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THESIS FOR DEGREE OF M. E.
EARL J. REEDER

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ee a a eel eee
THESIS

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ar ee 7 -™~ T v-°s L XT cr yy, UF —  TTEN Te  N
fe L a\ de L126 HU Litt ae L ‘o ao Le ew » Gers Tob. we » ©
tpn. a oS
Uli. Waa a mee kee a Here, - a. ae wat
h Mrsciec Sobpitt 2 ~
- . t ‘ i
<- ct 2c we tha d ow Nak ts
es
—_ “s ~
T.9 Paeuity of
aay we ee Ne “YJ VY a
o
a
tre .. ° . we s . 4 - ~ = ~
Viciieon apa ptm CF - | Lore
ate o 4 a ii erp 4+ aH CN wide 8? NA ak ~ Cc e

idicete Por the Degree
mo ot , : : rn,
SMALL cue Lor aie VoD OU!
THES!S
I. LiatkCoeCilcs.
-

., . an ee —_ of Doel TG + sae: Sy tt Ge sy. ny
The Crsic el ant of picluctive invcestry is usin.

setendvoint tne conclusion is inevitebly the ecne.fuleleis nt-
ing th: otner elenerntse Py his [ower to exercise direction

2 +> fee ~ 7 Care ° ss . 4 VL. . ope . -
end control cv r t..en he constitotes the mueecium t

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which tn ir

s oan .. — - 7 ~ ~ mae e : ; i - - ad n 5 ° , ° ~ .. - A ’ % Ve .
service. Tne most mocern esubipwent cone builcinss cai the beet

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loved -roce sé &€ vRa fehoou

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7 -, “ i 7 eM, . o. f . , ; Ooo
mental end saysie:l foecultics of ncn.

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=

~ " yA , + 5 . ~ r *, . 4 yo a o ws os; “OY Cc
fere of Thile TOL u bet SP oe La 8 a ie t of YbOG CC VIlINy cn

- 7 oc tre ne ve tee Toye ‘. + > yoy ye * qn, 1 14 we ae + > 5

enormous Wiete oF nen wove r is vouctiontly bein, po gist red.

L: z cer le Souction with ite Tener: ] Ae ay pe ep pe prec
uP EE © Cc Lo} POUUC LILY a vod ae Leics 6 ne bP: Coan. A zk Le ©] Loiiig,

from its multiplicity of occuuetion:, ezch dervcendent uroen

the oth rs, ,licces cn industry « wrest economic renalty fer

8, , p \ ~-Aettinn a eh a 7 - S 4 *- soe eye
the exist- noe of concitions which ciszebleée ite worxzers cond
e : + *.,

conseuuently roocuire

steed. The provisions of stite end Po Gepel live relctive tia

4

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working ccncditioa
losers in :}rocuction turcugh ebs nterigm cre tre nm div
, vhich thic yp nelty is exrctid. Th eslution of th:

-poblenx of humon weete in incustry is, tho r-for-, one of
3

+ ,-4 : pe yet
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them fortn as the besic ecience of humen conserveticon is the
purpose of this treatise. “ith these genercl vrincivles
esteblisned, the tnginecr my, throush thir ec vlicaticn to

specific inidustvrics or plants, intercret them in terms cf the

ae ~
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es oc suice to tne corr ction of cnxi

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edverse concitions or to thir eliminetion in the slenning

j

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of new . recesses S or suulvacnt. Recosnizing the funcanntsl

imoortence of introcucing this :-hese of incustrisl ccetivity

into Ensinsering euucction, it is hoved that tris treetiss

3

mey vrove of value in thet regard.
defined the crpobiem may be exrudned to Cetereine the ceniit-
jones vith which ite eolution inact ce: l. Tre bcsic recuiremont
of incustricl effici ney is G@ sroeer beolence betvecn the
verious elen nts of Urodvuction. The meointonence of Humen
efficiency in incuctry is, conse uently, «o prebhlen of concserv-

ing euch c “egres cf »:rorer bolence b. tveen man vow-r en

tne

er)

other .roluction eleéi. nts, such es ewvivnent, inctericls enc
VPOCESES S, £6 if e2revid dad in th: initiel selection one
3

subsecuent cevelovaent of the vorking force. It is, ther -

fore, © cictle.. of tcinsteining, by croper ec justia nt of work-
ing conditions, :very cceventege to prosucvion gained in such

selection end Cove lLoruente

To medntuin on established ro levion peouveen mon one
the other el wents of srodcuction, his phycicecl ana. steel
feculties wust be conserved st the highest roint of »steb-
lished cevelcment. In other words, these two humon ficultics

- a

Te RT rc mane ef
vLiened belence. When eaither

4

must be meinteined et the «sts

of tncese fe culties becone ins:irea thre results a@ Crgrer
of ince: acitetion for werk ena th: protuctive cerecity of the
Giseblod worker's op -rpetion is reduc: a. It will bo receily

rec

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Cs

nized, without «nt ring into uedicel ciscusslony thrt cny

of three gonerél conditions may erocuce such incavecitition,
 

 

Normal working capacity

Wy

 

 

CHART # 1.
TEMPORARY PARTIAL DISABILITY CURVE.
Shaded area indicates reduction in operating capacity.

 

 

 

Normal working capacity.
———
vr
ies A
5 1
2
4
4
ie t
4
a
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7
4
1
First | Redress-} Redress Redress# Redressing.
0 Aid. ing: ing. ing. [

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHART # 2.
TEMPORARY PARTIAL DISABILITY FROM MINOR INJURY.

 

 

Normal working capacity.

Return to work or
substitution.

 

 

 

CHART # 2.
TOTAL DISABILITY CHART.
Low-r right hand curve shows permanent partial recovery
or unsuccessful sutstitution.
~ »

viz; ill nealth renzing frou the uoet ninor tenvorery

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lator; cn. pnysiccl injupriss ronving, in serverity,fron
mincr ccrstcnes cond bruis*s Which recuirs only first vic
ett: neion, to Pouvalitics.

Th oxnet effects of thos: novel sna ohaveiecl
concitians uoon tniustrisl -fYicisoney Gevencg very mucn

, ae / a . - we, . oO _ rew! °
YUoOoONn Lae. oo. Vial? 2 L one La wee Olt ‘ od \. Li co Ul Li

recovery op in the

. . _ - . ~ . = , ook e “y , +. on o “e . < . ° ~ . . . e ~ =
event of no cosl cry ub. titution, tee into orvonins erice
¢ * ma ~ ? ’ ° =e L t. oN =. me + -* 7 wa) 7 q t, $ +; 7
4 Me t. wt teow W } wk Vi fb ik Wait? L. elee vLon Oa Le cu OS L at.

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feneoc . FMour - nrrl to pre whieh ore ucsd to cefines Corre:

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~ . q. q - : ~ . e . . . “~ « ’ od. ° Or : : . . ~ lL
noturs oP the Loe ¢ frou nec urcitetvion of inlus upict.

Chart " lL illustrates touwocreary «orpticl cisebility,
from sickness or fatigue, vith the grecucl develosment
of the ince:ceitetion with th ctterécnt levering of ore
uction until the point of Lorest cenecity is reeened cftor

a graduel resumption of normel working copece

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The work: r's condicion cors not recviire his «ebsence fron
work. The snaded erea cof tne chert ehows

in wrocucticn ynen,y in ~-latting th»: curve, chscissce rene

resent time ono ordinetes ¢..9W Workings canccity.

b

Chert 2 illustretes the effect, uron the

worker's outzut, of e uinor injury recuiring firet cia

w)

ettention with subs: cucnt redressings. During cech visit

to the first cid station his corration etencs icle.Uvon

[|

returning to nis job inconvenience end timicity reterd nis
eroaucticn to some extent, Ynich condition recurs in a
decressing degree vith eechn redressing until normel coni-
itions are restored. excectt uvon cereful enelysis the

extent of the lcseses from minor injurics is little anrrrecizc*-

ed.

Chart 3 illustretcs totcl disability of either

grocual ceve lopment eg snown by thse light shed d eree or

0

instenteneous occurrencs es indicated by thre vertical
line. Idlenzss of the Gisebled worker's overetion ensurs

until recovery rernits his return to work or 2 substitute

oo
is pleced@ on the job. In eitner event normal cr-ration is
not immediately resumed but is graduelly epnroeched until
the returned worker eprain develovs his normel strength end
dexterity or the substitute ettains the ca:-ecity of his
predecesscr, if possible. If complete recovery of the dis-
abled worker is impossible or if a substitute cannot Ccevelon
the norinal out: ut of the overator whom. ne disvlaces e& new
normél cavacity for the oreration will be estcblisned, a

permanrnt loss in production being sustained.

tL
L

Though no definite velues ere assigned to the
loss*s indicetecd in © reletive manner by these cherts
owing to the varied neture of tne conditions thet deter-
mine them in indivicual plants it rrauires but little
reflection to appreciate to whet vroportions these loss<s
may extend when an entire working force is consicered.It
is not cifficult to ap reciete the effect of en epicenic

or a calamity upon industry but it should be realized

a)

that very much the seme effect mey ve cistributed over
period of time through the human weste that is develoved
in ordinary plant operation end thet such distribution

mekes the losses no less important.

The working cevacity of each individ:al bears
a distinct influence upon thet of his fellow workers

through the interdependence of the various oosravions in
10.

-a given department or plant. Icle operations and ineffici-
ently performed tasxs destroy the normel belence of the
initial layout of irocesses end jobs. Tnis is ean item
Which is not reflected in the cherts eltnough it constitutes
a very appreciable vortion of thc total lcsses in rroduct-

ion from the incavecitetion of industrial workers.

For purposes of more reacy analysis the problem
of preventing this human weste may be sevarated into three
major divisions corresvonding to the three general condit-
ions previously mentioned es causes of incapacitation for
work. They are 2s follows:—

1. Prevention of the develovment end svread of
disease due to improzver working conditions;

2. Elimination of unnecessary fatigue in work;

3. Prevention of physical injury in the course
of the worker's occupation.
For brevity these are commonly called Sanitetion, Fatigue
Reduction and Accicent Prevention. Though they are distinct
divisions of the subject they have cen effective relation
and bearing upon each other. Disease increases suscept-
ibility to fatigue while fatigue lowers the resistance to
disease and both make the worker an easier victim of
existing accident hazards. This relation will be further

emphasized by the duplucation, emong the separate
ll.

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very
deocrtmente cleo olay itportent verts in conserving the
neclth of the work: rs. Th: discussion of neither of thse

falls within the scone of Duis tr ctice. There is, however,

cy
,
r

- ° TY e an °
a cistinct Enginesring

. 3

neece to incustricl scanitction, tne
essential elens rts of thicn it le intenced to develovn in
thie section to *. ciscuss:d more verticulerly in a later

cert of this trertise in conjunction vith the corrssnendia

~Rawl ° Nee hk ey OUT yt - a ‘ a Ty ee ee ys .
eesentiezls of Fatisue Reo ection cnd Accid nt Prevention.

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« succeicing section the relcetion cf fPeti
develooment snoulc rec-ive bri’ f mention here. Threush

. a+ oo -~ ‘yr - . 4. 9 sS ‘ a Pi 2 wor wy Ve, ~~ ae 3 ON =
ite dshante uxdon tne reserves oovers of the brody «xcessive

cp
cA

or 2bnoarnel fetisue lovers tne whysicecl resistence and,

consecutntly, makes th worker mors cuscy otible to th-

st

attecks of discase. When the cumulctive cffeets of contin-

+

ued fatigues ers consic red tus rocl e€onsers of unmoverned
or undirceted freedom of ths worxere in exercising tacir

-et%, In

ty

own choices in tne metter of lebor is very meni

view of the subse curent ciccussion of this subject t1ittic

(2

m-<d be caid hrre cancerning it «xe not to strte the orincisls

©
14.

b

that the reserve strength of the workers should be maintain-

ed at its maximun.

2. Accommodating FPnysical Needs.

Promptness in accomodeting the nhysical reqvrir--
ments cs they arise during working hours is fundamental to
maximum resistance to the attacks of disease g-rns. The
Satisfaction of thirst and the dischergse of excr-ta from
the body ar’ normal cnd necessary functions of the human
life the regularity of which is not so well defined as thet

of eating

~

nd cannot be safely made to conform to a fixrd
schedule such as is accomplished in the letter case through
the medium of the regular lunch énd rest period at the noon
hour. Neglect of thsse pnysical needs «dds to the discon-
fort of labor and impedes the natural me:ns of discharg-
ing injurious wastes from the body. Pronver means for the
accomodation of thes= revuirements should, therefore, be

so located within the plant or distributed through it end
so maintained that promnotness in their satisfaction will

be encouraged by maximum practical convenience.

7, Washing and Clothing Adjustment.
In meny occupations the seme clothing cannot,
from a health standvoint, be worn both inside end outside
the plant, changes being edvisable, if not absolutely

necessary, upon entering and leaving. Temperature and
 

ee ee
15.
humidity of ctmospshtr:, slashing of oils, compounds,
chemicals or water and other occupational cheract:r-
istics govern d by sveciPic productive srocesses control
clotning recuireinents. The devuree to which ths recuirc-
ments of h alth in clotaing cljustrent cre obs -rv-d by
workers Will dedoond very lers*ly uwunon the conveniences
Which are provided for changing enc storing clothing as
well as for wasning the accumulated gr-ase and dirt from
the face, erms «na hinds enc, in some cases, from the
entire body. Through convenience, relative privacy and
security egainst loss or theft, edjustment of clothing to
the separate rceauirem° nts inside end outside tne vclent
and the removel of dirt and gr-ase from th: workers!
bodies should be strongly encourag:d by the fecilitics

provided.

4. Contact.

C-rtsin diseases are communicated by ceverate
contact of persons With objects of common use, such as
water closet ssats, wash bowls end drinking facilities,
the germs discherged from one body finding their wey
directly into another through the same members.Because
of the extrzsme degrees to which the elesent of common
contact is involved in th:m the roll«r towel and the

drinking cuy heve become practically obsolete in modern
16.

factories, the indivicuel towel disvuensing devices end the
drinking fountein tasking thir places. In the design or
selection of sanitery sculpguent one the ineuguretion of
Senitery practices, the r-cuction of this item of? common

contect snould b= .2& a soverning factor.

5. Order enc Cl a@nlin=-ss.

Gers of any disscas-s rsedily find their wey into
accumulations of filthy, cirt or refuse wher: they find
conditions very fevoreble to renid multinlicetion. Uron
epitetion of thos metericls, cs in eweenping or shoveling,

these gerns ers seettcred into the cir. When this gern

Ca

le
c s

(2.
©

n air is breeatasd into tne bocics of the workers greet
numbers of dis ese ger.u.s vain eacmitt nee. It is trrouch
tnais weans that th: common >rectice of snitting into
niles of cirt enc refuse, into cornirs enc unon Pfeoetory
floors, brconss so mirkscad @ menace to cublic h- altn.

The reswnect Which workmen hol? for their working
places is governed very Llergely by the eoneal whien the
working «nvironuent ( conditions which er: alnost wholly
up to the sn. loyer to govern) makes to their sense of
orag-r ené cleanliness. Dirty floors cna wells, with dis-
orderly arrengement of equipment an’ met rials anc wit:

accumulations of r-fuse, invits unsanitery practic’s ty

the workmen, wnerces cleeny, orderly working environnent
encourages sanitary Worxing hebits. The resnonse vhich the
work: rs give to the «fforte of th ir emoloyers to -rovize
clean working environment teus multivli>s the benefite which
accrue from thm. Trhic frct cugg sts then, ce 2 ge: nitery
reauircment, th> minimum eccunul. ticn of dirt, filth cnc
refuse mettirse, ceco. lien? by resulor one Procure nt remove
al with the locet -recticsl cmovnt of hen@lines oni crit: tion.
6. Atusesher’.

curity, mumicity cand ton erp: turc <P to (rving

atmosouhers cre vital he. ltn consicerstiore ¢cffectine Cir-ct-

ot =”

ly the resictance

Oe
Cats

“ften containins, injurious

+ ems at. ‘3 i) . : yy spar g ° nae -
beh reture ons hunlcityy, lMoec

the boly ini iner :s- its susce tibility to Ccis«csee,. The
remove. 2? vuch imeure cir .n2 the introvucticon on? :ro-rr
CGistribution of urs ecir at ce nmorly the tesc.erccur cons

humicity nor clly ro uirsa by ws6

nunen body cs

try

facturing orocesgs will ( rinit thould be aces lish<d in s
systemctic end  -rooverly resulsts;d monner,
7. Illumination.

Derkness, Dy promoting snl shielcins the cxist-
ence of cirt cni deninese, increrss © tne ovocortunity for
gepm life end nultislic. tion ent deer se ¢ the: enysiecsl

ssistence ef ty werk rs! bodies to thir cttecks. Sunlicht

*
1€.

is an enemy of germ life. Its introduction into ené uniforn
distribution throughout werking »oleces should bz orcmoted to
the maximum vreactical degrees. Where scunlicht connot be ad-
mitted in sufficient emount to vroztrly illuminate ell septs
of a slant curing working hours, ertificisl lighting sust

be employed to culsbly ths: deficiency. Such liphts should be

so located os to climinate derk corn rs and scotse where filta

D
CI.
e

mey eccumnulats unobserv

C. Ge

®

ici.es.
In conjunction with eortein scnitery erectic:s ined
equipment gern cectroying agents ucy bo <fPectively «moloyed.

Throush soreyins roceses theses mey .t tines be used to

oy

cecstroy the sorme in the air in working »leces end by ep-licect-

ion to surf css in common us Ey 2 lers: working force the

Of.

possibility cf injurious ¢effzct from common contact acy ds

tn

meterislly reauced. As a g-nersal vorinciole it mey be etatea
that germicides snould be employec in everv srictical
Odcortunity trfordsd for th ir us- in scnitery “recticcs.
Go. Incentives.

he ¢ffectiveu-ss or sonitery orecticss “ne scuin-
ment aepends very léerzely uson the acgree to vnich they
em oloy the ordinery nebits ona testes of the workmen °s
incentives to their use. Eiacnascizins en uneanitery crectice
or condition by means of contrceset of itc result or its

-

exist:nes with clean surrorndinzs ic clnost invariably én
19.

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boty on
cuch ¢ belene. “th scehedulsl cut,
cna his coc city for orscucine th
him to meainteoin thet cchecule cr.y
of tl:e eaiecul LM otis ¢bhoenwe of
eccom Llict.. & for tine at th x
eurongun but, coon er or itter, v2
roeerve vereluction muct cron to 7

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with « view to meinteinins

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CPs

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given force recuirrss to. t t
OPOCESEeE cn ev vuirrent s.vicyed cheoll ¢c.ovele. the mininun
fetigue rer unit cf yrocuct.

Ll. cotisfection of shysierl Merde.

Une :r the section of this tr ctise Ceyvc't.c to
Sénitetion the in. ortence cP urch ot ectircfecticon of tlie
Dhysiccl necas of th: workson freomic heclth stent cintyrce
Cisecusecd, It cleo hee cn in crtont signifie ree from th
etencrecint of fetigne. unertisfioed teirst cr uniischiro¢
be cily excrete, vchrougn
functions of the boacy lower the ventel el rtn- ss one vervederd
enauricnce cl tn Worker onc, conmescucntly, Reseten the
Cevelocment cf o xceseive Poticue. Hence, conse rv tion cf
working crc vecity ro ulres
of thse whysicel meoete Do co lerect d em fteointeaine? ticet

-
,

OPO aCeCCMmoe

ticn Le #neorr:.

)

&

Clein, ore - rly errengere nt cf emirnent ona

wmeberiels with cleer, vell cefine a cisl-s on flccre trict
Kept
er-/free from cucty ¢

. -, éf ~ . leo: maa - r - _ a o ‘ @
opoducts oiford th- maxiaum 2 sree cf fProecom eon? ease in

+

- . ns lagi + PTA o Syme 7 +7 See
MOVINE ehout from wELACH VO Phot? © 8 Po Vrs. ny tn we oOPaAS Le

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th- fatisue of streined wsecitions in writing or ctentines is
22.

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24

that

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ryvice bn oN f.ersrncyy cplic. gs, it becoes

regulerly used, Little cttonticon boing civ:

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. fe yn wt 47 t, : ° tar A wey ° 7
S g€tronsth tu.t if inveaved. “hit it 1:

the ucer
adarntetion to ite gb, the 7 erctar scuyvlies in the fern cf
extra moticns eno Flt ad mentcl ex rtion to ecseure the corr ct
rerform nce of the culbersome cycle of motions involv c.The

nunber of cycles of cach oo oretion vhich con ba - rPorwed

witn normel Sotivue in: ¢

ry

t

3 . o 7 ya. tte et > . . so NYT OC LO tp yg 7 > 2 et “3 aot , v4
ecected evudbiurut ifs usec. Cornce cucntiy LOOP LS MLM IM vil

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motionz of cn unredi: t 2d ni.ture recuires the exceniitur: of

motions ont moutcl cx rtion in constrcnt olitrnin
The comnsiexity of cuen lobor cous -s arntcl confusion vit
sreatly reterced orogr.c:s in ite perforncnes. RK guicrity one
clmclicity cre consecuscntly cee nticl to ePtieicnt

” A +: ., at, : a OY wy, . $y, : . - ., a
amount of <xertion that is revuir dd for ill th secret

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normel feticue. Th: ivesl

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> ke a o-rocehed in determining
motions esen reculrins th minisam ex. nfiitur: cf the wor:
etrength in its  .<erformnec.
€, Confertecbl wistur.

Bech ce epets uotion SO Ring ul oo ctenonra cycle 2
eactizcn hor ite ovn -ecuat rp choracterictics which govern
the vociticn ef tl: work 3 Yor ite mort efficient  erforn:
If tune evyole is ©€9 itive cut tivt consifcrsble chens. of
“soedtion oP th yoriwr is recuuirpcn Serine ite orborws nes
or thet consisersbhiec rerching or Lifting et 2 Ajeraventece
is nocccsery, if one cition is meinteined Por tyne ceveler,
excessive d°nmenic cr efe uron the vorcerts etrsngth. The

cycle snould, ty

moct coudorteble owcsit

1p

‘ Pr AN
Gilt wor

o . ve)
neturs ot

be

. ,. n ws ws o 4
ing from ons woeit

Coe
26-

T TRV P TN Tee Ne

V ENT TAs ’ ,
e e-Ulu dk owt bt ae picay dues d dose

-- 1. . e a e ey 2. s . - 2 - - a +, rs ° s . 3. e r -
rhysicel ingjuri¢cse to the workmen in incuctricl
- , swe 3 - YpAv ARFNs Ys ss OQ near ee. 2 LOA.
oreretion ricicly foilcryw ccfinite lews of couse: ine effect,
Ti os af MM EVIE -) NYE TS fT gs wet ‘. mA TL PT row Soe Foo ear sey TY
ilt Precuy I ci.ce Ve bm CU lie. awa we bb woe be ald O1iCce Cc). Lae ‘, "ae L ae ‘a + ' Lil
pose tee aoc) + Sy Fe Te _ Se Oe Ry DOTS “~ moan 3 $ -
Peres. becly ree dL ahi 1.2.9 4P. & Ca. Like ebm e LUG YT: oonition
%. : 5 r e “ns a) s + “ at - . 2 ~ By -~ 4+ - t
of this fect is fPuncchinteol to coc vray proinviosetiesction cf the

a)

~roblem cP or oventin

- . wey gO - 2 ow ar sae ow - 8 , aan . avd ~M . . +
vO an Us 2 " 77 1 c ' ,y es T¢0 ¢ ve + ” , + VVC ANG - 2 Toe te % a”, Wr
bee De Due. Lay bee hw CGeevabe Lroas wa wd ab La PL ton we. we Li. 1. Bicon waa!

< C +, ~ : > . + _ 7 . , + a 7. ry
ercegress of Cafety urieces its clic: tion to the eecurr nes
? 7? ; , em 7 + sy . 4 ¢ SBM ~ + - ; + ae - 1 V- A ~ 4 a
of a { aay x Loe 1 Lh uP y be newer Xr ut “ ~ OD 4 YOY 5 + a ot \ f i We

J. . Nr a a ae, 7 - - ~ 7? ° ~ - a
cS to its occurrence won the toler conlcitions exist.

mee ON 2 " mg t aa oo . . a) an . 4 y. . -~ ee) . ‘ . A c N
Tyo ¢lelente ero involveta in the occurrence of on

i ee ala e . ° ~ M7 « e an : ys -~ tee ‘LC, mo. s as 2
eecicent which infilete injury worn « vorlor. Thr Pirset is
~ . AA 1 47 * ou . r -~ 4+ 7 oy 7 ~ ~, 7 2 - ~ a
the simult:necus existence of tis re cose:ry conc itauonsc tv

us -. . bm. aer. Vee Wo. +e 1,2 LY _ e. : . eon
more m.nmbers if the Workers bocy within the erfective tone

of these ccnciticns ot tie exoct time ef their simultencs

oD
cy
Cc
"4

bs

~ vers * .. ~ 7° ; fm . run r am . ‘
occurrence. “nen, in the ccourse cP 2 cories cf cons: cut

5

asntes

CJ
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neo Poon cecive nt cimultcneoucly

C

+

occur, injury is inéevitetly infiicted. The fundcm ntcl
principle cf eccidc-nt prevention may, then, be ectrted as
follcows:-

NAccivent prevention is fundanentally the ~r-vention cf
27.

the simultcnious existence cf the seccret

O

> elerents of
. 4 {!
accicent occurr nce.

lL. wininum Runecn Fetisus.

oO

novel cle rtness and precicion of cceticn ceocrece:

1
dae

vith increased fotisy

90)

e Conescuently, in th: rvrreecnce of

cr

accicent hazards th: safety of the worker decreesss with

the learvse of time from the vreceecing rest vrriod. From the

stencroint of recuction of accident freauency end severity

fatigue should be r«cuerd to the minimum ricticael ~oint.
Ce Heclth.

Imvaeired health effects the scefty of the «<miloves
in very wuch th s¢ne manner es fatigue und, for the sene
reesons, chould be minimized through the control of working
conditions to r'cuce th: nossibilities of ciseas*« Ccevelomnent

communicatione

(2,

an
3e Clothing.
working apverel has a cistinct bo cring uvon tne

safety of the worker. Clothing which mery easily becone
entengled in meving hiegchine perts should not Te worn ct work.
In certein ocecunvctions the motter of protecting the work-:r
from sharp cr rough meteriels, hat, cust, liguics or flying
partitles reauires Sveciclly acavt:d e:rarel or écuinment.
The facilities for storege of cuch ccuipment while not being
actually used cetermine lergsly the cdcgree to which they will

be used by the workers. Through convenience evcurity end
relative orivacy in the metters of storazse and chenges,
adjustment of clothing to the safety resuirements of the
various occuvations of tha workmen should be eaneourts-d.
Dirt, refuse? and wmeterials, stoex, tools ind
machine carts scatter:d unon factory Ploors crecte sli-y-

in trinocines anil falling hazards that are vroduictive of
I t

any eccidents. Poorly cefined aisl-s znd runweys subject

Cue
CO

employecs to hazards adjoining such aisl°s, whicn, wer:

cD

the runways stroiznt ani clear; would be sufficiently
inaccessible, from the etandpoint of the ectucl “rectices
of the workiwcn, to ocricticelly eliminzete tnenm as
Similarly, sliposcry floor surftc’s inersesce the danger of
edjacent hazards through the vossibility of folls which
throw woruers cirsctly into then. The ideal, thacrefors, to
be avproeched in plant layout, maintenance cnid on -retion is
orderly @rrangencnt witn woll d. fined, strvight cisles ine
runweys ond clean floors.

S. Illuminction.

OQ,
5
b+
b>
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D
4 de

meny Pactory concitions which, wacn woll

njur

3

by sufficient illuminction, er- not rrodguctive of
become, in the ebsence of rroner licht, roints of distinct
hazard. Illuminztion, consequently, governs lersely the

interoretation which the workcr plecvs uvton tne hazares

of the contiticns about him, Every point of existing

mocident hazard should b: cromerly illuminated to cssure
the probability of ready observation from every angle of
accessibility.
6. Concentration.

Divertca attention, making the work-r temporarily
heedless of the hazards about him causes him to unduly
subjsct himself to dangers which his sense of self-vreservat-
fon would ordinzerily prompt him to carefully avoid. In this
connection th: oresence of numérous accident hezardcs about
a workman nay cause him to subject himself to one hazard
while exercising his cere to avoid anotner. Accident orev nt-
fon requires thet working environment b= es free es voractically
possihle from influences tnzet divert the attention of the
worker from his reguler job.

7. Adentstion.

Failure of one or more of the elements of ~roduction
in any given onocration to function as reauired fresguently
causes tne simulteneous existence of the conditions essential
to the occurrence of cn accident with resulting physical
injury to the opcretor. The lack of adantation which causes
such failure is usually but once demonstrated to the vorke-r,
who places confidence in the ebility of the eaquinvment which
has ziven him to oroverly function, end that only cfter it
is too late to exercise the necessary prec2ution to vrevent
injury. The proper adaptation of all the elements of product-

ion to the work to wnich they are directed is cssential to
“the safety of the operators.
E. Control.

Closely allied to the reouiren nt of edant

tion is

fo

Cy

th

ry

t of control. I

e)

the control of varying conditions to
wWhicn the worker is subjected cors not reset lars ly with
himc sreat deel of uncerteinty of cction is introduced.
such uncertcinty inerscses the ovortunities for the
coincidence of the elenvents of accident occurrence.Controal
of varying conditions to which workers are cubfectrd
should, therefore, to the lars:st crecticel d°grcee, rest
Witn the workers tnenselves.

Ce Slmolicivty.

+

When a joo is

mn

mode up of numerous notions of

a comperatively unrzleted nature the element of uncertcsinty
is introduced in large measur? with a correstionding introduct-
ion of accident hazards. Similcrly the rovid suce scion

of a complex cycle of properly releted motions in which

to or more meinbers of th: work: rs body mey be brou
Ssimultcneous ection recally confus’s the mind of the vork-r,
frequently crusing conbinztions of cctions which ecubje t
him to injury. As fatigue incresas*ss turing the course of

a day's perfornmence of such jobs the unc*rtainty onc
confusion becomes greeter ecnd the hozerds invelved in the
job increase. To Minimize such hezercs, the ideel tohe

eavyoroached in detorminins th: job of ecehn worxusr is to
5

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for the less till bs the ovcortunity for them to b cone .
Gistributed tnroughn the goneral atiosshere. Excessive heat
may leo be removed oy exncusction of tie hected atmosvhe res
from the vicinity of its source.

Lo lem eny Paget +3 " feta tape ay ton
In OM sil cyt 2.CULOrY Vil? COXCCLSLVE “eet which

~

on

resulted Prom tne onerction of ¢ Lorre betteory of cycnide
furneces en. which his been the cause of numcrous ‘eat
prostretions asong the os retors, wes «ffeoctively recuced

by the installation of on exheust system with leeds to the
sccveraete units to remove the cverhected cir : ne ec ventillet-

ing system for the introcuction of fresh eir nroverly teinocr sd

oy
r3
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midity throush dietrituting conductors

over the heccs of the Workers. This system oleced them in
a very confortable worxing etmossher: with tne© consscucnt

elimination of neat prostrations enc inercese in the workings
cavacity of une operetors.

The recuirsd temo reture of the air for the confort
of the vorkers in any given op ration densnds uvon the neture
of the work. Strenuous labor revwuires lower temverature for
comfort then does en occusetion recuiring Little ohysicel
exertion. Consecuently, in making tempverature ana hunicity
adjustments in the verious perts of an industrial plant this
fact should be taken into consideration.

6. Illumination (III 7; IV 4; V 5.)

"Tie fundancentcl resuirenent of factory illuminstion
is sufficient light unifornly distributed ent so direct«d
to the wors in cisction ce to clecriy illuminet. it beth
incivicuclly -stin rmoacvicon to surreunéing cancitions with
the minimum of gltre or oth pr caus-s of ex etriin che vit.
distinct cefinition of cll cecivcont nerccrds from every
accessible cir cticn,.!!

Com-liance with tais crincisele recuires sufficient
general illuniniticn to ecconmodcts tne ordinery econsral
ne-ecs of th: worlin: force with ov ciel illunins tion for

certain jcbs cr lccctions.

4
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cesitle to cdmit
sufficient néture] lipgnt to cll werts of cc clent or of en

individuel room of eny cc. recieble cize to mene ertificizcl

~>

light wholly unnecececryy, even curing the sumuer months.

= q ° ” ti 8

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However, in this regere much cescnds Uscn the neburs orn

Ww ~-

7 Say 4A . 7 " +e NPs 5 7 7 c a c 7 ~ yp
color of th surfices efvells, ceilings cng secur ont.

Surfaces tuct reevily re ficct Llicnt sive bettocr €iftusion

cna ceneequrntly couse 1 to vensetrcte furtior fren toc

caurece into the interior then co surfeces vriehn cboscrd

"Ny
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it. This ie suits es Limvortent with ertificial er
neturel illurinetion to efford mors neerly ccual cistribut-

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must be cmooth, tne vrover color fer brev reevits when cll

Ss

. _ 2 - _ . oN . a ae | . - owe 7 vO ~ o o a + :
conditions erc consiacvr dad cevends souew et uwron tho noturs

a

pe Pr ry roan - oe he Ny Jmuen lye
of egulvment ong a ewentions invelv.id.

 
To mininize ye etrein the vorker should not
Girectly face the source of illuszinetion of his work.In

fact the 1 ast etrzin results from the gerestest enzle of

-

Giversion in tne reys of light by th. rePlection by wiich
objects or surfcces ere viswed. This feet vill, in :ctueal

screectice, lar usly control the heignt of lomes, the tyre

 
 

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8. ACevtction ( IV €3 V 7.)
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16. Incentives ( III S$, V 4 )

a ° s . . a a + - . « oS . a re,
Nereectiers enc ceviere in-ucuri:t ad tnd » vlcved
39

in the conserveticon of Life, lind +n? reine ebility of
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~
65

4

their replacement cfter removal is cesily neslected ene they

soon become ciscerdéed.

In certéein ty. s of «quipment, citner senitaory or
productive, it is desiratl: threat the user shell, u-con
completing his use of it, perform som- definite act which
Will cisoose of refuse i.atters or shut off vower to prevent
the cevelovn- nt of serious health or cccident hezerds.This
may in meny cesses be accomplished by so constructing the
ecuincment thet to use it recuires pressure of tre hend, foct
or other ~art of the body, the removel of which is follcwed
by eutometic action of ecuinoment parts to ee: omnlish the
desircd purpose. examples of this ere weste cans with foot-
Lift covers, closet ssats Khich discharges the contents of
the bowl es the weivzht of the users body is removed and belt
shift rs or clutcnes on tool erinders, ectvat:d by foot
treadle while being used and returning to the "off" nosition

upon removel of the foot pressure.
TADLZ 7 l.

Summary of Zgenoral princiol-s with their sources

in the three iia jor Divisions.
Ifl
Industrial
NO. | Principle. sanitation
Hoe

1.Satisfaction of ePnysical needs 2

2.Weshing Facilities sna Clothing 3

3.minimum Coason Contact 4
4.0rder and Cleanlin«ss 5
5. Atmospnere 6
6.Illuminetion 7
7.Concentration

8 .Adantation

9.Control

10.Min.ezxertion per Unit sf slotion
11.Comfortable rosture
l2.Cleareanc?

13.Inaccessibility

14,Stebility

15.Reveir

16.Incentives . 9

IV.
Fatigue

V.
Accid=nt

Reduction rrevention.

NO

1

No.

oO ns nn wo

\O
{o>

VII. CONCLUSION.

In concluding, two imrortant consicerations may
proverly receive brief attention. They deal with the
asencies for eoplying the princicles thet hav- been develo-ed
in the preceeding discussion rather than with the principles
themselves. The first is the means of relating this feature
of plant orgzenization to the older established divisions.
The second is the future importence of engineering in this
phase of industrial operation. These we shall treat separately
in the order named.

Organization.

After noting the readiness with wrich our three
initial divisions of the subject focus into a single code
of principles for conservation of human efficiency in industry,
little argument need be advenced to demonstrate the practicability
of uniting the applicaticn of those principles under the
activities of ea single devertment of plent organization. The
duplication of responsibilities and activities that arisrs
from separation is little less than an effective neutraliz-
ing force that impedes the progress of either.They are
activities that are alike in purpose and epvrlication and are,
consequently, not subject to effective and efficient division

into severate devartments.

The relation of such a department to the other
departments of the organization is equally well defined.
Though it is a division of plant activities often covet<d
by other dspartments to bs interoreted in terms of their
reletion to the g nepal organization, there is no excesses of
relationsnip in favor of cny otrer olant activity which
justifies its attachment to any other individual cenertment.
It must, in a distinctly coopcrative inznner, work in and
tarough orectically all desertments of factory orgsnization.
It rélat<s to cesign, layout, selection, construction,
maintenance, overation end personnel. Interpreted in terns
of eny one of t:ese its Pundamental purrose end its rezletion
to the organization become distorted from their true for:

by the limitations imposed upon them.

The orover position of this devartment in industriel
°pgenizetion is thet of direct responsibility to the executive
head of the factory activities, usually the Worxs Maeneger.
In such é oosition the desart:.ent has the advantese of direct
relation to every other cepdartment with the sdded opsortunity
of laying directly before the executive head of the rectory
its plens and the r-=cords of its accomplishménts. “uch a
position accords diraéctly with all the reauirements of effectiv-
organizetion.

The Part of =zngineering.
The variety of items covered sy the principles

herein vreviously develoned indic:ts to a large degree tne
E4

future importance which Engineering must assume in this

Shese of industry. As the acnlication of these principles
becomes brozder with incrs:sing recognition of the insort-
ance of human conservation in industry th responsibility

for their corrsct enpplication will shift more anc mor=

from the overztor to the designer anid the layout end mainten-
ance ingin-=ers.The present necessity for saf- end senitery
oracticss in thn: orssence of unsafe and unsanitery conditions
as tney ere now found in nany industries, must in tne
interests of efficient production be sefesgusrd<d by a
ditferent combination in wnich Sefety end Sanitetion will

be lerzely oromoted by the working conditions themselves,

ellowing the workers greater freedom of ettcntion to the tesks

before them.

The edjustment of working conditions unon ths
basic orincipl<s herein develoved is distinctly an =znginesr-
ing problen. While in insugurating this gr-at industrial
ovement many who ere not z=ngineers did and ar= now doing
most valuable service in orssenting its numeniterian end
economic features to industrial executives end in edmonisn-
ing workmen to be mindful of the nhysical welfare of themselves
end their fellow werkers, the task of eanslyzing the vcroblen,
‘determining its fundamentals in terms of industrial develrp-

ment anid solving it in 2 menner tnoat gives each forwerd eten
the prover d-xzrec of osrincnence,y is being constantly more
esnerally recognized ee the tesk of tne Enginser. In
acknowledgement of this duty and ressonsibility the Ensineer-
ing wrofession is .atving forts eff-ctive efforts throuch

its naticnzl societies end its institutions of tecrnical

leerning to meet tne vroblem saurrely in a truly crofession-el

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