THE AGE AND GROWTH OF THE GREAT LAKES CISCO, LEUCICHTHYS
ARTEDI (LESUEUR) , FROM SAGINAW BAY, GREEN BAY,
AND GRAND TRAVERSE BAY

BY
FTTCHAIMUTHTJ GOVINDAN

A THESIS
Submitted to the School o f Graduate Studi e s o f Michigan
State C ollege o f A griculture and Applied Science
in p a r tia l fu lfillm e n t of the requirements
fo r the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Department of Zoology

1950

Acknowledgements

The w riter wishes to express l i s sin cere appreciation to Dr.
Peter I . Tack fo r not only h is e f f jc tiv e aid and guidance throughout
th is study, but a lso h is u n fa ilin g fr ie n d lin e ss and courtesy in
leaving much of h is m aterials used in t h i s in v e stig a tio n at the d is ­
posal o f the w riter without which jthe work would not have been
accomplished;

and above a l l , for in sp ir in g a correct philosophy
I!

of

research which the w riter has fer v en tly tr ie d to learn and which has
greatly helped throughout th is in v e s tig a tio n .
The w riter i s g r a te fu l to Dr. G. ’.V. P rescott and Professor
7/a lte r P. Morofsky for th e ir encouragement and readiness to give every
help requested o f them.

To Dr. Harrison R. Hunt, Dr. Robert C. B a ll,

"Miss. Mac1' and a l l others in the Zoology Department who ch eerfu lly
helped the w riter w ith advice and equipments, sp e c ia l gratitude i s due,
The w riter i s deeply g ra te fu l to I r. P rentice A. Caraway who has been
e s p e c ia lly h e lp fu l in photography.

CONTENTS
Page
Introduction ...............................................................................................

1

M aterials and methods ............................................................................

1

Length frequency d is tr ib u tio n and age
composition .........................................................................................

U

Sex r a tio ......................................................................................

n

Eody-scale length r ela tio n sh ip ..........................................................

16

Saginaw Gay sample ..........................................................................

17

Green Bay sample ...............................................................................

20

Grand Traverse Bay sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

Growth in length .......................................................................................

25

Growth in len gth in Saginaw Bay c isc o ....................................

25

Growth in len gth in Green Bay c isc o ........................................

2£$

Growth in len gth in Grand Traverse Bay cisco

..........

31

Comparison o f the growth in longth o f c isc o
from Saginaw Bay, Green Bay and Grand
Traverse Bay ...............................................................................

3^

Lee* s phenomenon ...............................................................................

3^

Lee1s phenomenon in Saginaw Bay and
Green Bay c isco ................................................................

37

Lee1s phenomenon in Grand Traverse Bay
c isco .....................................................................................

3^

Length increment ...............................................................................

39

Length-weight r ela tio n sh ip

...........................................................

^5

Saginaw Bay sample ..........................................................................

^5

Green Bay sample ..............................................................................

^6
lid
to

Grand Traverse Bay sample ..............................................
Growth in w eight ..............

*

Page
C o efficien t o f condition ................................................................

65

Summary . . .

67

..........................................................................................

L iterature 6ite d

..............................................................................

71

Appendixes
Originai catalog data o f the Saginaw Bay
Lake herring
O riginal catalog data o f the Green Bay
Lake herring ............................................
O riginal catalog data o f the Grand Traverse
Bay Lake herring

XVI
XXVI

Introduction
The Great Lakes c is c o , Leuclchthys artedl (LeSueur), i s one o f the
leading commercial fis h o f the Great Lakes.

This sp ecies i s often

referred as Lake herring or c isc o by many workers.

In th is paper, the

names Lake herring and c is c o are a lso considered as synonyms o f the
Great Lakes c is c o .

To date only three p u b lication s have appeared per­

ta in in g to the age and growth stu d ies o f c is c o .

One o f them i s on the

extensive and e x c e lla n t work done by Van Oosten (1929) on the Lake
Huron Lake herring and the other two are on the Lake herring o f Wiscon­
s in lakes (H ile 193&) and Irondequoit Bay, New York (ston e 193^)•
This paper i s an attempt to furnish further inform ation on the age and
growth h is to r y o f Lake herring from the commercial c e n te r s, Saginaw Bay
and Green Bay, o f the Lakes Huron and Michigan r e sp e c tiv e ly , and to
compare them with c isc o o f Grand Traverse Bay o f Lake Michigan, a region
where comnercial fis h in g operations are p roh ib ited .

M aterials and Methods
This study o f the age and growth o f the Great Lakes c isc o i s based
on 1160 specim ens.

Of th e se , 636 specimens from Saginaw Bay and 4l5

specimens from Green Bay were c o lle c te d from commercial fishermen.
M ajority o f th ese specimens were taken from trap n e ts , w hile a few were
taken by g i l l n e ts w ith 2 1 /2-inch stretch ed mesh.

The fifty -n in e

specimens from Grand Traverse Bay were c o lle c te d by the experimental
g i l l n e ts with meshes rang>ing from 2 1 /2 to 4 in c h e s.
ed from c o lle c tio n s made in 1942, 1943» 1944, 1945

The data obtain­
1946 and the

1

I

g e la tin e -g ly c e r in e sca le s lid e s fo r 344 specimens prepared by Dr. P eter
I . Tack were at my d is p o sa l.

The w riter c o lle c te d data fo r the 1950

samples from Green Bay.
Table 1 l i s t s the source o f the m aterials and data obtained in
d iffe r e n t years o f c o lle c t io n .

Excepting fo r th e 1950 sample from

Green Bay, the w eights and len g th s o f the other samples were obtained
immediately a fte r landing.

The 1950 samples were packed in cracked

i c e and shipped to the F ish e ries Laboratory, Michigan S tate C o lleg e,
where the data were gathered.
Scale samples were taken from a l l specimens from the l e f t sid e o f
the body below the dorsal f in and above the la te r a l l i n e .

The sc a le s

from t h is area were found l e s s variab le in shape and s iz e Van Oosten
(1929).

The follow in g data were recorded fo r a l l the specimens except­

ing the ones in d icated in ta b le

standard length and t o t a l length

in m illim e te r s, w e ig it in grams, se x , date o f c o lle c tio n and l o c a l i t y .
In the 1943 c o lle c tio n o f the Saginaw Bay sample, a l l the key sc a le s o f
one f i s h showed regenerated condition and hence, t h i s f is h was discarded
from t h is stu d y.

In the 1944 c o lle c tio n o f the Green Bay sample the

66 f is h fo r which no w eight and sex data were obtained came in drawn
co n d itio n from the fisherm en.
your s c a le s from each f is h were mounted in g e la tin e -g ly c e r in e
medium and the one r ea d ily readable was used fo r age and growth determi­
n a tio n s.

The s c a le s were projected on a sc a le viewing machine d escrib ­

ed by Van Oosten, e t a l . (1934) using a 3^
a m agnification o f 40.5 diam eters.
the g rea test a n te r o -la te r a l rad iu s.

o b je ctiv e which yield ed

Each sc a le len gth was read along

Table 1:

Source

Saginaw Bay

Green Bay

Grand Traverse Bay

S t a t i s t i c s obtained fo r tbe d iffe r e n t years c o lle c tio n
o f the Great Lakes c isco

Year
of
c o lle c ­
tio n

1942
1943
1944
19U5

1944
1945
1950

1946

Number o f
f i s h fo r
which data
were
complete

5
4o6
137

Si

33

3*

Number o f f is h fo r which data were incomplete
without
standard
len g th

-

32
•

without
to ta l
length

without
weight

1

-

-

1

2

•

Total
number
of
with
without regenera­ f is h
ted
sex
sc a le s

2
1

5
4io

•*

100
636

*

44

272

Sub--to ta l

415

-

59

Sub-•to ta l

59

Grand T otal

1160

66
-

99

-

6

-

-

-

171

Sub--to ta l

272

59

1

-

TSie terms age groups and year c la s s e s used in t h is paper are de­
fined as fo llo w s:

An age group includes those in d ivid u als in a c o l­

le c t io n o f f is h which have completed a given number o f w inter marks
based on w hich, the fis h are c la s s if ie d as age group I i f they show
one w inter mark, age group I I when there are two annuli and so on.
The f is h which do not show any anmilua in th e ir s c a le s are denoted as
age group 0 .
A year c la s s r efer s to those f is h which have hatched out in a
p a rticu la r y e a r.

For in sta n c e , in a catch o f 1950, when we in d icate

a group o f f is h as year c la s s 1945, i t means th at the members in th at
group were a l l hatched out in 1945 and caught 5 years a fte r hatching.
I t should be c a r e fu lly noted th at a catch may have d iffe r e n t year
c la s s e s , i . e . , groups that were hatched in d iffe r e n t years.

As an

example, in our 1946 c o lle c tio n o f Grand Traverse Bay sample, age
group II may be referred as year c la ss 1944, age group III as year
c la s s 1943» age group IV as year c la s s 1942, and age group V as year
c la s s 1941.

Length frequency d istr ib u tio n and age composition
A fter ca refu l exam ination, the 1942, 1943* 1944 and 1945 samples
o f the Saginew Bay Lake herring did not show h igh ly s ig n ific a n t d if f e r ­
ences in t h e ir len gth d istr ib u tio n fo r the d iffe r e n t age groups.
Therefore, a l l c o lle c tio n s were combined in the study o f the length
frequency d is tr ib u tio n .

For 32 fis h the standard length was not

recorded at the time o f c o lle c t io n .

Conversion fa c to r s, ta b le 2 ,

were computed fo r transforming t o t a l len gth s in to standard lengths and
v ice versa a fte r the method o f Van Oosten (1 9 3 3 ).

Standard lengths

Table 2:

Factors fo r th e conversion o f t o t a l and standard len gths
o f the Saginaw Bay Lake herring

Conversion fa cto r s
Standard length
in te r v a l
in m illim eters

Number
Total len gth t o Standard Standard length to Total
of
length.
length
f is h
(no change in u n its o f
no change in u n its o f
length)
length)

Under 200

27

0.32501

1.21043

201 - 300

600

0 . 2313**

1.20320

Over 300

23

0.831*71

1.19242

Table J>:

Length frequency d istr ib u tio n o f 635 Saginaw Bay Lake herring
c o lle c te d in the years 19*12, 1943, 1944 and 1945

Age C lass Frequencies

Class
In ter v a l

T otal
I

1

&
VO

200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
230
290
300
310
320

-

209
219
229
239
249
259
269
279
239
299
309
319
329

0

&

160 - 169
170 - 179
130 - 139

II

in

IV

V

VI

vn

vni

2
5
1
1
1

2
7
12
13
17
24
27
3
7
9
2
1

1
3
7
21
36
20
29
43

16
9
1

9
12
13
13
47
4o
15
11
3

3
13
27
33
23
9
3
1

1

2
9
10
15
6
4
2
1

5
3
1
2

49

13

1

3

2
2
12
13
21
25
55
76
44
69
157
107
64
33
14
4
7

7

635

1

1
1
1
1

134

136

169

117

135.300

224.413

244.973

264.530

274.431

234.296

Sd. Deviation

2.394

2.311

9.150

1.397

1.337

1.531

1.713

2.340

Standard Error

0.757

0.200

0.975

o .i4 6

0.124

0.226

0.475

0.334

Total
Mean Length

10

234.962 295.357

were confuted fo r th e above 32 f is h using th ese conversion factors, and
th e ir ca lcu lated values were employed in t h i s in v e s tig a tio n .
Table 3 shows the length-frequency d is tr ib u tio n o f 665 Saginaw Bay
Lake h errin g.

The fis h e s in each age group are grouped in to 10 m i l l i ­

meter length in te r v a ls .

The t o t a l number o f f is h fo r each age group,

th e ir mean le n g th s, standard d ev ia tio n and the standard error o f the
mean are recorded in the bottom rows o f the ta b le .

At the extreme

rig h t column o f the ta b le th e t o t a l number o f f is h fo r the correspond­
in g length in te r v a l ir r e sp e c tiv e o f the age groups i s shown.
From the table i t i s seen th at the four years' samples f a l l w ithin
the 160-329 m illim eter range and th e 260-269 m illim eter s iz e c la s s i s
dominant w ith 137 in d iv id u a ls or 20$ o f the t o t a l catch.
I I I represents the dominant group w ith 166 in d iv id u a ls.

The age group
Following th is

dominant age group the number o f in d iv id u a ls in each age group drop o f f
sharply u n t il in the^ge
are represented.

groups 711 and T i l l only 13 and 7 in d iv id u a ls

Since no f is h o f more than eigh t years o f age were

found in t h is c o lle c tio n i t may be inferred that few in d iv id u a ls survive
beyond t h is age.
years o ld .

Van Oosten (1929) found a few in d iv id u a ls up to eleven

T h is, however, does not c o n stitu te an in co n sisten cy .

In

e ith e r instan ce the number o f in d iv id u a ls e ig h t years o f age or older
represent an in s ig n ific a n t portion o f the sample.
The length-frequency d is tr ib u tio n o f Hl5 Green Bay Lake herring
i s given in tab le 4 .

The samples o f 19*W-, 19^5 ahd 1950

combined

sin ce the data do not show any evidence th a t the length d istr ib u tio n o f
any one year’ s sample d if f e r s from that o f the others s ig n if ic a n tly .
The three samples f a l l w ith in a length range o f 160-299 m illim eters.
The 220-229 m illim eter siz e c la s s i s dominant w ith 126 Specimens or 31$

Table 3 :

Length frequency d is tr ib u tio n o f 635 Saginaw Bay Lake herring
c o lle c te d in the years 1942, 1943, 1944 and 1945

Age C lass frequencies

Class
In ter v a l

T otal
I

160
170
130
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
230
290
300
310
320

-

169
179
139
199
209
219
229
239
249
259
269
279
239
299
309
319
329

II

in

IV

V

VE

vn

vni

2
5
1
1
1

2
7
12
13
17
24
27
3
7
9
2
1

1
3
7
21
36
20
29
^3
16
9
1

9
12
13
13
47
4o
15
11
3

3
13
27
33
23
9
3
1

1

2
9
10
15
6
4
2
1

5
3
1
2

49

13

1
1

3

2
2
12
13
21
25
55
76
44
69
137
107
64
33
14
4
7

7

635

1
1
1
1

13*

136

169

117

135.300

224.413

244.973

264.530

274.431

234.296

Sd. Deviation

2.394

2.311

9.150

1.397

1.337

1.531

1.713

2.340

Standard Error

0.757

0.200

0.975

o .i4 6

0.124

0.226

0.475

0.334

Total
Mean Length

10

234.962 295.357

Table 4:

Class
In terval

1^0
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
260
290

-

1^9
199
209
219
229
239
249
259
269
279
269
299

Length frequency d is tr ib u tio n o f 415 Green Bay Lake herring
c o lle c te d in th e years 1944, 1945 and 1950

Age C lass Frequencies
Total
n

n i

1
5
4
5
12
10

2
3
22
37
30
19
16
10
2
1

1

17

2
1
19
62
31
11
6
10
4
2

7

5
24
20
12
4
2
2
1
1

71

TEE
3
6
27
66
126

5
3
1
3
1
1

1

14

2

1

144

146

215.140

215.507

225.264

234.655

254.143

244.500

Sd. Deviation

1.496

1.726

1.672

1.609

1.692

l.4 l4

Standard Error
o f the Mean

0.249

0.144

0.137

0.191

0.452

1.000

Total
Mean Length

36

71

P

45
22
16
6
4
1
415

9
o f the t o t a l catch .

The ago group IV i s represented by 143 in d iv id u a ls

or 35. 6# o f the sample.

Van Oosten (1929) in h is study on the Lake

Huron Lake herring r e fe r s the age group IV as the dominant c la s s , a case
sim ila r to the Green Bay samples in t h i s in v e s tig a tio n .

The d ifferen ce

in the number o f in d iv id u a ls in age groups H I and IV in t h is study i s
so sm all, i . e . , 4 , th a t we should n ot la y too much emphasis on the
apparent observation o f the dominancy o f the age group IV.
Table 5 Tetera to the length-frequency d istr ib u tio n o f 59 Grand
Traverse Bay Lake herring caught in 1946.

Their standard len gths f a l l

w ithin 150-319 m illim eter in te r v a l, the 190-199 s iz e c la s s being domi­
nant with 13 in d iv id u a ls.
by 29 specimens or 4

9

The age group I I I i s dominant represented
of the sample.

I t i s in te r e s tin g to note that the age composition o f the three
samples v a r ie s w ith one another.

The Saginaw Bay sample i s repre­

sented by eig h t age groups, from I to V III, the Green Bay sample by
s i x age groups from I I to VII and the Grand Traverse Bay by four age
groups from II to V.

H ile ( 1936) found th a t that the en tire lack o f

age group I in h is 1923 c o lle c tio n o f Trout Lake c is c o and the scar­
c ity o f them in the Muskellunge Lake c o lle c tio n s were the r e su lt o f
the s e l e c t iv i t y of g ea r.

The sc a r c ity o f the age group I in the

Saginaw Bay sample and the la ck o f them in th e Green Bay and Grand
Traverse Bay samples may be considered the r e su lt o f the s e l e c t iv i t y
of the n e t.

The la ck of age groups beyond, in sp ite o f the use o f

experimental n ets w ith mesh s iz e s 2 1 /2 to 4 inches in the Grand Tra­
verse Bay sample in d ic a te s th e p o ssib le suggestions th at Lake herring
beyond fiv e years o f age suffered heavy m ortality or they had migrated
to some other place i n that season o f the y ea r.

I t i s , o f course,

i

Table 5 :

Length frequency d is tr ib u tio n o f 59 Grand Traverse Bay
Lake herring c o lle c te d in 194b

Age Class Frequencies

Class
In terv a l

Total
H

150 - 159
160 - 169
170 - 179
ISO - 1S9
190 - 199
2 0 0 -2 0 9
210 - 219
230 - 239
240 - 249
250 - 259
260 - 269
270 - 279
2S0 - 2S9
310 - 319
Total
Mean Length

m

IV

V

1
6
3
1

11

1
2
1
10
5
1
4

1
1
1
3
1

1
1
2
7
13
7
2
5
2
5
5
5
3
1

S

59

1
1
1

1
2
2

2
3
2
2

29

11

274.500

1S4.500

214.259

245.045

Sd. Deviation

1 . 1S3

3.666

2.252

2.390

Standard Error
o f the Mean

0.357

0.569

0.679

O.S45

11
true th a t the small sample warns us from over emphasizing the above
su g g estio n s.

Sex r a tio
Of the 6fi>2 Saginaw Bay specimens examined, 311 and 371 were males
and females r e s p e c tiv e ly .

The three hundred and forty-n in e Green Bay

Lake herring con sisted o f 133 males and 216 fem ales.

The Grand Tra­

verse Bay sample o f 59 in d iv id u a ls was composed o f 30 males and 29
fem ales.

With the exception o f th e Grand Traverse Bay sample, the

fem ales tend to be r e la tiv e ly more abundant.
Ihe d istr ib u tio n o f the sexes in th e d iffe r e n t age groups accord­
in g to the year o f c o lle c tio n i s given in ta b le 6 .

In the next to

la s t column the r a tio o f the fem ales to males w ith a l l age groups com­
bined i s shown.

The la s t column shows the number o f fem ales per 100

males in the year o f c o lle c t io n .

I t i s seen from the tab le that

there i s a great v a ria tio n o f the sex r a tio w ith age.

I t i s apparent,

however, th at the females outnumber the males in the w e ll represented
years excepting the 1943 sample o f the Saginaw Bay and 1946 c o lle c tio n
o f the Grand Traverse Bay Lake h errin g .

In the 1943 c o lle c tio n o f

the Saginaw Bay Lake herring th e fem ales o f age groups, I , I I I , IV and
V, are outnumbered by th e m ales.

In th r ee , I I , IV and V, out o f four

age groups o f the Grand Traverse Bay sample th e males are more numer­
ous than the fem ales.

In sp ite o f the d iscrep an cies in the ie la t io n -

shlp between the sex r a tio and ag e, i t can be observed from the ta b le
that the males decrease in number fa s te r than the females as the age
o f the f is h in creases from f iv e years and onward.

Table 6:

Year
of
C ollection

Sex r a tio in each age group o f each yea r's c o lle c tio n o f the Lake herring
samples from Saginaw Bay, Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay

Age Groups
Total

Sex
I

n

III

IV

V

VI

1
1

1
1

711

T ill

Females
per
100
males

Saginaw Bay Sample:
1942

Males
Females

-

2
5

3
2

67

221
166

64

3
2

17
16

50
27

71
56

51
46

22
22

Males
Females

1

16
29

24
60

7
23

2
6

1
1

50
120

240

Males
Females

1
3

26
26

5
20

2
10

3
3

—

1

37
63

161

1

4
4

6
7

1
5

1
3

15
19

127

7
36

514

ill
161

145

30
29

97

1943

Males
Females

1944
1945

1

5
6

Green Bay sample:
1944
1945
1950

Males
Females

-

Males
Females

6

5
20

2
7

1

Males
Females

4
5

29
43

49
65

27
3*

6
3

6
21

6
3

6
2

2
7

2

Grand Traverse Bay sample
1946

I Males
1 Females

13
The 1942 sample o f Saginaw Bay i s so sm all, 5 in number, that i t i s
doubtful i f th is sample i s the true measure o f the r e la tiv e abundance o f
the sexes in that year.

The 1944 and 1945 samples o f Saginaw Bay show

240 and 1S1 females per 100 m ales.
fem ales to males i s 34 to 100.

In 1943 sample, the r a tio o f the

When th e Saginaw Bay samples o f the years

1942, 1943» 1944 and 1945 are grouped to g e th e r , the r a tio o f the males to
fem ales i s 3H to 371 or 45*6 per cent males and 5 4 .4 per cent fem ales.
Van Oosten (1929) found in th e Lake Huron Lake herring taken at Bay C ity
th a t the males and females were approximately eq u a lly abundant, the males
foiming 4 9 .5 Per cen t of the en tire sample.

He a lso observed discrepan­

c ie s in the sex r a tio in the d iffe r e n t age groups.

H ile (1936) *n the

Wisconsin lak es samples found sim ilar r e s u lts as follow s:

Trout Lake

267 fem ales per 100 m ales, S ilv e r Lake 124 fem ales per 100 m ales, Muskellunge Lake 137 females per 100 males and Clear Lake 104 females per
100 m ales.
Cahn (1927) found in h is stu d ies on Lake Mendota c isco that the
males outnumber the females and that the males migrated in to the shallows
e a r lie r than the fem ales when the w ater temperature was 4.3°C .

The

fem ales arrived a few days la t e r when the water temperature dropped to
3 .g°C .

Whether th e greater abundance o f males in the 1943 c o lle c tio n

o f the Saginaw Bay sample and in the 1946 c o lle c tio n o f the Grand Traverse
Bay sample i s due to a sim ila r condition i s d i f f i c u l t to judge at present
sin ce there are no data on the water temperatures a t the time o f capture
o f samples.
Tne sex r a tio Cor the e n tir e sample o f Green Bay c o lle c te d in 1944,
1945 and 1950 i s 100 males to lb 2 fem ales or the males form 32 per cent
o f the population.

The abundance o f the males here i s 13*6 per cent

i

l e s s than those o f Saginaw Bay population.
Tne Grand Traverse Bay sample shows a sex r a tio o f 100 males to
97 fem ales or the males fo rmi ng 50 .6 per cent o f the sample.
Carlander I1945a and 1945b) found in th e T u llib ee and Yellow pike
perch populations o f th e Lalae o f th e Woods, M innesota, that the per­
centage o f the males varied from year to year and that the r a tio o f the
fem ales to males increased ks the age o f th e f is h in crea sed , suggesting
th a t the males wtre sh orter -liv ed than th e fem ales.
G eiser (1924) had pointed out in h is f i e l d c o lle c tio n s o f Gambusia
th a t the fem ales in v a ria b ly exceeded the males in number and that the
r a tio s varied w ith d iffe r e n t seasons o f th e year.

lfce greater abund­

ance o f fem ales fo r other kinds o f f is h was shown by many workers:
H ile and Jobes (19^1) fo r Saginaw Bay perch as 296 fem ales per 100
m ales, the same authors (19^+2) fo r th e combined c o lle c tio n s o f Green Bay
perch as 556 fem ales per 10j0 m ales, Dai her (1947) fo r Traverse Bay yellow
perch as 577 fem ales per 100 males and S ig le r ( 19tyW f ° r White bass in
Storm Lake as 156 fem ales pe r 100 m ales.
Van Oosten (195^) determined the sex r a tio o f the common w h itefish
o f Lake Huron as 50 males to 50 fem ales and a ls o the tendency fo r the
males to become r e la t iv e ly l e s s in number than th e females as the age of
the f is h in crea sed .

He further observed that in the f a l l c o lle c tio n

o f 1924 the males exceeded the females in number in d ic a tin g the male
w h ite fish migrated to the spawning grounds e a r lie r than fem ales.

In

t h is study the 1945 f a l l c o lle c tio n o f Saginaw Bay Lake herring shows a
r a tio o f lbfe males to 147 fem ales.

In the 1 9 ^

c o lle d tio n o f the

Saginaw Bay sample, the females exceeded the malea and fo r the 1942 and

19^5 c o lle c tio n s there are not s u f f ic ie n t data in d iffe r e n t seasons so
as to warrant any comparison.

U n til more data are c o lle c te d in d if f e r ­

ent seasons o f the year and compared, the 19^3 f a l l c o lle c tio n may not
be r e lia b le to sta te that the male Lake herring behaves lik e the common
w h itefish in v i s i t in g th e breeding grounds e a r lie r than the fem ales.
Among the fa c to r s th at might cause d if f e r e n t ia l sex r a tio in
adult f i s h , two a lte r n a tiv e ones are put forth by G eiser (1924):
"(a) a p o ssib le d if f e r e n t ia l d eath-rate o f the sexes during the embryo­
n ic , ju v e n ile , and adu lt p eriod , coupled w ith a normal sex r a tio at
f e r t i l i z a t i o n , and (b) an a ty p ic a l primary s e x -r a tio , due to an aty­
p ic a l d istr ib u tio n o f sex-determ ining chromosomes to th e two daughter
c e l l s in the maturation d iv is io n s o f th e germ c e l l s . M

His stu d ies

on the spermatogenesis o f Gambusia fa ile d to show any sp e c ia l chromo­
somes that would explain the d if f e r e n t ia l sex r a tio s .

Moreover,

the Geeribusia raised by him in the" aquaria shewed approximately equal
numbers o f males and.fem ales a t the time o f b ir th .

lftese evidences

led G eiser to b e lie v e th at the males had an inherent character fo r
higher death-rate than fem ales thus r e su ltin g in the d if f e r e n t ia l sex
r a tio s in the adult population.
H ile (1936 and 194l) b elieved that the d iffe r e n c e s in the sex
r a tio s o f the c isc o and rook-bass in the Wisconsin la k es were due to
the g reater s t a b il i t y or su rvival value o f th e fem ales.

G eiser

(1923) in h is general d iscu ssio n on the sex r a tio s in various anim als,
a f t e r quoting many c a se s , observed th at the females had greater in ­
herent v i a b i l it y than the m ales.

I f the observations o f G eiser and

H ile are accepted, th en , a p o ssib le explanation fo r the greater abund­
ance o f the fem ales in Lake herring may be a higher su rvival value o f

the fem ales than m ales.
Eschmeyer (1938)

h is parch populations in Michigan and H ile

(1936 and 1941) in h is c is c o and rock bass populations have pointed out
th a t g i l l n ets are h igh ly s e le c t iv e with respect to se x es.

I f such

s e l e c t i v i t y had occurred fo r the Lake h errin g, th en , the c o lle c tio n s
o f g i l l n e ts may not be a r e lia b le b a sis fo r any such d isc u ssio n .
Whether the Lake herring tend to be eq u ally d istr ib u ted as shown
by H asler (194?) in h is w inter c o lle c tio n o f y ellow perch or they tend
to school sex u a lly and sep arately as shown by Eschemeyer (1938),
W eller (1938) and H asler (1945) in th e ir perch population s tu d ie s , no
d e f in it e remark can a t present be made u n t il fu rth er work i s carried
o u t.

Body-scale len gth r ela tio n sh ip
The sc a le method of growth a n a ly sis was demonstrated to be va lid
f o r Leucichthys a r te d i (LeSueur) by Van Oosten (1929)*

The body-scale

r e la tio n sh ip has been shown to be very c lo se to a str a ig h t lin e reg­
r e ssio n in a considerable number o f f is h populations Lewis and EngliBh
( 19h9) , Tate (1 9 4 9 ), Scott (1 9 4 9 ), Perlm utter and Clarke (1949),
Bectonan (1 9 4 1 ), Wright (1929) and Van Oosten (1942).
H ile ( 1 9 4 l ) , in the rock bass sample o f Nebish and Muskellunge
Lakes, W isconsin, e sta b lish ed a body-scale length rela tio n sh ip that
was expressed by a weak th ird order parabola.

Carlander (1945a and

1945b) in h is T u llib ee and Yellow pike perch populations showed that
the rela tio n sh ip between the sca le radius and standard len gth was not
a str a ig h t l i n e , but could be described by a th ir d degree parabola.

17
In th is study the body-scale length r e la tio n sh ip was assumed to
be a lin e a r regression sin ce the L/Sc (L = len g th , Sc *=scale radius)
r a tio in the th ree samples did not show any trend towards a parabolic
r e la tio n sh ip .

Moreover, p lo ttin g the observed standard len gth s

ag a in st the a n te rio r sc a le ra d ii ind icated a rela tio n sh ip very c lo se
to a str a ig h t l in e .
Saginaw Bay sample:
The body-scale r ela tio n sh ip o f 652 Lake herring from Saginaw Bay
was determined by p lo ttin g the mean standard len gth s at 5 m illim eter
in te r v a ls against the mean o f the a n terio r rad ii o f the s c a le s fo r
these in te r v a ls and f i t t i n g a lin e to the d ata, ta b le 7» by the le a s t
squares method.
The str a ig h t lin e equation i s :

y = a + b x , where y i s the standard

len gth in m illim eters and x i s the scale radius and a and b are cons­
t a n ts .
Figure 1 represents the equation:

y = 39*90723 + 1.1321l4x

This str a ig h t lin e having an in te rc ep t on the y axis o f 39*91
m illim eters and a slope o f 1.13 gave a s a tis fa c to r y f i t .

Consequently,

growth c a lc u la tio n s were made with the aid o f a nomograph on a d ir e c t
proportion b a s is using 40 m illim eters as a base rath er than zero
(Carlander and Smith 19H4).

For t h is population we may presume that

the sc a le i s formed when the fis h i s about 40 m illim eters in standard
le n g th .

A

Table J: Body-scale r e la tio n sh ip (L/Sc) o f 652
Saginaw Bay cisco grouped in 5 m illim eter
in te r v a ls o f standard length

C lass
in te r v a l
165
l'3o
135
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
230
235
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
325

-

169
134
139
194
199
204
209
214
219
224
229
234
239
244
249
254
259
264
269
274
279
234
239
294
299
304
309
314
319
324
329

Mean
standard
length

Mean
sc a le
measurement

IylSC
r a tio

Number
of
f is h

169
133
136
192
193
202
207
213 .
217
222
227
232
237
242
247
252
257
262
267
272
277
232
237
292
296
302
307
313
313
322
323

113
l4 i
139
156
159
157
149
151
169
156
161
169
177
l3 l
137
195
139
192
200
195
212
210
213
221
217
234
244
227
252
263
165

1.47
1.32
1 .4 0
1 .2 4
1.27
1-33
1 .4 3
1.43
1 .3 0

2
4
3
6
7
3
12
6
13
20
24
39
27
20
21
23
4l
74
63

i-k
i .4 o
1 .3 6
1.37
1-35
1.31
1.33
1.41
1 .3 6
1 .4 3
I .34
1-37
1 .3 4
I .36
1.39
1-33
1.27
1 . 3$
1.27
2 . o4

P

42
33
26
25
3
9
5
2
2
5
2

I

T ig. 1 . Body-scale r ela tio n sh ip o f the Saginaw Bay Lake h errin g .
The dots
are based on the means in tab le J .
The equation o f the str a ig h t lin e
i s y « 39.90723 + 1 . 132WX

360

M ILLIM ETERS

320

280

240

STANDARD

LENGTH

IN

200

160

120

SAGINAW BAY LAKE HERRING

80

40

40

80

120

160

200

S C A L E RADIUS IN M I L L I M E T E R S

240

280

20
Green Bay sample:
The method used in determining the body-seale r ela tio n sh ip of
415 Green Bay sample was sim ila r to the one used fo r the Saginaw Bay
Lake h errin g .

Figure 2 was constructed to the d ata, tab le 6 .

Ihe slop e o f the s tr a ig h t lin e f it t e d to the equation,
y =32*76055 + l.l4 $ 4 7 * » cut the len gth a x is at 32*76 m illim e te r s.
Consequently, 33 m illim eters were considered as the length o f the
f is h before sc a le form ation.
Grand Traverse Bay sam ple:
The d a ta , ta b le 9 , o f the Grand Traverse Bay sample yield ed a
s tr a ig h t lin e equation as:
y *17.40290 + 1.15910x
The s tr a ig h t l i n e , figu re 3» having a slope o f 1 .1 6 in tercep ts
the y a x is at 17*40 m illim ete rs.

Growth c a lc u la tio n s , consequently,

were made u sin g 17 m illim eters as the b ase.
A comparison o f these three samples shows that the standard
len gth before sc a le formation i s highlj^variable

from one sample to

another, 40 m illim eters in Saginaw Bay, 33 m illim eters in Green Bay
and 17 m illim eters in Grand Traverse Bay Lake h errin g.

Van Oosten’ s

(1929) a ctu al observations had shown a range o f 35 to 40 m illim eters
standard len gth before sc a le formation fo r the Lake Huron Lake h errin g.
The Saginaw Bay and Green Bay samples have valu es o f standard len gth ,
40 and 33 m illim eters r e s p e c tiv e ly , before sc a le formation which f a l l
near the range mentioned by Van Oosten.

Ihe two m illim eters d if f e r ­

ence observed in the Green Bay sample from the minimum le n g th , 35

i

21

Table 3: Body-scale r e la tio n sh ip (L/Sc) o f 415
Green Bay c isc o grouped in 5 m illim eter
in te r v a ls o f standard len gth

Class
in te r v a l
135
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
230
235
290

"
-

139
194
199
204
209
214
219
224
229
234
239
244
249
254
259
264
269
274
279
234
239
294

Mean
standard
length
137
194
197
202
207
212
217
222
227
232
237
242
247
252
257
262
266
272
273
232
239
290

Mean
sc a le
measurement
159
147
151
152
152
153
161
167
175
172
133
136
139
177
193
204
204
191
224
215
163
224

L/Sc
r a tio
1 .2 3
1 .3 3
1 .3 3
1 .37
1-37
1-35
1-3*
1-35
1 .3 2
1.33
1 .2 9
1 .3 3
1 *33
1 .H6
1 .3 2
1 .3 0
1 .3 3
1 .4 3
1 .2 4
1 .3 2
1 .7 2
1 .2 9

Number
of
f is h
3
3
5
3
19
26
4o
60
63
42
31
i4
9
13
10
3
5
3
3
1
1

f

t

2 . Body-seale r ela tio n sh ip o f the Green Bay Lake h erring.
The dots are
based on the means in ta b le &.
The equation o f the str a ig h t lin e
i s y =■32.76055 + 1 .1 ^ 4 7 x

360

320

MILLIMETERS

280

240

STANDARD

LENGTH

IN

200

160

120
GREEN BAY

LAKE HERRING

80

40

40

80

SCALE

120

RADIUS

160

IN

200

MILLIMETERS

240

280

23

Table 9: Body-scale r e la tio n sh ip IL/Sc) o f 59 Grand
Traverse Bay c is c o grouped in 5 m illim eter
in te r v a ls o f standard length

Class
in te r v a l
155
165
175
130
135
190
195
200
205
210
215
230
235
240

1
-

CVJ

CM

250
255
260
265
270
275
230
310

- 159
- 169
- 179
- 134
- 139
- 194
- 199
- 204
- 209
- 214
- 219
- 234
- 239
- 244
254
259
264
269
274
279
234
314

Mean
standard
length

Mean
sc a le
measurement

L/Sc
r a tio

Number
of
f is h

153
169
176
131
1t r
192
196
202
207
210
215
233
237
242
249
251
256
262
265
271
277
230
311

129
164
143
137
153
149
157
160
167
162
17*
200
167
230
167
212
205
202
209
205
21.5
234
213

1 .2 2
1 .0 3
1 .2 3
1 .3 2
1.25
1.29
1 .2 6
1.23
1 .2 6
1.30
1.21
1.17
1 .4 5
1.05
1.49
1.19
1 .2 6
1.32
1.27
1.35
1.29
1.21
1 .4 3

1
1
2
4
3
3
5
3
4
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
I
4
1
2
3
3
1

(

F ig . 3 . Body-scale r e la tio n sh ip o f the Grand Traverse Bay Lake h errin g .
dots are based on the means in ta b le 9*
Ihe equation o f the str a ig h t
lin e i s y = 1 7 .4 0 2 9 0 + 1 .15910x

The

360

320

MI LL IME TE RS

280

240

STANDARD

LENGTH

IN

200

160

120

TRAVERSE BAY

LAKE HERRING

80

40

40

80

SCALE

120
R A D I U S IN

200
MILLIMETERS
160

240

280

m illim ete rs, observed by Van Oosten in Lake Huron Lake herring may nbt
be s ig n if ic a n t .
Tne 17 m illim eters standard len gth before sc a le formation in the
Grand Traverse Bay sample i s used p r o v isio n a lly f o r growth ca lc u la ­
tio n s .

This value may be due to th e sm all number o f f is h employed.

Growth in length
Tables 10 to 12 present the data fo r the calcu lated growth in
length fo r the c isc o o f Saginaw Bay, Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay.
A prelim inary a n a ly sis o f calcu lated len gth data o f Saginaw Bay and
Green Bay c isc o fa ile d to show sig n ific a n c e in len gth growth between
samples taken in d iffe r e n t y e a rs, hence the samples were combined
fo r growth a n a ly s is .

The c isc o from Grand Traverse Bay were a l l

c o lle c te d in one year, 19H6 .
The d iffe r e n c e s in the calcu lated len g th s o f the two sexes were
not large enough to warrant separate growth curves fo r m ales and f e ­
m ales.

Figures 4 to 6 were made to i ll u s t r a t e the growth curves o f

the populations where the sexes were combined.

The fig u r es in the

ta b le s are the average calcu lated len g th s a t the end o f the resp ective
y ea rs.

The average len g th s o f th e combined sexes are weighted means.

Hie number o f f i s h fo r which sex was not id e n t ifie d at time o f c o lle c ­
tio n are in d icated in parentheses in the second column o f the ta b le s
10 and 11.
Growth in len gth in Saginaw Bay c isc o :
An in sp e ctio n o f the fig u r es as they stand in table 10 reveals

26

Table 10: Average standard len g th s fo r each year o f l i f e
o f 665 Saginaw Bay c is c o c o lle c te d in the years
1942, 1943, 1944 and 1945

Age Group

I
I
I
II
II
n
h i
h i

in
IV
IV
IV
V
V
V
VI
vr
VI
VII
vn
VII
VIII
VIII
VIII

Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined

Number
of
f is h

C alculated len gth (mm) at end
o f year o f l i f e
I

II

h i

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

4
6

139
143

10

i4 i

60
73

126
125

192
191

134 ( 1 )

126

191

79
107

132
126

195
166

231
226

166
60
69

129

191

226

133
126

169
163

227
219

252
245

169

131

166

223

246

57
56

129
125

161
177

217
214

243
239

262
261

126
120
123

176
169
166

213
202
207

240
226
234

261
249
256

267
272

49

121

166

203

231

232

270

5
6

122
120

173
166

207
203

234
227

252
250

269
271

267
266

13
2
5

121

170

270

266

162
156

229
231
215

231

116
119

204
200
169

252
235

273
254

293
270

309
264

7

116

159

192

219

240

259

277

291

117 ( 2 )
24
25

In column 2 , fig u r es in parentheses in d ic a te the number o f f is h
fo r which sex was not determined.

J

F ig . 4 . Mean calcu lated len gths at the end o f each year o f l i f e o f Saginaw Bay
Lake herring based on ta b le 10

o 200

SEXES COMBINED

f
S 100

I YEAR OLD

FISH

2YEAR

OLD

FISH

3YEAR

OL D

FISH

_

4 YEAR OLD F I S H
5 YEAR

//

OLD F I S H

6 YEAR OLD F I S H
7 YEAR

_
_

OLD F I SH

8 YEAR OLD FISH

______________ i___________________ i_______________ :___ i___________________ L .

IV
YEAR OF LIFE

V

VI

VII

th at the males had grown longer than the fem ales In a l l the years o f
age groups excepting the cases mentioned below.

In age group I , the

fem ales exceed the males in len gth by U m illim e te r s.

This d ifferen ce

may not be considered v a lid because o f the sm all s iz e o f sample, 4
males and 6 fem ales.

The age group 71 i s c h a r a c te r istic i n that the

fem ales show greater len gth than the males in a l l years o f l i f e ex­
cep tin g the second year where the males exceed the fem ales by 1 m i l l i ­
m eter.

This one m illim eter d ifferen ce may not be considered s i g n i f i ­

cant and fo r a l l purposes we can assume th at the females in age group
71 had exceeded the males in len gth in a l l the y e a rs.

The one m i l l i ­

meter increment in len gth in the fem ales o f age group T ill i s in v a lid
sin ce the number o f f i s h to represent the sexes i s very sm a ll ,2 males
and 5 fem ales.
Growth in len gth in Green Bay c i s c o :
The ca lcu la ted len g th s a t th e end o f resp ectiv e years o f l i f e
fo r the age groups II to 711 from Green Bay are presented in tab le 11.
The growth h is to r y o f the males and fem ales in age groups I I to 71
i s o f considerable in te r e s t, f o r . i t doeB not f a l l under the d e fin ite
p a ttern we fin d in the Saginaw Bay sample where the males exceed the
fem ales in le n g th .

In age group I I the males outgrow the females in

the f i r s t year o f l i f e by 12 m illim e te r s, but in the second year the
reverse i s tr u e , the fem ales exceeding the males by $ m illim eters.
In age group I H , the males and fem ales a tta in the same len g th , 117
m illim e te r s , in the f i r s t year and, in the second and th ird years the
fem ales grow f a s t e r than the males by 1 and 2 m illim eters r e sp e c tiv e ly .
These v a r ia tio n s are in s ig n ific a n t and we nay presume the males and
fem ales o f age group I I I have almost grown the same length in a l l y e a rs.

29

Table 11: Average standard len gth s fo r each year o f l i f e
o f 415 Green Bay c is c o c o lle c te d in the years
1944, 19^5 and 1950

Age Groups

II
II
II
II I
III
III

Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined

IV Male
IV Female
IV Sexes
combined
V Male
V Female
V Sexes
combined
VI Male
VE Female
VI Sexes
combined
VII
vn
VII

Male
Female
Sexes
combined

Number
o f f is h

Calculated len gth (mm) at
end o f year o f l i f e
I

n

III

IV

13

141
129

196
204

36 (13)

129

202

3#

117
117

173
179

214
216

113

132

113

165
167

217 . __
223
200
202
227

5

72

144 (3 4 )

59
79
143 ( 1 0 )

•H5
114

169
161
153

23
4o

116
110

71 (3 )

112

3
10

110
107

159
162
154

14 (1 )

103

153

—

115

vi

vn

202

226

190
191

212
216

223
234

190

214

231

196
136

219
212

239
229

252
242

191

216

233

246

—

-

—

—

242

253

_

2

V

161

135

•

•

207

224

In column 2 , fig u r es i n parentheses in d ic a te the number o f
f i s h fo r whichsex was not determ ined.

I

F ig . 5* Mean calcu lated len gth s at the end o f each year o f l i f e and incremen
o f growth in length o f Green Bay Lake herring based on ta b le s 11 and 1 5 .
Ls and I s in d ic a te the len gth and length-increm ent curves
o f the corresponding age group.

270

240

150

STANDARD

LENGTH

IN

MI L L I ME T ER S

210

SEXES COMBINED
2
3
4
5
6

120

YE AR
YEAR
YEAR
YEAR
YEAR

90

60

30

Y E A R OF

LIFE

OL D
OLD
OLD
OLD
OLD

F I S H _____
F I S H _____
FI SH
—
F I S H --------FI SH ______

270 -

240 -

-

180

150 SEXES COMBINED

120

2
3
4
5
6

-

YEAR
YEAR
YEAR
YEAR
YEAR

STANDARD

LENGTH

IN

M I L LI ME T ER S

210

II

III

IV

Y E A R OF L I F E

OLD
OLD
OLD
OLD
OLD

FI SH
F I SH
FISH _
F I SH
F I SH

31
In age group IV the fem ales show g rea ter len gth than the males in a l l
the y e a r s, the d iffe r e n c e s being 2 m illim eters i n the f i r s t , second
and th ird years and k m illim eters in th e fourth y ea r.

The males o f

th e age group V exceed the females in th e f i r s t two years by 6 and
3 m illim eters r e sp e c tiv e ly ;

b u t, in the next th ree years they are

exceeded in len gth by the fem ales by 1, 4 anfl 6 m illim e te r s.

In age

group V I, the males show c o n s is te n tly g rea ter growth in len g th than
the fem ales in a l l years o f l i f e , the d iffe r e n c e s from the females
b eing 3»

10. 7» 10 and 10 m illim ete rs in the years one to s i x .

The age group VII i s represented by 2 fem ales o n ly .
Ihe s h ift in g o f the greater growth i n len gth from fem ales to males
in some years o f l i f e and from males to fem ales in other y e a r s, as
shown i n the preceding paragraph, r a is e s the qu estion o f , whether f i s h
o f d iffe r e n t populations w ith greater o r lower r a te s o f growth in
le n g th , as the case may b e , are represented in the catch;

o r , whether

th ere i s a d iffe re n c e in the response o f d iffe r e n t age groups to the
environment.

The data i n t h is in v e s tig a tio n do not reveal the so lu ­

tio n to the above q u estio n s.

The w r ite r b e lie v e s that in v e stig a tio n s

on the m igratory and spawning a c t i v i t i e s o f Lake herring w i l l throw
more lig h t on th ese problems, p a r tic u la r ly the d if f e r e n t ia l growth
r a te s o f males and fem ales in d iffe r e n t years o f l i f e .
Growth in len gth in Grand Traverse Bay c i s c o :
The mean ca lcu la ted len gth s at the r e sp ec tiv e years o f l i f e o f the
age groups I I to V o f the Grand Traverse Bay sample are given in tab le

12.

I t i s in te r e s tin g to note th a t in age groups I I ,

males exceed the fem ales in le n g th .

in

and V the

In age group IV the females ou t-

32

Table 12: Average- standard len g th s fo r each year o f l i f e
o f 59 Grand Traverse Bay c is c o c o lle c te d in 1946

Age Group

Number
of
f is h

C alculated len gth (mm) a t
end o f year o f l i f e
I

H

II
II
II

Male
Female
Sexes combined

g
3
11

10g
99
105

155
2.51
154

III
III
III
IV
IV
IV
V
V
V

Male
Female
Sexes combined
Male
Female
Sexes combined
Male
Female
Sexes combined

g
21
29

105
9g
100

3
g
11
2
6
g

107
107
107

167
151
155
162
lg i
175
173
164
166

121
103
107

III

IV

V

213
lg l
190
212
234
2l4
237
213 .2 3 6
213
200
203

249
226
232

271
249
254

1

i g . 6« Mean calcu lated len g th s a t the end o f each year o f l i f e and increm ents
o f growth in len gth o f Grand Traverse Bay Lake herring based on ta b le s
12 and 16.
Ls and I s in d ic a te the len g th and length-increm ent
curves o f the corresponding age group.

270

240

MILLIMETERS

210

180

STANDARD

LENGTH

IN

150
S E X E S C O M BIN ED
2

120

y
0V

/

year

OLD F I SH -

3 YEAR OLD FISH
4 Y E A R OLD FISH

_

5 Y E A R OLD F I S H

^

t

90

60

30

Y E A R OF L I F E

grow the males in len gth by 19, 2 , and 3 m illim eters in the second,
th ird and fourth years and in the f i r s t year they a tta in the same
len g th , 107 m illim e te r s, as those o f m ales.

Whether the accelerated

growth o f the fem ales in age group IV i s due to any one o f the four
years favorable fo r th e ir growth, or these fem ales compose a d if f e r ­
ent population having a higher growth rate may not be accounted fo r
in view o f the sm allness o f the sample.
Comparison o f the growth in len gth o f c isc o from Saginaw Bay, Green
Bay and Grand Traverse Bay;
The data in ta b le s 10, 11 and 12 are regrouped in tab le 13 to
f a c i l i t a t e comparison o f the growth in len gth o f the samples from
Saginaw Bay, Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay.

I t i s p la in ly evident

from ta b le 13 th at in the amount o f growth the Saginaw Bay c isco
stands fa r above the other two populations in a l l years o f l i f e ex­
cep tin g the v a r ia tio n s described below.

The Green Bay sample takes

up a p o s itio n in between the Saginaw Bay and Grand Traverse Bay c is c o .
The v a r ia tio n s exh ib ited by the three populations are the fo llo w ­
ing:

1 . The age group I I from Green Bay exceeds in length the c isco

from Saginaw Bay in both years of l i f e .

2 . In age group IV o f the

Grand Traverse Bay c is c o , the males in t h e ir th ird and fourth y ea rs,
the fem ales in t h e ir second, third and fourth years and the se x escombined year c la s s e s in th e ir second, th ird and fourth years take up
a p o sitio n interm ediate between the Saginaw Bay and Green Bay popula­
tio n s .

3 . In age group V from Grand Traverse Bay,the males in th e ir

f i r s t , second and third years outgrow the males o f the Green Bay c isco
in th ese years and in th e ir fourth and f i f t h years exceed in length

grow the males in len gth by 19, 2 , and 3 m illim eters in the second,
th ird and fourth years and in the f i r s t year they a tta in the same
le n g th , 107 m illim e te r s, as those o f m ales.

Whether the accelerated

growth o f the fem ales in age group IV i s due to any one o f the four
years favorable fo r th e ir growth, or these fem ales compose a d i f f e r ­
en t population having a higher growth r a te may not be accounted for
in view o f the sm allness o f the sample.
Comparison o f the growth in len gth o f c isc o from Saginaw Bay, Green
Bay and Grand Traverse Bay;
The data in ta b le s 10, 11 and 12 are regrouped in table 13 to
f a c i l i t a t e comparison o f the growth in len gth o f the samples from
Saginaw Bay, Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay.

I t i s p la in ly evident

from ta b le 13 th at in the amount o f growth the Saginaw Bay c is c o
stands fa r above the other two populations in a l l years o f l i f e ex­
cep tin g the v a r ia tio n s described below.

The Green Bay sample takes

up a p o sitio n in between the Saginaw Bay and Grand Traverse Bay c is c o .
The v a r ia tio n s ex h ib ited by the three populations are th e fo llo w ­
in g:

1 . The age group I I from Green Bay exceeds in length th e c isco

from Saginaw Bay in both years o f l i f e .

2 . In age group IV o f the

Grand Traverse Bay c is c o , the males in t h e ir th ird and fourth yea rs,
the fem ales in t h e ir second, th ird and fourth years and the se x e scombined year c la s s e s in th e ir second, th ird and fourth years take up
a p o sitio n interm ediate between the Saginaw Bay and Green Bay popula­
tio n s .

3 . In age group V from Grand Traverse Bay, the males in th e ir

f i r s t , second and th ird years outgrow the males o f the Green Bay c isco
in th ese years and in th e ir fourth and f i f t h years exceed in length

35
Table 13 : Comparison o f the growth in len gth o f c isc o o f d iffe r e n t
age groups from Saginaw Bay ( S .B .) , Green Bay (G .B .), and
Grand Traverse Bay (G.T.B)

Males

Age
Jroup

Year
of
life

S.B .

G.B

G.T.B.

S.B .

G.B.

G.T.B.

S.B .

G.B.

G.T.I

n

1

12g

l4 l

10g

125

129

99

126

129

105

2

192

196

155

191

204

151

191

202

154

1

132

117

105

126

117

9g

129

llg

100

2

195

17*

167

lgg

179

151

191

lg 2

155

3

231

214

213

226

216

lg l

22g

217

190

1

133

113

107

12g

115

107

131

114

107

2

lg9

165

162

1*3

167

lg l

136

169

175

3

227

200

212

219

202

214

223

202

213

4

252

223

234

245

227

237

24g

226

236

1

129

116

121

125

110

103

126

112

107

2

lg l

161

173

177

15g

164

17*

159

166

3

217

190

213

214

191

200

215

190

203

if

243

212

249

239

216

226

240

214

232

5

262

22g

271

261

234

249

261

231

254

l

120

110

123

107

121

log

2

169

162

l6g

154

l6 g

I5g

3

202

196

2or

lg6

205

191

4

22g

219

234

212

231

216

5

249

239

256

229

252

233

6

267

252

272

242

270

246

in

IV

V

VC

Females

Sexes combined

36
the males o f the Saginaw Bay population;

and, the females and the

sezes-combined c la s s e s show greater growth in len g th than the Green
Bay c is c o in t h e ir second, th ir d , fourth and f i f t h yea rs.
The general tendency towards the dim inution in calcu lated
len gth s o f the c isc o from Saginaw Bay to Green Bay and from Green
Bay to Grand Traverse Bay r e f le c t s on the environmental conditions o f
these three r eg io n s.

I t i s apparent that the con d ition s in Saginaw

Bay are favorable fo r the growth

tif

c is c o , w hile in Grand Traverse

Bay the con d ition s are very poor and in Green Bay the conditions are
s lig h t ly b e tte r than those o f Grand Traverse Bay fo r the growth o f
c is c o .

Lee’ s Phenomenon
The "phenomenon o f apparent change in growth rate" has been
questioned and much d iscu ssed by f is h e r ie s b io lo g is t s ever sin ce i t
was proposed by Lee (1 9 1 2 ).

Lee d efin es t h is phenomenon as:

i a tendency by which w ith in c re a sin g age th e groups o f f i s h a l l show
a decreasing rate of growth in the calcu lated valu es fo r each year
o f t h e ir l i v e s , th a t i s th at as we compare the present w ith foimer
years the amount o f growth at corresponding ages i s increasing
reg u la rly .

For convenience and shortness th is tendency w i l l be

referred to in t h is paper as "the phenomenon o f apparent change in
growth rate" ’ .

I t was o r ig in a lly b elieved by many workers that

t h is phenomenon was the r e s u lt o f the error made in a ssessin g growth
by sc a le method or o f the s e le c tiv e e f f e c t in s iz e s during sampling.
The r e s u lts o f the d e ta ile d in v e stig a tio n s by the improved methods
of c a lc u la tin g growth from s c a le s had led Van Oosten (1929) and H ile

(1936) to confirm th a t L ee's phenomenon was rea l and th a t i t e x isted
in th e ir Lake herring pop ulations.
S co tt (19^9) exp lain s that the Lee’ s phenomenon »'is produced by a
s e le c t iv e m o rta lity which e lim in a tes the faster-grow ing members o f a
y e a r -c la ss e a r ly in l i f e , thus allow in g the slower-growing f is h to liv e
to a greater age and to comprise the bulk o f the o ld e r f is h in a popu­
la tio n ."

The two primary fa cto r s r e su ltin g in the s e le c t iv e m ortality

o f the f a s t growing in d iv id u a ls o f a year c la s s are:

1 . the growth o f

the rapidly growing f is h to such a catchable s iz e as they are elim inated
e a r lie r than the slow-growing f is h ;

and 2. a p h y sio lo g ic a l correlation

between growth rate and lo n g e v ity o f f i s h .

In review ing the r e la tio n ­

ship between the rate o f growth and the span o f l i f e w ith in a given
s p e c ie s , McCay (1933) p resen ts the> evidence obtained in h is feeding
experiments on the brook tr o u t, namely, th at in the experim ental trou t
fed on the same d ie t the fa s te r growing f i s h died e a r lie r them the
slower growing f i s h .
Lee’ s phenomenon in Saginaw Bay and Green Bay c is c o :
An in sp ectio n o f the ta b le s 10 and 11 (fig u r e s 4 and 5 ) d is t in c t ly
brings out the presence o f L ee's phenomenon in the Saginaw Bay and
Green Bay p op u lation s.

I t i s seen from the above ta b le s that in these

p op u la tio n s, excepting fev; d iscrep a n cies, there i s a tendency fo r the
decreasing rate o f growth in the ca lcu la ted values o f len gth fo r each
year o f l i f e as the f is h in crease in age.
In t h e ir f i r s t year o f l i f e , the age groups I and I I o f Saginaw
Bay c isc o show the tendency to decrease in growth as they advance in age.

For the same year o f l i f e the growth rate seems to increase in age
groups I I I and IV and in the succeeding years the growth rate decreases
from age to age u n t il age group. V III.
In the Green Bay c is c o , L ee's phenomenon i s pronounced in a l l
years o f l i f e o f the age groups excepting age group VI which in i t s
t h ir d , fourth and f i f t h years o f l i f e show greater len gths than those
o f age group V.

Age group VII i s not considered sin ce i t i s repre­

sented by two fem ales only.
The d iscrep a n cies in th ese two samples are n e g lig ib ly sm all and
no p o ssib le causes can be advanced to exp lain them.
L ee's phenomenon in Grand Traverse Bay c is c o :
The Grand Traverse Bay c is c o population i s quite c h a r a c te r istic
i n th a t no "apparent change in growth rate" i s observed in i t s l i f e
h isto r y (se e ta b le 12 and fig u re 6 ) .

The sm allness o f the sample

warns the w r ite r from carrying on a long d iscu ssio n to explain the
discrepancy in L ee's phenomenon in t h is sample.

However, the w riter

b e lie v e s th a t Grand Traverse Bay where coraneroial fis h in g i s prohibited
might contain a d issim ila r d is tr ib u tio n o f d iffe r e n t populations o f
c is c o and t h i s would have given r is e to a wide discrepancy in the
growth h isto r y o f the c isco under in v e s tig a tio n .
I f we assume that growth had been b e tte r in age groups IV and V
in

1 the years to exp lain the discrepancy in L ee's phenomenon, then,

how can we ex p la in the growth discrep an cies th at are found to ocour
between members o f the same year c la s s captured at d iffe r e n t ages?
Since no s a tis fa c to r y answer can be had from the a v a ila b le ,data, the

39
better-grow th explanation fo r age groups IV and V may be rejec ted .

Length increment
The len gth increment data ( ta b le s l 4 , 15 ancl 16) fo r the Saginaw
Bay, Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay samples in d ica te th at in a l l the
ca ses the g r ea test amount o f growth was during the f i r s t year o f l i f e .
Van Oosten (1929) observed the same condition in h is Lake Huron Lake
herring where the f is h in th e ir f i r s t year had shown the g rea test amount
o f growth.
Hie growth increment curves, fig u res 7 > 5 and 6 based on data
from ta b le s 1 4 , 15 and 16 r e s p e c tiv e ly , fu rth er reveal that growth in
the second year had dropped down to almost 50 P®r cent o f the growth
in the f i r s t year and in the succeeding years the growth in length
gradually dim inished.

The age groups I I I , IV and V o f Grand Traverse

Bay sample show b e tte r growths beyond th e ir second year than those
o f Green Bay and Saginaw Bay sam ples.

The age group VI o f Saginaw

Bay population had grown b e tte r in i t s s ix th year than th at

o f Green

Bay population in the corresponding year, the d iffe re n c e in len gth be­
in g 4 m illim ete rs.
The comparatively low values in growth fo r the f i r s t year o f a l l
the agft groups o f Grand Traverse Bay sample should not be considered as
r e a l fo r , the assumption we made on the p r e -sca le formation length in
t h i s sample, 17 m illim e te r s, was only p ro v isio n a l and t h is might have
introduced error in the f i r s t year growth.
The v a r ia tio n s in length increments between males and females in

4o
th ese samples were not conspicuous;

and, th e re fo re , no sp e c ia l con­

sid e r a tio n was given to d iffe r e n tia te the growth increments between
the se x e s .

4i

Table 14: Average Increments in length fo r each year o f l i f e
o f 635 Saginaw Bay c is c o c o lle c te d in the years
1942, 1945, 1944 and 1945

I
I
I
II
II
II
III
III
III

Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined

IV Male
IV Female
IV Sexes
combined
V Male
V Female
V Sexes
combined
VE Male
VI Female
VI Sexes
combined
VII Male
VII Female
VII Sexes
combined
VIII
VIII
VIII

Male
Female
Sexes
combined

Increments in len gth at end o f
year o f l i f e
I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VII]

4
6

139
143

10

i4 i

6o
75

123
125

64
65

134 ( l )

126

79
107

132
126

65
63
62

36
33

136

129

63

37

30
39

133
123

56
55

33
36

24
26

169

131

57
53

129
125

56 . 37
52
37
37
53

2?
25
25

19
22

126

52

37

to

Age Group

Number
of
f is h

20

24
25

120
123

49
45

34
39

26
27

21
22

19
16

49

121

47

36

26

22

5
3

122
120

51
43

34
35

27
24

19
23

17
16
21

19
17

13

121

49

34

25

22

19

13

2
5

113
119

44
39

39
31

31
26

21
21

21
13

20
17

17
14

7

113

4o

33

23

21

19

13

l4

117 ( 2)

In column 2 , fig u r es in parentheses in d ic a te the number o f fis h
fo r which sex was not determined.

J ig . 7 •

Annual increments o f growth in len gth o f Saginaw Bay Lake herring based
on tab le l 4 .

LENGTH

INCREMENTS

IN MI LLI METERS

180 -

150 -

120

-

COMBINED

90 -

1 YEAR OL D F I S H -------2 YEAR OL D F I S H _____
3 YEAR O L D F I S H
4 YEAR O L D F I S H

-------____

5 YEAR O L D F I S H ____
6 YEAR O L D FI SH

60 -

____

7 YEAR O L D F I S H ___
8 YEAR 0 LD F I S H

30 -

IV
V
YEAR OF LI FE

43

Table 15: Average increments in len g th fo r each year o f l i f e
o f 4l5 Green Bay c is c o c o lle c te d in the years
19^4, 1945 and 1950

Age Group

II
II
II
III
III
III

Male
lb male
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined

IV Male
IV Female
IV Sexes
combined
V Male
V Female
V Sexes
combined
71
VI
VI
VII
VII
VII

Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined

Number
of
fis h

Increments in len gth (mm) at
end o f year o f l i f e
1

II

5
13

l4 l
129

54
75

36 ( lg )

129

74

33
72

117
117

61
62

36
36

l lg

64

113
115

53
52

35
35
35

23
25

ll4

53

__ 35

24

2g
4o

116
110

45
4g

29
33

22
26

16
17

71 (3)

112

46

32

24

17

3
10

110
107

52
47

34
32

23
26

20
17

13
13

14 ( 1 )

log

50

33

25

17

!3

144 (34)
59
79
l4g ( 10)

ill

IV

—

2

115

-

—

46
—

24

22

V

-

17

VI

VII

-

17

•

-

12
"

I n column 2, fig u r es in parentheses in d ic a te the number o f f is h
for which sex was not determined.

i

m

Table 16: Average increments in len gth fo r each year o f l i f e
o f 59 Grand Traverse Bay c is c o c o lle c te d in 1946

Age group

Number
of
f is h "

Increments in length (mm)
at end o f year o f l i f e
I

ii

4g
52
49
62
53
55
55
73
6g

II
II
II

Male
Female
Sexes combined

g
3
11

lOg
99
105

III
III
III

Male
Female
Sexes combined

g
21
29

105
9g
100

IV Male
IV Female
IV Sexes combined
V Male
V Female
V Sexes combined

3
g
11

107
107
107 .
121
103
107

2
6
g

52
6l
59

II I

IV

V

46
31
35
50
34
3*
4o
35
37

23
23
23.
37
27
29

.
22
23
23

I

U5
Length-weight R elationship
The a p p lica tio n of Herbert Spencer's 'Cube Law' equation to f is h
measurements has been carried out by many in v e s tig a to r s .
ands p e c if ic g ravity were
between weight

I f form

constant throughout l i f e , the rela tio n sh ip

and length i s described by the 'Cube Law* in the

equation:
W = KL5
where

W =, weight

and

L =■ length
K = constant

The observations of Keys (1 9 2 $ ), H ile (193& and 19*+1) and others
reveal that the 'Cube Law' i s an in co rrect form ulation of the r e la tio n ­
ship between w eight and len gth and that a tru e r e la tio n can be much
more accu ra tely described by the equation:
W = cLn
where

w eigh t, L*=-length, c -c o n s t a n t dependent on
th e u n its employed and the general sp ecies form
and n - t h e rate o f change o f w eight with len g th .

SagLnaw Bay sample:
S ix hundred and eig h ty -fo u r Lake herring covering a len g th range o f
160 - 329 m illim e te r s, standard len g th , were employed in the determina­
tio n o f length-w eight r e la tio n sh ip .
combined.

The se x es and a l l age groups were

Each f i s h was treated as a separate u n it in d erivin g the

constants c and n in the formula.

The equation W= cLn when expressed in logarithm ic form becomes
a str a ig h t l i n e .

The logarithm ic equation i s :

lo g W = lo g c + n lo g L
The values o f lo g c and n were determined from the follow in g
normal equations:
S I lo g W . S (lo g L)2 - S I l o g L . f e L o g L . Log w]
log c = ----------------------------------------------------- b------------------------- L .
N . S ( l o g L ) 2 - ( S I lo g L )2

and

2 lo g W - N .lo g c
n = ------------------------------SlT lo g L

Figure 3 i s the graph o f the equation:
W = 43-643 x lO ^L 2 *^9065
L ogarithm ically the equation i s expressed as:
lo g W= -4.63991+ 2.^ 9065

lo g L

The p o in ts in fig u r e $ represent the mean calcu lated w eights
p lo tte d ag ain st the mean calcu lated len gth s a t the l a s t w inter mark
o f the age groups concerned.

I t i s r ea d ily noted from the figure

th a t th ese mean valu es f i t the curve c lo s e ly .

The exponent 2.39065

o f the len g th in d ic a te s th at the weight does not increase propor­
tio n a te ly to the th ird power o f every lin e a r dimension o f the fis h ;
but rather l e s s than the cube o f th e len g th .
Green Bay sample:
The length-w eight r ela tio n sh ip o f 349 c isco from Green Bay, f a llin g
in the len gth in te r v a l 130 - 299 m illim e te r s, standard len g th , may be
described by the follow in g formula:

F ig . g . Length-weight r e la tio n sh ip o f Saginaw Bay Lake h errin g .
W= 43*6^3 x
10“5 l ” *®9065.
nje p o in ts represent the mean ca lcu la ted w eights
p lo tte d against the mean calcu lated len g th s at th e l a s t
w in ter mark o f the age groups concerned.

320
VI I I
VII

280

SAGINAW BAY

LAKE HERRING

IN

200

160

WEI GHT

GRAMS

240

120

80

40

50

100

150

LENGTH

200

250

IN M I L L I M E T E R S

300

W = 23.025 x 10"5 L2 *76257
L ogarith m ically:

lo g W = -4.36220 +- 2.76257

Figure 9 rep resen ts the above eq u ation .

lo g L
The p oin ts represent

the averages o f w eights and len gth s o f the age groups at l a s t w inter
mark.

The n v a lu e, 2.76257» shows that the weight i s not proportional

to the cube o f the le n g th , but s l i g h t l y l e s s as in the case o f the
Saginaw Bay sample.
Grand Traverse Bay sample:
The len gth-w eight r e la tio n sh ip o f 59 specimens covering the len gth
in te r v a l I50 - 3^9 m illim eters i s determined by the equation:
W=3.1161 x 10"5 l 5#26657
L ogarithm ically:

lo g W = -5.49361 + 3.26657 lo g L

Figure 10 i s the graph o f the above equation . The averages of
len gth s and w eights at la s t w inter mark o f the age groups f i t c lo s e ly
the curve as in the previous ca ses.

I t i s in te r e s tin g to note here

th a t the n value i s greater than 3 in d ic a tin g th at the weight in ­
c re a ses more rapidly than the cube o f the le n g th .
A comparison o f the above three samples rev ea ls that w h ile the
w eight of th e Grand Traverse Bay specimens in crea ses more rapidly than
the cube o f the le n g th , those o f the Saginaw Bay and Green Bay samples
tend to in crease l e s s rapidly than the cube o f the len g th .

This ob­

serv a tio n fo rces one to presume th at the environmental conditions in
Grand Traverse Bay might have been so favorable f o r the Lake herring
under in v e stig a tio n th a t caused the greater in crease in weight than the

F ig . 9 .

Length-weight r e la tio n sh ip o f Green Bay Lake h errin g .
W = 2 3 .025 *
10-5 L^*76251 .
The p oin ts represent the mean calcu la ted w eights
p lo tte d again st the mean ca lcu la ted len gth s at the l a s t
w inter mark o f the age groups concerned.

ti

240

GREEN BAY

LAKE HERRING

2 10

VI I ( F )

150

WEI GHT

IN

GRAMS

80

20

90

60

30

50

100

LENGTH

150

IN

200

250

300

MILLIMETERS

M

10.
Length-weight rela tio n sh ip of*'Grand Traverse Bay Lake h errin g.
Yf«=3*ll6l x 1 0-5l3*2°°57.
The p oin ts represent the mean
ca lcu la ted w eights p lo tte d against the mean calcu lated
len gth s at the l a s t w inter mark o f the
age groups concerned.

360

320

RAVERSE BAY

LAKE HERRING

280

200

IN

GRAMS

240

WEIGHT

60

20

80

40

50

100

150

LENGTH

200

IN

250

300

MILLIMETERS

4

51
cube o f the len gth and th at in Saginaw Bay and Green Bay conditions
were not fa v orab le.

To check t h is presumption ta b le 17 i s s e t up.

The len g th s and w eights are the calcu lated averages at l a s t w inter
mark o f the age groups.

The age groups I , VI, VII and VIII o f

Saginaw Bay and VI o f Green Bay are l e f t out o f consid eration since
there are no specimens o f these age groups from Grand Traverse Bay fo r
comparlson.
A c a r e fu l survey p o in ts out th at there i s p o s itiv e co rrela tio n
between w eights and le n g th s, excep tin g the age group V o f Grand Traverse
Bay where the f is h o f 2$k m illim eters len gth weigh 257 grams.

The

age group V o f Saginaw Bay sample on the other hand weighs 223 grams
fo r 2 6 l m illim ete rs le n g th .

The age group V o f the Grand Traverse Bay

sample d e v ia te s considerably from the d ir e c t w eigh t-len gth r e la tio n ­
ship as c a lc u la te d .

There i s some doubt whether t h is i s the r e su lt

o f the sm all sample (g) or whether they are from a d iffe r e n t popula­
t io n .

Growth in weight
The w eight o f an In dividu al f is h i s to a considerable exten t
in flu en ced by the a v a ila b le food and i t s con d ition o f reproductive organs.
These fa c to r s render d i f f i c u l t the problems o f the fish e r y b io lo g is t s
in analysing the importance o f w eight d ata.

However, sin ce weight i s

the prevalent u n it o f measujring commercial y ie ld o f f is h from a body
o f w ater, i t i s d esira b le that more a tte n tio n be given to weight data.
Tables 1$, 19 and 20 present ca lcu la ted w eight data o f the c isco
o f Saginaw Bay, Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay.

Curves baaed on

I

52

Table 17: Averages o f ca lcu la ted len g th s and w eights at la s t
w inter mark o f the age groups from Saginaw Bay,
Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay

Saginaw Bay
Age Groups

Green Bay

G. Traverse Bay

Length
mm.

Weight
gms.

92

202

103

154

43

223

15^

217

125

190

97

IV

24$

194

226

140

236

137

V

261

223

231

149

254

237

VC

270

247

246

176

vn

233

297

253*

139*

VIII

291

303

len gth
mm.

Weight
gms.

I

l4 l

39

II

191

in

Length
mm.

Weight
gms.

* The data r e fe r to the 2 fem ales o f t h is age group.

M

these data are shewn in fig u r es 11, 12 and 1J>.

The fig u r es which

appear in the ta b le s are averages o f the ca lcu la ted w eigh ts.

The

averages fo r the sexes-combined groups are the weighted means.

In

t h is study c a lc u la tio n s fo r w eights were made from the calcu lated
len g th s a t the end o f each year o f l i f e u sin g the appropriate foxmula
given in the s e c tio n fo r len gth-w eight r e la tio n s h ip .
I t i s seen from the ta b le s and curves that the growth in weight
follow ed the same trend as the growth in len g th fo r each se x , as w e ll
as when the sexes were combined.

The foregoin g statem ent i s stren gth ­

ened by the evidence o f the r e la tio n sh ip s o f the len gth and weight
curves (fig u r e s 4- and 11) fo r the age groups VI and VII o f the Saginaw
Bay sample.
The males o f the Saginaw Bay sample surpass the fem ales in weight
in a l l excep tin g age groups I and VI where the opposite con d ition i s
shown.
In Green Bay sam ple, the fem ales outweigh the males to a greater
extent as shown in second year o f age group I I ;
years o f age group I I I ;

second and th ird

a l l the years o f age group IV;

and f i f t h years o f age group V.

t h ir d , fourth

I t i s only in the f i r s t year o f age

group I I , V and VI and in the second year o f age groupsV and VI
the males have shown greater w eight than the fem ales.
The data o f the Grand Traverse Bay c is c o in d ic a te that the males
have grown h eavier than the fem ales in a l l the age groups, excepting
th e second and th ird years o f age group IV where the females exceed the
males in w eight.

Comparing the w eights o f age groups I I , H I , IY and Y o f the
three sam ples, i t i s apparent that the Saginaw B-ay c isc o outweigh
the other two samples gen erally at comparative len g th s;

w h ile, the

Green Bay sample weighs l e s s than the Grand Traverse Bay sample.
Weight increment data o f the three populations o f cisco are
given in ta b le s 21, 22 and 23 w ith th e ir corresponding curves in
fig u r e s lH , 12 and 1 3 .

I t i s ind icated that in the Saginaw Bay c isco

the w eight in c re a se s p ro g r essiv ely in each year upto the third year
o f l i f e a fte r which i t gradually reced es.

In the other two samples

such wide v a r ia tio n s in weight increments erLst among year c la s se s
th a t we cannot draw any conclu sions from then.

55

Table 14: Average w eights fo r each year o f l i f e o f 645
Saginaw Bay c is c o c o lle c te d in the years
1942, 1943, 1944 and 19^5

Age Group

I
I
I

Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined

Number
of
f is h
4
6
10

C alculated w eights (gms.) at
end o f year o f l i f e
I

n

III

IV

Y

VI

VII

VIII

?
40
59
29
27

94
91

24

_ 92

Male
32
79
24
Female
107
Sexes
146
combined
30
IY Male
40
33
IV Female
49
29
XV S63C0S
________combined_______ 169_______ 31

99
69

159
150

93
90
42

154
151
136

202
147

46

143

29
27

76
74

132
127

194
l4 l
174

224
223

24

76
64
63

129

177

223

104
115

151
163

197
211

240
253

64

112

71
64

119
109

157
165
151

204
205
196

247
244
249

296
297

113
103
67

156
156
127

201
200
166

247
252
206

297
309
244

361
246

91

135

176

219

266

304

II
II
II

60
73

134 ( 1 )

III
III
III

V Male
V Female
V Sexes
combined
VI Male
VI Female
VI Sexes
combined
VEI Male
VII Female
711 SexBS
combined
T ill
VIII
VIII

Male
Female
Sexes
combined

57
56
117 (2)
24
25

24
26

49

25
25
24

5
4

24

13
2
5

23
23

67
56
53

7

23

54

In column 2, fig u r e s in parentheses in d ic a te the number o f f is h
fo r which sex was not determined.

i

Ti g. 11.

C alculated growth in weight fo r each year o f l i f e o f Saginaw Bay
Lake herring based on tab le 1$.

3 DU

300

WEIGHT

IN GRAMS

250

200

SEXES COMBINED

150

100

1 YEAR
2 YEAR

OLD
OLD

F I S H ____________
______
F I S H ...

3 YEAR

OLD

F I S H ____________

4 YEAR

OLD

FISH

5 YEAR

OLD

F I S H ____________

.. _ ..

6 YEAR
7 YEAR

O L D F I S H ____________
OLn FISH

8 YEAR

O L D FI S H _ _

50

0

III

IV

V

Y E A R OF L I F E

VI

VIII

57

Table 19: Average w eights fo r each year o f l i f e of 415
Green Bay c is c o c o lle c te d in the years
1944, 19U5 and 1950

Age Group

II
II
II
III
III
III

Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined

IV Male
IV Female
IV Sexes
combined
V Male
V Female
V Sexes
combined
VI
71
71
711
711
VII

Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined

Number
of
f is h

C alculated w eights (gms .) at
end of year o f l i f e
I

II

5
13

40
31

95
106

36 (IS)

30
23
23

103
73
74

121
123

23
21
22

77
60
61

125
101
103

136
l4 l

22

62

103

l4 o

2*
4o

22
19

55
52

*7
**

117
124

143
154

71 (3)

20

*7

121

149

3
10

20
1*

53.
56
4*

93
*1

127
116

163
143

14 ( 1 )
w
2

1*
,_
22

3*

72
144 (34)
59
79
l4g ( 1 0 )

—

—

52 .
54

in

IV

V

71

1*7
16 *

*7 12 3 . . . I S .. 176
—
«•
103
165
79
135

•

711

—
1*9

*•

In column 2 , fig u r es in parentheses in d ic a te the number o f fis h
fo r which sex and w eight were not determined.

J

12. C alculated growth in weight (YJs) and w eight-increm ents ( I s ) fo r each
year o f l i f e o f Green Bay Lake herring based on ta b le s 19 and 22.

180

160

IN

GRAMS

140

120

100

SE XES

COMBINED

WEIGHT

2 YEAR OLD F I SH .
3 Y E A R OLD F I S H ---------4 Y E A R OLD F I S H ---------5 Y E A R OLD F I S H ----------

80

/

1

6 Y E A R OLD F I S H ______

/ '2 /

if /

/

60

// // ./••/ /'/
//
I // / ///
40

/ i,f f
w w
"i ifP/ // /

'

20

II

III

IV

YEAR OF LIFE

59

Table 20:

Average w eights for each year o f l i f e o f 59 Grand
Traverse Bay c is c o c o lle c te d in 1946

Age Group

Number
of
f is h

II
II
II

Male
Female
SexBS combined

g
5
11

II I
in

Male
Female
Sexes combined

IT Male
IT Famale
IT Sexes combined

h i

T Male
T Famale
T Sexes

Calculated w eights (gins.) at
end o f year o f l i f e
I

m

II

III

IT

T

lgg
137
137
220
162
176

293
213
237

47
42

g
21
29

11
13
13
11
11

63
44
49

l4 l
go
97

3
g
11

14
i4
14

54
gl
_ 73

134
137
156

2
6
g

22
12
15

75
59
63

133
109
116

1

F ig. 1 5. C alculated growth in weight (Ws) and w eight-increm ents ( I s ) fo r each
year o f l i f e o f Grand Traverse Bay Lake h errin g based on ta b le s 20 and 2J.

240

210

SEXES COMBINED
2 Y E A R OL D F I S H _____
3 Y E A R OLD F I S H _____
4 YE AR OLD F I S H _____
5 Y E A R OLD F I SH _____

WEIGHT

IN

GRAMS

180

150

120

90

60

30

/A

YEAR

OF

LIFE

Table 21: Average increments in weight fo r each year o f l i f e
o f 635 Saginaw Bay c isco c o lle c te d in the years
1942, 19^3. 1944 and 19U5

Age Group

I
I
I
II
II
II
III
III
III

Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined

IV Male
IV Female
IV Sexes
combined
V Male
V Female
V Sexes
combined
VI Male
VI Female
VI Sexes
combined
VII
VII
vn
VIII
VIII
VIII

Male
Female
Sexes
combined
Male
Female
Sexes
combined

Increments in weight (gms.) at
end o f year o f l i f e

Number
of
fis h

I

4
6

F
40

10

39
29
27

65
64

134 ( 1 )

23

64

79
107

32
23

66
61

60
61

136

30

63

60

30
69

33
29

57
53

61
54

51
51

169

31
29
27

55
49
kl

57

51
49
47

43
50

23

43

24
25

24
26

49

60
73

57
56

II

III

55
53

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

43

46

4o
33

53
43
52

47

45
49

44
42

25

39

43

46

47

43

5
3

25
24

46
4o

43
45

46
42

4o
43

39
51

43

13

24

42

46

43

46

42

2
5

23
23

33
30

47
34

54
33

45
44
39

52
4o

57
42

53
33

7

23

31

3^

42

4o

44

46

42

117 ( 2 )

In column 2 , fig u r es in parentheses in d ic a te the number o f fish
fo r which sex was not determined.

4

J ig . lU.

W
’eight-increm ents fo r each year o f l i f e o f Saginaw Bay Lake herring
based on ta b le 21.

GRAMS
IN
INCREMENT

SEXES

COMBINED

[ YEAR OLD F I S H ----------

WEIGHT

2 YEAR OLD F I S H ______
3 Y E AR OLD F I S H ______
4 YEAR O L D FI SH _____

IV
V
YEAR OF L I F E

5 YEAR

O L D F I S H ____

6 YEAR

O L D F I S H ____

7 YEAR

O L D F I S H ____

8 YEAR

O L D F I S H _____

Table 22: Average increments in weight fo r each year o f l i f e
of
Green Bay c is c o c o lle c te d in the years
1944, 1945 and 1950

Age Group

II
« i

II
II I
III
III

Increment in weight ( gms.)
a t end of year o f l i f e
“

I

n

in

IT

T

71

Hale
Female
Sexes
combined

5
13

4o
31

55
75

36 (13)

?o

73

Male
Female
Sexes
combined

3^
72

23
23

50
51

43
49

2?
21
22

54

47

39
39

4i
42

35
33

22

4o

4l

23
4o

22
19

32
32

32
36

37
30
37

26
30

71 ( 3 )

20

23

20
13

3^
37
33

3^

3
10

32
36
31

3*
35

35
23

24
24

14 (1)

13

3^

35

3^

29

24

22

33

25

29

27

31

IT Male
IT Female
IT Sexes
combined
Male
T Female
T Sexes
combined

TT
t

71

Male
71 Female
71 Sexes
combined

711
711
711

Numbe r
of
fis h

Male
Female
Sexes
combined

l4 4 ( 3U)
59
79
143 ( 1 0 )

7n

.

2
—

—

—

24

•

In column 2, fig u r es in parentheses in d ic a te the number o f f is h
fo r which sex and weight were not determined.

'

64

Table 23: Average increments in weight fo r each year o f l i f e
o f 59 Grand Traverse Bay c is c o c o lle c te d in 1946

Age Group

Number
of
fis h ~

Increment in weight (gras.)
a t end o f year o f l i f e
I

II

in

II
II
II

Male
Female
Sexes combined

3
3
11

14
11
13

33
31
32

III
III
III

Male
Female
Sexes combined

3
21
29

13
11
11

IV Male
IV Female
IV Sexes combined

3
6
11

14
14
14

50
33
3*
4o
67
60

3o
56
62

V Male
V Female
V Sexes combined

2
6
3

22
12
15

53
46
43

63
50
53

IV

V

65
?,6
44
54
50
51
*3
53
6o

. . .

73
57
6l

i

65

C o e ffic ie n t o f condition
The c o e f f ic ie n t o f c o n d itio n , "K", has been custom arily used by
many f is h e r ie s workers to measure the r e la tiv e heaviness and other
phases o f b io logy o f f i s h .

The K value i s derived from the equation:

W x 105
Iw

gj

.

l3

where W weight and L length o f fish
H ile and Deason (1 9 3 4 ), H ile (19ul ) , Jobes (1949), Carlander (1945 a
and 19H5b), Tate (1 9 4 9 ), Cleary (1 9 4 3 ), S ig le r (1949b) and several other
in v e stig a to r s have indicated in th e ir stu d ie s on the "condition" o f
f is h that K i s a d ir e c t measure o f the r e la tiv e plumpness or heaviness
of f i s h .
H ile (193^), a fte r commenting on the K values and in terp reta tio n s
of K by other fis h e r ie s in v e s tig a to r s , remarks that K value determined
from em pirical exponents do not show the true condition o f fis h and
that those derived by the use o f cube r ela tio n sh ip are more r e lia b le
in d escrib in g the "well being" o f f i s h .

In the study o f the Wisconsin

lakes c isc o H ile ( 1936) has observed that the c o e ffic ie n t o f condition
i s w id ely variab le from population to population o f the same sp ecies
and in d iffe r e n t sexes in d iffe r e n t years' c o lle c tio n s o f the same po­
p u la tio n .

The K values o f the d iffe r e n t lak es' samples are so highly

s ig n ific a n t th a t H ile mentions that one value cannot be compared with
that o f the other d ir e c t ly as a measure of co n d itio n .

I f th is i s tru e,

then, there i s l i t t l e object in c a lc u la tin g Y v a lu es.

J

66

Van Oosten (1929) found in the Lake Huron Lake herring that the
sex es did not show c o n sisten t d iffe re n c es and th a t there was a s lig h t
tendency fo r the K value to in crease w ith in crease o f len g th .

S co tt’ s

( 19^9 ) K values o f the rock bass reveal no s ig n ific a n t trend with
in crea sin g s iz e .
The wide v a r ia tio n s o f the K values in d iffe r e n t populations of
the same s p e c ie s , in d iffe r e n t se x e s , in d iffe r e n t years* c o lle c tio n s ,
in d iffe r e n t length in te r v a ls of th e same sp ec ies and in extreme cases
aa those o f Van Oosten (1929) and S cott (19^9) where no s ig n ific a n t
trend in K values were shown, are problems y et to be s a t is f a c t o r ily
in v e s tig a te d .

The works on the c o e f f ic ie n t o f condition so far done

by numerous in v e stig a to r s seem to be of s t a t i s t i c a l in te r e s t without
throwing much lig h t on the management of f i s h e r ie s .

i

67
Summary
1.

This paper presen ts the age and growth h isto r y

se n ta tiv e samples o f th e Great Lakes c is c o (Leucichthys
from Saginaw Bay, Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay.

o f the repre­
arted i LeSueur)

A comparison of

the growth h is to r y o f c isc o from commercial c e n te r s, Saginaw Bay and
Green Bay, w ith th at o f the sample from Grand Traverse Bay, a region
where commercial f is h in g operations are p ro h ib ited , i s made wherever
p o s s ib le .
2.

The study i s based on 636 c is c o from Saginaw Bay and 4 l5 from

Green Bay and 59 from Grand Traverse Bay.

Most of the specimens from

Saginaw Bay and Green Bay were c o lle c te d by trap n e t s ;
were taken by g i l l n e ts with 2 1 /2 -in ch stretch ed mesh.

w h ile , a few
The Grand

Traverse Bay specimens were c o lle c te d with experim ental g i l l n ets with
mesh ranging from 2 1 /2 to 4 in c h e s.
5.

The d ata fo r the c o lle c tio n s made in 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945

and 1946 and g e la tin e -g ly c e r in e sc a le s l i d e s fo r 344 specimens prepared
by Dr. Peter I . Tack were at the w r ite r ’ s d isp o sa l.
4 . The 1942, 1943, 1944 and1945 c o lle c t io n s from Saginaw Bay
were d istr ib u te d through the len g th range o f 160-329 m illim e te r s.

The

260-269 m illim eter s iz e c la s s i s dominant w ith 137 in d iv id u a ls or 20
per cent o f the t o t a l ca tc h .

The age group I I I represents the dominant

group w ith 136 in d iv id u a ls.
5.

The Green Bay samples c o lle c te d in 1944, 1945 and 1950 were

d istr ib u ted through the length range o f 130-299 m illim ete rs, w ith
220-229 m illim eter s iz e c la s s being dominant w ith 123 specimens or 31

f l

per cent o f the t o t a l .

Age group IV i s dominant in Green Bay c o lle c ­

tio n s .

6.

The f if t y - n in e Grand Traverse Bay c is c o were scattered through

150-319 m illim eter len gth range.
dominant w ith 13 in d iv id u a ls.
7.

The 190-199 m illim eter s iz e c la s s i s

Age group I I I i s dominant.

Net s e l e c t i v i t y i s evident

in age group I o f the three samples.

The r e la tiv e abundance o f males and females v a ries w ith age
groups.

In g en era l, the fem ales tend to be more numerous than the

males w ith each higher age group, in Saginaw Bay and Green Bay samples.
In Grand Traverse Bay sample, the opposite i s tru e.
9- The bod y-scale len gth r e la tio n sh ip i s shown to be very
to a lin e a r reg ressio n in the three sam ples.

c lo se

The in tercep tio n o f the

str a ig h t lin e on the len gth a x is i s taken as the len gth before sca le
fonnation in the f i s h .

Based on t h i s , Ho, 33 811(1 17 m illim eters are

considered as th e p r e -sca le formation len gth in Saginaw Bay, Green
Bay and Grand Traverse Bay samples r e s p e c tiv e ly .

The 17 m illim eter

len gth in Grand Traverse Bay c is c o i s p ro v isio n a l sin ce the sample
i s sm all.
10.

The growth in length i s variab le in these samples.

In

g en era l, the males o f the Saginaw Bay c isco have grown longer than the
fem ales.

The male c isc o o f Green Bay does not follow a pattern

sim ila r to Saginaw Bay sample;

on the other hand, the higher growth

in len gth in male s h i f t s from year to year and from age to age.

The

males o f the Grand Traverse Eay sample show gen erally greater growth
in length than th e fem ales excepting age group IV.

11.

The v a r ia tio n s in growth rate in Green Bay and Grand Traverse

Bay samples are a ttrib u ted e ith e r to environmental con d ition or to
d iffe r e n t populations represented in the catch .
12.

In the amount o f growth the Saginaw Bay c isc o stands fa r

above the other two populations excepting a few v a r ia tio n s .

The Green

Bay sample takes up a p o s itio n in between the Saginaw Bay and Grand
Traverse Bay c is c o .
1 3.

Lee’ s phenomenon i s d i s t i n c t l y evid en t in Saginaw Bay and

Green Bay sam ples.
14.

No apparent change in growth rate i s observed in Grand Traverse

Bay sample.

This r a is e s the qu estion whether th is sample represents

d iffe r e n t populations w ith varying growth r a te s .
1 5.

In the three sam ples, the g r e a te st amount of growth in len gth

i s during th e f i r s t year o f l i f e .

The growth in the second year has

dropped down to almost 50 per cent o f the growth in the f i r s t year and
in the succeeding years the growth i s gradually dim inished.
16.

The length-w eight r e la tio n sh ip i s these samples i s described

by the equation:
17.

W= cLn

The w eights fo r the in d iv id u a ls at end o f w inter marks were

determined from the formulas given below u sin g the ca lcu la ted len gth s
fo r the corresponding yea rs.
Saginaw Bay cisco
Green Bay c is c o
Grand Traverse Bay c isc o

W-H3.6H3 x 10-5 L2 .39065
= 23.025 x 10“5 l 2.76257
W * 3.1161 x 10"5 j? ’26657

70
l£ .

The growth in weight in crea ses at a rate s l ig h t ly l e s s than

the cube o f the len gth in Saginaw Bay and Green Bay c is c o , w h ile the
Grand Traverse Bay specimens in crease

more rap id ly than the cube of

the len g th .
19•

G enerally the growth in weight fo llo w s the same trend as the

growth in len g th fo r each se x , as w e ll as when the sexes were combined.
20.

W x io5
The conventional a p p lic a tio n o f the equation , K a ----- — ,

in determ ining the c o e f f ic ie n t o f con d ition i s questioned as being
u sefu l in f is h e r ie s management.

I t i s b eliev ed th at th is equation i s

more o f s t a t i s t i c a l in te r e s t than of p r a c tic a l value fo r management
o f fis h e r y .

I

71
L iterature c ite d
Beckman, W illiam C.
194$.

Hie length-w eight r e la tio n sh ip , fa cto r s fo r conversions
between standard and t o t a l le n g th s, and c o e f f ic ie n t s of
con d ition fo r seven Michigan f i s h e s .

Trans. Amer. F ish.

S o c ., Vol. 75, 19*J5, pp. 237-256.
Cahn, Alvin Robert.
1927.

An e c o lo g ic a l study o f southern W isconsin f is h e s .

The

brook s ilv e r s id e s ( Labidesthes s i c cu iu s) and the cisco
(Leucichthys a r te d i) in th e ir r e la tio n s to the region.
1 1 1. B io l. Monogr., Vol. 11, no. 1, Jan. 1927, pp. 1-151*
Carlander, Kenneth D.
19*15a.

Growth, length-w eight r e la tio n sh ip and population flu c tu a ­
tio n s of the t u l l ib e e , Leucichthys arted i t u llib e e (Richard­
s o n ) , with reference to the commercial f is h e r ie s , Lake o f
the Woods, Minnesota.

Trans. Amer. F ish . S o c ., Vol. 75>

1945, PP. 125-136.
1945b.

Age, growth, sexual m aturity and population flu c tu a tio n s of
th e yellow pikB perch, S tlz o ste d lo n vitreum vitreum ( M it c h ill) ,
w ith reference to the commercial f is h e r ie s , Lake of the Woods,
M innesota.

Trans. Amer. F ish . S o c ., V ol. 73> 1943, PP*

90 - 107 .
Carlander, Kenneth D. and Lloyd L. Smith, J r .
1944.

Some uses of nomographs in f is h growth s tu d ie s .

Copeia, no.3 ,

pp. 157-162.

i
A.

72

C leary, Robert E.
1949.

L ife h isto r y and management o f the yellow pike perch, S tiz o sted io n v . vitreum (M L tchill) , o f Clear Lake, Iowa.

Iowa

S tate C ollege Jour. S c i ., V ol. 2 3 , no. 2 , pp. 195-206.
C reaser, Charles W.
1926.

The stru ctu re and growth o f the s c a le s o f fis h e s in r e la tio n
to the in te r p r e ta tio n o f th e ir l i f e - h i s t o r y , w ith sp e c ia l
reference to the su n fish , Eupomotis gibbosus.

Museum o f

Zoology, Univ. of M ichigan, M isc. Pub. No. 17, pp. 1-62.
Daiber, Franklin C arl.
19^7 •

A growth study o f a population o f yellow perch (Perea

fla -

vescen s M itc h ill) from Traverse Bay w ith an a n a ly sis o f the
s e le c tio n o f key s c a le s .

M. S. T h esis, Michigan State

C o lle g e , 19*+7 •
Eschraeyer, R. YJilliam.
193^.

Further stu d ie s o f perch pop u lation s.

Pap. Mich. Acad. S c i.

A rts, and L e tte r s , V ol. 2 3 , 1937, PP* 611- 631.
G aiser, S . W.
1923.

Evidences o f a d if f e r e n t ia l death rate o f the sexes among
anim als.

Amer. Midland N a t., V ol. 6 , no. 7 , Jan. 1923, PP*

153-163.
1924.

Sex r a tio s and sperm atogenesis in the top-minnow, Gambusia
holbrooki Grd.

B io l. B u ll ., V ol. 4 7 , no. 3 , pp. 175-207*

73
H asler, Arthur D.
1945.

Observations on the w inter perch populations o f Lake
Mendota.

E cology, V ol. 26, no. 1, pp. 90-94.

Hecht, S.
1916.

Form and growth in f is h e s .

Jour. Morph., V ol. 27, pp.

379-400.
H ile , Ralph.
1936*

Age and growth o f the c is c o , Leucichthys artedi (LeSueur) ,
in lak es of the northeastern highlands, W isconsin.

TJ. S.

Dept. Comm., Bureau o f F is h e r ie s , Vol. 46, no. 19, pp.
211 - 3 17 .
1941.

Age and growth o f the rock b a ss, Ambloplites ru p estrls
(R afin esq u e), in Nebish Lake, W isconsin.

Trans. 7 /is. Acad.

S c i. Arts and L e tte r s , V ol. 33» PP* 1^9-337•
H ile , Ralph and H ilary J . Deason.
1934.

Growth o f the white f i s h , Coregonus clupeaform is ( M itc h ill),
i n Trout Lake, northeastern highlands, W isconsin.

Trans.

Amer. F ish . S o c ., V ol. 64, 1934, pp. 231-237.
H ile , Ralph and Frank W. Jobes.
1941.

Age, growth, and production o f the yellow perch Ferca
fla v esce n s ( M it c h ill) , o f Saginaw Bay.

Trans. Amer. F ish.

S o c ., V ol. 70, 1940, pp. 102-122.
1942.

Age and growth o f the yellow perch, Ferca flavescen s
M it c h ill, in the Wisconsin waters o f Green Bay and northern
Michigan.

Pap. Mich. Acad. S c i. Arts and L e tte r s , Vol. 27,

1941, pp. 241-266.

J o b es, Frank W.
19^9.

The age, growth, and d is tr ib u tio n o f the longjaw c is c o ,
Leucichthys alpenae K oelz, in Lake Michigan.

Trans.

Amer.

F ish . S o c ., V ol. 7 6 , 1946, pp. 215-247.
K eys, A. B.
1926.

The w eigh t-len gth r e la tio n in f is h e s .

Proc. Nat. Acad.

S c i. V ol. l 4 , pp. 922-925.
L agler, Karl F.
1949.

Stu dies in freshwater fish e r y b io lo g y .

J . VJ. Edwards,

Ann Arbor, pp. 52- 6 0 .
L ee, R. M.
1912.

An in v e s tig a tio n in to the methods o f growth determ ination
in f i s h e s .

C onseil permanent interm ational pour 1’ explo­

ra tio n de la mer, pub. de c ir c . 6 5.
Lewis, W illiam M, and Thomas S. E n g lish .
1949.

The warmouth, Chaenob ry t t us coronarius

( Bat ram), in Bad

Haw H i l l R eservoir, Iowa.

C ollege Jour. S c i .,

Iowa S tate

V ol. 2 3 , no. 4 , pp. 317-322.
McCay, C.M.
1933.

I s lo n g e v ity compatible w ith optimum growth?

S cien ce,

Vol. 7 7 , no. 2000, pp. 410-411.
Perlrautter, Alfred and George M. Clarke.
1949*

Age and growth o f immature rose f is h ( Sebastes marinus) in
the G ulf o f Maine and o f f w estern Nova S c o tia .
and W ild life S e r v ic e , F ish . B u ll. 45*

U. S. Fish

75
S c o tt, Donald C.
1949-

A study o f a stream population o f rock b a ss.

In v e stig a tio n s

o f Indiana Lakes and Streams, Vol. H I , no. 3 , pp. 169-234.
S ig le r , W illiam F.
19U9&* L ife h is to r y o f the white bass in Storm Lake, Iowa.

Iowa

S tate C ollege Jour. S c i ., V ol. 2 3 , no. 4 , pp. J l l - J l G .
1949b. L ife h is to r y o f the white b a ss, Lepibema chrysops ( R afinesque),
o f S p i ll t Lake, Iowa.

Iowa A gri. Fxpt. S t a . , Res. B u ll. 366.

Snedecor, George W.
1943.

S t a t i s t i c a l methods applied to experiments in agricu ltu re and
b io lo g y .

4th e d itio n .

Iowa State C ollege P re ss, Ames.

Stone, U dell B.
1933.

Growth, h a b its and fecundity of the c is c o e s o f Irondequoit
Bay, New York.

Trans. Amer. F ish . S o c ., V ol. 67, 1937>

234-245 .
Tate, W illiam Harold.
1949. Growth and food h ab it stu d ies o f small-mouth black bass in
some Iowa stream s.

Iowa State C ollege Jour. S c i . , Vol. 2 3 ,

no. 4 , pp. 3^3-354.
Van Oosten, John.
1929.

L ife h is to r y o f the Lake h errin g , Leucichthys a rted i (LeSueur),
o f Lake Huron as revealed by i t s s c a le s w ith a c ritiq u e o f
the sc a le method.

B u ll. U. S. Bur. F is h ., V ol. 44, Doc. no.

1053, pp. 265- 423.

i

76
Van Oosten, John.
193$.

The age, grcwth, sexual m aturity, and sex r a tio o f the common
w h it e fis h , Coregonus clupeaform is ( M it c h ill), o f Lake Huron.
Mich. Acad. S c i. Arts and L e tte r s , V ol. 24, P t. H , pp. 195“
221.

1942.

The age and growth o f the Lake E rie w hite b a ss, Lepibema
chrysops ( Rafines^ue) .

Pap. Mich. Acad. S c i. Arts and L e t t .,

V ol. 2 7 , pp. 307-33^Van Oosten, John, H. J. Deason and Frank VJ. Jobes.
193^.

A m icroprojection machine designed fo r the study o f f is h
s c a le s .

Jour, du Cons. Vol. 9>

b °*

2 , pp. 24l-24fS.

W eller, Thomas H.
1936.

Note on the sex r a tio o f the yellow perch in Douglas Lake,
Cheboygan County, M ichigan.

Copeia, no. 2, pp. 61-64.

W right, Stillm an .
1929*

A prelim inary report on the growth o f the rock b a ss,
Ambloplites r u p e str is ( R afines^ ue), in two lak es o f northern
W isconsin.

Trans. Wise. Acad. S c i . , Arts and L e tte r s , Vol.

24, pp. 561-595.

APPENDIX I
ORIGINAL CATALOG DATA OF TEE SAGINAW BAY LAKE HERRING
I Age Group Male
Catalog
No.
150
166
403
943

Source
East Tawas
11
Bayport
C a se v ille

Date
2/29/43
2 /29 /4 3
1 1 / 2/43
1 1 / 6/45

Standard
length in
mm.
169
1*7
237
163

T otal
length in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

Scale
radius
x32

63
90
176
76

93
101
143
121

226
255
264
211
226
227

64
126
124
67

126
142
136
133
136
147

290
293
256
260
223
242
246
303
241
265
314
3!9
314
310
266
325
259
325
277
256
249
260
267
275
265
321
269
254
273

205
210
113
n4
61
106
115
206
92
166
226
226
224
236
160
264
120
266
126
112
106
132

166
l44
154
160
125
107
126
17*
129
160
179
160
166
171
166
166
160
226
l46
134
130
166
152
i46
164
167
1*7
l46
156

202

224
266
224

I Age Group Female
162
206
732
912
920
939

E ast Tawas
Bayport
E ast Tawas
Bay C ity
u
C a sev ille

6/29/43
10/11/43
1 1 / 9/44
10/31/45
11
11 / 6/45

165
213
222
169
165
166

3

II Age Group Male
79
159
165
167
170
171
190
194
203

Linwood
Bayport
E ast Tawas

11/ 1/42
5 /2 5 /4 3
6/29 /4 3

Bayport

10 / 6/43
10/ 11/^3
1 0/27/43
n
11

$

346
349
353
376
366
431
557
610
632
634
655
6U0
643
669
694
705
707

E ast Tawas

1 1 / 1/43
1 1 / 2/43
11/0/43
6 / 7 /4 4
6 /13 /4 4

250
247
216
216
164
201
206
256
199
236
262
267
259
257
226
265
213
265

2iZ

211

1 1 / 6/44

230
220
232
242
265
239
205
223

100
120

160
166
164
66
116

I

1\<

Source

Date

Standard
len gth in
trim.

T otal
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams.
*32

II Age Group Male (Cont’ d)

703
729
731

795
799
902
904
906

907
911
913
910

916
921
922
926

927
929
932
93^
9%
949
950
956
953
963
964
963

969
970
971

11

ti

C a sev ille
11
Bay City
11
11
11

11 / 6/44
11 / 9 /4 4
11
12/ 4/44
11
10 / 31/45
n
n
11

223
231
203

277
269
216
232
215

213

n

it

11
11

11
11
11
n
11
n
11
11

225
214
209
136
203

6/45

190

ti

11
11
11

ti

11
C a se v ille
11

11/

ti
n

11
11

11
11
11
11

ti
ti

11

n

11
11
11
11
11
11

11
11
11
11
11

201

222

199
209
193
193
203
225
236

231
225
230
$

133
133

273
276
250
326
315
261

234
265
270

246
274
260
252
2?1

249
267
237

252
230
230
231

243
271
235
273
266
273
226
220

112
116

96
203
34
119
74
39
103
212

115
106

104
34

112

93

96
\\

34
34
92
104
104
112

92
63
72
34
72

120

150
140
3 1

191
143
197
174
174
191
124
136
179
156
176
139
139
143

143
153
152
162
165
206
151
%

160

149
190
166

I I Age Group Female

155

161
163

164
134
192

193
207
203
222
299
302

323
355
361
411
425

Fast Tawas
n

6/29/43

206
230

10/11/43

232

it
11
Bayport
11
11
11
n

11
11
11
n
n

11
11
n
11

217

11
11
11
6/4 3
11

10 /

11
11

10/14/43
10/26/43
11

10/27/43
11
10/23/43
11/ 4/43
11/ 9/43
11/17/43

224
242
264
231
243
242
242
207
261
254
272
264
234
259

259
255
273
271
296
321
234
232
305
236
294
252
315
302

313
319
333
313

125

33
153
134
203
292
l3o
164
260
134
192
112
260

204
264
244
300
236

151
132
142

143
245
210

215
136
163
153
146
106
126

175
193
123
209
195

I ll
Source

Date

Standard
length in
mm.

Total
ingth in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

Scale
radius
132

120
126
l'Oti
136
106
124
132
126
136
140
124
172
132
100
126
i4o
96
l4o
126
96
l46
112
1.32
io4
io4
116
120
100
66
172
64
95
112
104
:66
109
l44
101
97
101
101
92
92
76
64
96
100
100
92
76

224
162
156
170
164
142
127
196
i4o
156
192
164
160
154
176
126

I I Age Group Female (Cont1d)
1*96
501
50h
505
506
507
506
509
511
516
566
574
576
560
562
609
622
630
639
641
642
696
697
699
701
702
711
727
730
676
903
905
906
909
914
916
923
924
925
930
931
93?
934
936

$
944
945
946
951

East Tawas

6/ 1/44
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
6/ 7 /4 4

6 /13/44

11/ 6/44

C a se v ille
Bay City
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

ti
it

Casevii^le
11
11
II
II
II
If
II

11/ 9/44
11
10/19/45
10/ 31/45
11
11
11
n

11
11
11
n

11/ 6/45
11
11
ii
11
11
11
11
11

_

_

234
245
216
197
221
233
205
22
23'
202
232
232
234
217
230
221
235
226
221
253
235
230
222
201
209
224
249
21?>
193
230
235
193
195
167
193
201
221
197
192
161

266
260
246
264
255
269
276
271
261
277
275
264
270
245
277
261
245
267
262
241
277
262
265
261
279
266
261
274
266
304
265
261
274
244
255
274
293
266
235
273
264
236
235
224
244
271
237
233
216

132
146
127
147
164
194
166
155
166
179
175
164
157
220
140
162
154
194
164
143
166
219
137
199
154
161
179
126
165
176
169
164
162
151

Source

Standard
len gth in
mm.

Date

T otal
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams,

II Age Group Female ( Cont1d )
952
953
954
966
967

C a sev ille
11
11
11
ti

11/ 6/45
»
«
"
11

221
227
229
204
1*5

270
271
275
246
222

100
100
104
104
76

146
13#
l€S3
159
122

260

116

190

313
317
26*

246
237
157
1*6
126
121
100
1*0
101
272
292
292
256
344
260
300
256
204
216
26*
2E2
240
260
24*
260
252
256
224
252
252
316
236
312
224
256
240
240

1**
193
201
175
166
152
137
222
147
222
16*
167
156
200
259
276
156
1*0
167
16*
200
1**
172
196
17*
150
270
211
206
175
193
153
153
136
204
1*9
162

[I Age Group ( Sex not determined)
733

East Tawas

11/ 9/44

215

III Age Group Male
46
47
55
ill
146
151
154
160
169
176
177
1*7
193
204
210
220
225
252
275
2*9
306
307
311
316
320
322
333
337
339
341
342
344
352
353
362
371
373

Bayport

5/ 12A 3
II
II

East Tawas

5/ 26/43
6/ 29/43
It
II
II
II

Bayport

10/ 4/43
It

10/ 6/43
II

10/ 11/43
II

10/ 14/43
i o / i */43
10/ 20/43
10/ 21/43
10/ 25/43
10/ 26/43
10/ 27/43
n

11
it
it
n

11
n

11
11
it

11
11

10/2*/43
11/ 1/43
II

264
266
227
249
231
216
205
245
202
254
266
275
25*
2**
252
2*6
253
246
25*
265
257
263
266
267
26*
262
275
253
25*
266
2*5
263
292
260
2*0
252
260

-

279
262
243
291
239
312
326
332
311
356
312
336
309
310
312
32*
310
316
325
325
32*
319
333
312
317
323
343
317
344
309
331
312
316

Source

Standard
length in
mm.

Date

Total
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams.
x32

I l l Age Group Male (Cont’ d)
11
11
n
11
11
it

11
n
11
11
11
11
East Tawaa
11
n
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
ti

11
ii

11
C a sev ille
11
11
11
11
Bay City
11
C a sev ille

11/ 2/43
II
II
II
II
11/ 3 /u3
11/3 /4 3
11
11/10/43
11
H / l l /4 3
11/16/43
11/17/43
6/ 1/44
11
ti
11
11
6/ 7 /4 4
n
11
11
11
11
6/13/44
11
11
11
11
11/ 6/44
11
11
11
11/ 9 /4 4
12/ 4 /44
11
11
10/19/45
11
10/31/45
11
11/ 6/43

250
275
267
263
260
261
259
254
263
269
263
261
267
—
_
_

229
264
243
240
234
239
237
225
237
237
222
255
272
215
224
256
234
264
275
266
253
227
224
237

296 ‘
334
323
320
317
309
316
309
322
325
311
320
325
279
261
276
265
261
274
312
235
234
233
291
234
269
235
235
263
302
327
257
269
303
322
305
317
317
312
274
269
290

133
272
256
232
220
243
236
223
243
244
240
236
256
124
103
120
116
116
132
220
143
172
143

295
234
270

173
140
145

i4o
l4o

123
152
144
124
134
240
92
104
196
236
134
192
134
216
125
100
124

201
134
207
139
171
132
131
175
197
191
133
193
216
191
lU2
2l4
17&
164
173
191
l3o
203
157
165
132
141
193
130
150
134
167
I 63
147
211
232
166
176
209
l3o
154
154
199

I I I Age Group Female
East Tawas

6/29/43
n
11

247
242
223

136
151

No.

Source

Data

Standard
len gth in
mm.

Total
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

III Age Group Female ( Cont< d )
E ast Tawas

202
35
$2

6/ 2 9 /4 3

260

305

It

205

250

It

19$

240

254

306

244

234

333

316

267

330

II

26$

325

II

27$

334

300
312
300

273
245

332

316

262

31$

II

276

331

324

II

276

330

332
351

II

233

339

153
156

157
196

Bayport

10 / 1 1 /4 3
II

209

10 / 1 3 /4 3

229

232
234
295

10 / 2 6 /4 3
II

301
30 $
323

10 / 2 7 /4 3

II

11 /

372

379

1 /4 3

257
262

II

251

3$o

II

3**3
327

II

2 /4 3
1 1 / 4 /4 3
11 / 3 /4 3
11 / 1 0 /4 3
11 / 1 1 /4 3

1 1 /

410
416
443
462

495
497
493

Tawas
11

6 /

500
503
510
521
522
524

525

553
559
560

562
563
564

565
567

r*7n

6 /

303

306
317

252
262

306
306
320
306
315

262

315

255
261

1$ $
256

2$$
2450
300
252
272
223
240

272

22$
260

267
272

327

196
256
276

-

267

12 $

11
11

2$ $

14$

2$9

144

it

270

11
11
11
11
11
11

2$1

116
136

1 /4 4

7 /4 4
ti
it

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
6 /1 3 /4 4
11

326

279
272

140

—

295

12$
116
12$
160

23$

334

232

2$9

144

260
2$0

255
213

232
234

230
235
256

254
276
277
275
275

10$
132
143
140

120

299

160

243

2$3

144

24$

130

220

289
26$

229

2$3

124

231
246

277

136

11

235
241

11

23 $

299
« j /
2$6
2$7
290

116
164
124

132

156

VII
Catalog
No.

Source

Date

Standard
length in
mm.

Total
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

Scale
radius
*32.

123
143
143
152
1&0
140
124
143
160
123
136
216
l3o
116
104
124
132
116
133
204
192
196
144
123
123
104
216
252
260
200
212
203
133
200
200
200
133
160
163
203
163
220
224
101
113
143
100
l4o
124
112
120

193
173
234
129
161
213
152
203
194
l4^
I54
277
166
191
136
151
133
130
223
160
262
230
130
163
139
176
130
152
205
133
136
191
165
210
246
236
166
220
212
134
133
174
195
152
174
163
194
200
133
176
190

I I I Age Group Female (Cont* d)
616
617
619
621
623
624
626
627
629
636
633
634
693
693
703
704
706
709
712
714
719
720
723
724
725
723
734
737
790
791
792
794
796
372
375
376
330
m
335
336
337
395
397
915
919
955
940
941
957
960
961

East Tawas
11
11
11
11
TI
11
M
11
11
11
11
It
11
U
n
it
11
11
11
11
ti
11
11
11
11
C a sev ille
11
11
11
ii
ti
11
it
H
11
11
n
n
u
11
11
11
Bay City
II
C a seville
H
n
11
ti
ti

6/13/44
It
11
If
11
It
11
11
11
II
11
1 1 / 6/44
11
11
II
It
II
11
11/ 9/44
it
11
11
11
n
11
ti
12/ li/44
11
ti
n
11
11
11
10/19/45
11
11
11
ti
11
n
11
11
11
10/31/45
n
11/ 6/45
11
11
n
11
n

232
241
233
230
234
252
227
234
233
230
235
260
253
237
225
223
235
230
274
271
253
250
237
227
232
224
270
271
233
266
274
264
270
266
266
257
255
260
247
263
255
247
264
221
234
260
234
249
244
241
235

276
293
233
279
230
302
274
230
232
279
234
317
310
236
266
279
273
232
321
326
307
303
239
273
273
269
317
317
323
311
322
313
312
320
315
306
303
311
293
316
302
301
319
271
234
307
232
304
293
290
232

A

No

Source

Date

Standard
length in
mm.

Total
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

III Age Group Female ( Conti d)
962
965

C a sev ille
11

11/ 6/45
II

217
233

266
233

72
120

345
333
331
333
307
315
3^1
326
362
320
313

310
275
272
236
250
223
297
262
353
262
250
262
222
126
142
142
230
424
343
403
256
376
360
234
300
244
333
320
264
240
292
352
232
272
234
234
260
220
224
263
243
232
244
2b4
264
236

IV Age Group Male
5 / 6/43

29
36
39
ill
42
f3
49
51
56
93
93
102
110
142
147
152
173
135
197
211
217
219
221
223
230
231
240
245
254
253
260
265
273
233
292
300
304
305
309
325
326
329

it
it

11
11
11

Bayport
n
u
11
11

5 /1 2 /4 3
11
11

5 /2 5 /4 3
5 /2 6 /4 3
ti
ti

6/29/43
II
II

Bayport
11
ti

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
it

11
n

11
11
11
11
11
11

10/ 4/43
10/ 6/43
10/ 11/43
10/ 14/43
II
II
II

10/ 13/43
II
II

10/ 19/^3
II

10/ 20/43
10/ 20/43
(I

10/ 21/43
10/ 25/43
It

10/ 26/43

n

II

11
11

11

ti

II

10/ 27/43

tt

tl

ti

ti

n

II

11
11
11

II

n

It

II
II

233
232
275
233
257
265
237
272
309
273
269
235
261
230
227
232
263
294
270
239
262
290
239
275
265
259
295
279
262
267
266
292
257
269
231
260
273
254
265
223
265
260
262
272
277
270

-

309
275
270
233
323
353
323
354
323
347
351
332
321
315
357
339
322
320
330
354
313
329
336
320
329
314
321
273
320
317
322
32s
335
317

Catalog
No.

Source

Standard
length in
mm.

Date
IV

356
357
363
3$6
395
399
406
420
42$

432
436
43$
441
445
446
44$

B ayport
n
it
n

11
it

11
n
it
n

11
11 / 3 / 4 3
11 / 6 /4 3
11 / 9 /4 3
ti

11
11
ti

11
11
11 / 10 / 1*3
11

11

ti
ti
n

n

11
1111
11

1176

ti

47$
4$0
4$2
4$5
513
573
575
577
637
6$7

11
11
11

$96

11
1 0 /2 6 /4 3
1 1 / 2 /4 3
tt

453
45$
460
474

$00
$92

1 0 /2 7 /4 3

11

ti

11 / 1 1 /4 3
ti

11 / 1 6 /4 3
11
n

1 1 /1 7 /4 3
B a st T aw as
6/ 1 / 4 4
11
6/ 7 / 4 4
11
n
ti
11
it
C a s e v ille
n
n

6 /1
11 /
12 /
1 0 /1

271

272
263
24$

274
267
271

270
270
26 $
266
263
273
277
273
269
26$

266

1 1 /1 5 /4 3
n

3 /4 4
6 /4 4
4 /4 4
9 /4 5

11

Weight
Grams.

Scale
radius
x32

24$
26$
216
20$

231
229

292

1$4

256
256
296

1$6

Age G r o u p M a l e ( C o n t ’ d )

263

ti

11

T otal
len gth in
mm.

273
273
259

266
2$ $
256
-

246
246
227

226
262

2$1
261
261

320
322
307
305
332

326
31$
32$
329

322
320
319
333
336
336
315
324
315

310
325
330
312

324
343
319
281
293
2$9

2$0
276
315
330
315

260

24$
240
244
260
260
252
236
240
220
240
236
2$4
224
24d
344
224
144
14$
160
14$
132

220
224
16 $

316

l$4

317
303

266
249
2$2
290
270
234
113
159
161
304
304
24$
420

175*
14$

223
174
201
202
154
1$5
160
1$2
150

l4o
131

l$3
225

169
25 $
196

194
200

196
200
169
212
163

1$$
152
162
240
199

I V A g e G r o u p F e m a le

4$
53
73
$0
92

95
144
3.119

15$
179
1$1
1$6
201

B ayport

11
n
u

11
n
B a st T aw as

11
11
B ayport

11
11
11

5 /1 2 /4 3

263

5 /2 5 /4 3

259
273

11

11
11

5 /2 6 /4 3
6 /2 9 /4 3
ti

11

10/ 4 / 4 3
11

10/ 6 / 1 * 5
1 0 /1 1 /4 3

276
2J6
261
227
242
240
2$3

272
267

300

320
332
325

316

26$
2$9
2$7
341
327
325
359

175
1$4
216
165
207

143
122
167
161

1$0
222
207
211

No.

Source

IV
213
216
224
227
235
237
246
250
253
259
290
303
317
316
319
321
331
336
336
343
347
359
370
375
377
361
362
390
393
4oi
406
409
419
422
423
430
433
434
U44
450
457
459
473
502
512
515
516
517

Bayport

Standard
length in
mm.

Date

Age

Weight
Grams

Group Female ( Cont* d )

10 / 14/43

II
10 / 16/43
II
II
10/ 19/43
II
10 / 20/43
11
II
10 / 26/43
(1
10/ 27/43
II
II
II
II
II
II
It
It
II
11 / 1 /4 3
II
It
II
II
11/ 2/43
II
It
11 / 3/^3
n
11/ 3/43
11 / 9/u3
11
ti
11
11
11 / 10/43
11
11 / 11/43
11

11/15/^3
6/ 1/44
11
n
n
it
6/ 7/44
11

T otal
len gth in
mm.

294
276
294
270

267
290
275
260
263
296
260
236
263

260
272
266

257
252
259
326
254
261
266
256
264
267
270

239
272

256
276

303
264
276
270
274
255
261
265

297
271
294
274
—
—

247
241

357
336
354
333
320
3^9
340
343
320

355
339
266
321
313
330
327
314
304
317
372
307
331
325
310
320

323
324
293
306
324
330
359
521
336
327
333
316
320

325
359
317
342
326
264
269
271
276

269
292
294

432
304
406
326
276
332
326
366
276
364
360
144
276
240
276
296
260
216
252
252
244
300
300
246
266

264

264
220
236
256
266
432
272
304
266
266
260
266
264
356
260
366
324
140
164
152
144
136
152
172

No,

Source

Date

Standard
length in
mm.

Total
length in
mm.

Weight
Grams
x32

IV Age Group Female (Cont’ d)
5^5
6i3
620
625
635
690
695
715
716
722
726
736
733
795
797
£02
375
332
333
390
393
399
900
901
9^7
959

East Tawas

Case V ilie

6/ 7 /44
6/ 13/44
»
"
11/ 6/44
«
"
11/ 9/44
«
«
»
12/ 4 /44
«
11
||
||
10/19/45
11
II
I'
11
"
11
11
11/ 6/45
11

231
226
233
227
251
271
230
236
265
241
240
275
233
291
255
267
264
245
235
262
242
274
253
244
256
262

279
263
290
276
300
316
273
235
321
291
290
320
332
340
299
315
316
303
231
314
299
333
305
302
313
320

156
136
140
132
204
240
144
134
204
156
144
232
256
230
134
204
220
163
120
133
152
232
240
143
112
164

175
170
136
211
134
169
193
170
130
166
206
133
223
210
175
151
211
240
190
132
202
191
209
202
229
219

320
342
323
329
322
322
305
324
321
33^
351
323
305
303
356
329
323
350
319
362
37 2

254
326
252
253
247
254
213
295
276
236
373
290
222
230
314
269
274
352
242
434
230

133
132
2j 4
259
222
162
193
255
174
214
203
202
225
204
175
213
246
237
191
219
233

V Age Group Male
1
30

Linwood
it
ti

45
50
54
57
56
36
29
91
94
97
101
105

Bayport
it

11
it

11
it

11
11
11
n
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

11/ 1/42
11
■'
5 /1 2 /4 3
11
11
"
ii
5 /2 5 /4 3
n
'I
5/ 26/43
11
11
ii

"
n
10/ 4 /43
10/ 6/43
10/ 11/43
11

275
233
267
277
271
271
253
233
272
237
301
272
262
255
23H
273
272
236
264
299
302

Catalog
No.

Source

Date

Standard
length in
mm.

T otal
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams

Scale
radius
*52

552
272
300
236
260
300
230
264
304
220
260
256
230
256
264
233
320
26$
296
296
263
240
264
263
232
232
223
304
260
2b3
276
216

V Age Group Male (Cont» d)

213
226
247
261
262

264
263
230
236
294
297
312
327
364
365
366
367
373
3^5
392
394
4 l4
421
427
437
449
H5 2
454
463
472
431
713
301
377
331
339

Bayport
11
11
11
11

ti

11
11

n
n

11
11

it

11
11

n

11
11
11

it

11
11

it
ti
n
it
it
n

10/14/43
10/13/43
10/19/43
10/20/^3
11
10/21/43
10/21/43
10/25/43
10/25/H3
10/26/43
11
10/27/43
11
10/23/43
ti
11

11/ 1/43
11

11/ 2/43
11
11

11/ 4/43
11/ 3 /4 3
11 / 9/43
11
11 / 10/43

n

11
11 / 11/43

11
11
11/15/43
11
11 / 16/43
East Tawas 11/ 9/u4
C a sev ille 12/ 4/44

ti

11
11

10/19/45
11
11

233
263

270

254
261

273
271
275
275
249
277
273
274
271
274
235
232
270
236
231
269
263
263
260
260
263
265
235
271
275
231
256
276
275
253
274

332

233
130
244

235
222
190
134
217
210
230
200
254
17*
210
221
206
253
176
203
17H
132
139
169
163
192
17*
260
134
237
211
239
130
171
193
241
196
202
225
l3 o

340
327
299

3^7
232
196
263
244
209
315
273
302
393
257

210
142
164
135
191
190
236
i3o
226
223
220

3*1

325

330
303

313
334
329
337

335

301

335
323
337
313
326

330
345
332
342
340
327
313
325
315
315
316
321

346
326
326

33^

310
320
320
327

V Age Group Female
3
23
33
37
4o
32
33
34
37
33
96

Linwood

Bayport

1 1 / 1/42
5 / 6/43

5/25/^ 3

5/26/43

295
274
252
263
266
260
233
274
239
312
253

31J
314
306
327
317
336
361
312

m i
Catalog
No.

Source

Date

Standard
len gth in
mm.

Total
length in
mm.

Weight
Grams

Scale
radius
*32

227
136
336
343
343
233
334
303
344
223

204
133
240

300
320

155
256
263
222

V Age Group Female (Cont’ d)

99
172
175

166

Bayport

1s t Tawas
Bayport

214

n
10/19/43
n
10/ 20/43
it

223
236
243
249
251
256

11
11
10 / 21/43
10 / 25 /4 3

257
263
267
291
293
270

it

10 / 26/43
11
11
10 / 27 /4 3

293
310
315
3 U0

ti

11
11

346

n

360

11 / 2 /4 3
11
11 / 3/43
11
11 / 3/43
11 / 9/43
11
11 / 1 0 /4 3
11 / 11/43

397
402
4o4
1405

it
11
it

11 / 15/43

East Tawas

692
721

735
333
391
393

II

10 / 11/43
10 / 14/43
11

200
212

417
426
429
455
464
467
469
470
475
536
636
69;

5 / 26 A3
6 / 29/43
10/ 4 /4 3

C a sev ille

6/ 7/u4
11/ 6/44
II
II
11/ 9/44
12/ 4/44
10/19/45
11
11

249
231
279
277
275
292
271

296
310

232
232
279
264

34o
339
342

254

290
251

269

234

306
263
276

235
272
269

237
273
290
263

260

275
293
255
250
267

279
272
292

239
264
270

243
295
267
232
264
290
231
263
264

340
335
332
335
357
325
356
302

313

325
340
363
321

343
335
323
346
337
3%
329
315
324
339
303
306
326

334
324
355
345
320
327
292
352
321
335
320
34o
342
317
319

304
243
233
324
443
233
20
76
276
263
330
276
376
264
263
276
323
260
223
263
276
230
424
34o
244
212
164
323
243
236
224
312
200
236

244

232
197
253

203
244
204

250

133
139
214
223
292
233
232

214
136
132
232
196
191
262
202
177
227
223
204
136

241
163

172
139

135
276
223
240
203
171
210

136
254

i

Catalog
No.

Source

Date

Standard
len gth in
mm.

Yfeight
Grams

Scale
radius
x32

303
290

207
194

160
135

325
312
343
305
312
333
367
343
343
346
371
350
343
305
33?
324
354
353
333
340
345
331
324
326

232
226
321
256
233
320
4o4
330
43o
412
323
243
363
233
376
352
276
300
296
304
263
220

136
216
192
243
224
243
279
266
253
267
230
233
263
200
217
226
247
214
205
219
244
135
202
226

320
332
335
322
341
367
365
332
351
343
360
335
359
3^9
350
341

271
273
299
313
293
520
423
263
392
330
443
276
423
572
376
336

206
163
203
152
200
232
133
l4o
215
210
216
220
263
272
212
253

Total
length in
mm.

7 Age Group (Sex not determined)
103
107

Bayport
11

5/26 /4 3
11

254
251

71 Age Group Male
&
35
90
io4
i3o
191
195
215
233

236
242
243
263
272
279
231
296
363
413
424
451
479
7$3

Linwood
11
Bayport
it

11
11
11
11
11
n

11
11
11
ti

n

11
11
ti

11
11
11
n
n

C a sev ille

1 1 /1 /4 2
5 / 6/43
5/25 /4 3
11
5 /2 6 /4 3
10/ 4/43
10/ 6/43
10/ 11/43
10/ 14/43
10/ 13/43
10/ 19/43
II
10/ 20/43
II
10/ 21/43
10/ 25/43
II
10/ 26/43
11/ 1/43
11/ 4/43
11/ 9/43
11/ 10/43
11/ 16/43
12/ 4/44

270
260
237
269
261
279
305
234
237
236
316
291
239
250
275
266
294
239
272
273
234
230
269
231

I 96

71 Age Group Female
2
34
35
52
103
139
199
241
255
266
274
276
232
234
3^5
354

Linwood
it

11
Bayport
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
it

11

11/ 1/42
5 / 6/43
it

5 /1 2 /4 3
5/26 /4 3
10/ 6/43
10/ 11/43
10/ 19/43
10/ 20/43
10/ 21/43
II
10/ 25/43

ti

n

11

10/ 27/43

270
233
232
272
232
304
302
273
290
233
301
274
293
323
233
294

XV
Catalog
No.

Source

Date

Standard
length in
mm.

T otal
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

Scale
radius
x32

316
315
322
376
316
353
321
335

264
264
256
276
506
256
372
252
266

190
263
172
163
226
233

356
355
374
397
327

1-02
420
564
264

254
204
247
190
226

355
330
376
364
352
390
359
3^1

350
271
520
536
364
536
366
296

253
239
271
274
250
254
232
231

3*$5
395

500
512

255
233

VI Age Group Female (Cont’ d)
369
415
463
465
466
471
466
717
679

Bayport
11

it

11/ 1/43
11/ 4/43
11/11/43

"
••
••
East Tawas
C a sev ille

11/11/43
11/15/43
11/17/4?
11/ 9 /4 4
10/19/45

275
267
256
264
2t
293
265
262

2^2
236

VII Age Group Male
51
61
244
273
277

Linwood
Bayport

5 / 6/43
5 / 25/43
10/19/43
10/21/43
10/25/43

294
300
305
326
267

VII Age Group Female
32
100
173
239
269
265
412
456

Linwood
Bayport

5 / 6/43
5/ 26/43
10/ 4/43
10/19/43
10/ 21/43
10/ 25/43
11/ 4/43
11/ 11/43

294
276
309
319
292
320
295
290

VIII Age Group Male
267
271

Bayport
11

10/21/43
11

322
324

VIII Age Group Female
59
162
163
439
440

Bayport
11

it

11
n

5 /1 2 /4 3
10/ 4 /43
II
H /lO /43
11

263
301
320
299
266

336
366
3^9
362
325

28
566
396
296

209
327
300
230
246

i

APPENDIX II
ORIGINAL CATALOG DATA OF THE GREEN BAY LAKE HERRING
II Age Group Male
No.
595
1262
1263
1267
1310

Source
Escanaba
"
'•
11
n

Data
6/ 9/44
2/ 22/50
2/ 22/50
11
11

Standard
length in
mm.
221
206
209
210
202

T otal
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

26$
254
253
255
246

136
125
12^
122
100

II Age Group Female
606
609
611
619
£56
664
666
667
1136
1239
1243
1269
1273

Escanaba
11
"
11
''
11
11
11
"
11
11
11
II

1 / 3/45
I'
"
11
1/ 22/45
11
'I
11
2/ 13/50
2/ 22/50
11
11
II

234
237
230
224
220
220
229
195
196
216
194
1 33
209

263
277
274
260
260
272
22$
235
259
235
229
250

II Age Group (Sex not determined)
530
532
533
536
537
539
542
543
547
550
554
556
592
594
644

Escanaba
11
11
11
n
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
.1
11
ii
11
11
n

6/3 /4 4
»
11
11
'I
11
11
11
11
I'
"
11
6/ 9/44
11
6/1 4 /4 4
«
11
.«

227
211
230
224
233
223
256
239
239
216
220
232
219
234
230
226
224
223

266
253
262
266
261
270
306
265
266
259
264
276
263
261
277
271
270
270

12$
176
152
136
100
112
112
66
96
112
112
64
103

XI
Catalog
No.

Source

Date

Standard
len gth in
mm.

T otal
length in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

Scale
radii
x32

235
2$4
266
305
266
247
256
269
260
26$
251
299
265
252
250
269
255
225
250
252
272
240
263
252
250
24$
251
263
260
257
267
265
241
251

1$4
1$$
1$$
120
96
144
100
200
96
$2
114
134
122
136
112
146
120
104
10$
140
10$
72
112
103
141
92
132
115
109
10$
10$
130
117
116
124
139
96
120

210
169
169
204
154
174
154
1$$
155
146
14$
132
130
12$
176
220
139
14$
152
154
170
155
134
156
166
160
147
164
160
1$4
142
157
201
155
150
125
114
14$

311
276
290
2$7
274
307
2$$
296
-

220
160
172
192
124
17 2
164
1$$
116

1$6
202
141
1$2
1$$
22$
176
192
210

II I Age Group Male
754
764
776
$0$
$53
$5$
659
$61
$69
105$
1060
1115
1117
112$
1131
1142
1155
1165
1176
1179
11$6
11$7
1192
1193
1195
1197
1199
1212
1215
1221
1227
1237
1249
1270
1275
12$2
1296
1300

Escanaba
11
11
11
n
11
11
ti
11

11

12/ 2/44
11
11
1/ 3/ ^
1/ 22/45
n
11
11
it

1/ 25/50

11

II

ti

II

11

2/ 13/50

11
n
11
11
ti

n
11
n

11
it
11

n
n
11
ti
11

11

i i -.

11

11

ti

n

11

11

11

n

11

it

11

11

11

2/ 22/50

11

11

11

ti

11
11

ti
11

11

!!>-,

ti

II

11

II

11

II

11

II

259
254
254
224
201
240
225
265
225
207
219
223
223
225
207
252
219
20$
205
225
20$
1$$
20$
209
226
201
219
210
210
204
209
216
21$
212
224
220
200
20$

300
301
294
-

I l l Age Group Female
755
757
753
767
$05
^07
$10
$12
$14

Escanttba
ii
11
'•
«
«
11
11
11

12/ 2/44
ii
"
11
4/ 3/45
"
11
"
11

26b
234
250
24$
230
255
242
245
201

No.

Source

Date

Standard
length in
mm.

T otal
length in
mm.

Weigh
Grams

II I Age Group Female (Cont» d)
315
317
320
345
346
343
354
655
357
360
362
363
363
370
671
1052
1066
1074
1031
1034
1097
1113
1127
1130
1133
1145
1157
I I 63
1164
1169
1173
1174
1133
1139
1194
1196
1202

1210
1211
1213
1213
1220
1224
1225
1229
1232
1233
1234
to n

Escanaba
tt

1 / 3/45

tt

n
1/22/45

it

11
11
11
11
11
11
11

it

11
n
1 /2 5 /5 0
n
11
11
11
11
11
2/13/50

ti
11
ti

n
11
11
11
11
11

ti

n
11
n
llll

II
II
II
2/ 22/50
II
II
II
II
II
It
II
II

223
227
225
234
243
236
236
226
240
234
207
243
237
203
215
231
235
240
210
214
216
223
214
223
214
219
225
210
212
217
215
203
212
217
199
223
205
219
219
200
216
210
244
215
209
225
224
211
216

273
271
-

274
235
275
277
265
231
275
245
236
277
245
256
271
275
232
257
253
260
266
254
267
253
262
271
251
256
264
260
255
255
263
239
265
243
264
262
241
260
251
290
260
250
269
263
253
265

123
144
160
124
136
152
140
103
124
123
33
123
132
103
96
142
154
161
115
103
}22
129
99
129
100
132
140
100
116
116
113
120
114
124
92
120
94
116
119
101
133
112
170
136
120
143
139
121
135

172
171
169
162
172
152
193
130
146
133
156
232
210
143
136
172
126
167
117
137
130
156
145
141
149
143
197
152
171
155
143
190
164
135
170
133
170
116
156
139
143
140
130
146
131
152
152
146
129

I
XIX
Catalog
No.

Source

Date

Standard
length in
mm.

T otal
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grama.

Scale
radius
xj>2

I l l Age Group Female (Cont'd)
1242
1246
1247
1255
1256
1259
1260
1265
1274
1284
1290
1291
1294
1304

Facanaba
11
11
11
ti
11
11
11
ti
it
n
11
11
111

2/22/50
11
11
11
11
11
ti
11
11
11
ti
it
n
11

218
220
216
185
204
221
210
194
216
225
197
207
212
216

263
267
262
227
253
263
251
237
260
272
238
251
256
258

120
141
136
88
97
126
124
66
141
144
83
117
127
129

180
174
139
200
126
164
154
142
155
210
144
147
166
190

-

167
220
176
165
176
152
195
153
204
156

I I I Age Grbup (Sex not determined)
526
527
528
529
531
534
533
540
544
545
546
551
553
555
589
590
591
599
600
601
604
606
607
645
647
648
650
652
653
654
857
658
659
661

Fscanaba

6/ 3/44
11
11

ti

11
11

n
11

n
it
n

11
11

ti

6/ 9/44
11
11
11

ti
11
ti
ti

11
6/14/44
11

it

11
11
11

n
11
it
n
11

215
241
224
254
235
227
258
233
236
220
259
247
240
217
242
272
242
259
232
242
242
237
240
234
213
226
230
246
226
239
237
227
239
224

260
293
271
306
281
277
312
276
285
263
309
296
295
257
291
326
290
313
275
292
292
266
292
260
261
282
280
296
276
293
288
273
285
276

-

166
200
216
124

156
197
150
152
178
153
196
164
156
190
167
234
179
169
166
216
210
164
172
154

J

Source

Standard
length in
mm.

Date

Total
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams

*32

IV Age Group Male
"Escanaba
11

it
11

ti
11

12/ 2/44
11
11
11
11
11

11
11
11
11
11
11

it
11

n
11

11
it
it

11

1/22/45
11
1/25/50
11
11
11
11
11
ti
11
11
11

ti

ti

11
11

11
11

11
11
11
11
11

ti
11
11
11

n
ti
11

ti
it
ti
it

2/13/50
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
it

11
11
11

n
it
11

n
ti
it
11
11
11

2/ 22/50
11
ti
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

249
260
265
261
272
264
263
236
194
267
224
227
214
242
237
216
224
220
231
222
236
227
215
225
223
223
214
212
224
223
213
213
226
233
217
235
221
222
226
225
225
222
226
222
227
229
226
219
216
223
232

295
310
312
305
323
304
273
225
312
272
271
255
237
279
253
265
267
277
267
230
270
255
271
263
272
252
253
270
271
260
251
270
230
263
230
266
267
269
270
266
266
271
265
275
272
272
265
261
270
277

130
220
224
204
232
203
236
163
33
203
120
153
123
172
156
131
130
130
146
138
151
142
108
142
146
146
104
116
152
150
126
108
140
152
136
168
152
144
142
150
136
125
152
136
144
148
136
129
132
140
154

143
234
166
210
180
214
136
204
152
213
175
139
179
193
166
164
210

173
132
161
150
157

163
156
142
139
132

165
194
134
176
156

166
153
164
159
152
170
194
204
193
153
174
135
137

No.

Source

Standard
length in
mm.

Date

T otal
length
mm.

Weight
Grams.

IV Age Group Male ( Cont* d)
12 {$0

1236
1233
1292
1295
1299
1301
130b

Escanaba
it

2/ 22/50
n

11

11

ti

11

11

n
n
n

n

11

11
11

227
222
231
224
213
222
227
223

271
267
272
263
257
267
270
263

142
125
152
146
124
119
136
142

304
322
304
319
307
232
333
296

236
224
224
220
204
130
244
172
140
144
124
164
152
120
164
146
162
143
153
160
171
130
164
132
132
140
125
153
110
144
162
106
106
163
136
136
133
106
156

IV Age Group Female
752
759
760
762
766
775
732
304
313
3}6
3l3
347
350
351
1040
10W
1047
1049
1050
1053
1056
1059
IO63
1070
1075
1073
1030
1032
1095
1096
1102
1113
1126
1155
1137
1133
1144
1146
1147

Escanaba

12/ 2/44

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

it
11

1/ 3/^5
n

ti

11

it
11
11

n
1/22/45
n

11

11

ti

1/25/50

11

11

it

n

ti

11

ti

11

11

11

ti

11

11

it

it

11

ti

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11
11
11

n
n
2/ 13/50

it

11

ti

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

n

11

11

253
279
261
274
260
239
239
251
225
231
232
243
252
235
255
234
246
229
237
242
243
222
246
224
230
227
216
233
211
230
237
205
251
215
223
227
246
199
233

-

276
-

235
294
270
230
230
290
270
276
230
236
264
236
271
276
272
261
276
252
274
232
240
299
253
270
272
293
240
275

xm
Catalog
No.

Source

Date

Standard
len gth in
mm.

T otal
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

Scale
radius
132

279
271
264
235
267
272
271
270
275
275
272
232
269
260
270
272
261
266
277
257
261
259
265
300
265
271
275
231
255
265
275
267
235
292
274
263
230
269
273
269

151
136
130
164
144
136
140
133
156
144
144
159
145
136
143
146
146
136
152
132
134
116
152
201
140
133
146
160
123
137
150
143
160
201
153
136
3.52
1W
159
132

132
176
135
171
174
133
192
130
132
151
153
139
160
176
132
123
174
171
196
166
157
176
147
154
177
150
165
199
175
135
193
205
192
166
201
174
172
162
202
146

—
—
—

191
l3o
139
174
219
211
223
173
169
216

IT Age Group Female (Cont* d)
1143
1152
1153
1154
1153
1161
1162
1166
1167
1175
1177
1173
1133
1135
1201
1204
1207
1203
1214
1216
1223
1226
1230
1235
1245
1243
1252
1253
1256
1261
1266
1273
1276
1279
1235
1239
1297
1293
1302
1307

■Escanaba
11
it
11
ti
n
11
11
n
11
11
it
it
11
it
11
11
11
11
11
ti
11
n
ti
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
it
ti
11
ti
11
11
11
11
11

2/13/50
11
ti
11
tt
11
11
n
11
11
11
11
11
n
11
11
11
11
11
2/ 22/50
11
11
11
ti
11
11
it
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

233
223
223
240
222
226
225
222
231
223
227
236
227
217
223
230
221
224
233
213
213
220
221
255
220
223
230
232
213
221
227
222
239
243
223
227
236
223
232
223

IV Age Group (Sex not determined)
535
543
549
"552
596
602
603
605
651
660

Escanaba
it
11
n
11
11
it
it
n
11

6/ 3/44
11
11
11
6/ 9 /44
11
n
ti
6/14/44
11

261
221
233
213
265
231
277
253
241
223

317
269
233
262
317
333
334
303
239
273

XXIII
Catalog
No.

Source

Standard
length in
mm.

Date

T otal
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

Scale
radius
i 32

V Age Group Male
7$o
1051
1065
1067
1069
1071
1072
1073
1100
1105
1106
110$
1109
1110
1140
i i4 3
1149
1160
n$i
1190
1205
1236
1250
1254
126$
12$1
1293
1311

Escanaba
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
ti
11
11
it
11
11
ti
11
ti
n
ti
n
11
11
ti
it
11

12/ 2/44
1/25 /5 0
ti
ti
11
11
11
11
11
it
11
11
11
11
2/13/50
it
11
11
ti
11
11
2/ 22/50
11
11
11
11
11
11

25$
216
235
225
22$
225
233
214
245
235
241
225
220
243
22$
22$
215
220
235
241
245
225
225
235
240
225
239
224

300
256
279
270
273
270
274
253
2$9
2$0
2$4
266
261
290
272
270
261
262
2$3
2$6
2$6
270
271
2$1
2$6
275
290
26$

204
124
14$
133
144
145
144
124
166
142
160
130
129
1$2
151
153
132
135
1$4
157
1$0
150
152
14$
177
152
1$0
140

24 l
192
254
1$6
200
l$$
171
153
16$
142
173
1$2
151
207
16$
1$1
• 174
167
192
1$$
1$0
14$
200
190
200
1$$
22$
16$

324
327
309
311
319
340
290

26$
240
212
260
220
276
164
160

222
22$
220
20$
1$3
224
224
16$
201
220
192
196
20$
196
210
191

V Age Group Female
756
7bi
763
770
777
$49
1041
1046
104$
1055
1057
1061
1062
106$
1076
10$3
1090
1092
1093
1094

■Escanaba
n

12/ 2/44
11

11

ti

n

n

11
11
11

11
1 /2 2 /4 5
1 /25/50

ti
11
ti
11
11
11
11

it

it

11
11
11

27$
2S2

263
264
271
290
244
235
256
236
245
212

11
11

it

11
11
11
11

11

n

11

n

11

it

233
227
242
256
229
225
222
231

2$1

304
2$3
290
255
274
270
2$9
299
275
270
269
272

196
150
175
101

15$
14$
l$5
200

150
162
133
132

156
1$6
20$
149

XXIV
Catalog
No.

Source

Date

Standard
len g th in
mm.

T o ta l
le n g th in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

Scale
radiu
x32

133
128
152
146
132
121
120
176
169
149
156
167
148
156
168
139
160
158
144
200

182
166
230
162
180
201
176
278
203
209
180
210
208
161
190
230
178
180
202
192

—

V Age Group Female ( Cont* d )
1098
1101
1121
1123
1124
1134
1139
1156
1159
ll b 8
1184
1200
1209
3.228
1263
1271
1272
1303
1308
1309

Escanaba
11
11
11
ti
ti
11
11
11
11
11
ti
11
11
11
it
11
11
it
11

1/ 25/50
11
2/ 13/50
11
11
n
it
it
11
11
11
11
11
2/ 22/50
11
11
11
n
n
11

223
225
236
231
228
221
220
238
242
235
234
230
230
229
231
222
233
230
227
257

267
268
277
273
272
268
262
288
287
275
282
276
273
275
280
271
281
275
272
30 6

V Age Group (Sex not determined)
541
593
597

Escanaba
11
11

6/ 3/44
6/ 9/44
it

268
293
303

—

188
210
183

305
297
316

200
292
216

240
236
220

265
273
235
243
237
233
237

313
303
313
277
286
285
276
285
284

220
203
216
141
160
160
183

205
270
192
186
152

240

285

219
242
247

VI Age1 Group Male
768
1042
1180

Escanaba
11
11

1 2 / 2/44
1/25/50
2 /1 3 /5 0

257
249
262

VI Age Group Female
753
769
774
1037
1033
1089
1120
1240
1267
1305

Escanaba

1 2 / 2/44
u
n
1/25/50
11
11
2/ 13/50
2/ 22/50
11
it

266

236

180

169
170

176
212
206
236
204

VI Age Group (S ex not determined)
596

Escanaba

6 / 9/*&

284

3^6

206

XXV
C atalog
No.

Source

Date

Standard
length in
mm.

T otal
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

290
314

172
240

Scale
radius

VII Age Group Female
10$6
1091

Escanaba
"

1/25 /5 0
"

244
265

2j4
1^2

XXVI
APPENDIX I I I
ORIGINAL CATALOG DATA OF THE TRAVERSE BAY LAKE HERRING
I I Age Group Male
Catalog
No.
973
979
933
934
937
994
1012
1023

Standard
len gth in
mm.

T otal
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

Scale
radius
132

9 /1 7 /4 6

160

215

65

136

ti

11

11

it

tt

tt

it

11
11
n
11

206
169
156
192
162
165
162

246
224
190
226
220
220
220

106
61
46
37
76
61
64

159
122
129
3.32
l44
176
134

Source
Grand Traverse
Bay

11
n
11

Date

II Age Group Female
93o
936
939

Grand Traverse
Bay
11
n

9/17 /4 6

I 65

224

90

162

II

190
192

225
227

91
91

IBS
1W

194

233

92

162

206
192
264
270
236
276
265

245
230
320
317
262
332
313

II

III Age Group Male
931

Grand Traverse
Bay

9 /1 7 /4 6

935
992
997
1002
1010
1011
1026

159
152
177
173
130
206
209

I I I Age Group Female
975
976
977
932
936
990
991
993
1001
1013
1014
1015
1016
1016
1019

Grand Traverse
Bay
11
11
11
n
n

9/17/46

196

236

io4

160

n

169
176
207

202
219
241
237
236
224
210
260
232
255
246
232
242
234

64
70
104
105
107
90
73
200
90
129
125
93
112
90

164
150
147
164
144
157
136
167
136
162
204
151
151
139

11
11
11
11

11
ti
11
11
11

it

n

11
11

11
11
11

11
11
ti

n

n

11

196
200
190
175
235
195
210

207
195
204
192

I

XXVII
Catalog
No.

Source

Standard
len gth In
nun.

Date

Total
len gth in
mm.

Weight
Grams.

Scale
radius
*32

I l l Age Group Female (Cont’ d)
1020
1021
1022
1030
1032
1033

Grand Traverse 9 /1 7 /4 6
Bay
11
11
11
11
n

192

232

93

143

195
1*0
233
233
256

240
220
232
234
303

103
32
190
219
237

154
134
133
200
174

IF Age Group Male
1009
1017
1031

Grand Traverse
Bay
11
«

9 /1 7 /4 6

256

309

232

209

11
«

202
273

236
327

102
305

134
212

IF Age Group Female
995

Grand Traverse
Bay

1004
1005
1006
1007
1003
1025
1029

9 /1 7 /4 6

242

295

206

230

11
ti
11
11
11
11
11

262
215
249
260
250
271
256

313
260
300
313
296
323
306

271
159
262
237
223
267
237

136
17*
167
212
210
232
233

26l

312

234

231

311

363

435

213

252

305

257

213

273
230
230
235
230

331
336
336
234
334

347
337
327
133

225
253
221
134
223

F Age Group Male
1024
1027

Grand Traverse
Bay
11

9 /1 7 /4 6
11

F Age Group Female
996
99*
999
1000
1003
1026

Grand Traverse
Bay

9 /1 7 /4 6

304

f

l