Is 18 SS ae [ J a Aa | ‘ Practical Problon for . —_ , SPT WIA mp SPHiTC dou tiebe a henorted by Pri He. Ub.ioN enn LOo2l. THESIc ei ot. ‘ore - Thee tone Conelustons f Cerparisons 2 td apepal TLSLOryecccccccccaresncscccce Eistory of Lansin vethod of "Vacs rove: wert, a 4 e Te _ # LM lo Man Kd to s 7 ° and ay=cut Condtigon of io Ww Construct Taran ° Table ExplangJation “7 ¢ £ ~ ao faring Cualtties..ccces Pavement Paverents- j CTL e a See e (Tl Rctre ) in Lansin ee or Re mie mw og vem. : bi 14 14 ¥ / OD elt ' Page il. Erick paving is the oldest fo:m of pavement lnown. The “omans used a form of brick which was about LAxe1 inches. In 1700 Holland constructed the first navenesnt of brick similar to the brick now in use. The first brick pavement built in the United States was in Charlestown, WW. Vae in 1872 However, it was not until 1885, when vitrifes d brick was used “extens ively, tnat brick wes considered as a possibility In street naving. A very serious objection to brick pavements is tne noise which they cive when traveled Over. This is very objectionable in res ident districts. In places where brick have renloced stone pavenent, the people along the street have complained that the brick was noiser than the stone pavement. Brick puvenent inust be repsired, or will need small re- rs between the eighth and tenth yoar. The pavenent will. se to be reninced vetveen the fifteenth and eighteenth al AV _. ear, according to asta civen ty Elanchard. Ps 33 Agohalt-Gonere a wilt need smell rensirs betw re + fourth and sixth year 1 replacement ctetwoen Y and twelftn year. Asphalt-Concrete or Bituiainous-Concrete navements were first lata in Sneland 1n 1840. The first laid in the United States was in Mnoxville, Torn. in 1866. It kxs developed; since the besinning of the Twentieth Century, a Eetulitate= Bi tuiainoug-Conerate which is being used extensively. vbts tyre of pavement is very suitable for lignt traffic and resident cistrict pavements, 1t being a quiet pavement end connarative ly easy to renair. Howover, in the initial laying, sxilled labor is needed and for some types, extensive plant equipment is necessary. Also, the slinveryness of this type Of pavenent has proved a great disadventace. Before 1865 mixtures of coal tar, sand, gravel, broken stone, etc were used for sidewalks. This was the first step in the development of the modern Sheet-Asnhalt pavements. The first Sheet-&sphalt pavement was laid in Prosnect Park, Brooklyn, W.-Y. in 1°67. A 4 to 6 inch base- of two inch broken stone mixed with coal tar was used. On this base was laid a 1 inch binder composed of gravel, fine broken stone, and coal tar. At the present time beses from 6 to 9 inches are laid. On this is laid the 1 inch binder, and this surface thoroughly cleaned before the wearing surface is put on «nd rolled into the binder course. A 5 to 10 ton roller is used. The first Lenstne vavement was latd in 1878. Unis pavement coneistcd of wood blocks in the center of the street (4: ushinston «venu2) end a cobble stone sutter. This did not prove satisfactory as the wood blocks be- wd ry ) ™/ cane water SOC ond soon rotted out. However, real pavins wa not started until 1894. This was due to the Financial condition of the city. At this time the first brick pavenent was latd on asnington Lvenne . Sinee thet time the methods of lérvins pavement have imncroved and better pavirs metertal used. 4 iT the asphalt pvevenents of Lansing are of asnhalt-Conersta or Sheet-sphault with the excention of the south half of the block on Capital svenue between Washtenaw and Allecan Otrest This ts of wWillite which is inade by adding copoer sulnhate LO the asphalt instead of the dust. This was done to five a harder surface and prevent ton of slitpperyness. From the ex- perience of tre City Pnginser, there is no patented nuvement which can vrevent tris defect in Asohalt navements. =~ NY a a) The base of these pavements vary from 6 to 10 inches de- pending on the traffic district tn which they were vleced. This vase was cleaned and a binier course from 1 to 2 inches thick was then laid. On this binder course a weurinz surface of SheeteAsnhalt or #snhealt-Conerete was then laid and rollea into the binder course. and on this was placed fron 4 to 310 incres of sand. On this course wes laid the brick. Sand vias used as a filler between tc bricks. This tyne of pavement is not satisfactory as the bricks will sink tnto the bese from heavy traffic and heavy reins will wash out the sand and cause holes and tipped up brick The base of the first trick pavements was che sub-soil A. e u This report outlines an investiration nade with the ourpes> of determining the weorine qualit ies of the different types of pavements now existing in Lansins. be og The method rollowed consisted in general of observing the meresent condition of the pavenents, tacking into consiceration the tyve of traffic which passes over it, the type of vavemnent, constructed, urd the number of yexurs it has een in service. che present, condition, year constructed, tyne of Pavement, base and top are tabulsted in Table I. ee el In the street layout for ravements, the traffie rust be considered in chovsing the tyres of pavements to use. iilso, some de on es to the future needs must be made. Te width of Cc t eets is a very Laportant factor in tha busiress ad ot S Yr triet and in the construction of the m O S YX) i a, - w S, ihe grades must be considsred, esne 1 ~-/ (O im* fee traffie art Ts C. glly in street ero nes. at crossinn annroacios, whe grades should te cut or roised to as near the same level as possible. this will help avoid mony crossing accidents. a =ment is selected more for ition to the : nd tne eonfort to resident ai veauty dents or whe strect. In Lansing, in the selection of pavements, there hae been no serious mistakes. ‘the btuciness and heavy traffic centers are paved with brick, some with concrete foundations ind sone With subesoil foundsattons. ‘the later brick psvemerts have been laid vith ceonerete foundations, wriech fives 2 more statle Py Aa t, c . ee ove woe ae. riek puyoments creater weurins bo rensir because cf the t NLea + 4 SON narts st tO yg Lu ww Enon Lo A foundation vives v t solid foundetion to hold the send fTilier in plece end lscep it from squeezing cr woarhing out. ihe brick pavements in Lonsins ere in fairly sood conditic:. Rovevorp, there are places where broken bricks nesd pedlacine, and where the sand ecushten has suns or wasned avay anda hole f “ has formed by the bose lettings the trick sink. his could bo romédied ty rentleoecing op filling vn with send and reloying tre erick in thesa holes. Ottecwa Street ts in very bad condivtior for these reacons. It siovs vercliet ond a créat need of roen.ul whe Clacr rave:nents in the city show a very ittie crovn, while Lda the newer pnevevents the prescnec of epowmn 1s very eviecort. This is a ve cood feature in ooverenis. Crovm in i pavement insures cocd drainaca or the Suroet. This Ls in- nortant as it insures azveainst frost action ond sinking of the je due to an excess or water. whe use of a fprout or cement 1 cn ye hes added to tie life and er for the brick pave e mn ce: ny my 7M D ct 3 =, | 3 ete A Q a] D 3 o - mo So S Oryo » 1 © v4 “3 cA ofA 6) na ; = ch ° wf e fo eomechanicel difficulties of applying the cemcnt Filler ard avine it vwniform thru out. The weupirg qualities of a Daverent danernd uron the type used Yor the swecifie kind ef ure it ts rut to. Liso, the construction of thie tyre iy add on Setraet Peon Lis wocrirg ebility. ror heavy traffic tt. would be very Pooltsh to ley a puverent vith a Licht bacs ard a Vieht top cout. This tyose would bea verpr evrensive for upkoen cad before many years the entire pavecent, base amd tor, would have to le relaid. For renvr treffic, tt te beth to wee a preavy conep. te hese Prem 4 te & inehes thiek with ea To oicehn send ecushton to cliow Por the Llreperu- lurities in th: brie. On this te leta the brtale vtth- eement Tiller. This is the ncst ecoro ric. Ll vave.s nt fer heovwy traffie. ape fethbait-Ceonerete pvovement is uscd sors for Lichter trafTic such os restcernt dictricts, bouleverdis, ote. Tiss beso srould be thorvorshly cleaned tefore thre too liver of Bepbitt-Corercto fe dcid. tite treupss a cosd tond totresn tre bose and top. rhe ton or wourires surface should not te Jess than 2 inches thick. Whe tace ehould be fron 4 to 6 inches thick rined 1:3:6. t ‘ wy ON a7 J re s “ ‘ sm ar ot ’ . “”a + ’ ° oe “me metpad cL eonstruetion cf revowents should be riven >, “ a 4 45 4 kf 4 2 + 5 le Ne fc yw ‘ POV mo 4. lu e@ Canital Avenue is in ver evidence of putchning and re Alieson Streets the brick h een covered with Willite on the south half of the block, Sheet-Asnhalt on the north half of the block. This is in fine condition and dces not Show much wear although there is an abundance of traffic over it. y ¢o0od condition. It shows ir. rom washtesraw to TO uv pa AV av oc Capital Avenue between vwashtonaw and Allegan Streets. Derk spot is shadow made by tree. From Shiawassee otrect is in fine condition. Th not show any holes and wt not seem to wear it any. to Siginaw Stroot the vuveaent is was asphalted in 1915. It does he traffic, which is licht, does From Kalamazoo Street to ..ain Street the vavemnent-is in fine condition with the exception of one hole where the binder was poor and the surface broke away from the base. Near ain Street the base has sunk and made the pavement waivy, however, the surface is not broken or cracked. Washington Avenue from the Grand Trunk R.FR. to ciount Hope Avenue shows a few rough spots where the bricks have sunk into the sand base. Betieen and near the car trecks it is in need of repair, some bricks are out, some broken and some tipped up. From the Grand Trunk RR. to .ain Street the navement is in fine condition. ‘rom Main Street to Kalarazoo Street the pavement shows numerous holes in the Asphalt covering laid in 1907. This wes die to poor binding between the brick cnd asphalt. From Kalamazoo Street to Shiawassee Street there are numerous rough pleces end a few cracked brick. From Shiawassee Street to franklin Street the pavement shows muck repair over pipe trerches and it is still very rough near the tracks. Washington Avenue north from Saginaw Street. Walnut Street from Ottawa Street to allesan Street shows evidence of repair where there have been holes and cracked bricks. From Alleran Street to Washtenaw Street the paveme:'t is Asvhalt-Concrete end is in fine condition. Turner Street fron Franklin Avenue to Clinton Stree shows reneir snots and evidence of great wear due to the heavy traffic. rrom Clinton Street to North Street it is like new. Grand Street from Michigan Avenue to weshtenaw Street is in very poor condition, some bricks are cracked und some have sunk into the base forming holes. > = ————— ee oe nna poor condition of brick. Grand Street south showing Also bad street crossing. From Michifan Avenue to Shievwasse Asphalt has peeled and broken away from the conc Gue to poor binder. e Streets the re CY and Street north shoving spots where Asphait has peeled away from concrete base. Franklin Avenue from Center Street to Wasrington Avenue shows a great amount of wear due to the traffic, BLSOs the base has given away in some places and the bricks sunk. From Washington avenue to Pine Street the pavement is in fairly good condition ex ccept for the sinking of the base over pipe trenches. From Turner Street to the P.ii. Tracks the pavement is good. a Showing condition of pavement on Franklin Ave.north. From the P..ii. Tracks to Clark Street the pavement is Asphalt-Concrete and is in fine condition. Ottawa Street from Washington Avenue to Logan Street is in very bad condition. The base is sunk over pipe trenches bad holes have appeared and along the tracks the bricks are broken, some are out and some tipped up. Ottawa Street west showing condition of brie PELE Der? between and near tracks. Ottawa Street West showirg condition of pevement. Michigan avenue from Capital Avenue to ii.C.1.R. is very rough. ‘here are holes where the brick has sunk into the base and where the base has sunk over pipe trenches. = trom il.C.R.R. to Regent Street the pavement is being torn up and new pavement will be luid. Michigan Avenue East showing construction of old paveme nt. Kogent “treet to Mifflin Street is paved with concrete on the north side. This shows many surface cracks and holes due to frost action. If imnediate repairs are mace, this pavere nt will list from five to eight years. Allegan Street from Washington /venue to Walnut Street is in very good condition. I+ shows a few rough spots. Saginaw Street from Capital Avemue to ijashington Avenue shows a few rough spotse From Washington Avenpe to Summit Street the pavement is in fine condition. | Saginaw Street east showing finc condftion of pavement. = — Page Il. | From Butler Street to Pine Street the pavement shows evidence of patching. Also, a few holes where base has given awaye Pennsylvania Avenue from Sheridan Street to Kalanazoo Street is in find condition. Hovever, it shows a few sur- face cracks. Pennsylvania avenve North showing fine condition of pavement. Butler Street from Ottawa Street to Saginaw Street is in good condition with the exception of a few waivy spots. +he bricks near the track need repairing. Butler Street North showins condition of pavement and bricks near track. Pine Street from Saginaw Street to Franklin «venue is in find condition with the exception of one hole near Kilburn ©treet where the binder was poor ¢nd the surface broke away from the base. —— North showings hole in pavement near eet. Ss wo c+ 0 Rot Strect to Grand Avenue Washtenaw Street from Townsend is in poor condition. ‘the base has sunk over pipe trenches, holes have formed and there are a large number of broken brick. This stretch of pavement is one of the worst in the city . Il’rom Townsend Street to Pine Street the pavement is in very good condition. 4long the tracks a few of the bricks are ticped up. Washtenaw Street wWost showing condition of rfavement. an “ma yA e way ase ond grout filler se-srs aA 2 mys 8 ake criek pavement with conerste & Yic. This conbinetion of to prove the best for heavy traf base and fillor ives a long weoring pavement end it will stand ud under the impact of heavy loads. an asphelt pave- ment for heavy treffic does not hold up as shown by the condition of the vevement on Worth Grand Streat, However, Tor resident districts the asnhalt is the best because of its noiselessness. he woeapr + - Wa Mayameynt 1. Po OOVeTs ne e) shown ey the condi r nee? e c s - t* oom ce ” c a eonbiration of asphalt end concrets sta . + ® anv Wel te S LLOCnN on Capitel 2verus between allecan end wa rr wae 7 Te 2 . es A wwe mA Ae . e ~ . ; The rew Michican Avenue paiverent 1s to ta a flush opr a [~ wr / 3 oe A . : = + co rf ~ 4 art 4 c 2 .. Vv. l« -e SueateAsohalt vmaveinont with en @& inch tnse of concrete. > 1 - a 4 4. ’ ° seta me. In LOCC theore was about tyventy three miles of provement e T e 212 + 23. 4 e - in Lansing. «at the nresent time, “here is about thirty e y ~ 9 y. A e 1 4 e ye ~ miles ecomnleted with ten miles petitioned for. sa 4 eff L907 to 1961 pda great th tre wear of the Larsine mivements. this f > he - ~ ¢ c 2 a LAA m aa pds 2 $nepense in ye Wes Gue to tre ine-2ase of imcustries f “Vee 4 + -_ r a) Ar ~y ai V. co 2° and to vuke crt tnausctrles that were in O operation in 1s c and heavier trucks were put into reason wos the cause o: heavier f too courses in tne Pavements. sepetion. this Jast undettions end thicker - 25 cporeagred and more ran) _ e q e 4. hI km Condi L cy b~2 O U ‘ — uu Cantiol Good. Inter- EVE o Conere te Fitch briciz year seetion tad. Ottawa to pew HOLES Wht Shia. base sur. Ottawa to Good. Few spots Hllecane arc riek 1904 base has S wk 8 CQ ev =~ S Ca ie i?) Qu ry Allesan Asphalt Fine. No weere to Sand Grout over 1905 Washtenaw brick, al Shia. to inc. 56 cine. Conere te Asphalt 1915 als “1 als "yr 1 eee at oN! iqentensvy Cood. Faw nole:3 ont ® a Lo sand Sand Priel F505 whara base pas VawoaOes sunlt.e Kazoo. asohalt Cooi. One hole, to Grout wasis Conese. LOLO walvy cpots roa ine where bas2 sire acter .Oon rine, Few holes AVG Sand Greut Prtetr Loecs wnere bas3 pes 3 Cranc 7. civen aWaye LO Ain. Holes formed “Vain to Aaphalt where the NaABZOO » Concrete Piten over 1294. asphalt peales rick. Asn. from tore brick, Ls 07 _ KaZoO. Holes whore to Sana Piten Friel base Shilae 2 & ts O) . - 2D sO mM % Snia. Fad rear trecre Lo yard Sand FPriek 1299 Rrourh snots Franklin, ry yrs C SAO 1, £9 suniz. - —— a MOT S Wald ,am tea 7} . -—< . Ground +, bo Se Cave ivay. Lo mend Sem] Lrick LOLA Bad nesr and th lione hot 1 + poy e ris "9 lS. 'p a = eat Ba WT Ttiwn.- rn ? v4 Stre2t rouniation rile SO” Tiitd Condition Walint. Good, widens Ottawa to Sand Lep Pata 1905 Of om Lonivg, ch 1 mre nh weashntenay IcLo wLne to Conepato EELS ag mols allecan Vorerste Liopoap of, Goer We ofP ia ~- wey ~ ~~ wv @ + ee ~ hk L ‘ Prorblt4q Sand Sand Priek Lea year, sew low LO Spots. Giintan ‘on i. + it] Fi 1S eo £9 Conerete .orptar Potels LOLO North Grown Sis. Poor. Sa? miene tO Ornd Sed rrie’: LUeCh Surin over woshtenaw renehes. wany moltSe coe! en e Lo Mair. LOD WEN la. Conepete init Sheet- 1910 off in places, ~ i.asnvhalt Surf2ce erpnelre. Lo Keine laid. ro i ww Shis 4 ct e Sacinaw Concrete Teh oneet- Asnhalt 1921 ’ \ + ™ yy ~~ UT HOA Shiociean Good. ~~ 7 } + 2? te Cy ~ a 0 Concrete ; Sheet- =a. ° q : SS ON y™N sy es S ~aoin ody)! elt 19 LY nourch spots, L298 holes. a b>! es oO ' and Nn iD ye ch O e CA C5 2 \Qu CU" 7 cy >> @ c+ © bo oO cD é)) Fair, Holes, bas] sunir over trenches, od os an) re 2 Ping Sand Grout . we tae . Center to Good. law un- T . . T a rN on rq mo or eye te ° 5 1 om ba ° Poouleecelte © ©|(DGHd copa Spleen LOL? even Spous. v - or Ty f os P en.ce-ck oN. 1917 L ine ® . Ue Me te wey Lo Gyr out wan ee ag7ialt- Clark Concrete Ve yar vy oY cL 4 . Orit sere wt ~+toyg _ + © ~ ue cAeeec ~ 0 ins Ot ov: ON Qiu Ty ao + ) yawns . — e ~ “Ww ~ “ss : ash. LO Pend Grout Prick 190 > tnmannyan ~ LULreNCNese oe Lo:-an ~ Street Foundation Filltns Tor eld Condition “Leh .ive. Holes show base re WES « Conerets Teor Prick J&95 sunk. “ © 1OL7 (TJ ry te © Few surface crac ts. hed in ore plecs Pennei:Ve e Sheridan to Mich. 2) oO I~ — ©) r ip ct iv agphelt- Conerete 1918 HSthalt Coneretea ’ CPpac rs mich. to Coneret Ko 7? -™ on ote ow / @ ©) ss — Le Conerzt2 But ler Che t ONG Xv aL Naas — 4 yy LO Oar LM | © ~~ 2 wy ce od tT = CU in IT. f, hours Count For lir. rer l2 tirs. RyA- Bla: CN Ls iLenicar. Cor.vash. 4 7050 L765 21,170 yi woshington. Cor..achtenaw 4 7E4S8 LE87 Ce HA or a’ 3 — et Carital. Yor. saght=naw 0) re CO ~J C1 N ve an pod Oo Grand. Cor. Ottava 3 1164 291 5,492 “yy ee 2 - . Vy. Socimaw. Dbridre tC 4 —e) Ss co ~J } ‘eo t— om >> XN¢ oe Q eb Chit < joa Lee e it e@wi 8 J AJ Ww) TO) ON LO to Op) O ‘eo 03 0) vO CD Mrantlin, Cor.-ash. ON ca 7 r—- CD co ~O GN ‘eo CO oN) t—4 Cc) } > P) Lae . om eashtensw.cor.4rand 2 Oy © oO qi BOS 6,27 Stpeat Itt. 1) > r tres c Cost/sq.vd. Candital ave. 51.71 "~ 1) pe ws 7 i 2 ip? 4 ‘ue Ae >) mack + 5 <5 _ 7 . fPrarnizlin rN Perr, ore pidgan 1,0 ha Z9D0O ame ae a e woeshtennyw to »le7l m7 « a wa lmit wl.39 to ~1.f% C a - Por ner mu: r- am-. ———-.—-- — ve 7) se - Oran Jin 7 cw r Loe , / WO Ole be rine ww — —_—_—_—- Mat] T Soe ny 4. J 4,~ n~: annt ew oh C > ‘1 V \ ald ye nw) il 2? . J 3 Aun one + + - avn th man th ng ~ eons tructed, ena une conc Lit1o} Amaanwnt $4 + re SS ery u we e Lobe [TTL wtyecr tree traffic ~ LU. Ud oes av Wau ur . bok . La 4 4. y. a+ a a es - : a Pes eyo ep and tie nlece winer ~ . AY reg ep ie es 4 ~ - - second @ecshoumm ciyee tes miskbe & 8 en Aa - ~ ‘ oy _— aA Petre yg et Uaied ecolwsn five e ~~ + i- vn 7 ~ rm) re e 7 cy = ; rN . ms ZA fx n SAVES UO Th Sp Of YERLe .OS ware 4G mere ABR arch Tejas uoctd vas mobo vera seecurate. - go -- 47 .,4 + - 1. .- mours Pronw tues cunt oer Pour | T ° a? L , ty -_, aA Tu ‘ “sy “™ ct bewle Tit mw ir COS lu cS 4. ama am + . SU tS 1. VJ 9% een 4 i- mk fon Lebl TV cives the 2etiia.t - ’ Fenian ft oie, TT aa CO 9 c j menus Poor tre yer: ps elo aon Py, a3 4. Wes, a T . phe dete Por Pori.ee Tit .: yer, : e * a4 44 44 ye eS : 7 AEs Woe fequlred trrpu wre eovurtss - ° ~ : ny yest ‘One ~- ’ Ys, e cal 4 (1m we Th 1 -<- : ~ I. ay ~ + re i: )}} — Yoo e q 0 me 7 yoy + aor ae ~ 3 7 = .weN «+, a4. r- ot ole Lt dee wel: ed am 4 ~ Pireuw G94 <- “ oo ‘ a) lao * ‘ Tg NN vt eC ae lied iui me AN . ‘ We — yy we ae FO - 2 Y, —- f Goa r . ° oo 4 net lu 1 fe Le - ™~ Oy +7