fereey sy

aa. can

ey
pest) Pian i

ih ii rt

> )
wi
ww af a
a a

 
Investigation of Industrial Accident

Prevention

A Thesis Submitted to

The Faculty of

MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

By
Earl J. Reeuer

| oc ed
-

Candidate for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science

June, 1915.
THESIS
£0

The purpose of this discussion is to formulate
definite and logical conclusions concerning the prevention
of accidents to workmen in industrial activities. Its
preparation has included study of the small amount of.
literature available, relating to the subject, together
with the results of personal observation of industries,
mainly in the city of Lansing. In this connection,
acknowledgement is due and is hereby given, of the kindness
and assistance of the managers and Others connected with
the plants studied. The writer is particularly inde=ted
to Mr. Robert K. Orr, Manager of the State Accident Fund,
for valuable assistance in the yvreparation of this

discussion.

TNTRODUCTION.

Social and industrial economies are rorcing upon
the engineering world a new field of endeavor. Since the
days when the engineers of the Pharaohs of Egypt and later,
the emperors of Rome, built their magnificent structures
through the labors of unpaid servants, with the most careless
regard ror life and limb, there has been a slowly progressing
Ohange in employment conditions. Recent years have seen a much
greater change in this repsect than has any other equal period
in tre industrial history of the world. The nineteenth
century witnessed the stamping out of the practice of

Slavery in our country and the few years of the twentieth
AQ?V4ALOD
century that have already elapsed have le:.t behind
Such an awakening of public sentiment against the existing
physical hazards of industrial operation, that law
relative to this are being enacted.

In the last tive years the legislatures ot twenty-
seven states have found it expedient to provide lewa
looking directly or indirectly to the greater improvement
Of working conditions in the industries ot today. In
these laws the inestimable value of human life is being
recognized, together with the enormous economic loss
Occuring each year to employers, emrloves, and the general
public through injuries sustained by workmen, resulting from
poor conditions of employment. These laws provide for
the partial remuneration to injured employes or their families,
when death results, ror injuries sustained while in employment.
These iaws are not so entirely new in principle but they are
Supplanting cold employers! liability acts with their many
imperfections and possibilities of evasion by employers, and
are providing more nearly positive compensation to the injured
employe through more st&ngent and derinite srovisions.

The burden or this additional liability to the
lahorer, must, Of course, be borne by the employer either by
direct compensation or through the agency or accident insur=
ance. It is then, exrevcient for him to reduce the possi-
bilities of accident in his factory or other unit of

industry by such practical means as may be @évised. Therein

Be
 
lies the necessity for the new :ieid of engineering
endeavor, above mentioned, and trom tunis it derives the
name of "Safety Engine=ring".

Insurance companies operating under these compen=
Sation laws, are establishing departmente of sersty engineer-=
ing with a view to recomaending improvements in factories
and other industries employing numbers of persons. These
improvements are such that when fully incorporated in the
indutries' oreration, they tend to lower the accident rate
in them so materially that a reduction in insurance vremiums
will be justified. There is now, in the early stares of
development, a standardized method or applying merit or
Schedule rating to accident insurance risks, caseu upon
inspections by the insurance companies! safety engineering
derartments.

It is with the means or accident prevention,

rather than merit rating, that the writer wishes to deal
in this discussioh, the latter beinz mentioned as indicating
the economic advantages oft satety precautions to the owners
of factories or other industries. However, a brief
synopsis ot those portions of the Compensation Law of our
Btate etrecting this particular Bubject, in operation at
the =resent tine, will not bce inappropric:te here, and
immediately follows:

The Michigan Compensation Lew is elective as
distinct from the class called compulsory, i.e. employers and

employes must choose between the old Employers' Liability Lavy,

with certain moditications and the Workmen's Compensation Act,

3
within a definite ~e2rioa after employment begins. In
electing to be uncer the Liability Act, which choice

is assumed unless the employer tiles a written declaraticn
of his intention to come under the Comzsensation Law,

as Stated below, the emsloyer iorieits his right to plead
the old derenses of contributory nezlizgence, assum. tion

of risk and fellow servants fauit, in the event, of court
proceedings tor the recovery for injuries sustained by a
worknan in his employ. Such procesdings are the only
means 0: settling cases of tais class under the Liability
Act. The employe's rights under the old liability law
have not ceen curtailed by the Compensation Act. but remain
substantially the same.

To accept tne Compensation Act, an employ2r must
file a written declaration with the Industrial Accident
Board, indicating therevith, his sufficient responsibility
or the fact that he :as insured with some authorized
insurance company whicn carries accident risks, or with tke
State Accident Fund. He must post vrinted notices of
Buch acceptance within ten days from the date of its
approval by the Industriai Accident Board. The employee's
acce: tance is preéumed wh-re .is emzloyer nas elected to
come under the law, unless notice is given at the time
of hiring or witzin thirty days from the date oi the employer's
election. As stated vtefore, failure to come under the
Compensation Act by either zarty makes tne Employer's
Liability Act operative.

All cublic empioyments excent such as or.icials

4.
and all private employments except such as are casual
and are not in the usual course, trade, -usiness, etc. of
the employer are covered by this act. All personal
injuries arising out of, or in the course of employment,
unless due to rilful misconiuct, shall be subject to the
provisions or compensation in the act.

The Comrensaticn Law p-ovides cerinite rates of
remuneration for vrartial and total disability and .or death
of emploves when the employer has come uncer the act, as
follows:

L. Partial Disability: 50% of the average lose in
earning power, not to excez:d ten doliars weekly, must be
paid for a period not exceeding 300 wezks, which sim must
not exceed 44,000.00. |

2. Total Disability: “ Of the average weckly
wages, not more than $10.00 nor less than $4.00 , tor a perica
not to excezd 500 wecks, must be raid, the total amount not
to exceed $4,000.00.

3. Death: If the employe leaves a wire or children,
50% Oi: average rec:kly wages, uct to exceed $10.00 nor less than
$4.00 must be vaid ror she remainder or the period between death
and 300 wezks a:ter the injury. If there are zartial dependents
such percentage o: tne acove amount must be paid as the
amount contributed by the deceasea emrloye to such partial
dependents bore to the annual earnings cr: the deccased. If
no dependents are leit by tne death or the employee, reasonable
expenses oi the last sickness ani o: tne burial oz the deceased

must be raid, the amount not to exceed 4300.00.

De
 

 

4. Specific indemnity tor loss of member or members, |

as a ~uand or a foot.

i. General Considerations.
Little liter: ture is available, as yet, upon

incustrial accident <rewanticn, cwing to the very few years
that have elapsed since its inception, as a distinct and
idmportant field. In this sarticular section it is the
writer's desire to somevnat briefly Outline tre general rield
of the work, brinzinz tog ther those prases treated separately
and to greater length by writers oi mazazine articles,
Pampniets issued by insurance companies and such other
literature upon the subject as is accessible.

It is a noteworthy feature that <anufacturing
plants lend themselves most readily to the etrorts oz the
Saiety engineer and that the large rield of construction
work has little atvention. Tais condition has arisen |
through the fact that there has not, as yet, been developed
any practicable System Or merit rating ror insurance prcomiums
in construction work ana .cnce no apparent necessity nas arisen
from the economic standpoint for attention. Further, the very
Nature of. the industries is B8sucn as tO preciuce z#eady standard=
ization of accident prevention means and methods, owing to
the constantly changing conditions in any construction work.
Hence, in this discussion, little iz any, atte.tion will be
given to this phase of satiety engineering and trextment will
be confined to manuracturing industries alone.

6.
Writers upon this subject accord completely in
dividing accident :revention into tnree aistinct parts,
representing as many derinite branoties of endeavor in pere-
fecting sarety conditions. These are, orieily stated,
Organization, euucstion and SBaie-guarding.

Organization - Though no detailed system or
Organization is universally applicable to all manufacturing
Plants there are certai: basic elements which migot wel
Serve aS the toundaticn oz sarety organization in all. The
purpose cf a Sarety Organization should be the establishment
of cooperation betzeen employer and employe ior tne improvement
Oz conditions on which depend the saiety ot the latter while
at his work.

One of tne tirst requirementa of an efiricient orzan-e
ization is a provision ror careful insvection at frequent
intervals, for the cetection or any conaitions contributing

to the occurence of accidents. gucno inspection should be

80 conducted as to promote the greatest possizle degree of
cooperation between management and workmen, vcotn toc inspire
confidence in each other and to sring out the most immediate
necessities as they present tnemBelives to the workmen in their
daily experiences. This may ce done by Special workmen's
inspection committees and a sarety isnpector wno may or may
not have other cutiss but whose pri~ary duties consist in
the sunervision ot safety work.

Anotner requirement i8 an eiiicient and active ad-
ministration Oz tne Sarety campaign. tiere also, the work:en

ehould se represented, probabiy, by department toreman. In

Ve
Order to e::ect the swost eriicient administr-tion a come
mittee or surerintendents ani roremen should constitute
the body which authcrize all sa:ety work.

A third requiremeut is strict supervisicn and
carrying out o: all autnorizea =2etrods in scstety work.
the Success 0: a Serety cam‘aifpn d-pendas upon tne degree
of care used in its opverztion. Such supervisicn snould
be placed in tne hands ci the Ba.ety iusyector.

In an article contributed to tue Safety pngineering
magazine for January 1915, by C. W. Price, Assistant to the
Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, and member o: the bxecu-
tive Committee Or tne Nacional safety Council, ne states taat
in five years exzerience in the varicus industries in Yiisconsin,
which Nave madace the largest reductions in accidents, twoe
thirds of tne reductions have been accomplished largely
through organization and educaticn or employes. The con=
clusions of Mr. Price znichn seem also to be held by otaer
wrivers, snow the importance oi organization in sarety engin-
eering work. Mr. Robert W. Campbeil, President of the
National Safety Council, in an article in tne Compensation
Journal tor April 1914, places organization as afrording 45;-
out of a possinle 100\. efficiency inaccident preventiwn.
EDUCATION. This subdivision oi cafety engineerin; is given
second place to organization cy lire. Campbell in the avove
mentioned article, as atrording 50% ersiciency. Methods
Of education of empioyes, insafety work, are not nearly so
detinite nor so extensive as are those oi organization. Such

methods consist in general, in educating the employe into
habits o: carefullness in his work. Lectures, so:etines
dllustrated oy lantern slices, posting O1 signs oO. warning

in dangerous piaces, cistributicn oO: prizes, such as badges,
etc. to men in departments in wiicn tne ieast numoer of
accidents occur causins .:ost time, and personal instruction

ef the men indivicually are smong tne various devices adopted.
Undoubtedly, foremost among these is the last named, versonal
instruction. In ti::8 line is tne emsioyment o: interpreters
for foreign employes, ana tne vractige or interviews

with tne employ-s at tneir cacuines, pointing out the e1ements
of danger in their rarticular line. Herein, soremen trully

in sympathy with accident prevention means and methods may
render very e.rective service as instructors.

S ; tiGe lir. Price in his article entioned above,
S8tates that the experience ot the companies ~-ich rave done
tne most systematic work in accident prevention, snows tnat
practically every soint of canger On machines can be covere:.
with a simple, errective and inexpensive safeguard which

does n@ intertere witn tre Operation Or tne macniue. while
Bareguards are the most positive and derencabie means tor the
prevention or accidents ot tne caass to which such mans are
applicable, un.ortu .atley ior tne work of the sarety engineer,
machine accide:ts constitute a minor rart or all tne accidcnts
wnich occur in industrial pursuits. Wisconsin statistics

given by Mr. Price, snow that in tnat state, between 30% and
35% oz: tne total number of accidents causing .isapility of

Seven days or more oOocur in the operation of macrines. Mr.

9.
 
Campbell places saiety devices at 17% er_ici-rnocy in the
prevention of accidents, and sives 5%o to lighting and 3%
to cleanliness, making a totsl or 85jo0 -iitici-ncy tor saree
guarding. Edward T Waleh, M. Le. i8, at tue tine of this
Writing, contributing to the Satety Engineering wagazine,
a series ot articles on "Accident Prevention Through Good
Ventilation" in “hich ne snows tre importance or good
ventilation as a usans or sa.ety. It secrs tnat Hr.
Campbell <rrea somewhat in not giving some place to txis
important factor in his classification.

IDENT UAUSE Foremost, among the causes con-
tributing to tne occurence of accidents, is careiessness.
Constant exposure tO uanger nas the errect of deadening
the sensibility oi tne workman to the crecarious conaitions
Surrounding him, anc ~ronpts nin to t.ke many chances which
in the absence or ramiliarity he would readily recognize
aB positively dangerous. It is mainly ror the elimination
of this class or accidents that the sarety organization :as
been congeived. Some one sas aptiy said that a thinking
workman is a "“@afen workman. ‘tne workman who has a
dezinite interest in his work is the "thinking" workman. To
t:is end the spirit of cooperation develored oy the saiety
Organization,,.serves an important. >urpose.

Another factor contricuczing largely to tne
Occurence 0: acciazents is the ignorance cr tne worknan or
the dangers whicn con:ront him in his daily work, or to wich xe
May be exposed occasionally. such ignorance may lead him in-
nocently into dJangere ruich re would carefully avoid did he
realize the real hazard to which he was exrosing himself.

10.
A carefully conducted educeticnal campaign amons the
employes with a view to bringing +o their attention the
points of danger, i6 tne locsical solution of such a
problem as above outlined.

The third great class of “ocident causes consists
of those wicn arise tircugh uangers inh -rent in ordinary
operation Oi machines wit hout sureguards or occuring throuch
defective machines and other factory appliances, all o:
which refer mainly to the manufacturing industries. Added
to these items, in order to maxe this class include all
causes not covered by tne other ciasses enumerated, s:ould
be those dangers {nherent in tne construction industries
and such otners as tay logically fall under this head. The
general remedy crescriced, vitally insufficient and indefi-e
nite as concerns construction work, but well derined in
its application to manufacturing industries, is safe-
guarding.

With the above general treatzcent of the causes
and remedies of accidents as a sasis, a detailed treatwent
Mainly from the writer's observation in the study of

various industries may now be attemrted.

ll.
II. Detail Treatzent.

It is intended in this section to treat in
cOmparative detail the conditions encountered in the
inspection and study of eighteen factories, sixteen of
which were in Lansing, one in Jackson and one in Grand Lege.
These factories w-re selected rather indiscriminately for
Study, in order thet the average resutts micht be obt:ined,
yet an attempt was wade to have as many industries as possible
represented. It is not the desire of the writer to treat
Separately, in detaii, e:ch factory risited, but rether, by
Btudy and com:crison of the conditions p.evailing in the
Various ones, to arrive at a kno~ledge of the general
tendencies, activities and symzathies toward accident
prevention and to study tie effects of these upon tne industries.

A table showing tne nature of the industries

inspected and studied follows;

INDUSTRY. Table I.
No. Visited.

Automobile yanutacturing 3
Gas Engine Ufe.with and without foundries- 4
Machine Shops(generel, screw mfg. etc.) 2
Foundries 1
Forge Works o
Wood working Shops(auto bodies, wheels,
wheel-bar:rows, etc. with and

without machine shops, etc) 5
Clay products manufacturing 1
Total 18

An attempt has been made to snow, in the following
table, an a brief and comrarative way, the conditions
encountered in the inspections made. It docs not show the

13.
actual conditions existing in detail, but it does show

at a glance the extent to which the various phases of
accident rrevention are being used, in the opinion of the
writer.

TABLE II.

 

oNumber Practicing Feature.
Features. .Good. Fair. Poor. None.Total.

1. Sympathies of management tovard

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

accident prevention 4 . 7 - 7 , - 16.
6. Safety organizations i i 16 18.
3. Educational facilities oe - : 1B. 18.
4. Cleanliness and order 6. 9 3 18
5. Light .10.5 .3. 18!
6. Ventilation -llis i 3: 18

Safeguarding
7. Transmission(belts, gears, shafts)l . 7. 10 18.
8.Machines(various dangerous yarts) 2 & 6 4 18.
9. Elevators, hoistways, eto. 5 2 fog 9
aO.Stairs, clevated runways ladders ? 6 3 16

 

 

|

 

The first item in the acove table, symp: thies of
Management, is based upon tne eeneral attitude of the
superintend-nts, tactory managers and other officials inter-
viewed and the gencral impressions arrived at through inspection.
The fisures show that in the opinion of the writer, only
about 20% of the factories visited were operated by men
fully in sympathy with safety work. Another 40% were only
fairly interested and the renainder, (40%) were without apvarent

13.)
interest in the subject.

Out or the eignteen factories inepected, only tro
have Safety organizations. One of these consists of a
committee or three workmen, one appointed eech month, who
make weekly inepections of the factory and file written
reporta of hazardous conditions, witk the superintencent
who then requests that they submit sugcestions ror improve-=
ment of such conditions to him, after which ne passes upon
such sugsestions to authorize their adoytion, if satisfactory.
This factory has done more toward safefuardins and education
of employes than any cr the other seventeen. Another
factory has a saiety committee or seven workuien, mainly
foremen, bui the conditions in this factory are not such
a8 to indicate that much hus becn dons by this committce,
since, in many respec.s the ractory is vcry deficient in
its safety devices and appliances. The attitude of most o:
the other factory operators toward safety work shows, the
writer believes, that their feilure to provide zor workmen's
Organizations is not 60 much an indication oi the ineffective-
ness ot such organizations as it is of tre failure or the
operators to realize their true value. Th: gist of a
statement frequentiy made by the factory rianagcrs and
superintendente during this series of inepections, was that
guards had been provided for deangerous machines ani ot-er
points of hazard and tzat all otner possible precautions must
rest with the workman hims6el:, since the operators rac done
all that they could 40 by installing the guards. Such a
Statement entirely disrecards an important factor in the

14.
condition of labor.

The workman is expected by his em_lover to
produce the largest output reesonacly possi-:le in his
work. Under the fear ot dischazce, he often takes many
chances aniexposes himsels to nany dangers in order to
perform the greetest amount of work with the least actual
exertion. While in most cuse3 it is not the intention
of the employer thct the workman stall ex:ose himself to
unnecessary dangers in his labor, yet the latter undoubt-
edly often f:ils to realize the formers real intentions and
there exists »etween the employer and employe a misunderstand-
ing, the former interpreting the ‘atters attitude as that
of pure carslessness while the workman f22l8 that he is
laboring to the setter satisfaction of his employer. There
exists therefore, a lack of cooperation which could be sup-
plied to a large extent by organizations established for
the purpose of creating a more thorough understanding bee
tween these two elements of industry and in which employers
and employes join their etforts for the advancement of
physical satety. Despite the small percentage of factories
encountered in these inspections, which support any type
of safety organization, it is still the writers firm
belief that such organizations should exist in every plant
where conditions permit. Per-aps in some the employes are
Or such a transient nature that attempts at cooreration
would be futile, but te vast majority of manufacturing
Plants are well adapted to the support ot workwen's safety

committees and inspection departments.

15.
Though educ:tion is6 closely aliied with organization
as regards its objects, a larg2r number of the plants
inspected have taken steps toward the education of their
employes. Foremost among t:es2 was the one already
mentioned as the best ecquivped factory inspected, from the
standpoint of safety ;recautions. Their excellent
Organization serves as an important educational medium
for those employes who nave acted upon tue comnittes.

General printed im tructions are providei the workmen when
hired and special instructions andi warnings ror various points
Of danger are consricuously posted. . Such instructions
are always brief and designed to attract the attention or the
workmen. No instructions are allowed to remain aiter they
have served their purpose, to cor ruse workmen and distract
their attention from new and important notices. "Safety
First" notices in green and white are placed at frequent
intervals in conspicuous places. As an additional precaution
all machine guards and other safety appliances are painted
red, which csrves to call the workman's attention to them.
Some other factories have engaged in educational
work in varying degre:s but none so extensively as the one
mentioned above. The usual means adopted is the posting
of danger signs. Individual instructions to machine
operators are important items since they bring to the
individual attention of the workmen the dangers in connection
with thdéir particular work.
Undoubtedly, the reason for the fact that more

16.
 
plants have adopted some torm OF educecticnal work than
have adopted organization, is that the needs and results
are more directly apparent and the sympathies of the
manager lay with the «revention of that class of acci ‘ents
(namely those 2ue to iznorance), which it is intended to
prevent, more than witn trose cue to apcarent carelessness
on the part of the employee. .evertneless, the iew does not
diacriminate against either class of accidents tut holds
the employer or insurance com any equally liatle for b:th,
unless the accident is cue to wilful misconduct. Conse
quently, neither education nor orzanization should be
belittled by the empioyer in his accijient rrevention campaign.
A factor which is of importance in plant opere=
ation and which effects, to some degre2, the gccident
frequency is tre cleanliness and general order. The
tendency among most tisnts is to hold a rather high standard
in these regpects, yet three of those inspected were
classified as poor, mainly tnrough lack of care in piling
materials and ridding flocrs of unneccssary refuse. Greasy
and littered floors near working machines are dangerous,
especially where the operators are éxposed to such
conditions. I found such -onditions eliminated very
effectively in some cases by a slightly raised platform
made. ot slats through which s6mall p:rticles could
pass out of the way of the operators fect, and on which
the workman could stand wnile orcrating -is machine. In

some factories very eifective use was ade of boxes or

17.
cans, mounted uron sufficiently larve casters to insure
ease Of movement, as cont inzrs :or pieces ci stock
used by the workman. This elimin:.tes a great deal of
the hazard Or stock scattered rromiscuously upon the floor
and enables an attendant to remove finished warts and to
Bupply new stock to the machine overctors with greater
facility. Though these «sre frequently used in the
wood-working shops but n t 60 frequently in the machine
shove, there is no resso.. avvserant why such a metnod is
not equally applicable to the latter. Poorly defined
aisles due to scat cred materials, tend to expose men
to dangers both from machine -arts and from falling,
which could and would be otherwise avoided bp them.
Cleanliness and good order nut only aid in the reductich
of accidents but add to the efficiency of the workman
as well.

| As an indication of the dangers ot slipping and
tripping,. the tact that out of 25,991 non-fatal accidents
Classified in a recent report of the California Industrial
Accident Hommission, 1634 were cue to these causes, may
well be cited. In addition, 1,125 occured as the result
Of handling objects in s:ope. Out of 54 classes of
accident causes, slirping stands sixtn in the number of
accidents resulting in this report. From this, the real
importance of precautions to prevent such accidents is very
apparent.

18.
The lighting of a piant -lays an im..ortant part
in the accident frequency, while its real importance
cannot be directly shown by actual figures tased on the
experience or: operating plants, a little reflection will
convinoe one of the possibility of accident through
lack of sufficient light to enable workmen to See the
dangers at hand. This is verticularly trie of machine
Operation, Ssinoe rarid revolution of =rojectinzs parts,
Such as set Bcre:s, gear tecth, etc. renders such rarts
invisible, excerpt in good light. Wrere trese are rro-
tected the danger is considerably decrexsed, but even in
such cases a "Orknan's acticns cannot be so rapid as
where good light is provided nim. Hence, it may be
seen that not only from the standpoint of accident
prevention, but irom that of efficiency, good lighting
is to be desired.

Of the eighteen factories visited, ten were
lighted in an excellent mainer, vive had tair facilities
and three were roorly yroviced. One or the first number
was equipped witr gas lights as an aid to excellent con-
ditions of natural lighting,. others used electric lights
in this capacity. In some ractories the only lights used
in places that w:re naturally dark wer. incandescent
lamps, vear the working points of the machines themselves.
These served the purpose of lighting those particular
parts, but aisles and spaces between tre machines were
very poorly lighted and presented conditions of considerable

hazard in the opinion of the writer. The general

19.

 
tendency is toward good ligiting in most o: the
factories.

The part of ventilation in accident rrevention
is not so readily establisned and accerted as that
Of lighting. How: ver, tne effect of foul air upon
tne efficiency oi the workman is generally understood
to be detrirental. It is a fact of s2neral kno ledge
that poor ventilation impairs the mental activity
and produces a SBlugzish brain. It is, then, only logically
conoluded that the workman's sarety in the presenne
of any dangcr, is impaired considerably by his decreased
carefulness and alertness.

Good ventilation existed in eleven of the signteen
factories, five had fair conditicns and two were very
deficient in this res=ect. The genzral teniency
is tnen seen to be to provide good air and freedom from
dust. Both conditions are produced in the
majority of cases by forced draft. Among the wood-
working shops the use of local rorced ventization to
remove any dust vrocuced by mechines is varticularly
prevalent.

The field of safety work which lends itself
most reacily to the satiety enginecr is guarding. While
the class of accidents -=‘t:ich can be ~revented by this

means is held by sarety experts to be a minor portion of

20
all accidents occurring, the direct neeis and ¢:rcoper
remedies are mo-t ex3ily ocs2rved and consequently
receive first at:e tion in a sazrety campaign.

In an atterpt to gain some idea or the
proportion of machine to other aécidents, occurring in
an ordinary factory, tne writer nat ciassified the
accidents ror definite rericds occurring in four Lansing
factories. The methods of keening records racticed ty
the various plants being generally different, eny attempt

at uniform classification is undesirable. The nature of

the factories whose accidents were stu.ied are as follows:

1 automobile factory.
l gas engine factory.
1 wheel barrow factory.

1 -agon factory.

The first classification (table III.) is for tne
automobile factory for the montne of November and December
1914, and January, Februar. and March, 1915, and includes
both the cases where doctore were employed and where
treatment was given entirely in the plents' emergency

hospi tal.

ole
 

It is made on the zasis of tne Occupation of the
injured workman and consequently does not truly snow
the nurber of accidents on the various classes of
machines since some acciue:.ts occurred to machine
operators wnile they wore temporarily engaged in otner
work and macnines were uncouctezly responsible for

accidents to others than their operatcrs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table III.
Occupation ~Number. Machine . All
° -Accidents% %
Grinders - 296 . 39.8 ‘
Lathe Operators e Ol . 86.3 ‘
Drill Operators - 166. 16.1 __.
Milling machine Operators . ‘ 97 . 9.4  .,
Pungo: Press Operators ‘ 94. 9.1 ‘
Shaper Operators __ — 63. #61 =,
Miscellaneous machine operstors 7 43 .. 4.3 °
Total Machine Accidents 1030 . 100.0 . 43.7
f of others
Assemblers | - 965 . 27.5
Truckers — 9B .,. 7.4 °
Tinners - 110 . 8.9 .
Trimmers __. 47 o 0-5,

 

B86
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Machine All

Occupation Number. Accidents.%/ %
Toolmakers _ 47 2 35
Machinists . of 2.8 ‘
Inspectors re, e) _ 3.8 °
Laborers - 80 - 6.0 e
Die Makers . oF . 208 e
Repairmen e 44 - 3.3 ‘
Carpenters . of © 220 :
Electricians » 309 « 6-5 _.,
Mil1-Wrights _ 19 .«. 1.4 .
Miscellaneous 341 . #58 _.,

Total of hand labor accidents 1327 - 100.0 3

Total Accidents Cece cece ceees 2357 ‘

Fable IV. shows the number of accidents occurring

in the gas engine vlant since the beginning of their records

in 15138. This plant is tne one referred to as the best

equipped of those inspected. The classizication here is

based on the natuie of tne accidents.

Table IV.

 

Nature -f Accident

« Number. Percent.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accidents to Eyes - 61 . 57.0
" _due to revolving varts ~ 20 - 18.7

n n=" ~=—6vfalling ov jects ll. =10.8
Miscellaneous. . 15 - 14.0
. Totals . 107 - 100.0

29

 
Table V. is made from the accident records of the
wheelbarrow plant ror the year April, 10, 1914 to April
10, 1915, and is based on the accident cuuses with srecial

references t- some oO: the most dangerous machines.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table V.
(e (2
_ Cause Number. of Mac»ine. Ot All
Grinding . DO. 23.8,
Wood & Iron Driils | 5 83.8.
Saws . BB. 9.0 °
Planers a er 4.8 .
‘Miscellaneous Machines _. 8 . 381,
Total Machine « pl __.. 100.0 © 30-6
Falling objects o 7.
Foundry. work . 2 °
Miscellaneous - 28 °
Total Non=-machine - 08. 64.4
Total Accidents _ 59  .

Table VI. classifies the accidents of
the wagon plant since the beginning of the records, according

to nature and causes combined.

 

 

 

 

 

Table VI.
; e
Nature or Cause | sNumber . Of Machine.Of all
Sawing o 3 ‘ 83.0 :
Aocidents to Eyes or’) ‘ 23.0 ‘
Sanging » 3B ‘ 15.5 .

 

 

 

o4.
 

 

 

 
 

Co

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nature or Cause Number Of Machines Qf All
Whe:l trueing « 8 . 15.5 °
Other machines _ 3 — 23.0 ‘
Total Machine 13 . 100.00 . 44.8
Falling Objects - oO ‘
Falis to men _ ar) .
Miscellaneous -» 8 .
Total Non-machine - 16 . 95.2
Total Accidents . 29 ‘

From Tavjes III. V. and VI. it will be seen that
between 35) and 45% oi the accidents occurring in these
plants considered sevarately, were mae sustai:ied by machine
operators and that about 25% of this class are injuries
to eyes. These are mainly sustained in the operation of
grinding machines or various kinds. Lathes, saws, and
drills are indicated cs hazardous machines by these
Classifications, partly due to their greater number, but
due mainly to their dsngerous nature. Though these
Clas-ifications do not show accicents sustained through
belts and otner trunemission equipment Separately, the
real danger of these is indicated by the California
Accident Board's Report, mentioned above, by the fact that
belting lines and pulleys were responsible for 6.0% or the
accidants due to mechanical causss. while the classifica-

tions given cbove show the general conditions in the four

O06

 
factories from which they were made, trey are not suf
ficiently general to te truly indicative oi: the hazards
of different classes of machines and equirvment. In order
to supply some causes 0: accide:.ts not touched upon in
these tables the writer as selected fifteen of the
fifty-four classes tabulated in the Califorria Report,
treating only accidents due to mecharical causes, but
quite thoroughly covering this fie’d, and tabulated them
with the percentage or tne total number represented by
each class. Tnese accidents were non-fawl but cecasioned
temporary disabiiity. This tabulation is zsiven in table

VII.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table VII.

Machins causing Accident - Number . Percent.
Motors and rngines - 563 ° 20.8
Emery Yneels ~ 367 ~ 13.0
Saws . 378 . 9.9
Belting lines and ;ulleys « 170 . 6.0
Drills. punches and dies « 132 ‘ 4.7
Gearing - 102 ‘ 326
Lethes and shapers ~ 90 ° 308
Feed rolls - 66 - del
Presses _« 74 « 846
Shafting and conveyors ~ 70 © 265

Jointers, edgers, slicers and stayers . 44 1. 1.5

26
Machines causing Accident -Number . Percent.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Planers, venecrers, sanders e O70 ‘ _1.3 ‘
Set screw. - BL ‘ 0.7 ‘
Cogs » 16 - O.6.
Elevators and hoist-ays 1004 e 11.6 .
Miscellaneous . 4280 _ . 14.9 ‘

Totals 2813 » 100.0 .

Treatment o: the subject of safe-cuarding with
reference to the inspecticns say best be considered under
four heads, 1. e. transmission, including belts, gears and
sprockets, separate from the «.aachines, machine guarding
dnecluding all means »vrovided for protection of workmen
against dangers inherent in the operation of the machines
themselves, cievators and hoistways, stairs, elevated
runways and ladders. These heads represe:t four distinct
divisions of activity in safety work.

The great tendency among the plants visited
is to disregard the hazards oz: unprotected belts, but ge:rs
and sprockets are as a usual thing fairly weil guarded.
Only one tactory could be classed as really well guarded
in this particular. The main fe:tures of transmission
besides ge:rs and sprockets are horizontal over head,
and vertical and inclined driving belts. In few plants is
any attention given to the guarding or hori:ontal celts
excect where they are six feet or less from the floor, tne
reason for guarding in wich case being very evident. Tre
danger from large horizontal belts breaking and injuring

workmen is considerable, particularly when such belts are
running at high speed. This danger is eliminated in

2g
some factoties ty supvorting closely ceneath the lower
side of the belt a board, wire mesh, or snect metal guard,
and turning such guard ur past the vulley to act as a cone
tainer for the belt in the event of its breaking. However,
the use of 6Buch puards is not general.

Regarding vertical and inclined bclts most plants
provide some means ci guarding the larger ones where they
run on a pulley near the floor but such guards do not
usually extend to sufficient height to afford complete
protection. The usual materiale for such guards are lumber,
wire mesh and angle irons, or gas pipe railing. The wire
mesh guards are the most desirable; owing to their ease
of removal for sccess to belts and pulleys, general appearances
and the small srace occupied by them. Where sufficient
Bpace is available a substantial gaspipe railing 3 ft. 6 in.
in height placed not less than 15 inches from the belt
or pulley affords good rrotection. Any guard placed
closer than 15 inches should ce of suck cnazacter as to
prevent clotring or otzer materials from coming in contact
with the moving »elt or puiley and hence should be wire
mesh, wood slate or boards, the wire mesh being preferable,
and should extend to a hcisht of aboyt six feet <bove the
floor or platform.

One factory which the writer inspected was using
individual motor drive for the ssachines, most horizontal
belts being eliminated, as were also many of the vertical
ones, which would be necessary for group driven machines.

pesides the high efficiency of such a plan which is

28
 

t
!
generally conceded, it tas the advantage cf decreasing
the accident hazards very materially.

Stairs and elevated runways are to some extent
dangerous xnen not well maintained and provided with
sufficient rails. Reference to Table II. will show that
safer conditions exist in thie classification of safee
gurading than in any other exceyt elevators and hoistways.
The dangera from defective and unprotected stairs and
runways are 80 anparent that careful attention is usually
given tnem to avoid accidents.

Elevators and hoistways have in the rast, been
the source of many aocidents and reference to Table VII.
will show tnat this class stands well up in the list of
mécuanical accidents in California, fromthe standpoint of
number. However, the writer's inspections of the eighteen
factories, mentioned heretofore, revealed gocd conditions
in this res::ect. Most elevators were excertionally well
guarded by naving their shafts enclosed on at least two
Sides and automatically operatec gates provided for the
Other sides. A few, however, were not so guarded and were
unmistakably dangerous. An automatically operated gate
and closed sides do not in any way detract from the
efficiercy of operation, nor lessen the advantages of
an elevator in any way, but they do provide practicaliy
Bafe conditions and a much betier ae pearance.

By far the most important part of safe-guarding

has to do witn machine parts. Th large number of

39.
machines and the cios2 contact of the operators with
them, are the feztures resvonsible for this condition.
The different makes ard kinds of machines are of such
large number that any attempt to treat them separately
as to hazards and possible guards, would be scarcely
within the lisits of this work but a ceneral treatuent
of some of the most important am hazardous classes as
revealb d by inspection and study will be attenvted.

The largest class cf accidexuts to machine
Operators revealed by tne records studied, occurred in
the grinding of tools and castings, and this is not
Surprising wien one sees the number of grinding maci:.ines
being operated without surticient protection for the ren.
In but few cases were <ogzles worn by the workman to
protect his eyes from flying particles of emery, yet tzxis
is the nature of the vast «aj rity of grinding accidents.
Enclosing cases for tne wheels are not in general use
but iron band guards are used in the majority of oases.
These are horever, neitBer effective protection agaizxst
flying particles of <..ery noragainst danger from explosion
of the wheel.

Nezt in numver, to the criider accidents are tnose
Q@ccurring On Baws, these teing undoubtedly the most hazardous
machines in a wood-working shop. Band savs can ce very
effectively zuarced and in mo:t cuises they were found to
be well protected, but the main difficulty encountered is
with the circular saw. Several different makes of guards

for these Saws are upon the makket and anumber of

50-6
these have becn installed in the shovs inspected, ut
they were not bei:s generally used by the workmen. From
the standpcint of etriciconcy cf Ovecrators anu eiiectiveness
in accident rreventicn, most or tse guaras are undoubt-
edly beyond adverse criticisz, but the failure to use
them secns to te vue to tne idea of the workmen toast they
are amply eble to rrotect tnremselves without mechanical
guards. However, the lar::¢ number of saw accide:.ts that
Occur 8:07 plainly that such guard: are highlg desirable.
Lathes when not pro erly cuarcei afford many
points of danzer, the most important teing the many gears
and the chucks and dogs. Fortunately, the geers are
usually enclosed hen the machine is made but the chucks
and dogs must b= taken care of by the plant using it.
ihese latter items are given little attention in most of
the factories inspected, some however, using shect metal
guards around the chucks to prevent contact of the workman
with the moving ~arts. A particularly dangerous class
of letnes are tsosee in wnich the material -eing worked
extends throuch the head stock of the lathe some ten or
twelve zseet, as in tne making of screws. In one or the
factories inspected a workman had been caugnt by revolving
material and whirled about vefore the machine could be
stopped. This accident resulted in the providing of
pieces of iron pipe as containcsrs in which the yrojecting

stock runs.

ol.
The wood sirp.er as usually mate, is very hazardous and

permits of little guarding. Some sactories are

using the new type of cylindrical head for the knives,

which are 60 constructed that contact with the revolving
knives will oniy cause a slignt paring oz: the flesh instead

of the removal cf one or more fingers as ras possible

with the old style of square head. In addition to this,
forms are frequently used hwinz the general outline of the
finished article, to which the stock is attached by clamzs.

By the use of these iorms the probability of contact with

the knives by the workman is greatly reduced. such forms

can also be used for some other wood making machines where only
certain finished shares are being produced. The cylinder head
is also used on many buzz planers to lessen tne possibility

of serious injuries.

In addition to these machines, specifically
considered as the most hazardous, are zany Others which
present varying degrees or danger to the workman. In
fact it might truly be said that any machine is, in some
degree, dangerous and needs the installation of guards
to insure absolute safety. Rererence to Table II.
indicates that safe-guarding of mechines has not been
very completely carried out in the factory inspected, it
being possible to class only two of the eighteen factories
as good in this respect and in four of the number, machine:
guards were practically or whvlly lacking. The superin-

tendent of one of these factories seemed disposed to ridicule

S86
the whole program or accident rrevention, es unneccssary
and wasterul. It is of interest to note that in the
construction of new plants the tendency is to give yartice
ular attention to installation of saiety arpliances. One
of the plants inspected was in the final stages of cone
struction and installation, it ceing planned to comzence
Operation May lst. Many 8aie-guarding devices nad been
installed énd rlans were made tor others, w:ick when come
Plsted would leave little to te done to insure the employe's
safety so far as such is rossible throuch the mecium of
Safe-fuarding.
iil. Conclusi-ne and Suggestions.

Employers are becoming generally convinced that
accident prevention has its piace in the industrial world.
A few seriously doubt its real :.eed but in the main, some
degree of safety work is being attempted in nearly every
plant. As might be expected in any nex line or endeavur,
the first steps are being taxen in that branch of accident
prevention in w-ich needs and results are most readily seén,
i. es. kn that branch in which mechanical sate guards
serve as the means of vrotecticn. Plant inspection reveals
the fact that very little system is being practiced even
in this rieid for it is very comzon tc find some point
of danger guarded, but several others of exactly the same
kind in the same plant, entirely unzuarded. The evident

need of every picnt in its safety work is a systematic

35.
plan 0: attack. It is the writer's inte tion to oute
line in this section what he considirs to -:e2 the
essential elerents of a systexatic safety campaign.

The ~trinary need is effective administration
whicn should te in the nands of sen thoroushly in touch
with shop conditions. Undouctedly tre fastory manager
Or superintendent sneould nrcad a cOumrittce cor this furpose.
The body of workmen should te represented through some
of their numser or their roremen, botn to e:fect co-
operation vetre:n employer ani employe and to give the
committee the advuntaze of the workman's more intisate
knowledge oir the hazards and censer o: the plint, throug
his own experience.

Carezul inevection for tne detection ot the zore
evident aangers is highly important. Tis should not rest
alone with tne Sa. ety engineers of tne insurance companies
as is the case with many plants whose manacers make their
Bafety improverents upon the recom:encations of factory
inspectors alone. While the factory inspector can offer
valuable general suggestions, his knowledge of any
particular plant, is , of necessiVY, not sufficiently
intimate to enable him to touch upon tne many imrvortant
details which are not always evident upon ordinary
inspection. Safety inspectors and workmen's committees
for each plant are avoilable solutions for the inspection
problem. Whatever :.eans is aljpopted should be such as to

result in careful periodic inspections oz the entire plant.

34.
 

 
Carve:ul supervisicn cf all installations of
guards and other aprliances should b> practiced. Where
a sa:ety inspector is employed, which should be the case
in plants of sufficient size to forbid these duties reste
ing with the manazer or suverintendent, he should supere
vise the work. Careful judgment should be exercised
in the selection of the proper kind or guards and apvliances
to be installed, to be sure that they are erfective and not
detrimental to the e.ITicle..cy oc the workmen.

Tne real value of accident records reoperly kert
and classified is rot generally recognized among plant
Operators. In prevaring Table III. the writer looked
Over nearly 34600 scparate records, any classitication of
accidants in this plant teing entirely lacking. Valuable
use couid be wade of these records by tre company owning
them , were they pro-erly classified to indicate the in-
portance of sccident causes. Accident records should be
carefully ke:t and used tor tne determination of hazards
and tne effectiveness of ssfe guards and otner metnods
Of accident prevention.

A fault which is art to creep into the keeping

of accident records and one which renders ~any tables and
records prepared with mech cffort, of little value to
those who attempt to study them to cetermine facts concern-~
ing the prevention coi accidents, is the itailure to supply
data showing the actual numcer cr men or the value of the
payroll exposed to the dangers oi tre particular nachine,

derartment or type of plant in question. Tis exposure

356
i
p

 

 

— ee

— ——s
a ed

 
may be expressed for any zive. veriod, as one montn or
one year, by reducin= the total number of hours put in
by the workmen to the number of men working, say, eight
or ten hours per day, curinzs tne time or by direct
Statement of tne vayroll duins the feriod, depending
upon the nature of the record desired. Iz. the one
case the actual frequency for the period can be determined
on tis basis of the men represented by the number
of hours put in by all men that were employed durin;
the period. On the reyroll basis tne economic features
of a safety campaizn can be compared one month or one
year with another. These are some of the possibilities
Of such rocords and various factory or plant conditions
would, no doubt, suggest others.

Another essential co: a systematie safety campaign
is a definite and e: fective educational move. In the
writer's opinion this should be established Simul tan~
eously with the organizaticn in order that the workmen may
be informed of the exact purpose of the move, from its
beri nning. False impressions of the motive of the employer
are so easily gained by the employs and the real purpose
and success of such a prcject seo greatly impaired thereby, that no
time should be lost in acquainting tre employes with the plan.

A variety of different educational plans are
possible, depending mainly upon the nature and size of
the plant and the kind of men employed. Foreign employes

would need entirely different atzention from Americans

36.
 

 
and in large plants ean essentially different system
is possible than in a Srcall cone. Nevertheless, printed
instructicns, danger signs, warnings, and "Safety First"
notic:s, and personal instructions are universally
applicalble. In additizn, lectures, vrizes for best
accident records ni various other incentives to the
employes to keep their Serety in mind, are effective
means for education in the prevention of accidents.
Conditions of light, ventilation and general

Order should receive erly attention. In any plent>
the lighting should be general, instead of local or tro
vided for individual machines separately, and should
be bright, but not glaring. Ventilation should be
provided in such manner and to such degre: that clear
thinking of tne workmen will be induced. Dust collect-
ing systems should be xrovided in all localities of a
Plant where dust is creeted. Careful riling of
materials, clean floors free fron grease and shavings
and other refuse, and sare. and efficient ceans of trans-
portation of materials about the plant are features that
should be carefully meintained.

It is very important in the e:tadlishment of
a highly effective safety campaign that the safe-guarding
be done in a systexatic manner. Promiscous safe-guarding
is not efficient and is not conducive to good results. It
is not possible to frovice guards for all points of danger

at once, but rather tne work of Safe-guarding must ~rogress

37.

 
 
Only as rapidly as conditicns in the plant will rermit.
Such progress should te made along definite lines, attention
being paid first tothe points of most hazard. For
example, the greatesi accident hazards ina certain slant
may be in its transmission fesilities. In such a case,
the safe-guarding of tne velts, fears, sna:ts, etc. should
receive te first attention. Ina new plant where the
experience of the wan: gers has not been sufficient to
enable them to determine tne points cf =reatest hazard in
this sarticular piant, the judg:ent of the safety committes
must be the deciding factor in the laying out of the safety
program. In no case, however, should the work ce carried
on in any other than a systematic way, 1. 6. by completin:
the safervuarding of one type of hazards tefore another is
attempted.

In the construction of a new plant the 6arety
of tne men to be employed should be an important factor in
the laying of the plans. It is during construction that
some means of s:ifeeguarding can best ce carried out, among
these being tne oroper location of machines, s:fe construction
of elevators, installation of the best means of transmission
of power, provisions for proscr lighting and ventilation and
the use of high class floors and stairs.

Care should be used in tne employment of workmen,

to sslect tnose whose sympathies and rabits are such as to
make them careful and thoucstful regaz:dinzg tneir own saiety

and that of their fellow workmen. Trose tabits wnicn render

38.
 
@ workman incapable of clear and active thinking add to
the hazard of his work and decreases his efficiency and
consequently make him an unprofitable employe.

fn conclusion, the writer's opinion is that
"Safety" means "Efficiency" and "Economy" within reasonable
limits, in plant operation. Consequently the humani-
tarian point, apt as it is to te wnpopular with employers,
need not be over worked in the justification of the
prevention of industrial accidente in the manufacturing
industries. Lack cf activity in this line in the past
was probably due to a large degree to the failure of tke
Employers' Biability Tawa tc hold the employe: resronsible
for accidents to nis workmen while in his employ, but with
the ador tion of more Stringent laws the matter of economy has taken
a definite and unzistakable form.

In nearly every point that has ceen t aken up the
essentials of accident prevention are identical with those of
effictencty. Stirt competition is bringing efficiency to the
front as an essential to good plant management. In connection
with this development and ite relation to accident prevention,
we may bespeak for the latter an easicr way than sas confronted
it in the past, especially in soz far as the more up to date

and vrogressive plants are concerned with it.

39.

 
 
Original Outline

Introduction.

(a) G-neral social and economic conditions on which
legislation providing for Industrial Accident
Preventicn and Compensation is vased.
(bd) Michigan Compensation Law.
l. General study of mans being used ror the rreventicn
of accidents.
(a) Organization cf employs
(bo) Education of employcs
(c) Safeguarding
Be Detailed study of means rerarding
(a) Effectiveness
(db) Employes! efficiency
(c) Economy to Employer
(ad) Obstacles
Se Summary, general conclusions and sSugresticns for

improvements.

40.

 
 

 

A List of Accident Prevention Literature.

"Machine Shop and Foundry"=j Carl M. Henson, M. E.
Universl Safety Starndars Pub. Co. New York.

"Safety" - Wr. H. Tolman Ph.D.
Safety Engineering, 80 Maiden Lane, New York.

"Safety Enginezring UW gazgine" - Published by above firm.

"The Travellers Standard" = Published monthly by the
Travellers! Insurance Comrany, Hartford, Conn.

"Safe guards" David VanSchaex Published by
"woodworking Safe guards" Van Schack Aetna Life
"Elevators" Insurance Co.

Hartford, Conn.

"Circular of Bureau of Standards" -
Department of Commerce - Washington.

"Steelcrete Guards" = catalogue by the
The Consoliiated Expanded Metal Co. 101 E.40th St.

New York.

"Safety Guards® - catalogue
Lockharf-Hoige Co. Inc. Buffalo, N. Y.

41.

 
 

 

INDE X.
Pace.
| ob TS Loh ace - i.
Introducticon........ lc euneuceuseueueenes ae 1-6
Compensation laze, general 2
Michigan, SynOzSis Of secre eerecessecvcvens b—4=5= 6
Safety Enginesring, SOUrTCe.... ec cece eee eee eens, o=3
General Consideraticns 6-11
AdminiStration coecererr eves eesrccccceveerrreerence 7
Campbell, R. W. article wwe ccrcccccccccce 8-9
Carelessness, Cee ec eee ee te te eee ee eee eect eee LO
Division of sarety work Cece eee weet ences 7
Education Comme eee rece rere renee eee eee eeeees 8-9
Gen2ral Accidant CauseS eeeeeeeeeeaes we cee 10-11
Ignorance, cece recess Cee e cece wv ece cece eee LO-11
Inherent causes Cece meet eee eee terete ete eee 11
INSpection ever ec eres ecs ssc rvvssssesesecrseccece 7
Organization, Safety cosecercccrcrccvecvvccee Pe-—8

Price, Cw. We article cecscccvvsssecvvscesessccee &

Safeguarding cesseccsccccvccecrcrerssrsesveens 9-10
BupeSrviBion weve sew sess ccc ccvcsacseeeversssscvns 8
Walsh, E. Te. articl@. cc ccc rrr ccccccvevcvcccvecves LO
Wisconsin Statistics....... wee weer cece rene eens . g
Detail Treatment 12-32
Accidant Records, Local........ cee. cee weeee 20625
BeltSerccscscccrsccecees rr 26=27
California Reportecscrs ccc cec eer ccrccccccces 85-26
Cleanliness and céncral order......ee. coeesv eb 18
Educatsonecscesccccvcvcscveevcccsvseresevevene 16-17

42
INDEX (con. )

Elevators and nNOistraySe.c.eccccerescvces 28

Factory Insrections Tables I and II le -13

 

 

Grinder Cee ccc eee eee eee eee eee teens 29
Individual motor drive... ee. cece eee evans ov
Lathes. rc cee cece cece ewer erence ees cee 30
LIGHtinges ccccc cece rece e cece ese ereeeace 19—20
Machine parts, Safeguarding............6.. 28
Orzanize toner cc cccs rer ccccecccsccecveces 14-15
Saferuardings cece rvecvcccreccrssersseves 20-32
Safeguarding in new plants.............. 31-32
SAWS ccc cece creer cece eee cere rete e eect ee tene. 29
SHAPSTBe ccs c esc veces cece cece eee e sree cence 31
Stairs and TunwayS.... ccc ewe reece ess cevvens 38
Conclusions and Sug ,estions 32=-38
Accident Reports ecsrcssecerecsseccecrctces O%
Administration .............. Le eee 33
Conclusion Cee eee eee eee eee ee ee eee ene 38
Education....... Cece ee cece eer ecees wee eee 35
INSPEcCtion cocccrssrervsrvesccvesecsececes 33

Light, Ventilation and General Order...... 36

New Plants = oo... eee eee eee rece eee eens 37
Safeguarding eececcccsccece sce » - 36--37
Selection of workmen Cee ee eee et ewes 237
SUPETVISLOCNe coc cc wee ee eee eee eee rene tenes 02-04
Systematic campalen..... cece e ev ennvecvvees 33

Original Outline
LAteraturlecccrccccecscsccsescscevceceveesees ~ 40
43-6
 
 
py

ROOM USE CxLY
 

 
i.