ome -YOODGVE NOLHOA NVHTOVK THESIS DESIGN OF A HEATING AND Meict ee tc he ee Mod, 272 L. W, DOUGHERTY 1910 THESIS ee IBRARIES 118 5 HT 3 This thesis was contributed by Mr. L. W. Dougherty under the date indicated by the department stam, to replace the original which was destroyed in the fire of March 5, 1916. REGENED | WAY 1 1918 | DEPARTMENT ‘OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE Aub2%-g0005 Vv 6/07 p:/CIRC/DateDue.indd-p.1 THESIS -==-900000$000000--- DESIGN OF A HEATING AND LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR REMODELLED BUILDING OF THE UNION LITERARY SOCIBTY @-2000000$000000--- MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE -2000$000-- 1910 By M.M.Babcock, L.W,. Dougherty. THESIS (3-44 °$/ 4) DESIGN OF A HEATING AND LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR REMODELLED BUILDING OF THE UNION LITERARY SOCIETY. It is the purpose of this thesis to investigate the methods commonly in use by Heating and Lighting Engineers for determining the amount of radiation required to heat a building, and also for determining the smount of light that should be sup- plied to a room in order to give satisfactory illumination. For this reason we ehose to figure on a building that was to be con- structed, and nenefit ourselves by being able to see the actual results. The building for which we have designed heating and lighting systems is that belonging to the Union Literary Bociety of the Michigan Agricultural College, located at East Lansing, Michigan. As the art of heating buildings has been studied for many years, we were able to find considerable data on the sube ject; and arrived at quite satisfactory results by several met- hods, which agreed with each other within reasonable limits. However the reverse is true converning illumination, almost no data being available at this time; in fact authorities differ very widely as to the desired result. Naturally illumination . may be said to be an inexact science. Expreience seems to be the basis of figuring. Therefore we took the advice of an en- gineer who had had more or less experience along this line, andit was by his methods that we made our calculations for lighting. The rule may be said to be sort of “rule of thumb" method but bt seems to be a good one, and gives quite satisfactory results. 264791 eLe The rule is, for ordinary heights of ceiling, (from 9 to 15 ft.) allow one 16 candle power lamp for every 66 square feet of floor. The heating and lighting system as planned in this thesis are to be used in the remodelling of the buildidg of the Union Literary Society,with few minor changes,and it may be of some interest to note the results. A word might be said with regard to the piping as is shown by plans. One must bear in mind that this is not a new installation and it was @esired to use as much of the old system as was consistent toward securing satisfactory results, and at the same time keep down expense. The lighting system is to be entirely new, none of the old wiring being used. ode Methods of determining the radiation required. (1) By the wall losses. (See tables) (2) Carpenter's Method #1 ( CN + W4G)d& losses in B.T.U. 55 4 or 1 (CN+W+G ) d= Sq. ft. of radiation surface 290 55 4 Where C = Volume in cubic feet. W =— Wall surface in square feet. G - Glass surface in syuare feet. ad =difference in temperature on wall. | 1 for ordinary rooms. N —1.5 for corridors e- depending on tightness 2 to 3 for vestibules. of room. (3) Carpenter's Method #2 (W+G ) dn - Square feet of radiation required. | 4 ¢4) American Radiator Company's Method. ReG+W+cC s 2 20 200 Square feet of radiation required. (5) Volumetric Method. R w Volume divided by a constant K, which is 40 for or- dinary exposure, and is 38 for rooms having a severe north or west exposure. (6) See tables showing a comparison of the different methods. a 4a WALL LOSSES A single wall having a thickness X is exposed on the inside to room temperature t, and on the outside to the temperature t, which is less than t, . (See fig. 1). There are two othsr tem- peratures to be considered t, and t) of the inside and the outside of the wall respectively. The following relations exist. t.> ti >to>to | (1) otherwise heat does not flow across the system, Let a, and a, be respectively the constant which multiplied by the temperature differences ( t,<- t; ) and ( toe oe) will give the B.T.U. tranemitted per hour per sq. ft. of wall surface. Evidently, a,(t,- t\) - ao to t.) (2) The coefficient of conductivety “e* is the B.T.U. which a wall of 1 inch thickness will transmit by conductor per hour per sq. ft. of exposed surfacw# per degree difference of temperature. Evidently, @ (t,- t,) = a,( t,- t!) = a,( ti- t,) (3) x A double wall of thickness X with air space and temperature conditions as shown on fig. 2; by a similar reasoning we get equations (4), (5) and (6). t, >t! ot >t thot, (4) a, (t,-t!) = af(t,-t,) 2 a(t,-t)) = a.(t,-t,) (5) a, (t,-%)) 2 a'(t,-t2) = o2(t,-t,) (6) oe 5a A compound wall composed of two materials as in fig. 3 may be considered as a special case of case 2, in which the air space is zero. By analogy, e, (tr t,) = aol te- ts) =a, (t,- t)) = a(t t,) (7) t= elt, ext: xX, xX 2 (8) Cy C2 x, XZ For convenience it is desirable to have a formula for any combination design of the form K(t,- t,) in which K is the B.T.U. per nous per square foot per degree difference in temperature. 1 . Therefore in case l, K = _ (9) 24142 a, ate In case 2, Ke. 1 (10) typ h yh eh 4X42 ata a ae, e, 2424% 4% | These values of K have been worked out by experiment and otherwise by a gpeatmany experimenters, and these values were used im computations; except for the wall itself, in which case we solved equation (10) for a value. VALUES OF K USED IN COMPUTATOONS. For outside wall e--c-c---22-eK = .25 Por ceiling c«cWnceeseneeceeeeeK = .10 For glass windows eo-------22-K = 1.065 For Door ------------ eecnnn e-K = .41 2 bid (Ol J —— an a | 7: °"1> ie! — ; a a1 (Lo. | : 1 "9-3 _ 2 “7 <—— j ; , XK be ON TB30L:Uu0gzeo:sdueT uszsFuny: *pbar 84qBmM: °d°d oQJe Estimated Cost of Illumination. Room Eatimated hours K.W. used used per week. per week. 1 10 10.640 2 3 4.200 3 20 . «900 3 6 270 3 6 «420 4 § 1.960 5 15 5.780 6 1 e112 7 10 - 660 8 6 280 9 50 1.680 toilet 2 056 porch S 2056 K.W. Hours per week 12.194 At 10 cents per K.W.hour the cost per week would be $1.22, Cost per month (30 days) $5.24 | wethod of calculating the necessary illumination. Allow one 16 C.P. lamp for every 36 square feet floor space. Candle power needed — Area x _ 16 | 56 Tungsten Lamps use about 1.25 watts per candle power. Carbon Lamps use about 3.5 watts per candle power. COST ESTIMATE. Fixtures. 3 - 4 light chandeliers @ $8.50 8 - 1 light wall brackets@ ~90 l- 2 light chandelier @ 6.00 2-1 Light ceiling globe@ ~60 6 - 1 light den brackets @ ~50 2 - 1 light wall brackets@ 2.00 5 - 1 light sockets & wire@ ~50 1 = 1 light wall vracket @ ~90 1 + 1 piano lamp @ 3.00 Glassware for fixtures 9 - 6" globes @ » 20 5 - 7" globes @ ~ 20 8 shades @ «30 2- 6" Ceiling globes @ ~ 20 6 shades @ 200 2 shades @ ~50 Lamps. 20 = 70 Watt tungsten lamps @$1.10 2- 45 @ .70 L2 - 16 C.P. Carbon Lamps @ .17 @ - 8 C.P. " @ .15 Switches etc. 10 = Push button switches@ 1,00 & = Snap switches @ 020 1 - Socket or receptacle@ Fuses, distribution panel and wire. 14 - Fuses & plugs @ 015 1100 feet #14 DRC wire @ 02 200 feet #10 DEC wire @ 02 8 «- outlet, fuse box @ 8.00 Labor of wiring Tubes Knobs Loom Tape Solder Total Cost 1.00 — — $25.50 7.20 6.00 1.20 5.00 4.00 1.50 90 35.00 22-00 204 1,20 10.00 75 1,00 Re 10 22200 4.00 8.00 20,00 5.00 5.00 35.00 1.00 -10- $ 52.30 $ 8.30 $ 26.64 $11.75 $ 66.10 $ 14.25 $179.34 HIGAN STATE . LIBRARIES Ss ‘il Il HHL 29 235118 350