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SRST CUO aay
FOR SUGAR CONTENT

 

THESIS FOR DEGREE OF M. AGR.

ELDON E. DOWN
1922

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Thesis

Recpoetlully eubritted in fulrill ent fer

. pay, , i? - > nat as +
the darree cf Laster of asriculturs

“ut

hichicen acriculturel Cc.leze

oOLGO?N oe Dewn
THESIS
Te-22 OCR Cv Itl

(1) OCrov

Pe ~ “SON:
(2) 2Yeca

Be Determination of Specific Gravity

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!

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etie

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-- -
igo
- —_- ®§ i an
-. -
=> —_—S>-__ ClO
-_- _ =
—_>_ 4+ _>

©. Determination of Sugar Content - - -

(5) Relutionships

2i@

TO 2 Ar,
wre, NAC

vie

row

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1

(Correlations; Vhele

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a- 5 .
wELETLTS

ic Gravity vs sure Content
OU. Od Tal tly SDeeus - - -
Le beets f415 LC ‘CUVI U Cale! ;

be . OCLLIG Gravity bi valt
COoOlLuticen - =< - -

RO eG Voubtrro ena Dieceused
(uct belle vy) - -

Travaty bi Colt

Le -oecitic Gravity Culoule

Ss ‘ ae >. we : Tr . ~- 4 ~ . oy
ie SBC Yic Feavity Ly ealt

SCOLuUtien

—_™! an =_
e - ry. . e _-—<— ’ * / .. a
Le %Yovity ve weaicvht - - -
ry ree Ty a. tye -
WO spre 7 POL Urry Boete - - -

a.

he . ms . Rin: ~ nN, “1 -
Le ceeelric Grey Cuucu

ULt

oO) . - sow oo ‘ oe .
ge 2eeCivic Gravity ty

WOLUSLON = - =
TOpeod Moulthe end Diseased

oq -_ 2s fe e .
i. y OCLs Lo

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e
-

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rye ows “+ i ‘ .y7 .
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“ Cet Pt ase tet dar fe Vader. rt
be ©pscitic Oravity Geleulated - - - - 29
& C ~ ‘ ° a ~ oN. . ° , - ee . 4.
ie aoe Li 1 , rtlaAV dL TT. b ‘ went U

&

“OLuti on 40

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fy

(ce) Depned Veclthy, Diceased «:.€d Vollow
Peete ----+--+ -- - -46 & 44
Je Currary of Corraluticne - - -- -- -- - - - 45
TV--"aCTON! saPRPACTEIG Rob ICL Ta  - - - - - - - - - - = 40
(1) Disease - - - - = -- -- - - - - - ee ee = 465
(2) Size -------------------- - - - 46

--G)acTO gpnopS - -----+---------+-----49

(1) Allcgury (Gyen Lollination) - -----+-+---- 651

a

ae No Selection - ------+--+-+-+---- - 51

On
tO

Be lines “Seleetion - - ----+-4-+-.-+--+4-+-+6

De allozyrous 4 Allogyrous - - -----+--+-- 54

~La

(2) sutocany (Solf Pertilizaticn
ae To Selecticn - - --------+-+-+- - +8 55
Be huss jelection - ----+--+--+--7- 2+ - = 56

Ce. Allozyecus “A AllOZyYrous - - - - - - - - - = = 55
3)

Comparin= “ecultines i etneds

Vlam-CCLCLULICU: (Use

(1)
(z)
(3)
(4)

VIT--4Ci0-

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by JG riniert

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Disedventucce

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T--IP PRoODuUCTICL
(1). Need of Investicution.

The Vichipen suger beet industry depended on
roreign seed befcre the /vorld Jare aA sudden reducticn
of the quantity and quality of the supply forced the
Sugar manufacturers to frowv their own. At present,
some huve returned to the foreien source, while others
are grcevine 6t least a pert of their seede abcut <5
acres of beets for sced will te grown in Lichiren during
the cuinuer cf lyse. Tests at the lichigan agricultural
Collese during 1¥él chowed that tre hicnicen gerevn seed
produced a pgreuter toinnaze cf beets per aecre, but with
wo lover ensaer test then Poreien erewn seede These
results are borne out Ly the eurlier wer« done under
the direction of Director Smith of the Pichiean arriciltural
Coltlera Liperdinment otution and by the cheerveticons or the
manufacturers. The luwer suscur content is no dcubt aue
to the correletion between size of beet and surar content,
while the inereuse in tonnase ray be aue to the seed
beccling adupted to Lichiven ceonditicns. Fevever, this
decrease in the percent surar recess it less profitable

to extract sugar frem beets proauced fron Licnicon cre m

seed. Recause of this condition, investication cneculd
-2-

be undertaken that will aid in the selection of a type
of beet that will give a reasonable tonnage under
Michigan conditions and have a high sugar content.

It is not known how the inhsritance for sugar
content is transmitted from a mother beet to its off-
spring; it can only be compared to other open pollinated
cropse An individual beet is the resultant of two forces:
heredity and environment. ‘These are so related that it
is impossible to tell which is the more important.
Heredity determines what type an individual should be,
while environment determines whether the individual will
develop to the limit set by its heredity or not. No
matter how good the environment may be, the individual
can not develop beyond this limite Because the ultimate
yielding power of any variety is limited by the hereditary
yielding power of the original stock from which it came,
it is most important that this stock be the best that can
be obtained. It is the purpose of this thesis to discuss
methods of testing mother beets for sugar content to

determine those best suited to become the foundation stock

of future varieties.

(2.) Methods Under Discussion, Defined.
Three general methods of testing mother beets

for sugar content are discussed: chemical, specific gravity,
and genetic.

The chemical method is a process of determin-
ing the percent of sugar in a beet by analyzing a core
Sample.

The specific gravity method is a process of
determining the percent sugar in a beet by immersing
the whole beet in & solution of given specific gravity.

The genetic method is a process of determin-
ing the hereditable percent sugar of a beet by its

progeny record.

I1--CHaICAL LisTHOD
(1.) Selecting Beets in the Field.

Liother beets are carefully selected in the
field, chiefly on the basis of leaf surface and size
of beets. Characters such as: large leaf surface,
leaves with fine texture, wrinkled leaves, roots having
many fine rootlets, and deep root furrows, are also
considered. These points are selected because there is
some data to show that a positive correlation between
them and sugar content exists. Also, there is a
general belief that these characters are transmitted
to their progeny. The selected beets are stored under

uniform conditions until the following spring.
-4—

(2) Testing for Sugar Content.

The final selection is based on the percentage
of sugar found in the root. The method of obtaining a
Sample of the mother beet for sugar analysis used by the
different breeders is essentially the same. The sample
for analysis is obtained by boring a hole diagonally
through the thickest part of the beet in such & way as
to sample all the zones of high and low sugar. The
sugar is extracted from a given weight of pulp by any
One of a number of standard methodse The solution con-
taining the sugar is then placed in a tube which is
inserted in a saccharimeter and the percent sugar read
direct. The beets with the highest sugar test are thrown
into a superelite class and used for further breeding.
Those above the average are classed as elite and used
for increase seed production; the remainder are discarded.

The ability of the superelite class to transmit
high sugar content to its progeny will be discussed under
the genetic methods.

TIIT--SPHCIFIC GRAVITY L.sSTHODS

(l.) Previous Investigation.

Breeders have for many years separated beets with

a high and low average sugar content by floating off the

low average group on @ solution of & given specific gravity.
 
-.i=

It is net xrnogwn hey lone this bus been aGcree Trtloirth

in his boog “Die Zuchtune Der Lendwirtschaeftlicnen

aulturprlunzen", rorere te thle eurly breeders deterr.in-

in ercent cuoeur by flcutine slices of beets cn a

"y
oy

¢
Stundard sugar sclution. Wares in his tuck “suger
Beet weed", tells cf the German Lreeders using a salt
coluticn te maxe a prelimninury eeonraticen of breeding
beets into hisn end low averuss surer content before
the chericul analysis is medee Harris in his book
"Sugar Beets in smerica”™, menticns the rethoed. FEowever,
no date is fiven by these euthcritics to show that
there is a definite relationship tetween the epecific
sravity ena suger content.

Wore reported Ly li. Rene Pique, chenist at
arres, "rancs, shows that the average suger content

increuses with the increase of the specific gravity.

(2). Presont Investizution.

She writer urndertcox en investiration that
woulé determine vwhetier the reletionship between the
specific gravity end suger content or Lichifen frown
beets is sufficient to suellew for their se:rmmration into

groups witn hign and low everace surar content by

means of a sult solution.e
rryr. i . “ae . + ~n- e .- «7 # o. ~~. - 2. ‘ . _ . a _. -. . 4
wlio Dr Que TSE Lk Lti br: be VHRiVeS ELTA Pbten Tere Leon
“wr, alt. 4 wl of y ty ar } . ~ 14 ne yd . 7 ory sé 7. * ° : vn
Peon the Varletol teste cordvetead lor the Bavow Cre oc

7 , ‘ - ~ ere “> _ Ve = ~ ~? -* ” yy or a f* i 7 7 ™ :
Devwetoiemt urine tire curner of Leel. Oris teese Leets

~. 4 cy wey ge a ee Pee rep ee we Bea it + ,
thet eoreared healthy and rearcuetly feos Trer, leg? sect

\ s

\ . Lng =a ee ee yy vepe ~ mers . “ry . . . a. _! *
(Corec: ~¢re bhetaiccC.&; werd Sereeted vitl. the enecescticn

- mor ‘ . ‘4 ~ _ 74 aN «7 ~ 4 7 “ye > ae eg * Yow Lf 4 ~ 4 tr ” -
Ch af betty “Le reerou (ets coct) Chee trav were erncoeren

toe deter ine the ccetirce. effect of thic Gisease. Tater

tr.at Sart ov tre peelthy beets hed hellow

it wae ound

ercwins Oise eploreada tre beets te Le elassitied into

« aL
three wrennes: Poulter, diseesead (not hellew), end neilevw.
B. Determinution of S,;ecifice Gruvity.
The egpeecirie erevity cf o8F“1 beets wee chteireda

. .

be tne ustial » :thod of detorninins tre density of & beay
NAeuvVier then vater. he beoate were firet vweished in
Glrudlaercin weile dpeersed in aietilisd vateor. Une
quotient chtaeinrd by Gividine the veienv er au heet in
sir by tho uifference betcen tne veiter.t in wir ena in
distilied water is culled the celeuiated specific wrevitr
YO detemine tie slecitic erevity by scelt
solution, 67% bLeete veee bycereva in & ecalt ccluticn
th u deneity cf 1.045. a sclution or 1.045 was used

becsuse it is kmovm inet the es»ecific rruvity cf beets
-6a-

 

iced

r~

 

ur

investifrat

e

eruvity
-6b-

squipnent used in determinine srecific crevity

of tre beet.
-~7~

range from 1-005 to 1-090. The beets that floated

were assumed to have a specific gravity less than 1.045,
while those that sank were considered to have a greater
specific gravity. Since the former group contained beets
from 1-005 to 1.045 and the latter group ranged from
1.045 to 1-090, the midclasses used for each group were

1-025 and 1-065 respectively.

C. Determination of Sugar Content.

All sugar analyses were made by the “xperiment
Station, Chemistry Division of the Michigan Agricultural
College, under the direction of 0. B. Winter. iiach beet
was ground and a uniform sample of its pulp used for
sugar extraction purposes. The hot water digestion
method of analysis was used.

(3.) Relationships (Correlations): Whole Beets.

The method of calculating the coefficient of
correlation and probable error is that explained by
Kugene Davenport in his "Principles of Breeding", ppe419-
492. If there is a perfect correlation in two characters
the coefficient is unity, while if there is no correlation
the coefficient is zeroe If the coefficient is not
greater than four times its probable error it is usually
considered not significant. ‘Yhen the correlation is
negative the coefficient is preceded by @ minus sign.

The eoefficient of correlation between the different
-8-

factors are shown in the following tables.
Besides the correlation between specific gravity
and sugar content, the relationship between factors that

may influence this relationship were determined.

Ae Specific Gravity vs. Sugar Content.
(a) Healthy Beets.

le Specific Gravity Calculated.

Table 1 shows the results for 310 beets. A
positive correlation of .5401 is shown between specific
gravity and sugar content with a probable error of
00271. This correlation is definite and is usually
expressed as follows: -5401 *¥ .0271.
-Je=
-Table l-
Correlation between specific gravity and sugar content.

Healthy Beets.

Xn-~-1.015-1.025-1. 035-1. 045-1 .055-1-.065-1.075-1.085

10 4 4
Ll 5 9 3 1”
12 3 13 16 1 1 34
13 1 13 30 Le 56
14 1 8 44 19 3 75
L5 Zz 7 15 £1 4 1 50
16 1 1 3 6 el Lz 44
17 z 4 Lil E 1 26
18 1 1 1 3
19 1 1
Y Total
Zz 12 599 119g 86 28 3 1 310
X = midclasses for specific gravity (calculated).

Y = midelasses for sugar percent.
Correlation = .5401 *#.0271.
Mean specific gravity = 1.0471.

Mean sugar percent = 14.1387.
-10-

ze Specific Gravity by Salt Solution.

An examination of table 2 shows & positive co-

relation of .5873 = .0291 between the specific gravity of

£51 beets and their sugar content. The coefficient is over

20 times its probable error.

-Table e-

Correlation between specific gravity (salt solution] and

10
11
12
13
14
15

17
18
19

sugar content. Healthy beets.

1.025 1-065
3 3
12 2 14
18 5 £3
17 15 32
18 31 49
7 33 40
2 39 41
25 25
3 3
1 1
Total
77 154 251
& = midclasses for specific gravity.
Y = midelasses for sugar percent.

Correlation = .5873 = .0291. —
Mean specific gravity #1.0516.

liean sugar percent = 14.3549.
-lli-
(b) Healthy and Diseased Beets (not hollow).
1. Specific Gravity Calculated.
Table 3 gives results with 3357 beets, and shows
a correlation of .6898 = .0192. The coefficient is over
55 times its probable error.

-Table 3-
Correlation between specific gravity (calculated) and
sugar content. Healthy and diseased beets (not hollow).

Kk-n-le O05-l. 015-1 e O25-l.e O35-l. 045-1. 055-1 e O65-l. 075-1] e O85

1 1
z
3
4 1
5 1
6 1
” 2 3
8 1 1 1
9
LO 3 z 5
Ll 8 9 3
12 6 14 16 1 1
13 1 a 13 30 12
14 1 8 44 19 3
15 2 7 15 £1 4 1
16 1 L 3 6 21 12
L” 2 4 Ll 8 1
18 1 1 1
19 1
y 4 lz 23 61 119 86 28 3 1

OQ mo FP FP

LO
20
38
58
75
50
44
£6

Total
337
~12-

X w midclasses for specific gravity (calculated).
Y = midclasses for sugar percent.

Correlation = .6898 # .0192.

Mean specific gravity = 1.0448.

liean sugar percent = 13.7211.

ee Specific Gravity by S&lt Solution.
Table 4 shows the results with 255 beets. A
positive correlation of .6241 # .0258. The coefficient

is practically 25 times it probable error.
-~13-
-Table 4-
Correlation between specific gravity (salt solution) and

sugar content. Healthy and diseased beets (not hollow).

X- 1.025 1.065
e 1 1
4 1 1
D 1 1
6 1 1
7 4 4
8 3 3
LO 8 8
11 14 e 16
12 £2 D 27
13 L9 15 54
14 18 31 49
15 6 53 3g
16 z 39 41
17 25 25
18 3} 3
19 1 1
Y Total
LOL 154 LOO

X w midclasses specific pravity.
Y « midclasses sugar percent.
Correlation = .6241 F .0257.
Mean specific gravity ex 1.0491.

Mean supur percent e#» 13-8471.
Tuble

the calculated

correlation is

(c) Healthy, Diseased and Hollow Beetse

shows a correl&tion of

specific gravity and sugar content.

le

dexinite.

-Table 5-

~14-

06870

Specific Gravity Calculated.

eO150 between

Correlation between specific gravity (calculated) und sugar

content.

AwnL 005-1. 015-1.025-1. 035-1. 045-1. Gb5-1. Uo 5-1. 075-1. 086

1
4
5
6 1
7
8
9
10
ili
Llé
13
14
15
16
17

18

19
Y

Healthy, diseased and hollow beets.

1

12

Oo WF HF FF

LO

32

13
19
14
14

78

20
54
DU

18

137

13
el
25
24
ame

94

13

50

SY

os no)

Ll
25
ol
67
89
57
48
26

Totel
491
-~15—

X = midclasses for specific gravity.
Y = midclasses for sugar percente
Correlation = .6870 + .0180.

Mean specific gravity = 1.0443.

Lean sugar percent = 13.6471.

2e Specific Gravity by Salt Solution.

Table 6 shows the correlation between the
specific gravity (salt solution) and sugar content to
be e6161 * .0251. The coefficient is over 24 times its

probable error.
-15-
-Table 6-
Correlation between specific gravity (salt solution) and

sugar content. Healthy, diseased and hollow beets.

X-- 1.025 1.065

2 1 1
3

4 1 1
5 1 1
6 1 1
7 4 4
8 3 3
9 1 1
LO 9 9
11 16 2 18
le 26 5 S1
13 Le 15 37
14 23 32 55
15 10 34 44
16 2 42 44
17 £5 25
18 3 3
19 1 1
Y Total

120 159 279

X = midclasses specific gravity.
Y = midclasses sugar percent.
Correlation = .6161 # .6251.
liean specific gravity = 1.0477

hiean sugar percent # 13.6028.
-17~-
Be Specific Gravity vs. weight.
(a). Healthy Beets.
1. Specific Gravity Calculated.

Table 7 shows the correlation between the specific gravity
(calculated) and weight to be -.1015 + .0379. The cor-
relation is not significant. The coefficient is less than
5 times its probable error.

-Table 7-

Correlation between specific gravity and weight. Fealthy beets.

X--1.015-1.025-1.035-1.045-1.055-1.065-1.U075-1.085

100 1 2 6 8 7 4 28
200 4 le 26 £6 9 2 1 80
‘300 1 3 9 19 13 8 1 54
400 1 6 19 el 1 48
500 2 5 14 5 3 29
600 9 14 6 1 30
700 7 7 3 1 18
800 1 6 4 11
900 4 5 L 7
LOOO 1 1
1200 1 1
1300 2 2
Y Total
Pa 12 59 119 86 28 3 1 310

X = midclasses specific gravity. Mean specific gravity = 1.0471.

Y = midclasses weight in grams. kean weight in grams = 387.4194

Correlation e» -.-1015 © .0379.
-18-
2e specific Gravity by Salt Solution.
Table 8 shows there is a slight correlation between the
specific gravity (salt solution) and weight of beet. The cor-
relation is -.2221 + .0422. The coefficient is over 5 times

its probable error. _
-Table 8-

Correlation between specific gravity (salt solution) and weight.

Healthy beets.

Xx L025 1.065
LOO a) 23 28
£00 | 20 5O 70
300 11 26 37
400 9 22 31
500 8 10 18
600 8 10 18
700 7 7 14
800 5 2 7
900 3 3 6
1LOQO00 1 1
1300 1 1
Y Total
77 154 251

X = midclasses specific gravity. Mean specific gravity s 1.0516.
Y m= midclasses weight in grams. liean weight in grams = 360-1731.

Correlation ex -ece2el t= .042e2.
-19-
(b) Heslthy and Diseased Beets (not hollow).
le Specific Gravity Calculated.

Table 9 shows that the addition of the diseased beets
decreases the correlation. The coefficient of correlation is
-.0245 * .02367. The correlation is zeroe The probable error
is greater than the coefficient.

-Table 9-
Correlation between specific gravity (calculated) and weight.
Healthy and diseased beets (not hollow).

XKn-~-1-eO005-l. O15-1.-025-l1. O35-le O45-l1. 055-1. O65-l. O75-1. O85

100 3 5 6 8 7 4. k 1 36

200 a 1 & Le £6 © 26 9 1 85

300 Z 6 6 9 19 13 8 63

400 1 6 19 21 1 48

500 2 2 6 14 5 3 32

600 9 14 6 1 30

700 7 7 3 1 18

800 1 6 4 11

900 4 3 1 8

1000 1 1
1100 1 1
1200 1 1
1300 1 2 3

Y Total

4 12 23 61 119 86 28 3 1 337

X m midclasses specific gravity. Mean specific gravity = 1.0448.
Y = midclasses weight in grams. ean weight in grams = 381.3056.

Correlation = --0245 + .0367.
~20-
ee Specific Gravity by Salt Solution.
Table 10 shows that the correlation between the
specific gravity (salt solution) and weight was also decreused
with the addition of diseased beets. The correlation is

-~.16869 + .0410.
-Table 1LO-

Correlation between specific gravity (salt solution) und weight.

Healthy and Diseused beets.

X-- 1.025 1.065
100 LO £3 33
200 27 50 77
300 19 26 45
400 9 22 31
500 LO 10 20
600 8 10 18
700 7 7 14
800 5 2 7
900 3 3 6
1000 1 1
1200 1 1
1300 2 2
y Total
101 154 255
X = midclasses specific gravity. lean specific gravity = 1.0491.

midclasses weight in grums. I'ean weight in grams = 356-8627.

r<
nl

Correlation =-.-1689 7+ .0410.
-2)-
(c). Healthy, Diseased and Hollow Beets.
ll. Svecific Gravity Culculated.
Table 11 shows that the correlation is increased by
the addition of the hollow beets. The coefficient is -.1044
~ .0337. The coefficient is slightly over 3 times its probable

errore
-Table ll-

Correlation between specific gravity (calculated) and weight.

Healthy, Diseused and Hollow beets.
X--1-O0U5-1.015-1-025-1.035-1.045-1.055-1. 00 5-1.075-1-085

LOO 3 5 6 8 7 4 2 1 36
200 2 1 8 13 27 28 9 1 89
300 2 6 8 LO 21 14 LO 71
400 1 12 24 Le 1 60
500 2 2 9 £2 6 3 44
600 1 le 16 8 1 58
700 1 8 7 4 1 21
800 2 2 6 4 14
900 4 3 1 E
1000 1 1
1100 1 1 2
1200 1 1
1300 1 1 2 4
1400 1 1
1500 1 1
Yy Total
4 le 32 78 137 94 3O 3 1 391

X = midclasses specific gravity. lean specific gravity = 1.0443.

r<
"1

midclasses weight in grumse liean weight in grams = 401.7903.

Correlation - -~.1044 * .0337.
~22.

ee Opecific Gravity by salt Solution.
Table lé ulso shows an increase in the correlétion with
the addition of hollow beets. The correlation is -.1841 #2

©0390.
-Teble le-

Correlation between specific gravity (selt solution) and

weight. Healthy, Diseased end Hollow beets.

Z-- 1.025 1.065
100 10 £5 33
200 3O 51 81
300 £3 28 51
400 le £2 34
500 14 Li 25
600 10 11 el
700 8 7 15
800 7 a 9
900 3 3 6
1000 1 1
1200 1 1
1300 2 2

y Total

120 159 279

X = midclasses epecific gravity. hieun specific fravity = 1.0478.
Y «xs midclésses weight in grams. Mean weight in grems = 363.4408.

Correlation e -.-1841 % .0390.
-23~
C. Sugar Content vs. VJeisht.

(a). Healthy Beets.

Table 13 shows the reletionship between sugar content

and weifht to be -.4552 t= .0304. The coefficient is 15 times

its probeble error.

-Table 13-

Relationship between sugar content and weight. Feulthy beets.

K--100-2 00-500 -4 0-500 -bUU-7U0-B800-900-1000-12UU-1300

LO
11
1l2
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Y

ro Oo OO EN

28

14
15
20
14

80

~J

oOo @O -

LO

le

55

1 1 1 1 4

1 +) 1 z 17
5 3 8 1 3 2 J] 1 34
10 610 6 2 4 1 1 56
19 dll 7 #5& 6 75
10 5 2 d21 1 50
£2 1 21 21 46
1 25

Lz

1

Total

47 29 380 18 11 8 1 1 2 310

.

KA # nideclasses weight in grams.
Y = midclasses sugar percent.
Correlation = -.4552 + .0304.
Lean weight in grems es 387-0907.

Mieun sugar percent m= 14.1258.
=24-
(b). Fealthy and Diseased Beets (not hollow).
Table 14 shows that the addition of the diseased
beets has materially reduced the correlation. The correlation
is -.2792 t .0338.
-Table 14-

Correlation between sugar content and weight. Fealthy and

diseased teets (not hollow).

X--1L00-200-300-4U0-50G-6U0-700-8 UU-900-1000-1100-1200-1300

2 1 1
4 1 1
5 1 1
6 1 1
7 3 2@ 5
8 1 2 3
10 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 9
11 5 7 1 4 1 2 £0
12 3 6 6 5 3 8 1 3 2 1 1 39
13 2 8 8 10 6 10 6 2 4 1 1 58
14 5 14 9 19 ll 7 5 5 75
15 6 15 10 #610 5 e 1 1 50
16 9 20 12 2 1 1 1 46
17 6 14 4 1 25
18 1 1 2
1g 1 1

Total
Y
33 88 65 47 32 30 18 11 8 1 1 1 2 337

X = midclasses weifht in prams. hein weight in grams a 378.9317.

midclasses sugar percent. lieun cugar percent = 13.7210.

Correletion = --2792 £ .0338.
~25-
(c). Healthy, Diseased and Follow beets.
Table 15 shows the ccrrelation hes slishtly increased
with the addition of the hollow beets. The coefficient of
+

correlation is -.3044 = .0395. Thke coefficient is about 7.5

times its probable error.

-Tuble 15-
Correlation between sugar content and weirht.
Healthy, Diseased und Hollew beets.

R--1LO00-200-300-400-5UU0-6 UU TU -8 00-9001 0U0-1100-1200-1300-

LZ
13
14
15
16
17

2 1 1
4 1 1
5 1 1
6 1 1
7 3 2 5
8 1 2 3
9 L L
LO 1 3 1 z c 1 L mi
lil 5 8 e 6 5 3 1 30
5 6 6 7 6 8 lL 4 L L 1 1 L 48

Zz 9 10 13 8 10 6 2 4 1 1 66

5 15 till 23 L6 8 6 5 89

6 16 12 10 6 4 1 1 56

9 el 13 3 1 z 1 50

6 14 4 1 £5

18 L 1 2
19 L 1
Total

Y

33 92 73 58 45 39 21 14 «8B 2 1 e2 3 B89]
-L6<

X = midcléisses weight in grams.
Y = midclésses suger percent.
Correlation = -.3044 4 .0395.

Kean weight in grams = 396-930S.

Tiesn sugar percent ex 13.6189.

(4). Relationships (Correlations) Topped Beets.

The purpose of presenting the data for topped
beets is to determine the influence the crown may have
hed on the results cf the whcle bteetse This is important
bec&use the high crown was a direct result of leaf spot.
Leaf spot, a fungus disease, killed the old leaves and
the bect sqj@mt out new ones. This resulted in a building
up of the crcwn.

Ae Specific Gravity vs. Sugar Content.

(a) Topped healthy beets.

1. Specific Gravity calculated.

Table 16 shows the correlation for 2835 beets to
be e6561 # .0228. ‘This is an increase over the correspond-

ing table for whole beets.
~27-

-Table l6-

Correlation specific gravity (calculeted) to sugar content.

X--
LO
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Y

5
7

Le

Topped Healthy Beets.

1.025 1.035 1.045 1.055 1.065 1.075 1.0685 1.095

1
7 1
17 6 1
13 25 D
19 ol 15 1
3 £1 17 3
5 8 20 LO 1
4 13 7 e
1 1
1
65 98 70 Le 4

X « midclasses specific gravity.
Y = midcl asses sugar percent.
Correlation = .6561 # .0228.
hiean specific gravity = 1.0556.

hiean sugar percent = 14.2155.

16
51
44
66
48
44
26

Total
283
@26-
2 Specific Gravity by stalt Solution.
Table 17 shows a@ correlation of e5331 # .0317. ™he

coefficient is over sixteen tines its probable error.

-Table 17-
Correlé&tion between snecific grévity by salt solution and

suger content. Toned HNeultny Beets.

X-- 1.025 | 1.065
LQ 3 3
Lil Ll 3 14
Le & L5 £23
13 3 2g SL
14 1 48 . 49
15 1 39 40
16 41 41
L7 ZO 25
18 3 8
19 1 1
Total
Y
27 204 £51

A = Midclusses specific gravity.
Y =x midclasses sugar percent.
Correlétion «= «5331 = .0317.
.ean specific pravity e» 1.0603.

hegn sugar percent = 14.3549.
H2U-
(b) Topped Teclthy und biscased Eeets (net hollow).
rable 16 echeve tne ecrrelation for 40: beets to te
07554 £ .0L35. The corbinins of tle diseased end healthy
teets has increased the relationsnip.
-able 1&-
Correlation tetween enecific sravity ena suger contont.

Topved Ieelthy ud Diceased Ecete (net hollow).

an-nmle OUDS=-1.eUl5-l. CE bele OSb- e UC4Dbe—lLe Ubbe] eCOob-l. O75-<1 eUEb-] POLSES

& 1

LO 1 O 4 é

Li eC 9g 0 1

Cy
t

12 2 7 ig

0D
om
Cr

1S 1 z 13

ej
[4
2
en
jf

14 19

16 D

tr co
j
CN
~J
a)

17
18 1 1 1

19 1

gn

tA
-30—

A «= mideclasses svecific gravity.
Y = midclasses suger percente
Correlation = 2.7654 # .0235.
lieun specific eravity «= 1.0531.

hiean sugar percent = 13.7702.

2e Specific Gravity by Salt solution.

Table 19 including 255 beets show & correlation

of .6782 + .0228. This is an increase over the coefficient

with healthy beets alone.
rr

—e -—

-Vahle 1l¢-

I

q . . ‘ . 2? . _ me . > ~c s as . res . -- es c= ‘ : . ‘ 7 -~. ” i
Corr2letion vevieon specific eriovity bor exlt seolutica to

"a

r 4

. mae os o yee = 4. ry yO vr 7 vr . = a “ 5 ’ :} ™~ —~ . ary ae - “~ ~..,%
murar ccenteant.e renved ~2GL 0) SP ard ILE CUE OC. oTate (nic tO Clileuw, °

Co mm FF NW
HR
PR HR

C
2
‘Ss?

LU & C

Li ws & 16

+ om } te
~ Cc i Q1
eM FF oO
oC h> ty He ae
a t > mM w~%)
wt _ H> b> .
en Cc a it

‘ee
|
ey

19 1 1

AY AUIS) 2Hn)

“+
‘

ah

Vidclaesses specific cravity.

Y mdldclesces cucer perconte

Correlation = «0782 F .02z6.
oun esecifie rravity = 1.0574.

- 4

learn curcarc percent 2 13.0471.
we

2.

(c) Topped Fealthy, Diseased, and Follow Beets.

le Specific Gravity Calculated.
Table 20 shows a correlation of .7553 £ .0158.

addition of the hollow beets hus slightly decreased the

coefficiajmt of ecorreléetion.

-Table 2U-

Correlation between specific gravity (calculated) end sugar

content. Tonped Hexulthy, Diseased end Eollow beets.

X-1.005-1.015-1.025-1.0U35-1. 045-1. 055-1. 005-1.075-1. 065-1.095-

co @ ~J Om en > tv

LO
ll
12
135
14
15
16
1’
18
19

L
1
1
1
3 z
1 z
1
1 3} oD
2 ll
2 9
L 3}
1
4

25
14

25

82

11
£8
39
£4

HY HY Ww @

117

17
L7
£5
13

78

11

4

MH OW om YP HP HY HY

11
295
46
54
83
03
48

z6

Total
561
XA = midclasses specific gravity.
Y = wmidelasses sugar percent.
Correlation 2» 2.7553 # .O0152.
ean specific pravity =» 1.0527.

Lean suter percent = 150897.

2e pnecific Gruvity by Salt Solution.
Table 21 shows the coefficient of correlation has
decreased when compared with the correlation cf Table

19. Mhe correletion is 00069 + ©0225.
aH O4—

-Table cl-
Correlution between specific gravity by salt sclution and

Sugar content. Tovnocved Feulthy, Diseused &nd Hotlow beets.

A-- 1.025 1.065
e 1 1
4 1 1
D 1 1
6 1 1
7 4 4
8 3 3
9 1 1
9 9
ll 14 4 18
12 12 18 31
13 7 29 36
14 2 54 56
15 2 42 44
6 44 44
17 25 25
18 3 3
19 1 1
Total
Y
59 220 279

a midelasses specific gravity.

Y midclasses sugar percent.

Correlation = -6663 # .0224.
I'ean specific gravity = 1.0505.

Neen curar percent = 13.6064.
35

Be Specific Gravity vs. Weight.
(a) Topped Healthy Beets.
1. Specific Gravity Calculated.
Table 22 shows the results with 263 tonved beets when

the specific fravity is compared with weifht. The coefficient
of correlation is -.2007 * .0385.

-Table 2e-
Correlation between epecific srevity (c&élculated) tnd weight.

Topped Heultny Peets.

A--le Ocb5--l. OS35--l1l. 045--] e O55--1 e O65--1. O75--1.085--1 e O95-

LOO 6 12 17 22 g 1 67
200 4 15 51 Ll 7 3 71
S00 3 S 17 14 3 1 47
400 1 3 LO 15 14 L 45
500 3 6 9 5 23
600 1 7 6 3 17
700 1 4 3 1 1 LO
800 1 1 2
1100 1 1
Total
Y
1 £2 65 98 70 22 4 1 283

x m= midclasses specific gravity.
Y = midclasses weight in gremse
Correlution = -.2007 # .0364.
Ine&n specific gravity = 1.0563.

ean weicht in frams = 297.6798.
~36-

ee Specific Gravity by Salt Solution.
Table 23 gives the results cf 231 beets tested by salt
water colution. The correlation is~ecc2bl # .0421.
-Table 25-
Correlation between specific gravity (salt solution) and

weight. Topned Eetlthy Reets.

. 1.025 LeO55
100 3 63 66
200 4 55 59
300 4 Ok 36
400 O 22 28
500 4 14 18
600 O le 15
700 2 3 5
BOO 1 L e
900 1 1
LUOO 1 1
Total
Y
a7 204 21

x 2 midclasses specific gravity.
Y w=iinidclacses weisht in fremse
Correlation = -e225] & .0421.
Iiean gepecific sravity = 1.0603.

Ifean weight in grums =x 283.1169.
Teble 24

shows

~ 37 =

(ct) Topped Yeulthy und Diseased Beets (not hollow).

that the eddition of diseased beets has

decreased the relationship to & point where it is not sisni-

fic&ante

The correlsetion igs--0748 *¥ .U355. The coefficient of

correlation is w little over twice its probable error.

-Table 24-

Correlation between svecific grevity (culculseted) und weicht.

Topoed Healtny and Diseased Beets (not hollow).

X-—--1.005-1. 015-1. 025-1. 055-1.045-1. 055-1. 065-1.075-1-085-1.-095

LOO
ZO0Q0
SOQ
400
5V0
600
700
800
900
LOOO
Y

a

4

z

Le

9 12 17 Le 9 1 74
5 15 onl 11 7 3 E3
3 9 17 14 3 1 49
4 11 15 14 2 48
3 6 9 5 24
1 7 6 3 17
1 4 3 1 1 LO
1 1 2
1 1
1 1
Total
27 67 98 70 £2 4 lL 309
X = midclasses specific gravity.
Y = midclasses weight in grems.

Correlation = -.0748 * .0354.
ie&n Svecific gravity = 1.0530.

iean weight in grams » 29342039.
~38-

2e Specific Gravity by Salt Solution.

Table 25 shows e correlation of -.-1454 £ .0413. The

coefficient is less than four times its probable error.

-Table 25b-

Correlution between specific gravity (salt solution) and

weight.

X--
LOO
200
500
400
500
600
700
800
900

LOOO

Y

Topped Healthy und Diseased Beets (not hollow).

1.025 1.065

8 65 73
15 55 70
7 32 39
7 22 29
4 14 18
3 le 15
2 3 5
L 1 3
1 1 2
1 1

Total

49 £06 255 ©

x midclasses specific gravity.

Y = midclasses weight in grams.

Correletion = -e1454 # .0413.
Mean specific gravity =» 1.0573.

ean weifht in grems = 279.6079.
39.

(c} Topped Heulthy, Diseased and Hollow Beets.

Table £6 shows the results with 351 bects.

of -.1021 #

le

eUSol.

times the probable error.

Correl&tion betwee

-Table 26-

specific gravity

“pecific Gravity Celculated.

A correlétion

The eccefficient is less then three

(calculated) and weight.

Torped Healthy, Diseased and Hollow Beetse

Keel eOU5-1.01L5-1.U25-1.035-1.045-1.055-1.065-1.075-1 .085-1.095-

1CO

200 1
5VU0
400
500
600
700
800
900
LOOO
1100
1200
Y

&
4.

z

Or

HH FF w

15

om oO On tO

H HP YH on

d4

13
16
le

HYP FY fb

82

17
535
Le
ol
le

117

Le
13
17
15

Or

HH -

78

X # midclasses specific gravity.

Y = midelasses weight in grums.

Correletion «= -elUZ1 # 0351.

Lean specific gravity = 1.0527.

hiean weight in gréems =» 512.1663.

1 75
3 EQ
63

wm FE ODO WO
~

61
25
23
1 LO

a
1
a
1
1

Total

24 & 1 561
~40-
Ze Specific Gravity by Salt Solution.
Table 27 gives the results with 279 beets and shows a

correlation of -.1769 2 .0391.

-Table <7-
Correlation between specific erévity (selt solution) and

weight. Tonned Eculthy, Diseased and Hollow Beets.

X-- 1.025 1.065
100 9 65 74
200 16 60 76
3VU0 8 37 45
4U0 9 25 34
50U 7 15 Le
6 U0 5 12 17
7UO0 2 3 5
800 2 1 3
900 1 1 2
LOVO 1 1

Total
Y

59 220 279

& = midclasses specific gravity.
Y = midelasses weight in gréms.
Correlation = -.1769 = .0391.

hiean specific gravity = 1.0505.

Jiehn weight in grums = £85.35047.
-41-
Ce Sugar Content vs. ‘Jeight.
(a) Topped Fealthy Beetse
Table 28 shows @ correlation of -.4639 # .0315. ‘The
correlation is significant. The coefficient is practically
15 times its vrobable error.
-Table 28-

Correlation between weight of beet in grams end sugar content.

Topreed Healthy Beets.

X--100--2U0--30U--400--500--GO0U--70U--800--900--1000 -

10 1 1 2 4
ll 2 5 L 4 2 1 16
12 3 5 4 4 6 2 4 1 1 30
13 2 ii 8 1O 5 6 2 44
14410 13 #15 £16 6 5 2 67
1512 14 #10 g 2 1 1 48
16 20 17 4 2 1 44
17 17 4 4 1 26
18 2 1 3
19 1 1
Total
Y

67 71 48 44 293 17 LO z 1 263

Xx

midclasses weight in grams.

Y midclasses sugar percent.

Correlation = --4639 * .0314.
liean weight in grems = 297.5zZ61.

lieuwn sugar percent = 14.2226.
(b) Cozped Feelthy end Diseased ects (rot hollow).
Tuble &Y crows the effect cf udcinse digeeeced beets.

The correlation is decreased to -.c0U3 # .UuSdl.

Correlation between weisht in sren.s und surer contonte
Topoed Feulthy and Die eased beets (not hollov).

ano -LU0-- 20 -- 306 --400- - 2 UU = e060 He FG HEU HH OS G0 - -L OOO

e 1 1
4, 1 1
D 1 1
6 1 1
7 D 5
8 Pe 1 o
g 1

CO F

LO 1 a 1 1 1 &

ll 5 b eC oO ra i 1 2U
le D 6 4. a. 6 a 4 1 1 59
13 4 Li G LU D O & 46
14 10 15 L5 Lo 6 D eg 67
15 le 14 10 & a 1 1 46
lo 20 17 4, L 1 44
17 17 4 4 1 ZO
18 e i oc

19 1 1

Y
74 GO DU 417 BO 17 LO } 1 1 309
~-43—

“2 @w midclagscese woirht in fruns.

Ye midclusses in curar percent.

©)

Correleticon | -e£603 © .03551.

\

»* ..® “ . ~4a- 4 » . 5 i x) oe ib! «*
L@an €5eCllic frevity = cYdGebilé&e

e

.ean sucvér percent =# 13.7734.

Cop:ed Foelthy, Diseused end Ho.ilcw Tects.

3uU srevs thet the addition cf the hollow

beets scarcely chineed the correlation. The correcletion

eO3cle

-e3UU7 ©
-44-

—“eEble 3O0-

Correlation hetween weirht in fruns and cucer content.

ft) / mn vT . .
LoOnoped Voealtiyv

wee LUV R600 H BUG -40GU - 800-6 VU -TU0-E OU -C UU -1LUUU-11LUU-12U0-

ec

4
oD

Co:

oO wz

Li
Lz
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

1

tn

79

On

Ll
16
Lo
16

9O

1
1
1
1
oO D
D &
134 dle
19 él
me 8
6 ra
4
1
64 5&
aw
Y

eN

LO

ee es

1

1 L
3 4.
6 2
7 L
L

1
2s 10

5

1

Disewgsed end Follow 2teetse

QQ

4

midclesses weieht in frans.

1

= midclesses in surer percent.

Correlsetion

Lean weight in grams

Lean sucar percent

-2dUU07

1320097.

015657546

m
a

©

TP
a

HR

On

SS

47
55
81
54
48
26

3

1
ta

201

1
Correlations ccllectad.
a - Pealihy Beats.
Bo - Veulthy end Diseused Reets (nct hellow).

C - Voeclthy, Disessed end Volley Eeetc.

Relation of S:ecitic Grevity to vueer Content.

9)

te-

-Jnole Boets- -“"opped Pe

 

 

Culculated----ialt “cclution Culculeuted----fCalt Solution

a2 054 fF U5 eos © .US ooo © .Ue ofS F U3

| 75 ror - + - roe
B ~ eo t els eUd t eV.) e 70 - ele eu t eZ
C2 otc t Ue eof £ U3 760 £ .U2 2o7 & US

Relation cf Tvecitic Gruvity to /eietht or Peete.

rn + Dayvrp, f’ \o : vy.
“(2012 Peetse- -““opoed heete-

 

 

Cuoleuleted----Jealt <olution Culculated----falt Uoluticn

aA = -elVU t © U4 eke + 0 U4 W020 ® U4 ele t 0 U4
B = —~elL t ed -e1l7 t e U4 -e U7 t 0d -e14 t e U4

¥ U4

l
e
C
o

'
fj
~]

C = -~eldJ + 00S —elf& t 0 U4 —elV

Releticn ct delight to Lurer.

-Whole Pocets- —To,ned tcete-

 

 

Culeculated Culcniated

A = me “OU £ 0UD —e 40 t 0US
B = ~ ee 28 t eVUZ — ei £ e U4

’

e
ON
C

i+
e
Cc
1

C = —e tl t ot
an @Murineétion cr tne correletion ccettTicients,
GS enown in Veble fl ebtetnea betwoon the snecifie frravi ty
Gd thes sucar content cl .1¢:i vam eres beets, chews traut
tne relationchip is swificilent to ello: ror the ceoeuration
cr beets inte ercues ef nien and le? eveorace fuser content
by mesnes of wu 1.U45 salt solution. This scliuticn is not
dense encurh vo prevent a number os beete with & nediun
low suvar content fren einxine. Pebble : shows thet ee
cf the Lod beets vreet seni tested less then 15.5 ner cent
suzvare “he number tnet sink deervusns renidly vith én
increise in the density of the solution. Date obteined
by the writer in this investicetion but net reverted

5

in this thesis, shows thet a 1.U50 selt colution clininated

n

all excent cn: of the beets below 15.5 per corte Unis
Ieuns that o doneser solution such as Lebo wevld TFleat
off wll but uw fev cf the excentionelly nich avereco sucer

eoutent beetce

TV--PaCVOR. LST SOU TINY Riba IOU.iIL..

(1) Disease (Cercos»ora beticole) Leuf pct.

Lheur eoet is « funseus disease Wut attecc«s tne
leaves of the eurur vlaent urd in cause of bad infection
sprods renidly ever the entir: leat curfece «iiling

the leaves. Fish numidity inereares the repidity c2 the
 

 

 

I

: a ht, Masemvte _oa?

New leaves have renvlceced the old
that we ra kilied by lexuf enet.

ie
1 teet (1L2ftj) end diseas
] nermul structure o:

CA
‘ =
€ rea tne

 
-47-

=

attuccsc. Low ereas ena exerly fislas ai th agernse Toliausre
are utvec.iied herere nisn erees or lots field witr & enell
wiounit Gl Yoli&se. The lover lsavee suceurbd first he-
Cause of sreater huriditye During 1lvel, leaf spot destroyed
ull oF th: cold leeves of rény beets in liichisren. In its
Gignt Yor existence tne beet sent up new leaf circles,
erudvuwlly inereesins tine heisnt cof the erown, in many
insterces fren & te 5 inches hisher thai it would have
been. The effeet of sendins un ney; leaves on tre sucer
content of the beet is well expleined in Circular Ice lal
Bureau cf wlunt Industry, “Control of  urar Beet Lecf
Jpet' by Ve. We Pool and !. B. Jeuey, "If too meny leaves
are xilled the beet nlaunt can cnly muint&in its normel
cugar preauction tempvorerily reducines the umount in the
roote accordingly the suger ror the root is transferred
und used in tne develcpnent cr new letef tissue. Since
this coretimes requires 3 to 5 ner cent or the sucer
content of the roct the final total ic corresnondinely

the discused

a

reduced." Whe averese curer cortent o
bests used in this investicetion was 9.04 ver cent in
conpericcn with 14.14 per cent vor healthy beets.

Table S31 ¢4.0Wws thet the addition of the diseared
beets tc tine healthy beets has increused the correlation

between sovecific gravity und cuszer contente This increase
 

that sink on 1.045 solution.

Structure of beets ti con 1-045 solution.

 
 

 

 

Types of beets that floet on 1.045 solution.

 

Lany beets are hcllow that float on 1.045 eclution.
~-AG-

s

Sears te indicate tiat the diseased beats have @ hicher

correlition. Thit is net truee The cerrelation is .45
£ .10 in comnericon vith .54 £ .03 for healthy beets.
“he co..bli.ines of these tye populations recults in a

cGorrclution of .ds% © .U2. Table 3S chows tnat the

Gis eesed bDoets are ontirely flouted eff by the (1.045)

om

Selt solution, us thoy lave « lover cpecific fravity and
& lover cuzer content.

One romweval cof the crown inero&sed the cor-
relation in ell but one cage. Chis was in the case cf
neelthy beets wren tested with salt scluticn. The high
crowns on the beets produced abnormel neopuleticns end
reduced tne correlation. The specifie fravity of rmenv

crowns wes unity.

The correletion, --3U0 2 .04, obtsined between
welgnit and surcar content for the ertire pcnuletion, is
very sirilaur to the correlation reported by Ferris in ris
boox “Suzer feets in americée”™. The healthy beets ulone
however, fave & hucn higher relationshipe RBecauce of
this correlation it might be exrected that a salt
eolution of aw aifferent density would be reouired when
Separating large or enell beets. The ccrrelation betwean
specific gravity and weight dces net show this vo Le true.

The correlation is only slirhtly sirnificant vhen the
healthy beets ere tested br u sult scluticn.
fieires indicete that e ealt eclntion
Will coperete ec1l teate cf wediuem sise wd ia

yo es — SPN c 7 ” “ 4 ind
Giirforent deneit:

icn ¢c* heats et

V--GslsPIC MITEODS

7 -4 sy ot ns ~~ . aw Dopey eee " soy ; : . +
a.UUL. 37r Lats BLO nijiC wT ee, oticgeu.l.

reecrase It te net re

heve ae hieh cuter eeelyveis, ist treed t

bkreedin2z true is ieunt tre ebilitz of mether
Arnall ttss ys pfs, : .. 1. “7 - .
reoreduce their sind. Vhe neurer trey core t

vilwehble they a ter breedirs™ etcex

re

Little is knovwm resuraine the exact

tne inheritence of susar in the enucvuar beet.
Brebable t.st several factors ere invelveda.

reloer stetes in the lintrcaduection to ris Loox

"Crivinully contsirnins tut 4 to 5 ver cant of

wick acnord in léle vies eble te recover 2ee7

beets new centuin lo te &u ver cent cr sucer,

Y
e

(V2 8 may cl
2izl€& TNCLCreUuasle

recoverutle'

f.
9

Cr which

cf hisn testin2 n.ctner bects.

tostins ietier beets do net necessurily treed

Ns
.

enowil by the vorw of Ce. 3. Cnitn, Directcr ci

wiChizun tation, reserted in tne station rep

_f* at we ro
Or « Fjyyen Ce.s

rueGe

9

bas cone

ip

MESS e

1%

a
ce lutien cf

“NU

Le, Wet
' Ua

a ke —

boy their

7

!
+

wo oT.C th are
PY
reets to
C this coul
‘
neture of
It is
ier
"Sugur Reet Seed"
eueur oF
rer cent,
per cent

thre

a

te. b

nick

©

tru jes

the

ort of tun.
~50-

lOve eortuin metier beets were

F fy

"At the hurvest c
selected, first by their form ad next ly the volérisccve.
tnose tient tested hish in cuger ure set out, in 19UL3, und
from. them seed was hurvested. This seed wus ecwn in

lyu4 and the resultine beets tested. It was found that
the grout majority cf the 1otner beets did nev produce
seed whicn woulda in turn erow beets as rich us the

mother beets themselves". These facts indicate tret the
eugar preducine factors are cf a dominant neturee They

are the ullorenescf euch renceolex: (reaction between each
evistatic sugar fuetcr). This shoves that imerevenent

comes tThreuen tie selecticn cf the sellozyesote Tur at

leust cone fenejslex. allozyrous and heterozyrcus mother
beets erem under pructically the seme conditions end
ailewed to reuch vraeticully the sume cize cun tlherercre
be severated from the pretozyerous by a salt sclution cr hy
cnemieul enelysis. Care must be texen to select beets
that ere high testing beceuce of their heredity and not
becuuse of tueir envirceniente Gn the uverarce the

dominant types (allozyectes und -heterozyrotes) woulda

have es good an environvent es tie recessive (proto-
Zyzctes) and the eelection of wu fey of the highest tesitins
beets from a lurse eeruletion esheuida vive ellozyecus

Ww oy “YN ~

. . . . 4 we: : pry -
und heterzyrous beets for breeiint veorke “hese tvo
-ijjle-

clusses can be distinsuisred only hy their preceony
recerdse s.etneas cr teins this will te @iccussed under

. ° “y e pn y- . .. - eo tp. we ~ 2” . . 4
the Gliltrerent s,Apetlie wove Ce orececure.

(1) alleseny (Cpon Lollinution ).

awe 1O .eclecticn.

I) cne selects seed Tre. Coen poeliirvete:s
Unenalyecad methnor beets and preeeeds by suck & rawvnoed,
Feneration utter coneration, he ic precticins no ¢select-
ioa in Glloraunye Tries retnod is aisenssed in oraer te
Gttecipt en ansver te tre guestion: will the eveer centent
decresese unless riszid cealection is precticed?

any celected pepuleticn is nistetle end will
reaecn 4a fey end eteble eauilibrivr ip cone generetien with.

no gelectione

supeces ew pesuletion es Lart by eelection ccn-
telnes equel niu hore cr ullorzvgotes uid hetercosyr7ctas wit.
no pretozyrcoctes ena treat thie pepuletion is elloved to
cross puilinatee all Qa.l nuber cr elleonyercus ard

heteroz7ccus wcther beets will preduce male and Yerelo

Tanetes in rutio ci three allcreres to che preteortene.

~)
©

Whe reccr.odination cf these sunetes ‘wil sive nine ello-

zy7otes, Six hetvorezysotes end one orctozyercts. Under

ND g
no selection, this new depulaticon will continue to

re

preauuce rule end Jurcle fvarnetes in the rutic cr three
allovenes and one protoroene, und recerLining te meintcin
ti2 % 3 6 3: Ll rutio until disturtecd ky selection. The
percantess of tllozyrotes end heterozgyeotes in thre
pepuleticn hes decreased from 1U0 to 45.75 ver cent. This
decreace reens & material reduction in the euear rercent-
ace und woulda eccount for hieh uenalyzgineg mother teets net

brecdins true, which would be the cuse go lone es the

populeticn ccontuins heterosyecus beets.
Be Lacs vYelection.

If cne harvests seed from eilozy-cus end Leterc-
zyztous oon pellineted mother beets collectively and re-
celects the nignest en&lyginge beets rreduced frecr. this
seed, he ig precticine rases selection in uilcreny. The
methers may be seiectea Ly flcetine off the beets vith
low suger content con uw sult solution leuving & froup
Jith & hish everaro surar ccntente an actvel cnoricel
anulysis of the best sroun will discover the beets with
the highest susaer centonte Yhese ure either allozyrous
Or reterozyrous for hirh ecvrar voreduction. The clinin-
ation ot the protczyeous beets crreduelly reduces tre
protozyerous inheritence in eny rece end increases the

eallozyrous inheritancee “his results in « gradual

improever:smt in the suger cortent.
he relutive size is en essential peint to
ccneiaer ven macins selection. If the beets are of
eyuel size, tnis is en inaicaticon that exen keet hed
practiceily the fume chence tc develope. If erell teets
are to be selected trey should heve we hisher curer content
then is necessery fcr the lerscer beets to contuin. This
is bec&use of the correlation between size end suctir

content.

The mixture cf ellozyrocus end heterozyrous beets

that are rinelly selected ere pienrved in an iscl&ited gsroup
ond ailoved to erces peilinate. The vrotezyrous inheritence
is continued in the race through the heterozvectes. This

a

Luwrtes it necessary to repe&t rigid selection raneration
GPtor renoration. Whis metioad cf imprevenent is slow at
best, end canetic exnectetions indicate thut tic hetero-

Zy770tes Can never be ontirely elinineted.

Ce. sAllozycous A Liase selection.

If one selects seed from allozygous rother tects
that are fertilized by ocllen from the mixed ellozyrous
end neterozyecus pcpuletion, he is practicins allozyvecus
x méss selection in allesumy. Whe hien tostineg mether
beets are first selected as outlined under mass gelection

but it is necessary to distinenich tne ellosyrotes rem
the heterozyrotese nis is dene wet the iiehican tetion
by pluntins the seed from euch individuel mother Leet in
@ progeny row in cOluperiscon with a stenagerd variety.
wech proseny is ccrpered directly with the standard
growing on eéch side or ite <Jince the corjieriscons are
all meade with the standurd tirey can be compared directly
with eucn otnor. It is considered tiat tre progenies
heaving the highest everase record when eccr seared witn the
etunderd cere Prem allogyercuc ceteers, while those with
lower records cul.8 rror netereszyzouc rothers. The best
presenies are saved und planted in en isclated ereup for
continued breedinz. 37 this method the percentise of
protozycous inheritance in w rece decreeses much fester
Than With mare eelection. In fect eaenetic exvectaticns
Shov toet tee ratio cf allozgyectes to hetercsuyrctes in
the PTiftn gponeration cv ullozyercus kK mess salocticn is

not reecned until the ceérd srorerution cf mass selection.

D. allezyzous 4A allozyrcus election.
If one eelects seed Trem allozyrous mother beets
thet were only fertilized bz allcaysous boets, ne is

practicing allozyrcus x &llogyecus celection in allorery.

!
el fF

~“ 7

e . . . om %
herore this can be ucne ellozrvecus mretheors must Le

 

DJiscuseed in the thesis: "Jetnecs of Dreesains the user

+ ? . 79 rT y ey. . . ‘ = - . rt” ry
Beet ’ bey pi tle hs on) srabtbh ’ dite OU Due
 

 

Dou

 

  
  

Comparing progenies wit
as Outlined under allozyscus Ss

7
LOZY

h a standard vari
x mass selection in cllogamy.

 

Harvesting bes

A
m0

fror. breeding plats.
-54b-

 

Tuxing weichts of each individuel lot.

 

“yacticine close fertilizetion. .

ct
s

Isoluted bee
+

determined es cutlinea under cllozgyecus x muss selecticne
aieile this is beinzy done edventere wast be tacen of the
pereliiael nebit ef the surer beet. VWhea cricinel i cthers
cen be saved ky silcinze and thon revlentines to -reduee

@ ©ecend Seed Creve. altor tne ellouyercus 1cthore lreve
been eaelected by their prereny recerds, they ere stored

°
vnlleo the noetereszyrous retrers «re discarced. The follov-

ing soring the ellosyecus methers cre nlented in en
leuleted ereup cr better ¢till in ereunes oF tic and
alicuved to cress vcllinutee Couch «uw mothed bringss terethear
tne hienest pessible vreaucers frem eny weoulution and
welLlovws seea to ba pronuced fron ullcarccus pcthere in two

eenerations. It coffers tie sreaetect chence for inyrceve-

rant cf any rethed undior ellocersy.

(2) autcreuny (olf Pertilizetion).

Ae !.0 Selection.

é

Le selection in auterary requires the selection

of nother beets wet render end witnout welysis, tie

lsoluetion or tnese beets te

wo

ercauce seed, the rerixines of
this seod to. prodace vw @eroon cf beets und the reeolection
of mothers et random to be reisoleted to ineure enteormeous

ae

matinge Gonetic expectetiois Snow thet the nurvber of

SU

heterozyezctes is renidly recuced end in the ena the

'
+> e

population conteins @ hixture cf gt pure lines, where
 

tis tre mukber cf vonovolexes involved.t For euch
esnonlex tne populeution woeula coutcin en eauel nuni er

tw CoB pep min $ ry... “ - - , 7
oretvozyerctos. Uhe presence of the

? .oT ve Ne - ot
OL ellozyzetes aiid

vu a

protezyrotes decreuse the suver content. <Allozgyrous

races ccula be isoluted et env tine by orecticine

alloagyecus x ellezyvrous election.

e’

RB. Wass j:eleetion

aes gelection recuires the selection of

ww)
ynnenetyynically slloesyvercus iicthere, the isolaticn of these

to woreduee geead end the remixing or the seod befcre frrow-

Int enotner crepe acecrdine to renetic exr.ectati ons
it -ceuld recuire the sure Lleneth of time to vorcduce 4
ye, 3 as 1. ;
ire line as under no election. Cnly one pure line
will be preduced fer euci. senonlex invcelved, 1. @- the

protozysous beets will be elimineted. Rifid mace

eelvection would raosialy reauce the nur:ber cr hetero-

Zzyeotes anda increase the porcent scurer to the Linit of

the eallozysous linese

Ce. Allozyrous X% allozyrous
If one selects hivh snelvgins mother beets end

thece by snace so thev will rroduce close

Llsolates
fertilized seed and @liminetes the heterczyrotes by

vrogeny records, he is »racticing allozyvrous XK allozycous

 

sis: liothods cf Sreeding the Suger Beet, by Hugh Be wmith.
 

 

ee ae

ee) 2
a kh ee

ne y
Ry Ln
at

 

 

Progeny from a high producing mother beet.
~ T=

Selection in autcoruny. ‘Vie seed is harvested trer. each
lrdividuel beet aid tested in ceompericon vith « eturdurd
variety as outlined under &llezyecus x ruse selection
in allosunye The prossries corins frer: heterozvrous
pOtners sre aiccurded.e cach wllozyescus nrozeny is nlantena
in an isolated sroun and aelloved to cress pollinute. Thic
allows for the nroduction of hieh vreducinge lines in one
goneration. It is tne cuicxest possible way cf orcducinge
en a@llogyrous race of bLeetse

One objeetion to this :etica is the Gganger cf
redyeing the visor ef the race throush inbreeding. The

viecr cen be reecquired by crossins seversl crt tre highest

orodacinz Llinese
(3) Comparine Resulting l ethcds.

gllozyocus xX ullozgyecus in eutletany is tre only
retenod tret alloevs tne treeder tc test cut the etility cf
tne rotier beet to trans: it rien sverar cont mt unintlusiced
Dy the male innoritencee Under allozyecus x allozyrous in
a&llosa.y the breaaer must assume titt the mixed pollen cuncine
Prom allozyvrous and neterosgyrous Leste invluences ell tie
ucthare eyuully ana any verleution in tTiheir protoniss is
baat

a
o- -c~,/

du3 to tig inheritenee fren the rethere This rruy or

not be true. Wnen the difficulty of eteorins the motrers
 

a ae re - *

Pir tw OT #0 GO pas er py aes yal No “yy 63 LOK OA he rq +6: WP fee GF a
Ter JO @Xctrun Seu ormc Tiknl2 tie metnieg herc UG CLcvicce
a
21oee Geo tha enly tye fonetic methcoas bPexrever, tut
a2, Cyt ete eae we ae IA yo, ey aan +
OLrer tay Chunce Yor ray id Loprover ont.
allozrverous KX mass in ailces:ry cverce: ee the

cOntinned storing cf the elloszirrone mother beets tut

aves net ellov for as reoid i ereve ont.

-—-<«
wD
ct
t~ 4
4 7
OM
OQ:
9
en

VINe-CO) CLT IOLUS (Uee cf

(1) Py oeporinent {tutions.

<a

le eravitry, and eanetic methcdas
cf testines mother beets fer sustr content ere wll closely
interreletede Cne is & continvetion cf tne ctnere Thea
first tve are retrods of elininetine low entlyzine mether
beets and leaving @ peculeticn of hish aualvaine methers
tobe tested for treir eblilty to transmit hisr surer
content by serotic tather ce

1a erserinert stution carn rece ve: of ull

tires metneds. Tre lov enelrvgines ieets con to clinineted
fron Lleregs pesulations with very little exrenss hj the
snceecifie eravitr uetied, end tia selected ereun rurther
redueed to inelude & fov hich enalezine beets bry the
Cherigal retnod. no few hivth eonelyzine bests cun be

Ca kh ads

tested for sbilitvzy to treucnit suser by the most prenicinege

N\
vs
~
en
th
—_—3
CO
$24

rapnetie wecthreds ac cutlined in this theoeis. PA

ba
ei oe eee Re ee a

 

 

to ba used depetds on the wee peter b-st&e

(2) Cormercisclly.

ene @Cheomicel end reanetic 1revthcas ef determinine
the euvzer convent of metner beets are cf Little valve cn
wo terre cemeercitl scelee Une expenso end Llehbor involved

maces those meticas impractical, except in the cuse cf the

~

Cl”
WL bee

wail breeding plats used by the commerei«al erever. The
epecitic pvravity mothoea ullows the frower chernly end
ruvidly tc float orf the beets with low cuser content,
leeving uw feroup with & nich «everare surer cortent to be
plented for colrmercial seed. Cure must be texen to mein-
tuin tne density of the selt soiution used for floatine
off the beets. VWnis can he done by Tindine u beet that
fFlests in the salt selution in en unrieht vosition. «any

Inateriul chensa in the density of the solution will ulter

the nosition of the beet.
(5S) Advertsecs.

ry

The adventares to be derived frem tha chenicel,
soecifie sravity, uid gpenetic p.ethods are classificd as
follows:
-Chomical Lethod-
(1) Gives the gucer content of irndividusel bects.
(2) alloys for the selection cf hich testine

mother bpeets.
-cpecific Gravity-

(1) Separates tho Leets into tyo freupes, ene vith
@ hieh and the cther vith a low avererce
SUPEY COUNT Nt.

rf

Reauces the exnenss cf elininutines low testine

—
TO
a”

rctrer beetse

glimninetes the diseased end hollow theetse

—
CA
~~

-Genetie V.ethod-

(1) Distincenuisrnes mether beets by their ubility to
treanerit lich cr lev suser centent to their
prev oONnLese

(2) On tris basis it is possible to distinsuish
allozyecus fren heterozyrcus mether Leets
end to elimirate the heverzayvrote.e

(3) Vases it porsille to recortine the ellozyrous

a

mot:i.crSe

—,
o>
Rene?

allows for the isclution cf prezenies from

ellozyveous mothers.

(4) Disadventseres.

-Chazicél end Svnecifiec Gravity leticas-

(1) Denger eof being deccived by the environ.ent and
Obteining hisch testing metror tests treat heve
little or no ebility te traneit hich eueer

corntent to their presen.
nt eee wee oo

-6l-

(2) Dees net distineulish heterozyrous frer: &llo-
z2y7O0ue mothers.
(S) Lethods not acenrate enousn to vrevent & few

pretosyecus motrer beets enterine the

selected class.

(1) lore ezmensive.
(<) Reguires wore time.
These tee cbhgections wre offset by better

end results.
 

 

 

ya ' 1 = ON os STORY
=~ Ua: C dh a Sf oub ade

che writer wienes to acknowledre his
indebtedness tc B®. ae Spreseer for his many hel»yrul
sueroetions in hundlins this investiceticn and
for his thoronsn criticism of the work. Fe is
indebted to Fubert Provwn fer veluakle sursesticons.
m

Ne is also indetted to de. ™. Cox and FP. ae Eprace

For the finel review cf thie thesie.
=U) w=

UT) Ly LI" TN TTT
-Cl Ld we da hb Lk

GLU. Qie Otebttunse ver Lenawirtechaert-

jt

Prilyirth, Cs

tienen nulturprlenzen.

yyw “Y « m ryj yeep Dar 1+ mY wen
Waerris, "e Se Lil’. UVhe Sucar Peet in umericee

gulreor, Ve Ge LOli&. fuser Beet Ucod.
2CCl, Ve de ard leouey, T.. Be LSle. Contrel cf Sverer
Beet Leef ecpcete Cire Lél Pnreau cf Pieunt

Tncuctryy.

smith, Ce De LYOS. cLichicen Ltetion Repert.

ani ° _ Ty - . cL 7 ~_ = . Th ea - ~ 3 L ‘
with, Tuen Be Lovel. tfstheas cf Froedine tre ureter

wv? 8 . °

ab op Grd un) acY i-

--

pU
QO
5
e
e
0

TT . ry i. 4
Deabe Lec

culturel Ccollerfe.

-~
“

dures, Le Ge L&St. Susser Beet weed.

w
 

oer OR Oe eee * . TTR i rer : - " s . i <° ++ meer. ome -—
. 7 =
MICHIGAN STATE UNIV

EET

293500692557