A CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OP VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
IN CALVES

by
R obert F. Langham

A T hesis
Subm itted to th e School o f Graduate S tu d ies o f
M ichigan S ta te C ollege o f A g ric u ltu re and
A pplied Science in p a r t i a l f u lf illm e n t
o f th e req u irem en ts f o r th e degree
of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
D a iry Department

1950

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The w r ite r w ishes to e x p re ss h i s s in c e re a p p re c ia tio n to Dr.
C. F. Huffman, R esearch P ro fe s s o r o f D airy N u tr itio n , fo r h i s guidance
and ad v ice in co n d u ctin g t h i s in v e s tig a tio n .
He a ls o w ishes to ex p re ss h i s g r a titu d e to Dr. C. A. H oppert,
F r o fe s s o r o f B io lo g ic a l C hem istry, and Mr. E. C. Tabor, form er A s s is ta n t
P ro fe s s o r o f B io lo g ic a l C hem istry, f o r t h e i r su g g e stio n s and advice
in th e chem ical methods o f d e te rm in in g c a ro te n e and v itam in A in blood
plasm a; to Mr. C. W. Duncan, R esearch A sso c ia te o f A g r ic u ltu r a l C hem istry,
f o r th e d e te rm in a tio n o f th e c a ro te n e c o n te n t o f th e o a t h ay used in
Experim ent I I I ; to a l l members o f th e departm ents o f Animal P athology
and D airy who may have h elp ed from tim e to tim e.
The w r ite r w ishes to ex p re ss a p p r e c ia tio n fo r th e s e rv ic e s
re n d ere d by h i s guidance com m ittee:

Dr. C. F. Huffman (ch airm an ),

R esearch P ro fe s s o r o f D airy N u tr itio n ;

Dr. E. T. Hallman, P ro fe s s o r

E m eritus o f Animal P ath o lo g y ; Dr. R. A. R u n n e lls, P r o fe s s o r and Head o f
Animal P ath o lo g y ; Dr. H. J . S ta fs e th (C-raduate C ouncil R e p r e s e n ta tiv e ) ,
Head o f th e D epartm ent o f B a c te rio lo g y and D ir e c to r o f th e D iv isio n o f
B io lo g ic a l S cien ce; D r. C. A. H oppert, P ro fe s s o r o f B io lo g ic a l C hem istry;
and Dr. P. Thorp, J r . , R esearch P r o fe s s o r o f Animal P ath o lo g y .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
INTRODUCTION
REVIE?/ OF LITERATURE

1

Sources o f C arotene and V itam in A

1

The E f f e c ts o f P la n t Growth and S torage upon C arotene
C ontent o f Hay and G rain

3

A b so rp tio n o f C arotene end V itam in A

U

C onversion o f C arotene to V itam in A

6

V itam in A and C arotene R equirem ents

7

S to rag e o f Vitam in A and C arotene

9

M a n ife s ta tio n s o f V itam in A D eficien cy

12

In

th e

Eyes o f C a ttle

12

In

th e

Eyes o f o th e r Mammals

and Man

lH

In

th e

R ep ro d u ctiv e System -

Male

15

In

th e

R ep roductive System -

Female

l6

In

th e

G a s tr o in te s ti n a l T ra c t

18

In

th e

Nervous System

20

In

th e

C onnective T is su e s

20

In

th e

U rin a ry System

21

O ther M a n ife s ta tio n s
H isto p a th o lo g y
GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

22
22
27

EXPERIMENT I - THE NON-COLOSTRUM GROUP
THE EFFECT OF A DIET DEFICIENT IN VITAMIN A
Purpose

29

E xperim ental R e s u lts

29

Page
R e s u lts

3®

D isc u ssio n

yi

Summary

y?.

EXPERIMENT I I - CALVES RECEIVED COLOSTRUM AND A VITAMIN A
DEFICIENT RATION WITHOUT HAY
Purpose

3U

Experim ental P rocedure

34

R e s u lts

3U

D isc u ssio n

36

Summary

37

EXPERIMENT I I I - CALVES RECEIVED COLOSTRUM AND A VITAMIN A
DEFICIENT RATION WITH HAY OF LOW CAROTENE CONTENT
Purpose

39

E xperim ental P ro cedure

39

R e s u lts

UO

D iscu ssio n

4-8

Summary

54

ILLUSTRATIONS

56

LITERATURE CITED

65

APPENDIX
Experiment I

84

Experiment I I

96

Experim ent I I I

115

INTRODUCTION
D uring th e l a s t t h i r t y y e a rs a la r g e number o f p ap e rs h as been
w r itte n about th e e f f e c ts o f v ita m in A d e f ic ie n c y in c a t t l e .

Many o f

th e s e r e p o r ts were based on f i o l d c a se s t h a t o ccu rred d u rin g y ears o f
d ro u g h t and poor p la n t growth w h ile o th e r s were based on c o n tr o lle d
ex p erim en ts.

The r a tio n used i n th e s e l a t t e r experim ents o fte n d id n o t

c o n ta in h ay o r th ey co n tain ed a low q u a l i t y roughage such as straw .
I t i s known t h a t th e rum inal m ic r o f lo r a p la y s a v e r y im p o rtan t r o l e in
th e S y n th e sis o f c e r ta in v ita m in s and p r o te in s in th e body o f ru m in an ts.
I t i s known t h a t norm ally hays and g ra s s e s p la y a v e ry im p o rtan t r o le
in th e g e n e ra l phy sio lo g y o f th e rumen.

When hay i s l e f t o u t, o r a

p oor q u a l i t y straw i s u sed , i t i s p o s s ib le to develop m u ltip le d e f ic ie n c ie s .
The re p o rte d experim ent in t h i s t h e s i s was u n d ertak en w ith the
e x p re ss id e a o f p ro v id in g a r a t i o n a s n e a r as p o s s ib le l i k e th e one t h a t
an anim al would re c e iv e on th e farm , y e t be d e f ic ie n t in c a ro te n e .

T his

d i e t was to in c lu d e a good grade o f o a t hay t h a t was extrem ely low in
c a ro te n e , y e t would c o n ta in f a c t o r s th a t would m ain tain th e rum inal
flo ra .

I t was assumed t h a t t h i s would a id in m a in ta in in g th e a p p e tite

o f th e an im als so th a t th e m a n ife s ta tio n s o f o th e r d e f ic ie n c ie s m ight
be e lim in a te d .
There h as been v ery l i t t l e
v itam in A d e f ic ie n c y in c a t t l e .

stu d y made o f the h is to p a th o lo g y of
A nother purpose o f t h i s in v e s tig a t io n ,

t h e r e f o r e , was to stu d y th e e f f e c t s o f v itam in A d e f ic ie n c y upon some
o f th e t i s s u e s and organs o f th e body.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

For c e n tu r ie s the e f f e c t s p ro d u c e d by the lack o f v ita m in A
have been observed both in an im als and man w ithout anyone knowing the
cau se.

I t was d isc o v e re d , many c e n tu r ie s b efo re C h r is t, t h a t l i v e r

and g ra ss were b e n e f ic ia l to th e eyes o f man and c a t t l e r e s p e c tiv e ly .
A ll o f th e im p o rtan t p ro g re s s in th e f i e l d o f n u t r i t i o n c o n cern in g
c a ro te n e and v itam in A has been made in th e l a s t t h i r t y y e a r s .
Sources o f C arotene and Vitamin A.
C a ttle a re a b le to c o n v e rt p ro v ita m in s A in to v ita m in A .in the
body.

The main p ro v itam in s A a r e a lp h a , b e ta , and gamma c a ro te n e , and

c ry p to ra n th in .

Green p a s tu r e g r a s s e s , green le a fy legume hay , a l f a l f a

s i l a g e , a l f a l f a meal and c a r r o t s a re r e a l l y good so u rc e s o f c aro ten e
w h ile o th e r green g ra s s h ay s, y e llo w co m , and com s il a g e o f good q u a lity
a r e f a i r so u rc e s.

Booher and Marsh (19^1) p ointed out t h a t b e ta carotene

i s th e c h ie f source o f v itam in A in green le a v e s.
For y e a rs liv e s to c k owners have known about th e im p o rtan ce o f
co lo stru m to th e g e n e ra l h e a lth and w e lfa re of new b o m a n im a ls.

In ­

t e r e s t h as c e n te re d around th e c a ro te n e and vitam in A c o n te n t o f c o lo s­
trum and w hether o r n o t th e se s u b sta n c e s could be in c r e a s e d by adequate
fe e d in g .

Savage and McCay (19*+?!) review ed the l i t e r a t u r e concerning

co lostrum and p o in te d out i t s im portance as a source o f immune b o d ie s.
A schoffonburg e t a l (19^8) produced evidence th a t th e p r o te c tiv e
v alu e o f colostrum i s a s s o c ia te d w ith i t s globulin c o n te n t.

Dann (1933)

found the v itam in A c o n c e n tra tio n in colostrum to be 10-100 tim es

g r e a t e r than in th e l a t e r m ilk .

Maynard (19^7) a*1** S utton e t a l

(19^7) re p o rte d t h a t v ita m in A and c a ro te n e a r e from 6 to 20 tim es
g r e a t e r in colostrum th a n in l a t e r m ilk.
c o n c e n tra tio n re p o rte d b y Dann.

T h is i s somewhat "below th e

Stew art and McCallum (193^) found

t h a t v ita m in A in c o lo stru m v a r ie s from 35 to 1181 I . U. p e r 100 ml.
A ccording to H art and G u ilb e rt (19*+1) and B arro n (19^2), th e c a l f i s
n o t a b le to s to re much v ita m in A d u rin g f e t a l l i f e and th e r e f o r e i s
d ependent upon co lo stru m fo r i t .
Moore and B erry ( 19UU) determ ined th e amount of c a ro te n e and
v ita m in A in c a lv e s b e f o re sucking
1 week.

and each day th e r e a f t e r f o r

The v itam in A c o n te n t o f the b lo o d b e fo re

sucking v a r ie d

from 2.U to H.2 ug. p e r 100 ml. and in 3 days in c re a s e d to 16*8 t6 .
57*7 US* per 100 ml.

The c a ro te n e c o n te n t f o r th e J e rs e y and Guernsey

b re e d s i s 3 to 4 tim es h ig h e r than fo r th e

H o ls te in b reed .

S tew art and McCallum ( I 9U2 ) were u n a b le to in c re a s e th e v ita m in
A c o n te n t o f colostrum by fe e d in g 3 pounds o f c a r r o ts or 1 /7 p i n t o f
cod l i v e r o i l p er day to cows.

P a r r is h a t a l (19^8) could n o t f in d

any s ig n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e in th e le v e ls o f t o t a l p r o te in , c a s e in ,
and alb u m in -g lo b u lin f r a c t i o n s in colostrum when h e i f e r s and cows r e ­
c e iv e d a high or low p r o te in d i e t .

Eaton e t a l ( I 9U9) found t h a t

v ita m in A o f th e c o lo stru m could be in c re a s e d by adding e x tr a amounts
o f v ita m in A to th e d i e t o f c a t t l e . Spielm an jet, a l ( I 9H6) (19^7)
(19^9) dem onstrated t h a t v itam in A su p p lem en tatio n b e fo re p a r t u r t i o n
in c re a s e d th e amount o f v ita m in A in th e b lo o d and l i v e r o f th e new
bo rn c a l f and in th e

c o lo stru m o f th e dam. V itam in A alc o h o l

found to be th e most

e f f e c t i v e supplem ent. T h is in c r e a s e o f v ita m in A

r e s u l t e d in s u p e rio r perform ance on th e p a r t o f c a lv e s .

was

P a r r is h e t a l

3
(19*49) re p o rte d s im ila r r e s u l t s .

They found th a t fe e d in g to c o p h e ro ls

prepartura d id n o t h e lp to in c re a s e v ita m in A o r c a ro te n e o f th e c o lo s ­
trum .

Thomas e t a l (1947) showed t h a t th e v itam in A c o n te n t o f c o lo s­

trum in sows and d a ir y g o a ts could "be in c re a s e d by supplem enting t h e i r
r a t io n s w ith v itam in A.

The E f f e c ts o f P la n t Growth and Storage upon
C arotene Content o f Hay and G rain.
The c a ro te n e
p e rio d o f tim e by

c o n te n t o f c a t t l e fe e d can change m a te r ia lly over a
o x id a tiv e p ro c e s s e s .

I t i s o f im portance to be

aware o f th e f a c t o r s t h a t h a s te n o r r e t a r d th e se d e s tr u c t iv e p r o c e s s e s ..
Coward (19^5) m entioned th a t when th e le a v e s o f p la n ts tu r n brown
and d ry up, t h e i r v itam in A value i s l o s t .

According to Hartman (1931) ,

t h i s lo s s o f c a ro te n e i s brought about by o x id a tiv e p ro c e s s e s in d ry in g
hay in s u n lig h t, o r d u rin g u n u s u a lly lo n g seasons o f d ry n e s s , as mentioned
by H art and G u ilb e rt (1933)*

Schmidt (l9*+l) rev ealed th a t a l f a l f a hay

v/hen exposed to th e sun f o r 48 h o u rs lo s e s about 98 p e r c e n t o f i t s
c a ro te n e .

A r t i f i c i a l d ry in g o f f r e s h ly cu t green a l f a l f a p re s e rv e s much

o f th e c a ro te n e .

Savage e t a l (l942) p o in te d out th a t hay maylo s e c a ro te n e

on s to ra g e w ith o u t marked change in c o lo r , and co n v ersely t h a t la c k o f green
c o lo r i s n o t n e c e s s a r ily an in d ic a tio n o f th e absence o f c a ro te n e .
V irta n e n (193&) found th a t m a in ta in in g th e a c i d i t y o f s il a g e below pH. 4
p re v e n te d d e s tr u c tio n o f d a ro te n e .

P rap s and T re ic h le r (1933) re p o rte d

th a t th e v itam in A c o n te n t o f feed s d ecrease d in accordance w ith th e
le n g th o f time in s to ra g e and t h a t a l f a l f a l e a f meal l o s t 50 p e r cen t
and y ellow corn 30 p e r cen t o f th e v ita m in A potency in 5 months under

1+
o rd in a ry s to ra g e c o n d itio n s .

G u ilb e r t (1935) found th a t v a r i a tio n s

in tem p eratu re p la y an im p o rtan t r o l e in th e r a t e o f l o s s o f c a ro te n e .
Over a 15 day p e rio d th e r a te o f l o s s o f caro te n e was ro u g h ly doubled
fo r each 10 d eg re e r i s e in te m p e ra tu re .

B a ltz e r e t a l (1942) made a

survey o f d i f f e r e n t grades o f hay fed to d a ir y c a t t l e in M ichigan and
found th a t th e c a ro te n e c o n ten t v a r ie d from 4 .3 to 57*4 ug. p er gram
o f . d ry m a tte r.

M itc h e ll and Hauge (1946) p re se n te d ev id en ce th a t th e

ca ro ten e d e s tr o y in g enzyme in a l f a l f a i s a lip o x id a s e .

These workers

in a l a t e r r e p o r t (1946) p o in te d o u t th a t only a sm all amount o f c a ro te n e
was l o s t b e fo re w iltin g took p la c e .
l i m i t c a ro te n e d e s tr u c tio n .

The c e l l p e r m e a b ility appeared to

Enzymic d e s tr u c tio n o f c a ro te n e d u rin g

f i e l d c u rin g o f hay appeared to be g r e a t e r than d e s tr u c tio n by l i g h t .
A bsorption o f C arotene and V itam in A
B ic k n e ll and P r e s c o tt (1947) re p o rte d th a t f a t i s n e c e s sa ry fo r
th e e f f i c i e n t a b s o rp tio n o f c a r o te n e .

The p ro b ab le im portance o f f a t

i s due to i t s d is s o lv in g the c a ro te n e and making i t a v a ila b le f o r a s s o rp tio n .

The t r a n s f e r o f c a ro te n e a c ro ss th e w all o f th e i n t e s t i n e

pro b ab ly depends on th e form ation o f a w ater so lu b le d i f f u s i b l e complex
w ith b i l e a c id s .

A fte r th e c a r o te n e h as passed in to th e l a c t e a l s i t i s

tra n s p o rte d to th e l i v e r in c o l l o i d a l suspension.
In an im als th e presence o f b i l e i s u n n ecessary f o r th e a b so rp tio n
o f vitam in A b ecau se when the common b i l e duct i s t i e d o f f , vitam in A
i s s t i l l ab so rb ed .

P at and f a t t y a c id s are a ls o n e c e s s a ry because when

f a t a b s o rp tio n i s im paired th e v ita m in A a b s o rp tio n i s in te r f e r e d w ith .
Yihen v itam in A i s tr a n s f e r r e d a c r o s s th e i n t e s t i n a l w a ll in th e form o f
an a lc o h o l, th e n a t u r a l ly o c c u rtin g v itam in A e s te r s a re f i r s t h ydrolyzed,

("by the enzymeB o f th e i n t e s t i n e ) , l i k e th e o th e r e s t e r s o f th e f a t t y
a c id s .

B efore p a s s in g in to th e l a c t e a l s , th e a lc o h o l i s a g a in combined

w ith f a t t y a c id .

The maximum r i s e in th e le v e l o f v itam in A in

th e

blood o ccu rred w ith in 3 to 5 hours a f t e r th e c aro ten e i s ta k e n bj mouth.
There a re s e v e ra l f a c t o r s which p la y an Im portant r o le in th e
amount o f c a ro te n e o r v ita m in A which can be absorbed by th e i n t e s t i n e .
B reece et. a l (19^2) te s t e d th e a b s o rp tio n o f v itam in A in 29 p a t i e n t s
w ith sev ere pulm onary tu b e r c u lo s is and i n t e s t i n a l symptoms o f v a ry in g
s e v e r ity and found i t to be o n ly h a l f th a t o f normal p a t i e n t s .
e t a l (19^3)

Reifman

Shaw e_t a l ( I 9UU) observed t h a t th e r a t e o f absorp­

tio n of v ita m in A and c a ro te n e was p ro p o rtio n a l to th e dosage g iv en .
Greaves and Schmidt (1935) proved th a t b ile s a l t s , such as glycodesoxyc h o lic o r d eso x y ch o lic a c id , were re q u ire d f o r th e a b s o rp tio n o f p ro ­
v itam in A in v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t choledochostom ized r a t s a s judged by th e
v a g in a l smear te c h n iq u e .

I r v in e t a l (19^1) made u se o f i n t e s t i n a l

lo o p s o f dogs to show t h a t v e ry l i t t l e c a ro te n e i s absorbed in c o tto n ­
seed o i l s o lu tio n s .

YJhen ox or hog b i l e or p a n c r e a tic l i p a s e was ad­

m in is te re d , s i g n i f i c a n t q u a n t i t i e s o f c a ro te n e were abso rb ed .

M olander

(19^9) d em o n strated t h a t o n ly 66 p e r cent o f th e c a ro te n e in an em ulsion
o f m in eral o i l was ab so rbed by th e g a s tr o i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t .
when the c a ro te n e was d is s o lv e d in corn o i l .

T his was tru e

The f a t t y a c id s o f corn o i l

a re a p p a re n tly n o t e f f i c i e n t c a r r i e r s o f c a ro te n e .

The a u th o r s tu d ie s th e

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c a ro te n e when absorbed in th e above v e h ic le s and found
th a t m in eral o i l and corn o i l caused a system ic d i s t r i b u t i o n , whereas th e
f a t t y a c id s of corn o i l c a r r ie d most o f the c a ro te n e to th e l i v e r .

6

Conversion o f C arotene to V itam in A
Rosenberg (1942) s ta te d t h a t th e mechBnism o f th e co n v ersio n o f
p ro v ita m in A to v itam in A was n o t known.

Moreover, exact s i t e f o r th e
!

co n v ersio n o f p ro v itam in A was unknown alth o u g h evidence p o in te d toward
th e l i v e r .

He claim ed t h a t th e r a t was th e most e f f i c i e n t c o n v e rte r o f

p ro v ita m in A;
e ffic ie n t.

ch ick en s, g u in ea p ig s , r a b b i ts , p ig s , and c a t t l e were l e s s

CatB

are a p p a re n tly in c a p a b le o f t h i s co n v ersio n .

B ic k n e ll

and P r e s c o tt (1947) re p o rte d t h a t th e co n v ersio n o f c a ro te n e to v ita m in A
o ccu rred in th e l i v e r by th e a c tio n o f an enzyme, c a ro te n a se .

In c u b a tio n

o f c a ro te n e w ith fre s h l i v e r t i s s u e o r aqueous e x tr a c ts changes the
c a ro te n e to v itam in A;

t h i s c o n v ersio n i s stopped by h e a t , which su g g e sts

th e a c tio n o f an enzyme.
The th y ro id gland a p p a re n tly p la y s a r o le in co nversion and
s to ra g e o f v itam in A and c a ro te n e in th e body, although ex p erim en tal
evidence a t tim es has been c o n tr a d ic to r y .

i

D r i l l and T ruant (1947) made a

stu d y o f th e e f f e c t o f th yroidectom y on the conversion o f c a ro te n e to
v itam in A and found th a t th e th y ro id gland p la y s a m ajor r o le in th e
co n v ersio n .

Johnson and Baumann (1947) found th a t r a t s were a b le to

s to r e preform ed v ita m in A e q u a lly w e ll w hether th ey a re hypothyroid
o r h y p e rth y ro id .

When c a ro te n e was fed to h y p e rth y ro id anim als th ey

accum ulated la r g e r s to r e s o f v ita m in A than normal r a t s re c e iv in g equiv­
a le n t amounts o f c a ro te n e .

They h y p o th y ro id r a t s s to re d v e ry l i t t l e

v ita m in A.

The a d d itio n o f th y ro x in r e s to r e d th e co n v ersio n a b i l i t y o f

th e s e r a t s .

Wiese a t g l (1 9 4 8 ), however, dem onstrated th a t r a t s made

h y p o th y ro id u t i l i z e d ca ro te n e and v itam in A e q u a lly w ell.
Some re se a rc h work has been done in the l a s t few y e a rs which
in d ic a te s th a t th e i n t e s t i n e may be th e s i t e o f conversion

o f c a ro te n e

to v ita m in A.

M attson e t a l (1947) (l^US) concluded t h a t th e s i t e o f

co n v ersio n o f c a ro te n e to v itam in A in th e r a t i s the i n t e s t i n a l w a ll.
T his i s based on th e f a c t t h a t th e i n t e s t i n e i s th e o n ly organ o f th e
r a t in which an in c r e a s e o f c a ro te n e i s found fo llo w in g i t s a d m in is tra ­
t i o n , and v itam in A i s found in th e i n t e s t i n a l w all o n ly d u rin g a p e rio d
fo llo w in g the fe e d in g c a ro te n e o r v itam in A.

The a u th o rs p o in te d out

q u ite c o n lu s iv e ly t h a t v ita m in A i s th e su b stan ce formed in th e i n t e s ­
t i n e as i t e x h ib its flu o re s c e n c e , p o s se s se s an a b so rp tio n curve s im ila r
to th a t o f v itam in A, and shows a s in g le flu o re s c in g band in a mixed
chromatogram w ith v itam in A.

S ta llc u p and Herman (195°) u s in g i s o l a t e d

lo o p s o f i n t e s t i n e , s e c tio n s o f l i v e r and blood plasm a from d a ir y c a lv e s
e s ta b lis h e d th a t co n v ersio n o f c a ro te n e to v ita m in A took p la c e in th e
i n t e s t i n e and l i v e r b u t n o t in th e blood plasm a.

Sexton e t a l (19U6)

d em o n strated t h a t th e i n t e s t i n a l w all ap p ears to a c t as a b a r r i e r beyond
which b e ta -c a ro te n e can n o t p a s s .

B e ta -c a ro te n e in je c te d in tra v e n o u s ly ,

i n t r a p e r i t o n e a l l y , o r i n t r a s p e n i c a l l y accum ulated in th e l i v e r w ithout
an in c r e a s e in th e v itam in A c o n te n t o f the l i v e r or plasm a.

B e ta -c a ro te n e

could be d e te c te d in l i v e r s f o r as lo n g as 46 days a f t e r in j e c t i o n .

When

b e ta - c a ro te n e was given o r a l l y in c o tto n se e d o i l , the v ita m in A l e v e ls
o f l i v e r and plasm a in c re a s e d h o u rly .
V itam in A and C arotene Requirem ents
G u ilb e rt and H art (1935)» Moore (1939) and Ward e t a l (1940)
re p o rte d th a t th e d a i ly minimum c a ro te n e requirem ent o f th e bovine i s
between 24 to 35 ug. p e r kg. o f body w eight.

H art e t a l (1940) sum­

m arized t h e i r d a ta on th e minimum v itam in A and c a ro te n e req u irem en ts

8

o f v a rio u s s p e c ie s .
TABLE I
D a ily In ta k e p e r k g . o f Body Weight
V itam in A

C arotene

S oecies

M icroerams

I.U .

C a ttle

5 .1 - 6.4

21-27

26 - 33

43-55

Sheep

4 .3 - 6.3

17-26

25 - 35

42-53

Swine

4 .4 - 5 .7

18-24

25 - 39

42-65

Horse

4 .2 - 5 .3

17-22

O
CU

33-50

Micrograms

I.U .

0

1

G allup et, a l (1941) s ta te d t h a t a plasm a caro te n e v a lu e o f
l e s s than I 5O ug. p e r 100 ml. in p reg n an t J e rs e y cows in d ic a te s a
b o r d e rlin e d e f ic ie n c y o f v itam in A.

Boyer et, a l (1942) r e p o rte d t h a t

a blood plasm a v ita m in A le v e l o f 10 ug. o r more p e r 100 m l. i s
n e c e s sa ry f o r ad eq u ate n u t r i t i o n o f growing c a lv e s .

The d a i l y c a ro ­

te n e req u irem en ts n e c e s sa ry to m a in ta in an adequate plasm a v ita m in A
le v e l and p re v e n t d e f ic ie n c y symptoms a re 75 US* P©r kg. f o r H o ls te in
y e a r lin g s and 125 u g . p e r kg. f o r Guernsey y e a r lin g s .

The blood plasm a

c a ro te n e le v e ls which would m a in ta in an adequate blood plasm a v ita m in
A a re 50-70

ug* o f c a ro te n e p e r 100 ml. f o r H o ls te in s and 110-lHO ug.

o f c a ro te n e p e r 100 ml. f o r G uernseys.

S u tto n e t a l (1945) observed

t h a t H o ls te in s and A y rsh ire s r e q u ir e l e s s c a ro te n e to m a in ta in b lo o d
plasm a l e v e l s o f v ita m in A than do J e rs e y s and Guernseys.
Animals r e q u ir e f a r more c a ro te n e and vitam in A f o r optimum
growth and re p ro d u c tio n than fo r m aintenance.

L o o sli et, a l (19U5 ) r e -

commended, th e fo llo w in g :

c a lv e s w eighing 100, 150, 200, 400, $00

and 800 pounds should re c e iv e 6, 10, 12, 2 5 , and 35 m6* ° f c a ro te n e p er
day r e s p e c tiv e ly fo r o p tim al grow th.

Lewis e t a l (1945) found th a t

c a lv e s need from 64 to $1?. I.U . o f v itam in A d a ily p e r kg. o f "body
w eight f o r o p tim a l growth and some s to ra g e in th e l i v e r .

They

found t h a t a h ig h c o n c e n tra tio n o f v itam in A re ta rd e d grow th.

Payne

and Kingman (1947) s ta te d th a t f o r adequate h e a lth and re p ro d u c tio n ,
H erfo rd h e i f e r s and cows should have blood plasm a le v e l s o f c a ro te n e o f
a t l e a s t 117.25 and 82.88 ug. p e r 100 ml. r e s p e c tiv e ly .
Moore .et a l (1948) r e p o rte d th e normal c e re b ro s p in a l p re s s u re o f
Guerneeys and J e rs e y s to be around 75 to 120 mm. o f w ater.

In c re a se d

s p in a l p r e s s u re was n o t observed when the anim als re c e iv e d 30 ug. o f
c a ro te n e o r more p e r pound o f body w eight.

Watkins and Knox (1950)

s tu d ie d th e b lo o d plasm a l e v e l s o f c a ro te n e and v itam in A in b e e f
c a t t l e and concluded t h a t v itam in A d e fic ie n c y i s n o t a p t to occur
except in tim es o f prolonged dro u g h t when p la n t growth i s sp a rse .
B a s s e tt a t a l (1946) e s ta b lis h e d th a t the v itam in A requirem ent nec­
e s sa ry to p re v e n t nervous symptoms in growing fox pups i s between 15
to 25 I . U. p e r k g . o f body w eight p e r day.

S torage o f v itam in A does

n o t o ccu r in th e l i v e r u n t i l 50 to 100 I . U. o f v itam in A p e r kg. a re
fed p e r day.
S to rag e o f V itam in A aid C arotene
The amount o f v itam in A and c a ro te n e in th e blood and in th e
t i s s u e s i s dependent
l i s t th e fo llo w in g :

on v a rio u s f a c to r s .
1. n u t r i t i o n a l in ta k e ;

Popper

and Steigmann (1943)

2. d is tu rb a n c e o f i n t e s t i n a l

10

a b s o rp tio n ;

3.

l i v e r and blood;

in c re a se d demand;
5*

c e n tr a tio n o f blo o d .

U.

d is tu rb e d i n t e r a c t i o n o f

sp a rin g a c tio n o f vitam in E;

6.

l i p i d con­

B arron (19^-2), Josephs (19^-3)»

e d itb r s

o f N u tr itio n a l Reviews (19^-3) p o in te d out th a t in g e n e ra l d is e a s e s
o f th e lu n g s, l i v e r , stom ach,

and i n t e s t i n e reduce th e amount o f

v ita m in A and c a ro te n e in th e body.

However, in one d is e a s e , tu ­

b e r c u lo s is , th e v itam in appears to be in c re a s e d .

Wendt (19U1 ) r e ­

p o rte d t h a t in dogs some v itam in A i s norm ally d e stro y ed when th e
b lo o d p a sse s through th e lu n g s.

Aron a t a l (19^6) observed a d e p re s­

s io n o f plasm a v itam in A and c a ro te n e in man w ith an a r t i f i c i a l l y in ­
duced f e v e r.

Pavcek jet a l (19^5 ) n o tic e d th a t l i v e r s o f c a t t l e w ith

t e l a n g i e c t a s i s a re to x ic when fed to r a t s and s ta te d th a t i t i s prob­
a b ly due to t h e i r abnorm ally h ig h co n ten t o f vitam in A.

Kao and

Sherman (l9*+0), Lewis a t a l (19^1), B a s s e tt e t a l ( I 9H6 ) , and F rey e t a l
(19^7) showed t h a t the amount o f vitam in A s to re d in t i s s u e s depended
on i t s c o n c e n tra tio n in th e d i e t .
G u ilb e rt and H art (1935) found th a t 93 Pe r c e n t o f the body
s to r e s o f v itam in A in c a t t l e i s in th e l i v e r .
o f c a ro te n e a re in th e body f a t .

The p r in c ip a l s to r e s

Sakamoto (19^0) determ ined th a t

n e x t to th e l i v e r th e c o n te n t o f v itam in A i s h ig h e s t in th e ch o ro id
and r e t i n a .

In th e o th e r t i s s u e s v ery l i t t l e v itam in A i s p r e s e n t.

Frey e t a l (19^6) used lHO H erefords f o r ex p e rim e n ta tio n .

Of th e s e ,

22 anim als were k i l l e d im m ediately and i t was found t h a t th e l i v e r s
c o n ta in e d 9*68 ug. o f v itam in A fo r each 1 ug. o f c a ro te n e .

A nother

group o f 98 an im als was p la c e d on a f a tte n in g r a tio n f o r 166 d ay s. At
th e end o f t h i s p e rio d t h e i r l i v e r s co n tain ed 1.06 ug. o f v ita m in A fo r

11

each 1 u g . o f c a ro te n e .

The rem aining H erefo rd s were k e p t on a main­

tenan ce r a t io n fo r th e same p e rio d as th e f a tte n in g anim als end t h e i r
l i v e r s c o n tain ed 2 .5 ug. o f v itam in A f o r each 1 ug. of c a ro te n e .
Spielman et, a l (19^6) showed t h a t fe e d in g la r g e amounts o f c a ro te n e to
cows d u rin g g e s ta tio n in c re a se d th e c o n te n t o f caro te n e in th e blood
plasm a and th e l i v e r o f new bom c a lv e s .

The a d d itio n o f 1 m illio n

I.U . o f v itam in A d a ily to th e normal r a tio n o f p regnant cows r e s u lte d
in an average t o t a l f e t a l l i v e r c o n ten t o f 97*177 I*U. o f v itam in A.
T his work d e f i n i t e l y showed th a t both v itam in A and c a ro te n e can be t r a n s ­
f e rr e d from th e m other to th e f e tu s by way o f th e p la c e n ta .

Johnson and

Baumann (19^7) working w ith r a t s found th a t a t low le v e ls o f c a ro te n e
in ta k e , (35 I . U. d a i l y ) , more v itam in A appears in th e k id n e y th an in
th e l i v e r ;
th e k id n ey .

a t h ig h e r le v e ls more v itam in A ap pears in th e l i v e r than in
Coombes £t^ a l (19UO) s ta te d th a t foxes do n o t s to r e c a ro te n e

in th e l i v e r , whereas sto ra g e o f v itam in A on a good d ie t i s between
150 and 200 ug. p e r gram.
Cox (19^+1) s tu d ie d th re e human c ases which had p assed through a
c o n d itio n o f m assive n e c r o s is o f th e l i v e r and came to th e co n clu sio n
th a t h e p a tic c e l l s a re n o t e s s e n ti a l fo r sto ra g e o f v itam in A.

The

a lte r e d l i v e r t i s s u e had more v ita m in A than th e normal t i s s u e .

He

f e l t t h a t v itam in A was s to re d in the K upffer c e l l s which wer e mark­
e d ly in c re a se d in d is e a s e .

C layton and Baumann (19UU) p o in te d out

th a t h e p a tic s to ra g e o f v itam in A appeared to be r e l a t i v e l y independent
o f o th e r biochem ical p ro c e sse s ta k in g p la c e in th e liv e r .

D im ethylam ino-

benzene, hydro ./coum arin, v itam in K, h ig h or low f a t d i e t s , and severe
c h o lin e d e fic ie n c y d id n o t a f f e c t the s to ra g e .

12

M a n ife s ta tio n s o f Vitam in A D e fic ie n c y .
In th e Eyes o f C a ttle
The symptoms o f v itam in A d e fic ie n c y have been observed fo r many
y e a r s , e s p e c ia lly th o se symptoms in v o lv in g th e eye3.

The B ib le (601

B. C .) p ro b ab ly gave th e f i r s t in fo rm a tio n in d ic a tin g t h a t th e v itam in
A d e f ic ie n c y may have e x is te d in a n c ie n t tim es and in v o lv ed th e eyes.
"And th e w ild a s s e s d id stan d in th e h ig h p la c e s , th e y sn u ffed up th e
wind l i k e drag o n s, t h e i r eyes d id f a i l , because th e re was no g r a s s ."
C onnell and Carson ( I 896) d e s c rib e d a c o n d itio n c a lle d " f a t sic k n e ss"
which i s o fte n accompanied by inflam m ation o f th e eye o r t o t a l lo s s o f
s ig h t in c a t t l e .
The p re sen c e o f n ig h t b lin d n e s s or n y c ta lo p ia i s one o f th e e a r l i e s t
s ig n s o f v itam in A d e fic ie n c y .

H art and G u ilb e rt (1933) observed th a t

when c a t t l e re c e iv e d d ry feed fo r n in e months, n ig h t b lin d n e s s was q u ite
common in th e younger an im als. YJald (193*+) found th a t n ig h t b lin d n e s s i s
brought about by th e la c k o f v itam in A which m a in ta in s v is u a l p u rp le .
There i s a v is u a l c y c le in th e eye and v itam in A p la y s an im p o rtan t
p a r t in i t .

In a normal anim al th e v is u a l p u rp le o f th e r e t i n a l ro d s

i s b leach ed out by b r ig h t s u n lig h t.

V itam in A i s th e p re c u rs o r o f t h i s

su b stan ce which i s e s s e n tia l to v is io n in dim l i g h t .

V isu a l p u rp le i s

b leach ed to r e tin e n e o r v is u a l yello w and t h i s in tu rn i s p a r t ly recon­
v e r te d to v itam in A.

C alves which Mooro (1939) p la c e d on a low c a ro te n e

r a t io n a t UO-90 days o f age u s u a lly developed n y c ta lo p ia in from Ug to
73 d ay s.

Schmidt (19U1) , Jones e t a l (19*+3). and Stubbs (19UU) a ls o r e ­

p o rte d n ig h t b lin d n e s s as an e a r ly symptom.

Some o f th e o th e r symptoms

r e p o rte d by w orkers a re d i l a t a t i o n o f th e p u p ils , la c r im a tio n , p r o tu s io n

o f th e e y e - b a lls , x ero p h th alm ia, p a p i l l a r y

edema, fa d in g o f th e

tapetum lucidum , c o rn e a l o p a c ity and u l c e r a t io n , and perm anent
b lin d n e s s .

Jo n es e t a l ( 19 U3 ) observed t h a t th e p u p ils o f th e eyes

d id n o t c lo se p ro p e rly and th a t th e e y e - b a lls appeared to p ro tru d e
from t h e i r socketB ( f is h - e y e s ) .

H art and G u ilb e rt (1933)»

Jones

e t a l (19^3) re p o rte d a v e ry marked la c rim a tio n in v itam in A d e fic ie n c y .
X erophthalm ia has been d e s c rib e d q u ite w id ely in man and r a t s b u t n o t
in c a t t l e .

Mead and Ryan (193^) were the only workers to r e p o r t t h i s

c o n d itio n in c a t t l e .

De S chw einitz and De Long ( 193 U ), and Moore (1939)

u s in g an ophthalm oscope observed d e f i n it e s w e llin g and clo u d in g o f th e
o p tic d is c due to p a p i l l a r y edema.

The l a t t e r au th o r though t h i s edema

was brought about by an in c re a s e d i n t r a c r a n i a l p re s s u re .

Moore observed

th e fa d in g o f th e tapetum lucidum from a y ello w c o lo r (when adequate
v itam in A was p re s e n t) to a p a le b lu e ( la c k o f v itam in A).

H art and

G u ilb e rt (1933)» Schmidt (1 9 ^1 ), Jones et. a l (19*+3) and A lvarez (l9*+7)
r e p o rte d inflam m ations o f th e eyes which le d to c o rn e a l o p a c itie s and
u lc e ra tio n B .

Moore e t a l (193*0 and. Moore (1939) did n o t f in d t h i s tru e

in t h e i r ex p erim en tal an im als.

Crocker ( 1919 )» Moore et, a l (193*0 » McNutt

and Wall (1933), ad Moore (1939) showed t h a t perm anent b lin d n e s s i s
brought about by s te n o s is o f th e o p tic n erv e where i t p a s s e s through
th e o p tic foramen.

Wezel and Moore (19**0) d isc u sse d some o f the th e o r ie s

given f o r b lin d n e s s such as in b re e d in g , a h e r e d ita r y c o n d itio n analogous to
L e b e r’s d is e a s e , b a s t e r i a l or p ro to z o a l in f e c tio n s , food p o iso n in g ,
d i e t a r y f a c to r s , in s id io u s r a c h i t i s , i n t r a c r a n i a l p r e s s u re , and p re s s u re
from overgrow th o f bone.

lU
In th e Eve8 o f O ther Mammals and Man
H o s te tle r e t a l (1935)

P^-S8 a d ie t d e f ic ie n t in v itam in A and

n o tic e d th e fo llo w in g symptoms:

la c rim a tio n o r w atery d isc h a rg e from

th e eye, s l i g h t p u s, a p r o tr u s io n of th e e y e - h a ll, c lo d d in g o f th e
i r i s , tem porary "blindness in one o r b o th eyes which l a t e r became p e r­
manent.
ru p tu r e .

Some o f th e eyes had a tendency,

to u lc e r a te and f i n a l l y

Hale (1935) p la c e d g i l t s on a d i e t so t h a t t h e i r v itam in A

was d e p le te d to a v e ry low le v e l b e fo re b re e d in g and f o r 3O days a f t e r
b re e d in g which i s th e tim e d u rin g which th e eyes develop in th e p ig
embryo.

The anim als th en re c e iv e d adequate amounts o f v ita m in A.

Two g i l t s farrow ed 21 p ig s among none

o f which had e y e - b a lls .

An­

o th e r g i l t th a t re c e iv e d a s in g le dose o f cod l i v e r o i l two weeks
b e fo re c o n cep tio n farrow ed l4 p ig s which had v a rio u s eye d e f e c ts some w ith o u t ey es, o th e r s w ith one eye, and s t i l l o th e rs w ith one
la r g e eye and one sm all eye.

A ll were b lin d .

F airbanks (19^0) and

Anderson and H art (l9'+3) observed eye changes in th e h o rse s im ila r to
th o se d e s c rib e d f o r c a t t l e .

Mann a t a l (19^6) showed th a t th e eyes

o f r a b b its develop m e ta p la s ia and k e r a t i n iz a t io n o f th e co rn ea w ith
th e f i n a l r e s u l t t h a t t h i s s tr u c tu r e g ra d u a lly became opaque.
B ic k n e ll and P r e s c o tt (19^7) s ta te d t h a t th e f i r s t d e te c ta b le
s ig n <f a la c k o f v ita m in A in man was a s l i ^ a t im pairm ent o f dark
a d a p ta tio n .

The change in th e eye t h a t could be observed c l i n i c a l l y was

a d ry in g o r x e r a n s is o f th e eye known a s x ero p h th alm ia which i s ac­
companied by p h o to p h o b ia.

Moore (19U5) review ed some o f th e l i t e r a t u r e

on th e r e l a t io n s h i p o f v itam in A, r ib o f l a v in , and a s c o rb ic a c id in
d ark a d a p ta tio n .

I t was p o in te d out th a t when in d iv id u a ls w ith poor

a d a p ta tio n do n o t respond to v itam in A th e ra p y , o fte n th e a d d itio n o f
r ib o f la v in produces immediate re sp o n se.

P ure a s c o rb ic a c id o fte n

b r in g s about improvement in d a rk a d a p ta tio n as does v itam in A.

S pies

e t a l ( I 9U5 ) m entioned th a t in humans w ith r ib o f la v in d e f ic ie n c y , i n t e r ­
s t i t i a l k e r a t i t i s i s seen in 60 p e r c e n t o f th e p a t i e n t s and co rn e a l
u l c e r a t i o n in 53 p e r c e n t.

P a tie n ts responded to r ib o f la v in th e ra p y .

In th e R ep ro d u ctiv e System
Male
R eproductive f a i l u r e , e i t h e r perm anent or tem porary, i s one o f
th e most s e rio u s problem s c o n fro n tin g d a ir y herd owners.

In r e c e n t

y e a rs more a t t e n t i o n h a s been given to th e re p ro d u c tiv e perform ance o f
th e male and i t s r e la tio n s h ip to an adequate d i e t .

Jo n es e t a l (19U5)

re p o rte d th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f 6j normal b u ll semen sam ples w ith o u t
c o n s id e ra tio n o f breed o r age.

The samples showed e x c e lle n t m o t i l i ty ,

a v e ra g in g about 5 *^ ml* p er sample; re v e a le d a sperm c o n c e n tra tio n o f
1 , 120,000 p e r cmm.;

had 11 p e r cent abnormal sperm atozoa, aid in 70

p e r c e n t o f th e samples gave an i n i t i a l pH. re a d in g between 6.1+0 and
6 .8 0 .
The fo llo w in g e f f e c t s have been observed in b u ll s when th e v ita m in
A o r c a ro te n e was low in the d i e t ;

1.

i n a b i l i t y o f b u l l s to mount and

d e liv e r semen alth o u g h r e ta i n in g an u n u su al d eg ree of l i b id o ;
p l e t e o r p a r t i a l f a i l u r e o f sperm ato g en esis;

2 . com­

3 . a low c o n c e n tra tio n of

m o tile sperm atozoa; M-. a high p e rc e n ta g e o f abnormal sperm atozoa;
5.

a h ig h pH o f th e semen;

th e normal amount to none.

6. v a r ia tio n in th e number o f sperm from
G u ilb e rt and H art (1935) re p o rte d th a t

sperm ato g en esis d id n o t take p la c e in th e t e s t e s o f one o f th e ir

16
ex p erim en tal b u l l s fed a d i e t low in v itam in A.

They m entioned,

however, t h a t t h i s s t e r i l i t y was n o t perm anent because adequate
amounts o f v ita m in A r e s to r e d th e sperm ato g en esis.

Hodgson e t a l

(1946), B ra tto n e t a l (1948), and Madsen e t a l (1948) p o in te d out the
i n a b i l i t y o f b u l l s to c o p u late

retf3 in in g some l i b i d o .

a lth o u g h

These

a u th o rs c i t e d changes in the semen such as a low c o n c e n tra tio n o f
m o tile sperm, a h ig h p e rc e n ta g e o f abnormal sperm atozoa and an in c re a s e
in pH.

Hodgson a t a l (1946) and Erb e t a l (1947) s ta te d th a t th e form ation

o f c y s ts in th e a n t e r i o r p i t u i t a r y glan d s m ight be th e cause o f re p ro d u c tiv e
f a i l u r e in v itam in A d e f ic ie n t b u l l s .

C hevrel and Cormier (1948) found

t e s t i c u l a r changes in male r a b b i ts on a v ita m in A d e f ic i e n t d i e t a l ­
though th e anim als rec e iv e d 10-20 mg. o f to co p h ero l d a ily .
jjemale

I t h as been known fo r some time th a t cows s u f f e r in g from v itam in
A d e f ic ie n c y may show poor re p ro d u c tio n , prem ature b i r t h s , may r e ­
t a i n t h e i r p la c e n ta e , and give b i r t h to weak o r dead c a lv e s .

In r a t s

and p ig s r e s o r p tio n and m alform ations o f th e f e tu s e s have been r e p o rte d .
H art and G u ilb e rt (1933) ®ade a stu d y o f v itam in A d e f ic ie n c y .in
a h erd o f 250 head o f c a t t l e o f which 100 d ie d .

In 25 to 30 cows which

calv ed a t th e h e ig h t o f the d e f ic ie n c y , a l l o f the o f f s p r in g were weak
when b o rn , had se v ere d ia r r h e a s , and d ied in one to f iv e d a y s.

H art and

G u ilb e rt (1947) s ta te d t h a t cows may a b o rt i f s u f f i c i e n t c a ro te n e and
v ita m in A a re n o t p re s e n t in t h e i r d i e t .

Cunningham and A ddington ( I 938)

observed a b o rtio n s in cows on v itam in A d e f ic ie n t r a tio n s which were ex­
p la in e d on th e b a s is o f edema d e v elo p in g in th e p la c e n ta e and cau sin g
th e f e t a l v i l l i to s e p a ra te from the m atern al c ry p ts o f th e cotyledons^

17
th u s c u ttin g o f f th e food supply to th e f e tu s .

H a rt (19^0) c ite d some

o f h i s e a r ly work in 1911 where anim als were p la c e d on r e s t r i c t e d
r a t io n s o f a s in g le p la n t such as w heat, o a t s , o r c o m , in which i t
was shown t h a t f a i l u r e o f re p ro d u c tio n could be n u t r i t i o n a l in o r ig in .
D avis and Madsen (19^1) found t h a t h e i f e r s r e c e iv in g 3O-H5 ug. o f caro ­
te n e p e r kg. produced c a lv e s t h a t were e i t h e r b lin d and weak, o r dead
a t d e liv e r y .

Braun (19^5) a*1** S u tto n e t a l (19^5) d isc o v e re d t h a t

blo o d plasm a v ita m in A le v e ls in c a t t l e from two to fo u r weeks b e fo re
p a r t u r i t i o n o r a b o rtio n ta k e a s i g n i f i c a n t sh arp drop, and reach t h e i r
lo w est le v e l a few days a f t e r p a r t u r i t i o n o r a b o rtio n .
Hughes et. a l (1928) and Hugfres (193^) m entioned th a t g i l t s and
sows do n o t reproduce i f th e v ita m in A in ta k e i s n o t ad e q u a te .

The

anim als n o t o n ly a b o rt b u t o fte n the f e tu s e s a re p a r t i a l l y re so rb e d .
Hade (1935) r e p o rte d t h a t in a d d itio n to p ig s b e in g farrow ed w ith no
e y e - b a lls , th e y had h a re l i p s , c l e f t p a l a t e s , accessory e a r l i k e grow ths
a t base o f e a r , malformed h in d l e g s , and k id n ey s f a i l i n g to ascend from
t h e i r embryonic p o s itio n .
Mason (1935) s ta te d th a t f e t a l d eath in th e r a t ta k e s p la c e be­
cause o f p a th o lo g ic a l a l t e r a t i o n s in th e e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s o f th e m atern al
p la c e n ta c o n s is tin g o f fo c a l n e c r o s is in th e m atern al d e c id u a a d ja c e n t
to th e f e t a l tr o p h o b la s t.
tis s u e .

T h is i s follow ed by a l t e r a t i o n s in th e f e t a l

Browman (193^) found th a t re p ro d u c tiv e perform ance i s much

low er in r a t s tw ice d e p le te d o f v ita m in A.

No eye, lim b, o r o th e r m icro­

sco p ic a b n o rm a litie s were observed in th e 260 young r a t s b o m to fem ales
on low l e v e l s o f v ita m in A supplem ent.

Y/ilson and Waxkany ( I 9U8 ) d is ­

covered m alform ation in k2 f e t a l and newborn r a t s from m others d e f ic i e n t
in v ita m in A.

The m alform ations c o n s is te d o f f a i l u r e o f p a r t s to develop,

.

o rg an s fu s in g , and p a r t s "being o u t o f p o s itio n in th e "body.

18
Warkany

and Roth (l9*+8) fe d 260 fem ale ratB a b a s a l r a tio n and v a r ie d th e
amount o f c a ro te n e in t h i s manner:

28 r a t s re c e iv e d 25 mg. o f c a ro te n e

th e f i r s t month and tw ice as much th e l a s t 2 .5 weeks;

165 were given

k mg. o f c a ro te n e , 3^ re c e iv e d 12 mg. and 33 re c e iv e d 25 mg. every
10 d ay s.
n o t m ate;

The r e s u l t s were as fo llo w s:

22 had h e a t c y c le s b u t d id

12k mated b u t d id n o t have l i t t e r s ;

o n ly 30 c a r r ie d young to term .
o n ly 25 l i t t e r s norm al.

114 had l i t t e r s but

E ig h ty -n in e l i t t e r s were abnorm al and

7/hen th e s e f ig u r e s were broken down f u r th e r ,

612 r a t s were abnormal and o n ly 208 norm al.

W ilson and Warkany (19^7)

m entioned th a t th e e a r l i e s t s ig n o f m e ta p la s tic k e r a t i n i z a t i o n in r a t s
i s seen in th e g e n ito u rin a r y t r a c t o f th e f e tu s on th e 18th day o f g es­
t a t i o n in v itam in A d ep riv ed m others.

T r u s c o tt (19^7) re v e a le d

th a t

fem ale r a t s p la c e d on a v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t r a tio n showed a g rad u al
d e c lin e in w eight o f t h e i r o v a r ie s .

Fraps ( 19^ 7) re p o rte d th a t 38.2

mg. o f c a ro te n e p e r r a t d a ily i s b e s t f o r b re e d in g .
In G a s tr o i n te s tin a l T ra c t
E n t e r i t i s in c a lv e s i s q u ite g e n e r a lly a s e rio u s problem

and

i n c i t e s i n t e r e s t , w hether i t s cause be n u t r i t i o n a l , i n f e c t io u s , or
o th e rw ise .

H art and G u ilb e rt (1933)* K eener a t a l ( I 9U2) , and Thorp

e t a l (19^2) re p o rte d sco u rs in c a lv e s fed a d i e t d e f i c i e n t in v itam in A.
S tew art and McCallum (193^) made a stu d y o f th e c o r r e l a t i o n between th e
in c id e n c e o f w h ite sco u rs in c a lv e s and th e amount o f v ita m in A in th e
co lo stru m .

In 83 c a lv e s which re c e iv e d colostrum c o n ta in in g more than

25O b lu e u n its o f v itam in A ., 1 0 .8 p e r c en t developed s c o u rs , whereas in

19
28 c a lv e s which re c e iv e d colostrum c o n ta in in g le s s than 25O "blue u n i t s ,
25 p e r c e n t developed w hite sc o u rs.

P h i l l i p s e t a l (19^-1) and P h i l l i p s

(19U5) s ta t e d t h a t ap p ro x im ately 90 p e r cent o f a l l sc o u rs and a l l i e d
d is e a s e s o f c a lv e s were d i r e c t l y r e la te d to n u t r i t i o n a l ca u se s.

They

recommended fe e d in g w ith h i ^ i p otency shark l i v e r o i l and some o f th e
members o f th e v ita m in B complex group.

K rauss e t a l o f Ohio, and

Huffman e t a l o f M ichigan (19^5) a*1** Spielman (19H6) showed t h a t sco u rs
i s j u s t a s p r e v a le n t in c a lv e s which re c e iv e v itam in c a p s u le s as th o se
which re c e iv e p la c e b o s .

Blakemore e t a l (19^8) observed th a t th e ad­

m i n i s t r a t i o n o f v ita m in A c o n c e n tra te f a i l s to p r o te c t c a lv e s from w hite
s c o u rs .

Spielm an e t a l (19^9)» however, found th a t c a lv e s fed a v ita m in

A supplem ent had l e s s sco u rs th an th o se on th e b a s a l r a t io n .
T ild e n and M illa r (193^) and V erder and P e tra n (1937) re v e a le d
t h a t d ia r r h e a ( as a symptom o f v itam in A d e fic ie n c y ) i s more c o n s ta n t
th an th e eye l e s i o n s in th e monkey.

Ramalingaswami ( I 9U9 ) d e sc rib e d

20 c ase s o f v itam in A d e f ic ie n c y in c h ild re n a s s o c ia te d w ith d ia r r h e a
which responded to v itam in A c o n c e n tra te s .

Wheeler (19^+5) d em onstrated

t h a t a h ig h v ita m in A c o n te n t in th e d i e t o f dom estic and non-dom estic
anim als can a c c e le r a te th e m etabolism to th e p o in t where i t cau ses
d ia r r h e a .

S e e lig (19^-0-Ul) s e le c te d 13 human p a t ie n ts w ith g a s t r i c u l c e r s

which had been r e s i s t a n t to m edical tre a tm e n t f o r more than a y e a r w ith ­
o u t su c ce ss.

These p a t i e n t s re c e iv e d d a i ly doses o f 120,000 to

780,000 I.U . o f v ita m in A.

R a d io lo g ic a l, g a s tro s c o p ic and c l i n i c a l

evidence in d ic a te d fa v o ra b le r e s u l t s in 3 to 5 weeks in a l l ex cep t 2
cases.

20

In th e Nervous System
Moore and Sykes (l9*+0) p la c e d c a lv e s on a low v ita m in A d i e t
and observed p a p illed e m a , syncope, and in c o o r d in a tio n .

C e re b ro sp in a l

f l u i d p r e s s u re s were higji and th e r e appeared to be a r e l a t io n s h i p be­
tween th e s e p r e s s u r e s and th e above symptoms.

When th e s e c a lv e s

were

p la c e d on a norm al d i e t th e c e re b ro s p in a l p r e s s u re s re tu rn e d to
norm al.

Boyer e t a l (19^2) found t h a t n o rm ally th e i n t r a c r a n i a l p r e s ­

su re m easures from 100 to 200 mm. o f w ater and th e v ita m in C c o n te n t
o f th e s p in a l f l u i d i s 2*3 mg. p e r c e n t.
b ro s p in a l p r e s s u re became
C le v e ls .

They n o tic e d t h a t as th e c e r e ­

h ig h e r th e r e was a d e f i n i t e drop in th e v itam in

The a d m in is tr a tio n o f v itam in C to v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t calveB

r e s u l t e d in a r i s e in th e v ita m in C c o n te n t o f th e c e r e b ro s p in a l f lu i d .
A re d u c tio n o f the c e re b ro s p in a l p re s s u re o ccu rred in 3 o u t o f 5 c a s e s .
Moore et. a l (19^3) found t h a t an in ta k e o f 62 ug. o f c a ro te n e p e r kg.
o f body w eight was n o t s u f f i c i e n t to p re v e n t an in c re a s e d s p in a l p r e s ­
su re b u t a minimum o f 66 ug. o f c a ro te n e p rev en ted i t in H o ls te in and
and A y rsh ire c a lv e s .

Moore (19^+6) concluded th a t v itam in C does n o t

p la y a r o le in th e mechanism o f in c re a s e d s p in a l p r e s s u r e .
In th e C onnective T is su e s
B ec h te l a t a l (1928),

G u ilb e rt and H a rt (1935)» Cunningham and

Addington (1938) Schmidt (19U l), and H astin g s (19^-2) found edema a s ­
s o c ia te d w ith v ita m in A d e fic ie n c y .
e x te n s iv e in th e e x tr e m itie s .

The edema appeared to be more

Creech and S eib o ld (19^3) re v e a le d t h a t

th e r e was e x te n s iv e edema in th e subcutaneous t i s s u e s and m uscles ac­
companied by an inflam m atory p ro c e s s .

Madsen and E a rle (19^7) s ta t e d

21

651 "beef c a rc a s s e s were condemned f o r g e n e ra liz e d edema o r a n a s a rc a
by f e d e r a l meat in s p e c to r s d u rin g J u ly , 19*+1 to December, 19^6.

T his

edematous c o n d itio n o ccu rred in c a t t l e a f t e r a lo n g f a t te n in g p e rio d
in dry l o t when fed e i t h e r s to re d o r new corn in com bination w ith a
roughage o f low c a ro te n e c o n te n t such as o a t, h ay , and stra w .
was h ig h ly e f f e c t i v e in c u rin g th e c o n d itio n .

A lfa lfa ,

They were o f th e o p in io n

t h a t th e edema was not due to low ered c o llo id a l osm otic p r e s s u re .
In th e U rin a ry System
There h as been much c o n tro v e rs y f o r s e v e ra l y e a rs as to w hether or
n o t th e la c k o f v itam in A p lay ed an im p o rtan t r o le in the fo rm atio n o f
u r in a r y c a l c u l i .

Osborn e t a l (1917) found a h i $ i in c id e n c e o f c a l c u l i

in t h e i r v itam in A d e f ic ie n t r a t s .

Newson (1938) and Schmidt (19^1) ob­

serv ed u r in a r y c a l c u l i in c a t t l e and sheep on v itam in A d e f ic ie n t
ra tio n s .

Newsom e t a l (19^3) observed th a t lambs were more l i k e l y

to d evelop u r in a r y c a l c u l i on a r a t io n composed o f cane fo d d e r, b ra n ,
and v h ite corn th an on one c o n ta in in g a l f a l f a , b e e t to p s and yellow corn.
E a s s e tt e t a l (19^6) p la ced fox pups on d i e t s d e f i c i e n t in v itam in A
and 21 anim als o ut o f U9 developed u r in a r y c a l c u l i .
human c a se s o f c l i n i c a l u r o l i t h i a s i s , '.Jew ett

In a stu d y o f 98

a l (igl+2) came to the

co n c lu sio n th a t v itam in A d e f ic ie n c y does n o t p la y a r o le in i t .

Jones

e t a l (19^3) d id n o t r e p o rt u r in a r y c a lc u li p re s e n t in t h e i r v itam in A
d e f i c i e n t c a lv e s and y e a r lin g s .

Beeson e t a l (19^3) n o tic e d th a t u r in a r y

c a l c u l i developed in th e k id n ey s o f sheep th a t re c e iv e d ample amounts of
v ita m in A.

22

O ther M a n ife s ta tio n s
Hughes a t a l (1929) s ta te d th a t in c o o rd in a tio n i s th e most o u t­
s ta n d in g symptom o f a v ita m in o s is

A in p ig s , whereas th e eye le s io n s

a re n o t p ro m in en t.

(19^5) observed a r e l a t i o n s h i p

P a tto n ( 1 9 ^ )

be­

tween acetonem ia and v ita m in A d e f ic ie n c y in c a t t l e , and p o in te d o u t
t h a t in u n com plicated c a s e s anim als o fte n responded to v ita m in A th e ra p y .
B u rt ( 1 9 ^ ) and S c o tt (19^5) r e p o rte d th a t th e y o b ta in e d good r e s u l t s
w ith v ita m in A in th e tre a tm e n t o f acetonem ia in c a t t l e .

Shaw jet a l

(19^5) and H endershot (19^6) found th a t v ita m in A d id n o t p la y an im­
p o r ta n t r o le in k e t o s i s .

Langham e t a l (19*+*+) r e p o rte d t h a t pneumonia

o ccu rred in 33 c a lv e s out o f 4U on a v itam in A d e f i c i e n t r a t io n .

A fte r

Mayer and K rehl (19^8) p la c e d r a t s on a d i e t d e f i c i e n t in v ita m in A th e
anim als developed symptoms resem b lin g th o s e o f a c u te scu rv y .

The le v e l

o f a s c o rb ic a c id in th e b lo o d was 50 to 66 p e r c e n t below norm al.
These scu rv y symptoms d isa p p e a re d when in je c t io n s o f a s c o rb ic a c id were
g iv en .

Hassan e t a l (l9 ^ 8 ) co n sid e red th a t a d e f ic ie n c y o f v ita m in A in

man cau ses a p h y s io lo g ic a l le u k o c y to s is , and t h a t th e v ita m in i s , th e r e ­
f o r e , d i r e c t l y concerned in th e p r o te c tiv e mechanism a g a in s t in f e c tio n .
In a d d itio n to th e symptoms th a t have been m entioned p re v io u s ly
i n . t h e th e s i s numerous w orkers have re p o rte d rough h a i r c o a ts , s c a lin e s s
o f th e s k in s , slow ness o f grow th, and d i f f i c u l t y in g e t t i n g up.
H isto p a th o lo g y
The m icro sco p ic stu d y o f v itam in A d e f ic ie n c y in c a t t l e has
been r a t h e r meager and co n fin ed to a v e ry lim ite d number o f organs such
as th e ey es, p i t u i t a r i e s , k id n e y s, l i v e r s , and i n t e s t i n e s .

The most

23

a c cu ra te and thorough work has been done on th e r a t .

E v e r e tt (1942)

l i s t e d th e fou r most im portant fu n c tio n s o f v ita m in A a s f o llo w s :
1.

M aintenance of normal e p i t h e l i a o f th e s k in , th e e y e , th e upper

r e s p ir a to r y , g a s t r o - in t e s t in a l and g e n ito -u r in a r y t r a c t s , and a ls o o f
th e d u c ts , and a c in a r t i s s u e s o f s e c r e to r y g la n d s.
normal nerve t i s s u e .
to o th enam el.

4.

3.

2.

M aintenance o f

Prom otion o f normal growth of bone and o f

P a r tic ip a tio n in th e v is u a l c y c le of dark a d a p ta tio n .

Moore e t a l (1934) in th e studjy of n u t r it io n a l b lin d n e s s in
c a t t l e observed jr e s s u r e atrophy of th e o p tic nerve where i t p a sse s
through the o p tic foramen but s e c t io n s from s e v e r a l c a s e s did not show
any e x o s t o s is of th e c a n a l.

The c a n a l gave more of th e appearance o f

having had p ressu re a p p lie d from above which caused i t t o become sm a ller
as growth proceeded.

The a u th o rs su g g ested th a t in t r a c r a n ia l p ressu re

might produce t h is c o n d itio n .

Moore e t .a l (1939) (1940) a f t e r stu d y in g

more c a s e s ^ p erm an en t b lin d n e s s in c a t t l e s ta te d th a t t h i s c o n d itio n
i s probably brought about by an in c r e a se d in t r a c r a n ia l p r e ss u r e .
(1947)

M ellanby

showed th a t th ere i s e x t e n s iv e nerve d e g e n e r a tio n e s p e c i a l l y in

th e c r a n ia l n e r v es such as the o lf a c t o r y , o p t ic , tr ig e m in a l (1 s t and 2nd
d iv is io n s ) and a u d ito r y in growing puppies in v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t r a t io n s .
The n erve d e g e n e r a tio n i s brought about by overgrowth o f bone which p u t8
p ressu re on th e n e r v e s .

'When v ita m in A i s low th e o s t e o o la s t s f a i l to

absorb bone norm ally but th e o s t e o b la s t s continueth u s r e s u lt in g in th e overgrowth of bone.

to la y down new bone

V/olbach and B essey (1942)

concluded from t h e ir s t u d ie s o f r a t s th a t the nerve l e s i o n s are w h o lly
m echanical in o r ig in .

T his c o n d itio n o f d eg en era tio n of th e n e r v e s ,

th ey rea so n ed , i s brought about by stoppage o f growth o f th e sk e le to n
w h ile th e n erv es con tin u e t o grow.

These in v e s t ig a t o r s confirm ed th e

2k
fo rm atio n o f ex cess p e r i o s t e a l bone in r e a l t i o n to th e bony la b y r in th
o f th e e a r in do g s, as r e p o rte d by M ellanby, and have re c o rd e d s im ila r
f in d in g s in r a t s and g u in ea p ig s .

They d id n o t fin d ex cess bone forma­

t i o n in any o th e r p a r t o f the s k e le to n o f th e r a t .

Copp and G reenburg

( l9 ,+5) found t h a t in v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t r a t s th e c a llu s i s much sm all­
e r in th e h e a lin g o f a f r a c tu r e th an n o rm a lly and c a l c i f i c a t i o n i s l e s s
a c tiv e .

There i s a d elay in f r a c tu r e h e a lin g .

R ich ard s (1935) claim ed

t h a t growth does n o t cease in v ita m in A d e fic ie n c y when th e anim al
c e a s e s to in c r e a s e in w eight.

T his was proved n o t o n ly by d i r e c t

measurem ents o f body le n g th o f th e l i v e anim al, b u t by d i r e c t meas­
urem ents o f the lim b bones a f t e r d eath .
Wolbach and Howe (19^5) observed a sh rin k ag e o f th e gland c e l l s
o f th e p i t u i t a r y in r a t s but no change in th e a r c h it e c tu r e o f th e
g la n d .

S u tto n and B r ie f (1939) p o in te d o u t t h a t numerous in v e s tig a ­

t io n s have shown a r e l a t io n s h i p , r e c ip r o c a l in n a tu re , between th e
gonad and p i t u i t a r y glan d .

They observed a marked in c r e a s e in th e

b e t a c e l l s o f th e p i t u i t a r y from v itam in A d e f ic ie n t r a t s .

They

p o in te d out t h a t t h i s work p ro fid e d evidence t h a t v itam in A d e f ic ie n c y
e x e rte d a d i r e c t e f f e c t on th e gonads.

Madsen e_t a l (19^+2) s tu d ie d

some c y s tic p i t u i t a r y g lan d s o f c a t t l e and observed th a t a c o n s id e ra b le
p o r tio n o f th e f u n c tio n a l a n t e r i o r lo b e was re p la c e d by a c y s t w h ile some
o f th e rem aining p o rtio n s showed in c re a se d amounts o f c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e .
Some o f th e g la n d u la r t i s s u e c o n ta in e d p y k n o tic n u c le i.
Wolbach and Howe (19^5) s ta t e d t h a t the s p e c if ic t i s s u e changes
which fo llo w th e d e p r iv a tio n o f f a t s o lu b le v ita m in A in a lb in o w hite
r a t s and in human b e in g s concerns e p i t h e l i a l t i s s u e s .

The e f f e c t i s

th e s u b s titu tio n o f s t r a t i f i e d k e r a t i n iz in g ep ith e liu m f o r normal

e p ith e liu m .

These changes a r e observed in v a r io u s p a r ts o f th e r e s p ir a ­

to r y t r a c t , a lim en ta ry t r a c t , e y e s , . paraocular g la n d s, and th e g e n ito u r in ­
ary t r a c t .

The replacem ent of e p ith e liu m a r o se from f o c a l p r o lif e r a t io n

o f c e l l s a r is in g from th e o r ig in a l e p ith e liu m and n ot by d i f f e r e n t ia t io n
or change o f p r e - e x is t in g c e l l s .

Wolbach and Howe (1933) made a study

o f r e p a ir of t h i s k e r a tin iz e d e p ith e liu m in r a t s when s u f f i c i e n t v ita m in
A was added t o th e d i e t .

The r e p a ir appears to ta k e p la c e from th e

low er-m ost c e l l s of th e e p ith e liu m .

These c e l l s , f u n c t io n a lly correspond

to th e c e l l s o f the stratu m germ inativum o f th e e p id e r m is.

Y/olbach

and B essey (1942) s t a t e d ”the e p ith e liu m s which atrophy and which be­
come r e p la c e d by s t r a t i f i e d k e r a t in iz in g e p ith e liu m are th o se h avin g
a s e c r e tin g (ch em ical) fu n c tio n in a d d itio n to th e r o le o f a co v erin g
la y e r and whose fu n c tio n in g c e l l s a re w ithout power to d iv i d e .

R ep air,

th e r e f o r e , ta k e s p la c e f r o m f o o a l ly d is tr ib u te d b a sa l c e l l s which m u lti­
p ly , spread beneath th e o r ig in a l e p ith e liu m , and f i n a l l y , through c o a le s ­
cen ce o f a rea s th u s produced, form a contin uous e p id e r m is -lik e l a y e r . ”
The h i s t o l o g i c a l seq u en ces observed in t h e rem oval o f c e l l s above the
stratum germ inativum in d ic a t e the a u t o ly s i s as shown by v a cu olar degene r a tio n pand h e t e r o ly s is as shown by le u c o c y t ic i n f i l t r a t i o n .
(1946) review ed th e e f f e c t s cf v ite m in A upon the tr a c h e a .
ch arges appear t o be an atrophy o f th e columnar c e l l s .
in s iz e in v o lv e s th e cytoplasm and not th e n u c le u s .

F o llis
The f i r s t

T his d ecrea se

Sm all s y n c y t ia l

m asses of c e l l s b eg in to a r is e from th e s e a tr o p h ic columnar c e l l s and
th e s e groups r a p id ly d evelop in t o a k e r a tin iz e d type o f e p ith e liu m .
Thorp e t a l (1942) n oted sane m e ta p la sia o f e p ith eliu m in th e c a l i c e s
o f th e kidney and tr a c h e a cf c a l v e s .

They d e s c r ib e d con sp icu ou s l e s i o n s

in th e k id n ey, t e s t i c l e , l i v e r , and i n t e s t i n e .

A ll o f th e se organs

26
showed some d egen era tio n and n e c r o s is alo n g w ith sane in flam m ation .
Langham jst a l (1940) r ep o r te d some d eg en era tio n and n e c r o s is o f the
tu b u lar e p ith e liu m and f o c a l areas o f inflam m ation in th e k id n ey s o f
c a lv e s on a vitam in A d e f i c i e n t r a t io n .
W olfe and S a lt e r (1931) and Wolbach and B essey (1942) r ep o r te d
th a t the u n d iff e r e n tia t e d c e l l s of the germ in al e p ith e liu m a r e spared
in r a t s on a vitam in A d e f ic ie n t r a t io n .

B ratton e t, al_ (1948) found

i n b u lls d e g e n e ra tio n of th e g en n in a l e p ith e liu m o f th e sem in ife r o u s
tu b u le s , w ith few sperm atogonia, sp erm a to cy tes, sp erm a tid s, or m aturing
sperm atozoa in th e lum ina of th e t u b u le s .

Moore (1936) ob served f o c i

o f inflam m ation and e p i t h e l i a l m e ta p la sia in th e p r o s t a t ic a c in i and
d u c ts.
Creech and S ie b o ld (1943) found in f i e l d c a se s o f v ita m in A de­
f ic ie n c y edema and atrophy o f th e p e r ip h e r a l n e r v es o f th e sub cu tan eou s
tis s u e s .

The p e r ip h e r a l a r t e r i o l e s and c a p i l l a r i e s were more to r tu o u s

in appearance in th e subcutaneous t i s s u e s and m u sc le s.
a tro p h ic changes ocourred in the s k e l e t a l m u sc le s.
o f th e w a lls of th e h eart a r t e r i o l e s .

Hydropic and

There was th ic k e n in g

Opper (1939) r e p o r te d changes

i n the b lo o d v e s s e l s in 21 out of 24 r a t s on a v ita m in A d e f ic ie n t r a t i o n .
There was m edial d e g e n e ra tio n in a l l v e s s e l s down to th e la r g e r a r t e r i o l e s .
N e cr o sis o f th e smooth m uscle c e l l s o f th e media was accompanied by de­
p o s itio n o f calcium g ra n u les in p e r ic e ll u l a r and p e r ila m e lla r d is t r ib u ­
tio n .

T his was fo llo w e d by the fo rm a tio n o f la r g e ca lciu m p la q u es and

form ation o f g r a n u la tio n t i s s u e in th e m edia.

P r o lif e r a t io n o f con­

n e c tiv e t i s s u e in th e subintim a o fte n le d to com plete c lo s u r e o f sm a ll
v is c e r a l v e s s e l s .

When 1 h is l a t t e r c o n d itio n to o k p la c e in th e h e a r t

m yocardial f i b r o s i s was th e r e s u l t .

27

GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

C alves of the H o ls t e in , G uernesy, J e r s e y , A r y sh ir e , and Brown
S w iss breed s from th e ex p erim en ta l a id d a ir y herds o f M ichigan S ta te
C o lle g e were u sed in th e se experim ents*
30 m l. o f blood were drawn from th e ju g u la r v e in weekly in to
t e s t tu b es c o n ta in in g potassium o x a la te a s an a n tic o a g u la n t.

Fresh

smears on c lea n g la s s s l i d e s were made im m ed ia tely , d r ie d w ith an
e l e c t r i c h e a te r , and s t a in e d with W right’ s s t a i n .

Standard proced ures

w ere employed f o r th e blood co u n ts and c e l l volumes as d e sc r ib e d by
Kolmar (1 9 4 4 ).

The o n ly v a r ia tio n to h is nBthods was th e use of

Leake and Guy d ilu tin g f l u i d in p la c e of Hayem’ s s o lu t io n .

Hemoglobin

d eterm in ation s were made u s in g the method o f Hoffman (1 9 4 1 ).
mean c o rp u scu la r volums

The

and mean co rp u scu la r hem oglobin co n ten t were

c a lc u la t e d by the form ulas o f Wintrobe (1 9 4 2 ).
The b lo o d plasma v a lu e s f o r c a ro ten e and v ita m in A were determ ined
by the method of Boyer e t a l (1 9 4 4 ).

Standard c a ro ten e and v ita m in A

cu rv es were made from th e r e s u lt s o b ta in e d from r e a d in g v a r io u s a liq u o t s
o f th e se su b sta n ce s in the Cenoo p h o te lo m e te r .

The a liq u o t s wei’e pro­

duced by d is s o lv in g weighed amounts o f c r y s t a lli n e ca ro ten e and c r y s t a l ­
l i n e v ita m in A a c e t a t e in to e th e r and chloroform r e s p e c t i v e l y .

A 410 P

b lu e f i l t e r was employed fo r c a ro ten e and a 610 P orange f i l t e r was u sed
fa r vita m in A.
The c a lv e s were examined d a i l y , and tr e a te d i f n e c e ssa r y f o r
pneumonia aid s c o u r s .
d a y s.

The ?<eights o f th e c a lv e s were taken every 10

The h e ig h t s o f th e anim als were measured p e r io d ic a lly and taken

at th e h ig h e s t p o in t o f th e w ith e r s .

The e y e s were examined w eekly

28

w ith an ophthalm oscope.

N ight b lin d n e s s was determ ined by th e in ­

a b i l i t y o f c a lv e s to avoid o b j e c t s in dim l i g h t .
A necropsy was made upon each anim al in order to determ ine th e
e x a ct cau se o f death and to o b t a in t is s u e a from c e r ta in c a s e s fo r
h i s t o l o g i c a l stu d y .

P a rts o f t h e fo llo w in g t i s s u e s were saved:

s k in ,

cerebrum, cereb ellu m , p it u i t a r y , o p tic n erve and foram en, s p in a l c o rd ,
th e e y e s , ton gu e, p a r o tid g la n d , mandibular s a liv a r y g la n d , s u b lin g u a l
s a liv a r y g la n d , th y r o id , e p i g l o t t i s , tr a c h e a , lu n g , l i v e r , g a llb a ld d e r ,
p a n crea s, rumen, abomasum, esop hagus, v a r io u s p o r tio n s of i n t e s t i n e ,
k id n ey, u rin a ry b la d d er, ep id id y m is, t e s t i c l e , p e n is , u t e r u s , c e r v ix ,
h e a r t, s p le e n , a d ren al gland, b ro n ch ia l and m e s te r ic lymph nodes,
a o r ta , and d c e le t a l m u scle.

T he t is s u e s were f i x e d in 10 per cen t

fo r m a lin , Z enker's f l u i d , and C arnoy's f l u i d .
t i s s u e s were u sed fo r f a t s t a i n s .

The fo rm a lin fix e d

The C arnoy's f l u i d was used to

p r eserv e the g ly co g en in t i s s u e s so th a t i t could be s t a in e d .

A ll

of th e oth er s t a in s u se d in t h i s work was done on Z enker's fix e d t i s s u e s .
The fo llo w in g s t a in s w ere used accordin g to th e methods of
M allory (1 9 3 8 ), sudan i v . for f a t , hem atoxylin and e o s in fo r the
u su a l h i s t o l o g i c a l fe a tu r e s o f a l l t i s s u e s , and V e r h o ff's s t a in f o r
e la s tic tis s u e s .

For c o n n e c tiv e tis s u e M a llo r y 's a n i l in b lu e (H eiden-

h a in 's azo-carm ine m o d ific a tio n ) was u s e d as d e scr ib e d by McGregor (1 9 2 9 ).
Glycogen was s ta in e d by em ploying the method of Chipps and Duff (1 9 4 2 ).

EXPERIMENT I

The Non-Colostrum Group
The E ffe c t Of A D iet D e fic ie n t In Vitam in A

29

Non-Colostrum Group

Purpose
To study the e f f e c t s o f a v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t r a tio n upon
c a lv e s th at d id not r e c e iv e colostru m a t b ir t h but were supplem ented
w ith dam's whole blood or serum.
Experim ental Procedure
A group of s i x anim als of the H o ls te in , J ersey , and Brown
S w iss breeds were p la c e d upon a b a sa l r a tio n d e f ic ie n t in v ita m in A.
Two o f th ese anim als were s e le c t e d a s c o n tr o ls and r e c e iv e d 250,0 00
I .U . and 100,000 I .U . o f vitam in A i n the form of shark li v e r o i l in
one o r a l d o se , r e s p e c t iv e ly .
b a sa l r a tio n a lo n e .

The o th e r fo u r anim als were p la ced on th e

The f i r s t few weeks o f l i f e the anim als r e c e iv e d

whole m ilk fo llo w e d by skim m ilk u n t i l they were e a tin g the b a s a l r a t io n .
Y/ater was th en s u b s titu te d e n t ir e ly fo r the m ilk .
Basal R ation
32 pounds o f o a ts
35 pounds o f b a rley
15 pounds o f soybean o i l meal
10 pounds o f skim m ilk powder
1 pound o f calciu m carbonate
1 pound o f bone meal
5 pounds o f B rew er's y ea st

15 grams o f I r r a d ia te d y e a s t (9000 I . U. p er gram)
1 pound o f s a l t m ixtu re, th e form ula fo r which c o n s is t e d o f:

307. S grams o f sodium c h lo r id e
6 2 .5 grams o f fe r r o u s su lp h ate
77*0 grams o f manganese su lp h a te
6 .0 grams o f copper su lp h a te

0 .3 grams o f c o b a lt su lp h a te
R e s u lt8
The non-colostrum group o f c a lv e s d id not do w e ll as a r e s u lt
o f the sco u rin g and th e pneumonia.

There was l i t t l e d if f e r e n c e be­

tween th e c a lv e s th a t r e c e iv e d one la r g e dose o f vitam in A (c o n tr o ls )
and th o se th at r e c e iv e d none a t

a ll.

The average l i f e span fo r th e

c o n tr o ls was 56 days and fo r th e vitam in A d e f i c i e n t c a lv e s , 25 d ays.
The fo llo w in g symptoms were observed among the 6 c a lv e s ;

a n o r e x ia ,

c o u p lin g , fe v e r , r a l e s , s t r e t c h in g o f the neck, in crea sed r e s p ir a t io n s
and h e a r t b e a ts , i n a b i l i t y to r i s e , w eakness, d ia r r h e a , and rough h a ir
c o a t.

The c o n tr o l c a l f C589 a f t e r

d ila ta tio n

th e 5 ^ h day o f l i f e showed la c r im a tio n ,

o f th e p u p ils , and fa d in g o f th e ta p e ta lu c id a .

v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t anim als had some b u lg in g o f th e :.eyes.
anim al had pneumonia and sco u rs (s e e Table I I ) .

One o f the
A ll bu t one

There were no s ig n i f i c a n t

d if f e r e n c e s betw een th e c o n tr o ls and th e v ita m in A d e f i c ie n t c a lv e s w ith
r e fe r e n c e to q u a n tity o f b lo o d plasm a c a r o te n e , numbers o f e r y th r o c y te s
and le u k o c y te s , h e m a to c r its, and d i f f e r e n t i a l le u k o c y tic co u n ts.

Blood

plasm a v ita m in A in the c o n tr o ls was h ig h e r than in th e v ita m in A d e f i c ie n t
anim als a t the b e g in n in g .

In c o n tr o l anim al, C5S9 , the v ita m in A co n ten t

o f the blood plasm a dropped to th e d e f ic ie n c y range in 27 days (below 8 .0

31
u g /p e r 100 m l.) in s p it e o f th e f a c t th a t t h is c a l f had r e c e iv e d
250,000 I . U. o f vitam in A in th e form o f shark l i v e r o i l the f i r s t
day o f l i f e .

The hem oglobins were low er than normal.

In some o f ithe

c a lv e s w ith pneumonia th e le u k o c y te count in c r ea se d from normal ( j to
10 thousand) up to as h ig h as 56 thousand.

S im u lta n eo u sly th ere was a

s h i f t o f le u k o c y te s from a h ig h number o f lym phocytes t o a h igh number
o f n e u tr o p h ile s .

In a d d itio n th e r e was an in c r e a s e o f non-segm ented

polym orphonuclear8.
Necropsy r ev e a le d a bronchopneumonia

in f i v e o f th e anim als

which in v o lv ed th e a p ic a l, c a r d ia c , in te r m e d ia te , and p a r t o f th e
diaphragm atic lo b e s o f both lu n g s .
typ e in th ree o f th e f i v e c a s e s .

The pneumonia was o f th e supp urative
The i n t e s t i n e s were g r e a t ly con­

g e ste d and the lum ina con ta in ed v ery w atery f e c e s in the c a se s w hich
scou red .

Some o f the lymph nodes were edematous and e n la rg ed .

k id n ey s o f th ree anim als showed fo c a l a r ea s o f inflam m ation.

The
C a lf C593

had a v ery marked upper r e s p ir a to r y in f e c t io n m a n ifested b y p u ru len t
s in u s itis .

C ontrol c a l f , C591» bad an en larged h ea rt due to hypertrophy

and d il a t a t io n o f th e l e f t v e n t r i c l e .

(For com plete reco rd s o f th e s e

c a lv e s se e non-colostrum group in the a p p en d ix).
D is c u ss io n

T his group o f c a lv e s was n o t o f much valu e from th e v ie w -p o in t
o f le a r n in g a g r e a t d ea l about th e e f f e c t s o f vitam in A d e f ic ie n c y .
The f a c t th a t th e anim als d id n o t ea t w e ll and d ie d e a r ly in l i f e
l e f t much to be d e sir e d as fa r as the experim ent was concerned.

It

d id b rin g out th e im portance o f colostrum from th e sta n d p o in t o f h e a lth

i n c a lv e s as p o in te d o ut "by Smith and L i t t l e (1924).

It

v e r i f i e d some

v/hat th e work o f Moore (1939) w^o found t h a t when c a lv e s were p la c e d
on a d i e t low in ca ro te n e o r v ita m in A b e fo re th e age o f 40 days th e y
u s u a lly d ie d from an in f e c tio n Buch as pneumonia.

The red and w h ite

blood c e l l co u n ts compared fa v o ra b ly w ith th o se o f normal c a t t l e
b lo o d as c ite d by R u n n ells (1946).

The hem oglobins in most o f th e s e

anim als were somewhat below th e norm al l e v e l of 10 to 12 gm .per c e n t.
The low er le v e ls o f hemoglobin are n o t s u r p r is in g when one c o n s id e rs
how p o o rly some o f th e c a lv e s were e a tin g .
Summary
1. S ix c a lv e s which d id n o t r e c e iv e colostrum were p la c e d

on a b a s a l

r a t io n d e f i c i e n t in v ita m in A. Two c o n tr o ls re c e iv e d a v itam in A
supplem ent o f 250,000 and 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 I . U. o f v itam in A in th e form
o f shark l i v e r o i l r e s p e c tiv e ly .
2. The average le n g th o f l i f e fo r th e c o n tr o ls was 56 days

and f o r

th e v itam in A d e f i c i e n t c a lv e s 25 days.
3. The anim als d id v e ry p o o rly and most o f them developed
and sc o u rs.

pneumonia

33

TABLE I I

Non-Colostrum Group

Animal

No.

Age at death

days

Ain’t of V i t . A

Pneumonia

Scours

Other
C o n d itio n s

I .U .
C ontrol C alves

C589

86

250.000

C591

26

100.000

y

/

Hypertrophy
o f Heart

B asal R ation C alves
C588

32

C593

10

/
/

A57

38

/

/

A59

20

/

/

P u ru le n t
s in u s itis

EXPERIMENT I I

C alves R eceived Colostrum and a
Vitam in A D e f ic ie n t R ation W ithout Hay

34

Purpose
To study the e f f e c t s o f fe e d in g a vitam in A d e f i c i e n t r a t io n ,
w ithout hay, to c a lv e s th a t had r e c e iv e d co lo stru m .
Experim ental Procedure
Ten c a lv e s of th e H o ls te in , J e r se y , and Guernsey breeds were
p laced in t h i s ex p erin en t a t the tim e o f b ir t h .

C alves C587 and C582

were used as n e g a tiv e c o n tr o ls and, in a d d itio n to th e b a sa l r a t io n ,
r e c e iv e d vitam in A w eekly in the form o f shark l i v e r o i l .

The f o llo w ­

in g c a lv e s , A58, C582, C595, C583, and C584 were p laced on th e b a sa l
r a tio n o n ly .
Experiment I .
tr o ls .

The b a sa l r a tio n had the same formula as th e one used in
Three c a lv e s , A54, A55, and A56 were used as p o s it iv e con­

These were new-born h e i f e r s th a t were going to be used os r e ­

placem ents in th e r eg u la r exp erim en tal h erd.
herd c a l f r a t io n s c o n s is t in g o f hay and g r a in .

They r e c e iv e d th e r eg u la r
-^11 o f th e anim als were

given whole m ilk u n t i l they were a b le to eat th e dry fe e d .

The g e n e ra l

procedures were c a r r ie d out as d e scr ib e d e a r l i e r in t h i s t h e s i s .
R e su lts
The th ree p o s it iv e c o n tr o ls were app arently normal throughout
the e n t ir e experim en t.

The two n e g a tiv e c o n tr o ls and the f i v e b a s a l

r a tio n c a lv e s d isp la y e d the fo llo w in g c l i n i c a l c o n d itio n s :
sc o u rin g , pneumonia, poor growth, and p i t y r i a s i s .

a n o r e x ia ,

Tne pneumonia was

c h a r a c te r iz e d by coughin g, m oist r a l e s , discharge of mucopurulent
exudate from the n o s t r i l s , fe v e r , in c r e a se d r e s p ir a t io n s , i n a b i l i t y to
get up, and s t r e t c h in g o f th e n eck .

The p i t y r i a s i s was r eco g n ized by

35
d ryn ess o f sk in , l o s s o f h a ir , and s c a li n e s s on the e a r s , n eck , and
w ith e r s .

One o f th e c o n t r o ls , 0 5 8 7 . develop ed a se v e r e c a se o f tongue

lo llin g .
The "basal r a tio n c a lv e s showed some changes

th a t were not ob­

served in th e c o n tr o ls . From th e 8Uth to the l h l s t day o f l i f e th e se
anim als d eveloped th e fo llo w in g eye changes:

f a il u r e o f th e i r i s e s

to c o n tr a c t p r o p e r ly , fa d in g o f th e ta p e ta lu c id a , edema and s w e llin g
o f the o p t ic d i s c s , b u lg in g o f th e e y e b a lls from th e s o c k e t s , and
la c r im a tio n .

C a lf C58U d evelop ed a r o l l i n g o f th e e y es from s id e to

s id e (nystagm us).

C582 was th e o n ly anim al in the group th a t had a

c lo u d in g o f the corn eas which d ev elo p ed a f t e r the 253rd day o f l i f e .
Two c a lv e s , C58U and C582, d isp la y ed t y p ic a l vitam in A syncope, (a
temporary su sp en sion

o f c o n sc io u sn e ss fo r 30 seconds to a m in u te ), a t th e

110th and 215th days o f l i f e r e s p e c t iv e ly .

Tympanites was observed o n ly

in the group o f vitam in A d e f ic i e n t a n im a ls.
The vitam in A co n ten t o f th e blood plasm a o f th e c o n tr o ls was
w e ll above the 10 ug. p er 100 m l. o f blood plasm a needed fo r m aintenance
o f normal h e a lth .

A ll o f the d e f i c i e n t anim als showed blood plasma

vitam in A l e v e l s , which were u s u a lly markedly below 6 ug. per 100 ml.

There

was l i t t l e d if fe r e n c e between th e p o s i t i v e c o n t r o ls , n e g a tiv e c o n t r o ls ,
and b a sa l r a tio n c a lv e s as fa r a s e ry th r o c y te and le u k o c y te c o u n ts,
hem oglobin c o n te n t, h e m a to cr it, and d i f f e r e n t i a l counts were concerned.
A necrop sy was performed on the two n e g a tiv e c o n tr o ls and th e
f i v e b a s a l r a tio n c a lv e s .

A ll o f them had l e s i o n s o f pneumonia (Chart I I ) .

There were fib r in o u s adh esions between th e p le u r a e .

Some o f th e lymph

nodes o f th e body were en larged due to edema, c o n g e stio n , and hemorrhage.
The stomach and i n t e s t i n e s were o fte n co n g ested and p resen ted some

hem orrhages.

The sk in showed a p i t y r i a s i s .

The subcutaneous t i s s u e s

o f s e v e r a l anim als were edematous and in one c a se edema appeared to
in v o lv e th e m u scles.

The k id n ey s o fte n showed sm all w h ite sp o ts in

the c o r te x which on s e c tio n extended down through the depth o f th e c o r te x .
Complete record s o f t h i s group o f anim als are in th e apoendix.
D is c u ss io n
This group o f c a lv e s was not o f much v a lu e from the sta n d p o in t o f
g e t t in g a tru e p ic tu r e o f a s in g le d e f ic ie n c y c o n d itio n .

The f a c t th a t

the anim als d id not e a t w e ll, scoured a g r e a t d e a l, and were plagued
w ith pneumonia, probably le d to m u ltip le d e f i c i e n c i e s .

T h is group d id

show many o f th e symptoms and c o n d itio n s th a t have been a tt r ib u te d to
vitam in A d e fic ie n c y .

An exam ination o f th e blood p ic tu r e o f the b a s a l

r a tio n c a lv e s showed th a t blood plasm a v ita m in A was ex trem ely low .
The anim als developed e x te n s iv e sco u rin g s im ila r to th e c a lv e s
d e scr ib e d by Hart and G u ilb ert (1933)*
e t a l (19^+2).

Keener e t a l (19^2) and Thorp

Edema was p r e se n t in the subcutaneous t i s s u e s s im ila r to

th a t rep orted by G u ilb ert and Hart (1 9 3 5 ) » Schmidt (19I+I) , and Creech and
S ieb o ld (19^ 3).

These c a lv e s showed some o f th e eye changes s im ila r to

th o se rep orted by Moore (1 9 3 9 ) » Schmidt (19^1), and Jones a t a l (19U3) .
Two o f th e anim als had syncopes resem b lin g th e c a se s rep o rted by Moore

(1939).
O b serv atio n s of th e p o s itiv e group of c o n tro l anim als brought out
two im p o rtan t f a c to r s .

E i r s t , th a t hay in th e d ie t appeared to p la y a

v e ry im p o rtan t r o le from the s ta n d p o in t o f h e a lth in ru m in an ts.

Secondly,

th a t hemoglobin v a lu e s in c a lv e s appear s l i g h t l y low er th an th o se o f
m ature an im als.

Summary
Ten anim als were u sed in t h i s e x p e r ia e n t, th re e p o s it iv e c o n tr o ls
( h e if e r c a lv e s r e c e iv in g reg u la r herd r a t i o n s ) , two c o n tr o ls
(r e c e iv in g b a sa l r a tio n p lu s vitam in A), and f iv e anim als r e c e iv in g
o n ly the b a s a l r a t io n low i n Vitam in A.

A ll o f the anim als except the p o s it iv e c o n tr o ls develop ed th e f o l ­
low ing c l i n i c a l c o n d itio n s :

a n o r e x ia , s c o u r s, pneumonia, and p i t y ­

r ia s is .
The c a lv e 3 fe d the b asa l r a tio n low in Vitam in A in a d d itio n to
havin g the above c l i n i c a l c o n d it io n s , showed eye changes c h a r a c te r iz e d
by f a ilu r e o f th e i r i s e s t o c o n tr a c t p r o p e r ly , fa d in g of th e ta p e ta
lu c id a , edema and s w e llin g o f the o p t ic d i s c s , b u lg in g o f th e b a l l s ,
and la c rira a tio n ,
Necropsy o f the c o n tr o ls and the c a lv e s which r e c e iv e d th e b a sa l
r a tio n low in Vitam in A r e v e a le d pneumonia in a l l o f them.

38

TABLE I I I

Colostrum Group I

Animal

Age at death

No.

days

Ain't o f Vitamin A

Pneumonia

Scours

I .U .
P o s it i v e C ontrol C alves

A54

liv in g

*

-

A55

"

*

-

A56

"

*

-

C ontrol C alves
C586

30

50,000**

/

/

C587

170

50,000**

/

/

B asal R ation C alves (low in Vitam in A)
A58

42

-

/

/

C582

372

-

/

/

C585

100

-

/

/

C583

140

-

/

/

C584

180

-

/

/

* R eceived vitam in A in form of Carotene from a l f a l f a hay.

** Given weekly in th e form o f shark l i v e r o i l .

EXPERIMENT I I I
p

The Study of Vitamin A D e fic ie n c y in C alves th a t
R eceived Colostrum at B ir th .

These Animals R eceived a B asal

R ation C ontaining a Hay Low in C arotene.

39
Purpose
To study th e e f f e c t s o f a vitam in A d e f i c ie n t r a tio n which con­
ta in e d oat hay low in caro ten e upon c a lv e s th a t r e c e iv e d colostru m .
Procedure

S ix c a lv e s o f the A y rsh ire, Brown S w iss, and Ho?3t e in breeds
were used in t h i s experim ent.
c o n t r o ls .

C alves C6l 6 and C6l7 were employed as

These l a t t e r an im als, in a d d itio n to the b a sa l r a t io n , were

given 250,000 I . U .

o f vitam in A weekly in th e form o f shark l i v e r o i l .

C alves C6l l , C613, C 6l4, and C6I 5 were given o n ly th e b a sa l r a tio n .
The b a sa l r a tio n c o n s is t e d o f 1 pound o f oat hay per day, 1
pound o f skim m ilk per 10 pounds o f body w eigh t u n t i l 12 pounds was
fe d , and 10 ,0 0 0 I . U. o f v ita m in D in th e form o f v io s t e r o l w eekly.

The

o a ts and b a r le y were fed a cco rd in g to the amounts o f t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e
n u tr ie n ts needed by the c a lv e s .

10 grams o f calcium carbonate were

given d a ily w ith a s a l t m ixture c o n ta in in g 38^ .8 gm. sodium c h lo r id e ,
65*5

ferrou s su lp h a te , and 6 .0 gm. o f copper su lp h a te . (The s a lt

m ixture made up 1 p er cen t o f the grain m ix tu r e .)
The amount o f th e gra in m ixture fe d was based on the w eight o f
th e animal and th e t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u tr ie n ts needed fo r growth.

The

amount o f d i g e s t i b l e p r o te in and t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u tr ie n ts in each
fe e d substan ce was determ ined by u s in g M orrison’ s Standards (1 9 4 8 ).
d i g e s t i b l e p r o te in in each in g r e d ie n t was as fo llo w s:
o a ts 9 .4 , b a r le y 1 0 .0 , and o at hay 4 .9 per c e n t.
n u tr ie n ts in th e se feed s were a s fo llo w s :
b a r le y 77*7* and o a t hay 4 . 3 per c e n t.

The

skim m ilk 3 . 4 ,

The t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e

skim m ilk 8 . 7 , o a ts 70. ] ,

The amount o f n u tr ie n ts to be

40
fe d was c a rr ie d out accordin g to th e recommendations o f th e N a tio n a l
R esearch C ouncil (1945)•

The c a lv e s r e c e iv e d skim m ilk d u rin g the

e n t ir e experim ent, except a t "birth, when th ey were allow ed to nurse th e
cows in order to ob tain colostru m .

The o a t hay con tain ed 4 u g. o f

ca ro ten e per gm. throughout the experim ent, ex cep t fo r one month when
i t con tain ed o n ly 1 .2 ug. per gm.

A ll o f th e anim als were g iv en 10

mg. o f c o b a lt su lp h a te d a ily s t a r t in g at about 7 months o f age.

In th e

l a s t 3 months o f t h is experim ent o a ts were used alm ost e x c l u s i v e ly fo r
g ra in as b a rley was n ot a v a ila b le .

The g e n e ra l procedures were c a r r ie d

out as d escrib ed p r e v io u s ly in t h i s t h e s is (s e e page 27) .
R e su lts
The c a lv e s in Experiment I I I did not consume enough t o t a l d i­
g e s t i b l e n u tr ie n ts during th e f i r s t 6 months o f l i f e to make s a t i s ­
fa c to r y gain s even thougji th ey appeared v e ry h e a lth y .

(T able IV ).

C ontrol c a l f C617 consumed about 1 pound l e s s than the normal recom­
m endation for d i g e s t i b l e n u tr ie n ts during th e f i r s t 6 months.

D uring

t h is p erio d th e animal gained o n ly 0 .7 8 pounds per day, but a f t e r 10
mg. o f co b a lt su lp h a te was supplem ented to th e d ie t d a il y , the g a in in
w eight in c r ea se d to 1 .5 5 pounds p er day.

The amount o f t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e

n u tr ie n ts needed per pound o f gain in w eight v a r ied from 1 .9 7 to 5 .6 3
pounds.

C6l 6 follow ed p r a c t ic a lly the same p a tte r n ex cep t th a t during

th e f i r s t 6 months th e t o t a l d ig e s t ib l e n u tr ie n ts in ta k e s were o n ly
o n e -h a lf pound below normal, y e t the gain was only O.5 5 pounds per day.
A fte r c o b a lt was added the g a in was 1 .5 pounds per day.

The amount

o f t o t a l d ig e s t ib l e n u tr ie n ts needed fo r th e s e gain s varied from 2 .5
"to 5*33 pounds.

C alf C6l4 o f the vitam in A d e f i c i e n t group gained

0 .6 2 pounds per day during th e f i r s t 6 months and 1 .2 pounds per day
a f t e r c o b a lt supp lem en tation .

The amount o f t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u tr ie n ts

C alf No.

C617

C616

C614

C613

C611

C615

TABLE IV

F eed s, d ig e s tib l e p r o te in , t o t a l d ig e s ti b le n u t r i e n t s consumed
FEED INTAKE

D ig e s tib le P ro te in
3 a lf No.

3 Month
P erio d s

Oat Hay

Oats

pounds

pounds

B arley

pounds

Skim Milk

pounds

Rec *d/day

R eq./daj

pounds

pounds

C ontrol C alves
C617

C616

3 4 .2

940

.46

0.5 6

141

1050

.7 2

0 .7 0

468

126

1092

1 .0 8

0 .7 4

979

-

1080

1 .4 6

0 .8 1

926

0 .4 2

0 .4 5

1 0 1 .5

1050

0 .6 3

0 .6 2

3 0 2 .5

1092

1 .2 1

0 .7 0

1068

1 .2 0

0 .7 5

3

45.

3 6 .7

6

91

118

9

91

12

90

3

37

36.6

6

91

78.5

9

91

4 2 3 .0

12

89

717.0

3 4 .1 2

-

Vitamin A D e fic ie n t C alves
C614

C613

C611

C615

3

29

31

22

810

.39

0 .5 1

6

91

78

107

1050

.64

0 .6 5

9

91

375

169

1080

1 .0 2

0 .7 3

12

91

728

8

1102

1 .2 2

0 .7 8

3

32

19

19

726

0 .3 3

0 .4 8

6

82

69

69

1072

0 .6 2

0 .6 5

9

92

246

172

1068

0 .8 0

0 .7 3

12

90

489

-

1080

0 .9 7

0 .7 9

3

34

18.25

1 8 .2 5

975

0 .4 4

0 .66

6

90

84

93

1116

0 .6 6

0 .7 2

8

65

149

149

780

0 .9 0

0 .7 5

3

26

32

24

818

0 .3 8

0 .4 9

6

91

63

92

1050

0 .6 5

0 .5 9

9

91

381

177

932

0 .9 9

0.6 8

12

93

511

1104

0 .9 7

0 .7 4

41

TABLE IV
d ig e s t ib le n u tr ie n ts consumed, and e f f i c i e n c y of fe e d u t i l i z a t i o n .
FEED INTAKE
D ig e s tib le P r o te in
Lk

Rec *d/day

R eq./day

pounds

pounds

T o ta l D ig e s t ib le N u tr ie n ts
R ec' d/day

pounds

R eq./day

R eq.per pound
o f g a in

pounds

D a ily gain s
in mt.
pounds

C ontrol C alves
.46

0.56

1 .5

2 .3 0

1.97

0 .7 6

.72

0 .7 0

3 .1 6

4 .1 4

3 .9 0

0 .8 1

1 .0 8

0 .7 4

5 .7 7

5 .3

3 .6 1

1 .6 0

1 .4 6

0 .8 1

8 .6 2

7 .3

5 .6 3

1 .5 3

0 .4 2

0 .4 5

1 .5 0

1 .9

2 .5 0

0 .6

0 .6 3

0 .6 2

2 .5 6

3 .1

5 .3 3

0 .4 8

1 .2 1

0 .7 0

7 .0 0

4 .9

4 .0 7

1 .7 2

1 .2 0

0 .7 5

6 .7 0

6 .4

4 .7 5

1 .4 1

.tamin A D e fic ie n t C alves
.39

0 .5 1

1 .2 2

2 .5

1.S7

0 .6 2

.64

0 .6 5

2 .5 8

3 .4

4 .09

0 .6 3

1 .0 2

0 .7 3

5 .3 8

4 .8

3 .7 1

1 .4 5

1 .2 2

0 .7 8

6 .7 7

6 .3

6.64

1 .0 2

0 .3 3

0 .4 8

1 .2

2 .1 3

2.11

0 .5 7

0 .6 2

0 .6 5

2 .3 4

3 .5 0

2.69

0 .8 7

0 .8 0

0 .7 3

4 .4 3

4 .9

4 .0 3

1 .1 0

0 .9 7

0 .7 9

4 .8 9

6 .2

4 .3 3

1 .1 3

0 .4 4

0 .66

1 .7 9

3 .9

2.06

.87

0 .6 6

0 .7 2

4 .0 3

4 .5

4 .0 3

1 .0

0 .9 0

0 .7 5

4 .5 0

5 .3

4 .2 9

1 .0 5

0 .3 8

0 .4 9

1 .2 4

2 .3

2 .3 8

0 .5 2

0 .6 5

0 .5 9

2 .3 3

3 .0

3 .8 8

0 .6 0

0 .9 9

0 .6 8

5 .3 8

4 .0

5 .0 3

1 .0 7

0 .9 7

0 .7 4

4 .9 3

4 .9

1+2

needed p er pound o f gain v a r ie d from 1.97

6.64 pounds.

C6I 3 o f

th e v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t group was in t e r e s t in g in th a t i t s t o t a l d ig e s t ­
i b l e n u tr ie n ts in ta k e never q u ite reached th e normal requirem ent y e t
i t gain ed O.72 poundB p er day during the f i r s t 6 months and a f t e r
c o b a lt was added to th e d ie t i t gained 1 .11 pounds per day.

The t o t a l

d i g e s t i b l e n u tr ie n ts needed per pound o f gain v a r ied from 2 .1 1 to 4 .3 3
pounds.

C alf C 6 ll o f the vitam in A d e f ic ie n t group o n ly l i v e d 8 months

as a r e s u lt o f breaking i t s back during a f a in t in g s p e l l (sy n c o p e ).

This

c a l f made the b e s t ga in s in e a r ly l i f e when compared w ith th e o th er
c a lv e s .

During th e f i r s t 6 months i t gained

O .03

pounds per day.

D uring th e n ex t 2 months i t gain ed I .05 pounds p e r day.

The t o t a l d i­

g e s ti b l e n u t r i e n t s needed f o r th e g ain p er pound o f w eight v a r ie d
from 2 .0 6 to 4 .? 9 pounds.

C615 o f th e v itam in A d e f i c i e n t group

fo llo w ed the same p a t t e r n as th e o th e r anim als u n t i l th e 9 th month
when pneumonia developed and i t g ra d u a lly l o s t w ei^ at.

I t showed,

how ever, a g ain in w eight as a r e s u l t o f adding c o b a lt.

The f i r s t 6

months i t gained O.55 poundB and from th e 6 th to th e 9 th months th e
g ain was I .07 pounds p e r day.

The t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u t r i e n t s needed p er

pound o f gain v a r ie d from 2.38 to 5*®3»
The body w eig h ts and h e ig h t s a t w ith ers were compared w ith
normal va lu es (s e e Table V).

Normal growth v a lu e s are n o t a v a ila b le

fo r Brown Sw iss c a t t l e , which accou nts for th e la c k o f d a ta in c a se o f
c a l f 0615.

The anim als in both groups made f a ir gains in body w eig h t,

y e t were below the R agsdale stan d ard s.

The h e ig h ts at w ith e r s f o r the

anim als in b oth groups were s l i g h t l y below the stand ard s.
The blood p ic tu r e showed very l i t t l e d if fe r e n c e between th e

TABLE V

Growth and Carotene 3

Age

Weight

No.

Month

Pounds

Pounds

H o ls te in
C617
Male

3

168

214

79

33.4

6

252

399

64

37.£

9

394

563

70

41.£

12

532

741

71

4 5 .S

3

134

173

78

31.£

6

177

321

56

34.1

9

344

488

70

38.£

12

467

675

70

4 2 .C

A ryshire
C616
Male

Standard Weight

Per Cent o f
Normal Weight

Animal

H eighi

Inches
C ontrol Calves

Vitam in A D e fic ie n t
3

146

193

76

32.1

6

203

355

57

34.4

9

334

509

66

38.6

12

427

632

66

42.1

3

141

173

82

30.1

6

219

321

68

3 4 .]

9

319

488

66

36.£

12

422

675

63

41.1

3

182

214

85

33.:

6

274

399

69

37.(

8

342

514

67

4 0 .]

Brown Sw iss 3
C615
Male
6

132

77 (

188

84.5

9

287

93.(

12

280

94.5

H o ls te in
C614
Female

A ryshire
C613
Male

H o ls te in
C611
Male

* C alves compared w ith R agsdale Standards f o r w e i^ it i and h e ig h t a t withi
** The minimum normal requirem ent i s 16 ug o f ca ro ten e per pound o f body

43

TABLE V
l

and Carotene Intake*

; of
lig h t

Hei ght

Standard H eight

Per Cent of
Normal H eight

Carotene**
ug/p er pound

Vitamin A
I .U .p e r pound

In ch es
C ontrol C alves

In ch es

3 3 .4

3 4 .8

96

1 0 .7

14 8 8 .0

3 7 .2

4 0 .5

92

7 .2

9 9 2 .0

4 1 .2

4 4 .2

93

5 .0

6 3 8 .0

4 5 .9

4 7 .5

97

3 .4

4 6 9 .0

3 1 .2

3 2 .7

9 5 .5

1 3 .5

1 894.0

3 4 .7

3 7 .9

92

1 0 .3

1 4 1 3 .0

3 8 .2

4 1 .8

91

5 .5

7 2 7 .0

4 2 .0

4 5 .5

92

3 .9

5 3 5 .0

3 2 .7

3 4 .3

95

1 2 .3

3 4 .4

3 9 .7

87

8. 8

3 8 .6

4 3 .5

89

5 .4

4 2 .3

4 6 .0

92

4 .2

3 0 .7

3 2 .7

94

1 2 .3

3 4 .1

3 7 .9

90

8 .7

3 6 .8

4 1 .8

88

5 .6

4 1 .9

4 5 .5

92

4 .3

3 3 .3

3 4 .8

96

10.0

3 7 .6

4 0 .5

93

6.6

4 0 .1

4 3 .1

93

5 .3

ain A D e fic ie n t C alves

77 am.

1 3 .6

8 4 .5

9 .6

9 3 .0

6.6

9 4 .5

6.6

h e ig h t a t w ith e r s ,
r pound o f body w e ig h t.

44

c o n t r o ls and th e d e f i c i e n t c a lv e s (s e e Table V I).

The vitam in A

l e v e l s of the 2 c o n t r o l s , C617 and C616, v a r ied between 8 . 6 and
1 3 .6 9 ug. per 100 ml. o f blood plasma.

The d e f i c i e n t c a lv e s showed

l e v e l s of vitam in A varying between 3 .8 8 and 1 0 .3 ug. per 100 ml.
o f blood plasma.

The hemoglobin l e v e l s in the c a lv e s of Experiment

I I I v a r ied from 8 ,7 4 to 13 .4 grams per 100 ml. o f blood w hile the
hemoglobins in th e c a lv e s of Experiments I and I I v a r ie d from 4 .4
to 11*6 grams per 100 ml. o f b lo od .

The high le u k o c y te count in

c a lv e s C617 and C614, vhich occurred in th e l a s t 2 months o f l i f e ,
could be accounted f o r on t h e b a s i s of an i n f e c t i o n , but i n C613 no
p a th o lo g ic a l c o n d itio n was observed t h a t might e x p la in the high c o u n t.
The la c k of vitam in A app arently had no d e f i n i t e e f f e c t on th e blood
p ic tu r e oth er than th e low l e v e l s of vitam in A i n th e plasma.

A

summary of the blood data i s given i n Table VI.
The most important m a n ife s t a tio n s of vitamin A d e f ic ie n c y ex­
h i b i t e d by the c a lv e s in the low v itam in A group in v o lv ed the e y a s .
A summary o f th e s e changes with the time th a t each change f i r s t occurred
are p r e se n ted in Table VII.

TABLE VI
Summary o f B io

Animal

Age

Carotene

Vitamin A.

R.B.C.

v; . e . c .

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

No.

Months

ug/lOQml.

ug/lOOml.

M/mm®

T/mm®

gm.%

%
C ontrols

C617

C616

8 .6 5

8 .0 3

9 .2

8 .7 4

27.59

8 .9

12.76

8 .3 2

1 2 .3 5

9 .9 5

32.14

9

8 .4

9 .7 0

9 .5 4

14.79

1 1 .6 7

3 5 .4 4

12

9 .5

9 .8 4

9 .5 3

21.28

1 2 .0 2

36 .5 5

3

6 .3 2

6

3

1 2 .0 3

13.69

6 .6 7

8 .4 9

9.6 7

3 1 .2

6

7.19

13 .49

6 .3 0

8 .7 6

8 .8 9

28.37

9

8.3 7

1 1 .9 6

6 .0 6

1 1 .7 0

9 .6 6

28 .5

12

8 .3 8

1 0 .6 7

6 .5 7

1 3 .4 8

1 0 .7 7

31 .7

Experimental A
C614

G613

C615

C611

3

7 .0

1 0.2 3

9 .4 3

9 .4 8

9 .3 7

31.42

6

8 .9 9

6.7

9 .4 3

11.65

9.77

32.86

9

6 .5

5 .1 7

8 .8 1

1 6 .9 2

9 .79

3 0.63

12

6 .36

4 .1 2

9 .2 3

24.84

1 0.57

33.9

3

1 2.62

9.7 7

8 .2 8

1 1 .0 0

1 0.37

3 4.1

6

8 .5 7

8 .7 8

7 .0 0

10 .00

9 .8

31 .7 5

9

7.49

6.99

7 .8 8

15.46

9 .6 3

29.88

12

9 .7 7

5.4 9

7.56

24.03

1 1.08

33.59

3

5 .48

7 .6 0

8 .2 5

7 .5 5

9 .7

30.66

6

5 .6 3

6 .1

8 .1 6

10.37

9 .1

29.26

9

6 .2

4 .9 8

8 .0 6

1 2 .3 8

9 .7 7

2 7 .4 4

12

5 .0

3.88

8 .0 2

12.49

9 .7 7

2 8 .5

3

1 1 .4

9 .0 4

1 2 .3 4

1 2 .5 4

1 3 .4

4 2 .7 8

6

6.79

7 .4 4

9 .5 9

11.67

9 .7

3 0 .8 1

9

6 .0

6 .5

8 .9 0

1 5 .3 5

1 0.16

2 9.69

; 3 month summaries of weekly d e te r m in a tio n s.

TABLE VI

45

Summary o f B lo o d D a ta *

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

gm.%

%

M.C.H.
gm.xlO"12

M.C.V.

Lymph.

cu/ug

i\

P o ly s .

E o sin .

Juv.

S ta b s.

Mon

%

ft

ft

ft

C ontrols
8 .7 4

27.59

10.89

33.78

6 5 .3

3 2.1

0 .6

0 .0

0 .0

2 .2

9 .9 5

32.14

12.17

4 0 .7 5

58.57

3 8.43

0 .1

0 .1

0 .0

1 .3

11.67

3 5 .4 4

1 2 .5 4

37.96

60.00

3 7 .4 3

0 .2

0 .0

0 .2

2 .0

L2 .02

3 6.5 5

1 2 .3

38.18

52.63

4 4 .0

0 .2

0 .1

0 .2

2 .0

9.6 7

3 1 .2

14.06

45.05

78.8

1 7 .8 8

0 .8

0 .1

0 .0

1 .6

8 .8 9

28.37

1 4.05

4 5 .3

7 8.0

19.25

0 .4

0 .5

0 .2

1 .4

9 .6 6

2 8.5

1 6.6

4 9 .4

74.7

22.86

1 .5

0 .0

0 .2

1 .0

L0.77

3 1.7

16.49

4 9 .8

75.0

21 .8 0

0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .5

Experimental Animals
9 .3 7

31.42

1 0.25

35.48

6 7 .6

2 8 .4

0 .7

0 .9

0 .1

1 .3

9 .77

32.86

1 0 .3 3

3 5.16

8 0 .6 3

1 7 .0

0 .2

0 .0

0 .0

1 .5

9.7 9

3 0.63

1 1.31

35.45

6 6 .7 5

30 .5

0 .2

0 .2

0 .0

2 .0

L0.57

33.9

1 1 .5 4

3 7.05

6 6.18

28.88

0 .5

0 .3

0 .7

2 .4

L0.37

34.1

1 2.75

4 4 .0 5

8 2.11

1 5.5 5

0 .3

0 .1

0 .0

0 .7

9 .8

3 1.75

13.95

4 5 .8

80 .14

1 6 .4 3

0 .1

0 .1

0 .4

2 .0

9 .6 3

29.88

12.13

38.7

74.5

22.75

1 .7

0 .3

0 .3

1 .7

LI.08

33.59

1 4.75

44.79

6 5 .6 4

28.18

1 .0

0 .1

0 .9

2 .5

9 .7

30.66

1 1 .3

36.68

77.20

2 0 .4

0 .3

0 .1

0 .0

1 .1

9 .1

29.26

11.08

3 6 .0 3

6 7.25

29 .2

0 .2

1 .3

0 .3

1 .2

9 .7 7

2 7 .4 4

12.57

38.87

70.0

26.6

0 .7

0 .1

0 .0

1 .7

9 .7 7

2 8 .5

12.24

36.21

70 .55

2 4.7

0 .1

0 .6

0 .4

2 .3

L3.4

4 2.78

10.76

35.31

72.50

2 4 .0

1 .2

0 .0

0 .1

1 .7

9 .7

30 .8 1

10.29

33.29

6 9.57

2 6 .8

0 .7

0 .4

0 .5

1 .8

L0.16

2 9.69

11.59

34 .73

71.25

25.25

0 .5

0 .2

0 .0

1 .7

46

TABLE VII

Summary o f Eye Changes
C alf No.

C611

C613

C614

C615

Day

Day

Day

Day

I r i s not c o n tr a c tin g p r o p e r ly .

245

136

71

58

N ight b lin d n e s s .

24?

65

-

-

Fading of the tapetum lucidum.
Blurring o f th e o p t ic d i s c .

-

245

200

193

87

287

89

69

T otal b lin d n e s s .

-

288

246

260

Bulging of the b a l l s .

-

289

295

311

Nystagmus.

-

-

293

262

L evel of Vitamin A at time of
f i r s t symptom, ug/per 100 ml.

4 .8

7 .2

4 .8

1 .9

L evel o f Vitamin A at death,
u g /p er 100 ml.

6 .5

5 .4 9

4 .1 2

3 .8 8

In a d d itio n to the above changes, a f t e r th e animals were t o t a l l y
b lin d the diameter of th e blood v e s s e l s around th e o p t ic d is c became
sm aller and appeared more to r tu o u s .

C alf C615 a l s o developed hemorrhages

around the blood v e s s e l s .
The next important system th a t diowed c l i n i c a l m a n ife sta tio n o f
th e d e f ic ie n c y was the nervous system .

Calves C611, C613, C614, and

C615 which r e c e iv e d the vitam in A d e f i c i e n t r a t i o n , developed syncope
or in c o o r d in a tio n f o r the f i r s t tim e at 236th, 260th, 1 9 1 s t, and 254th
day r e s p e c t i v e l y .

This syncope was c h a r a c te r iz e d by f a i n t i n g s p e l l s

which l a s t e d from 30 t o 60 seco n d s.
The male c a l v e s , C613 and C615, i n the d e f i c i e n t group app arently

^7

had no l i b i d o s in c e th ey were not in t e r e s t e d when p laced with a
cow in h e a t.

This l a t t e r c o n d itio n was not true among the c o n t r o ls .

The on ly l e s i o n s found at necropsy i n the c o n tr o ls were numerous
areas o f n e c r o s is in the l i v e r , and c o n g e stio n , edema, and hemorrhage
o f the lymph nodes in C6l7«

There was no p in ch in g o f th e o p t ic nerve

where i t passed through the o p t ic foramen in th e c o n tr o ls ( f i g . l ) .
The most important l e s i o n in the d e f i c i e n t group was the p in c h in g o f
the o p t ic nerve where i t paBsed through the o p t ic foramen ( f i g . 2)
and edema o f the o p tic d i s c s .
pneumonia.

Animals c6lH and C6l5 had some chronic

The pneumonia in C6lH was con fin ed to one sm all area in

the r ig h t a p ic a l lo b e , w h ile C615 had. i t in s e v e r a l lo b e s .

In a d d it io n ,

the l a t t e r 2 animals had small g r e y is h -w h ite s p o ts in th e c o r t e x o f
t h e i r kidneys which on s e c t io n extended down through th e depth o f the
c o r te x .

C613 was the on ly animal with a c y st i n the p i t u i t a r y gland.

This c y s t measured about 6 mm. in diam eter.
The h is t o p a t h o lo g i c a l changes were c o n fin ed to a few s tr u c tu r e s
o f the body.

The part o f the o p t ic nerve th a t passed through th e o p t ic

foramen had undergone marked atrophy and n e c r o s i s , and had been r e ­
p la c e d by fib r o u s co n n e c tiv e t i s s u e ( f i g s . 3 and 4 ) .

The t e s t e s o f

the c o n tr o l animals showed a c t iv e sperm atogenesis ( f i g . 5)»

The t e s t e s

o f the d e f i c i e n t group were c h a r a c te r iz e d by complete absence o f
sperm atogenesis ( f i g . 6 ) .

There were a few germinal c e l l s l e f t in the

sem in iferou s tu bules n e x t to th e basement membrane.

The i n t e r s t i t i a l

c e l l s appeared to be i n t a c t .
Some m e ta p la sia was observed in th e e p i t h e l i a l s t r u c t u r e s o f a
few organs in the d e f i c i e n t anim als.

This c o n d itio n was observed in

the c e r v i x ( f i g . 7)« the d u cts o f the mandibular s a liv a r y gland s ( f i g . 8 ) ,

Us
and i n th e "bronchi o f th e lun gs rihere inflam m atory p r o c e s s e s were
p r e s e n t ( f i g . 9 ).

Two o f the c a lv e s had m icro sco p ic changes in

t h e i r p i t u i t a r y glan ds.
due to c y s t i c f l u i d .

The changes were produced "by p r e s s u r e atro ph y

Atrophy and n e c r o s i s o f c e l l s a d ja c e n t to th e

c y s t both in th e a n t e r i o r and p o s t e r i o r lo b e s were observed.
were numerous desquamated c e l l s in th e c y s t c a v i t i e s .

The p a r s n erv o sa

o f C6lU had many more h y a lin e b o d ie s than a r e norm ally seen.
g r e y is h -w h ite a r e a s observed m ic ro s c o p ic a lly

There

The

in th e k id n ey s o f C6lU

and C615 were c h a r a c t e r iz e d by atro p h y and n e c r o s i s o f the t u b u le s .
Surrounding th e se a r e a s were in c r e a s e d amounts o f co n n ectiv e t i s s u e
accompanied by in creased numbers o f lymphocytes and macrophages.
D iscu ssio n
The r a t i o n o f skim m ilk, o a t hay, b a r l e y , o a t s , v i o s t e r o l , calcium
c a rb o n a te , and s a l t m ixture p ro b ab ly would have been adequate i f c o b a lt
had been i n th e d i e t i n s u f f i c i e n t amounts a t th e beg in nin g o f th e ex­
p erim e n t.

A l l o f the animals in th e experim ent except C615 appeared to

be i n good h e a l t h and outwardly were e a t i n g w e ll, b u t were n o t consum­
in g enough feed to keep up the t o t a l r e q u ir e d d i g e s t i b l e n u t r i e n t i n t a k e s .
Table IV shows v e ry ad eq u ately the s to r y o f th e s e c a lv e s .

In the f i r s t

6 months the t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u t r i e n t s and th e d i g e s t i b l e p r o t e i n
consumed were below the Standards and th e g a in s made by the c o n t r o ls
and the v itam in A d e f i c i e n t c a lv e s were between 0 .6 and 1 .0 pounds per
day.

A f te r the c o b a lt was added th e g a in s ranged from I.O 7 to I .72

pounds p e r day.

Cobalt i s very im po rtant f o r th e h e a l t h o f c a t t l e . This

has been brought out by numerous workers such as A. C. Bal t z e r jet a l (19^+1)
and H. A. Keener et, a l ( I 9UU). Bowstead and S a c k v ille (1939) (19^2) showed

49

th at th e a d d itio n of cob alt to the d i e t s of ewes in c r e a s e d a p p e t it e
and body w e ig h t.
d e te c t in c a t t l e .

Marginal d e f i c i e n c y of c o b a lt i s very d i f f i c u l t to
I t was not u n t i l th e s e c a lv e s a c t u a l l y q u it e a tin g

between the 6th and 7th months th at c o b a lt d e f ic ie n c y was r e a l i z e d .
There was a marked in c r e a s e i n a p p e t ite which occurred about the 3rd
day a f t e r c o b a lt supplem entation.
The c a lv e s o f Experiment I I I were very e f f i c i e n t i n t h e i r a b i l i t y
to produce g ains when the t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u t r ie n t s were below normal.
Both C617 and C614 required o n ly 1.9 7 pounds of t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u t r ie n t s
per pound of g ain f o r the f i r s t 3 months.

C617, however req u ired 5 .6 3

pounds o f d i g e s t i b l e n u t r ie n t s for 1 pound of g a in in th e 9 to 12 month
p e r io d .

This in c r e a s e d requirement might be exp la in ed on the b a s is of

the l i v e r damage t h a t developed in the l a s t month.

C615 r eq u ired 5 .0 3

pounds of t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u t r i e n t s f o r each pound of g a in during the
6 to 9 month p e r io d .

This i n e f f i c i e n c y may have been due to the chronic

pneumonia which occurred in the l a t e stage of l i f e .

In t h i s p eriod

(9th to 12th month) th e c a lf l o s t w e ig h t.
I t was o f i n t e r e s t to compare th e s e animals with th e Ragsdale
Standards.

(Table V).

C616, a c o n t r o l c a l f , was tla f i r s t animal to

develop anorexia and about 18 days e la p sed b e fo r e c o b a lt was g iv e n .
was i n t e r e s t i n g to observe the response to c o b a l t .

It

At 6 months the

weight of t h i s c a l f was only 56 per cen t o f normal and by 1 year of
age th e body weight had in c r e a s e d to 70 per cen t o f normal.

C ontrol

C617 was on ly 64 per cent of normal and a f t e r c o b a lt was added, body
w eight g ra d u a lly in c r e a se d to 71 per cent of normal.

C alf C614 o f

the vitam in A d e f i c i e n t group showed a weight of 56 per c e n t o f normal
a t 6 months which g ra d u a lly in c r e a s e d to 66 per c e n t at 9 months and s t a y -

50
ed a t t h a t l e v e l .

The body weight o f C6I 3 o n ly dropped to 68 p e r

c e n t o f normal a t 6 months o f age.

C obalt sup plem entation d id n o t

appear to a c c e l e r a t e growth s in c e a t 1 year o f age th e weight had
been reduced to 63 p e r cen t o f normal.

I f Table IV i s examined one

w i l l see t h a t C613 was making i t s b e s t gain d u rin g th e 9 ^ to th e
12 th month p e rio d , ( I . I 3 pounds p e r d ay ), y e t l o s t 3 p erc e n ta g e p o i n t s
i n weight when compared to th e R agsdale S tandards.

C 6 ll, a n o th e r c a l f

in th e v itam in A d e f i c i e n t group, was 69 p e r cen t o f normal in w eight.
This animal broke i t s back in th e 8th month o f l i f e and had to be
d e s tro y e d b e fo re th e f u l l e f f e c t s of c o b a lt could be observed.

C615

i n th e d e f i c i e n t group d id not make good g ain s i n weight which was
p ro b a b ly due in p a r t to c o b a lt d e f i c i e n c y and ch ro n ic pneumonia.
The lon g bones o f th e body o f vitam in A d e f i c i e n t c a lv e s a p p a re n t­
l y co n tinu ed to grow sin c e th e h e i g h t a t th e w ith e rs of th e s e anim als
was 92 p e r cent o f the Ragsdale S tan dard s.

T his compares w ith th e

work o f R ichards (1935)» w^o r e p o r te d t h a t growth does n o t cease in
v itam in A d e f ic ie n c y when th e anim al c eases to in c r e a s e in w eight.
There was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between the c o n t r o ls and
v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t anim als i n growth a t h e i g h t a t w ith e rs.
The vitam in A d e f i c i e n t c a lv e s showed th e eye changes t h a t have
been d e s c rib e d by Moore ejt a l (193^)* Moore (1939)»
(l9^+3).

(Table V II).

Jones e t a l

The e a r l i e s t m a n ife s ta tio n o f vitam in A d e f ic ie n c y

appeared to be th e f a i l u r e o f th e i r i s e s to c o n t r a c t p r o p e rly .
c o n d itio n v a r ie d with each eye o f th e animal.
c lo se d p r o p e rly w hile the o th e r did n o t.

This

Sometimes one i r i s

Night b lin d n e s s , b l u r r i n g

o f the o p t i c d i s c s , and fa d in g o f the t a p e t a l u c i d a were th e n e x t con­
d i t i o n s observed.

The la c r i m a tio n , and the o p a c ity and u l c e r a t i o n o f

51
th e corneas which have been reported by Hart and G uilbert (1933)*

J 0n es e t a l (l9*+3)» and Alvarez (19^7) were n o t observed i n th e s e
c a lv e s .

This work confirmed th e r e p o r t o f De Schweinitz and De Long

(193U) t h a t the c a l i b e r o f th e blood v e s s e l s was reduced.

The o p tic

n e rv e s showed the p in c h in g where they passed through t h e o p t i c foramen
as r e p o r te d by Moore e t a l (193*0» McNutt and Y/all (1933), Moore (1939) t
and V/etzel and Moore (l9*+0).

This p in c h in g o f the o p ti c nerve produced

a tro p h y and n e c r o s i s o f th e nerve f i b e r s and le a d to replacem ent f i b r o ­
s is .

The deB torying o f th e nerve a t t h i s p o in t accounts f o r th e t o t a l

b lin d n e s s .
Night b lin d n e s s was only observed in two o f the c a lv e s , C6l l and
C613. which occurred a t the 2l+7th and 65th day, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

In 2 o f

the d e f i c i e n t anim als, Col4 and C6l5» t h i s c o n d itio n could n o t be
dem onstrated.

Night b lin d n e s s was determ ined by a tte m p tin g to run

c a lv e s in t o o b je c ts in sem i-darkness;

a p p a re n tly C6l l must have o b ta in e d

more v itam in A in colostrum than Cbl3, as i t took 192 days lo n g e r to
produce n ig h t b lin d n e s s in C6l l .than C0I 3.

Of co u rse , th e r e was a

v ery good chance t h a t n ig h t b lin d n e s s was overlooked a t an e a r l i e r time
in C6l l although t h i s animal showed th e eye changes much l a t e r than th e
o th e r vitam in A d e f i c i e n t c a lv e s .
The d e f i c i e n t c a lv e s showed th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c syncope or i n ­
c o o r d in a tio n t h a t was r e p o rte d by Moore and Sykes (19^0), Boyer e£ a l
(19^2), and Schmidt (19^1), and Hodgson e t a l ( I 9U6)..

The re p ro d u c tiv e

a b i l i t y o f the male c a lv e s C6l l , C613, and C615 was g r e a t l y im paired
and the t e s t e s m ic ro s c o p ic a lly showed th a t sperm atogenesis had not ta k e n
p la c e .

This l a t t e r c o n d itio n corresponded to the work r e p o r te d by such

i n v e s t i g a t o r s as G u ilb e rt and Hart (1935)» an<l B ratto n e t a l (19^ 8) .

Chevral and Cormier ( 19US), and Sutton and B r i e f (1939) rep orted
s im ila r changes in th e t e s t e s o f ra b b it and r a t s r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Tv?o anim als, C6I 3 and C615 showed some atro p h y and n e c r o s is o f the
p i t u i t a r y gland a d ja c e n t to th e c y s t .

This was s i m i l a r to th e changes

r e p o r te d by Madsen, a t a l (19^+2) except no i n c r e a s e in co n n ectiv e
tiB su e was observed.
The g r e y is h -w h ite l e s i o n s th a t have been rep orted in th e kidneys
o f vitam in A d e f i c i e n t animals i s probably due to th e a c tio n o f to x in s
from a chronic inflammatory p r o c e s s ra th e r than the la c k o f vitam in A.
C alves C6l4 and C615 had th e s e l e s i o n s in the kid neys and a l s o had
sm a ll chronic a rea s o f pneumonia in t h e ir lu n g s.

The author has ob­

served t h i s l a t t e r c o n d it io n on numerous o c c a sio n s when c a lv e s with
chronic pneumonia were n e c ro p sie d .
This i n v e s t i g a t i o n showed th a t i f c a lv e s are e a t in g and grow­
in g w e ll, even though the vitam in A and caroten e are extrem ely low,
many o f the changes which have been a tt r ib u te d to the la c k o f vitam in
A are e lim in a te d .

The oat hay in the d i e t probably kept the rumen

fu n c tio n in g and in c r e a s e d the g en eral a p p e t it e o f the c a l v e s .

The hay

app arently produced a hay type o f f l o r a in the rumen o f young
c a lv e r. ra th e r than a grain type o f f l o r a
cord ing to Pounder and Hibbs (19^9)*

when

grain i s fe d ac­

I t i s t h i s m ic r o flo r a th a t in ­

c r e a s e s the d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f food substan ces and a ls o s y n t h e s iz e s
d ie t a r y f a c t o r s such as the v ita m in s o f the so c a l l e d vitam in B-complex
and vitam in K.

Burroughs and a s s o c i a t e s (l9*+9)

showed th a t the d i g e s t ­

i b i l i t y o f the dry matter o f corn cobs was depressed by a d d itio n o f
s ta r c h , but when the same amount o f sta r ch

was added to a l f a l f a hay

the d ep ressio n in the d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f the dry matter did not occur.

They ex p lain ed th e se r e s u l t s on th e h a s is t h a t a l f a l f a hay c o n ta in e d
more e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t s than corn cobs in prom oting growth o f rumen
m icrorganism s.

Quin (19*43)

Elsden (19*45) both p o in ted o u t t h a t

good q u a l i t y hay in c re a se d the ferm en tatio n o f glucose in th e rumen o f
sheep.

They p o in te d o ut t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e was due to th e m ic r o f lo r a

o f the rumen.

Louw e t a l ( 19*18) , u s in g a c o n c e n tr a te composed o f s ta r c h ,

c a s e in , b r e w e r's y e a s t , and a m in era l m ix ture as a supplement to poor
h ay, observed t h a t th e d e p re s s io n o f c e l l u l o s e d ig e s t i o n by t h i s su pp le­
ment was overcome by adding f re s h a l f a l f a .

When th e b a s a l r a t i o n o f Ex­

perim ent I I I was compared w ith th e b a s a l r a t i o n o f Experiment I I , about
the on ly d i f f e r e n c e was th e p resen ce of o a t hay in th e form er.

When

t h i s hay was p r e s e n t some o f the c l i n i c a l changes which v/ere observed in
Experiment I I and many o f th o se re p o rte d in th e l i t e r a t u r e were e lim in ­
a te d .

The rough h a i r and d e r m a t i t i s , t h a t were r e p o rte d by H art and

G u ilb e r t (1933)» Schmidt (19*41), and Keener e_t a l (19*42), had been elim ­
in a te d .

Scours

was not a problem i n t h i s experim ent as observed by such

workers as Hart and G u ilb e r t (1933)* Stewart
Keener e t a l (19*42).

and McCallum ( 1938),

and

Subcutaneous edema was not p r e s e n t in th e vitam in

A d e f i c i e n t anim als although t h i s c o n d itio n h as been r e p o rte d by many
r e s e a r c h workers such as Bechdel e t a l (1928), G u ilb e rt and H art (1935),
Cunnin^am and Addington (193^). Schmidt (19*41), H astin g s (19*42), Creech
and S iebold (19^+3)

Madsen aid E a rle (19^+7) •

No u r in a r y c a l c u l i were

found in the v itam in A d e f i c i e n t animals u sed in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
U rin a ry c a l c u l i have been r e p o r te d by Newsom (193®)
in c a ttle .

Osborn .et a l (1917)1

Schmidt (19*41)

1 B a s s e tt et. a l (19*46) r e p o r te d a

h ig h in c id e n c e o f c a l c u l i in r a t s and fox pups r e s p e c t i v e l y .
i n v e s t i g a t o r s such as Moore (1939)

Other

Jones e t a l (19*43) &id. not

c a l c u l i in t h e i r v itam in A d e f i c i e n t c a lv e s .

fin d

5^
Summary
1.

S ix c a lv e s o f the H o ls t e in , A y r sh ire , and Brown Swiss breeds were
p la c e d on a b a s a l r a t io n d e f i c i e n t in v ita m in A.

Two o f th ese

animals ( c o n t r o ls ) r e c e iv e d 25 0,000 I . U. o f vitam in A weekly.
2.

The c a lv e s during the f i r s t 6 months o f l i f e did not consume
enough n u t r ie n t s to b r in g the t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u t r ie n t s up to
the recommendations o f the N a tio n a l Research C ouncil.

During the

l a s t 6 months, the t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u t r ie n t s were approxim ately
normal or above.
3 . The a d d itio n o f c o b a lt Increased the a p p e t it e s o f th ese animals and
t h e ir weight gain per day in c r e a se d two to three fo ld .

The i n ­

c r e a s e in a p p e t it e occurred about the 3rd day.
1+.

The most important m a n ife s t a tio n s o f vitam in A d e f i c i e n c y in v o lv ed
the e y e s .

These changes were c h a r a c te r iz e d by d i l a t a t i o n o f the

p u p i l s , b lu r r in g o f th e o p t i c d i s c s , fa d in g o f the ta p e t a lu c id a ,
n ig h t b lin d n e s s , b u lg in g o f the b a l l s , nystagmus, t o t a l b lin d n e s s ,
and decreased diam eter o f the blood v e s s e l s .
5 . The vitam in A d e f i c i e n t animals showed p e r io d s o f u n con scio u sn ess
(syncope) which l a s t e d from 30 to 60 seconds.
6 . Spermatogenesis was n o t p r e s e n t in the v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t male
anim als.
7 . M etap lasia o f the e p ith eliu m was observed on ly in a few organs such
as the c e r v i x , du cts o f mandibular s a l i v a r y gland s, and the bronchi
o f vitam in A d e f i c i e n t c a lv e s .

S.

The f o llo w in g m a n ife s t a tio n s o f vitam in A d e f i c i e n c y which have been
reported' in "the l i t e r a t u r e were absent in th e s e c a lv e s :

rough h a ir

c o a ts and sk in l e s i o n s , la c r im a tio n , s c o u r s , anorexia, edema, weak-

n e s s , urinary c a l c u l i , and o p acity and u lc e r a t io n o f the cornea.
The e lim in a t io n of th ese m a n ife s t a tio n s o f vitam in A d e f ic ie n c y
was probably due to th e presence of oat hay in th e d i e t .
The r o l e o f hay i n m ain taining a normal rumen ferm en tation was
p o in ted o u t .

F ig. 1.

Formal eye3 arid o p t ic nerves o f c o n tr o l
c a l f 0616. Kote th a t th ere i s no pinch­
ing o f the o p t ic n e r v e. L ife s i z e .

56

i

Lyes ana o p t i c n e r v e s o f ca ll ' 3614
t h a t v;as on v it am in A d e f i c i e n t
d i e t . I.’o t e the s e v e r e p i n c h i n g o f
the o p t i c nerve a n t e r i o r t o o p t i c
c h ia s ir a . L i f e s i z e .

57

lUIIUIUIWIIIIilllUII

01

7

2

F ig . 3.

L o n g itu d in a l s e c t i o n o f one o f the
o p t ic n erves shown in f ig u r e 2 .
Note the replacement of the nerve
by c o lla g e n o u s f i b e r s at the point
where the nerve passed through the
o p t i c foramen. Azoc&nnine and
a n i l i n e blu e s t a i n . X6

58

i

I
I

Fi g , 4 .

S e c t i o n o f the same o p t i c nerv e through
t h e p o i n t o f c o n s t r i c t i o n t o show the
i n c r e a s e i n c o l l a g e n o u s f i b e r s and the
d i s a p p e a r a n c e of ne rv e s t r u c t u r e .
Hematoxylin ana Kosin s t a i n . X I 76.

mmA

Gross s e c t i o n o f a s e m i n i f e r o u s tu b u l e
of c o n t r o l c a l f G61? t c 3 b ow normal
a c t i v e s p e r m a t o g e n e s i s . Kemutoxylin
and olosin. X700.

60

'*NW/ '
{■ • h
■ ; &

X "
A V -

*

,%

- M

.

■•

•

v v -

* ,■

•! .

t$

.

X

■''~~

a

.

‘

) /

i i .. **•-**

>V?\
V

• *

C re s s s e c t i o n o f a s e m i n i f e r o u s t u b u l e
o f v it a i r in A d e f i c i e n t c a l f C613 to
demonstrate the l a c k o f sper ma to gen es i
Hematoxylin and ICosin. X700.

60

i 'i £ .

F ig . 7 .

A p o r tio n o f t h e c e r v ix o f v ita m in A de­
f i c i e n t c a l f C614. Note th e replacement
o f th e oolumnur e p ith e liu m by s t r a t i f i e d
squamous e p ith e liu m . A lso observe how
the s t r a t i f i e d squamous e p ith e liu m s t u r t e
beneath th e oolumnar e p ith e liu m and
puBhos i t toward t h e luinon. Hematoxylin
and Eooin. X1442.

6?

7

A c r o s s s e c t i o n o f a duct o f ti;
mandibular s a l i v a r y r la nd o f
vitamin ^ d e f i c i e n t . c a l f 0 61 5 .
Kcte the r e p l a c e m e n t o f the
columnar tyi'e e p i t h e l i u m by
s t r a t i f i e d squamous e p i t h e l i u m ,
h em a t o x y li n and 6 0 s i n . X213.

63

Wmmfa*’*
'

Wm'ttW'*'

MmM

&

M

R

::-.

8

if’i S . 9 .

A s e c t i o n through a p a r t i a l l y c o l l a p s e d
bronchus o f v it a m i n a d e f i c i e n t c a l f
3 6 1 4 . In the lowe r p o r t i o n o f the
photomicrograph t h e normal ap pearing
r e s p i r a t o r y e p i t h e l i u m i s l i n e d by
cilia .
In the upper p o r t i o n o f t h e
photomicrograph t h e s t r a t i f i e d
squamous e p i t h e l i u m has r e p l a c e d the
normal e p i t h e l i a l s t r u c t u r e s ,
hote
the i n t e r c e l l u l a r b r i d g e s thut a r e
present in t h is epithelium .
Hematoxylin and Hosin . X10E7.

65
LITERATURE CITED

A lvarez, J . G.
I 9U7 . Vitamin A d e f ic ie n c y o f C a t t l e in Columbia, S.
America.
Jour. Amer. V et. Med. Assoc. 11:216-217.
Anderson, C ., and H a rt, George.
I 9U3. H is to lo g ic a l Changes in the R e tin a o f the Vitemin A
D e f ic ie n t Horse.
Amer. J o u r . Vet. Res. 4:307-317*
Aron, H. C. , C raig , R. F . , Farmer, C. J . , K endell, H. W., and
Schwemlein, G. X.
1946. E ffect o f E levated Body Temperature on Plasma Vitamin
A and C arotene.
Proc. Soc. Exper. B io l, and Med. 6 l : 271- 276.
Aschaffenburg, R. S ., B a r t l e t t , S ., Kan, S. K . , T e rry , P . ,
Thompson, S. Y . , V/alker, D. M. , B rigg s, C. and C utchin, E.
194s. The N u t r i t i v e Value f o r the C alf o f Colostrum and I t s
F ra d tio n s .
Biochem. Jo u r. 4P:XXXTXXXI.
B a l t z e r , A. C ., Huffman, C. F . , and Duncan, C. V/.
1942. The Chemical Composition o f Michigan Grown Hays as
Fed to Dairy C a tt l e . I . The Carotene Content.
Mich. A g ric. Exper. S t a t i o n B u l l . 25: 8- I 3 .
B arron, N. S.
1942. Vitamin A and I t s R e la tio n s h ip to Some o f the More
Common D iseases o f Farm Animals.
Vet. Rec.
54:29-37*
B a s s e tt , C. F . , H a r r is , L. A ., Smith, S ., and Yeoman, E. D.
1946. U rinary C a lc u li A sso ciated with Vitamin A D eficien cy
in the Fox.
C o r n e ll Vet.

B a s s e tt ,
1946.

C. F . , H a r r i s , L. E. , and 7?ilke, C. F.
A Comparison o f Carotene and Vitamin A U t i l i z a t i o n
by the Fox.
C o rnell V et. 36:16-24.

Beeson, »/. M., P en ce, J . W. , and Holm, G. C.
1943. U rin ary C a lc u li in Sheep.
Amer. J o u r . Vet. Res. 4:120-126.
The B ib le .
Jerem iah.

l4 :6 .

James P o t t and C o . , New York.

66

B ic k n e l l, F. and P r e s c o t t , F.
igl+7. The Vitam ins in M edicine, e d .2 , pp. 3—97Grune and S t r a t t o n , New York.
Elakemore, F . , Da.vies, A. W., Eylenburg, E . , Moore, T . , S e l l e r ,
K. C., and V/orden, A. N.
I 9I+S. The R e la tiv e Importance o f A n tib o d ie s and Vitamin A in
P r e v e n tin g D isease i n Young C alves.
Eiochem. J o u r. 4 2 :XXX.
B l i s s , A. F.
194S. The Mechanism o f R e t i n a l Vitamin A Formation.
Jo u r. B io l. Chem. 172:165-178.

Eooher, L. E. and Marsh, R. L.
1941. The Vitamin A Values o f 128 Foods as Determined by the
Rat Growth Method.
U nited S t a t e s D e p 't. A g ric .,T e c h . B u l l . 802,1-30.
Boyer, P. D ., P h i l l i p s , F. H ., L u n d q u ist, N. S ., JenBen, C. YI. and
Rupel, I . V/.
1942. Vitamin A and Carotene Requirem ents f o r th e Maintenance
o f Adequate Blood Plasma Vitamin A i n the D airy C a lf.
Jo u r. Dair-y S ci. 25:433-440.
Eoyer, P. D . , P h i l l i p s , P. H. , Pounden, YI. D. , Jen sen, C. Y/. , Rupel
I . W. and N eso it M. E.
1942. C e rta in R e la tio n s h ip s o f Aviam inosis to Vitamin C in
Young Bovine.
J o u r. N u t r it i o n . 23: 525- 531.
Boyer, P. D ., P h i l l i p s , P. H ., and Sm ith, J . K.
1944.
The S e p a ra tio n o f C arotene from Vitamin
m ination o f Vitamin A in Blood Plasma.
J o u r. B io l. Chem. 152:^45-452.

A fo r the

D eter­

B r a tto n , R. W., S a lis o u r y , G. Yt. , Tanabe, T. , Branton, C ., M ercier,
E . , and L o o s l i , J . K.
1948. Breeding Behavior, S perm atogenesis, and Semen P ro d u c tio n
o f Mature Dairy B u lls Fed R a tio n s Low in Carotene.
J o u r. D piry S c i. 3^5779~79i*
Braun, Y/.
1945. S tu d ie s on the C arotenoid and Vitamin A Levels in C a t t l e .
I . Seasonal Changes o f the C aroteno id and Vitamin A Levels
and the Normal C arotenoid-V itam in R a tio o f Blood.
Jo u r. N u t r i t i o n . 29: 61- 67.
Eraun, Werner.
1945. S tud ies on the C arotenoid and Vitamin A Levels in C a t t l e .
I I . C aroten oid s and Vitamin A in th e L iv e r , T h e ir R a tio ,
and T h e ir R e la tio n s h ip to Blood L e v e ls.
J o u r. N u t r i t i o n . 2 9 : 73” 79*

67
B reece, B. B . , e t a l .
19*42. Absorption of Vitamin A in T u b e rc u lo s is.
J o u r. Amer. Med. Assoc. 119:3—
^1.
Erowman, L. G.
1939*
R eproductive Performance o f Albino R a ts w ith Prev'ious
Vitamin A D epletio n H i s t o r i e s .
Amer. Jo u r. P h y s io l. 1 2 5 :335“332*
Brown, E. F . , and Morgan, A. F.
19*48. The E f f e c t o f Vitamin A D eficien cy upon
Metabolism o f the R at.
J o u r. N u t r it i o n . 35'.*425-*438.

the N itrogen

B u ck stein , Jacob.
19*4*4. The Role o f th e Fat Soluble Vitamins A and D in N u t r i t i o n .
Amer. Jou r. D ig e s tiv e D iseases. 1 1 : 326- 329*
Burroughs, W. , Gerlaugh, P . , Edgington, B. H . , and Bethke, R. M.
I 9U9 . The In flu e n c e o f Corn S ta rc h upon Roughage D ig e s tio n in
C a ttl e.
J o u r. Animal S ci. 8:271.
B u rt, A. C.
19*4*4. O bservations of Vitamin Therapy.
Canad. Jou r. Comp. Med. and Vet. S ci.

8:187-188.

C a rtw rig h t, G. E . , and Wintrobe, M. M.
19*+8. S tu d ies on Free E ry th ro c y te P ro to p o rp h y rin , Plasma
Copper, and Plasma Iro n in P r o te i n - D e f i c i e n t and Iron
D e f ic ie n t Swine.
Jo u r. B io l. Chem. 176: 571- 583.
C hevrel, M. L. and Cormier, M.
19*48. E f f e t s de l a Carence en Vitamine A fu r l e Systeme G e n ita l
Male Du Lapin.
Cornpt. Rendu. Acad. S c i. 226:185*4-1855.
Chipps, H. D ., and Duff, G. L.
19*42. Glycogen I n f i l t r a t i o n o f the L iv er C ell N u clei.
Amer. Jo ur. P a th . 18:6*45-659*
C lay ton , C. C ., and Baumann.
19*4*4. Vitamin A Storage and F a c to rs t h a t A ffe c t th e L iv e r .
Jo u r. N u t r iti o n . 27: 155- 163.
Clements, F. W.
19*46. M a n if e s ta tio n s o f N u t r i t i o n a l D e f ic ie n c y in I n f a n t s .
Vitam ins and Hormones. *4:71-133*
Academic P r e s s , New York.
Coombes, A. J . , O tt, G. L . , and Wisnicky, 'il.
19*40. Vitamin A S tu d ies with Foxes.
North Amer. Vet. 21:601-606.

68
CopPi H. E. , and Greenberg, D.
X9U5. S tu d ie s on Bone Fre.ct.ure H ealing.
J o u r. N u t r it i o n . PS:P6l-P.6f.
Coward, K. H.
19f?5» The P e r s i s te n c e o f Vitamin A in P l a n t T is su e s .
Biochem. J o u r. 19!5^0“ 506.
Cox, A lvin.
1941. S ite o f Vitamin A Storage in th e L iv e r.
P roc. Soc. Exper. B io l, and Med. 46:248-250.
Creech, G. T. and S ieb old , H. R.
I 9U3 . H is to -p a th o lo g y o f Anasarcous Lesions Observed in N atu ral
Cases o f Vitamin A D e fic ie n c y in C a t t l e .
Amer. J o u r. Vet. Res. 4:353"359»
Crocker, W. J .
1919* B lin d n ess in Calves due to I n s i d i o u s R a c h it is .
C orn ell Vet. 19:171-174.
Cunningham, 0. C. and Addington, L. Ht
1938. P h y s io lo g ic a l E f f e c t o f a Lim ited R atio n on D airy Cows.
New Mexico A gric. Exper. S ta tio n B u l l . 257s1-24.
Dann, V/. J .
1933* The Transm ission o f Vitamin A from P a r e n ts to Young Mammals.
I I . The Carotene and Vitamin A Content o f Cows Colostrum.
Eiochem. J o u r. PJ: 1998-2005.
D avis, R. E. and Madsen, L. L.
1941. Carotene and Vitamin A i n C a t t le Blood Plasma w ith
O b servatio ns on R ep rod uctive Performance a t R e s t r i c t e d
Levels o f Carotene I n ta k e .
Jo u r. N u t r it i o n . 2 1 :1 -9 .
D euel, H. J . , Hallman, L. F . , Joh nston , C ., and M attson, Fred.
1943. The E f f e c t o f a High Vitamin A In ta k e on the Blood and
Milk C arotene o f H o ls te in and Guernsey Cows.
Jo u r. N u t r i t i o n . P3 : 597-579D r i l l , V. A. and T ru ant, A. P.
1947. E f f e c t o f Thyroidectomy on the Conversion o f Carotene
to Vitamin A.
Endocrinology. 40:259-264•
Eaton, H. E . , C h r i s t i a n , J . A ., Dougherty, F. C . , Spielman, A. A.,
and M atterso n, L. D.
1949. The E f f e c t o f Crude Soybean L e c ith in on th e A bsorption
and U t i l i z a t i o n o f Vitamin A Fed Prepartum to th e Ewe
and Sow.
Jo u r. Animal S c i. 8:224-233*

69
Eaton, H. D ., Johnson, L. D ., M a tte rso n , and Spielman, A.
I 9U9. The C arotene and Vitamin A and Approximate Composition
o f P o r tio n s o f the F i r s t M ilking P ost Partum.
J o u r. D airy S c i. 3?.: 587-595Eddy, W. H . , and D a l l d o r f , G.
1944. The A v itam in o sis, ed. 3* PP* 137-172.
Williams and V/ilkins C o ., B altim ore.
Eden, Eva.
19^+9
Vitamin A D eficiency in Farm Animals.
Vet. Record. 61:845-852.
Elsden, S. H.
1945. The F erm entation of Carbohydrater- in th e Rumen o f the
Sheep.
J o u r. Exper. B io l. 22:51-62.
Erh, R. E. , Andrews, F. N ., Haugs, S. M. , and King, Y/. A.
1947. O bservations on Vitamin A D eficiency in Young D airy
B u lls .
Jo u r. D airy S ci. 30:687-702.
E v e r e t t, M. R.
1942. Medical B iochem istry, p . 594.
Paul B. Hoeber, I n c ., New York.
F a irb a n k s, B. YI.
I;l40. Vitamin A. I I . Occurence in Hay and S ila g e .
D efic ie n c y Symptoms. Requirem ents of Horse.
North Amer. Vet. 21:281-283.
F o l l i s , R. H,
1948. The Pathology o f N u t r i t i o n a l D isease,
C harles C. Thomas, S p r in g f ie ld .

pp. 91-104.

F ra p s, G. S.
1947. E ffe c t o f Q u a n titie s o f Carotene in the R ation on the
F e r t i l i t y o f White R ats and th e Young.
J o u r. D airy S ci. 13: 296- 297.
F rap s, G. S . , and T r e i c h l e r , R.
1933* Vitamin A co nten t of Foods and Feeds.
Texas A gric. Exp. S t a ti o n B u l l . 477*
Frey, P. R. and Jen sen , R.
1946. D epletion of H epatic Reserves o f Vitamin A and C arotene
in C attle.
Jo u r. N u t r i t i o n . 32:133“ l 4 l .
F rey, Paxil R . , Je n se n , Rue, and C onnell, W. E.
1947. Vitamin A In ta k e in C a t t l e in R e la tio n to Hepatic
S to res and Blood L evels.
J o u r. N u t r i t i o n . 34:421-430.

70
G a llu p , W. E . , and Kuhlman, A. H.
1941. Carotene Content o f th e Blood Plasma o f D a iry C a t t l e
i n R e la tio n to Vitamin A D eficien cy .
P roc. Okla. Acad. S ci. 21:89-92.
Greaves, J . D ., and Schmidt, C. L. A.
1935* On th e A bsorption and U t i l i z a t i o n o f Carotene and
Vitamin A in Choledochocolonostomized Vitamin A D e f i c i e n t
Rat &.
Amer. J o u r. P h y s io l. 11:492-506.
G u ilb e r t, H. R.
1935* F a c to rs A f fe c tin g th e Carotene o f A l f a l f a Hay and Meal.
J o u r. N u t r i t i o n 10:45-62.
G u ilb e r t,
1935.

H. R. and H art, G. H.
Minimum Vitamin Areq u irem en ts w ith P a r t i c u l a r
to C a t t l e .
J o u r. N u t r i t i o n . 10:409-427.

G u i l b e r t,
1940.

H. R . , Howell, C. E . , and H a rt,
G. H.
Minimum Vitamin A and Carotene Requirements o f Mammalian
S p ecies.
J o u r. N u t r it i o n . 19:91-103.

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pp. 56-57*

H o s t e t l e r , E. H ., F o s te r , J . E . , and H alverso n, J . E.
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A scorbic Acid o f Young Dairy C alves.
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193*1. Some E f f e c t s o f Vitam in A D e f i c i e n t D ie ts on R eproduction
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Time o f Young D airy C alves.
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19U2 . Does Vitamin A D e fic ie n c y E x is t i n C l i n i c a l U r o l i t h i a s i s .
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C ertain Isomers o f Carotene.
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The E f f e c t of Thyroid on the Conversion o f Carotene
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Jo n e s, I . R ., Dougherty, R. V/., and Haag, J . R.
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Performance in Dairy B u ll s , I . A l f a l f a Hay R a tio n s .
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H ., Schmidt, H . , Dickson, R. E . , F rap s, G. S .,
J . M. , Riggs, J . K. , Kemrnerer, A. R. , Howe, P. E. ,
W. H. , E l l i s , N. R. , and Marion, P. T.
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Jo sep h s, H. V/.
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the Serum in Pneumonia.
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I 9I+2. Carotene in C a lf N u t r it i o n .
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the U t i l i z a t i o n o f Vitamin A.
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K le in e r , I . S.
19U5 . Human B iochem istry, pp. 213-219.
C. V. Mosby Co., S t. L ouis.
Kuhlman, A. II., G allup, V/. D. , and Weaver, E.
193^* Two Types o f B lind ness i n C a t t l e and T h e ir P o s s i b l e
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I 9UU. C l i n i c a l D iag no sis by L a b o ra to ry Examinations,
D. A ppleton-C entury C o ., New York.

pp. 973“ 9SU.

Krauss e t a l and Huffman e t a l .
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F e e d s tu f f s . 17:U0.
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19U5-19*+6. The Role of Vitamin A in Bovine N u t r i t i o n .
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Langham, R. F . , S h o ll, L. B . , and Hallman, E. T.
19^1. The Pathology o f th e Bovine Kidney in Vitamin A
D eficien cy .
Amer. J o u r . Vet. Res. r?: 319—3^3Langham, R. F . , Thorp, F. , Hallman, E. T . , and S h o l l , L. B.
1 9 ^ . The In cid en ce o f Pneumonia in Some of th e Food-Producing
Animals.
North Amer. Vet. 2p:
Lewis, J . M. and Logan, T. W.
19U5. Vitamin A Requirement in Calves.
J o u r. N u t r i t i o n . 3 0 ^ ^ 7 “ !+75*
Lewis, J . M. , Bodansky, 0 . , Falk, K. G ., and McGuire, G.
19Ul. R e la tio n s h ip of Vitamin A In ta k e and L iv e r S to rag e .
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L o o s li, J . K. , Huffman, C. F. , P e te rs o n , V/. E. , P h i l l i p s , P. H.
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N a tio n a l Res. C ouncil. No. 3* Washington.
Louw, J . G ., B odenstein, S. I . , and Quin, J . I.
19^8. The D i g e s t i b i l i t y , fo r Sheep, o f the C e llu lo s e i n Poor
Veld Hay, as A ifected by Supplements o f a M ixture of
C o n ce n trates and Green Feed.
O n derstepoort J o u r . Vet. S c i. and Animal Ind. 2 3 : 239.

7*+
Madsen, L. L . , Eaton. 0. N . , HeemBtra, L . , D avis, R. E. , C a b e ll,
C. A . , and Knapp, B.
1948. E f f e c tiv e n e s s o f Carotene and F a i l u r e o f A scorbic Acid
to I n c r e a s e Sexual A c t i v i t y and Semen Q u a lity o f
Vitamin A D e f ic ie n t B u lls .
J o u r. Animal S ci. 7*60-69*
Madsen, Louis L . , and E a rle , I . F.
I 9U7. Some O bservations on Beef C a t t l e A ffe c te d with G en eralized
Edema o r A nasarca Due to Vitamin A D eficien cy .
J o u r. N u t r i t i o n . 3^ : 603- 619*
Madsen, L. L . , H a ll, S. R ., Converse, H. T.
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D e fic ie n c y .
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M allory, F. B.
1932* P a th o lo g ic a l Technique.
V/. B. Saunders Co., P h i l a d e l p h i a .
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1944. P h y s io lo g ic a l Action o f Vitamin E and I t s Homologues.
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Conversion o f Carotene to Vitamin A in th e Rat.
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Mayer, J . and K reh l, Y/. A.
1948. S c o rb u tic Symptoms in Vitamin A D e f ic i e n t Rats.
Arch. Biochem. lb:313"3-*-^*
1948.

I n flu e n c e o f Vitamin A the Gross E f f i c i e n c y o f Growth
o f R a ts.
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Maynard, L. A.
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McCullough, K . , and D a l l d o r f , G.
1937* E p i t h e l i a l M e ta p la sia .
Arch. P a th . 24:486-496.

75
McGregor, L.
I 929. The F in e r H isto lo g y o f the Normal Glomerulus.
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Mellanby, 2.
I 9U7. Vitamin A and Bone Growth: The R e v e r s i b i l i t y o f Vitamin
A D e fic ie n c y Changes.
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Moore, L. A.
I 9U0. Vitamin A, Ascorbic Acid and Spinal F lu id P r e s s u re
R e la tio n s h ip s in the Young Bovine.
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1939*

The D eterm ination o f Blood Plasma Carotene i n the
Bovine U sing A P h o t o e l e c t r i c C olo rim eter.
J o u r. D airy S ci. 22:501-511.

1939*

Carotene In ta k e Level o f Blood Plasma Carotene and
the Development o f P a p i l l a r y Edema and N y ctalo p ia
in Calves.
J o u r. D airy Sci. 22:803-812.

1939*

R e la tio n s h ip between C arotene, B lin d n ess Due to
C o n s tr ic tio n o f the Optic Nei've, P a p i l l a r y Edema
and N y c ta lo p ia in C alves.
J o u r. N u t r it i o n . 17: ^ 3 - ^ 5 9 •

Moore, R. A.
1936. The E f f e c t o f A vitam inosis A on the P r o s t a t e .
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Moore, T.
1932* Notes on th e Conversion o f Carotene to Vitamin A in
the Cow.
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Moore, T.
I 9U5 . The I n t e r r e l a t i o n o f V itam ins.
Vitam ins and Hormones. 3: 1“ 18.
Academic P r e s s , New York.

76
Moore, L. A . , and B erry , M. H.
1944. E f f e c t o f Colostrum on th e Vitamin A and Carotene
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1945.

Vitamin A and Carotene Content o f th e Blood Plasma
o f D airy Calve3 from B i r t h up to Four Months o f Age.
J o u r. D airy S ci. 23:821-326.

Moore, L. A ., B erry, M. H. and Sykes, J . F.
I 9U3 . Carotene Requirements f o r th e Maintenance o f a Normal
S pinal F lu id P r e s s u re i n D airy Calves.
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Moore, L. A. and C o lte r , J . W.
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Moore, L. A., Huffman, C. F . , and Duncan, C. A.
1935. B lin d ness in Cat t l e A sso c ia te d w ith a C o n s tr ic tio n o f
th e Optic Nerve and P ro b ab ly of N u t r i t i o n a l O rig in .
J o u r. N u t r i t i o n . 9:533-551.
Moore, L. A. and Sykes, J . F.
19^0. C ereb ro sp in al F lu id P r e s s u re and Vitamin A D e fic ie n c y .
Amer. J o u r. P h y sio l. 130:684-689.
Moore, L. A ., Sykes, J . F. , Jacobson, V/. C. and ?/iseman, G.
1948. Carotene Requirements f o r Guernsey and J e rs e y Calves
as Determined by S p in al F luid P r e s s u re .
Jo u r. D airy Sci. 3I : 533“ 53^M orrison, F. B.
1948. Feeds and Feeding, ed. 21, pp. 1 0 S 6 - ll4 l.
Morrison P u b lis h in g Company, I th a c a , New York.
Newson, I . E.
1938. U rin ary C a lc u li with S p e c ia l R eference to C a t t l e and
Sheep.
J o u r. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 45:495-502.
Newson, I . E. , Tobiska, J . 71., and Osland, Hi B.
1943. The E f f e c t o f R atio n s on the P ro d u c tio n o f U rin a ry
C a lc u li in Sheep.
Colo. A gric. Exper. S t a t i o n Tech. B u l l . 31:1-42.
Opper, L incoln.
1939* E xperim ental V ascu lar D isease in ^ a t s Produced by
M u ltip le D ep letio n s o f Vitamin A.
P ro c. Soc. Exper. B io l. Med. 40:449*

77
Osborn, T. B ., Mendel, L. B. and T erry, E. L.
1917. The Incidence o f P h o sp h a tic U rin ary C a lc u li in Hats
Fed on Experim ental R a tio n s.
J o u r. Amer. Med. Assoc. 69:
33»
P a tto n , J . W.
19UU. Acetonemia a Vitamin A D eficien cy .
Vet. Med. 39:271-278.
I 9M + .A c e to n e m ia a Vitamin A D eficiency.
Vet. Med. 39: 150- 153.
191+5*

D i f f e r e n t i a l D iagnosis o f Vitamin A D e f ic ie n c ie s and
R elated Ailments o f C a t t l e .
Vet. Med. 1+0 : 163- 167.

19*1+5.

Uses of Vitamin A in Treatm ent o f Acetonemia.
Vet. Med. 1+0:106-107.

P a r r i s h , D. B.
19^9. P r o p e r t i e s of the Colostrum o f the D airy Cow. I l l .
Several F a c to rs A f fe c tin g Vitamin A and C arotenoid Content.
Jo u r. D airy Sci. 32:209-221.
P a r r i s h , D. B.,W ise, G. H ., Hughes, J . S ., and Atkeson, F. W.
E ffect
I9I+8. P r o p e r t i e s o f th e Colostrum o f the D airy Cow. I I .
o f P r e p a r t a l R atio n s upon the N itrogenous C o n s titu e n ts .
J o u r. D airy Sci. 31: 889- 895.
F a r r i sh, D. B. , Wise, G. H. , and Hughes, J . S.
19^9. P r o p e r t i e s of the Colostrum o f the D airy Cow. IV. E f f e c t
o f Form o f Vitamin A and o f Tocophei’a l Supplement on
C o n ce n tratio n s o f Vitamin A and C arotenoids.
J o u r. D airy S ci. 32:^58-1+61+.
Pavcek, P. L . , H e rb st, E. J . and Elvehjem.
19U5 . The N u t r i t i o n a l Value o f Telang L iv e rs .
J o u r. N u t r it i o n . 3®:1—9*
Payne, M. G ., and Kingman, H. E.
19l+7» Carotene Blood Levels and R eproductive Performance in
Range H ereford C a t t l e .
J o u r. Animal Sci. 6 : 50.
P h i l l i p s , P. H.
I 9I+5. C a lf P i l l s - A New Feed.
H o ls te in F re sia n World. 1+2:20-32.

73
P h i l l i p s , P . , L un dquist, N. S. and Boyer, P. D.
19^1. The E f f e c t o f Vitamin A and Cert&in Members o f th e
B-complex upon C a lf Scours.
J o u r. D airy Sci. 2l+:977“922.
P ep p er, H ., and Chinn, H.
19^2. Changes o f Vitamin A D i s t r i b u t i o n in Choline D e fic ie n c y .
P roc. Soc. Exper. B io l, and Med. 1+9 s202-201+.
P opper, H. , Steigmann, F . , and Dyniev/iez, H. A.
19^5* Plasma Vitamin. A Level i n Renal D isease.
Amer. J o u r. C lin. P ath . 1 5 :272-277*
Pounden, W. D ., and Hibbs, J . V/.
I 9U9 . Rumen I n o c u la tio n in Young C alves.
J o u r. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. lll+: 33“ 35*
Quin, J . I .
I 9I+3. S tu d ies on the A lim entary T ra c t o f Merino Sheep in
South A f r ic a . V I I I . The P a th o g e n e s is o f Acute Tympanites.
O n derstepoort J o u r. V et. S ci. and Animal Ind. 18 :11 3-11 7..
R agsdale, A. C.
193U. Growth Standards f o r D airy C a t t l e .
Univ. Mo. Agri. Exper. S ta tio n B u l l . 336:1-12.
Ramalingaswami, V.
191+9* D ia rrh e a and Vitamin A D e fic ie n c y .
E u t r i t i o n Rev.
Reifman, G. A., Hallman, L. F . , and Deuel, H. J .
I 9U3. The E f f e c t o f C on centration o f t i e A bsorption o f Vitamin A.
J o u r . N u t r i t i o n . 26:33-1+2.
R ich ard s, M. B.
1935* The Role o f Vitamin A in N u t r i t i o n .
B r i t i s h Med. Jou r. 1 :1 -1 6 .
R ich ard s and Simpson.
193^• C u ra tiv e Method o f Vitamin A Assay.
Eiochem. J o u r. 2 8 :I 27I+-I292.
Rosenberg, H. R.
I 9I+2 . Chemistry and P hysiology o f th e V itam ins,
I n te r s c i e n c e P u b lis h e r s , I n c , , New York.

pp. 37—96.

R u s s e ll , VI. C.
1929. The E f f e c t o f the Curing P ro cess upon the Vitamin A and
D Content o f A l f a l f a .
Jo u r. Biochem. 85:289-297*
R u nn elis, R. A.
I 9I+6. Animal P athology, ed. H. p. 272.
Iowa S ta te College P r e s s , Ame s , Iowa.

79
Sakamoto, T.
19*40. Uber d ie V e rte ilu n g dee Vitamin A i n T ie r is h e n Gewehen.
( D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Vitamin A in Animal T is s u e s .)
J o u r. Biochem., Tokyo. 32:*425~*I36.
Savage, E. V/. , K rauss, iff. E . , and Mead, S. W.
19*42. F i f t h Report o f th e Committee on Animal N u t r i t i o n .
N a tio n a l Res. C ouncil, unnumbered mimeo.
Savage, E. S. and McCoy, C. M.
19^?. The N u t r i t i o n o f Calves: A Reviev/.
J o u r. D airy Sci. 25:595-650*
S chneider, H. A.
19*46. N u t r i t i o n and R e s ista n c e to I n f e c t i o n .
V itam ins and Hormones. *4:35“ 70*
Academic P r e s s , New York.
De S ch w einitz, G. E. and De Long, P.
193*** B lin d n ess and P apilledem a in Guernsey Calves.
Arch. Ophthal. 11:19*4.
Schmidt, H.
19*41. Vitamin A D e f ic ie n c ie s in Ruminants.
Amer. J o u r. Vet. Res. 2 : 363- 389.
S c o t t , P aul F.
I 9U5. Treatment of Acetonemia in Dairy Cows.
Vet. Med. *40: 209.
S e e lig , S. F.
I 9U0 . Treatm ent o f G a s tr ic U lc e r with Vitamin A.
Guy's Hosp. Rep. 90:*41-5**«
Sexton, E. L . , Mehl, J . YI., and Deuel, H. J .
19*46. S tu d ie s o f Carotenoid Metabolism.
J o u r. N u t r it i o n .
.
Shaw, J . N.
1937* S tu d ies on the E f f e c t o f a D ie t D e f ic ie n t in Vitamin A
on Lungworm in Sheep.
North Amer. Vet. 1 8 : 25- 27.
Shaw, R. J . , and Deuel, J r .
19*1*4. S tu d ies on th e A bsorption o f Carotene.
J o u r. N u t r iti o n . 27:395“^01.
Shaw, J . C . , M atterso n, L. D . , Surgenor, M. C . , and Hourigan, C. A.
19*45* S tu d ie s on K e to sis in D airy C a t t l e . VI. I s K e to s is in
D airy C a t t l e Due to a Vitamin A D eficien cy .
Jo u r. Amer. Vet . Med. Assoc. 106:285-291.
Smith, Sedgwick.
19*42. The Minimum Vitamin A Requirement o f th e Fox.
J o u r. N u t r it i o n . 2*4:97-107*

so
Snyder, W. W. , and Moore, L. A.
1950. The Carotene Content o f S everal Herbages During th e
Growing Season.
J o u r. D airy S ci. 23: 363- 371.
Spielman, A. A.
I 9H6. Do Calves Need Vitamin Supplements?
F e e d s tu f f s .

18: 3s.

Spielman, A. A ., Eaton, H. D. , L o o s l i , J . K. and Turk, K. L.
I 9U9 . The E f f e c t o f Prepartum Vitamin A Supplem entation of the
H ealth and Performance o f th e Young C alf.
J o u r. D airy Sci. 3^ 13^7“ 37^•
Spielman, A. A ., Thomas, J . V/., L o o s li, J . K ., Norton, C. L . , and
Turk, K. L.
I 9U6 . The P l a c e n t a l Transm ission and F e ta l Storage o f Vitamin
A and Carotene in Bovine.
Jo u r. D airy S ci. 2 9 : 707- 715.
Spielman, A. A ., Thomas, J . W. , L o o s li, J . K . , Whiting, F . ,
Norton, C. L . , and Turk, K. L.
19^7*
R e la tio n s h ip o f th e Prepartum D ie t to the Carotene
and Vitamin A Content o f Bovine Colostrum.
Jo u r. D airy Sci . 30: 31+3- 350.
S tew art, J . and McCallum, J . W.
193S. White Scours in Calves find R elated I n f e c t i o n s . I . The
S ig n ific a n c e o f the Vitamin A Content o f th e Colostrum
as a P re d is p o s in g F a c to r in the Causation of Such Condi­
ti o n s .
Jo u r. Comp. P ath, and T h e ra p e u tic s . 515 290-295*
193S.

The Vitamin A Content o f Colostrum o f D airy Cows.
J o u r. Agri. S ci. 2S;l+2S-i+36.

19^2.

The E f f e c t o f a Vitamin A Rich D ie t on the Vitamin A
Content o f Colostrum o f Daii'y Cows.
J o u r. D airy Res. 13:1-U.

Stubbs, S. L.
1 9 ^ . B lin d n ess with P apilled em a in Calves.
J o u r. Araer. V et. Med. Assoc. 105:209-211.

Sure, B . , T h e sis, R. M., and H a rre ls o n , R. T.
1939. Ascoi’b ic Acid Metabolism in Vitamin A D e f ic ie n t R.^ts.
Jo u r. B io l. Chem. 129:21+5-253.
S u tto n , T. S. and B r i e f , B. J .
1939* Anatomical and P h y s io lo g ic a l Changes in th e P i t u i t a r y
Glands o f Vitamin A D e f i c i e n t R ats.
Ohio A gri. Exper. S t a t i o n B u l l . 610:1-21.

81
S u tto n , T. S ., Kaeser, H, E . , S oldner, P. A.
I 9U5 . Changes in the Level o f Vitamin A and Carotene in the
Blood Plasma o f D airy Cows A sso c ia te d with P a r t u r i t i o n
and Beginning L a c ta tio n .
J o u r. D airy Sci. 28:933-939.
S u tto n , T. S , K rauss, W. E . , and Hansard, S. L.
19^0. The E f f e c t s o f Vitamin A D eficien cy on the Young Male
Bovine.
J o u r. D airy S ci. 2 3 157^*- ( a b s t r a c t ) .
S u tto n , T. S ., and Soldner, P. A.
19*+5« Seasonal V a r ia tio n s in the Blood Plasma Carotene and
Vitamin A o f Adult D airy C a t t l e .
J o u r. D airy S ci. 28:859-867.
S u tto n , T. S ., Warner, R. G ., and K aeser, H. E.
19*+7«
C o n cen tratio n and Output o f Carotenoid Pigm ents,
Vitamin A, and R ib o fla v in i n th e Colostrum, and Milk o f
D airy Cows.
J o u r. D airy S ci. 3 0 : 927 - 932 .
Thomas, J . W., L o o s li, J . K . , and William, J . P.
19*+7» P l a c e n t a l and Mammary T ra n s fe r o f Vitamin A in Swine
and Goats as A ffected by th e Prepartum D ie t.
J o u r. Animal S ci. 6:l*H-l*+5«
Thorp, W. T. S ., Keener, H. A ., Bechdel, S. I . and. G uerrant, N. B.
19*+2. O bservations on th e Pathology o f D airy Calves on Low
Vitamin A D ie ts.
Amer. J o u r. Vet. Res. 3:2*4-31.
Tildc-n, E. B. , and M ille r , E. G.
1930. Response o f th e Monkey (madaens Rhesus) to Withdrawal o f
Vitamin A from D ie t.
Jo u r. N u t r i t i o n . 3:121-1*40.
Tomaszewski, W.
19^2. The E x c re tio n o f Vitamin A in the Urine.
Edin. Med. Jo u r. *+9:375-383.
Truscott-, ,B. L.
19*48. Ovarian V/eight and D en sity in Vitamin A D e f ic ie n t R ats.
N u t r i t i o n a l Abst. and Rev. 17:627-628.
Underwood, E. J . , and Conochie, J .
I 9U3. Vitamin A in the N u t r it i o n o f Sheep in Western A u s t r a l i a .
A u s tra lia n Vet. Jo u r. 19:37-*40.
Verder, E . , and P e tra n , E.
1937. Vitamin A D eficien cy in th e Rhesus Monkey. S tu d ie s
on th e G a s t r o - i n t e s i i n a l T r a c t, the Blood and Nervous
Symptoms.
J o u r. I n fe c . D iseases. 60:193-208.

82
V irta n e n , A. I .
1938. C a tt l e Fodder and Human N u t r it io n .
Cambridge U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , Cambridge, England.
Wald, G.
193*4.

C aro ten oid s and the Vitamin A Cycle i n V ision.
N ature. 8*4: 65.

Wolbach, S. B. and Bessey, 0. A.
19*42. T issue Changes i n Vitamin D e f ic i e n c ie s .
PhyBiol. Reviews. 22:233-289.
Wolbach, B . , and Howe, P.
19?5. T issue Changes Follo\7ing D e p riv a tio n o f Fat S oluble
A Vitamin.
J o u r, Exper, Med. *42 : 753“ 777*
Ward, R. C , Bechdel, S. I . , G u errant, N. B.
19*40. Carotene and Vitamin A in N u t r i t i o n o f Growing C a t t l e .
Jo u r. D airy S ci. 23:115-12*4.
Y;atkins, \7. E. , and Knox, J. H.
1950. The R e la tio n o f the Carotene Content o f Range Forage to
the Vitamin A Requirement o f Breeding Cows.
Jou r. Animal S ci. 9:23-29*
Wetzel, J . 0. and Moore, L. A.
19*40. B lin dn ess in C a t t l e Due to P apilledem a.
Amer. J o u r. Ophthalmology. ? 3 : *499-513*
Wiese, C. E. , Mehl, J . Y/. , Deuel, H. J .
19*48. S tu d ies on Carotenoid Metabolism. IX. Conversion o f
Carotene to Vitamin A in the Hypothyroid Rat.
Jo u r. B io l. Chem. 1 7 5 ;21-28.
Wilson, James, G. , and 'Warkany, J .
19*47. E p i t h e l i a l K e r a t i n l z a t i o n as Evidence o f F e ta l Vitamin
A D eficien cy .
Proc. Soc. Exper. B io l, and Med. c*4:*419-*422.
Wilson, J . G. , and Y/arkany, J .
19*48. M alformation in the G en ito-U rin ary T ra c t Induced by
M aternal and Vitamin A D efic ie n c y in Rat.
Amer. J o u r. Anatomy. S31357—
^+07*
Wintrobe, M. M.
19*42. C l i n i c a l Hematology, pp. 221-225.
Lee and F ebiger. P h i la d e l p h i a .
Wheeler, H. H.
19*45* E f f e c t o f High Vitamin A in th e D ie t o f Domestic and
$on-Domestic Animals.
N ature. 156: 238.

83
Wolfe, J . M., and S a l t e r , H. P.
1931. Vitamin A D eficien cy in the Albino Mouse.
J o u r. N u t r it i o n . 4:185-192.
Warkany, J . and Roth, C. B.
1948. Congenital Mai foi'mat io n s Induced in Rats by M aternal
Vitamin A D eficien cy . I I . E f f e c t of Varying the
P r e p a ra to r y D ie t Upon th e Yield o f Abnormal Young.
Jo u r. N u t r it io n . 35:1-11.

APPENDIX
Non-Colostrum Group

84

H o ls te in - Aut. 8222 - C589 (C on trol)
C lin i c a l Record
Days
1.

The a iim a l did not r e c e iv e co lo stru m , but was g iv e n 400 m l.
of th e dam's whole blood and 250,000 I . U. of Vitamin A in
th e farm o f shark l i v e r o i l .

6.

Scouring appeared.

9.

Scouring had sto p p ed .

38.

The ey es showed some la c r im a tio n .

52.

The animal had l o s t v ig o r , and had developed a cough.

5 4.

Scouring recu rred and 3ome la c r im a tio n c o n tin u e d .

56.

Coughing became much harder.

65.

R e sp ir a tio n s and h ea rt b e a ts were very r a p id .

The ta p e ta

lu c id a were faded and th e p u p ils were d ila t e d .
76.

C alf developed a b sc e ss on neck.

77.

The tem perature was 1 0 3 .1 ° .

The animal had d i f f i c u l t y in

r is in g and appeared to be s t i f f in a l l J o in t s .

The a b s c e s s

on neck was becoming e n ca p su la ted and absorbed and was much
s n a il e r .
81.

The tem perature was 1 0 4 .2 ° .

P a p illa e o f eyes were s t i l l normal

but ta p e ta lu c id a were s t i l l fa d ed .
c o n tr a c t p r o p e r ly .
86.

The r ig h t i r i s did not

The c a l f was s t i l l coughing and sc o u r in g .

The animal was d estroyed when trea tm en t had f a i l e d to cure
th e pneumonia.

85

Neoropsy
Lung:

The anim al had a chronic pneumonia in v o lv in g both a p i c a l s ,

c a r d ia c s , th e in te r m e d ia te , and sm a ll p o r tio n s o f a n te r io r diaphragm atic
lo b e s .

The r ig h t a p ic a l lo b e c o n ta in ed a very la r g e en ca p su la ted

a b sc e ss which gave o f f a fo u l o d o r.

Small a b s c e s s e s were p resen t in

a l l o f th e lo b e s o f th e r ig h t lu n g .

The a p ic a l lo b e of l e f t lun g was

la r g e r than normal and showed an en ca p su la ted a b s c e s s .
Femur:

The bone was fr a c tu r e d in the middle of th e s h a f t .

K idneys:

The s in u s appeared very edematous i n both organs.

G allb lad d er:

Three brownish n o d u les were p resen t in th e mucosa.

S p in a l cord:

There was much edema around the cord, e s p e c i a l l y in th e

sacram.
J e rse y - Aut. 8152 - C591 (C ontrol)

C lin ic a l Record
Days
1.

The c a l f r e c e iv e d no colostru m but was g iv en 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 I . U. of
Vitam in A in th e form of shark l i v e r o i l .

2.

Scouring and anorexia appeared.

3.

F eces were firm er in c o n s is t e n c y .

An in c r e a s e was n o ted in

h is a p p e t it e .
14.

Scouring c o n tin u e d .

16.

The f e c e s were more firm .

17.

Scouring co n tin u ed .

18.

The c a l f showed f i r s t symptoms o f pneumonia such as s h iv e r in g ,
a r a t t l i n g sound when b r e a th in g , neck o u ts tr e tc h e d , and a
tem perature of 1 0 3 .9 ° .

Eight hours l a t e r th e tem perature

was 1 0 5 .3 ° and t i e h e a r t was b e a tin g very r a p id ly .

86
2 4.

The anim al appeared s l i g h t l y b e tt e r a f t e r trea tm en t.

2 6.

The c a l f was d e str o y ed fo r exam in ation .

Necropsy
L iv e r:

The organ was lig h t g rey in c o lo r and v ery f r i a b l e .

Lymphnodes:
H eart:
Lung:

Were very edematous.

L eft v e n t r ic le was h y p ertro p h ied .
This organ did not have le s io n s of pneumonia but d id have a

la r g e amount o f mucous exudate in th e tr a c h e a and b ro n ch i.
K idneys:

Two sm a ll circu m scrib ed lig h t grey a r ea s w ere observed in

th e c o r te x of th e r ig h t kidney vh ich resem bled th e le s i o n s of in t e r ­
s t i t i a l n e p h r it is .
B rain:

A la r g e pigmented area was present in the r e g io n o f the

o lfa c to r y lo b e and in v o lv e d the m eninges.
H o ls te in - Aut. 8141 - C588
C lin ic a l Record
Days
1.

The c a l f did not r e c e iv e colostru m but was g iv e n 200 m l. o f
the dam’ s whole b lo o d .

2.

250 m l. of the dam’s whole blood wa3 g iv e n .

5.

Scouring appeared.

10.

Scouring co n tin u e d .

23.

The anim al had not sto p p ed

scou rin g from th e beginning

and on

t h i s d ate showed the f i r s t symptoms of pneumonia. Treatment
was s t a r t e d .

37

32.

The c a l f d ied from pneumonia and s c o u rs .

Necropsy
T horacic lymph nodes:
P le u ra :

These showed c o n g e s tio n .

Abundant f ib r in o u s ad h esiv e ex u d ate was p re s e n t between

the v is c e r a l and p a r i e t a l p le u ra e i n th e re g io n o f a p ic a l and c a r d ia c
lo b e s .
Lung:

On th e r i g h t s id e pneumonia was p re se n t in th e a p i c a l ,

c a r d ia c , in te rm e d ia te , and p a rt of diaphragm atic lo b e .

S e v e ra l la r g e

a b sc e sse s were p re s e n t as w ell as some a re a s o f n e c ro s is on the l e f t
s id e .

Pneumonia was p re s e n t i n th e a p ic a l and c a rd ia c lo b e s .

Stomach and i n t e s t i n e s :
K idneys:

These crgans w ere g r e a tly c o n g e ste d .

R evealed some c o n g e s tio n .
Brown Sw iss - A ut. 8132 - C593

C lin ic a l Record
Days
1.

The c a l f d id not r e c e iv e co lo stru m b u t was g iven 400 m l. of
th e dam 's whole blood in tra v e n o u s ly .

5.

The anim al was n o t as a c tiv e a s u s u a l.

8.

An upper r e s p i r a t o r y in f e c tio n developed and h is b re a th in g could
be h e a rd many f e e t from the p en .
1 0 4 .0 °.

11.

The body tem p eratu re was

Treatm ent was s t a r t e d .

Death took p lace from upper r e s p ir a t o r y in f e c tio n .

Necropsy
S in u se s:

A p u ru le n t s i n u s i t i s was p r e s e n t.

g r e a tly sw o llen .

The n a s a l mucosa was

88

Lung:

This organ was co n g ested and showed c o n g e n ita l a t e l e c t a s i s

i n s e v e r a l lo b e s .

In th e r i g h t diaphragm atic lobe th e r e were s e v e ra l

lo b u le s t h a t appeared to show sane e a r ly pneumonia.

The tra c h e a and

b ro n ch i co n tain ed a f r o th y ex u d ate.
H e a rt:

The foram en o v ale and th e d u c tu s a r t e r i o s u s were p a te n t.

L iv e r:

This organ was very d ark r e d in c o lo r and re v e a le d some

cloudy sw e llin g on s e c t io n .
B ladder:

Some s n a il yellow c a l c u l i w ere p r e s e n t.

K idneys:

The tu b u le s aid th e p e lv is lik e p o r tio n of both organs

were s tu f f e d w ith a yellcw c r y s t a l l i n e d e b r is and c a l c u l i (p ro b ab ly
s u lp h o th ia z o le c r y s t a l s ) .
Je rse y - A ut. 8080 - A 57
C li n i c a l Record
Days
1.

Calf did not re c e iv e c o lo stru m b u t was g iv en 350 m l. of
dam 's serum.

2.

200 m l. o f th e dam 's whole blood was g iv e n .

The c a l f s t a r t e d

to s c o u r.
3.

S couring co n tin u ed and c a l f had m ild e n to r rh a g ia .

13.

S t i l l sc o u rin g .

22.

The anim al was very nervous and th e eyes seemed to b u lg e .

The

c a l f had some e a r l y symptoms of pneumonia.
N ecropsy
L ip s :
d ia m e te r.

On th e commissure was a sm all hem orrhagic a r e a about 3 ran. in

89

Gums:

There were s e v e ra l a n a ll hem orrhages and some co n g estio n

p r e s e n t.
Stomach:

A ll fo u r compartments of the stomach c o n ta in e d la r g e

amounts of wood sh a v in g s.

The abomasum showed some inflam m ation

c h a r a c te r iz e d by c o n g e stio n and in c re a se of mucus.
Small i n t e s t i n e :

Some p e te c h ia l hem orrhages and c o n g e s tio n .

Large i n t e s t i n e :

The organ diowed numerous hem orrhages, and f e c e s

w ere v ery brown in c o lo r and w atery.
Lung:

A bronchopneumonia i n th e s t a t e of r e d h e p a tiz a tio n was

p re s e n t i n th e a p ic a l and c a r d ia c lo b e s on th e r i g h t , and a p ic a l lobe
of 1he l e f t .

Some pneumonia was p re s e n t in the a n t e r i o r p o rtio n s of

b o th d ia p h ra g n a tic lo b e s .
H e a rt:

A few sm a ll hem orrhages were p re s e n t in the m itr a l v a lv e .

K idneys:

C apsules s tr ip p e d w ith d i f f i c u l t y .

and showed numerous p in p o in t g ra y ish -w h ite f o c i .

Both were co n g ested
In a d d itio n some

p e te c h ia l hem orrhages were p r e s e n t.
S pleen :
B ra in :

This organ was c o n g e ste d .
The b lo o d v e s s e ls were m arkedly co n g e ste d and th e v e n t r ic l e s

ap p eared to be d i l a t e d with s e rv u s f l u i d .

The whole b r a in seemed s o f te r

i n c o n s is te n c y .
P i t u i t a r y g la n d :

This was found to be edem atous.
H o ls te in - A ut. 8272 - A59

C lin ic a l Record
Days
1.
28.

The anim al di d not re c e iv e co lo stru m .
Pneumonia and scouring d ev elo p ed and tre a tm e n t was c a r r ie d o u t.

90

38 .

C alf d ie d of pneumonia.

Necropsy
Lung:

The r ig h t lu n g showed c o n s o lid a tio n of th e a p i c a l , c a r d ia c ,

and a n t e r i o r p o rtio n s of th e d iap h rag m atic lo b e s .

The l e f t lu n g r e ­

v e a le d a sm all l i n e a r s tr e a k of su p p u ra tiv e pneumonia i n th e c a r d ia c
p o r tio n .

The r i g h t a p ic a l lo b e was ad h e re n t to th e th o ra c ia w all by

fib rin .
Stomach:

Some ecchymoses were p resen t in th e fu n d ic p o rtio n m easur­

in g from 1 to 3 mm. in d ia n e te r .
In te s tin e s :
K idneys:

The mucosa d isp la y e d some c o n g e stio n .

The c a p s u le s s tr ip p e d w ith d i f f i c u l t y .

The s u rfa c e of

th e c o rte x re v e a le d numerous w h ite g re y is h fo c i m easuring from 1 to
5 mm. in d ia m e te r.

On s e c tio n th e le s io n s extended through th e depth

o f th e c o rte x .
L iv e r:

The s tr u c t u r e showed some m o ttlin g s u g g e stiv e of some de­

g e n e ra tiv e p ro c e s s e s .

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

Age

C arotene

V itam in A.

R.B.C.

W.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

days

ug/lOOml.

ug/lOOml.

M/mm*^

T/mm3

gm.%

%

1
10

N o.

M.O.H.
gm.xlO- -*-'

2 .5

5.27

7.88

1 0.0

11.6

42

14.7

1.25

5.78

8 .7 0

14 .5

11.6

45

1 3 .3

R.B.C. — Red blood c e l l s .

P o ly s.

W.B.C. — White blood c e l l s .

E o sin .

Hb. — Hemoglobin in grams p ar 100 m l. o f b lo o d .

Juv. —

R.B.C.V. — Volume of packed re d blood c e l l s ex p ressed i n p e rc e n ta g e .

S ta b s .

M.C.H, — Mean c o rp u sc u la r hemoglobin ex p ressed i n m icrom iorogram s.

Mon. —

M.C.V. — Mean c o rp u sc u la r volume ex p ressed i n cu b ic m icro n s.

ug — 1

Lymph. — Lymphooytea.

M/mm3 ■
T/mm3 ■

91

Blood P ic tu r e o f C a lf .

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

gm.#

%

No. C593

M.C.H.
gm.xlO- -1-2

M.C.V.

Lymph.

P o ly s.

E o sin .

Juv.

cu/ug

st

Jt

%

95

S ta b s .

Mon.

%

L I.6

42

14.7

53.3

mm

-

-

-

-

-

L I.6

45

1 3 .3

51.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

P o ly s . ~

Polym orphonuclears.

E o sin . — E o s in o p h ile s .
Juv. — J u v e n ile s
ed i n p e rc e n ta g e .

S ta b s . — Immature

icrom iorogram s.

Mon. — M onocytes,

m icro n s.

polym orphonuclears.

ug — M iorograms.
M/mm® — M illio n s per cubic m illim e te r of b lo o d .
T/mm® — Thousands per cubic m illim e te r of b lood.

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

Age

C arotene

V itam in A.

days

ug/lOOml.

ug/lOOml

W.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

M/mm*5

T/mm®

gm.$

*

2.5

14.73

12.23

12.7

10.4

46

13

3.75

13.73

8.2 5

9 .8

9 .8

40

20

8.37

9.68

9 .2

8 .2

9 .5

36

27

1.25

7.73

8.34

14.85

8 .6

35

34

0 .0

6.28

9 .22

12.7

8 .6

34

41

5 .0

5.78

6.87

13.5

7.0

29.5

55

3.75

6.76

8.27

9.9

7.5

30.5

62

0 .0

4 .8

7.91

12.9

7.5

28.5

69

5 .0

2.24

7.9

13.9

7 .6

30.0

76

5.0

3.99

7 .53

35.85

6 .8

27.5

86

0 .0

4 .8

7.93

56.95

6 .95

28.0

6

R.B.C.

92

P ic tu r e of C a lf .

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

No. 589

(C o n tro l)

M.C.H.

M.C.V.

gm.xlO"12

;m.#

cu/ug

Lymph.

P o ly s.

E o sin .

Juv.

S ta b s .

Mon.

*

J6

%

%

*

*

L0.4

46

8 .5

37.6

72

23

1

0

0

4

9 .8

40

11.7

4 8 .4

66

32

0

1

0

1

9 .5

36

1 0 .3

39.1

59

37

0

0

0

4

8 .6

35

10.31

41.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

8 .6

34

9 .3 2

36.8

66

32

0

1

0

1

7.0

29.5

10.18

42.9

61

33

1

0

0

5

7 .5

3 0 .5

9.06

36.8

63

34

0

0

0

2

7 .5

28.5

9.47

36.07

-

-

-

-

-

7 .6

30.0

9.68

37.9

43

48

0

4

2

3

6 .8

27.5

9 .0 3

36.5

34

55

0

8

3

1

6 .95

28.0

8 .9 4

35.1

19

65

0

8

7

1

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

Age

C arotene

Vitamin. A.

R.B.C.

W.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

days

ug/lOOml.

ug/lOOml.

M/mm®

T/mm3

gm.$

*

N o. 591

M.C.H.
gm.xlO"18

1

7 .5

5.78

6.61

9 .9

8 .6

31

12.8

5

5 .0

9.68

6.87

4 .5

8 .1

31

11.7

12

5 .0

-

6.42

8 .8

7.95

39.5

12.3

26

0 .0

9.68

5.76

12.8

6 .3

28

10.93

(C

93

P ic tu r e of C a lf .

No. 591

(C o n tro l)

M.C.H.

M.C.V.

Lymph.

P o ly e.

E o sin .

Juv.

S ta b s.

Mon.

cu/ug

J6

*

*

*

56

J6

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

;m.£

56

8 .6

31

12.8

46.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

8 .1

31

11.7

45.1

71

21

0

2

4

2

7.95

3 9.5

12.3

6 1 .5

82

15

2

0

0

1

6 .3

28

10.93

48.6

30

69

0

0

0

1

gm.xlO"18

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

N o . C588

■Age

C arotene

V itam in A.

R.B.C.

W.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

M.C.H.

days

ug/lOOml.

ug/lOOml.

U/mcP

T/mm3

gm./S

*

gm.xlO'

1

5 .0

6.76

10.23

12.9

1 1.1

47

10.85

4

7 .5

7.73

1 1 .1 1

18.65

1 0 .4

43

9.36

11

3 .75

5.27

8 .7

14.55

9.95

44

1 1 .4

18

2 .5

6.28

8 .33

10.2

8 .9

36.5

10.6

25

1.25

7.23

7 .3

7 .4

8 .1

32.5

11.09

32

0 .0

4 .2 8

7.56

5 .0

8 .1

32.0

10.71

94

P ic tu r e cf C a lf .

b.

R.B.C.V.

%

No. C588

M.C.H.

M.C.V.

gm .zio-12

cu/ug

Lymph.

Poly's.

E o sin .

£

<

$

Juv.

>

%

S ta b s .

$

>

$

Mon.

>

.1

47

10.85

45.9

-

-

-

i.4

43

9 .3 6

38.7

77

19

1

0

0

3

.95

44

1 1 .4

50.5

73

22

0

0

0

5

1.9

36.5

1 0 .6

43.8

69

24

1

0

3

3

1.1

32.5

11.09

44.5

85

13

2

0

0

1

1.1

32.0

10.71

4 2 .3

-

-

-

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

Age

C arotene

days

ug/lOOml.

N o. <

V itam in A.

R.B.C.

W.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

M.C.H,

ug/lOOml.

M/nm3

T/mm3

gm.$

%

gm.xlO'

8 .0

29

8 .94

1

0 .0

6.28

8 .9 4

12.75

3

1 0 .0

6.28

8 .1 5

9.65

7.15

27.5

8.77

10

3.75

7,73

6 .8 8

7 .8

5 .5

23.5

7.99

17

6.25

7 .73

7.18

4.62

5 .7

24.0

7.93

24

2.5

7.73

7 .08

11.75

5 .45

24.0

7.69

31

0 .0

3.35

7.6

21.65

5 .3

23.5

6.97

38

0 .0

3.35

6.57

15.8

5 .0

22.5

7.61

95

Blood P ic tu re of C a lf.

No. A59

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

M.C.H.

M.C.V.

gm.$

%

gm.xlO” ^

cu /u g

Lymph.

P o ly s.

E o sin .

Juv.

%

$

%

S ta b s.

Mon.
*

8 .0

29

8 .9 4

32.4

21

74

0

2

1

2

7.15

27.5

8.77

33.5

35

59

2

0

0

4

5 .5

23.5

7.99

34.1

87

12

0

0

0

1

5 .7

24.0

7.93

33.42

89

7

2

0

2

1

5 .45

24.0

7.69

33.8

48

42

0

5

4

1

5 .3

23.5

6.97

30.9

51

34

0

4

9

2

5 .0

22.5

7.61

34.2

18

59

0

5

17

1

APPENDIX

C lin ic a l Records o f C alves That R eceived Colostrum
and a V itam in A D e fic ie n t R atio n Without Hay

96
Guernsey - Aut. 8078 - C586 ( c o n tro l)
C lin ic a l Record
Days
1-20.

C alf showed a n o re x ia p e r io d ic a lly .

21.

S couring s ta r t e d and c a l f appeared weak.

22.

D ischarged a m ucopurulent exudate from nose.

24.

Feces s o f t and y ello w ish w hite.

27.

S t i l l sc o u rin g in s p it e of tre a tm e n t.

28.

Feces were somewhat firm e r in c o n s is te n c y b u t anim al hod
n o t been e a tin g .

30.

Developed subnormal tem p eratu re and d ied .

Necropsy
The body was v e ry t h i n as a r e s u l t o f n o t e a tin g and th e p resen ce o f
a d ia rrh e a .
Lungs:

Pneumonia i n the s t a t e o f grey h e p a tiz a tio n was observed

in th e r i g h t a p ic a l and c a rd ia c lo b e s .

On s e c tio n th e re was some sug­

g e s tio n o f an in c re a s e o f co n n ectiv e t i s s u e .

F ib rin o u s ad h esio n s were

p re s e n t between th e lo b e s and th e th o ra c ic w all.
P ericard iu m :

The sac was en larg ed and f i l l e d with a s e ro f ib rin o u s

exudate. A marked fib rin o u s e p i c a r d i t i s was p re s e n t.
A drenal g lan d s:
Rumen:

These s tr u c tu r e s were m arkedly co n g ested .

The p a p i l l a e appeared a l i t t l e lo n g e r th an norm al.
J e rs e y - C587 ( c o n tro l)

C lin ic a l Record
Days.
2.

Scouring appeared.

Guernsey - Aut. 8078 - C586 (c o n tro l)
C lin ic a l Record
Days
1-20.

C alf showed a n o re x ia p e r io d ic a lly .

21.

Scouring s ta r te d and c a l f appeared weak.

22.

D ischarged a m ucopurulent exudate from nose.

2U.

Feces s o f t and y e llo w ish w hite.

27.

S t i l l sco u rin g in B pite of treatm ent.

28.

Feces were somewhat firm e r in c o n s is te n c y b u t anim al had
not been e a tin g .

30.

Developed subnormal tem p eratu re and d ied .

Necropsy
The body was v e ry th in as a r e s u l t o f n o t e a tin g and th e p resen ce of
a d ia rrh e a .
Lungs:

Pneumonia in th e s t a t e o f grey h e p a tiz a tio n was observed

in th e r ig h t a p ic a l and c a rd ia c lo b e3 .

On s e c tio n th e re was some sug­

g e s tio n o f an in c re a s e o f c o n n ectiv e t i s s u e .

F ib rin o u s adhesions were

p r e s e n t between th e lo b es and th e th o ra c ic w all.
P ericard iu m :

The sac was en larg ed and f i l l e d v.’ith a s e ro fib rin o u s

ex u d ate. A marked fib r in o u s e p i c a r d i t i s was p re s e n t.
A drenal g lan d s:
Rumen:

These s tr u c tu r e s were m arkedly congested.

The p a p illa e appeared a l i t t l e lo n g e r than norm al.
J e rs e y - C5&7 (c o n tro l)

C lin ic a l Record
Days.
2.

S couring appeared.

97

11.

Scouring was checked by tre a tm e n t.

26.

F eces were s o f t and w a te ry .

33.

C a lf showed some d ryness of sk in and lo s s of h a ir over w ith e r s .

54.’ Scouring c o n tin u e d .
78.

Coughing began.

81.

Chewing and lic k in g o f wood.

90.

C alf s ta r t e d tongue l o l l i n g .

170.

Animal d e stro y e d f o r ex am in atio n .

The o n ly symptoms n o tic e d

from the 9 0 th day t o the p re se n t time was tongue l o l l i n g and
a chronic cough.
Necropsy
S k in :
Lungs:

There was soms p i t y r i a s i s around th e eyes and over th e w ith e r s .
A pneumonia of th e chronic ty p e was p re s e n t i n th e a p ic a l

lo b e s .
H o ls te in - A ut. 8123 - A58
C lin ic a l Record
Days
1.

500 m l. o f th e dam's blood given in tra v e n o u s ly .

4.

Scouring a p p e a re d .

12.

Scouring c o n tin u e d .

13.

Scouring c o n tin u e d and a p p e tite p o o r.

14.

C a lf was e a tin g b e t t e r b u t d ia r rh e a

23.

Animal showed f i r s t symptoms of pneumonia.

33.

C a lf very s ic k with pneumonia and s t i l l sc o u rin g .

42.

D ied.

had not s u b sid e d .

98

Necropsy
The anim al d ie d during the n ig h t.

There appeared to be c o n s id e ra b le

postmortem changes.
Lymph nodes:
P le u ra :

These s tr u c tu r e s were g r e a tl y e n la rg e d .

F ib rin o u s ad h esio n s were p re se n t between th e lo b e s of th e

lung and th e th o ra c ic w a ll.
Lungs:
lu n g s .

Pneumonia was p re se n t i n the a p ic a l and c a r d ia c lo b es of both

There was e x ten siv e n e c r o s is .

Abomasum:

The mucosa was c o n g ested .

In te s tin e s :

A very marked co n g e stio n was p r e s e n t.
H o ls te in - A nt. 8335 - C582

C lin ic a l Record
Days
115.

Feces were v ery s o f t in c o n s is te n c y .

141.

Tapeta lu c id a were fa d in g .

159.

Some blood showed in th e f e c e s .

165.

C alf was lo s in g weight and appeared tucked up in th e abdomen.
Some la c r im a tio n was observed.

167.

Scouring app eared .

168.

100,000 I . U. o f sh ark l i v e r o i l was given d a ily f o r th e n ex t
fo u r d ay s.

178.

Marked improvement i n c a l f had taken p lace as shown by de­
c re a se d la c r im a tio n , in c re a s e d a p p e tit e and v ig o r .

181.

C alf d id n o t shed long h a i r c o a t.
of neck.

186.

H air c o a t was shed some.

Some p i t y r i a s i s over s k in

99

215.

L acrim atio n and in c o o rd in a tio n were o b serv ed .

218.

S co u rin g , syncopes, and p i t y r i a s i s around th e e a r s .

221.

C alf diowed lo s s of c o n scio u sn ess.

230.

Animal l o s t c o n scio u sn ess when head was e le v a te d .

232.

The h a i r was d isap p e arin g around th e ey es.

235.

The aiim al d isp la y e d th e fo llo w in g c o n d itio n s on t h i s d a te :
coughing, la c r im a tio n , d i l a t i o n o f the p u p ils , fading of
th e ta p e ta lu d ic a , b lu rr in g of th e o p tic d is c s , and s c o u rin g .

253.

The co rn eas of th e eyes were b eg in n in g to cloud o v e r.

254.

The cornea of both eyes showed w hite o p a c itie s and the l e f t
ey e, an in d e n ta tio n , as though an u lc e r was beginning to form .
C a lf had a f a in tin g s p e ll (sy n co p e).

258.

Scouring ap p eared .

270.

Symptoms of pneumonia were o bserved.

274.

250,000 u n i t s of sh ark l i v e r o i l g iv en to c a l f .

300.

S ince symptoms of chronic pneumonia p e r s is te d , 250,000 u n its of
v itam in A were given ea c h day fo r th e next fo u r d ay s.

372.

C alf was d e stro y ed f a r ex am in atio n .

N ecropsy.
The s k in over th e w ith e rs was v ery s c a ly and th e h a i r c o a t was rough
and lo n g .

The c a r c a s s was em aciated and showed a g e n e ra liz e d edema

(a n a sa rc a ).
Eyes:

Edema of th e o p tic d is c was p r e s e n t.

b o th eyes had fa d e d .

The ta p e ta lu c id a of

The corneas were s t i l l somewhat opaque.

Lungs:

A pneumonia was p resen t in a l l lo b e s .

L iv e r:

In one a re a o f th e organ were numerous sm all d u ll g rey a r e a s .

100
There appeared to be some In c re a se In co n n ectiv e tis s u e *
S p leen :

A h ard le s i o n n a s p re se n t which resem bled a w a lle d -in

a b s c e ss .
H o ls te in - A ut. 8162 - C585
C lin ic a l Record
Days
1.
42.

C alf allow ed to nurse f o r 15 h o u rs.
There was some l o s s o f h a ir and s c a lin e s s of s k in along m argin
of e a rs .

48.

Scouring ap p eared .

49.

Symptoms of pneumonia were o b serv ed .

51.

Pneumonic symptoms su b sid in g due to tre a tm e n t.

58.

C alf s t i l l coughing but v ig o ro u s.

71.

Symptoms of pneumonia re -a p p e a re d .

73.

The c a l f appeared to respond to tre a tm e n t fo r pneumonia.

76.

The anim al was much b e t t e r .

81.

The p u p ils o f th e eyes were n o t c o n tra c tin g norm ally and th e
ta p e ta lu c id a of b o th eyes had fa d e d .

83.

Coughing c o n tin u e d .

86.

Some la c r im a tio n and s c a lin e s s diowed around th e

93.

The eyes were b u lg in g from "the so c k e ts and looked s t a r r y .
They were r o l l i n g back and f o r t h (nystagm us).

eyes.

The c a l f had

d i f f i c u l t y i n g e ttin g up.
94.
100.

Pneumonia f l a r e d up a g q in .
Since th e anim al was p a ra ly z e d i n hind
fo r e x am in a tio n .

lim b s, i t was d e stro y ed

101
Necropsy
Lymph nodes:

The r e n a l, h e p a tic and m ese n te ric nodes re v e a le d

some edema, c o n g e s tio n , and hemorrhage*
Lungs:

A ch ro n ic pneumonia was p re s e n t w ith a la r g e ab scess in

the r i g h t a p ic a l lobe*
L iv e r:

A few r e d a r e a s were s c a tte r e d throughout the lo b e s .

K idneys:

The c a p su le s s tr ip p e d w ith d i f f i c u l t y and on s e c tio n th e

cu t su rfa c e b u lg ed .

Numerous sm a ll v h ite sp o ts were p re se n t which on

s e c tio n extended through th e d e p th of t h e c o r te x .
B ladder:

P e te c h ia l hem orrhages were q u ite numerous.

I n te s tin e s :

These s tr u c tu r e s were congested and showed some hemor­

rh a g e s.
M uscle:

Somewhat edematous.

P itu ita ry :

C ontained a la r g e c y s t.
H o ls te in - Ant. 8080 - C583

C lin ic a l Record
Days
72.

O ptic p a p illa e was not a s c l e a r as norm al.

90.

Ruminal b lo a t was p r e s e n t.

98. T apeta lu d id a faded somewhat.
105. T apeta lu o id a were d e f i n i t e l y fad e d and th e o p tic

p a p illa e

were s t i l l sw ollen.
118.

The s k in of th e ears and neck was becoming s c a ly ( p i t y r i a s i s ) .
The changes of the eyes were more marked.

132.

There was sane la c r im a tio n .

The c a lf shewed some coughing and

a d isc h a rg e from the n o s t r i l s .

102
136.

The p a p i l l a of th e l e f t eye was v e ry b lu rr e d , w hile th a t
th e r i g h t eye was not q i i t e so n ark ed ly a f f e c te d .

of

Symptoms

o f pneumonia were n o te d .
137.

Anorexia ap peared.

139.

C a lf showed b lo a tin g .

140.

Died of pneumonia and ty m p a n ite s.

N ecropsy.
Lungs:

Pneumonia i n th e s t a t e of g rey h e p a tiz a tio n was lo c a te d in

the l e f t c a rd ia c and a n te r io r p o r tio n of th e diaphragm atic lo b e s .

In

th e o th e r lo b e s th e pneumonia was in the s t a t e o f re d h e p a tiz a tio n .
Abomasum:

A few sm all u lc e r s were p re se n t in th e mucosa.

N e se n te ric lymph nodes:
K idneys:
H e a rt:

These s tr u c t u r e s were e n la rg e d and edem atous.

Some sm all w hite le s io n s were re v e a le d in the c o rte x .
A few sm all hem orrhages wer-e lo c a te d on th e tr ic u s p id and

b ic u sp id v a lv e s .
Eyes:

The o p tic d is c s showed some edema and th e ta p e t lu c id a were

fa d e d .
O ptic n e rv e :

There appeared to be sane pinching of th e nerve where

i t p assed th ro u g h th e o p tic foram en.
B rain :

Some c o n g e stio n .
H o ls te in - A ut. S131 - C584

C lin ic a l Record
Days
84.

S lig h t fadixg of ta p e ta lu c id a .

99.

C alf showed b lo a tin g .

103

102.

Eyes showed some b lu rr in g of o p tic p a p i l l a e .

Tapeta lu c id a

had fad ed m arkedly.
108.

Animal had d i f f i c u l t y i n r i s i n g .

110.

C alf developed lo s s of co n scio u sn ess f o r f i r s t time and showed
some la c r im a tio n .

P i t y r i a s i s was d eveloping around th e eyes

and upon the e a r s .
115.

Animal co n tin u ed to show in c o o rd in a tio n and b lo a t.

118.

C alf showed ty m p a n ite s.

120.

Scouring syncope and la c rim a tio n were observ ed .

121.

C alf showed very sev ere b lo a t.

126.

Coughing began.

128.

C alf showed b lo a tin g .

134.

S t i l l co n tin u ed to b l o a t .

The t a p e ta lu c id a were faded and

th e o p tic p a p illa e were b lu r r e d .
141.

Symptoms of a c u te pneumonia and a n o re x ia were seen .

N ecropsy.
Suboutaneous t i s s u e s :
Lungs:

Some edema was p r e s e n t.

The o rg an s showed a v ery e x te n s iv e bronchopneumonia in v o lv in g

a l l t h e lo b e s except sm all p o rtio n s of th e diaphragm atic lo b e s .
L iv e r:
K idneys:

The organ was m o ttle d and showed a me p e te c h ia l hem orrhages.
C apsules s tr ip p e d with some d i f f i c u l t y .

There were a few

p e te c h ia l hem orrhages and some m o ttlin g of s u rfa c e due to sm all g re y is h w hite f o c i which on s e c tio n could be seen extending down through th e
c c r te x .
G a llb la d d e r:

The b i l e was u n u su a lly c o n c e n tra te d and v is c o u s .

Small i n t e s t i n e :

There was a s e c tio n of the ileum approxim ately 1

104

fo o t i n le n g th about 6 in c h e s from th e i l e o - c e c a l v a lv e t h a t showed a
marked inflam m atio n c h a r a c te r iz e d by c o n g e s tio n , in c re a s e d mucus and
a sw ollen c o n d itio n o f mucosa.
S p in a l c o rd :

There seemed to be an in c r e a s e in f l u i d as w e ll as

some g e la tin o u s m a te r ia l around the c o rd .
B rain :
E yes:

C ongestion of v e s s e ls .
Some edema of d is c .

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

Age

C arotene

N o. A

Vitam in A.

R.B.C.

W.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

M.C.H.

M/inm3

T/mm3

gm.%

#

gm.zlO"12

days

'lOOml.

ug/lOOml.

1

0

15.5

18

20

17.1

37

12.5

44

7.99

10.25

9.95

43

12.45

9.51

5 .24

4.55

8 .8

33

16.8

25.

9.69

9.97

8.75

8 .1

3 9.5

8 .1

51

17.5

9.68

10.59

7.55

8.6

4 0.0

8 .3

58

55

15.6

10.28

8.66

9.2

4 1.0

8 .9

65

34

14.24

9 .5 8

8.75

10.1

37.0

10.5

72

35.5

11.72

8 .7 4

9.50

10.4

4 5.0

11.9

79

45

17.4

9.47

6.70

11.1

4 1 .5

11.7

86

55

16.89

9.36

11.40

9 .8

40

10.4

93

55

20.4

9.39

11.40

10.1

41

10.8

107

83.75

17.58

8 .3 8

12.05

9.5

3 2.5

11.3

114

87.5

12.3

8 .1 3

13.00

9.8

34.5

12.0

127

72.5

17.57

7.18

9.55

9 .5

32.6

13.2

135

88.75

7.12

6 .7

6.40

7 .8

29.0

11.6

145

87.5

16.2

7.61

10.80

9.2

3 2.5

12.0

152

112.5

20.6

7.79

9.60

9.2

32.6

11.8

222

90

26.45

5.99

11.80

7.3

25.4

12.15

243

72.5

15.27

7.11

7.65

8 .3

31.5

11.65

105

Blood P ic tu r e of C a lf .

Hb.

R.B.C.V.
J6

No. A54

M.C.H.
gm.zlO"^-2

( / c o n tro l)

M.C.V.
cu/ug

Lymph.

P o ly s .

E osin.

Juv.

S ta b s.

Moi

J6

36

$

£

36

36

9.95

43

12.45

53.8

8 .8

33

16.8

62.7

8 .1

3 9 .5

8 .1

39.6

8.6

4 0 .0

8 .3

37.7

9 .2

4 1 .0

8 .9

39.8

76

20

0

0

1

3

L0.1

37.0

1 0 .5

38.6

74

23

0

0

0

3

L0.4

4 5 .0

11.9

4 7 .4

67

30

0

1

1

1

LI .1

4 1 .5

11.7

43.8

70

28

0

0

0

2

9 .8

40

10.4

41.1

59

37

0

0

0

4

L0.1

41

10.8

43.7

70

28

0

1

0

1

9 .5

32.5

11.3

38.8

68

29

1

0

0

2

9.8

34.5

12.0

42.4

71

25

0

0

0

3

9 .5

32.6

13.2

4 5 .4

7 .8

29.0

11.6

43.2

62

32

3

1

0

2

9 .2

3 2 .5

12.0

42.7

61

37

1

0

0

1

9 .2

32.6

11.8

4 1 .8

67

28

0

2

0

3

7.3

25.4

12.15

4 2 .4

65

32

0

0

0

3

8 .3

31.5

11.65

4 4 .3

80

15

1

0

0

4

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

N o . A 55

Age

Carotene

Vitamin A.

R.B.C.

W.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

M.C.H

days

ug/lOOml.

ug/lOOml.

M/mm®

T/mm3

gm.$

*

gm.xlO'

14

1 7 .5

5 .9

5.33

5 .4 5

9 .8

-

1 8 .4

21

2 0 .0

7 .7 3

7.79

5.3 0

9 .8

-

1 2 .5

28

2 5 .0

1 0.58

9.12

7.2 5

10.1

44.

11.07

35

3 7 .5

1 0.15

9.74

5 .0 5

10.1

50.

1 0 .3

42

3 0 .0

1 2 .7

8.56

5 .00

9 .8

38.

11.4

49

3 7 .5

1 4 .2 4

9.16

7 .0 0

10.4

41.

1 1 .3

56

3 7 .5

1 4 .2 4

10.03

6 .9 5

10.1

41.

1 0 .0

63

3 7 .5

1 3 .4 2

10.36

9 .2 5

9 .8

34.

9 .4

70

61.25

1 9 .9 4

8.2 5

8 .2 5

1 0 .3

36.

1 2 .5

84

7 7 .5

1 6.01

11.18

14 .25

11.4

38.

11.9

91

5 5 .0

19.86

7.26

1 0 .2 0

1 0 .8

4 1 .0

1 4 .8

104

7 7 .5

1 4 .5 2

7.84

9.00

8 .8

3 0 .7

11 .2

111

5 8.75

6.71

7 .6 5

8 .3

3 1 .0

1 2 .3

121

3 0 .0

1 0 .7 2

10.16

1 3 .7 0

9 .2

3 8 .0

9 .0

128

5 8 .7 5

1 9 .4 5

8.5 2

6 .0 5

9 .2

3 6 .5

10.79

149

8 5 .0

2 4.21

6.7 4

1 0 .1 5

7 .9 5

3 2 .0

11 .8

175

1 2 7 .5

1 7 .4 2

7.85

1 2 .6 5

8 .1

3 1 .0

1 3 .3

208

7 7 .5

28.07

7.32

1 0 .5 0

7 .5

2 6 .5

10 .2

215

6 7 .5

15.27

6.49

1 2 .1 5

6 .5

2 2 .5

1 0 .0

106

Lood P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

N o. A 55

M.C.H.

(/

c o n tr o l)

M.C.V.

Lymph.

P o ly s.

E o sin .

Juv.

S ta b s.

Kon.

cu/ug

J6

%

J6

*

36

36

gm.$

$

9 .8

-

1 8 .4

9 .8

-

1 2 .5

L0.1

44.

11.07

4 8 .2

L0.1

50.

1 0 ,3

51 .3

74

23

0

0

2

1

9 .8

38.

11.4

4 4 .3

67

30

0

0

1

2

L0.4

41.

1 1 .3

4 4 .8

84

12

0

0

1

2

L0.1

41.

1 0 .0

4 3 .8

84

16

0

0

0

5

9 .8

34.

9 .4

32 .8

65

35

0

0

0

4

L0.3

36.

1 2 .5

4 3.6

61

36

0

0

0

5

11.4

38.

11.9

33.9

77

19

0

0

0

4

L0.8

4 1 .0

1 4 .8

5 6.4

77

17

1

0

0

5

8 .8

3 0 .7

1 1.2

39.1

8 .3

3 1 .0

1 2 .3

4 6 .2

87

7

1

0

0

5

9 .2

3 8 .0

9 .0

37 .4

65

32

0

0

0

3

9 .2

3 6 .5

10.79

4 2 .8

66

28

2

2

0

2

7 .9 5

3 2 .0

1 1.8

4 7 .4

64

35

0

0

0

1

8 .1

3 1 .0

1 3 .3

3 9 .4

64

24

5

0

0

5

7 .5

2 6 .5

1 0.2

3 6 .2

78

10

11

0

0

3

6 .5

2 2 .5

1 0.0

3 4 .5

77

15

6

0

0

2

gm.xlO"^2

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

Age

Carotene

Vitamin A.

R.B.C.

V/.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

days

lg/lOOml.

ug/lOOml.

H/mm3

T/mm3

gm.$

%

1 0.62

5.87

1
3

3 .9
8 .7 5

N o . A56

M.C.H.

gm.xli

1 4 .6 3

8

1 6 .2

1 5.76

1 1 .2 3

7.7 0

8 .6

4 4 .5

7 .6

15

1 0 .0

1 3 .4 2

1 0.64

1 0 .0 5

8 .9

4 1.

8 .3

22

1 0 .0

7 .7 3

9 .7 5

7 .7 0

1 0 .1

37.

1 0 .3

29

25.0

1 1 .7

7.1 9

8 .4 5

9 .2

3 5 .5

1 2 .8

43

4 5 .0

1 1 .6 4

8 .2 7

7.5 0

8 .1

2 9 .5

9 .9

50

2 1 .5

8 .0 5

7.2 0

8 .6

3 2.5

10 .6

64

3 5.75

8 .6 8

7 .3 8

10.45

8 .1

3 3.5

1 0.9

71

3 9 .8

4 .8

8 .5 5

8 .0 5

8 .9

3 5 .2

1 0 .4

81

5 0 .0

1 3.86

8 .5 1

7 .5 0

8 .4

3 3 .0

9 .8

88

8 7 .5

1 7 .5 8

8 .5 5

9.4 0

8 .6

32 .5

1 0 .0 5

102

4 5 .0

19 .94

7 .1 9

7 .95

9 .5

3 6 .0

1 3 .0 2

130

8 5 .0

23.67

7 .2 8

12.20

8 .4 5

3 3 .0

1 1.6

158

68.75

32.99

7 .6 7

5 .7 0

7 .8

32.0

1 0 .1 5

179

5 8 .7 5

7 .36

8 .0 0

7 .8

2 8 .5

1 0 .5

193

3 6.25

1 8 .7 2

7 .5 5

1 1 .7 5

8 .3

28.

10.99

200

2 7 .5

2 2 .0 4

6 .7 0

8 .7 0

7 .8

27.75

1 1 .6

1

10 7

CLood P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

gm.$

%

N o . A56

M.C.H.
gm.xlO"^2

( / c o n tr o l)

M.C.V.

Lymph.

P o ly s .

E osin.

cu/ug

%

%

%

S ta b s .

Mon

*

%

£

Juv.

8 .6

4 4 .5

7 .6

3 9 .6

8 .9

4 1.

8 .3

3 8 .5

0 .1

37.

1 0 .3

3 7 .9

9 .2

3 5 .5

1 2 .8

4 9 .3

69

28

1

0

0

2

8 .1

2 9 .5

9 .9

3 5 .6

61

38

0

0

0

1

8 .6

32.5

1 0 .6

4 0 .3

89

9

0

0

0

2

8 .1

33.5

1 0.9

4 5 .3

8 .9

3 5 .2

1 0 .4

4 1 .1

65

35

0

0

0

1

8 .4

3 3 .0

9 .8

3 8 .7

84

15

0

0

0

1

8 .6

3 2 .5

1 0 .0 5

3 7 .8 8

75

23

0

1

0

1

9 .5

3 6 .0

1 3 .0 2

5 0.06

53

44

0

0

0

3

8 .4 5

3 3 .0

11 .6

4 5 .1 9

7 .8

3 2.0

1 0 .1 5

4 1 .7

74

25

0

0

0

1

7 .8

2 8 .5

1 0 .5

3 8 .7

83

15

0

0

0

2

8 .3

28.

10.99

3 7 .0 2

52

46

1

0

0

1

7 .8

27.75

1 1 .6

4 1 .4

82

16

1

0

0

1

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

N o . 58 7

Age

Carotene

Vitamin A.

R.B.C.

W.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

M.C.H

days

ug/lOOml.

ug/lOOml.

M/mm®

T/mm3

gm.$

*

gm.xlO'

19.45

8 .8 5

1 0.15

8 .6

3 6 .5

9 .7 1

2

10

9

1 .2 5

1 4 .7 3

7 .5 5

8 .8 0

7 .8

33

1 0 .3 3

16

5 .0

25.21

6 .8 5

7 .0 0

7 .0

2 8 .2

1 0 .2

22.07

6 .9 1

6 .4 5

7 .8

32

1 1 .2 8

23

10.

30

2 .5

23.07

7 .0 5

7 .6 0

7 .8

23 .5

11.06

37

1 .2 5

22.07

8 .1

7 .3 5

8 .9

43

1 0 .9 8

44

5 .0

23.28

8 .2 1

9 .5 0

8 .5

39

1 0 .3 5

58

3 .7 5

30.72

8 .4 7

7 .7 0

9 .2

37

1 0 .7

65

1 5 .0

28.57

9 .1 2

8 .0 5

9 .6

3 5 .5

1 0 .5

72

1 1 .5

24.25

9 .5 5

7.40

1 0 .8

4 1 .5

1 1 .3

79

1 2 .5

16.58

9 .5 6

11.80

1 0 .4

3 7 .5

1 0 .8

28.57

10.09

7.8 0

1 0 .1

39.

1 0 .0

1 0 .6 5

7 .5 0

1 0 .9 5

4 0 .5

1 0 .2

86

8 .7 5

93

1 1 .2 5

100

5 .0

30.72

1 0.0 9

1 0 .1 0

1 1 .1

40

11.

107

5 .0

28.57

8 .4 3

9 .1 0

1 0 .4

37

1 2 .3

114

1 5 .0

8 .4 5

9 .2 5

1 0 .1

38

1 1.9

121

5 .0

1 9 .9 4

9 .0 1

11 .95

1 0 .1

3 4.25

1 1 .2

128

6 .2 5

1 2.71

8 .9 1

8 .6 5

1 0 .1

37

1 1 .3

149

7 .5

8 .9 6

1 0.65

1 1 .1

33

1 2 .3 8

165

5 .0

24.25

9.1 7

12 .25

1 1 .1

170

2 .5

24.25

7 .6 8

9 .0 5

1 1 .1

S

S

S

1 2 .1
3 8 .3

1 4 .4

108

Lood P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

gm.%

*

N o . 587

M.C.H.
gm.xlO-12

( - c o n tr o l)

M.C.V.

Lymph.

P o ly s .

Eoain.

Juv.

cu/ug

ft

°b

*

%

S ta b s .

Moi

J6

9 .7 1

3 7 .8

33

1 0 .3 3

4 3.7

61

37

0

0

0

2

7 .0

2 8 .2

1 0 .2

4 1 .1

78

20

0

1

0

1

7 .8

32

1 1 .2 8

4 6 .3

7 .8

23 .5

1 1.06

4 7 .5

8 .9

43

1 0 .9 8

5 3.08

82

14

0

0

0

4

8 .5

39

1 0 .3 5

4 7 .5

65

25

0

0

0

8

9 .2

37

1 0 .7

4 3 .1

62

37

0

0

0

0

9 .6

3 5 .5

1 0 .5

38.9

L0.8

4 1 .5

1 1 .3

4 3 .4

85

9

1

1

0

4

L0.4

3 7 .5

1 0 .8

39 .2

71

23

4

0

0

1

L0.1

39.

1 0 .0

38.6

89

7

1

0

0

2

L0.95

4 0 .5

1 0 .2

38.02

74

23

2

0

0

1

L l.l

40

1 1.

39 .6

86

5

8

0

0

1

L0.4

37

1 2 .3

4 3 .8

89

9

0

0

0

2

L0.1

38

1 1.9

44 .9

87

10

2

0

0

1

L0.1

3 4.25

1 1 .2

38.01

80

18

1

0

0

1

L0.1

37

1 1 .3

4 1 .5

72

26

0

0

1

1

L l.l

33

1 2 .3 8

3 6 .8

70

29

1

0

0

1

66

32

0

1

0

0

78

5

7

0

0

0

8 .6

3 6 .5

7 .8

L l.l
L l.l

1 2 .1
3 8 .3

1 4 .4

49 .8

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

•Age

Carotene

Vitamin A.

H.B.C.

W.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

M.C.H

days

ug/lOOml.

ug/lOOml.

M/mm®

T/mm3

gm.$

%

gm.xlO*

7 .4 0

1 2 .9

47

1 2 .5

Born

0

7 .1 3

1 0 .3

9

5

7 .7 3

1 1 .0 3

1 1 .2 0

1 2 .1

46

1 0 .9 7

23

0

6 .6 7

1 2 .1 5

25.40

1 2 .1

46

9 .9

30

1 .2 5

7 .7 3

8 .2 8

4 .2 5

9 .8

40

1 1 .8

37

5

7 .2 3

9 .2 5

6 .8 0

8 .1

3 3 .5

8 .7 5

No

109

Blood P ic tu r e o f C a lf .

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

gm.$

%

No. A58

M.C.H.

gm.xlO**^2

M.C.V.

Lymph.

cu/ug

%

P o ly s.

E o sin .

Juv.

S ta b s .

&on.

1 2 .9

47

1 2 .5

4 5 .6

1 2 .1

46

1 0 .9 7

4 1 .7

78

19

0

0

0

3

1 2 .1

46

9 .9

3 7 .7

32

67

0

0

0

0

9 .8

40

1 1 .8

4 8 .3

71

28

8 .1

3 3 .5

8 .7 5

3 6 .2

55

37

1
1

3

-

3

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

Age
days

Carotene
$ /l00 m l.

Vitamin A.

R.B.C.

W.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

M.C.H.

ug/lOOml.

M/mm3

T/mm3

gm.$

*

gm.xlO'

14

1 7 .5

9 .5

28

1 4 .0

1 0 .6

4.47

5 .0 0

6 .8

24

1 5 .2 1

49

1 5 .0

1 7 .1

7 .1 3

3 .6 5

7 .5

29

10 .5 2

68

1 2 .5

9 .5

5 .21

6 .6 0

7 .5

28

1 4 .4

75

20

8 .7 1

6 .5 8

5 .5 0

8 .1

36

1 2 .3

82

10

8 .7

7.86

5 .9 0

7 .5

33 .5

89

19

1 1 .7 2

8 .1 6

7 .2 5

8 .9

40

96

10

9 .6 8

7.86

6 .2 5

7 .3

3 3 .5

9 .2

9 .5
1 0 .9

103

1 7 .5

1 1.15

8 .1 8

8 .1 0

6 .0

2 9 .5

7 .3

110

1 7 .5

1 0 .1 5

9 .0 3

6 .4 5

9 .5

3 6 .0

1 0 .5

117

5 .0

7 .7 3

1 1 .3 3

5 .9 5

9 .8

3 9 .0

8 .6

124

5 .0

6 .7 6

7.65

3 .6 0

9 .2

3 3 .0

1 2 .0 3

138

7 .5

7 .3

7.0 5

9 .7 5

9 .8

3 5 .0

1 3 .9

145

7 .5

7 .7 4

6 .4 6

7 .5 5

8 .9

3 1 .0

1 3 .7

158

1 0 .0

3 .9 9

6.3 6

4 .7 5

8 .1

2 8 .0

1 2 .7

166

8 .7 5

2 .2 4

6 .9 2

8 .2 5

8 .6

3 4 .0

1 2 .4

176

6 .2 5

3.9 9

6.06

9 .9 0

8 .3

32 .5

13 .6

183

1 0 .0

5 .7 8

5.11

7 .4 0

7 .8

2 7 .8

1 3 .2

197

5 .0

1 9 .9 4

4 .6 3

6 .5 5

6 .3

25 .5

1 3 .6

204

7 .5

1 0 .7 2

6 .1 2

9 .5 0

7 .5

29

1 4 .6

211

7 .5

9 .6 8

6 .2 2

1 1 .9 0

7 .5

28

1 2 .6

218

5 .0

8 .7

6 .3 5

6 .8 5

8 .2

3 1 .5

12 .9

No

110
B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

gm.%

%

N o . C582

M.C.H.

M.C.V.

Lymph.

P o ly s.

E osin.

grn.ilO"12

cu/ug

%

*

*

Juv.

*

S ta b s .

Moi

*

*

6 .8

24

1 5.21

5 3.7

7 .5

29

1 0.52

4 0.69

7 .5

28

1 4 .4

53 .7

8 .1

36

1 2 .3

54.7

7 .5

33 .5

9 .5

4 2 .6

8 .9

40

1 0 .9

4 9 .0

7 .3

3 3 .5

9 .2

4 2 .6

91

6

0

0

0

3

6 .0

2 9 .5

7 .3

36.06

80

18

1

0

0

2

9 .5

3 6 .0

1 0 .5

39.8

76

21

1

0

0

2

9 .8

3 9 .0

8 .6

3 4 .0

84

11

0

1

0

4

9 .2

3 3 .0

1 2 .0 3

4 3 .1

9 .8

3 5 .0

1 3 .9

49.6

67

31

0

0

0

2

8 .9

3 1 .0

1 3 .7

47 .9

8 .1

2 8 .0

1 2 .7

4 3 .7

71

24

0

5

0

1

8 .6

3 4 .0

1 2 .4

4 9.1

80

17

0

0

0

3

8 .3

3 2 .5

1 3 .6

5 3.6

88

5

0

1

0

6

7 .8

2 7 .8

1 3 .2

47

95

1

0

0

0

3

6 .3

2 5 .5

1 3 .6

5 5 .8

87

7

0

0

0

6

7 .5

29

1 4 .6

56.6

85

11

1

0

0

3

7 .5

28

1 2 .6

4 5 .0

73

25

1

0

0

1

8 .2

3 1 .5

1 2 .9

4 9 .6

83

10

1

0

0

6

D a ta on C a l f N o .

Age

Carotene

Vitamin A,

R. 8. C.

W.B.C.

Hb.

days

ug/lOOml.

ug/lOOml.

M/mnP

T/mm3

gm.$

H.B.C.'

36

225

2 .5

6.28

5.49

9 .6 0

8 .1

31.0

232

2 .5

5.78

5.64

8.20

7 .4

30.5

239

6.41

5.0

5.71

12.85

7 .0

253

5.0

6.76

6.57

8.10

6.9

25.5

260

2.5

4.33

6.07

7.45

6.9

31.5

267

5 .0

3.35

5.64

6.40

8 .1

31.0

274

5 .0

4 .8

4.48

10.20

6 .3

23.

281

2.5

5.78

4.54

11.15

5.85

21.5

288

5.0

4 .8

4.39

9 .05

4 .8

20.0

295

10.0

5.78

3.83

6.77

4 .4

17.5

302

1.25

8 .7

4.70

8.55

6 .3

23.75

309

5.0

11.72

5.11

6 .1 0

6.15

22.

316

5 .0

3.35

4.57

8.75

5 .7

22.0

323

5.0

4 .3 3

5.31

8 .3 5

6 .5

23.5

344

5.0

7.73

6.44

5.85

8 .1

31.5

360

0.

8 .7

5.25

5.20

7 .8

365

0.

9.68

5.68

11.80

8 .8

32.0

372

5.0

3.35

3.90

12.80

8 .2

29.5

I ll
D a ta on C a l f N o . C 582 ( c o n t i n u e d )

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

M.C.H.

M.C.V.

Lymph.

P o ly s .

E o sin.

Juv.

S ta b s.

Moi

gm.$

36

gm.xlCT^

cu/ug

J6

36

5&

36

J6

36

8 .1

31.0

14.75

56.49

7 .4

30.5

13.13

54.07

12.25

53.2

7 .0
6 .9

25.5

10.5

38.8

6 .9

31.5

11.3

51.3

8 .1

31.0

14.3

54.9

83

12

0

0

0

5

69

30

0

0

0

1

81

15

0

0

0

4

•4

6 .3

23.

14.06

51.3

56

35

0

6

1

2

5.85

21.5

12.8

4 7 .4

47

45

0

6

1

2

4 .8

20.0

10.9

45.5

55

39

1

2

1

2

4 .4

17.5

11.48

45.6

66

31

1

1

0

1

6 .3

23.75

13.4

50.5

84

14

0

0

0

2

6.15

22.

12.03

43.05

88

11

0

0

0

1

5.7

22.0

12.4

48.1

76

21

1

0

0

2

6 .5

23.5

12.24

44.25

64

31

1

0

4

0

8 .1

31.5

12.57

48.9

80

17

1

1

0

1

55

38

1

5

0

1

7 .8

14.8

8 .8

32.0

15.4

56.3

40

58

0

0

2

0

8 .2

29.5

21.0

75.6

46

47

0

1

5

1

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

N o . Cl

■Age

Carotene

Vitamin A.

R.B.C.

W.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

M.C.H

days

ug/lOOml.

ug/lOOml.

M /m?

T/mm3

gm.jS

#

gm.zlO

0

5 .0

7 .3

9 .9

12.30

11.1

44

11.2

14

1 2.5

5.78

8 .3 5

8.80

10.4

40

12.4

22

1 .2

6.28

9 .4 7

5.75

9 .2

38

9 .7

32

8 .75

5.87

10.48

18.15

11.4

45

10.87

39

5 .0

5.78

9 .2 2

7.05

8 .3

33

9.03

53

5 .0

13.23

8.69

9.80

8 .6

36.5

9.89

60

3.75

4.8

7 .4 5

19.25

8 .4 5

35.5

11.34

67

5.0

9.11

6.66

8.40

7 .45

31.4

11.15

74

5 .0

5.78

7 .0 4

14.85

7 .95

32.5

11.29

81

3.75

5.78

7.36

11.53

7 .3

31.5

9.9

88

0

6.76

7.35

8.85

6 .7

30.8

9.11

95

0

5.33

6 .2 5

4.35

6 .4

26.0

10.24

8 .4 1

6 .5 5

7.95

100

9.45

-12

112

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

N o . C585

R.B.C.V.

M.C.H.

M.C.V.

Lymph.

P o ly a .

E oain.

Juv.

S ta b s .

Mon.

gm$

#

gm.xlO”^

cu/ug

%

96

96

96

96

96

11.1

44

11.2

44.4

10.4

40

12.4

47.9

88

9

-

-

-

4

9 .2

38

9.7

40.1

79

19

tm

-

-

2

11.4

45

10.87

42.9

82

17

-

-

1

8 .3

33

9.03

35.7

67

29

1

1

1

1

8 .6

36.5

9.89

42

60

39

-

«•

-

1

8 .4 5

35.5

11.34

47.6

64

26

-

3

-

7

7.45

31.4

11.15

47.1

60

33

1

4

-

2

7.95

32.5

11.29

46.1

59

37

-

-

-

4

7 .3

31.5

9.9

45.5

6 .7

30.8

9.11

41.9

33

64

0

1

1

1

6 .4

26.0

10.24

41.6

74

24

1

mm

-

1

Hb.

7.95

9.45

B lo o d P i c t u r e o f C a l f .

M.C.H.

B.B.O.

W.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V .

l/lOOml.

M/mm3

T/mm3

gm.%

$

gm.xlO'

1 2.5

10.74

8.21

8.00

9 .5

43.0

11.56

24

10.0

5.78

5.42

7.35

8 .6

34.

15.9

31

16.25

7.24

8.9

5.60

8 .6

45.

9.6

38

10.0

7.73

8.14

8.30

7 .3

38.

8.9

45

19.0

8 .7 0

8.08

5.60

8 .0

38.

9.9

52

10

10.68

8.97

9.65

8 .6

39.

9.5

59

16.2

9.68

8 .6

8.95

8.9

40

10.3

66

12.5

5.26

10.89

7.65

8 .6

36.5

7.8

73

10.

4 .8

9.0

10.00

8 .6

35.4

9 .5

■Age

Carotene

days

ug/lOOml.

5

Vitamin A.

80

8.75

5.78

8.56

6.05

8 .9

35.0

10.4

94

6.25

4 .8

9.11

6.70

8 .3

31.5

11.9

101

7.5

3.35

10.44

7.95

8 .3

32.0

7.9

114

8.75

1.9

7.99

5.65

7.5

28.3

9.38

123

1.2

1.9

7.54

8.55

7 .5

31.

9.9

132

5 .0

3.99

7.97

6.40

7.4

30.5

9 .3

139

3.75

3.99

6.7

5.85

7 .0

30.1

10.5

No*

113

B lo o d P i c t u r a o f C a l f .

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

gm.96

96

N o . C 583

M.C.H.
gm.xlO”^ 2

M.C.V.

Lymph..

P o ly s .

E osin.

Juv.

S ta b s .

MoI

cu/ug

%

%

%

%

*

56

9 .5

43.0

11.56

52.4

8 .6

34.

15.9

62.7

8 .6

45.

9.6

50.5

7 .3

38.

8.9

46.6

8 .0

38.

9.9

47.4

85

10

-

-

-

5

8 .6

39.

9.5

39.5

76

21

1

-

-

2

8 .9

40

1 0.3

54.07

75

24

-

-

-

1

8 .6

36.5

7.8

33.5

83

16

1

-

-

-

8 .6

35.4

9 .5

37.6

68

30

1

-

-

1

8 .9

35.0

10.4

40.9

86

8

1

-

-

5

8 .3

31.5

11.9

34.2

72

24

1

1

1

1

8 .3

32.0

7.9

30.6

7.5

28.3

9.38

35.4

62

31

0

4

2

1

7 .5

31.

9.9

41.1

71

23

1

-

-

-

7.4

30.5

9 .3

38.3

73

18

1

1

3

4

7 .0

30.1

10.5

45

58

38

2

—

_

2

B lo o d P i c t u r e c f C a l f *

Age

C arotene

Vitamin A.

R.B.C,

W.B.C.

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

days

ug/lOOml.

ug/lOOml

M/mm®

T/mm3

0n.%

%

M.C.H.
gm.xlO'

1

5 .0

1 .0

10.59

8 .6 0

1 1.8

59

11.1

4

5.9

11.46

11.09

10.70

1 1.1

59.5

10.0

11

19.0

9.15

8 .6 4

12.90

10 .8

54

1 2 .5

18

5 .0

6.28

10.18

12.70

1 2.1

45

1 1.8

25

10.0

9 .5 4

11.05

1 0 .4

4 3 .5

10.9

7.73

10.52

9.85

11 .1

42

1 0.5

10.75

11.50

9 .5

37.9

8 .8

32

6.25

11.9

38

10.0

3.99

45

10.0

8 .7

9 .5 5

10.64

1 0.4

4 0 .5

10.9

9.11

9 .01

9.95

1 0 .1

39.5

11.2

9 .3 2

11.15

1 1.1

36.0

11.9

59

6.25

66
79

4 .0

3.99

8.07

8.05

8 .5

35.0

10.5

87

8 .7 5

1.9

7.95

7.65

8 .6

35.0

10.8

97

6.25

5.27

8.87

8 .35

8 .7

34.0

9 .5

104

5 .0

7.73

10.06

8.00

8 .1

31.0

8 .0 5

118

3.75

5.78

6.67

7.65

7 .4

29.0

11.09

125

0

4 .8

5 .7 3

8.05

6.15

25.0

10.7

132

2.5

4 .8

5.26

12.65

6 .0

24.4

1 1.4

139

5 .0

7.73

4 .8 4

8 .7 0

5 .3

20.5

10.9

N o.

114
B lo o d P i c t u r e c f C a l f *

Hb.

R.B.C.V.

gn.%

%

N o. 0584

M.C.H.
gm.xlO”12

K.C.V.

Lymph.

P o ly s .

E osin.

Juv.

S ta b s .

Mor

cu/ug

*

%

*

*

%

*

1 1 .8

59

11.1

47.9

1 1.1

59.5

10.0

53.6

1 0 .8

54

1 2.5

62.5

75

23

i

0

0

1

1 2.1

45

1 1.8

4 4 .2

65

33

-

-

-

2

1 0 .4

4 3 .5

10.9

4 5.5

84

14

-

-

1 1.1

42

1 0.5

39.9

74

21

i

-

1

3

2

9 .5

37.9

8 .8

3 4.4

80

18

-

-

-

2

1 0.4

4 0 .5

10.9

4 2 .5

78

20

-

-

-

1

1 0.1

39.5

11.2

4 3.8

82

17

-

-

-

1

1 1.1

36.0

11.9

38.6

8 .5

35.0

1 0.5

4 3 .3

8 .6

35.0

10.8

4 4 .0

75

23

-

mm

-

2

8 .7

34.0

9 .5

38.3

50

48

-

mm

-

2

8 .1

31.0

8 .0 5

30.8

82

14

2

1

-

2

7 .4

29.0

11.09

43.4

87

12

-

-

-

1

6 .15

25.0

10.7

4 3 .6

67

30

-

-

-

3

6 .0

24.4

1 1.4

4 6 .3

64

29

1

2

1

3

5 .5

20.5

10.9

4 2 .3

51

45

1

-

3

APPrlNUlX

C l i n i c a l Records of Calves t h a t Received Colostrum
a t B irth and a Basal R ation C ontaining a Hay Low in Carotene

115

A ry sh ire - Aut. 9255 - C616 (c o n tro l)
C l i n i c a l Record
Day 8
157.

Animal did not e a t g r a i n w e l l .

161.

Calf .'.as consuming g r a i n only every o th e r day.

175.

10 it;g. of c o b a lt s u l f a t e was given o r a l l y .

178.

A p p etite was g r e a t l y improved.

367.

C alf was destroyed f o r exam ination.

Necropsy
This was an unusual case in th a t no g ro ss l e s i o n s o f any kind were
observed.
H o ls te in - A u t. 9288 - C617 (Control)
C l i n i c a l Record
Days
13.

Symptoms o f pneumonia.

20.

Calf appeared t o make good reco very from pneumonia.

196.

Anorexia developed.

198.

Anorexia co n tin u ed .

200.

The animal was given 10 mg. c o b a lt su lp h ate p er day.

203.

A p p etite r e tu r n e d xo normal.

256.

Blood v e s s e l s of th e eyes were about twice the diam eter o f
those of the d e f i c i e n t an im als.

318.

Developed ab scess on abdomen due to i n j u r y on fe e d box.

376.

Destroyed for exam ination.

116

Necropsy
L iv e r:

The organ appeared m o ttle d and somewhat sw ollen.

The

s u rfa c e showed numerous d u ll grey a r e a s surrounded by a re d zone of
inflam m ation.

On s e c t io n the l e s i o n s were s c a t t e r e d through th e

depth o f organ.
Lymph nodes:

The m an dib ulars, p a r o t i d s , and some of th e m ese n te ric

nodes were e n la rg e d , hem orrhagic, and co n g ested .
Eyes and Optic n erv es:

The o p tic n erv es d id not looked pinched where

they passed through the o p tic foramen.

The nerv es a t t h i s p o in t

were s l i g h t l y narrower than o th e r p o in ts o f th e n erv e.

The o p tic

foramen measured about 4 mm. in d iam eter.
P i t u i t a r y gland:

The s t r u c t u r e measured 11 by 13 by 21 mm. and

weighed 3.6 gm.
H o ls te in - Aut. 9008 - C611
C l i n i c a l Record
Days
44.

Tapeta l u c ia a were very yellow (norm al).

105.

L acrim ation began.

235.

L acrim ation con tinu ed and p a r t i a l syncope.

236.

Animal l o s t consciousness (syncope).

238.

Anorexia developed.

239.

Since animal was not eatin g w e ll, s t a r t e d a d m in iste rin g 10
mg. of c o b a lt s u lp h a te p e r day.

242.

C a lf was e a t in g norm ally again.

244.

Showed syncope.

245.

The i r i s e s did not c o n t r a c t p r o p e rly .
somewhat b l u r r e d .

Theo p tic

d i s c s were

The t a p e t a l u c i a a were s t i l l yellow

in c o lo r.

117

247.

C a lf showed symptoms of n ig h tb lin d n e s s .

250.

Animal had syncope and i n j u r e d back so t h a t he had t o be
d e s tro y e d .

Necropsy
There were some b r u is e d a reas s c a t t e r e d over the l e g s a t v a r io u s
p o i n t s c h a r a c t e r iz e d by hemorrhage and edema.
S p in al Column:

There was a complete f r a c t u r e a t th e f i r s t lumbar

v erteb ra.
Abomasum:

The mucosa of th e organ was congested.
A ryshire - Aut. 9210 - C613

C l i n i c a l Record
Days
35.

Tapeta l u c i d a were only about o n e -h a lf as yellow as the con­
t r o l s and C611.

59.

A s l i g h t p i t y r i a s i s was p r e s e n t on th e m argin of th e e a r s .

65.

Night b l i n d .

136.

P u p ils were d i l a t e d more th a n normal i u b r ig h t l i g h t .

200.

The ta p e ta lu c id a were faded some.

215.

The eyes were about th e same.

258.

The eye r e f l e x e s were not as sharp as the c o n t r o l s .

260. Animal had f i r s t a t t a c k of syncope.
261.

The r e f l e x of th e l e f t eye was not as s tro n g as th e r i g h t eye.

254.

Animal l o s t c o n s c io u a ie ss when b le d .

266.

The eyes were s t a r r y and bulged from t h e i r s o c k e ts .

The

t a p e t a lu c id a were faded s t i l l more.
287.

The o p tic p a p i l l a e f o r the f i r s t tiiiB appeared b l u r r e d .

118

288.

The animal was t o t a l l y b l i n d .

289.

The r i g h t eye bulged more than the l e f t .

301.

The o p tic p a p i l l a e were foggy and the l a r g e v e in s coming in
a t the to p of th e d isc appeared more to r t u o u s when compared
with the norm als.

320.

Hie blood v e s s e ls of t h e eyes were more to rtu o u s than normal
and only about o n e - h a lf the normal d ia m e te r.

The rem ainder of

the eye changes were ab o u t the same a s mentioned p r e v io u s ly .
325.

Loss o f consciousness (syncope).

327.

There appeared to be an in c r e a s e i n th e numb .r of blood
v e s s e l s in the eye grounds.

332.

C alf f a i n t e d when handled fo r b le e d in g .

358.

Destroyed f o r exam ination.

Necropsy
The only le s i o n s found i n t h i s animal were co n fin ed t o th e eye and
the p i t u i t a r y .
P itu ita ry :

This s t r u c t u r e co n tain ed a c y s t m easuring 6 ran. in

d iam eter.
Optic nerve:

There was a narrowing o f th e s e s t r u c t u r e s a t the p lace

where the nerve passed through the o p tic foramen.
H o ls te in - Aut• 9224 - C514
C l i n i c a l Record
Days
52.

Some p i t y r i a s i s was p r e s e n t on the margin of the e a r s .

71.

The i r i s e s were not c o n tr a c tin g p ro p e rly because t h e p u p ils
remained open i n b r ig h t l i g h t .

119

89.

The o p tic d is c s were s l i g h t l y b lu r r e d .

129. The p u p ils were d i l a t e d .
193. The t a p e t a lu c id a were beginning

to fa d e when compared w ith

the normals.
218. Some d isch a rg e of a mucopurulent exudate

from th e n o s t r i l s .

229. The eyes were about the same.
244. The o p tic d is c s were very foggy,
246.

C alf was com pletely b l in d .

248.

Optic d is c was b l u r r e d and c o u ld be c l e a r e d a t 1.5 d i a o p t e r s .
The p u p ils were d i l a t e d .

254.

C alf had t y p i c a l v itam in A d e f i c i e n t syncope.

I t s l e f t horn

was broken o f f .
259.

Animal showed marked l o s s of c o n scio u sn ess.
s t a l l when w alking.

I t bumped in to

No r e f l e x e s of eyes were p r e s e n t.

The

o p tic d is c s were e n la rg e d , v ery i r r e g u l a r in o u t l i n e , foamy,
end showed co n g estio n of v e s s e l s .
a t 1^- d i a o p t e r s .

The d is c s were made c l e a r

The t a p e t a lu c id a s t i l l had some yellow c o l o r .

266.

C alf was very nervous.

280.

The blood v e s s e ls of t h e eye were s m a lle r i n d iam eter than the
c o n tro ls .

The remainder o f the eye c o n d itio n s were about the

same.
290.

C alf l o s t c o n sc io u sn e ss.

293.

Animal had r o l l i n g o f t h e eye b a l l s (nystagm us).

295.

The eyes were b u lg in g and appeared alm ost p o in te d a t the f r o n t .
The o p tic d is c s were b l u r r e d , i r r e g u l a r in o u t l i n e , and many
of the v e s s e l s were i n d i s t i n c t .
about th e same.

The o th e r eye changes were

120

297.

C alf did not eat g r a i n .

298,

Animal was not e a tin g g r a i n so 10 mg. o f c o b a lt s u lp h a te was
g iven .

300.

S t a r t e d e a tin g i t s g r a i n .

307.

The a: p e t i t e o f th e animal was back to normal.

514.

Eyes were about the same.

322.

The blood v e s s e ls of t h e eyes were much narrower than p rev io u s­
ly .

329.

The f e c e s were s o f t in c o n s is te n c y .

331-361.
363.

The c a l f did not show any new changes during t h i s p e r io d .

The eyes were examined j u s t b efo re t h e animal was d estro y ed
and th ey were about the same.

The t a p e t a lu c id a did not

com pletely fade in t h i s c a l f .

The blood v e s s e ls were about

o n e - t h ir d th e normal d iam eter.
Necropsy
Skin and subcutaneous t i s s u :s:

There were no sk in l e s i o n s and no

edema p re s e n t i n th e subcutaneous t i s s u e s .
Thyroid g lan d s:
Lungs:

These organs appeared sm aller than normal.

The r i g h t a p i c a l lobe re v e a le d a chronic pneumonia with some

b ro n ch iectasis.

The bronchi and b r o n c h io le s c o n ta in e d a v e ry th ic k

te n a c io u s p u ru le n t ex u d ate.

Some of t h i s exudate was p re s e n t in the

tr a c h e a .
Kidneys:

The c a p su le s s tr i p p e d f a i r l y easy .

s c a t te r e d p e t e c h i a l hemorrhages.

The c o r te x showed

The s u rfa c e was m o ttle d due to

numerous small w hite a r e a s which on s e c t io n extended in s tr e a k s through
th e depths o f t h e c o r te x .

121
Optic nerv es:

These s t r u c t u r e s were pinched where they passed

through th e o p tic foramen.

The nerv es were very dark a t t h i s p o in t

su g g estiv e o f d eg en erativ e changes.
Brown Swiss - Aut. 9227 - 0615
C l i n i c a l Record
Days
16.

The o p tic d is c s o f t h i s animal were not as c l e a r as the o th er
anim als r i g h t from t h e s t a r t .

50.

Scouring began,

52.

Scouring c o n tin u e d .

58.

The i r i s e s were not c o n t r a c t i n g norm ally.

C alf was s t i l l

s c o u rin g .
64.

The f e c e s were firm e r i n c o n s is te n c y .

69.

P u p ils were d i l a t e d and th e o p tic d is c s were b lu r r e d so th a t
i t took about 0 .5 d ia o p te r s to c l e a r .

87.

The eyes were la c r im a tin g and th e t a p e t a l u c id a were beginning
to fa d e .

127.

S couring reap p eared .

129.

The f e c e s we -e firm e r a g a in .

137.

L e ft eye r e f l e x was not as stro n g us t h e r i g h t .

159.

Animal was n o t e a tin g i t s g r a in p r o p e rly .

166.

S t i l l not e a ti n g w e ll.

176.

The c a l f was given 10 mg. of c o b a lt s u lp h a te o r a l l y and was
to r e c e iv e t h i s much each day in th e d i e t from now on.

179.

A p p etite was g r e a t l y improved.

191.

Tapeta lu c id a were s l i g h t l y faded and t o e o p tic p a p i l la e were

122
b lu rr e d when compared w ith th e c o n t r o l s .

C alf showed

syncope f o r th e f i r s t tim e.
206.

Eyes 'were about th e same.

235.

I t d i d n 't consume i t s g r a i n .

242.

The t a p e t a lu c id a have l o s t most o f t h e i r yellow c o l o r .

249.

Eye r e f l e x e s were not as sharp as c o n t r o l s .

254.

Synco p e .

257.

Two hemorrhagic a r e a s were in t h e l e f t eye near the o p tic d i s c .

260. The c a l f was com pletely b l i n d .
262.

The eyes were r o l l i n g (nystagmus) and th e i r i s e s did not con­
tra c t at a l l .

Doth o p tic d is c s were edematous.

The r i g h t

eye

showed an ecchymotic hemorrhage.
263. The hemorrhage of ’the r ig h t eye wasmuch more d i f f u s e .
272.

Animal did not e a t g r a in as well as

normal.

276.

'The o p tic d is c s were much l a r g e r in diam eter and the
margins were very i r r e g u l a r and b lu r r e d .

o u ter

The blood v e s s e l s of

the eyes were sm aller in diam eter than the c o n t r o l s .

The

hemorrhages of the eyes were p r a c t i c a l l y c le a r e d .
283.

Scouring began.

291.

The eye3 were about the same.

297.

Some mucopurulent d isch a rg e was coming from the n o s t r i l s .

303.

Syncope.

311.

The eyes were b u lgin g from the sockets and were s t a r r y .

The

ta p e ta lu c id a s t i l l had snne yellow c o l o r .
326.

Animal did not consume g r a i n w e ll.

342.

The blood v e s s e ls were s m a lle r i n diam eter tra n seen p re v io u sly
in th e ey es.

365.

Destroyed fo r exam ination.

Necropsy
Lungs:

There v:ere sc a tte r e d areas of pneumonia i n the a p i c a l ,

c a r d ia c , diaphragmatic lobe o f each lung a n d the in te r m e d ia te lo b e .
Kidneys:

The organs appeared much s n a i l e r than normal.

was occupied by a very watery f a t .

The h i l u s

A few s m a l l p e t e c h i a l hemorrhages

and some sm all w h ite fo ci were present in t h e c o r t e x .
Jejunum:
T estic le s:

'Hie mucosa was reddened and c o n t a i n e d an e x ce ss o f mucus.
The stru ctu res appeared s m a l l e r than normal.

Eyes and o p t ic nerves:
through the foramen.

The optic nerves were pinched where they passed