 0

0 .0 4 2

0 .0 4 2

R e p lic a ti o n s

2

2 ,2 7 4

1 ,1 3 7

0 .0 3 0

0 .0 1 5

E rro r

2

3 ,1 9 ^

1 ,5 9 7

0 .0 2 3

0 .0 1 6

MS

SS

_

US

0 .0 9 5

21
Io d in e *. . .

The e f f e o t o f io d in e on p e p p e rm in t g ro w th was m ore

i n t e n s i v e l y i n v e s t i g a t e d th a n was t h a t o f any o th e r m in o r
e le m e n t.

P o ta s s iu m io d i d e was u s e d aB th e s o u rc e o f t h e e l e ­

m ent i n m ost o f t h e s t u d i e s .
E f f e o t o f P o ta ss iu m I o d i d e . T h is f i r s t s tu d y in v o lv e d t h r e e
r e p l i c a t i o n s w ith a p p l i o a t i o n s o f 0 , 5 , and 10 p o unds o f
p o ta s s iu m io d id e p e r a c r e to w i l t - i n f e s t e d muck (pH 5* 1 ) from
C lin to n C ounty.

T a b le 4 p r e s e n t s t h e o i l y i e l d and w eig h t o f

p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s .

A lth o u g h t h e w e ig h t o f t o p s in c r e a s e d

s l i g h t l y w ith i n c r e a s i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s o f i o d i n e , t h i s i n c r e a s e
was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

O il y i e l d was s i g n i f l o a n t l y in c r e a s e d b y

t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f p o ta s s iu m i o d i d e .

A ll p l a n t s showed

symptoms o f V e r t i o i l l i u m w i l t .
S in c e th e s e s m a lle r a p p l i c a t i o n s a p p a r e n tly in o r e a s e d t h e
o i l y i e l d , l a r g e r am ounts o f p o ta s s iu m io d id e w ere u s e d i n
a n o th e r e x p e rim e n t.

F our r e p lic a ti o n s of a p p lic a tio n s o f p o ta s ­

sium i o d i d e o f 0 , 5 , 1 0 , 20, 4 0 , and SO p o u n d s p e r a c r e t o a
w i l t - i n f e s t e d muck s o i l (pH 6 . 8 ) from L ap e er County w ere s e t
up.

T a b le 5 p r e s e n t s m easu rem en ts o f e a r l y p l a n t g ro w th and

o f t h e w e ig h t o f p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s .

T hese d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t

io d in e had l i t t l e e f f e c t on p e p p e rm in t g ro w th .
d e v e lo p e d symptoms o f V e r t i o i l l i u m w i l t .

A ll p l a n t s

22 .
T a b le 4 .

E f f e c t o f P o ta s s iu m I o d id e on t h e O il Y ie ld an d
W eight o f P ep p erm in t P l a n t s P ro d u ced o n Uuok S o il
(pH 3 .1 ) i n t h e G reen h o u se.

P o ta ss iu m
I o d id e
L b s./A
0
5
10

W eieht (Grams)

O il (M l.)

1

II

III

Uean

27S
298
255

271
300
257

269
250
336

273
293
304

1

II

0 .3 5
0 .5 0
0 .5 0

0 .3 0
0 .4 0
0 .5 0

III

Uean

0 .3 0
0 .5 5
0 .5 0

O.3 2
0 .4 5
0 .5 0

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n o e

S ource

O il

Tods

DF
SS

US

SS

US

T o ta l

5

3 ,3 3 S

T re a tm e n ts

2

1 ,4 5 3

7*1

0 .0 6 2

0 . 031*

R e p lic a ti o n s

2

134

67

0 .0 0 5

0 .0 0 2

E rro r

4

1 ,7 2 2

430

0 .0 0 5

0 .0 0 2

L .S .D .

.( W

0 .0 7 5

0 .1 1

-

* S ig n ific a n t a t 5$ le v e l.

0 .1 7

23.
T a b le 3 .

L bs. /A

E f f e c t o f I n c r e a s in g Amounts o f P o ta ss iu m I o d id e
on t h e E a r ly Growth an d W eight o f P e p p e rm in t P l a n t s
p ro d u c e d on Much S o il (pH 6 . 3 ) in t h e G reen h o u se.

El

N ov.10,
194S

0
5
10
20
40
SO

31
30
32
31
3*
32

W eight

(Cm)1

H e ig h t

Dec. 7 .
1946 _..
66
64
71
69

Tops

162
151
161
200
!? 3
167

55
56
62
65
60

12l

136
126
107

n

T o ta l
P la n t

R o o ts

127
95

75

(G ram s)2

1 . A verage h e i g h t o f p l a n t s o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f 4 p l a n t s
eao h .
2 . A verage o f 4- r e p l i c a t i o n s h a r v e s te d March 1 0 , 194-9.

A n& lysis o f V a ria n c e

S o urce

DP

H e ig h t
Nov. 10 D eo.7
SS US

ss

MS

1192
T o ta l
23 299
T r e a t­
m en ts
5 50 10 460 92
R e p lic a ­
tio n s
3 29 10 136 46
E rro r
15 220 15 594- 40

Tops
SS

R o o ts
Uf

14602

us

2062

5026 1006
1492
6262

SS

338 66

T o ta l
P la n t
39 j MS
18979
6617 1323

497 269 90 1610
552 1475 96 10752

536
717

24
E f f e c t o f O th e r I o d in e C a r r i e r s .

I n a p p ly in g p o ta s s iu m io d id e

t o f i e l d p l o t 8 i n t h e s p r in g o f 194-7, i t was n o te d t h a t o c c a ­
s i o n a l l y t h e r e was c o n s id e r a b le v o l a t i l i z a t i o n o f th e io d in e
when th e compound was m ixed w ith enough muck t o s e c u re a
volum e l a r g e enough t o sp re a d o v e r th e r e q u ir e d a r e a .

Conse­

q u e n tly , i t seemed d e s i r a b l e t o i n v e s t i g a t e a more s t a b l e
io d in e c a r r i e r f o r Buch work.

A c c o rd in g ly a n e x p e rim e n t, r e ­

p l i c a t e d tw ic e , was s e t up i n t h e g re e n h o u se com paring s ix
d i f f e r e n t c a r r i e r s o f i o d in e .

Each compound was a p p lie d a t a

r a t e s u f f i c i e n t t o a p p ly f iv e and te n pounds p e r a c r e o f e l e ­
m e n ta l io d i n e .

T a b le 6 l i s t s t h e d i f f e r e n t io d in e c a r r i e r s

used, t o g e t h e r w ith t h e m easu rem en ts o f e a r l y p l a n t g ro w th and
t h e w e ig h t o f p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s .
T a b le 6 .

E f f e c t s o f Two R a te s o f A p p lic a tio n o f S ix D i f f e r e n t
I o d in e C a r r i e r s on t h e E a r ly Growth and W eight o f
p e p p e rm in t P l a n t s P ro d u ced on Muck S o il (pH 6 .0 ) i n
t h e G reen h o u se.

W eight ( Grams )**
H e ig h t1
T o ta l
R oots
Tops
jja
r
r
ie
r
(Cm.
)
I o d in e
■Plant.
____
Lbs/A
434
50
25^
17 &
A
5
464
270
61
194
A.
10
458
160
292
B
5
35
304
205
B
5410
§22
172
4-70
292
0
50
5
302
135
0
10
i462
ti
303
159
5
n
D
128
468
220
54
D
10
446
170
276
46
5
E
426
54
E
10
u
476
F
5
59
160
F
*35 _
10
?7.5-j
2 9..
1 . A verage h e ig h t o f p l a n t s o f 3 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f ,4- p l a n t s
ea ch , Ju n e 1 0 , 1948.
2 . A verage o f 2 r e p l i c a t i o n s h a r v e s te d J u ly 24-, 194-2.

III

6Jo Iodine in Carrier

Carriers
A
B
C
D
E
F

-

Thymol io d id e
S ta t& iz e d p o ta ss iu m io d id e
F e rtid in e
D ip h en y l iodonium c h l o r id e
B is c h lo ro p h e n y l iodonium c h lo r id e
B i s io d o phen^jr iodonium io d id e

4 3 .0
68.1
1 8 .0
4 0 .0
32.Q

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource

DF,

He:Lght _
SS

T o ta l
23
Compounds 5
1
R a te s
R e p lic a ­
1
tio n s
Compounds 5
x R a te s
E rro r
11

MS

SS

US

SS

US

13694
15276
3027
2704 541
101
1120
505
559S
0
28 28
0
9
9
182 182
1349 270
963

88

21.85 2185
1246 249
4665

T o ta l
P la n t

R oots

Tops

424

SS

25661
5056 1011
18
18

70 70
8035 1607
4460

US

1395 1395
6692 1338

405 12500 1136

Bo d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e e f f e c t o f io d in e on t h e e a r ly
grow th o r w eig h t o f p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s , when s u p p lie d by th e s e
d if f e r e n t c a r r ie r s , a re in d ic a te d by th e s e d a ta .
B o r o n ....

F our r e p l i c a t i o n s o f b o r i c a c id o f 0, 50 , 100,

and 200 p o unds p e r a c r e to a w i l t - i n f e s t e d s o i l (pH 5*7)
from C lin to n County w ere s e t up.

T a b le 7 p r e s e n t s th e mea­

su rem e n ts o f e a r l y p l a n t grow th and th e w eig h t o f p e p p e r­
m int p l a n t s .

T here i s no i n d i c a t i o n from th e s e r e s u l t s o f

any b e n e f i o i a l e f f e c t from th e b o r i c a c id a p p l i c a t i o n .
f a c t t h e 200 pound a p p l i c a t i o n d e c id e d ly r e t a r d e d g ro w th
and d e p re s s e d th e y i e l d .

In

26
Table 7.

E ffect of Increasing Amounts of Boric Acid on th e
Early Growth and Weight of Peppermint P lan ts Pro­
duced on Muck S o il (pH 5*7) in th e Greenhouse.

B o r ic
A cid
Lbs/A

H e ig h t1
(Cm)

Weierht
To p s .

0
50
100
200

105
104
119
36

36
32
20

(Gi •ams)2

T o ta l
P la n t

R oots
60
41
32
6

165
145
152
45

1 . A verage H e ig h t o f p l a n t s of 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f
4 p l a n t 8 ea ch A ugust 26, 1946.
2. A verage o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s h a r v e s te d O cto b er
27 , 1946.
A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource

DF

H eieh t
69

T o ta l
T r e a t­
m en ts
R e p lic a -

3

MS

S9 . _.MS
6644

SS

.

MS .

46054

652 217* 16101 5367** 57^3 19l4>* 36399 12133**

3

65

22

966

323

95

26

1546

516

9

303

34

5649

650

1016

113

6107

901

in

L . 8 .D .

SS.

T o ta l
___ P3 lant

R oots

22916

15 L020

710X 16

E rro r

MS

Tons

10

41

17

46

(1 %

14

59

25

69

* S i g n i f i c a n t a t 5$> l e v e l .
** S i g n i f i c a n t a t Vp l e v e l .

27.
The r o o t y i e l d s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c re a s e d w ith eaoh in c r e a s e i n
a p p l i c a t i o n o f b o r i c a c id .

The w eig h t o f t h e t o t a l p l a n t

a l s o d e c re a s e d s l i g h t l y w ith t h e h ig h e r a p p l i c a t i o n s of
b o r i c a c id b u t became s i g n i f i o a n t l y l e s s w ith t h e 200 pound
a p p lic a tio n .
a c id .

P l a t e ^ shows t h e d e p r e s s in g e f f e c t o f b o r i c

P l a n t s r e o e iv in g t h e 200 pound a p p l i c a t i o n o f b o r i c

a c id w ere d e c id e d ly s tu n te d — t h e o u t e r l e a f ed g es d ie d
a f t e r tu r n in g y e llo w and th e n brow n.

P l a t e 5 shows t h i s

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c symptom o f b o ro n t o x i t y .

A few le a v e s o f

p l a n t s r e c e iv in g t h e 100 pound a p p l i c a t i o n a l s o showed t h i s
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c b u rn in g a t t h e i r e d g e s.

A ll p l a n t s i r r e s ­

p e c t i v e o f tr e a tm e n t d ev e lo p ed symptoms o f V e r t i o i l l i u m w i l t .
C o b a l t .. . .

P our r e p l i c a t i o n s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s o f c o b a lt s u l­

p h a te o f 0 , 20, 4 0 , SO, 160, an d 320 pounds p e r a c r e t o a
w i l t - i n f e s t e d s o i l (pH 5 .5 ) from C lin to n County w ere s e t u p .
T ab le S p r e s e n t s t h e m easu rem en ts o f e a r l y p l a n t g ro w th and
t h e w e ig h t o f t h e p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s .

I t i s e v id e n t t h a t a l l

a p p l i c a t i o n s o f c o b a l t s u lp h a te d e p re s s e d e a r l y g ro w th —
th e am ount o f d e p r e s s io n in c r e a s in g w ith t h e amount o f co­
b a l t a p p lie d .

T h is d e p r e s s io n was s i g n i f i c a n t J u ly 26 , b u t

much l e s s m arked b y A ugust 3*

P l a t e 6 shows t h i s d e p r e s s iv e

e f f e c t on t h e e a r l y g ro w th o f p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s .
A p p lic a tio n s o f c o b a lt s u lp h a te up t o 160 p ounds p e r
a c r e had no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on t h e w eig h t p ro d u c e d .
e v e r, a 320 pound a p p l i c a t i o n d e p r e s s e d y i e l d s .

How­

T h is d e p r e s ­

s io n w as s i g n i f i c a n t when th e t o t a l p l a n t and. th e to p s a r e
c o n s id e r e d .

Toward t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f A ugust a l l p l a n t s , i r r e s ­

p e c t i v e o f tre a tm e n t, showed d e f i n i t e V e r t i o i l l i u m w i l t symptoms.

P la te 4.

The e f f e o t o f b o r i c a c i d on grow th o f p ep p e rm in t
grown I n th e g re e n h o u se on muck s o i l o f pH 5 . 7 .
J a r s from l e f t t o r i g h t re o e iv e d 2 0 0 , 100, 50, and 0
pounds o f b o r l o a c id p e r a c r e .

P la te 5.

Boron t o x i t y on p e p p e rm in t grown on muok s o i l o f
pH 5 .7 in t h e g re e n h o u s e . 200 p o u n d s p e r a c r e o f
b o r i c a c id p e r a c r e had b e e n a p p l ie d .

29
T a b le 6 .

E f f e c t o f I n c r e a s in g Amounts o f C o b a lt S u lp h a te
o n th e E a rly Growth and W eight o f P ep p erm in t
P l a n t s P ro d u ced on Muck S o il (pH 5*5) i n th e
G reen h o u se.

C obalt
S u lp h a te
Lbs/A

J u ly 26

A ugust 3

H

160

161
160
209
206
172
99

&

46
40

20

320

(G ram s)2
T o ta l
P la n t
R oots

Tops

64
60

40
35
33

0
20
40
60

WeiLght

H eig h t (Cm)l

1 . A verage h e ig h t o f p l a n t s o f

92
62
23
77
74
27

279
222
292
263
252
126

re p lic a tio n s of 4 p la n ts

GStClle

2 . A verage o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s h a r v e s te d Septem ber 23, 1946.
A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource DF

T o ta l

. H eig h t
Aug . 3
J u ly 26
MS SS ' MS
SS

23 1622

3953

To 38
SS
MS

Ro<3 ts
SS
M2
27110

46616

T o ta l P la n t
SS
MS
LLO555

T r e a t­ 5 1066 217* 1652 332 32166 643?“ 11912 2364 72110 15622“
m ents
R ep lica -3
93 31 142 47 7261 2427 1776 592 7234 2611
tio n s
E r r o r 15 703 47 2153 144 9171 611 13416 694 24611 1641
L .S .D . (5?*)

11

32

62

(1%)

19

52

65

** S i g n i f i c a n t a t lf> l e v e l .

30

P la te 6.

The e f f e c t o f c o b a lt s u lp h a te on e a r l y g ro w th o f
p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s on muck s o i l o f pH 5*5 i n th e
g re e n h o u s e . J a r s from l e f t to r i g h t r e o e iv e d
0 , 20, hO, SO, 160, an d 320 p o u n d s o f o o b a lt
s u lp h a te p e r a c r e .

31 .
Molybdenum. . . .

Four r e p l i c a t i o n s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s o f sodium

m o ly b d a te o f 0, 3 , 6, 12 , 24 and 4g pounds p e r a c r e to a
w i l t - i n f e s t e d s o i l (pH 6 . S ) from L ap eer County w ere s e t up .
T a b le 9 p r e s e n t s th e m easurem ents o f e a r l y p l a n t g ro w th and
th e w eig h t o f p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s .

T hese d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t

th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f sodium m olybdate up t o 4g pounds p e r a c r e
had no s i g n i f i c a n t in f lu e n c e upon e i t h e r th e e a r l y g ro w th o r
t h e w eig h t o f p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s .

However, t h e r e i s a su g g es­

t i o n t h a t sodium m o ly b d ate may have had a te n d e n c y to in ­
c r e a s e th e y i e l d .
c i lliu m w i l t .

A ll p l a n t s d e v e lo p e d symptoms o f V e r t i -

The low y i e l d s o f some in d iv i d u a l p o ts may

hav e b e e n d u e to s e v e re i n f e s t a t i o n by r e d s p id e r and i n j u r y
from p a r a t h i o n u se d i n i t s c o n t r o l .

P l a t e 7 shows t y p i c a l

i n j u r y t o p e p p e rm in t by P a r a th io n s p ra y .

P la te 7.

I n j u r y t o p ep p e rm in t f o r t y - e i g h t h o u rs a f t e r sp ra y ­
in g w ith P a r a th io n . Note t h e t w i s t i n g stem s and
downward b e n d in g p e t i o l e s .
(C o n c e n tr a tio n u se d —
1 te a s p o o n o f P a r a th io n p e r g a l lo n o f w a t e r . )

32

Table 9*

.

E ffect of Increasing Amounts of Sodium Molybdate
on the Early Growth and Weight of Peppermint P lan te
Produced on Muck S o il (pH 6.6) in the Greenhouse.

Sodium
M olybdate
Lbs# A

... H eight

Nov. 23 /D ec. 26

0
3
6
12
24
46

W eight

(Cm)1

36
41
47
36
41
45

15
16
20
16
16
20

(G ram s)2
T o ta l
R oots
P la n t .

Tops
64
92
66
93
91
95

112
133
117
125
121
136

26
41
31
32
3°
41

1 . A verage h e ig h t o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f 4 p l a n t s each .
2. A verage o f 4- r e p l i c a t i o n s h a r v e s te d M arch 10 , 194-9.

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

Source

DF

H eig h t
N ov.23 D ec .26
SS MS

T o ta l

23

T r e a t­
5
m ents
R e p lic a ­ 3
tio n s
E rro r
15

367

SS

MS

Tops
SS

R o o ts
MS

7964

2466

60 16

276

62 27

665 222

55

205 14 1547 103

ss

MS

2966

T o ta l
P la n t
SS
MS
16459

66

661 132

1665 337

516 172

519 173

649 216

339

7109 474 1606 120 14125 942

33
S tro n tiu m . . . .

F o u r r e p l i c a t i o n s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s o f s tr o n tiu m

c h l o r id e o f 0, 1 0 0 , 200 , 400, £ 0 0 , and 1600 p o u n d s p e r a c r e t o
a w i l t - i n f e s t e d s o i l (pH 7 * 0 ) from L ap eer County w ere s e t up .
T a b le 10 p r e s e n t s t h e m easu rem en ts o f e a r l y p l a n t g ro w th and
t h e w e ig h t o f p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s .

I t i s e v id e n t t h a t th e

a p p l i c a t i o n o f s tr o n tiu m c h l o r id e vcp t o 1600 p ounds p e r a c r e
h ad no s i g n i f i c a n t in f lu e n c e upon th e e a r l y g ro w th o r w eig h t
th e p l a n t s p ro d u c e d .

The low y i e l d s o f some in d i v i d u a l p o t s

may h av e b e e n due t o s e v e r e i n f e s t a t i o n b y re d s p id e r an d in ­
j u r y from p a r a t h i o n u se d i n i t s c o n t r o l .

A ll p l a n t s showed

symptoms o f V e r t i o i l l i u m w i l t .
Chrom ium .. . .

F o u r r e p l i c a t i o n s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s o f p o ta s s iu m

d ic h ro m a te o f 0 , 4 0 , £0 , 160, an d 320 pounds p e r a c r e t o a
w i l t - i n f e s t e d s o i l (pH 6 . 9 ) from L ap e er County w ere s e t u p .
T a b le 11 p r e s e n t s th e m easurem ents o f e a r l y p l a n t g ro w th and
t h e w e ig h t o f p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s .

T hese d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e

a p p l i c a t i o n of p o ta s s iu m d ic h ro m a te up to 320 p o unds p e r a o re
had no s i g n i f i c a n t in f lu e n c e upon t h e e a r l y g ro w th o r t h e
w eig h t p ro d u o e d .

A ll p l a n t s d e v e lo p e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c symptoms

o f V e rtio illiu m w ilt.

3*.
T ab le 10 .

E ff e c t o f In c r e a sin g Amounts o f Strontium O bloride
on th e E arly Growth and Weight o f Pepperm int P la n t s
Produced on Muck S o il (pH 7*0) in t h e Greenhouse.

H eig h t (C3m;

W eight

(G ram s )
T o ta l
Spots
£ la n t

D ec. 25

24
100
200
400

?

11
104
109
110
116

22

500
1600

1 . A verage h e ig h t o f p l a n t s o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f 4 p l a n t s e a c h .
2 . A verage o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s h a r v e s te d March 1 0 , 1949.

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource

DP

H eig h t
Nov. 23 D e o .28
99 Mg

T o ta l

23

T r e a t­
5
m ents
R e p lic a ­ 3
tio n s
E rro r
15

464

99

MS

2172

Tops
SS

R oot 8
US

12779

99

M9

222

SS

US

19282

1919
345

T o ta l
10*1a v\4>

136 27

544 109

1723

44

2314

^3

66 29

675 225

3710 1237 1159 396

9756

2919

6212

5^7

262 17

953

64

73^6

490

53*>

36

_

35.
T able 1 1 .

E ffe c t o f In c r e a sin g Amounts o f P otassium Dichrom ate
on th e E a rly Growth and Weight o f Peppermint P la n ts
Produced on Muck S o il (pH 7*0) i n th e Greenhouse.

P o ta s situs
D ich ro m ate
Lbs/A

_ H eig h t (On)1
D e o .l
12
11
10
10
9

0
40
SO
160
320

....... W eight (G ram s)2
T o ta l
l o v a R o o ts P l a n t

Jan . 4
29
23

91
110
IO3

H
26
28

76
98

33
30
31
24
32

124
140
13*
102
130

1 . A verage h e i g h t o f p l a n t s o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f
4 p l a n t s each .
2 . A verage o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s h a r v e s te d March 10,
1W .

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n o e

Source

DP

H eig h t
Jan. 4
D e o .l
ss

T o ta l

49

99

R o o ts

Tops

us

99

MS

6322

33*

99

us

104R

Tot;al
P is tn t
SS
M9
10213

19

73

4
T r e a t­
m ents
R e p lic a ­ 3
tio n s
12
E rro r

32

8

24

6

2364

591

160

40

3333

S33

3

1

31

10

526

175

203

63

939

313

38

3

279

23

3432

286

679

57

59*1

‘m

36.
M agnesium. . • .

Four r e p l i c a t i o n s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s o f magnesium

s u lp h a te o f 0 , 5^0, 1000, 2000, 4000, and £000 p o unds p e r
a c r e t o a w i l t - i n f e s t e d s o i l (pH 7 - 3 ) from L a p e e r County w ere
s e t up.

T a b le 12 p r e s e n t s t h e m easurem ents o f e a r l y p l a n t

g ro w th and t h e w eig h t o f p ep p e rm in t p l a n t s .

I t i s in d ic a te d

t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f magnesium s u lp h a te up t o 3000 p o unds
p e r a c r e had no s i g n i f i c a n t in f l u e n c e upon t h e e a r l y g ro w th
o r th e w e ig h t p ro d u c e d .

However, t h e r e i s a te n d e n c y o f

magnesium s u lp h a te up t o 2000pounds p e r a c r e t o i n c r e a s e t h e
w eig h t o f r o o t s w h ile h ig h e r a p p l i c a t i o n s te n d t o d e c re a s e
t h e i r w e ig h t.

A ll p l a n t s d e v e lo p e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c symptoms

o f V e rtio illiu m w ilt.
Z in c . . . .

F o u r r e p l i c a t i o n s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s o f z in o s u lp h a te

o f 0, 6 0, 120, 240, 4 £ 0 , and 96O p o u n d s p e r a c r e t o a w i l t - i n ­
f e s t e d s o i l (pH 7 . 3 ) from L ap eer County w ere s e t u p .

T ab le

13 p r e s e n t s t h e m easurem ents o f e a r l y p l a n t g ro w th and th e
w eig h t o f p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s .

T hese d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t th e

a p p l i c a t i o n o f z in c s u lp h a te up t o 960 pounds p e r a c r e had no
s i g n i f i c a n t in f lu e n o e on th e e a r l y g ro w th o r w eig h t p ro d u o ed .
A il p l a n t s d e v e lo p e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c symptoms o f V e r t i o i l l i u m
w ilt.
S ilic o n . . . .

Four r e p l i c a t i o n s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s o f sodium

m e t a e i l i o a t e o f 0 , 400, £00, 1600, 3200»

6400 pounds p e r

a c r e t o a w i l t - i n f e s t e d s o i l o f pH 7*3 from L ap e er County w ere
s e t up.

T a b le 14 p r e s e n t s th e m easurem ents o f e a r l y p l a n t

gro w th and th e w e ig h t o f p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s .

I t i s e v id e n t

37
T a b le 1 2 .

E f f e c t o f I n c r e a s in g Amounts o f Magnesium S u lp h a te
on t h e E a r ly Growth and W eight o f P ep p erm in t
P l a n t s P ro d u ced on Muck S o il (pH 7 * 3 ) i n th e
G reenhouse.

H eigh t 1

Magnesium
S u lp h a te
Lb s/A

1.
2.

A p r.20

A p r.15

0
500
1000
2000
4000
£000

_____ Wijig h t (Gfrarns)2

37
40
42
3?

Tops
247
244
220
239
227
226

5*
61
56
53
50

3*

R o o ts
71
Si
67
SS
73
67

T o ta l
P la n t
316
325
307
327
300
293

A verage h e ig h t o f p l a n t s o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f 4
p la n ts each.
A verage o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s h a r v e s te d May 31, 194-9.

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource

DP

Heie h t
A p r.20
A p r.15
SS

T o ta l

23

T r e a t­
5
m ents
R e p lic a ­ 3
tio n s
E rro r
15

MS

1031

SS

Tops

MS

1964

1*7 29

2S3

22S 76

636 212

656 44

1045

57

70

S§

m

R o o ts
SS

MS

T o ta l
.... P la n t
MS
ss
10720

7637

5463

2454 491

1498 300

3793

759

62

21S6 729

2405

S02

4996 333

1779 119

4522

301

1S7

33Table 13*

E ffect o f Increasing Amounts of Zinc Sulphate on
th e Early Growth and Weight o f peppermint P lan ts
Produced on Muok S o il (pH 7 -3 ) In th e Greenhouse.
H e ig h t 1
(Cta)

Z in c
S u lp h a te
LfcS/A
0
60
120
240
460
960

W eight (G ram s)2
i
T o ta l
Tods H o o ts
P la n t
50
53
5*
56
5?
5*

32
36
37
39
37
39

220
199
135
196

60
7?
76
90

17l
206

18

300

IS
266
276
310

1 . A verage h e i g h t o f p l a n t s o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f
4 p la n ts each.
2 . A verage o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s h a r v e s te d May 3 1 1 1949.

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource

DF

H eig h t
A pr. 20
A p r.15
69

T o ta l

23

790

T r e a t­
5
m ents
R e p lic a ­ 3
tio n s
E rro r
15

129

H4

MS

26

22

_

ss

M6

13666

1390

329 110
332

SS

Tops

ita l

R o o ts
SS

MS -

10402

p :Lant

ss_

Ks

24027

21

4622 964

2766 557

6337 1277

523 174

1660 560

2695 965

2734

763

7333 492

4720 315 14905

104

51

911
991*

39.
t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f sodium m e t a s i l i c a t e up t o 6*100
pounds p e r a c r e had no s i g n i f i c a n t in f lu e n c e on t h e e a r l y
grow th o f p e p p e rm in t.

However, a p p l i c a t i o n s o f 6400 pounds

p e r a c r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e p r e s s e d th e w eig h t o f th e to p s and
t h e t o t a l p l a n t w h ile a p p l i c a t i o n s up t o 3200 p o u n d s p e r
a c r e h a d no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t upon t h e m a t e r i a l p ro d u o ed .
A ll p l a n t s d e v e lo p e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c symptoms o f V e r t i o i l l i u m
w ilt.

4o.
T able 1 4 .

E f f e c t o f In o re a sin g Amounts o f Sodium M e t a s ilic a t e
on th e E arly Growth and Weight o f Pepperm int P la n ts
Produced on Much S o il (pH 7*3) In th e Gr eenhouse.

H e ic h t1 (C/t,.)
Sodium
M e ta s i lic a te
A o r.1 5 A o r.2 0
Lbs/A
0
400
800
1600
3200 :
6400

W eight
....

50

3f
36
31

50

34
32:

51

Tods

(G ram s)2
T o ta l
R o o ts P la n t

203
19S
212
216
230
150

302
284

99
%

$
3?3
243

97
93
93

1 . A verage h e i g h t o f p l a n t s o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f
4 p l a n t s ea ch .
-----2 . A verage o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s h a r v e s te d May 31, 1949.

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n o e

S ource

H e ig h t

DP

Tops
Ad:Pt15
SS MS

T o ta l

23

T re a t­
5
m ents
R e p lic a ­ 3
tio n s
E rro r
15
L .S .D .

736
56 11
142 47
536 36

A D r.20
MS
SS

MS

23

SS

Mg

4289

23994

1633
116

SS

R o o ts

15302 3060"

333

To1;a l
P ie tn t
MS
ss.
26965

67

16583 3317*

43s 146

2402

801

1772 591

909

303

72

6290

419

2184 146

11473

765

1079

(5 $ )

31

42

(1 * )

*3

56

* S i g n i f i c a n t a t 5$ l e v e l .
** S i g n i f i c a n t a t Ifa l e v e l .

F ie ld and Laboratory Experim ents
Obj e o t
F i e l d p l o t s o f p e p p e rm in t and sp e a rm in t w ere e s t a b l i s h e d
i n f o u r l o c a l i t i e s to s tu d y t h e e f f e c t s o f v a r io u s f a c t o r s on
y i e l d o f p l a n t s , o i l p r o d u c tio n , p r e v a le n c e o f V e r tio il liu m
w i l t , and t h e p h y s ic o c h e m io a l c o n s ta n ts o f t h e o i l .

G e n e ra l P ro c e d u re
A ll p l o t s w ere h a n d le d a s n earl^as p o s s i b l e a s com m ercial
p la n tin g s .

A t h a r v e s t t h e m in t was c u t , w eig h ed , c u re d , and

steam d i s t i l l e d i n a p o r t a b l e s t i l l , t h e p i c t u r e o f w hich i s
shown i n P l a t e S.

T h is s t i l l was p a t t e r n e d a f t e r a com m ercial

m in t s t i l l and was d e s ig n e d t o o p e r a te w ith steam and w a te r
from t h e b o i l e r and w e ll o f a r e g u l a r g r o w e r 's s t i l l .

The

h e rb was d i s t i l l e d f o r a t l e a s t f i v e m in u te s a f t e r no o d o r
o f o i l c o u ld b e d e t e o te d in steam e m itte d from a sm a ll h o le i n
t h e to p o f t h e tu b when th e c o rk was rem oved.

T h is tim e v a r ie d

from one h a l f t o one h o u r d ep en d in g on t h e q u a n t i t y o f steam
a d m itte d and th e c o n d i tio n o f t h e c ro p .
th e s h o r t e r t h e tim e r e q u ir e d .

The more d ry t h e h e r b ,

The o i l was c o l l e c t e d by

g r a v i t y s e p a r a to r o v e r w a te r a s i s c u s to m a r ily d o n e.

At th e

c o m p le tio n o f each d i s t i l l a t i o n , a l l o i l was removed from t h e
s e p a r a t o r , t o g e t h e r w ith a p p ro x im a te ly two g a l l o n s o f w a te r.
T h is was p o u re d i n a l a r g e s e p a r a to r y fu n n e l a n d , a f t e r a few
m in u te s , t h e g r e a t e r p o r t i o n o f th e w a te r was rem oved.

The r e -

P l a t e S.

P o r t a b l e S t i l l U se d f o r D i s t i l l i n g P ep p erm in t
and sp e a rm in t P l o t s .

m ain in g m a t e r i a l ( o i l , w a te r, and s lu d g e ) was ta k e n t o th e
l a b o r a t o r y , f i l t e r e d , and t h e re m a in d e r o f th e w a te r rem oved.
A f te r w eig h in g t h e o i l from e a c h p l o t , a fo u r-o u n c e gro u n d
g l a s s s to p p e re d b o t t l e , c o n ta in in g one te a s p o o n o f an g y d ro u s
sodium s u lp h a te , was c o m p le te ly f i l l e d w ith a sam ple o f th e
o il.

Th©se sam p les w ere th e n p la c e d i n o o ld s to r a g e a t

a p p ro x im a te ly a 40° P . te m p e ra tu re , a s recommended b y N elso n
(2 ® ),u n t i l th e p h y s io -c h e m ic a l c o n s ta n ts w ere d e te rm in e d .

43
M ethods Used and P h y s ic a l C o n s ta n ts and C o n s titu e n ts
D eterm in ed
S p e c i f ic G r a v ity . . .

A 50 gram p y cn o m eter w ith a tta c h e d

th e rm o m ete r was u s e d i n d e te rm in in g t h e s p e o i f i c g r a v i t y a t
25° 0 . ( 2 5 /2 5 ° )
O p tic a l R o t a ti o n . . .

The s p e c i f i c o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n was

o b ta in e d a t 25° 0 . b y means o f a 100 mm. tu b e and a F r a n iz e ,
S chm idt, and H uensch s a c c h a r im e te r , u s in g a p o ta s s iu m d ic h r o ­
m ate s o l u t i o n a s a f i l t e r f o r t h e l i g h t s o u r c e .

(T h is f i l t e r

g iv e s a l i g h t e q u iv a le n t t o t h a t from a sodium la b o r a t o r y
a r c .)

I t was n e c e s s a r y t o d i l u t e b y o n e 'h a l f w ith e t h y l

a lo o h o l ea c h s p e a rm in t sam ple i n o r d e r t o b r in g i t w ith in
ra n g e o f t h e s a c c h a r im e te r .
R e f r a c t i v e In d e x . . .

T h is c o n s ta n t was d e te rm in e d w ith an

Abbe r e f r a c to m e te r a t 20° 0.
E s te rs . . .

The U .S .P .

X II m ethod ( 1 ) was u se d and t h e e s t e r s

w ere c a l c u l a t e d a s m en th y l
T o ta l M en th o l. . .

a o e ta te .

The U .S .P . XII p ro c e d u re and fo rm u la ( l )

f o r c a l c u l a t i n g th e p e r c e n t o f m en th o l w ere em ployed.
M enthone. . .

The h y d ro x y lam in e h y d r o c h lo r id e m ethod a s o u t­

l i n e d b y B a ld in g e r ( 3 )

was u s e d .

O arvone. . .

X II p ro c e d u re ( 1 ) , r e a d in g t h e p e r c e n ta g e

The U .S .P .

o f c a rv o n e d i r e c t l y from t h e c a s s i a f l a s k , was em ployed.

S o il T re a tm e n ts
F e r tiliz e r s . ..

I n 1947 and 1946 b o th p e p p e rm in t and s p e a r ­

m in t w ere grown on t h e Muck E x p e rim e n ta l Farm i n C lin to n
C ounty, w ith f o u r d i f f e r e n t m ix tu re s o f p h o s p h a te and p o ta s h
r e p l i c a t e d f i v e tim e s on s o i l w ith a pH o f 6 .0 t o 6 .2 .
T hese t r e a tm e n t s had b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e s p r in g o f 1942
and a p p l i c a t i o n s o f 500 pounds p e r a c r e o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e
f e r t i l i z e r had b e e n made each su c c e e d in g s p r in g .

B oth p e p p e r­

m in t an d sp e a rm in t h ad b e e n grow n on th e s e m ix tu re s ea ch y e a r
s in c e t h a t tim e .

Each y e a r t h e p l o t s w ere r e e s t a b l i s h e d by

t h e t r a n s p l a n t i n g o f p l a n t s i n such a way t h a t each p a r t i s ------o u la r p l o t was s e t t o p l a n t s o b ta in e d from th e grow th o f m in t
on t h a t p l o t th e p r e v io u s y e a r .
P e p p e rm in t. . .

I n 1947 t h e p e p p e rm in t was c u t S eptem ber 4 and

5 and was d i s t i l l e d Septem ber S and 9 .

The fo llo w in g y e a r i t

was h a r v e s te d A ugust 23 and 24 and was d i s t i l l e d A ugust 23 to
27.

T a b le 15 p r e s e n t s t h e y i e l d o f f o l i a g e and o i l f o r b o th

1947 and 1946.

T hese d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t i n 19^7 t h e y i e l d o f

f o l i a g e in c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y a s t h e r a t i o o f p o ta s h t o
p h o s p h a te i n th e f e r t i l i z e r r o s e above 1 :1 .

T hese r e s u l t s

d i f f e r from th o s e o f 1946 when, -under d i f f e r e n t s e a s o n a l
w e a th e r c o n d itio n s , t h e r e w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n
fo lia g e y ie ld s .

The a d d i t i o n a l g ro w th e x p e c te d from h ig h e r

r a t i o s o f p o ta s h was p r o b a b ly c u r t a i l e d b y r e s t r i c t e d r a i n -

45.
f a l l i n 1946.

B o th f o l i a g e and o i l y ie ld B i n 1946 w ere l e s s

th a n th o s e o f 1947.

A lth o u g h th fe s e d a ta s u g g e s t* th a t, i n b o th

y e a rs , t h e o i l y i e l d d e c re a s e d w ith in c r e a s e i n p r o p o r ti o n o f
p o ta s h t o p h o s p h a te i n t h e f e r t i l i z e r , a s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s
com bining t h e d a t a o f b o th 1947 and 1946 shows t h i s d e c r e a s e
w as n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

T a b le 16 p r e s e n t s th e p h y sic o c h e m ic a l

c o n s ta n ts o f t h e o i l p ro d u ced i n 1947 and 1946.

These d a t a

l n d i o a t e t h a t none o f t h e s e c o n s ta n ts w ere in f lu e n c e d by t h e
r a t i o o f p h o s p h a te t o p o ta s h i n t h e f e r t i l i z e r .

The s p e o i f i c

g r a v i t y o f t h e 1946 o i l was s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r and th e p e r ­
c e n ta g e o f e s t e r s and m en th o l w ere l e s s .

Such d i f f e r e n c e s

would i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e 1947 cro p had a t t a i n e d a g r e a t e r
d e g r e e o f m a tu r i ty th a n th e 1946 cro p a t h a r v e s t tim e .
T a b le 1 5 .

E f f e c t s o f D i f f e r e n t R a tio s o f P h o sp h a te t o P o ta s h
on t h e Y ie ld o f P ep p erm in t F o lia g e and O il Grown i n
1947 and 1946 on Muck S o il (pH 6 .1 ) i n C lin to n
C ounty. 1

F e r t i l i z e ! F o lia g e Tom o e r a c r e _ O il
1947 and
500 I b s .p e r
1946
1946
1947.
1947
a c re
0- 20-10
0- 10-10
0—10-20
0- 10-30

1 0 .6
9 .9
1 1 .1
1 2 .0

6 .7
6 .7
6 .6
6 .4

9 .7
9 .6
1 0 .2

1 . A v erag es o f 5 r e p l i c a t i o n s .

2 3 .6
2 4 .6
2 2 .0
1 9 .1

L b s. n e r a o r e
1947 and
_ 1946
1946
2 3 .1
2 1 .0
2 0 .4
2 0 .0

2 3 .4
2 2 .6
2 1 .2
1 9 .6

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e
IS

19 a1-7
DP

Source

19 2 6 .3

T o ta l

O il
S3 US

F o lia g e
US
SS

3*9

F o lia g e
SS
US
2 0 .7

19*7 - 1945
O il
SS u s
225

DF

F o lia g e
SS
US

39

9 9 .2

3 1 2 .6 3.9** 61 29

0 .3 0 .1

29 10

3

4 .1

R e p lic a tio n s

4 1 2 .1 3 -0

9 .6 2 .4

51 20

4

1 5 -3

Y ea rs

l

5 2 .2 5 2 .2

T r e a t x Yeare

3

7 .6

25

1 9 .6

2 .6 0 .2

E rro r
L .S .D .

(5 %)

0 .7

(W

0 -9

146 12 1 0 .5 0 .9 115 10

*• S i g n i f i c a n t a t 1 $ l e v e l .

r

5 9 2 .5

T re a tm e n ts

116 29

Oi]
SS T

1 .4

9 0 .5 3 0 .5

3 .6 1 0 6 .6 2 6 .6

2 .6

1 5 .5 1 5 .5
2 5 .3

5 .4

0 .7 3 5 4 .6 1 2 .7

.......

T a b le 1 6 .

F e rtiliz e r
500 l b 8 p e r
a c re
0- 20-10
0- 1 0 -1 0
0- 1 0 -2 0
0- 1 0 -3 0

F e rtiliz e r
500 l b s p e r
a c re
0 -2 0 -1 0
0 -1 0 -1 0
0 -1 0 -2 0
0- 1 0 -3 0

1.

E f f e c t s o f D if f e r e n t R a tio s o f P h o sp h a te t o P o ta s h on th e
P h y sico c h em io al C o n s ta n ts o f P ep p erm in t O il P roduoed i n 1947 and
1943 on Muck S o il (pH 6 .1 ) i n C lin to n C ounty.1
S p e c if ic
O p tic a l Rot a t i or
S n e c i f ic Gr r a v itv
L947 &
1947 &
1943
1947. 19.43 __ 1943 _ 1947 1943
.9025
*9025
.9022
.9025

*947
9 -3 4
9 .3 6

!;?!

.9027
.9029
.9026
.9033

.9026
.9027
.9 0 2 4
.9029

- 2 9 .6
- 2 9 .5
- 2 9 .7
- 2 9 .3

- 2 4 .1
- 2 3 .6
- 2 4 .3
- 2 4 .0

- 2 6 .3
- 2 6 .5
- 2 7 .0
- 2 6 .9

R e f r a c tiv e In d ex
1947 &
1947.
19.43 _ 1.943
1 .4 6 1 9
1 .4 6 1 9
1 .4619
1 .4 6 2 0

1 .4 6 0 6
1 .4 6 0 3
1 .4307
1 .4607

1 .4 6 1 3
1 .4 6 1 4
1 .4 6 1 3
1 .4 6 1 3

[
E s te rs
I % T o ta l M enthol
£ Menthone
1947 i
1947 &
1947 &
1943 1947 194$ _ J £ 4 3 _ 1947
1.943
1943
1948.
4 .6 9
4 .6 6
4 .3 9
4 .6 9

7 .0 2
7 .0 1
7 .1 4
7 .0 3

A verage o f 5 r e p l i c a t i o n s .

6 0 .4 0
6 0 .0 0
59-63
5 9 .6 6

49.41
4 9 .6 0
4 9 .7 4
5 0 .3 5

5 4 .9 1
5 4 .3 0
5 4 .7 1
55-00

2 1 .3

a .3
2 ! .3
2 1 .6

3 1 .9
3 2 .1
3 1 .6
3 2 .1

2 6 .6 0
2 6 .7 0
26.47
26 .3 6

46.
A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e
S ource

DF

T o ta l
19
T re a tm e n ts
3
R e p lic a ti o n s 4
Y e a rs
T r e a t x Y e a rs
E rro r
12

Source

DF

T o ta l
19
T re a tm e n ts
3
R e p lic a ti o n s 4
Y e a rs
T re a t x Y ea rs
E rro r
12

Souroe
Xvuax

DF

19
T re atm en t s
3
R e p lic a ti o n s 4
Y e a rs
T re a t x Y ears
E rro r
12

S p e c i f i c Gr<a v it; 7
__ 1946
DF 1947 & 1946
MS _ SS
S3
MS _
US *
88 6 xlO
x?0-7 x l0 “ 7 xlO -7 x l0 “7
1947

40
9
15

3
4

57
14
5

4
1

16

1

36

3

39 1151
3 133
4 131
1 166
36
3
26 665

44
33
166
6
24

SS

S p e c i f ic O p tic a l R o ta tio n
1946
DF 1947 6e 1946
US . 33_ u s
__SS
US

1 0 .1
9 -?
6 .6

0 .1
1 .6

1 4 .0
1 .2
1 0 .6

0 .4
2 .7

3 .2

°*3

2 .0

0 .2

1947

39
3
4
1
3
26

3 4 4 .5
1. 2 0 .4
9 . 3 2 -3 .
3 2 0. 4 3 2 0 .4
0 .3 0 .1
1 3 .3 0 .5

R e f r a c tiv e Index-:
1947
1946
DF 1947 & 1946
SS
US _ SS
US
_ SS
.. MS
xlO”2 xlO“ S xlO-7 x l0 “7
xlOr* xlO“ S
96
2$
39 17^3
0
0
1
0
1
3
3
2
20
4
62
20
9
5
1 1475 1475
6
3
3
2
20
6
26 215
6
77

S ource

E s te rs

DF
J.947
. SS
us

T o ta l.
19
T re a tm e n ts
3
R e p lic a ti o n s 4
T e a rs
T re a t x Y e a rs
E rro r
12

DF

1943
SS

US

3 .7 0
0 .0 5 0 .0 2
7 .4 7 1 .3 7

3 -5
0 .2
2 .4

0 .1
0 .6

1 .1 3 0 .1 0

0 .9

0 .1

1947 & 1943
SS
US
39 2 2 9 .5
0 .1
0 .0
4 .0
I
1 .0
1 2 1 7 .3 2 1 7 .3
0 .1
0 .0
3
.0
*S
0 .3
-

S ource

JpJE _

T o ta l
19
T re a tm e n ts
3
R e p lic a ti o n s 4
Y ears
T re a t x Y e a rs
E rro r
12

S ource

DF

T o ta l
19
T re a tm e n ts
3
R e p lic a ti o n s 4
Y ea rs
T re a t x Y ea rs
E rro r
12

19J4-7.
US
SS

T o ta l U ent h o i
1943
DF
SS
us

4 3 .6
l.S
2 5 .4

0 .6
6 .4

93
2
71

1
IS

1 6 .4

1 .4

20

2

1947
US
SS

39 1 1 6 3 .3
0 .2
0 .5
I
6 6 .0 1 6 .5
1 IO3 1 .6 1 0 3 1 .6
3 .S
3
23
6 6 .4

U entho ne
?43
DF
iw1 * uS
33

2 7 .4
0 .3
1 3 .2

0 .1
3 .3

79*4
0 .3
6 2 .3

1 5 .6

1 3 .9

1 .2

1 6 .3

1 .4

1947 & 1943
SS
us

1947 & 1943
S3

39 1 2 2 0 .3
0 .3
9*3
I
2 4 .2
6 .0
1 1 1 1 4 .1 1 1 1 4 .1
0 .1
3
0 .3
23
3 1 .4
2 .9

S p e a rm in t. . .

In 19^7 th e sp e a rm in t was c u t A ugust 25 t o 27

and was d i s t i l l e d A ugust 23 to Septem ber 2.

The fo llo w in g

y e a r i t was h a r v e s te d A ugust 16 t o IS and was d i s t i l l e d
A ugust 19 t o 21.

T a b le 17 p r e s e n t s th e y i e l d o f f o l i a g e and

o i l f o r b o th 1947 and 1943.

In b o th y e a r s f o l i a g e and o i l

y i e l d s d e c re a s e d a s t h e amount o f p o ta s h i n t h e f e r t i l i z e r
in c r e a s e d .

T h is d e c re a s e was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t i n 1943.

e v e r, t h e 19^7

How­

th e 19^7 and 1943 d a t a combined i n d i c a t e

t h a t th e r a t i o o f p h o sp h a te to p o ta s h o f 2:1 p ro d u ced s i g n i ­
f i c a n t l y more f o l i a g e t h a t th e o t h e r r a t i o s and th e d e c r e a s e
i n o i l y i e l d s was s i g n i f i c a n t when th e r a t i o exceed ed 1 : 1 .
As w ith th e p e p p e rm in t b o th f o l i a g e and o i l y i e l d s i n 1943
were l e s s th a n th o s e o f 19^7 w hich was u n d o u b te d ly due t o r e ­
s tric te d ra in f a ll.

T ab le IS p r e s e n t s th e p h y sic o c h e m ic a l

c o n s ta n ts o f th e o i l p ro d u ced i n 1947 and 1943.

These d a t a

i n d i c a t e t h a t none o f th e s e c o n s ta n ts weugi in f lu e n c e d b y th e
r a t i o o f p h o sp h a te t o p o ta s h i n t h e f e r t i l i z e r .

The s p e c i f i c

g r a v i t y and r e f r a c t i v e in d e x o f t h e o i l w ere s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r
and th e s p e o i f i c o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n and th e p e r c e n ta g e o f o a r vone s l i g h t l y l e s s i n 1947 th a n i n 1943.

Such d i f f e r e n c e s a r e

u n d o u b te d ly due t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e m a tu r ity o f th e cso p a t
h a rv e s t.

T a b le 17-

E f f e c t s o f D if f e r e n t R a tio s o f p h o sp h a te t o P o ta s h on t h e Y ie ld o f
S pearm int F o lia g e and O il Grown i n 1947 and 1948 on Muck S o il
(pH 6 .1 ) i n C lin to n C o u n ty .1
F e rtiliz e r
§00 l b s. p e r
a c re

F o liag €
1947

Tons p e r a c r e r O il
1947
1948 and 1948
1947

0- 20-10
5 .0
8 .1
1 1 .3
4
.4
0- 10-10
7 .2
9 .9
0- 10-20
7 .°
4 .3
9-7
4 .0
0- 1 0-30
9 .4
6 .7
1 . A verages o f 5 r e p l i c a t i o n s

35-0
3 3 .7
2 7 .6
26.1

Lbs p e r a c r e
19^7 ,
1948 and 1948
2 6 .2
3 0 .6
20.7
2 7 .2
22 . Q
1 8 .2
1 8 .8
2 2 .4

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e
S o u rce

DF

T o ta l
19
T re a tm e n ts
3
R e p lio a tio n s §
Y ears
T r e a t x Y e a rs
E rro r
12
L .S .D .

194*5
1947 - 48
OjL3L DF
F o lia g e
O il
SS US SS US SS US
US SS “ ITS.....
SS
12.6
1794
556
3274
39 363.1
293 98"
1.0 200 67
11.8 3-9" 449 150?
1.1 102 25
1307 327
11.9 3.0 804 201
1 321.5
924 924
1.1
44
194 16 5*3 0.4 254 21 a! 16.8 0.6 1053 38
1
0.8
5.6
5-7
7.8
1.0
7.7

1947

Fo: L ia g e
SS US

29
10 3*
10 2

9 1
1.3
(5/&J
1.8

* S i g n i f i c a n t a t 5fo l e v e l
** s i g n i f i c a n t a t 1% l e v e l

Qi

F o lia g e

1:1

I

52.
T a b le 1 8 .

E f f e c t s o f D i f f e r e n t R a t i o s o f P h o s p h a te t o P o ta s h

on t h e P h y sic o c h e m ic a l C o n s ta n ts o f S pearm int O il P ro ­
duced i n 1947 and 1948 on Uuok S o il (pH 6 . 2 ) i n
C lin to n C ounty. 1
F e rtiliz e r
500 l b s . p e r
a c re
0- 2 0 -1 0
0- 10-10
0- 1 0 -20
0- 10-3 0

_ Soe<3 i f i 0 Otl:a v itv
I 947
1947 _ 1948 and 1948

F e rtiliz e r
500 l b s . p e r
a c re

Ref r a c t i v e In d e x
1947,
1948 and 1948
1947

0- 20-10
0- 1 0 -1 0
0- 1 0 -20
0- 1 0 -30

1 .4 8 8 8
1 .4 8 9 1
1 .4 8 9 1
1 .4 8 9 2

.9277
.9277
.9 2 8 4
.9272

.9277
.9273
.9281
.9277

*92Z7
.9282
.9287
.9280

1 .4 8 8 7
1 .4 8 8 9
1 .4 8 9 1
1 .4 8 9 0

1 .4 8 8 6
1 .4 8 8 7
1 .4 8 9 1
1 .4 8 8 ?

S o eo ijf ie Onti Leal R o ta tio n
1947
1948 and 1948
1947
- 5 6 .6 - 5 7 . *
- 5 7 .2
- 5 6 . 4 - 5 8 .0
- 5 7 .2
- 5 7 .6
- 5 6 .9 - 5 8 .2
5
7
.6
-5 5 -9
- 5 6 .7
£ Carvone
1947
6 7 .4
6 7 .8
6 7 .9
6 6 .7

1947
and 1948

1948
6 8 .4

6 7 .9
6 7 .8
6 8 .1
6 7 .4

6 8 .1

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e
S o e c i f i c G r a v i t y ...
S o u rce

DF

to ta l
19
T re a tm e n ts
3
R e p lic a tio n s 4
Y e a rs
T re a t x Y ears
12
E rro r

1948
1947
SS
US
as c US ,
x
10“7
x
1 0-7
x 10’ 6 x 10" °
36
225
16
1
3
5
12
69
17
3
21

2

140

12

DF
39
3
4
1
3
28

1947 a n d 1948
SS
S - 77
x 10-7 x “ 10
6l l

114
21
11
433

11
29
21
37
15

S ource

S p e c i f i c O p tio a l R o ta tio n

DP
1947
SS . MS

T o ta l
19
T re a tm e n ts
1
R e p lic a tio n s 4
Y ea rs
T re a t x Y ears
E rro r
12

20
3
5

1
1

12

1

194S
MS
SS
6 .0
0 .9
1 .4

DF

1947 and 1948
SS
MS

39

4 8 .4
3 .3
0 .8
2 1 .6
0 .6
2 2 .1

0 .3
0 .4

I

l
3-7

2!

0 .3

1 .1
0 .2
2 1 .6
0 .2
0 .8

R e f r a c tiv e In d e x
S ource

DF

T o ta l
19
T re a tm e n ts
%
R e p lic a ti o n s 4
Y e a rs
T r e a t x Y e a rs
E rro r
12

DF
1948
__1947.
SS * MS
SS * MS «
xlO“ g
* 1 0 * *LCTS xlO
169
^7
2
140

16
0
12

204
46
2
156

15
0
13

1947 and 1948
So - M s xlO"5 xL O ^
39 441
89
I
1
1 50
12
2 l 289

29£
500
40
103

0 arv o n e
S ource

DP
_ 1947
SS .... MS

T o ta l
19
T re a tm e n ts
3
R e p lic a ti o n s 4
Y ea rs
T r e a t x Y ea rs
E rro r
12

1948
SSL.. MS

75
44

1
11

2 0 .2
0 .6
7 .*

0 .2
1 .8

27

2

1 2 .2

1 .0

DF
1947 and 1948
MS
...SS
39 1 0 1 .3
2 .6
4
1 .1
I
l
5-7
3
28 492 :S

0 .8
IO .3
5 .7
0 .8
1 .8

Heavy F e r t i l i z a t i o n . . . .

I n 1948 t h e r e was in c lu d e d w ith

t h e m in o r elem en t tr e a tm e n t^ o n p e p p e rm in t i n L ap e er County
one tr e a tm e n t o f a to n o f 0 -1 0 -2 0 f e r t i l i z e r p e r a c r e i n
a d d i t i o n t o t h e o r i g i n a l f e r t i l i z a t i o n o f 400 pounds p e r
a c r e o f a 3-9-12*

T hese d a t a a r e found i n d e t a i l i n

T a b le s 26 and 2 J .

T ab le 19 p r e s e n t s th e a v e ra g e w ilt

c o u n t, y i e l d s o f f o l i a g e and o i l , and p h y sic o c h e m ic a l con­
s t a n t s o f t h e o i l o f th e h e a v ily f e r t i l i z e d p l o t s w ith t h e
a v e ra g e s o f a l l th e o t h e r p l o t s .

A lth o u g h p r a c t i c a l l y a s

many o f th e p l a n t s r e c e iv in g t h e heavy r a t e o f f e r t i l i z a ­
t i o n w ere i n f e c t e d w ith V e r t i c i l l i u m w ilt a s w ith th e lo w e r
r a t e , th e fo rm e r w ere i n f e c t e d t o a much l e s s d e g re e and
made a m ark ed ly g r e a t e r g ro w th , a s shown by t h e s e d a t a .
Y ie ld s o f p l a n t s and o i l w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y in c r e a s e d by
t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f 2000 pounds p e r a c r e o f 0 -1 0 -2 0 .

None

o f th e p h y sic o c h e m ic a l c o n s ta n ts w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y in ­
f lu e n c e d .

However, t h e s e d a t a s u g g e st t h a t th e p e r c e n ta g e s

o f b o th t h e e s t e r s and th e t o t a l m en th o l w ere d e c re a s e d by
th e l a r g e a p p l i c a t i o n o f f e r t i l i z e r s .
M inor E le m e n ts. . . .

I n 1947 and 1948 s i x s e t s o f p l o t s were

e s t a b l i s h e d t o w hich were added v a r io u s m in o r e le m e n ts .
S a l t s o f th e s e e le m e n ts w ere m ixed w ith enough muck to
s e c u r e a volum e l a r g e enough to b r o a d c a s t u n ifo rm ly b y hand
o v e r th e e n t i r e p l o t a r e a and th e n c a r e f u l l y c u l t i v a t e d i n ­
t o th e s o i l .

Whenever a p o ta ss iu m s a l t o f an elem en t was

added, enough p otassium c h lo r id e was added to th e oth er
p l o t s so each r e c e iv e d th e same amount o f p o ta s s iu m .
T able 1 9 .

Com parison o f W ilt C ount, Y ie ld o f P ep p erm in t
P l a n t s and O il, and P h y sic o c h e m ic a l C o n s ta n ts
o f P l o t s R e c e iv in g a L arg e F e r t i l i z e r A p p lic a­
t i o n w ith O th e r P l o t s i n L ap e er C ounty.

A d d itio n a l
fe rtiliz e r
a n o lie i

No. p l a n t s
showing w i l t
svmotoms

F o lia g e
T/A

O il
Lbs/A

S p e c if io
G ra v ity

2000 Lbs/A1
0- 1 0 -2 0

29

5 .3

2 5 .3

.9041

None 2

31

4 .1

1 9 .1

.9045

S p e c if io
O pti c a l
R o ta tio n

R e f r a c tiv e
In d ex

*
E s te rs

- 2 9 .6

1 .4 6 1 9

s . 57

6 7 .4 9

1 2 .5

- 2 9 .7

1 .4 6 2 0

9 .4 3

6 3 .91

1 2 .2

A d d itio n a l
fe rtiliz e r
a o o lie d
2000 Lbs/A 1
2
None

*
M enthol

$

Menth o n e

1 . A v erag es o f 4 p l o t s .
2. A v erag es o f 2S p l o t s .
E xperim ent 1
T re a tm e n ts . . . .

Seven m inor e le m e n ts were a p p lie d June 2 9 ,

1947 t o muck s o i l o f pH 6 .2 on t h e Muck E x p e rim e n ta l Farm
in C lin to n County.

The form o f a p p l i c a t i o n and t h e am ounts

u sed a p p e a r b elow , w h ile t h e c o m b in atio n o f m in o r e le m e n ts ,
a p p lie d i n t r i p l i c a t e , a r e g iv e n i n T ab le 20!«

56
Table 20.

E f f e c t s o f V ariou s Minor Elem ents on th e Y ie ld
o f Pepperm int F o lia g e and O il Grown i n 1947 on
Muck S o il (pH 6 .1 ) i n O lin ton County.

T re a tm e n t

F o lia g e

I
N o th in g
Zn
Ou
Ou, Zn
Ou, Z n ,
Ou, Z n ,
Ou, Z n ,
Ou, Z n ,
Ou, Z n ,
Ou, Z n ,

II
I2
I l» Or
Si
Br
*1»
II, F

10. 8
1 1 .1
1 0 .0
9 -*
9 .7
9 .7
1 0 .0
S .9
8 .7
S .8

Tons p e r
ac re
uean
m

IX

7 .7 6 . 3
6 . 2 7*5
1 0 . 6 7 -4
1 0 .8 7 .6
1 0 . 6 ? b1
1 0 .1 6 .5
6 . 6 9 .9
8 . 7 9 .2
1 0 .5
1 0 .5 62 .-62

8 .9
8 .9

9 .3
9 .3
9 .9
8 .6
9 .6
8 .9
9 .5
9 .3

O il

L bs. p e r
acre

I

II

39.4*
37 .9 *
34.0*
35.4*
3 4.I *
3 4 .3 *
35.0*
35.2*
3 3 .2
3 0 .1

I I I M ean

2 4 .8 2 2 .8 2 9 .O
2 5 . 1 2 2 .3 2 8 .4

3 4 .8
3 7 .2
35*9
3 4 .7
3 2 .3
3 2 .8
3 0 .8
3 2 .9

3 0 .6
3 2 .7
3 3 -0
3 0 .4
3 0 .6
3 1 .2
2 9 .6
2 3 .9 2 9 .0

2 3 .1
2 5 .6
2 9 .O
2 2 .2
2 4 .6
2 5 .6
2 4 .8

* T h ese p l o t s w ere o u t t h r e e d a y s a f t e r t h e o t h e r p l o t s
b e o a u s e a n e x c e e d in g ly h e a v y r a i n s to p p e d h a r v e s t i n g
o p e ra tio n s .

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource

T o ta l
T re a tm e n ts
R e p lic a ti o n s
E rro r

F o lia g e

DF

29
9
2
18

SS

MS

4 l.0
3 .2
1 2 .3
2 5 .5

0 .4
6 .2
1 .4

O il
SS

MS

845
64
590
191

7
295
11

E le m e n t

L bs. p e r a c r e o f
com pound
arm l le d

F orm a p p l i e d

Z in o

50

Z in c s u lp h a te

C opper

50

C opper s u lp h a te

Io d in e 1

3 „

Io d in e 2

6

P o ta s s iu m
M

io d id e
II

S ilic o n

100

B r o m in e

3

S odium m e t a s i l i ­
c a te
P o ta s s iu m b ro m id e

F lu o rin e

l

S o d iu m f l u o r i d e

Chrom ium

50

p o ta s s iu m d i c h r o m a te

J u n e 27 a n d

P e p p e rm in t p l a n t s w e re t r a n s p l a n t e d
Ju n e 2g.

250 p o u n d s o f 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 c o m m e r c ia l f e r t i l i z e r w as

a p p lie d a s a s id e d re s s in g J u ly g .
g - 13 a-Dd. w a s d i s t i l l e d
Y ie ld s ....

T h e o r o p w a s o u t S e p te m b e r

S e p te m b e r 13 - 16.

T a b le 20 p r e s e n t s t h e y i e l d o f f o l i a g e a n d o i l .

T h e s e d a t e i n d i c a t e t h a t n o n e o f t h e s e m in o r e l e m e n t s i n ­
flu e n c e d th e y i e l d o f th e f o li a g e o r th e o i l .
P h y s ic o c h e m ic a l C o n s ta n ts . ♦ ..

T a b l e 21 p r e s e n t s t h e p h y s i c o ­

c h e m ic a l c o n s t a n t s o f t h e o i l p r o d u c e d !

I t is

t h e s e m in o r e le m e n ts d i d n o t I n f lu e n o e t h e s e

e v id e n t t h a t

c o n s ta n ts .

T a b le 21.

E f f e c t s o f V a rio u s M inor E lem en ts on th e P h y sic o c h e m ic a l 0 o n s ta n ts of
P ep p erm in t O il P ro d u ced i n 1947 ° n Muck S o il (pH 6 .2 ) i n C lin to n County.

S o e c if io G ra v ity

T re atm en t
I

II

O n tic a l R o ta tio n

III

Mean

I

II

III

Mean

N othing

0.9024*

0 .9 0 3 6

0.9037

O.9032

-2 1 .9 * - 2 4 .1

- 2 4 .3

- 2 3 .4

Zn

0 . 9021*

0 .9033

0 . 903^

O.9029

-2 2 .0 * - 2 4 .3

- 2 4 .3

- 2 3 .5

Cu

0 . 9022*

0.9035

0.9036

O.9031

-2 1 .5 * - 23.7

- 2 5 .3

- 2 3 .5

Cu, Zn

0 . 9022*

0 .9 0 3 6

0.9 04 0

0.9033

-2 2 .0 * - 2 4 .4

- 2 4 .9

- 23. g

Cu, Zn, I ^

0 . 9027*

0 .9 0 3 5

0.9041

0 .9 0 3 4

-2 0 .9 * - 2 4 .2

- 2 4 .6

- 2 3 .2

Cu, Zn, I 2

0 . 9023*

0 .9 0 3 3

0 .9 0 3 4

0 .9030

-2 1 .9 * - 2 4 .2

- 2 4 .5

- 2 3 .5

Cu, Zn, Ij_, Or

0.9024*

0.9 03 2

0.9031

0.9029

-2 1 .1 * - 2 4 .4

- 2 4 .4

- 2 3 .3

Cu, Zn, 1^, Si

0 . 9027*

0 .9 0 3 0

0.9031

0.9029

-2 2 .0 * - 2 4 .4

- 2 4 .4

- 2 3 .6

Cu, Zn, I l f B r

0.9036

0.9035

0 .9 0 3 4

0.9036

- 2 4 .0

- 2 4 .2

- 2 4 .0

- 2 4 .1

Cu, Zn, I ^ , F

0 .9032

0 . 903s

0.9036

0.9035

- 2 4 .2

- 2 4 .4

- 2 3.7

- 2 4 .1

*

P l o t s from w hich t h i s o i l was p ro d u ced w ere tfut t h r e e d ay s a f t e r th e o th e r
p l o t s b e c a u se an e x c e e d in g ly heavy r a i n sto p p ed h a r v e s tin g o p e r a tio n s .

T a b le 21. C o n tin u ed
R e f r a c tiv e In d ex

T reatm en t
I

II

III

4,
t° E s t e r s

Mean

I

II

I I I Mean

N othing

1.4612* 1 .4 6 0 9 1 .4 6 0 5 1 .4609

4.93* 6 .9 1 6 .5 6 7 .4 7

Zn

1 .4 6 OS* 1.460S 1 .4 6 0 6 1.4607

4.77* 6 .6 6 6 .6 0 7 .4 6

Cu

1.4604* 1 .4 6 1 0 1.460S 1 .4 6 0 7

4 .4 7 * 6 .6 2 9 .2 0 6 .7 6

Cu, Zn

1 .4605* 1 .4 6 1 2 1 .4 6 0 6 1.460S

4 . 52* 7 .0 6 9 .3 2 6.97

Cu, Zn, 1^

1.4605* 1 .4 6 0 9 1.4607 1,4607

4 . 51* 7 .3 1 6 .6 3 6 .6 6

Cu, Zn, I £

1.4601* 1 .4 6 0 9 1 .4 6 0 S 1 .4 6 0 6

4.62* 7 .0 0 6 .9 2 6 .9 1

Cr

1.4604* 1 .4611 1.4-599 1 .4605

4.66* 7 .1 5 6 .9 0 6 .9 0

Cu, Zn, I i , Si

1.4607* 1 .4 6 1 0 1 .4 6 0 4 1 .4607

4.96* 7 .3 ^ 6 .3 6 6 .6 9

Cuf Zn, 1 ^ , B r

1.4611

1.4607 1 .4 6 0 5 1 .4606

7 .0 6

9 .0 0 6 .2 6 6 .1 1

Ou, Zn, 1 ^ , F

1 .4 6 1 1

1.4607 1 .4 6 0 5 1.460S

7 .2 4

9 .0 5 6 .1 1 6 .1 3

Cu, Zn, I i ,

♦ P l o t s f r o m w h ic h t h i s o i l w as p r o d u o e d w e r e c u t t h r e e d a y s a f t e r
t h e o t h e r p l o t s b e c a u s e a n e x c e e d in g ly h e a v y r a i n s to p p e d
h a rv e s tin g o p e ra tio n s .

Table 21. Continued

T reatm en t

s!o T o ta l M enthol

I

II

III

Mean

% Menthone

I

II

III

Mean

N othing

50.62* 55-42

5 4 .9 2

5 3 .6 5

23.6* 2 7 .7

29.1

2 3 .5

Zn

50.57* 5 5 .7 4

5 6 .2 0

54 .1 7

30.4* 2 7 .O

2 3 .2

2 3 .5

Cu

4 9 . 61* 5 6 .4 0

5 5 .7 4

5 3 .9 2

3 1. 6* 2 5 .6

27 .1

2 3.1

Cu, Zn

49.72* 56.5 5

55.67

5 4 .0 5

3 1. 0* 2 4 .6

2 6 .2

2 7 .3

Cu, Zn, I-±

49.07* 57. os

5 6 .4 4

5 4 .2 0

33.9* 2 5 .5

2 6 .9

2 3 .3

Cu, Zn, I £

50.47* 57.39

54.SO

5 4 .2 2

31.1* 2 4 .4

2 7 .6

2 7.7

Cu, Zn, I i t

Cr

49.33* 5 7 .4 3

5 4 .1 6

5 3 -6 4

31.9* 2 4 .7

2 3 .0

2 3 .2

Cu, Zn, I i ,

Si

51.34* 57.3 2

53-62

5 4.09

3 0. 1 * 2 4 .7

2 9 .2

2 3 .0

Ou, Zn, I-p Br

6 0 . 36

55.36

5 3 .4 3

5 6 .5 5

2 4 .6

2 7 .6

2 9 .2

2 7 .1

Cu, Zn, I i , F

5 8 .1 0

5 5 .9 0

5 3 .9 6

5 5 .9 9

2 5 .1

2 6 .9

2 9 .2

2 7 .1

* P l o t s from w hich t h i s o i l was p ro d u ced were c u t t h r e e d a y s a f t e r
t h e o th e r p l o t s b e c a u s e an e x c e e d in g ly heavy r a i n sto p p e d h a r v e s tin g
o p e r a tio n s .

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

Source

DF

S p e c i f ic
G ra v ity
SS 7
US
x 10~' x 10“ '

T o ta l
29
T re a tm e n ts
R e p lic a tio n s 1
E rro r
IS

S ource

DF

94
20
56
IS

US

4 5 .1
2 .3 0 .2
3 2 .0 1 6 .0
1 0 .3 0 .6

US

SS

0 .3
33. a
0-7

270
26
104
140

3 7 .6
6 7 .5
1 2 .3

SS

M enthol

E s te r
SS

T o ta l
29
T re a tm e n ts
9
R e p lic a tio n s 2
13
E rro r

2
23
1

O p tic a l
R o ta tio n

R e f r a c tiv e
In d ex
S3 *
US a
X 10“ ® x 10” s
270
20
67
133

2
34
10

Menthone

US

SS

MS

3
52
3

134
10
79
95

1
40
5

62
Table 22.

E f f e c t s o f V arious Minor Elem ents on th e Y ie ld
o f pepperm int F o lia g e and O il Grown in 194g on
Muck S o il (pH 6 . 0 ) in C lin to n County.

F o lia g e

T reatm en t

Cu
Cu,
Ou,
Cu,
Cu,
Cu,
Ou,
Cu,
Ou,

Zn
Zn,
Zn,
Zn,
Zn,
Zn,
Zn,
Zn,

tfk

O il
L b s./A

5 .*

21.2

22.9

W
5.7

Mo
II

2 0 .0
2 4 .4
2 1 .4

g
:
i
1:?

Br
F
Or
Si

22.6

2 3 .2
2 g .l
25. g

1 . A verages o f 3 r e p l i c a t i o n s .

Ana l y s i s o f V a ria n c e

Source

T o ta l
T re a tm e n ts
R e p lic a ti o n s
E rro r

DF

26
g
2
16

.^

F o lia g e

...

SS

_
MS

3g.o
6 .2
1 .2
30.6

SS

O il
US

662
O.g
0 .6

1 .9

%
466

22
29

63
Experiment 2
T re a tm e n ts —

E ig h t m inor e le m e n ts were a p p lie d Ju n e 17 ,

1942 t o muck s o i l o f pH 6 .0 on th e Muck E x p e rim e n ta l Farm i n
C lin to n C ounty.

The form o f a p p l i c a t i o n and t h e am ounts

u se d a p p e a r b elo w , w h ile t h e co m b in atio n o f m in o r e le m e n ts ,
a p p lie d i n t r i p l i c a t e , a r e g iv e n i n T ab le 22.
p l a n t s were t r a n s p l a n t e d Ju n e 10.

P ep p erm in t

250 pounds p e r a c r e o f

0- 1 0 -2 0 com m ercial f e r t i l i z e r was a p p lie d a s s id e d r e s s in g
Ju n e 24.

The crop was c u t A ugust 30

31 and was d i s t i l l e d

Septem ber 1 t o 3*

L b s. p e r a c r e
o f comoound a n n lie d

Elem ent

50
50

Z inc
Copper

3
6
100

Io d in e 1
I o d in e 2
S ilic o n
Bromine
F lu o rin e
Chromium
Molybdenum

Y ie l d s . . . .

3

■

1
50
3

Form A p p lie d
Z in c s u lp h a te
Copper s u l ­
p h a te
P o ta ssiu m io d id e
P o ta ssiu m io d id e
Sodium m e ta s ilio a te
P o ta ssiu m b r o ­
mide
Sodium f l u o r i d e
Sodium d i chrornate
Ammonium m olybd a te

T ab le 22 p r e s e n t s th e y i e l d o f f o l i a g e and o i l .

T here i s no i n d i c a t i o n from t h e s e r e s u l t s t h a t th e a p p l i c a ­
t i o n s o f th e m inor e le m e n ts in f lu e n c e d th e y i e l d s o f f o l i a g e
o r o il.

64,
P h y slo o o h em ica l 0 o n s ta n t8 . . . .

T ab le 23 p r e s e n t s t h e p h y s i­

co c h em ical c o n s ta n ts o f t h e o i l p ro d u c e d .

I t in d ic a te s

t h a t th e s e c o n s ta n ts w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y in f lu e n c e d b y
t h e m in o r e le m e n ts u s e d .

T h ere i s , how ever, a s u g g e s tio n

t h a t t h e p e r c e n ta g e o f e s t e r and t o t a l m enthol was in o re a s e d
and t h a t t h a t p e r c e n ta g e o f m enthone was d e c re a s e d by t h e
a p p l i c a t i o n o f i o d in e .
T a b le 2 3 .

E f f e c t s o f V a rio u s M inor E lem en ts on t h e P h y s ie o chem ioal C o n s ta n ts o f P e p p e rm in t O il Crown i n
1946 on Muok S o il (pH 6 . 0 ; i n C lin to n C o u n ty .1

T reatm en t

S p e c ific S p e c if ic R e fra c ­
*
*
t i v e E s t e r s T o ta l
G ra v ity O p tic a l
Men­
R o ta tio n In d e x
M enthol th o n e

Cu

.9039

- 2 2 .5

1 .4 6 lg

6 .0 3

52. S3

2 5 .9

Cu, Zn

.9039

- 2 2 .2

1 .4 6 1 9

5 .5 2

5 2 .2 3

2 6 .9

Cu, Zn, Mo .9036

- 2 2 .4

1 .4 6 1 7

5 -6 0

5 1 .7 6

2 7 .1

Cu, Zn, 1^ .9042

- 22. g

1 . 4 6 l6

6 .0 3

5 5 -4 6

2 5 .2

Cu, Zn, I 2. .9041

- 2 3 .1

1 .4 6 1 7

6 .1 7

5 4 .1 5

2 5 .2

C u , Zn, B r .9035

- 2 2 .6

1 .4 6 1 5

5-4g

5 4 .0 7

2 6 .9

Cu, Zn, F

.9047

- 2 2 .5

1 .4 6 1 6

5 .S 4

5 3 .7 2

2 6 .6

Cu, Zn, Cr .9035

- 22. g

1 .4 6 1 4

5 .6 3

53-37

2 5 .6

Cu, Zn, Si .9040

- 22.1

1 .4 6 1 7

5 .4 9

5 2 .3 4

2 7 .3

1 . A verages o f 3 r e p l i c a t i o n s .

65.
A n a ly s is o f V arian o e

Source

S p e c i f ic
DF _ G ra v ity
US
SS

O p tic a l
R o t.
SS US

x 1QT? x 10"7
T o ta l
26
-&
T re a tm e n ts
R e p lic a tio n s 2
16
E rro r

S o u rce

DF

110
26
48

E s te r

sa...
26
T o ta l
8
T re a tm e n ts
2
R e p lic a tio n s
E rro r
16

4
13
3

2 .9 6
1 .7 0
0 .0 1
1 .2 5

x 10“ S x 10~g
1 4 .4
2 .6 0 .3
4 .8 2 .4
7 .0 0 .4

U e n th o l
US

0.21
0.00
0 .0 8

R ef.
In d e x
SS
us

247
5|
192

7
1
12

Men fchone

SS

US

SS

US

224
34
66
124

4
33
8

66
17
13
36

2
6
2

Experiment
T re a tm e n ts . . . .

5

F iv e m in o r e le m e n ts w ere a p p l ie d Ju n e 1 9 ,

19*1-7 t o muck s o i l o f pH 6 .9 i n L a p e e r C ounty.

The form o f

a p p l i c a t i o n and t h e am ounts u sed a p p e a r b elo w , w h ile th e
c o m b in a tio n o f m in o r e le m e n ts , a p p l ie d i n d u p l i c a t e , a r e
g iv e n i n T a b le 24.

E lem ent

L bs. p e r a c r e
.o f compound
a o o lie d

Form A p p lie d

Copper
Z inc
I o d in e 1
I o d in e 2
S tro n tiu m
S ilic o n

50
25
3
6
50
50

Copper s u lp h a te
Z ino s u lp h a te
P o ta ss iu m io d id e
P o ta ssiu m io d id e
S tro n tiu m c h l o r id e
Sodium m e t a s i l i o a t e

T hese tr e a tm e n t s w ere a p p lie d to meadow m in t two y e a r s
o ld .

450 pounds o f 3 -1 2 -1 2 com m ercial f e r t i l i z e r had b ee n

a p p lie d i n Hay.

The cro p was o u t A ugust 21 t o 23 and was

d i s t i l l e d A ugust 23 and 24.
Y ie l d s . . . .

T a b le 2h p r e s e n t s t h e y i e l d o f f o l i a g e an d o i l .

T hese d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t th e s e y i e l d s w ere n o t in f lu e n c e d
b y t h e m in o r e le m e n ts .
P h y sic o c h e m ic a l C o n s ta n ts . . . .

T a b le 25 p r e s e n t s t h e p h y s i­

co c h em ical c o n s ta n ts o f t h e o i l p ro d u c e d .

I t i s e v id e n t

t h a t t h e s e o o n s ta n ts w ere n o t in f lu e n c e d by t h e m in o r e l e ­
m ents u s e d .

Table 24.

E f f e c t s of V ariou s Minor E lem ents on th e Y ie ld
o f Peppermint F o lia g e and O il Grown i n 1947 on
Much S o il (pH 6 . 9 ) in Lapeer County . 1

F o lia g e
T/A

T re a tm e n t

N o th in g
Cu
Cu, Zn
Cu, Zn, I i
Cu, Zn, I 2
Cu, Zn, I t , Sr
Ou, Zn, I l f Si

O il
Lb s./A .

5 .2
5*2
5 .5
6 .0
6 .4
6 .S
6 .5

2 7 .2
29. S
3 2 .3
3 1 .2
3 4 .6
3 4 .7
3 4 .0

1 . A v erag es o f 2 r e p l i c a t i o n s

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource

F o lia g e

DF
...

T o ta l
T re a tm e n ts
R e p lic a ti o n s
E rro r

13
6
1
6

sa
1 3 .3
3 .0
4 .5
3 .S

MS
o .s
0 .6

O il- '
SS

MS

225
94
100
31

16
100
5

68.
T able 2 5 .

E f f e c t s o f V ariou s Minor Elem ents <bn th e P h y sico ­
ch em ical C onstan ts o f Peppermint O il Produced in
1947 on Muck S o il (pH 6 . 9 ) in Lapeer County.

T reatm en t

N oth in g
Cu
Cu, Zn
Cu, Zn,
Cu, Zn,
Cu, Zn,
Sr
Cu, Zn,
Si

S p e c if io S p e c if ic R e fra c ­
i>
G ra v ity O p tic a l t i v e
E s t e r s *T o*ta l
R o ta tio n In d ex
M enthol

.9008
• 9010
.9007
.9005
It
12: .9005
Ii,
.9 0 0 3
Ii,
.9002

fo

Men­
th o n e

- 2 9 .2
- 2 8 .8
- 2 9 .2
- 2 9. I
- 2 9.O

1 .4 6 2 4
1 .4 6 3 3
1 .4 6 2 6
1 .4 6 2 8
1 .4 6 2 1

6 .5 6
6 .5 0
6 .2 9
6 .2 0
5 .7 6

5 5 .1 8
5 6 .5 6
5 5-60
5 4 .5 6
5 4 .3 8

2 3 .0
2 4 .0
2 3 .0
2 2 .8
2 5.O

- 2 8 .9

1 .4 6 2 3

5 .7 6

5 4 .2 6

2 4 .7

- 2 9 .4

1 .4 6 2 6

5 .9 9

5 4 .2 0

2 3 .6

1 . A v erag es o f 2 r e p l i c a t i o n s .
A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource

DF
,

T o ta l
H
T re a tm e n ts
R e p lic a ti o n s 1
E rro r
6

Source
T o ta l
T re a tm e n ts
R e p lic a tio n s
E rro r

DF

1
6

S n e c i f io G r.
MS SS
x j a r l A. AO"*7
19
10
1
6

2
1
1

Es ber
SS
MS
3*0
0 .2
1 .3
0 .7
0 .7
1 .0
0 .2

O o.R ot.
S3
MS
2 .8 3
0 .5 4
0 .0 4
2 .2 5

0 .0 9
0 .0 4
O.38

_ M enthol
SS
MS
1 4 .0
9 .2
1 .5
1 .7
1 .7
0 .5
3 .1

R ef. In d ex
ss 7
MS x 10“ 7 x 10~7
24
18
1
5

3
1
1

M enthone
SS
MS
1 2 .7
8 .9
0 .0
3 -«

1 -5
0 .0
0 .6

69
Experim ent 4
T re a tm e n ts . . . .

The f o llo w in g se v en tr e a t m e n t s and one

c o n t r o l , a l l r e p l i o a t e d fo u r tim e s , w ere a p p lie d May 1 6 ,
19*^5 t o much s o i l o f pH 6 .6 i n L a p e e r County.

The form

o f a p p l i c a t i o n and t h e am ounts u se d a p p e a r b e lo w .

E lem ent

L b s. p e r a c r e o f
compound a p p lie d
6

Molybdenum 1
Molybdenum 2
Io d in e 1
I o d in e 2
C o b alt
S tro n tiu m

6
1 0 .7 *
20
100
2000

Form a p p lie d

Ammonium m olyB date
Ammonium m o ly b d ate
P o ta ssiu m io d id e
Thymol io d id e
C o b a lt s u lp h a t e
S tro n tiu m c h lo r id e
0 -1 0 -2 0 f e r t i l i z e r

* S u p p lie s a n amount o f io d in e e q u iv a le n t t o t h a t
s u p p lie d b y th e p o ta s siu m io d id e .
P ep p erm in t r o o t s t a l k s w ere d e e p ly p la n te d May 7«

Pour

h u n d red pounds p e r a c r e o f 3 -9 -1 6 com m ercial f e r t i l i z e r was
a p p lie d b r o a d c a s t.

C o u n ts o f p l a n t s showing symptoms o f

V e r t i c i l l i u m w i l t w ere made A ugust 26.

The p l o t s w ere c u t

S eptem ber 10 and 11 a n d d i s t i l l e d Septem ber 13 and 14 .
W ilt C ounts and Y ie ld s . • . .

T a b le 26 shows t h e number o f

p l a n t s show ing symptoms of V e r t i c i l l i u m w i l t and t h e y i e l d
o f f o l i a g e and o i l .

I t i s e v id e n t t h a t none o f th e t r e a t ­

m en ts in f lu e n c e d th e number o f i n f e c t e d p l a n t s .

A lth o u g h

a s many o f th e p l a n t s which r e c e iv e d th e h eav y r a t e o f f e r ­
t i l i z e r w ere in f e o te d a s w ith th e lo w e r r a t e , th e fo rm e r

70.
w ere i n f e c t e d to a much l e s s d e g re e and made a m ark ed ly
g r e a t e r g ro w th .

None o f th e m in o r e le m e n ts in f lu e n c e d

p la n t o r o il y ie ld s .

The e f f e c t o f th e heav y f e r t i l i z e d ’

a p p l i c a t i o n i s d is c u s s e d on p ag e 54 .
P h y sic o c h e m ic a l C o n s ta n ts . . . .

T a b le 27 p r e s e n t s th e phy­

s ic o c h e m ic a l c o n s ta n ts o f th e o i l p ro d u c e d .

Thexe i s no

i n d i c a t i o n from t h e s e r e s u l t s t h a t t h e s e c o n s ta n ts w ere i n ­
f lu e n c e d b y th e m in o r e le m e n ts u s e d .

The in f lu e n c e o f th e

h ea v y a p p l i c a t i o n o f f e r t i l i z e r i s d is c u s s e d on page £4 .

E x p erim en t 5
T re a tm e n ts . . . .

The fo llo w in g se v en tr e a tm e n t s and one

c o n t r o l , a l l r e p l i c a t e d tw ic e , w ere a p p lie d Ju n e 9 , 19*IS t o
muok s o i l o f pH 4 .0 i n C alhoun C ounty.

The form o f a p p l i ­

c a t i o n and th e am ounts u s e d a p p e a r b elo w .
.

E lem ent
M anganese
Copper 1
Copper 2
Z inc
B oron
Molybdenum

L b s. p e r a c r e
a p p lie d _
100
76*
100
50
50
6

Form A p p lie d
M anganese s u lp h a te
B la c k co p p e r o x id e
Copper s u lp h a te
Z in c s u lp h a te
B o r ic a c id
Ammonium m o ly b d ate

* S u p p lie s a n amount o f co p p e r e q u iv a le n t to t h a t
s u p p lie d by t h e co p p e r s u lp h a te .

71.
T a b le 26.

E f f e c t s o f V a rio u s M inor E lem en ts an d A p p lic a ­
t i o n s o f a L arg e Amount o f F e r t i l i z e r on th e
Number o f P l a n t s Showing Symptoms o f V e r t i c i l l i u m
W ilt an d on t h e Y ie ld o f P e p p e rm in t F o lia g e an d
O il Grown in 1946 on Muck S o il (pH 6 .6 ) i n
L ap eer O ounty.1

T reatm en t

No. P l a n t s
show ing w i l t
svm'Dtom8

F o lia g e
T/A

_ Lb s/A

31
31
31
26
32
32
29
32

4 .0
4 .0
4 .0
4 .2
4 .2
4 .0

2 0 .3
! 7 .7
1 6 .4
2 0 .4
2 0 .0
1 6 .4
2 5 .3
1 6 .6

N oth in g
Hoi
MOp
M o|, I x
Mo2 , I 2
Mop, I-i | Co
MOo, i t , 0 -1 0 -2 0
Mof, S r

4 .2

O il

1 . A v erag es o f 4- r e p l i c a t i o n s .

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource

L .S .D .

HNKNH
CM

T o ta l
T re a tm e n ts
R e p lic a ti o n s
E rro r

DF

I n f e c te d
F o lia g e
P la n ts
MS . a s
MS
S3

3914
143
550
3221

20

163
153

10.0
5.6
1 .0

3-2

0 . 6 **
0 .3
0.2

O il

as
292
160

4
127

MS

23**
1
6

{% )

0.6

3.7

(W

0 .6

5 .0

** S i g n i f i c a n t a t If* l e v e l .

72
T ab le 2 7 .

T re atm en t

E f f e c t s o f V a rio u s M inor E lem en ts an d A p p lic a ­
t i o n s o f a L arg e Amount o f F e r t i l i z e r on th e
P h y sic o c h e m ic a l C o n s ta n ts o f P e p p e rm in t O il
P ro d u ced i n 19&8 on Mu ck S o il (pH 6 . 8 ) i n
L ap e er C ounty.

S p e c if ic S p e c if ic R e fra c ­
i»
%
*
G ra v ity O p tic a l t i v e
E s t e r s T o ta l
Men_R o ta tio n In d e x
M enthol th o n e

N othing
Mo-,
Moo
M°2 , I i
Mo2 , I 2
IlOg) Il>

:SS
:S8K
.9048

M° o i i o l £ o
Mo2 , S r

.9046

- 2 9 .6
- 2 9 .6
- 2 9 .6
- 2 9 .7
- 2 9 .9
- 2 9 .9

1 .4 6 2 1
1 .4 6 2 0
1 .4 6 2 0
1 .4 6 2 2
1 .4 6 2 0
1 .4 6 2 0

9 .5 5
9 .2 6
9 .5 5
9-3 3
9 .5 6
9 .6 2

6 8 .6 0
6 9 .2 4
66.56
6 8 .9 2
6 9 .5 2
6 9 .1 0

1 1 .8
1 2 .7
1 2 .5
1 2 .3
1 2 .0
1 1 .8

.904-1
.9044

- 2 9 .6
- P 9 .S

1 .4 6 1 9
1 .4616

1%

6 7 .4 q
6 8 .4 4

1 2 .5
1 2 .1

1 . A v erag e s o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s .

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e
S ource

DF

a p e c i f i o G*.
MS
x 10”7 x 10“ 7

T o ta l
31
T re a tm e n ts
7
R e p lic a tlo n g 3
21
E rro r

34
12
4
18

S ource

E s te r

DF

T o ta l
31
T re a tm e n ts
7
R e p lic a ti o n s 3
21
E rro r

2
1
1

On. Rot
SS

1 2 .3
0 .7
3 .6
7 .6

MS

0 .1
1 .3
0 .4

M enthol

... R ef. In d e x
SS
MS •m
x 10“7 x 10~7
22
2
9
11

3
30—
5

M enthone

SS

MS

SS

MS

9 .0 9
3 .1 5
O.2 3
5 .7 1

0 .4 5
0 .0 8
2 .7 2

5 6 .O
1 0 .9
2 7 .6
1 7 .3

1 .6
9 .3
0 .8

SS

MS

1 0 4 .7
0 .5
z l'.l

8 1 .1

6 .8

3 .9

73.
P e p p e rm in t r o o t s t a l k s w ere p la n te d i n May.

F iv e t o n s

p e r a c r e o f a f i n e l y p u lv e r iz e d d o lo m itic lim e s to n e was
a p p lie d Ju n e 2 .

fOO pounds p e r a c r e o f 3 -9 -1 3 com m ercial

f e r t i l i z e r was a p p l ie d b r o a d c a s t J u n e 9*

The p l o t s w ere

c u t S eptem ber 1 and d i s t i l l e d S eptem ber 3«

P l a n t s from

d u p l i c a t e tr e a tm e n t s w ere combined f o r d i s t i l l i n g .
Y ie ld s o f P l a n t s and O i l . . . .
o f f o l i a g e and o i l .

T ab le 2S p r e s e n t s t h e y i e l d

T hese d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t none o f t h e

m inor e le m e n ts in f lu e n c e d y i e l d s o f f o l i a g e .

T here i s ,

how ever, a n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t th e o i l y i e l d w as in c r e a s e d b y
c o p p e r, b o ro n , and molybdenum w h ereas z in c te n d e d t o d e - —
crea se i t .
P h y sic o c h e m ic a l C o n s ta n ts . . . .

T a b le 29 p r e s e n t s t h e phy­

s ic o c h e m ic a l c o n s ta n ts o f t h e o i l p ro d u c e d .

T hese d a t a

su g g e s t t h a t b o ro n an d molybdenum d e c re a s e d th e s p e c i f i c
g r a v i t y , o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n , and p e r c e n ta g e o f e s t e r s and
t o t a l m en th o l and in c r e a s e d t h e p e r o e n t o f m enthone.

It

a l s o s u g g e s ts t h a t m anganese, co p p er, and z i n c in c r e a s e d
t h e o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n and p e r c e n ta g e o f e s t e r s and o f t o t a l
m enthol and d e c re a s e d th e p e r c e n ta g e o f m enthone.

7*.
T able 2 6 .

E f f e c t s o f V a rio u s M inor E lem en ts on t h e Y ie ld
o f P ep p erm in t F o lia g e and O il Grown i n 1946 on
Muck S o il (pH 4 .0 B ro u g h t up t o pH 5 .6 w ith
Lim e) i n C alhoun County.
T re atm en t

F o lia g e 1

O il
Lbs/A

3 .1
3 .2
3 .0
3 .0
3 .2
3 .0
3 .0
2.a

1 3 .2
1 2 .6
1 6 .6
1 5 .5
1?*1
1 6 .3
1 9 .6
15. 6

N o th in g
Mn
Mn, Cni
Mn, CU2
Mn, Cu2 , Zn
Mn, CU2 , Zn, B
Mn, CU2 , Zn, B, Mo
Cug

1 . A verage o f 2 r e p l i c a t i o n s .
A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e of F o lia g e

T ab le 2 9 .

T reatm en t
N othing
Mn
Mn, Cui
Mn, Cu2
Mn, CU2 >
Mn,r CU2 ,
B
Mn,7 Cup,
B, Mo
Cu2
* * »

u

7

S ource

DF

SS

MS

T o ta l
T re a tm e n ts
R e p lic a ti o n s
E rro r

15
7
1
7

1 .6
0 .2
0 .7
0 .9

0 .0
0 .7
0 .1

E f f e c t s o f V a rio u s M inor E lem en ts on th e P h y s i­
co ch em ical C o n s ta n ts o f P ep p erm in t O il P ro d u ced
i n 1946 on Muck S o il (pH 4 .0 B ro u g h t up t o pH
5 . 6 w ith Lim e) i n C alhoun County.
1S p e c ific O p tic a l R e fra c ­
io
1°
tiv e
G ravity R o ta tio r
Men­
E s te r s T o ta l
M enthol th o n e
In d e x
7 .6 2
1 .4 6 2 6
.9046
5 6 .4 3
- 2 5 .5
2 1 .7
1 .4 6 2 6
- 2 7 .0
2 0 .1
.9046
S. 35
5 7 .5 1
1 .4 6 2 6
5 6 .2 0
.9 0 4 0
- 2 7 .6
s . 36
1 6 .7
- 2 6 .9
1 .4 6 3 6
5 6 .7 1
6 .3 7
1 6 .9
.9037
- 2 6 .2
6 .4 4
1 8 .3
1 .4 6 3 7
5 7 .1 9
Zn .9045
Zn,
1 .4 6 3 2
- 2 7 .6
57.57
.9032
7 .3 9
1 9 .5
Zn,
1 .4 6 3 4
6.6 8
2 0 .0
.9029
- 2 7 .6
5 4 .7 9
1 .4 6 3 2
6 .0 6
- 2 7 .6
5 6 .6 0
1 7 .8
.9036

75
R a d io a c tiv e M a te r ia l (A lp h a tro n )
T h is ex p erim en t was d e s ig n e d t o s tu d y t h e e f f e c t o f
a l p h a tr o n upon t h e in c id e n c e o f w i l t symptoms, and f o l i a g e
and o i l y i e l d s o f p e p p e rm in t.

Ju n e 28, 19^*8 t h e r e was e s ­

t a b l i s h e d i n L ap eer County a s e t o f tw e lv e p l o t s w ith t h r e e
tr e a tm e n t s in v o lv in g a com m ercial r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l ( a l ­
p h a t r o n ) s u p p lie d by t h e U n ite d S t a t e s D epartm ent o f A g ri­
c u ltu re .

T h is m a t e r i a l was s a id by t h e m a n u fa c tu re r t o have

a n a lp h a r a y d i s i n t e g r a t i o n r a t e o f e i g h t m i l l i o n p e r pound
p e r se co n d , l a r g e l y from a c tin iu m .

D o lo m itic lim e s to n e was

t h e c a r r i e r m a te r ia l and c o n s t i t u t e d more th a n 99 fo o f i t s
w e ig h t.

T hese p l o t s a d jo in e d t h e m in o r elem en t tr e a tm e n t s ,

h e n c e , t h e p ep p erm in t was p la n te d and h a n d le d i n th e same
m anner a s th o s e p l o t s .

(S ee p ag e 6 9 )-

The t r e a tm e n t s were

a s f o llo w s .
Pounds p e r a c r e
Cheok
A lp h a tro n 2

10 each

A lp h a tro n 4

20

20

W ilt Count and F o lia g e and O il Y ie l d s . . . .

M a te r ia l
D olom ite
D o lo m ite and
r a d i o a c t i v e m ate­
ria l
R a d io a c tiv e
m a te r ia l
C ounts o f p l a n t s

showing symptoms o f V e r t i c i l l i u m w i l t were made Septem ber 11.
T a b le 30 shows th e number o f i n f e c t e d p l a n t s and th e f o l i a g e
an d o i l y i e l d s .

I t i s e v id e n t t h a t a lp h a tr o n had no s i g n i -

76 .
f l e a n t e f f e c t upon t h e in c id e n c e o f symptoms o f t h e
d i s e a s e o r upon p e p p e rm in t f o l i a g e o r o i l y i e l d s .
P h y sic o c h e m ic a l C o n s ta n ts . ..♦

T a b le 3* p r e s e n t s th e phy­

s ic o c h e m ic a l c o n s ta n ts o f th e o i l p ro d u c e d .

T h ese d a t a

show a l p h a tr o n a p p l i c a t i o n s had no e f f e c t on t h e s e co n s­
ta n ts .
Tab l e 30.

E f f e c t o f A lp h a tro n on t h e Number o f P l a n t s
Showing V e r t i c i l l i u m W ilt Symptoms and on th e
Y ie ld o f P ep p erm in t F o lia g e and O il Grown in 1946 on Muck S o il (pH 7 . 0 ) i n L ap eer County.-1

T reatm en t

No. P l a n t s
w ith W ilt
Symotoms

F o lia g e
T/A

O il
Lbs/A

32
26
31

3*7
4 .0
3-6

IS . 3
2 0 .4
2 1 .2

Check
A lp h a tro n 2
A lp h a tro n 4
1.

A v erag es o f 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s .

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

Source

DF

W ilt
SS

T o ta l
T re a tm e n ts
R e p lic a tio n s
E rro r

11
2
3
6

2345
64
379
1902

F o lia g e
MS

SS

32
126
317

2 .5
1 .0
0 .1
1 .5

O il

MS

SS

MS

0 .5
0 .0
0 .2

41
IS
4
19

9
1
3

77.
T able 31.

E ffe c t o f A lphatron on th e P h ysicoch em ical
C onstants of Peppermint O il Grown in 1948 on
Muck S o il (pH 7>0) in Lapeer County.

T reatm en t

Ohaok
A lp h a tro n 2
A lp h a tro n 4

S p e c if ic O p tic a l R e fra c ­
eb
i>
*
G ra v ity R otatioE t i v e
E s te re T o ta l
Men­
M enthol th o n e
In d e x
.9040
.9040
.9039

1 .4 6 1 8
1 .4 6 1 8
1 .4 6 1 8

- 2 9 .6
- 2 9 .4
- 2 9 .6

9.34

9 .2 3
9 .4 2

6 7 .2 0
6 7 .2 6
6 7 .1 6

1 2 .6 1
1 2 .3 6
1 2 .3 1

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource

DF

O p tic a l
S p e c ific
R
o t a ti o n
G r a v ity
MS *
SS
MS
88 * x 1 0 -8
x _icrs

11
T o ta l
2
T r e a tm e n ts R e p lic a ti o n s 3
E rro r
6

54
5
14
35

S ource

E s te r
SS
MS

DF

T o ta l
11
2
T re atm en t s
R e p lic a ti o n s
E rro r

I

1 .5 3
0 .0 7
0 .2 1
1 .2 5

2
5
6

0 .0 4
0.07
0.21

3 .9 5
0 .0 5
1 .2 0
2 .7 0

0 .0 2
0 .4 0
0 .4 5

M enthol
SS
MS
1 8 .3 8
0 .0 2
$-53

9 .S 3

0 .0 1
2 .8 4
1 .6 4

R e f r a c tiv e
In d ex
MS
ss *
x i c r g x 10” 9
5
1
1
3

5
5
5

M enthone
SS
MS
6 .5
0 .2
0 .6
5 -7

0 .1
0 .2
1 .0

4

7S.
C ro p R o t a t i o n

T h is ex p e rim en t was d e s ig n e d t o s tu d y th e in f lu e n c e
o f p r e c e d in g c ro p s on th e g ro w th o f p e p p e rm in t and s p e a r­
m in t.

I t was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1946 on s o i l o f pH 5*9 on th e

Muck E x p e rim e n ta l Farm i n C lin to n C ounty.

Crops were

p la n te d i n a n e a s t and w est d i r e c t i o n i n 19^7 and n o r th
and s o u th i n 194S i n o r d e r t o c r o s s th e p r e v io u s y e a r 's
t r e a tm e n t s .

A ll c r o p s r e c e iv e d 1000 pounds p e r a o r e o f an

0- 1 5-3 0 com m ercial f e r t i l i z e r w hich was a p p lie d w ith a
g r a in d r i l l ea ch s p r in g .
P e p p e rm in t. . . .

I n 19^7 p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s were t r a n s ­

p la n te d Ju n e 10 .

The p l o t s w ere c u t Septem ber 2 and 3 and

w ere d i s t i l l e d Septem ber 5 and 6.
tr a n s p l a n t e d Ju n e 2 0 .

I n 1943 th e y w ere

At w eekly i n t e r v a l s th ro u g h o u t

A ugust c o u n ts w ere made o f th o s e p l a n t s h a v in g symptoms o f
V e rtic illiu m w ilt.

T h is was th e f i r s t se a so n t h i s d is e a s e

had b e e n o b se rv e d i n t h i s a r e a .

The p l o t s w ere c u t A ugust

20 and d i s t i l l e d A ugust 23 and 24.

T a b le 32 p r e s e n t s th e

y ie ld o f f o l i a g e and o i l s e c u re d i n b o th 1947 an d 194g.
These d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e 1946 p e p p e rm in t cro p s i g n i f i ­
c a n tly d e p re s s e d f o l i a g e and o i l y i e l d s i n 1947.

But

p e p p e rm in t grown i n 1947 had no i n f lu e n c e on t h e 194g
p e p p e rm in t.

No o th e r cro p s i g n i f i c a n t l y in f lu e n c e d t h e

amount o f f o l i a g e o r o i l p ro d u c e d .

Y ie ld s o f b o th f o l i a g e

79
and o i l i n 19*13 w ere much lo w e r th a n i n 19*KJ b e c a u s e o f
r e s t r i c t e d m o is tu re .

T a b le s 33 and 3^ p r e s e n t t h e p h y s i­

co ch em ical c o n s ta n ts o f t h e o i l p ro d u ced i n 19*1-7 and 19^g
re s p e c tiv e ly .

B o th y e a r s th e s e c o n s ta n ts w ere n o t s i g n i ­

f i c a n t l y in f lu e n c e d by th e p r e v io u s y e a r 's c ro p .

However,

t h e d a t a o f 19*13 s u g g e s te d t h a t t h e p e r c e n ta g e o f m en th o l
and t h e s p e c i f i o o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n i s in c r e a s e d and t h a t
t h e p e r c e n ta g e o f m enthone i s d e c re a s e d b y a p r e v io u s cro p
o f p e p p e rm in t.

T a b le 33 p r e s e n t s t h e number o f p l a n t s

showing w i l t symptoms i n 19*13.

T ^ese d a t a s tr o n g ly

su g g e st a more heavy i n f e s t a t i o n o f th e d i s e a s e on th o s e
p l o t s w hich p ro d u c e d p p p p m i n t i n 19*17 an d a ls o a more
r a p id in c r e a s e i n t h e number o f p l a n t s showing symptoms o f
V e rtio illiu m w ilt.

However, t h i s i s n o t b o rn e o u t s t a t i s ­

t i c a l l y . -------S p e a rm in t. . . .
Ju n e 1 3 .

S p earm in t p l a n t s i n 19*17 w ere t r a n s p l a n t e d

A uguat 16 and Septem ber 2 th e p l o t s w ere c u t and

w ere d i s t i l l e d A ugust 13 t o 19 and Septem ber *1.

I n 19*17

t h e p l a n t s were t r a n s p l a n t e d Ju n e 1 7 , c u t Septem ber 16 and
d i s t i l l e d Septem ber 1 3 .

T ab le 36 p r e s e n t s th e y i e l d o f

f o l i a g e and o i l f o r b o th 19*17 and 19*lg.

F o lia g e and o i l

y i e l d s w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y in f lu e n c e d b y th e p r e v io u s
cro p i n e i t h e r 19*17 o r 19*13.

However, t h e r e i s a su g g es­

t i o n t h a t p e p p e rm in t grown i n 1 9*1-6 d e p re s s e d th e f o l i a g e

Table 32.

E ffect of Crop of Previous Year on the Y ield of
Peppermint Foliage and O il Grown in 19^7 and.
19*W> on Muo& S o il (pH 5*9) in Clinton County.1

19^6
Crop
_

1947
F o lia g e O il
Lbs/A
17 a

19^7
Crop

19^
F o lia g ei O il
T/A
Lbs/A

O nions

1 3 .0

4 i.0

S p earm in t

7 -1

2 6 .9

Head L e ttu c e

12.8

3 5 .S

C e le ry

S .2

2 7 .1

S pinach and
Cabbage
P epperm in t

1 1 .9

3 5 .4

P o ta to e s

S. 2

2 3 .5

1 0 .6

3 0 .6

P ep p erm in t

8 .2

2 7 .6

C e lery

1 2 .4

3 9 .4

S ugar B e e ts

8 .2

2 7 .8

Sugar B e e ts

1 2 .4

3 9 .4

Head L e ttu c e

8 .4

2 4 .8

T ab le B e e ts

1 2 .2

37-6

S p in ach

9 .0

2 9.O

P o ta to e s

1 2 .9

4 2 .4

O nions

9 .2

3 3 .1

1.

A verage o f 2 r e p l i c a t i o n s .

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource

DF

1947
F o lia g e
O il
SS

T o ta l
Crops
R e p lic a tio n s
E rro r
L .S .D .

15
7/
l
7

MS

SS MS

1942 [
F o lia g e

SS

MS

_

O il
SS

MS

401
1 2 .9
1 1 .6
1 7 1 .6
8 . 3 1 . 2* 194 281 5 .9 0 .8 1 1 5 .6 1 6 .5
3 .8 3 .8
0 .1 0 .1
1 .9 170 170
3 -2 0 .3 5 5.9 8 .0
1 : 1 0 .2
37
5

(5 £ )

1 .1

5 .4

(If*)

1 .6

8 .0

* S i g n i f i c a n t a t 5% l e v e l .

61
T a b le 33*

E f f e c t o f Crop o f P re v io u s Y ear on t h e P h y s ic o ­
ch em ical C o n s ta n ts o f P ep p erm in t O il P roduoed
i n 19^7
Muck S o il (pH 5*9) i n C lin to n County.*-

1946
Crop

O nions
Head L e ttu c e
S p in ach and
Cabbage
P epperm in t
C e le ry
S ugar B e e ts
T a b le B e e ts
P o ta to e s
1.

S p e c if io
G ra v ity

O p tic a l R e fra c ­
1»
*
%
R o ta ­
tiv e
E s te r s T o ta l
Men­
tio n
In d e x
M enthol th o n e

.9011
.9010

- 2 5 .O
- 2 5 .5

1 .4 6 0 6
1 .4 6 1 0

.9014
.9015
.9014
.9012
.9012
.9012

- 2 7 .O
- 2 6 .6
- 2 5 .2
- 2 6 .0
- 2 6 .4
- 2 5 .6

1 .4 6 1 5
1 .4 6 1 6
1 .4 6 1 4
1 .4 6 1 3
1 .4 6 1 4
1 .4 6 1 3

5 .5 1
5 .4 2
1 :1 1

5 .3 5
5-52
5 .3 6
5 .5 0

4 7 .7 6
4 9 .0 2

33*6
33*6

5 1 .4 6
53*26
4 9 .2 0
5 1.2 6
5 2 .1 4
5 1 .4 4

2 9 .4
2 9 .2
3 2 .3
3 0 .6
2 6 .6
3 1 .6

A verage o f 2 r e p l i c a t i o n s .

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

Souroe

DF

T o ta l
Crops
R e p lic a ti o n s
E rro r

15
7
1
7

O p tic a l
S p e c if ic
R e f r a c tiv e
G ra v ity
R o ta tio n
Index
SS
MS
SS
MS
SS 7
MS _
* 1CT' x 10 -7
* 10- s x 1 0 -g
1 94
ift
19

4
144
3

1 2 .5
6 .9
3*6
1 .6

26
21
1
6

1 .0
3*6
0 .3

3
1
1

15
7
1
7

1 .6 3
0 .2 6
1 .0 6
0 .5 1

M3

Ment
SS
6 6 .0
4 7 .7
1 .2
1 9 .1

CO

T o ta l
C rops
R e p lic a ti o n s
E rro r

E st e r
S3

O H
O
*
•
O O O

DP

•

S ource

&

1

6 .6
1 .2
2 .7

Men ;hone
SS
MS
97*9
5 7 .9
0 -3
39*7

6 .3
0 .3
5*7

1

Table 34.

1947
Crop

E ffect o f Crop of Previous Year on th e Physico­
chemical Constants o f Peppermint O il Produced
in 1946 on Muok S oil (pH 5*9) iu Clinton County.1

S p e c if ic O p tic a l R e fra c ­
$
R ota­
G ra v ity
t i v e E s te r s T o ta l
M enthol
In d e x
tio n

S pearm int
C e le ry
P o ta to e s
P ep p erm in t
S ugar B e e t8
Head L e ttu c e
S pinach
O nions

- 2 4 .6
- 2 4 .4
-2 4 . 6
- 2 5 .0
- 2 4 .2
- 2 4 .2
- 2 4 .3
- 2 4 .6

.9003
.9004
.9010
.9010
.9014
.9014
• 901S
.9010

1 .4 6 0 2
1 .4 6 0 4
1 .4 6 0 4
1 .4 6 0 4
1 .4 6 0 6
1 .4 6 0 1
1 .4 6 0 4
1 .4 6 0 2

4 . IS
4 .0 2
4 .1 4
4 .2 7

4 4 .3 2
4 4 .0 2
4 4 .5 6
4 5 .1 6

t4e.2 9 i

f t p

4 .1 2

fc lf

1°

Men­
th o n e
3 6 .0
3 6 ,7
3 5 .6
34. 6
3 6 .2
3 6 .6
3 6 .6
3 6 .7

1 . A verage o f 2 r e p l i c a t i o n s .

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S o u rce

DF

S p e c ific
G ra v ity
MS
SS

K *0-7 x 10-7
T o ta l
C ro p s
R e p lic a tio n s
E rro r

15
7
l

79
35
25
19

5
25
3

O p tic a l
R o ta tio n
SS
MS

R e fra c tiv e
In d ex
SS A
MS *

x 10-8 x 1 0 -g
5 .6
1 .2
1 .2
3 .2

0 .2
1 .2
0 .5

101
27
.9
65

4
9
9

7

S ource

DF

T o ta l
C rops
R e p lic a ti o n s
E rro r

15
7
1
7

E s te r s
MS
SS
1 .0 6
0.17
0.17
0 .7 4

0 .0 2
0.17
0 .1 0

M enthol
SS
MS
1 3 .1
2 .6
O.Q
9 .4

0 .4
0 .9
1 .3

Menthone
SS
MS
1 9 .9
6 .2
0 .6
1 3 .1

0 .9
0 .6
1 -9

63.
T ab le 35•

E f f e c t o f Crop o f P re v io u s Y ear on Number o f
P ep p erm in t P l a n t s Showing Symptoms o f V e r t i c i lliu m W ilt i n 1948. C lin to n C ounty. 1

1947
Crop

No. P l a n t s Showing V e r t i b i l l i u m W ilt
Symptoms
Aug. 5

S pearm int
C elery
p o ta to e s
P epperm in t
Sugar B e e ts
Head L e ttu c e
S pinach
O nions
1.

Aug. 10

Aug. 16
46
6
11
36
2
1
2
3

32
2
9
26
2
1
2
2

17
1
4
12
2
0
1
2

Aug. 20
50
6
14
50
3
2
2
3

A verage o f 2 r e p l i c a t i o n s

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

Source

DF

Aug. 5
SS

T o ta l
15
Crops
7
R e p lic a tio n s 1
E rro r
7

769
548
81
160

MS

Aug

r 10

SS' MS

Aug

16

SS

MS

Aug. 20
S3

MS

8093
3626
10652
2120
4283
612
76
303
6335 905
81 541 541 1260 1260 1560 1560
23 1165 166 2550 364 2757 394

6k

and o i l y i e l d , and o n io n s th e o i l y i e l d of s p e a rm in t i n 194-7.
The y i e l d s o f tooth f o l i a g e and o i l i n 194-6 w ere c o n s id e r a b ly
l e s s th a n th o s e o f 194-7 &s a r e s u l t o f r e s t r i c t e d m o is tu re .
T a b le s 37 and J6 p r e s e n t th e p h y sic o c h e m ic a l c o n s ta n ts o f
th e o i l p ro d u ced i n 194y and 1946 r e s p e c t i v e l y .

I t is

e v id e n t from th e s e d a ta , t h a t t h e p r e v io u s cro p h ad no s ig ­
n i f i c a n t in f lu e n c e upon th e c o n s ta n ts o f th e o i l p ro d u ced i n
e ith e r y e a r.

However, i n 194-7 i t i s s u g g e s te d t h a t p e p p e r­

m in t grown i n 1946 d e c re a s e d th e o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n , r e f r a c ­
t i v e in d e x , and p e r c e n ta g e o f c a rv o n e .

I n 194-6 o i l h av in g

th e lo w e s t p e r c e n ta g e o f c a rv o n e was o b ta in e d from p l o t s
w hich grew p ep p e rm in t and s u g a r b e e t s i n 194-7*

I n 1946 th e

s p e c i f i o g r a v i t y , r e f r a c t i v e in d e x , and p e r c e n ta g e o f c a r­
vone w ere lo w e r and t h e o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n g r e a t e r th a n t h a t
o f th e 194-7 o i l .

Such d i f f e r e n c e s a r e u n d o u b te d ly due to

~ t h e r e l a t i v e l y g r e a t e r m a tu r ity o f th e p l a n t when h a r v e s te d
i n 194-7 a s compared t o t h a t o f 194-6.

65*
Table 36.

E ffeot of Crop of Previous Year on the Y ield of
Spearmint Foliage and O il Grown in 1947 and
1946 on Muck S o il (pH 5*9)
Clinton County.1
1

19^
Crop
O nions
Head L e ttu c e
S p in ach and
Cabbage
P ep p erm in t
C e lery
S ugar B e e ts
T ab le B e e ts
P o ta to e s

1947
F o lia g e
O il
T/A...... Lbs/A

.1946
]f o lia g e

1947
Crop

jt / a

O il
Lbs/Ai

1 2 .1
1 1 .2

3 2 .5
39*4

S p earm in t
C e le ry

4 .6
4 .4

1 2 .0
1 6 .4

1 1 .0
9 .4
1 1 .1
1 0 .2
1 1 .0
1 0 .9

3 6 .S
3 9 -0
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
4 1 .4
4 2 .4

P o ta to e s
P ep p erm in t
S ugar B e e ts
Head L e ttu c e
S p in ach
O nions

5*45 .1

1 9 .0
l g .2
10 .g
1 5 .6
1 3 .7
1 5 .5

4 .6
4 .2
4 .2

1 . A v erag es o f 2 r e p l i c a t i o n s

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n o e
■“
S o u rce

DF

T o ta l
15
C ro p s
7
R e p lic a tio n s 1
E rro r
7

"1W

[942O il

F o lia g e
MS
SS

SS

2 3 .5
S .7
9 .6
5*2

206
127
14
65

1 .2
9 .6
0 .7

MS

lg

14
9

■"

_ F o l i a g e L O i l ...
SS
SS MS
MS

1 1 .7
2 .1
6 .1
3*5

0 -3
6 .1
0 -5

2g4
112
62
90

16
g2
13

Table 37-

E ffect o f Crop of Previous Year on the Physico­
chemical Constants of Spearmint Oil Produced in
1947 on Muck S o il (pH 5*9) in Clinton County.1

1946

O p tic a l R e fr a c tiv e
1°
R o ta tio n
In d e x
C a rv o n e

S p e c ific
G ra v ity

C ro p
O n io n s
H ead L e t t u c e
S p i n a c h a n d C ab b ag e
P e p p e r m in t
C e le ry
Sugar Bee ts
T a b le B e e t s
P o ta to e s

- 5 6 .4
- 5 7 .2
- 5 7 .0
- 5 5 .7
- 5 6 .6

.9295
.9 2 9 0
.9276
• 9264
. 929S
• 9266
.9293
.9 2 6 0

1 .4 9 0 0
1 .4 6 9 7
1 .4 8 9 6
1 .4 8 9 2
1 .4 8 9 6
1 .4 8 9 6
1 .4 8 9 8
1 .4 8 9 4

-5 6 .5

-5 7 -0
- 5 6 .9

6 9 .3
6 9 .3
6 8 .7
6 8 .2
6 9 .2
6 9 .4
6 9 .6
6 8 .8

1 . A verages o f 2 r e p l i c a t i o n s
A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S0n r c e

DF

SS
x lO ^
T o ta l
C ro p s
R e p lic a tio n s
E rro r

O p tic a l
R o ta tio n

S p e c ific
G ra v ity

15
7
1
7

SS

MS _

R e fra c tiv e
In d ex

MS

226
61
98
47

S ou rce

9 .4
12
98
7

4 .2
1 .9

DF
.

Total.
Crops
R e p lic a tio n s
E rr o r

15
7
1
7

0 .5
4 .2
0 -3

SS

MS

44
6
14
22

1
14
3

x l O - 7 x 1 0 -7

x 10"'

\

Carvone
MS
SS
9 .4
0 .4
3 .0
2 .9
2 .9
0 .5
3.5

T a b le J&.

E f f e c t of Crop o f P re v io u s Y ear on th e P h y s ic o ­
chem ical C o n s ta n ts o f S pearm int O il i n 1943 on
Muck S o il (pH 5*9) i n C lin to n C o u n ty .i

S p e c if ic
G ra v ity

1947
Crop

.9 2 6 6
.9 2 6 2
.92 4 5
.9259
.9 2 4 4
.9 2 5 4
.9273
.9 2 6 4

S p earm int
C e lery
P o ta to e s
P ep p erm in t
Sugar B e e ts
Head L e ttu c e
S pinach
O nions

O p tic a l
R o ta tio n

R e f r a c tiv e
*
In d ex
Carvone
1 .4 3 3 2
1 .4 3 3 4
1 .4 3 3 0
1 .4 3 3 2
1 .4 3 3 4
1 .4 3 3 2
1 .4 3 3 4
1 .4 3 3 6

- 5 3 .0
- 5 3 .0
- 5 3 .3
- 5 3 .4
- 5 3 .4
- 5 3 .3
- 5 3 .5
- 5 3 .2

6 6 .5
6 6 .2
6 5 .7
6 5 .6
6 5 .6
6 7 .2
6 3 .0
6 6 .9

1 . A verages o f 2. r e p l i c a t i o n s .

A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e

S ource

DF

Spec. G rav.
S3 (■
xlO
XlO"6

T o ta l
15
Crops
7
R e p lic a tio n s 1
E rr o r

51
15
1
35

2
1
5

Op. Rot*.
SS

3.97

1 .5 2
0 .0 2
2 .4 3

MS

0 .2 2
0 .0 2
0 .3 5

Re:t r a c t i v e
[ndex
SS
MS _
xio - 7 x l0 “7
30
5
1
24

7

S ource
T o ta l
Crops
R e p lic a tio n s
E rr o r

Barvo ne
SS
MS
3 6 .1 3
1 0 .3 0
0 .0 1
2 5 .3 2

1 .4 7
0 .0 1
3 .6 9

1
1
3

DISCUSSION
The p e p p e rm in t, and p o s s i b ly a ls o th e s p e a rm in t in ­
d u s tr y i n M ichigan and I n d ia n a , i s s e r i o u s l y t h r e a te n e d by
t h e in r o a d s o f V e r t i c i l l i u m w i l t , a d is e a s e w hich rem a in s
i n t h e s o i l f o r an u n d e te rm in e d number o f y e a r s once th e
orop i s i n f e o t e d .

I t i s t h i s s i t u a t i o n t h a t r e s u l t c d i n th e

e s ta b lis h m e n t by t h e B eech-N ut p a c k in g C0mpany o f th e f e llo w ­
s h ip u n d e r w hich t h e stu d y r e p o r te d i n th e p r e c e d in g p a g e s
was c o n d u c te d .

I t i s u n f o r tu n a te t h a t , w ith th e e x c e p tio n

o f t h e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d from heavy f e r t i l i z a t i o n , t h e r e ­
s u l t s from th e v a r io u s s o i l tr e a tm e n ts were l a r g e l y nega­
tiv e .

I t i s hoped t h a t , from t h e o b s e r v a tio n s made and

l a r g e l y r e p o r te d h e r e in , f u r t h e r s t u d i e s may b e in a u g u ra te d
w hich w i l l b r in g r e l i e f t o t h e g ro w ers o f m in t whose f i e l d s
a r e a f f e c t e d by V e r t i c i l l i u m w i l t .
C e r ta in o f th e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d i n t h i s s tu d y d e s e rv e
f u r t h e r d is c u s s io n .
The d e c r e a s e i n r o o t g ro w th (T a b le 1 ) e x h ib ite d by th e
f i r s t o ro p o f p ep p e rm in t grow n i n th e g re e n h o u se w ith th e
heavy a p p l i c a t i o n s (16 t o n s p e r a c r e ) o f c a rb o n a te s was n o t
r e p e a te d w ith th e second cro p (T a b le 2 ) .

I t ' i s p o s s ib le

t h a t t h i s d e p r e s s io n o f t h e f i r s t crop was th e r e s u l t o f th e
p h o sp h a te b e in g re n d e re d u n a v a ila b le by th e c a lciu m and mag­
nesium .

Such a d e p r e s s io n was n o t r e p e a te d w ith th e seoond

S9.
c ro p a s r e f e r t i l i z a t i o n

s u p p l i e d m o re p h o s p h o r u s , a l l o f

w h ic h w as n o t r e n d e r e d u n a v a i l a b l e .
From t h e t i m e o f h a r v e s t o f t h e f i r s t

cro p to t h e h a r ­

v e s t o f t h e s e c o n d c r o p , t h e s o i l pH o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l p o t s
re m a in e d a p p r o x im a te ly c o n s t a n t .
p r e s s e d r o o t g ro w th o f th e f i r s t

C o n s e q u e n tly , t h i s d e ­
o ro p m ay b e a r e s u l t o f t h e

p r e s e n c e o f a n e x c e s s o f c a l c i u m a n d m a g n e siu m w h ic h i n t u r n
r e n d e r e d m a n g a n e s e o r som e o t h e r n u t r i e n t u n a v a i l a b l e .
The d e p r e s s i o n o f r o o t g ro w th w ith f e r t i l i z e r a p p lic a ­
t i o n s e x c e e d i n g 500 p o u n d s p e r a c r e i n g r e e n h o u s e p o t s w i t h
t h e s e c o n d p e p p e r m i n t c r o p ( T a b l e 3t) m ay i n d i c a t e t h i s p l a n t
h a s c o m p a r a t i v e l y lo w f e r t i l i z e r r e q u i r e m e n t s .
b e i n a c c o rd a n c e w ith
P o w ers a n d J o n e s

s t a t e m e n t s m ade b y E l l i s

T h i s w o u ld
(1 0 , 1 1 ) and

(33) t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t r e s p o n s e t o i n c r e a ­

s i n g a m o u n ts o f f e r t i l i z e r s d e c r e a s e s o r d i s a p p e a r s w h en 3 0 0
to

350 p o u n d s p e r a c r e a r e a p p l i e d i n t h e f i e l d .

On t h e

o t h e r h a n d , t h i s a s s u m p t i o n w o u ld b e a t v a r i a n c e w i t h t h e
d a t a o f T a b le 2 6 w h e re a n a v e r a g e y i e l d i n c r e a s e o f o v e r 25 %
o f f o l i a g e an d o i l w as o b ta in e d i n th e f i e l d

w ith th e a d d i­

t i o n o f 2 0 0 0 p o u n d s p e r a o r e m o re f e r t i l i z e r .
T he e a r l y r e s p o n s e o f p e p p e rm in t i n t h e g r e e n h o u s e t o
co p p er s u lp h a te a p p lic a tio n s t o th e s o i l

( P l a t e s 2 and 3 )

an d th e in c r e a s e in o i l p ro d u c tio n in th e f i e l d
is

(T a b le

2&)

i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h B o d e ( 6 ) who r e g a r d s c o p p e r a s e s s e n ­

t i a l f o r h ig h o i l fo rm a tio n i n th e p l a n t .

90.
The in c r e a s e i n number and s i z e o f le a v e s on p ep p er­
m in t p l a n t s r e p o r te d by L u tz e rib u rg e r (2 6 ) w ith b o ro n
a p p l i c a t i o n s t o o r g a n ic s o i l s was n o t o b se rv e d .
The in c r e a s e i n y i e l d s o f p ep p e rm in t f o l i a g e and de­
c r e a s e i n th e o i l y i e l d s w ith a n in c r e a s e o f p o ta s h i n r e ­
l a t i o n t o p h o sp h a te i n t h e f e r t i l i z e r (T a b le $T) i s i n
co m plete ag reem en t w ith b o th Harruer (17, I S ) and E l l i s
(1 0 , 1 1 ) .

Y ie ld s o f sp e a rm in t o i l f o llo w a s i m i l a r p a t ­

t e r n , b u t f o l i a g e y i e l d s a ls o d e c r e a s e w ith th e in c r e a s e i n
t h e p r o p o r tio n o f p o ta s h (Tab l e 1 7 ) .
I n o r d e r t o b r in g o u t more c l e a r l y c e r t a i n p h y s i c a l ,
r e l a t i o n s h i p s w hich a r e n o t e v id e n t i n th e i n d iv i d u a l s e t s
o f r e s u l t s a s e r i e s o f c h a r t s w ere p r e p a r e d .

F ig u re 1

shows t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e w eig h t o f p e p p e rm in t h a r v e s te d
and th e number o f pounds o f o i l p ro d u ced i n th e f i e l d .
U sing 236 s e t s o f m easurem ents a c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f
0 .5 S ^ was o b ta in e d .

The r e l a t i v e l y wide s c a t t e r o f p o i n t s

d e m o n s tra te s t h a t i n 19^7 and 19^8 t h e r e was n o t a good r e ­
l a t i o n s h i p b etw een th e amount o f f o l i a g e h a r v e s te d and t h e
amount o f o i l d i s t i l l e d from p e p p e rm in t.
F ig u re 2 p r e s e n t s a s im ila r r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een t h e
w eig h t o f sp e a rm in t h a r v e s te d and t h e o i l p ro d u c e d ,

a

co re­

l a t i o n s h i p c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.897 was o b ta in e d w ith 121 p a i r s
o f m easurem ents.

T h is i s a c o n s id e r a b ly b e t t e r r e l a t i o n ­

s h ip th a n w ith th e p e p p e rm in t.

However i f more m easurem ents

had b e e n o b ta in e d w ith t h e sp e a rm in t such a c o r r e l a t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t would b e more s i g n i f i c a n t .

FIGURE I

R E L A T I O N OF Y I E L D S

OF P E P P E R M IN T

TO OIL C O N T E N T

1947-1948
50

UJ

cc

o

••

<

30
or
UJ
£L

ON

o
u.

o

•%

CO

Q
z
Z>

o
a.

. STANDARD ERROR OF E S T I MA T E
C O R R E L AT I ON
COEFFICIENT

4

12

8

TONS

PER

0. 5 8 4

ACRE

RELATION OF Y I E L D S OF S P E A R M I N T TO OIL C O N T E N T
1 9 4 7 - 1948

40

OIL

PER

ACRE

FIGURE 2

POUNDS

OF

20

STANDARD E R R O R OF E S T I MA T E
C OR RE LATI ON
COEFFICIENT

• ••

4
TONS

8
PER

5.6
L B S . / ACRE
0. 8 9 7

I2
ACRE

93liaku ( 2 7 ) r e p o r t s t h a t i n p r e lim in a r y e x p e rim e n ts th e
a d d i t i o n o f a m in u te q u a n t i t y o f radium to th e s o i l i n
flo w e r p o t s s tim u la te d t h e grow th o f p e p p e rm in t.

The r a d io ­

a c t i v e m in e ra l ( a lp h a tr o n ) a p p lie d t o th e s o i l i n L ap eer
County p ro d u ced no such s tim u la tio n .
S tu d ie s r e g a rd in g t h e e f f e c t o f p ep p e rm in t and s p e a r?
m in t on su c c e e d in g c ro p s and t h e e f f e c t o f o th e r c ro p s upon
p e p p e rm in t and s p e a rm in t have s o a r c e ly b e e n s t a r t e d .

The

r e s u l t s p r e s e n te d h e re f o r 19^7 and 19^$ show e v id e n c e t h a t
a number o f f a c t o r s a r e in v o lv e d and t h a t p e p p e rm in t and
sp e a rm in t do n o t r e a c t i n th e same m anner.

O dland and

Sm ith ( 2 9 ) p o s t u l a t e t h a t some p a r t i c u l a r crop may p ro d u ce
a d e l e t e r i o u s o r b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t upon a su c c e e d in g cro p
b y p ro d u o in g , among o t h e r f a c t o r s , ohanges i n t h e s o i l
m ic r o f lo r a , o r r o o t e x c r e tio n s .
Only w ith t h e heavy a p p l i c a t i o n o f f e r t i l i z e r i n
L ap eer County was t h e r e any i n d i c a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e
p h y sic o c h e m ic a l c o n s ta n ts of p e p p e rm in t o i l a s a r e s u l t o f
s o i l tr e a tm e n t s and t h i s was n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t .
T h is l a r g e amount o f f e r t i l i z e r r e s u l t e d i n a d e p r e s s io n o f
th e p e r c e n ta g e o f e s t e r s and t o t a l m e n th o l.

T h is d e p r e s s io n

may r e a d i l y b e lin k e d up w ith t h e in c r e a s e d g ro w th and
v ig o r o f th e p ep p e rm in t w hich u n d o u b te d ly r e ta r d e d i t s
m a tu r i ty .

Such an assu m p tio n i s i n ag reem en t w ith th e

s ta te m e n t o f E l l i s , F a w c e tt, G a y lo rd , and B a ld in g e r ( l 3 )
t h a t th e p h y sic o c h e m ic a l c o n s ta n ts o f p ep p e rm in t o i l a r e n o t

94
a f f e c t e d by f e r t i l i z e r , ex c ep t a s f e r t i l i z e r a f f e c t s th e
m a tu r ity o f th e p l a n t s .
I n 1947 and s t i l l more so in 1948, t h e s p e c i f i c o p t i ­
c a l r o t a t i o n and th e p e r c e n ta g e of e s t e r s and t o t a l men­
t h o l in c r e a s e d w h ile th e p e r c e n ta g e of m enthone d e c re a s e d
th ro u g h o u t t h e d i s t i l l i n g se a so n , o r w ith in c r e a s e d m a tu r­
i t y o f th e p l a n t .

T a b le 39 i l l u s t r a t e s t h i s p o i n t .

These

d a t a a l s o show g r e a t e r changes i n th e s e p h y s ic o c h e m ic a l
c o n s ta n ts i n 1947 th a n i n 1942.

T h is i s u n d o u b te d ly a r e ­

s u l t o f th e d i f f e r e n t se a so n s.

19^7 was u n u s u a lly wet and

cool th ro u g h o u t th e grow ing se a so n w h ile 1948 was u n u s u a lly
d ry a n d warm th ro u g h o u t th e grow ing se aso n .
T ab le 3 9 .

Time o f
seaso n
B eginning
End

C e r ta in P h y sio o c h e m ic a l C o n s ta n ts o f O il D is­
t i l l e d a t th e B e g in n in g and End o f th e Season
i n 1947 and 1948.
.........

..... ~

-

M enthol
S p e c if ic Opt,
E s te r s
R o ta tio n
1947 1948 1947 1948
1947 1948
- 2 3.6 - 2 3 .1
- 2 6 .0 - 2 9 .5

5 .7
7 .3

4 .9 50.7 4 8 .2
9 -3 5 ^ .5 6 7 .2

~ £
M enthone
1947 1948
3 1 .2 3 1 .8
2 8 .0 1 2 .4

G u en th e r (1 6 ), B u l l i s , P r i c e , and K irk ( 7 ) , E l l i s ( 1 2 ),
and Rabak (3 4 ) a l s o r e p o r t a r i s e i n th e p e r c e n ta g e o f
e s t e r s and m enthol a s th e seaso n p r o g r e s s e s .

E l l i s and Gay­

l o r d (1 4 ) have o b se rv e d such an in c r e a s e i n t h e m en th o l con­
te n t.

S tra z e w ic z (39 )> on th e o th e r han d , r e p o r t s a d e c r e a s e

o f e s t e r s i n th e o i l w ith m a tu r ity , p a r t i c u l a r l y w ith i n ­

95.
c re a s e d i n s o l a t i o n an d te m p e r a tu r e .

C h i r is (S ) a ls o found

a n in c r e a s e i n th e p e r c e n ta g e o f m enthol w ith t h e age o f
th e p l a n t s , h u t found th e s p e c i f i c o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n v a lu e
d e c re a s e d .

B u l l i s , P r i c e and K irk (7 ) d is c o v e r e d th e s p e c i­

f i c o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n o f th e o i l t o b e h ig h e r i n th e e a r l y
and l a t e se a so n sam p les th a n i n t h e m id seaso n l o t s .

B a ld in -

g e r ( 3 ) and R u to v s k ii and T av in (3 5 ) have n o te d t h a t t h e
m enthol c o n te n t o f t h e p l a n t i n c r e a s e s d u rin g g ro w th w hereas
th e m enthone c o n te n t d e c r e a s e s .

The r e l a t i o n b etw een th e

p e r c e n t o f m enthol and m enthone i s c l e a r l y d e m o n stra te d in
th e p e p p e rm in t sam ples o b ta in e d i n t h i s stu d y i n 1947 and
1943 (F ig u re 3 ) .

0f 239 sam ples d e te rm in e d t h e r e i s a

c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f - 0 .9 7 1 w hich i s e x c e l l e n t .
The in c r e a s e o f t h e p e r c e n ta g e of m en th o l a t th e expense
o f th e p e r c e n t o f m enthone h a s l e d G orden ( 1 5 ) and Wood and
Ohol (4 1 ) t o t h e a ssu m p tio n t h a t , u n d e r t h e in f lu e n c e o f
s u n li g h t d u r in g p l a n t g ro w th up t o th e tim e o f f u l l bloom ,
m enthol i s sibowly form ed from m enthone.

Bacon, J e n is o n , and

K rem ers (2 ) s u g g e s t t h a t m enthol i s s y n th e s iz e d from men­
th o n e which i n tu r n i s p ro d u ced from p u le g o n e .
T a b le 3Q- i n d i c a t e s t h a t , i n 1947, th e r e was a d e c re a s e
in s p e c if ic g ra v ity , s p e c if ic o p tic a l r o ta tio n , r e f r a c tiv e
in d e x , and p e r c e n ta g e o f e s t e r s and t o t a l m enthol and an in ­
c r e a s e i n th e p e r c e n ta g e of m enthone t h r e e d a y s a f t e r a v ery
heavy r a i n .

The r a i n was fo llo w e d by an abundance o f sun­

s h in e w ith a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h te m p e r a tu r e .

T h is i n d i c a t e s a

FIGURE 3 RELATION OF MENTHONE AND MENTHOL
PERCENTAGES
40

IN P E P P E R M I N T

OIL

1947-1948

STANDARD ERROR OF E S T I M A T E
1.85%
CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT
-0.971

MENTHONE

30

PER

CENT

20

40

60

50
P ER

CENT

MENTHOL

70

P E P P E R M I N T OIL TO P E R C E N T MENTHOL IN T H E

OIL

1947- 1948

60

PER

CENT

ME N T HO L

70

STANDARD ERROR OF ESTI MATE 4 . 8 %
CORRELATI ON COEFFI CI ENT
0.777

50

. 20
DEGREES

2 5
POLARI ZED

LIGHT

IS

BENT

30
TO

LEFT

d e c id e d change i n t h e p h y sic o c h e m ic a l c o n s ta n ts w hich a t
f i r s t th o u g h t would te n d to d is p r o v e th e th e o r y o f th e
f o rm a tio n o f m enthol from m enthone a s th e p l a n t m a tu re s.
However, th e s e ch an g es can b e e x p la in e d a s f o llo w s .

P re ­

v io u s t o t h i s r a i n t h e p l a n t s had ceased grow ing and p ro ­
d u cin g o i l .

With a sudden abundance o f m o is tu re and "favor­

a b le c o n d itio n s , g ro w th m s r a p i d l y resum ed w ith t h e form ­
a t i o n o f more o i l .

T h is o i l o f r e c e n t f o rm a tio n would

n a t u r a l l y h av e d i f f e r e n t p h y s ic o c h e m ic a l c o n s ta n ts from
t h a t a l r e a d y p r e s e n t and i t s p r e s e n c e would th e n a l t e r th e
p r o p o r tio n o f th e t o t a l c o n s t i t u e n t s w hich i n t u r n would
a l t e r th e p h y s ic a l c o n s ta n ts .

T h is th e o ry may b e su p p o rte d

by th e f a c t t h a t th e p l o t s d i s t i l l e d a f t e r th e r a i n had up
t o 10 pounds p e r a c r e more o i l th a n th o s e d i s t i l l e d p r i o r
to th e r a in .
The r e l a t i o n b etw een th e p e r c e n ta g e o f t o t a l m enthol
and t h e number o f d e g r e e s p o l a r iz e d l i g h t i s r o t a t e d t o t h e
l e f t i s p r e s e n te d i n F ig u re 4 .

239 p a i r s o f m easurem ents

gave a c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.7 7 7 w hich shows a f a i r
re la tio n s h ip .
H enderson (2 4 ) r e g a r d s t h e amount o f v o l a t i l e o i l i n
p ep p e rm in t a s an e l u s i v e f a c t o r w hich d ep en d s upon th e c l i ­
m a tic c o n d itio n s a t th e moment th e h e rb i s c u t.

P ep p erm in t

o i l i s composed o f a m ix tu re o f v a r io u s o r g a n ic compounds
whioh a r e , o f o o u rs e , p ro d u ced by p h o to s y n th e tic a c t i v i t y .
Thus w ith v a r i a t i o n s i n en v iro n m e n t, p a r t i c u l a r l y s u n l i g h t ,

99.
one would e x p e c t changes i n th e p r o p e r t i e s and p e r c e n ta g e s
o f th e s e c o n s t i t u e n t s .

T h is f a c t o r , to g e th e r w ith t h e f a c t

t h a t t h e o i l c o n te n t and c o m p o sitio n v a ry w ith t h e m a tu r ity
o f th e p l a n t , a l s o u n d o u b te d ly a c c o u n ts f o r t h e conglom er­
a t i o n o f r e s u l t s o b ta in e d th ro u g h o u t th e m int p ro d u c in g
s e c tio n s o f th e w o rld w ith v a r io u s f e r t i l i z e r t r e a tm e n t s .

,

SUMMARY

p e p p e rm in t was grown on muok s o i l i n th e g re e n h o u s e
and p e p p e rm in t and s p e a rm in t i n f i e l d e x p e rim e n ta l p l o t s
t o a s c e r t a i n t h e e f f e c t o f v a r io u s s o i l tr e a tm e n t s upon
t h e g ro w th , in c id e n c e o f V e r t i c i l l i u # w i l t , o i l p r o d u c tio n ,
and t h e p h y sic o c h e m c ia l c o n s ta n ts o f th e o i l .
T h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n h a s shown t h a t :
1.

I n th e c a se o f p e p p e rm in t grown i n th e g re e n ­
house ;
a.

The y i e l d o f th e f i r s t crop of r o o ts was
d e p r e s s e d by heav y a p p l i c a t i o n s o f c a l ­
cium and o f c a lciu m and magnesium c a r­
b o n a te s

b.

A p p lic a tio n o f co p p er i n th e form of
co p p e r s u lp h a te s tim u la te d e a r l y p l a n t
g ro w th , b u t had no e f f e c t upon y i e l d o f
p la n t m a te ria l o r o il.

c.

A p p lic a tio n t>f io d in e i n th e form o f
p o ta s s iu m io d id e had no e f f e c t upon
y ie ld o f p la n t m a te ria l o r o i l .

d.

S ix d i f f e r e n t c a r r i e r s o f io d in e p ro d u ced
no d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e y i e l d o f p la n t
m a te ria l.

6.

A p p lic a tio n s o f b o ro n , o o b a lt, and s i l i ­
con were t o x i c o n ly when th e fo llo w in g

101,
form e and r a t e s i n pounds p e r a c r e were u s e d :
c o b a lt s u lp h a te , 160;

b o r i c a c i d , 100;

sodium m e t a s i l i c a t e , 320 0 .
f.

A p p lic a tio n s o f io d in e , molybdenum, s tro n tiu m ,
chromium, magnesium, and z in c were n o t t o x i c
in th e fo llo w in g fo rm s and r a t e s i n pounds p e r
a c re :
42;

p o ta ssiu m io d id e , SO;

sodium m o ly b d ate,

s tr o n tiu m c h l o r id e , 1600;

p o ta ssiu m d i -

ch ro m ate, 3 2 0 ; magnesium s u lp h a te , 2000; and
z in c s u lp h a te , 6400.
g.

None o f th e m inor e le m e n ts u se d had any
ence upon

in flu ­

t h e in c id e n c e o f V e r t i e i l l i u m w i l t

symptoms.
2.

I n t h e c a se of p e p p e rm in t i n th e f i e l d :
a.

Y ie ld s o f

f o l i a g e te n d e d t o in c r e a s e a s t h e

r a t i o o f p o ta s h t o p h o sp h a te i n th e f e r t i l i z e r
ro s e above a r a t i o o f 1 : 1 .
b.

O il y i e l d s te n d e d to d e c r e a s e a s th e r a t i o o f
p o ta s h to p h o s p h a te i n th e f e r t i l i z e r r o s e
above a r a t i o o f 1 : 1 .

o.

Copper oompounds added t o a c id s o i l w hich had
b een h e a v ily lim ed te n d e d t o in o r e a s e o i l
y ie ld s s lig h tly .

d.

O th er m in o r ele m e n ts u se d in c lu d in g z in c , io ­
d in e , chromium, s i l i c o n , b ro m in e, f l u o r i n e ,

102.
molybdenum, s tr o n tiu m , c o b a lt, m anganese, and
b o ro n , d id n o t in f lu e n c e y i e l d s o f p l a n t s o r
o il.
e . Two th o u sa n d pounds p e r a c r e o f 0 -1 0 -2 0 f e r t i ­
l i z e r p ro d u ced m ark ed ly h ig h e r p l a n t and o i l
y ie ld s .
f . No f e r t i l i z e r o r m in o r elem ent tr e a tm e n t in ­
flu e n c e d th e in c id e n c e o f p l a n t s showing V e r t i c i lliu m w i l t symptoms; how ever, w e l l - f e r t i l i z e d
p l a n t s p ro d u ced l a r g e r y i e l d s o f f o l i a g e and o i l
i n s p i t e o f th e p r e v a le n c e o f V e r t i c i l l i u m w i l t .
g . I n 19^7 y i e l d s o f p e p p e rm in t p l a n t s and o i l on
s o i l w hich had grown p ep p e rm in t t h e p r e v io u s
y e a r w ere d e p r e s s e d , b u t t h i s was n o t t r u e in

19^8 .
h . A lp h a tro n , a r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l , when added to
th e s o i l had no e f f e c t on p l a n t and o i l y i e l d s
o r th e in c id e n c e o f V e r t i c i l l i u m w i l t .
i . The p h y sic o c h e m io a l c o n s ta n ts w ere n o t a f f e c t e d
by s o i l tr e a tm e n t s .
3.

With sp e a rm in t i n th e f i e l d t h a t :
a . P la n t and o i l y i e l d s te n d e d to d e c r e a s e a s t h e
p r o p o r ti o n o f p o ta s h i n th e f e r t i l i z e r was i n ­
c re a s e d .

103.
b . No m inor elem ent tr e a tm e n t in f lu e n c e d p l a n t
o r oi}, y i e l d s .
c . Crop8 o f th e p r e v io u s y e a r had no e f f e c t on
p la n t or o i l y ie ld s .
d . The p h y sic o c h e m ic a l c o n s ta n ts w ere n o t a f f e c t ­
ed by s o i l tr e a tm e n ts .
4-.

The c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s betw een p e p p e rm in t
f o l i a g e and o i l y i e l d s , sp e a rm in t f o l i a g e and o i l
y i e l d s , t o t a l m enthol and m enthone p e r c e n ta g e s ,
t o t a l m enthol p e r c e n ta g e and s p e c i f i c o p t i c a l
r o t a t i o n w ere 0 .5 S 1!-, O .S97, -0*971» and 0 .7 7 7 .r e ­
s p e c tiv e ly .

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avert s t o f f g e h a l t e . E in e d ie W a sh ste u m v e rh a ltn isse
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f

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_
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_______________
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19-

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P ro c .

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37*

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