PERSONAL VALUES AS FACTORS IN ANTI-SEMITISM

By
R ich ard I . Evans

A THESIS
S u b m itted t o t h e School o f G raduate S tu d ie s of M ichigan
S t a t e C o lle g e o f A g r ic u ltu r e and A pplied S c ie n c e
i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e req u irem en ts
f o r t h e d eg ree o f
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
D epartm ent o f P sychology

1950

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The w r i t e r w ishes to th a n k D r. M ilto n Rokeach
f o r h is c r i t i c i s m and a d v ic e i n t h e w r itin g of t h i s
d i s s e r t a t i o n . The w r i t e r a ls o w ishes t o th a n k Dr.
S . Howard B a r tle y , Dr. M. Ray Denny, Dr. Donald M.
Jo h n so n , and Dr. H a rry Sundw all f o r t h e i r v a lu a b le
s u g g e s tio n s , and D r. D an iel J . L evinson o f H arvard
U n iv e r s ity f o r h i s k in d n e ss i n p e r m ittin g t h e u s e
o f t h e A n ti-S e m itism S c a le .

if * * * * if* *
******

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*

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................
G eneral P roblem ....................
C r i t e r i a o f V alues and P r e ju d ic e ............................

1
2
6

HYPOTHESES TO BE TESTED.........................................................................................

15

KSmODOLOGY....................................................................................................................

35

Sam ple*.....................................................................................................
P r o c e d u r e . . . . ...................................................
A n a ly s is o f D ata.........................................................

35
35
39

RESULTS....................

42

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS..............................................................................................

73

SUMMARY...

..................................................................................................................

79

BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................

82

APPENDIX 1 ......................................................................................................................

86

APPENDIX I I ....................................................................................................................

87

APPENDIX I I I ..................................................................................................................

88

APPENDIX IV .........................................................................

89

APPENDIX V......................................................................................................................

90

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE

PAGE

I . A BREAKDOWN OF THE. 169 SUBJECTS BY SEX, RELIGION, CIASS,
AND VETERAN STATUS...................................................................................
I I . TEAMS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS AND THE PRODUCT-MOMENT COR­
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SIX VALUES AND ANTI-SEMITISM............
I I I . MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE
MEAN OF THEORETICAL VALUE SCORES FOR ANTI-SETHTISM
QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 AND 4 . . . ...................................................................
IV. STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL SCORES IN ANTI­
SEMITISM QUARTERS 1 , 2 , 3 , AND 4 ...................................................
V. MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE
MEANS OF ECONOMIC VALUE SCORES IK ANTI-SEI'ITISM QUARTERS
1 , 2 , 3 , AND 4 .................... ......................................................................
V I. STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF ECONOMIC SCORES IN ANTISEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 .....................................................
V II. MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE
MEANS OF AESTHETIC VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM
QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 ......................................................................
V I I I . STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF AESTHETIC SCORES IN ANTI­
SEMITISM QUARTERS 1 , 2 , 3 , AND 4 .....................................................
IX. MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE
L23ANS OF SOCIAL VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS
1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 . . . . ...................................................................................
X. STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF SOCIAL SCORES IN ANTI­
SEMITISM QUARTERS 1 , 2 , 3 , AND 4 .....................................................
X I. MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE
MEANS OF POLITICAL VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM
QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 ......................................................................
X I I . STATISTICAL COIPARISONS OF POLITICAL SCORES IN ANTISEMI TISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 ....................................................
X I I I . MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE
LEAKS OF RELIGIOUS VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM
QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4 ...........
XIV. STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF RELIGIOUS SCORES IN ANTI­
SEMITISM QUARTERS 1 , 2 , 3 , AND 4 ...................................................
XV. MEANS, STANDARD, ERRORS, AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS, OF THE
SIX VALUE SCORES CONVERTED TO RANKINGS IN ANTI-SEMITISM
QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3, AND 4 ........................................................................
XVI. NUMBER OF VALUE-INFLUENCED AND MISCELLANEOUS REASONS IN
HIGH AND LOW ANTI-SEMITISM GROUPS.......................................
XVII. A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF THE NUMBER OF PREJUDICED AND
NON-PREJUDICED REASONS GIVEN BY THOSE IN THE HIGH AND
LOW GROUPS ON THE ANTI-SEMITISM SCALE.........................................
X V III. A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF CERTAIN GROUPS ON THE ANTI­
SEMITISM SCALE...........................................................................................
XIX. A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF MALE AND FEMALE SCORES ON
THE SIX VALUE SUB-SCALES.....................................................................

72

FIGURE I THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF VALUES FOR ANTI-SEMITISM
QUARTERS 1 , 2 , 3 , AND 4 IN TERMS OF MEAN RANKINGS..............

64

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43
44
46
47
49
50
52
53
54
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68
70

INTRODUCTION
I n t h e p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s t h e r e has been a tr e n d i n s o c i a l psy­
chology and p e r s o n a l i t y r e s e a r c h tow ard s tu d y in g t h e p e r s o n a li ty of
t h e s o - c a l l e d p r e ju d ic e d in d iv id u al'* ' i n term s o f com paring i t w ith t h e
p e r s o n a l i t y o f t h e s o - c a l l e d u n p re ju d ic e d i n d i v i d u a l .

Led by t h e ex­

c e l l e n t c o n tr ib u tio n s o f i n v e s t i g a t o r s such a s Adorno e t a l ( 1 ) ,
H a r tle y ( 2 1 ) , A llp o r t and Kramer ( 4 ) , Rokeach ( 3 9 ) , R o s e n b lith (4 0 ),
and Gough ( 1 9 ) , t h e t r e n d has r e s u l t e d i n n o t o n ly a c l e a r e r p i c t u r e
o f t h e p e r s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e o f t h e p r e ju d ic e d in d i v id u a l, b u t has
in d ic a te d s tr o n g ly t h a t p r e ju d ic e to w ard m in o rity groups te n d s t o b e
o n ly one o f a c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f a t t i t u d e s t h a t i n t e r a c t i n su ch a man­
n e r t h a t t h e i n d iv id u a l p o s s e s s in g i t m ight w e ll b e d e s c rib e d as an
" a n ti- d e m o c r a tic p e r s o n a l i t y " , a p h r a s e s u g g e s te d by A dorno, e t a l ( 1 ) ,
4

■

' An i n d iv id u a l i n our s o c ie ty who i s q u i t e concerned w ith t h e
problem o f t h e e f f e c t o f t h e p re s e n c e o f t h e s e u n d em o cratic i n d iv id ­
u a ls m ight w e ll r a i s e t h e q u e s tio n o f e x a c tly w hat t h e p u rp o se o f
t h e s e p e r s o n a l i t y s tu d i e s m ight b e i n term s o f r e o rg a n iz in g t h e behav­
i o r p a t t e r n s of in d iv id u a ls p o s s e s s in g them .

I n t h e w r i t e r ’ s o p in i m ,

o onib attin g p r e ju d ic e and r e l a t e d a t t i t u d e s and b e h a v io r h in g es p rim ar­
i l y on a th o ro u g h know ledge o f t h e p e r s o n a lity o f th e p r e ju d ic e d
in d iv id u a l.

Only th ro u g h such know ledge can we hope t o b e g in to

u n d e rs ta n d w hat t h e e s s e n t i a l f a c t o r s i n a r e - e d u c a tio n program would
have t o b e .

We m ight l i k e n t h i s s i t u a t i o n t o t h e th e r a p e u tio s i t u a t i o n

■*■ The te rm " p re ju d ic e " r e f e r s h e re t o b ia s e d , d is c r im in a tin g a t t i t u d e s
and b e h a v io r to w ard members o f m in o rity g ro u p s.

betw een p s y c h i a t r i s t and p a tie n t*

The p s y c h i a t r i s t co u ld h a rd ly even

b e g in t o e f f e c t a c u re w ith o u t as n e a r ly a com plete u n d e rs ta n d in g o f
t h e p a t i e n t 1s p e r s o n a l i t y as i s p o s s ib le f o r t h e p s y c h i a t r i s t t o ob­
ta in * ^
The problem i s f u r t h e r c o m p lic ated by th e f a c t t h a t we a r e , as we
a tte m p t t o r e - e d u c a te th e b i g o t s , i n r e a l i t y d e a lin g w ith a g r e a t
number o f in d iv id u a l p e r s o n a l i t i e s s im u lta n e o u s ly .

I t is fo r th is

re a s o n p a r t i c u l a r l y im p o rta n t t o d eterm in e w hat t h e p e r s o n a l i t i e s of
p r e ju d ic e d in d iv id u a ls have i n common.

From t h i s s ta n d p o in t th e

p re v io u s ly m entioned s tu d ie s have p a r t i c u l a r s ig n i f i c a n c e .

They have

d em o n strated t h a t c e r t a i n p e r s o n a l i t y v a r i a b l e s a r e t o b e found i n i n ­
t o l e r a n t in d iv id u a ls as a g ro u p , j u s t as c e r t a i n p e r s o n a l ity v a r i a b le s
a r e to b e found i n t o l e r a n t in d iv id u a ls as a group.
I t i s w ith t h i s o r i e n t a t i o n t h a t t h e w r i t e r has p roceeded i n t h e
p r e s e n t s tu d y .

Any c o n c lu sio n s t h a t may b e reach ed which te n d t o i n ­

d ic a te p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s t h a t p r e ju d ic e d in d iv id u a ls have i n common,
t h e w r i t e r f e e l s , w ill- add t o th e com prehensive knowledge of t h e p e r ­
s o n a l i t y o f th e i n t o l e r a n t in d iv id u a l t h a t we m ust have b e f o re we can
s u c c e s s f u lly e x e c u te a d e e p -ro o te d r e - e d u c a tio n program aimed a t r e ­
d u cin g m in o rity group p r e ju d ic e and r e l a t e d u n -d e m o c ra tic a t t i t u d e s
and b e h a v io r i n o u r c u l t u r e .
G eneral Problem
K rech and C r u tc h f ie ld (2 6 ) c l e a r l y re c o g n iz e t h e im portance o f

^ Even i n th e s o - c a l l e d n o n - d ir e c tiv e approach th e t h e r a p i s t i s g a in ­
in g i m p l i o i tl y a knowledge o f t h e p a t i e n t ’ s p e r s o n a l i t y .

v a lu e s in t h e p e r s o n a l i t y of t h e in d iv id u a l -when th e y s t a t e : *

"An

in te g r a te d p e r s o n a l i t y i s one i n -which th e n e e d s , demands, and g o a ls —
in s te a d o f f u n c tio n in g as s e p a r a t e , segm ented p a r ts of th e b e h a v i o r work to g e th e r o p tim a lly i n a way t h a t i s s e l f - c o n s i s t e n t , m u tu a lly r e ­
in f o r c in g , and n o n c o n f lic tin g .

And t h i s i n t e g r a t i o n i s m ainly p o s s ib le

th ro u g h t h e i n d i v i d u a l ’ s sy stem o f v a lu e s ,

i d e a l s , and id e o lo g y .”

The

f u r t h e r im p o rtan ce o f v a lu e s i n p e r s o n a l i t y has been u n d e rlin e d in a
r e c e n t symposium (5 4 ) d ev o ted e n t i r e l y t o t h e problem o f "V alues i n
P e r s o n a lity R e se a rc h ."

The u n d e rly in g ap p ro ach i n t h i s symposium i s

to c o n s is t e n t l y p o in t o u t th e im p o rtan ce o f v a lu e s i n p e r s o n a lit y
s tru c tu re .
I n th e s tu d ie s d e a lin g w ith t h e p e r s o n a l i t i e s o f th e p r e ju d ic e d
in d iv id u a l as c o n tr a s te d w ith t h e u n p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a l, th e im por­
ta n c e of v a lu e s as such has n o t b ee n s tr e s s e d a d e q u a te ly .

However,

some o f th e s e s tu d ie s have s u g g e s te d t h a t c e r t a i n v a lu e d if f e r e n c e s
m ight w e ll b e p r e s e n t i n t o l e r a n t and i n t o l e r a n t i n d iv id u a ls .

In fa o t,

m ention of v a lu e s t h a t m ight p a r a l l e l S p ra n g e r’ s (43) s i x v a lu e s , t h a t
i s , t h e o r e t i c a l , econom ic, a e s t h e t i c , s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l , and r e lig io u s
a r e r e f e r r e d t o i n some o f t h e s e s tu d ie s .®

F o r exam ple, in The A uthor­

i t a r i a n P e r s o n a l i t y ( 1 ) , i t was p o in te d o u t t h a t in d iv id u a ls h ig h i n
p r e ju d ic e i n r e p ly t o th e q u e s tio n s , "What e x p e rie n c e would be m ost
a w e -in s p irin g f o r you?” made r e p l i e s t h a t p la c e d em phasis upon p o l i t i ­
c a l v a lu e s , " s u p e r f i c i a l r e l i g i o u s ” v a lu e s , and economic v a lu e s .

^ p . 68 above c i t .
The u n d e r lin in g is t h e w r i t e r ’ s .
® F or a com plete d e s c r i p t i o n o f S p ra n g e r’s s i x v a lu e s c.ib. App. I .

In

resp o n se t o t h e same q u e s tio n , in d iv id u a ls low i n p r e ju d ic e made r e ­
sponses which p la c e d em phasis on a e s t h e t i c v a l u e s , t h e o r e t i c a l V alu es,
and s o c ia l v a l u e s .
In Problem s in P r e ju d ic e ( 2 1 ) , H a r tle y p o in ts out*

"T here seems

t o be a te n d e n c y f o r t h e in d iv id u a ls a t th e t o l e r a n t extreme"*" t o be
i n t e r e s t e d i n im a g in a tiv e a c t i v i t y and p re o c c u p ie d w ith in n e r p ro c e s ­
s e s ."

He t h e n p ro ceed s t o quote from Murray (3 7 ) and s t a t e s : "Tnese

in d iv id u a ls te n d to have an im a g in a tiv e , s u b je c ti v e human o u t l o o t , a
p re o c c u p a tio n w ith in n e r a c t i v i t i e s *

f e e l i n g s , f a n t a s i e s , g e n e r a liz a ­

t i o n s , t h e o r e t i c a l r e f l e c t i o n s (S p ra n g e r’ s t h e o r e t i c a l v a l u e ) , a r t i s t i c

!

c o n ce p tio n s (S p ra n g e r’ s a e s t h e t i c v a l u e ) " .

j

I n some o f t h e o th e r s tu d ie s as w e ll, we may by im p lic a tio n n o te
re fe re n c e s t o v a lu e s such a s th o s e p o s tu la te d by S p ra n g e r.

A llp o rt

and Kramer (4 ) and R o s e n b lith (41) i n u s in g a q u e s tio n such a s , ’ Are
you p a r t i c u l a r l y p ro n e to sym pathize w ith any underdog?"

and f in d in g

t h a t t o l e r a n t in d iv id u a ls a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y more l i k e l y to answ er
"y es" t o t h i s q u e s tio n th a n th e i n t o l e r a n t i n d i v i d u a l , a r e a p p a re n tly
re c o rd in g a re sp o n s e w hich would b e c o n s is te n t w ith S p ra n g e r’ s d e s c rip ­
t i o n of t h e s o c i a l v a lu e .
However, i n each o f t h e s e s tu d ie s no d i r e c t i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f th e
v a lu e s p r e s e n t i n t h e p e r s o n a lity s t r u c t u r e o f t h e p re ju d ic e d in d iv id ­
u a l as a g a in s t t h e u n p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a l i s made.

I t is fo r th is

re a so n t h a t t h e w r i t e r b e lie v e s t h a t such an i n v e s t i g a t i o n m ight W ell
be in o r d e r .

A re t h e r e r e la tio n s h ip s p r e s e n t betw een c e r t a i n v a lu e s

■*• R eferen ce i s made h e re t o in d iv id u a ls s c o rin g h ig h on o b je c tiv e
t e s t s o f p r e j u d ic e .

and p r e ju d ic e ?

Are t h e r e p a tte r n s o f v a lu e s i n p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a ls

which d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y from p a tte r n s o f v a lu e s i n r e l a t i v e l y un­
p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a ls ?
This problem has o th e r a s p e c t s , as v re ll.

One o f th e o th e r a s ­

p e c ts o f t h e problem i s concerned w ith t h e r o l e of v a lu e s i n t h e way
th e in d iv id u a l chooses t o j u s t i f y th e ab sen ce o r p re se n c e o f p re ju d ic e d
a ttitu d e s .

F o r exam ple, i f in d iv id u a ls a r e ask ed t o j u s t i f y t h e f a c t

t h a t th e y a r e o r a r e n o t p re ju d ic e d a g a in s t a m in o rity group by s t a t i n g
as many rea so n s a s th e y can f o r b e in g o r n o t b e in g p r e ju d ic e d , w i l l a h
a n a ly s is of th e s e rea so n s r e v e a l t h e d e f i n i t e in flu e n c e o f t h e in d iv id ­
u a l ’ s dom inant v a lu e s i n t h e i r com position?
S t i l l a n o th e r a s p e c t o f t h e problem i s su g g e ste d by th e a s p e c t
c o n s id e re d above.

To w hat e x te n t i s t h e number o f reaso n s g iv en f o r

b e in g o r n o t b e in g p r e ju d ic e d an index o f th o a c tu a l i n t e n s i t y of t h e
p r e ju d ic e d a t t i t u d e s ?

Would t h e p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a l be a b le t o g iv e

more re a so n s f o r and fe w e r re a so n s f o r n o t b e in g p r e ju d ic e d th a n t h e
u n p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a l?
The p re s e n t p a p e r, t h e r e f o r e , w i l l d e a l w ith c e r t a i n a s p e c ts of
th e problem o f v a lu e s as f a c t o r s i n p r e ju d ic e .

I t w i l l in c lu d e a s tu d y

o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een v a lu e s and p r e ju d ic e , a com parison o f v a lu e
p a tte r n s p r e s e n t i n p r e ju d ic e d and u n p re ju d ic e d i n d i v i d u a l s , an a n a ly ­
s i s o f t h e r o le t h a t v a lu e s may p la y i n th e c o m p o sitio n o f reaso n s f o r
p r e ju d ic e , and a q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a ly s is o f t h e s e reaso n s t o d eterm in e
t h e e x te n t t o w hich th e y a r e an in d ex o f t h e r e l a t i v e s t r e n g th of
p r e ju d ic e .

5-

C r i t e r i a o f V alues and P r e ju d ic e
I n ap p ro ach in g t h e g e n e r a l problem o f v a lu e s as f a c t o r s i n p r e j ­
u d ic e , th e problem o f w hat can b e used as c r i t e r i a o f v a lu e s and
p r e ju d ic e p r e s e n ts i t s e l f .
C r i t e r i o n of V a lu e s .

W ith re s p e c t t o t h e c r i t e r i o n o f v a lu e s ,

i f v a lu e s a r e f a c t o r s i n p r e ju d ic e , th e y would p ro b a b ly be p o te n t
m o tiv a tin g o r dynamic p a r t s o f th e i n d i v i d u a l 's p e r s o n a l ity s t r u c t u r e
and may f u n c tio n i n th e m anner su g g e ste d by K rech and C r u tc h f ie ld (2 6 )^
when th e y s t a t e ;

"V alues f o r th e in d iv id u a l...c o m e t o have what seems

t o him an e x te r n a l e x is te n c e ; th e y ...d e m a n d on h is p a r t a c tio n t h a t is
o f te n a t v a r ia n c e w ith h i s im m ediate p e rs o n a l d e s i r e s . "
As was s u g g e s te d p r e v io u s ly i n t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r, v a lu e s which a t
l e a s t by im p lic a tio n p a r a l l e l S p ra n g e r's s ix v a lu e s , t h a t i s , t h e o r e t i ­
c a l , econom io, a e s t h e t i c , s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l , and r e l i g i o u s , were ob­
s e rv e d t o e x i s t i n p e r s o n a l i t y d e s c r ip tio n s o f p r e ju d ic e d and u n p r e j­
u d ic e d i n d i v id u a ls .

T h e re fo re , i t m ight be e x p ected t h a t i f a s c a le

d e s ig n e d to m easure S p r a n g e r's s ix v a lu e s p o s se s se s a s a t i s f a c t o r y
d e g re e o f v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y , i t could s e rv e as t h e c r i t e r i o n
of v a lu e s i n th e p r e s e n t s tu d y .
V ernon S tu d y o f V alues ( 5 0 ) .

J u s t such a s c a l e i s th e A llp o r t-

o

C oncerning th e problem o f t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e Study o f V a lu e s,
V ernon an d A llp o r t (5 0 )^ s t a t e ;

"When th e r a tin g s ( t h e av erag e of

^ p . 413 above c i t .
2 c . f . App. I I I .
3 F o r a d e t a i l e d acco u n t o f t h e s c o rin g p ro c e d u re , s ta n d a r d iz a tio n ,
e t c . c . f . Vernon and A l lp o r t (5 0 ) and a ls o App. I .

f i v e e x te r n a l and one s e l f - r a t i n g i n a group of 48 s u b je c ts ) a r e c o r­
r e l a t e d w ith t h e t o t a l t e s t , one o b ta in s a c o e f f i c i e n t o f p lu s .5 3 2 .
But s in c e t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f a l l t h e r a t in g s was only p lu s .5 8 9 , t h e
t h e o r e t i c a l agreem ent betw een t e s t and r a t i n g s , c o r r e c te d f o r a tte n u ­
a t i o n , i s p lu s .8 2 6 , a f i g u r e v o iy c lo s e t o t h a t f o r t h e t h e o r e t i o a l
v a l i d i t y ( p lu s .8 5 ) .

F a i r agreem ent has a ls o b een found betw een t e s t

3 c o re s and r e s u l t s of c e r t a i n r e l a t e d t e s t s such a s t h e F rey d and S tro n g
i n t e r e s t b la n k s and a word a s s o c i a t i o n m ethod.

The Rorschach in k b lo ts

g iv e h ig h c o r r e l a t i o n s w ith a e s t h e t i c v a l u e s . ”
A llp o r t and V ernon, a s a f u r t h e r approach t o v a l i d a t i o n , adm inis­
t e r e d th e s c a l e t o c e r t a i n groups whose v a lu e p a tte r n s m ight be p r e ­
d ic te d on an a p r i o r i b a s i s .

For exam ple, th e y found t h a t men w ere

s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r th a n women i n t h e o r e t i c a l , econom ic, and p o l i t i ­
c a l v a lu e s -while women w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r in a e s t h e t i c , s o c i a l ,
and r e lig io u s v a l u e s .

They fo u n d t h a t in d iv id u a ls i n b u s in e s s te n d e d

t o b e h ig h in economic v a lu e s , p s y c h o lo g is ts and o th e r s c i e n t i s t s h ig h
i n t h e o r e t i c a l v a l u e s , th e o lo g ia n s h ig h i n r e lig io u s v a lu e s , boy s c o u t
le a d e r s h ig h i n s o c i a l v a lu e s , p o l i t i c i a n s h ig h i n p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s ,
and t h a t in d iv id u a ls in th e f i e l d o f l i t e r a t u r e , w ere h ig h i n a e s t h e t i c
v a lu e s .
The r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e S tu d y o f V alues was d eterm in ed by com puting
s p l i t - h a l f and r e p e a t r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r each o f t h e s ix
v a lu e s and f o r t h e s c a l e as a w hole.

I n a t y p i c a l g ro u p , th e s p l i t -

h a l f r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s were *62, .7 2 , .B 4, .4 9 , .5 3 , and .84
f o r t h e o r e t i c a l , econom ic, a e s t h e t i c , s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l , and r e lig io u s
v a lu e s r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The r e p e a t r e l i a b i l i t i e s w ere .6 6 , .7 1 , .8 4 , .3 9 ,

.55 and .8 0 i n t h e some o r d e r , f o r t h e s i x v a lu e s .

The s p l i t - h a l f

r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e w hole s c a l e was ,7 0 , and th e re p e a t r e l i a b i l i t y
was .8 2 .
F u r th e r ev id en ce i n d i c a t i n g t h e v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y of th e
S tudy o f V alues i s p r e s e n te d by C a n t r il and A llp o r t (9 )^ when th e y
s ta te i

’’ . . . t h e ev id en ce from re c e n t a p p lic a t io n s o f t h e S tu d y of

V alues m ust b e i n t e r p r e t e d as e s t a b l i s h i n g th e s e v a l u e s . . . a s s e lf - c o n ­
s i s t e n t , p e r v a s iv e , e n d u rin g , and above a l l , g e n e r a liz e d t r a i t s of
p e rs o n a lity .

S e v e ra l ex p erim en ts d e m o n stra te a c l e a r r e l a t io n s h i p b e­

tw een v a lu e s and c o n d u ct.

They show t h a t a p e r s o n 's a c t i v i t y is n o t

d eterm in e d e x c lu s iv e ly by t h e s tim u lu s o f t h e moment, n o r by a m erely
t r a n s i e n t i n t e r e s t , n o r by a s p e c i f i c a t t i t u d e p e c u lia r t o each s i t u a ­
t i o n which h e e n c o u n te rs .

The ex p erim ents p ro v e , on t h e c o n tr a r y , t h a t

g e n e ra l e v a lu a tiv e a t t i t u d e s e n te r i n t o v a r io u s common a c t i v i t i e s in
ev ery -d a y l i f e , and i n so d o in g h e lp t o acco u n t f o r th e c o n s is te n c ie s
2
of p e r s o n a l i t y ."
I t a p p e a rs t h a t t h e v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e S tu d y of
V alues i s g e n e r a lly s a t i s f a c t o r y ; c o n s e q u e n tly , th e w r i t e r b e lie v e s
t h a t S p r a n g e r 's s i x v a lu e s as m easured by t h e A llporfc-V em on Study of
V alues p ro v id e an a d e q u a te c r i t e r i o n o f v a lu e s f o r t h e p r e s e n t stu d y .

1 p . 272 above c i t .
2 For a more oom plete d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e s t u d i e s c ite d by C a n tr il and
A llp o r t and o th e r s t u d i e s em ploying t h e S tu d y of V alues c . f . A llp o rt
and V ernon ( 6 ) , C a n t r i l ( 8 ) , C a n t r i l , Rand, and A llp o r t ( 1 0 ) ,
H a r ris ( 2 0 ) , M allory ( 3 4 ) , P in tn e r ( 3 8 ) , S tone ( 4 5 ), V ernon (4 9 ),
V fhitely ( 5 1 ) , P o stm an ,B ru n er, and McGinnies ( 3 9 ) , McGinnies (3 2 ),
McGinnies and Bowles ( 3 3 ) .

However, t h e r e a d e r s h o u ld b e made aw are o f c e r t a i n c r i ti c i s m s
o f t h e S tu d y o f V alues t h a t s h o u ld b e ta k e n in to acco u n t i n i n t e r p r e t ­
in g r e s u l t s o f r e s e a r c h w hich employs i t .

I n exam ining t h e r e l i a b i l ­

i t y d a ta , one d e f i n i t e w eakness o f t h e s c a l e a p p e a rs .
r e l a t i v e l y u n r e l i a b l e s o c i a l v a lu e s u b - s c a le .

T his i s th e

S in c e th e S tudy o f V alues

y ie ld s o n ly r e l a t i v e v a lu e s c o r e s f o r each o f t h e s i x v a lu e s ( th e t o t a l
s c o re combined from a l l s i x v a lu e s u b -s c a le s cannot exceed 1 8 0 ), i t i s
q u ite e v id e n t t h a t one u n r e l i a b l e s u b - s c a le would a u to m a tic a lly te n d
t o red u c e t h e r e l i a b i l i t y and i n d i r e c t l y t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e o th e r f iv e
s u b - s c a le s .
A nother p o s s ib le c r i t i c i s m o f t h e s c a l e is t h a t even th o u g h
S p ran g er r e p r e s e n ts each o f t h e s i x v a lu e s as b e in g r e l a t i v e l y u n re ­
la te d t o any o f th e o th e r s , a f a c t o r a n a ly s is stu d y of t h e S tudy of
V alues by L u r ie (3 1 ) and a s tu d y by W ick ert (53) show t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t
c o r r e l a t i o n s e x i s t betw een t h e p o l i t i c a l and economic v a lu e s and betw een
t h e t h e o r e t i c a l and a e s t h e t i c v a l u e s .

A lthough t h e s e f a c t s i n them ­

s e lv e s may o n ly in d ic a te w hat one would l o g i c a l l y e x p e c t, t h a t i n th e
p e r s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e o f in d iv id u a ls c e r t a i n v a lu e s may te n d t o be i n t e r ­
r e l a t e d , i t n e v e r th e le s s shows t h a t s ix s p e c i f i c f a c t o r s have n o t been
c l e a r l y i s o l a t e d , a t l e a s t i n te rm s o f what t h e A llp o rt-V e rn o n s c a l e
m easures.
C r i t e r i o n o f P r e ju d ic e .

The w r i t e r b e lie v e s t h a t i f p r e ju d ic e is

lim ite d t o r a c i a l p re ju d ic e and i t is d e fin e d i n such a m anner t h a t i t
oan b e m easured in a v a l i d and r e l i a b l e manner by a g iv e n a t t i t u d e
s c a l e , an a d e q u a te c r i t e r i o n o f p r e ju d ic e i n t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y w i l l be
a s s u re d .

R a c ia l p r e ju d ic e may b e d e fin e d i n t h e manner t h a t i t was p re v io u s ­
l y d e fin e d i n th e p r e s e n t p a p e r as b ia s e d , d is c r im in a tin g a t t i t u d e s
and b e h a v io r to w ard members o f m in o rity g ro u p s, o r we may choose t o a c ­
c e p t Krech and C r u t c h f ie ld ’ s d e f i n i t i o n (26)* which i s t " R a c ia l p r e j !i
u d ic e i s t o b e d e f in e d as r e f e r r i n g t o a t t i t u d e s and b e l i e f s co n cern !
in g any m in o r ity r a c i a l , e t h n i c , o r n a tio n a l group t h a t a r e d isad v a n ­
ta g e o u s t o t h e members o f t h a t g ro u p ."
A p a r t i c u l a r ty p e o f r a c i a l p r e ju d ic e , a n ti-S e m itis m , w i l l be con/
|
s id e r e d b ec au se i n d e a lin g w ith th e p h ase o f t h e g e n e ra l problem which
in v o lv e s t h e a n a ly s is o f re a so n s f o r p r e ju d ic e , l i m i t i n g p r e ju d io e t o
j u s t one m in o rity group w i l l e x p e d ite t h e ta s k s o f b o th i n v e s t i g a t o r
and s u b j e c t s .

F u rth e rm o re , t h e p e r s o n a li ty o f t h e a n t i - S e m it ic : I n d i­

v id u a l may have c e r t a i n u n iq u e q u a l i t i e s (ev en th o u g h , a s b ro u g h t out
!

by L evinson ( 1 ) , a n ti-S e m itis m is p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d , .8 2 , w ith
_

j

e th n o c e n tris m ) w hich i n th e m se lv e s m ight p ro v e v a lu a b le o b je c ts of
s tu d y .
An a t t i t u d e s c a l e w hich sh o u ld meet o u r re q u ire m e n ts o f p o s s e s s in g
an a d e q u a te d e g re e of v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y i n it s a s u r in g a n ti- S e m itism i s th e L e v in so n -S a n fo rd A n ti-S e m itism S c a le (2 7 ) •

L evinson and

S a n fo rd p o in t o u t, w ith r e s p e c t t o t h e problem of e s ta b li s h i n g t h e

p . 444 above c i t .
^ The te rm , " E th n o c e n tris m " , was f i r s t u sed by Sumner (4 6 ) i n 1906.
I n i t s p r e s e n t u s e i n t h e s o c i a l p s y c h o lo g ic a l l i t e r a t u r e i t r e f e r s
t o a p re ju d ic e d p a t t e r n in v o lv in g a r e l a t i v e l y c o n s is t e n t fram e of
2 mind co n cern in g " o u t-g r o u p e r s " o r " a lie n s " i n g e n e r a l.
F o r a d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t o f t h e s c o rin g p ro o e d u re , s ta n d a r d iz a tio n ,
e t c . c . f . L ev in so n and S a n fo rd ( 2 7 ) . c . f . a ls o [App. I I f o r a copy
of th is s c a le .

-1 0 -

v a l i d i t y o f th e s c a l e , t h a t t h e s c o re s on th e s c a le made by members
o f c e r t a i n groups conformed t o what m ight b e ex p ected on t h e b a s is of
e m p iric a l o b s e rv a tio n s o f t h e a t t i t u d e s and b e h a v io r o f members o f
t h e s e groups*

P o r exam ple, i t was found t h a t R epublicans made s i g n i f i ­

c a n tly h ig h e r s c o re s th a n d id D em ocrats, P r o te s ta n t s e c ta r i a n s and
C a th o lic s made h ig h e r s c o re s t h a n d id t h e n o n - r e lig io u s , t h e n o n -se c ­
t a r i a n P r o t e s t a n t s and th e U n ita r ia n s , s o r o r i t y members made h ig h e r
s c o re s th a n d id non-members, in d iv id u a ls o f h ig h income made h ig h e r
s c o re s th a n i n d iv id u a ls o f low income*
m enting on t h e s e fin d in g s s ta t e *

L evinson an d S an fo rd (2 7 )* com­

" I f a n ti-S e m itis m s c o re s d id n o t

t u r n o u t t o be m e a n in g fu lly r e l a t e d to su ch f a c t o r s •*• common s e n se
w ould d e c re e t h a t th e s c a l e b e d is c a r d e d ."
A nother b a s is f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g th e v a l i d i t y o f th e s c a l e i s
b ro u g h t o u t by L evinson an d S an fo rd (2 7 )2 th e n th e y s ta te *

" I f a sub­

j e c t i s a g a in s t th e Jews he may b e e x p e c te d , from everyday o b s e rv a tio n ,
t o b e a g a in s t c e r t a i n o th e r th in g s as w e ll; and i f he fa v o rs o rg a n iz a ­
t i o n s o r in d iv id u a ls who a r e on re c o rd as b e in g a n ti- S e m it ic he sh o u ld ,
i f th e p r e s e n t s c a l e i s v a l i d , o b ta in a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h s c o r e ."

In

s u p p o rt o f t h i s c o n te n tio n i t was found t h a t in d iv id u a ls who on a
group o f a t t i t u d e item s d em o n strated a p p ro v a l of Labor U nions,
" S o c ia lis m " , "R ace E q u a lity " , and th e Communist P a r ty s c o re d s i g n i f i ­
c a n tly below a v e ra g e on t h e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a l e , w h ile in d iv id u a ls who
approved t h e A m erican L egion an d P a th o r C oughlin s c o re d s i g n i f i c a n t l y
above a v e ra g e on t h e s c a l e .

* p . 365 ab o v e c i t ,
2 Ib id .

-1 1 -

A f i n a l b a s is f o r v a l i d a t i n g t h e item s on t h e s c a l e was i n term s
o f t h e s c o re s made by 13 members o f a c o n tr o l g ro u p .

This group con­

s i s t e d of g ra d u a te s tu d e n ts and f a c u l t y members i n th e D epartm ent o f
Psychology a t th e U n iv e r s ity o f C a l i f o r n i a .

I n v ie w o f t h e g e n e ra l

li b e r a l i s m , s o c i a l a t t i t u d e s , group m em berships, and open o p p o s itio n
to ch au v in ism and p r e j u d ic e o f members i n t h i s group, i t was b e lie v e d
t h a t th e s c o re s t h a t th e y made on t h e s c a l e would b e u s e f u l as v a l i d a t ­
in g d a ta , i f t h e i r s c o re s f e l l a t t h e extrem e low end o f t h e s c a l e ,
A mean s c o r e i n t h i s group ( th e p o s s ib le range of s c o re s on th e s c a le
i s from 52 t o 364) o f o n ly 86 and a ran g e o f from 57 t o 120 su p p o rted
th is b e lie f .
The s p l i t - h a l f method was employed i n d e te rm in in g th e r e l i a b i l i t y
of th e s c a le .

The t o t a l s c o re s o f each s u b je c t on th e odd and even

item s w ere c o r r e l a t e d .

The r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o b ta in e d was .9 6 ,

which was r a is e d t o .9 8 when c o r r e c te d by means o f th e Spearman-Brown
fo rm u la.
These d a ta s u g g e st t h a t th e v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e
L e v in so n -S a n fo rd A n ti-S e m itism S c a le i s s a t i s f a c t o r y ; c o n s e q u e n tly , th e
w r i t e r b e lie v e s t h a t a n ti-S e m itis m as m easured by t h i s s c a l e p ro v id e s
an a d e q u a te o r i t e r i o n of a n ti-S e m itis m f o r t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y .
As m s p o in te d o u t i n t h e c a se of t h e Study o f V a lu e s , how ever,
c e r t a i n w eaknesses a r e a ls o p r e s e n t i n t h e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a le w hich
th e re a d e r sh o u ld t a k e i n t o acco u n t as he i n t e r p r e t s r e s u l t s o f r e s e a r c h
which employs i t .

* p. 3'

Gough (1 9 )* p o in ts t o what th e p r e s e n t w r i t e r th in k s

above c i t .

-1 2 -

a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y v u ln e r a b le a s p e c ts of th e s c a le when he s ta te s *
th e q u e s tio n s a r e l a r g e l y e x tr e m is t and v in d ic tiv *

" ...

I t may w e ll b e

t h a t o n ly t h a t p o r t i o n o f p r e j u d i c e d ' p e o p le who a r e a ls o w ill in g t o
ad m it r a t h e r s tr o n g and m i l i t a n t d i s l i k e s w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d by t h e
te s t.

F o r t h i s r e a s o n t h e s c a l e may b e somewhat s e l f - d e f e a t i n g , f o r

th e c o n s i s t e n t l y n e g a t i v i s t i c c h a r a c te r o f th e item s would s e rv e t o
low er t h e s c o re s o f i n t o l e r a n t , b u t o v e rly c o n v e n tio n a l s u b je c ts .
"T h in k in g su ch a s t h i s a l3 o r a i s e s th e q u e s tio n as t o w h eth er t h e
dim ension -which i s p r im a r ily b e in g i s o l a t e d w ith a s c a le such as t h i s
m ight n o t b e a f a c t o r o f g e n e r a l d i s g u s t , m isa n th ro p y , q u e ru lo u sn e s s,
and a s p e r i t y , w h ich , a lth o u g h h ig h ly c o r r e l a te d w ith t h e b a s ic a t t i t u d i n a l continuum u n d er s c r u t i n y , i s n o t isom orphic w ith i t .

I t is

c l e a r t h a t such f a c t o r s a r e d is c o v e ra b le in th e sp h e re of p e r s o n a lity
t e s t i n g ( 3 5 ) , w here i t has b e e n c o n v in c in g ly shown t h a t h a b its and
s t y l e s o f v e r b a l b e h a v io r f r e q u e n tly s e rv e t o o b scu re t h e measurement
of t h e v a r i a b l e s of fu n d am en tal i n t e r e s t .

Thus t h e r e is a t l e a s t one

known f a c t o r , a te n d e n c y t o t a l k i n c e r t a i n ways ab o u t o n e s e lf , which
v a r ie s in d e p e n d e n tly o f p sy ch o p a th o lo g y , b u t which n e v e r th e le s s o b tru d e s
i t s e l f upon t h e m easurem ent p r o c e s s .

I t i s o o n ce iv a b le t h a t s im i la r

te n d e n c ie s in f lu e n c e s c o re s on th e L e v in so n -S a n fo rd s c a l e , where t h e i r
p re se n c e would c o n s t i t u t e a s y s te m a tic b i a s .

Suoh a c o n tin g en cy would

c e r t a i n l y n o t i n v a l i d a t e t h e s c a l e , b u t i t would u n d e rsc o re t h e need
f o r r e s e r v in g judgm ent a b o u t p r o p o s itio n s co n cern in g a n ti-S e m itis m i n
g e n e ra l u n t i l c o r ro b o r a to ry f in d in g s can be ach iev ed w ith o th e r s c a le s
and te c h n iq u e s .

"A nother c r i t i c i s m of t h e L e v in so n -S a n fo rd s c a le which has b een
made i s t h a t some o f th e ite m s s c o re d as i n d i c a t i v e of in to le r a n c e
a c t u a l l y a r e r a t e d as b e to k e n in g t o l e r a n c e by some ju d g es ( 1 4 ) .

This

c r i t i c i s m vrould seem t o be somewhat t a n g e n t i a l when one r e c a l l s t h a t
t h e c lim a te o r atm o sp h ere invoked by t h e s c a l e as a w hole w i l l o r d i ­
n a r i l y d i s s i p a t e any am b ig u ity o r am b iv alen ce of meaning w hich m ight
b e shown t o a t t a c h t o a few item s when c o n s id e re d in d e p e n d e n tly and
s e p a r a t e l y ."
However, t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r a g re e s w ith Gough (1 9 ) when he con­
cludes*

"The g e n e ra l c o n c lu s io n t h a t t h e s c a l e p ro v id e s a u s e f u l index

o f c e r t a i n k in d s of s o c ia l in to le r a n c e and a n ti-S e m itis m seems j u s t i ­
f ie d .

F u rth e rm o re , h ig h s c o re s would u n m ista k a b ly r e f e r t o s u b je c ts

h o ld in g r e l a t i v e l y u n f a v o ra b le and even ran co ro u s a t t i t u d e s , b u t a t
t h e some tim e , some s u b je c ts o f p erh ap s e q u a l a n im o sity w i l l n o t be
i d e n t i f i e d as a consequence o f t h e t r a n s p a r e n t and un co n cealed im port
of t h e t e s t item s em ployed."

-1 4 -

HYPOTHESES TO BE TESTED
I n o rd e r t o fo rm u la te h y p o th ese s c o n cern in g t h e r e l a t io n s h i p be­
tw een a n ti-S e m itis m and t h e s i x v a l u e s , c e r t a i n p e r s o n a l ity mechanisms

j

t h a t A dorno, e t a l ( l ) r e p o r t a r e p r e s e n t t o a pronounced e x te n t in
p r e ju d ic e d in d iv id u a ls and a r e a b s e n t o r m inim ized in u n p re ju d ic e d i n ­
d iv i d u a l s , have b een s e l e c t e d on t h e b a s is o f t h e i r p o s s ib le r e l a t i o n ­
s h ip t o t h e s i x v a l u e s .

I f i n te rm s of S p ra n g e r’ s d e s c r ip tio n s o f each

of t h e s i x v a lu e ty p e s , th e p re se n c e o r ab sen ce o f th e s e mechanisms oan
be deduced, i t would a p p e a r t h a t a b a s is f o r c o n s tr u c tin g hypotheses
c o n cern in g th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een each v a lu e and a n ti-S e m itis m is
p r e s e n t.

i

The mechanisms t h a t w i l l be c o n sid e re d i n fo rm u la tin g o u r hypotheses
a r e as fo llo w s
(1 ) C o n v e n tio n alism .

A te n d en c y t o a d h e re r i g i d l y t o c o n v e n tio n a l

m id d le c la s s s ta n d a rd s and a l l t h a t t h i s im p lie s .
(2 ) A n t i - i n t r a c e p t i o n .

An u n w illin g n e s s t o ga^n p s y c h o lo g ic a l i n ­

s i g h t in t o p e rs o n a l m o tiv es o r t h e d e e p -ro o te d problem s of
h u m anity.

T his in c lu d e s a r e s i s ta n c e t o bBing dom inated by

f e e l i n g s , f a n t a s i e s , s p e c u la tio n s , and a s p i r a t i o n s .

(T h is ,

o f c o u rse , is th e la c k of i n tr a c e p b i o n .)
(3 ) E x tr a c e p tio n .

The te n d e n c y t o b e dom inated by c o n c r e te ,

c l e a r l y o b s e rv a b le , p h y s ic a l c o n d itio n s ,

This would be ex-

p e c te d t o b e f r e q u e n tly p r e s e n t i n t h e a n t - in t r a c e p t i v e in d iv id u a l.)

c . f . t h e A u t h o r it a r i a n P e r s o n a l i t y (1 ) pp. 228-240 f o r a d e t a i l e d
d is c u s s io n of th e s e mechanisms and o th e rs p r e s e n t in t h e p e r s o n a lity
of t h e p re ju d ic e d in d iv id u a l,

( 4 ) S te re o ty p y .

A d i s p o s i t i o n t o th in k i n r i g i d c a te g o r ie s .

This w ould, o f c o u rs e , in c lu d e a c c e p tin g p re -c o n c o iv e d n o tio n s
of p e o p le and th in g s and making judgm ents on t h a t b a s i s .
(5 ) Power and " to u g h n e s s " .

A p re o c c u p a tio n w ith stro n g -w e a k ,

le a d e r - f o llo w e r id e a s w hich in c lu d e s a " g e t to ugh" a t t i t u d e
tow ard t h e weak.

A s tr o n g i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w ith power f ig u r e s

is a ls o p r e s e n t.
(6 ) P r o j e c t i v i t y .

S u p p ressed im pulses te n d to be p r o je c te d onto

o th e r in d iv id u a ls vho a r e th e n blamed " o u t of hand".
Only th o s e mechanisms w hich can be c l e a r l y r e l a t e d t o th e v a lu e s
on t h e b a s is o f S p ra n g e r’s d e s c r i p t i o n s , w i l l b e d is c u s s e d as a b a s is
f o r t h e h y p o th eses t o b e p r e s e n te d h e r e .
I n o rd e r t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e p r e s e n ta ti o n of t h e s e h y p o th e se s, eaoh
in d iv id u a l v a lu e w i l l be d is c u s s e d and h y p o th ese s c o n c e rn in g i t s r e l a ­
ti o n s h i p t o a n ti-S e m itis m w i l l be s t a t e d .

This w i l l be fo llo w e d by

h y p o th ese s c o n c ern in g v a lu e h i e r a r c h ie s i n a n ti-S e m itis m and t h e r o le
of v a lu e s i n j u s t i f y i n g a n ti-S e m itis m .
T h e o r e tic a l V alues and A n ti-S e m itism
A llp o r t an d V ernon (5 )^ b r i e f l y summ arize S p r a n g e r's t h e o r e t i c a l
2
v a lu e ty p e as fo llo w s*
"The dom inant i n t e r e s t o f t h e t h e o r e t i c a l man
i s th e d is c o v e ry o f t r u t h .

I n t h e p u r s u i t of t h i s g o al he

_ c . f . App. I .
F o r a f u l l e r acco u n t of t h i s v a lu e and t h e o th e r v a l u e s , th e r e a d e r
sh o u ld , of c o u rs e , r e f e r d i r e c t l y to Types of Men ( 4 3 ) , in whioh
S p ra n g e r, p r e s e n ts t h e p o in t o f v iew ■fchat tU e p e r s o n a l i t i e s o f men
a r e b e s t known th ro u g h a s tu d y o f t h e i r v a lu e s o r e v a lu a tiv e a t t i ­
tu d e s . A lthough h is v a lu e s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y a p r i o r i , th e y seem t o
have had wide a p p lic a tio n s i n p e r s o n a lity th n o ry .

-1 6 -

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y ta k e s a " c o g n itiv e " a t t i t u d e , one t h a t lo o k s f o r
i d e n t i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s ; one t h a t d i v e s ts i t s e l f of judgm ents re g a rd ­
in g th e b e au ty o r u t i l i t y o f o b j e c t s , and seek s o n ly t o o b se rv e and t o
re a s o n .

S in c e th e i n t e r e s t s o f th e t h e o r e t i c a l man a re e m p ir ic a l,

c r i t i c a l , and r a t i o n a l , he i s n e c e s s a r i l y an i n t e l l e c t u a l i s t , f r e q u e n t­
ly a s c i e n t i s t o r .p h ilo s o p h e r.

H is c h ie f aim i n l i f e i s t o o r d e r and

t o s y s te m a tiz e h is know ledge."
On t h e b a s is of t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n we could ex p e c t t h e t h e o r e t i c a l
in d iv id u a l p o s s ib ly t o r e a c t a g a in s t c o n v e n tio n a lity , be i n t r a c e p t iv e ,
and r e j e c t s te r e o ty p y .
The reaso n s f o r t h e p r e d ic te d p re se n c e o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
a r e as fo llo w s j
(1 ) An in d iv id u a l whose dom inant i n t e r e s t i s th e " d is c o v e ry of
t r u t h " , would p ro b a b ly be r e l a t i v e l y unconcerned a b o u t th e
e x te n t t o which he conform ed t o c o n v e n tio n s; in f a c t , i f
n o n co n fo rm ity a id e d him i n t h e r e a l i z a t i o n of h is g o a l, he
would u n d o u b ted ly n o t h e s i t a t e t o v i o l a t e c o n v e n tio n s.
(2 ) The i n d i v id u a l, who is " e m p ir ic a l, c r i t i c a l , and r a tio n a l"
and i s a s c i e n t i s t o r p h ilo s o p h e r would b e i n t e r e s t e d i n
d e v e lo p in g a l l ty p e s o f i n s i g h t s , p h y s ic a l and p s y c h o lo g ic a l.
i

T h e re fo re , r a t h e r th a n b e a n t i - i n t r a c e p t i v e , he would te n d
t o bo i n t r a c e p t i v e .
(3 ) The c r i t i c a l a t t i t u d e t h a t i s p r e s e n t i n t h e t h e o r e t i c a l

^ A dom inant e m p iric a l a t t i t u d e i n some t h e o r e t i c a l in d iv id u a ls may
p o s s ib ly a l s o make thorn somewhat e x tr e c e p tiv e as w e ll.

-17-

in d iv id u a l would r e s u l t i n a r e j e c t i o n o f s te r e o ty p y , s in c e
s te r e o ty p y cannot w ith s ta n d th e t e s t of c r i t i c a l a n a ly s is .
On t h e b a s is o f th e s e d e d u c tio n s , t h e fo llo w in g h y p o th e sis r e l a t i v e
t o t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m may be s t a t e d :

In v ie w of t h e

r e l a t i v e in tr a c e p tiv e n e s s and t h e r e j e c t i o n o f r ig i d c o n v e n tio n a lit y ,
and s te r e o ty p y , by t h e o r e t i c a l i n d i v i d u a l s , t h e p re se n c e o f s tr o n g th e o ­
r e t i c a l v a lu e s in t h e p e r s o n a lity s t r u c t u r e of in d iv id u a ls would be
in c o n g ru e n t w ith a n ti-S e m itis m .
Economic V alues and A n ti-S e m itism
A llp o r t and'V ernon (5 )^ b r i e f l y summarize S p ra n g e r’ s economic v a lu e
ty p e as fo llo w s :

’’The economic man is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y i n t e r e s t e d in

what i s u s e f u l .

Based o r i g i n a l l y upon th e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f b o d ily needs

( s e l f - p r e s e r v a t i o n ) , th e i n t e r e s t i n u t i l i t i e s d ev elo p s t o embrace t h e
p r a c t i c a l a f f a i r s o f t h e b u s in e s s w o rld —t h e p r o d u c tio n , m a rk e tin g , and
consum ption o f g oods, t h e e la b o r a tio n of c r e d i t , and t h e accu m u latio n
of ta n g i b l e w e a lth .

This ty p e i s th o ro u g h ly " p r a c t i c a l " and conforms

•well t o th e p r e v a i l in g s te r e o ty p e o f t h e a v erag e A m erican b u s in e s s man.
"The economic a t t i t u d e f re q u e n tly comes i n t o c o n f l i c t w ith o th e r
v a lu e s .

The economic man w ants e d u c a tio n t o b e p r a c t i c a l and re g a rd s

u n a p p lie d knowledge as w a s te .

G reat f e a t s of e n g in e e rin g , T a y lo rism ,

pragm atism , and ’ a p p lie d p sy ch o lo g y ’ r e s u l t from t h e demands which
economic men make upon s c ie n o e .

The v a lu e of u t i l i t y lik e w is e c o n f l ic ts

w ith th e a e s t h e t i c v a lu e , e x c e p tin g when a r t s e rv e s com m ercial ends.

c . f . App. X.

—18 —

Y fithout f e e l i n g in a p p r o p ria te n e s s i n h is a c t , t h e economic man may de­
nude a b e a u t i f u l h i l l s i d e o r b e fo u l a r i v e r w ith i n d u s t r i a l r e f u s e .
I n h is p e rs o n a l l i f e he is l i k e l y t o co n fu se lu x u ry w ith b e a u ty .

In

h is r e l a t io n s w ith p eo p le he i s more l i k e l y to b e in t e r e s t e d i n s u rp a s s ­
in g them i n w e a lth t h a n in do m in atin g them ( p o l i t i c a l a t t i t u d e ) o r in
s e rv in g them ( s o c i a l a t t i t u d e ) .

In some cases t h e economic man may be

s a i d t o make h is r e l i g i o n th e w o rsh ip of Mammon.

I n o th e r in s ta n c e s ,

how ever, he may have re g a rd f o r th e t r a d i t i o n a l God, b u t in c l in e s to
c o n s id e r Him a s th e g iv e r o f good g i f t s , o f w e a lth , p r o s p e r it y , and
o th e r t a n g i b l e b l e s s i n g s ."
On t h e b a s is o f t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n i t could be ex p ected t h a t th e
economic in d iv id u a l i s a n t i - i n t r a c e p t i v e , e x tr a c e p ti v e , and p ro n e to
s te r e o ty p y and p r o j e c t i v i t y .
The reaso n s f o r t h e p r e d ic te d p re se n c e o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
a r e as f o llo w s :
(1 ) A n ti- in tr a c e p tiv e n e s s would be p r e s e n t, s in c e t o t h e " p r a c t ic a l "
economic in d iv id u a l i t would be d i f f i c u l t to s e e any " a p p lie d "
v a lu e t o in s i g h t s o f an em o tio n al o r p s y c h o lo g ic a l n a tu r e .
would p ro b a b ly , t h e r e f o r e , r e s i s t such i n s i g h t s ,
(2 ) E x tr a c e p tiv e n e s s i n h is p e r s o n a l ity s t r u c t u r e would r e s u l t
from h is co n cern w ith t h e " ta n g ib le " o r o o n o re te .
(3 ) S te re o ty p y , e s p e c i a l l y w ith r e s p e c t t o a group such as t h e
Jew s, would be p r e s e n t, s in c e as Katz and B raly (23) p o in t
o u t, s te r e o ty p e s co n o ern in g t h e Jews p red o m in a n tly r e f e r to
economic a g g r e s s iv e n e s s ; c o n s e q u e n tly , a c c e p ta n c e of such
s te r e o ty p e s would s e rv e as good r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n s f o r t h e

-1 9 -

He

f a i l u r e s o f t h e economic i n d iv id u a l.
(4 ) P r o j e c t i v i t y would a ls o be e x p e c te d , s in c e by v i r t u e o f
a c c e p tin g th e s e economic s t e r e o ty p e s , a co n v en ien t o b je c t
o f blam e f o r t h e su p p re s se d economic im pulses of th e
economic in d iv id u a l i s a v a i l a b le t o him.
On th e b a s is o f th e s e d e d u c tio n s , t h e fo llo w in g h y p o th e sis r e l a ­
t i v e t o economic v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m may b o s t a t e d :

I n v ie w of

t h e a n t i - i n t r a c e p t i v e n e s s , e x tr a c e p tiv e n e s s , s te r e o ty p y and p r o j a c t i v i t y
o f t h e h ig h ly economic I n d iv i d u a l , s tr o n g economic v a lu e s would be con­
g ru e n t w ith a n ti-S e m itis m .
A e s th e tic V alues and A n ti-S e m itism
A llp o r t and V ernon ( 5 )^ b r i e f l y sum m arize S p ra n g e r’ s a e s t h e t ic
v a lu e ty p e a s fo llo w s :
form a n d harmony.

uThe a e s t h e t i c man s e e s h is h ig h e s t v a lu e in

Each s i n g l e e x p e rie n c e is judged from th e s ta n d p o in t

o f g r a c e , symm etry, o r f i t n e s s .

He re g a rd s l i f e as a m an ifo ld of e v e n ts ;

each s i n g l e im p re s sio n i s en jo y ed f o r i t s own s a k e .

He need n o t be a

c r e a t i v e a r t i s t ; n o r need ho be e f f e t e ; he i s a e s t h e t i c i f he b u t fin d s
h is c h ie f i n t e r e s t i n t h e a r t i s t i c ep iso d e s o f l i f e .
"The a e s t h e t i c a t t i t u d e i s i n a se n se d ia m e t r i c a lly opposed to t h e
t h e o r e t i c a l ; t h e fo rm er i s concerned w ith t h e d i v e r s i t y , and t h e l a t t e r
w ith t h e i d e n t i t i e s o f e x p e rie n c e .

The a e s t h e t i c man ch o o ses, w ith

K e a ts , t o c o n s id e r t r u t h a s e q u iv a le n t t o b e a u ty , o r e l s e t o a g r e e w ith
Mencken, t h a t , ’t o make a t h in g charm ing i s a m il lio n tim es more

c.f.

App. I .

20-

im p o rta n t th a n t o make i t t r u e . 1

I n t h e economic s p h e re th e a e s t h e t i c

s e e s th e p ro c e ss of m a n u fa c tu rin g , a d v e r t i s i n g , and tr a d e
s a l e d e s tr u c t i o n o f t h e v a lu e s m ost im p o rta n t t o him .

as a w hole­

In s o c ia l a f f a ir s

he may be s a i d t o be i n t e r e s t e d i n p erso n s b u t n o t i n t h e w e lf a re o f
p e rs o n s ; he te n d s tow ard in d iv id u a lis m and s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y .

A e s th e tic

p e o p le o f te n l i k e t h e b e a u t i f u l i n s i g n ia of pomp and power, b u t oppose
p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t y when i t makes f o r t h e r e p r e s s io n of i n d i v i d u a l i t y .
I n th e f i e l d o f r e l i g i o n th e y a r e l i k e l y t o co n fu se b eau ty w ith p u re r
r e lig io u s e x p e r ie n c e ,”
On t h e b a s is of t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n i t would be exp ected t h a t th e
a e s t h e t i c in d iv id u a l would p la c e l i t t l e emphasis on c o n v e n tio n a lism , be
i n t r a c e p t i v e , r e a c t a g a in s t e x tr a c e p tiv e n e s s , and would n o t b e p re o c ­
c u p ied w ith power and ’'to u g h n e s s ” .
The rea so n s
in t h e a e s t h e t i c

f o r p r e d i c t in g t h e p re se n c e of th e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
in d iv id u a l a r e as fo llo w ss

(1 ) S in c e he ’’te n d s to w ard in d iv id u a lis m and s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y ” ,
i t can r e a d i l y be se en t h a t r i g i d m id d le -c la s s c o n v e n tio n a l­
ism would be re a o te d a g a in s t by th e a e s t h e t i c in d iv id u a l,
(2 ) The s u b je c ti v e e m o tio n a lity in v o lv e d i n a e s t h e t i c e x p e rie n c e s ,
so im p o rta n t t o th e a e s t h e t i c in d iv id u a l, would be in c o n s is ­
t e n t w ith a n t i - i n t r a c e p t i v e n e s s , so he would more l i k e l y be
in tra c e p tiv e .
(3 ) S in c e t h e a e s t h e t i c e x p e rie n c e is h ig h ly a b s t r a c t , i t would
be d ia m e tr ic a lly opposed t o e x tr a c e p tiv e n e s s , which in v o lv e s
a d o m in atio n by t h e c o n c r e te .
(4 ) Because power ’’makes f o r th e r e p r e s s io n o f i n d i v i d u a l i t y ” ,

som ething h ig h ly u n d e s ir a b le t o t h e a e s t h e t i c in d iv id u a l,
i t would b e u n lik e ly t h a t he would be p re o c c u p ie d w ith t h e
im p o rtan ce o f power.
On t h e b a s is o f th e s e d e d u c tio n s , th e fo llo w in g h y p o th e sis r e l a ­
t i v e t o a e s t h e t i c v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m may b e s t a t e d :

I n view of

t h e i n t r a c e p t iv e n e s s and r e a c tio n s a g a i n s t r i g i d c o n v e n tio n a lism ,
e x tr a c e p tiv e n e s s , and power by a e s t h e t i c i n d i v i d u a l s , s tr o n g a e s t h e t i c
v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m would b e in co n g ru en b .
S o c ia l V alues and A n ti-S e m itism
A l lp o r t and Vernon (5 )* b r i e f l y summ arize S p ra n g e r’ s s o c ia l v a lu e
ty p e a s fo llo w s :

’'The h ig h e s t v a lu e f o r t h i s ty p e i s lo v e of p e o p le ;

w h eth er of one o r many, w h eth er c o n ju g a l, f i l i a l , f r i e n d l y , o r p h i l a n tr o p ic .

The s o c i a l man p r iz e s o th e r p erso n s as en d s, and i s t h e r e f o r e

h im s e lf k in d , s y m p a th e tic , and u n s e l f i s h .

He i s l i k e l y t o f in d t h e

t h e o r e t i c a l , econom ic, and a e s t h e t i c a t t i t u d e s c o ld and inhuman.

In

c o n tr a s t t o th e p o l i t i c a l ty p e , t h e s o c i a l man re g a rd s lo v e as i t s e l f
t h e o n ly s u i t a b l e form of pow er, o r e l s e r e p u d ia te s t h e e n t i r e concep­
t i o n o f pov/er as e n d an g erin g th e i n t e g r i t y o f p e r s o n a l i t y .

In i t s

p u r e s t form th e s o c i a l i n t e r e s t i s s e l f l e s s and te n d s t o approach v e iy
c lo s e ly t o t h e r e l ig i o u s a t t i t u d e . "
On t h e b a s is o f t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n , i t would b e e x p ected t h a t t h e
s o c ia l in d iv id u a l would be i n t r a c e p t i v e , r e a c t a g a in s t e x tr a c e p tiv e n e s s ,
s te r e o ty p y , and power and " to u g h n e s s " .

c«f» App. I ,

—
22—

The reaso n s f o r t h e p r e d ic te d p re se n c e of th e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
i n th e s o c i a l in d iv id u a l a r e a s fo llo w s i
(1 ) Because o f t h e s o c ia l i n d i v i d u a l 's g r e a t re g a rd f o r o th e rs
and h is g r e a t c a p a c ity f o r sympathy and k in d n e s s , i t would be
ex p ected t h a t he i s c a p a b le o f t h e em o tio n al s u b j e c t i v i t y t h a t
i s a p a r t o f i n t r a c e p t lv e n e s s .
(2 ) H is g r e a t em phasis on " lo v e ” , an a b s tr a c t e n t i t y , would i n d i ­
c a te t h a t h e i s n o t dom inated by t h e c o n c re te and would t h e r e ­
f o r e te n d n o t t o be e x tr a c e p tiv e .
(3 ) The g r e a t i n t e r e s t i n "p e rso n s as ends" would i n d i c a t e t h a t he
would n o t be i n c lin e d t o a c c e p t n e g a t i v i s t i c , p re -c o n c e iv o d
a t t i t u d e s to w ard s p e o p le .

C o n seq u en tly , he would te n d t o r e ­

j e c t s te r e o ty p y .
(4 ) S in c e he " re g a rd s lo v e as i t s e l f t h e only s u i t a b l e form of
pow er", he would n o t b e p re o c c u p ie d w ith id e a s of p e rs o n a l
power and m a n ife s t " g e t to ugh" a t t i t u d e s tow ard t h e weak.
On t h e b a s is of t h e s e d e d u c tio n s , th e fo llo w in g h y p o th e sis r e l a ­
t i v e t o s o c i a l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m may be s ta te d *

I n v iew of th e

in tr a o o p tiv e n e s s and r e j e c t i o n o f e x tr a c e p tiv e n e s s , s te r e o ty p y , and
power th e s o c i a l i n d i v i d u a l , s tr o n g s o c ia l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m
would be in c o n g ru e n t.
P o l i t i c a l V alu es and A n ti-S e m itism
A llp o r t and Vernon (5 )* b r i e f l y summarize S p ra n g e r's p o l i t i c a l
v a lu e ty p e a s follow s*

"The p o l i t i c a l man i s i n t e r e s t e d p r im a r ily i n

power.

H is a c t i v i t i e s a r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y w ith in t h e narrow f i e l d o f

p o l i t i c s ; b u t w h a te v er h is v o c a tio n he b e tr a y s h im se lf as a Maohtmensch .
L eaders i n any f i e l d g e n e r a lly have h ig h power v a lu e s .

S in c e com peti­

t i o n and s tr u g g l e p la y a l a r g e p a r t i n a l l l i f e , many p h ilo s o p h e rs have
s e e n power as t h e m ost u n i v e r s a l and most fundam ental of m o tiv e s.
T here a r e , how ever, c e r t a i n p e r s o n a l i t i e s i n whom th e d e s i r e f o r a
d i r e c t e x p re s s io n of t h i s m otive i s u p p erm o st, who w ish above a l l e l s e
f o r p e r s o n a l power, in f lu e n c e , and renown."
On t h e b a s is o f t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n we c o u ld ex p ect t h e p o l i t i c a l i n ­
d iv id u a l t o be a n t i - i n t r a c e p t i v e , e x tr a c e p tiv e , p re o c c u p ie d w ith power
and " to u g h n e s s " , an d prone t o p r o j e c t i v i t y .
The re aso n s f o r t h e p r e d ic te d p re se n c e o f th e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
a r e as fo llo w s :
(1 ) S in c e th e p o l i t i c a l in d iv id u a l is i n t e r e s t e d p r im a r ily i n th e
a tta in m e n t of pow er, i t w ould be ex p e c te d t h a t he would become
im p a tie n t w ith a n y th in g t h a t he c o u ld i n t e r p r e t as b e in g n o t
d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h a t g o a l; c o n s e q u e n tly , a r e a c ti o n a g a in s t
p s y c h o lo g ic a l in s i g h t s would be e x p e c te d , s in c e th e y p ro b ab ly
w ould n o t a p p e a r t o him d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o h is g o a l.

Thus he

would a p p a r e n tly be a n t i - i n t r a c e p t i v e .
(2 ) The c o n c re te and c l e a r l y o b s e rv a b le would p ro b ab ly dom inate
h i s o o g n itiv e s t r u c t u r e , s in o e he c o u ld , th ro u g h them , s e e
m a te r ia l e v id e n ce o f h is p ro g re s s tow ard h is g o a l.

This would

be c o n s is t e n t w ith e x tr a c e p tiv e n e s s .
(3 ) Because he i s c o m p letely dom inated by t h e d r iv e to w ard power,
i t would b e ex p ected t h a t t h e power and "to u g h n ess" mechanism

■would bo o p e r a tin g t o an ex trem e d eg ree i n t h e p o l i t i c a l
in d i v i d u a l .
(4 ) I t i s q u i t e p ro b a b le t h a t t h e p o l i t i c a l in d iv id u a l w ith h is
p re o c c u p a tio n w ith power would b e q u ic k t o p r o je c t h is sup­
p re ss e d power im p u lses o n to m in o rity groups su ch as Jews who
may a p p e a r t o be t h r e a t s , p la c in g blame on them , even as d id
th e f a s c i s t d i c t a t o r s , H i t l e r and M u sso lin i.
On th e b a s is of th e s e d e d u c tio n s , t h e fo llo w in g h y p o th e sis r e l a ­
t i v e t o p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m may be s ta te d *

I n v ie w of

th e a n t i - i n t r a c e p t i v e n e s s , e x tr a c e p tiv e n e s s , p re o c c u p a tio n w ith power,
and p r o j e c t i v i t y o f th e h ig h ly p o l i t i c a l i n d i v i d u a l , s tr o n g p o l i t i c a l
v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m would be c o n g ru e n t.
R e lig io u s V alues and A n ti-S e m itism
A llp o r t and Vernon (5 )^ b r i e f l y summarize S p r a n g e r's r e lig io u s
v a lu e ty p e a s fo llo w s*
c a lle d u n ity .

"The h ig h e s t v a lu e of t h e r e lig io u s man may be

He is m y s tic a l, and seek s t o comprehend t h e cosmos as a

w hole, t o r e l a t e h im s e lf t o i t s em bracing t o t a l i t y . : S p ran g er d e fin e s
t h e r e l ig i o u s man a s one 'w hose m en tal s t r u c t u r e is p erm an en tly d ir e c te d
t o t h e c r e a t i o n of t h e h ig h e s t and a b s o lu te ly s a t i s f y i n g v a lu e exper­
ie n c e . ' Some men o f t h i s ty p e a r e ’ immanent m y s t i c s ', t h a t i s , th e y f in d
in th e a f f ir m a tio n of l i f e and i n a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i n g t h e r e i n t h e i r
r e lig io u s e x p e rie n c e .

A F a u st w ith h is z e s t and en th u siasm se e s some­

th in g d iv in e in every e v e n t.

The 't r a n s c e n d e n t a l m y s tic ' on t h e o th e r

1 c . f . App. I .

-2 5 -

hand seek s t o u n i t e h im s e lf w ith a h ig h e r r e a l i t y by w ithdraw ing from
l i f e ; he i s t h e a s c e t i c , and, l i k e th e h o ly men of I n d ia , f in d s th e
e x p e rie n c e of u n i t y th ro u g h s e l f - d e n i a l and m e d ita tio n .

I n many i n ­

d iv id u a ls th e n e g a tio n and a f f ir m a tio n of l i f e a l t e r n a t e t o y i e l d th e
g r e a t e s t s a t i s f a c t i o n . ’'
On th e b a s i s of t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n we could ex p ect t h e r e lig i o u s
in d iv id u a l t o b e i n t r a c e p t i v e , r e a c t a g a in s t e x tr a c e p tiv e n e s s , and n o t
be p reo ccu p ied w ith power and " to u g h n e s s ."
The reaso n s f o r t h e p r e d ic te d p re se n c e o f th e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
a r e as fo llo w s*
(1 ) I n t r y i n g to " r e l a t e h im se lf" t o t h e "em bracing t o t a l i t y " of
t h e u n iv e r s e , t h e r e l ig i o u s in d iv id u a l would p ro b a b ly be
q u ite co n cern ed w ith p s y c h o lo g ic a l i n s i g h t s whioh m ight g iv e
him " c lu e s " t o t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p .

Thus he would be in tr a c e p ­

tiv e .
(2 ) By v i r t u e of h i s concern w ith t h e " n iy s tic a l" , i t would ap p ear
t h a t he would b e r e l a t i v e l y unconcerned w ith t h e c o n c r e te ,
th u s s u g g e s tin g t h e ab se n c e of e x tr a c e p tiv e n e s s .
(3 ) H is p re o c c u p a tio n w ith t h e h ig h e r " u n ity " would p ro b a b ly d eterhim from any d r iv e s to w ard p e rso n a l power o r " g e t tough" a t t i ­
tu d e s .
On th e b a s is of t h e s e d e d u c tio n s , t h e fo llo w in g h y p o th e sis r e l a t i v e
t o r e l ig i o u s v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m may be s ta te d *

I n v iew o f t h e

in tr a c e p t io n and r e j e c t i o n o f e x tr a c e p tiv e n e s s and power by t h e r e lig io u s
in d iv id u a l , s tr o n g r e l ig i o u s v a lu e s would b e in c o n g ru e n t w ith a n t i S em itism .

—2 6—

V alue H ie ra rc h ie s and A n ti-S e m itism
I n th e p re c e d in g p r e s e n ta tio n of h y p o th eses co n cern in g th e r e l a ­
t i o n s h i p betw een each o f S p r a n g e r's s i x v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m , th e
i n t e r a c t i o n o f th e s e v a lu e s was n o t s t r e s s e d .

A c tu a lly , S p ran g er i s

r a t h e r em phatic i n p o in tin g o u t t h a t in d iv id u a ls a r e n o t j u s t " economic
ty p e s " o r j u s t " s o c i a l ty p e s " i n th e s e n s e t h a t th e s e p a r t i c u l a r v a lu e s
a r e t h e o n ly ones p r e s e n t i n t h e p e r s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e o f t h e in d iv id u a l.
He p o in ts o u t t h a t a h ie r a r c h y of th e s e s i x v a lu e s ap p ears i n t h e p e r­
s o n a l i t y of ev ery in d iv id u a l and th e r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t y o f th e v a lu e s is
th e b a s is f o r th e "ty p e " l a b e l .

C e r ta in ly , i t m ight be ex p ected t h a t

an in d iv id u a l h ig h e s t in p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s and n e x t h ig h e s t i n a e s t h e t i c
v a lu e s m ight w e ll behave d i f f e r e n t l y th a n an in d iv id u a l h ig h e s t in
p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s and n e x t h ig h e s t i n economic v a l u e s .
I t is f o r t h i s

re a so n t h a t t h e w r i t e r f e e l s t h a t a h y p o th e sis con­

c e rn in g t h e r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t y o f a l l s i x v a lu e s in t h e r e l a t i v e l y p r e j ­
u d ic e d and r e l a t i v e l y u n p re ju d ic e d i n d iv id u a l s h o u ld be fo rm u la te d .
The b a s is f o r t h e s e h y p o th eses a r e a o tu a lly in h e r e n t in th e t h e o r e t i c a l
d is c u s s io n s p re c e d in g t h e h y p o th eses p r e v io u s ly drawn i n th e p r e s e n t
p a p e r.

On t h e b a s is o f th e s e p re v io u s hypotheses i t m ight b e ex p ected

t h a t th e in d iv id u a l h ig h ly a n ti- S e m itic would te n d to be h ig h e s t in
p o l i t i c a l , and economic v a lu e s and lo w e st i n a e s t h e t i c , t h e o r e t i c a l ,
s o c ia l and r e l ig i o u s v a lu e s .

C o n v ersely , i t m ight b e expeoted t h a t th e

in d iv id u a l r e l a t i v e l y low i n a n ti-S e m itis m would te n d t o be h ig h e s t in
a e s t h e t i c , t h e o r e t i c a l , s o c i a l , and r e lig io u s v a lu e s , and lo w est in
p o l i t i c a l , and econom ic, v a l u e s .

-2 7 -

Some s u p p o rt o f th e s o c o n te n tio n s i s t o be found in s tu d ie s of
L u rie (31) and W ickert (5 3 ).

Both o f th e s e in v e s tig a to r s r e p o r t t h a t

th e p o l i t i c a l and economic v a lu e s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a te d i n
term s of s tu d ie s of i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s among t h e A llp o rt-V e rn o n v a lu e s ,
and t h a t th e t h e o r e t i c a l and a e s t h e t i c v a lu e s a re a ls o r e l a t e d t o each
o th e r , a lth o u g h t o a l e s s pronounced e x te n t th a n a r e t h e p o l i t i c a l and
economic v a lu e s .

I n a d d i t i o n , W ick ert r e p o r ts t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t neg a­

t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n e x i s t s betw een th e t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e and th e two
" P h i l i s t i n e " v a lu e s , t h e economic and th e p o l i t i c a l .

However, n e i t h e r

o f th e s e i n v e s t i g a t o r s found any s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e
r e lig io u s and s o c ia l v a lu e s and any of t h e o th e r s .
The fo llo w in g h y p o th e sis co n cern in g t h e r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t y o f a l l
o f th e s ix v a lu e s in in d iv id u a ls h ig h and low i n a n ti-S e m itis m may be
s ta te d i

I n view of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e v a lu e s t o c e r t a i n p e r s o n a lity

mechanisms ( i n t r a c e p t iv e n e s s , p r o j a c t i v i t y , e t c . ) , in d iv id u a ls r e l a t i v e l y
h ig h in a n ti-S e m itis m a r e dom inated by economic and p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s ;
in d iv id u a ls r e l a t i v e l y low i n a n ti-S e m itis m by a e s t h e t io , t h e o r e t i c a l ,
s o c i a l , and r e lig io u s v a l u e s .
The Role o f V alues i n J u s t i f y i n g A n ti-S em itism
The o p e r a tio n o f t h e mechanism o f r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n i n th e p e r s o n a l ity
o f th e i n d i v id u a l, would s u g g e st t h a t an in d iv id u a l would have a number
o f reaso n s a t h is d is p o s a l t o j u s t i f y a t t i t u d e s which he p o s s e s s e s .

More

s p e c i f i c a l l y , w ith r e s p e c t t o an a t t i t u d e tow ard t h e Jevra, i t would be
expected t h a t c o n s is te n t w ith th e o p e r a tio n o f th e mechanism o f r a t i o n a l ­
i z a t i o n , an in d iv id u a l would have reaso n s s u p p o rtin g h is a t t i t u d e , r e ­
g a r d le s s o f w h eth er i t was f a v o r a b le o r u n fa v o ra b le .

-28

A sid e from s h e e r number o f reaso n s a t t h e d is p o s a l o f th e in d iv id ­
u a l t o j u s t i f y h is a t t i t u d e to w ard t h e Jew s, th e c h a r a c te r of th e s e
reaso n s would be In flu e n c e d by o th e r dynamic p e r s o n a lity f a c t o r s .
V alues p r e s e n t i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l ’ s p e r s o n a l i t y sh o u ld f u n c tio n as one
o f th e s e dynamic f a c t o r s .

A number o f r e c e n t s tu d ie s have in d ic a te d

th e dynamic q u a l i t i e s of v a lu e s as m easured by t h e A llp o rt-V e rn o n s c a le .
L et us c o n s id e r some o f t h e s e s tu d ie s b r i e f l y .
C a n tr il and A llp o r t (9 ) r e p o r t a s tu d y by W ollberb i n which i t was
d em o n stra ted t h e e x te n t t o w hich t h e v a lu e p a t t e r n s , as m easured by th e
A llp o rt-V e m o n s c a l e , w ere f a c t o r s i n d i r e c t in g t h e a t t e n t i o n o f news­
p ap e r re a d e rs t o v a r io u s t o p i c s .

An a r t i f i c i a l new spaper was con­

s tr u c t e d v iiich f e a tu r e d a r t i c l e s which m ight te n d t o s ta n d o u t i n t h e
p e r c e p tu a l f i e l d s o f in d iv id u a ls h ig h i n t h e v a r io u s v a lu e s .

One a r t i ­

c le t h a t was u se d had a " le a d ” t h a t r e f e r r e d t o an im p o rta n t s a l e o f
works o f a r t , f o r exam ple, r e p r e s e n tin g t h e a e s t h e t ic v a lu e .

I t was

found t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t rank o rd e r c o r r e la t io n s e x is te d betw een t h e
a r t i c l e s p e rc e iv e d and t h e h ie r a r c h y of v a lu e s p r e s e n t in th e in d iv id u a ls .
F u rth erm o re, s i g n i f i c a n t n e g a tiv e c o r r e la tio n s e x is te d betw een t h e h i e r ­
arc h y o f v a lu e s and t h e a r t i c l e s t h a t w ere "p a sse d o v e r" .
Postm an, B ru n er, and McGinnies (39) p r e s o r te d t a c h i s t o s c o p i c a l l y
s tim u lu s words t h a t w ere r e l a t e d t o each o f t h e s ix v a lu e s .

F o r exam ple,

such words as " th e o iy " and " v e r if y " w ere used f o r t h e t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e ,
"incom e" and "w ealth y " f o r th e eoonomic, " p ra y e r" and "sa c re d " f o r th e
r e l i g i o u s , and s o on.

The A llp o rt-V e rn o n Study of V alues was ad m in is­

t e r e d t o th e s u b je c ts u sed i n t h e e x p erim en t.
each v a lu e ) w ere p re s e n te d t o t h e s u b je o ts .

-2 9 -

I n a l l 36 words ( 6 f o r
A reo o rd of t h e re c o g n itio n

tim e f o r each o f t h e words was made and was compared w ith th e s c o re s
f o r each o f t h e s i x v a lu e s made by th e s u b je c ts .

A s ig n ific a n t re la ­

t i o n s h i p betw een r e c o g n itio n tim e and v a lu e p a tte r n s was fo u n d , t h a t
i s , in d iv id u a ls te n d e d t o re c o g n iz e most q u ic k ly words t h a t re p re s e n te d
th e v a lu e th e y s c o re d h ig h e s t i n , l e a s t q u ic k ly words r e p re s e n tin g t h e
v a lu e t h a t th e y sc o re d lo w e st i n .

I n o th e r w o rd s, s i g n i f i c a n t agreem ent

betw een th e speed of r e c o g n itio n p r o f i l e s f o r t h e 36 words and t h e v a lu e
p r o f i l e s was fo u n d .
A nother experim ent w hich d e m o n stra te s th e dynamic q u a l i t i e s o f t h e
v a lu e s , was conducted by C a n t r i l ( 8 ) .

C a n tr il was i n t e r e s t e d i n d e te r ­

m ining w hether o r n o t a t t i t u d e s o f t h e g e n e ra l s o r t m easured by th e
A llp o rt-V e m o n s c a l e would in f lu e n c e a s s o c ia t io n tim e t o s p e c i f i c sym­
b o ls o f t h e s e a t t i t u d e s .

F re e a s s o c i a t i o n tim e t o words r e p r e s e n tin g

each o f t h e v a lu e s was m easured w ith a v o ic e -k e y c i r o u i t .

The ra n k -

o r d e r f o r t h e mean a s s o c i a t i o n tim e to th e l i s t o f words r e p re s e n tin g
t h a t a t t i t u d e and t h e ra n k -o r d e r o f t h e s i x v a lu e s was c o r r e la t e d .
I t was found t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e la ti o n s betw een t h e ra n k -o rd e r of
each o f t h e v a lu e s and t h e i r c o rre sp o n d in g mean a s s o c ia tio n tim e s e x is te d ,
w ith t h e e x c e p tio n o f t h e s o c i a l v a lu e , w hich as p o in te d out p re v io u s ly
i n t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r, was fo u n d t o b e t h e l e a s t r e l i a b l e o f t h e s ix
v a lu e s .

C a n t r i l concludes from t h i s d a ta t h a t , "The p o s it i v e c o r r e l a ­

t i o n betw een an i n d i v i d u a l ’ s a c c e p ta n c e o f a p a r t i c u l a r e v a lu a tiv e
a t t i t u d e and h is sp eed o f a s s o c i a t i o n tim e t o words whioh have re fe re n c e
t o t h a t a t t i t u d e would seem t o in d i c a te t h a t an in d iv i d u a l’s a t t i t u d e
e x e r ts a s i g n i f i c a n t in f lu e n c e on a v e ry s p e o if ic in s ta n c e o f h is b e ­
h a v io r , v i z . , h is speed o f a s s o c i a t i o n t o w ords."

-3 0 -

i

McGinnies (3 2 ) conducted a somewhat s i m i l a r experim ent and con­
clu d e s from h is r e s u l t s t h a t i

" a p e rso n w i l l respond s o o n e r t o a word

sy m b o liz in g h is h ig h e s t v a lu e a r e a th a n he w i l l to a word sym bolizing
h is lo w e st v a lu e a r e a .

F u rth e rm o re , t h e d if f e r e n c e s i n mean a s s o c ia ­

t i o n tim e f o r t h e group w ere, w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f v a lu e ran k tw o ,
in t h e e x p e cte d d i r e c t i o n ; t h a t i s , lo n g e r a s s o c ia ti o n tim e s f o r le s s
v a lu e d w ords•"
A f i n a l ex p erim en t t h a t m ight be c i t e d t o d em o n strate th e m o tiv a­
t i o n a l q u a l i t i e s o f t h e v a lu e s i s an experim ent of McGinnies and
Bowles ( 3 3 ) .

In th i s

experim ent fa c e s of s e v e r a l in d iv id u a ls a p p e a rin g

i n a p o p u la r m agazine were c u t o u t , p a s te d on c a r d s , and la b e le d as
m i n i s t e r , s c i e n t i s t , and so on t o r e p re s e n t each o f t h e s ix v a lu e s .
The p i c t u r e s were p r e s e n te d t o a group o f s u b je c ts t a c h i s t o s c o p i c a l l y ,
and t h e tim e t h a t i t was n e c e s s a r y t o a s s o c i a t e t h e f a c e w ith t h e occu­
p a tio n a l l a b e l , th u s le a r n in g t o re c o g n iz e th e f a c e s , was re c o rd e d .
I t was fo u n d t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t io n s h i p betw een t h e v a lu e p r o f i l e s
of th e s u b je c ts and tim e r e q u ir e d f o r le a r n in g t o re c o g n iz e th e f a c e s ,
was p r e s e n t.
These s tu d ie s s u g g e st t h a t t h e s e v a lu e s a r e dynamic f a c t o r s i n
t h e i n d i v i d u a l 's p e r s o n a l i t y ; c o n s e q u e n tly , i t would a p p e a r p la u s ib le
t o assume t h a t t h e v a lu e s c o u ld f u n c tio n as " s e l e c t i v e d e te rm in e rs " of
t h e ty p e s o f reaso n s s t a t e d as t h e in d iv id u a l r a t i o n a l i z e s h is a t t i t u d e
tow ard th e Jew s.
On th e b a s is of th e s e d e d u c tio n s , t h e fo llo w in g h y p o th e sis r e l a t i v e
t o t h e r o le •which v a lu e s p la y i n j u s t i f y i n g fa v o ra b le o r u n fa v o ra b le
a t t i t u d e s to w ard Jews*

I n v ie w o f th e dynamic q u a l i t i e s of t h e v a lu e s

-3 1 -

Ji

and the operation of th e r a tio n a liz a tio n mechanism, dominant valueB
w ill be r e fle c te d s ig n ific a n tly in reasons given fo r being and not
being a n ti-S e m itic , and t o t a l number of reasons given w ill d iffe r e n ­
t i a t e highs and lows in anti-Sem itism .
G eneral Comments
I n th e t h e o r e t i c a l d is c u s s io n p re c e d in g t h e fo rm u la tio n of t h e
h y p o th e se s, t h e re a d e r w i l l n o te t h a t only t h e im p o rtan ce o f v a lu e s
as f a c t o r s in p r e ju d ic e was s t r e s s e d .

B ecause of t h i s f a c t , t h e w r i t e r

may have g iv en t h e im p re s sio n t h a t th e v a lu e s f u n c tio n i n a vacuum, as
i t w ere, as d e te rm in e rs of v a ry in g degrees of r a c i a l p r e ju d ic e .

A c tu a l­

l y , on th e b a s is o f c e r t a i n c r u c i a l s tu d ie s o f t h e p e r s o n a l ity s t r u c t u r e
of t h e p r e ju d ic e d in d iv id u a l^ - and on th e b a s is o f o b s e rv a tio n s t h a t
m ight b e made b ased on c e r t a i n p s y c h o lo g ic a l sy ste m s,
m ight b e c i t e d a s d e te rm in e rs o f r a c i a l p r e ju d ic e .

a d d itio n a l f a c to r s

These a d d itio n a l

f a c t o r s , i t m ight b e p o in te d o u t, i n t e r a c t v e ry in tim a te ly w ith t h e
v a lu e h ie r a r c h y p r e s e n t i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l ’ s p e r s o n a li ty as what m ight
be term ed f u n c tio n a l d e te rm in e rs

o f p r e ju d ic e d b e h a v io r.

In f a c t,

s in g lin g o u t s p e c i f i c d e te rm in e rs o f p r e ju d ic e o r any o th e r ty p e o f p e r ­
c e p tu a l o r b e h a v io ra l p a t t e r n o f th e in d iv id u a l i s a h ig h ly a r t i f i c i a l

1 c . f . p . 1 t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r.
c . f . F reud ( 1 7 ) , Tolman ( 4 8 ) , Lewin (28) ( 2 9 ) , D o lla rd , Doob, e t a l
, ( 1 3 ).
F u n c tio n a l, o r a s B runer and Goodman (7 ) r e f e r t o them , b e h a v io ra l
d e te rm in a n ts o f p e r c e p tio n a r e “th o s e a c t i v e , a d a p tiv e fu n c tio n s of
th e o rganism w hich le a d t o th e governance and c o n tr o l o f a l l h ig h e rlo v e l f u n c tio n s , in c lu d in g p e r c e p tio n ; t h e laws o f le a r n in g and m o ti­
v a t io n , such p e r s o n a l i t y dynamics as r e p r e s s io n , t h e o p e r a tio n o f
q u a si-te m p eram en ta l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s l i k e in tr o v e r s io n and e x tr a v e r s io n ,
s o c ia l needs and a t t i t u d e s , and so o n ." These a r e c o n tr a s te d w ith
authochthonous o r s t r u c t u r a l d e te rm in a n ts which stem from p r o p e r tie s
o f t h e nervous sy ste m o f t h e org an ism .

p ro c e d u re .

An u ltim a te u n d e rs ta n d in g of p r e ju d ic e d b e h a v io r, in t h e

w r i t e r 's o p in io n , can o n ly be u n d e rsto o d th ro u g h a com plete a n a ly s is
o f th e t o t a l s t r u c t u r e o f and in flu e n c e s on th e in d iv id u a l p e r s o n a lity .
Y e t, a s was b ro u g h t o u t p re v io u s ly , an u n d e rsta n d in g of s i n g l e d e t e r ­
m iners o f p r e ju d ic e can s t i l l be o f g ro a t v a lu e i n a r e -e d u c a tio n p ro ­
gram when i t is n e c e s s a ry t o d e a l w ith a g r e a t many in d iv id u a ls s im u l­
ta n e o u s ly .
As an example o f o th e r i n t e r a c t i n g f u n c tio n a l d e te rm in e rs of
p r e ju d ic e we m ight p o in t o u t t h a t i n t e n s i t y of r a c i a l p r e ju d ic e may be
in flu e n c e d by t h e f r u s t r a t i o n of n eed s o th e r th a n th o s e t h a t m ight be
d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to t h e o b je c ts o f p r e ju d ic e , by c e r t a i n em o tio n al f a c ­
t o r s i n t h e p e r s o n a l i t y developm ent of t h e in d iv id u a l , o r by what may
be term e d , p a th o lo g ic a l p e r s o n a l i t y p a t t e r n s .
M ille r and Bugelslci in D o lla r d , Doob, e t a l (1 3 ) g iv e an e x p e r i­
m ental exam ple o f how f r u s t r a t i o n o f needs n o t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o th e
o b je c ts o f p r e ju d ic e may r e s u l t i n a n in c re a s e d amount of p r e ju d ic e .
A group o f boys in a camp, who lo o k ed fo rw ard to t h e i r w eekly t r i p in to
town t o a t t e n d th e Bank N ight a t t h e t h e a t r e , were f r u s t r a t e d in t h e i r
d e s ir e t o g e t t o tow n by b ein g f o rc e d t o t a k e a group of t e s t s r h ic h
w ere v e iy long and d u l l .

I t was fo u n d t h a t t h e a t t i t u d e s tow ard two

groups of f o r e i g n e r s , Mexicans and J a p a n e s e , as m easured by t e s t s b e fo re
and a f t e r t h i s f r u s t r a t i o n , became s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s f a v o ra b le a f t e r
th e f r u s t r a t i n g s e t of c irc u m s ta n c e s .
As a n example o f how o e r ta in em o tio n al f a c to r s i n t h e p e r s o n a lity
developm ent o f t h e in d iv id u a l may f u n c tio n as d ete rm in e rs o f r a c i a l
p r e ju d ic e , Frenlcel-B runsw ik and S an fo rd (1 8 ) s e le c t e d a group of g i r l s

high in a n ti-S e m itis m as m easured by a t e s t o f a n ti-S e m itis m and admin­
i s t e r e d c e r t a i n p r o j e c t i v e p e r s o n a lity d e v ic e s such as t h e Them atic
A p p erc ep tio n T e s t, and th e R orschach.
j e c t e d t o c l i n i c a l i n te r v ie w s .

I n a d d it io n , t h e g i r l s w ere sub­

From t h i s s tu d y th e y found t h a t t h e

mechanism o f r e p r e s s io n a p p a r e n tly stemm ing from u nconscious h a tr e d ,
m eanness, je a lo u s y , and s u s p ic io n tow ard p a r e n ta l f i g u r e s , was o p e r a t­
in g i n t h e p e r s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e of t h e s e g i r l s .

The i n v e s ti g a t o r s

conclude t h a t t h i s r e p r e s s io n may w e ll be a s i g n i f i c a n t d e te rm in a n t of
th e a n ti- S e m itic te n d e n c ie s which th e y re v e a le d .
The f a c t t h a t p a th o lo g ic a l p e r s o n a li ty p a tte r n s may f u n c tio n as a
d e te rm in a n t o f r a c i a l p r e ju d ic e is b ro u g h t o u t by A llp o r t (2 ) whan he
su g g e sts t h a t p a ra n o ia d te n d e n c ie s , f o r exam ple, may s e rv e as d e te rm in ­
ers o f a n ti-S e m itis m .
p o s s ib ility s ta te * *

Krech an d C r u tc h f ie ld (26) commenting on t h i s
"The p a ra n o ia c l i v e s i n a w orld o f d i r e s u s p ic io n s ;

and, a g a in , _if and when he f i x a t e s th e s e s u s p ic io n s ( o r ’ d e lu s io n s 1)
on members o f a s p e c i f i c r a c i a l g ro u p, we have b e l i e f s and a t t i t u d e s in
th e s e r v i c e o f th e p e c u l i a r needs o f th e p a th o lo g ic a l p a ra n o ia c .

These

b e l i e f s and a t t i t u d e s g iv e m eaning t o h is a c tio n s and j u s t i f y h is
b e h a v io r ."
Thus i t can b e r e a d ily s e e n t h a t t h e r e may be many f u n c tio n a l de­
te rm in a n ts o f r a c i a l p ro ju d io e i n t e r a c t i n g w ith th e p e rs o n ’ s v a lu e
h ie r a r c h y .

"While we a r e n o t unm indful of t h e complex i n t e r a c t i o n among

a l l o f th e s e v a r i a b l e s , i n th e p re s e n t s tu d y we cannot hope to do f u l l
j u s t i c e to a l l o f them .

I n s te a d we a r e r e s t r i c t i n g o u rs e lv e s t o a 6tudy

o f t h e r o le w hich v a lu e s p la y i n a n ti-S e m itis m .

^ p. 449 above c i t .

—34—

METHODOLOGY
Sample
In t e s t i n g t h e h y p o th e se s, 169 -w hite, n o n -Jew ish s tu d e n ts e n r o lle d
i n th e w r i t e r 's in tro d u c to r y p sy ch o logy c la s s e s a t M ichigan S ta t e
C o lleg e w ere u s e d .

T able I p r e s e n ts a breakdown of th e s e 169 s u b je c ts

w ith r e s p e c t to s e x , r e l i g i o n , c o lle g e c l a s s and number of m ale v e te r a n s
and n o n - v e te ra n s .

I t w i l l b e o bserved t h a t t h e r e a r e 116 m ales and 53

fem ales i n o u r sam ple; 121 P r o t e s t a n t s , 32 C a th o lic s , and 16 in d iv id u a ls
who i n d ic a te d no r e l ig i o u s p r e fe r e n c e ; 10 fresh m en , 92 sophom ores, 49
j u n i o r s , and IB s e n io r s ; 68 male v e te r a n s and 4B male n o n -v e te ra n s .
I n o rd e r t o a v o id th e o p e r a tio n o f a " s e l e c t i v e f a c to r " i n t h e
s e l e c t i o n o f th e s u b j e c t s , t h e s u b je c ts in t h e sam ple w ere re q u ire d t o
a tte n d t h e e x p e rim e n ta l t e s t i n g s e s s io n in v o lv e d in t h e s tu d y on th e
b a s is o f a d e p a rtm e n ta l re q u ire m e n t—t h a t a l l s tu d e n ts e n r o lle d i n th e
in tr o d u c to r y p sy chology co u rse a r e r e q u ire d t o c o n tr ib u te a t l e a s t t h r e e
hours o u ts id e o f c la s s as s u b je c ts i n p s y c h o lo g ic a l ex p e rim e n ts.
P ro ced u re
The e n t i r e group o f 169 s u b je c ts g a th e re d i n a la r g e classroom
a t an a p p o in te d tim e and w ere g iv e n th e fo llo w in g i n s t r u c t i o n s ;

"As

you know, you have been re q u e ste d t o b e p r e s e n t t h i s evening i n o rd e r
to p a r t i c i p a t e in a p u b lic o p in io n and p e r s o n a lity s tu d y .

Now, I know

t h a t i t would be v e r y sim p le f o r you to m erely 'g o th ro u g h t h e m o tio n s'
and n o t h o n e s tly g iv e me y o u r f u l l c o o p e ra tio n in doing t h e few th in g s
t h a t w i l l be re q u e ste d o f you.

However, you d id have t o go o u t o f y our

way a l i t t l e t o come h e re t o n i g h t , and i t seems r a t h e r f o o l i s h , now

-35-

1

TABLE I
A BREAKDOWN OF THE 169 SUBJECTS BY SEX, RELIGION, CLASS,
AMD VETERAN STATUS

Mai es

116

Sex
Females
P r o te s ta n ts
R e lig io n

53
121

C a th o lic s

32

No P re fe re n c e

16

Freshm en

10

Sophomores

92

J u n io r s

49

S e n io rs

18

Male V eteran s

68

Male N on-V eterans

48

C lass

V e te ra n S ta tu s

Female V ete ra n s

-36 -

0

t h a t you a r o h e ro , n o t t o g iv e y o u r f u l l c o o p e ra tio n .

Only i f you g iv e

y o u r f u l l c o o p e ra tio n w i l l t h i s s tu d y be w o rth a n y th in g , so p le a s e h e lp
us o u t and r e a l l y c o o p e ra te .

Answer a l l q u e s tio n s as h o n e s tly as you

can , k eep in g i n mind t h a t none of th e o p in io n s t h a t you g iv e w i l l i n
any way b e h e ld a g a i n s t you, s in c e you w i l l n o t be asked t o s ig n y o u r
name on any of th e form s t h a t you may r e c e iv e .

So p le a s e make an

h o n est and s in c e r e e f f o r t t o c o o p e ra te .
" F i r s t of a l l you w i l l be g iv en a g e n e ra l in fo rm a tio n s h e e t w ith
a number on i t .

F i l l t h i s in c o m p le te ly .

ab o u t i t , I w i l l be g la d to answ er them .

I f you have any q u e s tio n s
A f te r you have com pletely

f i l l e d i n t h i s f i r s t B h e e t, r a i s e y o u r hand and you w i l l be given a
second s h e e t w ith some q u o stio n s on i t t h a t you a r e ask ed t o answ er.
As soon as you g e t t h i s second s h e e t p la c e t h e number t h a t ap p ears on
th e f i r s t s h e e t i n t h e u p p o r r i g h t hand c o m e r of t h e second s h e e t.
When you have answ ered a l l of t h e q u e s tio n s on t h e second s h e e t as com­
p l e t e l y as you can , r a i s e y o u r hand a g a in and th e f i r s t two s h e e ts w i l l
be c o lle c te d as a p u b lic o p in io n n a ire is p a ssed o u t to y o u .

Im m ediately-

as soon as you g e t t h i s p u b lic o p in io n n a ire , p la c e e x a c tly t h e same
number on i t i n t h e u p p o r r i g h t hand c o m e r as was p r e s e n t on th e o th o r
two s h e e t s .
"When you have co m p letely f i l l e d o u t th e p u b lic o p in io n n a ire , r a i s e
y our hand a g a in and a sim ple p e r s o n a lity t e s t w i l l bo g iv en you as th e
o p in io n n a ire is c o l l e c t e d .

A gain, p la c e th e same number in th e u p p er

r ig h t hand c o rn e r on t h e f i r s t page o f t h e p e r s o n a lity t e s t .

F i l l in

th e p e r s o n a lity t e s t co m p letely and le a v e i t on t h e t a b l e i n f r o n t
b e fo re you le a v e .

"Remember, alw ays p la c e t h e number t h a t i s on th e f i r s t s h e e t on
a l l m a te r ia ls you re c e iv e i n t h e u p p er r i g h t hand c o rn e r as soon as
you g e t th e m a t e r ia l,
a s you can .

Answer every q u e s tio n on ev ery form as co m p letely

The f i r s t s h e e t w i l l now be handed out to you.

any q u e stio n s a t a l l , I w i l l b e g lad t o answ er them .

I f you have

By t h e way, th e

d ir e c t io n s f o r an sw erin g q u e s tio n s on t h e form s is r ig h t on th e form
in each c a s e .

I w i l l d is c u s s th e r e s u l t s of t h i s s tu d y w ith you in

c la s s b e fo re t h e end o f th e te rm , so r e a l l y c o o p e ra te so t h a t t h e stu d y
w i l l b e w o rth w h ile l"
The purpose o f t h i s ty p e o f s tr u c t u r in g was o b v io u sly t o m o tiv a te
th e s u b jo c ts t o a s high a d e g re e as p o s s i b l e .

Evidence d e m o n stra tin g

t h a t t h e s u b je c ts w ere a p p a r e n tly q u ite h ig h ly m o tiv a te d was t h e f a c t
t h a t n o t a s i n g l e s u b je c t f a i l e d to f i l l out th e v a r io u s q u e s tio n s h e e ts
and form s c o m p le te ly .
The forms r e f e r r e d t o in t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s were t h e P u b lic O pinion
Q u e s tio n n a ire , r e a l l y a g e n e ra l in fo rm a tio n s h e e t ( s e e Appendix IV) de­
sig n e d t o o b ta in d a ta c o n c ern in g th e n a tu r e of th e sam ple, t h e a n t i Sem itism s c a l e , t h e Study of V a lu e s, an d a q u a s i- r o le p la y in g d ev io e
(s e e Appendix V) d e sig n e d t o o b ta in s ta te m e n ts f o r b e in g and n o t-b e in g
p r e ju d ic e d f o r p u rp o ses of t e s t i n g th e h y p o th e sis co n ce rn in g v a lu e s
and reaso n s f o r p r e ju d ic e .
The q u a s i- r o le p la y in g d e v ic e is sim p ly a s h e e t w ith in s tr u c tio n s
t o th e s u b je c t f i r s t t o p la y t h e r o le o f an in d iv id u a l who is p r e j ­
u d iced a g a in s t Jews and s t a t e as many reaso n s f o r b ein g p re ju d io e d as
he can .

Then he i s re q u e ste d to p la y t h e r o le of an in d iv id u a l n o t

p r e ju d ic e d a g a in s t Jews and s t a t e as many reaso n s f o r n o t b ein g p r e j ­
u d ic e d as he can .

—38—

This d e v ic e "was a d m in is te re d b e f o re t h e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a le and
c o lle c te d b e f o re t h e s u b je c ts re c e iv e d th e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a l e , s in c e
t h e s u b jo c ts m ight p o s s ib ly have looked o v er t h e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a l e ,
ob serv ed t h a t i t c o n ta in e d a la r g e number of " re a s o n s ” f o r b e in g p r e j ­
u d ic ed a g a in s t Jew s, and th e n p ro ceed ed t o go back t o t h e " re a so n s f o r
p r e ju d ic e ” d e v ic e , f i l l i n t h e i r new-found " re a s o n s " and th u s i n v a l i ­
d a te t h i s q u a s i- p r o j e c t i v e d ev ic e f o r d e te rm in in g t h e f a v o ra b le and
u n fa v o ra b le a t t i t u d e s tow ard Jew s.
A ll o f t h e m a te r ia l u sed i n g a th e r in g th o d a ta were m atched in
term s o f t h e numbers in t h e u p p e r r i g h t hand c o m e r .

A f te r t h i s was

done, t h e fo llo w in g m a te r ia l oom pleted by each s u b je c t was s ta p le d t o ­
geth er*

(1 ) t h e g e n e ra l in fo rm a tio n s h e e t; (2 ) t h e " re a so n s f o r p r e j ­

u d ic e " d e v ic e ; (3 ) t h e L e v in so n -S a n fo rd A n ti-S e m itism S c a le ; (4 ) t h e
A llp o rt-V e rn o n Study o f V a lu e s.
A n aly sis of nhe Data
Tho d a ta was a n a ly z e d i n t h e fo llo w in g manner*
(1 )

In o rd e r t o t e s t th e h y p o th eses co n cern in g th e r e la t io n s h i p

betw een each of th e s ix v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m , t h e P e a rs o n ia n
product-m om ent c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t betw een each d i s t r i b u t i o n of
v a lu e s c o re s and a n ti-S e m itis m s c o re s was computed.
As a f u r t h e r means o f a n a ly z in g t h e n a tu r e o f th e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s ,
th e d i s t r i b u t i o n Y/as d iv id e d in t o f o u r q u a r te rs on th e b a s is of th e
a n ti-S e m itis m s c o r e s .

Q tr^ in c lu d ed t h e 25% of t h e sample who sco red

lo w est on t h e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a le (lo w p r e ju d ic e g ro u p ); Q trg in clu d ed
th e n e x t 25?' (medium low p r e ju d ic e g ro u p ); Q tr^ th e n ex t h ig h e s t 25%

-3 9 -

(medium h ig h p r e ju d ic e g ro u p ); Q tr^ t h e h ig h e s t s c o r e r s on t h e s c a l e
(h ig h p r e ju d ic e g ro u p ).
The mean v a lu e sc o re s i n each o f th e s e q u a r te r s was t h e n computed,
and a s t a t i s t i c a l com parison among t h e means, u sin g F is h e r* s t r a t i o
t e s t (1 5 ), was made.
(2 ) I n o r d e r t o t e s t th e h y p o th e sis co n cern in g th e v a lu e p a tte r n s
p re s e n t i n h ig h and low p r e ju d ic e g ro u p s, th e sc o re s made by each sub­
j e c t on t h e s i x v a lu e s u b -s c a le s w ere tra n sfo rm e d t o ran k in g s from 1 t o
6.

Tho v a lu e t h a t th e s u b je c t sc o re d th e h ig h e s t on was ran k ed no. 1,

th e n e x t h ig h e s t n o . 2 , and so on.
The mean ra n k in g s f o r th o v a lu e s in each o f t h e fo u r q u a r te r s was
th e n d e te rm in e d .
from 1 t o 6 .

These mean ra n k in g s were in tu r n c o n v e rte d t o rankings

I n each q u a r te r , th e v a lu e w ith th e h ig h e s t mean rank was

ranked n o . 1 , th e n e x t h ig h e s t n o . 2 , and so o n .

An o rd e r o f dominance

p a tt e r n of t h e s ix v a lu e s i n each of th e f o u r q u a r te r s was th u s computed.
The j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e u s e o f t h i s ra n k in g p ro c e d u re , which has
p re v io u s ly been u sed b y C a n tr il (9) and McGinnies ( 3 3 ) , stem s from t h e
f a c t t h a t th e raw s c o re s o b ta in e d on th e s ix v a lu e s u b - s c a le s a r e i n
r e a l i t y on ly r e l a t i v e s c o re s , s in c e t h e combined t o t a l o f t h e raw s c o re s
on th e s i x v a lu e s u b -s c a le s m ust alw ays be 180, as p o in te d o u t by Allporfc
and Vernon ( 5 ) .
(3 ) To t e s t th e hypothesis concerning reasons fo r prejudice and th e

v a lu e s, an a n a ly s is , in the high and low prejudice groupB of a l l of th e
reasons fo r being and not being prejudiced was made by the w riter and
two other judges.

This a n a ly sis wqs designed t o compare th e number of

reasons in th e high and low groups which c le a r ly r e fle c te d any of th e

-40-

s ix v a lu e s , i n term s o f S p ra n g e r’s d e s c r i p t i o n s .

I f a l l t h r e e judges

a g re e d t h a t a re a so n was in flu e n c e d by a p a r t i c u l a r v a l u e , i t was
t a l l i e d u n d e r th e v a lu e i n q u e s tio n .

I f any d isag reem en t o ccu rred i t

was t a l l i e d u n d er ’’m isc e lla n e o u s re a s o n s " .

I t was th u s p o s s ib le t o

d eterm in e th e e x te n t t o which dom inant v a lu e s d eterm in ed th e c o n te n t
o f reaso n s f o r p r e ju d ic e i n t h e h ig h and low g ro u p s.
The t o t a l number of re aso n s in t h e h ig h and low p r e ju d ic e groups
was a ls o t a l l i e d .

The s ig n i f i c a n c e o f t h e d if f e r e n c e betw een t h e means

of t h e a n ti- J e w is h and p ro -J e w ish reaso n s in t h e h ig h and low groups
wa3 t h e n d e te rm in e d .

This in d ic a te d t h e e x te n t t o which number of

reaso n s is an in d ex o f th e r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t y o f a n ti-S e m itis m .
(4 )

C e r ta in in c i d e n t a l d a ta was o b ta in e d d u rin g th e p ro cess of

g a th e rin g d a ta t o t e s t th e h y p o th e se s.

I t was d ecid ed t o u t i l i z e th e s e

d a ta and d e te rm in e t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of c e r t a i n in te r.-g ro u p d if f e r e n c e s
on th e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a l e and S tudy of V a lu e s, and r e p o r t them, even
though no h y p o th eses c o n c ern in g th e s e d a ta had b een fo rm u la te d .

-4 1 -

RESULTS
T h e o re tic a l V alues and T h e ir R e la tio n s h ip t o A n ti-S em itism
The f i r s t h y p o th e sis s t a t e s t h a t t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e s and a n t i Sem itism a r e in c o n g ru e n t.

I n term s o f o u r s c a l e s , t h e r e f o r e , a n e g a tiv e

r e la t io n s h i p sh o u ld e x i s t b etw eai s c o re s on t h e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a le and
sc o re s on t h e t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e s u b - s c a le .
T able I I shows t h e m eans, s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s , and c o r r e l a t i o n co­
e f f i c i e n t s betw een e ac h o f;th e Six v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m .

I t can be

se e n from T a b le I I t h a t t h e c o r r e l a t i o n betw een t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e s and
a n ti-S e m itis m i s - .0 6 9 , i n t h e h y p o th e siz e d d i r e c t i o n , b u t n o t s t a t i s t i c ­
a lly s ig n ific a n t.

On t h i s b a s i s , i t ap p ears t h a t th e h y p o th e sis i s n o t

u p h e ld .
However, th e p re se n c e o f a s l i g h t tr e n d i n th e p r e d ic te d d i r e c t io n
w a rra n ts a stu d y of t h e n a tu r e o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p .

Table I I I p re s e n ts

th e t h e o r e t i c a l s c o re means and o th e r s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r
th e f o u r q u a r te r s of th e a n ti-S e m itis m d i s t r i b u t i o n .^ - In T ab le I I I i t
can be observed t h a t th e means f o r q u a r te r s 1, 2 , 3 and 4 , a r e 2 9 .6 9 ,
2 8 .5 1 , 2 6 .7 4 , and 2 8 .5 5 , r e s p e c t i v e ly .

The s te p - w is e d if f e r e n c e s t h a t

e x is t s among t h e low er t h r e e q u a r te r s , f u r t h e r su p p o rts t h e tr e n d in d i­
c a te d by th e c o r r e l a t i o n .

I t a ls o s u g g e sts t h a t t h e high s c o re s i n th e

high group a p p a re n tly reduced th e s i z e o f t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t .

* S t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n d iff e r e n c e s e x i s t b e ­
tw een t h e low er two q u a r te r s and th e u p p er two q u a rte rs (5 % le v e l
of c o n fid e n c e ), which in d ic a te t h a t w ith r e s p e c t t o t h e o r e t i c a l
v a lu e s , Q u a rte rs 1 and 2 a r e more h etero g en eo u s th a n Q u a rte rs 3
and 4 .

-4 2 -

TABLE I I
'HANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS AND THE PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN
THE SIX VALUES AND ANTI-SEMITISM
__________________________________ (N - 169)________________________
S c a le

M

S D

r

P

A-S

128.11

43.73

—

—

T

27.63

6.48

-.0 6 9

E

29.32

6.07

.311

.01

AE _

27.24

7.62

-.2 4 9

.01

S

3 0.57

6.47

-.1 7 3

.05

P

31.22

5.86

.322

.01

R

33 .14

7.84

- .1 3 6

-4 3 -

n .s .

n .s .

TABLE I I I

Qfcr

N

M

S D

1

42

29.69

7.29

1.14

2

42

28.51

7.95

1.23

3

43

2 6 .74

5 .8 4

.91

4

42

28.55

5.02

•

MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEAN OF
THEORETICAL VALUE SCORES FOR ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 AND 4

-4 4 -

CD

•<1

se / m

T able IV p r e s e n ts th e s t a t i s t i c a l com parison among th e s e f o u r
q u a rte rs .

I t w i l l be o b serv ed from T able IV , t h a t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y

s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e ^ {1% l e v e l o f c o n fid e n c e ) e x is ts betw een
Q u a rte rs 1 and 3 .

No o th e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s e x i s t .

These i n t e r - q u a r t e r d a ta do n o t p r e s e n t tre n d s p o s i t i v e enough t o
u n c o n d itio n a lly s u p p o rt th o h y p o th e s is .

I t must be conoluded, t h e r e f o r e ,

t h a t on th e b a s i s o f t h e i n s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n t h a t was found, t h i s
h y p o th e sis has n o t b een a d e q u a te ly u p h e ld , even though a s l i g h t tr e n d
e x is ts which s u g g e s ts t h a t t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m may be
in c o n g ru e n t.
Economic V alues and T h e ir R e la tio n s h ip t o A n ti-S em itism
The second h y p o th e sis s t a t e s t h a t economic v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m
a re c o n g ru e n t.

I n te rm s of o u r s c a l e s , th e r e f o r e , a p o s it i v e r e l a t i o n ­

sh ip sh o u ld e x i s t betw een s c o re s on t h e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a le and s c o re s
on t h e economic v a lu e s u b - s c a le .
The r betw een economic and a n ti-S e m itis m sc o re s (T a b le I I ) i s .3 1 1 ,
which i s s ig n i f i c a n t a t t h e 1% l e v e l o f c o n fid e n c e .

T his would a p p e a r

t o u p h o ld th e h y p o th e s is .
A stu d y of t h e n a tu r e o f t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i l l a f f o r d f u r t h e r
in s ig h t in to t h i s f in d in g .

T ab le V shows th e economic s c o re means and

r e l a t e d s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r t h e f o u r q u a r te rs of t h e a n t i S em itism d i s t r i b u t i o n .

I t can b e g lean ed from Table V t h a t t h e means

a re 2 7 . B3 ( le w s ) , 2 7 .60 (medium lo w s), 29.52 (medium h ig h s ) , and 32.76

* With d i r e c t i o n of d i f f e r e n c e h y p o th e siz e d and 82 d . f . (42 cases in
each q u a r te r) t must b e 1 .6 6 and 2 .4 1 , t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5% and
1% le v e ls of c o n fid e n c e r e s p e c t i v e ly .

-4 5 -

TABLE IV
STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM
QITART3RS 1, 2, 3, AND 4

Q trs

D iff/M

S S

t

P

1 &4

1 .14

1.38

.83

Xl«s •

1 &3

2 .9 5

1.20

. 2 .4 6

.01

2 &4

.0 4

1 .46

.03

n .s .

1 &2

1. IB

1.6B

.70

n .s .

2 &3

1 .7 7

1.53

1.16

n .s .

3 &4

1.B1

1.20

1.51

n .s .

-4 6 -

TABLE V
MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEANS OF
ECONO!aC VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3, AND 4

Q tr

N

1

42

2

M

S D

se / m

27.83

5.40

.8 4

42

27.60

6.18

.95

3

43

29.52

6.31

.99

4

42

32.76

6.67

1 .04

-4 7 -

( h ig h s ) .

With t h e e x c e p tio n o f th e medium low g roup, s te p - w is e in c re a s e s

in economic v a lu e s c o re s go w ith in c r e a s e s in a n ti-S e m itis m .

U n ifo rm ity

w ith r e s p e c t t o economic v a lu e s in th e e n t i r e low p r e ju d ic e h a l f o f th e
d i s t r i b u t i o n i s a l s o in d i c a t e d .
T a b le VI p r e s e n ts th e s t a t i s t i c a l com parison among th e s e f o u r
q u a rte rs .

I t w i l l be observ ed from T ab le V I, t h a t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g ­

n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s e x i s t betw een Q u a rte rs 1 and 4 (1% l e v e l ) , 2 and
4 (1% l e v e l ) , an d 3 and 4 (5% l e v e l ) .
The r e s u l t s of th e i n t e r - q u a r t e r a n a ly s is , t h e r e f o r e , f u r t h e r sup­
p o rts. t h e h y p o th e s is .

T his f a c t , co u p led w ith t h e s i g n i f i c a n t o v e r - a ll

c o r r e l a t i o n t h a t was fo u n d , in d ic a te s t h a t economic v a lu e s and a n t i S em itism a r e c o n g ru e n t.
Aes t h e t i c V alues and T h e ir R e la tio n s h ip t o A n ti-S e m itism
The t h i r d h y p o th e sis s t a t e s t h a t a e s t h e t i c v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m
a r e in c o n g ru e n t.

I n term s of o u r s c a l e s , th e r e f o r e , a n e g a tiv e r e l a ­

ti o n s h i p sh o u ld e x i s t betw een s c o re s on th e a n ti-S e m itis m and sc o re s on
th e a e s t h e t i c v a lu e s u b - s c a le .
The r b etw een a e s t h e t i c and a n ti-S e m itis m s c o re s (T ab le I I ) is
- .2 4 9 , which i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e 1% l e v e l of c o n fid e n c e .

T his would

a p p ea r t o uphold t h e h y p o th e s is .
F u r th e r i n s i g h t in t o t h i s f in d in g can b e o b ta in e d by a s tu d y o f
th e n a tu r e of t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p .

T ab le V II p r e s e n ts th e a e s t h e t i c s c o re

means and r e l a t e d s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r t h e f o u r q u a r te r s of
th e a n ti-S e m itis m d i s t r i b u t i o n .

I n T ab le V II i t can b e o bserved t h a t

th e means a r e 2 8 .9 3 , 2 9 .3 0 , 2 6 .6 8 , and 23.33 f o r t h e low, medium low,

-48-

TABLE VI
STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF ECONOMIC SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM
QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3, AND 4

D iff/M

S E

1 &4

4 .9 3

1 .34

3 .68

.01

1 &3

1.69

1.30

1.30

n .s .

2 &4

5 .1 6

1.41

3 .6 6

.01

1 &2

.23

1.27

.18

n .s .

2 &3

1.92

1.37

1 .4 0

n .s .

3 &4

3 .2 4

1.43

2 .2 7

.05

Qfcrs

-4 9 -

t

P

TABLE VII
MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OP THE MEANS OF
AESTHETIC VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2, 3, AND 4

Q tr

N

M

S D

se / m

1

42

26.93

9 .56

1.48

2

43

29.30

7.01

l.OB

3

42

26.88

7.32

1 .1 4

4

42

23.33

6.52

1.01

50-

medium h ig h , and h ig h g ro u p s, r e s p e c tiv e l y .
among t h e low , medium h ig h , and h ig h g ro u p s.

S te p -w ise d if f e r e n c e s e x i s t
R e la tiv e u n ifo r m ity among

th e low p r e ju d ic e h a l f i s a ls o su g g e ste d .
I t can be se e n from T able V III t h a t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f ­
fe re n c e s a t th e 1% c o n fid e n ce l e v e l e x i s t betw een Q u a rte rs 1 and 4 ,
2 and 4 , and 3 and 4 .
The p re se n c e of th e s i g n i f i c a n t n e g a tiv e c o r r e l a t i o n su p p o rte d by
evid en ce i n th e i n t e r - q u a r t e r a n a l y s is , t h e r e f o r e , j u s t i f i e s th e con­
c lu s io n t h a t a e s t h e t i c v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m a r e in c o n g ru e n t.
S o c ia l V alues and T h e ir R e la tio n s h ip t o A n ti-S em itism
The f o u r th h y p o th e s is s t a t e s t h a t s o c i a l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m
a r e in c o n g ru e n t.

I n term s o f o u r s c a l e s , t h e r e f o r e , a n e g a tiv e r e l a ­

t i o n s h i p sh o u ld e x i s t betw een s c o re s on t h e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a le and
sc o re s on t h e s o c i a l s u b - s c a le .
An r o f -.1 7 3 (T a b le I I ) s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e 5% le v e l o f c o n fid e n c e ,
betw een s o c i a l and a n ti-S e m itis m s c a l e s c o r e s , ten d s t o s u p p o rt th e
h y p o th e s is .
T able IX shows th e means and r e l a t e d s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
of th e s o c i a l v a lu e s c o re s f o r t h e f o u r a n ti-S e m itis m q u a r te r s .

I t can

be o b serv ed t h a t th e means a r e 3 2 .1 0 , 3 1 .6 7 , 3 0 .6 4 , 29.00 f o r t h e low,
medium low, medium h ig h , and h ig h a n ti-S e m itis m g ro u p s, r e s p e c tiv e ly .
This i n d ic a te s c l e a r - c u t s te p - w is e d if f e r e n c e s amont th e f o u r q u a r te r s .
The re a d e r w i l l n o te from T able X t h a t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n i f i c a n t
d if f e r e n c e s a t t h e 5% c o n fid en c e le v e l e x is t betw een Q u a rte rs 1 and 4,
and 2 and 4 .

-5 1 -

TABLE V III

D iff/M

S S

t

P

1 &4

5 .6 0

1.79

3.13

.01

1 &3

2 .0 5

1.87

1.10

n .s .

2 &4

5 .9 7

1.48

4.03

.01

1 &2

.37

1.83

.25

2 &3

2 .4 2

1.57

1.54

a

3 <3c 4

3 .5 5

1.52

2 .3 4

•
o
cn

STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF AESTHETIC SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM
QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3, AND 4

Q trs

•
•

CO

52-

XX*s •

TABLE IX
MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEANS OF
SOCIAL VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEME TISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4

Q tr

N

M

S D

se / m

1

42

32.10

6 .1 4

1.27

2

43

31.67

7 .01

1.08

3

42

30.64

4 .9 0

.77

4

42

29.00

6 .56

1.02

-5 3 -

TABLE X
STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF SOCIAL SCORES IN ANTL-SEMITISM
QUARTERS 1 , 2, 3 , AND 4

Q trs

D iff/M

S E

t

P

1 &4

3 .1 0

1.63

1 .9 0

.05

1 &3

1 .4 6

1.48

.99

n .s .

2 &4

2 .6 7

1.49

1 .79

.05

1 &2

.4 3

1.67

.2 6

n .s .

2 &3

1 .0 3

1.33

.7 7

n .s .

3 &4

1 .6 4

1.28

1 .2 8

n .s .

-5 4 -

The p resen c e of s te p - w is e d if f e r e n c e s among a l l f o u r q u a r te rs and
th e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s betw een 1 and 4 and 2 and 4 ,
te n d t o le n d f u r t h e r s u p p o rt t o th e h y p o th e s is .
On t h e b a s is o f th e s e i n t e r - q u a r t e r a n a ly s is d a ta and th e p re se n c e
of a s i g n i f i c a n t n e g a tiv e c o r r e l a t i o n , i t can b e , t h e r e f o r e , concluded
t h a t s o c i a l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m a r e in c o n g ru e n t.
P o l i t i c a l V alues and T h e ir R e la tio n s h ip t o A n ti-S em itism
The f i f t h h y p o th e sis s t a t e s t h a t p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m
a r e c o n g ru e n t.

I n te rm s of o u r s c a l e s , t h e r e f o r e , a p o s it i v e r e l a t i o n ­

s h ip sh o u ld e x i s t betw een s c o re s on th e a n ti-S e m itis m and s o c ia l v a lu e
s c a le s .
A c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f .322 (T ab le I I ) , s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e
I % l e v e l o f c o n fid e n c e , was found betw een t h e s e two v a r i a b l e s .

This

upholds th e h y p o th e s is .
T ab le XI p r e s e n ts th e means and r e l a t e d s t a t i s t i c a l d a ta o f th e
p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s c o re s f o r t h e f o u r q u a r te r s o f t h e a n ti-S e m itis m d i s ­
trib u tio n .

The means a r e 2 8 .8 1 , 2 9 .1 4 , 3 3 .5 7 , and 33.71 i n th e low,

medium low , medium h ig h , an d h ig h a n ti-S e m itis m g ro u p s, r e s p e c tiv e ly .
This i n d ic a te s s te p - w is e d if f e r e n c e s among t h e f o u r q u a r te r s .
I t can b e o b serv ed from T ab le X II t h a t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n i f i c a n t
d if f e r e n c e s a t th e 1% co n fid e n c e l e v e l e x i s t betw een Q u a rte rs 1 and 4 ,
1 and 3 , 2 and 4 , and 4 and 3.
The p re se n c e of s te p -w is e d if f e r e n c e s among a l l fo u r q u a r te rs and
th e s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n i f i c a n c e of s e v e r a l of th e s .a d if f e r e n c e s , s tr o n g ly
su p p o rts th e h y p o th e s is .

55

TABLE XI
LEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEANS OF
POLITICAL VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3, AND 4

M

S D

se / m

1

42

28.81

6.58

1.03

2

43

2 9 .14

6.43

.99

3

42

33.57

4 .65

.73

4

42

33.71

5.09

o

N

CO
•

Q tr

/

-5 6 -

TABLE XII
STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF POLITICAL SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM
QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3, AND 4

Qfcrs

D iff/M

SB

t

P

1 &4

4 .9 0

1.30

3.77

.01

1 &3

4 .7 6

1.26

3.78

.01

2 &4

4 .5 7

1.27

3.60

.01

1 &2

.96

1.43

.67

n .s .

2 &3

4 .4 3

1.23

3 .60

.01

3 &4

.14

l.OB

.13

n .s .

-57-

I t can , t h e r e f o r e , be concluded, t h a t on t h e b a s is of th e evidence
from th e i n t e r - q u a r t e r a n a ly s is and th e e x is te n c e o f a s ig n i f i c a n t
p o s it i v e c o r r e l a t i o n , p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m a r e co n g ru e n t.
R e lig io u s V alues and T h e ir R e la tio n s h ip t o A n ti-S em itism
The s i x t h h y p o th e sis s t a t e s t h a t r e l ig io u s v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m
a r e in c o n g ru e n t.

I n te rm s o f o u r s c a l e s , t h e r e f o r e , a n e g a tiv e r e l a t i o n ­

s h ip sh o u ld e x i s t betw een s c o re s on th e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a le and sco res
on t h e r e l ig i o u s v a lu e s u b - s c a le .
I t was found (T ab le I I ) t h a t a c o r r e l a t i o n of - .1 3 6 , n o t s t a t i s ­
t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t , e x i s t s betw een r e lig io u s v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m .
T his does n o t su p p o rt o u r h y p o th e sis s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , so th e h y p o th e sis
must be r e j e c t e d .

However, t h i s r i s i n th e h y p o th e siz e d d i r e c t i o n , so

an a n a ly s is o f t h e n a tu r e o f t h i s r e la t io n s h i p a p p ears to be w a rra n te d .
T able X III p r e s e n ts th e moans and r e la te d s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r is ­
t i c s of th e r e l ig i o u s sc o re s i n th e f o u r p r e ju d ic e q u a r t e r s .

The re a d e r

w i l l n o te in T a b le X III t h a t t h e means a re 3 3 .2 6 , 3 3 .3 9 , 3 2 .6 0 , and
32.9 0 f o r t h e low, medium low, medium h ig h , and high a n ti-S e m itis m
groups r e s p e c t i v e l y .

I n t e r - q u a r t e r d if f e r e n c e s do n o t approach s t a t i s ­

t i c a l s ig n i f i c a n c e , as can be se e n i n T able XIV.
The r e s u l t s shown above th e n , do n o t s u p p o rt th e h y p o th e sis re g a rd ­
in g th e incongruence o f r e l ig i o u s v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m .
We may co n clu d e t h i s s e c t io n of t h e r e s u l t s by ad d in g t h a t t h e
a n ti-S e m itis m d i s t r i b u t i o n was a ls o broken down a c c o rd in g t o s e x , and
a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f th e r e l a t io n s h i p between each v a lu e and a n ti-S e m itis m
i n th e male and fem ale groups was made.
above wore s u p p o rte d .

-5 8 -

A ll of th e tre n d s p re se n te d

TABLE X III
LEAHS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEANS OF
RELIGIOUS VALUE SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2, 3, AND 4

Q tr

N

M

S D

1

42

3 3 .2 6

8 .3 0

1.30

2

43

33.39

11.05

1.71

3

42

32.60

7 .9 6

1.2 4

4

42

32.90

7.98

1.25

-5 9 -

se / m

TABLE XIV
STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF RELIGIOUS SCORES IN ANTI-SEMITISM
QUARTERS 1, 2 , 3 , AND 4

Qfcrs

D iff/M

S E

t

P

1 &4

.3 6

1 .8 0

.20

n .s .

1 &3

• 66

1 .8 0

.3 7

n .s .

2 &4

.49

2.12

.23

n .s .

1 &2

.1 3

2 .1 5

.0 6

n .s .

2 &3

.79

2 .1 1

.37

n .s .

3 &4

.3 0

1 .76

.1 7

n .s .

-6 0 -

The R e la tio n s h ip Between V alue P a tte r n s and A n ti-S em itism
The s e v e n th h y p o th e sis i s t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t a n ti- S e m itic in d iv id ­
u a ls a r e dom inated by p o l i t i c a l and economic v a lu e s , •while in d iv id u a ls
r e l a t i v e l y l e s s a n ti- S e m itic a r e dom inated by a e s t h e t i c , t h e o r e t i c a l ,
s o c i a l , and r e lig io u s v a l u e s .

As was su g g e ste d i n th e m ethodology

s e c tio n o f th e p r e s e n t p a p e r, a t e s t o f t h i s h y p o th e sis was e f f e c te d by
com puting a n o rd e r o f dominance p a t t e r n o f t h e s ix v a lu e s i n term s o f
rank in g s from 1 to 6, f o r t h e f o u r q u a r te r s o f t h e a n ti-S e m itis m d i s t r i ­
b u tio n .
By t h e method d e s c rib e d i n th e m ethodology s e c tio n , mean rankings
were d e te rm in e d f o r t h e f o u r q u a r te rs of t h e a n ti-S e m itis m d i s t r i b u t i o n
f o r each o f t h e s ix v a lu e s .

These mean ra n k in g s and r e l a t e d s t a t i s t i ­

c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a p p e a r i n T a b le XV.

I t w i l l be observed from

Table XV t h a t f o r t h e low p r e ju d ic e group (Qtr-^) t h e mean rankings a r e
a e s t h e t i c 2 .0 0 , t h e o r e t i c a l 3 .1 7 , s o c i a l 2 .5 7 , r e lig io u s 2 .6 2 , economic
4 .6 9 , and p o l i t i c a l 4 .B 3 .

"When th e s e mean ran k in g s a r e c o n v erted t o

rank in g s from 1 t o 6 th e y a p p e a r in t h e fo llo w in g o rd e r from h ig h e s t t o
lo w e st:

a e s t h e t i c , s o c i a l , r e l i g i o u s , t h e o r e t i c a l , econom ic, and

p o litic a l.
In t h e medium low p re ju d ic e group (Q trg ) th e mean ran k in g s a r e
a e s t h e t i c 3 .0 2 , t h e o r e t i c a l 3 .1 9 , s o c i a l 3 .0 7 , r e lig io u s 3 .0 0 , economic
4 .2 9 , and p o l i t i c a l 4 .0 5 .
o rd e r:

'When c o n v e rte d , th e y ap p ear i n t h e fo llo w in g

r e l i g i o u s , a e s t h e t i c , s o c i a l , t h e o r e t i c a l , p o l i t i c a l , and

economic.
I n t h e medium h ig h p r e ju d ic e group (Q tr^ ) t h e mean ran k in g s a r e
a e s t h e t ic 4 .1 6 , t h e o r e t i c a l 4 .2 8 , s o c i a l 3 .4 2 , r e lig io u s 3 .3 8 , economic

-61-

TABLE XV
MEANS, STANDARD , ERRORS, AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS, OP THE SIX VALUE
SCORES CONVERTED TO RANKINGS IN ANTI-SEMITISM QUARTERS 1, 2, 3, AND 4

42

1

42

42

T

VALUES
S

R

E

P

H

2.00

3.17

2.57

2.62

4.69

4.83

S .E .

.21

.21

.21

.22

.17

S .D .

1.35

1.36

1.33

1.41

1.10

1.25

M

3.02

3.19

3.07

3.00

4.29

4.05

S • E»

.27

.26

.24

.15

.24

S .D .

1.70

1.65

1.56

1.96

.97

1.51

M

4.16

4.28

3.42

3.38

3.40

2.74

S *E«

.24

.23

.24

.30

.25

.22

S .D .

1.58

1.48

1.53

1.93

1.62

1.45

M

5.17

4.69

3 .e e

3.57

2.36

2.31

S .E .

.19

.09

.22

.28

.20

.21

S .D .

1.23

.58

1.42

1.76

1.30

1.37

2
o
to
.

43

AE

to
o

QTR

•

N

3

4

—62—

3 .4 0 , and p o l i t i c a l 2 .7 4 .
ing o rd e r:

When c o n v e rte d , th e y a p p e a r in t h e fo llo w ­

p o l i t i c a l , r e l i g i o u s , econom ic, s o c i a l , a e s t h e t i c , and

th e o re tic a l.
I n t h e h ig h p r e ju d ic e group (Q tr ) t h e mean ra n k in g s a r e a e s t h e t ic
4
5 .1 7 , t h e o r e t i c a l 4 .6 9 , s o c i a l 3 .8 6 , r e l ig io u s 3 .5 7 , economic 2 ,3 6 ,
p o l i t i c a l 2 .3 1 .

VJhen c o n v e rte d , th e y a p p e a r in t h e fo llo w in g o rd e r:

p o l i t i c a l , econom ic, r e l i g i o u s , s o c i a l , t h e o r e t i c a l , and a e s th e tic *
F ig u re I p re s e n ts t h e s e v a lu e h ie r a r c h ie s g r a p h ic a lly on t h e b a s is o f
th e mean v a lu e s c o re s i n each q u a r te r .

I t w i l l be n o te d in F ig u re I

t h a t w ith t h e e x c e p tio n of t h e medium h ig h p r e ju d ic e group ( Q tr ^ ) , which
ap p ears t o b e dom inated by p o l i t i c a l and r e lig io u s v a lu e s r a t h e r th a n
by p o l i t i c a l and economic v a lu e s a s h y p o th e siz e d , th e p r e d ic te d v a lu e
p a tte r n s a p p e a r to e x i s t .
V alues as F a c to rs i n Reasons f o r P r e ju d ic e
The e ig h th h y p o th e sis s t a t e s t h a t t h e dom inant v a lu e s i n th e h ig h
and low a n ti-S e m itis m groups w i l l f u n c tio n as s i g n i f i c a n t d e te rm in e rs
o f th o ty p o s of rea so n s g iv e n f o r b e in g and n o t b ein g p r e ju d ic e d , and
th e number o f reaso n s g iv e n w i l l be an index of th e i n t e n s i t y of a n t i S em itism .
Ac has b een e s ta b lis h e d i n t h e h y p o th e s is d is c u s s e d above, th e
dom inant v a lu e s i n t h e high group a r e p o l i t i c a l and econom ic, w h ile t h e
dominant i n th e low group a r e a e s t h e t i c , t h e o r e t i c a l , s o c i a l , and
r e l ig i o u s .
C onsequently i n o rd e r t o su p p o rt th e f i r s t p a rt o f th e h y p o th e s is ,
th e number of economic and p o l i t i c a l reaso n s given b y th o h ig h group

-6 3 -

1

V

*

The R e la tiv e Im portance of V alues f o r A n ti-S em itism Q u a rte rs 1 , 2 , 3,
and 4 in Terms of ^ean Rankings
Q trx =

------- .—

oo oo o
Qt r 2 “
Q tr3 - -------------Q trA - Xx X * *X

6

5

i, 0 o ° O o

Rank

4

•A

3

2

1

AB

T

R

S
Value

-64-

B

P

sh o u ld b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a te r th a n th e number g iv en by t h e low group,
w h ile t h e number o f a e s t h e t i c , t h e o r e t i c a l , s o c i a l , and r e lig io u s r e a ­
sons g iv e n by th e low group s h o u ld be s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r th a n t h e
number g iv e n by th e h ig h g ro u p .
T able XVI p r e s e n ts th e number o f v a lu e - in f lu e n c e d reaso n s and
o th e r re a so n s g iv en by hig h and low a n ti-S e m itis m g ro u p s.

I t w ill be

n o te d i n T a b le XVI t h a t th e h ig h group gave 55 economic v a lu e - in flu e n c e d
re a s o n s , f o r b ein g p r e ju d ic e d , w h ile th e low group gave 41.
group gave 14 p o l i t i c a l re a s o n s , th e low group 4 .
14 r e l ig i o u s re a s o n s , t h e h ig h group 13.

The h ig h

The low group gave

N e ith e r group gave any th e o ­

r e t i c a l , a e s t h e t i c , o r s o c i a l v a lu e - in f lu e n c e d reaso n s f o r b e in g p r e j ­
u d ic e d .
I t w i l l a ls o be n o te d t h a t th e low group gave 25 t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e in flu e n c e d reaso n s f o r n o t b e in g p r e ju d ic e d , t h e h ig h group IB .
h ig h group gave 14 Economic re a s o n s , t h e low group 10.
gave 3 a e s t h e t i c re a s o n s , t h e high group 2 .
s o c ia l r e a s o n s , th e low group 2 1 .
re a so n s , t h o low group 4 .

The

The low group

The h ig h group gave 22

The high group gave 8 p o l i t i c a l

The low group gave 17 r e lig io u s re a s o n s , th e

h ig h group 10.
A t r e n d e x i s t s in d ic a tin g t h e o p e r a tio n o f economic and p o l i t i c a l
v a lu e s t o a g r e a te r extenb i n t h e h ig h a n ti-S e m itis m group th a n i n th e
low, b o th i n a n t i - and p ro -Je w ish re a s o n s , le n d in g some s u p p o rt to our
h y p o th e s is .

A s l i g h t tr e n d e x i s t s in d ic a tin g th e g r e a t e r in flu e n c e of

t h e o r e t i c a l and r e l i g i o u s v a lu e s i n t h e p ro -Je w ish reaso n s g iv e n by th e
low g ro u p .

However, n e i t h e r o f th e s e tre n d s i s s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t .

-65-

TABLE XVI
NUMBER OF VALUE-INFLUENCED AND MISCELLANEOUS
REASONS IN HIGH AND LOY/ ANTI-SEMITISM GROUPS

TYPE OF
REASON

POS. ON
A-S SCALE

N

T

E

AE

High

25/S

42

0

55

0

0

14

13

81

163

Low

25 %

42

0

41

0

0

4

14

53

112

High

25J?

42

18

14

2

22

8

10

47

121

Low

255?

42

25

10

3

21

4

17

70

150

VALUE
S
p

R

MISC.

TOTAL

A n tiJow ish

P ro J ewia h

-

66 -

Thus, w h ile th e s e r e s u l t s a r e h ig h ly s u g g e s tiv e t h e f i r s t p a r t of th e
h y p o th e sis has n o t been c l e a r l y u p h e ld .
In o rd e r t o u p hold th e second p a r t of t h e h y p o th e s is , t h e number
of re a so n s g iv en f o r b e in g a n ti- S e m itic sh o u ld be s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r
in th e h ig h p r e ju d ic e group th a n i n t h e low p r e ju d ic e group, w h ile th e
number of re a so n s g iv e n f o r n o t b e in g a n ti- S e m itic should be s i g n i f i ­
c a n tly g r e a t e r i n t h e low p r e ju d ic o group.
T ab le XVII p r e s e n ts a s t a t i s t i c a l com parison of th e reaso n s f o r
p r e ju d ic e g iv e n by t h e h ig h (Q tr4 ) and low (Q tr^ ) g ro u p s.

I t w i l l be

n o te d in T ab le XVII t h a t th o h ig h group gave an average of 3.88 reasons
f o r b ein g p r e ju d ic e d , w h ile t h e low group gave 2 .6 7 .

The d if f e r e n c e of

1.21 i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 1°' le v e l of c o n fid e n c e .
I t w i l l a ls o be n o te d t h a t th o h ig h group gave an a v erag e of 2.88
reaso n s f o r n o t b e in g p r e ju d ic e d , w h ile t h e low group gave 3 .5 7 .

The

d if f e r e n c e of .69 is s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e 5^ l e v e l o f co n fid en ce.
These d a ta ap p e ar t o uphold tho second p a r t of o u r h y p o th e s is .
J t may b e concluded t h a t th e number o f reasons g iv e n by groups f o r b e­
in g and n o t b e in g a n ti- S e m itic s e rv e s as a r e l i a b l e index of w hether
th e groups a r e h ig h o r low in a n ti-S e m itis m .
Some I n c id e n ta l R e su lts
This s e c t io n of t h e p r e s e n t p ap er w i l l be dev o ted t o t h e p re s e n ta ­
t i o n o f o e r t a i n i n c i d e n t a l r e s u l t s t h a t w ere o b ta in e d o r wore made
e a s i ly o b ta in a b le i n th e p ro c e ss of t e s t i n g th e h y p o th ese s.
These r e s u l t s can be s e p a ra te d in to two g e n e ra l p a r t s .

(1 ) R e su lts

t h a t d e a l w ith c e r t a i n in te r - g r o u p d if f e r e n c e s on th e a n ti-S e m itis m

/
-

67 -

r
\

TABLE XVII
A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF THE NU?!B3R OF PREJUDICED AND
RON-PREJUDICED REASONS GIVEN BY THOSE IN THS HIGH AND LOW GROUPS
ON THE AITTI-SEUITISM SCALE

N

M

SD

SE/Fn

S E /d if f /:'ji

d iff/l* .

t

P

1.21

3.33

.01

.69

1.82

•

Q tr

PREJUDICED REASONS
4

42

3.68

1.72

.27

1

42

2.6 7

1.49

.23

.37

NON-PKEJUDICED REASONS
42

2.88

1.12

.18
.3e

1

42

3.5 7

2.21

.34

-

66 -

oen

4

s c a le .

(2 ) R e s u lts t h a t d e a l w ith sex d if f e r e n c e s on th e s ix v a lu e

s u b - s c a le s .
No a tte m p t w i l l b e made t o make d e t a i l e d a n a ly s e s of th e s e r e s u l t s ;
b u t r e fe r e n c e to e x i s t i n g s tu d ie s w hich e i t h e r a g re e o r d is a g r e e w ith
th e r e s u l t s w i l l b e made when th e y a r e a p p lic a b le , o r a r e a v a ila b l e .
C e r ta in In tra -G ro u p D iffe re n c e s on t h e A n ti-S e m itism S cale
In T able X V III is found th e r e s u l t s r e l a t i n g t o c e r t a i n in te r - g r o u p
d if f e r e n c e s w ith r e s p e c t t o s c o re s on th e L ev in so n -S an fo rd A nti-S em itism
s c a le .

These r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t no s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r ­

ences e x i s t betw een t h e f o llo w in g p a ir s of gro u p s:

male v e te ra n s and

male n o n - v e te ra n s , s tu d e n ts who have n o t ta k e n th e E f f e c tiv e L iv in g
course'*' a t M ichigan S t a t e C o lle g e and s tu d e n ts who have had t h r e e term s
o f th e c o u rs e , C a th o lic s and P r o t e s t a n t s , C a th o lic s and in d iv id u a ls w ith
no r e l ig i o u s p r e fe r e n c e , P r o te s ta n ts and t h e no p re fe re n c e g roup, and a
combined group o f freshm en and sophomores as compared w ith a oombined
group o f j u n i o r s and s e n io r s .

A d if f e r e n c e s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 5% le v e l

of c o n fid e n c e was found betw een th e m ale and fem ale s u b je c ts i n o u r
2
sam ple, fem ales m a n ife s tin g l e s s a n ti-S e m itis m th a n m ales.

The E f f e c tiv e L iv in g c o u rs e a t M ichigan S t a t e C o lleg e devotes a con­
s id e r a b l e p o r ti o n of c l a s s tim e t o a d e li b e r a t e a tte m p t to reduce
r a c i a l p r e j u d ic e . Dahnke (1 2 ) fo u n d , c o n tra ry t o t h e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s ,
t h a t t h e co u rse d id re d u ce p r e ju d ic e s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
The r e s u l t s in v o lv in g t h e r e l i g i o u s , v e te r a n -n o n - v e te r a n , c o lle g e ,
c l a s s , and m ale-fem ale su b -g ro u p s a r e in agreem ent w ith r e s u l t s of an
u n p u b lish e d s tu d y a n a ly z in g th e s e group d if f e r e n c e s as p a r t o f a
c la s s p r o je c t i n s o c io lo g y . A random sample o f t h e s tu d e n ts on th e
M ichigan S t a t e C o lle g e campus was u s e d . However, in s te a d of t h e
a n ti-S e m itis m s c a l e , an in te r v ie w te c h n iq u e was used t o d eterm in e
i n t e n s i t y of p r e ju d io e . T his s tu d y , com pleted i n 1949, was d ir e c te d
by M. Rokeach.

TABLE XVIII
A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OP CERTAIN GROUPS ON THE ANTI-SEMITISM SCALE

GROUPS

N

M

SD

Male V e ts .

68

136.18

47.39

48

129.21

37.24

116

133.29

43.62

Females

53

117.75

43.96

0 term s E. L.

52

131.15

47.34

3 term s E. L.

62

123.37

41.50

32

128.69

49.69

121

129.06

43.80

32

128.69

49.69

Male non V e ts .
Males

; C a th o lic s
P r o te s ta n ts
C a th o lic s
No P re fe re n c e
P r o te s ta n ts
No P re fe re n c e
Preshmen-Sophomores
J u n io r-S e n io rs

16

123.06

35.58

121

129.06

43.60

16

123.06

35.58

102

128.71

44.21

67

127.98

44.48

-7 0 -

D if f .

t

P

6.97

.e e

n .s .

15.54

2.12

.05

7.78

.92

n .s .

.37

.04

n .s .

5.63

.44

n .s .

6.00

.60

n .s .

.73

.10

n .s .

I

Sex D iffe re n c e s on t h e S ix V alue S u b -S cales
I n T a b le XIX i s found th e r e s u l t s o f a n a ly z in g sex d if f e r e n c e s
on th o s ix s u b -s c a le s o f t h e A llp o rt-V e rn o n S tudy o f V a lu e s.

I t can

be se e n i n T able XIX t h a t fem ales a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r i n a e s th e ­
t i c (1?6 l e v e l ) s o c i a l (5 $ l e v e l ) and r e lig io u s (1% le v e l) v a lu e s .
The m ales a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r i n p o l i t i c a l , econom ic, and t h e o r e t i ­
c a l v a lu e s ( a l l a t 1% l e v e l of c o n fid e n c e ).^

These r e s u l t s a g re e w ith

t h e f in d in g s o f C a n t r i l and A llp o r t ( 9 ) , P in tn e r ( 3 8 ), and Hartman ( 2 2 ) .

^ W ith r e s p e c t t o s c o re s on th e A e s th e tic V alue S u b -s c a le men a r e
s i g n i f i c a n t l y more h etero g en eo u s th a n women (1 % le v e l of c o n f i­
d e n c e ).

-71-

TABLE XIX
A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OP MALE AND FEMALE SCORES ON THE
SIX VALUE SUB-SCALES

VALUE

SEX

N

M

SD

M

116

20.59

6.49

P

53

25.72

6.45

M

116

3 0 .94

6.29

F

53

2 6 .09

5.62

M

116

25.22

8.85

F

53

31.28

5 .1 6

M

116

30.12

7.07

T

E

AE

S
F

53

32.47

5.28

M

116

32.68

6.04

F

53

28 .2 6

5 .49

M

116

31.42

8 .6 4

F

53

36.58

6.24

P

R

-7 2 -

D if f .

t

P

2 .8 7

2.68

.01

4 .8 5

5 .05

.01

6.06

5.61

.01

2 .3 5

2 .4 0

.05

4.42

4.75

.01

5.16

4.41

.01

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
R e la te d R esearch
S ince t h e u n d e rta k in g of th e p r e s e n t s tu d y , two o th e r s tu d ie s
have been com pleted which d e a l w ith th e problem of th e r e l a t io n s h i p
o f S p ra n g e r's v a lu e s and p r e ju d ic e .

However, t h e c o n s id e ra tio n s of

t h i s problem by Gough (1 9 ) and Dahnke (12) a r e m erely s m a ll p a r ts of
m ajo r re s e a rc h p r o j e c t s , so th e problem i s n o t p u rsu ed by th e s e i n v e s t i ­
g a to rs t o any g r e a t e x t e n t .

At any r a t e , a com parison of t h e r e s u l t s

in t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y w ith t h e r e s u l t s i n th e s e s tu d ie s is in o rd e r.
Gough a d m in is te re d t h e A llp o rt-V e rn o n s c a le t o a group of h ig h
sch o o l s e n io r s f o r ■whom he a lre a d y had a n ti-S e m itis m s c o r e s .

He d iv id ­

ed th e group in to h ig h s and low s, w ith 27 s u b je c ts in each group, and
computed t r a t i o s w ith r e s p e c t t o in d iv id u a l s u b -s c a le s c o r e s .

Gough

had n o t fo rm u la te d any s p e c i f i c h y p o th eses r e l a t i v e to t h e f in d in g s ,
b u t he found a d i f f e r e n c e i n s o c ia l v a lu e sc o re s i n t h e two groups
s ig n i f i c a n t a t th e 5% le v e l o f c o n fid e n c e , which i s c o n s is te n t w ith
th e p re s e n t r e s u l t s .

A t r a t i o o f 1 .7 5 , ap p ro ach in g s ig n i f i c a n c e ,

was found i n th e c a se of t h e economic v a lu e s , w hich is a ls o c o n s is te n t
w ith th e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s .

However, c o n tr a d ic to r y ev id en ce was found

i n t h e case o f t h e p o l i t i c a l v a l u e s , i n w hich a d if f e r e n c e , a lth o u g h
n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t , was found i n th e d i r e c t i o n o p p o s ite to
t h e p re s e n t r e s u l t s . ^ The d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r e s u l t s i n t h e p r e s e n t p ap er and Gough's
r e s u l t s may b e a t t r i b u t e d t o th e f a c t t h a t th e h ig h sch o o l sam ple he

^ The re a d e r w i l l r e c a l l t h a t W ick ert (53) and L u rie (31) found s ig ­
n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s betw een th e economic and p o l i t i c a l
s u b -s c a le s which would be a f u r t h e r re a so n f o r n o t e x p e c tin g t h i s
r e s u l t of Gough's ( 1 9 ).

u se d m ight have been s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n c h a r a c te r th a n o u r
sample o f c o lle g e s tu d e n t s , t h e s m a lle r numbers i n th e u p p er and low er
groups (27 in Gough's s tu d y t o o u r 4 2 ) , o r t h a t t h e two s c a le s used
( th e S tu d y of V alues and A n ti-S em itism ) m ight n o t be v a l i d and r e l i a b l e
f o r younger s u b je c ts i n t h e s e n s e t h a t th ey would be f o r more m ature
s u b je c ts .

T his f a c t o r m ight be p a r t i c u l a r l y s i g n i f i c a n t , s in c e b o th

Vernon and A llp o r t (5 0 ) and L evinson and S an fo rd (27) used predom inantly
c o lle g e s tu d o n ts as s ta n d a r d iz a tio n g ro u p s.
As i n t h e p re s e n t s tu d y , Dahnke a ls o u se d M ichigan S t a t e C ollege
s tu d e n ts (N*s300).

However, D ahnke's sample in c lu d e d a g r e a te r number

o f freshm en and sophomores th a n w ere p re s e n t in t h e w r i t e r 's sam ple.
Dahnke d id n o t u se th e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a l e , b u t u sed two o th e r t e s t s
of g e n e ra l m in o rity group p r e ju d ic e , t h e P r e ju d ic e S c a le of t h e Minne­
s o ta id ilt i p h a s i c P e r s o n a l i t y In v e n to ry developed by Gough, and Cook's
O pinion S u rv ey .
He computed p ro d u c t moment r ' s betw een each v a lu e s u b -s c a le and
t h e s c o re s on th e two p r e ju d ic e t e s t s .

He found s i g n i f i c a n t n e g a tiv e

c o r r e l a t i o n s betw een p r e ju d ic e s c o re s and s o c ia l and a e s t h e t i c v a lu e s
and s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s betw een th e p re ju d ic e s c o re s and
t h e p o l i t i c a l and economic v a l u e s .

A s l i g h t n e g a tiv e c o r r e la t io n (n o t

s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t ) was found between p r e ju d ic e s c o re s and
r e l ig io u s and t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e s .
D ahnke's r e s u l t s and o u r r e s u l t s ap p ear t o be e s s e n t i a l l y th e same.
The r e s u l t s in t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y a ls o ag re e w ith Gough's r e s u l t s to th e
e x te n t t h a t o u r fin d in g s w ith re s p e c t t o s o c i a l and economic v a lu e s w ere
t h e same, w ith th e tr e n d s f o r th e o th e r v a lu e s , w ith th e e x c e p tio n of
p o l i t i c a l , b e in g in t h e same d i r e c t i o n .

74-

P o s s ib le E x p la n a tio n s f o r R e je c te d H ypotheses
In t h e r e s u l t s i t was s t a t e d t h a t t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e s d id n o t ap p ear
t o be s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d t o a n ti-S e m itis m i n th e h y p o th esize d nega­
tiv e d ire c tio n .

Why w a s n 't th e h y p o th e sis upheld?

A p o s s ib le answ er

t o t h i s q u e s tio n is found i n o u r e a r l i e r t h e o r e t i c a l d is c u s s io n .

We

made th e p o in t t h a t th e t h e o r e t i c a l in d iv id u a l would te n d t o be i n t r a c e p tiv e .

However, i t was s u g g e ste d t h a t some t h e o r e t i c a l in d iv id u a ls ,

b ecau se o f b ein g s tr o n g ly e m p iric a l in t h e i r approach to problem s, m ight
te n d to b e somewhat e x t r a c e p t i v e .

This r a i s e s th e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t

b o th i n t r a c e p t i v e and e x tr a c e p tiv e t h e o r e t i c a l in d iv id u a ls m ight s c o re
h ig h on th e t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e s c a l e .

S in c e in t r a c e p t io n i s r e l a t e d to

to le r a n c e and e x tr a c e p tio n t o i n to le r a n c e , i f even a r e l a t i v e l y few
e x tr a c e p tiv e t h e o r e t i c a l in d iv id u a ls sc o re d h ig h on t h e s c a l e , i t could
m a te r ia ll y red u ce t h e s ig n i f i c a n c e of any n e g a tiv e r e la tio n s h ip betw een
t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m t h a t m ight be p r e s e n t.
The p o s s i b i l i t y of t h e p re se n c e o f b o th in t r a c e p tiv e and e x tra c e p ­
t i v e t h e o r e t i c a l in d iv id u a ls p ro v id e s a b a s is f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h .
I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e may be s im i l a r t o t h e d if f e r e n c e
t h a t may b e p re s e n t betw een s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s and p h y s ic a l s c i e n t i s t s .
A com parison o f r e l a t i v e s t r e n g t h o f p r e ju d ic e betvfeen th e s e tvro group3,
may i n i t s e l f have some b e a r in g on t h i s problem .

On an a p r i o r i b a s is

t h e w r i t e r has o b serv ed t h a t th e s o c ia l s c i e n t i s t s a r e r e l a t i v e l y le s s
p re ju d ic e d th a n th e p h y s ic a l s c i e n t i s t s .

Of c o u rse , a c r i t i c a l exami­

n a tio n of t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y would r e q u ire th e u t i l i z a t i o n o f a s c a le
t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a t e d betw een i n t r a c e p t iv e and e x tr a c e p tiv e in d iv id u a ls ,
and a d m in is te rin g i t t o h ig h s c o r e r s on t h e A llp o rt-V e rn o n t h e o r e t i c a l
s c a le .

The h y p o th e siz e d n e g a tiv e tre n d i n t h e r e la t io n s h i p betw een r e ­
lig io u s v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m was a ls o n o t found to bo s i g n i f i c a n t .
In a d d i t i o n , t h e f in d in g s r e l a t i v e t o t h e p o s it i o n o f r e lig io u s v a lu e s
i n t h e v a lu e p a tte r n s of th e f o u r a n ti-S e m itis m q u a r te rs ap p ears to bo
r a th e r p a ra d o x ic a l (F ig u re I ) .

R e lig io u s v a lu e s a p p e a r t o p la y an

e q u a lly im p o rta n t p a r t i n b o th extrem e q u a r te r g ro u p s .

The re a d e r w i l l

r e c a l l t h a t i n t h e medium lov; group, r e lig io u s v a lu e s rank No. 1 and
in t h e medium h ig h group th e y rank No. 2 , w h ile i n b o th t h e h ig h and
low a n ti-S e m itis m groups r e l ig i o u s v a lu e s rank No. 3 .

Yfliat e x p la in s

th e s e a p p a r e n tly p a ra d o x ic a l fin d in g s ?
A p o s s ib le e x p la n a tio n i s t o be found i n a c o n s id e ra tio n o f th e
ty p e of r e lig io u s n e s s t h a t i s m easured by th e r e l ig i o u s v a lu e s c a l e .
K ir k p a tr ic k (2 5 ) lias n o te d t h a t h u m a n ita ria n ism and r e l i g i o n i n th e
n arrow se n se t h a t i t is p r e s e n t i n many in d iv id u a ls a r e n e g a tiv e ly co r­
re la te d .

However, C lark in V alues i n P e r s o n a lity R esearch (54) and

R o so n b lith (4 1 ) s u g g e st th o p o s s i b i l i t y o f th e p re se n c e of a p o s itiv e
o r h u m a n ita ria n r e l i g i o n a s w e ll a s a n arro w r e l i g i o n t h a t te n d s to
b re e d in c r e a s e d e th n o c e n tris m .
I t is p o s s ib le t h a t t h e r e lig io u s s c a l e does n o t r e l i a b l y d i f f e r ­
e n t i a t e b etw een in d iv id u a ls who a r e r e lig io u s i n th e h u m a n ita ria n and
t h e narro w , r e l ig i o u s s e n s e .

I f t h i s i s a v a l i d assu m p tio n , i t would

be ex p ected t h a t th o low p r e ju d ic e groups sc o re d h ig h i n r e lig io u s
v a l u e r , b e c a u se o f th o p re se n c e of a s tro n g h u m a n ita ria n r e l i g i o n ,
w h ile t h e h ig h p r e ju d ic e groups sc o re d h ig h in r e l ig io u s v a lu e s because
of t h e p re se n c e of a s tr o n g , narrow ty p e o f r e l ig io u s n e s s .
e x p la in t h e a p p a re n t am b ig u ity in th e r e s u l t s .

This would

The ab sen ce o f a s i g n i f i c a n t tr e n d in d ic a tin g th a t th e dominant
v a lu e s d eterm in e d t h e k in d s o f reaso n s g iv e n by t h e h ig h and low a n t i Sem itism g ro u p s, can b e e x p la in e d on th e b a s is of an a n a ly s is o f t h e
reaso n s t h a t w ere g iv e n .
I t was found t h a t th e m a jo rity of t h e s u b je c ts , b o th p re ju d ic e d
and u n p re ju d ic e d , w ere in flu e n c e d by e x is t in g s te r e o ty p e s concerning
th o Jews in c o n s tr u c tin g t h e i r r e a s o n s .

Most of th e p re ju d ic e d r e a ­

sons m erely in d ic a te d a n a c c e p ta n c e o f a p r e v a le n t n e g a tiv e s te r e o ty p e ,
w h ile most o f th e u n p re ju d ic e d reaso n s m erely d isc o u n te d p re v a le n t
n e g a tiv e s te r e o ty p e .

I n o th e r w o rds, most reaso n s had t o do w ith an

a c c e p ta n c e o r r e j e c t i o n o f th e ’’c la n n is h n e s s ” , r e lig io u s d if f e r e n c e ,
" d i f f e r e n t ” a p p e aran c e, "sh re w d n ess", "shady" f in a n c i a l a c t i v i t i e s , o r
s im il a r n e g a tiv e s te r e o ty p e s o f t h e Jew s.

I t ap p ears t h a t s te r e o ty p e s ,

th e r e f o r e , were more im p o rta n t a s d e te rm in e rs of reaso n s g iv en by b o th
g ro u p s, th a n th e v a lu e s as su c h .
G eneral Comments
The t r e n d in t h e r e s u l t s in g e n e ra l w hich in d ic a te s t h a t a n t i S em itic in d iv id u a ls a r e dom inated by economic and p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s have
some f a r - r e a c h in g t h e o r e t i c a l im p lic a tio n s when we c o n s id e r i t i n term s
o f t h e problem of re d u c in g a n ti-S e m itis m and p re ju d ic e g e n e r a lly .
J . Edward Todd (4 7 ) has made a p e n e tr a tin g a n a ly s is o f v a lu e s in
American c u l t u r e .

He p o in ts o u t t h a t i n t h e U n ited S ta te s th e v e ry

s o c ia l s t r u c t u r e encourages t h e developm ent o f economic and p o l i t i c a l
v a lu e s and th e y a r e t h e r e f o r e dom inant v a lu e s .

On t h e o th e r hand, he

su g g e sts t h a t by v i r t u e of t h a t same s o c ia l s t r u c t u r e , a e s t h e t i c ,

r e l i g i o u s , s o c i a l and t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e s a r e th e l e a s t em phasized as
im p o rta n t to " g e t t i n g a h e a d .”
I f we a r e t o assume t h a t Todd’s a n a ly s is is a v a l i d on e, i t would
a p p e a r t h a t o u r v e ry s o c i a l s t r u c t u r o is d e v e lo p in g v a lu e s in in d iv id ­
u a ls t h a t a r e most i n c o n s i s t e n t w ith t o l e r a n t , d em o cratic b e h a v io r and
a ttitu d e s .

T h is would i n d i c a t e t h a t i n o r d e r t o red u ce p r e ju d ic e in

o u r c u l t u r e , we would have t h e immense problem of changing o u r com plete
s o c ia l s t r u c t u r e w ith i t s em phasis on c o m p e titio n and th e o th e r p r e c ip ita r rts of economic and p o l i t i c a l v a lu e developm ent.
However, s in c e a tte m p ts to change "o u r American way of l i f e ” would
d evelop b i t t e r an tag o n ism on t h e p a r t o f m ost A m ericans, i f e x is tin g
a t t i t u d e s tow ards c e r t a i n " r a d i c a l ” groups i s any c r i t e r i o n , i t w i l l bo
n e c e s s a r y , i n o rd e r t o red u ce t h e lik e li h o o d of over-developm ent of
economic and p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s , t o f in d ways t o s t r e s s th e im portance of
th e o th e r v a lu e s by v i r t u e o f t h e i r p o s i t i v e w orth i n term s o f m a in ta in ­
ing th o p r e s e n t s o c ia l s t r u c t u r e a t a h ig h e r l e v e l .
I t i s , of c o u rs e , n o t w ith in th e sco p e o f t h e p r e s e n t p ap er t o
p u rsu e t h i s problem any f u r t h e r , b u t th e w r i t e r f e e l s t h a t t h e im p lic a ­
t i o n s o f th o r e s u l t s of t h i s s tu d y would le n d them selves t o a f u r t h e r ,
more th o ro u g h a n a ly s is in te rm s of th e b ro a d e r problem s of r e ta r d in g
p r e ju d ic e and u n d em o cratic b e h a v io r g e n e r a lly .

—78—

SUMMARY
The p r e s e n t stu d y was concerned w ith t h e problem of p e rso n a l v a lu e s
as f a c t o r s i n a n ti-S e m itis m .

I n o rd e r to m easure p e rso n a l v a lu e s , th e

A llp o rt-V e rn o n S tu d y o f V alues was u s e d .

I t m easures th e r e l a t i v e

s tr e n g t h o f S p ra n g e r's s ix v a lu e s , t h e o r e t i c a l , econom ic, a e s t h e t i c ,
s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l , and r e l i g i o u s .

A nti-S em itism was measured by th e

L ev in so n -S a n fo rd A n ti-S e m itism S c a le .
H ypotheses w ere fo rm u la te d t h a t s t a t e d t h a t t h e o r e t i c a l , a e s t h e t i c ,
s o c i a l , and r e l ig i o u s v a lu e s a r e n e g a tiv e ly r e l a t e d t o a n ti-S e m itis m ,
w h ile economic and p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s a r e p o s it i v e l y r e l a t e d t o a n t i S em itism .

A no th er h y p o th e sis s t a t e d t h a t i n an o r d e r of dominance

p a t t e r n c o n s is tin g o f a l l s i x v a lu e s , h ig h s c o re rs on th e a n ti-S e m itis m
s c a le a r e most dom inated by economic and p o l i t i c a l v a lu e s , w h ile low
s c o re r s a r e m ost dom inated by t h e o r e t i c a l , a e s t h e t i c , s o c i a l , and
r e l ig i o u s v a lu e s .

A f i n a l h y p o th e sis s t a t e d t h a t in d iv id u a ls s i g n i f i ­

c a n tly r e f l e c t t h e i r dom inant v a lu e s i n t h e reaso n s th e y g iv e f o r being
and n o t b ein g a n t i - S e m i t i c , and t h a t th e number o f reasons g iv en servos
as a r e l i a b l e index of t h e p o s itio n on th e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a le .
I n o rd e r t o t e s t th e s e h y p o th e se s, th e Study o f V alu es, a n t i S em itism s c a l e , and a q u a s i- r o le - p la y in g d ev ic e d esig n e d t o o b ta in th e
reaso n s s u b je c ts could g iv e f o r b ein g and n o t b e in g a n ti- S e m itic ware
a d m in iste re d t o a group o f 169 M ichigan S t a t e C o lleg e s tu d e n ts .

A n ti-

S em itism and each v a lu e was c o r r e la te d , t h e a n ti-S e m itis m d i s t r i b u t i o n
was d iv id e d in to f o u r q u a r te r s and th e f o u r q u a r te rs were s t a t i s t i c a l l y
compared w ith r e s p e c t t o each v a lu e , t h e s c o re s in each q u a r te r were
c o n v erted to ra n k in g s from 1 t o 6, and th e u p p er and low er q u a r te rs

w ere s t a t i s t i c a l l y compared w ith ro s p e c t t o th o number of v a l u e - i n f l u ­
enced reaso n s f o r p r e ju d ic e g iven and th e t o t a l number of reasons g iv e n .
F i n a l l y , c e r t a i n group d if f e r e n c e s on th e a n ti-S e m itis m and v a lu e s c a le s
w ere s t a t i s t i c a l l y com pared.
The fo llo w in g c o n c lu s io n s w ere reach ed on th e b a s is o f t h e t e s t s
o f th e h y p o th ese s:
(1 ) S i g n i f i c a n t n e g a tiv e r e l a tio n s h i p s e x i s t betw een a e s t h e t ic
and s o c ia l v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m . (H ypotheses confirm ed).
(2 ) S i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e r e l a t io n s h ip s e x i s t betw een p o l i t i c a l
and economic v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m . (H ypotheses confirm ed)
(3 ) Ho s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t io n s h ip s betw een t h e o r e t i c a l and r e lig io u s
v a lu e s and a n ti-S e m itis m e x i s t , a lth o u g h a s l i g h t tre n d in d i­
c a tin g a n e g a tiv e r e l a t i o n s h i p was fo u n d . (H ypotheses n o t con­
firm e d ) »
(4 ) The v a lu e p a t t e r n s , in t h e o rd e r of dominance f o r th e fo u r
a n ti-S e m itis m q u a r te rs a r e as fo llo w s :

H ighs—p o l i t i c a l ,

econom ic, r e l i g i o u s , s o c i a l , t h e o r e t i c a l , a e s t h e t i c ; medium
h ig h s —p o l i t i c a l , r e l i g i o u s , econom ic, s o c i a l , a e s t h e t i c ,
t h e o r e t i c a l ; medium lows— r e l i g i o u s , a e s t h e t i c , s o c i a l , t h e o r e t i ­
c a l , p o l i t i c a l , economic; low s—a e s t h e t i c , s o c i a l , r e l ig i o u s ,
t h e o r e t i c a l , eoonom ic, p o l i t i c a l . (H y p o th esis e s s e n t i a l l y con­
firm e d ).
(5 ) Dominant v a lu e p a tte r n s w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e f l e c t e d in
reaso n s g iv e n f o r b e in g and n o t b e in g a n ti- S e m itic , b u t number
of rea so n s g iv e n proved to b e a r e l i a b l e index o f t h e p o s itio n

-8 0 -

on th e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a l e , w ith h ig h s g iv in g s i g n i f i c a n t l y
more p re ju d ic e d and few er u n p re ju d ic e d reaso n s th an low s.
(H y p o th esis p a r t l y confirm ed)*
An a n a ly s is of c e r t a i n i n c i d e n t a l d a ta re v e a le d t h a t women were
s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s a n ti- S e m itic th a n men.

Ho s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s

on t h e a n ti-S e m itis m s c a le w ere found betw een th e fo llo w in g groups*
r e lig i o u s g roups (C a th o lic s and P r o te s t a n t s ) and no r e lig io u s p r e f e r ­
ence g ro u p , m ale v e te r a n s and male n o n - v e te ra n s , a combined group of
freshm an and sophomores and a combined group o f ju n io r s and s e n io r s ,
and s tu d e n ts who had n e v e r e n r o lle d f o r t h e E f f e c tiv e L iv in g Course
a t M ichigan S t a t e C o lleg e and a group who had th r e e term s o f th e
c o u rs e .
I t was found t h a t women a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r th a n men i n a e s th e ­
t i c , s o c i a l , and r e l ig i o u s v a lu e s , w h ile men a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r
th a n women i n p o l i t i c a l , econom ic, and t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e s .

—
81—

I

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O xford U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1938.

38.

P i n t n e r , R. A com parison of i n t e r e s t s , a b i l i t i e s , an d a t t i t u d e s .
J . abnorm. s o c . P sy c h o l. , 1933, 27, 351-357.

39.

Postm an, L . , B ru n e r, J . , and M cGinnies, E. P e rso n a l v a lu e s as
s e l e c t i v e f a c t o r s i n p e r c e p tio n . J . abnorm. s o c . P s y c h o l.,
1948.., 43, 142-154.
“

40.

Rokeach, M.
tris m .

41.

R o s e n b lith , Judy F . A r e p l i c a t i o n of some ro o ts of p r e ju d ic e .
J . abnorm. s o c . P sy c h o l. , 1949, 44, 470-469.

42.

S c h a e fe r, B. R. The v a l i d i t y and u t i l i t y o f th e A llp o rt-V e rn o n
S tudy of Values^. J . abnorm. s o c . P sy c h o l. , 1936, 27, 292-298.

43.

S p ra n g e r, Edward. L e b en sfo m en . H alle-N iem eyer, 1924. Types
of Men. (A u th o riz e d t r a n s l a t i o n of th e above b y P. J . YT.
P ig o r s ) , 1928.

44.

S p ra n g e r, E. P sy c h o lo g ie des j u g e n d a l te r s .
Meyer. 1925.

45.

S to n e , C. L. The p e r s o n a lity f a c t o r in v o c a tio n a l g u id a n c e .
abnorm. s o c . P sy c h o l. , 1933, 28, 3.

46.

Sumner, Yf. G.

47.

Todd, J . E. S o c ia l norms and b e h a v io r of c o lle g e s tu d e n t s . Bureau
of P u b lic a tio n s , T e a c h e r's C o lle g e , Columbia U n iv e r s ity , 1942.

48.

Tolman, E. C. P u rp o siv e b e h a v io r in anim als and men.
C en tu ry , 1932.

G e n e ra liz e d m en tal r i g i d i t y as a f a c t o r i n ethnocenJ . abnorm. s o c . P sy c h o l. , 1948, 43, 259-278.

Folkw ays.

B oston:

-8 4 -

L e ip z ig ;

Q u elle und
J.

Ginn & C o ., 1906.

New York:

49.

V ernon, P . B. Some c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e good judge o f perso n ­
a l i t y . J . s o c . P sy c h o l. , 1933, 4 , 42-57.

50.

V ernon, P . E ., and A l l p o r t , G. IV. A t e s t f o r p e rso n a l v a lu e s .
J . abnorm. s o c . P sy c h o l. , 1932, 26, 231-248.

51.

Y /h ite ly , P aul L. A stu d y o f t h e A llp o rt-V e rn o n t e s t f o r p e rso n a l
v a l u e s . J . abnorm. s o c . P sy c h o l. , 1933, 28, 1-13.

52.

. The co n stan cy of p e rs o n a l v a lu e .
s o c . P sy c h o l. , 1938, 33, 405-408.

J . abnorm.
“

53.

W ic k e rt, F . The i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s of some g e n e ra l and s p e c i f ic
p r e f e r e n c e s , J . s o c . P sy c h o l. , 1940, 11, 275-302.

54.

W o lff, W erner. P e r s o n a lity sym posia on t y p i c a l is s u e s , Symposium
No. 1. V alues in P e r s o n a lity R esearch , New York: Grune and
S t r a t t o n , 1950.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

A STUDY OF VALUES
A S c a l e f o b M e a s u r i n g t h e D o m in a n t I n t e r e s t s i n
P e r s o n a l it y

M anual of Directions
R e v is e d E d itio n

BY

GORDON W. ALLPORT
AND

PHILIP E. VERNON

HOUGHTON M IFFL IN COMPANY
rON

• NEW YORK • CniCAGO • DALLAS • ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO
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P R IN T E D IN T H B U .S .A

3

A STUDY OF VALUES1
PU RPO SE

study aims to m easure the re la tiv e prom inence of six basic
interests or m otives in perso n ality : tlie ihcorciical, economic, (Esthetic,

T h is

social, political, and religious.

T h e classification is b ased directly

„pon E duard S pranger’s Types of M e n ? a b rillia n t w ork which de1tends the view th a t th e personalities o f men a re best k now n th ro u g h
a study of their values or ev alu ativ e a ttitu d e s. Since it is undesir­
able for those who ta k e th e te st to k n o w too m u ch ab o u t its th e o re ti­
cal basis beforehand, any m ention o r discussion of th ese six values
should be deferred u n til th e te st h as been ta k en .
The scale consists of a num ber of questions, based u p o n a v arie ty
of familiar situations to w hich tw o a lte rn a tiv e answ ers (in P a r t I)
and four altern ativ e answ ers (in P a r t I I ) are provided.

I n all th e re

arc 120 answers, 20 of w hich refer to each of th e six values, l h e
subject records his preferences num erically b y the side of each
alternative answ er. H is scores are th e n transcribed o n to a sep arate
sheet, and the tw en ty scores belonging to each of th e six values are
summed. A fter ap p ly in g certain sim p le corrections th e se six to ta l
scores are plotted on a profile, so t h a t the su b je c t m ay see th e sig­
nificance of his stan d in g on all th e valu es sim ultaneously.
I n s t r u c t io n s f o r G iv in g

1. The Study of Values is

s e l f -adm inistering.

I n general no verb al

instructions are required, though th e exam iner m ay find i t desirable
to rend aloud, and if necessary fu rth e r explain, th e directions to P a r t
I; and to tell th e su b jects th a t as soon as th ey h av e com pleted P a r t I
they should continue w ith P a r t I I .
2. There is no tim e lim it. M ost su b jects req u ire ab o u t 20 m inutes
to complete th e en tire te st. A lth o u g h they should n o t b e stopped
■A more com plete d e sc rip tio n of th e th eo retical ba sis and th e c o n stru ctio n o f th e scale .n a y
be found in “ A T e s t for P erso n al V alues," b y P . E .' V ernon a n d G . W . A llp o rt, Jo u rn a l oj
Abnormal a n d S o cia l Psychology, 10!I1, X X V I, 3.

'T ra n s la te d from 5 th G erm an editio n of L e b e n sfo m e n , 1028.
* Stechert.

_ _
A m erican agent, G . b .

4
before finishing, th e y should be discouraged from spending too long
a tim e o v er th e questions.
3 . The test m ay be taken in a group or individually.

If taken alone,

it is desirable to cau tio n th e su b je c t ag ain st answ ering it in collabora­
tio n w ith others, o r ag ain st spending too m uch tim e 011 it.
4 . There .should be no explanation o f the purpose or constructional

the test, before it is taken.

B ias of one so rt or an o th e r is likely to affect

th e scores of those who are fam iliar w ith th e significance of the ques­
tions. F o r th is sam e reason, th e score sh eets should n o t be given to
th e su b jects u n til th e y h av e finished ta k in g th e test.
5. Omissions arc permissible but undesirable.

Guesses are fre­

q u en tly as significant as m ore d elib erate choices; and omissions
m ake th e scoring slightly m ore com plex.
G. Certain groups, not fa m ilia r until psychological tests, need asmancc and encouragement.

I f th e exam iner d etects an air of suspicion

o r opposition am ong th e su b jects, it should be explained that the
S tu d y of V alues is n o t a disguised scale for m easuring intelligence,
good breeding, or m oral know ledge. T h e su b je c t m u st be given to
u n d erstan d th a t th e resu lts can in no w ay d e tra c t from his standing.
E xperience has shown th a t, w ith a little encouragem ent, even
groups th a t are unused to psychological te sts develop keen interest,
especially if th ey are to be inform ed of th e ir scores.
I n s t r u c t i o n s f o r S c o r in g

The test is self-scoring.

B o th ta k in g an d scoring can be completed

w ithin one hour. A n experienced exam iner, if he chooses, may
score th e papers him self; th e en tire process for a single paper should
ta k e him eight m inutes o r less.
U nlike m ost te sts of p erso n ality , th e p resen t scale aim s to measure
m ore th a n a single variable.

A few su b jects m ay find it slightly per­

plexing to tre a t th e six values in th e score sh eet all a t one time. For
th is reason it is necessary for th e exam iner to stu d y th e method of
scoring in advance. H e should explain each step , following closely
th e directions given on th e score sheet, an d should be prepared to
give fu rth e r explanations, if called for, regarding th e following
points.
1. Treatment o f omitted questions.

Since th e sum of th e six final

5
scores for every su b ject m u st be th e sam e, it is necessary th a t all
omitted answ ers be tre a te d in th e m an n er explained on th e score
sheet. I t is also essential th a t th e sum of th e m arks for th e tw o
answers to any question in P a r t I equal 3, and th e sum of th e m ark s
(ranks) for the four answ ers to a n y q u estio n in P a r t I I equal 10.
2. The order o f transcriptions. I t is desirable to w arn the scorers
that the m arks which th e y have given to th e first (a) answers in P a r t
I are not always to be transcribed into the left-hand box on P age 2 of th e
score sheet. In questions 4, 6, 7, etc., th e (a) box is on th e right.
The same principle applies in P a r t II .
3. Verification o f transcriptions and additions.

T h e scorer should

check the accuracy of his tran scrip tio n s an d additions by verifying a t
each stage th e sum of his m arks according to th e figures given in th e
margins of the score sheet.
4. The totals fo r Part I I arc to be subtracted fro m the correction
figures a t the b o tto m of th e th ird page of th e score sh eet.1 In o rder
to assist the accuracy of his su b tractio n s, th e scorer m ay w rite these
totals again under th e correction figures.
5. Drawing the profile. T he six to ta l scores should be p lo tted as
crosses or dots on th e vertical lines on th e back page of th e score
sheet. T h e six crosses or dots m ay then be joined by ruling five sh o rt
diagonal lines.
G. The test has been constructed in such a way that 30 is the average
score for any single value. A few su b jects o b tain profiles th a t are
nearly flat, indicating, of course, th a t by th is te st, th e ir a ttitu d e s are
equally favorable to all six values. O nly th e larger peaks or d ep res­
sions in the profiles are likely to be significant, as shown by the norm s
printed a t the b o tto m of th e final page of th e score sheet. T hese
norms are based on ab o u t 4S00 final scores from S00 college stu d en ts
and adults of b o th sexes. T hough th e d istrib u tio n of scores for th e
1 The object of these correction figures is tw o-fold.

In l ’a r t 1 th e hig h est value receives th e

highest scores; h u t in P a rt I I , th e highest v alu e is given th e low est scores (ranks). T h e
range of to ta l scores in P a rt I is from 30 to 0, in P a rt I I from 10 to 40. Ile n c e the su b tra c tio n
of each to ta l in P a rt II from 40 effects th e necessary inversion.
Secondly, it was found th a t th e theoretical a n d social v alues were slightly m o re a ttra c tiv e th a n
the others in th e sta n d ard iza tio n groups, a n d n sm all correction for th e unequal p o p u la rity of
the answers u n d e r th e six value-headings has been included a t th is stag e for th e sake of con''mience.

T h e raw theoretical to ta l for each individual is therefore su b tra c te d from 39 in stea d

of from 40, th e economic to ta l (th is value being less a ttra c tiv e ) is su b tra c te d from 41, e tc .

6
differen t values varies slightly, a score w hich is g reater th a n 37 or less
th a n 24 for an y one v alu e is p ro b ab ly significant, since it falls within
th e extrem e quintiles.
7.
The test measures only the relative strength o f the s ix evaluative
altitudes.

A high score in one v alu e can be o b tain ed only b y reducing

correspondingly th e scores on one or m ore of th e o th e r values. In
in te rp re tin g th e results, therefore, it is necessary to b ear in mind that
th e y rev eal only th e relative im p o rtan ce of each of th e six values in a
given p erso n ality , n o t th e to ta l am o u n t of “ v alu e en erg y ” or drive
possessed b y an in d ividual.

I t is q u ite possible fo r th e highest value

of a generally a p a th e tic person to be less in ten se and effective than
th e low est value of a person in w hom all values are prom inent and
d ynam ic.

i
R e l i a b i l i t y a n d V a l i d i t yi

Successive revisions of th e te s t hav e shown th a t each theoretical
item is positively associated w ith th e to ta l score' derived from all the
theoretical item s, an d th a t th e item s for each of th e o th e r values like­
wise “ h an g to g e th e r” consistently.

T h e sp lit h alf reliability of the

to ta l te s t is fairly satisfacto ry . F o r 770 su b jects of b o th sexes a re­
liab ility of + .7 2 was o b tained b y m ethods w hich are discussed in
th e article cited a t th e beginning of th e p am p h let.

In one investiga­

tion re p e a t reliabilities of th e to ta l te st ap p ro x im ate + .8 2 .
T h e v alid ity of th e scale can n o t be established ad eq u ately by the
use of ra tin g m ethods, since th e u n fam iliarity of m ost rate rs with the
co nceptual n a tu re of th e values m akes for low reliability in their
ju d g m en ts. C onsidering th e te s t as a whole, correlations of +.45 to
+ .59 w ith ratin g s hav e been o b tain ed (if corrected for attenuation,
these figures would in d icate an ag reem en t of a b o u t + .8 3 ). The re­
liab ility an d v alid ity for th e sep arate values v ary , how ever: aesthetic
an d religious values are th e m ost satisfacto ry , social values the least
satisfactory.
M ore convincing v alid atio n com es from a n exam ination of the
scores of groups whose ch aracteristics are know n. T h e following
tab le presents som e significant com parisons.

T h e h ig h est scores for

each group, italicized in th e tab le, confirm th e ex p ectatio n of common
sense.

T h e low scores on o th e r values are eq u ally significant.

7
Sex Differences
1103 males
jy.li females
2755 combined

T h eo ­
retical

Eco­
nom ic

30. S3
27.(1!)
2 0 .2 0

.E s th e tic

Social

P o litical

llc ligious

3 2 .0 2 ■
2 7 .0 1
2 0 .5 1

2 7 .0 4
3 3 .0 3
.10.04

2 0 .7 4
3 1 . Go
.10.00

3 2. OS
27.8 7
20.0 8

2 7 .0 0
33.3 1
1 0 .0 1

3 1 .3
3 2 .0

2 8 .5
3 3 .1

2 8 .0
2 0.1

2 0 .4
2 0 .0

33.1
1 1 .4

2 5 .8
2 0 .4

32 1

3 1 .0

2 1 .0

2 8 .7

3 1 .8

1 0 .0

27.1
2 0 .0

3 S .3
1 0 .1

24 2
2 8 .0

2 0 .8
1 0 .7

3G.1
3 7 .1

2 5 .5
2 7 .0

2.1.7

2 7 .2

1 0 .2

2 0 .4

2 0 .5

10.1

2 7 .0

2.1.0
3 2 .0

2 0 .1
2 1 .5

So.O
3 2 .3

2 1 .8
2 8 .5

« '•

Illustrative ( U vupatioiial
Differences .
ifl students of science
(male)
Cl students in engineering
125 commercial stu d e n ts
(male)
SI salesmanship stu d e n ts
(male)
51 students of law (m ale)
21 students of lite ra tu re
(female)
SO m issionaries
(both
sexes)
20 Ilov Scout leaders

n .o

IS .!)
>

Note: Tin* m e n u M 'nrr« f o r I I ipm * o r c ti|» .ili" n n l g ro u p * n ro f o u n d I n In' docidcMlly Hgm fic.Ttit w h e n s tu d ie d in t h e
light of th e .v tn ti« lie a l r e l i a b i l it y o f th e d itT rre n e e s . i v c p a g e H f o r n r c f e r c m v t o a d d it i o n a l ► hnlics o f s e le c te d
group* of Mihjeet.*,

S u g g ested U se s

1. Classroom Demonstration. T he scale lias been found service­
able in courses in general psychology as well as in social psychology
and personality. I t provides a concrete m edium for introducing
students to th e problem of in terest an d m otive, an d especially, of
course, to th e theories of S p ran g er’s school of tho u g h t. I t illus­
trates likewise m an y of th e problem s encountered in th e m easure­
ment of personality (stan d ard izatio n , reliability, validation, in ter­
pretation).
Not the least appealing featu re of th e scale is its “ p ra c tic a l” n a ­
ture. S tudents alw ays show an in terest in th e ir own scores, and
enjoy a discussion of th e results. T h ey usually feel th a t th e classi­
fication of th e six types of v alue is useful to them . Of course they
should not be encouraged to regard th e types as rigid, b u t ra th e r to
consider them m erely as six of th e general a ttitu d e s in personality
in respect to which individuals m ay profitably be com pared.
2. Research. I n certai.n ty p es of investigation th e Study o f Values
may be found of considerable assistance. I ts possible u tility in th e fol­
lowing lines of research is a p p a re n t: (a) th e stu d y of sex, racial,
, vocational and sectional differences; (b) th e change in th e profiles

8
of in d iv id u als w ith m a tu rity ; (c) th e effect of new environm ents or
new courses of in stru c tio n upon profiles; (d) resem blances between
friends an d betw een m em bers of one fam ily; (e) th e relatio n between
values an d abilities; (f) th e co rrelation of th is scale w ith o th e r scales
d irected to w ard th e m easu rem en t of interests.
3.
Vocational Guidance and Personnel W ork.

A lthough norm s for

different occupations arc n o t av ailab le, th e p resen t te s t m ay be use­
ful to th e v ocational counsellor in securing an initial impression
of th e in terests of his client.

T h e values m easu red are much

b ro ad er th a n specific vocational in terests; nevertheless, th e preceding
ta b le has shown th a t stu d e n ts of science, law , lite ra tu re , theology,
e tc ., possess d istin ctiv e p a tte rn s of values.
S

p r a n g e r ’s

T

y pes

I n discussing th e S tudy o f Values w ith his su b jects, th e examiner
m a y find it co nvenient to h av e a t h a n d th e following brief char­
acterizatio n of S p ran g cr’s types. F o r a fuller acc o u n t h e should of
course refer d irectly to S p ran g er’s T ypes of M en.
(1) The theoretical. T h e d o m in an t in terest of th e th eo retical man
is th e discovery of truth.

In th e p u rsu it of this goal he ch aracteristi­

cally takes a “ co g n itiv e” a ttitu d e , one th a t looks for id en tities and
differences; one th a t divests itself of ju d g m en ts reg ard in g th e beauty
o r u tility of objects, an d seeks only to observe an d to reason. > Since
th e in terests of th e th eo retical m an are em pirical, critical, and
ratio n al, he is necessarily an in tellectu alist, frecpiently a scientist or
p hilosopher.1 Ilis chief aim in life is to order an d to system atize his
knowledge.
(2) The economic.

T h e econom ic m an is ch ara cteristically inter­

ested in w h at is useful.

B ased originally upon th e satisfaction of

bodily needs (self-preservation), th e in terest in u tilities develops to
em brace th e p ractical affairs of th e business w orld — th e production,
m ark etin g , an d consum ption of goods, th e elaboration of credit, and
th e accum ulation of tangible w ealth.
T h is ty p e is thoroughly
“ p ra c tic a l” and conform s well to th e p rev ailin g stereo ty p e of the
average A m erican business m an.
1 I t m u st n o t be (bought tlm t a high degree of ta le n t o r a tta in m e n t is necessary to qualify^
p erson for classification in th is, o r in a n y , ty p e .

E v en th e m o st u n d istin g u ish e d personalitiei

a re to b e know n n o t b y th e ir a ch iev e m en ts b u t b y th e ir in te re sts n n d in te n tio n s.

9
The econom ic a ttitu d e freq u en tly comes in to conflict w ith o th er
walues. T h e econom ic m an w ants education to be p ractical, and
regards unapplied know ledge as w aste. G reat feats of engineering,
Taylorism, p rag m atism , an d “ applied psych o lo g y ” resu lt from th e
demands which econom ic m en m ake upon science. T h e value of
utility likewise conflicts w ith th e {esthetic value, excepting when a r t
serves com m ercial ends. W ith o u t feeling inappropriateness in his
act, the econom ic m an m ay denude a beautiful hillside or befoul a
river with industrial refuse. In his personal life he is likely to confuse
luxury w ith beau ty . In his relations w ith people he is m ore likely
to be interested in surpassing them in w ealth than in dom inating
them (political a ttitu d e ) or in serving them (social a ttitu d e ). In
some cases th e econom ic m an m ay be said to m ake his religion th e
worship of M am m on. In o th e r instances, however, lie m ay have
regard for th e trad itio n al G od, b u t inclines to consider H im as th e
giver of good gifts, of w ealth, pro sp erity , an d o th e r tangible blessings.
(3) The (esthetic. T h e {esthetic m an sees his highest value in fo rm
and harmony. E ac h single experience is judged from the stan d p o in t
of grace, sym m etry, or fitness. H e regards life as a m anifold of
events; each single im pression is enjoyed for its own sake. H e need
not be a creativ e a rtis t; nor need he be effete; he is {esthetic if he
but finds his chief in terest in th e artistic episodes of life.
The {esthetic a ttitu d e is in a sense diam etrically opposed to th e
theoretical; th e form er is concerned w ith th e diversity, and th e
latter w ith th e id en tities of experience. T h e {esthetic m an chooses,
with K ents, to consider tru th as equivalent to b eau ty , or else to
agree with M encken, th a t, “ to m ake a th in g charm ing is a million
times m ore im p o rta n t th a n to m ake it tru e .” In th e economic
sphere th e icsthetc sees th e process of m anufacturing, advertising,
and trad e {is a w holesale destru ctio n of th e values m ost im p o rtan t
to him. In social affairs he m ay be said to be in terested in persons
but not in th e w elfare of persons; he ten d s tow ard individualism and
self-sufficiency. /E sth etic people often like th e beautiful insignia
of pomp an d pow er, b u t oppose political a c tiv ity when it m akes for
the repression of ind iv id u ality . In th e field of religion they are
likely to confuse b e a u ty w ith p u re r religious experience.
(4) The social. T h e highest value for th is ty p e is love of people;

10
w h eth er of one o r m a n y , w h eth er conjugal, filial, friendly, or phil*
an th ro p ic .1

T h e social m an prizes o th e r persons as ends, and is

th erefo re him self k in d , sy m p ath etic, a n d unselfish.

H e is likely to

find th e theo retical, econom ic, an d aesthetic a ttitu d e s cold and
in h u m an .

In c o n tra st to th e p o litical ty p e, th e social m an regards

love as itself th e only su itab le form of pow er, o r else repudiates the
en tire conception of pow er as en dangering th e in te g rity of person­
ality .

In its p u re st form th e social in te re st is selfless an d tends to

ap p ro ach v ery closely to th e religious a ttitu d e .
(5)

The political.

T h e political m an is in terested prim arily in

power. H is activ ities are n o t necessarily w ithin th e narrow field of
politics; b u t w h atev er his vocation, h e b etra y s him self as a Machtmcnsch.

L eaders in an y field generally h av e high pow er value.

Since com p etitio n an d struggle play a large p a r t in all life, many
philosophers h av e seen power as th e m o st universal an d m ost funda­
m ental of m otives.

T h ere are, how ever, certain personalities in

whom th e desire for a direct expression of this m o tiv e is uppermost,
who wish above all else for personal pow er, influence, a n d renow n.'
(0)
The religious. T h e highest v alue of th e religious m an may be
called u n ity. H e is m ystical, an d seeks to com prehend the cosmos
as a whole, to rela te him self to its em b racin g to ta lity . Spranger
defines th e religious m an as one “ whose m en tal s tru c tu re is perma­
nen tly d irected to th e creation of th e highest a n d absolutely satisfy­
ing value experience.”

Some men of this ty p e are “ immanent

m y stics,” th a t is, th e y find in th e affirm ation of life a n d in active
p articip a tio n th erein th e ir religious experience. A F a u s t with liis*
zest an d enthusiasm sees som ething divine in every event. The
“ tran sce n d en tal m y s tic ” on th e o th e r h an d seeks to u n ite himself
w ith a h ig h er reality b y w ithdraw ing from life; h e is th e ascetic, and,
like th e holy m en of In d ia, finds th e experience of u n ity through
self-denial and m ed itatio n . I n m an y in d iv id u als th e negation and
affirm ation of life a lte rn a te to yield th e g re a te st satisfaction.
M ixtures.

S p ran g er docs n o t im ply th a t a given m an belongs

1 In th e S tu d y o f I'nines, scores for social in te re sts linvc low re liab ility , a fa c t which seems to
show th a t th is ty p e is n o t a s unified a s S p ra n g e r believes.

Specifically, th e re su lts m ay indi­

c a te th e need for tw o d istin c t ty p e s: the n a rro w personalized love n n d th e b ro a d er, socialiitd
a n d p h ila n th ro p ic love.
still different in te rest.

W h a t is o rd in arily called so c iab ility a n d gregariousness seems to bel

11
exclusively to one o r an o th er of these types of values. In every
personality, as th e presen t te st shows, th ere exist all of these six
values, although usually in v ary in g degrees of prom inence.
R

ecen t

A

p p l ic a t io n s

A sum m ary of all published w ork em ploying th e Study o f Values
up to A ugust. 1933, togeth er w ith a rep o rt of several previously
mi,43 ' ’’slied investigations, was issued by II. C antril and G. AY.
Allport. R ecent A pplications of th e S tu d y of Values, Jouru. Abnorm.
| it Sor. Psychol.. 1933, 2S, 259-573. A m ong th e findings of this stu d y
may be m entioned:
(1) the verification of norm s an d reliabilities;
(;2) the fact th a t th e te st is uniform ly successful in distinguishing
the basic interests of co n trastin g occupational groups;
(3) the fact th a t it discloses distin ctiv e p a tte rn s of interests in
different colleges and educational centers;
(t) the fact th a t an in d iv id u al’s a ttitu d e s tow ard clothes, tow ard
conditions m aking for c o n ten tm e n t in life, tow ard qualities
required by th e “ id e a l” person, tow ard th e content of news­
papers — are all co n sisten t reflections of his own personal
values as m easured by th e scale.
Concerning th e theoretical im plications of th e te st for the psychology
of personality, the au th o rs conclude th a t these values (w ith the
possible exception of th e social) m u st be in terp reted as self-consistent,
pervasive, enduring, and above all generalized, traits of personality.
A person’s a c tiv ity is seldom determ ined exclusively by th e stim ulus
of the m om ent, by a tran sien t in terest, or by an a ttitu d e specific
to each situ atio n ; it is usually determ ined by general evaluative
attitudes which exert a directive effect upon his common activities,
oiul in so doing g u aran tee th e stab ility and consistency of his
personality.
A

ck n o w led g m en ts and

C

o m m u n ic a t io n s

Ilii* o rig in a l sc a le a n d th e p re se n t re v isio n o f th e M a n u a l o f D ire c tio n s w ere m ad e
Possible b y th e g e n e ro u s c o -o p c ra tio n of m a n y p sy c h o lo g is ts a n d o th e r in v e s tig a to rs .
The list o f c o n tr ib u to r s is u n f o r tu n a te ly to o long to p e rm it a n in d iv id u a l m e n tio n of
(heir n am es.
The a u th o rs w ill b e g ra te fu l if u se rs o f th e scale w ill c o n tin u e to se n d d is trib u tio n s of
seores (w ith a s ta te m e n t o f th e ty p e of g ro u p fro m w h ich th e y a re o b ta in e d ), c riticism s,
*3(1 o th er re s u lts o f e x p e rie n c e . A d d re ss c o m m u n ic a tio n s to G . \V. A llp o rt, E m e rso n
*H;ill, C a m b rid g e , M a ss.

t

PUBLIC OPINION QUESTIONNAIRE
T h is i s an i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f g e n e r a l p u b l i c o p i n i o n c o n c e r n i n g
Jewish p e o p l e .
The f o l l o w i n g a r e s t a t e m e n t s w i t h w h i c h some p e o p l e
agree and o t h e r s d i s a g r e e .
P l e a s e mark e a c h one i n t h e l e f t m a rgin #
according t o t h e amount o f y o u r a g r e e m e n t or d i s a g r e e m e n t , by u s i n g
the f o l l o w i n g s c a l e :
firm , stron g agreem ent; un d ou b ted ly tru e in g e n e r a l .
+ 2 : m o d e r a t e a g r e e m e n t ; t r u e i n many c a s e s ; o f t e n t r u e .
i 1 : s l i g h t a g r e e m e n t ; t r u e i n some c a s e s ; o c c a s i o n a l l y .
- 1 : s l i g h t d i s a g r e e m e n t ; more f a l s e t h a n t r u e .
- 2 : m oderate d is a g r e e m e n t ; u s u a l l y n o t th e c a s e ; p robab ly wrong.
- 5 : s t r o n g d i s a g r e e m e n t ; an a b s o l u t e m i s c o n c e p t i o n ; f a l s e .

1.
2,
5*
i|.
5,
6.

J,
_8 .
_9.
_10.
_11.
_1 2.
15*
_lJ+.

_15«
16.
_17.

I t w ou ld h u r t t h e b u s i n e s s o f a l a r g e c o n c e r n i f i t had t o o
many J e w i s h e m p l o y e e s .
The Jews s h o u l d make s i n c e r e e f f o r t s t o r i d t h e m s e l v e s o f
t h e i r c o n s p ic u o u s and i r r i t a t i n g f a u l t s , i f t h e y r e a l l y
want t o s t o p b e i n g p e r s e c u t e d .
In order to m a in ta in a n ic e r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhood i t i s
b e s t t o p r e v e n t Jews from l i v i n g i n i t ,
War shows up t h e f a c t t h a t t h e Jews a r e n o t p a t r i o t i c nor
w i l l i n g t o make s a c r i f i c e s f o r t h e i r c o u n t r y .
The b e s t way t o e l i m i n a t e t h e Communist menace i n t h i s
co u n try i s t o c o n t r o l the J ew ish elem ent w hich g u id es i t .
Jews seem t o p r e f e r t h e most l u x u r i o u s , e x t r a v a g a n t and
s e n s u a l way o f l i v i n g .
Much r e s e n t m e n t a g a i n s t Jews st e m s f r o m t h e i r t e n d e n c y t o
k e e p a p a r t a nd t o e x c l u d e G e n t i l e s from J e w i s h s o c i a l l i f e .
C o l l e g e s s h o u l d a d o p t a q u o t a s y s t e m by w h i c h t h e y l i m i t t h e
number o f J e w s i n f i e l d s w h i c h hav e t o o many Jews now.
The Jews m u s t . b e c o n s i d e r e d a bad i n f l u e n c e on C h r i s t i a n
c u l t u r e and c i v i l i z a t i o n .
I n o r d e r t o h a n d l e t h e J e w i s h p r o b l e m , G e n t i l e s must m e e t
f i r e w i t h f i r e and u s e t h e same r u t h l e s s t a c t i c s w i t h t h e
Jews t h a t t h e Jews u s e w i t h G e n t i l e s .
The J e w i s h d i s t r i c t s I n most c i t i e s a r e r e s u l t s o f t h e
c l a n n i s h n e s s and s t i c k - t o g e t h e r n e s s o f J e w s .
Jews may h a v e m o r a l s t a n d a r d s t h a t t h e y a p p l y i n t h e i r d e a l i n g
w ith each o t h e r , bu t w ith C h r is t ia n s th e y are un scru p u lou s,
r u t h l e s s , and u n d e p e n d a b l e .
On t h e w h o l e , t h e Jews have p r o b a b l y c o n t r i b u t e d l e s s t o
A m e r ic a n l i f e t h a n a n y o t h e r g r o u p .
One t h i n g t h a t h a s . h i n d e r e d t h e Jews from e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e i r
own n a t i o n i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y r e a l l y h a v e no c u l t u r e o f
t h e i r own; i n s t e a d , t h e y t e n d t o c o p y t h e t h i n g s t h a t are
im portant t o the n a t i v e c i t i z e n s o f w hatever country they
are i n .
A s t e p tow a r d s o l v i n g t h e J e w i s h p r o b l e m w o u ld be t o p r e v e n t
Jews from g e t t i n g i n t o s u p e r i o r , p r o f i t a b l e p o s i t i o n s i n
s o c i e t y , fo r a w h ile at l e a s t ,
The t r u e C h r i s t i a n can n e v e r f o r g i v e t h e Jews f o r t h e i r
c r u c ifix io n o f C h rist.
Jews go t o o f a r i n h i d i n g t h e i r J e w i s h n e s s , e s p e c i a l l y s u c h
e x t r e m e s as c h a n g i n g na m es, s t r a i g h t e n i n g n o s e s , and
i m i t a t i n g C h r i s t i a n mann ers and c u s t o m s .
-R7-

-

18.
19.

20.
21.
22.
2$.

2k»
25#
26.

27.
”2 8 .
29.
30.
31.
’3 2 .
'33.

3^1 •
35.

2-

I t i s n o t w i s e f o r a C h r i s t i a n t o b e s e e n t o o much w i t h J e w s ,
a s he m i g h t be t a k e n f o r a Jew, o r be l o o k e d down upon by
h i s C hris W an f r i e n d s .
When Jews c r e a t e l a r g e f u n d s f o r e d u c a t i o n a l or s c i e n t i f i c
r e s e a r c h (Rosenwald, H e l l e r , e t c . ) i t i s m ainly a d e s i r e
f o r fame and p u b l i c n o t i c e r a t h e r t h a n a r e a l l y s i n c e r e
sc ie n tific In terest,
There i s
s o m e t h i n g d i f f e r e n t and s t r a n g e a b o u t Jews; one
n e v e r knows what t h e y a r e t h i n k i n g or P l a n n i n g , nor what
makes, them t i c k .
The J e w i s h p r o b l e m i s s o g e n e r a l and d e e p t h a t one o f t e n
doubts that democratic methods can ever 3olve it.
A m a j o r f a u l t o f t h e Jews i s t h e i r c o n c e i t , o v e r b e a r i n g p r i d e ,
and t h e i r i d e a t h a t t h e y a r e a c h o s e n r a c e .
One o f t h e f i r s t s t e p s t o b e t a k e n i n c l e a n i n g up t h e m o v i e s
and g e n e r a l l y i m p r o v i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n i n H o lly w o o d i s t o
p u t an end t o J e w i s h d o m i n a t i o n t h e r e . .
There i3 little hope of correcting the racial defects of the
Jews, since these defects are simply in their blood.
One b i g t r o u b l e w i t h Jews i s t h a t t h e y a r e n e v e r c o n t e n t e d ,
b u t a l w a y s t r y f o r t h e b e s t j o b s and t h e m o st money.
The t r o u b l e w i t h l e t t i n g Jews i n t o a n i c e n e i g h b o r h o o d i s
th a t th ey g r a d u a lly g iv e i t a t y p i c a l Jew ish atm osphere.
It is wrong for Jews and Gentiles to intermarry.
One t r o u b l e w i t h J e w i s h b u s i n e s s men i s t h a t t h e y s t i c k
t o g e t h e r and c o n n i v e , s o t h a t a G e n t i l e d o e s n ' t ha ve a
f a i r chance in c o m p e titio n .
No m a t t e r how A m e r i c a n i z e d , a Jew may seem t o b e , t h e r e i s
alw ays som ething b a s i c a l l y J e w ish un d ern eath , a l o y a l t y
t o J e w r y and a manner t h a t i s n e v e r t o t a l l y c h a n g e d .
J e w i s h m i l l i o n a i r e s may do a c e r t a i n amount t o h e l p t h e i r
own p e o p l e , b u t l i t t l e o f t h e i r money g o e s i n t o w o r t h w h i l e
A m e rican c a u s e s ,
Most h o t e l s s h o u l d d e n y a d m i t t a n c e t o J e w s , a s a g e n e r a l r u l e .
The J e w ' s f i r s t l o y a l t y i s t o J ew ry r a t h e r t h a n t o h i s c o u n t r y .
i t i s b e s t t h a t Jews s h o u l d h a v e t h e i r own f r a t e r n i t i e s and
s o r o r i t i e s , s i n c e t h e y h a v e t h e i r own p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t s
and a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h t h e y c a n b e s t e n g a g e i n t o g e t h e r ,
j u s t as C h r is t ia n s g e t .alon g b e s t in a l l - C h r i s t i a n
fra tern ities.
J e v / i s h power and c o n t r o l i n money m a t t e r s i s f a r o u t o f
p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e number o f Jews i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n .
J e w i s h l e a d e r s s h o u l d e n c o u r a g e Jews t o b e more i n c o n s p i c ­
u o u s , t o k e e p o u t o f p r o f e s s i o n s and a c t i v i t i e s a l r e a d y
o v e r - c r o w d e d w i t h J e w s , and t o k e e p o u t o f t h e p u b l i c
n o tice.
I can hardly imagine myself marrying a Jew.
The Jews s h o u l d g i v e up t h e i r u n - C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o n w i t h a l l
i t s s tr a n g e customs (k osh er d i e t , s p e c i a l h o l i d a y s , e t c . )
and p a r t i c i p a t e a c t i v e l y and s i n c e r e l y i n t h e C h r i s t i a n
relig io n .
There i s l i t t l e doubt t h a t J e w ish p r e s s u r e i s l a r g e l y r e s p o n s i ­
b l e f o r t h e U . S . g e t t i n g i n t o t h e war w i t h Germany.
The Jews k e e p t o o much t o t h e m s e l v e s , i n s t e a d o f t a k i n g t h e
p r o p e r i n t e r e s t i n commu nity p r o b l e m s and good g o v e r n m e n t .
Jews seom t o h a v e an a v e r s i o n t o p l a i n h a r d work; t h e y t e n d t o
be a p a r a s i t i c e l e m e n t i n s o c i e t y b y f i n d i n g e a s y , non­
produ ctive jo b s.

-

i|l.
1*2.
1*3.

l*L*.
1|5.
1*6.
“

1*8.

Jl9 •
JjO.
Jjl.
_52.

3-

I t i s s o m e t i m e s a l l r i g h t t o ban Jews from c e r t a i n a p a r t m e n t
houses.
Jews tend to remain a foreign element in American society,
to preserve their old social standards and to resist the
American way of life,
Districts containing many Jews always seem to be smelly,
dirty, shabby and unattractive,
I t w o u ld be t o t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f a l l i f t h e Jews w ou ld
fo rm t h e i r own n a t i o n and k e e p more t o t h e m s e l v e s .
There .are too many Jews in the various Federal agencies and
bureaus, in Washington, and they have too much control over
our national policies.
Anyone who employs many people should be careful not to hire
lar.so percentage of Jews.
One g e n e r a l f a u l t o f Jews i s t h e i r o v e r - a g g r e s s i v e n e s s , a
s t r o n g t e n d e n c y always t o d i s p l a y t h e i r J e w is h l o o k s ,
m a n n e r s , and b r e e d i n g .
There are a few exceptions, but in general Jews are pretty
much alike.
Jews should be more concerned with their personal appearance#
and not be so dirty and smelly and unkempt.
T h er e se e m s t o be some r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r e a k i n t h e J e w i s h
m ake-u p a s shown by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a r e s o many
J e w i s h Communists and a g i t a t o r s .
The J e w s s h o u l d n o t pry s o much i n t o C h r i s t i a n a c t i v i t i e s
and o r g a n i z a t i o n s , n o r s e e k 30 much r e c o g n i t i o n and
p r e s t i g e from C h r i s t i a n s .
Jews tend to lower the general standard of living by their
willingness to do the most menial work and to live under
standards that are far below average.

A STUDY OF YALUES
PA R T I
D irection' s : A number of controversial statem ents or questions with two
alternative answers are given below. Indicate your personal preferences
by writing the appropriate figures in the right-hand columns, as indicated:

(a)

(b)

3

0

If you agree with fb); disagree with fa),
write

0

3

If you have a slight preference for fa)
over fb), write

o

1

If you have a slight preference for (b)
over fa), write

1

2

If you agree with alternative fa) and
disagree with fb), write 3 in the first
column and 0 in the second column,
thus

Do not write any other combination of figures after any question except one
of these four.
There is no time limit, b u t do not linger long over any one question or
statement, and do not leave out any of the questions, unless you find it
really impossible to make a decision.

(a)

(b)

1. The main object of scientific research should be
the discovery of pure tru th rather than its prac­
tical applications, fa) Yes; fb) No.
2. Do you think th a t it is justifiable for the greatest
artists, such as Beethoven, Wagner, Byron, etc.,
to be selfish and negligent of the feelings of
others? fa) Yes; fb) No.

HOUGHTON M IF F L IN COMPANY, PU B LISH E R S
COPYRIGHT, 1 0 3 1 , BY GORDON \V. ALLPORT AND P H IL IP B . VERNON.

PR IN TED IN T H E U .S.A .

Persons w ho, w ith o u t a u th o riz a tio n , rep ro d u ce tho m a te ria l in th is book o r a n y p a rts of i t
by any duplicating process whatever aro v io la tin g th o a u th o r's co p y rig h t.
T h o m a te ria l
contained herein, o r m odifications of it, m a y n o t bo reproduced e x ce p t b y spocinl a rra n g e ­
ment w ith th o p u b lish ers a n d th o p a y m e n t e ith e r of a perm ission feo o r of n ro y a lty o n all
copies m ado.

-

88 -

3. Because of the aggressive and self-assertive na­
ture of man the abolition of war is an illusory
ideal, fa) Yes; (b) No.
4. If you were a university professor and had the
necessary ability, would you prefer to teach:
fa) poetry; fb) chemistry and physics?
5. Under circumstances similar to those of Qu. 4,
would you prefer: fa) economics; fb)-law?
6. Which of these character traits do you consider
the more desirable: fa) high ideals and rever­
ence; fb) unselfishness and sympathy?
7. In a paper such as the New York Sunday Times^
are you more interested in the section on picture
galleries and exhibitions than in the real estate
sections and the account of the stock market?
fa) Yes; fb) No.
8. Is a person who analyzes his emotions likely to
be less sincere in his feeling than one who is not
so reflective? fa) Yes; fb) No.
9. If you should sec the following news items with
headlines of cquul size in your morning paper,
which would you read the more attentively: (a)
Great improvements in m arket conditions; fb)
Protestant leaders to consult on reconciliation?
10. Under circumstances similar to those of Qu. 9:
fa) Laws not opposed to liberties, says Senator;
fb) Curiosity the basis of knowledge, educator
declares.
11. When you visit a cathedral are you more im­
pressed by a pervading sense of reverence and
worship than by the architectural features and
stained glass? fa) Yes; fb) No.
12. Do you believe th a t contemporary, charitable
policies should be curtailed because they tend to
undermine individual initiative? fa) Yes; fb )N o.

13. All the evidence th a t has been impartially accu­
mulated goes to show th a t the universe has
evolved to its present state in accordance with
mechanistic principles, so th a t there is no need to
assume a first cause, cosmic purpose, or God be­
hind it. (a) Yes; (b) No.
14. In your opinion, has general progress been ad­
vanced more by: (a) the freeing of slaves, with
the enhancement of the value placed on individual
life; (b) the discovery of the steam engine, with
the consequent industrialization and economic
rivalry of European and American countries?
15. If you had the opportunity, and if nothing of the
kind existed in the community or college where
you lived, would you prefer to found: fa) a de­
bating society; (b) a classical orchestra?
16. At an exposition, do you chiefly like to go to the
buildings where you can see: fa) automobiles;
fb) scientific apparatus or chemical products?
17. Would you prefer to hear a series of popular lec­
tures on: fa) the progress and needs of social serv­
ice work in the cities of your part of the country;
(b) contemporary painters?
18. Under similar circumstances, would you choose:
fa) the comparative development of the great re­
ligious faiths, or fb) the comparative merits of
the forms of government in Britain and in the
United States?
19. If you had some tim e to spend in a waiting room,
and there were only these two magazines to
choose from, would you prefer: fa) The Scientific
American; (b) Arts and Decorations?
20. Would you encourage your children, while a t
school, to: fa) try to make several teams; fb)
have vocational training (supposing th a t they in­
terfered with one another)?

21. The aim of the churches a t the present time
should be: (a) to bring out altruistic and charitable
tendencies, and to urge people to think more
of the good of others; (b) to convey spiritual wor­
ship, and a sense of communion with the highest.
22. Arc our modern industrial and scientific develop­
ments signs of a greater degree of civilization and
culture than those attained by any previous race,
the Greeks, for example? (a) Yes; (b) No.
23. You are asked to wait for a few minutes in a
strange living-room; are you more likely to judge
fa) the owner’s knowledge and intellectuality as
shown by the books in his book-enses; fb) his
friendliness and hospitality as shown by the
photographs on the walls, and tlie general com­
forts of the room?
24. The world would be a much b etter place if we
took to heart the teaching, “ Lay n o t up for your­
selves treasures upon e a r th . . . b u t lay up for
yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither
moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves
do not break through nor steal.” fa) Yes; fb) No.
25. Are you more interested in reading accounts of
the lives and works of men such as: fa) Aristotle,
Plato, and Socrates; fb) Alexander, Julius Ccesar,
and Charlemagne?
26. Taking the Bible as a whole, one should regard it
from the point of view of its beautiful mythology
and literary style rather than as a spiritual reve­
lation. fa) Yes; (b) No.
27. Since the class or social status to which a man be­
longs depends mainly upon his push and ability,
it is just th at a small proportion of the population
should be very rich, (a) Yes; (b) No.
28. If you were given certain topics on which to write
. an essay, would you choose: fa) the r61e of
church-going in religion, or fb) the defects of our
present educational systems?

(a)

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a

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(a)

(b)

29. Under similar circumstances would you choose to
write about: (a) the best way to distribute one’s
income between, say, the necessities of life, luxu­
ries, and savings, or (b) the personality of some
close friend of yours.
30. When witnessing a gorgeous ceremony (ecclesi­
astical or academic, induction into office, etc.)
are you more impressed: (a) by the unified idea or
institution which the group represents, or (b) by
the color and pageantry of the occasion itself?

Continue with P a rt II.

PART

n

D iiiec tio n s : Each of the following situations or questions is followed b y
four possible attitudes or answers. Arrange these answers in the order of
your personal preference from first to fourth b y writing, in the left hand
margin,
beside the answer th a t appeals to you most,
.. .2 . . . beside the answer which is next most im portant to you,

.. . 3 . . . beside the next, and

.. ./t. . .

beside the answer thnt least represents your interest or preference.

You may think of answers which would be preferable from your point
of view to any of those listed. I t is necessary, however, th a t you make
your selection from the alternatives presented, and arrange all four in order
of their desirability, guessing when your preferences arc not distinct. If you
find it really impossible to guess your preference, you may omit the ques­
tion.
1. Do you think th a t a good government should aim chiefly a t —
a. more aid for the poor, sick, and old
b. the development of manufacturing and trade
c. introducing more ethical principles into its policies and diplomacy
d. establishing a position of prestige and respect among nations

2. In your opinion, can a man who works in business for his living all the
week best spend Sunday in —
a. trying to educate himself by reading serious books
b. trying to win at golf, or racing
c. going to an orchestral concert
d. hearing a really good sermon

3. If you could influence the educational policies of the public schools of
some city, would you undertake —
a. to promote the study and the performance of drama
b. to develop coiipcrativcncss and the spirit of service
c. to provide additional laboratory facilities

f )

d. to promote school savings banks for education in thrift

4. Do you prefer a friend (of your own sex) who —
a. is efficient, industrious, and of a practical turn of mind

i:, .
'

b. is seriously interested in thinking out his attitude toward life as a whole
c. possesses qualities of leadership and organizing ability
d. shows refinement and emotional sensitivity

5. If you lived in a small town and had more than enough income for your
needs, would you prefer to —
a. apply it productively to industrial development
b. help to endow the church to which you belong
c. give it to a university for the development of scientific research
d. devote it to hospitals

6. When you go to the theatre do you, as a rule, enjoy most —
n. plays that treat the lives of great men
b. ballet or similar imaginative performances
c' plays with a theme of human suffering and love
d* problem plays that argue consistently for some point of view

7. Assuming th a t you are a man with the necessary ability, and th a t the
salary for each of the following occupations is the same, would you
prefer to be a —
n. mathematician
b. sales manager
c. clergyman

v,

d. politician
8. If you had unlimited leisure and money, would you prefer to —
a. make a collection of fine sculptures or paintings
b. establish a mental hygiene clinic for taking care of the maladjusted and
mentally deficient
c. aim at a scnatorship, or a scat in the Cabinet
d. enter into banking and high finance
0. At an evening discussion with intimate friends of your own sex, are y^u
most interested when you talk about —
a. the "meaning” of life
b. philosophy and psychology
c. literature
d. socialism and social amelioration
10. Which of the following would you prefer to do during p art of your next
summer vacation (if your ability and other conditions would permit) —
a. write and publish an original biological essay or article
b. stay in some secluded part of the country where you can appreciate fine
sccnqry
c. go in for a local tennis or other athletic tournament
d. get experience in some new line of business
11. Do great exploits and adventures of discovery such as Lindbergh’s and
Byrd’s seem to you significant because —
a. they represent conquests by man over the difficult forces of nature
b. they add to our knowledge of mechanics, geography, meteorology, etc.
c. they weld human interests and international feelings throughout the
world
d. they contribute to the ultimate revelation of the meaning of the universo

12. Should one guide one’s conduct according to, or develop one’s chief
loyalties to w ard —
:
a. one’s religious faith

‘:

b. ideals of beauty
c. one’s business organizations and associates
d. society as a whole
13. T o w hat extent do the following famous persons interest or attract
you —
a. Florence Nightingale
b. Napoleon
c. Henry Ford
d. Charles Darwin

’

14. If you should marry (or are married), do you prefer a wife who —
(Women answer the alternative form below) —
a. can achieve social prestige, commanding admiration from others
b. likes to stay at home and keep house
c. is fundamentally spiritual in her attitude toward life
d. is gifted along artistic lines

*

(For women) Do you prefer a husband who —
a. is successful in his profession, commanding admiration from others■ '
b. is domestic in his tastes
c. is fundamentally spiritual in his attitude toward life
d. is gifted along artistic lines
15. Viewing Leonardo da Vinci’s picture — “ The Last Supper” — would
you tend to think of it —
a. as expressing the highest spiritual tendencies and emotions

*

{i

b. as one of the most priceless and irreplaceable pictures ever painted;
c. in relation to Leonardo’s versatility and its place in history
d. us a masterpiece of design

.1 *

FUBLIC OPINION QUESTIONAIRE

Below appear some general questions, answers t o which w i l l be o f value
in i n t e r p r e t in g the r e s u l t s o f t h i s study. Please answer a l l o f them.
Are you a veteran o f World War II (Check one)
In what c o ll e g e c l a s s are you?

Yes

No

(Check one) Freshman
Soph,

_____

Junior

______

Senior

_____

Other
What i s your r e l i g i o u s preference?

•

Protestant_____
Jewish
Catholic

Sox

-Male

_____

Other ( f i l l in )

_____

No preforonce

_____

Female_____

Age on l a s t birthday

yr s .

Date o f b i r t h ______________________

Maj or
Which of the follo w in g Basic College courses have you taken?
(include those you are taking t h is term) Please ind ic a te
number o f terms by writing i n 1, 2 or 3 i n the blank spaces.
Written and Spokon English____
B i o lo g i c a l Science. . ....................
Physical Science.............................
History o f C i v i l i z a t i o n . . . ____
L i t . & Fine Arts.............................
Social S c i e n c e . . . .
, ._
E f f e c t i v e Living
........

a ppen d ix

V

Some people are prejudiced against Jewish people; some people are not.
For a moment imagine y o u r s e l f as an individual who i s d i s t i n c t l y
prejudiced against Jews. State as many reasons for the prejudice as
you can,
1.

2.

.

3

4*

5

.

6.

.
8.
9.
7

.

10

Now imagine y o u r s e l f as an indiv idual who. i s d i s t i n c t l y not prejudiced
against Jews. State as many reasons fo r not being prejudiced as you
can.
1.

2

.

.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

3

10.

90-