ENVIRONMENTS EFFECT ON MOOD: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTS ON MOOD ENHANCEMENT By Jonah Hayes A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Environmental Design -Master of Arts 2021 ABSTRACT ENVIRONMENTS EFFECT ON MOOD: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS O F ENVIRONMENTS ON MOOD ENHANCEMENT By Jonah Hayes Mental health is an issue that millions of people are suffering and struggling with , reconnecting with natural environments could be part of the solution to this problem. Although research demonstrated the significance of the healing properties of natural environments, little research compared natural environments to each other. This research explores which aspects of different natural environments have a positive impact on mood. Using survey questionnaires, two environments w ere test ed. The first being natural environme nts , where participant exposure to man -made or urban elements is limi ted and they are surrounded by natural elements . The second environme nt, urban environments , are spaces such as parks that are not separated from the urban environm ent . While in the urban environmentsÕ participants w ere stil l able to perceive the urban ele ments that surrounds the space , such as cars , buildings , and roads . Participants w ere surveyed before and after using the spaces to allow the measuring and analysis of the change the participants experienced . Both the change in mental restoration , but also of the perceived variables of the space . Statistical analysis of the survey responses showed that a grea ter amount of chang e to the perceived variables , and mental restoration happened in natural environ ments , but both environments were restorative . This support s the idea that accessibility to a diverse set of environments and recreational elements will increase mental restoration . Therefore, policy practitioners , and designers should work to increase park space accessibility to a diverse set of environments and recreation amenitie s. !"#$%&'()*+ $*,-./0*0/123 *4546 iv ACKNOWLED GEMENTS The author would like to thank Patricia Machemer, Paul Nieratko, and Linda Nubani for their suggestions, critiques and help. All three of whom have helped in the creation and execution of this research , as well as the inspiration , support , and mentorship of the author . The author would also like to thank the friend s, family, and coworkers that were supportive, and understanding throughout the research process. Finally, thank you to all who participated in t he survey, it is through your contributions that the questions of this research were answered. ! v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 2.1 Mental Health 3 2.2 The Natural Environment and Mental Health 4 2.3 Natural Environment Settings , from Parks to Gre en Spaces 5 2.4 Accessibility Versus Use 6 2.5 Theoretical Development in Mental Health and Environment 7 2.6 Measuring Mental Health from Environmental Design Disci plin e 8 3.0 METHODS 11 3.1 Study Locations 11 3.2 Surveying 12 3.3 Statistical Analys is 13 3.4 Hypothesis 16 4.0 FINDINGS 17 4.1 General 17 4.2 Change 18 4.3 Correlations 19 5.0 DISCUSSION 20 5.1 Primary Hypothe sis , Change 20 5.2 Secondary Hy pothesis , Pref erence and Capability 22 5.3 Further Variable Classification , and Relation to User 24 5.4 Application of Research 25 6.0 LIMITATIONS 27 7.0 CONCLUSION 28 8.0 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 29 BIBLIOGRAPHY 30 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Amount of People with Participant 17 Table 2: Environment Participant Count 17 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 : Photograph : Valley Court Park 12 Figure 2: Photograph : Lake Lansing Park North 12 1 1.0 !INTRODUCTION : Mental health is prevalent in a large proportion of peopleÕs lives . For some it is an internal stru ggle , while others experience its Õ prevalence in their friends or family. In 2019 51 .5 million Americans 18 and older had some form of mental illness . (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adm inist ration 2020 ) Some people have adopted actions that limit mental health issues within their own life . For example , there are many people that flock to the country , or the wilderness to escape the rat race of life . They go to breathe clean air , and to relax . This started with the wealthy retreating from cities to their country estates , and it continues now with camping trips or trips to a cabin . In the words of environmental conservationist John Muir ÒIn every walk with nature on e recei ves far more than he seeks Ó (Muir , n.d.) . With the ideas that natur e can be used for mental restoration , and the fact that mental health issues are on the rise in the Unite d States (Weinberger, Gbedemah , 2018), landscape architects , designers , and planners need to find their way to contribute to the solution of this mental health crisis . Although there is an abundance of literature that discusses the different restorative aspects of nature, most papers do not compare all of the different aspects to one an other, and many are focused only on one variable . For example, some studies look at the visual qualities of a space but not the importance of soundscape. Other studies acknowledge that natural environments are good at decreasing stress, but the type of natural environments are not compared to one another or truly explored . To meet this end, this study proposes to compare two environments to one another , natural and urban , to distinguish which environment is the most mentally restorative . Furthermore, this study will explore the contributing variables and elements of these enviro nments in regard to mental restoration . 2 By looking into thes e two environments , a s well as the variables within them , this study aims to find design and policy solutions so that landscape architects , planners , and other design ers and policy pro fessionals can crea te spaces , or policy , that w ill help combat the current rise in mental health problems . 3 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW : 2.1 Mental Health The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration conducted a National Survey on drug use and health. From the survey they were able to estimate that 51.5 million people in America , aged 18 or older , had some form of mental illness in 2019. Of these , 13.1 million had a serious mental illness , (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adm inist ration , 2020). Mental illnesses leads to suicidal behavior, and in 201 8 48,344 people in the United States died from suicide , (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adm inist ration , 2020). For every 1 person that dies from suicide there are an estimat ed 30 others that attempt suicide and do not succeed . (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adm inist ration , 2020). This means that almost 1. 45 million people attempted suicide in 201 8. (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adm inist ration , 2020). These rates of suicide and mental illnesses have not always been this high , and in countries around the wor ld suicide rates have been increasing , (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adm inist ration , 2018). In the United States this increase is significantly more rapid in youth when compared to all older age groups , (Weinberger, Gbedemah , Martine z, Nash , Galea , Goodwin , 2018 ). Although suicide is the extreme end of the spectrum for mental health, there are other impacts du e to an increasing amount of mental health disorders. Mental health conditions are a leading cause of disability worldwide , and depression is one of the most prevalent of them ( Walker, Simons, Losito, Fi ori to, Miles , Zelson , 1991; Gaspar, Catherine, Dewa 2018 ; Zhang, Liu, Li 2019) . Businesses have also taken notice; a survey found a 41% increase in comp anies reporting mental health problems within their staff , (CIPD , 2015). And it is estimated that the cost of mental health disorders in the U.S. is approximately $467 billion , making it not only one of the most p revalent he alth 4 concern s, but also one of the costlie st disorders for the United States , (Gaspar, Catherine, Dewa 2018). The cost in the UK in 2011 was estimated at £3.6bn, and that estimate was considered to be conservative , (Oncology Nursing Society , n.d. ). The growth of mental health disorders worldwide is an issue that needs to be addressed not only at a national level , but on the community le vel as well , (Zhang, Liu, Li 2019) . 2.2 The Natu ral Environment and Mental Health Mental health is a complex topic on its own, an d the factors that can contribute to mental health disorders are almost countless. However, this is not a discussion of the breadth of these contributors, but a focused review on one ; the natural environments effects on mental health. The access t o, use, composition , and quality of parks and natural environments have all been shown to have a connection with mental health. Multiple studies have shown that increased accessibility to green space, can be linked to decreased rates of mental health disorders such as depression, and anxiety , (De Vries Sjerp , et al , 2016; Johnsen , Svein , Leif , Rydstedt , 2013; Louv , 2005 ; Min, Kim, Kim, et al , 2017 ; Sturm , Cohen , 2014 ). Studies have a variance on what accessibility is defined as , but for a park space to be accessible it usually means accessible by walking in a reasonable amount of time. For many studies, as well as public policy, park acc essibility is a park space that is within a ! mile, and/or a 10 minute walk , (De Vries Sjerp , et al , 2016; ParkServe , n.d. ; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adm inist ration 20 18). A national survey of people in the US found that 2/3rds of their respondents agreed that quality of life would improve if they had a park within a 10 minute walk , (10 minute walk ca mpaign , n.d. ). One study found that those living in regions with the lowest number of parks and green areas had 16 -27% greater odds for depression and suicide indicators in comparison to those living in the regions with the highest number of parks and green spaces , (Min, Kim, Kim, et al , 2017 ). 5 2.3 Natural Environment Settings , from Parks to Green Spaces While parks are usually defined as natural areas that are set aside for recreation or retreat , (Molnar, 2015) there are many different types of park. City parks, cultural parks, national parks, pocket parks , and neighborhood parks are some of the most common . Different social needs drove the initial creation of these parks , and due to needs adapting over time , the parks had to adapt and change as well , (DPLA , n.d. ). Some parks have weathered these changes well , by updating and adapting their programming and amenities . Central Park in New York is such a park , in the words of its designers Òthe primary purpose of the park is to provide the best practical means of healthful recreation for the inhabitants of the city of all classes . It should present an aspect of spaciousness and tranquility with variety and intimacy of arrangement , thereby affording the most agreeable contrast to the confinement , bustle and monotonous street division of the city .Ó (Olmstead , Vau x, n.d.) This is a prime example of how parks , since their conception , have been for public health and recreation . Pocket parks, district parks, and regional parks in one study were all positively associated, but larger regional parks and district parks were fou nd to hold the greatest positive impact on mental health , (Wood, Hooper, Foster, Bull, 2017 ). Green spaces are defined as areas of grass, trees or other vegetation that is set apart for recreation or aesthetic purposes , (Oxford Dictionary , n.d. ). Greenbelts , park systems , greenways , green chains , green grid and more all fall into the definition of green space . The main difference between green space and parks is naming . A park is named a nd defined as a place, whereas green space can include the buffers between a building and the street. In this way most parks are green spaces but not all green spaces are parks , (Price , 2017 ). Green space is also created based on the idea of green infrastructure , Òa national natural life su pport system , and a correl ated natural ecological network .Ó (Xiaomin , 2014 , p. 13 ). The idea of green infrastructure is to create a 6 network of vary ing size d green spaces for a variety of reasons , primari ly ecological and for the increased quality of life , (Xiaomin , 2014). Another stud y looked into the accessibility of blue space ; ponds , lakes, ri vers or other water elements , instead of gree n space . This st udy found that blue space also had a significant relationship with mental health , (De Vries Sjerp , et al , 2016). 2.4 Accessibility Versus Use Although someone could have a park , or multiple parks accessible to them , it does not guarantee that they are using th em. Parks , therefore nee d to not only be a ccessible , but used as well , as spending time or doing activities in natural environments has sh own to enhance the mood of users , (Canfield, Elise, 2012 ; Coventry, N eale, Dyke, Pateman, Cinderby, 2019 ; Johnsen , Svein, Le if, Rydstedt, 2013 ; Shrestha, Di Blasi, Cassarino, 2021). One study found that the experience generated in a pl ace and the presence of certain physical elements were equally important for the mental restoration of an individual , (Zhang , Liu, Li , 2019 ). Another study found that different levels of intensity and duration for exercising changed the amount of self -esteem improvement and mood enhancement , (Barton, Pretty, 2010 ). However, activity on its own c an be the reasoning for m ood enhancement or decrease in negative mental health problems . (Kvam, Kleppe, Nordhus, Hovland, 2016 ; Mammen, Faulkner, 2013 ; Stubbs, Vancampfort, Rosenbaum, Firth, Co sco, Veronese, Salum, Schuch, 2017 ). Multiple s tudies show the combination of the activity, as well as where that activity is taking place , leads to different levels of mental restoration , (Coventry , Neale, Dyke, Pateman, Cinderby, 2019 ; Shrestha, Di Blasi, Cassarino, 2021). The use of a space can even be specificall y tailored to mood enhancement, and you see this with ecotherapy, or horticulture therapy where certain activities within an environment are used to enhance restoration . This is accomplished by mixing therapy techniques with natural en vironments and natural elements , (Summers, Vivian , 2018 ). 7 While how a user interacts with the space is importan t, the elements of the space , and the space itself play a key role in the level of mental re storation received . In one study the quality of the space used was found to be more significant for health benefits than the quantity of it. ( De Vries Sjerp, et al. 2016 ; Francis, Wood, Knuiman, Giles, 2012 ). What other stud ies found was that users Õ comfort leve l in a space, or their perception of the spaceÕs safety , will impact the restorative benefits the space has. This was measured by asking participants about their perceived comfort and safety within an environ ment , and they found that with higher comfort and safety ran kings , there was higher amounts of mental restoration , (Bar ton, Pretty, 2010 ; Orstad, Szuhany , Tamura, Thorpe, Jay, 2020 ). An environment with water and greenery was found to be the most effective in one study , (Bar ton, Pretty, 2010 ). And in another , larger sports spaces had a grea ter positive mental health impact than recreational or natural spaces , (Wood, Hooper, Foster, Bull, 2017 ). Different environments and elements of environments are therefore shown to have di fferent levels of restoration . One study found that different sounds present are related to different levels of mental restoration , (Zhang, Yuan, Kang, Kang , 2017). And another found th at perceived beauty of the space was most important quality for restorativeness , (Simkin , Ojala, Tyrvainen 2021) Additionally, b iodiversityÕs effects on mental health have been underexplored, but under the Biophilia Hypothesis people have an innate tendency to connect with other forms of life and nature . Leading to the idea that a higher amount of bio diversity would connect with and be restorative to a larger quantity of people , (Aerts, H onnay, Van Nieuwenhuyse, 2018 ). 2.5 Theoretical Developments in Mental Health and Environment A theory was developed abou t what criteria must be me t for the space to be restorative. Attention Restoration Theory states that the space must have four elements . The first element is 8 being away : wher e the space should shift your mental foc us to the natural environment. This stop s the focus on whatever is draining someone , and instead allowing one to focus on what is around them . Secon dly is softly fascinating : the space should capture oneÕs attention without being overly gripping . Attention given to surroundings should never be in such an amount that it would inhibit restoration of mental health . Thirdly , e xtent is def ined as the space being either large enough or capable in some way of enclosing the users from the influence of non -natural ele ments, such as the surrounding city or urban environment . Fourth and finally , compatible refers to the dynamic between the user and the environment and their comfort level within the space , (Kaplan , 1995). What is interesting about these elements is that they are not specific variables such as amount of canopy cover, or square footage of turf. But specific variables can fit the criteria of the elements of Att ention Restoration Theory . A park that has natural so unds instead of urban ones would help a parti cipant with both being away , and extent . The sounds could even softly fascinate the user of the space and if the user finds them pleasing it could make the park more compati ble to them , (Zhang, Yuan, Kang, Kang , 2017). Not only can the physical elements of the park space can fit into Attention Restoration T heory . Experi ences and activities such as walking in a natural envi ronment can create a sense of being away , and compatibility of the user with the space, (Coventry, Naele, Dyke, Paterman, Cinderby , 2019). This reinforces the ideas that the effectiveness of a space, in terms of mental restoration, are dependent upon more than just the ph ysical forms of the space . 2.6 Measur ing M ental Health from Environmental Design Discipline The various literature has different metrics for mood enhancement and mental restoration. In search of a standardize d measurement the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ -9) and the 9 General Anxiety Disorder (GAD -7) were found . The PHQ -9 is a survey form that is used to measure general mental health, while the GAD-7 measures anxiety , (Gilbody, Ri chards, Brealey, Hewitt, 2007 ;Rutter, Bro wn, 2017 ; Sunderland, Betterham, Calear, Carragher, 2018 ). The PHQ -9 was tested and developed in the late 1990Õs and early 2000 Õs with an educational grant from Pfizer US Pharmaceutic als , (Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams , 2001 ). The GA D-7 wa s developed in 2006 for the measuring of gen eral anxiety disorders by Spitzer and colle agues, (Rutter, Brown , 2016). The number in the name of the tests indi cate the number of questions within them . Each question is answered with a response on a Likert scale . The ans wers can then be coded numerically to get a total value . There are then ranges for this val ue that are associated with different levels , or significance of mental health problems , (Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams , 2001 ; Rutter, Brown , 2016) . These surveys are used widely in the health profession and have shown validity , (Gilbody, Ri chards, Brealey, Hewitt, 2007 ; Rutter, Bro wn, 2017 ; Sunderland, Betterham, Calear, Carragher, 2018 ). These studies and theories referenced above have confirmed that access to green and blue space is an incredibly important resource for the menta l wellbeing of people, not just in the United States, but all over the world. These resources highlight the need for an increase in publicly accessible green spaces . They also show the need for research to uncover which aspects of green space ar e the most restorative to the greatest number of participants. What t he literature lacks is th e exploration of types of park settings in regard to mental health. An inquiry on what variables are of the most importance in comparison to each other . Not simply a study on the signific ance of the variables by themselves . This study explore s this deficiency by comparing the mental restoration of nature -based parks, and urban parks. Nature based parks being spa ces where users of the space have limited 10 exposure to human made elements while inside the park . Urban parks being park spaces w here human made variables are very present to users of the par k. The g oal of this study i s not only to compare the park spaces but to also look into the significan ce of visual quality, sound quality, safety, and comfort in regard to the mental restoration of the environment. It is hypothesized that the natural based parks wi ll be more mentally restorative, and that visual and sound quality , as well as participant perception of safety and comfort , will have a level of influence on the restorative properties of the space. This hypothesis is based off of the literature within this review . The literature supports the idea that all park spaces are capable of mental restora tion . The literature points to specific natural ele ments su ch as nature -based sounds , and the viewing of natural elements as key items for increased rates of mental restoration . Therefore, the hypothesis stem s from the idea that p ark sp aces with greater numbers of thes e natural elements would have increased mental health restoration . 11 3.0 METHODS : 3.1 Study Location s Environments were selected for their characteristics of urban or naturalized spaces . Urban environments were defined by spaces that clearly contained elements of urban infrastructure that could be seen or hear d. This means that while wi thin the urban environment users could see buildings , paving and other man -made objects . They c ould hear things not generate d by nature such as cars , air conditioners , or construction . Naturalized environments were defined as spaces that had a high level of natural enclosur e and exposure to minimal amounts human made variables while inside the space. These types of space s have more nat uralized pathways for example dirt trails , a limited visual and auditory exposure to non-natural sounds , and separated the user significant ly from urban environments or urban infrastructure . Figure 1 shows Valley Court Parks , one of the urban environments of th is study . As shown in the photo visitors to the park can see urban elements such as buildings , cars , utility lines and signage . Figure 2 is a photo of Lake Lansing , one of the natural environme nts of th is study . This photo shows a more natural scenery with natural planting coverage , tree canopy , and dirt path s as the trail instead of concret e or asphalt . These photos represent the archetypes of the enviro nments of this study . 12 Figure 1 : Valley Court Park Figure 2: Lake Lansing P ark North 3.2 Sur vey Participants that were entering these spaces , and that were older than 18 , were asked to take part in a two -part survey. The first part of th e survey would be taken as they were entering, or before entering the space, to establish a baseline for mood and collect general participant information. The second section of the survey would be completed after they were done using the space. Collections were completed between October of 2020 and March of 2021. The survey was developed in Qualtrics and administered over the participants smart phon e. Participants scanned a QR co de that took them to the survey . The survey questions , instruments , and methods were classified as exempt by IRB . Partici pation was voluntary and participants were inf ormed that they could end their parti cipation at any time . The survey measured 7 main variables , as well as collecting general participant information . General information was the participants gender and age . The survey also asked partici pants how frequently they used the space , why they use it , when they use it , how many 13 people they use it with , and if they know others that like using the space . The questions used to measure the in dependent variables focused on visual quality , sound quality , sa fety , and comfort . The questions used to measure the dependent variables focused on mood and f eelings . Participants were asked to rank visual quality , sound quality , safety , and comfort , on a 7-point Likert scale . These variables , discounting safety , had multiple ranking questions associated with them , to give valid ity. The questions for these variables were generated by taking the questions from the PHQ -9 and GAD -7 and rewording them to focus on sound quality , visual qu ality , comfort and safety . PHQ -9 was used to measure what we called feeling and the GAD -7 was used for mood , (Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams , 2001; Rutter, Brown , 2017). Participants were asked to fill out the same questions in part one and in part two of the survey . T his allowed a baseline to be establishe d, a second data set was requested at the conclusion of their experience so that the change could be measured . The responses on the Likert scal e were given values , and the difference in the values was used to calculate the change in mood and change in feelings from using the space . The change in mood and change in feelings score were used to quantify mental restoration . The mean values for chang e in feelings and mood were examined in the different env ironments to determine if there was any significant difference in amount of change/restoration between urban and natural environments . A similar system was used for the other variables . The que stions were on a Likert scale , and participants answers were coded into numerical values . These values were used in the following statistical analysis . 3.3 Statistical Analysis 3.31 Cronback Alpha Cronback Alpha test s were used to determine the inter nal consistency of the survey questions . 14 !"#$%&'&()#*+,%& Where : N = the number of items %& = average covariance, between item pairs '&-= average variance 3.32 Independent -sample t -test s Independent -sample t -tests were used to determine if a difference exists between t he mean of two independent groups on a continuous dependent variable . ."/01*/23334512#1(-522#2 Where: / is sample mean 52-is the variance N is the sam ple size In turn , this is what was used to determine if there was a signi ficant difference between Urban and Natural parks in visual quality , sound q uality , comf ort , feelings , and mood . 3.33 Levene Õs test Levene Õs test for equality of variance was used to test homogeneity of variances . 15 6")#*7,)7*+,8#9:9;1)<9=*<==,288)<9>*<9=,2?@>;1:9;1 3.34 Paired -sample t-tes t Paire d-sample t-tests were used to test the change in feelings and the change in mood in relation to the separate environments . "8)A1*A2,BCD9EE 3.35 Pe arsons Correlations And finally , Pearson s Correlations were used to test correlations between response variables wit hin the survey , such as participants post use feelings to their perceived comfort . This was also used to test correl ations between the environment the user was in , and the variables such as amount o f time spent within the environment . F"8)/9*/&,)G9*GH,I8)/9*/&,28)G9*GH,2 Where: F = the correlation coefficient /9-= values of the x -variable in a sample /& = mean of the values of the x variable G9-= values of the y-variable in a sample GH-= mean of the values of the x variable 16 3.4 Hypothesis Primary Hypothesis : !"#$%&'(")&*'&+,-%.+/&+#)'0-11'(&'/.%&'/&+#"112'%&)#.%"#-,&'#3"+'$%("+' &+,-%.+/&+#)4' Secondary Hypothesis : 5-)$"1'"+*').$+*'6$"1-#27'")'0&11'")'8"%#-9-8"+#'8&%9&8#-.+'.:')": '"+*' 9./:.%#'0-11'3",&'"'1&,&1'.:'-+:1$&+9&'.+'#3&'%&)#.%"#-,&'8%.8&%#-&)'.:'#3&')8"9&4' ' 17 4.0 FINDINGS : 4.1 General 122 participants clicked into the survey , 38 had to be remov ed due to incomplete responses . Of the 8 4 complete responses , 53 were female (63 %) and 31 were male (37%) . The majority of those that participated in the survey were either in the space by themselves , or with one other person . Table 1 , lists the amount of participants in each of the categorized groups of amount o f people with participant . Table 1 : Amount of Peop le with Participant Amo unt of people with Participant Amount of part icipants with this response Alone 22 1 35 2 10 3 3 4 4 5 or more 10 Time spent in the space varied but almost half of the parti cipant s (41) used the space for an hour or more . 9 participants were in the space for 5 -10 minutes , 10 for 10 -20, 5 for 20 -30, 1 9 for 30 -60 minutes , and 41 for 60 minutes or more . The locations that the participants used as their environments were classified into two groups . Urban and Natural environments , ther e were 43 responses in urban environments and 41 responses in natural environments . Table 2: Environment Participant Counts Urban Environments Responses Natural Environme nts Responses Dexter B2 B 5 Lake Lansing 2 Loch Alpine 2 Pinc kney Recreation Area 38 Valley Court P ark 21 Stinchfield Wood 1 Streetscapes 3 Undefined Neighborhood s 2 18 Table 2 (cont Õd) Hudson Mills Metropark 2 Stone view Park 2 Other 6 Total 43 41 4.2 Change Ther e was a statistically significant di fference in the mean visual quality score between urban and nat ural environ ments in participants pre -use responses , P=.018 . With Urban environments scoring higher on perceived visual quality than nature -based parks in pre -use . In post use , the re was no statistical significance between the two groups , P=.985 , mean visual quality scores wer e relatively equal between nature and urban envi ronments . The same findings can be reported for sound quality and comfort quality . With a significant differen ce being found in pre -use responses for both variables , P=.24 for sound quality, and P=.01 for com fort . N o significant difference was found in post -use responses . For all of these variables , pre an d post , there was h omogeneity of variances , as asse ssed by Levene Õs test for equality of variances is greater than .05 . Safety quality was dropped from statistical analysis after it was deemed to not be reliable based on question validity in the survey . Feelings and Mood were the two measures for mental restoration , there was homogeneity of var iance , for both variables , as assessed by Levene Õs test for equality of variances is greater than .05. There was a statistically significant difference in mean feelings , post -use , between those in the urban environment and those in the natural environments . Post -use f eelings were more positive among those who visited the urban environment than those who visi ted the natur al environments P=.039 . Post -use feeling in the urban environment having a mean value of 43.1 0 19 and natural environment me an of 39.2 4. There was no statistically si gnificant difference in mean post -use mood between partici pants in the two environments . Paire d-Sample T -Tests show s that visiting the urban environment elicited a mean increase of 6.68 in fe elings with P=.000. Visiting the natural enviro nment elicited a mean increase of 8.63 in fe elings with P=0.00 0. Similarly Visiting the urban environment elicited a mean increase of 8.48 in mood with P=0.000 . Visiting the natural environment elicited a mean increase of 10.84 in mood with P=0.000 Therefore natural environments had a higher mean posi tive increase for both mood and feelings . This supports the primary hypothesis . 4.3 Correlations The Pearson Correlation was used to analyze correlations between the variables , change in feelings and change in mood . The Change in feelings was significantly correlated at the .01 level to post -use visual quality P=. 306. It was significantly correlated at th e .05 level with post -use sound quality P=.244 and post use comfort P=.245 . Change in mood was only significantly correlated to post -use visual quality at the .0 5 level P=.253 . Change in feelings and change in mood were si gnificantly cor related to each other at the .01 level with P=.516 . The final findings wer e related to time . Pearsons Correlations with the cha nge in feelings and mood in relation to time spent in the env ironment were tested . Both change in mo od and change in feelings were correlated with time spent in the sp ace at the .05 significance level . Change in feelings P=.241 and change in mo od P=.244 . Although not a sig nificant difference , participants using the natural environments on average spent more time in the space than those using urban environments . 20 5.0 DISCUSSION : 5.1 Primary Hypothesis , Change The mean change in participants Õ mood scores for urban envir onments was 8.48 , and 10.84 for natural environments . The mean change in participants Õ feeling s scores for urban environments were 6.68 , and 8.63 for natural env ironments . The mean change in feeli ngs for participants from pre -use to post -use was 1.95 higher for natura l environments than for urban environme nts. The mean change in mood from pre -use to post -use was 2.36 higher for natural environments than for urban . As hypothesized b oth the natural and urban environments did cause a positi ve change in both mood and feelings but the mean chang e was higher for p articipants in the natural environments . The hypothesis is therefore supported but still must be explained . Why was there a greater change for nat ural environments over urban ? I believe that this can be expanded on by looking not only at the change in mood and feeling s, but also the change visual quality , sound quality , and co mfort . The findings of change in visual , sound , and com fort from pre to post use were interesting and went against what was expected . The expectation was that natural environments would score higher in pre and post us e for all the variables . This was not the case . Natural environments scored lower than urban environments for pre -use scores , but in pos t-use scores natural environments and urban environments scored very comparably . There was no statistical ly sign ificant difference in mean scores for any of the post -use variables . A greater change was shown in the scores f or nature -based environments from pre -use to post -use . This greater amount of change is the point of interest . On average m ore time was spent in nature -based environm ents , and the amount of time spent was significantly correl ated to both change in feelings and change in mood . Therefore, it 21 could be explained that the greater amount of change in perception of these va riables was based on the greater amount of time spent in the sp ace. It is also possible that urban parks scored higher initially as they are more heavily designed spaces . Whereas at first glance the natural environments might not have been as pleasing , but upon further inspection , and more time spent in the space , the perception of t he natural environment changed , and scores similar to urban were recor ded . This could be due to the depth of the natur al envir onments in comparison to the urban environment s. Once the partici pant was fully immersed in the space and surrounded by nature the ir perc eption changed . Whereas in an urban environment , being fully immersed and separate d is much more difficu lt, therefore eliciting a lesser amount of change . Where people sp ent more time , there was on average more change in both mental restoration , and the perceived variables . So, this study wou ld sugges t that it is not only the environment you a re in , but also the amount of time spent in it . Since the natural environments ended up sc oring very similar to the urban environments in post use responses it Õs not tha t the quality is higher , but that you are more immer sed in it and have a greater rate of change due to this immersion . The immersion is based on not only time but back to the variables mentioned by Kap lan in Attention Restoration Theory . The natural environments ha ve a greater sen se of being away and a greater level of enclosure and separation and therefore the greater amount of restoration can occur . Further research could look directly into t his rate of change , compared to the amount of time spent in the space . A study that has different environments , and then has specific treatment times within these environments , could explore these rate s of change . They could see if the rate of change is more dependent on the time spent , or variables of the environment , such as visual quality , sound quality , and comfor t. 22 5.2 Secondary Hypothesis , Preference and Capability The secondary hypothesis was par tially correct , with s tatistically significant correlations between change in feelings and sound quality , visual qua lity and comfort quality . Change in mood was only found to be significantly correlated with visual quality . From these results it could be interpreted that visual quality of a space is the most significant variable for mental restoration . This brings forward an interesting concept for perception from different partici pants . If visual quality i s so important , would blind people then score lower on restoration ? Sound quality was also important so would those that are hearing impaired experience the space differently ? Would these differences in ability for p erception c hange the level of restoration ? I think that people tend to adapt to their deficiencies , someone who doesn Õt have the best sight might rely more on hearing . And therefore for people who have a deficiency in a type of perception , they would then need a space that is more focused on the type they arenÕt deficient in for i t to have similar restorative results . Mental restoration is universal , we all are capable of it , possibly at different capabilities but th at is a d ifferent discussion . So althou gh someone might be lacking a certain perceptive ability I still believe they would receive restoration , I just think that it would change the importance of the variables . Additional ly, visual and sound quality is user dependent on a preference standpoint as well as the capability . Two people with the same vision capabilities could have differ ent opinions on the same image or surrounding s. For a n example we can use painting s. People have different preferences for paintings ; some like renaissance , others prefer modern , or impressionism . For sound it Õs music ; some like classi cal, others like pop, or metal or county . All these people could have the same hearing or vis ual capabi lities but have a separate preference . This separate preference influences them in their daily lives , what music they listen to , what they 23 hang up on their wall s and use f or decoration . But it also influences how they experience places . For this study it influences the mental restoration qualities of a spa ce. If the user enjoys the sounds that they hear , and they enjoy the things they see that space would be better suited for their mental restoration . But another user might need a separate environment to receive the same level of restoration , even if t hat user has the same capabilities in regard to perception . Not only is th e level of capability for perception a factor but so t oo is the expertise of the participant . This bias of perception was named by the French as Ôd”formation profes sionnelle Õ and it is the tenden cy that peop le have to look at everything from the point of view of oneÕs profession , (Horowitz, 201 4). A horticulturalist for example might be fascinated by the plants of the space and therefore a n environment with more plant life would be favorable to them . However , an architect might prefer an urban park where they can examine the architecture of the building s surrounding the park space . Conversely , someone who is deeply interested in t he items of the space might focus on them to o much , thus implying that someone who engages heavi ly in architecture would experience more restoration in a more naturalized environment . Kaplans take on this is interesting as they say you must be able to connect with the space , but also must not be too mentally engaged by it . Other literature talks about the importance of connec tion with the space as well , and therefore I believe that the comfo rt or relatability to the space is more important than it being overly fascinating to the user . Further research could be completed that looks into the se difference preferences , point of view , and capabilitie s. A sort of aptitude test could be taken to score visual , auditory , and other senses capabilities . And the profession or expertise of the participant would be collected as well . The participants responses could then be compared to one another to see if different profession s, 24 perce ptive capabi lities , or preferences signi ficantly altered the restorative capabilities of different spa ces. 5.3 Further Va riable Classification , and Re lation to User A more detailed outline of different spaces , with further classification outside of urban and natur al to include more detailed descriptions and a more varied amount of treatment spaces could yield more detailed results . It could also allow the further classification of what variables are most important in regard to mental restoration within parks . Where this study looked a t broad ideas of v ariables further studies could look at them more in depth . Instead of visual quality as a whole , researchers could look at the items that make up vis ual quality . Such as light levels , tree canopy , art installments , surroundings etc . Studies have been done that look into the variables at this level of detail , such as the Effects of Soundscape on the Enviro nmental Restoration in Urban Natural Environments study . However, a comprehensive study that compares t he variable all to each other is lacking . A study of this type could then inform designers more thoroughly about level of tree cover , amount of au ditory elements and more specific design elements that could be implemented to increase the restorati ve capabilities of the space . A study of this type would also need to take into account participant information . It would be possible to look at the importance of variables for restoration in comparison to the participants background , expertise , and demographic . This style of study could really enhance design recommendations by making them more spec ific . Using college students as a demographic of the s tudy could lead to the finding of variables most important to college studen ts in regard to mental restoration . These variables cou ld then be ran ked as some of the most important variables for col lege campus design . You could also incl ude professors , and then find the variables in common be tween the t wo groups . Taking the variable s in common and 25 including them at a higher priority within the design . This could be used for a wide variety of application s. Within inventory and a nalysi s of a site , a designer could collect the de mographic data of the people surrounding a proposed site , or the peop le that would use it most freque ntly . The designer could then take those demographics and reference thes e types of studies to find the most important variables for that park space . And now they truly would be designing for not only the physical health and welfare of the spaceÕs primary users , but also the ir mental health . 5.4 Application of Research For the application of this research into d esign it would be believed that a n environment that is visually appealing , ha s pleasant sounds , and is designed in such a way to foster comfort and perceived safety , will be the best type of space for mental restoration . But not everyone is the same , and what might be restorative for one , does not always mean it will be restorative to all . Meaning that different spaces within the park , o r site can have varying levels of visual quality , sou nd quality , and comfort . Allowing for a greater range of people to be restored by the greater diversity of environ ments . The best design solution would realistically be supported by policy . P arks that in themselves are diverse , but are part of a larger diverse park system , would be the most effective . This park system would be where the true diversity of the infrastructure could take place . Different parks could be spread throu ghout a city with different u ses . This is similar to what is in place now for many parks department plans . However not enough effort is dedicated to truly make thes e parks different exp eriences , or different environment . You see similar elements in many parks of the same city . Or a focus simply on different types of activities within the parks , but not a focus on different environment s. There is often a consistency within a cityÕs urban park design s. This consistency isnÕt necessarily bad , repe tition of form is important , wayfinding by 26 similarity is too . But this cons istency can take over and lead to the creation of very similar urban parks . Making people go to the perimeter of cities , or to other communities to access the environment that is most r estorative to them . Natural environments need to be brought back into the urban areas , they need to be designed in a way that they can be an escape from the urban system . This idea can be traced back to the beginning of landscape architecture with Olm stead Õs idea for Central Park . But the urban parks are needed too , this study reinforces the idea that all env ironments have value , and they all have the capability of being restorative , it is up to the user to find the space that is best for them . And It is the responsibility of policy makers , planners , and designers to make s ure that natural and urban park spaces are accessible to everyone . This is where the 10 minute walk policy campaig n is supported but is also lacking . The campaign is so focused on access ibility for all , it is not focusing on t he diversity needed within these spaces . Accessibility to green infrastr ucture is supported by much of the reviewed literature as a very important aspect . It is also supported by the fact that both environments w ere rest orative in this study . But the diversity needed of different types of spaces is not made as much of a prio rity by the current campaign . Based on the findings of this study , restoration happens in urban and natural environm ents . Much like other studies found , different environments can rank different ly for different peo ple . And finding a sp ace that is restorative to you means you ne ed to find a space that you are comfortable in , enjoy the things you se e, and enjoy the t hings you hear . By doing this you will be more likely to experience mental restoration from spen ding tim e in the space . If your focus is not on yo urself but on the development of these spaces fo r others , then the recommendation would be to create a space that is appealing to the spaces most frequent users . 27 6.0 LIMITATIONS : The collection of data for this study was completed during the 2020 -2021 Global Corona Virus Pandemic. Due to this the collection of data was inf luenced by the restrictions that had been placed by the pandemic. Collections were originally delayed due to lock downs, and once allowed ; social distancing, the wearing of masks, and contactless interactions were required. This research wa s further limited by an inability to test a wider variety of variables due to the la ck of tested environments . An inabil ity to test the treatments over a greater period of time due to the time cons traints of a master Õs program . And finally, a lack of generalizability due to the lack of different tested environments . 28 7.0 CONCLUSION : The conclusion from this work is that both natural and urban env ironments are mentally restorative . Natur al environments produce d a higher level of positive mental restoration on average , but the differen ce between the two envi ronments restoration was not statistically significant . This supports the primary hypothesis . Vis ual qual ity was the most significant of th e measured variables in re lationship to mental restoration . It was the on ly variable that was significant for both mood and feelings , the two scores that represent mental restoration in this study . Sound quality , comfort , and time spent in the environment were also correlated to the change in feelings . The secondary hypothesis there for e was also supported for visual quality , sound quality , and comfort . Saf ety had inconclusive results due to a lack of validity . 29 8.0 CONFLICT OF INTEREST : The author declares no conflict of interest. 30 BIBLIOGRAP HY 31 BIBLIOGRAPHY Absence Management (2015), CIPD, London, available at: www.cipd.co. k/hr -resources/survey -reports/absence -management -2015.aspx Aerts, R., Honnay, O., & Van Nieuwenhuyse, A. (2018). Biodiversity and human health: mechanisms and evidence of the positive health effects of diversity in nature and green spaces. 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