VOCATIONAL IN T E R E S T S O F A G R IC U L T U R A L EXTEN SIO N
WORKERS AS R E L A T E D TO S E L E C T E D A S P E C T S
O F WORK A D JU STM EN T

By
ROWLAND RAY PIE R S O N

A DISSERTATION
S u b m itte d to the S cho ol of G ra d u a te S tu d ie s of M ic h ig a n
S tate C ollege of A g r i c u l t u r e a n d A p p lied S c ie n c e
in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of th e r e q u i r e m e n t s
f o r the d e g re e of

DO CTOR O F PH ILO SOPHY

D iv isio n o f E d u c a tio n

1951

ACK NOW LEDG M ENTS

T he a u th o r w is h e s to a c k n o w le d g e h is in d e b t e d n e s s to
the m an y p e r s o n s who h a v e a id e d h im in the c o m p le tio n of
th is stu d y .

He d e s i r e s e s p e c i a l l y to e x p r e s s h is g r a t i t u d e to

the c h a i r m a n of h is g u id a n c e c o m m i tt e e , D r. C liff o rd E . E r i c k ­
son, and to the r e m a in i n g c o m m i tt e e m e m b e r s , D r. C a r l H.
G r o s s , D r. L e o n a r d L . L u k e r and D r. C e c il V. M i l l a r d f o r
t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e in f o r m u la ti n g the stu d y , t h e i r s u g g e s tio n s
d u rin g the in v e s tig a tio n a n d t h e i r c r i t i c a l r e a d in g of th e c o m ­
p le te d m a n u s c r i p t .

S p e c ia l g r a t i tu d e is e x p r e s s e d to M r . K e n ­

n e th G. N e lso n f o r h is c o n s t a n t i n t e r e s t , p a ti e n t g u id a n c e and
c o n s t r u c t iv e c r i t i c i s m s in h is c a p a c ity a s te c h n ic a l a d v i s o r to
the study .

S in c e r e th a n k s a r e e x te n d e d to D r . W a lte r F . J o h n ­

son f o r h is m a n y h e lp fu l s u g g e s tio n s , a n d c r i t i c a l r e a d i n g of
the m a n u s c r i p t .
G r a te f u l a c k n o w le d g m e n t is e x p r e s s e d to the follow ing
p e r s o n s who p r o v i d e d v a lu a b le a s s i s t a n c e th r o u g h t h e i r c o ­
o p e r a tiv e e f f o r t s in th e l a r g e r r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t of w h ic h th is
stu d y is one p h a s e :

D r. D uane L . G ib so n , D r . C h a r le s R.

H o ffe r, M r . Jo h n T. Stone, M r . J o s e p h L . L o c k e , M r . P a u l A.

M i l le r , M r . R o b e r t O. H atton, M r . A . C o n r a d P o s z , M r .
G. C u r r y , M r .

C laud e C o u rtw a y , J r . , M r . N o r m a n E .

D o n ald

D r a y to n ,

and the C o o p e ra tiv e E x te n s io n w o r k e r s in M ic h ig a n who p r o ­
v id ed the b a s i c d a ta f o r the stu d y .

T h e s t a t i s t i c a l a d v ic e a n d

a s s i s t a n c e p r o v id e d by D r. P a u l L .

D re s s e l and M r.

R o b e rt A.

J a c k s o n i s a ls o g r a t e f u ll y a c k n o w le d g e d .
The w r i t e r s i n c e r e l y a p p r e c i a t e s th e f i n a n c ia l a s s i s t a n c e
p ro v id e d f o r th is stu d y by th e U n ited S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t of Ag­
r i c u l t u r e and th e O ffice of N a v a l R e s e a r c h of th e U n ited S t a te s
N avy.
F i n a ll y , fu ll c r e d i t sh o u ld be g iv en to m y w ife, K a th ry n
S tu ltz P i e r s o n , f o r e n c o u r a g e m e n t , i n s p i r a t i o n , a n d u n c o u n te d
h o u r s of c l e r i c a l a s s i s t a n c e .

iv
R ow land R a y P i e r s o n
c a n d id a te f o r th e d e g r e e of
D o c to r of P h ilo s o p h y

F i n a l E x a m in a tio n :

D issertatio n :

N o v e m b e r 26, 1951, 12:30 P . M . , R o om 116,
M o r r i l l H a ll.

V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of A g r i c u l t u r a l E x te n s io n
W o r k e r s a s R e la te d to S e le c te d A s p e c t s of W o rk
A d ju s tm e n t.

O utline of S tu d ies:
M a jo r S u b ject:
M in o r Subject:

E d u c a tio n .
P sy ch o lo g y .

B io g ra p h ic a l I t e m s :
B o rn , D e c e m b e r 21, 1913, M i l le r s t o w n , P e n n s y lv a n ia .
U n d e r g r a d u a te S tu d ie s , M u s k in g u m C o lle g e , N ew C o n c o rd ,
O hio, 193 1 -1 9 3 5 .
G ra d u a te S tu d ie s , Ohio S ta te U n i v e r s i ty , 1935-1938, M ich ­
ig an S ta te C o lle g e , 1946 -1 951 .
E x p e rie n c e :.

F i e l d R e p r e s e n t a t i v e , M u s k in g u m C o lle g e , 19341940 ( p a r t and f u l l t im e ) , A r e a Y outh P e r s o n n e l
S u p e r v i s o r , N a tio n a l Y outh A d m i n is tr a t io n in Ohio,
1940-1942, P r e - C o l l e g e C o u n s e lo r , M u sk in g u m Col­
le g e , 1 942 -1943, C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S p e c ia li s t , U nited
S ta te s A r m y , 1 943 -1 9 4 6 , I n s t r u c t o r - C o u n s e l o r ,
M ic h ig a n S ta te C o lle g e , 1946-1948, A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r - C o u n s e l o r , M ic h ig a n S tate C o lle g e , 1948p resen t.

M e m b e r of K appa D e lta P i .

T A B L E O F C O N TEN TS

CHAPTER
I.

Page

INTRODUCTION AND ST A T E M E N T
OF P R O B L E M

II.

................................

1

O v e rv ie w o f the S t u d y .............................................

1

N eed f o r the S t u d y ....................................

9

O rig in of the S t u d y ....................................

19

D E FIN IT IO N O F TERM S AND D E S C R IP T IO N
OF IN STR U M E N T S
Definition, of T e r m s .

26
.

.

.

.

.

D e s c r ip t i o n of I n s t r u m e n t s U se d

III.

.
.

.
.

26
.

.

31

S u m m a r y ......................................................................

51

R E L A T E D R E S E A R C H ............................................

53

R e la te d S u m m a r i e s of R e s e a r c h

. . . .

53

R e s e a r c h C o n c e r n in g th e R e la tio n s h ip
of I n t e r e s t s to W ork E f f e c t i v e n e s s

.

.

57

The R e la tio n s h ip of In v e n to r ie d
I n t e r e s t s to Jo b S a tis f a c tio n
IV.

. . . .

75

TH E S A M P L E , P R O C E D U R E S , AND
T E C H N I Q U E S ................................................................

89

•*

vi
CHAP TER

Page
T h e S a m p l e ................................................................

89

C o lle c tio n of D a ta an d T h e ir P r e p a r a t i o n
for A n a l y s i s

..

T e c h n iq u e s of A n a l y s i s .......................................

102
Ill

V. THE V A R IA B L E WORK A D JU S T M E N T
G R O U P S ............................................

120

P r o b l e m s in R a tin g A g e n ts ' W ork
E f f e c t i v e n e s s ..........................................................

120

The M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e
R a tin g S y s t e m

‘.

R a tin g M eth o d U sed in T h is Study

VI.

124
. . .

134

R a tin g of Jo b S a t i s f a c t i o n .................................

147

THE FINDINGS O F THE S T U D Y ...........................

183

D e s c r i p t i o n of the A g e n ts ' I n t e r e s t s

. . .

183

R e la tio n s h ip B e tw e e n SVIB S c o r e s
and W o rk E f f e c t i v e n e s s ......................................... 204
R e la tio n s h ip B e tw e e n SVIB S c o r e s
and J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n ............................................... 244
VII.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND SU G ­
GESTIONS FO R F U R T H E R R E S E A R C H

.

.

275

V I1

CHAPTER

Page
.' ................................................................

275

C o n c l u s i o n s ................................................................

291

S u g g e s tio n s f o r F u r t h e r R e s e a r c h

.

295

B I B L I O G R A P H Y ..............................................................................• .

299

A P P E N D IX A ..................................................

309

A PPE N D IX B ..........................................................................................

320

S um m ary

.

.

L IS T O F TA BLES

T A BLE
1.

Page
P e r c e n t a g e of A g e n ts in E a c h L ife I n s u r a n c e
I n t e r e s t R a tin g Who P r o d u c e $0 to $400,000
and Up A n n u a l l y ...............................................................

2.

60

M ean A ges a n d N u m b e r of Y e a r s of E x p e ­
r i e n c e in the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v i c e
f o r C ounty A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts
a s of M ay 1, 1951

3.

.

S u m m a r y of R a tin g s of County A g e n ts an d
4 H Club A g e n ts by " Q u a r t i l e " G ro u p s

4.

99

.

137

A n a ly s is of V a r ia n c e of the R a tin g s of
Seven J u d g e s on the Work E f f e c t i v e n e s s
of County A g e n ts ( N - 8 1 ) .......................................

5.

140

A n a ly s is of V a r ia n c e of the R a tin g s of
S even J u d g e s on the W ork E f f e c t i v e n e s s
of 4 H Club A g e n ts (N-48)

6.

140

C o m p a r is o n of M e a n s (X) and V a r ia n c e s
2
( <r ) of A g e s an d Y e a r s of E x p e r i e n c e

f o r V a r io u s " Q u a r t i l e " W ork E f f e c t i v e n e s s
*;

,u

ix
Page

T ABLE
R a tin g G ro u p s of C o u n ty A g e n ts and
4 H Club A g e n ts
7.

145

C o m p a r i s o n of M ean s (X) a n d V a r ia n c e s
2
( cr ) of R aw Job S a t i s f a c t i o n Q u e s tio n n a ir e

S c o r e s f o r V a rio u s ’’Q u a r t i l e " W ork E f ­
f e c t i v e n e s s G ro u p s of C ounty A g e n ts a n d
4 H Club A g e n ts
8.

148

P r o p o r t i o n of County A g e n ts and 4 H Club
A g e n ts A n s w e rin g the V a r io u s C a te g o r ie s
on th e S ev en I te m s o n th e Jo b S a t is f a c ti o n
B la n k

9.

156

D ic h o to m iz a tio n of Jo b S a t is f a c ti o n Ite m
R e s p o n s e C a te g o r ie s U s e d f o r T e s t
of S c a la b il i ty

10.

161

S c a le A n a l y s i s of the F i r s t T r i a l R anking
of th e Six Ite m Job S a t is f a c ti o n Q u e s , t i o n n a i r e f o r County A g e n ts and 4 H
Club A g e n ts

11.

163

I l l u s t r a t i o n of the S c a le A n a ly s is of the
D ic h o to m iz e d Six I t e m J o b S a tis fa c tio n

Mm

TABLE

Page
Q u e s tio n n a ir e f o r the S e c o n d T r i a l
R an k in g of C ounty A g e n t s ...................................... 164

12.

I l l u s t r a t i o n of the S c a le A n a l y s i s of the
D ic h o to m iz e d Six Ite m J o b S a tis f a c tio n
Q u e s tio n n a ir e f o r the S e c o n d T r ia l
R ank ing of 4 H Club A g e n ts

13.

.

.

.

.

.

166

In te n s ity A n a ly s is of the S c a le d Job
S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ir e f o r County
A g e n ts

14.

......................................................... ......

174

In te n s ity A n a ly s is f o r the S c a le d Job
S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ir e f o r 4 H
Club A g e n t s ..........................................................................

15.

175

C o m p a r i s o n of M ean s (X) an d V a r ia n c e s
( «^) of A g e s and Y e a r s of E x p e r i e n c e
f o r V a r ia b l e S a tis f a c tio n G ro u p s of
C ounty A g e n ts and 4 H Club A gents

16.

. . .

179

M ean S ta n d a r d S c o r e s , S ta n d a r d D e v ia ­
tio n s , and L e t t e r S c o r e s f o r 81
County A g e n ts and 48 4 H Club
A g e n ts on 44 SVIB S c a l e s ...........................................

184

TABLE
17.

Page
P e r c e n t a g e of C, B , B+, and A R a tin g s
of 285 C ollege S e n i o r s , 81 C o u n ty
A g e n ts , and 48 4 H Club A g e n ts on
34 SVIB S c a le s

18.

.........................................................

192

S u m m a r y of I n t e r e s t s of County A g e n ts
a n d 4 H Club A g e n ts by P r i m a r y (P)
a n d S e c o n d a ry (S) I n t e r e s t T y p e s

19.

. . . .

199

C o m p a r i s o n of M e a n s (X) and V a r i a n c e s
2
( cr ) on 44 SVIB S c a le s f o r C oun ty

A g e n ts R a te d in th e T h r e e H ig h e s t
" Q u a r t i l e s " and th e L o w e s t " Q u a r t i l e "
on W o rk E f f e c t i v e n e s s .............................................
20.

205

C o m p a r i s o n of M e a n s (X) and V a r i a n c e s
(

2

) on 44 SVIB S c a le s f o r C ounty

A g e n ts R a te d in th e H ig h e s t " Q u a r t i l e "
a n d the L o w e s t " Q u a r t i l e " on W ork
E f f e c t i v e n e s s ................................................................
21.

S u m m a r y of SVIB S c a le s on W hich M e an
S c o r e s of " M o r e E f fe c tiv e " a n d " L e s s

210

T A BLE

Page
E f f e c tiv e " C ounty A g e n ts D i f f e r e d
S i g n i f i c a n t l y ................................ • ..................................

22.

217

D i r e c t io n s of M e an SVIB S c o r e D if ­
f e r e n c e s in O c c u p a tio n a l G ro u p s
Vi I, an d IV f o r C ounty A g e n t s ..........................

23.

223

C o r r e l a t i o n C o e ffic ie n ts B e tw e e n F o u r
SVIB S c a le s a n d W ork E f f e c t i v e n e s s
R a tin g s f o r 81 County A g e n ts

24.

.................................. 226

C o m p a r i s o n of County A g e n ts P r e d i c t e d
to be " L e s s E f f e c tiv e " W ith T h o se
P r e d i c t e d to be " M o r e E f f e c t i v e " on
the B a s i s of S c o r e s on F o u r D i f f e r e n ­
tia tin g SVIB S c a l e s ...................................................

25.

230

C o m p a r i s o n of M e an s (X) and V a r i a n c e s
2
( <r ) on 44 SVIB S c a le s f o r 4 H Club

A g e n ts R a te d in the T h r e e H ig h e s t
" Q u a r t i l e s " an d the L o w e s t " Q u a r t i l e "
on W ork E f f e c t i v e n e s s .............................................
26.

C o m p a r i s o n of M e a n s (X) an d V a r i a n c e s
( cr) on 44 SVIB S c a le s f o r 4 H Club

232

TABLE

Page
A g e n ts R a te d in th e H ig h e s t ’’Q u a r ti l e "
a nd L o w e s t " Q u a r t i l e " o n W ork E f ­
fe c tiv e n e ss

27.

......................................................................

237

C o m p a r is o n of M e a n s (X) and V a r ia n c e s
2

( cr ) on 44 SVIB S c a le s f o r " M o re
S a tis f ie d " a n d " L e s s S a tis f ie d " County
A g e n ts
28.

................................ 245

C o r r e l a t i o n C o e ffic ie n ts B e tw e e n R aw
Jo b S a t is f a c ti o n S c o r e s and S c o r e s
on F iv e D i f f e r e n ti a ti n g SVIB S c a le s
f o r 81

29.

C ounty A g e n t s ............................................253

C o m p a r i s o n of C ounty A g e n ts P r e d i c t e d
to be " D i s s a t i s f i e d " W ith T h o se P r e ­
d ic te d to be " S a t is f ie d " on the B a s i s
of th e T e a c h in g S a tis f a c tio n SVIB
S c a l e ...................................................................................

30.

256

C o m p a r i s o n of M e a n s (X) and V a r ia n c e s
2
( or ) on 44 SVIB S c a le s f o r " M o re S a t i s ­

f ie d " and " L e s s S a tis f ie d " 4 H Club
A g e n ts

.............................................................................

258

X IV

TA BLE
31.

Page
C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f fic ie n ts B e tw e e n R aw
J o b S a tis f a c tio n S c o r e s and S c o r e s
on N in e D if f e r e n tia tin g SVIB S c a le s
f o r 48 4 H Club A g e n t s .............................................

32.

267

C o m p a r i s o n of 4 H Club A g e n ts P r e ­
d i c t e d to be " D i s s a t i s f i e d " W ith T h o se
P r e d i c t e d to be " S a tis f ie d " on the
B a s i s of S c o r e s on A ny F i v e Out
of Six D if f e r e n tia tin g

33.

SVIB S c a le s

. . . .

270

M e a n s (X) and S ta n d a r d D e v ia tio n s («r)
f o r Age and L e n g th of S e r v i c e of
S p e c i a l i s t s , County A g e n ts and 4 H
Club A g e n t s .........................................................

34.

311

C o m p a r i s o n of M e a n s (X), V a r i a n c e s
2

( <r ) and L e t t e r S c o r e s (LS) on 44
SVIB S c a le s f o r S p e c ia li s t s and
C ounty A g e n t s ................................................................

313

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION AND S T A T E M E N T OF P R O B L E M

O v e r v ie w of the Study

T he g e n e r a l p r o b l e m .

In 1950 the M ic h ig a n C o o p e r a tiv e

E x te n s io n S e rv ic e i n it i a t e d a r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t f o r the p u r p o s e
of a tte m p tin g to o b tain i n f o r m a ti o n th a t w ill be u s e f u l in i m ­
p ro v in g the s e l e c ti o n of i t s C ounty E x te n s i o n w o r k e r s . *

The

g oal of the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e i s to be a b le to s e l e c t w o r k e r s
who n o t only w ill be m o r e s u c c e s s f u l in the p e r f o r m a n c e of
t h e i r jo b s, but who w ill a ls o be m o r e s a t i s f i e d in t h e i r w o rk .
A s a s t a r t i n g poin t in th is e n d e a v o r the p r o j e c t d e sig n
c a l ls f o r an a n a l y s i s of the p r e s e n t C ounty A g e n ts and 4 H
Club A g e n ts in M ic h ig a n w ith r e s p e c t to the r e l a ti o n s h i p b e ­
tw e e n c e r t a i n of t h e i r p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and a t l e a s t two
c r i t e r i a of t h e i r w o rk a d ju s tm e n t .

If so m e s ig n if ic a n t

* P . A. M i l le r an d J . T . Stone, " T h e S e le c tio n of E f ­
f e c tiv e E x te n s io n W o r k e r s , " R e v ie w of E x te n s io n S t u d i e s . U. S.
D e p a r tm e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e , E x te n s io n S e r v ic e C i r c u l a r 470,
Ju ly , 1950, p. 27.

2
r e l a ti o n s h i p s a r e found in th e p r e s e n t A g e n ts , an d if t h e s e r e ­
la tio n s h ip s can be v a li d a t e d in s tu d ie s w ith a d d itio n a l A g e n ts ,
th is in f o r m a tio n sh o u ld be u s e f u l in im p r o v in g the s e l e c ti o n
p rocedures.
O v e r - a l l e f f e c t i v e n e s s on the job i s c o n s i d e r e d to be the
p r i m a r y c r i t e r i o n of w o rk a d ju s tm e n t in th is g e n e r a l r e s e a r c h
p ro je c t..

T he w o r k e f f e c t i v e n e s s of th e p r e s e n t A g e n ts i s to

be d e te r m i n e d by r a t i n g s by t h e i r s u p e r i o r s .

In k e ep in g w ith

the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e 's u l ti m a t e g o a l, job s a t i s f a c t i o n i s c o n ­
s i d e r e d to be a n a d d itio n a l c r i t e r i o n of w o r k a d ju s tm e n t a n d
the job s a t is f a c ti o n of the p r e s e n t A g e n ts i s to be m e a s u r e d by
an a d a p ta tio n and e x te n s io n of the H oppock Job S a tis f a c tio n
B lan k .

2

An a n a l y s i s i s to be m a d e of the r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n

e a c h of th e s e c r i t e r i a an d the follow ing m e a s u r a b l e p e r s o n a l
f a c t o r s w hich a r e b e lie v e d to be i n h e r e n t in the w o rk a d j u s t ­
m e n t of th e s e p e o p le :

(a) b i o g r a p h i c a l d a ta , in c lu d in g a h a n a l y s i s

of the w o r k e r 's s e l f - c o n c e p t an d h is c o n c e p t of h is job, (b) v o ­
c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s , (c) p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s , an d (d) v a r i o u s tr a in in g
facto rs.

2

R o b e r t H oppock, Jo b S a t is f a c ti o n , N ew Y ork :
and B r o t h e r s , 1935, 303 pp.

H arper

T he p r o b l e m of th is s tu d y .

T h is p a r t i c u l a r stu d y i s

c o n c e rn e d w ith one p h a s e of t h i s G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t ,

3

n a m e ly , the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n the v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s of
the p r e s e n t M ic h ig a n A g e n ts an d the two c r i t e r i a of w o r k a d ­
j u s tm e n t.

F o r th is p u r p o s e , t h e i r v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s w e r e

d e te r m i n e d by th e S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B la n k .

4

T he

p r o b le m of th is stu d y m a y th e n b e s t a t e d s p e c i f i c a ll y a s , " W h a t
is the r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n the S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B la n k
s c o r e s of the p r e s e n t C ounty A g e n ts a n d 4 H Club A g e n ts in
M ich ig an an d t h e i r r a t e d job e f f e c t i v e n e s s , and s e l f - r a t e d job
s a tis fa c tio n ? "

In k e ep in g w ith th e o b j e c ti v e s of the G e n e r a l

R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t , th e p u r p o s e in stu d y in g th e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s
was tw ofold.

It w a s to p r o v id e a d e s c r i p t i o n of the v o c a tio n a l

i n t e r e s t s of M ic h ig a n A g e n ts , a n d to a t t e m p t to d e t e r m i n e the
Strong V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B la n k s c a l e s , if any , t h a t m ig h t be
u se fu l g u id e s in the s e l e c ti o n of m o r e e ff e c tiv e an d m o r e

3

T he t e r m " G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t " w ill h e r e i n ­
a f t e r r e f e r to the o v e r - a l l p r o j e c t now b e in g c o n d u c te d by the
M ich igan E x te n s io n S e r v i c e .
4

E d w a r d K, S tro n g , J r . , V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of M en
and W o m e n , S ta n fo rd , C a lif o r n ia ? S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s ,
1943, 746 pp.

s a t is f ie d County A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts .

It i s i m p l i c i t

in th is stu d y t h a t the f in a l p r e d i c t i v e v a lid ity of any su c h r e ­
la tio n s h ip s found m u s t r e s t upon f u t u r e c r o s s - v a l i d a t i o n s t u d i e s .
The a p p r o a c h to the se c o n d o b je c tiv e w a s e s s e n t i a l l y t h a t of
te s tin g the s ig n if ic a n c e of the d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the S tro n g V o­
c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B la n k m e a n s c o r e s of the " h i g h " a n d " l o w "
g r o u p s of A g e n ts in r e s p e c t to t h e i r r a t i n g s on the two w o rk
a d ju s tm e n t c r i t e r i a , d e te r m in in g the i n t e n s i t y of t h e s e r e l a t i o n ­
sh ip s , and c h e c k in g the e x te n t to w h ich a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n s
could be m a d e by a n a l y s i s of i n t e r e s t p r o f i l e s .

T h e s e m e th o d s

w ill be d e s c r i b e d in d e ta il in C h a p t e r s IV and V.

R a tio n a le f o r the s tu d y .

It a p p e a r s th a t a t t e m p t s to

d i s c o v e r m o r e e ffe c tiv e te c h n iq u e s f o r im p r o v in g the s e le c tio n
of t e a c h e r s have b e e n r a t h e r d is a p p o in tin g .

F o r e x a m p le , in

re v ie w in g 675 s tu d ie s of f a c t o r s r e l a t e d to s u c c e s s in te a c h in g ,
S a n fo rd c o n c lu d e s t h a t " r e s e a r c h s t u d i e s do n o t p o in t to a
s c ie n tif ic b a s i s f o r p r e s e r v i c e s e l e c ti o n of t e a c h e r s .

A v a lid

a n d r e l i a b l e c r i t e r i o n of t e a c h e r s u c c e s s h a s n o t b e e n found,
a nd f a c t o r s cond itio n in g s u c c e s s in te a c h in g a r e n o t d e fin ite ly
known, an d a s a t i s f a c t o r y te c h n iq u e of i n v e s ti g a t i o n f o r app lying

the c r i t e r i o n and the f a c t o r s h a s n o t b e e n f o r m u la te d . M

A ls o ,

T o r g e s o n a f t e r an e a r l i e r r e v i e w of 500 s tu d ie s a r r i v e d a t
s u b s ta n tia lly th e s a m e c o n c lu s io n .

6

Since the E x te n s i o n S e r -

v ice i s e s s e n t i a l l y a n e d u c a tio n a l o r g a n iz a tio n ,
i m p l i c i t a s one of i t s fu n c tio n s .

7

te a c h in g i s

T he fin d in g s of p r e v i o u s

s tu d ie s w ould t h e r e f o r e te n d to q u e s tio n the v a lu e of f u r t h e r
r e s e a r c h in th is a r e a .
H o w e v e r, the s e ttin g in w hich the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e
w o r k e r o p e r a t e s an d the m e th o d s by w h ich he a c h i e v e s h i s
g o a ls a r e s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t f r o m th o s e of the c l a s s r o o m
tea ch e r.

By v i r t u e of the b a s i c c o o p e r a tiv e o r g a n i z a t i o n of

the S e r v i c e , the w o r k e r i s r e s p o n s i b l e s i m u lta n e o u s ly to f e d e r a l ,

5

C h a r l e s W.
P re -S e rv ic e T each er
e d it o r , E n c y c lo p e d ia
M a c M illa n C o m p an y ,

S a n fo rd and J . L lo y d T r u m p , S e c tio n on
S e le c tio n , p. 1394.
W a lte r S. M o n ro e ,
of E d u c a tio n a l R e s e a r c h , N ew Y o rk : T he
1950.

^ T. L. T o rg eso n , " T h e M e a s u re m e n t and P re d ic tio n
of T e a c h in g A b i l i t y ," R e v ie w of E d u c a tio n a l R e s e a r c h , 7: 242 —
247, 1937.
7

E d m u n d deS. B r u n n e r an d E . H s in P a o Y ang, R u r a l
A m e r i c a a n d T he E x te n s io n S e r v i c e , N ew Y o rk : B u r e a u of
P u b l i c a t io n s , T e a c h e r s C o lle g e , C o lu m b ia U n i v e r s i ty , 1949,
p. 163.

6
g
s t a te , and c o u n ty a g e n c i e s .

A ls o , in M ic h ig a n he s e l d o m c o n ­

d u c ts c l a s s e s in o r g a n i z e d c o u r s e s of stu d y .

I n s te a d , he w o r k s

w ith in d iv id u a ls a n d o r g a n i z e d a n d i n f o r m a l g r o u p s by p lay in g a
v a r i e t y of o c c u p a tio n a l r o l e s .

A r e c e n t a n a l y s i s of the w ay in

w hich M ic h ig a n C o unty A g e n ts s p e n d t h e i r tim e i n d i c a t e s th a t
a p p ro x im a te ly o n e - t h i r d of th e tim e i s s p e n t in w o rk in g d i r e c t l y
with i n d iv id u a ls , o n e - t h i r d in w o rk in g d i r e c t l y w ith g r o u p s , and
o n e - t h i r d in o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s s u c h a s w r itin g , stu d y in g , and
planning.

9

A n o th e r a n a l y s i s f u r t h e r i n d ic a t e s the fo llo w in g a p ­

p r o x im a te d i s t r i b u t i o n of t im e s p e n t in the m a j o r r o l e s p la y e d
by M ic h ig a n A g e n ts in t h e i r w ork :

10

L in c o ln D avid K e ls e y a n d C annon C h ile s H e a r n e , C o o p ­
e r a t iv e E x te n s io n W o rk , I th a c a , N ew Y o rk : C o m s to c k P u b lis h in g
C om pany, 1949» C h a p te r VII.
9

J o h n T . S tone, rtT he W ay M ic h ig a n County A g r i c u l t u r a l
A g e n ts E s t i m a t e T h e y Spend T h e i r W orking T i m e . "
(U n p u b lish e d
m im e o g r a p h e d r e p o r t on file in the office of the M ic h ig a n E x t e n ­
sion S e r v i c e , J u ly , 1 9 5 1 .)
• " A C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of the D iff e r e n t O c c u p a ­
tio n a l R o le s P e r f o r m e d by County A g r i c u l t u r a l A g e n ts , T he
V a r io u s T a s k s A s s o c i a t e d W ith E a c h an d the R e la tiv e A m o u n t
of T im e a M o d el A g e n t S pen ds P e r f o r m i n g T h e m . " (U n p u b lish e d
m im e o g r a p h e d r e p o r t on file in the office of the M ic h ig a n E x t e n ­
sio n S e r v i c e , J u ly , 1 9 5 1 .)

7
C o n s u lta n t
P u b lic A d m i n i s t r a t o r
S a l e s m a n of i n f o r m a ti o n a n d
id eas.
(Including w r itin g ,
r a d io b r o a d c a s t i n g , le c tu r i n g
d e m o n s tra tin g .)
O r g a n i z e r a n d s u p e r v i s o r of e v e n ts
O r g a n i z e r of g r o u p s
S tu d e n t
F a c ilita to r-e x p e d ito r

2 4 .3 2 %
23. 52%

17.40%
15. 71%
7. 22%
6. 78%
5. 05%

A lth o u g h the o b j e c ti v e s of th e E x te n s io n S e r v i c e a r e e d ­
u c a tio n a l in n a t u r e , th e w o r k s itu a tio n an d job a c t i v i t i e s p e c u l i a r
to County E x te n s io n w o r k t h e r e f o r e p o in ts to the p o s s ib i l i ty th a t
n e g a tiv e r e s e a r c h fin d in g s in the s e l e c t i o n of t e a c h e r s do n o t
n e c e s s a r i l y i n d ic a te t h a t s o m e u s e f u l r e s u l t s co u ld n o t be d e ­
t e r m i n e d f o r i m p r o v in g the s e l e c ti o n of E x te n s io n S e r v ic e
w orkers.
V o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s h a v e b e e n s tu d ie d e x te n s iv e ly and
the low r e l a t i o n s h i p s , in d ic a t e d in s o m e r e v i e w s of r e s e a r c h ^
b e tw ee n v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s an d w o r k s u c c e s s m ig h t c h a lle n g e

H a r o ld O. C a r t e r , " V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s and Job
O r i e n t a t i o n ," A p p lie d P s y c h o lo g y M o n o g ra p h s No. 2, S ta n fo rd ,
C a lif o r n ia : S ta n f o r d U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s , 1944, 85 pp.
R a lp h F . B e r d i e , " F a c t o r s R e la te d to V o c a tio n a l In ­
t e r e s t s , " P s y c h o l o g i c a l B u l l e t i n , 41:* 137-155, 1944.
D on ald E . S u p e r, A p p r a is in g V o c a tio n a l F i t n e s s , New
Y o rk: H a r p e r a n d B r o t h e r s , 1949, 727 pp.

the u s e f u l n e s s of f u r t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a t io n w ith th e r e l a ti o n s h i p
of th e s e two v a r i a b l e s .

H o w e v e r, in s u m m a r i z i n g s t u d i e s by

S tro n g , B i l l s , G h i s e l li , O tis, and R y a n and Jo h n s o n , S u p e r
s t a te s t h a t the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n i n t e r e s t in v e n to r y r e s u l t s
and w o rk s u c c e s s " i s s ig n i f ic a n t in the c a s e of s e v e r a l q u ite
d if f e r e n t ty p e s of s a l e s jo b s . "

12

W ith life i n s u r a n c e s a l e s m e n ,

f o r e x a m p le , " t h e r e i s a r a t h e r c l e a r te n d e n c y f o r th o s e who
m a d e h ig h s c o r e s [on the L ife I n s u r a n c e S a l e s m a n s c a l e of the
S trong V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B lank] to be th o s e who s o ld the m o s t
,,13
in su ra n ce . "
In m a n y of the r o l e s d e m a n d e d of the E x te n s i o n w o r k e r
the c o n c e p t of s e llin g is i n h e r e n t.

It i s , to be s u r e , th a t of

s e llin g i d e a s an d s e r v i c e s , b u t s t i l l s e llin g .

In a d d itio n , the

f a c t th a t the s u c c e s s of the o r g a n iz a tio n r e s t s in no s m a l l
m e a s u r e upon i t s v o l u n ta r y a c c e p ta n c e by the p u b lic c a l l s f o r
d i s c r e t e p e r s u a s i v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s on th e p a r t of E x te n s io n
w orkers.

12

Y o rk:

C o n se q u e n tly , in s e le c tin g n ew w o r k e r s M ic h ig a n

D onald E . S u p e r , A p p r a is in g V o c a tio n a l F i t n e s s , N ew
H a r p e r a n d B r o t h e r s , 1949, pp. 4 3 1 -4 3 2 .

9
E x te n s io n S e r v i c e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a t t e m p t to m a k e a s u b je c tiv e
e v a lu a tio n of a n a p p l i c a n t 's p e r s u a s i v e i n t e r e s t s and a p titu d e s
b e c a u s e th e y f e e l th a t th is t r a i t i s e s s e n t i a l f o r h is s u c c e s s
in E x te n s io n w o rk .
S in ce t h e r e i s s u b je c tiv e e v id e n c e t h a t a p o s itiv e r e ­
la tio n s h ip e x i s t s b e tw e e n a n E x t e n s i o n w o r k e r 's p e r s u a s i v e
i n t e r e s t s an d h i s s u c c e s s on the job, and s in c e s a l e s i n t e r e s t s
have b e e n found to c o r r e l a t e p o s itiv e ly w ith s u c c e s s in v a r i o u s
ty p e s of s a l e s w o rk , i t i s p o s s ib l e t h a t th is r e l a t i o n s h i p i s
o b je c tiv e ly d e fe n s ib le in the c a s e of E x te n s io n w o r k e r s .
c a u s e of th is

B e­

p o s s ib i l i ty , t h e r e i s a ls o j u s t if i c a t io n f o r i n v e s t i ­

gating the r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n E x te n s i o n w o r k e r s ' o th e r
i n t e r e s t s an d t h e i r w o rk a d ju s tm e n t .

N e e d f o r th e Study

R e c o g n itio n of th e n e e d f o r m o r e v a lid s e l e c t i o n t e c h ­
n iq u e s i s n ot

p e c u l i a r to the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v i c e .

U nited S t a te s

D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e and the O ffice of

The

N a v al R e s e a r c h of the U nited S ta te s N avy a r e c o n c e r n e d o v e r
th is p r o b l e m to th e e x te n t t h a t th e y h a v e g r a n t e d s e v e r a l th o u ­
sa n d d o l l a r s to the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e s in the S ta te s of M i s s o u r i

10
and New Y o rk in a d d itio n to M ic h ig a n to a id in c o n d u ctin g r e s e a r c h pertinent* to i t.

14

E a c h of t h e s e s t a te E x te n s io n S e r v i c e s

h a s p la n n e d a f i v e - y e a r stu d y ;
T h e s e f e d e r a l a g e n c i e s a r e a s s i s t i n g in t h i s r e s e a r c h
b e c a u s e , a m o n g o t h e r r e a s o n s , E x te n s io n a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a r e
c o n c e rn e d a b o u t the r a t e of t u r n o v e r a n d i n d ic a t i o n s o f d i s s a t i s ­
fa c tio n am o n g County E x te n s io n w o r k e r s , y e t s a t i s f a c t o r y m e a n s
of coping w ith t h i s p r o b l e m h a v e n ot b e e n found.

T h is r e a s o n

fo r the n e e d of th is stu d y i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to a s e c o n d r e a s o n ,
na m e ly , th a t the E x te n s i o n w o r k e r 's job h a s e x p a n d e d r a p id ly
in scope in r e c e n t y e a r s , b u t e f f o r t s to re f in e the p r o c e s s of
se le c tin g th e s e w o r k e r s a p p a r e n t l y have not k e p t p a c e w ith the
i n c r e a s in g c o m p l e x i t ie s of th e job.

R a te of t u r n o v e r and i n d ic a tio n s of d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n .

R a te

of t u r n o v e r and i n d ic a tio n s of d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n a r e a m o n g the
r e a s o n s l i s t e d f o r the n e e d f o r b e t t e r s e l e c ti o n t e c h n iq u e s in

14

U n ite d S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e , " P e r i o d i c
S ta tu s R e p o r t, P r o j e c t N r 15 4 -0 4 1 , D e c e m b e r 15, 1 9 5 0 -Ju n e 15,
19 5 1 ," (u n p u b lish e d m i m e o g r a p h e d r e p o r t on f ile in the office
of the M ic h ig a n E x te n s i o n S e r v ic e ) .

11
M isso u ri.

F o r e x a m p le , the M i s s o u r i S ta te A g e n ts A n n u al R e -

p o r t f o r 1949 i n c l u d e s th e follow ing s t a te m e n t :

15

" I n th e M i s s o u r i A g r i c u l t u r a l E x te n s i o n S e r v ic e in
1949, t h e r e w a s a t u r n o v e r of f if te e n p e r c e n t .
T h is r e p ­
r e s e n t s a v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e l o s s b o th to th e E x te n s io n
S e r v ic e an d to s o m e of the in d iv id u a ls in v o lv e d .
B esid es
th o s e who q u it v o l u n ta r il y o r u n d e r p r e s s u r e , t h e r e a r e
o t h e r s who a r e n o t v e r y h ap p y in t h e i r p r e s e n t w o rk o r
n ot doing a v e r y e ffe c tiv e jo b , e v e n though th e y a r e s t i l l
in the E x te n s i o n S e r v i c e . "
R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the U nited S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of A g ric u ltu re

16

i n d ic a te d in m e e t i n g s in 1950 and 1951 w ith the

P la n n in g C o m m itte e f o r the M ic h ig a n stu d y

17

th a t s i m i l a r r e a ­

so n s e x is te d in the N ew Y o r k E x te n s i o n S e r v i c e .
T h e s e r e a s o n s f o r the n e e d f o r the stu d y a r e a ls o
e v id e n t in the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v i c e .

ID

.

S p e c if ic a lly , in

• -

M i s s o u r i C o o p e r a tiv e E x te n s i o n S e r v i c e , " S t a te
A g e n ts A n n u al R e p o r t , " 1949, p. 78.
(Q uoted by w r i t t e n p e r ­
m i s s i o n of M r . Iv an F . ,Nye, A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r , D e p a r t m e n t
of R u r a l S o c io lo g y , C o lle g e of A g r i c u l t u r e , U n i v e r s i ty of M i s s o u r i ,
C o lu m b ia , M i s s o u r i , and C o o r d i n a t o r of the p r e s e n t E x te n s io n
P e r s o n n e l Study in th a t s t a t e . )
16

D r . Jo h n P . S h ea, P s y c h o l o g i s t , C o o p e r a tiv e E x t e n ­
sio n S e r v i c e , U n ite d S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e a n d M r .
Cannon C. H e a r n e , In C h a r g e , P e r s o n n e l T r a in in g S e c tio n ,
D iv isio n of F i e l d S tu d ie s and T r a i n in g C o o p e r a tiv e E x te n s io n
S e r v i c e , U n ited S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e .
17

T h e P la n n in g C o m m itte e i s d e s c r i b e d on pag e 19.

12
1948, 1949, an d 1950 the r a t e of t u r n o v e r in C ounty A g e n ts and
4 H Club A g e n ts a lo n e a v e r a g e d a b o u t f if te e n p e r c e n t .

18

T he

f a c t th a t m a n y of t h e s e w o r k e r s le a v e th e S e r v ic e f o r o t h e r
kinds of e m p lo y m e n t i s an in d ic a tio n t h a t s o m e type of d i s s a t ­
i s f a c t io n e x i s t s a m o n g th e m .

A l a r g e r p r o p o r t io n of 4 H Club

A g e n ts th a n County A g e n ts i s found in t h i s g ro u p .

19

T h is i s

p a r t i c u l a r l y s ig n if ic a n t b e c a u s e in M ic h ig a n , 4 H Club W o rk i s
c o n s i d e r e d to be v a lu a b le e x p e r i e n c e f o r County A g e n t w o r k and
4 H Club A g e n ts h a v e c o n s e q u e n tly b e e n the m a i n s o u r c e f r o m
w hich County A g e n ts a r e s e l e c te d .
In a d d itio n , t h e r e i s s u b je c tiv e e v id e n c e of o t h e r u n s a t i s ­
f a c t o r y f e a t u r e s in th e p r e s e n t M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e p e r ­
so n n e l p r o g r a m .

M r .. Jo h n T. Stone, E x te n s io n T r a in in g

S p e c ia li s t and a m e m b e r of the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s ta f f of the
M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e h a s r e p o r t e d th a t a n u m b e r of A g e n ts
a r e not p e r f o r m i n g s a t i s f a c t o r i l y in t h e i r jo b s .

18

20

T h is s a m e

F r o m the p e r s o n n e l f i l e s of th e M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n

S e r v ic e .
19 L
j o c. c it.
20

Jo h n T. Stone, " M ic h ig a n S tate C olleg e P r o s p e c t u s
and P r o g r a m R e p o r t of the C o o p e ra tiv e R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t 'A

r e p o r t a ls o p o in ts o u t t h a t a n u m b e r of th e s tu d e n ts who
s e l e c t the A g r i c u l t u r a l E x te n s io n m a j o r a t M ic h ig a n S ta te
C o lle g e do n o t a p p e a r to have the p e r s o n a l q u a lif ic a tio n s b e ­
lie v e d n e c e s s a r y f o r s u c c e s s in th a t type of w o r k .

In d i s ­

c u s s in g t h e s e two p o in ts in e a r l y m e e t i n g s of the P la n n in g
C o m m itte e , M r . Stone e m p h a s i z e d t h a t h i s r e p o r t w a s b a s e d
upon a c o n c e n s u s of o p in io n of the E x te n s i o n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e
s ta ff an d the E x te n s io n t r a i n in g sta ff.

I n c r e a s e d c o m p le x ity of the E x te n s io n W o r k e r 's jo b ;

The

c h a n g e s t h a t h a v e ta k e n p la c e in E x te n s io n W ork m a y be r e a l ­
iz e d m o r e v iv id ly by a b r i e f r e f e r e n c e to the o r i g in a l E x te n s io n
S e rv ic e fu n c tio n s .

T h e r o o t s of the E x te n s io n S e r v ic e can be

t r a c e d to the e a r l i e s t y e a r s of o u r n a tio n

El

bu t i t c a m e into

e x is te n c e o f fic ia lly w ith the p a s s a g e of the S m i t h - L e v e r A c t
in 1914 an d w a s d e s ig n a te d a s the " C o o p e r a t i v e A g r i c u l t u r a l

Study of the C o o p e ra tiv e E x te n s io n W o r k e r , H is Jo b , S e le c tio n
an d T r a i n i n g ' " , J u n e , 1950 (u n p u b lis h e d m im e o g r a p h e d r e p o r t
on file in the office of the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e ) .
21

E d m u n d D e s. B r u n n e r and E . H s in P a o Y ang, R u r a l
A m e r i c a n an d the E x te n s io n W o rk in the U n ited S t a t e s , W a s h in g ­
ton: U n ited S ta te s G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O ffice, 1928, p. 100.

and H om e E c o n o m ic s E x te n s io n S e r v i c e . 11

F r o m th e b e g i n ­

ning of th is o r g a n iz a tio n the C ounty A g r i c u l t u r a l A g e n t h a s
b e en one of the k ey p e r s o n s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c a r r y i n g out i t s
w o rk .

T h e r e w e r e 1136 C ounty A g r i c u l t u r a l A g e n ts in the

f o r t y - e i g h t s t a t e s in 1915.

23

B a k e r d e s c r i b e s the County

A gen t of th a t tim e a s " a n i t i n e r a n t t e a c h e r , going on fo o t o r
h o r s e b a c k f r o m one f a r m to a n o th e r to s p r e a d the g o s p e l of
good f a r m i n g . "

24

The e s s e n c e of th is g o s p e l, due in no s m a l l

m e a s u r e to the a d v e n t of W o rld W ar I, w a s how to i n c r e a s e
food p ro d u c tio n .

It w a s a tim e w hen " m e n of s c ie n c e b r o u g h t

to the f a r m e r s w h a t s e e m e d m o s t n e e d e d f r o m the s c i e n t if i c
• +
view point.

m25
11

22

A lf r e d C h a r l e s T r u e , A H i s t o r y of A g r i c u l t u r a l E x ­
te n s io n W o rk i n th e U nited S t a t e s , W ash in g to n : U n ited S ta te s
G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O ffice, 1928, p. 100.
T he S m i t h - L e v e r
A c t s t a t e s th a t " c o o p e r a t i v e a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n w o r k s h a ll
c o n s i s t of th e giving of i n s t r u c t i o n an d p r a c t i c a l d e m o n s t r a ­
tio n s in a g r i c u l t u r e and h o m e e c o n o m ic s to p e r s o n s n o t a t t e n d ­
ing s a id [L and G r a n t] c o lle g e s in the s e v e r a l c o m m u n i ti e s an d
im p a r ti n g to su c h p e r s o n s in f o r m a ti o n on s a id s u b j e c t s th ro u g h
f ie ld d e m o n s t r a t i o n s and o t h e r w i s e , " i b i d . , p. 195.
23

I b id . , p.

129.

24

G la d y s B a k e r , T he County A g e n t, C hicag o:
U n iv e rs ity of C hicag o P r e s s , 1939, p. 207.
25

K e ls e y an d H e a r n e , o p . c i t . , p.

115.

The

15
P re se n t scope.
i ts v o c a tio n a l e m p h a s i s

F r o m i t s r a t h e r h u m b le b e g in n in g s w ith
26

the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e h a s e x p a n d e d

in si.ze a n d sc o p e to the e x te n t th a t in 1949 i t w a s d e s c r i b e d
as " t h e l a r g e s t r u r a l a d u lt e d u c a tio n a l a g e n c y in the w o r l d "

27

and i t s o b j e c ti v e s a s s t a t e d in 1946 w e r e " m o r e f r u i t f u l l iv e s
and b e t t e r liv in g f o r a ll p e o p le . "

28

V a r io u s s t a t i s t i c s a r e

a v a ila b le to s u b s ta n t ia t e the i m p o r t a n c e of the e d u c a tio n a l a c ­
c o m p l i s h m e n t s of th e S e r v i c e .

F o r e x a m p le , B r u n n e r and Yang

w ro te in 1949 th a t " I n 1947 the l a t e s t y e a r f o r w h ic h d a ta w e r e
a v a ila b le , o v e r 3 .8 m il l io n f a r m s c h a n g e d one o r m o r e a g r i ­
c u l t u r a l p r a c t i s e s a s r e s u l t of E x te n s io n te a c h in g .

T h is r e p ­

r e s e n t s j u s t a b o u t two o u t of e v e r y t h r e e f a r m s , a s r e p o r t e d by
the 1945 C e n s u s of A g r i c u l t u r e . "

29

T he p r e s e n t sc o p e of the p r o g r a m i s in d ic a t e d m o r e ex­
p lic itly in the 1948 r e p o r t of the jo in t c o m m i tt e e of th e U. S.
D e p a r tm e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e and the A s s o c ia t io n of L a n d - G r a n t

26
27
28
29

B r u n n e r a n d Y ang, oj>. c i t . , p.

113.

I b id . , p. v ii.
K e ls e y and H e a r n e ,

0 £.

c i t . , p.

B r u n n e r a n d Y ang, oj>. c it. , pp.

117.
145, 149.

C o lle g e s an d U n i v e r s i t i e s on E x te n s io n P r o g r a m s P o l i c i e s and
G o a ls.

30

T h is r e p o r t p o in ts o u t th a t th e E x te n s io n S e r v i c e

to d ay s e r v e s n o t only f a r m p e o p le , b u t (a) p a r t - t i m e f a r m e r s ,
(b) u r b a n w o r k e r s m a in ta in in g h o m e s in r u r a l a r e a s , (c) i n ­
d u s t r i a l g r o u p s , s u c h a s m i n e r s , living and w o rk in g in r u r a l
c o m m u n itie s , (d) the r e s i d e n t s of s m a l l tow ns a n d v i ll a g e s ,
a nd (e) r e s i d e n t s of c i t i e s .

C ity r e s i d e n t s , a c c o r d in g to t h i s

r e p o r t , a r e m a k in g i n c r e a s i n g d e m a n d s on the S e r v i c e n o t only
f o r h elp w ith a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o b l e m s , s u c h a s th o s e d e a lin g w ith
c o m m e r c i a l f l o r i c u l t u r e and h o r t i c u l t u r e a s w e ll a s h o m e and
c o m m u n ity g a rd e n in g , b u t a ls o in a r e a s s u c h a s h o m e m a n a g e ­
m e n t and f u r n is h in g , c lo th in g , n u t r it i o n , h e a lth , e f f ic ie n t p u r ­
c h a s in g and w ise u s e of food and o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s .
The r e p o r t f u r t h e r e m p h a s i z e s th a t the s u b j e c t - m a t t e r c o v e r e d
by the E x te n s io n S e r v ic e i s a ls o e x p an d in g .

T h is is in d ic a te d

in the follow ing s t a t e m e n t of p r o b l e m s w ith w hich the S e r v i c e
i s c o n c e rn e d^: 3 1

30

U. S. D e p a r tm e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e and A s s o c ia t io n of
L a n d G r a n t C o lle g e s and U n i v e r s i t i e s , J o i n t C o m m itte e R e p o r t
on E x te n s io n P r o g r a m s P o l i c i e s and G o a l s , W ash in g to n ; U. S.
G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O ffice, 1948, pp. 6 -1 0 .

17
On the c o m m u n ity o r c o unty b a s i s , the n e e d f o r
i m p r o v e d l o c a l h e a l th s e r v i c e s , p u b lic sc h o o l f a c i l i t i e s ,
la n d u s e c o n t r o l s in s o m e a r e a s , a n d s i m i l a r m a t t e r s a r e
ty p ic a l of s u c h p r o b l e m s .
On the b r o a d e r f r o n t a r e s u c h
q u e s tio n s a s the m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e long tim e p r o g r a m f o r
a g r i c u l t u r e , ta x p o l ic i e s and p u b lic i n d e b t e d n e s s in r e l a ­
tio n to n a tio n a l w e l f a r e , the p r o p e r r o l e of th is c o u n tr y in
h e lp in g to m a i n t a i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a b il i ty a n d w o r ld p e a c e ,
and m a n y o t h e r s .
T he m e th o d by w h ic h i t w a s d e t e r m i n e d (in the B r u n n e r
and Yang s t a t e m e n t above) th a t two o u t of e v e r y t h r e e f a r m s
c h an g ed a g r i c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s " a s r e s u l t of E x te n s io n t e a c h i n g "
is n o t g iv en .

H o w e v e r, e v e n if a llo w a n c e i s m a d e f o r th e i n ­

flu e n c e of m a n y o t h e r f o r c e s t h a t m ig h t b e c o n tr ib u tin g to the
w e lfa r e of r u r a l p e o p le , a c u r s o r y r e v i e w of d a ta r e g a r d i n g the
n u m b e r s of youth an d a d u lt s who p a r t i c i p a t e in E x te n s i o n a c t i v i ­
t i e s , an d r e g a r d i n g f i n a n c ia l a p p r o p r i a t i o n s fo r th is w o r k i n d i ­
c a t e s th a t the E x te n s i o n S e r v i c e h a s b e c o m e a m a j o r e d u c a tio n a l
p r o g r a m in o u r c o u n tr y .

P r e s e n t s e l e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e in M ic h ig a n .

In i t s p r e s e n t

s e l e c ti o n p r o c e d u r e , the M ic h ig a n E x te n s i o n S e r v ic e a t t e m p t s
to s e l e c t w o r k e r s who a r e a d e q u a te f o r the i n c r e a s e d c o m p l e x i ­
t i e s of the jo b , b u t the e v id e n c e s a l r e a d y c ite d in d ic a te th a t
th is p r o c e d u r e i s n o t e n t i r e l y s a t i s f a c t o r y .

In i t, a n a p p lic a n t

i s f i r s t in te r v ie w e d by an a v e r a g e of five E x te n s io n S e r v ic e

18
a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , in c lu d in g D i s t r i c t E x te n s io n S u p e r v i s o r s , the
A s s i s t a n t D i r e c t o r an d the D i r e c t o r of the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e .
T he o p in io n s of t h e s e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a r e th e n p o o led an d if
th ey a r e g e n e r a l l y f a v o r a b l e , the a p p lic a n t i s a s k e d to f ill ou t
an a p p lic a tio n b ia n k w h ic h p r o v i d e s in f o r m a tio n a b o u t h i s w o rk
e x p e r i e n c e s , a c a d e m ic a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s , and o t h e r p h a s e s of
h is p e r s o n a l h i s t o r y .
m ail.

H is r e f e r e n c e s a r e th en c h e c k e d by

No s p e c if ic o b je c tiv e e v a lu a tio n d e v ic e s a r e u s e d .

T h r o u g h e x p e r i e n c e the E x te n s io n a d m i n i s t r a t o r s have found
th at c e rta in w ork e x p e rie n c e s , sta te d in te r e s ts , and o b se rv e d
p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s te n d to c o r r e l a t e w ith s u c c e s s in E x te n s io n
w o rk and th ey s e l e c t w o r k e r s a c c o r d in g ly .
T h e M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e h a s m a d e e f f o r t s to o b ­
ta in s u g g e s tio n s f r o m o t h e r S ta te E x te n s i o n S e r v i c e s r e g a r d i n g
the i m p r o v e m e n t of s e l e c ti o n te c h n iq u e s b u t t h e s e hav e n ot
y ie ld e d in f o r m a ti o n t h a t w a s c o n s i d e r e d a p p lic a b le to th e lo c a l
s itu a tio n .

A ls o , a r e v i e w of the l i t e r a t u r e b y th is w r i t e r r e ­

v e a le d no s tu d ie s w hich a r e d i r e c t e d s p e c if ic a lly a t d is c o v e r in g
o r c r e a t i n g b e t t e r m e th o d s of s e le c tin g E x te n s io n w o r k e r s .
T h e r e f o r e , s in c e o b je c tiv e a n s w e r s to th is p r o b l e m w e re not

19
a v a ila b le , the M ic h ig a n E x te n s i o n S e r v ic e d e c id e d to u n d e rta k e
i t s own stu d y of the m a t t e r .

O r ig in of the Study

The P la n n in g C o m m i t te e :

A c tiv e c o n c e r n in th e M ic h ig a n

E x te n s io n S e r v i c e o v e r th is n e e d f o r i m p r o v e d s e l e c ti o n t e c h ­
n iq u e s r e s u l t e d in the a s s i g n m e n t , e a r l y in 1950, of th e E x t e n ­
s io n T r a in in g S p e c ia li s t to i n it i a t e s t e p s t o w a r d studying the
p r o b le m .

One of the f i r s t s t e p s by th is S p e c ia li s t w a s the

o r g a n iz a tio n of a c o m m i tt e e to a s s i s t in th e stu dy.

F r o m the

b eginning the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e f e l t th a t w ide u s e sh o u ld be
m a d e of the v a r i o u s M ic h ig a n S ta te C o lle g e r e s o u r c e s th a t could
c o n tr ib u te to the stu d y , r e g a r d l e s s of d e p a r t m e n t a l a ff i l ia t io n s .
T h e m e m b e r s of the c o m m itte e w e r e s e l e c t e d on the b a s i s of
(a) t h e i r f a m i l i a r i t y w ith th e p r o b l e m , (b) t h e i r sk ill in r e s e a r c h
te c h n iq u e s , and (c) t h e i r w illin g n e s s to s e r v e .

T h is r e s u l t e d in

a c o m m itte e w ith r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r o m th e D e p a r t m e n t of
S ocio log y, the I n s titu te of C o u n se lin g , T e s tin g a n d G u id a n c e ,
the A g r i c u l t u r a l E x te n s io n D e p a r t m e n t , the C o u n se lin g C e n te r ,
a n d th e D e p a r t m e n t of W ritte n an d Spoken E n g lis h .

F r o m tim e

to tim e a s s i s t a n c e w a s a ls o c o n tr ib u te d b y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r o m

the D e p a rtm e n t of P s y c h o lo g y an d the B o a rd of E x a m in e r s .
T he c o m m itte e h a s m e t f o r two to f o u r h o u r s e s s i o n s a l m o s t
w e ek ly f r o m the tim e of i t s o r g a n iz a tio n .

Its c h ie f fu n ctio n

h a s b e e n th a t of p lann in g th e o v e r - a l l r e s e a r c h .

T he G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t :

T he c o m m itte e c o n ­

c lu d e d a f t e r a v e r y few m e e t i n g s th a t a n a d e q u a te so lu tio n to
i t s p r o b l e m w ould e n ta il th e c o o p e r a tio n of s e v e r a l o th e r
s ta te E x te n s io n S e r v i c e s o v e r a p e r i o d of y e a r s f o r p u r p o s e s
of c r o s s - v a l i d a t i o n of any s ig n if ic a n t r e s u l t s found in M ic h ig a n .
H o w e v e r, i t f e l t th a t a stu dy of County A g r i c u l t u r a l A g e n ts an d
4 H Club A g e n ts in M ic h ig a n w ould be a f e a s i b l e p o in t of d e ­
p a r t u r e and w ould p ro v id e s a t i s f a c t o r y p r e l i m i n a r y d a ta upon
w hich f u r t h e r s t e p s co u ld be b a s e d .

It t h e r e f o r e d e s ig n e d ,

a f t e r s e v e r a l m o r e m e e t i n g s , the p r o j e c t a s d e s c r i b e d b r i e f l y
on p a g e on e, an d c o n c e iv e d of i t a s the f i r s t s ta g e of a long
ra n g e study.
Since the p lan of th is f i r s t s ta g e w a s to a n a ly z e the
r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n f o u r p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s a n d the w o rk a d j u s t ­
m e n t r a t i n g s of the A g e n ts , m e m b e r s of the P la n n in g C o m m itte e
th e n u n d e rto o k s e p a r a t e p h a s e s of the stu d y .

T he w r i t e r , a

m e m b e r of th e C o m m itte e r e p r e s e n t i n g the M ic h ig a n S tate

21
C o lle g e C o u n se lin g C e n te r , a c c e p t e d the v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t
a s p e c t of th e stu d y b e c a u s e i t w as in k e ep in g w ith h i s . t r a i n i n g
and e x p e r i e n c e in c o lle g e s tu d e n t c o u n s e lin g w o rk .

L im i ta t io n s of th e s t u d y .

T he follow ing l i m i t a t i o n s a r e

i n h e r e n t in th is stu d y a n d the v a lu e of i t s fin d in g s a r e r e ­
s t r i c t e d a c c o rd in g ly .
(a)

It w as n e c e s s a r y to a s s u m e h o n e s ty o n the p a r t of
th e A g e n ts in e x p r e s s i n g t h e i r v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s
a n d t h e i r job s a t i s f a c t i o n a n d to a s s u m e o b je c tiv ity
on the p a r t of the a d m i n i s t r a t o r s in r a t i n g th e w o r k
e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the A g e n ts .

A s w ill be p o in te d o u t

l a t e r in the stu d y , s e v e r a l s t e p s w e r e ta k e n in the
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e s e m e a s u r i n g d e v ic e s to e l i c i t
h o n e s t y and o b je c tiv ity , b u t i t w as n o t p o s s ib l e to
a s c e r t a i n the d e g r e e to w h ic h th is w a s a tta in e d .
(b)

It w ould h a v e b e e n d e s i r a b l e to d e t e r m i n e the
s p e c if ic SVIB i t e m r e s p o n s e s w hich m ig h t d i f f e r ­
e n tia te th e v a r i a b l e w o rk a d ju s tm e n t g r o u p s , b u t
th e n u m b e r of A g e n ts in M ic h ig a n w as n o t l a r g e
eno ugh to p e r m i t t h i s .

S tro n g r e c o m m e n d s th a t

c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s of 300 to 500 sh o u ld b e u s e d fo r

22
th is p u rp o se .

32

F u r t h e r m o r e , the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e ­

n e s s o f the s a m p le i s d e fin ite ly r e s t r i c t e d by the
u s e of M ic h ig a n A g e n ts only.
(c)

A lth o u g h a long ra n g e stu d y i s in c lu d e d in the p la n s
of the G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t , th is p a r t i c u l a r
stu d y i s s u b j e c t to the p o s s ib l e l i m i ta t io n s of a
c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l stu d y in c o n t r a s t to a lo n g itu d in a l
stu d y .

(d)

T h e s t a t i s t i c a l te c h n iq u e s u s e d h e r e i n do n o t a d e ­
q u a te ly t e s t v a r i a b l e s s u s p e c t e d to l a c k n o r m a l i t y
of d i s t r ib u t i o n .

H o w e v e r, s o m e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r

t h e i r u s e i s o f f e r e d in C h a p te r IV.

S um m ary.

In 1950 the M ic h ig a n C o o p e r a tiv e E x te n s io n

S e r v ic e i n it i a t e d a r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t f o r the p u r p o s e of o b ta in ­
ing i n f o r m a ti o n t h a t w ill a id in the s e l e c t i o n of C ounty A g e n ts
and 4 H Club A g e n ts who w ill be m o r e e ffe c tiv e a n d m o r e s a t ­
i s f i e d in t h e i r w o rk .

T he i n i t i a l p h a s e of the p r o j e c t c a l ls f o r

an a n a l y s i s of the r e l a t i o n s h i p s of b i o g r a p h i c a l d a ta , v o c a tio n a l

S tro n g , op. c it. , p. 649.

i n t e r e s t s , p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s , an d a c a d e m ic b a c k g r o u n d s of the
p r e s e n t M ic h ig a n A g e n ts to t h e i r w o r k e f f e c t i v e n e s s , a s d e­
t e r m i n e d by r a t i n g s by t h e i r s u p e r i o r s and to t h e i r jo b s a t i s ­
fa c tio n , a s d e t e r m i n e d by a n a d a p ta tio n an d e x te n s io n of the
H oppock Jo b S a tis f a c tio n B la n k .
The p r o b l e m of th is p a r t i c u l a r stu d y w a s to a n a ly z e
the r e l a ti o n s h i p of the v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s of th e p r e s e n t
A g e n ts to t h e s e two c r i t e r i a of w o r k a d ju s tm e n t fo r th e p u r ­
p o se of p ro v id in g a d e s c r i p t i o n of th e A g e n ts ' i n t e r e s t s and f o r
d e te r m in in g S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B la n k S c a le s t h a t m ig h t
be u s e fu l in the s e l e c ti o n of m o r e e ffe c tiv e a n d m o r e s a t i s f i e d
A g e n ts. , To do th is the s ig n if ic a n c e of the d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n
the S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B la n k m e a n s c a le s c o r e s of
v a r i o u s " h i g h " and " l o w " w o r k a d ju s tm e n t g r o u p s of A g e n ts
w as t e s te d .

The in te n s i t y of th e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w as d e t e r m i n e d ,

and th e a c c u r a c y w ith w h ich p r e d i c ti o n s could be m a d e f r o m
th e s e s c o r e s w as t e s te d .
R e c o g n itio n of the n e e d f o r m o r e v a lid s e l e c t i o n te c h ­
n iq u e s i s m a n i f e s t e d by the O ffice of N a v a l R e s e a r c h of the
U nited S ta te s N avy an d the U n ited S t a te s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i­
c u lt u r e th r o u g h f in a n c ia l a s s i s t a n c e f o r th is r e s e a r c h .

T h is

24
is p r o m p te d in p a r t by E x te n s i o n A d m i n i s t r a t o r s ' c o n c e r n
a b o u t the r a t e of t u r n o v e r a n d i n d ic a tio n s of d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n
am ong C ounty A g e n ts a n d 4 H Club A g e n ts .

T he E x te n s io n

w o r k e r 's job h a s i n c r e a s e d in c o m p le x ity in r e c e n t y e a r s b u t
in v ie w of the p r e s e n t c o n d itio n s i t a p p e a r s th a t i m p r o v e m e n t s
in th e s e l e c ti o n p r o c e d u r e s h a v e n o t k e p t p a c e w ith t h i s c h a n g e .
A P la n n in g C o m m itte e w a s o r g a n i z e d to d i r e c t the G en­
era l R esearch P ro je ct.

In d iv id u a l m e m b e r s of the C o m m itte e

a r e c o n d u ctin g s e p a r a t e p h a s e s of the P r o j e c t .
C e r t a i n l i m i ta t io n s of the stu dy w e r e l i s t e d in th is c h a p ­
te r.

The r e m a i n d e r of the stu d y i s o r g a n i z e d a s fo llo w s:

C h a p te r

II - D e fin itio n of t e r m s an d d e s c r i p t i o n of
in stru m e n ts used.

C h a p te r

III - R e v ie w of r e l a t e d r e s e a r c h .

C h a p te r

IV - D e s c r ip t i o n o f th e s a m p le , the p r o c e d u r e s
u s e d in c o lle c tin g , o r g a n iz in g and ta b u la t­
ing the d a ta , an d the te c h n iq u e s e m p lo y e d
in a n a ly z in g th e m .

C h a p te r

V - D e s c r ip t i o n of the m e th o d s u s e d in e s t a b ­
lis h in g the v a r i a b l e w o r k a d ju s tm e n t
groups.

25
C h a p te r

VI - P r e s e n t a t i o n of the fin d in g s of the stu d y .

C h a p te r VII - S u m m a r y of th e stu dy, p r e s e n t a t i o n of
c o n c lu s io n s , a n d s u g g e s tio n s f o r f u r t h e r
research .

C H A P T E R II

D E FIN ITIO N OF TERM S AND D E S C R IP T IO N OF IN STRU M ENTS

T he p u r p o s e of th is c h a p te r i s to defin e c e r t a i n t e r m s to
w h ic h f r e q u e n t r e f e r e n c e w ill be m a d e in the r e m a i n d e r of the
stu d y and to d e s c r i b e the i n s t r u m e n t s u s e d in a p p r a i s i n g the
job s a t i s f a c t i o n and v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s of the s u b j e c t s s tu d ie d .

D e fin itio n of T e r m s

E x te n s io n S e r v ic e w o r k e r .

T he t e r m " E x t e n s i o n S e r ­

v ic e w o r k e r " w ill r e f e r to the e n t i r e g ro u p of e m p lo y e e s of the
M ic h ig a n C o o p e r a tiv e E x te n s io n S e r v i c e . . E x te n s io n S e r v ic e
w o r k e r s in o t h e r s t a t e s w ill be d e s ig n a te d a c c o rd in g ly .

R ef­

e r e n c e w ill be m a d e to t h r e e g r o u p s of E x te n s io n S e r v i c e
w o r k e r s , n a m e ly , " E x t e n s i o n A d m i n i s t r a t o r s , " " E x t e n s i o n
S p e c i a l i s t s , " and " C o u n ty E x te n s io n w o r k e r s . "

E x te n s io n A d m i n i s t r a t o r s .

E x te n s io n a d m i n i s t r a t o r s w ill

in c lu d e the D i r e c t o r of the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e , the A s s i s t a n t
D i r e c t o r of the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e , the S ta te A g r i c u l t u r a l E x t e n ­
s io n L e a d e r , the S tate 4 H Club L e a d e r , the fo u r D i s t r i c t

S u p e r v i s o r s , and th e S p e c ia li s t in E x te n s i o n T r a i n in g .

The

c o m p le te l i s t of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p e r s o n n e l in c lu d e s the S ta te
H om e D e m o n s t r a t io n D e a d e r , the A s s i s t a n t S tate L e a d e r s of
H om e E c o n o m ic s , a n d the A s s i s t a n t S ta te L e a d e r s of 4 H Club
w o rk .

H o w e v e r, t h e s e l a s t n a m e d w o r k e r s h a v e h a d l ittle

d i r e c t c o n c e r n w ith t h i s p a r t i c u l a r stu d y a n d c o n s e q u e n tly a r e
n o t in c lu d e d am o n g the E x te n s io n a d m i n i s t r a t o r s r e f e r r e d to
h erein .

T he d u tie s of the E x te n s io n a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a r e a d ­

m i n i s t r a t i v e and s u p e r v i s o r y in the a r e a s d e s ig n a te d by t h e i r
tit l e s .

S p e c ia li s t s .

T h e t e r m " S p e c i a l i s t s " w ill r e f e r to the

E x te n s io n S e rv ic e S u b je c t M a t te r S p e c i a l i s t s .

E a c h S p e c ia li s t

w o rk s in the i n t e r e s t s of th e to ta l E x te n s io n p r o g r a m by p r o ­
viding to r u r a l p e o p le , th r o u g h the County E x te n s io n w o r k e r s ,
the m o s t a p p r o p r i a te s c ie n tif ic in f o r m a ti o n a p p lic a b le to t h e i r
p ro b lem s.

E a c h S p e c ia li s t i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a

of knowledge.-

Jo h n T., Stone, M ic h ig a n C o o p e r a tiv e E x te n s io n S e r v ic e
O r g a n iz a t i o n , D e v e lo p m e n t, P o l i c i e s , E a s t L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n :
M ic h ig a n S ta te C o lle g e , C o o p e r a tiv e E x te n s io n S e r v i c e (1950),
p. 1.

C ounty E x te n s io n w o r k e r s .

T he t e r m " C o u n ty E x te n s io n

w o r k e r s " w ill r e f e r to th e C ounty A g r i c u l t u r a l A g e n ts , the
A s s o c ia t e County A g r i c u l t u r a l A g e n ts , the A s s i s t a n t County
A g r i c u l t u r a l A g e n ts , and th e C ounty 4 H Club A g e n ts .

H om e

D e m o n s t r a t io n A g e n ts and A s s i s t a n t H om e D e m o n s t r a t io n A g e n ts
a r e a ls o C ounty E x te n s io n w o r k e r s b ut a r e n o t in c lu d e d in the
de fin itio n h e r e s in c e they w e r e n o t stu d ie d in th is r e s e a r c h .

County A g e n t .'

The te r m

"C o u n ty A g e n t " w ill in c lu d e

the County A g r i c u l t u r a l A g e n t, the A s s o c i a t e County A g r i c u l t u r a l
A g e n t and the A s s i s t a n t C ounty A g r i c u l t u r a l A g e n t.

In M ic h ig a n

the County A g e n t i s u s u a lly the s ta ff m e m b e r to w hom the
r e s p o n s i b i li t y f o r the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and c o o rd in a tio n of the
county E x te n s io n p r o g r a m i s d e s ig n a te d .

4 H Club A g e n t.

T h e t e r m " 4 H Club A g e n t " w ill r e f e r

to the C ounty 4 H Club A g e n t.

T he 4 H CJub A g e n t i s p r i m a r i l y

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the youth E x te n s i o n p r o g r a m s in the c o u n tie s .
T he d u tie s of the 4 H Club A g e n t and the County A g e n t w ill be
p r e s e n t e d in m o r e d e ta il i n C h a p te r IV.

W o rk e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

W o rk e f f e c t i v e n e s s , w hich in th is

stu dy w a s d e t e r m i n e d fo r th e C ounty A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts

29
by r a t i n g s by t h e i r s u p e r i o r s , i s c o n s i d e r e d to be n o t only the
o v e r - a l l s u c c e s s w ith w hich th e y have p e r f o r m e d th e s p e c ific
d u tie s p r e s c r i b e d by the v a r i o u s a g e n c i e s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s
w hich h a v e a p a r t in d i r e c ti n g t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s , but a ls o t h e i r
s u c c e s s a s m a n i f e s t e d by the type of in itia tiv e and d i s c r e t i o n
u s e d in coping w ith new p r o b l e m s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e r e p u b lic
r e l a t i o n s a r e in v o lv e d .

Jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n .

H oppock d e f in e s job s a t i s f a c t i o n a s

" any c o m b in a tio n of p s y c h o lo g ic a l, p h y s io lo g ic a l, an d e n v ir o n ­
m e n t a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h a t c a u s e s a p e r s o n tr u th f u l l y to s a y ,

II

2
a m s a t i s f i e d w ith m y j o b . 1 M

T h is d e fin itio n c o n v e y s the

c o n c e p t of job s a t is f a c ti o n i m p l i c i t in th is stu d y and of c o u r s e
i s w e ll s u ite d to the a p p r a i s a l of job s a t is f a c ti o n by m e a n s of
the a d a p ta tio n and e x te n s io n of the H oppock Jo b S a tis f a c tio n
B la n k u s e d h e r e i n .

V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t .

Since S t r o n g 's V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t

B la n k w a s s e l e c te d f o r a p p r a i s i n g the i n t e r e s t s of th e County

2

R o b e r t Hoppock, Job S a t is f a c ti o n , New Y o rk :
and B r o t h e r s , 1935, p. 47.

H arper

30
A g e n ts and the 4 H Club A g e n ts , h is c o n c e p tio n of v o c a tio n a l
i n t e r e s t s i s b a s i c to th is stu dy.

He s t a t e s t h a t " a n i n t e r e s t

i s an e x p r e s s i o n of o n e 's r e a c t i o n to h i s e n v i r o n m e n t . "

3

T h is

s t a t e m e n t w ill s e r v e a s an a d e q u a te d e fin itio n of i n t e r e s t in
g e n eral.

H o w e v e r, the c o n c e r n h e r e i s w ith v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t

o r the e x p r e s s i o n of o n e 's r e a c t i o n to h i s v o c a tio n a l e n v ir o n m e n t.
In the d e v e lo p m e n t of h i s i n s t r u m e n t f o r a p p r a i s i n g th is ty pe of
i n t e r e s t , S tro n g h a s p r o c e e d e d on the a s s u m p t i o n t h a t " i f a
m a n l ik e s to do th e th in g s w h ich m e n lik e who a r e s u c c e s s f u l
i n a g iv e n o c c u p a tio n and d i s l i k e s to do th e th in g s w hich th e s e
s a m e m e n d is lik e to do, he w ill f e e l a t h om e in th a t o c c u p a tio n a l e n v ir o n m e n t. "

4

V o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t th en i s d e fin e d h e r e

a s the e x p r e s s i o n of o n e 's l ik e s a n d d i s l i k e s r e g a r d i n g m a n y
f a c t o r s th a t a r e b e lie v e d to be i n h e r e n t in a n u m b e r of o c c u p a ­
tio n s .

E d w a r d K. S tro n g , J r . , V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of M en
a n d W o m en , S ta n fo rd , C a lif o r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n iv e rs ity P r e s s ,
1943, p. 682.
4 I b id . , p ; 56.

31
D e s c r ip t i o n of I n s t r u m e n t s U sed

T h e p r o c e d u r e s by w h ich r a t i n g s of w o rk e f f e c tiv e n e s s
w e r e o b ta in e d f o r the County A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts and
the m e a n s b y w hich t h e i r job s a t is f a c ti o n r a t i n g s w e r e d e ­
t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e i r r e s p o n s e s to the Job S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s t i o n n a ire

5

a r e p r e s e n t e d in C h a p te r V.

A d e s c r i p t i o n of the Job

S a tis fa c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ir e an d of the S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t
B la n k i s in c lu d e d a t th is p o in t s in c e n u m e r o u s r e f e r e n c e s w ill
be m a d e to t h e s e i n s t r u m e n t s in the r e m a i n d e r of th is stu dy.

T h e Job S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ir e :

T he Job S a tis f a c tio n

Q u e s tio n n a ir e u s e d in th is stu d y i s d e r i v e d f r o m the H oppock
Job S a tis f a c tio n B lan k .

T he H oppock B la n k c o n s i s t s of fo u r

q u e s tio n s , e a c h h a vin g se v e n a l t e r n a t i v e a n s w e r s .

T he q u e s tio n s

r e q u i r e t h a t the s u b je c t e v a lu a te h i m s e l f in c o n n e c tio n w ith how
w ell he l ik e s h is job, how he c o m p a r e s w ith o t h e r p e o ple in h is
liking f o r h is job, how he f e e l s a b o u t changing h i s job , and how
m u c h of the tim e h e f e e l s s a t i s f i e d w ith h i s job.

5

T h e B la n k

" J o b S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e " i s the n a m e a s s i g n e d
to the a d a p ta tio n an d e x te n s io n of th e H oppock Job S a tis f a c tio n
B lan k u s e d in th is study.

32
i s an o u tg ro w th of a stu d y of th e r e s p o n s e s of 500 t e a c h e r s to
a p p r o x i m a t e ly 200 q u e s tio n s .

It w as found t h a t f o u r of t h e s e

q u e s tio n s s a t i s f a c t o r i l y d is tin g u is h e d th e 100 m o s t s a t i s f i e d an d
th e 100 l e a s t s a t i s f i e d t e a c h e r s .

The fo u r i t e m B lan k w a s

th e n s t a n d a r d i z e d on 309 e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s o f N ew H ope,
P e n n s y l v a n ia , r e p r e s e n t i n g 88 p e r c e n t of the e m p lo y e d p o p u l a £
tio n of a f a i r l y ty p ic a l A m e r i c a n m a n u f a c t u r in g v illa g e .

T he

B la n k h a s s in c e b e e n u s e d in m a n y s t u d i e s of w o r k e r s a t i s f a c tio n am o n g p r o f e s s i o n a l and s u b - p r o f e s s i o n a l g r o u p s .

6
7

H oppock,

0£.

7

c it.

A r t h u r H‘. B r a y f i e ld , " T h e I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p of M e a s u r e s
of A b ility , A p titu d e , I n t e r e s t s , a n d Job S a tis f a c tio n A m on g C l e r ­
i c a l E m p l o y e e s , " (u n p u b lish ed P h . D . T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i ty of
M in n e s o ta , M in n e a p o lis , 1946),
R o b e r t H oppock, an d T h o m a s J . Hand, " J o b S a tis f a c tio n
R e s e a r c h e s of 1 9 4 2 - 4 3 ," O c c u p a tio n s , 23: 4 1 2 -4 1 5 , A p r i l , 1945.
________ , and C. L». O dom , " J o b S a tis f a c tio n R e s e a r c h e s
a n d O p inion s of 1 9 3 8 - 3 9 ," O c c u p a tio n s , 19: 2 4 -2 8 , O c to b e r , 1940.
, a n d H. A la n R o b in so n , " J o b S a tis f a c tio n R e ­
s e a r c h e s of 1 9 4 8 ," O c c u p a tio n s , 28: 1 5 3 -1 6 1 , D e c e m b e r , 1949.
________ , H. A la n R o b in so n , and P h ilip J.- Z la tc h in , " J o b
S a tis f a c tio n R e s e a r c h e s of 1 9 4 6 - 4 7 ," O c c u p a t io n s , 27: 167 -1 7 5 ,
D e c e m b e r , 1948.
________ , an d R. H. S h a ff e r, " J o b S a tis f a c tio n : R e s e a r c h e s
an d O pinions of 1 9 4 0 - 4 1 ," O c c u p a tio n s , 21: 4 5 7 -4 6 3 , F e b r u a r y ,
1943.
________ , and S a m u e l S p ie g le r , " J o b S a tis f a c tio n R e s e a r c h e s
of 1 9 3 5 - 3 7 ," O c c u p a tio n s , 16: 6 3 6 -6 4 3 , A p r i l , 1938.

The s c o r e f o r the B la n k i s the s u m of the s e p a r a t e
w e ig h ts f o r e a c h of th e f o u r q u e s tio n s .

B a c h q u e s tio n i s g iv e n

a w e ig h t e q u a l to the n u m b e r (one to se v e n ) of the a l t e r n a t i v e
th a t i s m a r k e d b y the s u b je c t.

T h is m e th o d of s c o r in g w as

a r r i v e d a t a f t e r i t w a s d i s c o v e r e d t h a t a m o r e c o m p lic a te d a n d
o s t e n s i b ly m o r e a c c u r a t e m e th o d of a s s ig n in g w e ig h ts gave
a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l r e s u l t s , the c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n the two m e th o d s
e q u a llin g p lu s .9 8 .

T he s p l i t - h a l f r e l i a b i l i t y of the fo u r i t e m

B la n k i s r e p o r t e d by H oppock to be p lu s . 93.

S o lis L . K a te s , ''R o r s c h a c h R e s p o n s e s R e la te d to V o c a ­
tio n a l I n t e r e s t s and Job S a tis f a c tio n . " P s y c h o l o g i c a l M o n o g r a p h s ,
G e n e r a l and A p p lied N u m b e r 309 , Vol. 64, No. 3, 1950, 34 pp.
________ , " R o r s c h a c h R e s p o n s e s , S tro n g B la n k S c a le s ,
an d Job S a tis f a c tio n A m ong P o l i c e m e n , " J o u r n a l of A p p lied
P s y c h o lo g y , 34: 2 4 9 -2 5 4 , A u g u s t, 1950.
H e le n N a h m , " A n E v a lu a tio n of S e le c te d S cho ols of
N u r s i n g , " A p p lie d P s y c h o lo g y M o n o g r a p h s , No. 17, S ta n fo rd ,
C a lif o r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s , 1948, C h a p te r IV.
K e n n eth G. N e ls o n , " T h e I n t e r e s t s of T e a c h e r s of V o c a ­
tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e A s R e la te d to V o c a tio n a l S a t is f a c ti o n " (un pub ­
l is h e d P h . D . T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i ty of M in n e s o ta , M in n e a p o lis , 1951,
329 p p . ) .
H a r o ld P e p in s k y , " J o b S a tis fa c tio n A m ong S o c ia l C a se
W o r k e r s , " (u n p u b lish e d M. S. T h e s i s , U n iv e rs ity of M in n e s o ta ,
M in n e a p o lis , 1940, 107 p p .) .
M e d fo rd W e sle y , " A Q u a n tita tiv e Study of Job S a t i s f a c ­
tio n in a S a m p le of F o r m e r U n i v e r s i ty of M in n e s o ta G r a d u a t e s , "
(u n p u b lish e d M. S. T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i ty of M in n e so ta , M in n e a p o lis ,
1931, 129 p p .) .

T he q u e s t io n n a ir e d e v is e d f o r t h i s stu d y c o n s i s t s of
s e v e n q u e s t io n s r e g a r d i n g job s a t i s f a c t i o n e a c h of w h ic h i s
fo llo w ed by a q u e s tio n r e g a r d i n g th e in te n s i t y of f e e lin g a c co m p a n y in g th e r e s p o n s e to the job s a t i s f a c t i o n q u e s tio n .

g

Four

of the s e v e n job s a t i s f a c t i o n q u e s tio n s a r e a d a p te d d i r e c t l y f r o m
th e H oppock B la n k .

T h e t h r e e a d d itio n a l q u e s tio n s a s k f o r s e l f -

e v a lu a tio n s in t e r m s of, " H o w w e ll s a t i s f i e d a r e you w ith y o u r
o c c u p a tio n ? "

"H o w e n th u s ia s t i c a r e you a b o u t y o u r o c c u p a t i o n ? "

a n d "H o w i n t e r e s t e d a r e yo u in y o u r w o r k ? "
T h e s e l e c t i o n of th e job s a t i s f a c t i o n q u e s t io n s an d the
a c c o m p a n y in g i n te n s i t y q u e s t io n s w a s b a s e d upo n the r e s u l t s
of a p ilo t stu d y in w hich a q u e s t io n n a ir e c o n s is tin g of 17 i t e m s
b e lie v e d to be p e r t i n e n t to the m e a s u r e m e n t of job s a t i s f a c t i o n
w a s a d m i n i s t e r e d to a g r o u p of 100 t e a c h e r s of v o c a tio n a l
a g r i c u l t u r e who w e r e a tte n d in g a c o n f e r e n c e a t M ic h ig a n S ta te
C o lle g e i n 1950.

9

B y s u b m ittin g t h e i r r e s p o n s e s to t h e s e

A copy of th is q u e s t i o n n a i r e i s in c lu d e d in A p p e n d ix B,
9

T h is p ilo t stu dy w a s c o n d u c te d b y M r . K en n eth G.
N e ls o n , A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r , I n s t i tu t e of C o u n se lin g , T e s ti n g ,
a n d G u id a n ce , M ic h ig a n S ta te C o lle g e .

35
q u e s tio n s to s c a l e a n a l y s i s / 0 i t w a s found th a t s e v e n of the
s e v e n te e n q u e s t io n s w e r e s c a l a b le a n d t h e r e f o r e w e r e c o n ­
s i d e r e d s u ita b le f o r th is stud y.
T h r e e q u e s t io n s c o n ta in s i x p o s s ib l e a n s w e r s , two c o n ­
ta in fiv e , a n d two c o n ta in f o u r .
c o n ta in t h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e a n s w e r s .

A ll of the i n t e n s i t y q u e s tio n s
The le a s t fav o rab le a n sw e r

to e a c h job s a t i s f a c t i o n q u e s tio n i s w e ig h te d a s z e r o and the
m o r e f a v o r a b le a n s w e r s r a n g e up to f o u r , five o r s i x in w e ig h ts
a c c o rd in g to the n u m b e r of a l t e r n a t i v e a n s w e r s to the q u e s tio n s .
The s c o r e f o r e a c h job s a t i s f a c t i o n q u e s tio n i s , a s in the
H oppock B la n k , the w e ig h t a s s i g n e d to th e a l t e r n a t i v e a n s w e r
w hich the A g e n t c h e c k s .

T h e to ta l job s a t i s f a c t i o n s c o r e f o r

an in d iv id u a l c o u ld t h e o r e t i c a l l y r a n g e f r o m z e r o to 29.

The

in te n s i t y q u e s t io n s a r e a s s i g n e d w e ig h ts r a n g in g f r o m z e r o to
two, w ith z e r o in d ic a tin g the l e a s t i n t e n s i t y and two the m o s t
in te n s ity .
D a ta c o n c e rn in g the r e l i a b i l i t y and v a lid ity of th is
q u e s t io n n a ir e w ill be p r e s e n t e d in C h a p te r V follow ing the

S c a le a n a l y s i s i s d i s c u s s e d in C h a p te r V.

d i s c u s s i o n of s c a l e a n a l y s i s , s in c e r e l i a b i l i t y w a s d e t e r m i n e d
by c o n s i d e r a ti o n of s c a l e d s c o r e s found i n th is a n a l y s i s .
T he q u e s t io n n a ir e i s in c lu d e d a s P a r t II of a t h r e e p a r t
S u rv e y of O c c u p a tio n a l A ttitu d e s w h ic h w a s d e s ig n e d to s e c u r e
i n f o r m a ti o n n e e d e d f o r v a r i o u s p h a s e s of th e G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h
P r o j e c t by th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of a sin g le i n s t r u m e n t .

P a rts I

and III a s k the A g e n ts to r a t e the i m p o r t a n c e of e le v e n dif­
f e r e n t r o l e s , s u c h a s c o n s u lta n t, p r o m o t e r , o r g a n i z e r , e tc . ,
w hich th e y a r e c a l le d u pon to p la y in t h e i r w o rk and to r a t e
the d e g r e e to w hich th e y e n joy p e r f o r m i n g th e s e r o l e s .

The

in f o r m a ti o n o b ta in e d f r o m P a r t s I a n d III i s n o t u s e d in th is
p a r t i c u l a r stud y.

T he S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B lan k .
a p p e a r e d in 1927 a n d w a s r e v i s e d in 1938.
" t h e o u ts ta n d in g d e v ic e of i t s kind. 11

12

The SVIB f i r s t
It h a s b e e n c a lle d

T h e 1938 r e v i s i o n of

the m e n 's b la n k ( F o r m M) c o n s i s t s of 400 i t e m s w hich in c lu d e

T he S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B la n k w ill h e r e i n a f t e r
b e r e f e r r e d to a s th e SVIB.
12

H a r o ld O. C a r t e r , " V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s and J o b S a t­
i s f a c t i o n , " A p p lie d P s y c h o lo g y M o n o g ra p h s No.- 2, S ta n fo rd ,
C a lif o r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s , 1944, p. 14.

37
n a m e s of o c c u p a tio n s , s c h o o l s u b j e c t s , a m u s e m e n t s , a c t i v i t i e s ,
p e c u l i a r i t i e s of p e o p le , o r d e r of p r e f e r e n c e of a c t i v i t i e s , ty p e s
of f a m o u s p e r s o n s p r e f e r r e d , c h o ic e b e tw e e n two p a i r e d a c t i v i ­
t i e s , and s e l f - r a t i n g s of p r e s e n t a b i l i t i e s and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
The ite m s- a r e m a r k e d a c c o r d i n g to o n e 's lik e s , d i s l i k e s , i n ­
d i f f e r e n c e s , c h o ic e s , and p r e f e r e n c e s .

T he t e s t w a s s t a n d a r d ­

iz e d in t e r m s of the i n t e r e s t s of m e n known to be s u c c e s s f u l
in t h e i r own o c c u p a tio n .

13

The c r i t e r i o n g r o u p s a v e r a g e d 40-

y e a r s of a g e , an d th e t e s t i s e s p e c i a l l y a p p lic a b le to m e n in
the 20 to 55 y e a r age r a n g e .

14

T he i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r fillin g

out the b la n k a r e s u c h t h a t i t c a n be s e l f - a d m i n i s t e r e d .
T h e ra w s c o r e s m a y be e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s of p e r c e n ­
t i l e s of th e d i s t r i b u t i o n , o r a s s t a n d a r d s c o r e s , o r in t e r m s of
l e t t e r r a t i n g s A, B+, B, B - , C+, and C..

These sc o re s r e p r e ­

s e n t the a l g e b r a i c s u m of p lu s a n d m in u s w e ig h ts a s s i g n e d to
each ite m resp o n se .

T h e w e ig h ts h a v e b e e n d e t e r m i n e d by

c o m p a r in g the r e s p o n s e s of m e n " e n g a g e d in m a k in g a l i v i n g "
in a p a r t i c u l a r o c c u p a tio n , w ith th e r e s p o n s e s of a m u c h l a r g e r

13

S tro n g , o£. c it. , p. 57.

14 L
T oc.

cit.

38
" m e n - i n - g e n e r a l " g ro u p , w h ich i s " a f a i r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of
b u s i n e s s an d p r o f e s s i o n a l m e n e a r n i n g $2,500 a n d o v e r a
year. "

15

T h u s a h ig h s c o r e o n a p a r t i c u l a r o c c u p a tio n a l

s c a le m e a n s " t h a t the in d iv id u a l h a s the i n t e r e s t s of p e r s o n s
s u c c e s s f u ll y e n g a g e d in th a t occupation-.
The 1938 r e v i s i o n ( F o r m M) of the SVIB

17

lis ts th irty -

five o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e s an d t h r e e n o n o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e s ,
n a m e ly , I n t e r e s t M a t u r it y , M a s c u l in i t y - F e m i n i n it y ,

and O c­

c u p a tio n a l L e v e l f o r w hich s c o r e s m a y be d e r i v e d .
S tro n g o f f e r s d i r e c t i o n s f o r d e v elo p in g n e w s c a l e s
b e r of a d d itio n a l s c a l e s h a v e a p p e a r e d s in c e 1938.

18

H o w e v e r,
and a n u m ­
In t h i s

stu d y the S V IB 's w e r e s c o r e d f o r t h i r t y - n i n e o c c u p a tio n a l and
t h r e e n o n o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e s , w h ic h w e r e in g e n e r a l u s e in

^

IM d« , p.

63.

16

E d w a r d K. S tro n g , J r . , M a n u a l fo r V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t
B la n k f o r M e n , S ta n fo rd , C a lif o r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s ,
1951, p. 10.
17
18

A co py of th is b la n k i s in c lu d e d in A p p en d ix B,

E d w a r d K. S tro n g , J r . , V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t of M e n
and W o m e n . S ta n fo rd , C a lif o r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s ,
1943, C h a p te r s 5, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.

S e p t e m b e r , 1950, a n d two r e c e n t l y v a lid a te d s c a l e s , n a m e ly ,
T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e a n d T e a c h in g S a tis f a c tio n .

O c c u p a tio n a l G r o u p s :

19

R e f e r e n c e w ill be m a d e in th is

stu d y to th e o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p in g of the SVIB s c a l e s .

R e a liz in g

t h a t e x p r e s s i o n of in v e n t o r ie d i n t e r e s t s in t e r m s of ty p e s of
o c c u p a tio n s r a t h e r th a n in t e r m s of s p e c if ic o c c u p a tio n s w ould
be a d v a n ta g e o u s in m a n y u s e s th a t m ig h t be m a d e of the SVIB,
S tro n g a r r a n g e d the o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e s in to e le v e n O c c u p a ­
tio n a l G r o u p s .

He d e r i v e d t h e s e G r o u p s by f a c t o r a n a l y s i s

of the i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s of the s c o r e s on 285 S V IB 's of c o l ­
leg e s e n i o r s .

A ll of the s c a l e s u s e d in t h i s i m m e d ia te stu dy

a r e l i s t e d b e lo w b y the O c c u p a tio n a l G r o u p s which S tro n g th u s
i
^. 2 0
e vo lved

19 K en n eth G. N e ls o n , ‘'T h e I n t e r e s t s of T e a c h e r s of
V o c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e a s R e la te d to V o c a tio n a l S a t i s f a c t i o n , "
(u n p u b lis h e d P h . D . T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i ty of M in n e s o ta , M in n e a p o lis ,
1951, 329 p p i) .
20

S tro n g , o p . c i t . , C h a p te r s 8, 9.

40
O ccupa­
tio n a l
G ro u p s
I

II

III
IV

O c c u p a tio n a l
S c a le s
A rtist
P sy ch o lo g ist
A rc h ite c t
P h y sician
O s te o p a th
D e n tis t
M a th e m a ti ci an
P h y sicist
E n g in e e r
C h e m is t
P ro d u c tio n M anager
F arm er
A v ia to r
C a rp en ter
P rin te r
M ath em atics-P h y sical
S c ie n c e H igh S chool
T eacher
T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l
A g ricu ltu re
P o lice m an
F o r e s t S e r v i c e M an

O c cu p a ­
tio n a l
G ro u p s

VI
VII
VIII

IX

XI

N o n o c c u p a tio n a l S c a le s
I n t e r e s t M a tu r ity
O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l
M a s c u l i n i t y - F e m in in ity
T e a c h in g S a tis f a c tio n

O c c u p a tio n a l
S c a le s
YM CA P h y s i c a l Di­
re c to r
P e rso n n e l D ire c to r
P u b lic A d m i n i s t r a t o r
YMCA S e c r e t a r y
S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh
S chool T e a c h e r
C ity S chool S u p e r ­
in te n d e n t
M in ister
M u s ic ia n
C e r t i f i e d P u b lic A c­
c o u n ta n t
A c c o u n ta n t
O ffice M an
P u rc h a s in g Agent
Banker
M o rtician
S a le s M a n a g e r
R eal E s ta te S a lesm an
L ife I n s u r a n c e S a le s m a n
A d v e r ti s in g M an
Law yer
Autho r - J o u r n a l i s t
P r e s id e n t- M a n u f a c tu r in g
C o n c e rn

S t r o n g 's b a s i s f o r th is c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w a s t h a t t h e r e
sh o u ld be a m a x i m u m a v e r a g e c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n m e m b e r s
of a g ro u p and a m in i m u m a v e r a g e c o r r e l a t i o n w ith a l l o t h e r
g roups.

He f e l t th a t u n l e s s an o c c u p a tio n c o r r e l a t e d on the

a v e r a g e of p lu s . 60 w ith the o t h e r m e m b e r s of a group, i t
sho uld n o t be in c lu d e d .

He a ls o h a d in m in d the s t a n d a r d

th a t o c c u p a tio n s h a vin g no o b v io u s c o n n e c tio n in e v e r y d a y life
sh o u ld n o t be in c lu d e d in the s a m e g ro u p .

H o w e v e r, he found

t h a t s t r i c t o b s e r v a n c e of t h e s e c r i t e r i a " f o r c e d too m a n y
o c c u p a tio n s to b e g r o u p e d a lo n e to be f e a s i b l e a t p r e s e n t . "

21

It w ill be n oted t h a t f o u r of the e le v e n G r o u p s abov e c o n ta in
only one o c c u p a tio n .

T h u s , " f o r th e sa k e of s i m p l i c i t y "

t h e s e r u l e s w e r e v i o la t e d in the follo w in g c a s e s :

22

(a) P e r ­

so n n e l M a n a g e r c o r r e l a t e s only p l u s . 57 w ith the o t h e r m e m ­
b e r s of G ro u p V, (b) B a n k e r c o r r e l a t e s only p lu s . 55 w ith the
o t h e r m e m b e r s of G ro u p VIII, (c) A v ia to r c o r r e l a t e s ab ove p lu s
. 60 w ith b oth G r o u p s II and III b u t w a s a s s i g n e d to G ro u p IV
" b e c a u s e i t c o r r e l a t e s on th e a v e r a g e of . 70 w ith th e m e m b e r s

42
of th a t g ro u p and b e c a u s e i t a ls o a g r e e s w ith the m e m b e r s of
th a t g ro u p in h aving a low n e g a tiv e c o r r e l a t i o n w ith o c c u p a tio n a l le v e l a n d a h ig h p o s itiv e c o r r e l a t i o n w ith M F , "

23

( m a s c u lin ity - f e m in in ity ) , (d) T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e
d o e s n o t m e e t S t r o n g 's s t a n d a r d of p lu s . 60 but i t c o r r e l a t e s
h i g h e s t with G ro u p IV an d m e e t s the s a m e c r i t e r i a a s A v ia to r
in r e f e r e n c e to c o r r e l a t i o n w ith m a s c u l i n i t y - f e m i n i n i t y and
o c c u p a tio n a l le v e l,

24 , .
(e) The in c lu s io n of A r t i s t in G ro u p I,

of M a t h e m a t i c s - P h y s i c a l S c ie n c e High S chool T e a c h e r and
T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e in G ro u p IV, c o n c e iv a b ly
v io la te the s t a n d a r d m e n tio n e d in r e f e r e n c e to g ro u p in g of
o c c u p a tio n s w hich have no o b vious c o n n e c tio n in e v e r y - d a y life .
S trong r e f e r s to the f a c t th a t th is g ro u p in g d i f f e r s f r o m
h i s f i r s t p u b lis h e d g ro u p in g in 1933 and he i n d ic a t e s th a t
f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h w ill p ro b a b ly r e s u l t in m o r e d a m a g e s , su c h
a s the a d d itio n of a new s a l e s m a n g ro u p b e tw e e n G ro u p s VIII
a n d IX and in the r e - g r o u p i n g of G ro u p IV.

23
24
^

Lioc. cit.
N e ls o n , oja. c i t . , pp.

70 -73.

S tro n g , o p . c i t . , pp.

159-160.

25

43
In g e n e r a l , G ro u p II is c o n c e r n e d w ith m a t h e m a t i c s and
the p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s ; G ro u p V w ith th e h an d lin g of p e o p le f o r
t h e i r p r e s u m e d go od, o r w ith s o c i a l w e lf a r e a c t i v i t i e s ; G ro u p
VIII w ith o ffic e a c t i v i t i e s ; G rou p IX w ith s a l e s ; an d G ro u p X
w ith lin g u i s t i c a c t i v i t i e s .

H o w e v e r, S tro n g h i m s e l f s t a t e s th a t

G r o u p s I a n d IV a r e n o t e a s y to s u m m a r i z e a n d t h a t " a lth o u g h
n a m e s m a k e i t e a s y to r e f e r to a g ro u p and s e e m to be de­
m a n d e d by m o s t p e o p le , even p s y c h o l o g is ts , y e t i t s e e m s p r e f ­
e r a b l e a t t h i s s ta g e in th e d e v e lo p m e n t of o u r u n d e r s ta n d in g of
v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s to c o n te n t o u r s e l v e s w ith r e f e r r i n g to the
26
g r o u p s by m e r e n u m b e r . 11

N o n o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e s .

T he I n t e r e s t M a t u r it y s c a l e

i s d e s ig n e d to d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e tw e e n the i n t e r e s t s of 15 a n d 25
y e a r old m e n — " t h e d e g r e e to w h ic h o n e h as th e i n t e r e s t s of
the l a t t e r in c o n t r a s t to th e f o r m e r . "

27

H o w e v e r, S tro n g

r e p o r t s t h a t i n t e r e s t m a t u r i t y i s n o t c lo s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w ith
a g e , s in c e th e c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n the two i s o n ly a b o u t p lu s

26 I b i d .-, p.

180.

27 I b i d . , p.

285.

44
. 50, an d t h a t u s e of the s c o r e s w ith o l d e r m e n i s q u e s tio n a b le .
He f u r t h e r s t a t e s th a t i n t e r e s t m a t u r i t y i s a s s o c i a t e d w ith o c ­
c u p a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s , n e g a tiv e ly w ith s c i e n t if i c an d lin g u is tic
i n t e r e s t s and p o s i t iv e l y w ith office w o r k e r - a c c o u n t a n t i n t e r e s t s
and w ith i n t e r e s t s in p e o p le (G ro u p s V an d IX).

28

T he O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l s c a l e m e a s u r e s d i f f e r e n c e s in
the i n t e r e s t s of la b o rin g m e n , on the one hand , and b u s i n e s s
a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l m e n on the o t h e r hand.

S tro n g r e p o r t s th a t

in h is c r i t e r i o n g r o u p s t h e r e w a s a v e r y l a r g e d e v ia tio n a b o u t
the a v e r a g e of e a c h o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p on th is s c a l e , b u t th a t
t h e r e w a s a d e fin ite p r o g r e s s i o n in s c o r e s f r o m the u n s k ille d
g r o u p s u p w a r d to the b u s i n e s s and p r o f e s s i o n a l m e n g r o u p s
and th a t t h e r e w a s a high c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t h i s s c a le and
o c c u p a tio n a l G ro u p s V I I '( C . P . A . ) , IX ( s a l e s ) , X ( a d v e r tis in g ,
e t c . ) an d XI ( p r e s id e n t ) and a low c o r r e l a t i o n w ith G ro u p s IV
( f a r m e r , e t c . ) and G ro u p VI (m u s ic ia n ).

29

T he M a s c u l in i t y - F e m i n i n it y s c a le m e a s u r e s d i f f e r e n c e s
in the i n t e r e s t s of the two sexes-— w h e th e r o n e 's i n t e r e s t s a r e

28

I b id . , C h a p te r 12.

29 Ibid. , C h a p te r 10.

45
s i m i l a r to the i n t e r e s t s of m e n o r w om en.

S t r o n g 's d a ta

in d ic a te th a t the follow ing o c c u p a tio n a l G ro u p s have m o r e
m a s c u l in e i n t e r e s t s :

III ( p ro d u c tio n m a n a g e r ) , IV ( f a r m e r ,

e t c . ) , II ( e n g in e e r , e t c . ) , VIII ( a c c o u n ta n t, e t c . ) , and XI ( p r e s ­
id e n t).

T h e r e m a in in g G ro u p s h a v e m o r e fe m in in e i n t e r e s t s ,

i . e . , I ( a r t i s t , e t c . ) , V (YMCA s e c r e t a r y , e t c . ) , VII (C. P . A . )
IX ( s a l e s ) , VI ( m u s ic ia n ) , and X ( a d v e r tis in g , e t c . ) .

30

T he T e a c h in g S a tis f a c tio n s c a l e w a s c o n s t r u c t e d by
N e ls o n a s a s u b - s c a l e of the T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e
o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e and he i n d i c a t e s th a t i t sh o u ld be u s e d only
w hen r e a s o n a b l y s u r e an in d iv id u a l h a s the i n t e r e s t s of T e a c h e r
of V o c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e .

He c o n c lu d e s th a t " s u c h in d iv id u a ls

who a ls o a c h ie v e A o r B s c o r e s on the S u b - s c a le a r e m o r e
lik e ly to h a v e h ig h job s a t i s f a c t i o n in te a c h in g v o c a tio n a l a g r i c u ltu r e th an th o se w ith C s c o r e s . "

31

R e lia b ility and v a lid ity of the SV IB .

S u p e r s t a t e s in

r e f e r e n c e to the SVIB t h a t " I t i s w ith o u t q u e s tio n one of the

30
31

I b i d . , C h a p te r 11.
N e ls o n , £ £ . c i t . , p.

168.

m o s t th o ro u g h ly s tu d ie d a n d u n d e r s to o d p s y c h o lo g ic a l i n s t r u —
m e n t s in e x is te n c e . "

32

K u d e r a ls o s a y s th a t ' ‘the t e s t h a s

p r o b a b ly b e e n the s u b je c t of m o r e in v e s tig a tio n a n d r e s e a r c h
th an any o t h e r sin g le t e s t . "
th o se by F r y e r ,

34

B e rd ie ,

35

33

R e v ie w s of r e s e a r c h s u c h a s

C a rte r,

36

S tro n g ,

37

a n d S u p e r,

38

c o n f ir m th is th o r o u g h n e s s of stu d y , and only a few e x a m p le s
w ill be in c lu d e d h e r e .
U sin g the " o d d s v e r s u s e v e n s " te c h n iq u e , S tro n g r e ­
p o r t s th a t th e a v e r a g e c o e f f ic ie n t of r e l i a b i l i t y of 36 r e v i s e d
o c c u p a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s c a l e s f o r m e n w a s p lu s . 877 a s b a s e d
upon the r e c o r d s of 285 S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty s e n i o r s .

The co­

e f f ic ie n t f e l l b e lo w p lu s .8 0 in only one c a s e — the c e r t i f i e d
32
Y o rk :

D onald E . S u p e r, A p p r a is in g V o c a tio n a l F i t n e s s , New
H a r p e r and B r o t h e r s , 1949, p. 409.

33

G. F r e d e r i c k K u d e r, " A R e v ie w " P s y c h o m e t r i k a ,
9: 145 -146 , 1944.
34
Y o rk :

D o u g la s F r y e r , T he M e a s u r e m e n t of I n t e r e s t s , New
H e n r y H olt an d C o m p an y , 1931, 488 pp.

35

R a lp h F . B e r d i e , " F a c t o r s R e la te d to V o c a tio n a l In ­
t e r e s t s , " P s y c h o l o g i c a l B u l le t in , 41: 137-155, 1944.
^

C a rte r, op. c it.

47
p u b lic a c c o u n ta n t i n t e r e s t s c a l e — w h e r e i t w a s p lu s . 727.

In

t h i r t e e n c a s e s the c o e f f ic ie n t e q u a lle d p lu s .9 0 o r h ig h e r .

As

e v id e n c e n o t only of the r e l i a b i l i t y of the t e s t b u t a ls o of the
s ta b ility of i n t e r e s t s , S tro ng found t h a t " t h e m e d i a n c o r r e l a ­
tio n f o r e le v e n th g r a d e b o y s o v e r two and a t h i r d y e a r s is
p lu s .8 1 ; f o r c o lle g e f r e s h m e n o v e r one y e a r it i s p lu s .8 8 ,
o v e r n in e t e e n y e a r s , plus . 72; f o r c o lle g e s e n i o r s o v e r five
y e a r s i t i s p lu s . 8 4 , and o v e r tw e n ty -tw o y e a r s , p lu s .7 5 .

39

S u p e r c o n c lu d e s in r e v ie w in g S t r o n g 's d a ta th a t " I t i s e v id e n t
th a t the s c a l e s a r e r e l i a b l e enough f o r c o n fid e n t u s e in i n d i v id u a l d ia g n o s is a t l e a s t a f t e r age 1 7 . "

40

S tro n g s t a t e s th a t t h e r e a r e two m e a s u r e s of the v a lid ity
of h i s t e s t .

" T h e f i r s t i s how w e ll the t e s t d i f f e r e n t i a t e s

o c c u p a tio n s ; the s e c o n d is how w e ll in d iv id u a ls a r e a s s i g n e d to
o c c u p a tio n s i n w hich they s u c c e e d a t l e a s t p a s s a b l y a n d a t th e

39

E d w a r d K. S tro n g , J r . , M a n u a l f o r V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t
B la n k fo r M e n , S ta n fo rd , C a lif o r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s ,
1951, p; 14.
40

S u p e r, o p . c i t . , p .

421.

48
s a m e t i m e fin d the w o r k i n t e r e s t i n g . "

41

He d e v o te s an e n t i r e

c h a p te r to r e s e a r c h t h a t s u b s t a n t i a t e s the v a lid ity of the SVIB
a s an i n s t r u m e n t t h a t w ill d i f f e r e n t i a t e the i n t e r e s t s of m e n
s u c c e s s f u l l y e n g a g e d in a n o c c u p a tio n f r o m the i n t e r e s t s of
m e n s u c c e s s f u l l y e n g a g e d in o th e r o c c u p a tio n s .

An e x a m p le

of th is d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g a b ility i s ta k e n f r o m m o re r e c e n t f in d ­
in g s r e p o r t e d in h i s M a n u al.

" O n ly 15 p e r c e n t of 933 n o n ­

e n g i n e e r s r a t e A in e n g in e e r in g i n t e r e s t in c o n t r a s t w ith the
69 p e r c e n t of the e n g i n e e r s who r a t e A.

B ut th e n o n - e n g i n e e r s

who r a t e A a r e n o t e v e n ly d i s t r i b u t e d am o n g a ll o c c u p a tio n s;
th ey a r e l a r g e l y found am o n g o c c u p a tio n s in volv in g a p p lic a tio n s
of th e p h y s i c a l , and to a l e s s e r d e g r e e the b io lo g ic a l s c i e n c e s . "
S tro n g te n d s to f a v o r the se c o n d c r i t e r i o n above w hich
i s r e a l l y o c c u p a tio n a l s t a b il i ty and h i s fo llo w -u p s tu d ie s o ffe r
e v id e n c e

th a t w ith th is

c rite rio n

the t e s t i s v a lid .

H is

41

E d w a r d K. S tro n g , J r . , V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of M en
and W o m e n , S ta n fo rd , C a lif o r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n iv e r s ity P r e s s ,
1943, p. 107.
42

________ , M a n u a l f o r V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B la n k f o r
M e n , S ta n fo rd , C a lifo r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1951,
p. 14.

49
fiv e,

43

te n ,

44

a n d tw enty y e a r

upon the r e c o r d s of 285

46

45

fo llo w -u p s tu d ie s w e r e b a s e d

s e n i o r s who f i ll e d o ut th e SVIB a t

S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty in 1927 and 306 S ta n fo rd f r e s h m e n who
c o m p le te d the t e s t i n 1930.

A s m a n y a s p o s s ib l e of th e s e

m e n w e r e r e t e s t e d and the o c c u p a tio n a l s t a tu s of e a c h r e c h e c k e d
a t a p p r o x i m a t e ly fiv e , te n , and tw e n ty y e a r i n t e r v a l s t h e r e a f t e r .
T h e m a i n r e s u l t s of h i s " t e n y e a r " fo llo w -u p stu d y , w h ich i n e lu d e d 371 of the o r i g in a l c a s e s , a r e a s fo llo w s:
(a)

47

M e n con tinuing in a n o c c u p a tio n f o r n in e o r te n
y e a r s a v e r a g e h ig h e r i n t e r e s t s c o r e s (S ta n d a rd

43

E d w a r d K. S tro n g , J r . , " P r e d i c t i v e V alue of the
V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t T e s t , " J o u r n a l of E d u c a tio n a l P s y c h o l o g y ,
26: 3 3 1 -3 4 9 , 1935.
/
44

, V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of M en and W o m e n ,

pp. 3 9 3 -4 0 3 .
45

________ , " I n t e r e s t S c o r e s W hile In C o lle g e of O c c u ­
p a tio n s E n g a g e d in 20 Y e a r s L a t e r , " E d u c a tio n a l an d P s y c h o ­
lo g ic a l M e a s u r e m e n t , 11: 3 3 5 -3 4 8 , A u tu m n , 1951.
46

S t r o n g 's d i s c u s s i o n of the fiv e a n d te n y e a r s tu d ie s
c ite d in f o o tn o te s 41 and 42 r e f e r to 287 s e n i o r s , w hile h is
a r t i c l e c ite d in foo tn ote 43 r e g a r d i n g the tw enty y e a r study
r e f e r s to 285 s e n i o r s .
47 S tro n g , V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of M en an d W o m e n , pp.
4 0 4 -4 0 6 .

50
s c o r e 50. 2) in t h a t o c c u p a tio n th an in a n y o t h e r
( S ta n d a r d s c o r e 47. 7)
(b)

M en co n tin u in g in an o c c u p a tio n o b ta in a h i g h e r
s c o r e in i t th a n m e n e n te r in g a n o th e r o c c u p a tio n
o b ta in in it.

(A v e ra g e s c o r e s n o t s u m m a r i z e d in

a m a n n e r c o m p a r a b l e to th o s e in p oin t [a] above)
(c)

M en co n tin u in g in an o c c u p a tio n o b ta in h ig h e r
s c o r e s in i t th a n m e n who chang e f r o m th a t o c c u ­
p a tio n to s o m e o t h e r .

(d)

(S ta n d a rd 4 8 .0 v e r s u s 4 4 .0 )

M en who c h a n g e d f r o m one o c c u p a tio n to a n o th e r
did n ot m a k e h i g h e r s c o r e s in the se c o n d o c c u p a tio n
w hen th ey w e r e in c o lle g e .

In d i s c u s s i n g th is p a r ­

t i c u l a r c o n c lu s io n of S t r o n g 's , S u p e r p o in ts o ut th a t
the a v e r a g e s c o r e s of t h e s e m e n w e r e s u b s ta n t ia l ly
lo w e r in b o th th e f i r s t and the se c o n d o c c u p a tio n
th a n w e r e the s c o r e s of the m e n in g ro u p s (a), (b)
an d (c) a b o v e.

(S ta n d a rd s c o r e s 4 2 . 4 an d 4 0 .5 ) .

He b e li e v e s t h a t th is s u g g e s t s th a t " t h o s e who
chang e o c c u p a tio n s hav e l e s s c l e a r l y d e fin e d i n t e r e s t s ,

51
o r l e s s i n s i g h t in to th e m , th a n do th o s e who r e ­
m a i n in the o c c u p a tio n o f t h e i r f i r s t p o s t - c o l l e g e
c h o ic e . "

48

T he r e s u l t s of the " tw e n ty y e a r " fo llo w -u p stu d y , in
w h ic h 345 c a s e s w e r e u s e d , a r e s i m i l a r to th o s e j u s t l is te d .
S t r o n g 's m a i n c o n c lu s io n i s s t a te d a s fo llo w s: 49
" O c c u p a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s c o r e s of 345 c o lle g e s t u ­
d e n ts a g r e e w ith the o c c u p a tio n e n g a g e d in tw e n ty y e a r s
l a t e r to th e e x te n t of 86 p e r c e n t of the p o s s ib le m a x i m u m .
F o r the 230 m e n who d id n o t chan ge t h e i r o c c u p a tio n the
a g r e e m e n t a m o u n ts to 91 p e r c e n t of the m a x im u m ; f o r the
115 m e n who h a v e c h a n g e d t h e i r o c c u p a tio n s the a g r e e m e n t
a m o u n ts to 77 p e r c e n t of the m a x i m u m . "
On the b a s i s of the f a c t s j u s t p r e s e n t e d , the SVIB a p p e a r
to be a r e a s o n a b ly r e l i a b l e an d v a lid i n s t r u m e n t f o r m e a s u r i n g
the v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s of the m e n s tu d ie d in th is r e s e a r c h .

S um m ary

In th is c h a p t e r c e r t a i n t e r m s w hich a r e u s e d f r e q u e n tly
in th is study h a v e b e e n d e fin e d and the Job S a tis f a c tio n

48
49

S u p e r, o p . c i t . , pp.

438—439.

S tro n g , " I n t e r e s t S c o r e s W hile In C o lle g e of O c c u p a ­
tio n s E n g a g e d in 20 Y e a r s L a t e r , " 0 £ . c it. , p. 335.

52
Q u e s tio n n a ir e a n d the S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B la n k hav e
been d escrib e d .

C H A P T E R III

R E L A T E D R E SE A R C H

A r e v ie w of r e s e a r c h t h a t i s p e r t i n e n t to th e r e l a t i o n ­
s h ip s b e tw e e n the in v e n t o r ie d v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s a n d w o rk
a d ju s tm e n t of E x te n s io n w o r k e r s w ill be p r e s e n t e d i n th is
ch a p ter.

Since no s tu d ie s d i r e c t e d s p e c i f i c a ll y a t th e p r e ­

d ic tio n of the s u c c e s s of E x te n s i o n w o r k e r s a s su c h w e r e
found b y th is w r i t e r , s tu d ie s of th e r e l a t i o n s h i p of i n t e r e s t s
to w o rk a d ju s tm e n t in o t h e r o c c u p a tio n s w ill c o n tr ib u te b a c k ­
g ro u n d in f o r m a ti o n and p o in ts of d e p a r t u r e fo r th is stu d y .
M uch of the r e s e a r c h r e l a t e d to th is stu d y h a s b e e n s u m m a r ­
iz e d b y o t h e r s a n d n e e d n o t be r e p e a t e d h e r e .

Som e of th e s e

s u m m a r i e s w ill be m e n tio n e d f i r s t , th e n r e v i e w s of s p e c ific
r e s e a r c h e s c o n c e rn in g the r e l a ti o n s h i p of i n t e r e s t s to e a c h of
the w o r k a d ju s tm e n t c r i t e r i a u s e d h e r e i n w ill follow .

R e la te d S u m m a r i e s of R e s e a r c h

R e s e a r c h r e l a t i v e to E x te n s io n w o rk in g e n e r a l :

A m ong

th e m a n y p u b lic a tio n s d e a lin g w ith v a r i o u s p h a s e s of E x te n s io n

54
w o rk , five a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l f o r b a c k g r o u n d in f o r m a ti o n
r e l a t i v e to th is stu d y .

A book by B r u n n e r a n d Yang^ p r o v i d e s

a g e n e r a l t r e a t m e n t of the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e in c lu d in g a t t e n tio n to E x te n s io n w o r k in o t h e r c o u n tr i e s .

T rue

2

offers a

d e ta il e d h i s t o r y of E x te n s i o n w o rk in the U nited S t a te s up to
1923.

B aker

3

g iv e s s p e c i a l a tte n tio n to the w o r k of th e County

A g e n t and i t s r e l a ti o n s h i p to l o c a l, s t a t e an d f e d e r a l s p o n s o r ­
ing a g e n c ie s .

A r e c e n t g e n e r a l t r e a t m e n t of E x te n s io n w o rk

by K e ls e y an d H e a r n e

4

g iv e s s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a ti o n to th e d e -

t a i l s o f E x te n s io n w o r k m e t h o d s .

F i n a ll y , W ils o n 's

5

stu d y

E d m u n d deS. B r u n n e r and E . H s in P a o Yang, R u r a l
A m e r i c a an d the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e , N e w Y o rk : B u r e a u of
P u b l i c a t io n s , T e a c h e r s C o lle g e , C o lu m b ia U n iv e r s ity , 1949,
210 pp,
2

A l f r e d C h a r l e s T r u e , A H i s t o r y of A g r i c u l t u r a l E x ­
t e n s io n W o rk in th e U nited S t a t e s , W ashington:- U nited S ta te s
G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O ffice, 1928, 220 pp.
3

G la d y s B a k e r , T he C ounty A g e n t, C hicago :
v e r s i t y of C h ic a g o P r e s s , 1939, 226 pp.

.T h e U ni­

4

L in c o ln D a v id K e ls e y a n d C annon C h ile s H e a r n e , C o o p ­
e r a t i v e E x te n s io n W o r k , Ith a c a , N ew Y o rk : C o m s to c k P u b lis h in g
C o m p an y , 1949, 424 pp.
5

M. C. W ilso n , " E x t e n s i o n M e th o d s and T h e i r R e la tiv e
E f f e c t i v e n e s s , " W ash in g to n : U. S. D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e
T e c h n ic a l B u lle tin N o. 106, 1929, 48 pp.

55
g iv e s a p i c t u r e of the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of v a r i o u s E x te n s i o n
m eth o d s..

T h e D iv is io n of F i e l d S tu d ie s an d T r a i n in g of the

U n ited S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e p u b lis h e s r e v i e w s of
E x te n s io n s tu d ie s s e m ia n n u a lly , ^ b u t the m a j o r s tu d ie s a r e
r e v ie w e d in the s o u r c e s j u s t m e n tio n e d .

G e n e r a l r e s e a r c h r e l a t i v e to the r e l a ti o n s h i p of i n t e r e s t
to w o rk a d j u s t m e n t :

R e s e a r c h c o n c e rn in g the r e l a ti o n s h i p of

i n t e r e s t s to w o rk a d ju s tm e n t i s a d e q u a te ly r e v ie w e d up to 1949
in p u b lic a tio n s d e a lin g w ith the n a t u r e and ro le of v o c a tio n a l
in te re sts.

S tu d ie s in th is a r e a have b e e n r a t h e r e x te n s iv e . .

S u p e r s t a t e s th a t " I n t e r e s t s h a v e p r o b a b ly r e c e i v e d m o r e a t t e n ­
tio n f r o m v o c a tio n a l p s y c h o lo g is ts d u rin g the p a s t g e n e r a tio n
th a n any o th e r sin g le type of h u m a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , including
i n te l li g e n c e , a p titu d e s , a n d p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s . "

7

R e v ie w s of r e s e a r c h a r e am o n g the w o rk s a llu d e d to b y
S u p e r.

F r y e r in 1931 p u b lis h e d the f i r s t c o m p r e h e n s iv e r e v ie w

^ F o r a n e x a m p le s e e : L u c in d a C r i l e , R e v ie w of E x ­
te n s io n S t u d i e s , W ashington : U. S. D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e ,
E x te n s io n S e r v ic e C i r c u l a r 470, Ju ly , 1950, 47 pp.
7
Y o rk ;

D onald E . S u p e r, A p p r a is in g V o c a tio n a l F i t n e s s , N ew
H a r p e r an d B r o t h e r s , 1949, p. 376.

of r e s e a r c h c o n c e rn in g i n t e r e s t s .

H is book i s e s p e c i a l l y

h e lp fu l a s a s o u r c e of the h i s t o r y of i n t e r e s t m e a s u r e m e n t .
In 1943 S tro n g p u b lis h e d the r e s u l t s of h is n in e t e e n y e a r s of
r e s e a r c h w ith h i s V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B lan k .

9

T h is book

a ls o in c lu d e s m o s t o f the s i g n i f ic a n t r e s e a r c h th a t o t h e r s
h a v e c o n d u c te d w ith th e SVIB.

In 1944 b o th Berdie*** and

C a r t e r * * b ro u g h t o u t r e v ie w s of i n t e r e s t r e s e a r c h .

C a rte r

c o n c e n tr a te d on the r e s e a r c h s in c e 1931 and c o n d e n s e d the
s u m m a r i e s into 85 p a g e s w h ic h p r o v id e a n e x c e ll e n t b r i e f
o v e r - v i e w of th e fin d in g s .

T h e m o s t r e c e n t c o m p r e h e n s iv e

t r e a t m e n t of r e s e a r c h in th is a r e a i s S u p e r 's book w h ich a p ­
p e a r e d in 1 9 4 9 . *^

Y ork:

D ouglas F r y e r , T h e M e a s u r e m e n t of I n t e r e s t s , N ew
H e n ry H o lt a n d C om pany , 1931, 488 pp.
9

E d w a r d K. S tro n g , J r . , V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of M en
a n d W o m e n , S ta n fo rd , C a li f o r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s ,
1943, 746 pp.
*** R a lp h F . B e r d ie , " F a c t o r s R e la te d to V o c a tio n a l
I n t e r e s t s , " P s y c h o l o g i c a l B u l le t in , 41: 137-157, 1944.
** H a r o ld D. C a r t e r , " V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s a n d Job
O r i e n t a t i o n , " A p p lie d P s y c h o lo g y M o n o g r a p h s , No. 2, S ta n fo rd ,
C a lif o r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s . 1944, 85 pp.

57
R e s e a r c h C o n c e rn in g the R e la tio n s h ip of I n t e r e s t s to
W o rk E f f e c t i v e n e s s

S tro n g p o in ts out th a t in the d i f f e r e n tia tio n of s u p e r i o r
and i n f e r i o r m e m b e r s of a n o c c u p a tio n by m e a n s of i n t e r e s t s ,
two d i f f e r e n t te c h n iq u e s f o r d e v eloping i n t e r e s t s c a l e s m a y be
used.

In one, the s c a l e s would r e p r e s e n t the d i f f e r e n c e s in

i n t e r e s t s b e tw e e n (a) the a v e r a g e m e m b e r of a n o c c u p a tio n and
(b) the a v e r a g e of m e n - i n - g e n e r a l .

In the o t h e r , s c a l e s w ould

r e p r e s e n t the d i f f e r e n c e s in i n t e r e s t s b e tw e e n (a) s u p e r i o r and
(b) i n f e r i o r in d iv id u a ls .

13

In s tu d ie s w h e r e the SVIB h a s b e e n

u s e d to i n v e s ti g a t e the r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n i n t e r e s t s an d w o rk
e f f e c t i v e n e s s , e i t h e r of th e s e te c h n iq u e s h a s b e e n u s e d .

T h ere­

f o r e , the f i r s t g ro u p of s tu d ie s w hich follow a r e th o s e in w hich
the i n t e r e s t s of c e r t a i n o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s a r e r e l a t e d to the
i n t e r e s t s of m e n - i n - g e n e r a l and the se c o n d g ro u p a r e th o se in
w h ich the i n t e r e s t s of c e r t a i n o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s a r e r e l a t e d
to the i n t e r e s t s of s u c c e s s f u l and u n s u c c e s s f u l w o r k e r s in th e s e
sam e g roups.

In th e s e s tu d ie s the m e a n s of m e a s u r i n g w o rk

e f f e c t i v e n e s s a r e u s u a lly r e c o r d s of p ro d u c tio n o r r a t i n g s by
su p e rio rs.
13

S tro n g , o p . c i t .-, p. 485.

58
T h e r e l a ti o n s h i p of the in v e n t o r ie d i n t e r e s t s of c e r t a i n
o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s to the i n t e r e s t s of a g ro u p of m e n - i n —
g e n e ra l.

S tro n g i s r e l u c t a n t to u s e the te c h n iq u e of r e l a t i n g

the i n t e r e s t s of a g iv en o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p to the i n t e r e s t s of
s u c c e s s f u l a n d .u n s u c c e s s f u l w o r k e r s in t h a t s a m e g ro u p f o r
two r e a s o n s :

(a) The d iffic u lty of e s t a b l is h i n g a n a d e q u a te

c r i t e r i o n of s u c c e s s , and (b) the d iffic u lty of s e c u r i n g enough
cases.

14

T h e r e f o r e , in h i s own s t u d i e s he u s u a l ly u s e d the

te c h n iq u e of r e l a t i n g the i n t e r e s t s of a c e r t a i n o c c u p a tio n a l
g ro u p to the i n t e r e s t s of m e n - i n - g e n e r a l an d j u s t i f i e s i t a s
fo llo w s:^
" W e sh ould n o t, t h e o r e t i c a l l y , e x p e c t sig n ific an t
c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n o c c u p a tio n a l s c o r e s and m e a s u r e s of
s u p e r i o r i t y - i n f e r i o r i t y . . . b e c a u s e the o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e
i s b a s e d on a c o m p a r is o n of th e a v e r a g e m e m b e r of an
o c c u p a tio n w ith the a v e r a g e m e m b e r of the m e n - i n - g e n e r a l
g ro u p . . . On the o t h e r hand, h ig h s c o r e s c a n q u ite p r o p ­
e r l y m e a n m e n w ith s u f fic ie n t i n t e r e s t s of the r i g h t s o r t
to lik e t h a t p a r t i c u l a r o c c u p a tio n , and low s c o r e s c an s i m ­
i l a r l y m e a n m e n w ith i n s u f f ic ie n t i n t e r e s t s to e n joy doing
w h at the o c c u p a tio n r e q u i r e s . . . In so f a r a s te n d e n c y
to lik e the w o r k and to c o n tin u e e m p lo y e d t h e r e i n e n g e n d e r s
good p ro d u c tio n , s a t i s f a c t o r y r a t i n g s of s u p e r i o r s , o r good

Ibid. , pp. 485 -4 8 6 .
Loc.

c it.

59
g r a d e s f r o m i n s t r u c t o r s , to th a t e x te n t h igh o c c u p a tio n a l
i n t e r e s t s c o r e s sh o u ld c o r r e l a t e w ith m e a s u r e s of s u p e ­
rio rity . "
U sing s c a l e s d e v is e d on th e b a s i s j u s t d e s c r i b e d , S tro n g
c o m p a r e d v a r i o u s g r o u p s of life i n s u r a n c e s a l e s m e n and t h e i r
p ro d u c tio n r a t i n g s , i . e . , the a m o u n t of i n s u r a n c e th a t th e y
w ro te a n n u a lly .

He a n a ly z e d the r e c o r d s of 211 s a l e s m e n

in c lu d in g m e n e m p lo y e d in f o u r d i f f e r e n t i n s u r a n c e c o m p a n ie s
and a g e n c ie s and a g ro u p of f o r m e r s a l e s m e n who w e re r a t e d
a s " u n s u c c e s s f u l " on the b a s i s of the a m o u n t of i n s u r a n c e
w r i t te n .

H is fin d in g s a r e s u m m a r i z e d in T a b le 1.*^

A c c o r d in g to the t h e n - c u r r e n t s t a n d a r d s an a g e n t would
h a v e to s e l l $150,000 of i n s u r a n c e a n n u a lly to m a k e a liv in g .
A s the above ta b le i n d i c a t e s , only 6 p e r c e n t of th o s e who r a t e d
C on the life i n s u r a n c e s a l e s m a n s c a le of the SVIB w ro te th a t
m u c h i n s u r a n c e , w h e r e a s 37 p e r c en t of th o se who r a t e d B+
and 56 p e r c e n t of th o s e who r a t e d A w e r e s u c c e s s f u l in t e r m s
of the a m o u n t of i n s u r a n c e so ld .

T h is study i n d ic a t e s , th e n

th a t th o s e who m a d e h ig h s c o r e s on the life i n s u r a n c e i n t e r e s t
s c a l e of the SVIB te n d e d to s e l l m o r e i n s u r a n c e .

S tro n g , oj>. c i t . , p. 492.

A d a p ted f r o m T a b le 124.

60
TABLE 1
P E R C E N T A G E OF A G EN TS IN E A C H L I F E INSURANCE
IN T E R E S T RATING WHO PR O D U C E $0 T O
$400,000 AND U P ANNUALLY
P e r C ent i n E a c h R ating
A nn ual P r o d u c t io n

No.
C

B-

B

B+

A

$ 49,000

38

52

33

27

22

9

$ 50,000 to $ 99,000

52

24

17

45

34

16

$100,000 to $149,000

31

18

17

14

7

19

$150,000 to $199,000

37

6

17

9

13

22

$200,000 to $399,000

47

0

17

0

20

31

6

0

0

5

4

3

100

101

100

100

100

17

6

22

45

121

$0

$400,000 up
T o ta l
N um ber

211

.

S tro n g r e f e r s to a stu d y by D e c k e r in w hich se v e n ty
life i n s u r a n c e s a l e s m e n f i ll e d out the SVIB, th e A -S R e a c tio n
t e s t , th e A l l p o r t- V e r n o n Study of V a lu e s and th e O tis In te llig e n c e
te s t.

T h e only t e s t to give s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n ific a n t m e a n s c o r e s

b e tw e e n th o se e a r n in g o v e r $3,000 an d th o se e a r n in g a n in c o m e
of u n d e r $2,000 w a s the SVIB.

68 p e r cen t of th o s e who r a t e d

61
A on the life i n s u r a n c e s a l e s m a n s c a l e e a r n e d $3,000 and up,
w h e r e a s only 8 p e r c e n t who r a t e d C e a r n e d th is a m o u n t.

17

In a f u r t h e r stu d y of the r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n s u c c e s s
on the job an d m e a s u r e d i n t e r e s t s , S tro n g u s e d h i s old life
i n s u r a n c e i n t e r e s t s c a l e , w hich w a s b a s e d upon the r e c o r d s
of 209 m e n who had w r i t t e n a t l e a s t $100,000 of b u s i n e s s in
e a c h of t h r e e y e a r s , an d a new s c a le d e v e lo p e d f r o m the
r e c o r d s of 123 m e n who h a d w r i t te n a t l e a s t $200,000 a y e a r
fo r th re e y e a rs .

T w e n t y - s i x of the r e c o r d s w e r e new; the

r e m a in in g 97 b e lo n g e d to the 209 g ro u p .

He found th a t the

$ 3 0 0,0 00- a n d - u p a g e n ts w ith a m e d ia n r a w s c o r e of 406. 0 w e re
s ig n if ic a n tly s u p e r i o r to the $ 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 -to -$ 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 a g e n ts w ith
a m e d i a n s c o r e of 257. 1 ( c r i t i c a l r a t i o n of 5 .1 ) a n d w e r e
s u p e r i o r , b u t n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n if ic a n t to the $ 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 - to $300,000 a g e n ts ( c r i t i c a l r a t i o n of 2. 3).

He c a u tio n s though,

th a t the d i f f e r e n tia tio n of th e $ 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 -a n d -u p g ro u p and the
$ 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 -to -$ 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 g ro u p i s c a u s e d to so m e e x te n t a t l e a s t

17

C.
E . D e c k e r , ,rAn E x p e r i m e n t in the U se of
P s y c h o l o g i c a l T e s t s in the S e le c tio n of L ife I n s u r a n c e A g e n t s ,"
(u n p u b lis h e d M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D a r tm o u th C o lle g e, 1931), C ite d
by S tro n g , o p . c i t . , p. 496.

62
by the f a c t t h a t the f o r m e r c o n s titu te the l a r g e r p r o p o r t io n of
the c r i t e r i o n g ro u p of t h i s s c a l e and t h a t the l a t t e r a r e n o t
m e m b e r s of th e c r i t e r i o n g ro u p .

T h is c o n s i d e r a ti o n d o e s n o t

a p ply to the d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n b e tw e e n the $ 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 -a n d -u p m e n
and the $ 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 -to -$ 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 m e n .

He o b s e r v e s t h a t " t h e s e

d a ta s u g g e s t t h a t i t w ould be p o s s ib le to d e v elo p a s e r i e s of
s c a l e s b a s e d u pon d iff e rin g a m o u n ts of p ro d u c tio n w h ic h w ould
d if f e r e n tia te m e n in t e r m s of a m o u n t of b u s i n e s s w r i t te n . "

18

S tro n g , in r e f e r r i n g to t h r e e s tu d ie s j u s t s u m m a r i z e d
h e r e , o f f e r s the follow ing c o n c lu s io n s :
(a)

19

S u c c e s s f u l life i n s u r a n c e a g e n ts s c o r e h i g h e r on the
life i n s u r a n c e i n t e r e s t s c a le th a n m e n - i n - g e n e r a l .

(b)

S u c c e s s f u l a g e n ts s c o r e h ig h e r th an the u n s u c c e s s f u l
a g e n ts .

(c)

M en w ith low life i n s u r a n c e i n t e r e s t r a t i n g s do n o t
e a r n a liv in g .

(d)

M en w ith low life i n s u r a n c e i n t e r e s t r a t i n g s do n o t
s ta y in the b u s i n e s s , in c o n t r a s t to th e m e n w ith
h ig h r a t i n g s .

18

S tro n g , o p . c i t . , pp. 49 7-49 8.

19 Ibid. , p; 500.

63
A stu d y by B i l l s a ls o p e r t a i n s to t h i s p r o b l e m .

She

c o m b in e d s c o r e s of the L ife I n s u r a n c e S a le s m a n a n d R e a l
E s t a t e S a l e s m a n s c a l e s of the SVIB in stud ying 588 n ew ly
a p p o in te d c a s u a l ty i n s u r a n c e s a l e s m e n .

In c o m p a r in g th e s e

s c o r e s w ith r a t i n g s of s u c c e s s a f t e r one y e a r on th e jo b , she
found t h a t f o r a l l a g e s " t h e r e i s a b o u t t h r e e and o n e - h a lf
t i m e s the c h a n c e of f a i l u r e f o r the low g ro u p a s f o r the
h ig h " (76 v e r s u s 22 p e r c en t).

20

G h is e lli a ls o s tu d ie d c a s u a l ty i n s u r a n c e s a l e s m e n .

21

U sin g the c a s e s of 29 m e n , he found a c o r r e l a t i o n of p lu s .3 8
b e tw e e n the C e r ti f ie d P u b lic A c c o u n ta n t s c a l e of the SVIB an d
p e r f o r m a n c e , a n d p lu s .2 7 b e tw e e n the O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l
s c a l e and p e r f o r m a n c e .

P e r f o r m a n c e w a s d e t e r m i n e d by a

c o m b in a tio n of s a l e s p ro d u c tio n and r a t i n g s by s a l e s m a n a g e r s
on (a) e f f o r t s to o b ta in new a c c o u n ts , (b) e f f o r t s to r e n e w

20

M a r io n A. B i l l s , " S e l e c ti o n of C a s u a lty and L ife
I n s u r a n c e A g e n t s , " J o u r n a l of A p p lie d P s y c h o l o g y , 25: 6 -1 0 ,
1941.
21

E . E . G h i s e l li , " U s e of the S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t
B la n k an d th e P r e s s e y S e n io r C l a s s i f ic a t i o n T e s t in the S e l e c ­
tio n of C a s u a lty I n s u r a n c e S a l e s m a n , " J o u r n a l of A p p lie d P s y c h o l ­
o g y , 26: 7 9 3 -7 9 9 , 1942.

64
e x p irin g p o l ic i e s , (c) w illin g n e s s to r e n d e r s e r v i c e to p o lic y
h o l d e r s , and (d) w i llin g n e s s to r e n d e r s e r v i c e to the c o m p a n y .
C o n t r a r y to B ill s , he found th a t the s a l e s o r p e r s o n a l c o n ta c t
type of s c a l e s on th e SVIB did n o t c o r r e l a t e h ig h ly w ith p e r ­
form ance.

H o w e v e r, b e c a u s e of the s m a l l n u m b e r of c a s e s

and c e r t a i n d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n the jo b s in h i s study a n d in
B i l l s 's study , i t i s dou btfu l th a t th is d i s p r o v e s B i l l s 's f in d in g s .
O tis stu d ie d a g ro u p of s e v e n te e n s a l e s m e n who so ld
v a r i o u s k in d s of d e t e r g e n t s to the la u n d ry t r a d e on a w h o le ­
s a le b a s i s o v e r l a r g e t e r r i t o r i e s and a ls o a c te d a s s e r v i c e
m en.

22

He u s e d s e llin g c o s t a s the c r i t e r i o n of job e f f e c t i v e ­

n e s s and found th a t t h e r e w a s a p o s itiv e c o r r e l a t i o n of . 50
b e tw e e n the to ta l of the L ife I n s u r a n c e S a le s m a n and R e a l
E s t a t e S a l e s m a n SVIB s c a l e s and s e llin g c o s t.

H o w e v e r, sin c e

the n u m b e r of c a s e s w as so s m a ll , t h e s e r e s u l t s c an be c o n ­
s i d e r e d a s o nly s u g g e s tiv e , though p r o m is in g .
A n u m b e r of s tu d ie s have b e e n m a d e in w hich the
i n t e r e s t s of o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s o t h e r th a n the s a l e s f ie ld a r e

22

J . L . O tis , " P r o c e d u r e s f o r the S e le c tio n of S a l e s ­
m a n f o r a D e t e r g e n t C o m p a n y ," J o u r n a l of A p p lie d P s y c h o l o g y ,
25: 3 0 -4 0 , 1941,

65
r e l a t e d to job e f f e c t i v e n e s s .
of a n a d v e r t i s i n g a g e n c y .

S tro n g s tu d ie d t h i r t y - s i x m e m b e r s

23

T h e s e m e n w e r e r a t e d a s to t h e i r

" a c c o u n t e x e c u t i v e " sta n d in g by t h r e e o f fic ia ls of th e a g e n c y ,
u sin g 2 to m e a n " y e s , " 1 to m e a n " n o t s u r e , " and 0 to m e a n
" n o ."

T h e r e s u l t s w e r e a s follow sc
R a te d A by i n t e r e s t
R a te d B by i n t e r e s t
R a te d C by i n t e r e s t

test . .
test . .
te st . .

r a t e d on a v e r a g e
r a t e d on a v e r a g e
r a t e d on a v e r a g e

He s t a t e s t h a t only t h r e e of the 17

1 .6 9
1 .2 6
0 .4 3

m e n r a t e d A by the

t e s t w e r e ju d g e d a s low a s 1 . 0 by th e t h r e e ju d g e s , w h e r e a s
a ll the m e n r a t e d C by the t e s t w e r e ju d g ed 0 . 7 o r 0 .3 .
S tro n g d o e s n o t in d ic a te th a t the s ig n if ic a n c e of t h e s e r e l a t i o n ­
s h ip s w as t e s t e d , b u t i t i s c l e a r t h a t the m e n w ith the h ig h e r
r a t i n g s te n d e d to h a v e h ig h e r s c o r e s on the a d v e r t i s i n g s c a l e
of the SVIB.
In a stu d y of e n g i n e e r s , S tro n g c o m p a r e d e n g in e e r s
r a t e d a s o u ts ta n d in g by D ean J .

T . H o o v e r of the S ta n fo rd

U n i v e r s i ty E n g in e e r i n g School, w ith fu ll an d a s s o c i a t e m e m b e r s
of f o u r e n g in e e r in g s o c i e t i e s and found t h a t in g e n e r a l , the

23

S tro n g , o p . c i t . , p .

501.

66
o u tsta n d in g e n g i n e e r s m a d e h i g h e r s c o r e s on the e n g in e e r in g
s c a l e of the SVIB th a n did the a s s o c i a t e m e m b e r s of the
so c ie tie s. ^
S tro n g r e f e r s to the d o c to r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n s of U llm a n
and of P h i l l i p s in w h ich the r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n i n t e r e s t
s c o r e s an d r a t i n g s of t e a c h e r s f o r s u c c e s s f u l p e r f o r m a n c e w e r e
stu d ie d .

25

In n e i t h e r c a s e did the r a t i n g s c o r r e l a t e w ith the

i n t e r e s t i n v e n to r y s c a l e s .

N e ls o n found th a t 75 ''m o r e s u c ­

c e s s f u l " v o c a tio n a l a g r i c u l t u r e t e a c h e r s d id no t s c o r e s ig n if ­
ic a n tl y h i g h e r th an 25 " l e s s s u c c e s s f u l " t e a c h e r s on the t e a c h e r
of V o c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e s c a l e .

26

A stu d y by M i l le r and

G lic k found in c o n c lu s iv e r e s u l t s in a tte m p tin g to d if f e r e n tia te
115 s u p e r i o r an d 38 i n f e r i o r v o c a tio n a l a g r i c u l t u r e t e a c h e r s by

L oc.

c it.

25

R. R . U llm a n , " T h e P r o g n o s t i c V alue of C e r ta in
F a c t o r s R e la te d to T e a c h in g S u c c e s s , " (u n p u b lish ed D o c to ra l
d i s s e r t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i ty of M ic h ig a n , 1930) and W. S. P h i l l i p s ,
" A n A n a ly s is of C e r t a i n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of A c tiv e and P r o ­
s p e c tiv e T e a c h e r s , " (u n p u b lish ed D o c to r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , G e o rg e
P e a b o d y C o lle g e fo r T e a c h e r s , 1935), c ite d by S tro n g , o p . c i t . ,
p. 502.
2»6

K enn eth G . N e ls o n , " T h e I n t e r e s t s of T e a c h e r s of
V o c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e a s R e la te d to V o c a tio n a l S a t i s f a c t i o n , "
(u n p u b lish e d P h . D . T h e s i s , U n iv e rs ity of M in n e s o ta , M in n e a p o lis ,
1951) p . 65.

67
a s p e c i a ll y c o n s t r u c t e d v o c a tio n a l a g r i c u l t u r e t e a c h e r SVIB
sc ale .

27

B r o w n a ls o found in c o n c lu s iv e r e s u l t s in r e l a ti n g

c e r t a i n SVIB s c a l e s of 109 t e a c h e r s of v o c a tio n a l a g r i c u l t u r e
to t h e i r r a t e d s u c c e s s in te a c h in g .

28

In stu d y in g p s y c h o lo g is ts S tro n g found th a t t h i r t y - o n e
who w e re s t a r r e d in the f i r s t five e d itio n s of M en of S c ie n c e
s c o r e d only 48. 7 ( s t a n d a r d s c o r e ) on the P s y c h o l o g i s t s c a l e
of th e SVIB-.

29

He e x p la in s th a t th e s lig h tly lo w e r th a n a v e r ­

age s c o r e of th o s e s u p p o s e d ly s u p e r i o r p s y c h o lo g is ts i s p r o b ­
a b ly due to p u r e v e r s u s a p p lie d i n t e r e s t s r a t h e r th an to
su p e rio rity v e rs u s in fe rio rity .

W hen te n of th e known a n im a l

and a p p lie d p s y c h o l o g is ts w e r e e x c lu d e d , the m e a n s c o r e fo r
the r e m a in i n g tw e n ty -o n e m e n w as 53.

T h e s e d a ta te n d to

27 C h a r l e s .W. M i l le r and W en d e ll P . G lic k , " T h e D e ­
v e lo p m e n t of a S c a le f d r the S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t T e s t to
M e a s u r e B a s i c I n t e r e s t s in T e a c h in g A g r i c u l t u r e , " (u n p u b lish ed
M. S. T h e s i s , V ir g in ia ' P o ly te c h n ic I n s titu te , B la c k s b u r g ,
V ir g in ia , 1940, 419 PP«)*
28

J . F r a n k B ro w n , " T h e R e la tio n s h ip of P e r s o n a l i t y
T r a i t s and V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s to S u c c e s s in T e a c h in g V o c a ­
tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e , " (u n p u b lish ed M. S. T h e s i s , V ir g in ia P o l y ­
te c h n ic I n s titu te , B l a c k s b u r g , V ir g in ia , 1940, 88 p p . ) .
29

S tr o n g , o p . c i t . , p . 502.

68
in d ic a te th a t S t r o n g 's c r i t e r i o n g ro u p p o s s ib le in c lu d e d a n u n ­
f a i r n u m b e r of " p u r e " p s y c h o lo g is ts in c o m p a r is o n w ith " a p ­
p l i e d " p s y c h o l o g is ts , b u t f o r p u r p o s e s of th is study., i t c an
only be. s a id t h a t the o u tsta n d in g p s y c h o lo g is ts ta k e n a s a g ro u p
do no t s e e m to d if f e r i n i n t e r e s t s f r o m the l e s s e m in e n t
p s y c h o lo g is ts .
A lthough he did not r e l a t e the m e a s u r e d i n t e r e s t s of
p s y c h o lo g is ts to s u c c e s s , K r i e d t fo llo w e d up S t r o n g 's fin d in g s
and in a p ilo t stu d y of 92 " p r o m i n e n t p s y c h o l o g i s t s " found
th a t only 56 p e r c e n t r e c e i v e d s c o r e s of A o r B+ i n s t e a d of
the 84 p e r c e n t th a t S tro n g in d ic a te d would be s e c u r e d if the
key w e r e c o m p le te ly a p p r o p r i a t e .

30

He then c o n s t r u c t e d a

new p s y c h o lo g is t s c a le u sin g 1048 m e m b e r s of the A m e r i c a n
P s y c h o lo g ic a l. A s s o c ia t io n l i s t e d i n i t s 1948 d i r e c t o r y and c o m ­
p a r e d t h e i r s c o r e s on the n e w s c a l e w ith the o ld s c a l e .

A ll

s u b - g r o u p s of p s y c h o lo g is ts s c o r e d h ig h e r on th is n e w s c a l e ,
b u t the i n d u s t r i a l , g u id an c e, and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p s y c h o lo g is ts
sh o w ed the g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e in s c o r e s w ith e x p e r i m e n t a l ,

30

P h ilip H. K r ie d t, " V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of P s y c h o l o ­
g i s t s , " J o u r n a l of A p p lied P s y c h o l o g y , 33: 482 -488 , 1949.

teach irig , an d r e s e a r c h p s y c h o l o g is ts show ing the l e a s t i n c r e a s e .
He c o n c lu d e s t h a t h is g ro u p s e e m s to h a v e m o r e of th e i n t e r ­
e s t s of a n a p p lie d p s y c h o lo g is t an d S t r o n g 's g ro u p m o r e of the
i n t e r e s t s of a l a b o r a t o r y s c i e n t i s t , w h ich te n d s to b e a r o u t
S t r o n g 's fin d in g s abo ve.
F i f t y - n i n e of the s u p e r v i s o r y s ta ff ( fo re m e n ) of a l a r g e
c h e m ic a l p la n t w e r e r a t e d , a c c o rd in g to S tro n g '*with m o r e
31
th a n o r d i n a r y c a r e . 11

(He d o e s n o t m e n tio n th e s p e c if ic

c h a r a c te r is tic th a t w ere .c o n s id e re d .)

I t w a s found t h a t th e s e

r a t i n g s c o r r e l a t e d w ith c e r t a i n SVIB s c a l e s a s fo llo w s:
R a tin g s v s . c h e m i s t .
+ .3 4 1
R a tin g s v s . e n g in e e r ' .................................................+ .3 0 7
R a tin g s v s . c e r t i f i e d p u b lic a c ­
c o u n ta n t s c o r e
+ .2 5 3
R a tin g s v s . t e a c h e r .
+ .1 3 9
R a tin g s v s . p e r s o n n e l m a n a g e r .........................+. 134
R a tin g s v s . a c c o u n t a n t .................................................+ .0 3 4
R a tin g s v s . la w y e r • ....................................................... + .0 0 9
R a tin g s v s . life i n s u r a n c e s a l e s m a n
. . . -.3 0 8
S tro n g p o in te d o u t th a t a lth o u g h the c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e low,
th e y d e s c r i b e d f a i r l y a c c u r a t e l y the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a f o r e I

m a n o r c h e m ic a l e n g in e e r in a c h e m ic a l p la n t.

H o w e v e r, he

70
w a s a t a l o s s to e x p la in the r e a s o n f o r the d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n
the C e r ti f ie d P u b lic A c c o u n ta n t and the A c c o u n ta n t sc a le
sco res.
S hu ltz and B a r n a b a s s tu d ie d t h i r t y f a c t o r y f o r e m e n who
w e r e r a n k e d a c c o r d in g to r a t i n g s on b u d g e t- c o n tr o l e ffic ie n c y
and e m p lo y e e r e l a t i o n s .

32

T h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n the P r o ­

d u ction M an ag er, and O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l SVIB s c a l e s and the
c o m b in e d r a t i n g s w e r e r e s p e c t i v e l y p lu s .3 8 and p lu s .2 2 .
T h e y c o n clu d e th a t a lthou gh t h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e low, th e y
a r e n o t w itho ut p r e d i c ti v e v a lu e in in d u s t r y .
S tro n g r e p o r t s a stu d y by B e r m a n , D a r le y , an d P a t t e r s o n
of 44 j a n i t o r - e n g i n e e r s who w e r e ‘'r a t e d above a v e r a g e in th e i r
w o rk . "

33

T h e s e m e n m a d e h ig h e r s c o r e s on the SVIB s c a l e s

in O c c u p a tio n a l G ro u p s I, II, and IV ( te c h n ic a l and s c ie n tif ic
i n t e r e s t s ) th an did a g ro u p of 23 who r a t e d belo w a v e r a g e ;

The

32

I rv in T . S hu ltz and B e n tle y B a r n a b a s , " T e s t i n g f o r
L e a d e r s h i p in I n d u s t r y , " T r a n s a c t i o n s of the K a n s a s A c a d e m y
of S c ie n c e , 48: 160-164, 1945—46.
33

I. R . B e r m a n , J . G. D a r le y , an d D. G . P a t e r s o n ,
" V o c a t i o n a l I n t e r e s t S c a l e s , " E m p lo y m e n t S ta b iliz a tio n R e s e a r c h
I n s t i t u t e , ( U n iv e r s ity of M in n e s o ta P r e s s ) v o l. 3, N o . 5, p p. 1 7 18, 1934.
C ite d by S tro n g , o p . c i t . , pp. 5 03 -5 0 4 .

71
a u th o r s co n clu d e t h a t i t i s e v id e n t t h a t i n t e r e s t s in the te c h n ic a l
p u r s u i t s c h a r a c t e r i z e the b e t t e r w o r k e r s on th is job .
T he s a m e a u t h o r s , a s r e p o r t e d b y S tro n g , s tu d ie d 123
p o lic e m e n f r o m D uluth, M in n e s o ta , who w e r e r a t e d in t h r e e
g r o u p s by t h e i r c a p ta in a c c o r d i n g to e ffic ie n c y on the jo b .
T h e y found th a t the g r o u p s r a t e d A a n d B w e r e in e v e r y c a s e
m o r e i n t e r e s t e d th an the g ro u p r a t e d C in o c c u p a tio n s in volvin g
s o c i a l c o n ta c ts .

T he r e l a ti o n s h i p of i n v e n to r ie d i n t e r e s t s of c e r t a i n o c ­
c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s to th e i n t e r e s t s of s u c c e s s f u l and u n s u c c e s s f u l
w o r k e r s in th o se s a m e g r o u p s :

T h is g ro u p of s tu d ie s r e l a t e s

the i n t e r e s t s of c e r t a i n o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s to the i n t e r e s t s of
s u c c e s s f u l a n d u n s u c c e s s f u l w o r k e r s i n th e s e g r o u p s .
r e p o r t s t h a t a stu d y by M . J .

R e a m in 1924 w ith life i n s u r a n c e

s a l e s m e n w a s the f i r s t to a t t e m p t t h is .

34

e a r l y stu d y of th is type w ith s a l e s w o m e n .

34
35

S trong

C r a ig a ls o m a d e an
35

H o w e v e r, b o th

S tro n g , o p . c i t . , p. 506.

D.
R. C r a ig , " T h e P r e f e r e n c e - I n t e r e s t Q u e s tio n n a ir e
in S e le c tin g R e ta il S a l e s w o m e n ," J o u r n a l of P e r s o n n e l R e s e a r c h ,
5: 14 2 -5 6 , 1926.

s tu d ie s f a i l e d to d i f f e r e n t i a t e s u p e r i o r f r o m i n f e r i o r w o r k e r s ,
b u t s in c e the n u m b e r of c a s e s in e a c h w as l e s s th a n t h i r t y ,
the r e s u l t s a r e n o t s u r p r i s i n g .
The n e g a tiv e r e s u l t s of t h e s e s tu d ie s m ig h t hav e b e e n
the r e a s o n why no o t h e r s tu d ie s of th is kind a p p e a r e d f r o m
1931 to 1942.

In 1942, h o w e v e r , R y a n and J o h n s o n r e p o r t e d

t h e i r stu d y in w h ich s t a n d a r d ty p e i n t e r e s t s c a l e s w e r e d e ­
v e lo p e d f o r (a) a c c o u n tin g m a c h in e s a l e s m e n and (b) s e r v i c e m e n f o r the s a m e m a c h i n e s .

36

F o r the 143 s a l e s and 283

s e r v i c e m e n s tu d ie d , the a u th o r s found t h a t th e s e n e w s c a l e s
d i f f e r e n t i a t e d the two g r o u p s f r o m m e n - i n - g e n e r a l , b ut th a t
t h e s e s c o r e s h a d no r e l a t i o n to s u c c e s s .

T h e y th e n d e v e lo p e d

new s c a l e s in w hich the i n t e r e s t s of the 62 s u c c e s s f u l an d 32
u n su c ce ssfu l s a le s m e n w ere c o n tra ste d .

T h e s e s c a l e s d id

sh ow s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n if ic a n t d i f f e r e n c e s in the m e a n s t a n d a r d
s c o r e s (plus 6 7 .1 0 f o r the s u c c e s s f u l , m in u s 5 1 .8 8 f o r the un­
s u c c e s s f u l , c r i t i c a l r a t i o 12. 79) n o t only b e tw e e n th e two p r i m a r y

T. A. R y an and B. R. Jo h n so n , " I n t e r e s t S c o r e s in
the S e le c tio n of S a l e s m e n and S e r v ic e m e n : O c c u p a tio n a l v s .
A b ility - G r o u p K e y s , " J o u r n a l of A p p lie d P s y c h o l o g y , 26: 543572, 1942.

73
g r o u p s , b u t a ls o b e tw e e n two c o n tr o l g r o u p s .

The d i f f e r e n c e s

f o r the s e r v i c e m e n g r o u p s h a d a c r i t i c a l r a t i o of 4 . 8 .
A s w a s m e n tio n e d e a r l i e r (page 58), S tro n g i s r e l u c t a n t
to u s e the te c h n iq u e of r e l a ti n g th e i n t e r e s t s of an o c c u p a tio n a l
g r o u p to the i n t e r e s t s of s u c c e s s f u l and u n s u c c e s s f u l w o r k e r s
in th a t g ro u p .

In studying a v i a t o r s , though, he did c o n s t r u c t a

su e c e s s - f a i l u r e s c a l e by c o n tr a s t in g the i n t e r e s t s of 510 s u c 37
c e s s f u l a v i a t o r s and 173 " f a i l u r e s . 11

H o w e v e r, th is s c a l e

w a s n o t e ffe c tiv e in d iff e r e n tia tin g s u c c e s s e s and f a i l u r e s in
new g roups.

He a t t r i b u t e s th is in the m a i n to h is o b je c tio n s

s t a t e d on pag e 58 to the u s e of t h i s te c h n iq u e , i . e . , t h a t the
c r i t e r i o n g ro u p w a s p ro b a b ly too s m a ll an d t h a t the c r i t e r i o n
of s u c c e s s w a s n o t w ell d e fin e d .
S u p e r a ls o stu d ie d a v i a t o r s and found t h a t th o s e who
f a i l e d in fly ing tr a in in g w e r e n o t s ig n if ic a n tly lo w e r on the
A v i a to r SVIB s c a l e th an w e r e th o s e who w e r e s u c c e s s f u l in
t r a i n in g .

38

37
38

He th e n d e v e lo p e d s u c c e s s - f a i l u r e s c a l e s and i n

S tro n g , o p . c i t . , p. 508.
S u p e r , o£. c i t . , p. 434.

74
u sin g t h e s e o n 650 a v ia tio n c a d e ts found t h a t the c o r r e l a t i o n s
b e tw e e n th e m and s u c c e s s in p r i m a r y fly in g t r a i n in g w e r e n ot
s ig n if ic a n t.

S u m m a r y of i n t e r e s t v e r s u s w o r k e ff e c tiv e n e s s r e s e a r c h .
F r o m th e s tu d ie s r e v ie w e d th u s f a r , t h e r e i s e v id e n c e t h a t by
the u s e of o c c u p a tio n a l d i f f e r e n c e s k e y s of the SVIB, h ig h in ­
v e n to r i e d i n t e r e s t s in c e r t a i n o c c u p a tio n s a r e p o s itiv e ly r e l a t e d
to s u c c e s s t h e r e i n .

T h is i s r a t h e r c l e a r l y e s t a b l is h e d i n the

m o r e th o ro u g h s tu d ie s of life i n s u r a n c e s a l e s m e n (Strong,
D ecker).

F e w e r s tu d ie s h a v e b e e n m a d e of o t h e r o c c u p a tio n s,

b u t t h e r e i s s o m e e v id e n c e t h a t the s a m e r e l a ti o n s h i p e x i s t s
w ith c a s u a l ty i n s u r a n c e s a l e s m e n (B ills), e n g in e e r s (Strong),
t e c h n ic a l f o r e m e n (S tro ng), j a n i t o r - f o r e m e n ( B e r m a n , D a r le y ,
a n d P a t t e r s o n ) and p o lic e m e n ( B e r m a n , D a r le y , an d P a t t e r s o n ) .
T h e r e i s s o m e in d ic a tio n th a t th is h o ld s t r u e f o r d e te r g e n t
s a l e s m e n (O tis), a lth o u g h the n u m b e r s s tu d ie d w e r e too s m a l l
to be c o n c lu s iv e .

H o w e v e r, th is r e l a ti o n s h i p w a s not foun d in

the c a s e of t e a c h e r s (U llm a n , P h i l l i p s , N e lso n , M i l l e r a n d G lick,
an d B ro w n) a n d p s y c h o lo g is ts (S tro n g ).
T h e r e i s a ls o so m e e v id e n c e t h a t by the u s e of s u c c e s s f a i l u r e k e y s , in study in g a n a d e q u a te n u m b e r of c a s e s , t h e r e is

75
a p o s itiv e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n h ig h i n t e r e s t s c o r e s an d s u c c e s s
in office m a c h in e s a l e s w o rk and in office m a c h in e s e r v i c e
w ork.

(R yan a n d Jo h n s o n ).

T h is r e l a t i o n s h i p w a s n o t found

in th e c a s e of a v i a t o r s (S tro n g , S u p e r).

T h e R e la tio n s h ip of I n v e n to r ie d I n t e r e s t s to Jo b S a tis f a c tio n

. T he l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e rn in g v o c a tio n a l s a t is f a c ti o n h a s
b e e n w e ll s u m m a r i z e d by H oppock and v a r i o u s c o l l a b o r a t o r s .

39

T h e s tu d ie s r e v ie w e d h e r e a r e s e l e c t e d f r o m th o s e in w h ic h
in v e n t o r ie d i n t e r e s t s a r e r e l a t e d to job s a t is f a c ti o n , w h e r e job
s a t i s f a c t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d a s a m e a s u r e of w o rk a d ju s tm e n t.
T h e s e s tu d ie s u s e e i t h e r s t a b il i ty in a n o c c u p a tio n , o r s e l f e x p r e s s i o n s of s a t is f a c ti o n o r d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n a s c r i t e r i a and
a r e g ro u p e d h e r e a c c o rd in g ly .

S tu d ie s u sin g o c c u p a tio n a l s t a b il i ty a s the c r i t e r i o n :
H o p p o c k 's 1949 r e v i e w of r e s e a r c h d e a lin g w ith job s a t i s f a c t i o n

In a d d itio n to s u m m a r i e s in c lu d e d in h i s book, Job
S a t is f a c ti o n , H oppock and v a r i o u s c o l l a b o r a t o r s h a v e p r e s e n t e d
s e v e n r e s e a r c h s u m m a r i e s i n the follow ing i s s u e s of the J o u r n a l
O c c u p a tio n s ; A p r i l , 1938; O c to b e r , 1940; F e b r u a r y , 1943; A p r i l ,
1945; A p r il, 1948; D e c e m b e r , 1948; a n d D e c e m b e r , 1949.
(See
foo tn o te 7, p. 32).

76
sh ow ed t h a t in 144 c a s e s w h e re p e r c e n t a g e s w e r e g iv e n f o r
w o r k e r s ju d g e d to be d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r jo b s , t h e r e w a s a
m e d i a n of 19 p e r c e n t d i s s a t i s f i e d .

40

T h is w a s the s a m e p e r -

c e n ta g e th a t he found in h is 1935 r e v i e w of r e s e a r c h .

41

These

d a ta , p lu s the r e s u l t s of s tu d ie s w ith p r o f e s s i o n a l p e o p le ,

42

p o in t to the p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e r e a r e so m e d i s s a t i s f i e d p e r ­
so n s a m o n g m o s t g r o u p s of s u c c e s s f u l w o r k e r s , in clu d in g
p ro fessio n al w o rk e rs.

40

R o b e r t H oppock an d H.. A la n R o b in so n , " J o b S a t i s ­
f a c tio n R e s e a r c h e s of 1 9 4 8 ," O c c u p a tio n s , 19: 2 4 -2 8 , O c to b e r ,
1940.
41

R o b e r t H oppock, Jo b S a t is f a c ti o n , N ew Y o rk :
and B r o t h e r s , 1935, p. 215.
42

H arp er

A r t h u r H. B r a y f i e ld , " T h e I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p of
M e a s u r e s of A b ility , A p titu d e , I n t e r e s t s , and Job S a tis f a c tio n
A m o ng C l e r i c a l E m p l o y e e s , " (u n p u b lish e d P h . D . T h e s i s ,
U n i v e r s i ty of M in n e s o ta , M in n e a p o lis , 1946).
H e le n N a h m , " A n E v a lu a tio n of S e le c te d S c h o o ls of
N u r s i n g , " A p p lie d P s y c h o lo g y M o n o g r a p h s , N o. 17, S ta n fo rd ,
C a lif o r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s , 1948, C h a p te r IV.
K en n eth G . N e ls o n , " T h e I n t e r e s t s of T e a c h e r s of Vo­
c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e a s R e la te d to V o c a tio n a l S a t is f a c ti o n " (un­
p u b lis h e d P h . D . T h e s i s , U n iv e rs ity of M in n e s o ta , M in n e a p o lis ,
1951, 329 p p . ) .
H a r o ld P e p in s k y , " J o b S a tis f a c tio n A m ong S o c ia l C a s e
W o r k e r s , " (u n p u b lish ed M. S. T h e s i s , U n iv e rs ity of M in n e so ta ,
M in n e a p o lis , 1940, 107 pp..).

77
S tro n g a c c e p t s the f a c t t h a t t h e r e a r e p ro b a b ly s o m e in
h i s c r i t e r i o n g r o u p s who have low job s a t i s f a c t i o n and j u s t i f i e s
in c lu d in g th e m on two b a s e s .

' ‘F i r s t , so m e b o r d e r l i n e c a s e s

a r e quite s u c c e s s f u l in t h e i r w o rk ev en though th e y do n o t
h a v e the t h r i l l t h a t b e t t e r s a t i s f i e d m e n e x p e r i e n c e .

A nd

s e c o n d , t h e r e i s no v i r t u e in s e ttin g the d e g r e e of s a t is f a c ti o n
f o r o u r c r i t e r i o n so h ig h th a t a l l w ith in th e r a n g e a r e so s a t ­
i s f i e d th a t th ey do n ot e v e r s h if t to any o t h e r o c c u p a tio n .
. . . if a m a n i s p r o g r e s s i n g a s he g o e s along in life and
i s r e a s o n a b l y s a t is f ie d , he i s w e ll a d ju s te d v o c a t i o n a l l y . "

43

W ith t h e s e l i m i ta t io n s in m in d , S tro n g u s e s c o n tin u a n c e in an
o c c u p a tio n a s a c r i t e r i o n of job s a t is f a c ti o n and o f f e r s h is
fo llo w -u p s tu d ie s ( d i s c u s s e d in C h a p te r II, p a g e s 4 8 -5 1) a s
e v id e n c e t h a t t h e r e i s a s ig n if ic a n t r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n i n ­
v e n to r i e d i n t e r e s t s and job s a t is f a c ti o n .

I t w ill be r e c a l l e d

th a t he found th a t m e n co ntin u in g in a n o c c u p a tio n f o r n in e o r
te n y e a r s a v e r a g e h i g h e r s c o r e s in th a t o c c u p a tio n th an in an y
o th er.

43

S tro n g , o p . c i t . , p . 386.

78
C e r t a i n p h a s e s of W ig h tw ic k 's stu d y u s e d o c c u p a tio n a l
s t a b il i ty a s a c r i t e r i o n of job s a t is f a c ti o n .

44

She fo llo w ed up

115 w o m e n e ig h t y e a r s a f t e r t e s ti n g and f o u r y e a r s a f t e r
c o lle g e g r a d u a tio n .

She found t h a t 58 p e r c e n t w e r e e m p lo y e d

in o c c u p a tio n s in w h ic h th e y h a d m a d e A o r B+ r a t i n g s and 77
p e r c e n t fo llo w e d p r i m a r y , s e c o n d a r y , o r t e r t i a r y i n t e r e s t
p a tte rn s

45

. . .
a s i n d ic a te d on the SVIB g iv en e ig h t y e a r s e a r l i e r .

T h e s e fin d in g s le n d s u p p o r t to S t r o n g ’s fin d in g s f r o m h is
fo llo w -u p s t u d i e s .

S tu d ie s u sin g s e l f - e x p r e s s i o n s of job s a t is f a c ti o n a s the
c rite ria :

T h e s tu d ie s in th is g ro u p e m p lo y v a r i o u s m e th o d s of

M. I r e n e W ightw ick, V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t P a t t e r n s ,
T e a c h e r s C o lle g e C o n trib u tio n s to E d u c a tio n No. 900, N ew Y o rk:
B u r e a u of P u b l i c a t io n s , T e a c h e r s C o lle g e , C o lu m b ia U n iv e r s ity ,
1945.
45

D a r l e y d e fin e s t h e s e t e r m s a s fo llo w s: ,cT he p r i m a r y
p a t t e r n i s the i n t e r e s t type w ith in w hich he sh o w s a p r e p o n d e r ­
a n c e ( p l u r a l it y o r m a j o r i t y ) of A and B+ s c o r e s on the s p e c ific
o c c u p a tio n a l k e y s ; . t h e s e c o n d a r y p a t t e r n i s th e i n t e r e s t type
w ith in w h ic h he sh ow s a p r e p o n d e r a n c e of B+ and B s c o r e s and
th e t e r t i a r y p a t t e r n w ith in w hich h e show s a p r e p o n d e r a n c e of B
an d B - s c o r e on th e s p e c if ic o c c u p a tio n a l k e y s . " Jo h n G . D a r le y ,
C lin ic a l A s p e c ts an d I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the S tro n g V o c a tio n a l
I n t e r e s t B l a n k , N ew Y o rk : T h e P s y c h o l o g i c a l C o r p o r a tio n , 1941,
p . 17.

79
s e l f - e x p r e s s i o n s of s a t is f a c ti o n o r d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith o n e 's
w o r k a s the c r i t e r i o n o r job s a t is f a c ti o n .

S tro n g o b je c ts to

the u s e of th is k ind of c r i t e r i o n on the b a s e s t h a t (a) " d i s s a t ­
is f a c t io n m a y be c a u s e d b y c o n d itio n s p e c u l ia r to a p a r t i c u l a r
jo b an d n o t to th e w o rk p e r s e " (b) " f r o m the s o c i a l p oin t of
v ie w i t m ig h t be a r g u e d t h a t a m a n sh ould not be too s a t i s ­
f i e d , " an d (c) " a t the p r e s e n t t im e we do not h a v e a d e q u a te
m e a s u r e s of s a t is f a c ti o n a g a i n s t w h ich we can c h e c k . "

46

H o w e v e r, S u p e r d o e s n o t r e j e c t the m e r i t of th is tec h n iq u e ,
f o r he s t a t e s th a t " t h e r e i s a n e e d f o r f u r t h e r s tu d ie s u sin g
c li n i c a l and p s y c h o m e t r ic i n d ic e s of v o c a tio n a l s a t is f a c ti o n . "

47

S a r b in and A n d e r s o n in a stu dy of 76 m e n who c a m e to
the U n iv e rs ity of M in n e s o ta T e s tin g B u r e a u f o r v o c a tio n a l
g u id a n c e , r e l a t e d the s u b j e c t s ' s t a t e m e n t s of v o c a tio n a l s a t i s ­
fa c tio n o r d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n to t h e i r p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t p a t t e r n s a s
m e a s u r e d by the SVIB.
46

48

T h ey found t h a t 82 p e r c e n t of th e

S tro n g , o p . c i t . , pp. 3 8 4 -3 8 5 .

47 S u p e r, o p . c i t . , p. 440.
48

T . R. S arbiri a n d H. C. A n d e rs o n , " A P r e l i m i n a r y
Study of the R e la tio n of M e a s u r e d I n t e r e s t P a t t e r n s and O ccu p a
tio n a l D i s s a t i s f a c t i o n , " E d u c a tio n a l and P s y c h o l o g i c a l M e a s u r e ­
m e n t , 2: 2 3 -2 6 , 1942.

80
m e n who e x p r e s s e d d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n sh ow ed i n t e r e s t p a t t e r n s n o t
c o n g ru e n t w ith t h e i r p r e s e n t o r m o d a l o c c u p a tio n .

S ince i t

m ig h t b e e x p e c te d th a t c li e n t s who so u g h t v o c a tio n a l a d v is e m e n t
w ould be m o r e d i s s a t i s f i e d v o c a tio n a lly th a n a m o r e n o r m a l
g ro u p , a n d s in c e the stu d y w a s b a s e d upon i n t e r e s t p a t t e r n
a n a l y s i s r a t h e r th an e x a c t sta n d in g on e a c h s c a l e , the r e s u l t s
c a n be c o n s i d e r e d a s s u g g e s tiv e only.
A stu d y by B e r d ie i s c o n c e r n e d w ith s tu d e n ts r a t h e r th an
•w o r k e r s , b ut i s s o m e w h a t r e l a t e d h e r e .

49

E x p r e s s i o n s of s a t ­

i s f a c t i o n i n a p r o f e s s i o n a l c u r r i c u l u m by m e a n s of a m o d i f i c a ­
tio n of the H oppock Job S a tis f a c tio n B la n k w e r e o b ta in e d f r o m
154 U n i v e r s i ty of M in n e s o ta e n g in e e r in g s o p h o m o r e s who h ad
been te ste d as fre sh m e n .

In c o m p a r in g t h e i r s a t is f a c ti o n

r a t i n g s w ith t h e i r s c o r e s on the E n g in e e r s c a l e of the SVIB,
h e found the c o r r e l a t i o n , p lu s .1 0 , w a s too low to b e s ig n if ­
ic a n t.
B r a y f i e l d r e l a t e d the K u d e r P r e f e r e n c e R e c o r d s c o r e s
of 231 f e m a le c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s of a l a r g e c o m p a n y to t h e i r

49

R a lp h F . B e r d i e , " P r e d i c t i o n of C ollege A c h ie v e m e n t
a n d S a t i s f a c t i o n , " J o u r n a l of A p p lie d P s y c h o l o g y , 28: 23 9 -2 4 5 ,
1944.

81
job s a t i s f a c t i o n a s e x p r e s s e d in a job s a t is f a c ti o n s c a l e d e v e lo p e d e s p e c i a l l y f o r h i s stu d y .

50

He found t h a t s t e n o g r a p h e r s ,

g e n e r a l c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s , and t y p i s t s who w e re m o s t s a t i s f i e d
m a d e s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r s c o r e s on c e r t a i n K u d e r s c a l e s th an
did th e l e a s t s a t i s f i e d w o r k e r s .
H ahn an d W illia m s

51

s tu d ie d 791 M a r in e C o r p s W om en

R e s e r v i s t c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s w hose job s a t is f a c ti o n h a d b e en
d e te r m i n e d in a p r e v i o u s study .

52

T h ey r e l a t e d e x t r e m e h igh

and low job s a t is f a c ti o n g ro u p s to t h e i r s c o r e s on c e r t a i n
s c a l e s of the K u d e r P r e f e r e n c e R e c o r d and found th a t th e s e
s c a l e s " d i f f e r e n t i a t e s a t i s f i e d f r o m d i s s a t i s f i e d w o r k e r s " in the
c a s e s of s t e n o g r a p h e r s , c l e r k t y p i s t s , and c l e r k s g e n e r a l .

A r t h u r H. B r a y f ie ld , " T h e I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n of M e a s ­
u r e s of A b ility , A p titu d e , I n t e r e s t s , and Job S a tis f a c tio n A m ong
C l e r i c a l E m p l o y e e s , " (u n p u b lish ed P h . D . T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i ty of
M in n e s o ta , M in n e a p o lis , 1946).
51

M. E . H ahn and C. T. W illia m s , " T h e M e a s u r e d
I n t e r e s t s of M a r in e C o rp s W om en R e s e r v i s t s , " J o u r n a l of A p ­
p lie d P s y c h o lo g y , 29: 19 8-211, 1945.
52

T he d e ta il s of th is study a r e n o t in c lu d e d in t h e i r
a r t i c l e , but in r e f e r e n c e to th is p o in t B r a y fie ld , ojo. c i t . , p. 11,
s t a t e s th a t " . . . a p e r s o n a l c o m m u n ic a tio n f r o m one of the
a u t h o r s i n d ic a t e s t h a t i t w a s an a d a p ta tio n of the H oppock Jo b
S a tis fa c tio n B la n k to th e M i l it a r y s itu a tio n . "

82
In a stu d y of 146 c o u n s e l o r s in a v o c a tio n a l r e h a b i l i t a ­
tio n a g e n c y , Di M ic h a e l a s k e d th e m to r a t e t h e i r lik in g f o r the
job a s a whole a n d f o r p a r t i c u l a r p h a s e s of the job ( e . g . i n ­
te r v ie w in g ) on a g r a p h ic r a t i n g s c a l e . ^

He r e l a t e d th e s e

r a t i n g s to t h e i r s c o r e s on c e r t a i n s c a l e s of the K u d e r P r e f e r ­
e nce R e c o r d an d found low p o s itiv e c o r r e l a t i o n s (p lu s .2 1 to
p lu s .4 3 ) .
K a te s in a stu d y of 100 ro u tin e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s r e l a t e d
t h e i r job s a t is f a c ti o n , a s m e a s u r e d b y the H oppock Job S a t i s ­
fa c tio n B la n k , to t h e i r s c o r e s on the O ffice W o rk e r S cale of
the SVIB.

54

He found a c o r r e l a t i o n of p lu s .2 1 w h ich w a s n o t

s ig n if ic a n t a t the one p e r c e n t le v e l of c o n fid e n ce b u t w as
s ig n ific a n t a t the fiv e p e r .c e n t l e v e l.

S in ce th is c o r r e l a t i o n

w as s ig n if ic a n t, b u t low, he d ic h o to m iz e d th e group in to th o se
w ith h ig h l e t t e r s s c o r e s (A and B+) on the SVIB and th o se w ith

53

S a lv a to r e G. D iM ic h a e l, " W o r k S a tis f a c tio n a n d W ork
E f f ic ie n c y of V o c a tio n a l C o u n s e l o r s a s R e la te d to M e a s u r e d
I n t e r e s t s , " J o u r n a l of A p p lie d P s y c h o lo g y , 33: 319-329> 1949.
54

Solie L . K a te s , " R o r s c h a c h R e s p o n s e s R e la te d to
V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s and Job S a t is f a c ti o n ," P s y c h o lo g ic a l M o n o ­
g r a p h s , G e n e r a l a n d A p p lie d N u m b e r 3 09, Vol. 64, N o. 3, 1950,
34 pp.

83
low s c o r e s (B, B —, C) an d r e l a t e d t h e s e g r o u p s to t h r e e job
s a t i s f a c t i o n s u b - g r o u p s , d i s s a t i s f i e d , i n d if f e r e n t, and s a t is f ie d .
T h is r e l a ti o n s h i p w as n o t s ig n ific a n t (chi s q u a r e 2 .8 9 ) a t the
fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l, w hich le d K a te s to the c o n c lu sio n th a t
t h e r e w a s no e v id e n c e t h a t the v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s c o r e s w e r e
r e l a t e d to job s a t is f a c ti o n r a t i n g s w hen th o se m e a s u r e s w e r e
d iv id e d in to m e a n in g fu l c a t e g o r i e s .

In i n t e r p r e t i n g h is r e s u l t s ,

K a te s p o in te d out th a t the m e a n s c o r e of h is s a m p le o n the
o ffice w o r k e r s c a l e w as 4 4 .7 ( s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n 9 .7 ) a s c o m ­
p a r e d w ith the m e a n s c o r e of 50 ( s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n 10) f o r
S t r o n g 's s a m p le of c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s .
n if ic a n t a t the one p e r c e n t l e v e l.

T h is d if f e r e n c e i s s i g ­

A ls o , S t r o n g 's g ro u p w as

m o r e h e te r o g e n e o u s , a b o u t o n e - t h i r d ’of w hom could be t e r m e d
a d m in istra tiv e w o rk e rs .

K a te s b e li e v e s th a t s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith

ro u tin e c l e r i c a l w o rk m ig h t n o t be a s s o c i a t e d w ith the i n t e r e s t s
of s u c c e s s f u l office w o r k e r s , an d th a t the u tility of th e Stro ng
B la n k m a y be d e fin e d m o r e p r e c i s e l y a s in d ic a tiv e of an
in d iv i d u a l's c o n tin u a n c e in an o c c u p a tio n .
K a te s found s i m i l a r r e s u l t s in r e l a ti n g the SVIB P o l i c e ­
m a n s c a le s c o r e s of 25 N ew Y o r k C ity p o lic e m e n to t h e i r job
s a t is f a c ti o n a s e x p r e s s e d in the H oppock Job S a tis f a c tio n

84
B lan k .

55

The c o r r e l a t i o n of p lu s . 35 w a s low, p o s itiv e , b u t

n o t s ig n if ic a n t.

H o w e v e r, he fou nd a s ig n ific a n t r e l a ti o n s h i p

of m in u s . 51 b e tw e e n th e job s a t i s f a c t i o n s c o r e s an d the
O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l s c a l e of the SVIB.

T h is in d ic a t e s the

p o s s i b i l i t y th a t th e n o n - o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e s of the SVIB m a y
be r e l a t e d to jo b s a t is f a c ti o n .
S ch w eb el c o n s t r u c t e d a n SVIB s c a le f o r p h a r m a c i s t s
a n d a se c o n d s c a l e to m e a s u r e s a t is f ie d v e r s u s d i s s a t i s f i e d
p h a rm a c is ts -.

56

T h is s e c o n d s c a l e c o n t r a s t e d the SVIB r e ­

s p o n s e s of 333 p h a r m a c i s t s who w e r e la b e le d a s " s a t i s f i e d 11
by m e a n s of t h e i r s c o r e s on an a d a p ta tio n of the H oppock Job
S a tis f a c tio n and 117 p h a r m a c i s t s who w e re c o n s i d e r e d " d i s ­
s a t i s f i e d " by th is B lan k .

In c r o s s - v a l i d a t i n g t h e s e s c a l e s

w ith a n o th e r g ro u p of 105 p h a r m a c i s t s , a lo w but s ig n if ic a n t
p o s itiv e c o r r e l a t i o n w as found w ith c o e ff ic ie n ts of p lu s . 30 and
p lu s .2 7 f o r the p h a r m a c i s t and p h a r m a c i s t s a t is f a c ti o n s c a l e s

S o lis L . K a te s , " R o r s c h a c h R e s p o n s e s , S tron g B la n k
S c a le s , a n d Job S a tis f a c tio n A m ong P o l i c e m e n , " J o u r n a l of
A p p lied P s y c h o l o g y , 34: 2 4 9 -2 5 4 , 1950.
56

M ilto n S c h w e b el, " T h e I n t e r e s t s of P h a r m a c i s t s , "
(u n p u b lish e d P h . D . T h e s i s , C o lu m b ia U n iv e rs ity , N ew Y o rk C ity,
1949, 118 p p .) .

85
re s p e c tiv e ly .

T he p h a r m a c i s t s a t is f a c ti o n s c a l e w a s found to

be s u p e r i o r to the p h a r m a c i s t 's s c a l e in d if fe r e n tia tin g " s a t i s ­
f i e d 1' p h a r m a c i s t s f r o m " d i s s a t i s f i e d " o n e s s in c e 87 p e r c e n t
of the s a t i s f i e d p o r tio n of the c r o s s - v a l i d a t i o n g ro u p ' o b ta in e d
A o r B+ s c o r e s on the p h a r m a c i s t s a t is f a c ti o n s c a l e w hile the
d i s s a t i s f i e d g ro u p o b ta in e d 59 p e r c en t.
N e l s o n 's stu d y w ith T e a c h e r s of V o c atio n al A g r i c u l t u r e
in c lu d e d s o m e f e a t u r e s s i m i l a r to S c h w e b el1s stu d y .

57

He

c o n s t r u c t e d a n SVIB s c a l e f o r T e a c h e r of V o c atio n al A g r i c u l t u r e
and d e t e r m i n e d job s a t i s f a c t i o n by- a n a d a p ta tio n of the Hoppock
Job S a tis f a c tio n B la n k .

T he c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n th is new

s c a l e and the H oppock Job S a tis f a c tio n B lan k w as found to be
n o t s ig n if ic a n t f o r h i s M in n e s o ta c r o s s v a lid a tio n g roup (N 75)
o r f o r h i s Iowa (N 77) and Illin o is (N 125) s a m p l e s .

T he c o r ­

r e l a t i o n s c l u s t e r e d a b o u t z e r o w ith c o e ffic ie n ts of p lu s .0 8 ,
p lu s .0 3 , an d m in u s . 0 4 r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r the M in n e s o ta , Iowa,
and I llin o is s a m p l e s .

He o f f e r s the follow ing f a c t o r s a s p o s s ib le

e x p la n a tio n s f o r th is la c k of r e l a tio n s h ip :

N e lso n , 0£ . c i t .

86
(a)

T he n a r r o w ra n g e of s a t i s f a c t i o n found in the
s a m p l e s of e x p e r i e n c e d t e a c h e r s a tte n u a te s c o r ­
r e l a t i o n s o b ta in e d .

(b)

The u s e of the r e f e r e n c e p o int of m e n - i n - g e n e r a l
in the c o n s t r u c t io n of the T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l
s c a le te n d s to o b s c u r e the d i f f e r e n c e s in i n t e r e s t s
b e tw e e n low a n d h ig h s a t i s f a c t i o n g r o u p s of t e a c h e r s .

(c)

The in c lu s io n of in d iv id u a ls h a vin g low job s a t i s f a c -

* tion in the c r i t e r i o n g ro u p of the T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l
A g r i c u l t u r e s c a l e p ro b a b ly h e lp s to r e d u c e i t s d i s ­
c r i m in a tin g a b ility in t e r m s of s a tis f a c tio n .
He found, h o w e v e r, th a t a c o m p a r i s o n of o t h e r SVIB
s c a l e s an d i t e m r e s p o n s e s f o r the v a r i a b l e s a t is f a c ti o n g r o u p s
r e v e a l e d th a t the G roup V o r s o c i a l w e lfa r e s c a l e s and the
I n t e r e s t M a tu r ity s c a l e s w e r e s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r f o r the m o r e
s a t i s f i e d t e a c h e r s , a s w e ll a s a s u b s ta n t ia l n u m b e r of d i f f e r ­
e n c e s found f o r in d iv id u a l i t e m c a t e g o r i e s .

The i t e m a n a l y s i s

le d h i m to m a i n t a i n th a t the c o n te n t of i t e m s d iff e r e n tia tin g the
v a r i a b l e s a t is f a c ti o n g r o u p s i s r e l a t e d to the fu n ctio n of t e a c h ­
ing r a t h e r than to w hat i s tau g h t.

87
Since th e s e fin d in g s in d ic a te d th a t an i n t e r e s t - s a t i s f a c t i o n
r e l a ti o n s h i p e x is te d , N e ls o n c o n s t r u c t e d a T e a c h in g S a tis fa c tio n
s u b - s c a l e w hich u s e d the i t e m r e s p o n s e s of the v a r i a b l e s a t i s ­
f a c tio n g r o u p s a s i t s b a s e po in t r a t h e r th a n th e t r a d i ti o n a l
m e n - i n - g e n e r a l p o in t of r e f e r e n c e .

T h is te a c h in g s a t i s f a c t i o n

s u b - s c a l e w a s found to h a v e a p o s itiv e c o r r e l a t i o n of .491 w ith
job s a t is f a c ti o n in applying i t to a c r o s s - v a l i d a t i o n s a m p le of
77 Iowa t e a c h e r s .

S u m m a r y of i n t e r e s t v e r s u s job s a t is f a c ti o n r e s e a r c h :
T h is r e v i e w of job s a t is f a c ti o n s t u d i e s i n d ic a t e s th a t when c o n ­
tin u a n c e in an o c c u p a tio n i s u s e d a s the c r i t e r i o n , t h e r e i s a
p o s itiv e r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n in v e n t o r ie d i n t e r e s t s a n d job s a t ­
i s f a c t io n (S tro ng, W ightw ick).

W hen s e l f - e x p r e s s i o n s of job

s a t is f a c ti o n a r e the c r i t e r i a , the r e s u l t s a r e l e s s c l e a r .
T h e s a m p le u s e d by S a rb in and A n d e r s o n p ro b a b ly i n ­
f l u e n c e s the r e s u l t s unduly.

T he c o n t r a d i c t o r y fin d in g s of

K a te s and the H a h n - W illia m s an d B r a y f i e ld s tu d ie s r e g a r d i n g
c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s m a y b e due in p a r t to th e d i f f e r e n c e s in type
of i n t e r e s t in v e n to ry u s e d , (SVIB v e r s u s K u d er) and a p p r o p ­
r i a t e n e s s of the s a m p le s tu d ie d ( e . g .

K a te s s a m p le ) .

T he low

r e l a ti o n s h i p found by D iM ic h a e l m ig h t be a tt r ib u t e d to the type

88
of s a t is f a c ti o n r a tin g d e v ic e u s e d .

H o w e v e r, w hen s t u d i e s a r e

c o n s i d e r e d w h ic h r e l a t e i n t e r e s t s to v a r i a b l e s e l f - r a t e d s a t i s ­
f a c tio n g ro u p s w ithin a c e r t a i n o c c u p a tio n (Schw ebel, N e lso n ),
t h e r e i s e v id e n c e th a t i n t e r e s t s m a y be an in d ic a tio n of job
s a t is f a c ti o n .

S ig n ific a n c e of r e s e a r c h f in d in g s :

The s ig n if ic a n c e of

the r e s u l t s of th is r e v i e w of r e s e a r c h , in t e r m s of b a c k g r o u n d
d a ta an d p o in ts of d e p a r t u r e f o r th is stu d y , m a y be s t a t e d a s
fo llo w s:

The p r o b l e m facin g th e M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e

i s to d i s c o v e r o r c r e a t e te c h n iq u e s f o r s e le c tin g C ounty E x t e n ­
sio n w o r k e r s who w ill be m o r e s u c c e s s f u l and h a p p ie r in t h e i r
w o rk .

The r e s u l t s of so m e of th e s e s tu d ie s in d ic a te th a t in

so m e o c c u p a tio n s it h a s b e en p o s s ib le to d i f f e r e n tia te m o r e
s u c c e s s f u l f r o m l e s s s u c c e s s f u l and m o r e s a t is f ie d f r o m l e s s
s a t i s f i e d w o r k e r s on th e b a s i s of t h e i r in v e n to r ie d v o c a tio n a l
in te re s ts .

S ince th is w a s found in o t h e r o c c u p a tio n s , i t i s p o s ­

sib le t h a t County A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts could be so d i f ­
f e r e n t i a t e d an d th e s e s tu d ie s p ro v id e s u g g e s tio n s a s to i n s t r u m e n t s
and te c h n iq u e s th a t m ig h t be u s e d in th e p r o c e s s .

C H A P T E R IV

TH E S A M P L E , P R O C E D U R E S , AND TECHNIQUES

T he p u rp o s e of th is c h a p t e r i s to d e s c r i b e the p o p u la ­
tio n s a m p le f r o m w h ich the d a ta u s e d in th is stu d y w e r e
o b ta in e d , the p r o c e d u r e s fo llo w ed in c o lle c tin g a n d p r e p a r i n g
the d a ta f o r a n a l y s i s , an d the te c h n iq u e s e m p lo y e d in a n a ly z in g
th e m .

T he p r e s e n t a t i o n of the m e th o d s u s e d 'i n e s ta b lis h in g

the v a r i a b le w o rk a d ju s tm e n t g r o u p s of A g e n ts am o n g w hom
c o m p a r is o n s of t h e i r SVIB s c o r e s w e r e m a d e i s r e s e r v e d f o r
C h a p te r V.

T he S a m p le

In C h a p te r I i t w as p o in te d o u t t h a t the r e a s o n fo r the
G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t l i e s p r i m a r i l y in p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n e d
w ith the s e l e c ti o n of County A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts .

The

p o p u la tio n to be s tu d ie d w as c o n s e q u e n tly d e te r m i n e d by the
d e fin itio n of the p r o b l e m .

T h e c h ie f c o n s id e r a tio n r e m a in in g

w as the s iz e of the s a m p le to be s tu d ie d .

90
T h e s a m p le in r e l a t i o n to the G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t :
It w a s a l s o in d ic a te d in C h a p te r I th a t a n a d e q u a te so lu tio n to
the p r o b l e m of the G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t w ould e n ta il the
stu d y of m a n y m o r e A g e n ts th a n w e r e a v a ila b le in M ic h ig a n .
P l a n s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n m a d e to e n l i s t the c o o p e r a tio n of E x ­
t e n s io n S e r v i c e s in o t h e r s t a t e s in th is e n d e a v o r.

H o w ev e r,

due p r i m a r i l y to the f a c t t h a t f in a n c ia l r e s o u r c e s do n o t a s y e t
p e r m i t th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a c o o r d in a te d i n t e r - s t a t e p r o j e c t ,
the p lan i s su c h th a t e a c h p a r t i c i p a ti n g s t a te in the i n it i a l
p h a s e m a y p r o c e e d in d e p e n d e n tly in the c o lle c tio n of d a ta and
th a t c r o s s v a lid a tio n of fin d in g s w ill be m a d e a t s o m e f u tu r e
tim e .

In view of t h e s e c o n s i d e r a ti o n s , the siz e of the s a m p le

s tu d ie d h e r e i n i s l im i te d to t h a t of the p r e s e n t g ro u p of County
A g e n ts a n d 4 H Club A g e n ts in M ic h ig a n .

N u m b e r in c lu d e d in th e s a m p l e :

It w as the in te n tio n of

the P la n n in g C o m m itte e to stu d y the to ta l grou p of County
A g e n ts an d 4 H Club A g e n ts who w e r e e m p lo y e d in the M ic h i­
g an E x te n s io n S e r v ic e in S e p te m b e r , 1950.

At t h a t tim e the

n u m b e r in c lu d e d 89 County A g e n ts (inclu din g A s s o c ia t e and

91
A s s i s t a n t A g e n ts) a n d 53 4 H Club A g e n ts .

H o w e v e r, b e tw e e n

th e n and M ay 1, 1951, w hen the l a s t of the d a ta n e c e s s a r y f o r
th is p a r t i c u l a r stu d y w e r e r e c e i v e d , e ig h t County A g e n ts and
fiv e 4 H Club A g e n ts h a d to be e li m in a te d f r o m f u r t h e r c o n ­
s i d e r a t i o n b e c a u s e of r e t i r e m e n t , r e s i g n a t i o n s , o r t r a n s f e r s to
o t h e r p o s itio n s w ith in the S e r v i c e .

T h e r e f o r e , the s a m p le upon

w h ic h th is stu d y i s b a s e d c o n s i s t s of 81 County A g e n ts and 48
4 H Club A g e n ts who w e r e e m p lo y e d in the o r g a n i z a t i o n in
S e p t e m b e r , 1950, a n d w e r e s t i l l e m p lo y e d in M ay, 1951.

In

o th e r w o r d s , the stu d y i s b a s e d upon the u n i v e r s e of M ic h ig a n
County A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts , w ith the e x c e p tio n of
th o s e who w e r e t e r m i n a t e d o r t r a n s f e r r e d d u rin g th is p e r io d .

L im i ta t io n s and f a v o r a b l e f e a t u r e s of the s a m p l e ;

It

sh o u ld be r e c o g n iz e d th a t a lth o u g h the A g e n ts s tu d ie d h e r e i n
r e p r e s e n t a p p r o x im a te ly 91 p e r c e n t of the A g e n ts who w e r e
e m p lo y e d in S e p te m b e r , 1950, the s a m p le i s a s e l e c t e d s a m p le
i n th a t i t d o e s n ot in c lu d e A g e n ts who l e f t the S e r v ic e a t an y
ti m e p r i o r to May 1, 1951, o r in d iv id u a ls who d e s i r e d to

* F r o m the p e r s o n n e l f i l e s of the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n
S e rv ice .

92
b e c o m e County A g e n ts o r 4 H Club A g e n ts b ut w e r e not a c ­
c e p te d into the o rg a n iz a tio n .

If s u c h d a ta a s i s u s e d in th is

stu d y h ad b e e n a v a ila b le fo r th e s e p e o p le o v e r a p eriod of
y e a r s and if i t c o u ld be a s s u m e d th a t su c h g r o u p s would in c lu d e
m a n y in d iv id u a ls who m ig h t n o t h a v e b e e n w e ll q u a lifie d f o r
E x te n s io n w o rk , i t i s p o s s ib le th a t the in c lu s io n of th e m in
th is study w ould have p ro v id e d g r e a t e r c o n t r a s t s in the SVIB
s c o r e s b e tw e e n v a r i a b l e w o rk a d ju s tm e n t g ro u p s of A g e n ts.
T he s a m p le , then , r e p r e s e n t s a g ro u p w h ich i s a l r e a d y r a t h e r
h ig h ly s e le c tiv e an d c o n se q u e n tly the ra n g e in t e r m s of w o rk
a d ju s tm e n t i s s o m e w h a t r e s t r i c t e d .
On the o th e r h an d, t h e r e w e r e v a r i o u s r e a s o n s why th e s e
two g ro u p s of A g e n ts w e r e c o n s i d e r e d w e ll a d a p te d f o r p u r p o s e s
of th is r e s e a r c h .

(a) Since a m e m b e r of the P la n n in g C o m m itte e

(the E x te n s io n T r a in in g S p e c ia lis t) w a s on the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e
s ta ff of the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e , r e s e a r c h d a ta co u ld be o b tain ed
f r o m th e s e A g e n ts th ro u g h t h e i r r e g u l a r b u s i n e s s m e e ti n g s and
o th e r e s t a b l i s h e d c h a n n e ls of c o m m u n ic a tio n , t h e r e b y avoiding
r e s i s t a n c e th a t m ig h t have o c c u r r e d if i t w e re n e c e s s a r y to
a p p ro a c h th e m th ro u g h so m e " o u t s i d e 11 s o u r c e .

(b) E x te n s io n

A d m i n i s t r a t o r s b e lie v e d th a t t h e s e A g e n ts would be r e a s o n a b l y

93
w illing to c o o p e r a te in th is r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t.

(c) B y studying

the to ta l g r o u p and i n t e r p r e t i n g th e r e s u l t s in t e r m s of M ic h i­
gan A g e n ts a lo n e , t h e r e w ould be no p r o b l e m a s to th e a p ­
p r o p r i a t e n e s s of the s a m p le .

(d) A lthou gh the n u m b e r of c a s e s

would n o t be l a r g e enough f o r c e r t a i n d e s i r a b l e s t a t i s t i c a l
m a n ip u la tio n s , f o r e x a m p le , i t e m a n a l y s i s of the SVIB, the
n u m b e r s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d a d e q u a te f o r th e p r e l i m i n a r y p h a s e s
of the G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t . -

(e)

It w as p o s s ib l e to

s e c u r e a r a t i n g of w o rk e f f e c tiv e n e s s f o r e a c h of t h e s e A g e n ts.

T h e A g e n t s 1 job s i t u a t i o n :

An a n a l y s i s of the job of the

County A g e n t and the 4 H Club A g e n t i s being m a d e in c o n n e c ­
tion w ith the G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t , so a d e ta ile d p i c t u r e
of the a c t i v i t i e s w hich t h e s e M ic h ig a n A g e n ts p e r f o r m c an n o t
be p r e s e n t e d u n til th a t stu d y is ' c o m p le te d .

H o w e v e r, to the

e x te n t th a t th e w o rk w hich a m a n p e r f o r m s a id s in describ in g the m a n , a b r i e f s t a t e m e n t of the A g e n ts ' g e n e r a l fu n c tio n s
w ill s e r v e to f u r t h e r d e s c r i b e the s a m p le .
T h e County A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts a r e e m p lo y e d
by M ic h ig a n S ta te C o lle g e .

T h ey a r e m e m b e r s of the f a c u lty

in the A g r i c u l t u r a l E x te n s io n D e p a r t m e n t of th e School of
A g r i c u l t u r e a n d enjoy the sa m e r i g h t s and p r i v i l e g e s t h a t

94
p e r t a i n to th e r e s i d e n t f a c u lty m e m b e r s .

T h eir s a la r ie s a re

p a id jo in tly b y M ic h ig a n S ta te C o lle g e a n d the U nited S ta te s
D e p a r tm e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e .

T he fu nds f o r o p e ra tin g t h e i r

county p r o g r a m s a r e f u r n i s h e d jo in tly by M ic h ig a n S ta te C o llege
a n d the c o u n tie s in w h ic h th ey w o rk .

2

T he e x t e r i o r f o r c e s

w hich d i r e c t t h e i r a c t iv i t ie s c o n se q u e n tly co m e f r o m f e d e r a l ,
s t a te , and co unty l e v e l s .

In th is w o rk s itu a tio n i t i s a p p a r e n t

th a t one of the c r i t e r i a of w o rk a d ju s tm e n t i s the d e g re e to
w hich an A g en t h a r m o n i z e s t h e s e f o r c e s in the p e r f o r m a n c e of
h i s w o rk .

D u tie s of th e A gents?

It w as p o in te d o ut in C h a p te r I

t h a t the C o o p e ra tiv e E x te n s io n S e r v ic e i s e s s e n t i a l l y a n e d u ­
c a tio n a l o rg a n iz a tio n , bu t th a t the w o rk s itu a tio n of the County
A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts i s such th a t t h e i r d u tie s a r e s o m e ­
w h a t d if f e r e n t f r o m th o se of a r e g u l a r c l a s s r o o m t e a c h e r .

The

follow ing d e s c r i p t io n of the d u tie s of a County A g e n t i s a d a p te d
f r o m a s t a te m e n t p r e p a r e d b y the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v i c e .
T h e s t a te m e n t in d ic a te s th a t a lth o u g h the 4 H Club A g e n t is

F r o m an u n p u b lis h e d s t a te m e n t in the p e r s o n n e l f i l e s
of the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e .

95
p r i m a r i l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the youth p r o g r a m s , t h e s e d u tie s a r e
e x p e c te d of a ll County E x te n s io n w o r k e r s .

3

1.

T he County A g e n t r e p r e s e n t s M ic h ig a n S ta te C ollege
a n d the U nited S ta te s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e in
the County.

2.

He s tu d ie s the r e s o u r c e s , p e ople a n d a g r i c u l t u r e of
the county to d e t e r m i n e i t s p r o b l e m s th a t c an be
so lv e d th r o u g h e d u c a tio n a n d c o o p e r a tiv e e ff o rt.

3.

He p la n s an d w o r k s w ith l o c a l p e ople on t h e i r p r o b ­
l e m s , b rin g in g s c ie n c e and know ledge to b e a r on a
so lu tio n .

4.

He d e v e lo p s an e ffe c tiv e s u p p o rtin g o r g a n iz a tio n of
l o c a l v o lu n ta ry l e a d e r s to h e lp c a r r y ou t the E x ­
te n s io n p r o g r a m w ith the p e o ple of the county.

5.

He d e v e lo p s r u r a l l e a d e r s h i p by p ro v id in g o p p o r ­
t u n itie s f o r o t h e r s to le a d a n d by giving th e m
tr a in in g a s l e a d e r s .

6.

He m a i n t a i n s a pu b lic office w h e re r u r a l peo ple an d
o t h e r s c a n g e t in f o r m a tio n and a d v ic e .
F r o m the
E x te n s io n o ffice a c o n s ta n t flow of in f o r m a tio n is
d i s s e m i n a t e d to a l l p e ople of the county th ro u g h
n e w s p a p e r a r t i c l e s , r a d io b r o a d c a s t s , c i r c u l a r l e t ­
t e r s , p e r s o n a l c o n ta c t s , e t c .
E f f ic ie n t office m a n ­
a g e m e n t t o g e t h e r w ith c a r e in h a n dling p u b lic funds
i s an i m p o r t a n t p a r t of th e job.

7.

He a r r a n g e s f o r m e e ti n g s , d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , e x h ib its ,
t o u r s , e tc . ; w ith the help of c o lle g e s p e c i a l i s t s .

3

J o h n T . Stone, M ic h ig a n C o o p e r a tiv e E x te n s io n S e r ­
v i c e ; O r g a n iz a tio n , D e v e lo p m e n t, P o l i c i e s , E a s t L a n s in g :
M ich ig an S ta te C o lle g e C o o p e ra tiv e E x te n s io n S e r v i c e , [1950].

96
8.

He p la n s and c o n d u c ts l e a d e r t r a i n in g m e e ti n g s f o r
the m a n y lo c a l v o lu n te e r l e a d e r s .

9.

The county w o r k e r m u s t c o n s ta n tly e v a lu a te h is w o rk .
He p r e p a r e s a m o n th ly an d a n n u a l r e p o r t of h i s a c ­
t iv i t ie s .

10..

H is job i s th a t of a t e a c h e r above a ll e l s e .
O th e r
w o r k e r s in the C o o p e ra tiv e E x te n s io n S e r v ic e ,
S p e c ia li s t s and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a lik e , s e r v e p r i m a r i l y
to h e lp the County A g e n ts c a r r y o u t an e ffe c tiv e
E x te n s io n p r o g r a m w ith lo c a l p e o p le .

T he A g e n t s 1 w o r k e r r o l e s .

T h e d e s c r i p t i o n of the s a m p le

m a y be f u r t h e r c l a r i f i e d by. r e f e r e n c e to s o m e of the w o r k e r
r o l e s w hich t h e s e v a r i e d d u tie s d e m a n d of the A g e n ts .

In the

job a n a l y s i s stu d y being c o n d u c te d a t p r e s e n t v a r i o u s m o n th ly
and a n n u al r e p o r t s of the A g e n ts a c t i v i t i e s h a v e b e e n a n a ly z e d
f o r the p u r p o s e of f e r r e t i n g out the m o s t c o m m o n of th e s e
r o l e s o t h e r th an the g e n e r a l r o le of t e a c h e r .

A ltho ugh i t i s

n o t p o s s ib l e to d efine s u c h r o l e s e x c lu s iv e ly , th is a n a l y s i s h a s
r e s u l t e d in the follow ing te n ta tiv e l i s t :
1.

4

4

A c tin g a s a c o n s u lta n t, giving p e ople in f o r m a tio n
and a d v ic e a s r e q u e s t e d .

F r o m u n p u b lish ed p r e l i m i n a r y d a ta c o lle c te d f o r a job
a n a l y s i s stu d y , on file in the office of the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n
S e rv ice.

97
2.

A ctin g a s a p r o m o t e r , s tim u la tin g p e op le to a c tio n
in f a c e to f a c e c o n ta c t.

3.

A ctin g a s a d e m o n s t r a t o r o r p u b lic s p e a k e r , giving
in f o r m a tio n , t a l k s , l e s s o n s , e tc . , b e fo r e groups..

4.

A c tin g a s a n e w s p a p e r r e p o r t e r o r c o lu m n is t.

5.

A c tin g a s a r a d io b r o a d c a s t e r .

6.

A c tin g as a n o r g a n i z e r o r a r r a n g e r of a c t iv i t ie s
e v e n ts .

7.

A c tin g a s a f a c i l i t a t o r , o r e x p e d i te r , m a k in g i t e a s y
o r p o s s ib le fo r p e o p le to fo llo w e x te n s io n r e c o m ­
m e n d a tio n s o r p r o g r a m s .

8.

A c tin g as a n a d m i n i s t r a t o r , o r g a n iz in g an d se e in g
th a t th in g s a r e d o n e, w ritin g r e p o r t s , e tc .

9.

'P e r f o r m i n g office d e t a i l s , k eeping r e c o r d s , w ritin g
r e p o r t s , filin g , e tc .

or

10.

A cting a s s t u d e n t , keeping up to d a te on n e w d e v e lo p ­
m e n t s , etc.

11.

A c tin g as p u b lic r e l a t i o n s m a n , m a in ta in in g good
pu b lic r e l a t i o n s , k eeping up c o n ta c ts , building u s e fu l
f r i e n d s h i p s and good w ill, e tc .

T h e o r e ti c a l ly , a l l A g e n ts p e r f o r m a ll of the a c t i v i t i e s and
p la y a ll of the r o l e s j u s t l i s t e d , but p r o b a b ly in v a r y in g d e g r e e s
depending upon d i f f e r e n c e s in job d e m a n d s and d i f f e r e n c e s in p e r ­
sonal c h a ra c te ris tic s .

A g ain, to the e x te n t th a t a m a n 's w o rk de­

s c r i b e s the m a n , the h e te r o g e n e o u s n a t u r e of th is job o f f e r s so m e
b a s i s fo r s u s p e c tin g t h a t the A g e n ts a r e a r a t h e r h e te r o g e n e o u s

98
g ro u p in so f a r a s v a r i o u s p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s , in clu d in g v o c a ­
tio n a l i n t e r e s t s , a r e c o n c e rn e d .

T h is c o n s i d e r a ti o n e n t e r e d

in to the s e l e c ti o n of the s t a t i s t i c a l te c h n iq u e s f o r the a n a l y s i s
of t h e i r i n t e r e s t s , a s w ill be d i s c u s s e d l a t e r .

A g e s and y e a r s of e x p e r i e n c e ;

T he a g e s of the A g e n ts

and the le n g th of t h e i r e x p e r ie n c e in the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n
S e r v ic e a r e g iv en in T a b le 2.

T h e age f i g u r e s r e p r e s e n t the

A g e n ts ' a c t u a l age a s of M ay 1, 1951.

T h e s e d a ta w e r e o b ­

ta in e d f r o m the p e r s o n n e l f i le s of the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n
S erv ice.

T he d a ta r e g a r d i n g n u m b e r of y e a r s of e x p e r ie n c e

in the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e w e re o b ta in e d f r o m the office
of the S e c r e t a r y of M ic h ig a n S tate C ollege and r e p r e s e n t the
le n g th of tim e b e tw e e n the in d iv id u a l's f i r s t a p p o in tm e n t to th e
A g r i c u l t u r a l E x te n s io n D e p a r t m e n t of M ic h ig a n S tate C o lle g e ,
an d M ay 1, 1951.

In a n u m b e r of c a s e s A g e n ts h ave b e en

t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m one county job to a n o th e r , so t h e s e f i g u r e s
do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e f l e c t the n u m b e r of y e a r s th a t an A gent
h a s b e e n in h i s p r e s e n t job situ a tio n .
P e r h a p s the m o s t obvious i t e m in T a b le 2 i s th e d i f f e r ­
e n ce in the m e a n age and m e a n n u m b e r of y e a r s ' e x p e r ie n c e

99
TABLE 2
MEAN AGES AND N U M B E R OF YEARS O F E X P E R IE N C E IN
TH E MICHIGAN EX TEN SIO N S E R V IC E F O R COUNTY
AGENTS AND 4 H CLUB AGENTS AS O F
MAY 1, 1951
County A g e n ts (N 8 l)

Age
Y e a r s in
S e r v ic e

D.

Range

M ean

S.

42. 73

9. 35

2 3 -60

33. 17

7. 87

1 2 .9 0

8 . 26

9 mo .-2 1

4. 19

4. 01

Range

M ean

24-63
1-35

S.

4 H Club A g e n ts (N48)

b e tw e e n the County A g en ts an d the 4 H Club A g e n ts.

D.

T h is

d iff e re n c e of a b o u t ten y e a r s in age an d e ig h t y e a r s in e x p e r ­
ie n c e is a r e f l e c t io n of the f a c t th a t in M ic h ig a n , 4 H Club
A g e n t w o rk is c o n s i d e r e d to b e v a lu a b le e x p e r i e n c e f o r County
A g e n t w o rk and c o n se q u e n tly County A g e n ts a r e u s u a l ly
s e l e c t e d f r o m am o n g th e 4 H Club A g e n ts .

A lso , th e b a s e

s a l a r y of County A gen ts is s o m e w h a t h i g h e r than th a t of 4 H
Club A g en ts and i t is p o s s ib l e th a t m a n y 4 H Club A g e n ts a r e
a t t r a c t e d by the i n c r e a s e d a u th o r i ty v e s t e d in County A g ents

100
and the o p p o rtu n ity of w o rk in g p r i m a r i l y w ith a d u lts a s they
t h e m s e l v e s g ro w o l d e r .
S om e 4 H Club A g e n ts , h o w e v e r , p r e f e r to r e m a i n in
t h a t w o rk , w hich a c c o u n ts f o r the ag e r a n g e e x te n d in g to 60
y e a r s an d the y e a r s in S e r v ic e ra n g e e x te n d in g to 21 y e a r s .
T he s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n s f o r t h e s e two d i s t r ib u t i o n s b e a r out
the f a c t, though, th a t n o t a g r e a t n u m b e r r e m a i n s in 4 H Club
w o rk f o r an e x te n s iv e p e r i o d of tim e .
A lth o u g h the jo b s of the two g r o u p s of A g e n ts h a v e m a n y
e le m e n t s in c o m m o n , t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s in age and e x p e r ie n c e
w e r e c o n s i d e r e d a s e v id e n c e t h a t the i n t e r e s t s of th e two g ro u p s
sh ou ld be a n a ly z e d s e p a r a t e l y .

D if f e r e n c e s i n the i n t e r e s t s of

the two g r o u p s 1 w ill be d i s c u s s e d in C h a p te r VI.
It w ill be n o te d in T a b le 2 th a t f o r the 4 H Club A g e n ts
the lo w e s t n u m b e r of y e a r s ' e x p e r i e n c e in the M ic h ig a n E x te n ­
sio n S e r v ic e i s nine m o n th s .

T he P la n n in g C o m m itte e f e l t th a t

a n A g en t sh o u ld h a v e h a d a t l e a s t one y e a r 's e x p e r ie n c e b e ­
f o r e h is e ff e c tiv e n e s s on the job could be r a t e d f a i r l y .

In M ay,

1951, when the r a tin g of the A g e n ts w a s a c c o m p lis h e d (the
r a tin g p r o c e d u r e w ill be d e s c r i b e d in th e n e x t c h a p te r ) e ig h t
4 H Club A g e n ts h a d b e e n in the w o rk f o r only n ine m o n th s .

Due to the d e s i r a b i l i t y of r e t a in i n g a s m a n y c a s e s a s p o s s ib l e
in the s tu d y an d due to th e f a c t t h a t a r r a n g e m e n t s w e r e m a d e
to r e - r a t e t h e s e e ig h t 4 H Club A g e n ts a f t e r th ey h a d c o m ­
p le te d tw e lv e m o n th s in the w o r k and b e f o r e a n y s t a t i s t i c a l
a n a l y s e s w e r e m a d e , th e y w e r e in c lu d e d in the stu d y .
T h e a c a d e m ic b a c k g ro u n d s of t h e s e a g e n ts w e r e no t
a n a ly z e d in th is p a r t i c u l a r s tu d y s in c e th is f a c t o r i s b e in g in ­
v e s t ig a te d a t the p r e s e n t t im e a s a s e p a r a t e p h a s e of the G e n ­
e ra l R esearch P ro je c t.

H o w e v e r, p r e l i m i n a r y d a ta f r o m t h a t

stu d y in d ic a te s t h a t th is f a c t o r is f a i r l y u n i f o r m a m o n g the
A g e n ts.

Of the 81 County A g e n ts , fiv e p e r c e n t a r e h ig h s c h o o l

g r a d u a te s but h a v e n o t a tte n d e d c o lle g e , one p e r c e n t h a v e s o m e
c o lle g e t r a i n in g , and n i n e t y - f o u r p e r c e n t hold B. A. o r B. S.
d eg rees.

Of the 48 4 H Club A g e n ts , s i x p e r c e n t hav e s o m e

c o lle g e t r a i n in g an d n i n e t y - f o u r p e r c e n t hold B. A. o r B. S.
d eg rees.

In a d d itio n , t w e n ty - s ix p e r c e n t of th e County A g e n ts

and n in e te e n p e r c e n t of th e 4 H Club A g en ts have c o m p l e t e d
s o m e g r a d u a te w o rk . ^

F r o m u n p u b lis h e d p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s of a stu d y b e in g
c o n d u cted by M r . A. C o n ra d P o s z , I n s t r u c t o r , W r itte n and
Spoken E n g li s h D e p a r tm e n t, M ic h ig a n S ta te C o lle g e, and a m e m ­
b e r of the P la n n in g C o m m itte e f o r th e G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t .

C o lle c tio n of D a ta a n d T h e ir P r e p a r a t i o n f o r A n a ly sis

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the S V IB .

T he SVIB w as the f i r s t

i n s t r u m e n t a d m i n i s t e r e d a s p a r t of the G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j ­
e c t.

A t th is tim e a tt e m p t s w e r e m a d e to o r i e n t the A g e n ts to

the P r o j e c t and to s o m e of i t s s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e s , in c lu d in g the
Job S a t is f a c ti o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e , w h ic h w as a d m i n i s t e r e d l a t e r .
S in c e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t of the G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t
w ill r e q u i r e a n u m b e r of r e s e a r c h i n s t r u m e n t s f r o m the s a m e
p o p u latio n , i t w as m a n d a to r y t h a t e a c h p h a s e be c o n d u c te d in
s u c h a m a n n e r t h a t the c o o p e r a tio n of the A g e n ts in e a c h s u c ­
c e e d in g s te p w ould n o t be j e o p a r d iz e d .

Som e m e m b e r s of the

P la n n in g C o m m itte e , d e s c r i b e d in C h a p te r X, w e r e f o r m e r
County A g e n ts in M ic h ig a n an d in a n tic ip a tin g the p o s s ib l e r e ­
a c tio n s of the p r e s e n t a g e n ts to r e q u e s t s to p a r t i c i p a t e in th is
P r o j e c t , f e l t th a t p e r s o n s w ithin the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e w ould be
m o s t lik e ly to a c h ie v e th e m a x i m u m c o o p e r a tio n in t h e s e e n ­
d eavors.

T he o th e r m e m b e r s of the C o m m itte e c o n c u r r e d in

th is fe e lin g an d M r . J o h n T . S to n e , E x te n s io n T r a i n in g S p e c ia l­
i s t , a g r e e d to a d m i n i s t e r the SVIB.
A f t e r b e ing b r i e f e d by the P la n n in g C o m m itte e on p r o p e r
te c h n iq u e s , M r. Stone a d m i n i s t e r e d th e 1938 r e v i s i o n , F o r m M,

103
of the SVIB to the C ounty A g e n ts a n d 4 H Club A g e n ts in t h e i r
r e g u l a r D i s t r i c t M e e tin g s in A u g u s t a n d S e p t e m b e r , 1950.
u s u a l i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r a d m i n i s t e r i n g the t e s t

The

w e r e fo llo w e d

e x c e p t th a t the r e s p o n s e s w e r e e n t e r e d on the H a n k es A n s w e r
Sheet fo r M en

7

r a t h e r th a n in the t e s t b o o k le t i t s e l f .

A few

A g en ts who did n ot a tte n d t h e s e m e e tin g s w e r e a s k e d by m a i l
to f i l l in th e SVIB an d r e t u r n i t to M r . S to n e .

8

In th is m a n ­

n e r , S V IB 's w e r e r e c e i v e d f r o m 100 p e r c e n t of the s a m p le .
In a d d itio n to u sin g a m e m b e r of t h e i r own o r g a n iz a tio n
in a d m i n i s t e r i n g the SVIB, s i x o th e r s t e p s w e r e ta k e n to a t ­
te m p t to d e v elo p a r e c e p t i v e a ttitu d e on th e p a r t of th e A g en ts
t o w a rd tak in g the t e s t and to w a r d fillin g i t out h o n e s tly .
(a) T he r e q u e s t to f i ll o u t th e SVIB w as s t a t e d in t e r m s of
n e ed in g t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e in the a c c o m p l i s h m e n t of a r e s e a r c h
p r o j e c t th a t w as d e s ig n e d to i m p r o v e the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n

E d w a r d K. S tr o n g , J r . , M a n u a l f o r V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t
B la n k f o r M e n , S ta n fo rd , C a lif o r n ia : S ta n f o rd U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s ,
1951, 16 pp.
7

A copy o f th is f o r m i s in c lu d e d in A p p e n d ix B.

Q
S ee fo o tn o te 11 pag e 105 f o r f u r t h e r in f o r m a ti o n r e ­
g a rd in g th e A g e n ts who d id n o t a tte n d t h e s e m e e t i n g s .

104
S e rv ice .

(b) The G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t a n d the p la c e of

th e v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s tu d y w ith in i t w as e x p la in e d to th e m .
T h e County e x t e n s i o n A g e n ts h a v e f o r m a n y y e a r s b e e n a s ­
s ig n e d c o m p a r a t i v e w o r k e f f e c tiv e n e s s r a t i n g s f o r p u r p o s e s of
s a l a r y a d j u s t m e n t a n d s o m e m ig h t t h e r e f o r e h a v e e n v is a g e d
the c o m p a r i s o n of th e t e s t r e s p o n s e s of d i f f e r e n t s u c c e s s g r o u p s .
H o w e v e r, the a p p r o a c h to t h e i r c o o p e r a tio n w as e s s e n t i a l l y , "W e
n e e d to know m o r e a b o u t the v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s of County E x ­
t e n s io n w o r k e r s , " an d th e e le m e n t of d i f f e r e n t i a l s u c c e s s r a t i n g s
w a s n o t i n tr o d u c e d b e c a u s e of the p o s s ib l e n e g a tiv e r e a c t i o n s
t h a t i t m ig h t have a r o u s e d in th o s e who h a d low s u c c e s s r a t ­
in g s a t the tim e .

(c) T h e y w e r e p r o m i s e d th a t e a c h p e r s o n

w ould r e c e i v e a co py of h is SVIB a n s w e r s h e e t.

10

. .

(d) T h ey

w e r e a s s u r e d th a t t h e i r a n o n y m ity w ould be p r e s e r v e d in the
a n a l y s i s of t h e i r
b ers.

t e s t p a p e r s by u s in g only id e n tif ic a tio n n u m ­

H o w e v e r, th e y w e r e a s k e d to s ig n t h e i r p a p e r s s o th a t

9

T h is r a t i n g is d i s c u s s e d in C h a p te r V.

^ In due t i m e a copy of th e H a n k es R e p o r t F o r m F o r
S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t T e s t - M en ( s e e A p p e n d ix B f o r
s a m p le ) w as m a i l e d to e a c h A g e n t w ith a c o v e r l e t t e r giving
b r i e f i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r i n t e r p r e t i n g the s c o r e s .
A copy of th is
l e t t e r i s in c lu d e d i n A pp en d ix B.

105
e a c h A g e n t c o uld r e c e i v e h is own s c o r e d a n s w e r s h e e t .
(e) T h ey w e r e a s s u r e d t h a t t h e i r r e s p o n s e s to the t e s t would
h a v e no b e a r i n g w h a t s o e v e r upon t h e i r p r e s e n t o r f u t u r e s t a tu s
w ithin the o r g a n iz a tio n . ^

(f) A n u m b e r of S p e c ia li s t s a n d a d ­

m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r s w e r e p r e s e n t a t the m e e tin g s and took
the t e s t along w ith th e C ounty w o r k e r s , t h e r e b y p o s s ib l y ten ding
to e n h a n c e th e i m p o r t a n c e of the c o o p e r a tio n of a ll m e m b e r s of
the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e in the s tu d y , an d p o s s ib ly ten d in g to
m in i m iz e the " g u i n e a - p i g " e f f e c t th a t would be m o r e lik e ly
if only c e r t a i n m e m b e r s of the g ro u p h a d b e e n a s k e d to take
the t e s t .
In s p ite of the f a c t th a t the p r e c a u t i o n a r y s t e p s o u tlin e d
above w e r e d e s ig n e d to e l i c i t the v o lu n ta r y p a r t i c i p a t i o n of e a c h
m a n , i t is p o s s ib le th a t the in flu e n c e of the g ro u p s i t u a t i o n r e ­
s u l t e d in s o m e f e e lin g s of c o e r c io n .

H o w e v e r, s i n c e M r . Stone

r e p o r t e d t h a t he c o u ld d e te c t no la c k of c o o p e r a tio n in th e te s tin g

The A g e n ts who did n o t a tte n d the d i s t r i c t m e e tin g s
w e r e g iv en the in f o r m a ti o n in po in ts (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e)
in a c o v e r l e t t e r w h ic h a c c o m p a n ie d the SVIB. A copy of th is
l e t t e r i s in c lu d e d in A p p e n d ix B.
12

A s e p a r a t e stu d y of th e i n t e r e s t s of the S p e c i a l i s t s
who took the SVIB a t t h e s e m e e tin g s i s in c lu d e d in A pp en d ix A.

p e r i o d , th a t s e v e r a l m e n l a t e r e v id e n c e d i n t e r e s t in th e t e s t
by a s k in g m a n y q u e s tio n s a b o u t it, an d s in c e no b la n k s w e r e
f i ll e d o u t i n c o r r e c t l y , i t is c o n c lu d e d t h a t the A g e n ts ' t e s t tak in g a ttitu d e w as r e a s o n a b l y s a t i s f a c t o r y .

On the b a s i s of

th is c o n c lu s io n i t m a y th e n be a s s u m e d th a t the A g e n ts ' r e ­
s p o n s e s to th e t e s t i t e m s w e r e r e a s o n a b l y s i n c e r e .

S c o rin g of the SV IB.

T he E . J . H a n k e s s c o r i n g s e r ­

v ice ( E n g in e e r s N o r t h w e s t , M in n e a p o lis , M in n eso ta) is am o n g
su c h s e r v i c e s r e c o m m e n d e d by S tro n g
an a r t i c l e by S tro n g and H a n k e s .

14

13

a n d i s d e s c r i b e d in

T h is s e r v i c e w a s u t il i z e d

fo r the s c o r i n g of the S V IB 's on the t h i r t y - n i n e o c c u p a tio n a l
s c a l e s and the t h r e e n o n - o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e s , I n t e r e s t M a tu rity ,
O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l, an d M a s c u l i n i t y - F e m i n i n i t y , w h ic h it w a s
e q u ip p e d to s c o r e in S e p t e m b e r , 1950.

T h e r e c e n t l y v a lid a te d

s c a l e s f o r T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e a n d T e a c h in g

13
14

S tro n g , o p . c i t ., p . 16.

________ an d E . J . H a n k e s , "A N ote on the H a n k es
T e s t S c o rin g M a c h in e ," J o u r n a l of A p p lie d P s y c h o lo g y , 31; 212214, 1947.

107
.

S a tis f a c tio n

!5

w e r e s c o r e d by h a n d u sin g the a p p r o p r i a t e p u n c h ed

s t e n c i l s a n d follow ing the d i r e c ti o n s f o r h a n d s c o r i n g a s g iv en
in S t r o n g 's m a n u a l f o r th e SVIB.

The s c o r in g f o r e a c h A g en t

on e a c h of th e s e two s c a l e s w a s c h e c k e d a se c o n d tim e f o r
accu racy .

A d m i n is tr a t io n of the Jo b S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e .
F o r the s a m e r e a s o n s m e n tio n e d on p a g e 102 in r e f e r e n c e to
the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of th e SVIB, M r. Jo h n T. Stone a d m i n i s ­
t e r e d the J o b S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ir e .

The Q u e s t i o n n a i r e s

w e re o b ta in e d f r o m the A g e n ts by m a il in M ay an d J u n e , 1951.
A c o v e r l e t t e r w a s p r e p a r e d b y M r . Stone w ith the a id of the
P la n n in g C o m m itte e .

T he l e t t e r p o in te d o u t th a t the Q u e s tio n ­

n a i r e w as a n o th e r ste p in the G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t w hich
ha d b e e n o u tlin e d to th e m in t h e i r D i s t r i c t m e e tin g s in the
p r e v i o u s A u g u st and S e p t e m b e r .

It in c lu d e d i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r

a n s w e r in g the Q u e s tio n n a ir e , and a s k e d th a t th e y s ig n it, b ut
a s s u r e d th e m th a t t h e i r n a m e s w ould be t o r n off a s so on a s

15

K e n n e th G. N e ls o n , " T h e I n t e r e s t s of T e a c h e r s of
V o c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e a s R e la te d to V o c a tio n a l S a tis f a c tio n ,"
(u n p u b lish ed P h .D . T h e s i s , U n iv e r s ity of M in n e s o ta , M in n e a p o ­
l i s , 1951, p . 329).

the f o r m s w e r e r e c e i v e d and o n ly id e n tific a tio n n u m b e r s w ould
be u s e d b y the r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s .

16

B y u s e of fo llo w -u p l e t ­

t e r s , c o m p le te d Q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w e r e r e c e i v e d f r o m the to ta l
g ro u p of C ounty A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts u s e d in the stu d y .

S c o rin g of the Jo b S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

T he Job

S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w e r e s c o r e d m a n u a lly by to ta lin g
the w e ig h ts a s s i g n e d to the r e s p o n s e s f o r e a c h c a t e g o r y of
the s e v e n job s a t i s f a c t i o n q u e s tio n s an d the a c c o m p a n y in g i n ­
t e n s it y q u e s t io n s .

In a d d itio n to the r a w s c o r e s d e r i v e d in

th is m a n n e r , i t w as c o n s i d e r e d d e s i r a b l e to d e t e r m i n e w h e th e r
o r not the q u a lita tiv e i te m s r e p r e s e n t e d in t h e s e s c o r e s w e re
u n id im e n s io n a l, o r c o u ld be e x p r e s s e d in a c o n tin u u m , and
w h e th e r o r n o t a p o in t could be f ix e d on the c o n tin u u m w hich
would s e p a r a t e th o s e w ith p o s itiv e a ttitu d e s to w a r d t h e i r w o rk
f r o m th o s e w ith n e g a tiv e a ttitu d e s to w a r d s t h e i r w o rk .

T h is

p h a s e of the s c o r i n g of th is i n s t r u m e n t is d e s c r i b e d in d e ta il
in C h a p te r V.

A co py of th e l e t t e r i s in c lu d e d in A pp en d ix B.

109
R e c o r d in g of d a ta .

A p e r s o n a l d a ta c a r d w as d e v is e d

on w hich the r a w d a ta f o r e a c h A g e n t w as r e c o r d e d .

17

T hese

d a ta in c lu d e d the A g e n t 's id e n tific a tio n n u m b e r , ag e, n u m b e r of
y e a r s ' e x p e r i e n c e , w o rk e f f e c t i v e n e s s r a t i n g , c o unty c l a s s i f i c a ­
tio n r a t i n g , jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n s c o r e s , and SVIB s c o r e s .

A ll of

th e s e i t e m s e x c e p t the SVIB s c o r e s w e r e r e c o r d e d j u s t a s th e y
a p p e a r e d in t h e i r o r i g in a l s o u r c e s .
To f a c i l i t a t e the p r o c e s s i n g of the d a ta by In te r n a tio n a l
B u s i n e s s M a c h in e s e q u ip m e n t, the s t a n d a r d s c o r e s f o r the
t h i r t y - n i n e r e g u l a r SVIB o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e s w e r e c o n v e r te d
to one d ig it s c o r e s a s follow s:

S tan d ard S co res
-05
+05
+15
+25
+35
+45
+55
+65

th r o u g h
th r o u g h
th r o u g h
th r o u g h
th ro u g h
through
through
through

+04
+14
+24
+34
+44
+54
+64
+74

One D ig it S c o r e s
0
1

2
3
4
5
6
7

17 A copy of the p e r s o n a l d a ta c a r d is in c lu d e d in
A p pend ix B.

110
To a id in t r a n s f e r r i n g t h e s e c o n v e r t e d s c o r e s f r o m the H a n k e s
R e p o r t F o r m to the p e r s o n a l d a ta c a r d s , a p l a s t i c m a s k w as
d e v is e d w ith v e r t i c a l l i n e s in d ic a tin g the e x a c t p o s i t io n of the
s c o r e s of e a c h s c a l e on the R e p o r t F o r m .

T h e s c o r e s f o r th e

n o n o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e s a n d f o r the two n e w ly v a lid a te d s c a l e s
w e re e n t e r e d a s r e g u l a r two d ig it s t a n d a r d s c o r e s .

A ll e n t r i e s

f o r e a c h A g e n t w e r e c h e c k e d a se c o n d tim e f o r a c c u r a c y .
The d a ta f r o m the p e r s o n a l d a ta c a r d s w e r e p u n c h e d
into I n t e r n a ti o n a l B u s i n e s s M ach in e C a r d s .

The n u m b e r r e p r e ­

se n tin g e a c h i t e m p u n c h e d w a s p r i n t e d in the top of th e c a r d s
by an e l e c t r i c a l l y o p e r a t e d ta b u la tin g m a c h in e and e a c h o f th e s e
n u m b e r s w as c h e c k e d f o r a c c u r a c y a g a i n s t the e n t r i e s on the
p e r s o n a l d a ta c a r d s .

T a b u la tio n of the d a t a .

The IBM c a r d s w e r e p r o c e s s e d

by e l e c t r i c a l s o r t i n g and ta b u la tin g m a c h in e s .

The c a r d s of the

County A g e n ts an d 4 H Club A g e n ts w e r e f i r s t s o r t e d s e p a r a t e l y
a c c o r d in g to f o u r w o rk e f f e c t i v e n e s s r a t i n g g r o u p s .

The s c o r e s

f o r a ll SVIB s c a l e s , the d a te of b i r t h an d the d a te of a p p o in t­
m e n t w e r e ta b u la te d f o r t h e s e e ig h t s u b g r o u p s .

The two g ro u p s

of A g e n ts w e r e th en s o r t e d a c c o r d in g to two jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n
g r o u p s , and th e s c o r e s f o r the s a m e v a r i a b l e s w e r e ta b u la te d

Ill
f o r th e s e f o u r s u b g r o u p s .

T h is ta b u la tio n p r o v id e d the su b g ro u p

f r e q u e n c i e s an d to ta l s c o r e s (s u m of s c o r e s m u ltip lie d by f r e ­
q u e n cies) f o r e a c h v a r i a b l e .

A ll of t h e s e r e s u l t s w e r e c h e c k e d

fo r accu racy .

T e c h n iq u e s of A n a ly s is

D e s c r ip t i o n of i n t e r e s t s .

T h r e e m e th o d s w e r e u s e d to

p r o v id e a d e s c r i p t i o n of the A g e n ts ' v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s :

(a)

M ean s c o r e s and s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the
s t a n d a r d s c o r e s on a ll SVIB s c a l e s f o r b o th g ro u p s of A g e n ts
and the l e t t e r s c o r e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the m e a n s c o r e s on the
o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e s w e r e e n t e r e d in the ta b le ,

(b) The p e r c e n t ­

age of C ounty A g e n ts an d 4 H Club A g en ts who r e c e i v e d A, B+,
B, and C l e t t e r s c o r e s on 34 o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e s w a s c o m p u te d
and t h e s e p e r c e n t a g e s w e r e c o m p a r e d w ith the c o r r e s p o n d i n g
p e r c e n t a g e s o b ta in e d b y a g ro u p of 285 c o lle g e s e n i o r s r e p o r t e d
by S tro n g .

18

(c) The A g e n ts ' p r o f i le a n s w e r s h e e ts w e r e a n a ly z e d

to d e t e r m i n e t h e i r p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y i n t e r e s t t y p e s .

T h is

E d w a r d K. S tro n g , J r . , V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of M en
and W om en, S ta n fo rd , C a lif o r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s ,
1943, p p . 376-3 77.

112
invo lv ed a ta b u la tio n o f the o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s in w h ic h t h e r e
w a s a p r e p o n d e r a n c e of A an d B+ s c o r e s ( p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t
types) and a p r e p o n d e r a n c e of B+ and B s c o r e s ( s e c o n d a r y
i n t e r e s t ty p e s ).

The p e r c e n t a g e s of the to ta l n u m b e r of County

A g e n ts an d the to ta l n u m b e r of 4 H Club A g e n ts w h o se s c o r e s
f e l l into p r i m a r y an d s e c o n d a r y i n t e r e s t ty p e s on th e v a r io u s
o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s w e r e th e n c o m p u te d .

S ig n ific a n c e of the d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n m e a n s .

In a t t e m p t ­

ing to d e te r m i n e SVIB s c a l e s th a t w ould d i f f e r e n t i a t e "high" and
"lo w " w o rk a d ju s tm e n t g r o u p s of A g e n ts , the i m p l i c i t p r o b l e m
w as to d e te r m i n e the s c a l e s on which th e v a r i a b le w o r k a d j u s t ­
m e n t g ro u p s w ould d if f e r s ig n if ic a n tly .

The f i r s t s te p in t h i s

d i r e c ti o n w a s to d i s c o v e r the SVIB s c a l e s on w hich th e d i f f e r ­
e n c e s in th e m e a n s c o r e s am o n g a n u m b e r of d i f f e r e n t i a l w o r k
a d ju s tm e n t g ro u p s of A g e n ts w e r e g r e a t en ough th a t th e y co u ld
n ot be a tt r ib u t e d to the " c h a n c e " e r r o r s th a t n o r m a l l y o c c u r
in the p r o c e s s of s e le c tin g an y s a m p le g r o u p s f r o m a to tal
g ro u p , b u t th a t th e y c o u ld be c o n s i d e r e d " r e a l " and t h a t the
r e s u l t s of the c o m p a r is o n s co u ld t h e r e f o r e be d e c l a r e d s i g n i f i ­
c a n t.

The c u s t o m a r y b a s i s f o r d e te r m i n i n g w h e th e r th e r e s u l t s

113
w e r e s ig n if ic a n t o r i n s i g n if i c a n t w a s e m p lo y e d in th is stu d y and
is d e fin e d b y Jo h n s o n a s follo w s:

19

(1) The r e s u l t s a r e s a i d to be s ig n if ic a n t if th e c o n c lu sio n
th a t th ey a r e w ould be e r r o n e o u s in 1 p e r c e n t o r l e s s
of th e c a s e s .
(2)

The r e s u l t s m a y be s ig n if ic a n t b u t f u r t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n s
a r e n e c e s s a r y (th a t i s , we s u s p e n d ju d g e m e n t) if the
c o n c lu s io n th a t the r e s u l t s a r e s ig n if ic a n t w ould be
w ro n g in 5 p e r c e n t o r l e s s b u t 1m o r e th a n 1 p e r c e n t
of the c a s e s .

(3)

The r e s u l t s a r e n ot s ig n if ic a n t if o u r c o n c lu s io n th a t
th e y a r e s ig n if ic a n t w ould be in e r r o r m o r e th a n 5 p e r
c e n t of the c a s e s .

A s s u m p tio n of n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n .

T he a s s u m p t io n of

n o r m a l i t y is i m p l i c i t in the a p p lic a tio n of m o s t of the s t a t i s t i c a l
te c h n iq u e s u s e d in th is stu d y .

No e f f o r t w a s m a d e to t e s t th is

a s s u m p t io n f o r the m a n y v a r i a b l e s s tu d ie d .
Snedecor

21

M cN em ar

20

and

h a v e o b s e r v e d th a t e v id e n c e is a v a ila b le to s u p p o r t

the c o n te n tio n th a t a m o d e r a t e s k e w n e s s , p ilin g up (le p to k u rtic ),

19

P a l m e r O. J o h n s o n , S t a t i s t i c a l M e th o d s in R e s e a r c h ,
N e w Y ork: P r e n t i c e - H a l l , In c ., 1949, p . 32.
20

Quinn M c N e m a r , P s y c h o l o g i c a l S t a t i s t i c s , N ew Y ork:
J o h n W iley a n d S on s, 1941, pp. 216, 235.
21

G e o rg e W. S n e d e c o r , S t a t i s t i c a l M e th o d s, 4 th e d .,
A m e s , Iowa: C o lle g ia te P r e s s , 1946, p p . 2 2 1 -2 2 6 .

o r fla tte n in g o ut (p la ty k u rtic ) i s p e r m i s s i b l e in the u s e of v a r ­
ious te c h n iq u e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y th e " t " t e s t an d a n a l y s i s of v a r i ­
ance.

In th e c a s e of c e r t a i n v a r i a b l e s , su c h a s SVIB s c a l e s

w hich a r e n o t r e l a t e d to the A g e n ts s tu d ie d h e r e i n , it is n a tu r a l
t h a t the d i s t r ib u t i o n of th e s e s c o r e s w ould h a v e a s e v e r e p o s i ­
tive s k e w n e s s (a p ilin g up of lo w s c o r e s ) .

T h is m a k e s q u e s ­

tio n a b le the u se of the m e a n a s a m e a s u r e of c e n t r a l te n d e n c y .
In s p ite of t h is , the m e a n w a s u s e d a s the d e s c r i p t i o n of c e n t r a l
value in th is stu d y s in c e , a s p o in te d o ut b y M c N e m a r , i t h a s
m o r e s t a b il i ty an d b e t t e r a d a p ta tio n to o t h e r s t a t i s t i c a l u s e s
( c o r r e la t io n , s t a n d a r d s c o r e s , t e s t s of s ig n if ic a n c e , a n a l y s i s of
v a r i a n c e , e tc .) th a n o t h e r m e a s u r e s , s u c h a s the m e d ia n o r
m o d^ e. 22

The t e s t s u s e d .

The " t" t e s t i s d e s ig n e d to t e s t the

h y p o th e s is t h a t the t r u e d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n m e a n s is z e r o .

23

It c o n s i s t s e s s e n t i a l l y of divid in g the d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the
m e a n s by the s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f the d i f f e r e n c e .

22
23

M c N e m a r , op. c it., p p . 1 7-18.
Jo h n s o n , op. c it ., p . 72.

T h is w a s the

115
m a in te c h n iq u e u s e d in th is s tu d y f o r m e a s u r i n g the d if f e r e n c e
b e tw e e n the m e a n s a n d the s ig n if ic a n c e of the " t " v a lu e s found
w as c o n s e q u e n tly d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the ta b le of the d i s t r ib u t i o n
of " t" p r e p a r e d by F i s h e r a n d Y a te s and r e p o r t e d b y J o h n s o n .

24

The " t" t e s t in v o lv e s , h o w e v e r , the a s s u m p t io n t h a t the
v a r i a n c e s (the a v e r a g e of the s q u a r e d d e v ia tio n s f r o m the a v ­
e r a g e of the group) of the s c o r e s of the g r o u p s of A g e n ts b e ing
c o m p a r e d do n o t d if f e r g r e a t l y .

A s w as p o in te d out e a r l i e r ,

th e r e w as r e a s o n to s u s p e c t t h a t the SVIB s c o r e s of t h e s e A g en ts
w ould be r a t h e r h e te r o g e n e o u s .

T h e r e f o r e , s in c e i t c o u ld n o t be

a s s u m e d th a t the v a r i a n c e s in t h e s e s c o r e s w ould n o t d iff e r
g r e a t l y am o ng the s u b g r o u p s to be c o m p a r e d , the v a r i a n c e s w e r e
c a lc u l a t e d f o r e a c h v a r i a b l e an d the h o m o g e n e ity of the v a r i a n c e s
w as t e s t e d by the " F " t e s t .

T his c o n s i s t e d of d iv id in g the l a r g e r

v a r i a n c e by the s m a l l e r v a r i a n c e an d d e te r m i n i n g the s ig n ific a n c e
of th is v a lu e by r e f e r e n c e to th e ta b le f o r the d i s t r ib u t i o n of F
w h ich h a s b e e n p r e p a r e d by S n e d e c o r .

25

In c o m p a r is o n s in

w h ich the d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the v a r i a n c e s w as n o t s ig n ific a n t

^
25

Ib id ., p. 360.
S n e d e c o r , op. c i t . , pp. 2 22 -2 2 5 .

116
a t e i t h e r the fiv e o r th e one p e r c e n t l e v e l, the v a r i a n c e s w e re
c o n s i d e r e d to b e h o m o g e n e o u s and the " t" t e s t of th e s i g n i f i ­
c a n c e of the d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the m e a n s w a s c o n s e q u e n tly
a p p lied .
In the c o m p a r i s o n s in w h ich th e d iff e re n c e b e tw e e n the
v a r i a n c e s w as s ig n if ic a n t a t th e five o r one p e r c e n t l e v e l s , the
v a r i a n c e s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d to be la c k in g in h o m o g e n e ity a n d the
B e h r e n s - F i s h e r "d " t e s t w as u s e d f o r te s tin g the s ig n if ic a n c e
of the d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the m e a n s .

26

T h is t e s t i s s i m i l a r to

the " t" t e s t b u t is d e s ig n e d s p e c i f i c a ll y to t e s t the s ig n ific a n c e
of the d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n m e a n s w hen the v a r i a n c e s a r e u n e q u a l
o r unknown.
T h e s e t e s t s w e r e th en a p p lie d to the c o m p a r i s o n of the
SVIB s c o r e s am o n g the v a r i o u s w o rk a d ju s tm e n t g r o u p s w h ic h
w ill be d e s c r i b e d in C h a p te r V.

In o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e the i n ­

t e n s i t y of the r e l a t i o n s h i p s in d ic a te d b y the SVIB s c a l e s w ho se
m e a n s c o r e s w e r e found to be s ig n if ic a n tly d i f f e r e n t in th e s e
c o m p a r i s o n s , b i s e r i a l c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n ts w e re c o m p u te d

T h is t e s t i s d e s c r i b e d in Jo h n s o n , op. c it ., pp. 7 3 75.

117
f o r the s c a l e s s ig n if ic a n tly r e l a t e d to jo b s a t is f a c ti o n .

T he s i g ­

n ific a n c e of t h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n ts w a s th en d e t e r m i n e d
b y r e f e r e n c e to S n e d e c o r 's ta b le f o r the s ig n ific a n c e of c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n ts a t the fiv e a n d one p e r c e n t l e v e l s .

27

On the b a s i s of the SVIB s c a l e s th u s found to h a v e s i g ­
n if ic a n t i n t e n s i t y of r e l a t i o n s h i p s to w o rk e f f e c t i v e n e s s o r to job
s a t i s f a c t i o n , a t t e m p t s w e r e m a d e to p r e d i c t A g e n ts who w e r e
" l e s s e ff e c tiv e " and who h a d low job s a t i s f a c t i o n s c o r e s by s e ­
l e c tin g p r o f i le a n s w e r s h e e t s w h o se s c o r e s on the s ig n ific a n t
SVIB s c a l e s w e r e w ith in c e r t a i n c r i t e r i o n c u ttin g s c o r e s .

The

c r i t e r i o n s c a le s c o r e s u s e d in th e v a r io u s p r e d i c t i o n a tt e m p t s
a r e p r e s e n t e d in C h a p te r VI.

T he a c tu a l w o rk e ff e c t i v e n e s s

r a t i n g s a n d job s a t i s f a c t i o n s c o r e s of th o s e A g e n ts p r e d i c t e d
to b e " l e s s e ff e c tiv e " and to have low job s a t i s f a c t i o n s c o r e s
w e r e th e n c h e c k e d .

The a c c u r a c y of th e s e p r e d i c t i o n s w as th en

d e t e r m i n e d by c h i s q u a r e a n a l y s e s .

S um m ary.

T h e s a m p le c o n s i s t s of 81 County A g e n ts

an d 48 4 H Club A g e n ts w h ic h in c lu d e s a ll of the A g e n ts who

27

G e o rg e W. S n e d e c o r, S t a t i s t i c a l M e th o d s , A m e s , Iowa:
C o lle g ia te P r e s s , I n c ., 1937, p. 125.

118
w e r e in th e M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e in S e p te m b e r , 1950,
e x c e p t e ig h t C ounty A g e n ts an d five 4 H Club A g e n ts who r e ­
t i r e d , r e s i g n e d o r w e r e t r a n s f e r r e d to o t h e r p o s itio n s w ith in
the o r g a n iz a tio n b e tw e e n th a t tim e and M ay 1, 1951.

T he s a m ­

ple is r a t h e r s e l e c ti v e in th a t i t d o e s n o t in clu d e any in d iv id u a ls
who le f t the s e r v i c e a t an y tim e p r i o r to M ay 1, 1951, o r an y
who d e s i r e d to b e c o m e A g e n ts an d w e r e n o t a c c e p te d in to the
o r g a n iz a tio n .

H o w e v e r, the s a m p le w a s c o n s i d e r e d to be w e ll

s u ite d f o r r e s e a r c h p u r p o s e s .
The h e te r o g e n e o u s n a tu r e of the d u tie s and w o r k e r r o l e s
d e m a n d e d of the A g e n ts s u g g e s ts t h a t th ey a r e p o s s ib l y r a t h e r
h e te r o g e n e o u s in r e s p e c t to v a r i o u s p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,
inclu din g v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s .

The m e a n age of the County

A g ents i s 42.73 and 33.17 f o r the 4 H Club A g e n ts.

The County

A g e n ts ' m e a n y e a r s of e x p e r ie n c e i s 12.90 an d the 4 H Club
A g e n ts is 4.19.

T h e re is r e l a t i v e l y l it t le d if f e r e n c e in the

a m o u n t of e d u c a tio n b e tw e e n th e two g r o u p s .
The SVIB w as a d m i n i s t e r e d to the A g e n ts in g r o u p s .
The r e g u l a r s c a l e s w e r e s c o r e d by th e E n g in e e r s N o r th w e s t
s c o r in g s e r v i c e an d the two n e w s c a l e s w e r e s c o r e d m a n u a lly .
The Jo b S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ire w as o b ta in e d f r o m the A g e n ts

119
by m a i l and s c o r e d m a n u a lly .

T h e s e s c o r e s and c e r t a i n p e r ­

so n a l d a ta w e r e e n t e r e d o n p e r s o n a l d a ta c a r d s , th e n p u n c h e d
into IBM c a r d s .

The IBM c a r d s w e r e s o r t e d by v a r i o u s w o rk

a d ju s tm e n t s u b g ro u p s and the d a ta on a l l v a r i a b l e s w e r e t a b u ­
l a t e d by t h e s e s u b g r o u p s .
M e a n s and v a r i a n c e s w e r e c o m p u te d on a ll v a r i a b l e s
and c o m p a r i s o n s of t h e s e two s t a t i s t i c s w e r e m a d e b e tw e e n
v a r io u s w o r k a d ju s tm e n t s u b g r o u p s .

The s ig n ific a n c e of the

d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n v a r i a n c e s w as d e t e r m i n e d b y the " F " t e s t .
W h ere th is i n d ic a te d h o m o g e n e ity of v a r i a n c e s the s ig n ific a n c e
of the d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n m e a n s w a s d e t e r m i n e d by the " t" t e s t
and w h e re the v a r i a n c e s w e r e n o t h o m o g e n e o u s , the " d " t e s t
w as u s e d .
The i n te n s ity of the r e l a t i o n s h i p s in d ic a t e d b y the s i g ­
n ific a n tly d i f f e r e n t m e a n s c a l e s c o r e s w a s d e t e r m i n e d by b i ­
s e r i a l and p r o d u c t m o m e n t c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n ts .

A tte m p ts

to p r e d i c t " l e s s e ff e c tiv e " A g e n ts an d A g e n ts w ith low job
s a t i s f a c t i o n s c o r e s w e r e b a s e d upo n s e l e c ti o n of p r o f i l e a n s w e r
s h e e t s w h o se s c o r e s w e r e w ith in c e r t a i n c r i t e r i o n c u ttin g s c o r e s
on th e s c a l e s w h ic h w e r e found to have s ig n if ic a n t in te n s i t y of
r e l a ti o n s h i p .

CHAPTER V
TH E VA RIA BLE WORK A D JU S T M E N T GROUPS
The p u r p o s e of th is c h a p t e r i s to p r e s e n t the m e th o d s by
w hich th e County A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts w e r e s e p a r a t e d into
v a r i a b l e w o rk e ff e c t i v e n e s s and job s a t is f a c ti o n g r o u p s in o r d e r to
d e t e r m i n e the r e la tio n s h ip of t h e i r SVIB s c a l e s c o r e s to the two
c r i t e r i a of w o rk a d ju s tm e n t. S ince in the i n t e r e s t s of the G e n e r a l
R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t i t w as n e c e s s a r y th a t the f o u r m a in s tu d ie s b e in g
c o n d u c te d a t p r e s e n t e m p lo y the s a m e c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s of A g e n ts,
the p la n s f o r the d e te r m i n a ti o n of t h e s e g r o u p s and the c o n s e q u e n t
a n a l y s e s of d a ta in v o lv e d w e r e a c c o m p l i s h e d by s e v e r a l m e m b e r s
of the P la n n in g C o m m itte e w o rk in g c o o p e r a tiv e ly .
P r o b l e m s in R a tin g A g e n ts ' W o rk E f f e c t i v e n e s s
F r o m w r itin g s of S y m o n d s,

1

T iffin,

2

and T h o rn d ik e

3

it a p ­

p e a r s t h a t s o m e of the p r o b l e m s f a c e d in r a t i n g w o r k e r s in g e n e r a l

P e r c i v a l M. S ym o nds, D ia g n o sin g P e r s o n a l i t y an d C o n ­
d u c t, N ew York: D. A p p le to n -C e n tu ry C om pany, 1931, C h a p te r III.
2
J o s e p h Tiffin, I n d u s t r i a l P s y c h o lo g y , N ew York: P r e n t i c e H a ll, In c ., 1946, C h a p te r 9.
3
R o b e r t L . T h o rn d ik e , P e r s o n n e l S e le c tio n , New York:
J o h n W iley and Sons, Inc., 1947, C h a p te r s 3, 4, 5.

a r e how to m i n i m i z e b i a s o r the " h a lo " e ffe c t, how to p r o v id e
a d e q u a te o p p o r tu n ity f o r o b s e r v a t i o n of the w o r k e r s b u t a t the
s a m e tim e to g u a r d a g a i n s t too m u c h f a m i l i a r i t y , an d how to
a s s u r e th a t the c o n c e p t of th e t r a i t s to be r a t e d is u n i f o r m in
the m in d s of the s e v e r a l j u d g e s .

In p la n n in g the r a t i n g of the

w o r k e r s in th is s tu d y e a c h of th e s e p r o b l e m s a s s u m e d p a r t i c ­
u l a r s ig n if ic a n c e b e c a u s e of c o n d itio n s p e c u l i a r to th e job .
A m ong t h e s e c o m p lic a tin g f a c t o r s , the fo llo w in g w e r e p r e d o m ­
inant:

(a) E x c e p t f o r " te a c h in g ," t h e r e w a s no e s t a b l i s h e d h i ­

e r a r c h y of i m p o r t a n c e f o r the v a r i o u s d u tie s and r o l e s d e m a n d e d
of e i t h e r g ro u p of A g e n ts .

T h e re w a s no b a s i s f o r a s s u m i n g

t h a t a n y one of t h e s e f a c t o r s w as m o r e i m p o r t a n t th a n a n y o t h e r
in the s u c c e s s f u l p e r f o r m a n c e of the jo b.

(b) T h e r e w e r e i n d i ­

c a tio n s th a t in d iv id u a l A g e n ts who w e r e c o n s i d e r e d to be r e l a ­
t iv e ly eq u al in t e r m s of o v e r - a l l s u c c e s s on the jo b v a r i e d
c o n s i d e r a b l y in t h e i r e ff e c tiv e n e s s in d i f f e r e n t r o l e s .

W h ere

s o m e A g e n ts a p p e a r e d to b e quite e ffe c tiv e a s c o n s u lta n ts , f o r
e x a m p le , a n d r e l a t i v e l y in e ffe c tiv e a s p r o m o t e r s , th is s itu a tio n
a p p e a r e d to b e r e v e r s e d w ith o th e r e q u a lly s u c c e s s f u l A g e n ts.
(c) It a p p e a r e d th a t the im p o r t a n c e of the r o l e s m ig h t v a r y in
d i f f e r e n t l o c a l s itu a tio n s .

In one i n s t a n c e the w o rk s itu a tio n

co u ld c o n c e iv a b ly d e m a n d m a in ly good o r g a n i z a t i o n a l a b ility
a n d in a n o th e r , good a b ility a s a d e m o n s t r a t o r o r pu b lic s p e a k e r
m ig h t be m o r e e s s e n t i a l .

V a r io u s r a t i n g m e th o d s c o n s i d e r e d .

In v iew of the above

.f a c to r s , The P la n n in g C o m m itte e c o n s i d e r e d a d v a n ta g e s and d i s ­
a d v a n ta g e s of v a r i o u s r a tin g te c h n iq u e s b e f o r e s e le c tin g the
m e th o d f in a lly a d o p te d .

Q u a n tifie d m e a s u r e s of s u c c e s s , s u c h

a s i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c tio n o r i n c r e a s e d m e m b e r s h i p in o r g a n i z a ­
tio n s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d b e c a u s e of t h e i r a p p a r e n t o b je c tiv ity .
H o w e v e r, i t w as r e c o g n i z e d th a t i t w ould b e a l m o s t im p o s s ib le
to a c c u r a t e l y i s o l a t e the c o n tr ib u tio n th a t a County A gent m a d e ,
f o r e x a m p le , to i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c tio n of a c e r t a i n p r o d u c t when
in m a n y l o c a l i t i e s t h e r e a r e o t h e r f o r c e s w ith a s i m i l a r o b j e c ­
tiv e a t w o rk w ith the s a m e g ro u p of f a r m e r s .

F u rth e rm o re ,

the p r e s e n t o b je c tiv e s of the E x te n s io n S e r v ic e a r e no t in q u a n ­
t if i e d t e r m s .

I n c r e a s e d m e m b e r s h i p in E x te n s io n e n t e r p r i s e s ,

f o r e x a m p le , w ould be l e s s in k e e p in g w ith the o b je c tiv e s th a n
w ould " m o r e f r u i tf u l l i f e ," a s m e n tio n e d in C h a p te r I, th a t
m ig h t r e s u l t to in d iv id u a l m e m b e r s of a n E x te n s io n o r g a n i z a -

T he te c h n iq u e of c o n d u ctin g in te n s iv e i n te r v ie w s w ith a
l a r g e s a m p le of r u r a l p e o p le m ig h t e s t a b l i s h w ith s o m e d e g r e e
of a c c u r a c y the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of th e E x te n s io n w o r k e r s , b u t th is
m e th o d w as r e j e c t e d b e c a u s e of i t s i m p r a c t i c a b i l i t y in t e r m s
of tim e a n d m o n ey .
The m e th o d of a s k in g r u r a l p e o p le to r a t e E x te n s io n
w o rk e rs was c o n sid e re d .

It c an r e a s o n a b l y be a r g u e d th a t if

the o v e r - a l l o b je c tiv e of the E x te n s io n S e r v i c e is to help r u r a l
p e o p le , th e y a r e the b e s t s o u r c e of in f o r m a ti o n a s to the s u c ­
c e s s of the p r o g r a m .

H o w e v e r, th is m e th o d w as n o t c o n s i d e r e d

f e a s i b l e f o r p u r p o s e s of th is stu dy f o r two r e a s o n s :

(a) The

o b je c tiv e of the r a t i n g p r o c e d u r e in th is c a s e is to a r r i v e a t
a c o m p a r a t i v e r a t i n g of e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the v a r i o u s County
A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts.

Since m a n y of the r u r a l p e o p le

who m ig h t be a s k e d to do th e r a t i n g p r o b a b l y w ould h a v e lit t le
d i r e c t know ledg e of the w o rk e f f e c t i v e n e s s of A g e n ts in a r e a s
o t h e r th a n t h e i r own, t h e s e p e o p le w ould n o t have s u f f ic ie n t
b a s i s f o r c o m p a r i s o n of a ll the A g e n ts in the s t a t e ,

(b) The

p r o b l e m of s e le c tin g a n u n b ia s e d s a m p le o f p e o p le to do the
r a tin g in e a c h c o un ty w ould b e an e f f o r t b e y o n d the s c o p e of
th is im m e d ia te stud y.

124
H aving r e j e c t e d th e above and o t h e r m e th o d s s u g g e s te d ,
the r a t i n g s y s t e m now in u s e b y the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r ­
v ic e f o r s a l a r y a d ju s tm e n t and o t h e r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p u r p o s e s
was c o n sid ere d .

T h is p r o c e d u r e r e s u l t s in r a t i n g s of job e f ­

f e c t i v e n e s s b e in g a s s i g n e d to C ounty A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts
b y c e r t a i n E x te n s io n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p e r s o n n e l on the b a s i s of
v a r io u s e v id e n c e s of p r o g r a m e f f e c t i v e n e s s and p e r s o n a l e f ­
f e c t i v e n e s s on the jo b .

Since th e r a t i n g s y s t e m fin a lly u s e d

in th is stu d y w a s b a s e d upon t h i s s y s te m , a s u m m a r y of it is
in c lu d e d h e r e .

T h is s u m m a r y is a d a p te d f r o m m a t e r i a l s on

file in the o ffice of the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e and in c lu d e s
the e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s th a t p e r t a i n to the r a t i n g of County A g e n ts
and 4 H Club A g e n ts .

The M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e R a tin g S y s te m

S p e c i a l i s t s ' r a t i n g of the C ounty A g e n t s .

E a c h E x te n s io n

S p e c ia li s t i s , a s w a s d e s c r i b e d in C h a p te r II, r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
p r o v id in g to r u r a l p e o p le , th ro u g h the County E x te n s io n w o r k e r s ,
th e b e s t s c ie n tif ic in f o r m a tio n a v a ila b le in h is s p e c i a l f ie ld .
fu lfillin g th is r e s p o n s i b i li t y , the S p e c ia lis ts w o rk c lo s e l y w ith
the County A g e n ts a n d c r i t i c a l l y o b s e r v e th e e f f e c tiv e n e s s of

In

125
t h e i r a p p r o p r i a t e p h a s e s of the County A g e n ts ' w o rk , e s p e c i a l l y
in t e r m s of the p u b l i c 's a c c e p ta n c e of it.

On the b a s i s of s u c h

o b s e r v a t i o n s , the S p e c ia li s t s a r e a s k e d e a c h y e a r to r a t e the
e f f e c t i v e n e s s w ith w h ic h th e C ounty A g e n ts a r e c a r r y i n g out
the p a r t i c u l a r p h a s e s of the o v e r - a l l c o un ty p r o g r a m f o r w hich
the S p e c ia li s t s a r e to an e x te n t r e s p o n s i b l e .

The S p e c i a l i s t 's

r a t i n g , t h e r e f o r e , is m o r e a r a t i n g of the p r o g r a m of the County
A g en t, th an a r a tin g of the C ounty A g e n t's p e r s o n a l e f f e c t i v e ­
n e s s on the jo b .
B e c a u s e so m e S p e c ia li s t s do n o t w o rk in e v e r y county
in an y one y e a r , the S p e c i a l i s t s a r e a s k e d to r a t e o n ly th e p r o ­
g r a m s in th e c o u n tie s in w hich th ey have w o rk e d in the p re v io u s
tw e lv e - m o n th p e r i o d .

F o r th is r e a s o n , e v e n th ough t h e r e a r e

98 S p e c ia li s t s in the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v i c e , o n ly 30 o r 40
r a t i n g s a r e o b ta in e d on s o m e c o u n ty p r o g r a m s .

The r a t i n g s

a r e m a d e in t e r m s of A, B, C, o r D, u s in g the fo llo w in g i n ­
t e r p r e t a t i o n s of th e s e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s :
"A "

(S u p e rio r) A c o u n ty p r o g r a m to w h ich th is r a t i n g is a s ­
sig n e d sh o u ld show u n u s u a l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t a s c o m p a r e d
to o t h e r c o u n tie s in w h ic h the s a m e p r o g r a m is b e in g
c a r r i e d on. The lo c a l p e o p le sh ou ld e v id e n c e s u p p o r t of
the p r o g r a m by a c tiv e i n t e r e s t an d p a r t i c i p a t i o n .

"B"

(Good) T h is c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d e n o te s t h a t the p r o g r e s s and
a c c o m p lis h m e n ts of the p r o g r a m a r e s a t i s f a c t o r y o r

126
s o m e w h a t b e t t e r th a n a v e r a g e a s c o m p a r e d to o t h e r c o u n ­
t i e s . A "B" r a t i n g sh o u ld only be a s s i g n e d to c o u n ty p r o ­
g r a m s w h ich a r e c o n s t r u c t iv e and w h e r e t h e r e is e v id e n c e
of p u b lic s u p p o r t.
"C "

( F a ir ) A p r o g r a m r a t e d " C " sh o u ld be one th a t is s o m e ­
w h a t s a t i s f a c t o r y b u t in w h ic h i m p r o v e m e n t s a r e n e e d e d
a n d a r e o b v io u sly p o s s i b l e . T h is r a t i n g m ig h t in d ic a te a
p o o r l y o r g a n i z e d p r o g r a m o r one in w h ic h t h e r e w as s lig h tly
b e lo w a v e r a g e lo c a l i n t e r e s t an d p a r t i c i p a t i o n a s c o m p a r e d
to o t h e r c o u n tie s h a v in g s i m i l a r n e e d f o r the w o rk .

"D "

(P o o r) To be r a t e d p o o r a c o u n ty p r o g r a m m ig h t be one
in w h ic h no a c tiv ity is a p p a r e n t in the co u n ty . It c o u ld
be a p r o g r a m th a t w as u n w is e ly c o n c e iv e d o r is p o o r ly
o r g a n i z e d and d oes n ot m e e t the n e e d s of the p e o p le . It
m ig h t be a p r o g r a m w h e r e no lo c a l' i n t e r e s t w as e v id e n t
b e c a u s e of l a c k of know ledge a b o u t the p r o g r a m . If a
"D " r a t i n g is a s s i g n e d i t sh o u ld in d ic a te t h a t p r o g r e s s t o ­
w a r d s a c c o m p lis h in g the o b je c tiv e s of the p r o g r a m a r e not
a t a ll s a t i s f a c t o r y .
A f te r e a c h S p e c i a l i s t r a t e s h is p a r t i c u l a r p r o j e c t in e a c h

county, the r a t i n g s of a ll S p e c ia li s t s a r e r e c o r d e d on an a p p r a i s a l
s h e e t b y c o u n tie s .

The s e v e r a l p r o j e c t s of the S p e c ia li s t s a r e of

v a ry in g i m p o r t a n c e in the d if f e r e n t c o u n tie s .

F o r e x a m p le , a

d a i r y p r o j e c t in a c o u n ty in w hich 75 p e r c e n t of th e f a r m i n ­
c o m e is d e r i v e d f r o m the s a le of d a i r y p r o d u c t s is of g r e a t e r
i m p o r t a n c e th a n w ou ld be a f r u i t p r o j e c t if l e s s th a n five p e r
c e n t of the f a r m in c o m e c a m e f r o m the s a l e of f r u i t .

T here­

f o r e , e a c h p r o j e c t i s a s s i g n e d a d e g re e of i m p o r t a n c e in e a c h
c o u n ty in t e r m s of m a j o r , a v e r a g e , m i n o r o r no i m p o r t a n c e .

127
The a s s i g n m e n t of i m p o r t a n c e w e ig h ts is b a s e d p r i m a r i l y on
the m o s t r e c e n t C e n s u s of A g r i c u l t u r e f i g u r e s f o r the v a lu e of
d if f e r e n t f a r m c o m m o d itie s s o ld b y c o u n tie s .

H o w e v e r, a f in a l

e v a lu a tio n is m a d e b y a g ro u p of s e v e n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e a d ­
m i n i s t r a t o r s a n d S p e c i a l i s t s , b a s e d u pon t h e i r know ledge of
f a c t o r s p e c u l i a r to d i f f e r e n t l o c a l i t i e s in M ic h ig a n .

D if f e r e n tia l

w e ig h ts a r e th e n a s s i g n e d to the S p e c i a l i s t s ' r a t i n g s of t h e i r
p r o j e c t s in e a c h c o u n ty a s fo llo w s:

P ro je ct
Im p o r ta n c e
by
C o u n tie s

W eights A s s ig n e d
to the S p e c i a l i s t s 1
R a tin g s of the
P ro je c ts
A

B

C

D

M a jo r

5

4

3

-5

A verage

4

3

2

-3

M ino r

3

2

1

-1

No I m p o r ta n c e

0

0

0

0

T h us, if a S p e c ia li s t r a t e d a d a i r y p r o g r a m "A " an d d a i r y w as
of " m a j o r " im p o r t a n c e ih the county, the r a t i n g would r e c e i v e
a w e ig h t of p l u s 5.

On the o t h e r h an d , if a n o th e r S p e c ia lis t

r a t e d the f r u i t p r o j e c t in t h a t co unty a s "D" an d f r u i t w as of

M

" m i n o r " i m p o r t a n c e in th a t county, th is r a t i n g w ould r e c e i v e a
w e ig h t o f m in u s 1.
To d e t e r m i n e the e f f e c t i v e n e s s r a t i n g of the o v e r - a l l
p r o g r a m in e a c h c oun ty, a sin g le s c o r e is a r r i v e d a t by to ta lin g
the a lg e b r a i c w e ig h ts f o r e a c h p r o j e c t , a s e x p la in e d in the ta b le
abov e, a n d d iv id in g th is to ta l b y the n u m b e r of r a t i n g s g iv e n by
the S p e c ia li s t s in e a c h c o u n ty .

T h is is n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e , a s

w a s m e n tio n e d b e f o r e , the n u m b e r of r a t i n g s by S p e c ia lis ts
v a r i e s f o r e a c h co u n ty .

T h e s e r a t i n g s of e ff e c t i v e n e s s f o r

e a c h c o u n ty a r e th e n t o ta le d an d by d iv id in g th is to ta l by the
n u m b e r of c o u n tie s , an a v e r a g e r a t i n g s c o r e f o r a ll c o u n tie s
is d e te r m i n e d .

W ith th is s c o r e r e p r e s e n t i n g 100 p e r c e n t, the

sin g le s c o r e s f o r e a c h c o u n ty a r e c o n v e r t e d to p e r c e n t a g e
s c o r e s an d c o m p a r e d w ith th is 100 p e r c e n t a v e r a g e s c o r e .
The s in g le c o u n ty e f f e c t i v e n e s s s c o r e s u s u a l ly r a n g e f r o m a
lo w of a p p r o x i m a t e ly 70 p e r c e n t of a v e r a g e to a h ig h of a p ­
p r o x i m a t e l y 130 p e r c e n t of a v e r a g e .
B y thus s e c u r i n g the o pin io n s of a t l e a s t 30 to 40 S p e ­
c i a l i s t s r e g a r d i n g e a c h c o u nty p r o g r a m , th e r e l a t i v e e f f e c t i v e ­
n e s s of t h e s e p r o g r a m s i s d e te r m i n e d , in so f a r a s t h e s e r a t ­
in g s a r e v a lid .

A s w as m e n tio n e d e a r l i e r , the S p e c i a l i s t s ' o p in ­

io n s a r e d i r e c t e d p r i m a r i l y a t the e ff e c t i v e n e s s of the County

129
p r o g r a m s , b u t s in c e the County A g e n t i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o n ­
du ctin g the p r o g r a m , th e s e r a t i n g s r e f l e c t to a d e g re e the e f ­
f e c t iv e n e s s of the County A gent.

A p p r a is a l of 4 H Club p r o j e c t s .

Due to the f a c t th a t the

S p e c ia lis ts do not h a v e d i r e c t 4 H Club r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s and w o rk
l e s s c lo s e l y w ith the 4 H Club A g e n ts , th e y do n o t r a t e th e s e
p ro je c ts .

In s te a d , the e f f e c tiv e n e s s of the 4 H Club p r o g r a m s

in e a c h c o un ty is r a t e d in t e r m s of the a m o u n t of m o n e y a l l o ­
c a te d to e a c h c o unty f o r 4 H Club w o rk , and the p r o p o r t io n of
e lig ib le youth e n r o l l e d in 4 H Club p r o j e c t s by c o u n tie s .
E a c h y e a r the 4 H Club D e p a r t m e n t of the E x te n s io n
S e r v ic e r e c e i v e s a s u m of m o n e y to be d i s t r i b u t e d to the c o u n ­
tie s f o r u se a s p r e m i u m s an d a w a r d s .

The 4 H Club D e p a r t ­

m en t, w ith the a d v ic e of v a r io u s w o r k e r s in the c o u n tie s , p r e ­
p a r e s a f o r m u l a e a c h y e a r f o r the e q u ita b le d i s t r ib u t i o n of th is
m o n e y to the 4 H Club m e m b e r s of the s t a t e .

T he f o r m u l a

a p p e a rin g a t the top of the follow ing pag e w as u s e d in 1949
and i s ty p ic a l of the f i g u r e s u s e d e a c h y e a r .
B y m u ltip ly in g the v a lu e s in the ta b le by the n u m b e r of
boys and g i r l s who c o m p le te the v a r io u s p r o j e c t s , a m o n e y

130
B e e f, Swine, D a i r y .............................................$1.50
S u g a r B e e ts , Sheep, C olt, an d J u n i o r
L e a d e r s h i p . .....................................................
1.00
C o rn , B e a n s , P o t a t o e s , F o r e s t F i r e , D e e r
Y ard, P h e a s a n t, M ark et G arden,
F o re stry . . . . . . . . . . . .
.55
H om e G a r d e n s .....................................................
L andscape, E le c tric a l, Food P re p a ra tio n ,
C anning, C lothing, A s s 't . H o m e m a k e r ,
H om e F u r n i s h i n g , H a n d ic r a f t, F a r m
M ach in ery
.
..........................................
W ild flow er, S oil C o n s e r v a tio n , B e e s ,
W ild L ife , F a r m A c c o u n t s .........................^
Hot L u n ch , W ar A c tiv itie s , and a ll
o th ers
.........................................................

.80

.50
.40
.25

v a lu e is d e t e r m i n e d f o r e a c h p r o j e c t and a t th e e n d of the y e a r
the funds a r e a llo c a te d to e a c h c o un ty a c c o rd in g ly .
S itu a tio n a l d i f f e r e n c e s am o n g c o u n tie s , s u c h as b e t t e r
a d a p ta b ility of c e r t a i n k in d s of p r o j e c t s in s o m e a r e a s th a n in
o t h e r s , a n d d i f f e r e n c e s in n u m b e r s of e lig ib le 4 H Club youth,
a r e p r o v id e d f o r to an e x te n t by a m e th o d of cou nty c l a s s i f i ­
c a tio n in w h ich the c o u n tie s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s A, B, C, o r D
in t e r m s of d e s i r a b i l i t y of w o rk s i t u a t i o n s .

T h is c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

i s d e t e r m i n e d by a g ro u p of E x te n s io n a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , a g r i c u l ­
t u r a l e c o n o m is ts , an d E x te n s io n S p e c ia li s t s who a s s i g n w e ig h ts
of im p o r t a n c e to the follow ing s i x f a c t o r s b a s e d upon d a ta g a th ­
e r e d f r o m the m o s t r e c e n t C e n su s of A g r i c u l t u r e :

131
F a c to r

W eight

N u m b e r of f a r m s
N u m b e r of c o m m e r c i a l f a r m s
R u r a l p o p u la tio n
U rb a n p o p u la tio n
F a r m In co m e a v e r a g e 1929-1939
A r e a of the county

2
2
1
1
4
1

U sing th is s c a le of w e ig h ts , a p e r c e n t of a v e r a g e r e p ­
r e s e n t i n g the r e l a t i v e d e s i r a b i l i t y of w o rk s itu a tio n s by c o u n ­
tie s is c a lc u la te d in m u c h th e s a m e m a n n e r th a t the p e r c e n t
of a v e r a g e is d e t e r m i n e d f o r the County A g en t p r o g r a m r a t i n g s
a s d e s c r i b e d on p a g e 128.

With th is p e r c e n t of a v e r a g e the

c o u n tie s a r e r a n k e d in o r d e r a c c o r d in g to w o rk s itu a tio n s .

F rom

th is r a n k in g the c o u n tie s a r e a r b i t r a r i l y d iv id e d into fo u r g r o u p s ,
A, B, C, and D a c c o rd in g to r a t h e r obvious b r e a k s in the p e r
c e n t of a v e r a g e f i g u r e s .

T h is a s s i g n m e n t to g ro u p s i s u s e d in

p r e f e r e n c e to a c tu a l q u a r t i l e s b e c a u s e c a r e f u l stu d y of the d a ta
f o r e a c h co unty in d ic a te d th a t the top q u a r t i le w ould inclu d e an
u n u s u a lly wide ra n g e of c o u n ty d i f f e r e n c e s .

The g ro u p in g u s e d ,

t h e r e f o r e , in c lu d e s 12 c o u n tie s in G roup A, 18 in G ro u p B, 20
in G roup C, and 25 in G roup D.
4

4

It w ill be n o te d t h a t th is r e p r e s e n t s a to ta l of 75 c o u n ­
t i e s w h e r e a s t h e r e a r e 83 c o u n tie s in M ic h ig a n . In s o m e of the

132

T he a m o u n t o f m o n e y a llo c a te d to e a c h of th e fo u r g r o u p s
of c o u n tie s r e p r e s e n t s the to ta l m o n e y value of a ll the p r o j e c t s
w ith in e a c h c o u n ty g ro u p in g .

C o m p a r i s o n of the m o n e y value of

the s e p a r a t e p r o j e c t s is m a d e o n ly w ith in e a c h of the f o u r g r o u p s
of c o u n tie s .

The m o n e y v a lu e of the p r o j e c t s in a c o u n ty f o r

w hich a 4 H Club A g e n t is r e s p o n s i b l e , and c o n s i d e r a ti o n of the
p r o p o r t i o n of e lig ib le y outh in h is c o u n ty who a r e e n r o l l e d in
4 H Club p r o j e c t s r e p r e s e n t s , by c o m p a r is o n w ith the o t h e r 4 H
Club A g e n ts in the s a m e g ro u p of c o u n tie s on the s a m e two f a c ­
t o r s , a m e a s u r e of the e x te n t to w h ich he h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l
in co n d u ctin g h is p r o g r a m .

A m ong o t h e r th in g s , th e n u m b e r of

youth who fo llo w p r o j e c t s th r o u g h to c o m p le tio n is a n in d ic a tio n
of the q u a lity of the t r a i n i n g they have r e c e i v e d .

A s in the

c a s e of the County A g ent, t h i s type of a p p r a i s a l of the p r o g r a m
r e f l e c t s in a d e g r e e the e f f e c tiv e n e s s of the 4 H Club A gent
h im s e lf .

R a tin g of p e r s o n a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s on th e jo b .

In a d d itio n

to the p r o g r a m r a tin g p r o c e d u r e s j u s t d e s c r i b e d , a r a tin g of

m o r e s p a r s e l y p o p u la te d a r e a s County A g e n ts and 4 H Club
A g e n ts a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r m o r e th a n one c o u n ty . In th e s e c a s e s
the c o u n tie s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s though th e y w e r e one county.

133
e a c h C ounty A g en t and 4 H Club A g en t a s to h is p e r s o n a l e f ­
f e c t iv e n e s s on the job is o b ta in e d f r o m the f o u r D i s t r i c t E x ­
te n s io n S u p e r v i s o r s f o r the m e n w ith in t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e d i s ­
tric ts.

T h e s e S u p e r v i s o r s w o r k c lo s e l y w ith t h e i r A g e n ts d u r ­

ing the y e a r and have the o p p o rtu n ity of o b s e r v i n g th e e f f e c t i v e ­
n e s s w ith w h ic h th ey fu lf ill m a n y of the v a r i o u s r o l e s d e m a n d e d
of th e m in t h e i r lo c a l w o rk s itu a tio n s .

The S u p e r v i s o r s r e v i e w

the r a t i n g s a s s i g n e d to the p r o g r a m s of t h e i r A g e n ts and a d ju s t
th e s e r a t i n g s in t e r m s of a l l p e r t i n e n t f a c t o r s known to th e m ,
inclu din g lo c a l e x te n u a tin g c i r c u m s t a n c e s an d p e r s o n a l p r o b l e m s
of the w o r k e r s .
p ro g ra m ratin g s.

T h ese f a c t o r s often m a t e r i a l l y in flu e n ce the
F o r e x a m p le , one County A g e n t's wife h ad

b e e n s e r i o u s l y ill d u rin g a r e c e n t y e a r and r e q u i r e d m u c h a d d i ­
tio n a l a tte n tio n b y the A g e n t.

A s r e s u l t , h is p r o g r a m r e c e i v e d

a lo w r a t i n g by the S p e c ia li s t s , alth o u g h he h a d b e e n g iven s p e ­
c ia l r e c o g n itio n in the p r e v i o u s y e a r a s one of the o u tsta n d in g
A g e n ts in the s t a te .

A f te r the D i s t r i c t S u p e r v i s o r s d e te r m i n e

a r e c o m m e n d e d r a t i n g of p e r s o n a l e f f e c tiv e n e s s on th e job f o r
e a c h w o r k e r , th e s e r a t i n g s a r e re v ie w e d b y th e D i r e c t o r of
E x te n s io n , who a s s i g n s th e f in a l r a tin g .

T h is r a tin g i s u s e d

f o r v a r i o u s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p u r p o s e s , in clu d in g s a l a r y a d ju s tm e n t.

134

R a tin g M e th o d U se d in T h is Study

T h e P la n n in g C o m m itte e f e lt t h a t the r a tin g s o b ta in e d
by the s y s t e m j u s t d e s c r i b e d would b e s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r the p u r ­
p o s e s of th e G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t e x c e p t f o r the f a c t th a t
t h is s y s t e m m ad e no a t t e m p t to in c lu d e any p a r t i c u l a r n u m b e r
of A gents in any p a r t i c u l a r r a t i n g g r o u p .

T h e r e f o r e , sin c e it

w as c o n s i d e r e d d e s i r a b l e f o r c o m p a r i s o n p u r p o s e s to have f a i r l y
e q u a l n u m b e r s in the g r o u p s to be s tu d ie d , the P la n n in g C o m ­
m it t e e c o n c lu d e d th a t a s e p a r a t e m o d ifie d f o r c e d r a n k in g r a t i n g
sh o u ld be m a d e b y a s m a n y a s p o s s ib l e of th e s a m e p e r s o n n e l
who f u r n i s h the r e g u l a r a n n u a l r a t i n g s .

T h is type of r a tin g w as

c o n s e q u e n tly a r r a n g e d f o r and w as s u p e r v i s e d by the E x te n s io n
T ra in in g S p e c ia li s t , who w as a ls o a m e m b e r of the P la n n in g
C o m m itte e .

D e s c r i p t i o n of th e m e th o d .

A p a n e l o f se v e n ju d g e s w as

s e l e c t e d b y the E x te n s io n T r a in in g S p e c i a l i s t in c o n s u lta tio n
w ith the o t h e r m e m b e r s of the P la n n in g C o m m itte e .

The p a n e l

c o n s i s t e d of the f o u r D i s t r i c t E x te n s io n S u p e r v i s o r s , the S tate
L e a d e r of 4 H Club w o rk , the S tate L e a d e r of A g r i c u l t u r a l E x ­
te n s io n , a n d the D i r e c t o r of E x te n s io n .

Of th e v a r i o u s E x te n s io n

135
a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a v a ila b le , i t w as f e l t th a t th is g ro u p h a d had the
b e s t o p p o r tu n itie s f o r o b s e r v in g th e w o r k e r s in the c o u n tie s .
In a d d itio n , m o s t of th e m r e g u l a r l y p a r t i c i p a t e in the annual
r a t i n g of E x te n s io n w o r k e r s .
T he p r e s e n t p r o j e c t w as o u tlin e d to the p a n e l an d it w as
e x p la in e d th a t th e p u r p o s e of t h e i r a p p r a i s a l of the w o r k e r s w a s
to p r o v id e a r a t i n g of the w o rk e f f e c tiv e n e s s of e a c h County
A gent in c o m p a r is o n w ith the e n t i r e g ro u p of County A gen ts and
e a c h 4 H Club A gent in c o m p a r is o n w ith the to ta l g ro u p of 4 H
Club A g e n ts.

Seven i d e n tic a l s e t s of 4 x 5 in c h file c a r d s w e r e

p r e p a r e d , w ith the n a m e of an A gen t on e a c h c a r d .

E ach set

in c lu d e d an in d iv id u a l c a r d f o r e a c h County A g e n t and 4 H Club
A gen t u s e d in th is stu d y .

E a c h s e t of c a r d s w a s c a r e f u l l y

sh u ffled th en a s e t w a s g iv en to e a c h p a n e l m e m b e r .

The

ju d g e s w e r e i n s t r u c t e d f i r s t to d iv ide the c a r d s ro u g h ly in h a lf
b y p la c in g in one s t a c k the c a r d s f o r the w o r k e r s w hom they
r a t e d in the u p p e r h a lf of the g ro u p in t e r m s of w ork e f f e c t i v e ­
n e s s and in a n o th e r s ta c k the w o r k e r s w hom th e y r a t e d in the
lo w e r h a lf of th e g ro u p on the s a m e basis*

T h e y w e re i n s t r u c t e d

to th en s e p a r a t e t h e s e two s ta c k s into ro u g h ly e v e n g ro u p s in
o r d e r to p r o v id e t h e i r " f o r c e d " ra n k in g r a t i n g s of the g ro u p s

136
by a p p r o x i m a t e ly the u p p e r f o u rth , u p p e r h a lf, lo w e r h a lf an d
l o w e r f o u r th .

C o n s is te n c y of the r a t i n g s .

A f te r e a c h judge h a d thus

p l a c e d e a c h w o r k e r 's c a r d in one of f o u r s t a c k s , the c a r d s in
e a c h s ta c k w e r e n u m b e r e d 1,2,3, o r 4 a c c o r d in g to th e r a t i n g
g iv en .

On a l i s t of the w o r k e r s ' n a m e s a t a l l y was m a d e of

the r a t i n g s a s s i g n e d to e a c h m a n by e a c h ju d g e .

T h e s e r a tin g s

w e r e a v e r a g e d in o r d e r to d e te r m i n e the fin a l " q u a r t i l e " r a t i n g .
The follo w in g ta b le in d ic a t e s the ra n g e of a v e r a g e s u s e d as
a r b i t r a r y p o in ts of s e p a r a t i o n in o r d e r to a r r i v e a t f o u r f a i r l y
equal g roups.

T h is ta b le a ls o in d ic a te s the to ta l a v e r a g e r a t i n g

f o r e a c h " q u a r t i l e " g rou p th u s s e l e c te d , th e n u m b e r of m e n in
e a c h g ro u p on w hom t h e r e w as p e r f e c t c o r r e l a t i o n o r u n a n im o u s
a g r e e m e n t am o n g the j u d g e s ' r a t i n g s , and th e to ta l n u m b e r of
m e n p la c e d in e a c h " q u a r t i l e " r a t i n g g ro u p .
F r o m T a b le 3 it i s a p p a r e n t th a t by c o n s id e r in g the
a v e r a g e of the s e v e n r a t i n g s on e a c h man. t h e r e was in m o s t
c a s e s a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h a g r e e m e n t am ong the ju d g e s a s to the
o v e r - a l l w o rk e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e s e m e n .

E x c e p t in th e t h i r d

" q u a r t i l e " of County A g e n ts and the se c o n d " q u a r t i l e " of 4 H
Club A g e n ts the s p r e a d o r ra n g e of r a t i n g s w a s f a i r l y c o n s i s t e n t .

137
TABLE 3
SUMMARY O F RATINGS O F COUNTY AG EN TS AND 4 H
CLUB AG EN TS BY "Q U A R T IL E " GROUPS

R ange of
R ating
A verages

C ounty A g e n ts

F i r s t " Q u a r ti l e "
Second " Q u a r tile "
T h ir d " Q u a r ti l e "
F o u r t h " Q u a r ti l e "

T o ta l
A v e ra g e
R a tin g of
G ro u p s

U n an ­
im o u s
A g ree­
m ent

T o ta l

.57
.57
.71
.58

(1.00-1.57)
(1.71-2.28)
(2.57-3.28)
(3.42-4.00)

1.12

12

21

2.05
2.83
3.79

3
4
7

19

.42
.71
.57
.43

(1.00-1.42)
(1.57-2.28)
(2.71-3.28)
(3.57-4.00)

1.19
1.98
2.92
3.74

5

20
21

4 H Club A g e n ts
F i r s t " Q u a r ti l e "
Second " Q u a r t i l e "
T h ir d " Q u a r ti l e "
F o u r t h " Q u a r ti l e "

2

3
1

13
13
13
9

In o t h e r w o r d s , f o r the m e n in t h e s e two g ro u p s t h e r e w as
s lig h tly l e s s a g r e e m e n t am o n g the ju d g e s as to the w o rk e f ­
f e c t i v e n e s s of th e s e m e n .

H o w ev e r, the e x te n t of a g r e e m e n t

s e e m e d to be c o n s i s t e n t enough th ro u g h o u t th a t the a v e r a g e
r a t i n g f o r e a c h m a n c a u s e d h im to f a l l r a t h e r n a t u r a l l y into
one o f the f o u r g r o u p s .
A lthou gh th e r a n g e s of a v e r a g e r a t i n g s f o r the f i r s t ,
s e c o n d , and f o u r th g r o u p s of County A g e n ts w e r e a l m o s t the

138
s a m e , the f a c t th a t a ll of the ju d g e s r a t e d tw e lv e m e n a s

1,

and s e v e n m e n a s 4, in d ic a t e s th a t in the e y e s of the ju d g e s
c e r t a i n of the " m o r e e f f e c t i v e " and " l e s s e f f e c t i v e " County
A g e n ts s ta n d o ut r a t h e r c l e a r l y in c o m p a r i s o n w ith the " i n b e tw e e n " A g e n ts .

T h is type of c o n s is te n c y w as n o t a s e v id e n t

w ith the 4 H Club A g e n ts .
It sh o u ld be p o in te d o u t in r e f e r e n c e to T a b le 3 t h a t the
f o u r t h " q u a r t i l e " of 4 H Club A g e n ts o r i g in a ll y in c lu d e d 12 m e n .
H o w e v e r, b e tw e e n th e tim e of the r a t i n g and the tim e t h a t the
job s a t i s f a c t i o n d a ta w e r e o b ta in e d f o r a ll w o r k e r s , t h r e e 4 H
Club A g e n ts .le ft the E x te n s io n S e r v ic e e it h e r v o l u n ta r ily o r in ­
v o lu n ta r ily a n d t h e r e f o r e had to be e li m in a te d f r o m the stu d y .
In k eeping w ith the d i s c u s s i o n on page 12 r e g a r d i n g u n s a t i s f a c ­
t o r y w o rk a n d d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n am o n g 4 H Club A g e n ts, i t i s
p ro b a b ly s ig n if ic a n t th a t th e s e t h r e e A g e n ts h a d b e e n r a t e d in
the lo w e s t " q u a r t i l e " g ro u p .
R e f e r e n c e w a s m a d e on page 100 to th e f a c t th a t e ig h t
4 H Club A g e n ts h a d b e e n in th e E x te n s io n S e r v i c e f o r only
n ine m o n th s on M ay 1, 1951, a n d th a t a r r a n g e m e n t s w e r e m a d e
to r e r a t e t h e s e A g e n ts a f t e r th e y h ad c o m p le te d tw e lv e m o n th s
of s e r v i c e .

T h is w a s done in A u g u s t, 1951, and a t th a t tim e

e a c h ju d g e a s s i g n e d the s a m e r a t i n g to th e s e A g e n ts t h a t he
h ad a s s i g n e d to th e m in M ay.
C o n s id e r a tio n of o n ly the a v e r a g e r a t i n g f o r e a c h of the
m e n c o u ld of c o u r s e c o n c e a l a r a t h e r s ig n if ic a n t d i s c r e p a n c y in
the r a t i n g s of one o r m o r e ju d g e s as c o m p a r e d w ith the r a t i n g s
a s s i g n e d b y the o t h e r ju d g e s .

To c h e c k on th e d e g r e e of v a r i ­

a tio n am o n g the ju d g e s a s to t h e i r a s s i g n m e n t of r a t i n g s the
r a t i n g d a ta w e r e s u b m itte d to a n a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e follo w in g
p r o c e d u r e s s u g g e s te d by S n e d e c o r.

5

T a b le s 4 an d 5 on the

follow ing p a g e p r o v id e the r e s u l t s of th is a n a l y s i s .
S in ce the F t e s t s of the a n a l y s e s of v a r i a n c e s in T a b le s
4 an d 5 (1.34 f o r County A g e n ts, 1..18 f o r 4 H Club A gents) a r e
no t s ig n if ic a n t f o r the r a t e r s , it m a y be c o n c lu d e d th a t t h e r e
w e r e no s ig n if ic a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g the ju d g e s a s to the m e a n
r a t i n g s w h ic h th e y a s s i g n e d to t h e s e two g ro u p s of A g e n ts, o r
th a t t h e r e w as no s ig n if ic a n t v a r i a t i o n am o n g th e m in t h e i r
a s s i g n m e n t of r a t i n g s .

T a b le s 4 and 5 a ls o in d ic a te t h a t t h e r e

w e r e , in the o p in io n s of the ju d g e s , s ig n if ic a n t d i f f e r e n c e s am ong

5

G e o rg e W. S n e d e c o r, S t a t i s t i c a l M e th o d s, A m e s , Iowa:
C o lle g ia te P r e s s , In c ., 1946, p . 256.

140
TABLE 4
ANALYSIS O F VARIANCE O F TH E RATINGS OF SE V E N
JU DGES ON T H E WORK E F F E C T IV E N E S S O F
COUNTY AG EN TS (N-81)
S o u rc e of
v a ria tio n

D e g r e e s of
freed o m

Sum of
sq u ares

M ean
square
. 4156
7. 1143
. 3091

R a te rs
In d iv id u a ls
E rro r

.80
480

2 .4 9 3 8
5 6 9 .1 4 2 9
14 8.3633

T o ta l

566

7 2 0 .0 0 0 0

(a)

6

F
1 .3 4 (a)
2 3 .0 2 * *

F f o r r a t e r s ( 1 .3 4 ) n o t sig n ific a n t.

^ F f o r in d iv id u a ls (2 3 .0 2 * * ) s ig n if ic a n t a t
le v e l o r l e s s .

1

p e r cent

TABLE 5
ANALYSIS O F VARIANCE O F THE RATINGS O F SE V E N
JU DGES ON THE WORK E F F E C T IV E N E S S O F
4 H CLUB A G EN TS (N -48)
S o u rc e of
v a ria tio n

D e g r e e s of
freed o m

S um of
sq u ares

M ean
square
. 3522
6.3 221
.29 85

R a te rs
In d iv id u a ls
E rro r

47
282

2 .1 1 3 1
2 9 7 .1 3 9 9
84. 1726

T o ta l

335

3 8 3 .4 2 4 6

(a)
^
le v e l.

6

F
18 (a)
(b)
2 1 .1 8 * *
1

F f o r r a t e r s ( l . 18) n o t sig n ific a n t.
F f o r in d iv id u a ls (2 1 .1 8 * * ) s ig n if ic a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t

the in d iv id u a ls b e in g r a t e d (23.02 f o r County A g e n ts, 21.18 fo r
4 H Club A g e n ts).

T h is q u a n tifie s f u r t h e r the r e s u l t s show n

in T able 3.
Johnson

6

r e p o r t s th a t Hoyt h a s d e v e lo p e d a m e th o d fo r

e s t im a t i n g the r e l i a b i l i t y of a t e s t by m e a n s of a n a l y s i s of
v arian ce.

In th is s itu a tio n th e n u m b e r of c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s to

e a c h i t e m on the t e s t and the s c o r e of e a c h in d iv id u a l on the
t e s t a r e the b a s i c d a ta .

T h e to ta l s u m of the s q u a r e s is b r o k e n

down into t h r e e c o m p o n e n ts :

(a) b e tw e e n in d iv id u a ls , (b) b e tw e e n

i t e m s , a n d (c) r e s i d u a l c o m p o n e n t o r e r r o r .

By s u b t r a c t in g the

su m of the s u m of s q u a r e s am o n g in d iv id u a ls and am on g i te m s
f r o m the to ta l, the r e s i d u a l s u m of s q u a r e s is u s e d to e s t i m a t e
the d i s c r e p a n c y b e tw e e n the o b ta in e d and the t r u e v a r i a n c e .
To o b ta in an e s t i m a t e of the r e l i a b i l i t y of the r a t i n g s in
T a b le s 4 and 5, H o y t's m e th o d w a s a p p lie d to t h e s e d a ta .

7

In

th is c a s e , the v a r i a ti o n am o ng the r a t e r s is a n a lo g o u s to the

P a l m e r O. Jo h n s o n , S t a ti s t i c a l M ethods in R e s e a r c h ,
N ew Y ork: P r e n t i c e - H a l l , In c., 1949, p p . 134-136.
7

Dr.. P a u l L . D r e s s e l , C h a ir m a n of the B o a r d of E x a m ­
i n e r s , M ic h ig a n S tate C o lle g e , c o n f ir m e d the a p p lic a b ility of th is
m e th o d to the r a t i n g d a ta .

142

v a r i a t i o n am o n g th e t e s t i t e m s in H o y t's e x a m p le and the v a r i ­
a tio n am o n g the in d iv id u a ls (A gents) i s a n a la g o u s to th e v a r i a ­
tion am o n g the s c o r e s of e a c h in d iv id u a l on the t e s t .
ing H o y t's f o r m u l a ,

8

By a p p ly -

the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic ie n t f o r County A g e n ts

i s p lu s 0 .9 5 6 and f o r 4 H Club A g e n ts , plu s 0 .9 5 1 .

T h e s e coef­

f i c i e n t s in d ic a te q u ite h ig h r e l i a b i l i t y f o r th e s e r a t i n g s .

It

sh ou ld be p o in te d o u t t h a t the m a g n itu d e of the c o e f fic ie n ts is
i n c r e a s e d by the f a c t t h a t th ey r e p r e s e n t the e s t i m a t e of the
r e l i a b i l i t y of an A g e n t's r a tin g a s b a s e d upon th e c o m p o s ite
r a tin g by a l l s e v e n ju d g e s and n o t the r e l i a b i l i t y of a n A g e n t's
r a tin g by in d iv id u a l r a t e r s .
Since the a v e r a g e r a tin g s f o r e a c h A g en t in d ic a te d r e l ­
a tiv e ly h ig h a g r e e m e n t am o n g the ju d g e s , s in c e t h e r e w as no
s ig n ific a n t v a r i a t i o n am o n g the s e v e n ju d g e s a s to the m e a n
r a t i n g s w h ich th ey a s s i g n e d to the A g e n ts, and s in c e e s t i m a t e s
of the r e l i a b i l i t y w e re q u ite h ig h, i t w a s c o n clu d ed th a t th is
r a t i n g p r o v id e d a s a t i s f a c t o r y m e a s u r e of the r e l a t i v e w o rk
e f f e c tiv e n e s s of th e m e n u s e d in th is stu d y

r t t = (a~ c ) / a » w h e re a e q u a ls m e a n s q u a r e s b e tw e e n
in d iv id u a ls and c e q u a ls m e a n s q u a r e s b e tw e e n r a t e r s .

143
T h e v a r i a b l e w o rk e f f e c tiv e n e s s g r o u p s .

It w as p o in te d

o u t in C h a p te r I t h a t e x t e n s i o n A d m i n i s t r a t o r s in M ic h ig a n have
in d ic a te d t h a t a n u m b e r of County e x t e n s i o n w o r k e r s a r e not
p e r f o r m i n g s a t i s f a c t o r i l y in t h e i r jo b s .

H o w e v e r, d i s c u s s i o n of

th is m a t t e r in the P la n n in g C o m m itte e b ro u g h t out the f a c t th a t
t h e s e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s f e e l th a t v e r y few , if any, A g e n ts c o uld
be c l a s s i f i e d as " u n s a t i s f a c t o r y " and th a t the a c t u a l n u m b e r who
w e r e not p e r f o r m i n g s a t i s f a c t o r i l y w as n o t a m a j o r i t y of e it h e r
the County A g e n ts o r the 4 H Club A g e n ts.

T h e r e f o r e i t w as

c o n clu d ed t h a t the lo w e s t " q u a r t i l e " r a tin g g r o u p s of County
A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts would m o r e f a i r l y r e p r e s e n t the
A g e n ts who m ig h t be c l a s s i f i e d a s " l e s s e f f e c t i v e " th an would
the two l o w e s t " q u a r t i l e s . "

T h is of c o u r s e would c l a s s i f y the

A g e n ts who w e re r a t e d in the t h r e e h i g h e s t " q u a r t i l e s " a s the
" m o r e e f f e c t i v e " A g e n ts.
F o r the p u r p o s e of a n a ly z in g th e r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n
the A g e n ts ' SVIB s c a l e s c o r e s a n d t h e i r w o rk e ff e c tiv e n e s s r a t ­
in g s i t w as c o n s i d e r e d d e s i r a b l e to c o m p a r e n o t o n ly the to ta l
g ro u p of " m o r e e f f e c t i v e " A g e n ts w ith the " l e s s e f f e c t i v e " A g e n ts
but a ls o to c o m p a r e the i n t e r e s t s of the two e x t r e m e " q u a r t i l e "

144
r a t i n g g ro u p s .

T h e r e f o r e , the v a r io u s w o rk e f f e c t i v e n e s s c r i ­

t e r i o n g ro u p s of A g e n ts e s t a b l i s h e d w e r e as follow s:

County A g en ts
T h ree h ig h est
"q u a rtile s"

N

60

4 H Club A g e n ts

N

T h re e h ig h e s t
" q u a rtile s"

39

H ig h e st " q u a r t i l e "

21

H ig h e st " q u a r t i le "

13

L ow est "q u artile "

21

L o w e s t " q u a r t i le "

9

H o m o g e n e ity of the " q u a r t i le " g r o u p s .

T he h o m o g e n e ity

of th e s e c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s w as a s c e r t a i n e d in t e r m s of age and
y e a r s of e x p e r ie n c e in the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e .
6

Table

p r e s e n t s the c o m p a r i s o n of the m e a n s and v a r i a n c e s of th e s e

two v a r i a b l e s b e tw e e n the g roup in the t h r e e h i g h e s t " q u a r t i l e s "
c o m b in e d and the g ro up in the lo w e s t " q u a r t i l e " and b e tw e e n
the h ig h e s t and lo w e s t " q u a r t i l e " g ro u p s of the County A gents
and 4 H Club A g e n ts.
The m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e s u l t of the c o m p a r is o n s in T able
6

i s the f a c t th a t the " m o r e e ffe c tiv e " County A g e n ts a n d 4 H

Club A g e n ts did n o t d iff e r sig n ific a n tly f r o m the " l e s s e ffe c tiv e "
A g e n ts in t e r m s of m e a n age o r m e a n y e a r s of e x p e r ie n c e in
the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r v ic e .

In the c a s e of y e a r s of

TABLE 6
COMPARISON O F MEANS (X) AND VARIANCES (o’ ) O F AGES AND YEARS O F E X P E R IE N C E
F O R VARIOUS ' 'Q U A R T IL E " WORK E F F E C T IV E N E S S RATING GROUPS OF
COUNTY AGENTS AND 4 H CLUB AGENTS

H ig h e st
1'q u a r t i l e 11
cr 2

X
County A gents
Age

Y e a r s in
S e rv ic e
4 H Club A gen ts
Age

(N
44. 05

15. 19

21)

x

L ow est
"q u a rtile "
<r2

X
(N 60)

8 1 .7 8

43.
43.

66

1 0 2 .5 6
10 2 .5 6

1 2 .7 2

5 4 .4 7

13.43
1 3 .4 3

96. 75
96. 75

40. 93

66

3 3 .0 0

6 4 .5 6

F

t o r d^-

1. 71
1 .3 7

0. 185
0. 678

2. 36*
1 . 68

0. 672
0 .3 3 7

1.20

0 . 112
0. 334

(N 9)

(N 39)

41. 71

T e s t s of
H o m o g e n e ity

(N 21)

4 2 .4 0

5 9 .9 1

(N 13)
3 4 .2 3

T hree
h ig h est
" q u a rtile s"

3 3 .8 9
3 3 .8 9

49. 87
49. 87

1 .2 9

145

T A B L E 6 (C ontinued)

Y e a r s in
S e rv ic e

H ig h e s t
' 'q u a r t i l e ' 1

T hree
h ig h e s t
"q u a rtile s"

x

x

5.9?

* 2

o-z

29.45
4.15

1 5 .3 6

L ow est
1'q u a r t i l e ''
X
4.33
4.33

er2
19-11
19.11

T e s t s of
H o m o g e n eity
F
1.54
1.24

t o r d1
0.697
0.118

* In d ic a te s sig n ific a n c e a t the fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l of c on fiden ce o r l e s s .
The B e h r e n s - F i s h e r " d " t e s t , a s e x p la in e d on page 114, i s u s e d to t e s t f o r sig n ifi­
can c e of d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n m e a n s w hen v a r i a n c e s a r e n o t h o m o g en e o u s a s in d ic a te d by a
sig n ific a n tly l a r g e " F . "

146

147
e x p e r ie n c e f o r the County A g e n ts t h e r e w as a s ig n ific a n t d i f ­
f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the v a r i a n c e s of the h ig h e s t and th e lo w e s t
" q u a r t i l e " g ro u p s (F = 2.36) b u t in no c a s e w e r e the m e a n s s i g ­
n if ic a n tly d i f f e r e n t .

T h is in d ic a t e s t h a t the v a r i o u s " q u a r t i l e "

g r o u p s a r e s ig n ific a n tly h o m o g e n e o u s in r e s p e c t to th e s e two
v a ria b le s.

R a tin g of Jo b S a tis fa c tio n

R e la tio n s h ip of job s a t i s f a c t i o n and w o r k e f f e c t i v e n e s s .
In o r d e r to a n a ly z e the r e l a ti o n s h i p of the A g e n ts ' SVIB s c o r e s
to the se c o n d c r i t e r i o n of w o rk a d ju s tm e n t, s e l f - r a t e d job s a t i s ­
fa c tio n , the r e l a ti o n s h i p of t h e i r r a w s c o r e s o n the Jo b S a t i s ­
f a c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ir e to t h e i r w o rk e f f e c t i v e n e s s r a t i n g s w a s
a n a ly z e d f i r s t .

T h is w as done to in v e s tig a te the p o s s i b i l i t y th a t

if t h e r e w a s a s ig n if ic a n t r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h e i r job s a t i s ­
f a c tio n and t h e i r w o rk e ff e c t i v e n e s s r a t i n g s , th e n the r e l a t i o n ­
s h ip s found b e tw e e n t h e i r i n t e r e s t s a n d t h e i r w o rk e f f e c tiv e n e s s
w ould in d ic a te t h a t a s i m i l a r r e l a ti o n s h i p e x i s t e d b e tw e e n t h e i r
i n t e r e s t s an d t h e i r job s a t is f a c ti o n .

T he r e s u l t s of th is a n a l y s i s

a r e show n in T ab le 7 w h ic h in c lu d e s the c o m p a r is o n of the m eans

TABLE 7
COMPARISON O F MEANS (X) AND VARIANCES (<T ) O F RAW JO B SATISFA CTIO N
QUESTIONNAIRE SCORES F O R VARIOUS " Q U A R T IL E " WORK E F F E C T I V E ­
NESS GROUPS O F COUNTY AG EN TS AND 4 H CLUB AGENTS
T hree
h ig h e s t
"q u a rtile s"

H ig h e st
1'q u a r t i l e ' 1
X

<T Z

X

2 3 .8 6

4 H Club
A g ents

2

X

(N 60)

(N 21)
2 4 .3 8
6 .6 5

County
A g ents

T

Low est
1 'q u a r ti l e

5 .3 0
(N 39)

(N 13)
2 2 .5 4
10.29
2 2 .5 2

1 1.6 8

<r2
(N

2 2 .5 2
2 2 .5 2

T e s t of
H o m o g e n e ity

"

F

t o r d*

21)

10 .5 6
10.56

(N 9)
2 0 .7 7
1 1 .4 4
2 0 .7 7
1 1 .4 4

'

1.59
1.99*

2. 05*
1. 74

1 . 11

1 .2 4
1 . 61

1.02

* S ig n ific an t a t the five p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
T he B e h r e n s - F i s h e r " d " t e s t i s u s e d w hen th e v a r i a n c e s a r e n o t h o m o g e n e o u s a s
in d ic a te d by a sig n ific a n tly l a r g e " F . 11
148

149
and v a r i a n c e s of the r a w Jo b S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ir e s c o r e s
f o r the v a r i o u s w o rk e ff e c tiv e n e s s " q u a r t i le " g r o u p s .
The a n a l y s i s in T ab le 7 show s th a t in g e n e r a l the m e a n
s c o r e s f o r the " m o r e e f f e c tiv e " A g e n ts w e re h ig h e r th a n the
m e a n s c o r e s f o r the " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " A g e n ts.

T he t h r e e h ig h ­

e s t " q u a r t i l e s " of the 4 H Club A g e n ts s c o r e d s lig h tly h ig h e r
th an the h i g h e s t " q u a r t i l e " a lo n e .

H o w ev er th e only gro up to

s c o r e s ig n if ic a n tly h i g h e r th a n the " l e s s e ff e c tiv e " A g en ts w a s
the h i g h e s t " q u a r t i l e " of the County A g e n ts (t v alu e 2.05 s i g ­
n if ic a n t a t fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s ) .
A lth oug h T ab le 7 show s th a t the r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw ee n
w o rk e f f e c tiv e n e s s a n d job s a t is f a c ti o n i s p o s itiv e in both g roups
of A g e n ts, it is not g e n e r a l l y high.

It w as t h e r e f o r e d e cid ed

th a t to d e te r m i n e m o r e c l e a r l y the r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n i n t e r ­
e s t s a n d job s a t is f a c ti o n it w ould be n e c e s s a r y to s e p a r a t e th e
A g e n ts into v a r i a b le job s a t i s f a c t i o n g ro u p s on so m e b a s i s o t h e r
them t h e i r w o rk e f f e c tiv e n e s s r a t i n g s .

T h is l e d to th e d e c is io n

to e s t a b l i s h the job s a t is f a c ti o n g ro u p s in t e r m s of t h e i r s c o r e s
on the Jo b S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ir e .
In m a n y of the s tu d ie s l i s t e d on p a g e s 32 and 33, f o o t­
n o te 7, in w h ich the Hoppock Jo b S a tis f a c tio n B lan k o r an

150
a d a p ta tio n of i t h a s b e e n u s e d , v a r i a b l e s a t is f a c ti o n g r o u p s have
b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d on the b a s i s of the r a w s c o r e s a lo n e .

H ow ­

e v e r , b e f o r e m a k in g a s e p a r a t i o n on th is b a s i s in th is stud y, it
w as c o n s i d e r e d d e s i r a b l e to d e t e r m i n e w h e th e r o r n o t the q u a l i ­
ta tiv e i t e m s r e p r e s e n t e d in the r a w s c o r e s of the Jo b S a tis f a c tio n
Q u e s tio n n a ir e in d ic a t e d a tt i tu d e s th a t c o u ld be c o n s i d e r e d a s u n i ­
d im e n s io n a l, o r th a t co u ld b e e x p r e s s e d on a c o n tin u u m , and
w h e th e r o r n ot a p o in t c o u ld be f ix e d on the c o n tin u u m w hich
would s e p a r a t e the A g e n ts w ith p o s itiv e a ttitu d e s to w a r d t h e i r
w o rk f r o m the A g e n ts w ith n e g a tiv e a ttitu d e s to w a rd t h e i r w o rk .

S c a le a n a l y s i s .

V a rio u s m e th o d s s u c h a s th o s e of T h u r -

s to n e ,^ L i k e r t , a n d o t h e r s w h ich a r e re v ie w e d by M c N e m a r
hav e b e e n d e v e lo p e d f o r th is type of a ttitu d e m e a s u r e m e n t .

L . L . T h u r s to n e , " A ttitu d e s C an Be M e a s u r e d ," A m e r ­
ic a n J o u r n a l of S ociology, 33: 5 2 9 -5 5 4 , 1928.
^ _________ a n d E . J . C h av e, The M e a s u r e m e n t of A t t i ­
t u d e s , C hicag o: U n i v e r s i ty of C hicag o P r e s s , 1929, 96 pp.
R. L i k e r t , "A T echn iqu e f o r the M e a s u r e m e n t of A t t i ­
tu d e s ," A r c h i v e s of P s y c h o lo g y , 140: 1 -5 5 , 1932.
Q uinn M c N e m a r , " O p in io n -A ttitu d e M e tho dology,"
P s y c h o l o g i c a l B u lle tin , 43: 2 8 9 -3 7 4 , 1946.

151
H o w ev e r, the n e w m e th o d d e v e lo p e d by G u ttm a n

12

a s r e s u l t of

h is w o rk in the R e s e a r c h B r a n c h of the A r m y 's I n f o r m a tio n and
E d u c a tio n D iv is io n w a s c o n s i d e r e d by the P la n n in g C o m m itte e to
be s o m e w h a t m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r u s e in th is stu d y .

G u ttm a n 1s

te c h n iq u e p r o v i d e s a t e s t of h y p o th e s is th a t the e n t i r e u n i v e r s e
of i t e m s f o r m s a s c a l e f o r the e n t i r e p o p u la tio n of p e o p le .
H is g e n e r a l c r i t e r i o n f o r a c c e p ta n c e of th is h y p o th e s is is:

"T h e

u n i v e r s e is s a id to be s c a l a b le f o r th e p o p u la tio n if i t i s p o s ­
sib le to r a n k the p e o p le f r o m h ig h to low in su c h a f a s h io n th a t
f r o m a p e r s o n 's r a n k a lo n e we c a n r e p r o d u c e h is r e s p o n s e to
13
e a c h of the i t e m s in a s im p le fa s h io n ." •
The p r o c e d u r e in v o lv e d in th u s a n a ly z in g the e x te n t of
r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of a n i n d iv id u a l's r e s p o n s e to an a ttitu d e q u e s ­
tio n n a i r e is e s s e n t i a l l y th a t of d e te r m in in g the e x te n t to w h ich
the r a n k o r d e r of th e i te m r e s p o n s e s f o r e a c h q u e s tio n

L o u is G u ttm a n , " T h e C o rn e ll T ec h n iq u e f o r S c a le and
I n te n s ity A n a l y s i s ," E d u c a tio n a l and P s y c h o l o g i c a l M e a s u r e m e n t ,
7: 2 4 7 -2 7 9 , 1947.
S a m u e l A. S to u ffe r, L o u is G u ttm a n , e t a l., M e a s u r e m e n t
a n d P r e d i c t i o n , P r i n c e t o n , New J e r s e y : P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i ty
P r e s s , 1950, 756 p p .
13

G u ttm a n , op. c it., p . 249.

152
c o r r e s p o n d s to the r a n k o r d e r of the in d iv id u a ls a c c o rd in g to
t h e i r to ta l s c o r e s on the a ttitu d e m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t .

T h is

p r o c e d u r e m a y be c l a r i f i e d by the two s im p le h y p o th e tic a l c a s e s
in F i g u r e 1.

T h e s e c a s e s r e p r e s e n t the r e s p o n s e s to an a ttitu d e

q u e s tio n w h ic h h a s t h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e a n s w e r s w ith a s c o r e of
one f o r th e l e a s t f a v o r a b l e r e s p o n s e .

The n in e in d iv id u a ls a r e

r a n k e d f r o m h ig h to low in t e r m s of t h e i r to ta l r a w s c o r e s on
the i m a g i n a r y t e s t .
In C a s e A of F i g u r e I t h e r e is p e r f e c t s c a l a b il i ty .

In

o t h e r w o r d s , the t h r e e p e o p le who s c o r e d h i g h e s t on th is q u e s ­
tio n w e r e the t h r e e p e o p le who r a n k e d h i g h e s t on their, to ta l
s c o r e s , the t h r e e who s c o r e d

2

w e r e the t h r e e who r a n k e d n e x t

h ig h e s t on t h e i r to ta l s c o r e s , and th e t h r e e who s c o r e d lo w e s t
on the q u e s tio n w e r e the t h r e e who r a n k e d lo w e s t on t h e i r to ta l
sco res.

(The G u ttm a n te c h n iq u e d o e s n o t d i s t in g u i s h am o n g

th o s e who m a k e the s a m e s c o r e .)

In c a s e B, h o w e v e r, by s e t ­

tin g up the s a m e c u t- o f f p o in ts (b etw e en the t h i r d and f o u r th
and b e tw e e n the s ix th and s e v e n th in d iv id u a ls) one of the t h r e e
h i g h e s t ra n k in g in d iv id u a ls s c o r e d

2

on th is q u e s tio n and of th e

t h r e e l o w e s t ra n k in g p e o p le , one s c o r e d
2.

1

an d a n o th e r s c o r e d

T h e s e " d e v ia te " s c o r e s a r e c a l le d e r r o r s .

The t e s t of

153
F IG U R E I
H Y P O T H E T IC A L CASES O F ARRAYS O F ANSWERS TO AN
A T T IT U D E QUESTIONNAIRE
C ase A

In d iv id u als
r a n k e d by
to ta l s c o r e

C a se B
A r r a y of
resp o n ses
to t h r e e
a lte rn a tiv e
answ ers

In d iv id u a ls
r a n k e d by
t o ta l s c o r e

A r r a y of
responses
to t h r e e
a l t e r n a t iv e
an sw ers

1

1

1

1

2

2

3

<4

4

4

5

5

6

6
X

7
8

8
9

x

3

x
4 • • •

7

x

X

9

• • « <

154
s c a l a b i l i t y is b a s e d on the p e r c e n t a g e o f e r r o r , o r the c o n v e r s e
of t h is , the p e r c e n t a g e of r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y foun d by s u c h a r a n k ­
ing of r e s p o n s e s to e a c h question.G u ttm a n h a s in d ic a te d th a t f o r an a ttitu d e q u e s tio n n a ir e
to be s c a l a b le th e in d iv id u a l i t e m s sh o u ld have n o t m o r e th an
15 p e r c e n t e r r o r , o r h a v e r e p r o d u c i b il i ty of 85 p e r c e n t, w hile
the to ta l s c a l e sh o u ld hav e n o t m o r e th an t e n p e r c e n t e r r o r o r
a t l e a s t 90 p e r c e n t r e p r o d u c i b il i ty .
C ro w n

15

14

H o w e v e r, E y s e n k and

in a stu d y of a tt i tu d e s on a n t i - S e m i t i s m in B r i t a i n

s u b m i tt e d the r e s u l t s to b o th f a c t o r a n a l y s i s an d s c a l e a n a l y s i s
a n d c o n c lu d e d t h a t G u t t m a n 's 90 p e r c e n t r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y c r i t e ­
r i o n w a s too h ig h .
ceeded

20

T h ey found t h a t if no in d iv id u a l i t e m e x ­

p e r c e n t e r r o r an d the e r r o r of th e to ta l s c a l e w as

n o t g r e a t e r th a n 15 p e r c e n t, th e s c a l e w ould be r e p r o d u c i b le .
T he E y s e n k a n d C ro w n c r i t e r i a a p p e a r to b e s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r
u s e in t h i s im m e d ia te stu d y .

S to u ffe r, G u ttm a n , e t a l., o p . c i t ., p . 77.
15

H.
J . E y s e n k a n d S. C ro w n , "A n E x p e r i m e n t a l Study
in O p in io n -A ttitu d e M e th o d o lo g y ," I n t e r n a ti o n a l J o u r n a l of O p in ­
io n and A ttitu d e R e s e a r c h , 3: 4 7 -8 6 , S p rin g , 1941.

155
G u ttm a n p o in ts o u t t h a t r e p r o d u c i b il i ty is the p r i n c i p a l
t e s t of s c a l a b i l i t y b u t th a t i t is n o t s u f f ic ie n t by i t s e l f .

He

l i s t s the fo llo w in g a s e s s e n t i a l a d d itio n a l c r i t e r i a : ^
(a)

No i t e m c a t e g o r y sh o u ld hav e g r e a t e r e r r o r th a n
n o n erro r.

(b)

A t l e a s t so m e of the i t e m c a t e g o r i e s sh o u ld h a v e
m a r g i n a l f r e q u e n c i e s o f b e tw e e n 40 and 60 p e r c en t
w ith few , if any, l e s s th an

(c)

10

p e r c e n t.

P a t t e r n of e r r o r sh o u ld be r a n d o m , w ith no s u b s t a n ­
t i a l n u m b e r of n o n s c a le ty p e s .

A s a p r e l i m i n a r y s te p to the a p p lic a tio n of G u t t m a n 1s
te c h n iq u e to the job s a t is f a c ti o n d a ta , the d i s t r ib u t i o n of s c o r e s
w as d e t e r m i n e d by c a lc u la tin g the p r o p o r t i o n of C ounty A g e n ts
and 4 H Club A g e n ts who a n s w e r e d the v a r i o u s c a t e g o r i e s of
the s e v e n job s a t i s f a c t i o n q u e s tio n s .
s e n te d in T a b le

8

.

T hese re s u lts a re p r e ­

T h is ta b le sh ow s t h a t the d i s t r ib u t i o n of

a n s w e r s w as r a t h e r n a r r o w and th a t m o s t of the r e s p o n s e s
w e re s o m e w h a t g ro u p e d a m o n g the f a v o r a b le c a t e g o r i e s f o r

^

S to u ffe r, G u ttm a n , e t a l., op. c i t ., pp. 7 7 -8 0 .

156
TABLE 8
P R O P O R T IO N O F COUNTY A G EN TS AND 4 H CLUB AG EN TS
ANSWERING T H E VARIOUS CA TEG O RIES ON T H E
SE V E N IT E M S ON T H E JO B SATIS­
F A C T IO N BLANK
P e rce n tag e s
Item s

1.

4 H Club
A g e n ts
(N 48)

How w e ll do you lik e y o u r w o rk ?

I lik e i t b e t t e r th an m o s t a n y ­
th ing e l s e
I lik e i t v e r y m u c h

2.

County
A g e n ts
(N 81)

3 0 .9

-2 0 . 8

6 2 .9

5 6 .2

. 2

20. 8

I lik e i t f a i r l y w e ll

6

I 'm i n d if f e r e n t to i t

0 .0

2 .2

I d o n 't lik e i t

0 .0

0 .0

I d is lik e i t a g r e a t d e a l

0 .0

0 .0

How m u c h of the tim e do you f e e l
s a t i s f i e d w ith y o u r o c c u p a tio n ?

A ll of th e tim e
A l m o s t a l l of th e tim e
M o s t of th e t im e

9 .9

6 .3

5 3 .3

4 1 .7

3 3 ,3

3 5 .4

A good d e a l of the tim e

2 .5

6 .2

Som e of the tim e

0 .0

1 0 .4

V e r y l it t le of th e tim e

0 .0

0 .0

157
T A B L E 8 (C ontinued)
P ercen tag es
Item s

3.

County
A g e n ts
(N 81)

4 H Club
A g e n ts
(N 48)

1 6 .0

1 0 .4

M ig ht c o n s i d e r changing to a
c lo s e ly r e l a t e d o c c u p a tio n

5 0 .6

3 9 .6

U n d e cid e d

3 0 .9

3 7 .5

A m n o t e a g e r to chan ge b ut would
c o n s i d e r c h an ging to a r e l a t e d
o c c u p a tio n

0.0

2.1

W ould lik e to change to so m e
r e l a t e d o c c u p a tio n

2 .5

8 .3

W ould lik e v e r y m u c h to g e t into
a c o m p le te ly d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a tio n

0.0

2.1

M uch m o r e s a t i s f i e d th a n o th e r
p e o p le

1 4 .8

2 5 .0

M o re s a t i s f i e d th a n th e a v e r a g e
p erso n

6 0 .5

4 5 .8

A s w e ll s a t i s f i e d a s m o s t people

2 3 .5

2 7 .1

L e s s s a t i s f i e d th a n the a v e r a g e
p erso n

1. 2

0.0

M uch l e s s s a t i s f i e d th an o th e r
people

0.0

2. 1

How do you f e e l a b o u t changing y o u r
o c c u p a tio n ?

_Would n o t c o n s i d e r changing

4.

How w e ll s a t i s f i e d a r e you w ith y o u r
o c c u p a tio n ?

158
T A B L E 8 (C ontinued)
P e rce n tag e s
Item s

5.

6

.

7,

County
A g e n ts
(N 81)

4 H Club
A g e n ts
(N 48)

How e n t h u s i a s t i c a r e y o u a b o u t y our
o c c u p a tio n ?
V e r y e n th u s ia s t i c

3 2 .1

4 3 .8

Q uite e n th u s ia s t i c

6 5 .4

5 2 .0

O nly m ild ly e n th u s ia s t i c

2 .5

4 .2

N ot a t a l l e n t h u s i a s t i c

0.0

0.0

How i m p o r t a n t do you th in k y o u r w o rk
i s a s c o m p a r e d to th a t of o t h e r p r o ­
f e s s i o n a l p e o p le ?
V e ry i m p o r t a n t

76.

6

7 7 .5

Q uite i m p o r t a n t

2 2 .2

22-. 5

S lig h tly i m p o r t a n t

1 .2

0 .0

U n d e cid e d

0 .0

0. 0

N ot i m p o r t a n t a t a ll

0 .0

0 .0

V e ry ' in te re ste d

7 9 .0

7 7 .5

Q uite i n t e r e s t e d

2 1 .0

2 2 .5

O nly s lig h tly i n t e r e s t e d

0 .0

0.0

N o t i n t e r e s t e d a t a ll

0 .0

0 .0

How i n t e r e s t e d a r e you in y o u r w o r k ?

159
e a c h q u e s tio n .

T h is in d ic a t e s t h a t the n u m b e r of A g e n ts e x ­

p r e s s i n g d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith t h e i r jo b s w as s m a ll .
The f i r s t s te p in app ly ing G u t t m a n 's te c h n iq u e w as to
a r r a n g e the q u e s t i o n n a i r e s in th e o r d e r of the to ta l r a w s c o r e s .
N ext, the s c o r e s f o r e a c h q u e s tio n w e r e t a l l i e d fo r e a c h A g e n t
on a l a r g e s h e e t on w h ic h the q u e s tio n s and the i te m c a t e g o r i e s
f o r e a c h w e r e l i s t e d a c r o s s the top and the A g e n ts ' i d e n t i f i c a ­
tio n n u m b e r s w e r e r a n k e d on th e l e f t f r o m h ig h to lo w in th e
o r d e r of t h e i r to ta l r a w s c o r e s .

T h is a r r a y of s c o r e s w as

s tu d ie d f o r p e r c e n t a g e of e r r o r in the follow ing way:

The

v a r i o u s i t e m r e s p o n s e c a t e g o r i e s f o r e a c h q u e stio n w e r e c o m ­
b in e d into two c a t e g o r i e s on the b a s i s of c o m b in a tio n s w hich
w ould le a v e a m in im u m of o v e r la p p in g and e r r o r a f t e r a c u t ­
ting p o in t h a d b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d b e tw e e n the two c a t e g o r i e s .
In r e f e r e n c e to th e co m b in in g of c a t e g o r i e s , G u ttm a n
s t a t e s th a t " i t h a s s e ld o m b e e n found t h a t an i te m w ith fo u r o r
five c a t e g o r i e s w ill be s u ffic ie n tly r e p r o d u c i b le if the c a t e g o r i e s
a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s d i s t in c t ."

• 1 7

He f e e l s th a t the v e r b a l h a b its

of p e o p le a r e one of the m a in r e a s o n s f o r th is and i l l u s t r a t e s

G u ttm a n , op. c it., p . 256.

160
b y p o in tin g o u t th a t " s o m e p e o p le m a y s a y 'S tro n g ly A g r e e '
w h e re o t h e r s m a y s a y 'A g r e e , ' w h e r e a s th e y h a v e e s s e n t i a l l y
the s a m e p o s i t i o n on the b a s i c c o n tin u u m b u t d if f e r on a n e x t r a n e o u s f a c t o r of v e r b a l h a b i t s . "

18

He th e n e x p la in s th a t c o m ­

b in in g c a t e g o r i e s to r e d u c e e r r o r i s e n t i r e l y d e fe n s ib le if th ey
a r e c o m b in e d n o t a r b i t r a r i l y , b u t o n the b a s i s of b e in g c lo s e l y
re la te d .
In k e e p in g w ith G u t t m a n 's s u g g e s tio n s , the i t e m r e s p o n s e
c a t e g o r i e s f o r the C ounty A g e n ts an d 4 H Club A g e n ts w e r e
d ic h o to m iz e d a s in d ic a te d in T ab le 9.
The a r r a y of r e s p o n s e s to i t e m

6

w a s so s c a t t e r e d f o r

b o th g r o u p s of A g e n ts th a t the c a t e g o r i e s c o u ld n o t be c o m b in e d
in s u c h a fa s h io n t h a t a c u ttin g p o in t c o uld be e s t a b l i s h e d w h ich
w ould y ie ld lo w en oug h e r r o r to m e e t the c r i t e r i a of s c a la b ility .
S ince a l m o s t a s m a n y A g e n ts w ith a low ra n k in g on t h e i r to ta l
job s a t i s f a c t i o n a s w ith a h ig h ra n k in g te n d e d to a n s w e r th is
q u e s tio n f a v o r a b ly , i t a p p e a r e d t h a t it w as not a d i s c r im i n a t in g
i t e m and it w as t h e r e f o r e e l i m i n a t e d f r o m f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a ti o n
in the s c a l e a n a l y s i s .

L o c . c it.

161

TABLE 9
DICH O TONIZATION O F JO B SA TISFA CTIO N IT E M
R E SP O N S E CA TEG O RIES USED F O R
T E S T O F SC A LA BILITY
County A g e n ts

Ite m

4 H Club A g e n ts

C o m b in a tio n s of
resp o n se categ o ries
in to d ic h o to m ie s
U ) (a)

Ite m

(0 )

C o m b in a tio n s of
resp o n se categ o ries
into d ic h o to m ie s
(i)

(0 )

1

(5)

( 4 ,3 ,2 ,1 ,0 )

1

(5,4)

(3 ,2 ,1 ,0 )

2

(5.4)

(3 ,2 ,1 ,0 )

2

(5,4)

(3,2,1,0)

3

(5,4)

(3,2 ,1 ,0 )

3

(5,4)

(3,2,1,0)

4

(4.3)

(2 , 1 , 0 )

' 4

(4,3)

(2 , 1 ,0 )

5

(3)

(2 , 1 , 0 )

5

(3)

(2 , 1 , 0 )

n o t s c a l a b le

6

7

(3)

(a \

(2 , 1 , 0 )

n o t s c a la b le

6

7

(3)

(2 , 1 ,0 )

F i g u r e s 1 and 0 in p a r e n t h e s e s in d ic a te the w e igh ts
of the c o m b in e d c a t e g o r i e s .

162
T a b le 10 p r e s e n t s the r e s u l t s of the s c a l e a n a l y s i s found
by u s in g th e i te m c a t e g o r y c o m b in a tio n s in T a b le 9 a n d e s t a b ­
lis h in g f o r e a c h q u e s tio n , c u ttin g p o in ts in the r a n k o r d e r of
the A g e n ts w h ic h a llo w e d a m in im u m of o v e r la p p in g of s c o r e s ,
e .g ., a m in im u m of e r r o r .
F r o m T able 10 i t w ill be n o te d t h a t f o r County A g e n ts,
i te m s 1 a n d 3 a r e w e ll o v e r G u ttm a n 's in d iv id u a l i te m e r r o r
m a x im u m of 15 p e r c e n t, t h a t i t e m s 2 an d 5 a r e s lig h tly o v e r
the m a x im u m , bu t th a t i te m s 4 and 7 m e e t th is c r i t e r i o n .

For

4 H Club A g e n ts , i t e m s 3, 5, and 7 e x c e e d the m a x i m u m p e r
c e n t of e r r o r , w hile i t e m s 1, 2, a n d 4 a r e w ith in the m a x i ­
m um .

F o r b o th g r o u p s of A g e n ts t h e r e i s g r e a t e r n o n e r r o r

th an e r r o r in the a r r a y of s c o r e s b y the d ic h o to m iz a tio n of
i te m r e s p o n s e c a t e g o r i e s show n in T a b le 9.
In a tte m p tin g to r e d u c e t h e s e p e r c e n t a g e s of e r r o r , a
se c o n d t r i a l r a n k in g of the A g e n ts w as m a d e in k e e p in g with
G u ttm a n 's te c h n iq u e .

T h is w as done on th e b a s i s of the A g e n ts '

ne w to ta l s c o r e s w h ic h w e r e c o m p u te d a f t e r a s s ig n in g new
w e ig h ts to t h e i r i t e m r e s p o n s e s in t e r m s of the d ic h o to m iz e d
ite m r e s p o n s e c a t e g o r i e s .

W eigh ts of 1 an d 0 w e r e a s s ig n e d

163
T A B L E 10
SC A L E ANALYSIS O F THE F IR S T TR IA L RANKING O F THE
SIX IT E M JO B SA TISFA C TIO N Q U ESTIO NNA IRE FO R
COUNTY AG EN TS AND 4 H CLUB AGENTS
C ounty A g e n ts
Ite m

% of
E rro r

4 H Club A g en ts

N o n e rro r/e rro r
C a te g o r ie s
( 1)

(0 )

% of
E rro r

N o n e rro r/e rro r
C a te g o r ie s •
(1)

(0 )

1

22.2

1 3 /2

5 0 /6

6.25

3 5 /2

10/1

2

16.0

4 8 /4

2 0 /9

10.41

22/1

2 1 /4

3

24.6

3 9 /1 5

2 2 /5

20.83

14/10

2 3 /1

4

14.8

5 3 /8

1 6 /4

14.51

2 9 /5

112/2

5

16.0

2 2 /4

4 6 /9

22.92

1 8 /3

1 9 /8

7

13.5

5 7 /7

1 3 /4

18.75

3 2 /5

7 /4

T o ta l

17.9

11.95

to the c a t e g o r y c o m b in a tio n s a s l i s t e d u n d e r ( 1 ) and (0 ) in
T ab le 9.
T ab le 11 p r e s e n t s the r e s u l t s found by th u s r e r a n k i n g
the C ounty A g e n ts in a c c o r d a n c e w ith t h e i r n e w to ta l s c o r e s ,
and b y a n a ly z in g th e e x te n t to w h ic h t h e i r n ew i t e m r e s p o n s e
s c o r e s on e a c h q u e s tio n c o r r e s p o n d e d to th is n e w ra n k in g .

164
T A B L E 11
IL LU ST R A T IO N O F TH E S C A L E ANALYSIS O F TH E DICHOT­
O M IZ E D SIX IT E M JO B SA TISFA C TIO N Q U ESTIO NNA IRE F O R
T H E SECON D T R IA L RANKING O F COUNTY A G EN TS
F requency

1

2

( 1 ) (o) ( i ) ( o )
12

X

7
2

(x )

4

X

1
11
1

X

3
3
4
3
3
1
1

+

X

X

X

X

X

6

X

X

X

X

X

X

5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3

(x )

X
(x )
X
(x )

(x )

(x )
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
(x )

(x )
(x )
X

X

(x )

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

(x )

X

X

....( x ) .
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

(x )

X

X

(x )
(x )

X

X
...

X

(x )
X
X

X
X

X

1
2

X

X

X

X

X

X

3

X

X

1
1

X
X

N onerror
19 49
6
7
E rro r
P e r c e n t of
16
erro r
M arg in al f r e ­
q u e n cy p e r
31 69
cent

(x )

X

X
X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

(x )

X

(x )

X

X
X

X

X

(x )

X

X

X
X

X

X
X

X

(x )
X

X

X

(x )

(X)

oC c- «a 1lescore

X

1
1

5

7
(D ( o )

X

*

X

5
( 1 ) (o)

X
X

X

3
3
4

Q u e s tio n s
3
4
( D ( 0 ) (1 ) ( 0 )

(x )
(x )

X

(X)
__ (x).
X

X

(x )

(x )

(x )
X

X

X

X

X

(x )
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

(x )

47 20
5 9

47 18
7 9

54 18
7 2

22 51
4 4

17

19

11

09

36 67

33 75

25 23

32

68

62
2

2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
0

11
6

09
79

21

T o ta l e r r o r s = 6 8 . A v e r a g e i t e m e r r o r = 1 1 .3 o r 1 3 .9 p e r
c e n t.
. .
R e p r o d u c ib ility = 1 0 0 - 1 3 .9 = 8 6 . 1 p e r c e n t.
* X 's p a r e n t h e s i z e d r e p r e s e n t e r r o r s i n i t e m r e s p o n s e s .
D o tte d l in e s a c r o s s the " Q u e s t i o n s " c o lu m n s r e p r e s e n t
1 'c u ttin g p o i n t s . 11

165
T a b le 11 i n d ic a t e s t h a t th is r e r a n k i n g r e s u l t e d in a r e ­
d u c ed p e r c e n t a g e of e r r o r f o r the to ta l C ounty A g en t q u e s t io n ­
n a i r e r e s p o n s e s an d f o r fiv e of the s i x in d iv id u a l q u e s tio n s .
T he p e r c e n t of e r r o r f o r i t e m 2 r o s e f r o m 16 to 17 p e r c e n t.
I t e m s 1, 2, and 3 s t i l l do n o t m e e t the G u ttm a n c r i t e r i a of 15
p e r c e n t m a x im u m e r r o r (16, 17, and 19 p e r c e n t r e s p e c tiv e ly )
b u t a r e w ith in the E y s e n k an d C row n c r i t e r i a of 20 p e r c e n t.
I te m s 4, 5, an d
age.

6

a r e w e ll b e lo w the m a x im u m e r r o r p e r c e n t ­

A ll of the c a t e g o r i e s h a v e m o r e n o n e r r o r th an e r r o r , the

m a r g i n a l f r e q u e n c i e s a r e a d e q u a te (the l o w e s t i s

21

and the p a t t e r n of e r r o r is r e a s o n a b l y r a n d o m .

The r e p r o d u c i ­

b i li t y of the to ta l s c a l e is

86.1

p e rc en t),

p e r c e n t w h ic h is w ith in the

E y s e n k an d C ro w n c r i t e r i a .
T a b le 12 p r e s e n t s s i m i l a r d a ta f o r the 4 H Club A g e n ts .
H o w e v e r, the r e s u l t s w e r e d i f f e r e n t w ith th is g ro u p .

T he p e r

c e n t of e r r o r w as h i g h e r in th is r e r a n k i n g f o r e a c h q u e s tio n
b u t n u m b e r 7, w h ich r e m a i n e d th e s a m e .

A ls o , the to ta l e r r o r

w a s h i g h e r and y ie ld e d an 81.3 p e r c e n t a g e of r e p r o d u c i b il i ty ,
w h ic h is b e lo w the 85 p e r c e n t c r i t e r i o n o f E y s e n k and C row n.
A ll of the c a t e g o r i e s have g r e a t e r n o n e r r o r th an e r r o r , the
m a r g i n a l f r e q u e n c i e s a r e s a t i s f a c t o r y , an d the p a t t e r n of e r r o r s

166
T A B L E 12
IL L U ST R A T IO N O F TH E SC A L E ANALYSIS O F THE DICHOT­
O M IZE D SIX IT E M JO B SA TISFA C TIO N QUESTIONNAIRE F O R
T H E SECON D T R IA L RANKING O F 4 H CLUB AG EN TS
F req u en cy

1

2

U)(o)

(1 ) ( 0 )

Q u e s tio n s
3
4
(i)(o) (1 X 0 )

8
5

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

1

X

X

5

X
X

X
X

2
2

1
1
1
1

.(x)
X

(x)
(x)
(x)

X
X
X

(x)

X
X

X

X
X

(x)

X

X

X

X
X

(x)

X

X

2

X

X

X

X

X
X

X

(x)

X

X

(x)
(x)
(x)
(x)

X
X

(x)

(x)
(x)
(x)
(x)
X
X

X

3

X
X

X

X
X

1

X

X

X

X

X

2

X

(x)

(x)
(x)
X
X
X

!x !
(x)

X

X

X

X

X
X

(x)

(x)
(x)
(x)

X
X
X

X

(x)
X

5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3

X

2
2

X

2

(x)

X
X

(x)

X
X
*' X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

S c a le
score
6

X
X

X

(x)

X

7
(1)(0 )

(x)

X

2

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

X
X
X

(x)
(x)

X

5
(1)( 0 )
x
. (x)

2
X

(x)
(x)

2
2
2

X

1
1
0

X
X
X
X
X
1
(x)
X
X
X
X
X
X
3
N on erro r
37 6 19 23 2 0 1 6 25 13 1 6 2 0 31 8
7 2
8 2
7 5
0 5
4 8
4 2
E rro r
P e r c e n t of
18. 7
20.8
25. 0
2 5 .0
1 0 .4
12. 5
erro r
M a rg in a l f r e ­
q u e n cy p e r
77 23 48 52 50 50 69 31 48 52 2 1 79
cent
T o ta l e r r o r s = 54.
A v e r a g e i t e m e r r o r = 9 o r 18. 7 p e r cent.
R e p r o d u c ib ility = 100 - 1 8 .7 p e r c e n t = 8 1 ,3 p e r cen t.
X 's p a r e n t h e s i z e d r e p r e s e n t e r r o r s in i t e m r e s p o n s e s .
* D o tted l in e s a c r o s s the " Q u e s t i o n s " c o lu m n s r e p r e s e n t
" c u ttin g p o in ts .

167
is re a so n a b ly ran d o m .

N e v e r t h e l e s s , the r e p r o d u c i b il i ty is

s u c h t h a t it m u s t be c o n c lu d e d th a t th e jo b s a t is f a c ti o n a t t i ­
t u d e s e x p r e s s e d b y the 4 H Club A g e n ts in the q u e s tio n n a ir e
u s e d in th is s tu d y a r e n o t s c a l a b le .

R e li a b i l i ty of s c a l e s .
m ate

19

T he m a x im u m lik e lih o o d e s t i -

of the s p l i t - h a l f r e lia b ility of the q u e s tio n n a ir e f o r the

County A g e n ts w hen c o r r e c t e d by the S p e a r m a n - B r o w n P r o p h e c y
f o r m u l a w as fou nd to be p lu s 0.71 and f o r the 4 H Club A g en ts
p l u s 0 .6 9 .

The s c a l e d v e r s i o n of the s c o r e s w as found to have

a n e s t i m a t e d r e l i a b i l i t y of p lu s 0.80 f o r the County A g e n ts.
T h is r e l i a b i l i t y w a s G u t t m a n 's

e s t i m a t e of the " lo w e r bound"

of the p a r a m e t e r v a lu e of the r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f fic ie n t.

20

It is to

be e x p e c te d th a t the r e l i a b i l i t y f o r the 4 H Club A g e n ts would
b e lo w e r th a n f o r th e C ounty A g e n ts , s in c e t h e i r s c o r e s f a ile d
to m e e t the c r i t e r i a f o r s c a l a b il i ty .

H o w e v e r, th e s e r e l i a b i l i ­

t i e s a p p e a r e d to be high en oug h f o r p u r p o s e s of stud ying g ro u p
d ifferen c e s.

19 J o h n s o n , o p . c i t ., p p. 126-127.
20

S to u ffe r, G u ttm a n , e t a l., op. c it ., pp. 3 0 0 -3 1 1 .

168
V a lid ity .

No d i r e c t m e a n s of te s tin g the v a lid ity of th e

Jo b S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ir e a r e known to th is w r i t e r .

K rech

and C r u tc h f ie ld s t a te th a t " th e v a lid ity of m e a s u r e m e n t of b e l ie f s and a ttitu d e s c a n be d e t e r m i n e d o n ly i n d i r e c t l y ."

21

H op-

p o c k c o n c lu d e s in d i s c u s s i n g the v a lid ity of h is Jo b S a tis f a c tio n
B lan k in h is s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n ' stu d y a t N ew Hope, P e n n s y lv a n ia ,
th a t a t e s t of i ts v a lid ity " c a n n o t be e x p e c te d un til t h e r e is
d e v e lo p e d a v a lid te c h n iq u e of m e a s u r e m e n t w hich i s in d e p e n d e n t of the w o r k e r 's w illin g n e s s to te l l the t r u t h ."

22

The u l ­

tim a te t e s t in the p r e s e n t stu d y w ould be the a c c u r a c y w ith
w hich the Q u e s tio n n a ir e w ould p r e d i c t the A g e n ts ' b e h a v io r
to w a rd t h e i r jo b s .

V a r io u s w r i t e r s

23

have p o in te d ou t th a t

21

D avid K r e c h and R i c h a r d S. C ru tc h f ie ld , T h e o r y and
P r o b l e m s of S o c ia l P s y c h o lo g y , New York: M c G r a w - H ill Book
C o., In c ., 1948, p. 209.
22

R o b e r t Hoppock, J o b S a tis fa c tio n , N ew Y ork:
and B r o t h e r s , 1935, p . 261.
23

H arper

S te p h en M. C o re y , " P r o f e s s e d A ttitu d e s and A c tu a l
B e h a v io r ," J o u r n a l of E d u c a tio n a l P s y c h o lo g y , 28: 2 71 -2 8 0 , 1937.
K r e c h and C r u tc h f ie ld , op. c i t ., p. 266.
G a r d n e r M u rp h y , L o is B. M u rp h y , and T h eo d o re M.
N ew co m b , E x p e r i m e n t a l S o c ia l P s y c h o lo g y , N ew Y ork: H a r p e r
and B r o t h e r s , 1937, p p. 88 9-91 2.
S y m o n d s, op. c it ., p p . 233-23 7.
T h u rs to n e , lo c . c it.

169
b oth o v e r t and v e r b a l b e h a v i o r sh o u ld be c o n s i d e r e d in th is
r e s p e c t f o r e x p r e s s e d a ttitu d e s f r e q u e n t ly a r e n o t t r a n s l a t e d
into o v e r t a c tio n .

E v e n if s a t i s f a c t o r y te c h n iq u e s w e r e a v a i l ­

able f o r o b s e r v i n g t h e s e k in d s of b e h a v i o r , d iff ic u ltie s in t e r m s
of t im e a n d m o n e y w ould p r e c l u d e m a k in g s u f fic ie n t o b s e r v a ­
tio n s f o r t h i s stu d y .
C o m p a r i s o n of in d iv id u a ls ' s c o r e s on a g iv en a ttitu d e
s c a l e w ith s c o r e s d e r i v e d f r o m o t h e r q u ite d i f f e r e n t te c h n iq u e s
d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e s a m e a ttitu d e o r op in io n h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d a s a n i n d i r e c t t e s t of v a lid ity .

24

R a tin g s of a ttitu d e s

b a s e d on i n te r v ie w r e s u l t s o r on a n a l y s e s of c a s e h i s t o r i e s and
a ttitu d e s r e v e a l e d by p r o j e c t i v e te c h n iq u e s a r e e x a m p le s of th is
a p p ro a c h .

T his m e th o d w as n o t u s e d in th is stu d y b e c a u s e of

l i m i ta t io n s in tim e and m o n e y and b e c a u s e , a s K r e c h and C r u t c h f ie ld p o in t out,

25

i t m a y j u s t if i a b ly be c o n s i d e r e d a s m e r e l y

a n o th e r w a y of d e te r m i n i n g r e l i a b i l i t y .

T h a t two te c h n iq u e s

24

K r e c h a n d C r u tc h f ie ld , o p . c i t ., pp . 2 6 4 -2 6 5 .
M u rp h y , M u rp h y , and N ew co m b , o p . c i t ., pp . 90 8 -9 0 9 .
H a r o ld M. P r o c h a n s k y , "A P r o j e c t i v e M ethod f o r the
Study of A t t it u d e s ," J o u r n a l of A b n o r m a l an d S o c ia l P s y c h o lo g y ,
38: 3 9 3 -3 9 5 , 1943.
25 K re c h a n d C ru tc h fie ld , op. c it., p p . 2 6 4 -2 6 5 .

170
show s i m i l a r r e s u l t s m a y in d ic a te t h e i r c o n s is te n c y b u t n ot
n e c e s s a r i l y t h e i r a c c u r a c y in m e a s u r i n g w h at they p u r p o r t to
m easure.
I n d i r e c t v a lid a tio n b y c o n s i d e r a ti o n of the a ttitu d e s of
"know n" g r o u p s , a s s u g g e s te d by K r e c h and C r u tc h fie ld
M urph y, M u rp h y , and N ew com b

27

26

and

p e r h a p s p r o v id e s so m e b a s i s

f o r e s t a b l is h i n g v a lid ity f o r the Jo b S a t is f a c ti o n Q u e s tio n n a ir e .
K r e c h an d C r u tc h f ie ld in d ic a te th a t a n a ttitu d e m e a s u r e m e n t
i n s t r u m e n t i s a s s u m e d to be v a lid if it d i f f e r e n t i a t e s c e r t a i n
d e fin e d ty p e s of p e o p le in a d i r e c ti o n e x p e c te d on a p r i o r i
g ro u n d s .

It m ig h t be e x p e c te d t h a t E x te n s io n w o r k e r s w ould

have a r e l a t i v e l y h igh d e g r e e of job s a t is f a c ti o n on su c h a p r i ­
o r i g ro u n d s a s th a t A g en ts s e l e c t t h e i r o c c u p a tio n s v o lu n ta r ily
and c o n tin u e in th e m v o l u n ta r ily ev en though b y v i r tu e of t h e i r
tr a in in g and e x p e r ie n c e th e y c o uld change to o th e r ty p e s of w o rk
r a t h e r e a s ily ; th a t th e y r e a l i z e c o n s id e r a b le s a t is f a c ti o n in p e r ­
f o r m in g a u s e fu l s e r v i c e to so c ie ty ; and th a t sin c e t h e i r w o rk
c a l l s f o r m a in ta in in g f r i e n d l y r e l a ti o n s h i p s w ith m a n y p e o p le ,

^
27

Ib id ., pp. 262 -264 .
M u rphy, M urp h y an d N ew com b, o p . c i t ., p . 910.

171
in te n s e d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w o uld p r e c l u d e s u c c e s s in t h e i r w o rk .
T h at th e A g e n ts in d ic a te d r e l a t i v e l y h ig h s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith t h e i r
w o rk m a y , t h e r e f o r e , o f f e r so m e b a s i s f o r a s s u m i n g th a t the
q u e s t io n n a ir e is r e a s o n a b l y v a lid .
In v ie w of the a p p a r e n t l a c k of d i r e c t m e a n s of v a l i d a t ­
ing the q u e s t io n n a ir e i t w a s t h e r e f o r e n e c e s s a r y in th is stu d y
to a s s u m e t h a t i t h a d s a t i s f a c t o r y v a lid ity .

Sym onds s t a t e s in

th is r e s p e c t t h a t " t h e r e i s e v e r y r e a s o n f o r tak in g the r e s u l t s
of an a ttitu d e q u e s t io n n a ir e a t f a c e v a lu e a s an e x p r e s s i o n of
op inion , p a r t i c u l a r l y w hen no i m m e d ia te i s s u e is a t s ta k e ."

I n te n s ity A n a l y s i s .

28

In a d d itio n to p r o v id in g a ra n k o r ­

d e r in g of in d iv id u a ls a c c o rd in g to t h e i r a ttitu d e o r a ra n k in g
a c c o rd in g to t h e i r d e g re e of f a v o r a b l e n e s s , the G u ttm a n t e c h ­
nique a ls o p r o v i d e s by i t s " i n te n s i t y a n a l y s i s " a cu ttin g p o in t
in the r a n k o r d e r of in d iv id u a ls su c h t h a t the p e o p le to the
r i g h t of the p o in t m a y be c o n s i d e r e d a s " f a v o r a b l e " and to the
l e f t a s " u n f a v o r a b le " in t h e i r a ttitu d e to w a r d an i s s u e .

G u ttm a n

P e r c i v a l M. S y m o n d s, D ia g n o sin g P e r s o n a l i t y and
C onduct, N ew Y ork: D. A p p le to n - C e n tu r y C om pany, 1931, p .
233.

172

p o in ts out th a t Ma r a n k o r d e r alone d o e s not d is tin g u is h b e tw e e n
b e in g f a v o r a b l e an d u n fa v o ra b le ; it m e r e l y r e f l e c t s b e in g m o r e
f a v o r a b le a n d l e s s f a v o r a b le a c tu a lly m e a n s b e in g u n fa v o r a b le ."

29

The in te n s i t y s c o r e in th is stu d y w as d e r i v e d f r o m the
w e ig h ts a s s i g n e d to the r e s p o n s e s to the s e p a r a t e in te n s ity
q u e s tio n s w h ic h fo llo w e a c h o f the job s a t is f a c ti o n q u e s tio n s .
Q u e stio n 5 i s r e p r o d u c e d b e lo w to i l l u s t r a t e the in te n s ity i te m s
and t h e i r w e ig h ts .

5.

How e n th u s ia s t i c a r e you a bout y o u r o c c u p a tio n ?
N ot a t a l l e n th u s ia s tic
O nly m ild ly e n th u s ia s tic
Q uite e n th u s ia s t i c
V e r y e n th u s ia s t i c
How s t r o n g l y do you fe e l a bou t th is ?
N ot a t a l l s t r o n g l y
Q uite s t r o n g ly
V e r y s tr o n g ly

W eights
0
1
2

I n te n s ity a n a l y s i s is a c r o s s ta b u la tio n of the s c a le d
s c o r e r a n k in g of in d iv id u a ls o r the " c o n te n t" s c o r e and the
in te n s i t y s c o r e .

The c u rv e f o r m e d b y jo in in g the .m edian i n t e n ­

s i t y s c o r e s f o r m s the i n te n s ity co m p o n e n t.
found i s in th e f o r m of a U o r J .

The u s u a l c u rv e

P e o p le a t e i t h e r e n d of th is

s c a l e f e e l m o r e s t r o n g l y th a n th o se in the m id d le .

In m oving

173
down th is c u r v e a p o in t is r e a c h e d w h e re in te n s ity of fe e lin g
b e g in s to i n c r e a s e a g a in .

T h is is the z e r o o r n e u t r a l p o in t.

In p r a c t i c e th is p o in t is not s h a r p l y d e fin e d but u s u a lly i s a
b r o a d r e g i o n of r e l a t i v e in d if f e r e n c e o r n e u tr a li t y .

If t h e r e is

a s h a r p p o in t in the c u r v e , i t i n d ic a te s t h a t the p o p u la tio n is
s h a r p l y d iv id e d on the i s s u e .

T a b le 13 sho w s the i n te n s ity

a n a l y s i s of the jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n fo r th e County A g e n ts.
It w ill be n o te d in T able 13 t h a t the le ft s id e of the
u s u a l U o r J c u rv e is m i s s i n g .

T h is in d ic a te s th a t a c c o rd in g

to the q u e s t io n n a ir e u s e d in th is stu dy, t h e r e is p r a c t i c a l l y no
in te n s e job d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n am o n g the C ounty A g e n ts.

H o w ev e r,

the s c o r e s a r e so d i s t r i b u t e d th a t an a r b i t r a r y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
of the C ounty A g e n ts in to r e l a t i v e job s a t is f a c ti o n g ro u p s m ig h t
b e s t a te d a s fo llo w s:

(a) T h o se w ith s c o r e s of z e r o o r one (16

p e r cent) h a v e lo w job s a t i s f a c t i o n o r a r e in d if f e r e n t to t h e i r
jo b s , (b) th o s e w ith s c o r e s of 2 o r 3 (29.6 p e r cent) h ave " m e ­
d iu m " job s a t i s f a c t i o n an d (c) th o se w ith s c o r e s of 4, 5 o r

6

(54.4 p e r cent) h a v e h ig h job s a t is f a c ti o n .
T a b le 14 show s the a tt e m p t e d i n te n s i t y a n a l y s i s f o r the
4 H Club A g e n ts.

The f i g u r e s in p a r e n t h e s e s do n o t in d ic a te

the p r o p e r r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n the s c a l e d s c o r e s and the i n ­
te n sity s c o r e s .

T h is w ould b e e x p e c te d f r o m the f a c t t h a t the

174
T A B L E 13
IN TEN SITY ANALYSIS O F T H E SC A L E D JO B SA TISFA CTIO N
Q U ESTIO N N A IRE F O R COUNTY AGENTS
In ten ­
sity
S cores

S c a le d c o n te n t s c o r e s
T o ta l
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2

3

4

12

1

11

1

2

6

2

10

(3)*

14

10

1

1

1

2

(5)

(4)

4

18

9

1

1

(3)

(2 )

2

2

2

11

(3)

2

3

2

3

2

1

1

2

2

8

7

(3)

6

2

5

1

T o ta l

5

8

13
7
1

7
1

12

12

18

14

12

81

* N u m b e rs in p a r e n th e s e s a r e p o s itio n s of m e d ia n in ­
te n s ity s c o r e s .

175
T A B L E 14
IN TEN SITY ANALYSIS F O R T H E SC A LED JO B SA TISFA CTIO N
Q U ESTIO NNA IRE F O R 4 H CLUB AGENTS
In ten ­
s ity
S cores

S c a le d c o n te n t s c o r e s
T o ta l
0

1

2

3

4

1

12

2

11

1

10

2

1

(4)*

5

6

2

2

5

2

(3)

8

(5)

2

14

2

7

9

1

1

(2 )

1

8

( 1)

( 1)

2

( 1)

2

7

1

1

2

1

5

7

1

1

6

5

1

T o ta l

3

1

3

9

6

6

12

9

48

* N u m b e rs in p a r e n th e s e s a r e p o s itio n s of m e d ia n in ­
te n s ity s c o r e s .

176
sc ale d

sco res

d id

not

m eet

the

c rite ria

for

s c a l a b il ­

ity .

S e le c tio n of s a t is f a c ti o n g r o u p s .
c a te d in T a b le

8

Since, a s w as in d i­

, v e r y few , if any, A g e n ts could be d e s c r i b e d

a s b e in g d i s s a t i s f i e d in t h e i r jo b s in so f a r a s t h e i r r e s p o n s e s
to the Job S a tis f a c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ir e w e re c o n c e rn e d , i t w as
of c o u r s e i m p l i c i t th a t a s e p a r a t i o n of A g e n ts into v a r i a b le
s a t i s f a c t i o n g r o u p s w ould r e p r e s e n t " m o r e " and " l e s s " s a t­
i s f i e d r a t h e r th a n " s a t i s f i e d " a n d " d i s s a t i s f i e d " g r o u p s .
B e c a u s e the s e p a r a t i o n w ould t h e r e f o r e be on the b a s i s of
r e l a t i v e s a t is f a c ti o n i t w as c o n s i d e r e d d e s i r a b l e f o r c o m p a r ­
i s o n p u r p o s e s to s e p a r a t e the A g e n ts into g ro u p s of f a i r l y eq u al
siz e.
Since th e r e s p o n s e s of th e County A g e n ts w e r e found to
be s c a l a b le in the a p p lic a tio n of G u t t m a n 's T ec h n iq u e , the
C ounty A g e n ts w e r e s e p a r a t e d on the b a s i s of the s c a l e d v e r s i o n
of t h e i r r a w s c o r e s .

T he d i s t r ib u t i o n of the s c a l e d s c o r e s is

l i s t e d on the follow ing p a g e.
B y s e p a r a t in g b e tw e e n s c o r e s 3 a n d 4 the " m o r e s a t i s ­
f i e d " g ro u p c o n ta in e d 44 A g e n ts and the " l e s s s a t i s f i e d " g roup
c o n ta in e d 37 A g e n ts .

T h is a r b i t r a r y d iv is io n th e n p ro v id e d the

177
S c a le S c o r e s

Frequency

6

5
4
3
2
1
0
Total

12
14
18
12
12

8
5

. 81

two s a t is f a c ti o n g r o u p s of County A g e n ts f o r the a n a l y s i s of
the r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n i n t e r e s t and jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n w hich
w ill fo llow in the n e x t c h a p t e r ;
Since the Jo b S a tis f a c tio n Q u e stio n n a ir e r e s p o n s e s of
the 4 H Club A g e n ts f a ile d to m e e t the t e s t s of s c a la b ility , the
s c a le d s c o r e s c o u ld not b e u s e d f o r the d e te rm in a tio n of r e l a ­
tiv e s a t is f a c ti o n g ro u p s am o n g th e s e A g e n ts .

H o w ev e r, the d i s ­

t r ib u tio n of r a w s c o r e s in d ic a te d a c o n s i d e r a b le ra n g e in r e ­
s p o n s e s w hich in t u r n in d ic a te d th a t a lth o u g h the r e s p o n s e s did
n o t r e p r e s e n t s a t i s f a c t o r i l y u n id im e n s io n a l a ttitu d e s a c c o rd in g
to the G u ttm a n te c h n iq u e , th ey c o u ld be c o n s i d e r e d as i n d ic a t ­
ing v a ry in g d e g r e e s of job s a t is f a c ti o n .

The d i s t r ib u t i o n of th e s

r a w s c o r e s a p p e a r s on the follow ing p a g e .

178
R aw S c o r e

F req u en cy

29
28
27

1

26

25
24
23
22
21
20

1
1

5
7
7
4
5
5
3
4

19
18
17
16
15
14

_2

T o ta l

48

1
0
2
0

A s e p a r a t io n b e tw e e n s c o r e 22 and s c o r e 23 p r o v id e d
t w e n ty - s ix A g e n ts in th e " m o r e s a t is f ie d " and tw e n ty -tw o in the
" l e s s s a t i s f i e d " g r o u p s , w h ich c o m p r i s e the g ro u p s u s e d f o r
the c o m p a r i s o n of the i n t e r e s t s and job s a t is f a c ti o n o f the 4 H
Club A g e n ts.

H o m o g e n e ity of the s a t i s f a c t i o n g r o u p s .

T he h o m o g e n e ity

of the v a r i a b le s a t i s f a c t i o n g ro u p s in r e s p e c t to age and y e a r s
of e x p e r i e n c e in the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n s e r v i c e w as t e s t e d and
is show n in T ab le 15.

T h is ta b le in d ic a t e s the c o m p a r is o n of

179
T A B L E 15
COM PARISON O F MEANS (X) AND VARIANCES ( c r ) O F
AG ES AND YEARS O F E X P E R IE N C E F O R VARIABLE
SA TISFA CTIO N GROUPS O F COUNTY AGENTS
AND 4 H CLUB AGENTS

County A g e n ts

' 'M o re
sa tisfie d "

' 'L e s s
sa tis fie d "

T e s t s of
h o m o g e n e ity

x

X

F

* 2

(N 44)

<r2

t or d ^

(N 3 7)

Age

43. 70

83. 75

4 1 .3 7

9 2 .5 8

1 . 10

0. 04

Y e a r s of
e x p e r ie n c e

15 .29

72. 31

11.40

65. 19

1 . 11

2

1.83

0. 6.3

5.4 7**

2

4 H Club A g e n ts
Age
Y e a r s of
e x p e r ie n c e

(N

26)

(N

.

10*

22)

34. 65

7 8 .0 0

3 1 .4 0

42. 73

5 .2 6

2 4 .4 4

2 .9 0

4 .4 7

.20*

* S ig n ific a n t a t the five p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
** S ig n ific a n t a t the one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
(a)
v T h e B e h r e n s - F i s h e r " d " t e s t i s u s e d to t e s t f o r
s ifn ific a n c e of d if fe r e n c e b e tw e e n m e a n s when v a r i a n c e s a r e
n o t h o m o g e n e o u s a s in d ic a te d by a s ig n if ic a n tly l a r g e " F . 11

180
the m e a n s an d v a r i a n c e s of the two s a t i s f a c t i o n g ro u p s of
County A g e n ts an d the two s a t i s f a c t i o n g r o u p s of 4 H Club
A g e n ts.
F r o m T a b le 15 i t is a p p a r e n t t h a t the s a t is f a c ti o n s u b ­
g ro u p s w e r e n o t s ig n if ic a n tly d i f f e r e n t in t e r m s of a g e , b u t th a t
b oth th e " m o r e s a t i s f i e d " C ounty A g e n ts a n d 4 H Club A gents
have h a d s ig n if ic a n tly lo n g e r e x p e r i e n c e in the M ic h ig a n E x t e n ­
sio n S e r v i c e th a n have the " l e s s s a t is f ie d " A g e n ts .

T h is p o in ts

to a d i r e c t r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n le n g th of e x p e r i e n c e in the w o rk
and s a t i s f a c t i o n in it. • H o w e v e r, b e fo r e i t could be c o n c lu d e d th a t
liking f o r th e w o rk a c tu a lly i n c r e a s e s w ith the a m o u n t of tim e
sp e n t in it, i t w ould be n e c e s s a r y to d e te r m i n e the p r o p o r tio n
of " l e s s s a t i s f i e d " A g e n ts who c o n tin u e in the w o rk b u t w ith no
e v id e n t i n c r e a s e in s a t is f a c ti o n .

S um m ary.

V a r ia b le w o rk e ff e c t i v e n e s s g r o u p s of A g en ts

w e re e s t a b l i s h e d on the b a s i s of a m o d if ie d f o r c e d r a n k in g r a t ­
ing b y a p a n e l of s e v e n ju d g e s who h a d h a d a d e q u a te o p p o r tu n i­
t ie s to o b s e r v e the w o rk of the A g e n ts an d m o s t of w hom h ad
p a r t i c i p a t e d in the a n n u a l r a t i n g of the A g e n ts w h ich is c o n ­
d u c te d f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p u r p o s e s .

The ju d g e s r a n k e d e a c h

A gent in one of f o u r f a i r l y e q u a lly s i z e d g ro u p s r a n g in g f r o m

181
high to low in t e r m s of c o m p a r a tiv e o v e r - a l l s u c c e s s on the
job.

T h e r e w a s high c o n s i s t e n c y a m o n g the ju d g e s a s to t h e i r

" q u a r t i l e " r a t i n g s of th e A g e n ts .

T h e r e a ls o w as no s ig n if ic a n t

la c k of h o m o g e n e ity am o n g the " q u a r t i l e s " of e a c h g ro u p of
A g e n ts in r e s p e c t to a g e and y e a r s of e x p e r ie n c e in th e M ic h ig a n
E x te n s io n S e r v i c e .
V a r ia b le job s a t i s f a c t i o n g ro u p s w e re e s t a b l i s h e d on the
b a s i s of t h e i r Jo b S a tis fa c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ir e s c o r e s , sin c e the
r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n jo b s a t is f a c ti o n a n d w o rk e f f e c tiv e n e s s w a s
n o t g e n e r a l l y high.

The r a w s c o r e s w e r e s u b m itte d to a s c a l e

and in te n s ity a n a l y s i s .

The s c o r e s of the County A g e n ts w e r e

found to be s c a l a b le , b u t t h e r e w as no in d ic a tio n of in te n s e
d i s s a t is f a c ti o n .

The r a w s c o r e s of th e 4 H Club A g e n ts f a i l e d

to m e e t the c r i t e r i a of s c a l a b il i ty b u t the r a n g e of s c o r e s i n d i ­
c a te d th a t v a ry in g d e g r e e s of s a t i s f a c t i o n w e r e r e p r e s e n t e d .
The r e l i a b i l i t y of the J o b S a tis fa c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ir e w ith
the two g ro u p s of A g e n ts a p p e a r e d to be h ig h enough fo r p u r ­
p o s e s of stu dying g ro u p d if f e r e n c e s .

It was n e c e s s a r y to a s s u m e

v a lid ity f o r the i n s t r u m e n t s in c e no d i r e c t m e a n s of v a lid a tin g
m e a s u r e s of a ttitu d e w e r e a v a ila b le to the w r i t e r .

182
T h e County A g e n ts w e re s e p a r a t e d in to f a i r l y e q u a lly
s i z e d " m o r e s a t is f ie d " an d " l e s s s a t i s f i e d " g ro u p s by s e le c tin g
an a r b i t r a r y c u ttin g p o in t in the d i s t r i b u t i o n of the s c a l e d v e r ­
sion of t h e i r r a w s c o r e s and th e 4 H Club A g e n ts w e r e s i m i ­
l a r l y s e p a r a t e d b y an a r b i t r a r y cu ttin g p o in t in the d i s t r ib u t i o n
of t h e i r r a w s c o r e s .

T h e r e w as no l a c k of h o m o g e n e ity b e ­

tw e en th e s a t is f a c ti o n g r o u p s o f e i t h e r the County A g e n ts o r
the 4 H Club A g e n ts in r e s p e c t to age, b u t the " m o r e s a t is f ie d "
A g e n ts h a d s ig n if ic a n tly lo n g e r e x p e r i e n c e in the M ic h ig a n E x ­
te n s io n S e rv ic e th a n did the " l e s s s a t is f ie d " A g e n ts.

C H A P T E R VI

THE FINDINGS O F THE STUDY

The p u r p o s e of th is c h a p t e r is to r e p o r t the fin d in g s
th a t r e s u l t e d f r o m follow ing the p r o c e d u r e s and te c h n iq u e s d e ­
s c r i b e d in C h a p te r s IV and V.

A d e s c r i p t i o n of the v o c a tio n a l

i n t e r e s t s of the County A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g en ts w ill be
given f i r s t .

T his w ill be fo llo w ed by the r e l a ti o n s h i p found

b e tw e e n the A g e n t's SVIB s c o r e s and t h e i r w o rk e f f e c tiv e n e s s
r a t i n g s , and the r e l a ti o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h e i r SVIB s c o r e s and
t h e i r job s a t is f a c ti o n s c o r e s .

D e s c r ip tio n of the A g e n ts ' I n t e r e s t s

M ean SVIB s c o r e s .

The m e a n s c o r e s of the to ta l g rou p

of County A g ents and the to ta l g ro u p of 4 H Club A g e n ts on a ll
SVIB s c a l e s u s e d in th is stu d y w e r e c o m p u te d a s the f i r s t a p ­
p r o a c h to a d e s c r i p t io n of t h e i r i n t e r e s t s .

These sc o re s , to ­

g e th e r w ith the s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n s and l e t t e r s c o r e s a r e p r e ­
s e n te d by O c c u p a tio n a l G ro u p s in T able 16.

T A B L E 16
MEAN STANDARD SCORES, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND L E T T E R SCORES F O R
81 COUNTY AGENTS AND 48 4 H CLUB AG EN TS ON
44 SVIB SCALES

SVIB s c a l e s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

County A g e n ts
M ean
sta n d ard
sco re*

S ta n d a r d
d e v ia tio n

4 H Club A g e n ts
L e tte r
score

M ean
stan d ard
score

S ta n d a rd
d e v ia tio n

L e tte r
score

. 20

1 0 . 21

16.66

1 9 .3 7
28. 75
40. 00
28. 1 2

1 0 .3 8
1 2 . 10
12.. 14
1 0 .3 2
1 2 . 66

C
C
C
C+
B+
C+

I
A rtist
P s y c h o lo g is t
A rc h ite ct
P h y sic ian
O s te o p a th
D e n tis t
II
M a th e m a ti ci an
P h y sicist
E n g in e e r
C h e m is t
III
P r o d u c tio n M g r.

. 86
1 6 .4 2
2 2 . 10
27. 28
32. 59
24. 81

7. 28
. 1 1 .5 5
9. 32
8 . 95
9. 06
9. 76

C
C
C
C+
BC+

17. 04
14. 94
2 6 .4 2
2 3 .0 9

9 .4 4

16.66

10. 17

9. 27
11 .7 9

C
C
C+
C

13. 33
25. 00
24. 16

1 2 .3 8
13. 50

C
C
c+
c

7. 65

B-

3 3 .9 5

8 .4 5

B-

20

33. 58

11.19

20

12.26

184

T A B L E 16 (C ontinued)
County A g e n ts
SVIB s c a l e s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

M e an
stan d ard
score*

4 H Club A g e n ts

S ta n d a r d
d e v ia tio n

L e tte r
score

M e an
sta n d ard
score

S ta n d a rd
d e v ia tio n

L e tte r
score

A
BC+
BB
A
BB

47. 08
35. 00
32. 08
3 4 .7 9
42. 91
4 8 .3 1
3 8 .3 3
43. 33

7. 98
10. 71
1 0 . 10
7. 99
9 .4 5
9. 0 0
9. 54
9 .0 8

A
B
BB
B+
A
B
B+

BBB+
BB
BC+

43. 54
36. 04
42. 70
3 4 .3 7
40. 62
32. 91
29. 79

10.21

B+
B
B+
B
B+
BB-

IV
F arm er
A v ia to r
C a rp en ter
P rin ter
M ath. - S c i . T c h r .
Voc. A g r . T c h r .
P o lice m an
F o r e s t S e r v ic e
vV

4 5 /3 1
30. 62
2 5 .8 0
30. 62
3 6 .6 6
45, 39
31. 23
38. 52

8 .3 9
9. 54
9 .9 9
8 .4 2
9 .0 9

YMCA P h y s . D ir.
P e r s o n n e l D ir.
P u b lic A dm in.
YMCA Secy.
Soc. Sci. T c h r .
C ity Sch. Supt.
M in ister

32. 84
3 2 .4 7
40. 00
30. 12
36. 54
3 2 ,5 9
2 5 .5 5

10, 87

9.20

9 .4 1
9 .8 3

10.06
8.22
1 0 . 66

9. 64
9. 32
1 0 . 12

1 2 .5 0
10.26

. 1 1 .4 7
10. 56
9. 67
9 .8 4

185

T A B L E 16 (C ontinued)

SVIB s c a l e s b y
O c c u p a tio n a l
_
G ro u p s

VI
M u s ic ia n
VII
C. P . A.
VIII
A c c o u n ta n t
O ffice Man.
P u r c h . A g en t
Banker
M o r tic ia n
IX
S a le s M g r.
R e a l E s t . S is:
L ife In s. S is.
X
A d v e r tis in g M an
L aw yer
Autho r - J o u r n .

County A g e n ts
--------------------------------------------------------M ean
,
S ta n d a r d
L e tte r
stan d ard
, ...
d e v ia tio n
score
score*

4 H Club A g e n ts
--------------------------------------------------------M ean
, ,
,
S ta n d a r d
L e tte r
sta n d ard
, ...
d e v ia tio n
score
score

2 1 .8 5

10.50

C

29.

16

9 .4 2

C+

19. 51

7. 74

C

14. 58

7. 99

C

2 7 .4 1
29. 75
30. 00
3 4 .3 2
3 2 .5 9

6

. 86
7 .0 7
7. 07
7 .4 1
7 .3 9

C+
BBBB-

26. 04
3 1 .8 7
2 6 . 87
3 0 .8 3
3 5 .0 0

9 .4 1
9 .8 4
7 .2 0

C+
BC+
BB

3 2 .3 4
3 5 .0 6
33. 33

9. 53.
6 .7 4
9. 23

BB
B-

2 9 .3 7
34. 1 6
32. 91

8

C+
BC+

26. 25
2 5 /8 3

2 7 .6 5
29. 50
2 6 . 91

6 . 95
8 .9 4
10. 56

26..66

8.21

7. 72
. 62

1 0 . 10

BBB-

7 .8 2
6 . 73
6 .4 8

Ct
C+
C+

8.22

186

T A B L E 16 (C ontinued)

SVIB s c a l e s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

County A g e n ts

4 H Club A g e n ts

M ean
stan d ard
score*

S ta n d a r d
d e v ia tio n

L e tte r
score

M ean
stan d ard
score

S ta n d a rd
d e v ia tio n

L e tte r
score

XI
P r e s . Mfg. Cone.

3 0 .3 7

9. 15

B-

2 7 .2 9

7 .0 7

C+

Int. M a tu rity
Occup-. L e v e l
M asc. -F e m in in ity
T e a c h . S a tis fa c .

52. 00
5 5 .3 8
49. 63
4 9 :3 8

7 .4 5
5. 77
6 . 07
7 .6 6

•

53.
50.
49.
54.

91
79
33
62

5. 74
5 .3 6
13. 78
8 .3 0

* M e a n s t a n d a r d s c o r e s of the g ro u p s on w hich the s c a l e s w e r e s t a n d a r d i z e d w e r e 50
and s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n s w e r e 10. E d w a r d Ki S tro n g , J r . , M an u al f o r V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B lank
f o r M e n , S ta n fo rd , C a lif o r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1951, p. 10.

188
A stu d y of T a b le 16 r e v e a l s t h a t a c c o r d in g to m e a n
s c o r e s th e i n t e r e s t s of the two g r o u p s of A g e n ts a r e s o m e w h a t
s i m i l a r a n d th a t in g e n e r a l t h e i r i n t e r e s t s a r e h i g h e s t in the
G ro u p IV o c c u p a tio n s an d n e x t h ig h e s t in the G ro up V o r " s o ­
c i a l w e lfa r e " type of o c c u p a tio n s .

It a p p e a r s th a t t h e i r i n t e r ­

e s t s a r e m o s t u n lik e the i n t e r e s t s of p e o p le in c e r t i f i e d public
a c c o u n ta n t w o rk (G roup VII), in m a t h e m a t i c s and p h y s i c a l s c i ­
e n c e o c c u p a tio n s (G roup II), in the o c c u p a tio n of m u s i c i a n
(G roup VI), and in s o m e of th e G ro up I o c c u p a tio n s .

T he

s c o r e s on the r e m a in i n g o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e s in d ic a te th a t in
g e n e r a l the i n t e r e s t s of th e s e A g e n ts a r e n e i t h e r d e fin ite ly
lik e n o r un lik e the i n t e r e s t s of p e o p le in th o s e o c c u p a tio n s .
T he s c o r e s on the n o n o c c u p a tio n a l s c a l e s w ould b e c o n s i d e r e d
n o r m a l a c c o rd in g to S t r o n g 's
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the SVIB.

1

and N e l s o n 's

2

i n s t r u c t i o n s fo r

T he d i s p e r s i o n of s c o r e s a s

E d w a r d K. S tro n g , J r . , V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of Men
a n d W om en, S ta n fo rd , C a lifo rn ia : S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty P r e s s ,
1943, C h a p te r s 10, 11, 12.
2

K e n n e th G. N e lso n , " T h e I n t e r e s t s of T e a c h e r s of V o ­
c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e a s R e la te d to V o c a tio n a l S a tis f a c tio n ," (un ­
p u b lis h e d P h .D . T h e s is , U n iv e r s ity o f M in n e s o ta , M in n e a p o lis ,
1951, C h a p te r VII).

189
in d ic a te d b y the s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n s is s i m i l a r to th o s e found
in s e v e r a l of S t r o n g 's s t u d i e s .

3

The f a c t th a t the s t a n d a r d

d e v ia tio n s a r e l a r g e r f o r the 4 H Club A g e n ts on 31 of the 45
s c a l e s m a y be due to the n o r m a l te n d e n c y f o r s m a l l e r s a m p le s
to show g r e a t e r v a r i a t i o n a b o u t the m e a n .

4

The h ig h s c o r e s f o r t h e s e A g e n ts a r e g e n e r a l l y in k e e p ­
ing w ith the i n t e r e s t s th a t m ig h t be e x p e c te d of m e n in County
E x te n s io n w o rk .

T he f a c t t h a t the only m e a n "A " s c o r e s w e r e

on the F a r m e r an d the T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e s c a l e s
a p p e a r s s ig n if ic a n t in th is r e s p e c t .

S ince a g r i c u l t u r e is e s s e n ­

t ia l ly the s u b j e c t m a t t e r w ith w h ic h the A g e n ts d e a l, high s c o r e s
on the F a r m e r s c a l e a r e n o t s u r p r i s i n g .

A lso , sin c e the A gen ts

t h e o r e t i c a l l y a r e m o r e c o n c e r n e d w ith te a c h in g th is s u b je c t
m a t t e r th an w ith e a rn in g t h e i r liv e lih o o d a s f a r m e r s , i t is i n ­
t e r e s t i n g to n o te th a t, a lth o u g h the d i f f e r e n c e s a r e v e r y s m a ll ,
t h e i r s c o r e s on th e T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l A g r i c u l t u r e s c a le
w e r e h i g h e r th a n on the F a r m e r s c a le (45.39 v e r s u s 45.31 f o r
County A g e n ts; 48.31 v e r s u s 47.08 f o r 4 H Club A g en ts).

^ S tro n g , o p . c i t ., p p . 108, 109, 126, 174, 192, 231.
4

P a l m e r O. J o h n s o n , S t a ti s t i c a l M eth o d s in R e s e a r c h ,
N ew Y ork; P r e n t i c e - H a l l , In c ., 1949, p . 34.

i

190
It is n o t the p u r p o s e of th is stud y to t e s t th e v a lid ity of
the SVIB, b u t sin c e the s c o r e s on t h e s e two s c a l e s a r e a l m o s t
e q u a lly h igh and s i n c e the s c a l e s m e a s u r e o c c u p a tio n s th a t o s ­
te n s ib ly h ave v a r i o u s e le m e n t s in c o m m o n , the q u e s tio n m ig h t
a r i s e a s to w h e th e r o r not th e y a r e m e a s u r i n g d if f e r e n t i n t e r ­
e sts.

The T e a c h e r of V o c atio n al A g r i c u l t u r e s c a le w as c o n ­

s t r u c t e d by N e ls o n and a lth o u g h in h i s stu d y i t c o r r e l a t e d h ig h e r
w ith the F a r m e r s c a l e th a n w ith an y o th e r s c a l e , th e c o r r e l a ­
tion w a s o n ly p lu s 0.548 an d N e ls o n c o n c lu d e s th a t " t h is w ould
s e e m to in d ic a te t h a t the t e a c h e r of v o c a tio n a l a g r i c u l t u r e s c a le
m e a s u r e s s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t i n t e r e s t s than d o e s th e f a r m e r
sc ale .

C o m p a r is o n w ith c o lle g e s e n i o r s .

The p r e v i o u s d i s c u s ­

sio n of the A g e n ts ' m e a n s c o r e s r e f l e c t s t h e i r i n t e r e s t s a s
c o m p a r e d w ith the i n t e r e s t s of S t r o n g 's c r i t e r i o n g r o u p s .

As

a f u r t h e r a tt e m p t to d e s c r i b e the i n t e r e s t s o f th e s e A g e n ts,
t h e i r s c o r e s on t h i r t y - f o u r SVIB s c a l e s w e r e c o m p a r e d w ith
£
the s c o r e s r e p o r t e d b y S tro n g

of 285 S ta n fo rd U n iv e r s ity

N e ls o n , o p . c it., p . 73.
^ S t r a ig , op. c it., p p . 376-377.

191
s e n i o r m e n r e p r e s e n t i n g a v a r i e t y of c o lle g e m a j o r s .

T his

c o m p a r is o n is p r e s e n t e d in T a b le 17 in the f o r m of the p e r ­
c e n ta g e s of c o lle g e s e n i o r s , County A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts
who r e c e i v e d C, B, B+ and A l e t t e r s c o r e s .

(C+ and B - s c o r e s

a r e o m itte d .)
S e v e r a l d i f f e r e n c e s of i n t e r e s t s a r e a p p a r e n t in T ab le
17.

A s m ig h t be e x p e c te d , the p e r c e n t a g e of A s c o r e s is c o n ­

s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r f o r the A g e n ts th an f o r the s e n i o r s on the
F a r m e r sc ale .

(C ounty A g e n ts , 51.8; 4 H Club A g e n ts,

66.6;

s e n i o r s , 15.4.)

A ls o , e x c e p t f o r the County A g e n ts ' s c o r e s on

the C a r p e n t e r and P r i n t e r s c a l e s (1.2 and 3.7 p e r c e n t a g e r e ­
s p e c tiv e ly of A 's) th e A g en ts s c o r e d h i g h e r th an the s e n i o r s
on the r e m a in i n g s c a l e s in G ro u p IV.

The A g e n ts ' s c o r e s in

the G ro u p V o c c u p a tio n s a r e c o n s i s t e n t l y h ig h e r th an the s c o r e s
f o r the s e n i o r s .
In the b u s i n e s s a r e a s , a s r e p r e s e n t e d by the o c c u p a tio n s
in G ro u p s VII, VIII, and IX, the A g e n ts g e n e r a l l y s c o r e d lo w e r
th a n the s e n i o r s .

E x c e p tio n s to th is w ill be n o te d on the B a n k e r

s c a le w h e re the County A g e n ts h a d a h ig h e r p e r c e n t a g e of A
(6.1 v e r s u s 3.5) and B+ (11.1 v e r s u s 3.9) s c o r e s and on the
L ife I n s u r a n c e S a le s m a n s c a l e w h e r e b y c o n s i d e r a ti o n of A an d

T A B L E 17
P E R C E N T A G E O F C, B, B+, AND A 1 RATINGS O F 285 C O L L E G E SENIORS, 81 COUNTY
AG ENTS, AND 48 4 H CLUB AG EN TS ON 34 SVIB SCALES
285 C olleg e S e n io rs

SVIB S c a le s By
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s
I
A rtist
P s y c h o lo g is t
A rc h ite c t
P h y sician
D e n tis t
II
M a th e m a tic ia n
E n g in e e r
C h e m is t
III
P r o d u c tio n M g r.
IV
F arm er
C arp en ter
P rin te r
M ath. - S c i . T c h r .
P o lic e m a n
F o r e s t S e rv . M an

B+

C

B

50. 5

7. 7
9 .8
1 0 .5
15. 1
9 .8

61.8

4 6 .3
4 1 .4
4 9 .5
5 6 .8
3 6 .5
3 9 .3

5.

6

.3

2:8

7. 7
8 .4
9 .1

2

48 4 H Club A g en ts

A

C

B

B+

A

C

B

4. 6
3 .5
7 .4
1 4 .7
7 .7

66.6

4 .2

79.1
6 0 .4
39. 5
3 3 .3

4 .2
.0 . 0
2.0

8 .3
4 .2
8 .3

.0
0.0
O'. 0
1 2 .9
8 .3

7 2 .8
77. 7
55. 5
3 3 .3
50. 6

.2
3. 7
4 .9
11. 1
4 .9

75. 0
43. 7
52. 1

0.0

0.0

0.0

6 .3
1 0 .4

6 .3
6 .3

6 .3
4 .2

80..2
4 4 .4
4 9 .3

4 .9
1 2 .3
12. 3

10.0

2 .4

12

18. 7

1 0 .4

8.6

2 3 .4

1 2 .3

3. 7

16.6

66.6

0.0

8

15. 0
15. 0
41. 6
2 9 .1
43. 7

4 4 .4
18. 5
9 .8

22.2

27, 1
4 .9
3. 7
19. 7
2 .4
3 4 .5

5 1 .8

1 2 .9
1 2 .9

.6
9 .8

8.8

4 .2
6 .7

9 .5

8.8

3 .9
2 1 .4
20.0

2 3 .2

2 0 .4

11. 6

1 3 .3

2 0 .4
67. 7
2 1 .4
3 2 .3
4 1 .4
53. 0

1 5 .8

1 7 .2
3 .9
9 .5
9 .5
5. 6
5 .3

1 5 .4
3. 2

6

81 County A g e n ts

10.

4 ’
1 0 .4

2.0

0

1

B+

0

.0

A

0

.0

1.2

1.2

0.0

0.0

4 .9
4 .9

0

0.0

0.0

3. 7

0.0

.

0

0.0

4

6.0

2 0 .4 '
14. 7
7 .0
9 .1

.9

12:

9

10.2

25. 0
8 .3

8 .4
2.8

4 .2

8 .3
15. 0
■25. 0
18. 7
18. 7

.1

0.0

20.8

2

0.0

0.0

16.6

1 8 .7
1 5 .0

22.2

2. 4

3 3 .3
2 8 .3
1 9 .7

1.2

3. 7
1 7 .2
4 .9
1 7 .2

T A B L E 17 (C ontinued)

10.2

4 .2
11.6

4 5 .3
6 8 .4
7 3 .3

18. 2
4. 6
1 0 .9
6.0
3 .2

3 .9
7. 7
.4 .9
3 .2

3 8 .9

11.6

9 .8

48. 1

10. 9

5.

4 0 .0
2 0 ,4
26. 7
4 7 .0
2 8 .4
8 . 1
31. 2

62.8

3 .9
9. 1

4 .2

18. 7

20.8

16.6

20.8

4 1 .6
22.9
3 9 .5
6 .3
6 .3

2 0 .9
16. 0
2 8 .3
9 ,8
16. 0
4 6 .9

1 6 .0
9 .8
13. 5
1 7 .2
2 3 .4
7 .4

11. 1

1 4 ,8
1 2 .3
9 .8
1 8 .5
6. 1

8.6

1.2

7 .4

4 .9

1.2

.

0.0

0.0

1.8

20.8

20.8

1 0 .5
1 0 .4

6 .7

1 0 .4

12. 9

20.8

1.8

16.6

20.8

. 0 .7

31-. 2

1 8 .7
1 0 ,4

11 .9

3 3 .3

18. 7

8 .3

2

.0

64. 1

6

3. 5

8 7 .5

0.0

0. 0

0.0

74. 0

0

9 .8
1 7 .2
1 4 .4
1 1 .9

8 .4
15. 1
12 .3
3 .9

9. 1
14. 0
1 1 .9
3 .5

3 7 .5
22. 9
3 7 .2
18. 7

12. 9

2,0

16. 6

1 0 .4

.0
8 .3

2 8 .3
2 3 .4

..3

2.0

16.0

20.8

8 .3

2.0

9 .8

13. 0
22. 5
16. 1

11.2

13 .3
22. 1
10. 9

3 1 .2
6 .3
15. 0

15,0
18. 7
16. 6

6 .3
1 2.9

4. 2

13. 7
1 0 .9

12. 9

16.6

8 .3

1 9 .7
4 .9
1 8 .5 -

6

1 0 .4

20.8

2

0

7 .4
4 .9
16. 0
24. 6
16. 0
16. 0

1 4 .8

11.1

13.5
1 4 .8
22.2

.

9 .8
6. 1
11.1

13. 5
2 7 .2
1 2 .3

©
o

5 4 .0
27. 7

81 County A g e n ts
----------------------------------------C
B
B+
A

o
•
o

V
YMCA P h y s . D ir.
P e rs o n n e l M gr.
YMCA Secy.
Soc. Sci. T c h r .
School Supt.
M in ister
VI
M u s ic ia n
VII
C. P . A.
VIII
A c co u n ta n t
Office Man
P u r c h . A g en t
B anker
IX
S a le s M a n a g e r
R e a l E s t . S is.
L ife I n s . S i s .

2
285 C o llege S e n io rs
48 4 H Club A g e n ts
------------------------------------------------------:-------C
B
B+
A
C
B
B+
A

•

SVIB S c a le s B y
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

1.2

0. 0
6. 1

.6
.1
11. 1
8
6

T A B L E 17 (C ontinued)
SVIB S c a le s By
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s
X
A d v e r tis in g M an
Law yer
Autho r - Jo u r n .
XI
P r e s . M fg.C one.

285 C ollege S e n io r s ^
C

B

B+

48 4 H Club A g e n ts

81 County A g e n ts

A

C

B

B+

A

C

B

B+

1 0 .4
6 .3
8 .3

0.0

37. 0
2 5 .9
35.-7

16. 0

1.2

4 .9

2 .4
2 .4

0.0

0.0

2.0

o.- 0
0.0
0.0

0.0

0

6 .3

0.0

2

17. 0

18. 5

7 .4

2 .4

1 7 .2
2 1 .4
23. 9

1 7 .2 •• 1 5 .4
1 5 .8
10 .5
8.8
19. 6

12.6

1 8 .2
7. 7

3 3 .3
43. 7
4 5 ,8

27. 0

19.6

1 0 .9

5 .3

3 7 .5

0.0

.Q

A

.0

C+ and B - s c o r e s a r e o m itte d .
2

A d a p ted f r o m E d w a r d K. S tro n g , J r . , V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of M en and W o m e n , S ta n fo rd ,
C a lifo rn ia : S ta n fo rd U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1943, pp. 37 6-37 7, T a b le 107.

194

195
B+ s c o r e s to g e th e r , b o t h g r o u p s of A g e n ts s c o r e d s lig h tly h i g h e r
th a n the s e n i o r s (total p e r c e n t a g e of A a n d B+ s c o r e s e q u a ls
24.9 f o r 4 H C lu b A g e n ts , 23 .4 fo r County A g e n ts and 21.8 f o r
the s e n i o r s ) .

T h e h ig h p e r c e n t a g e s of C s c o r e s f o r the Agents

(87.5 f o r 4 H C lu b A g e n ts , 74.0 f o r County A gents) on the C.
P . A. s c a l e is o n e of th e m o r e s tr i k in g i n t e r e s t d i f f e r e n c e s
in T a b le 17.

T h e b u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t s of S t r o n g 's s e n i o r s a p p e a r

to be i n k e ep in g w ith th e r e s u l t s of D a r l e y 's p a t t e r n a n a l y s i s
of 1,000 SV IB's of m a l e c lie n ts a t the U n i v e r s i ty of M in n e s o ta
T e s tin g B u r e a u w h ich in d ic a te d th a t c o lle g e an d p r e c o l l e g e s t u ­
d e n ts t e n d to s c o r e h ig h in th e b u s i n e s s d e ta il o c c u p a tio n s , f o r
the h i g h e s t f r e q u e n c y o f p r i m a r y , s e c o n d a r y and t e r t i a r y i n t e r e s t
p a t t e r n s was in th is a r e a .

7

D i f f e r e n c e s in h ig h s c o r e s a r e e v id e n t in the G ro u p X
o c c u p a tio n s f o r r e l a t i v e l y few A g e n ts r e c e i v e d A o r B+ s c o r e s
a s c o m p a r e d w i t h the s e n i o r s .

In a ll G ro up I an d G ro u p II o c ­

c u p a tio n s , the s e n i o r s s c o r e d s o m e w h a t h i g h e r th a n the A g e n ts
w hen A and B+ s c o r e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o g e t h e r .

7

C o n s id e r a tio n

John G . D a r le y , C lin ic a l A s p e c ts an d I n t e r p r e t a t i o n
of the S trong V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B lan k , N ew Y ork: The P s y ­
c h o lo g ic a l C o r p o r a tio n , 1941, p . 20.

of C s c o r e s in d ic a te s th a t one of the g r e a t e s t d i f f e r e n c e s i s on
the M a th e m a tic ia n s c a l e ( s e n i o r s , 56.8; 4 H Club A g e n ts, 75.0;
and County A g e n ts, 80.2).

P ro file a n a ly s is .
sh eets

8

e sts.

A n a ly s is of the A g e n ts ' p r o f i le a n s w e r

w a s u s e d a s a t h i r d m e th o d of d e s c r i b i n g t h e i r i n t e r ­

T his step s e r v e s to d e s c r i b e i n t e r e s t s in t e r m s o f o c c u ­

p a tio n a l g r o u p s o r o c c u p a tio n a l ty p e s , a n d s e r v e s a s a c h e c k on
p o s s ib l e d i s t o r t i o n s by e x t r e m e s c o r e s t h a t w ould not be a p p a r e n t in c o n s i d e r a ti o n of m e a n s c o r e s a lo n e .

D a r le y

9

a n d S trong

1

have in d ic a te d th a t in g e n e r a l , p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t ty p e s a r e d e ­
fin e d a s th o s e r e l a t e d o c c u p a tio n s in w h ich a s u b je c t o b ta in s
a m a j o r i t y of A o r B+ s c o r e s and s e c o n d a r y i n t e r e s t ty p e s ,
th o se in w hich he o b ta in s a m a j o r i t y of B+ and B s c o r e s .

D ar-

ley** e m p h a s iz e s th a t a s u b j e c t 's h ig h e s t s c o r e s sh o u ld no t be

g
A copy of th is f o r m , the H a n k es R e p o r t F o r m f o r
S tro n g V ocation al I n t e r e s t T e s t - Men, is in c lu d e d in A ppendix
9
^

D a r le y , op. c i t ., p. 17.
S tro n g , op. c it., p . 432.

197

c o n s id e r e d a s r e p r e s e n ta tiv e o f a p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t p a tt e r n u n ­
l e s s h is s c o r e s a r e in th e A o r B+ c a te g o r ie s .

In o th e r w o rd s ,

so m e in d iv id u a ls m a y h a v e no p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t ty p e.
D e te rm in a tio n o f i n t e r e s t ty p e s is so m e w h a t s u b je c tiv e
in th a t so m e i n t e r e s t p r o f ile s do not hav e p a tte rn s th a t f o rm
c l e a r c u t ty p e s an d d is c r e tio n i s n e c e s s a r y in t h e i r c l a s s i f i c a ­
tio n .

H o w ev er, a s an in d ic a tio n of th e r e la tiv e ly s m a ll e x te n t

to w h ich d iff e re n c e s of opin io n m ig h t o c c u r in th is k in d of c l a s ­
s ific a tio n , D a rle y found th a t tw o s t a ti s t i c a l c le r k s , w ith no c o u n ­
s e lin g e x p e rie n c e , a g r e e d on th e c la s s if ic a tio n of 879 o u t of
1,000

p r o f ile s

(88

p e r cent) in to p r i m a r y , s e c o n d a ry , an d t e r ­

t i a r y i n t e r e s t p a tt e r n s w hen w o rk in g in d e p e n d e n tly a f t e r r e c e i v ­
ing in s tr u c tio n s on the p r o c e d u r e .

A tr a in e d c o u n s e lo r th en

c h e c k e d a p p ro x im a te ly tw e n ty -fiv e p e r c e n t of th e c a s e s and
a g r e e d w ith the two c le r k s in 93 p e r c e n t of th e ir id e n tific a tio n
of p r i m a r y p a tt e r n s , 80 p e r c e n t of t h e i r s e c o n d a ry p a tte r n s
and 67 p e r c e n t of th e i r t e r t i a r y p a tte r n s .
C o n se q u e n tly , u s in g the c r i t e r i a ju s t d is c u s s e d , th e p r o ­
file s h e e ts of th e A g e n ts w e re a n a ly z e d and the p r i m a r y and

1Z _ . ,
,_
Ib id ., p . 18.

s e c o n d a ry i n t e r e s t p a tt e r n s w e re ta llie d .

T he r e s u l ts of th is

ste p a r e show n in T ab le 18.
In the m a jo r ity of c a s e s h ig h s c o r e s on the P ro d u c tio n
M a n a g e r S c a le a c c o m p a n ie d high s c o r e s in G roup IV and h ig h
s c o r e s on the P r e s i d e n t of M a n u fa c tu rin g C o n c e rn s c a le a c c o m ­
p a n ie d h ig h s c o r e s in G roup IX.

S ince P ro d u c tio n M a n a g e r

c o r r e l a t e s p lu s 0.44 w ith G roup IV and P r e s id e n t of M an u factu rin g C o n c e rn c o r r e l a t e s p lu s 0.41 w ith G ro u p IX,

13

high

s c o r e s on th e s e two s c a le s w e re c o n s id e re d a s s u p p o rtin g o c ­
c u p a tio n s f o r G ro u p s IV and IX r e s p e c tiv e ly , w hich is in k e e p ing w ith S tr o n g 's s u g g e s tio n s fo r in te r p r e ta tio n of p r o f ile .

14

It is a p p a r e n t f r o m T ab le 18 th a t by c o n s id e ra tio n of
p r i m a r y an d s e c o n d a ry i n te r e s t p a tt e r n s to g e th e r, a s by th e
c o n s id e r a tio n of m e a n s c o r e s in T ab le 16, the C ounty A g en ts
an d 4 H C lub A g e n ts a s g ro u p s in d ic a te d h ig h e s t i n t e r e s t s in
th e G ro u p IV (te c h n ic a l) o c c u p a tio n s (75 and 77 p e r c e n t of the
C ounty A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g en ts r e s p e c tiv e ly ) a n d se c o n d
h ig h e s t i n t e r e s t in th e G roup V (s o c ia l w e lfa re ) o c c u p a tio n s

T A B L E 18
SUMMARY O F IN T E R E S T S O F COUNTY A G EN TS AND 4 H CLUB A G EN TS BY
PRIM ARY (P ) AND SECONDARY (S) IN T E R E S T T Y P E S
SVIB
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

C ounty A g en ts (N 81)
----------------------------------------------------------P
%*
S
%
T o t.
%

IV (T e c h n ic a l)

41

50

20

25

61

75

20

42

17

35

37

77

23

28

26

32

49

60

19

40

16

33

35

73

8

10

12

15

20

25

3

6

7

15

10

21

5

6

7

9

12

15

1

2

2

4

3

6

1

1

9

11

10

12

3

6

5

10

8

16

3

4

2

2

5

6

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

2

2

2

0

0

1

2

1

2

81

99

78

96

46

96

48

99

V (S o cial
w e lfa re )
IX (S ales)
VIII (B u sin e ss
d e ta il)
I ( A r tis t, e tc . )
X (W ritin g )
III (P h y s ic a l
s c ie n c e )
T o ta ls

4 H C lub A g e n ts (N 48)
---------------------------------------------------------P
%
S
%
T o t.
%

* In d ic a te s a p p ro x im a te p e r c e n t of to ta l C ounty A g e n ts (81) o r 4 H C lub A g e n ts (48).

200

(60 and 72 p e r c e n t r e s p e c tiv e ly ) .

S ince th e p e rc e n ta g e of

A g e n ts w ith p r i m a r y an d s e c o n d a ry p a tt e r n s in G roup V is
r a t h e r c lo s e to th e p e rc e n ta g e w ith p a tt e r n s in G roup IV, e s ­
p e c ia lly f o r th e 4 H Club A g e n ts (73 p e r c e n t v e r s u s 77 p e r
cen t) t h e r e is so m e in d ic a tio n th a t th e A g en ts a r e i n te r e s te d
in c o m b in e d te c h n ic a l- s o c ia l w e lfa re a c tiv itie s .

A p p a re n tly

th e i r i n t e r e s t s r e f l e c t s lig h tly m o re of the te c h n ic a l r e s p o n s i ­
b i li t ie s in h e r e n t in t h e i r jo b s th a n of th e s o c ia l o r s e r v ic e
a s p e c ts of th e m .
T h a t a l a r g e r p e rc e n ta g e of 4 H Club A g en ts th a n County
A g e n ts o b ta in e d p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a ry i n t e r e s t p a tte r n s in the
G ro u p V o c c u p a tio n s (73 p e r c e n t v e r s u s 60 p e r cent) o s te n ­
s ib ly c a n be a ttr ib u te d to the f a c t th a t two d iffe re n t g ro u p s of
p e o p le w e re te s te d .

S tro n g s ta te s th a t " th e p r i m a r y c o n c lu sio n

r e g a r d in g i n t e r e s t s of m e n b e tw e e n 25 and 55 y e a r s of age is
th a t th e y ch an g e v e r y l it t le .

15

He d id find in h is fo llo w -u p study

o f a n o c c u p a tio n a lly h e te ro g e n e o u s g ro u p of 168 S ta n fo rd U n iv e r­
s ity s e n io r s r e t e s t e d te n y e a r s a f te r g ra d u a tio n th a t th e g r e a t ­
e s t c h an g e s w e re in th e s o c ia l w e lfa re g ro u p s c a le s w hich w e re

15 Ibid., p. 313.

201

s u b s ta n tia lly h ig h e r on r e t e s t . ^

In s p ite of th is e v id e n c e to

the c o n tr a r y , it w ould b e in te r e s tin g to know w h e th e r o r not
the h ig h e r s c o r e s f o r the 4 H C lub A g en ts r e f l e c t a h ig h s o ­
c ia l s e r v ic e te n d e n c y o r " m is s io n a r y z e a l" th a t m ig h t b e a t ­
tr ib u ta b le to th e i r y o u n g e r age an d w h e th e r o r n o t th is w ould
g r a d u a lly d e c lin e in l a t e r y e a r s a s m ig h t be in d ic a te d in the
c o m p a ris o n of th e ir s c o r e s w ith the C ounty A g e n ts ' G ro u p V
sc o re s.
In C h a p te r I i t w a s in d ic a te d th a t b e c a u s e of th e n a tu re
of C ounty E x te n s io n w o rk , p e r s u a s iv e i n t e r e s t s w e re b e lie v e d
to b e e s s e n t ia l f o r C ounty A g e n ts a n d 4 H Club A g e n ts .

T able

18 sh o w s th a t the t h ir d l a r g e s t p e rc e n ta g e of p r i m a r y a n d s e c ­
o n d a ry i n t e r e s t p a tte r n s w as in G ro u p IX, th e s a l e s o c c u p a tio n s .
H o w ev e r, o n ly te n p e r c e n t of th e C ounty A g e n ts a n d s i x p e r
c e n t of th e 4 H C lub A g e n ts h ad p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t p a tt e r n s and
fif te e n p e r c e n t of b o th g ro u p s h a d s e c o n d a ry i n t e r e s t p a tte r n s
in s a l e s occupations-.

T he B a n d B - s c o r e s show n in T ab le 16

fo r th e s a le s s c a le s w ould be i n te r p r e t e d a c c o rd in g to S tro n g
a s m e a n in g th a t "th e p e r s o n p ro b a b ly h a s th o s e i n t e r e s t s , but

16 Ibid., p. 267.

202

we c a n n o t be so s u r e of th e f a c t a s in th e c a s e of A r a tin g s ."
T h e r e fo r e , to the e x te n t th a t th e s e s c a le s r e f l e c t p e r s u a s iv e
i n t e r e s t s , i t m u s t b e c o n c lu d e d th a t the A g e n ts p o s s e s s n e ith e r
m a r k e d ly h ig h n o r m a r k e d ly lo w p e r s u a s iv e i n t e r e s t s .

The r e ­

la tio n of th e s e s c a le s to w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s w ill be d is c u s s e d
la te r.
C o n s id e rin g C ounty A g e n ts an d 4 H Club A g e n ts to g e th e r,
the n e x t l a r g e s t p e rc e n ta g e of p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a ry i n t e r e s t
p a tte r n s w as in the G ro u p I o c c u p a tio n s .

T ab le 16 show s th a t

the h ig h e r m e a n s c o r e s in th is G ro u p w e re on th e P h y s ic ia n ,
O ste o p a th , and D e n tis t s c a l e s .

S tro n g r e p o r t s c o r r e la tio n s of

two o f th e s e s c a le s (P h y s ic ia n and D e n tist) w ith th e to ta l s c a le s
in G ro u p IV.

T h e se c o r r e la tio n s a r e lo w b u t p o s itiv e (plus 0.18

f o r P h y s ic ia n an d p lu s 0.43 f o r D e n tis t).

18

It m ig h t th e re fc re

be c o n c lu d e d th a t th e A g e n ts ' s c o r e s in G ro u p I, a t l e a s t the
s c o r e s on th e s e th r e e s c a le s in th a t G ro u p , te n d to r e f l e c t o r
s u p p o rt t h e i r p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t p a tt e r n s in G ro u p IV.
T ab le 18 in d ic a te s th a t a s m a ll p e rc e n ta g e of A g e n ts
h ave p r i m a r y an d s e c o n d a ry i n t e r e s t p a tt e r n s in the G roup VIII

*** Ibid., p. 136.

203

( b u s in e s s d e ta il) o c c u p a tio n s'.

S ince th e A g e n ts ' w o rk in v o lv e s

a c o n s id e r a b le a m o u n t of a d m in is tr a tiv e d e ta il w o rk , i t p e r h a p s
is n o t s u r p r is in g th a t so m e A g en ts in d ic a te d h ig h i n t e r e s t s in
th is a r e a .

S u m m a ry of d e s c r ip tio n of A g e n ts ' i n t e r e s t s .

T he r e s u l t s

of the fo re g o in g a p p ro a c h e s to a d e s c r ip tio n of the A g e n ts ' i n ­
t e r e s t s m a y be s u m m a r iz e d a s fo llo w s:
a.

In g e n e ra l,, the i n t e r e s t s of the two g ro u p s of A g en ts
a r e so m e w h a t s i m il a r .

b.

T h e ir i n t e r e s t s a r e h ig h e s t in th e group of s o - c a lle d
" te c h n ic a l" o c c u p a tio n s w ith v e ry h ig h i n t e r e s t s in
th e s p e c ific o c c u p a tio n s of f a r m e r and v o c a tio n a l
a g r ic u ltu r e te a c h e r .

c.

T h e ir i n t e r e s t s a r e n e x t h ig h e s t in th e a r e a d e s ig ­
n a te d a s th e " s o c ia l w e lfa re " ty p e of o c c u p a tio n s.

d.

C o n s id e re d a s a to ta l g ro u p , th e A g en ts do n o t have
h ig h i n t e r e s t s in an y of th e re m a in in g SVIB o c c u p a ­
tio n s .

H o w ev er, a m in o rity of A g en ts h a v e h igh

i n te r e s ts in s a le s and b u s in e s s d e ta il ty p e s of o c c u ­
p a tio n s , a n d in th e sp e c ific o c c u p a tio n s of p h y s ic ia n ,
o s te o p a th and d e n tis t.

204
e.

T he A g e n ts h av e q u ite c o n s is te n tly low i n t e r e s t s in
th e m a th e m a tic a l an d p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e a r e a s and in
th e s p e c ific o c c u p a tio n s of c e r t if i e d p u b lic a c c o u n ­
ta n t, a r t i s t , p s y c h o lo g is t, a r c h i te c t , and m u s ic ia n .

R e la tio n s h ip B e tw ee n SVIB S c o re s a n d W ork E ffe c tiv e n e s s

C ounty A g e n ts .

The c o m p a ris o n of th e m e a n s an d v a r i ­

a n c e s of the SVIB s c a le s c o r e s f o r th e C ounty A g en ts who w e re
r a te d in th e th r e e h ig h e s t " q u a r t i le s " on w o rk e ff e c tiv e n e s s and
th o se who w e re r a te d in the lo w e s t " q u a r tile " is p r e s e n te d in
T ab le 19 . 1 9
F r o m T ab le 19 i t w ill be n o te d th a t f o r the C ounty A g en ts
who w e r e r a t e d in the th r e e h ig h e s t " q u a r t i le s ," th e m e a n s c o r e s

19

In T a b le 19 a n d in th e re m a in in g ta b le s in w hich
m e a n s and v a r ia n c e s a r e c o m p a re d (T a b le s 20, 25, 26, 27, 30,
and 34) the SVIB s c a le s c o r e s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s s ta n d a r d s c o r e
u n its w ith m e a n s of 50 and v a r ia n c e s of a p p ro x im a te ly 100 f o r
the p o p u la tio n s on w h ich the s c a le s w e re s ta n d a r d iz e d . (E d ­
w a rd K . S tro n g , J r . , M an u al f o r V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B lan k f o r
M en, S ta n fo rd , C a lifo rn ia : S ta n fo rd U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1951, p .
10.) A lso th e B e h r e n s - F i s h e r s t a ti s t i c "d" a s e x p la in e d on
page 116, is u s e d to t e s t f o r th e sig n ific a n c e of th e d iffe re n c e
b e tw e e n m e a n s w hen th e v a ria n c e s a r e n o t h o m o g en e o u s a s i n ­
d ic a te d by a s ig n ific a n tly l a r g e " F ." ( P a lm e r O. Jo h n so n , S ta ­
t i s t i c a l M eth o d s in R e s e a r c h , N ew Y ork: P r e n t ic e - H a l l, In c .,
1949, pp. 73 -7 5.)

T A B L E 19
COM PARISON O F MEANS (X) AND VARIANCES ( <r ) ON 44 SVIB SC A LES F O R COUNTY
AG EN TS R A T E D IN TH E T H R E E HIG HEST "Q U A R T IL E S " AND THE
LOW EST "Q U A R T IL E " ON WORK E F F E C T IV E N E S S

SVIB s c a le s by
O c cu p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

T h r e e h ig h e s t
" q u a rtile s "
(N 60)

L ow est
" q u a rtile "
(N 2 1 )

h o m o g e n e ity
2

—
X

o'

3 2 .2
23. 7

5 7 .6
153. 7
80. 7
89. 7
81. 6
98. 1

2 3 .3
72. 9
2 3 .8
28. 6
33. 8
28. 1

3 3 .3
61. 5
104! 8
52. 9
84. 8
76. 2

16. 7
15. 0
2 5 .8
2 3 .2

90. 4
113. 5
85. 7
1 5 4 .2

18. 1
14. 8
28. 1
2 2 .9

33. 7

6 4 .3

3 3 .3

—
X

<r

2

F

t or d

1

I
A rtis t
P s y c h o lo g is t
A r c h ite c t
P h y s ic ia n
O ste o p a th
D e n tis t
II
M a th e m a tic ia n
P h y s ic is t
E n g in e e r
C h e m ist
III
P ro d . M anager

.0
1 7 .7
21. 5
20

26.8

1 .8 3
. 2 .0 5
0 .9 7
0. 76
0. 72
1. 75
0. 58
0 . 12

86.2
101. 5

1 .0 5
1 .4 6
1 . 01
1. 52

4 3 .4

1 .4 8

0

86

.2

1. 73
2 .4 9 *
L 29
1. 69
1 .0 3
1 .2 8

166. 2

0.96
0.00

. 18
205

T A B L E 19 (C ontinued)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

T h re e h ig h e s t
" q u a rtile s "
(N 60)
X

a

2

L o w e st
r tq u a r t i l e ''

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

(N 21)
X

<r 2

F

IV
F a rm e r
A v ia to r
C a r p e n te r
P rin te r
M ath. - S c i. T c h r.
V oc. A g r. T c h r.
P o lic e m a n
F o r e s t S e rv ic e
\r
V

4 3 .8
3 0 .2
2 4 .5
3 0 .5
3 7 .5
45. 1
3 1 .2
3 7 .8

61. 3
83. 0
89. 6
69. 2
8 3 .5
78. 0
85. 1
113. 9

49. 5
3 1 .9
2 9 .5
3 1 .0
3 4 .3
46. 1
3 1 .4
4 0 .5

74. 8
116. 2
1 1 4 .8
79. 1
75. 7
1 0 6 .3
102. 9
4 4 .8

2. 54*

YM CA P h y s . D ir.
P e r s o n n e l D ir,
P u b lic A d m in .
YMCA S ecy.
Soc. S ci. T c h r.
C ity Sch. Supt.
M in is te r

33. 5
3 4 .0
4 1 .0
3 0 .8
3 8 .0
3 3 .8
2 5 .3

107. 9

3 0 .9
28. 1
37. 1
28. 1
3 2 .4

149. 1
106. 2
71. 5
1 7 6 .2
109. 1
129. 1
1 4 4 .8

1 .3 8
1. 15
1 . 12
1 .9 0
1 .3 5
1 .8 9 *
1 . 61

92.2

6 3 .4
92. 5
80. 7
68,1

29.0

89. 7

26.2

1.22

1 .4 0 .
1 .2 8
1; 14
1 . 10
1 .3 6
1.20

t o r d*

2 .8 1 * *
0. 72
2 . 02*
0.20

1 .4 1
0 .4 3
0. 14
1 .3 5
0 .9 2
2 .3 8 *
1.88
0.86

2 .3 6 *
1. 78
0 .3 3
206

T A B L E 19 (C ontinued)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

X

tf2

X

<r2

22.0

104. 4

2 1 .4

132. 9

1. 27

0.20

2 0 .5

55. 7

16; 7

6 3 .4

1. 13

1 .9 8

27. 8
3 0 .2
30. 5
3 4 .3
3 2 .5

4 7 .8
45. 7
55. 7
6 2 .3
63. 1

.2
28. 6
28. 6
3 4 .3
3 2 .8

44. 8
6 2 ,9
3 2 .9
35. 7
31. 5

1 . 06
1 .3 7
1 .6 9
1 .7 4
2 .00*

0 .9 5
0.881 ,0 8

3 3 .2
35. 0
3 4 .0

96.6

88.8

30. 0
3 5 .2
3 1 .4

o
o'

VI
M u sic ia n
VII
C. P . A.
VIII
A cco u n ta n t
O ffice M an
P u r c h . A gent
B anker
M o rtic ia n
IX
S a le s M a n a g e r
R e a l E s t . S is.
L ife I n s . Sis'.
X
A d v e rtis in g M an
L aw yer
A utho r - J o u r n .

L ow est
1 'q u a r t i l e ''
(N 21)

T h re e h ig h e s t
' 'q u a r tile s "
(N 60)

36, 2
72. 9

1 .3 8
1 .3 6
1. 22

1 .3 2
o'. 14
1 . 10

5 4 .8
8 6 .4
4 2 .3

25. 7
2 8 .6
27. 1

25. 7
62.9
89, 1

2. 13*
1 .3 7
2 . 11*

1. 78
0. 55
0 . 14

2 8 .3
2 9 .8
26.8

49.

2

26

'

F

t o r d*

0.00
0

. 18

207

T A B L E 19 (C ontinued)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

T h r e e h ig h e s t
" q u a rtile s "
(N 60)
——------------------—
X
2

L ow est
" q u a rtile "
(N 21)

_
h o m o g e n e ity

o* 2

F

t or d1

XI
P r e s . M fg. C one.

30. 2

83. 0

3 0 .9

89. 1

1. 07

0 .3 4

In t. M a tu rity
O ccu p . L e v e l
M as c . - F e m in in ity
T e a c h . S a tis fa c .

52; 6
55. 7
4 9 .6
50. 1

64.

5 0 .4
54. 5
4 9 .7
47. 2

27. 1
57. 2
4 9 .9
8 4 .9

2. 38*
1, 46
1. 52
1. 76*

1 .4 3
0. 83
0 .4 0
1 .3 2

6

29.2

32. 8
4 8 .2

* S ig n ific a n t a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
** S ig n ific a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
M ean s an d v a r ia n c e s of S tro n g 's c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s a n d th e u s e of th e " d " t e s t a r e
ex p la in e d in fo o tn o te 19, pag e 204.

208

209
a r e s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r th an f o r the C ounty A g en ts who w e re
r a te d in the lo w e s t " q u a r tile " f o r the P e r s o n n e l D ir e c to r (34.0
v e r s u s 28.1) an d the S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r s c a le s
(38.0 v e r s u s 32 .4 ).

T he d iffe re n c e s in the m e a n s c o r e s f o r

th e s e s c a le s a r e s ig n ific a n t a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l of c o n ­
fid e n c e o r l e s s .

The d iffe re n c e in th e m e a n s c o r e s on the

C e r tif ie d P u b lic A c c o u n ta n t s c a le (20.5 v e r s u s 16.7) j u s t m is s e d
b e in g s ig n ific a n t a t th is le v e l.

A " t" v a lu e of 1.99 w as n e c e s -

s a r y (w ith 80 d e g re e s o f fre e d o m ),

20

b u t th is v a lu e w as

1 .9 8

.

T he m e a n s c o r e s fo r th e h ig h e r r a te d A gents a r e s i g ­
n ific a n tly lo w e r th an th e m e a n s c o r e s f o r the lo w e r r a te d A g en ts
on the C a r p e n te r (24.5 v e r s u s 29.5) a n d the F a r m e r s c a le s
(43.8 v e r s u s 4 9 .5 ).

On the C a r p e n te r s c a le th e d iffe re n c e w as

s ig n ific a n t a t th e five p e r c e n t le v e l, b u t the d iffe re n c e on the
F a r m e r s c a le w a s sig n ific a n t a t the one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
In o r d e r to a n a ly z e d iffe re n c e s in th e i n t e r e s t s of the
two e x tr e m e w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s g ro u p s , the m e a n s a n d v a ria n c e s
of the SVIB s c o r e s fo r th e h ig h e s t and the lo w e s t " q u a r tile "
g ro u p s w e re c o m p a re d .

20

T h ese r e s u l ts a re show n in T ab le 20.

G e o rg e W. S n e d e c o r, S ta tis tic a l M eth o d s, A m e s, Iowa:
C o lle g ia te P r e s s , In c., 1937, p . 55, T a b le 3.8.

T A B L E 20
COM PARISON O F MEANS (X) AND VARIANCES ( < r) ON 44 SVIB SC A LES F O R COUNTY
AGENTS R A T E D IN THE HIGHEST "Q U A R T IL E " AND TH E LOW EST
"Q U A R T IL E " ON WORK E F F E C T IV E N E S S
H ig h e st
1 'q u a r t i l e ' 1
(N 21)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

L o w e st
1 'q u a r t i l e ''
(N 21)

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

£

< r2

X

0-2

F

t or

18. 6
16. 2
2 1 .4
25. 7
29. 5
2 2 .9

52. 8
214. 7

3 3 .3
6 1 .5
1 0 4 .8
5 2 .9
8 4 .8
7 6 .2

1. 58
3 .4 9 * *

95. 7
5 4 .8
6 6 .5

23. 3
1 2 .9
2 3 .8
2 8 .6
33. 8
28. 1

1.81
1. 55
1. 15

2 .3 5 *
0 .2 8
0 .7 5
1 .0 8
1. 66
2 .0 4 *

17. 1
1 4 .3
2 4 .8
2 3 .3

7 1 .5
105. 7
106. 2
193.3

18. 1
1 4 .8
28. 1
2 2 .9

86.2

1.21

0 .3 3

1 6 6 .2
86.2
101.' 5

1 .5 7
1.231 .8 5

0 .2 7
1 . 10
0 . 10

3 4 .3

65. 7

3 3 .3

4 3 .3

1. 51

0 .4 0

I
A rtis t
P s y c h o lo g is t
A r c h ite c t
P h y s ic ia n
O ste o p a th
D e n tis t
II
M a th e m a tic ia n
P h y s ic is t
E n g in e e r
C h e m is t
III
P ro d . M anager

102.8

1.01

T A B L E 20 (C ontinued)

11

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s
X

H ig h e st
q u a rtile ' 1
(N 21)
o - 2

L ow est
q u a r t i l e 1'
(N 21)

T e s t of
hom o g e n e ity

t 1

X

F

t o r d^

IV
F a rm e r
A v ia to r
C a r p e n te r
P rin te r
M a th .- S c i. T c h r.
V oc. A g r. T e a c h e r
P o lic e m a n
F o r e s t S e rv ic e
\r
V

4 4 .3
28. 6
2 3 .3
2 9 .5
35. 7
47. 7
3 1 .4
38. 1

45. 7
7 2 .9
8 3 .4
74. 8
85. 7
62. 6
7 2 .9
181.2

4 9 .5
31. 9
2 9 .5
3 1 .0
3 4 .3
46. 1
3 1 .4
4 0 .5

7 4 .8
1 1 6 .2
1 1 4 .8
79. 1
75. 7
1 0 6 .3
1 0 2 .9
44. 8

1. 64
1 .5 9
1 .3 7
1 . 06
1. 13
1. 69
1 .4 1
4. 04** •

0. 73

YM CA P h y s . D ir.
P e r s o n n e l D ir.
P u b lic A dm in.
YMCA S ecy.
Soc. S ci. T e a c h e r
C ity Sch. Supt.
M in is te r

3 2 .8
3 3 .3
3 9 .5
2 9 .5
37. 6
3 3 .8

71. 5
1 0 3 .3
5 4 .8
124. 7
8 4 .8
4 4 .8
8 1 .5

30, 9
28. 1
37. 1
28. 1
3 2 .4
2 9 .0

149. 1

2 .0 8

0 .5 9

106.2

1.02

1.66

7 1 .5
1 7 6 .2
109. 1
129. 1
144.8

1 .3 0
1 .4 1
1 .2 9
2 .88*
1. 78

0 .9 7
0 .3 7
1. 70
1 .6 7
1. 02

22.8

26.2

. 20*
1 . 11
2 . 01
0 .5 3
0 .5 2
0 .5 3
2

0.00

T A B L E 20 (C ontinued)
H ig h e st
" q u a rtile "
(N 21)

SVTB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s
X
VI
M u s ic ia n
VII
C.. P . A.
VIII
A c c o u n ta n t
O ffice M an
P u r c h . A gent
B anker
M o rtic ia n
IX
S a le s M a n a g e r
R e a l E s t. S is.
L ife In s. S is.
X
A d v e rtis in g M an
L aw yer
A utho r - J o u r n .

L o w e st
1 'q u a r t i l e ''
(N 2 1 )
a

2

X

<r2

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity
F

t o r d*

2 1 .9

9 6 .2

2 1 .4

1 3 2 .9

1 .3 8

0. 14

2 1 .4

52. 9

16. 7

6 3 .4

1.20

2

27. 6
3 0 .9
3 1 .4
37. 6
3 2 .4

59.
79.
52.
69.
5?.

1
I
9
1
1

26.2

1. 32

28. 6
28. 6
3 4 .3
3 2 .8

44. 8
6 2 .9
3 2 .9
35. 7
3 1 .5

0. 64 '
0 .9 2
1.41
1 .5 0
0 ; 20

3 4 .3 '
34. 3
3 3 .3

65. 7
45. 7
9 3 .4

30. 0
35. 2
3 1 .4

. 7 0 .0
36. 2

1. 06

7 2 .9

1 .2 8

27. 1
2 8 .6

41. 5
6 2 .9
3 4 .8

25. 7
28. 6
27. 1

25. 7
6 2 .9
89. 1

1.00

26.2

1.26
1.61

1 ,9 4
1.88

1. 26

1 . 61

2. 56*

. 02*

1. 69
0 .4 9
0. 67
0. 78
0 . 00
0 .3 7

T A B L E 20 (C ontinued)
H ig h e st
' 'q u a r t i l e ''
(N 21)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

<T2

X

P re s.

XI
M fg. C one.

Int. M a tu rity
O ccu p . L e v e l
M as c. - F e m in in ity
T e a c h . S a tis fa c .

L o w e st
f 1q u a rtile t 1

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

(N 21)
X

a -2

F

t o r d*

31. 4

6 2 .9

30. 9

89. 1

1 .4 2

0. 17

1
9
8
0

1 8 .8
2 7 .4
3 4 .0
42. 9

5 0 .4
54. 5
49. 7
4 7 .2

27. 1
57.. 2
4 9 .9
84. 9

1 ,4 4
2 .0 9
1 .4 7
1. 98

1.81
0. 75
0 .3 4
0. 72

53.
55.
49.
49.

* S ig n ific a n t a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
** S ig n ific a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s ..
M ean s and v a r ia n c e s of S tr o n g 's c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s and th e u s e of th e " d " t e s t a r e
e x p la in e d in fo o tn o te 19, pag e 204.

213

214
F r o m T a b le 20 i t w ill be n o te d th a t th e m e a n s c o r e s of
th e C ounty A g e n ts who w e re r a te d in the h ig h e s t " q u a r tile "

|

s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r th a n th o se r a t e d in th e lo w e s t " q u a r ­
tile " on th e C e r tif ie d P u b lic A c c o u n ta n t s c a le (21.4 v e r s u s 16.7).
T h is d iffe re n c e w a s s ig n ific a n t a t the fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r
le s s.

T he h ig h e s t " q u a r tile " s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r th a n the

lo w e st " q u a r tile " A g en ts on th e A r t i s t (18-.6 v e r s u s 23.3), D e n ­
t i s t (22.9 v e r s u s 28.1), a n d F a r m e r s c a le s (44.3 v e r s u s 4 9 .5 ).
T h ese d if f e r e n c e s a r e s ig n ific a n t a t the fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r
le s s .

T he d iffe r e n c e s on th e C a r p e n te r s c a le (23.3 v e r s u s

29.5) j u s t m is s e d b ein g s ig n ific a n t.

A " t" v a lu e of 2.02 is n e c -

e s s a r y f o r s ig n ific a n c e (w ith 41 d e g re e s of fre e d o m )
v alu e w a s only

2 .0 1

21

b u t th is

.

In r e f e r e n c e a g ain to p e r s u a s iv e i n t e r e s t s in C ounty
A g en ts i t w ill be n o ted th a t no s ig n if ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s a p p e a re d
on the s a l e s s c a le s (G roup IX) in e ith e r th e c o m p a r is o n s in
T ab le 19 o r in T ab le 20.

T h is in d ic a te s th a t a lth o u g h E x te n ­

sio n a d m i n i s t r a t o r s have f e l t th a t p e r s u a s iv e i n t e r e s t s w e re
r e l a te d to s u c c e s s in c o u n ty E x te n s io n w o rk , p e r s u a s iv e

L o c. c it.

215
i n t e r e s t s a s m ig h t b e in d ic a te d by th e s e s c a le s f a il to show
th is r e la tio n s h ip .

H o w e v e r, i t is p o s s ib le th a t th e type of i n ­

t e r e s t s in d ic a te d by th e s a le s s c a le s r e p r e s e n t a m o re r e s t r i c t e d
c o n c e p t of p e r s u a s iv e i n t e r e s t s th a n is a p p ro p r ia te in co u n ty E x ­
te n s io n w o rk .

It w as m e n tio n e d in C h a p te r I th a t the " s e llin g "

p h a s e o f the A g e n ts ' jo b is in t e r m s of id e a s and p r o g r a m s .
T h e r e fo r e i t is c o n c e iv a b le th a t th e ty p e of i n t e r e s t s r e p r e s e n te d
in the P e r s o n n e l D ir e c to r a n d S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r
s c a le s in d ic a te s m o re n e a r ly th e type of p e r s u a s iv e i n te r e s ts
th a t is a p p lic a b le to th e s e m e n .

A m u c h m o re e x h a u s tiv e a n a l­

y s is of th is m a t t e r is n e c e s s a r y b e fo re an y d e fin ite c o n c lu sio n
c a n b e m a d e , b u t if th is l a t t e r c o n c e p t of p e r s u a s iv e i n t e r e s t s
w as found to b e a p p r o p r ia te , it c o u ld be c o n c lu d e d th a t th e r e
is so m e e v id e n c e th a t the " m o r e e ffe c tiv e " A g e n ts co u ld be d i s ­
tin g u is h e d f r o m th e " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " A g e n ts on th is b a s i s .
I t m a y a ls o b e of i n t e r e s t to n o te h e r e th a t the r e l a t i o n ­
sh ip s in T a b le s 19 and 20 on the T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l A g r i­
c u ltu r e an d th e T e a c h in g S a tis fa c tio n s c a le s a r e in k e e p in g w ith
th o s e of N e lso n who fo u n d th a t th e d iffe re n c e on th e s e s c a le s

216
w as n o t s ig n ific a n t b e tw e e n 75 " m o r e s u c c e s s f u l" and 25 " l e s s
s u c c e s s f u l" v o c a tio n a l a g r ic u ltu r e t e a c h e r s .

22

A lth o ugh th e n u m b e r of c a s e s in w h ich the v a ria n c e b e ­
tw e en th e g ro u p s c o m p a re d in T a b le s 19 a n d 20 d o e s n o t a p p e a r
to be e x c e s s iv e , i t is e v id e n t th a t th e a s s u m p tio n m e n tio n e d in
C h a p te r IV r e g a r d in g th e h e te r o g e n e ity of th e s e s c o r e s w as
v a lid an d th a t th e te s tin g of the s ig n ific a n c e of th e d iffe re n c e s
in v a r ia n c e s w as ju s tif ia b le .

In c o n s id e rin g T a b le s 19 a n d 20

to g e th e r , the v a r ia n c e s w e re s ig n ific a n tly d if fe re n t on th e P s y ­
c h o lo g is t, F o r e s t S e rv ic e M an, C ity School S u p e rin te n d e n t, and
A u th o r - J o u r n a lis t s c a le s , an d th e r e a p p e a rs to be little in the
w ay of g e n e r a liz a tio n s to be d ra w n f r o m th e m .

C o m b in ed c o m p a r is o n s .

To a id in p o in tin g ou t f u r t h e r

s a lie n t r e s u l t s of T a b le s 19 and 20 th e SVIB s c a le s on w hich
s ig n ific a n tly d if f e r e n t s c o r e s w e re found a r e s u m m a r iz e d in
T ab le 21 w hich a ls o in c lu d e s th e m e a n s c o r e s of th e f o u r s e p ­
a r a t e " q u a r tile " r a tin g g ro u p s .
T ab le 21 in d ic a te s a g a in th a t the m e a n s c o r e s f o r the
to ta l g ro u p of A g e n ts who w e re r a te d in th e th r e e h ig h e s t

22

N e lso n , op. c it ., p p . 63, 148.

T A B L E 21
SUMMARY O F SVIB SC A LES ON WHICH M EAN SCORES O F "M O R E E F F E C T I V E " AND
"L E S S E F F E C T IV E " COUNTY AG EN TS D IF F E R E D SIG N IFICA N TLY
M ean S ta n d a rd S c o re s
SVIB s c a le s

Q l,2 ,3 b
to ta l
(N 60)

" t " T e s t s 3-

Q1
(N 21)

Q2
(N 19)

Q3
(N 20)

Q4
(N 21)

Q l.2 ,3
v e rsu s
Q4

2. 38*

1.66

. 36*

1 .7 0

Ql
v e rsu s
Q4

" M o re e f f e c tiv e "
A g en ts h ig h e r th an
" l e s s e ff e c tiv e "
A g en ts
P e rso n n e l
D ir e c to r

3 4 .0

33. 3

34. 7

34. 0

28.

S o c ia l S ci.
H. S. T e a c h e r

38. 0

37.

6

3 7 .4

3 9 .0

32. 4

2

C e rtifie d
P u b lic
A cco u n ta n t

20. 5

2 1 .4

19. 6

2 0 .5

16. 7

1 .9 8

1

2

. 02*

217

T A B L E 21 (C ontinued)
M ean s ta n d a r d s c o r e s
SVIB s c a le s

Q l,2 ,3 b
to ta l
(N 60)

" t " T e s ts &

Q3
(N 20)

Q4
(N 21)

Q l,2 ,3
v e rsu s
Q4

.6

19.0

2 3 .3

1 .8 3

2 .3 5 ^

1 .7 5

2 .0 4 ^
2

Q1
(N 21)

Q2
(N 19)

18.

22

Q1
v e rs u s
Q4

" M o re e ffe c tiv e
A g e n ts lo w e r th a n
" l e s s e f f e c tiv e "
A g e n ts
.0

A rtis t

20

D e n tis t

23. 7

2 2 .9

2 5 .8

2 2 .5

28.

F a rm e r

4 3 .8

4 4 .3

4 3 .7

4 3 .5

49. 5

2 .8 1 ^

C a r p e n te r

2 4 .5

2 3 .3

2 6 .3

2 4 .0

29. 5

2

6

1

. 02^

. 20^

2.01

♦ S ig n ific a n t a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
♦ ♦ S ig n ific an t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
a T he " d " t e s t w as n o t u s e d on an y c o m p a ris o n s in th is ta b le .
^ In d ic a te s " q u a r t i l e s " n u m b e re d c o n s e c u tiv e ly f r o m 1 (h ig h e st) to 4 (lo w est).
218

219
" q u a r tile s " (Q 1, 2, 3) w e re s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r on th e P e r ­
so n n e l D i r e c t o r and S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r s c a le s
th an w e r e th e m e a n s c o r e s f o r the A g e n ts who w e re r a te d in
the lo w e s t " q u a r tile " (Q 1, 2, 3 v e r s u s Q 4), b u t th a t the m e a n
s c o r e s f o r th e two e x tr e m e " q u a r tile " g ro u p s (Q 1 v e r s u s Q 4)
fa ile d to sh o w a s ig n if ic a n t d iff e r e n c e .

S ince the m e a n s c o r e s

on th e s e two s c a le s w e re s lig h tly h ig h e r f o r the c o m b in ed g ro u p
th an f o r the h ig h e s t g ro u p a lo n e , it fo llo w s th a t the A g e n ts in
the tw o m id d le " q u a r tile " g ro u p s e v id e n c e d h ig h e r i n t e r e s t s in
th e s e tw o o c c u p a tio n s th a n did th e A g e n ts in th e h ig h e s t " q u a r ­
tile " a lo n e .
In th e c a s e of th e C e r tif ie d P u b lic A c c o u n ta n t s c a le , the
h ig h e s t " q u a r tile " g ro u p (Q

1)

s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r th a n

the lo w e s t q u a rtile g ro u p (Q 4).
e v e r , th a t th e " t" v a lu e of

2.02

It sh o u ld be p o in te d out, how ­
in th is c a s e is j u s t above the

2.01 v a lu e (w ith 41 d e g r e e s of fre e d o m ) n e c e s s a r y f o r s ig n ifican ce a t the fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l,

23

w h ic h in d ic a te s th a t th e d if­

f e r e n c e in m e a n s c o r e s f o r th e s e tw o g ro u p s is b a r e ly s ig n if i­
c an t.

T he r e l a ti v e ly s m a ll d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n th e c o m p a ris o n

^

S n e d e c o r, o p . c i t ., p . 55, T ab le 3.8.

220

of the h ig h e s t (Q 1) and the lo w e s t (Q 4) g ro u p s and the c o m ­
p a r is o n of the th r e e h ig h e s t a n d lo w e s t g ro u p s ( 2 . 0 2 v e r s u s

1 . 9 8 ),

in d ic a te s th a t in g e n e ra l the A g e n ts who w e re r a t e d a s " m o re
e ffe c tiv e " s c o r e d b a r e l y s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r on th is s c a le th a n
d id the A g e n ts who w e re r a t e d a s " l e s s e ffe c tiv e ."
O n the F a r m e r s c a le a s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e e x is ts b e ­
tw een th e " m o re e ffe c tiv e " and the " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " A g en ts w hen
e ith e r th e h ig h e s t " q u a r tile " g ro u p (Q 1) a lo n e o r the th r e e
h ig h e s t g ro u p s c o m b in e d (Q 1, 2, 3) a r e c o n s id e re d .

The m e a n s

on th is s c a le sh o w th a t the se c o n d (Q 2) and the th ir d (Q 3)
" q u a r tile " g ro u p s s c o r e d s lig h tly lo w e r th a n the h ig h e s t g ro u p .
T he s c o r e s on th is s c a le a r e th e h ig h e s t of any of the s c a le s
in T ab le 21.

T he c o rre s p o n d in g l e t t e r s c o r e s f o r e a c h of the

th r e e h ig h e s t " q u a r t i le s " is B+ and f o r th e lo w e s t " q u a r tile ,"
A.

T h e s e 'r e s u lts in d ic a te th a t a c c o rd in g to m e a n s c o r e s , a ll

of the C ounty A g e n ts m a n ife s te d h ig h i n t e r e s t s in the f a r m e r
a r e a , b u t th a t th e " m o r e e ffe c tiv e " A g en ts e x p r e s s e d s ig n if i­
c a n tly lo w e r i n t e r e s t in th is a r e a th a n did th e " l e s s e ffe c tiv e "
A g e n ts.
T he d iffe r e n c e s in th e C a rp e n te r s c a le s c o r e s a r e s i m ­
i l a r to th o se of th e C e rtifie d P u b lic A c c o u n ta n t s c o r e s in th a t

221

a lth o u g h the d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n th e m e a n s of th e th re e h ig h e s t
" q u a r t i le s " a n d th e lo w e s t " q u a r tile " is s ig n ific a n t, th e d i f f e r ­
e n c e b e tw e e n th e e x tr e m e " q u a r tile " g ro u p s (Q

1

and Q

m is s e s s ig n ific a n c e b y one o n e -h u n d re d th of a p o in t.

4)

In o th e r

w o rd s , th e d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n th e m e a n s c o r e of th e h ig h e s t
a n d th e lo w e s t " q u a r tile " g ro u p s is a lm o s t h ig h enough to be
s t a ti s t i c a ll y s ig n ific a n t.
In k e e p in g w ith J o h n s o n 's d e fin itio n of th e c r i t e r i a of
s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n ific a n c e (g iv en on p a g e 113), i t is e v id e n t th a t
th e m a jo r ity of the d if f e r e n c e s show n in T ab le 21 " m a y be s ig n if ic a n t b u t f u r t h e r o b s e r v a tio n s a r e n e c e s s a r y ."

24

On o nly

th e F a r m e r s c a le is th e d iffe re n c e s u c h th a t i t c o u ld h av e h a p ­
p e n e d b y c h a n c e e r r o r s in one p e r c e n t o r l e s s of th e c a s e s .
T h e r e f o r e , in th e f u r t h e r r e f e r e n c e s to th e s e d iffe r e n c e s in th is
stu d y i t is im p lic it th a t w ith th e e x c e p tio n of th e F a r m e r s c a le ,
th e s ig n ific a n c e is i n te r p r e t e d in t e r m s of th is lim ita tio n .

O c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p in g .

In f u r t h e r r e f e r e n c e to T ab le 21

i t m a y b e p o in te d o u t th a t th e s e v e n s c a le s w h ich in d ic a te s i g ­
n ific a n t d if f e re n c e s a r e n o t s c a t t e r e d w id e ly am ong th e f o r ty

Jo h n s o n , op. c it., p . 32.

222

o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le s b u t a r e lo c a te d w ith in fo u r of S tro n g 's
e le v e n O c c u p a tio n a l G ro u p s .

T he h ig h i n t e r e s t s of the " m o re

e ffe c tiv e " g ro u p s a r e in th e " s o c ia l w e lfa re " O ccu p a tio n a l
G roup ( P e r s o n n e l D ir e c to r a n d S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh School
T e a c h e r) an d in G roup VII, C e r tif ie d P u b lic A c c o u n ta n t.

The

low i n t e r e s t s f o r th e " m o re e ffe c tiv e " g ro u p s a r e in the G roup
I ( A r tis t a n d D e n tist) and G ro u p IV ( F a r m e r and C a r p e n te r).
A lth o u g h none of th e o th e r s c a le s in T a b le s 19 and 20
w e re s ig n ific a n tly d iffe r e n t, i t is of i n t e r e s t to no te th e n u m b e r
of a d d itio n a l s c a le s in G ro u p s V, I, and IV on w hich th e m ean
s c o r e s d if f e re d in the s a m e d ir e c tio n th a t the s c a le s l is te d in
T ab le 21 d iffe re d .

The d ir e c tio n s of th e s e d iffe re n c e s a r e

show n in T ab le 22.
A s T a b le 22 in d ic a te s , w ith th e e x c e p tio n of th e M in is te r
s c a le in G ro u p V, and the P s y c h o lo g is t s c a le in G roup I, the
s c a le s in th e s e G ro u p s d iffe r in th e sa m e d ir e c tio n a s the
s c a le s in th e s e G ro u p s in w h ich th e d iffe re n c e s w e re s ig n ifi­
c a n t.

In G roup IV the d iff e r e n c e s a r e n o t q uite a s u n ifo rm ,

w ith e x c e p tio n s e x is tin g in th e l a s t th r e e s c a le s of th a t G roup.
A lth o u g h th e r e is c o n s id e ra b le u n ifo rm ity of d ire c tio n
of the d if f e r e n c e s am ong th e s c a le s of th e s e G ro u p s, i t in d ic a te s

T A B L E 22
DIRECTIONS O F M EA N SVIB SCORE D IF F E R E N C E S IN O C C U PA TIO N A L GRO UPS
V, I, AND IV F O R COUNTY AG EN TS

SVIB s c a le s

H ig h e s t " q u a r t i l e "

T h re e h ig h e s t
" q u a rtile s "

G ro u p V
YM CA P h y s ic a l D ir e c to r
P e r s o n n e l D ir e c to r
P u b lic A d m in is tr a to r
YM CA S e c r e ta r y
S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh School
T eacher
C ity School S u p e rin te n d e n t
M in is te r

H ig h e r
H ig h e r
H ig h e r
H ig h e r

th a n
th a n
th a n
th a n

lo w e s t
lo w e s t
lo w e st
lo w e s t

"Q "
"Q "
"Q "
"Q "

H ig h e r
H ig h e r
H ig h e r
H ig h e r

th a n
them
th a n
th a n

lo w e s t
lo w e s t
lo w e s t
lo w e st

"Q "
"Q "
"Q "
"Q "

H ig h e r th a n lo w e s t " Q "

H ig h e r th an lo w e s t " Q "

H ig h e r th a n lo w e st " Q "
L o w e r th a n lo we s t " Q "

H ig h e r th a n lo w e s t " Q "
L o w e r th a n lo w e s t " Q "

L ow er
H ig h e r
L ow er
L ow er
L ow er
L ow er

L ow er
H ig h e r
L ow er
L ow er
L ow er
L ow er

G ro u p I
th a n
th a n
th a n
th a n
th a n
th a n

lo w e s t
lo w e s t
lo w e s t
lo w e s t
lo w e st
lo w e s t

"Q "
"Q "
"Q "
"Q "
"Q "
"Q "

th an
th an
th a n
th a n
th a n
th an

lo w e s t
lo w e st
lo w e st
lo w e st
lo w e st
lo w e st

"Q "
"Q "
"Q "
"Q "
"Q "
"Q "

223

A rtis t
P s y c h o lo g is t
A r c h ite c t
P h y s ic ia n
O ste o p a th
D e n tis t

T A B L E 22 (C ontinued)

SVIB s c a le s

H ig h e s t " q u a r t i l e "

T h re e h ig h e s t
' 'q u a r t i l e s "

G ro u p IV
F a rm e r
A v ia to r
C a r p e n te r
P rin te r
M a th e m a tic s - P h y s ic a l S c ie n c e
H, S. T e a c h e r
T e a c h e r of V o c atio n al
A o r r ic u ltiir e

P o lic e m a n

L ow er
L ow er
L ow er
L ow er

th a n
th a n
th a n
th a n

lo w e s t
lo w e s t
lo w e s t
lo w e s t

"Q "
"Q "
"Q "
"Q "

L ow er
L ow er
L ow er
L ow er

th a n
th a n
th a n
th a n

lo w e s t
lo w e s t
lo w e s t
lo w e st

"Q "
"Q "
"Q "
"Q "

H ig h e r th a n lo w e s t " Q "

H ig h e r th an lo w e st " Q "

H ig h e r th a n lo w e s t " Q "

L o w e r th a n lo w e s t " Q "

S am e a s lo w e s t " Q "

L o w e r th a n lo w e s t " Q "

225
p o s s ib le t r e n d s o nly.

S tro n g s u g g e s ts th a t s c o r e s on r e la te d

o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le s sh o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d in th e i n te r p r e ta tio n
of the SVIB.

25

H o w e v e r, sin c e the s c o r e s w e re sig n ific a n tly

d if f e r e n t o n o n ly two s c a le s in e a c h G ro u p , s u ffic ie n t e v id e n c e
is la c k in g to s u p p o rt th e c o n te n tio n th a t the " m o re e ffe c tiv e "
and " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " C ounty A g e n ts c a n be d if f e r e n tia te d in
t e r m s of g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t ty p e s a lo n e .

I n te n s ity of r e l a ti o n s h i p s .

In o r d e r to d e te rm in e th e

in te n s ity of th e r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s and
th e fo u r SVIB s c a le s in T ab le 21 on w hich s ig n ific a n t d i f f e r ­
e n c e s o c c u r r e d w hen th e to ta l g ro u p of " m o r e e ffe c tiv e " C ounty
A g e n ts w as c o m p a re d w ith th e " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " A g en ts ( P e r s o n ­
n e l D ir e c to r , S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r, F a r m e r , C a r ­
p e n te r ) , b i s e r i a l c o r r e l a t io n s w e re c o m p u te d .
tio n s a r e r e p o r te d in T a b le 23.

T h ese c o r r e l a ­

It w ill be n o te d th a t alth o u g h

th e s e c o r r e l a t io n c o e ffic ie n ts do n o t a p p e a r to be l a r g e , e a c h
one is s ig n ific a n t a t the one p e r c e n t le v e l o f c o n fid en ce o r
l e s s , a c c o rd in g to S n e d e c o r 's ta b le f o r d e te rm in in g th e s ig n ific a n c e

25

E d w a rd K . S tro n g , J r . , M anual f o r V o c atio n al I n t e r e s t
B la n k f o r M en, S ta n fo rd , C a lifo rn ia : S ta n fo rd U n iv e rs ity P r e s s ,
1951, p n r

226

T A B L E 23
C O R R EL A T IO N C O E F F IC IE N T S B E T W E E N FO U R SVIB
SC A LES AND WORK E F F E C T IV E N E S S RATINGS
F O R 81 COUNTY A G E N T S 1
SVIB S c a le s

B i s e r ia l C o r r e la tio n s

P e r s o n n e l D ir e c to r

+.342**

S o c ia l S c ien c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r

+.357**

F a rm er

-.4 1 0 * *

C a r p e n te r

-.298**
(79 D e g re e s of F re e d o m )

** S ig n ific a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
* T h re e h ig h e s t " q u a r tile s " (N 60) v e r s u s lo w e st
" q u a r tile " (N 21).

of c o r r e l a t io n c o e ff ic ie n ts .

26

A lso , th e y te n d to c o rre s p o n d to

th e " t" t e s t v a lu e s sin c e th e h ig h e s t c o e ffic ie n t is on the F a r m e r
s c a le (" t" v a lu e 2.81) an d th e lo w e s t is on the C a r p e n te r s c a le
(" t" v a lu e

2 . 0 2 ).

P r e d ic tio n f r o m s ig n ific a n tly d if fe re n t s c a l e s .

In view

of th e p o s itio n s ta te d p r e v io u s ly in th is stu d y th a t E x te n s io n
a d m in is tr a to r s c o n s id e r th e m a jo r ity of the A g en ts to be

2&

S n e d e c o r, op. c it ., p . 125, T ab le 7.2.

227
s a t is f a c to r i l y e ffe c tiv e in t h e i r jo b s , th e c o n c e rn of th e G e n e r a l
R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t is fo c u s e d m o re d ir e c tly upon d e te rm in in g
m e a n s of p re v e n tin g the s e le c tio n of A g e n ts who w ill n o t be
e ffe c tiv e in t h e i r w o rk .

In a n e ff o r t to c h e c k on th e u s e f u ln e s s

of the r e la tio n s h ip s found in the fo u r s c a le s ju s t d is c u s s e d , a n
a tte m p t w as th e r e f o r e m ad e to p r e d i c t the C ounty A g en ts who
w ould be r a te d a s " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " by m e a n s of th e s e s c a le s .
T his ste p r e p r e s e n te d in e ffe c t a h y p o th e tic a l s itu a tio n in w h ic h
an E x te n s io n a d m in is tr a to r w ould u s e th e s e d a ta a s one of the
c r i t e r i a f o r s e le c tin g new C ounty A g e n ts.
T h o rn d ik e

28

As Super

27

and

h av e e m p h a s iz e d , a fin a l t e s t of th e v a lid ity of

d iffe re n c e s w ith s m a ll n u m b e rs of c a s e s m u s t r e s t upon c r o s s v a lid a tio n w ith o th e r s i m i l a r g ro u p s an d th is is p la n n e d a s a
fu tu re ste p in the G e n e ra l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t .
In a s e le c tio n o r c o u n se lin g s itu a tio n , l e t t e r s c o r e s
w ould be m o re u s e fu l th an s ta n d a r d s c o r e s s in c e th e y a r e
e a s i e r to o b ta in f r o m the p r o f ile s h e e t and s in c e m o s t of

27
Y ork;

D onald E . S u p e r, A p p ra is in g V o c atio n al F i t n e s s , N ew
H a r p e r & B r o th e r s , 1949, p p . 5 1 -5 2 .

28

R o b e rt L . T h o rn d ik e , P e r s o n n e l S e le c tio n , N ew Y ork:
Jo h n W iley an d S o n s, In c ., 1949, pp. 5 4 -6 0 .

S tr o n g 's s u g g e s tio n s f o r in te r p r e ta tio n a r e in t e r m s of l e t t e r
sc o re s.

29

A lth o u g h it w as s ta te d on p a g e 225 th a t " m o re e f ­

fe c tiv e " an d " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " C ounty A g e n ts c o u ld n o t be d i f f e r ­
e n tia te d on th e b a s i s of g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t ty p e s a lo n e , so m e c o n ­
s id e r a tio n c o u ld ju s tif ia b ly be g iv e n to s c o r e s on r e l a te d o c c u ­
p a tio n s in G ro u p s IV an d V s in c e , a s w a s p o in te d out in T ab le
22, s e v e r a l of th e m d iffe r in the s a m e d ir e c tio n a s th e s ig n if­
ic a n tly d if fe re n t s c a le s in th e s e G ro u p s an d s in c e S tro n g s u g ­
g e s ts th a t s c o r e s on r e l a te d s c a le s sh o u ld be c o n s id e re d in th e
i n te r p r e ta tio n of th e SVIB.

30

T h e r e f o r e , th e c r i t e r i a fo llo w ed

in s e le c tin g p r o f ile s h e e ts r e p r e s e n tin g A g e n ts p r e d ic te d to be
" l e s s e ffe c tiv e " w e re th a t th e s h e e ts sh o u ld g e n e r a lly hav e l e t ­
t e r s c o r e s a s h ig h a s o r h ig h e r th a n th e l e t t e r s c o r e s c o r r e s ­
p o n d in g to th e m e a n s ta n d a r d s c o r e s of th e " l e s s e ffe c tiv e "
A g e n ts on th e F a r m e r (A) an d the C a r p e n te r (B -) s c a le s and
a s lo w o r lo w e r th a n th e m e a n s ta n d a r d s c o r e s on the P e r s o n ­
n e l D ir e c to r (C-) and S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r s c a le s
(B -).

A fe w c a s e s w e re p r e d ic te d to b e " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " in

229
w hich n o t m o re th a n one s c a le s c o r e w as s lig h tly above o r
b elo w th e s e c r i t e r i a , b u t w h e re r e l a te d s c a le s c o r e s w e re h igh
o r lo w in th e a p p ro p r ia te d ir e c tio n .
A fte r th e p r o f ile s h e e ts w e re th u s s e le c te d , the A g e n ts'
w o rk e ff e c tiv e n e s s r a tin g s w e re c h e c k e d .

The A g en ts w hose

s c o r e s w e re w ith in th e c r i t e r i o n s c o r e s w e re d e s ig n a te d a s
the A g e n ts p r e d ic te d to be " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " and th o se w hose
s c o r e s d id n o t f a ll w ith in th e c r i t e r i o n s c o r e s w e re d e s ig n a te d
a s th e A g e n ts . p r e d ic te d to be " m o re e ffe c tiv e ."

T ab le 24 show s

the c o m p a r is o n of th e s e two g ro u p s w ith t h e i r a c tu a l w o rk e f ­
f e c tiv e n e s s r a tin g s .
The c h i s q u a r e t e s t of th e s ig n ific a n c e of th e c o m p a ris o n
in th is ta b le in d ic a te s th a t th e h y p o th e s is th a t the a c c u ra c y of
the p r e d ic tio n w as n o t g r e a t e r th an w ould h av e o c c u r r e d by
c h an c e f a c t o r s alo n e m u s^ b e r e je c te d .

T w e n ty -fo u r c a s e s

f e ll w ith in th e c r i t e r i o n s c o r e s e s ta b lis h e d f o r th e A g en ts p r e ­
d ic te d to be " l e s s e ff e c tiv e ."

Of th e s e 24 p r e d ic te d c a s e s , 13

a c tu a lly h ad " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " an d 11 h a d " m o re e ffe c tiv e " r a t ­
in g s.

The to ta l n u m b e r of a c tu a lly " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " A g e n ts,

21, is a p p ro x im a te ly o n e - th ir d of the n u m b e r of a c tu a lly " m o re
e ffe c tiv e " A g e n ts, six ty .

If c h an c e f a c to r s a lo n e w e re o p e ra tin g ,

T A B L E 24
COM PARISON O F COUNTY AG EN TS P R E D IC T E D TO B E "L E S S E F F E C T I V E " W ITH THOSE
P R E D IC T E D TO B E "M O R E E F F E C T IV E " ON THE BASIS O F SCORES
ON FO U R D IF F E R E N T IA T IN G SVIB SCALES
A c tu a l W o rk E ffe c tiv e n e s s R a tin g G ro u p s
" L e s s e ff e c tiv e "

G ro u p

P r e d ic te d to be
" l e s s e f f e c tiv e "
P r e d ic te d to be
" m o r e e ffe c tiv e "
T o ta ls

1'M o re e f f e c tiv e ''

T o ta l
fre ­
qu en cy

F re ­
q uen cy

Per
cent

x2

c o n tr i.

F re ­
quency

Per
cent

X ?
c o n tri.

13

5 4 .2

7 .3 8 7 7

11

4 5 .8

2 .5 8 5 1

24

8

14. 1

3 .1 1 9 4

49

8 5 .9

1 .0 8 9 8

57

x2 =14. 1820*

81

60

21

df = 1

♦ S ig n ifica n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .

P = <.01

231
th e r e w ould th e n be a b o u t a one to th r e e ch an ce th a t a n A gent
p r e d ic te d to be " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " w ould a c tu a lly b e in th a t c a t e ­
g o ry , r a t h e r th a n in th e " m o re e ffe c tiv e " g ro u p .

In t e r m s of

the d a ta in T ab le 24, b y c h an c e o nly ab o u t s ix of the 24 c a s e s
p r e d ic te d to be " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " sh o u ld be e x p e c te d to be in the
" l e s s e ffe c tiv e " g ro u p and ab o u t 18 in th e " m o re e ffe c tiv e "
g ro u p .

It is a p p a re n t th e r e f o r e th a t p r e d ic tio n by m e a n s of the

fo u r SVIB s c a le s w as c o n s id e r a b ly m o re a c c u ra te th a n w ould
have b e e n a tta in e d by ch an ce f a c t o r s .

T h is ste p p ro v id e s p r e ­

lim in a r y v a lid ity f o r th e p r e d ic tiv e v a lu e of th e s e s c a le s .

A n a ly sis of th e i n t e r e s t s of 4 H C lub A g e n ts .

T able

25 in c lu d e s the c o m p a ris o n of the m e a n s and v a r ia n c e s on the
SVIB s c a le s fo r the 4 H Club A g e n ts who w e re r a te d in the
th r e e h ig h e s t " q u a r tile s " on w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s an d th o se r a te d
in th e lo w e s t " q u a r tile ."
The m o s t s tr ik in g r e s u l t in T able 25 is th e f a c t th a t
the m e a n s c o r e s f o r th e " m o re e ffe c tiv e " 4 H C lub A g en ts a r e
n e ith e r s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r n o r s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r th an f o r th e
" l e s s e ffe c tiv e " A g en ts on any s c a le s of th e SVIB.

T he h ig h e s t

" t" v a lu e i s on th e P r e s i d e n t of M a n u fa c tu rin g C o n c e rn s c a le
(1.92) b u t i t f a lls s h o r t of s ig n ific a n c e a t the fiv e p e r c e n t

T A B L E 25
COM PARISON O F MEANS (X) AND VARIANCES ( <r ) ON 44 SVIB SC A LES F O R 4 H CLUB
AG EN TS R A TED IN TH E T H R E E HIG HEST "Q U A R T IL E S " AND TH E
LOW EST "Q U A R T IL E " ON WORK E F F E C T IV E N E S S

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

T h re e h ig h e s t
" q u a rtile s "
(N 39)

L ow est
' 'q u a r t i l e ''
(N 9)

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

X

o '2

X

, 2

20. 5
1 5 .6
1 9 .2
2 8 .2
4 0 .3 2 8 .2

110.3
1 0 4 .2
165. 2
146. 7
96. 7
178.3

18. 9
21. 1
20. 0
31. 1
3 8 .9
27. 8

86. 1
111. 1
7 5 .0
161. 1
161. 1
94. 5

1 .2 8
1. 07
2 .2 0
1. 10
1 .6 6
1 .8 9

0 .4 1
1 .4 5
0 .3 2
0. 64
0 .3 6
0. 10

1 6 .2
12.8
2 4 .6
23. 6

108/5
162. 9
162.3
181.5

18.
15.
26.
26.

7
6
7
7

86. 1
102. 8
1 2 5 .0
200. 0

1 .2 6
1. 58
1 .2 9
1. 10

0. 72
0. 60
0 .4 4
0. 61

3 4 .4

72. 6

3 2 .2

69. 5

1. 06

0. 68

F

t o r d*

I
A rtis t
P s y c h o lo g is t
A r c h ite c t
P h y s ic ia n
O ste o p a th
D e n tis t
II
M a th e m a tic ia n
P h y s ic is t
E n g in e e r
C h e m ist
III
P r o d . M a n ag e r

232

T A B L E 25 (C ontinued)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

T h r e e h ig h e s t
" q u a rtile s "
(N 39)

L ow est
' 'q u a r tile r i
(N 9)

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

X

c r2

X

0* 2

F a rm er
A v ia to r
C a r p e n te r
P rin te r
M a th .- S c i. T c h r.
V oc. A g r. T e a c h e r
P o lic e m a n
F o r e s t S e rv ic e
\r
V

4 6 .4
3 4 .6
31. 5
3 4 .4
4 2 .3
4 7 .9
38. 5
4 3 .3

62. 7
109. 7
123. 9
72. 6
9 7 .2
85. 1
102. 8
8 6 .0

5 0 .0
36. 7
3 4 .4
36. 7
4 5 .6
5 0 .2
3 7 .8
4 3 .3

50. 0
1 5 0 .0
1 2 7 .8
25. 0
52. 8
66. 5
44. 5
75. 0

1 .3 1
1 .3 6
1. 03
2 .9 0
1 .8 4
1 .2 8
2 .3 1
1. 15

1. 22
0. 51
0. 70
1. 05
0 .9 3
0.' 70
0.250 .0 0

YMCA P h y s . D ir.
P e r s o n n e l D ir.
P u b lic A dm in.
YMCA Secy,
Soc. S ci. T c h r.
C ity Sch. Supt.
M in is te r

4 3 .3
3 5 .9
4 2 .3
3 3 .8
4 0 .5
32. 6
29. 7

117. 6
166. 9
112. 9
140. 0
136. 6
1 0 3 .8
9 2 .0

4 4 .4
36. 7
4 4 .4
36. 7
41. 1
3 4 .4
3 0 .0

5 2 .8
1 2 5 .0
7 7 .8
100. 0
136. 1
5 2 .8
1 0 0 .0

2.. 22
1 .3 4
1 .4 5
1 .4 0
1 .0 0
1 .9 6
1 .0 9

0 .3 8
0. 15
0 .5 6
0 .6 6
0. 14
0 ,5 2
0. 10

F

t o r d^

IV

233

T A B L E 25 (C ontinued)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

VI
M u s ic ia n
VII
C. P . A.
VIII
A c c o u n ta n t
O ffice M an
P u r c h . A gent
B anker
M o rtic ia n
IX
S a le s M g r.
R e a l E s t. S is.
L ife I n s . S is .
X
A d v e rtis in g M an
L aw yer
A utho r - J o u r n .

T h re e h ig h e s t
' 'q u a r t i l e s ' 1
(N 39)

L ow est
' 'q u a r t i l e ' 1
(N 9)

T e s t of
hom og e n e ity
2

X

<r 2

X

<
r

2 9 .0

7 7 .8

3 0 .0

1 5 0 .0

1 .9 2

0 .3 0

14. 1

5 6 .4

16. 7

1 0 0 .0

1. 77

0 .8 6

25. 6
32. 1
2 7 .7
30. 5
35. 6

93. 7
1 0 6 .2
55. 1
7 3 .4
62. 1

2 7 .8
31. 1
2 3 .3
3 2 .2
23. 2

6 9 .5
61. 1
2 5 .0
4 4 .4
44. 5

1..34
1 .7 4
2 .2 0
1. 65
1 .3 9

0. 60
0 .2 4
1 .6 8
0. 55
1 .2 0

3 0 .3
3 4 .4
3 3 ,3

7 6 .2
6 7 .3
1 1 7 .6

25. 6
3 3 .3
31. 1

52. 8
7 5 .0
36. 1

1 .4 4
1. 11
3. 25*

1 .5 0
0 .3 4
0 .2 1

2 6 .9
2 6 .4
2 5 .9

6 4 .0
4 9 .9
45. 9

25. 6
2 5 .6
25. 6

52. 8
27. 8
27. 8

1.21
1. 79
1. 64

0 .4 8
0 .3 6
0. 14

F

t o r d*

234

T A B L E 25 (C ontinued)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

T h r e e h ig h e s t
" q u a rtile s "
(N 39)

L o w e st
11q u a r t i l e ''

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

(N 9)

X

< r2

X

XI
P r e s . M fg. C one.

2 8 .2

5 1 .9

2 3 .3

25. 0

2. 07

1. 92

In t. M a tu rity
O ccu p . L e v e l
M a sc . -F e m in in ity
T e a c h . S a tis fa c .

5 3 .8
51. 1
4 9 .3
5 4 .6

3 4 .3
31. 1
211. 7
7 8 .0

54. 6
4 9 .4
4 9 .4
54. 6

2 9 .3
18. 0
107. 0
3 4 .5

1. 17
1. 72
1 .9 7
2 .2 6

0 .4 2
0 .8 2
0. 14
0 .0 0

<T 2

F

t o r d^

* S ig n ific a n t a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
* M ean s and v a r ia n c e s of S tr o n g 's c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s and th e u s e of th e " d " t e s t a r e
e x p la in e d in fo o tn o te 19. pag e 204.

235

236
le v e l.

(W ith 47 d e g r e e s of f r e e d o m a " t" v a lu e of 2.01 is r e -

q u ire d f o r s ig n ific a n c e a t th is le v e l.)

31

The v a r ia n c e s a r e

s ig n ific a n tly d if f e r e n t on o n ly the L ife In s u ra n c e S a le s m a n
s c a le .
A s w ith th e C ounty A g e n ts, th e s c o r e s of the two e x tr e m e
" q u a r tile " g ro u p s of 4 H C lub A g e n ts w e re c o m p a re d .

The r e ­

s u lts of the c o m p a ris o n of th e m e a n s and v a ria n c e s of th e h ig h ­
e s t an d lo w e s t " q u a r tile " g ro u p s a r e show n in T a b le 26.

T h is

ta b le in d ic a te s th a t the o n ly s c a le on w hich th e m e a n s w e re s i g ­
n ific a n tly d if f e r e n t is th e P u r c h a s in g A gent s c a le on w hich the
d if f e r e n c e s w e re s ig n ific a n t a t the fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
A s in T a b le 25, th e v a r ia n c e s w e re sig n ific a n tly d iffe re n t on
o n ly one s c a le , b u t in th is c a s e i t w as th e C e rtif ie d P u b lic A c ­
c o u n ta n t s c a le .
T he m e a n s f o r e a c h of the fo u r " q u a r tile " g ro u p s on the
P u r c h a s in g A g en t s c a le a r e a s fo llo w s, ra n g in g f r o m the h ig h ­
e s t to the lo w e s t " q u a r tile " :

30.0, 28.5, 24.6, 23 .3 .

T h ese

m e a n s in d ic a te a r a t h e r d i r e c t re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n ra tin g s of
w o rk e f f e c tiv e n e s s and s c o r e s on th is s c a le .

S n e d e c o r, op. c i t ., p . 55, T able 3.8.

H o w ev e r, sin c e

T A B L E 26
COM PARISON O F MEANS (X) AND VARIANCES ( a-2) 1 ON 44 SVIB SC A LES F O R 4 H CLUB
AG EN TS R A T E D IN TH E HIGHEST "Q U A R T IL E " AND LOW EST
"Q U A R T IL E " ON WORK E F F E C T IV E N E S S
H ig h e st
1'q u a r t i l e ''
(N 13)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s
X
I
A rtis t
P s y c h o lo g is t
A r c h ite c t
P h y s ic ia n
O ste o p a th
D e n tis t
II
M a th e m a tic ia n
P h y s ic is t
E n g in e e r
C h e m ist
III
P ro d . M anager

L o w e st
1'q u a r t i l e ''
(N 9)
2

X

T e s t of
h o m o g en e ity

- 2

F

t or

1 8 .5
1 6 .9
2 0 .8
24. 6
37. 7
2 8 .4

164. 1
1 0 6 .4
191.0
1 7 6 .9
119.3
2 3 0 .8

18. 9
21. 1
20. 0
31. 1
38. 9
2 7 .8

86.
111.
75.
161.
161.
94.

1
1
0
1
1
5

1 .9 0
1 .0 5
2. 55
1 .0 9
1 .3 5
. 2 .4 4

0 .0 1
0 .9 2
0. 14
1. 14
0. 22
0. 10

17. 7
1 3 .8
2 5 .4
2 3 .8

119.3
225. 7
2 2 6 .9
225. 7

18.
15.
26.
26.

7
6
7
7

86. 1
10 2 .8
125. 0
200. 0

1 .3 9
2. 19
1 .8 2
1. 12

0 .2 6
0 .2 9
0 .2 2
0 .4 4

37. 7

8 5 .9

3 2 .2

6 9 .5

1 .2 4

1.41
237

T A B L E 26 (C ontinued)
H ig h e st
t 1'q u a r ti l e ' 1

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

L o w e st
f 1q u a r t i le 11

(N 13)

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

(N 9)
<r 2

X

<r2

4 6 .9
3 6 .2
3 5 .4
• 4 0 .0
43. 8
4 8 .8
4 0 .8
44. 6

3 9 .8
142. 3
1 1 0 .2
5 0 .0
75. 7
67. 5
91. 0
76. 9

5 0 .0
36. 7
3 4 .4
36. 7
45. 6
5 0 .2
37. 8
4 3 .3

50. 0
150. 0
1 2 7 .8
2 5 .0
5 2 .8
6 6 .5
4 4 .5
75. 0

1 .2 6
1. 05
1. 15
2 .0 0
1 .4 3
1 .0 2
2 .0 4
1. 03

1 .0 7
0 .9 8
0 .2 0
1 .2 2
0 .4 7
0 .3 6
0 .8 0
0 .3 4

4 6 .2
3 6 .9
4 2 .3
3 6 .2
4 1 .5
33. 1
33. 1

42. 3
189. 7
119. 7
142.3
130. 8
8 9 .8
73. 1

4 4 .4
36. 7
4 4 .4
36. 7
41. 1
3 4 .4
3 0 .0

5 2 .8
125. 0
7 7 .8
100. 0
136. 1
5 2 .8
10 0 .0

1. 25
1.51
1. 53
1 .4 2
1. 04
1. 70
1 .3 7

0. 56
0 .0 4
0 .4 8
0 .0 9
0 .0 8
0 .3 6
0. 77

X

F

t o r d*

IV
F a rm e r
A v ia to r
C a rp e n te r
P rin te r
M a th .- S c i. T c h r.
V oc. A g r. T e a c h e r
P o lic e m a n
F o r e s t S e rv ic e
V
YMCA P h y s . D ir.
P e r s o n n e l D ir.
P u b lic A dm in.
YMCA Secy.
Soc. S ci. T e a c h e r
C ity Sch. Supt.
M in is te r

238

T A B L E 26 (C ontinued)
H ig h e st
1'q u a r t i l e ' 1
(N 13)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s
X
VI
M u sic ia n
VII
C . P . A.
VIII
A c co u n ta n t
O ffice M an
P u r c h . A gent
B anker
M o rtic ia n
IX
S a le s M g r.
R e a l E s t. S is.
L ife In s. S is.
X
A d v e rtis in g M an
L aw yer
A utho r - J o u r n .

L ow est
11q u a r t i l e ''
(N 9)
2

O

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

'

X

2
< y

F

t o r d*

3 3 .8

59. 0

3 0 .0

150. 0

2. 54

0 .9 0

13. 1

23. 1

16. 7

1 0 0 .0 *

4. 33*

1 .0 0

28. 5
34. 6
30. 0
3 1 .5
3 3 .8

1 3 0 .8
1 2 6 .9
50. 0
2 7 .4
5 9 .0

2 7 .8
31. 1
2 3 .3
3 2 .2
3 2 .2

6 9 .5
61. 1
2 5 .0
4 4 .4
4 4 .5

1 .8 8
2 .0 8
2. 00
•2. 19
1 .3 3

0. 14
0 .8 0
2 .4 3 *
0. 18
0. 50

2 8 .5
3 2 .3
3 0 .8

64. 1
52. 6
107. 7

25. 6
3 3 .3
31. 1

5 2 .8
75. 0
36. 1

1.21
1 .4 3
2: 98

0 .8 6
0 .3 4
0. 08

26.2

75. 7
25. 7
4 2 .3

25. 6
25. 6
25. 6

5 2 .8
2 7 .8
2 7 .8

1 .4 3
1. 08
1 .5 2

0. 17
0. 75
0 .6 4

2 3 .8
2 3 .8

239

T A B L E 26 (C ontinued)
L ow est
" q u a rtile "
(N 9)

H ig h e st
1tq u a r t i l e 1'

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

(N 13)

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

X

<T2

X

2
a~

XI
M fg. C one.

2 5 .4

26. 9

2 3 .3

25. 0

1. 08

0 .9 2

In t. M a tu rity
O ccu p . L e v e l
M as c . - F e m in in ity
T e a c h . S a tis fa c .

55. 1
48. 2
5 0 .6
5 5 .4

45. 1
1 4 .3
3 8 .9
61. 1

5 4 .6
4 9 .4
4 9 .4
54. 6

2 9 .2
1 8 .0
107.0
34. 5

1 .5 4

0. 19
0. 71
0 .3 4
0 .2 3

P re s.

F

1.26

2 .7 5
1. 77

t o r d*

* S ig n ific a n t a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
* M ean s an d v a r ia n c e s of S tr o n g 's c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s a r e e x p la in e d in fo o tn o te 19. page 204.

240

241
d if f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n th e " m o r e e ffe c tiv e " and " l e s s e ffe c tiv e "
g ro u p s of 4 H C lub A g e n ts a p p e a re d on o nly one s c a le , an d
s in c e th e d iffe r e n c e w as s ig n ific a n t o n ly w hen th e e x tre m e groups
w e re c o m p a re d , i t w as c o n c lu d e d th a t th e " m o re e ffe c tiv e " and
" l e s s e ffe c tiv e " 4 H Club A g e n ts co u ld n o t be s a t is f a c to r i l y d if ­
f e r e n tia te d by m e a n s of SVIB s c a l e s .

F o r th e s e r e a s o n s th e i n ­

te n s ity o f th e re la tio n s h ip on th is one s c a le w as n o t co m p u ted
a n d no a tte m p t w a s m ad e to stu d y its p r e d ic tiv e v a lu e .
The q u e stio n a r i s e s a s to w hy no m o re s ig n ific a n t d if­
f e r e n c e s w e re found in the i n t e r e s t s of th e s e su b g ro u p s of 4 H
C lub A g e n ts.

It is p o s s ib le th a t th e s m a ll e r n u m b e r of to ta l

c a s e s s tu d ie d and p a r t i c u l a r l y th e s m a ll n u m b e r on th e lo w e st
" q u a r tile " m a k e s i t m o re d iffic u lt f o r s ig n ific a n t d iff e r e n c e s to
e m e r g e in th e s e c o m p a r is o n s th a n in the c o m p a ris o n s of the
C ounty A g e n ts.

H o w ev e r, sin c e th e n u m b e rs r e p r e s e n t th e to ta l

g ro u p of 4 H C lub A g e n ts a s d e fin e d in C h a p te r IV, i t is c o n ­
clu d e d th a t th e 4 H Club A g e n ts s tu d ie d h e r e in a r e so m e w h a t
m o r e h o m o g en e o u s in r e s p e c t to v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s th an a r e
th e C ounty A g e n ts.

The v e ry s m a ll n u m b e r of s ig n ific a n tly

d if f e r e n t v a r ia n c e s ad d s so m e w e ig h t to th is in te r p r e ta tio n .

242
S u m m a ry of the r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n in te r e s ts an d w o rk
e f f e c tiv e n e s s .

T he r e s u l t s of th e a n a ly s e s of th e r e la tio n s h ip s

b e tw e e n the SVIB s c a le s c o r e s of the C ounty A g en ts and th e ir
r a tin g s of w o rk e ff e c tiv e n e s s m a y be s u m m a r iz e d a s fo llo w s:
In c o m p a r is o n w ith th e " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " C ounty A g en ts th e to ta l
g ro u p of the " m o r e e ffe c tiv e " A g e n ts in d ic a te d i n t e r e s t s s i g ­
n ific a n tly h ig h e r (a t the fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s ) in the s p e ­
c ific o c c u p a tio n s of p e rs o n n e l d i r e c to r and s o c ia l s c ie n c e h ig h
sc h o o l te a c h e r .

T h e s e s a m e A g e n ts s c o r e d h ig h e r, b u t not

sig n ific a n tly h ig h e r on a ll b u t one of th e re m a in in g s c a le s in
O c c u p a tio n a l G roup V.

T he e x tre m e g ro u p of " m o re e ffe c tiv e "

A g e n ts in d ic a te d i n t e r e s t s s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r (a t th e fiv e p e r
c e n t le v e l o r le s s ) in the c e r tif ie d p u b lic a c c o u n ta n t o c c u p a tio n .
In c o m p a r is o n w ith th e " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " C ounty A gents
th e to ta l g ro u p of th e " m o re e ffe c tiv e " A g en ts in d ic a te d v e ry
sig n ific a n tly lo w e r i n t e r e s t s (a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s )
in the s p e c ific o c c u p a tio n of f a r m e r an d s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r i n ­
t e r e s t s (a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s ) in the s p e c ific o c c u ­
p a tio n o f c a r p e n te r .

T h e se s a m e A g en ts s c o r e d lo w e r, b u t n o t

sig n ific a n tly lo w e r, on a ll b u t one of th e re m a in in g s c a le s in
O c c u p a tio n a l G ro u p IV.

The e x tr e m e g ro u p of " m o re e ffe c tiv e "

243
A g e n ts in d ic a te d i n t e r e s t s s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r (a t th e fiv e p e r
c e n t le v e l o r le s s ) in th e s p e c ific o c c u p a tio n s of a r t i s t and
d e n tis t and s c o r e d lo w e r, b u t n o t s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r in a ll b u t
one o f the re m a in in g s c a le s in O c c u p a tio n a l G ro u p I.
The fo u r s c a le s , P e r s o n n e l D ir e c to r , S o c ia l S c ien c e H igh
S chool T e a c h e r , F a r m e r and C a r p e n te r , on w h ich th e m e a n
s c o r e s f o r th e to ta l g ro u p of " m o r e e ffe c tiv e " A g e n ts w e re s i g ­
n ific a n tly d iff e r e n t f r o m th e " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " A g e n ts hav e c o r r e ­
la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts in d ic a tin g th a t th e in te n s ity of th e ir r e l a ti o n ­
sh ip to w o rk e ff e c tiv e n e s s is s ig n ific a n t a t the one p e r c e n t
le v e l o r l e s s .

By u se of a p p ro p r ia te h igh an d low c u ttin g

s c o r e s on th e s e s c a le s i t w as p o s s ib le to p r e d i c t w ith s ig n if ­
ic a n t a c c u r a c y a g ro u p of " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " A g e n ts f r o m the c r i ­
te r io n g ro u p of C ounty A g e n ts.

T h is p ro v id e d a p r e lim in a r y

t e s t o f the p r e d ic tiv e v a lid ity of th e s e s c a le s .
The r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n the SVIB s c a le s c o r e s of th e
4 H C lub A g e n ts an d t h e i r r a tin g s of w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s m a y
b e s u m m a r iz e d a s fo llo w s:

The to ta l g ro u p of " m o re e ffe c tiv e "

4 H C lub A g e n ts s c o r e d n e ith e r s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r n o r s ig n if ­
ic a n tly lo w e r th a n th e " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " A g en ts on any SVIB
s c a le s .

The e x tr e m e group of " m o re e ffe c tiv e " 4 H Club A g en ts

244
s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r (a t the fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s )
th a n the " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " A g en ts on th e P u r c h a s in g A gent s c a le .
It w as th e r e f o r e c o n c lu d e d th a t the " m o r e e ffe c tiv e " and " l e s s
e ffe c tiv e 4 H Club A g e n ts co u ld n o t b e s a t is f a c to r i l y d if f e r e n ­
tia te d b y SVIB s c a le s .

The in te n s ity of th e re la tio n s h ip of the

sin g le d if fe re n tia tin g s c a le to w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s w as not c o m ­
p u te d an d no a tte m p t w as m ad e to stu d y i ts p r e d ic tiv e v a lid ity .

R e la tio n s h ip B etw ee n SVIB S c o re s and
Jo b S a tis fa c tio n

C o m p a ris o n of i n t e r e s t s and jo b s a tis f a c tio n of C ounty
A g e n ts .

T he c o m p a ris o n of th e m e a n s an d v a ria n c e s of the

SVIB s c o r e s of the " m o r e " and " l e s s " s a tis f ie d g ro u p s of County
A gents is p r e s e n te d in T ab le 27.
T h is ta b le in d ic a te s th a t the m e a n s c o r e s of the " m o re
s a tis f ie d " C ounty A g en ts w e re sig n ific a n tly h ig h e r th an th e m e a n
s c o r e s o f th e " l e s s s a tis fie d " A g en ts on th e P r e s i d e n t of M a n u ­
f a c tu r in g C o n c e rn o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le (32.7 v e r s u s 28.9) and on
th e O c c u p a tio n a l le v e l (56.8 v e r s u s 52.3) and T each in g S a t i s ­
fa c tio n (51.6 v e r s u s 46.7) n o n o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le s .

The " m o re

s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r th a n the " le s s

T A B L E 27
COM PARISON O F MEANS (X) AND VARIANCES ( <r ) l ON 44 SVIB SCA LES F O R
"M O R E S A T IS F IE D " AND "L E S S SA TISFIED '* COUNTY AG EN TS

SVIB s c a le s by
O c cu p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

I
A rtis t
P s y c h o lo g is t
A r c h ite c t
P h y s ic ia n
O ste o p a th
D e n tis t
II
M a th e m a tic ia n
P h y s ic is t
E n g in e e r
C h e m ist
III
P ro d . M anager

1'M o re
s a t is f ie d "
(N 44)
—
X

*

1'L e s s
s a t is f ie d "
(N 37)
2

—
X

*

T e s t of
h o m o g en e ity
2

F

t or d

2 0 .2
1 5 /7
21. 6
2 7 .9
3 3 .4
24. 7

39. 5
9 4 .9
74. 2
5 3 .9
83. 5
7 2 .0

21. 6
1 7 .3
22. 7
2 6 .5
31. 6
2 4 .8

69-5
181..4
103. 6
112. 3
80. 6
125. 7

1. 76*
1 .9 1 *
1 .4 0
2 .0 8 *
1. 04
1. 75*

0 .8 3
0 .6 1
0. 53
0 .7 1
0 .8 8
0 .4 0

16. 1
13. 8
2 7 .5
2 3 .4

8 9 .4
126. 6
8 4 .3
116.0

86. 2
1 2 4 .2
8 6 .8
1 7 0 .3 '

1 .0 4
1 .0 2
1. 03
1 .4 7

1. 07
0 .9 4
1. 15
0 .2 7

3 5 .0

58. 1

1 8 .4
1 6 .2
25. 1
22. 7
*
32. 1

61. 9

1. 07

1 .6 7

1

245

T A B L E 27 (C ontinued)
1'M o re
s a tis fie d * '
(N 44)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

"L ess
s a t is f ie d "
(N 37)

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

X

< r2

X

cr2

F

44. 1
3 0 .0
2 5 .0
2 8 .8
3 7 .0
4 6 .2
31. 6
37. 7

5 7 .3
102. 3
90. 7
66. 1
8 6 .4
15. 4
83. 5
69. 1

46.'7
3 1 ,3
2 6 .5
32. 7
36; 2
4 6 .2
3 0 .8
3 9 .4

83. 6
78. 7
1 1 2 .3
7 0 .3
79. 7
104. 9
96. 5
71. 9

1 .4 6
1 .3 0
1.241 ,0 6
1 .0 8
6 .8 3 * *
1. 16
1 .0 4

1 .4 6
0. 63'
0. 67
2 .0 8 *
0 .4 1 '
0 .2 2
0 .3 7
0 .9 2

121. 9
8 9 .4
6 8 .9
104. 6
9 6 .6
9 4 .9
1 1 8 .4

3 1 .6
31. 1
3 8 .9
30. 0
3 6 .2
30! 3
2 5 .7

114. 0
1 1 5 .5
5 9 .9
1 2 7 .8
9 0 .8
7 4 .9
8 6 .4

1 .0 7
1 .2 9
1. 15
1 .2 2
1 .0 6
1 .2 7
1 .3 7

0 .9 2
1 .2 5
1. 11
0 .9 6
0 .2 8
1 .9 6
0. 10

t o r d^

IV
F a rm er
A v ia to r
C a r p e n te r
P rin te r
M ath. - S c i . T c h r .
V oc. A g r.- T e a c h e r
P o lic e m a n
F o r e s t S e rv ic e
V
YMCA P h y s . D ir.
P e r s o n n e l D ir.
P u b lic A dm in.
YMCA S ecy.
Soc. Sci.- T e a c h e r
School Supt.
M in is te r

3 3 .8
3 3 .8
4 0 :9
3 0 .2
3 6 .8
3 4 .3
2 5 .4

•

246

T A B L E 27 (C ontinued)
" M o re
s a t is f ie d "
(N 44)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c cu p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

VI
M u sic ia n
VII
C. P . A.
VIII
A cco u n ta n t
O ffice M an
P u r c h . A gent
B anker
M o rtic ia n
IX
S a le s M a n ag e r
R e a l E s t. S is.
L ife In s. S is.
X
A d v e rtis in g M an
L aw yer
A utho r - J o u r n .

"L ess
s a t is f ie d "
(N 37)

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

X

< r2

X

2
a~

1 9 .3

9 4 .9

2 4 .8

1 1 4 .6

1.21

2 .4 6 *

2 0 .9

5 0 .3

1 7 .8

6 7 .4

1 .3 4

1 .8 3

25. 9
3 0 .0
3 0 .9
3 3 .7
3 3 .4

8 9 .9
4 6 .5
45. 7
5 6 .2
5 5 .6

2 7 .0
2 9 .4
2 8 .9
35. 1
31. 6

49. 2
5 5 .3
54. 4
53. 5
52. 9

1 .8 3 *
1. 19
1. 19
1. 05
1. 05

0. 61
0 .3 4
1 .2 8
0 .8 5
1 .0 9

3 2 .0
3 4 .5
3 4 .3

77. 1
5 3 .3
9 0 .2

32. 1
3 5 .6
32. 1

106.3
3 6 .3
78. 5

1 .3 8
1 .4 7
1. 15

0 .5 2
0. 75
1 .0 5

2 7 .5
2 9 .3
2 6 .3

4 2 .4
7 1 .6
33. 0

2 7 .8
29. 7
2 7 .5

5 6 .3
91. 6
46. 7

1 .3 3
1 .2 8
1 .4 2

0 .2 2
0 .2 0
0 .8 6

F

t o r d*

247

T A B L E 27 (C ontinued)
" M o re
s a t is f ie d "
(N 44)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

—
X

XI
P r e s . M fg.

"L ess
s a t is f ie d "
(N 37)

_ x ,
T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

2

a~

cr

C one.

32. 7

62. 2

2 8 .9

87. 7

Int. M a tu rity
O ccup. L e v e l
M a sc . - F e m in in ity
T e a c h . S a tis fa c .

53. 1
5 6 /8
4 8 .5
51. 6

1 9 .9
2 3 .9
9 1 .5
5 8 .3

5 2 .0
5 2 .3
50. 1
46. 7

2 3 .9
1 1 8 .8
3 0 .8
10 4 .2

I

F

~

7l

t or d

1.41

2 .0 1 *

1 .2 0
4. 96**
2. 97*
1. 79*

1 .0 4
2 -4 3 *
0 .9 7
2 .4 0 *

* S ig n ific a n t a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
** S ig n ific a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
^ M eans and v a r ia n c e s of S tro n g 's c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s an d th e u s e of th e " d " t e s t a r e
e x p la in e d in foo tn o te 19, pag e 204.

248

249
s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts on the P r i n t e r (28.8 v e r s u s 32.7) and M u sic ia n
(19.3 v e r s u s 24.8) o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le s .
S tro n g r e p o r t s a c o r r e l a t io n of p lu s 0.63 b e tw e e n the
P r e s i d e n t o f M a n u fa c tu rin g C o n c e rn an d the O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l
s c a le s .

32

He a ls o s ta te s th a t "M en w ith h ig h OL [O c cu p a tio n a l

L e v e l] s c o r e s h av e the i n t e r e s t s of b u s in e s s e x e c u tiv e s and
p r o f e s s io n a l m e n b u t th o se w ith low s c o r e s hav e th e i n te r e s ts
of w o rk m e n ."

33

S tr ic tly sp e a k in g , th e n , the s c o r e s on th e s e

two s c a le s in d ic a te th a t the " m o re s a tis f ie d " C ounty A g en ts
h av e s ig n ific a n tly m o re of th e i n t e r e s t s of b u s in e s s e x e c u tiv e s
and p r o f e s s io n a l m e n th a n do th e " l e s s s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts.

A p­

p a r e n tly th e " m o r e s a tis f ie d " C ounty A g e n ts re s p o n d fa v o ra b ly
to th e a d m in is tr a tiv e p h a s e s of th e ir w o rk .
T he f a c t th a t th e " m o re s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts s c o r e d s ig n if­
ic a n tly h ig h e r th a n th e " l e s s s a tis f ie d " A g en ts on the T ea ch in g
S a tis fa c tio n s c a le is n o t s u r p r i s i n g .

T h is fin d in g is in k eep in g

w ith N e ls o n 's r e s u l t s in w h ich " m o re s a tis f ie d " te a c h e r s of

32

E d w a rd K. S tro n g , J r . , V o c atio n al I n te r e s ts of M en
and W om en, S ta n fo rd , C a lifo rn ia : S ta n fo rd U n iv e rs ity P r e s s ,
1943, p p . 1 3 6 -1 3 7 .
33 Ib id ., p . 195.

250
v o c a tio n a l a g r ic u ltu r e s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r on th is s c a le
th a n d id " l e s s s a tis f ie d " t e a c h e r s .

34

The s ig n ific a n c e of th e lo w e r s c o r e s of the " m o r e s a t i s ­
fie d "

A g e n ts on th e P r i n t e r s c a le is d iffic u lt to i n te r p r e t .

It

is p o s s ib le , though, th a t th is r e f le c ts a lo w e r i n t e r e s t in w o rk ­
ing w ith th e h a n d s o r in s k ille d m e c h a n ic a l a c tiv itie s .

T h is of

c o u rs e im p lie s th a t the " le s s s a tis f ie d " A g en ts have h ig h e r
i n t e r e s t s in th e s e a c tiv itie s .
T he re la tio n s h ip of th e s c o r e s on the M u s ic ia n s c a le
im p lie s th a t th e " l e s s s a tis f ie d " A g en ts have sig n ific a n tly m o re
of th e i n t e r e s t s of m u s ic ia n s th an do the " m o re s a tis ife d "
A g e n ts.
A r a t h e r u n e x p e c te d r e s u l t
la c k of an y s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s
f a r e ," o c c u p a tio n s .

of th is c o m p a ris o n is the
in the G roup V, " s o c ia l w e l­

The s c o r e s f o r the " m o re s a tis fie d " A gents

a r e h ig h e r th a n th e s c o r e s f o r the " l e s s s a tis fie d " A g en ts on
a ll b u t th e M in is te r s c a le , b u t in no c a s e w as th e d iffe re n c e
g r e a t enough to be s ig n ific a n t.

34

N e lso n , op. c it ., p p . 143-147.

251
The e x te n t of v a r ia n c e in th is c o m p a ris o n , is w o rth y of
n o te , e s p e c ia lly th e v a r ia n c e s on th e T e a c h e r of V o c atio n al A g ­
r ic u ltu r e a n d the O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l s c a le s , w h ic h w e re s ig n if ­
ic a n tly d if f e r e n t a t the one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .

T he ra n g e of

s ta n d a r d s c o r e s f o r the " m o re s a tis fie d " A g e n ts on the T e a c h e r
of V o c a tio n a l A g ric u ltu re s c a le w as f r o m 62 to 29, w hile fo r th e
" l e s s s a tis f ie d " g ro u p i t w as. fro m 64 to 22.

On the O c c u p a tio n a l

L e v e l s c a le the " m o re s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts r a n g e d f ro m 67 to 43
and the " l e s s s a tis f ie d " f r o m 69 to 35.

N e ls o n found th a t the

T e a c h e r of V o c atio n al A g ric u ltu re s c a le s c o r e s w e re n o t s i g ­
n ific a n tly d if f e r e n t in c o m p a rin g h is " m o r e s a tis f ie d " a n d " l e s s
s a tis f ie d " t e a c h e r s an d d o es n o t r e p o r t the r a n g e s fo r h is
g ro u p s on th is sc ale ..

35

T he ra n g e of S tro n g 's to ta l c r i t e r i o n

g ro u p of 1,000 m e n on the O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l s c a le w as fro m
80 to 20.

T he ra n g e f o r h is S a le s m e n , M a n a g e rs - O w n e rs , and

P r o f e s s io n a l m en c r i t e r i o n s u b g ro u p s (to ta l, 317) w hich o s te n s ib ly a r e m o r e s i m il a r to th e C ounty A g e n ts is f r o m 80 to 34.
The ra n g e f o r the " l e s s s a tis f ie d " C ounty A g e n ts, th e r e f o r e , is

35
36

Ib id ., p. 63.
S tro n g , op. c it., p . 190.

36

252
n o t o u t of lin e w ith th a t found by S tro n g e v e n though i t c a u s e d
th e v a ria n c e to be s ig n ific a n tly g r e a t e r th a n the v a ria n c e of
the " m o re s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts on th is s c a le .

It is e v id e n t th a t

a lth o u g h the v a ria b le jo b s a tis f a c tio n g ro u p s w e re d raw n f r o m
the s a m e p o p u la tio n a s the v a r ia b le w o rk e ff e c tiv e n e s s g ro u p s ,
th e s e p a r a tio n on the b a s is of jo b s a tis f a c tio n r e s u lte d in g ro u p s
w hose r e s p o n s e s to th e s e two s c a le s w e re sig n ific a n tly m o re
v a r ie d .

In te n s ity of r e la tio n s h ip s ..

To d e te r m in e th e in te n s ity of

th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n jo b s a tis f a c tio n and the SVIB s c a le s
w h ich d if f e r e n tia te d th e " m o r e s a tis f ie d " and " l e s s s a tis fie d "
C ounty A g e n ts, p ro d u c t m o m e n t c o r r e la tio n s w e re co m p u ted
f o r th e s e tw o v a r ia b le s an d the sig n ific a n c e of the c o r r e l a ­
tio n s w as d e te r m in e d by r e f e r e n c e to S n e d e c o r's ta b le of c o r r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts .

37

T ab le 28 in c lu d e s the r e s u l ts of the

c o m p a r is o n of th e ra w jo b s a tis f a c tio n s c o r e s of e a c h A gent
an d h is s c o r e s on th e d iffe re n tia tin g SVIB s c a le s .
It is e v id e n t f r o m T a b le s 27 and 28 th a t ad though the
m e a n s c o r e s of th e " m o r e s a tis f ie d " an d " l e s s s a tis fie d "

S n e d e c o r, op. c it., p. 125.

253
T A B L E 28
C O R R ELA TIO N C O E F F IC IE N T S B E T W E E N RAW JOB
SA TISFA CTIO N SCO RES AND SCORES ON F IV E
D IF F E R E N T IA T IN G SVIB SC A LES F O R 81
COUNTY AGENTS

SVIB S c a le s

P r o d u c t M om ent
C o r r e la tio n s

P rin te r

- .2 0 6

M u s ic ia n

- .2 2 9 *

P r e s i d e n t of M a n u fa c tu rin g C o n c e rn

+. 121

O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l

+. 188

T ea ch in g S a tis fa c tio n

+ .325**

(79 d e g r e e s of fre e d o m )

* S ig n ific a n t a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
** S ig n ific a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .

C ounty A g e n ts w e re s ig n ific a n tly d iff e re n t on fiv e SVIB s c a le s ,
th e in te n s ity of th e s e r e la tio n s h ip s w as s ig n ific a n t on o nly two
s c a le s .

T he c o r r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n t of m in u s 0 .2 2 9 fo r the

M u s ic ia n s c a le is ju s t s lig h tly above the v a lu e r e q u ir e d f o r
s ig n ific a n c e a t the fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l (0 .2 1 9 is r e q u ir e d w ith

254
79 d e g r e e s of fre e d o m )

38

b u t th e T ea ch in g S a tis fa c tio n s c a le

sh o w ed a s u b s ta n tia l in te n s ity of d iffe re n c e sin c e th e c o e ffic ie n t
of p lu s 0.325 is s ig n ific a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .

P r e d ic tio n of jo b s a tis f a c tio n .

E v e n though the in te n s ity

of th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n C ounty A g e n ts ’ i n t e r e s t s and job
s a tis f a c tio n w as found to be s ig n ific a n t on o nly two SVIB s c a le s ,
an a tte m p t w as m a d e to d e te r m in e th e p r e d ic tiv e v a lu e of one
of th e s e s c a l e s .

S ince the c o r r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n t on the M u s i­

c ia n s c a le w as n o t h ig h , and sin c e th e n e g a tiv e r e la tio n s h ip b e ­
tw een th is s c a le and s a tis f a c tio n in te a c h in g is d iffic u lt to a c ­
count f o r , a p r e d ic tio n a tte m p t w as m ad e on the b a s is of the
T ea ch in g S a tis fa c tio n s c a le a lo n e .
In k e e p in g w ith the d is c u s s io n on p a g e s 2 2 6 -2 2 7 , the
o b je c tiv e of th is p r e d ic tio n a tte m p t w as to s e le c t C ounty A gents
who a p p e a re d to b e r a t h e r d e fin ite ly d is s a tis f ie d in th e ir w o rk .
It w as p o in te d o u t in C h a p te r V th a t v e ry l it t le , if any, in te n s e
job d is s a tis f a c tio n w as e v id e n t am o n g th e C ounty A g e n ts fr o m
t h e i r r e s p o n s e s to the Jo b S a tis fa c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ire .

H o w ev er,

th e A g e n ts w hose s c a le d s c o r e s w e re z e r o o r one (16 p e r c e n t

L o c . c it.

255
of the to tal) w e re d e fin e d a r b i t r a r i l y a s having low job s a t i s ­
fa c tio n o r a s b e in g in d iffe re n t to t h e ir jo b s .

T he A gents in

th is g ro u p w e re th e r e f o r e u s e d in th is p re d ic tio n and f o r c o n ­
v e n ie n c e w e re d e s ig n a te d a s th e " d is s a tis f ie d " g ro u p .

T he r e ­

m a in in g A g en ts w e re d e s ig n a te d a s the " s a tis f ie d " g ro u p .
The c r i t e r i o n f o r s e le c tio n of th e p r o f ile s p r e d ic te d to
be " d is s a tis f ie d " w as th a t the s ta n d a r d s c o r e on the T ea ch in g
S a tis fa c tio n s c a le sh o u ld be 46 o r lo w e r, w hich c o rr e s p o n d s to
the m e a n s c o r e of th e " l e s s s a tis f ie d " C ounty A g e n ts on th is
s c a le .

(T he a c tu a l m e a n s c o r e , a s show n in T ab le 27, is 46.7.)

The c o m p a r is o n of th is g ro u p an d the p r e d ic te d to be " s a t i s ­
fie d " g ro u p (th o se w hose s c o r e s w e re above 46) w ith t h e i r a c ­
tu a l jo b s a tis f a c tio n ra tin g s is p r e s e n te d in T ab le 29.
The c h i s q u a re t e s t of th e sig n ific a n c e of th e c o m p a r i­
so n in T ab le 29 in d ic a te s th a t the h y p o th e s is th a t th e a c c u ra c y
of the p r e d ic tio n w as n o t g r e a t e r th an w ould have o c c u r r e d by
ch an ce f a c to r s a lo n e m u s t be r e je c te d .

T h irty c a s e s fe ll

w ith in th e c r i t e r i o n s c o r e e s ta b lis h e d f o r the A g en ts p r e d ic te d
to be " d is s a tis f ie d ."

Of th e s e th ir ty p r e d ic te d c a s e s , n in e a c ­

tu a lly h a d " d is s a tis f ie d " and 21 had " s a tis f ie d " job s a tis f a c tio n
r a tin g s .

T he to ta l n u m b e r of a c tu a lly " d is s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts,

T A B L E 29
COM PARISON O F COUNTY AG EN TS P R E D IC T E D TO B E "D IS S A T IS F IE D " W ITH THOSE
P R E D IC T E D TO BE "S A T IS F IE D " ON THE BASIS O F TH E
TEACHING SA TISFA C TIO N SVIB SC A LE
A c tu a l Job S a tis fa c tio n R a tin g s
" D is s a tis f ie d

G ro u p
F re ­
quen cy

T o ta l
F re ­
q u en cy

" S a tis f ie d "

I !

Per
cent

c o n tr i .

F re ­
quency

Per
cent

c o n tr i.

P r e d ic te d to be
" d i s s a t is f ie d "

9

30. 0

3. 646

21

70. 0

. 6972

30

P r e d ic te d to be
" s a tis fie d "

4

0 7 .8

2 :1 3 6 8

47

9 2 .8

.4 5 6 7

51

T o ta ls

= 6 .9 3 6 9 *

81

68

13
df = 1

♦ S ig n ifica n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .

P = C 01

257
13, is a p p ro x im a te ly o n e -fifth of th e n u m b e r of a c tu a lly " s a t ­
is fie d " A g e n ts, 68.

If ch an c e f a c t o r s alo n e w e re o p e ra tin g ,

th e r e w ould th e n be ab o u t a one to fiv e c h a n c e th a t an A g en t
p r e d ic te d to be " d is s a tis f ie d " w ould a c tu a lly be in th a t c a te g o ry ,
r a t h e r th a n in the " s a tis f ie d " g ro u p .

In t e r m s of th e d a ta in

T ab le 29, b y ch an ce o n ly ab o u t fiv e of the th ir ty c a s e s p r e d ic te d
to be " d is s a tis f ie d " sh o u ld b e e x p e c te d to b e in th e " d is s a tis f ie d "
g ro u p and ab o u t 25 in th e " s a tis f ie d " g ro u p .

It is a p p a re n t th e re

fo re th a t p r e d ic tio n by m e a n s of th is one s c a le w as m o re a c c u ­
r a te th a n w ould have b e e n a tta in e d b y ch an c e f a c t o r s .

T h is

ste p p r o v id e s so m e p r e l i m i n a r y v a lid ity f o r the p r e d ic tiv e v alue
of th is s c a le .

C o m p a ris o n of the i n te r e s ts a n d job s a tis f a c tio n of 4 H
Club A g e n ts .

T he m e a n s and v a ria n c e s of th e SVIB s c o r e s fo r

the " m o r e s a tis fie d " a n d " l e s s s a tis f ie d " g ro u p s of 4 H Club
A g en ts a r e p r e s e n te d in T ab le 30.

T h is ta b le in d ic a te s th a t

the m e a n s ta n d a r d s c o r e s of the " m o r e s a tis f ie d " A g en ts a r e
sig n ific a n tly h ig h e r th a n the m e a n s c o r e s f o r the " l e s s s a t i s ­
fie d " A g e n ts on th e T e a c h e r of V o c atio n al A g ric u ltu re (50.8
v e r s u s 4 5 .3 ), P o lic e m a n (41.9 v e r s u s 34.1), YMCA P h y s ic a l
D ir e c to r (46.5 v e r s u s 40.0), S o c ia l S c ien c e H igh School T e a c h e r

T A B L E 30
COM PARISON O F MEANS (X) AND VARIANCES ( <r )* ON 44 SVIB SC A LES F O R
"M O R E S A T IS F IE D " AND "L E S S S A T IS F IE D " 4 H CLUB AG EN TS

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

I
A rtis t
P s y c h o lo g is t
A r c h ite c t
P h y s ic ia n
O ste o p a th
D e n tist
II
M a th e m a tic ia n
P h y s ic is t
E n g in e e r
C h e m ist
III
P r o d . M a n ag e r

" M o re
s a t is f ie d "
(N 2 6 )

"L ess
s a t is f ie d "
(N 22)

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ,ty

<*■2

X

< r2

17. 7
1 4 .6
16. 1
2 6 .9
3 9 .2
27. 3

9 0 .5
89. 8
136. 6
1 0 2 .2
1 1 1 .4
92. 5

24. 1
1 9 .5
23. 1
3 0 .9
40. 9
3 0 .9

82.- 5
109.3
1 3 7 .0
199. 1
103. 9
208: 7

1. 10
1 .2 2
1 .0 0
1 .9 5
1 .0 7
2 . 26*

2. 37*
1. 71
2 .0 7 *
1. 14
0 .5 6
1 .0 0

1 5 .7
1 1 .9
2 4 .6
2 1 .9

9 7 .4
1 3 6 .2
1 2 9 .8
1 4 4 .2

1 8 .2
1 5 .0

101.3
1 6 9 .0

1 .0 4
1 .2 4

0 .8 3
0 .8 6

2 6 .8
2 6 .8

156. 1
222. 7

1 .2 0
1 .5 4

0 .6 4
1 .2 6

3 4 .6

65. 8

3 3 .2

7 9 .9

1.21

0 .5 8

f

to r d1

258

T A B L E 30 (C ontinued)
1'M o re
s a t is f ie d "
(N 26)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

"L ess
s a t is f ie d 1'
(N 22)

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

X

<r 2

X

4 7 .3
3 5 .4
3 4 .2
3 4 ,2
4 3 .8
5 0 .8
41. 9
'4 3 .8

68.. 5
121. 8
1 1 3 .4
4 1 .4
8 0 .6
4 0 .4
80. 2
72. 6

4 5 .4
3 4 .5
2 9 .5
34. 1
4 1 .8
4 5 .3
34. 1
42 ..8

73. 6
111. 7
1 2 8 .4
'8 2 .5
101.3
1 1 5 .6
72. 9
97..0

1 .0 7
1 .0 9
1. 13
1 .9 9
1 .2 6
2 .8 6 * *
1. 10
1 .3 4

0. 76
0 .2 7
1 .4 7
0. 62
0. 74
2. 12*
3 .0 8 * *
0 .3 8

46. 5
3 8 .8
45. 0
3 7 .3
44. 6
34. 6
3 2 .3

111. 5
170. 6
114. 0
132. 5
12 1 .8
7 3 .8
106. 5

4 0 .0
3 7 .2
4 0 .0
30. 9
3 5 .9
3 0 .9
2 6 .8

76. 2
125. 5
85. 7
1 1 3 .4
111.0
1 1 3 .4
60. 8

1 .4 6
1 .3 6
1 .3 3
1. 17
1. 10
1.-54
1. 75

2 .3 1 *
0 .4 5
1. 72
1.9 8
2. 78**
1 .3 3
2. 05*

cr

2

F

t o r d^

IV
F a rm e r
A v ia to r
C a r p e n te r
P rin te r
M a th .- S c i. T c h r.
Voc. A g r. T e a c h e r
P o lic e m a n
F o r e s t S e rv ic e
\T
V

YMCA P h y s . D ir.
P e r s o n n e l D ir.
P u b lic A dm in.
YMCA S ecy.
Soc. S ci. T e a c h e r
C ity Sch.- Supt.
M in is te r

259

T A B L E 30 (C ontinued)
1'M o re
s a t is f ie d "
(N 26)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s
X
VI
M u s ic ia n
VII
C. P . A .
VIII
A cco u n ta n t
O ffice M an
P u r c h . A gent
B anker
M o rtic ia n
IX
S a le s M a n a g e r
R e a l E s t . S is.
L ife In s . S is.
X
A d v e rtis in g M an
L aw yer
A utho r - J o u r n .

* 2

"L ess
s a t is f ie d "
(N 22)
X

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity
2

F

t o r d*

2 8 .8

82. 6

2 9 .5

9 9 .8

1.21

0 .2 5

1 5 .0

74. 0

14. 1

5 3 .9

1.-37

0 .3 9

27. 7
3 3 .8
3 0 .7
32. 7
35. 7

98. 5
9 6 .6
3 8 .2
52. 5
5 7 .4

34; 1
2 9 .5
2 6 .8
2 8 .6
34. 1

7 2 .9
9 0 .3
7 0 .3
7 9 .0
63. 4

1 .3 5
1 .0 7
1 .8 4
1 .5 0
1. 10

1 .3 3
1 .5 3
1 .8 8
. 1 .7 4
0. 75

2 9 .2
34..2
3 3 .4

7 1 .4
49. 4
9 5 .5

2 9 .5
34. 1
3 2 .2

80. 7
92. 0
113. 6

1. 13
1. 86
1. 19

0. 13
0. 58
0 .4 0

2 5 .4
2 6 .5
2 4 .2

7 3 .8
47. 5
4 1 .4

2 8 .2
2 5 .9
27. 7'

4 4 .2
4 4 .3
3 7 .4

1. 67
1 .0 7
1.11

1 .2 5
0 .3 2
1 .9 2
260

T A B L E 30 (C ontinued)
1'M o re
s a t is f ie d "
(N 26)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

"L ess
s a t is f ie d "
(N 22)

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

X

« -2

X

XI
P r e s . M fg. C one.

2 5 .4

25. 8

30. 0

66. 7

2 .5 9 *

2 .3 0 *

In t. M a tu rity
O ccu p . L e v e l
M a s c . - F e m in in ity
T e a c h . S a tis fa c .

5 4 ,7
4 9 .3
49. 7
56. 1

38. 5
24. 8
3 4 .2
84. 1

5 3 .4
5 2 .5
48. 9
5 2 ,8

2 5 .8
28. 6
73. 2
4 9 .4

1 .4 9
1. 16
1 .3 5
1. 70

0 .5 6
2. 17*
0 .3 4
1 .3 7

F

t o r d*

* S ig n ific a n t a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
** S ig n ific a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
M ean s and v a r ia n c e s of S tro n g 's c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s an d th e u s e of th e " d " t e s t a r e
e x p la in e d in fo o tn o te 19, page 204.

261

262
(44.6 v e r s u s 35.9), an d M in is te r (32.3 v e r s u s 26.8) o c c u p a tio n a l
s c a le s .

T he " m o re s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r

th an th e " l e s s s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts on th e A r t i s t (17.7 v e r s u s 24.1),
A r c h ite c t (16.1 v e r s u s 23.1), and P r e s i d e n t of M a n u fa c tu rin g
C o n c e rn (25.4 v e r s u s 30.0) o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le s and on th e O c c u ­
p a tio n a l L e v e l n o n o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le (49.3 v e r s u s 52.5).

The

r e la tio n s h ip s on th e P o lic e m a n and S o c ia l S c ien c e High School
T e a c h e r s c a le s a r e s ig n ific a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r
l e s s , and the r e m a in in g r e la tio n s h ip s a r e s ig n ific a n t a t th e fiv e
p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
It is of i n t e r e s t to no te th a t w h e r e a s the " m o re s a t i s ­
f ie d " C o u n ty A g e n ts (T a b le 27) s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r th an
th e " le s s s a tis f ie d " on th e P r e s i d e n t of M a n u fa c tu rin g C o n c e rn
and O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l s c a le s , the " m o re s a tis f ie d " 4 H Club
A g e n ts s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r th a n th e " l e s s s a tis f ie d " 4 H
C lub A g e n ts on th e s e tw o s c a l e s .

H o w e v e r, the r e la tio n s h ip s

in T ab le 30 f o r th e 4 H C lub A g e n ts a r e so m e w h a t m o re in
k e ep in g w ith N e ls o n 's fin d in g s th a n a r e th e r e s u l ts fo r th e
C ounty A g e n ts .

N e lso n found in c o m p a rin g the SVIB s c o r e s

o f 95 v o c a tio n a l a g r ic u ltu r e t e a c h e r s who h ad r e la tiv e ly h ig h e r
jo b s a tis f a c tio n , a s m e a s u r e d by an a d a p ta tio n of th e H oppock

263
Jo b S a tis f a c tio n B lan k , and 105 v o c a tio n a l a g ric u ltu r e te a c h e r s
who h a d r e l a ti v e ly lo w e r jo b s a tis f a c tio n , th a t the m o re s a t i s ­
fie d t e a c h e r s s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r on a ll s c a le s in O c c u p a tio n a l G ro u p V.

39

T he 4 H Club A g e n ts s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly

h ig h e r on t h r e e of th e s c a le s in G ro u p V, w h e re a s th e " m o re
s a tis f ie d " C ounty A g e n ts (T ab le 27) did n o t s c o r e sig n ific a n tly
h ig h e r th a n th e " l e s s s a tis f ie d " C ounty A g en ts in any s c a le s in
G roup V.
T he v e ry s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e on the P o lic e m a n s c a le
is one of th e s u r p r is in g r e s u l t s in T a b le 30.

T his s c a le w as

s ta n d a r d iz e d on 254 p o lic e m e n f r o m C a lifo rn ia , Ohio, M in n e so ta
and K a n s a s .

T h e ir a v e ra g e age w as 34.8 y e a r s and t h e ir a v -

e r a g e e d u c a tio n w as 10.4 g r a d e s .

40

The l e t t e r s c o r e , B+, f o r

the " m o r e s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts in d ic a te s th a t th ey have i n te r e s ts
s i m il a r to the i n t e r e s t of th e p o lic e m e n upon whom th e s c a le
w as s ta n d a r d iz e d .

In one r e s p e c t the s c o r e s on th is s c a le a r e

in k e e p in g w ith S tr o n g 's fin d in g s in w h ich th e r e w as a high
n e g a tiv e c o r r e l a t io n (m in u s 0.77) b e tw e e n the s c o r e s on the

^
40

N e ls o n , o p . c it., p p . 126-128.
S tro n g , op. c it ., p . 697.

264
P o lic e m a n s c a le and th e O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l s c a le .

41

A lso the

fa c t th a t th is s c a le c o r r e l a t e s p lu s 0.65 w ith the se v e n o ld e r
s c a le s in o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p IV,
of V o c a tio n a l A g ric u ltu re s c a le ,

42

43

and p lu s 0.44 w ith the T e a c h e r
w hich h a s sin c e b e e n ad d ed to

th a t g ro u p , te n d s to k eep th is s c o r e f r o m b ein g e n tir e ly u n r e ­
la te d to o th e r fin d in g s .

T h e r e fo r e , in s p ite of th e r a t h e r u n u ­

su a l n a tu r e of th is r e la tio n s h ip , i t m u s t b e c o n c lu d e d th a t the
" m o re s a tis f ie d " 4 H Club A g en ts s tu d ie d h e r e in h av e i n te r e s ts
m o re s i m il a r to the i n t e r e s t s of th e p o lic e m e n th a n do th e " le s s
s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts.
The f a c t th a t the " m o re s a tis f ie d A g e n ts s c o r e d s ig n if ­
ic a n tly lo w e r th a n

th e " l e s s s a tis f ie d " A g en ts on th e A r t i s t

s c a le is so m e w h a t

in k e e p in g w ith the re la tio n s h ip found

w ith

the C ounty A g e n ts on the M u s ic ia n s c a le .
In r e f e r e n c e to O c c u p a tio n a l G ro u p s , i t m a y be n o te d
th a t th e " m o re s a tis f ie d " A g en ts s c o r e d h ig h e r, b u t n o t s ig n if­
ic a n tly h ig h e r, on a ll of th e re m a in in g s c a le s in G ro u p s IV and

41 Ib id ., p .

192.

4 ^ Ib id ., p.

136.

43

N e ls o n , op. c it., p . 71.

V and lo w e r th a n th e " l e s s s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts on a ll of th e r e ­
m a in in g s c a le s in G ro u p I.
It w ill be r e c a lle d f r o m T ab le 16 th a t the to ta l g ro u p of
C ounty A g e n ts and th e to ta l g ro u p of 4 H C lub A g en ts s c o re d
h ig h on the T e a c h e r of V o c atio n al A g ric u ltu re s c a le an d th a t in
th e s u c c e e d in g c o m p a ris o n s no su b g ro u p s hav e s c o r e d s ig n ifi­
c a n tly d if f e r e n t on th is s c a le u n til the c o m p a ris o n in T ab le 30.
T h is w ould in d ic a te th a t C ounty A g en ts an d 4 H C lub A g en ts
hav e i n t e r e s t s so m e w h a t s i m il a r to th o se of v o c a tio n a l A g r ic u l­
tu r e t e a c h e r s b u t th a t f o r C ounty A g en ts th e r e is no s ig n ific a n t
r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n w ork e ffe c tiv e n e s s o r job s a tis f a c tio n and
i n t e r e s t s in v o c a tio n a l a g r ic u ltu r e te a c h in g an d f o r 4 H Club
A g e n ts th e r e is no s ig n ific a n t r e la tio n s h ip b e tw ee n w o rk e ff e c ­
tiv e n e s s and i n t e r e s t s in th a t o c c u p a tio n .

N e lso n c o n clu d es

a f te r a n a ly z in g th e s p e c ific SVIB ite m s th a t h is c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s
of V o c a tio n a l A g ric u ltu r e T e a c h e r s lik e d m o s t, th a t th e m a jo r ity
of the ite m s r e f e r to w hat is ta u g h t r a t h e r th an to the fu n ctio n
of te a c h in g ,

44

w h ich a g r e e s w ith S tr o n g 's c o n c lu sio n s re g a rd in g

h is S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r an d M a th e m a tic s -P h y s ic a l

266
S c ien c e T e a c h e r s c a l e s .

45

F r o m th is s ta n d p o in t i t m ig h t b e

a rg u e d th a t one f a c to r c o n trib u tin g to jo b s a tis f a c tio n am ong
4 H C lub A g e n ts is a h ig h e r i n t e r e s t in th e s u b je c t m a tte r
w hich v o c a tio n a l a g r ic u ltu r e te a c h e r s te a c h th a n in th e fu n ctio n
of te a c h in g .

I n te n s ity of r e l a ti o n s h i p s .

The in te n s ity of th e r e l a ti o n ­

sh ip b e tw e e n jo b s a tis f a c tio n and th e s c o r e s on the n in e SVIB
s c a le s w h ich d if f e r e n tia te d " m o r e " an d " l e s s " s a tis f ie d 4 H
Club A g e n ts w a s d e te r m in e d by p ro d u c t m o m e n t c o r r e la tio n s .
T h e se c o r r e l a t io n c o e ffic ie n ts a n d th e ir sig n ific a n c e a s d e te r m in e d b y S n e d e c o r 's c o r r e l a t io n c o e ffic ie n t ta b le

46

a r e show n

in T ab le 31.
The c o r r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts in T a b le 31 in d ic a te th a t
w ith th e 4 H C lub A g en ts th e in te n s ity of the re la tio n s h ip b e ­
tw een jo b s a tis f a c tio n and i n t e r e s t s is s t a ti s t i c a ll y s ig n ific a n t
in the c a s e of s ix of th e n in e SVIB s c a le s in q u e stio n alth o u g h
only one of th e s e , th e S o c ia l S c ien c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r s c a le ,
is s ig n ific a n t a t the one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .

S n e d e c o r, op. c it., p . 125.

267
T A B L E 31
C O R R EL A T IO N C O E F F IC IE N T S B E T W E E N RAW JO B
SA TISFA C TIO N SCORES AND SCORES ON NINE
D IF F E R E N T IA T IN G SVIB SC A LES F O R 48
4 H CLUB AGENTS

SVIB S c a le s

P r o d u c t M om ent
C o r r e la tio n s

A rtis t
A r c h ite c t
P o lic e m a n
T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l A g ric u ltu re
YMCA P h y s ic a l D ir e c to r
S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r
M in is te r
P r e s i d e n t of M a n u fa c tu rin g C o n c e rn
O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l

-.091
-.3 5 1 *
+.300*
+.311*
+.206
+.465**
+.330*
-.2 5 4
-.358*

(46 d e g re e s of fre e d o m )

* S ig n ific a n t a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
** S ig n ific a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .

P r e d ic tio n f r o m p r o f i l e s .

To in v e s tig a te th e p re d ic tiv e

v a lu e of th e s ig n ific a n t r e la tio n s h ip s found in T ab le 31 an a t ­
te m p t w as m a d e to p r e d i c t 4 H Club A g e n ts who co u ld be c o n ­
s id e r e d a s h av in g q u ite low jo b s a tis f a c tio n .

A s in th e p r e d i c ­

tio n o f jo b s a tis f a c tio n w ith C ounty A g e n ts, a g ro u p of 4 H
C lub A g e n ts w a s t h e r e f o r e d e fin e d a r b i t r a r i l y a s " d is s a tis f ie d "

268
on th e b a s is of lo w ra w s c o r e s on th e Jo b S a tis fa c tio n Q u e s­
tio n n a ire .

A c u t-o ff p o in t b e tw e e n s c o r e s 21 and 20 y ie ld e d

25 p e r c e n t of the to ta l o r 12 c a s e s w ith s c o r e s ra n g in g f r o m
20 dow n to 14.

T he A g en ts w ith s c o r e s f r o m 21 up to 29 w e re

th e r e f o r e d e s ig n a te d a s th e " s a tis f ie d " g ro u p .
The l e t t e r s c o r e s c o rre s p o n d in g to th e m ea n s ta n d a rd
s c o r e s of th e " l e s s s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts on th e five s ig n ific a n t
o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le s in T ab le 31 and the s ta n d a r d s c o r e of th is
g ro u p on th e O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l s c a le w e re u s e d a s c r i t e r i a
f o r ' th e s e le c tio n of " d is s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts.

T h ese s c o r e s a r e

a s fo llo w s:

S c ale
A r c h ite c t
P o lic e m a n
T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l A g ric u ltu re
S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r
M in is te r
O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l

S c o re
C+
BBBC+
53

or
or
or
or
or
or

h ig h e r
lo w e r
lo w e r
lo w e r
lo w e r
h ig h e r

In a p r e l i m i n a r y s e le c tio n i t w as fo u n d th a t o n ly two
p ro f ile s h e e ts f o r " d is s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts c o n ta in e d s c o r e s w h ich
f e ll w ith in th e c r i t e r i o n s c o r e s on a ll of th e above s ix s c a le s .
T h e re fo re th e c r i t e r i a w e re m o d ifie d to the e x te n t th a t p ro file

s h e e ts w e r e s e le c te d on w h ich a t l e a s t fiv e of th e s ix s c a le
s c o r e s in q u e stio n w e re w ith in th e s e c u ttin g s c o r e s .

A fte r

th e s h e e ts w e re s e le c te d on th is b a s i s , a ta lly w as m ad e of
th e sin g le s c a le s w hose s c o r e s did n o t f a ll w ith in the c r i t e r i o n
s c o r e s ab o v e.

Of th e 11 c a s e s p r e d ic te d to be " d is s a tis f ie d "

in T ab le 32, th e s c o r e s w e re w ith in the c r i t e r i o n s c o r e s on
a ll s ix s c a le s in two c a s e s , a s m e n tio n e d ab o v e.

Of the r e ­

m a in in g n in e c a s e s n o t l e s s th a n one and n o t m o re th an two
h a d d e v ia n t s c o r e s on any one of th e s ix s c a le s .

T his q u ite

e v e n d is tr ib u tio n of d e v ia n t s c o r e s ad d ed ju s tif ic a tio n f o r p r e ­
d ic tin g o n the b a s i s of the c o n fo rm ity of an y fiv e of the s ix
s c a le s to the c r i t e r i o n s c o r e s .
T h e r e s u l t s of th is p r e d ic tio n a tte m p t a r e show n in
T a b le 32.

In th is ta b le th e 4 H Club A g e n ts p r e d ic te d to be

" d i s s a t is f ie d " a r e c o m p a re d w ith th o se p r e d ic te d to be " s a t i s ­
fie d " (th o se w hose s c o r e s d id n o t m e e t the c r i t e r i o n s c o r e s
d is c u s s e d above) in r e s p e c t to t h e i r a c tu a l jo b s a tis f a c tio n
r a tin g s .
T h e v a lu e of the c h i s q u a re t e s t of sig n ific a n c e in th is
c a s e is s u c h a s to r e j e c t th e h y p o th e s is th a t the a c c u ra c y of
th e p r e d ic tio n w a s n o t g r e a t e r th a n c h a n c e .

Of th e 11 c a s e s

T A B L E 32
COM PARISON O F 4 H CLUB AG EN TS P R E D IC T E D TO B E "D IS S A T IS F IE D " W ITH THOSE
P R E D IC T E D TO B E "S A T IS F IE D " ON TH E BASIS O F SCORES ON ANY
F IV E OUT O F SIX D IFFE R E N T IA T IN G SVIB SC A LES
A c tu a l Jo b S a tis fa c tio n R a tin g s
" D i s s a t i s f i e d 111

G roup
F re q u en cy

" S a tis f ie d "

X2

Per
cent

c o n tri .-

F re ­
quency

P r e d ic te d to be
" d is s a tis fie d "

8

72. 7

1 0 .0 1 9 7

3

P r e d ic te d to be
" s a tis fie d "

4

1 0 .8

2 .9 7 9 4

33

T o ta ls

X-2
c o n tr i.

2 7 .3

3. 3420

11

8 9 .2 .

.9 9 3 7

37
48

' 36

12
“X 2 = 17.. 3348*

Per
cent

df = 1

T o ta l
F re ­
qu en cy

P = <•01

^ S ig n ific a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
270

271
w h ich f e ll w ith in the c r i t e r i o n s c o r e s f o r the p r e d ic te d to be
" d is s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts, e ig h t a c tu a lly had " d is s a tis f ie d " an d th r e e
had. " s a tis f ie d " r a t i n g s .

The to ta l n u m b e r of " d is s a tis f ie d "

A g e n ts, 12, is o n e - t h i r d of th e n u m b e r of " s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts,
so in ap p ly in g th is one to th r e e re la tio n s h ip to the 11 p r e d ic te d
to b e " d is s a tis f ie d " c a s e s , b y c h an c e a b o u t th r e e sh o u ld be e x ­
p e c te d to f a ll in th e " d is s a tis f ie d " and a b o u t nin e in th e " s a t i s ­
fie d " c a te g o r ie s .

T h is t e s t th e n in d ic a te s th a t w ith th e 4 H

Club A g e n ts' s c o r e s o n the s ix SVIB s c a le s in q u e stio n i t w as
p o s s ib le to p r e d i c t a g ro u p of A g e n ts who h a d low job s a t i s ­
f a c tio n .

S u m m a ry of the r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n i n te r e s ts an d job
s a tis f a c tio n .

T he r e s u l t s of th e a n a ly s is of th e re la tio n s h ip b e ­

tw e en th e SVIB s c a le s c o r e s of th e C ounty A g e n ts and t h e ir
s e l f - r a t e d job s a tis f a c tio n m a y be s u m m a r iz e d a s fo llo w s:

In

c o m p a r is o n w ith the " l e s s s a tis f ie d " C ounty A g e n ts, the " m o re
s a tis f ie d " A gents had s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r m e a n s c o r e s on the
P r e s i d e n t of M a n u fa c tu rin g C o n c e rn o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le and on
th e O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l and T e a c h in g S a tis fa c tio n n o n o c c u p a tio n a l
s c a le s .

T h ese s a m e A g e n ts s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r th a n the

" l e s s s a tis f ie d " A g en ts on th e P r i n t e r an d M u s ic ia n s c a le s .

272
E a c h o f th e s e r e la tio n s h ip s w as s ig n ific a n t a t the fiv e p e r c e n t
le v e l o r l e s s .
P r o d u c t m o m e n t c o r r e la tio n s in d ic a te d th a t o nly the
M u s ic ia n and T each in g S a tis fa c tio n s c a le s h ad s ig n ific a n t in te n ­
s ity o f r e la tio n s h ip to jo b s a tis f a c tio n .

H ow ever, s in c e the

in te n s ity of the r e la tio n s h ip on th e M u s ic ia n s c a le w as low , and
sin c e r e a s o n s f o r i ts n e g a tiv e re la tio n s h ip to s a tis f a c tio n in
te a c h in g w e re n o t e v id e n t, a c u ttin g s c o r e on the T e a c h in g S a t­
is f a c tio n s c a le w as u s e d to a tte m p t to p r e d i c t C ounty A gents
d e fin e d a r b i t r a r i l y a s " d is s a tis f ie d ."

T h is a tte m p t w as s ig n if­

ic a n tly m o re a c c u ra te th a n w ould hav e o c c u r r e d by ch an c e f a c ­
t o r s a lo n e .
Thie re la tio n s h ip of i n t e r e s t s to job s a tis f a c tio n w ith the
4 H Club A g en ts m a y be s u m m a r iz e d a s fo llo w s:

In c o m p a ris o n

w ith th e " l e s s s a tis f ie d " 4 H C lub A g e n ts, th e " m o re s a tis f ie d "
A g en ts h a d v e r y s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r (a t the one p e r c e n t le v e l
o r le s s ) m e a n s c o r e s on th e P o lic e m a n and S o cial S c ie n c e H igh
S chool T e a c h e r s c a le s , and s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r (at th e fiv e p e r
c e n t le v e l o r le s s ) on th e T e a c h e r o f V o catio n al A g ric u ltu r e ,
YMCA P h y s ic a l D ir e c to r , an d M in is te r s c a le s .

T h e se sa m e

A g e n ts s c o r e d h ig h e r, b u t n o t s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r on a ll of the

273
re m a in in g s c a le s in G ro u p s IV an d V.

T h e se A g e n ts s c o r e d

s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r (a t the fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s ) th a n the
" l e s s e ffe c tiv e " A g e n ts on th e A r t i s t , A rc h ite c t, and P r e s i d e n t
of M a n u fa c tu rin g C o n c e rn o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le s an d th e O c cu p a tio n a l
L e v e l n o n o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le .

T h e se A g e n ts a lso s c o r e d lo w e r,

b u t n o t s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r o n a ll of the re m a in in g s c a le s in
G roup I.
P r o d u c t m o m e n t c o r r e l a t io n s in d ic a te d th a t s ix of the
above n in e s c a le s ( A r c h ite c t, P o lic e m a n , T e a c h e r of V o c atio n al
A g r ic u ltu r e , S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r , M in is te r , and
O c c u p a tio n a l L ev e l) h a d in te n s ity of re la tio n s h ip s to jo b s a t i s ­
fa c tio n s ig n ific a n t a t the one o r f iv e p e r c e n t le v e ls .

By s e ­

le c tin g p r o f ile s h e e ts on w h ic h s c o r e s on fiv e o f th e s e s ix
s c a le s c o rr e s p o n d e d to c r i t e r i o n c u ttin g s c o r e s , i t w as p o s s ib le
to p r e d i c t w ith s ig n ific a n t a c c u ra c y a g ro u p of 4 H Club A g en ts
who w e re d e fin e d a r b i t r a r i l y as " d i s s a t is f ie d " o n th e b a s is of
lo w ra w s c o r e s on th e Job S a tis fa c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ire .

S u m m a ry of th e c h a p t e r .
b e e n r e p o r te d in th is c h a p te r .
th r e e p a r t s a s fo llo w s:

T he fin d in g s of th e stu d y have
T h ey have b een s u m m a riz e d in

(a) d e s c rip tio n of the A g e n ts ' i n te r e s ts ,

274

p ag e 203, (b) th e r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw ee n i n te r e s ts an d w o rk e f ­
f e c tiv e n e s s , p a g e 242, and (c) th e re la tio n s h ip s b e tw ee n i n t e r ­
e s t s and jo b s a tis f a c tio n , p a g e 271.

T h e se s u m m a r ie s in d ic a te

th a t th e A g e n ts hav e c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i n te r e s ts and th a t
so m e v a r ia b le w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s and job s a tis fa c tio n g ro u p s
of A g e n ts c o u ld be d iff e r e n tia te d b y m e a n s of c e r ta in SVIB
s c a le s .

P r e l i m i n a r y v a lid ity w as found f o r so m e of th e s e

s c a le s in p r e d ic tin g w o rk a d ju s tm e n t in th e A g e n ts.

C H A P T E R VII

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
F O R F U R T H E R R ESE A R C H

S u m m a ry

The p r o b le m .

In. 1950 th e M ich ig an C o o p e ra tiv e E x te n ­

s io n S e rv ic e in itia te d a r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t f o r th e p u rp o s e of o b ­
ta in in g in fo rm a tio n th a t w ill a id in s e le c tin g County A g e n ts and
4 H C lub A g e n ts who w ill be m o re e ffe c tiv e an d m o re s a tis f ie d
in th e ir w o rk .

The p r o j e c t d e sig n c a lls f o r a n a n a ly s is of the

r e la tio n s h ip s of b io g ra p h ic a l d a ta , v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s , p e r s o n ­
a lity t r a i t s , an d a c a d e m ic b a c k g ro u n d s of the p r e s e n t M ich ig an
A g e n ts to t h e i r w o rk e ff e c tiv e n e s s , a s d e te rm in e d by r a tin g s by
th e ir s u p e r i o r s , and to t h e i r job s a tis f a c tio n , a s d e te rm in e d by
a n a d a p ta tio n and e x te n s io n of the H oppock Jo b S a tis fa c tio n
B lan k .
T h e se p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s w e re s e le c te d f o r a n a ly s is a s
the p r e l i m i n a r y p h a s e of th e p r o j e c t b e c a u s e th e E x te n sio n S e r ­
v ice b e lie v e s th a t th e y a r e p o s s ib le b a s e s f o r th e d iffe re n tia tio n
of the m o r e s u c c e s s f u l f r o m th e l e s s s u c c e s s f u l and th e m o re

276
s a tis f ie d f r o m th e l e s s s a tis f ie d A g e n ts.

If th e s e o r o th e r f a c ­

t o r s a r e found to be d iffe re n tia tin g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and if th e y
a r e s u p p o rte d in fu tu re c r o s s - v a lid a tio n s tu d ie s , th ey sh o u ld
be u s e fu l in im p ro v in g th e s e le c tio n of th e s e w o r k e r s .
T he p r o b le m of th is p a r t i c u l a r stu d y w as to a n a ly z e the
r e la tio n s h ip s of th e v o c a tio n a l i n te r e s ts of the p r e s e n t C ounty
A g e n ts an d 4 H Club A g e n ts in M ich ig an to t h e i r w ork e ff e c ­
tiv e n e s s and jo b s a tis f a c tio n a s d e te rm in e d ab o v e.

The S tro n g

V o c atio n al I n t e r e s t B lan k w as u s e d f o r d e te rm in in g th e ir i n ­
te re s ts .

The p u rp o s e of th is a n a ly s is w as to p ro v id e a d e s c r i p ­

tio n of th e A g e n ts ' v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s and to a tte m p t to d e ­
te r m in e S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B lan k S c a le s th a t m ig h t be
u s e fu l g u id e s in th e s e le c tio n of m o re e ffe c tiv e and m o re s a t ­
is f ie d C ounty A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts.
R e c o g n itio n of the n e ed f o r m o re v a lid s e le c tio n te c h ­
n iq u e s is m a n ife s te d by th e O ffice of N av al R e s e a r c h of the
U n ited S ta te s N avy and th e U nited S ta te s D e p a rtm e n t of A g r i­
c u ltu r e th ro u g h fin a n c ia l, a s s is ta n c e f o r th is r e s e a r c h .

T h is is

p r o m p te d in p a r t by E x te n s io n A d m in is tr a to r s c o n c e rn ab o u t
the r a t e of tu r n o v e r and in d ic a tio n s of d is s a tis f a c tio n am ong
C ounty A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts.

The E x te n sio n w o r k e r 's

277
jo b h a s in c r e a s e d in c o m p le x ity in r e c e n t y e a r s b u t in view of
the p r e s e n t c o n d itio n s i t a p p e a rs th a t im p ro v e m e n ts in the s e ­
le c tio n p r o c e d u r e s h av e n o t k e p t p a c e w ith th is c h an g e .
In r e a liz a tio n of th is n e e d the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e r ­
v ic e a s s ig n e d i ts E x te n s io n T ra in in g S p e c ia lis t th e r e s p o n s ib ility
o f c o o rd in a tin g a stu d y of the p ro b le m .

T h is S p e c ia lis t in tu r n

o r g a n iz e d a P la n n in g C o m m itte e w ith r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s f r o m fiv e
d e p a r tm e n ts of M ic h ig a n S ta te C o lle g e .

The C o m m itte e p la n n e d

the G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t and in d iv id u a l m e m b e r s of the
C o m m itte e a r e co n d u ctin g s e p a r a te p h a s e s of th e P r o j e c t , su c h
a s the stu d y r e p o r te d h e r e i n . .
T he o b je c tiv e s of the E x te n sio n S e rv ic e a r e e d u c a tio n a l
in n a tu r e .

H o w ev er, th e s e ttin g in w h ich the C ounty E x te n s io n

W o rk e r fu n c tio n s and th e s p e c ific m e th o d s by w h ich he a c c o m ­
p lis h e s h is o b je c tiv e s a r e enough d if fe re n t f r o m th o se of the
c la s s r o o m te a c h e r th a t the n e g a tiv e r e s u l t s of s e v e r a l r e s e a r c h
a tte m p ts to p r e d ic t s u c c e s s in te a c h in g d id n o t a p p e a r to in d i­
c a te th a t so m e u s e fu l r e s u l ts co u ld n o t be d e te rm in e d f o r i m ­
p ro v in g th e s e le c tio n of E x te n sio n S e rv ic e w o r k e r s .
A lth o u g h no s tu d ie s w e re found b y th is w r i t e r w hich p e r ­
ta in e d s p e c if ic a lly to th e re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n E x te n s io n w o r k e r s '

278
i n t e r e s t s and t h e i r w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s o r t h e ir job s a tis fa c tio n ,
s tu d ie s of th e s e r e la tio n s h ip s in o th e r o c c u p a tio n s in d ic a te d
th a t in so m e c a s e s , n o ta b ly w ith v a rio u s s a le s o c c u p a tio n s,
m o re s u c c e s s f u l m e n h ad b e e n d if fe re n tia te d f r o m l e s s s u c c e s s ­
fu l m e n b y m e a n s of t h e i r in v e n to rie d v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s .

A lso ,

in a lim ite d n u m b e r of s tu d ie s c e r t a i n in v e n to rie d v o c a tio n a l
i n t e r e s t s w e re found to be s ig n ific a n tly d iffe r e n t when " m o re
s a tis f ie d " and " l e s s s a tis f ie d " g ro u p s w e re c o m p a re d ..

The m e th o d s .

T he s a m p le c o n s is te d of 81 C ounty A g en ts

a n d 48 4 H C lub A g e n ts.

T h is r e p r e s e n te d a ll of the A gents

who w e re in the M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e rv ic e in S e p te m b e r, 1950,
e x c e p t th ir t e e n who r e t i r e d , r e s ig n e d , o r w e re t r a n s f e r r e d to
o th e r p o s itio n s w ith in the o rg a n iz a tio n b e tw ee n th a t tim e and M ay
1, 1951, w hen th e l a s t of th e d a ta n e c e s s a r y f o r th is stu d y w e re
r e c e iv e d .

On M ay 1, 1951, the m e a n a g e s w e re 42,73 f o r the

C ounty A g e n ts and 33.17 f o r th e 4 H Club A g e n ts.

T he m e a n

n u m b e r of y e a r s ' e x p e rie n c e in th e M ich ig an E x te n s io n S e rv ic e
w e re 12.90 f o r th e C ounty A g e n ts and 4.19 f o r th e 4 H Club
A g e n ts.
T he Jo b S a tis fa c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ire (an a d a p ta tio n and e x ­
te n s io n of th e H oppock Jo b S a tis fa c tio n B lank) w a s o b ta in e d fro m

279
the A g en ts by m a il.

The SVIB w as f ille d o u t by m o s t of th e

A g e n ts a t th e ir r e g u l a r d i s t r i c t m e e tin g s .

It w as o b ta in e d by

m a il f r o m th e few who did n o t a tte n d the m e e tin g s .

The

th ir ty - n in e r e g u la r o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le s and th e th r e e n o n o c cu p a tio n a l s c a le s (as of S e p te m b e r, 1950) w e re s c o r e d b y the E . J .
H an k es s c o r in g s e r v ic e .

Two r e c e n tly v a lid a te d s c a le s , T e a c h e r

of V o c a tio n a l A g r ic u ltu re a n d T ea ch in g S a tis fa c tio n , w e re s c o r e d
m a n u a lly .
V a ria b le w o rk e ff e c tiv e n e s s g ro u p s w e re e s ta b lis h e d on
the b a s is of a m o d ifie d f o r c e d ra n k in g of th e A g e n ts by a p a n e l
of se v e n ju d g e s , m o s t of w hom r e g u la r ly p a r tic ip a te in th e a n ­
n u a l ra tin g of th e s e w o rk e r s fo r s a l a r y a d ju stm en t and o th e r
a d m in is tr a tiv e p u r p o s e s .

T he C ounty A g e n ts and th e 4 H Club

A g e n ts w e re e a c h ra n k e d in fo u r f a i r l y e q u a l g ro u p s .

T h e re

w as no s ig n ific a n t v a r ia tio n am ong th e ju d g e s a s to t h e ir r e ­
c o rd e d o p in io n s of th e r e la tiv e o v e r - a l l e ffe c tiv e n e s s w ith w hich
the A g e n ts w e re p e rf o rm in g t h e ir jo b s .

T h e re a ls o w e re no

s ig n ific a n t d iffe r e n c e s am ong the v a rio u s " q u a r tile " ra tin g g ro u p s
a s f a r a s a g e and n u m b e r o f y e a r s ' e x p e rie n c e in th e M ich ig an
E x te n s io n S e rv ic e w e re c o n c e rn e d .

280
In c o m p a rin g th e ra w Jo b S a tis fa c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ire
s c o r e s o f th e fo u r w o rk e ff e c tiv e n e s s " q u a r tile " g ro u p s of
C ounty A g e n ts a n d 4 H Club A g e n ts it w as found th a t alth o u g h
th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s an d job s a tis f a c tio n
w a s p o s itiv e , i t w a s n o t s a t is f a c to r i l y h ig h .

C o n se q u e n tly , in

o r d e r to d e te r m in e m o re c le a r l y th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e ir
i n t e r e s t s and job s a tis f a c tio n , new g ro u p s of " m o r e s a tis fie d "
an d " l e s s s a tis f ie d " C ounty A g e n ts and 4 H C lub A g e n ts w e re
e s ta b lis h e d on the b a s is of t h e i r r e s p o n s e s to th e Jo b S a t is ­
fa c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ir e .

T he ra w s c o r e s w e re te s te d f o r s c a l a ­

b ility b y G u ttm a n 's " C o rn e ll T ech n iq u e f o r S c a le an d In te n s ity
A n a ly s is ." *

T h is r e v e a le d th a t the s c o r e s of the C ounty A gents

w e re s c a la b le b u t th o s e of th e 4 H Club A g e n ts w e re n o t.

T h ere ­

f o r e , the C ounty A g e n ts w e re s e p a r a te d in to two f a i r l y e q u a lly
s iz e d " m o re s a tis f ie d " and " l e s s s a tis f ie d " g ro u p s on th e b a s is
of the s c a le d v e r s io n of t h e i r ra w s c o r e s and th e 4 H Club
A g e n ts w e r e s i m i l a r l y s e p a r a te d b u t on th e b a s is of t h e i r ra w
sc o re s.

T h e re w e re no s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s in th e a g e s of

* L o u is G u ttm a n , "T h e C o rn e ll T ech n iq u e f o r S cale and
In te n s ity A n a ly s is ," E d u c a tio n a l and P s y c h o lo g ic a l M e a s u re m e n t,
7; 2 4 7 -2 7 9 , 1947.

281
th e s e s a tis f a c tio n g ro u p s , b u t the " m o re s a tis f ie d " C ounty A g en ts
an d 4 H Club A g e n ts h a d s ig n ific a n tly lo n g e r e x p e rie n c e in the
M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e rv ic e .
Id e n tific a tio n n u m b e r s , SVIB s c o r e s , a g e s , y e a r s of e x ­
p e r ie n c e , w ork e ffe c tiv e n e s s r a tin g s , a n d jo b s a tis f a c tio n s c o r e s
w e re e n te r e d on p e r s o n a l d a ta c a r d s and th is in fo rm a tio n w as
s u b s e q u e n tly p u n c h e d in to IBM c a r d s .

The IBM c a r d s , f o r the

C ounty A g en ts an d 4 H Club A g en ts s e p a r a te ly , w e re s o r te d f i r s t
b y th e fo u r w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s " q u a r tile " g ro u p s and the SVIB
s c o r e s w e re ta b u la te d a c c o rd in g ly .

The c a r d s w e re n e x t s e p ­

a r a t e d b y th e jo b s a tis f a c tio n g ro u p s and the SVIB s c o r e s fo r
th e s e g ro u p s w e re ta b u la te d .

The m e a n s and v a r ia n c e s w e re

c o m p u te d f o r a ll SVIB s c a le s by th e s e w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s and
job s a tis f a c tio n s u b g ro u p s .

C o m p a ris o n s w e re m ade of the SVIB

s c a le s c o r e m e a n s and v a ria n c e s b e tw e e n th e th r e e h ig h e s t w o rk
e ff e c tiv e n e s s " q u a r tile " g ro u p s c o m b in ed and th e lo w e s t " q u a r tile " g ro u p and b e tw e e n the h ig h e s t and lo w e s t " q u a r tile " g ro u p s
f o r b o th th e C ounty A g e n ts and the 4 H C lub A g e n ts. • In the
c a s e of jo b s a tis f a c tio n , c o m p a ris o n s w e re m ad e of th e sam e
s t a t i s t i c s b e tw e e n th e " m o re s a tis fie d " and " l e s s s a tis fie d " g ro u p s
of b o th C ounty A g e n ts an d 4 H Club A g e n ts.

The " F " t e s t w as u s e d f o r d e te rm in in g the sig n ific a n c e
o f the d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n th e v a r ia n c e s .

In c o m p a ris o n s in

w h ich th is t e s t in d ic a te d no s ig n ific a n t d if fe re n c e s , the s ig n if ­
ic a n c e o f the d iffe re n c e b e tw ee n th e m e a n s w as d e te rm in e d by
the " t" te s t.

W here th e " F " t e s t in d ic a te d th a t the v a ria n c e s

w e re s ig n ific a n tly d if fe re n t, the B e h r e n s - F i s h e r "d" t e s t w as
u s e d f o r d e te rm in in g the s ig n ific a n c e of the d iffe re n c e b e tw ee n
th e m e a n s .
B i s e r i a l c o r r e la tio n s w e re u s e d f o r d e te rm in in g the i n ­
te n s ity of the r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n d iffe re n tia tin g SVIB s c a le s
and w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s ; p ro d u c t m o m e n t c o r r e la tio n s w e re u s e d
f o r d e te rm in in g th is r e la tio n s h ip to job s a tis f a c tio n .

T he s c a le s

w h ich w e re found to have s ig n ific a n t in te n s ity of re la tio n s h ip b y
th is s te p w e re u s e d a s the b a s is fo r a tte m p ts to p r e d ic t " le s s
e ffe c tiv e " and " d is s a tis f ie d " g ro u p s of A g en ts f r o m th e c r i t e r i o n
g ro u p s .

The a c c u r a c y of th e s e p r e d ic tio n a tte m p ts w as te s te d

b y c h i s q u a re a n a ly s e s .
D e s c r ip tio n s of the A g e n ts ' i n t e r e s t s w e re p ro v id e d by
the m e a n s ta n d a rd s c o r e s and c o rre s p o n d in g l e t t e r s c o r e s of
b o th g ro u p s of A g e n ts on a ll SVIB s c o r e s , by c o m p a ris o n of
th e i r h ig h and low l e t t e r s c o r e s on 34 s c a le s w ith the s c o r e s

283
of 285 c o lle g e s e n io r s on th e s e s a m e s c a le s , and by a n a ly s is
of t h e i r p r i m a r y an d se c o n d a ry i n t e r e s t p a tte r n s .

The r e s u l t s .
(a)

The v o c a tio n a l in te r e s ts of th e C ounty A gents and
4 H C lub A g e n ts in M ich ig an a r e so m e w h at s im ila r ,
a s m e a s u r e d by the SVIB.

T h e ir i n te r e s ts a r e h ig h ­

e s t in th e s o - c a lle d " te c h n ic a l" o c c u p a tio n s, p a r ­
tic u la r ly in fa rm in g an d v o c a tio n a l a g r ic u ltu r e te a c h ­
ing.

T h ey a ls o have h ig h i n te r e s ts in the " s o c ia l

w e lfa re " type of o c c u p a tio n s, b u t in g e n e r a l th e s e
i n te r e s ts a re slig h tly lo w e r th a n in the " te c h n ic a l"
a re a s.

C o n s id e re d a s a to ta l g ro u p , th e A g en ts do

n o t show h igh i n te r e s ts on an y of the re m a in in g SVIB
s c a le s .

H o w ev er, a m in o rity of A g en ts in d ic a te

f a i r l y h ig h i n te r e s ts in s a le s an d b u s in e s s d e ta il
ty p e s of o c c u p a tio n s an d in the p h y s ic ia n , o ste o p a th
and d e n tis t o c c u p a tio n s.

T he A g e n ts h av e q u ite c o n ­

s is te n tly low i n te r e s ts in the m a th e m a tic a l and
p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e a r e a s and in th e o c c u p a tio n s of
c e r tif ie d p u b lic a c c o u n ta n t, a r t i s t , p sy c h o lo g is t,
a r c h ite c t, an d m u s ic ia n .

In c o m p a ris o n with, the " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " (lo w est
" q u a r tile " ) C ounty A g e n ts, the to ta l group of " m o re
e ffe c tiv e " (th re e h ig h e s t " q u a r tile s " com bined) C ounty
A g e n ts h a v e sig n ific a n tly h ig h e r m e a n s c o r e s (a t the
fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s ) on th e P e r s o n n e l D i­
r e c t o r an d S o cial S c ie n c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r
s c a le s .

T h e se s a m e A g e n ts s c o r e d h ig h e r, b u t

n o t s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r, on a ll b u t one of th e r e ­
m a in in g s c a le s in O c c u p a tio n a l G ro u p V, th e " s o ­
c ia l w e lfa r e " o c c u p a tio n s.

The e x tr e m e g ro u p of

" m o re e ffe c tiv e " C ounty A g e n ts (h ig h e s t " q u a r tile "
alone) s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r (a t the fiv e p e r
c e n t le v e l o r le s s ) on th e C e rtifie d P u b lic A c c o u n ­
ta n t s c a le .

In C o m p a ris o n w ith the " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " C ounty
A g e n ts, th e to ta l g ro u p of the " m o r e e ffe c tiv e "
A g e n ts h av e v e ry s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r m e a n s c o r e s
(a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s ) on the F a r m e r
s c a le and s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r (at th e fiv e p e r c e n t
le v e l o r l e s s ) on th e C a r p e n te r s c a le .

T h e s e sa m e

A g e n ts s c o r e d lo w e r, b u t n o t s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r, on

a ll b u t one of the re m a in in g s c a le s in O c cu p a tio n a l
G ro u p IV, " te c h n ic a l” o c c u p a tio n s.

The e x tre m e

g ro u p of " m o re e ffe c tiv e " A g en ts s c o r e d s ig n if i­
c a n tly lo w e r (a t the fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s ) on
th e A r t i s t an d D e n tis t s c a le s and lo w e r b u t n o t
s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r on a ll b u t one of th e re m a in in g
s c a le s in O c c u p a tio n a l G roup I.

The SVIB s c a le s on w h ich the m e a n s c o r e s of the
to ta l g ro u p of " m o re e ffe c tiv e " C ounty A g en ts w e re
s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r o r lo w e r th an the m e a n s c o r e s
of th e " le s s e ffe c tiv e " A g en ts h a v e s ig n ific a n t i n ­
te n s ity of re la tio n s h ip to w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s .

B i­

s e r i a l c o r r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts of th e s e re la tio n s h ip s
w e re s ig n ific a n t a t the one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s in
e a c h of th e s e s c a le s (P e rs o n n e l D ir e c to r , p lu s 0;342;
S o c ia l S c ien c e H igh School T e a c h e r, p lu s 0.357;
F a r m e r , m in u s 0.410; C a r p e n te r , m in u s 0.298; 79
d e g r e e s of fre e d o m ).

An a tte m p t to p r e d i c t a group

of " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " C ounty A g e n ts b y s e le c tio n of
p r o f ile a n s w e r s h e e ts w hose s c o r e s w e re lo w e r
th a n the m e a n s c o r e s of the " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " A g en ts

on th e f i r s t two of th e s e s c a le s a n d h ig h e r th an
th e m e a n s c o r e s on th e l a s t two s c a le s w a s s i g ­
n ific a n tly m o re a c c u r a te th a n ch an c e a s r e v e a le d
b y th e c h i s q u a re t e s t of s ig n ific a n c e of th e p r e ­
d ic tio n .

(C hi s q u a re 14.1820, one d e g re e of f r e e ­

dom , s ig n ific a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s .)

The to ta l g ro u p of " m o re e ffe c tiv e " 4 H Club
A g e n ts have n e ith e r sig n ific a n tly h ig h e r n o r s i g ­
n ific a n tly lo w e r m e a n s c o r e s th an th e " l e s s e ffe c ­
tiv e " 4 H C lub A g e n ts on a n y SVIB s c a le s .

The

e x tr e m e g ro u p of " m o re e ffe c tiv e " 4 H C lub A g en ts
s c o r e d sig n ific a n tly h ig h e r (a t the fiv e p e r c e n t
le v e l o r le s s ) th a n the " l e s s e ffe c tiv e " A g e n ts on
th e P u r c h a s in g A gent S c a le .

S ince th is one r e l a ­

tio n s h ip a p p e a re d to be of q u e stio n a b le v a lu e in
d iffe re n tia tin g " m o r e e ffe c tiv e " and " le s s e ffe c tiv e "
4 H C lub A g e n ts, th e in te n s ity of th is re la tio n s h ip
w a s n o t c o m p u ted and no a tte m p t w a s m a d e to t e s t
i ts p r e d ic tiv e v a lid ity .

In c o m p a r is o n w ith the " l e s s s a tis fie d " C ounty
A g e n ts, th e " m o re s a tis f ie d " C ounty A g e n ts have
s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r m e a n s c o r e s (at the fiv e p e r
c e n t le v e l o r le s s ) on th e P r e s i d e n t o f M a n u fac ­
tu rin g C o n c e rn o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le and on the O c c u ­
p a tio n a l L e v e l an d T ea c h in g S a tis fa c tio n n o n o c cu p a tio n a l s c a le s .

T h ese sa m e A g en ts s c o r e s s ig n if­

ic a n tly lo w e r (at th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s )
th a n th e " l e s s s a tis f ie d " A gents on th e P r i n t e r and
M u s ic ia n s c a le s .

P r o d u c t m o m e n t c o r r e la tio n s in d ic a te d th a t the
M u s ic ia n and T ea ch in g S a tis fa c tio n s c a le s show ed
s ig n ific a n t in te n s ity of re la tio n s h ip to job s a t i s ­
fa c tio n .

H o w ev e r, th e c o r r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n t on

th e M u sic ia n s c a le (m in u s 0.2 9 9 , 79 d e g re e s of
fre e d o m ) w as j u s t above the v a lu e r e q u ir e d f o r
s ig n ific a n c e a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l and the
n e g a tiv e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw ee n th is s c a le and s a t i s ­
fa c tio n in te a c h in g w as d iffic u lt to a c c o u n t f o r .
/

K

T h e r e fo re an a tte m p t to p r e d ic t job s a tis fa c tio n
w as b a s e d upon th e T ea ch in g S a tis fa c tio n s c a le

a lo n e .

T he c o r r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n t on th is s c a le

(p lu s 0 .3 2 5 , 79 d e g re e s o f fre e d o m ) w as s ig n ifi­
c a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .

T h irte e n

C ounty A g en ts w hose s c a le d Jo b S a tis fa c tio n Q u e s­
tio n n a ire s c o r e s w e re z e r o o r o n e, w e re d efin ed
a r b i t r a r i l y a s " d is s a tis f ie d ."

A n a tte m p t to s e le c t

" d is s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts on the b a s is of s c o r e s below
th e m e a n s ta n d a r d s c o r e of th e " le s s s a tis f ie d "
A g en ts o n the T e a c h in g S a tis fa c tio n s c a le (46) w as
s ig n ific a n tly m o re , a c c u r a te th a n c h a n c e , a s w as
in d ic a te d by the c h i s q u a re t e s t.

(Chi s q u a re

6.9369, one d e g re e of fre e d o m , s ig n ific a n t a t the
one p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s .)

In c o m p a ris o n w ith the " l e s s s a tis f ie d " 4 H Club
A g e n ts, th e " m o re s a tis fie d " 4 H Club A g e n ts have
v e r y s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r m e a n s c o r e s (a t the one
p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s ) o n the P o lic e m a n and Social
S c ien c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r s c a le s and sig n ific a n tly
h ig h e r (a t the fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s ) on the
T e a c h e r of V o c a tio n a l A g r ic u ltu r e , YMCA P h y s ic a l
D ir e c to r , and M in is te r s c a le s .

T h ese sa m e A gents

s c o r e d h ig h e r, b u t n o t sig n ific a n tly h ig h e r on a ll
of th e re m a in in g s c a le s in G roup IV, " te c h n ic a l"
o c c u p a tio n s and G roup V, " s o c ia l w e lfa re " o c c u p a ­
tio n s .

T h ese A g e n ts s c o r e d s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r (at

the fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r le s s ) th a n th e " le s s e f ­
f e c tiv e " A g e n ts on th e A r t i s t , A rc h ite c t, and P r e s ­
id e n t o f M a n u fa c tu rin g C o n c ern o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le s
an d th e O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l n o n o c c u p a tio n a l s c a le .
T h e s e A g e n ts a ls o s c o r e d lo w e r, b u t n o t s ig n ifi­
c a n tly lo w e r on a ll of the re m a in in g s c a le s in O c ­
c u p a tio n a l G ro u p I (P s y c h o lo g is t, P h y s ic ia n , O s te o ­
p a th , D e n tis t).

P r o d u c t m o m e n t c o r r e la tio n s in d ic a te d th a t the
s c o r e s on s ix of th e nin e s c a le s above show ed in ­
te n s ity of re la tio n s h ip to jo b s a tis f a c tio n s ig n ifi­
c a n t a t the one o r fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l a s show n

s
in th e ta b le on the follow ing p a g e .

A g ro u p of 12 4 H Club A g en ts w ith r a w Job S a t­
is f a c tio n s c o r e s of 20 o r l e s s w as d e fin ed a r b i t r a ­
r i l y a s " d is s a tis f ie d ."

An a tte m p t w as m ad e to

290

S cale

P ro d u c t
M om ent
C o rr e la tio n

A r c h ite c t
P o lic e m a n
T e a c h e r of V o c atio n al
A g ric u ltu re
S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh
School T e a c h e r
M in is te r
O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l

-.3 5 1 *
+.300*
+.311*
+.465**
+,330*
-.3 5 8 *

(46 d e g re e s of fre e d o m )

* S ig n ific a n t a t fiv e p e r c e n t
le v e l o r l e s s .
** S ig n ific a n t a t one p e r c e n t
le v e l o r l e s s .

p r e d i c t a g ro u p of " d is s a tis f ie d " A g en ts by s e l e c t ­
ing p r o file a n s w e r s h e e ts w hose s c o r e s w e re lo w e r
th an o r h ig h e r th an th e m e a n s c o r e s of th e " le s s
s a tis f ie d " A g e n ts on fiv e of th e s ix s c a le s lis te d
ab o v e.

The c h i s q u a re t e s t of th e sig n ific a n c e of

th is c o m p a ris o n (17.3348, one d e g re e of fre e d o m )
w as s ig n ific a n t a t the one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s
and th e r e f o r e in d ic a te d th a t th e p r e d ic tio n a tte m p t

291
w as s ig n ific a n tly m o re a c c u r a te th a n w ould have
o c c u r r e d by ch an c e f a c to r s a lo n e .

C o n c lu sio n s

O n the b a s is of th e s u m m a ry j u s t p r e s e n te d and r e la te d
fin d in g s in the body of th is stu d y , th e follow ing c o n c lu sio n s s e e m
ju s tifie d :
(a)

The d e s c r ip tio n found h e re in of the A g e n ts' v o c a ­
tio n a l i n t e r e s t s p ro v id e s in fo rm a tio n th a t sh o u ld be
u se fu l in c h a r a c te r iz in g C ounty A gents and 4 H Club
A g e n ts a s o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s .

(b)

T h e re is a low b u t s ig n ific a n t re la tio n s h ip b e tw ee n
the s c o r e s o f C ounty A g en ts an d 4 H Club A g en ts
in M ic h ig a n on c e r t a i n SVIB s c a le s and t h e i r r a te d
w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s and s e l f - r a t e d job s a tis fa c tio n .
The fin a l t e s t of th e v a lid ity of the SVIB s c a le s
w h ich in d ic a te s ig n ific a n t in te n s ity of re la tio n s h ip
to w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s an d to jo b s a tis f a c tio n w ill
be th e e x te n t to w hich fu tu re M ich ig an A g en ts an d
A g e n ts in o th e r s ta te s , w hose s e le c tio n is b a s e d in
p a r t on th e i r s c o r e s on th e s e s c a le s , a c tu a lly p ro v e

to b e m o re e ffe c tiv e and m o re s a tis f ie d in th e ir
w o rk .

H o w ev e r, th e p r e l i m i n a r y te s ts of p r e d ic tiv e

v a lid ity w ith the c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s of p r e s e n t M ic h ­
ig a n A g e n ts in d ic a te th a t c e r ta in SVIB s c a le s m ay
b e c o n s id e re d a s u s e fu l g u id e s for. im p ro v in g the
s e le c tio n of C ounty A g e n ts and 4 H Club A g e n ts.

T he s ig n ific a n c e of th e p r e lim in a r y p re d ic tiv e v a lid ­
ity found f o r th e s e SVIB s c a le s sh o u ld be i n t e r ­
p r e t e d in lig h t of the s e le c te d n a tu r e of th e c r i ­
te r io n g ro u p s .

S ince th e s e SVIB s c a le s h av e p r e ­

l im in a r y p r e d ic tiv e v a lid ity w ith g ro u p s w hich do
n o t in clu d e in d iv id u a ls who le f t th e E x te n sio n S e r ­
v ic e b e c a u s e of u n s a tis f a c to r y p e rfo rm a n c e on the
jo b , o r in d iv id u a ls who d e s ir e d to b e co m e A gents
b u t w e re n o t e m p lo y e d a s su c h , i t is p o s s ib le th a t
th e s c a le s w ould p ro v e to hav e h ig h e r d if f e r e n ti­
a tin g v alu e th an th e p r e s e n t t e s t s in d ic a te , if th e y
w e re u s e d w ith m o re h e te ro g e n e o u s g ro u p s .

The G e n e ra l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t is a tte m p tin g to
d e te rm in e f a c to r s th a t w ill d iffe re n tia te A gents

who a r e b o th m o r e e ffe c tiv e and m o re s a tis f ie d
f r o m th o se who a r e l e s s e ffe c tiv e and l e s s s a t is ­
fie d ,

T he r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s

an d job s a tis f a c tio n w as found to be p o sitiv e in
th e p r e s e n t M ic h ig a n A g e n ts, but n o t g e n e ra lly
h ig h .

The c o n trib u tio n s of th is stu d y th e r e f o re

a r e lim ite d to a n e x te n t by th e f a c t th a t i t w as
n e c e s s a r y to r e g ro u p th e s e sa m e A g e n ts in o r d e r
to d e te r m in e m o re c le a r l y th e r e la tio n s h ip s be­
tw e e n th e ir i n t e r e s t s and t h e i r job s a tis fa c tio n .

W ith th e above lim ita tio n in m in d , th e p r e lim in a r y
t e s t s of p re d ic tiv e v a lid ity s u p p o rt th e follow ing
s p e c ific u s e s of th e s c a le s :

(i) S c o re s of A on

the F a r m e r s c a le , B - o r h ig h e r on the C a rp e n te r
s c a le , to g e th e r w ith s c o r e s of C - o r lo w e r on the
P e r s o n n e l D ir e c to r s c a le and B - o r lo w e r on the
S o c ia l S c ie n c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r s c a le m a y be
u s e d a s in d ic a to r s of " l e s s e f f e c tiv e " County A g en ts
A s ta n d a r d s c o r e of 46 o r lo w e r on the T each in g
S a tis fa c tio n s c a le m a y be u s e d a s a n in d ic a to r of
C ounty A g e n ts who w ill h av e low job s a tis fa c tio n .

(ii) No s c a le s w e re found w hich s a tis f a c to r ily d if­
f e r e n t ia te " m o r e e ffe c tiv e " and " le s s e ffe c tiv e " 4
H C lub A g e n ts.

H o w ev e r, 4 H Club A g en ts w ith

low jo b s a tis f a c tio n m a y be in d ic a te d by any fiv e
of th e s ix fo llow ing s c a le s c o r e s :

A rc h ite c t C+

o r h ig h e r, P o lic e m a n B - o r lo w e r, T e a c h e r of
V o c atio n al A g r ic u ltu r e B - o r lo w e r, S o c ia l S cien ce
H igh S chool T e a c h e r B - o r lo w e r, M in is te r C+ o r
lo w e r, O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l 53 ( s ta n d a rd sc o re ) o r
h ig h e r.

It h a s b e e n p o in te d o u t th a t in g e n e ra l the i n te r e s ts
of the to ta l g ro u p of C ounty A g e n ts a n d the to ta l
g ro u p of 4 H Club A g en ts a re so m e w h a t s im ila r .
H o w ev e r, the SVIB s c a le s w hich s ig n ific a n tly d if ­
f e r e n tia te d th e v a ria b le w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s an d job
s a tis f a c tio n g ro u p s of C ounty A g e n ts w e re n o t the
s a m e s c a le s w h ich d if fe re n tia te d th e s e g ro u p s of
4 H C lub A g e n ts.

T h e re fo re e v id e n c e is la c k in g

in th is stu d y to s u p p o rt th e c o n te n tio n th a t th e u se
o f th e s c a le s c o r e s re c o m m e n d e d in (d) above fo r
th e s e le c tio n of C ounty A gents w ould im p ro v e the

295
s e le c tio n of 4 H C lub A g e n ts, o r v ice v e r s a .

T h is

i s e s p e c ia lly p e r tin e n t s in c e th e m a jo rity of County
E x te n s io n w o r k e rs in M ich ig an a r e f i r s t h ir e d a s 4
H Club A g e n ts, y e t no SVIB s c a le s w e re found to
b e s u ffic ie n tly r e l a te d to w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s in the
p r e s e n t 4 H C lub A g e n ts.

T he d a ta a t h a n d p r o ­

v id e f o r th e im p ro v e m e n t of th e s e le c tio n of 4 H
C lub A g e n ts o n ly in t e r m s of A g en ts who w ill be
m o r e s a tis f ie d in t h e i r w o rk .

S u g g e stio n s f o r F u r t h e r R e s e a r c h

T h is stu d y h a s r e v e a le d a n u m b e r of u n a n s w e re d q u e s ­
tio n s .

In th e i n t e r e s t s of the G e n e r a l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t , the

fo llo w in g a p p e a r to b e so m e of the a d d itio n a l s te p s th a t should
b e m ad e :
(a)

A s h a s b e e n m e n tio n e d , s tu d ie s a re n e e d e d f o r d e ­
te r m in in g the p r e d ic tiv e v a lid ity of fin d in g s in th is
stu d y w hen a p p lie d to new g ro u p s of A g e n ts.

Such

c r o s s - v a lid a tio n s tu d ie s sh o u ld be b a s e d b o th on
fu tu r e A g e n ts in M ic h ig a n and A g e n ts in o th e r
s t a te s .

It w ill of c o u rs e be im p o r ta n t to d e te rm in e

296
the e x te n t to w hich new p o p u latio n s a g re e w ith th e
A g e n ts s tu d ie d h e r e in in r e s p e c t to age and le n g th
of e x p e rie n c e .

In the i n t e r e s t s of f u r th e r r e s e a r c h

i t i s su g g e s te d th a t the SVIB be o b tain ed fro m a s
m a n y a s p o s s ib le of the in d iv id u a ls who ap p ly f o r
C ounty A g e n t and 4 H C lub A gent p o sitio n s but a r e
n o t a c c e p te d .

(b)

In v iew of th e M ich ig an E x te n s io n S e r v ic e 's p r e s e n t
p o lic y of d ra w in g m o s t of i t s C ounty A g e n ts f r o m
th e r a n k s of the 4 H Club A g e n ts, f u r th e r stu d ie s
sh o u ld be m a d e of d iffe re n c e s b e tw ee n th e two g ro u p s
of A g e n ts.

Som e d iffe re n c e s w e re found h e r e in

b e tw ee n th e i n t e r e s t s w hich d iffe re n tia te v a ria b le
w o rk e ffe c tiv e n e s s and job s a tis fa c tio n g ro u p s of
C ounty A g e n ts an d the i n t e r e s t s w hich d iffe re n tia te
th e s e g ro u p s of 4 H Club A g e n ts.

It w ill be h e lp ­

fu l to know w h e th e r s tu d ie s w ith l a r g e r n u m b e rs of
A g e n ts w ill r e v e a l m o re o r le s s s im il a r it y of dif­
f e r e n tia tin g i n t e r e s t s in th e two g ro u p s .

Such

fin d in g s sh o u ld a id in d e te rm in in g w h e th e r o r n o t
a sin g le c r i t e r i o n g ro u p of SVIB s c a le s c o r e s m a y

be v a lid f o r im p ro v in g the s e le c tio n of b o th County
A g e n ts and 4 H C lub A g e n ts.

Such s tu d ie s sh o u ld

a ls o be d ir e c te d to w a rd d e te rm in in g the e x te n t to
w h ich A g e n ts ' i n t e r e s t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y 4 H Club
A g e n ts , ch an g e w ith age an d e x p e rie n c e in E x te n ­
sio n w o rk .

In th is stu d y the " m o r e s a t i s f i e d " C ounty A g en ts
and 4 H C lub A g e n ts h ad s ig n ific a n tly lo n g e r ex­
p e rie n c e in th e M ichigan E x te n s io n S e rv ic e than
did th e " l e s s s a t is f ie d " A g e n ts.

T h is m ig h t im p ly

th a t jo b s a tis f a c tio n i n c r e a s e s w ith le n g th of ex­
p e rie n c e in th e w o rk .

H o w ev er, th is h y p o th e s is

sh o u ld be t e s te d by fo llo w -u p s tu d ie s of th e p r e s ­
e n t g ro u p s of " l e s s s a t is f ie d " A g e n ts.

It should

be h e lp fu l to know th e p ro p o rtio n of A g e n ts who
re m a in in th e w o rk b u t e v id e n c e no in c r e a s e in
jo b s a tis f a c tio n and to know ab o u t th e e ffe c tiv e ­
n e s s of th e ir p e rfo r m a n c e o n the jo b .

T h is w ould

n e c e s s ita te p e r io d ic a l a p p r a is a ls of job s a tis f a c ­
tio n .

If th is co u ld be a c c o m p lis h e d , i t w ould a ls o

b e of v a lu e to study th e r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n job

s a tis f a c tio n and le n g th of s e r v ic e am ong th o se who
le a v e th e w ork.

It i s su g g e ste d th a t w hen su ffic ie n t n u m b e rs of
c a s e s a r e a v a ila b le ite m a n a ly s e s of th e SVIB be
m a d e f o r the p u rp o s e of d e te rm in in g w h e th e r o r
n o t a new SVIB s c a le o r s c a le s could be c o n s tru c te d
w h ich w ould a d e q u a te ly d iffe re n tia te th e i n te r e s ts of
C ounty A g e n ts a n d /o r 4 H C lub A g e n ts a s a d is tin c t
o c c u p a tio n a l group o r g ro u p s .

BIBLIO G RA PH Y

B a k e r, G la d y s, The C ounty A g en t, C hicago:
C h icago P r e s s , 1939, 207 pp.

The U n iv e rs ity of

B e r d ie , R a lp h F ., " F a c t o r s R e la te d to V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s ,"
P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u lle tin , 41: 137-155, 1944.
________ , " L ik e s , D is lik e s a n d V o c atio n al I n t e r e s t s ," J o u r n a l of
A p p lied P s y c h o lo g y , 27: 180-189, 1943.
________ , " P r e d ic tio n of C o lleg e A c h ie v e m e n t and S a tis fa c tio n ,"
J o u r n a l of A p p lied P s y c h o lo g y , 28: 2 3 9 -2 4 5 , 1944.
B ills , M a rio n A ., " S e le c tio n -of C a s u a lty a n d L ife In su ra n c e
A g e n ts ," J o u r n a l of A p p lie d P sy c h o lo g y , 25: 6 -1 0 , 1941.
________ , a n d W ard, L . W., " T e s tin g S a le s m e n o f C a su a lty
I n s u r a n c e ," P e r s o n n e l J o u r n a l, 15: 5 5 -5 8 , 1936.
B ra y fie ld , A r th u r H ., "T h e I n te r r e la tio n s h ip of M e a s u re s of
A b ility , A p titu d e , I n t e r e s t s , and Jo b S a tis fa c tio n A m ong
C le r ic a l E m p lo y e e s ," (u n p u b lish ed P h .D . T h e s is , U n i­
v e r s i ty of M in n e so ta , M in n e a p o lis, 1946).
B ro w n , J . F r a n k , "T h e R e la tio n s h ip of P e r s o n a l it y T r a i ts and
V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s to S u c c e s s in T e a c h in g V o c atio n al
A g r ic u ltu r e " (u n p u b lish ed M .S. T h e s is , V irg in ia P o ly ­
te c h n ic In s titu te , B la c k s b u rg , V irg in ia , 1940, 88 pp).
B r u n n e r, E d m u n d de S ., and E . H sin P a o Yang, R u ra l A m e ric a
a n d th e E x te n s io n S e rv ic e , N ew Y ork: B u re a u of P u b li­
c a tio n s , T e a c h e r s C o lle g e , C o lu m b ia U n iv e rs ity , 1949,
210 pp.
B u r o s , O s c a r K r is e n , The T h ir d M e n tal M e a s u re m e n ts Y earb o o k ,
N ew s B ru n sw ic k , N ew J e r s e y : R u tg e rs U n iv e rs ity P r e s s ,
1949, 1,047 pp.

300
C a r te r , H a ro ld O ., " V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s and Jo b O rie n ta tio n ,"
A p p lied P s y c h o lo g y M o n o g rap h s N o. 2, S ta n fo rd , C a li­
f o r n ia : S ta n fo rd U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1944, 85 pp.
C o re y , S te p h en M ., " P r o f e s s e d A ttitu d e s an d A c tu a l B e h a v io r,"
J o u r n a l of E d u c a tio n a l P s y c h o lo g y , 28: 27 1 -2 8 0 , 1937.
C ra ig , D. R ., " T h e P r e f e r e n c e - I n t e r e s t Q u e s tio n n a ire in S e le c t­
ing R e ta il S a le s w o m e n ," J o u r n a l of P e r s o n n e l R e s e a rc h ,
5; 1 4 2 -1 5 6 , 1926.
C r ile , L u c in d a , R ev iew of E x te n s io n S tu d ie s, W ashington: U. S.
D e p a rtm e n t of A g r ic u ltu r e , E x te n sio n S e rv ic e C ir c u la r
470, Ju ly , 1950, 47 p p .
D a rle y , J o h n G ., C lin ic a l A s p e c ts and I n te r p r e ta tio n of the
S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B lan k , N ew Y ork: _ The P s y ­
c h o lo g ic a l C o rp o ra tio n , 1941, 72 p p .
D iM ic h a e l, S a lv a to re G ., "W o rk S a tis fa c tio n and W ork E ffic ie n c y
of V o c a tio n a l C o u n s e lo rs a s R e la te d to M e a s u re d I n t e r ­
e s t s , " J o u r n a l of A p p lied P s y c h o lo g y , 33: 319-329, 1949.
E d w a rd s , A lle n L ., S ta tis tic a l A n a ly s is , New Y ork:
an d C om pany, In c ., 1946, 360 pp.

R in e h a rt

E y se n k , H. J ., a n d S. C row n, "A n E x p e rim e n ta l Study in O pin io n A ttitu d e M e th o d o lo g y ," I n te rn a tio n a l J o u rn a l of O pinion
an d A ttitu d e R e s e a r c h , 3: 4 7 -8 6 , S p rin g 1941.
F r e y d , M ax, " S e le c tio n of P r o m o tio n S a le s m e n ," J o u rn a l of P e r ­
so n n e l R e s e a r c h , 5: 142-156, 1926.
F r y e r , D o u g la s, The M e a s u r e m e n t of I n t e r e s t s , N ew Y ork:
H e n ry H o lt a n d C om pany, 1931, 488 pp.
G h is e lli, E . E ., "U se of th e S tro n g V o c atio n al I n t e r e s t B lan k
a n d th e P r e s s e y S e n io r C la s s if ic a tio n T e s t in the S e le c ­
tio n of C a s u a lty In s u ra n c e S a le s m a n ," J o u rn a l of A pplied
P s y c h o lo g y , 26: 7 9 3 -7 9 9 , 1942. x v
r

■

\

301
G u ttm a n , L o u is , "T h e C o rn e ll T ech n iq u e f o r S cale a n d In te n s ity
A n a ly s is ," E d u c a tio n a l an d P s y c h o lo g ic a l M e a s u re m e n t,
7: 2 4 7 -2 7 9 , 1947.
H ahn, M . E ., an d C. T. W illia m s , "T h e M e a s u re d I n te r e s ts of
M a rin e C o rp s W om en R e s e r v i s t s ," J o u rn a l of A pplied
P s y c h o lo g y , 29: 198-211, 1945.
H and, T h o m a s J . , R o b e rt H oppock, a n d P h illip J . Z la tc h in , " J o b
S a tis f a c tio n R e s e a r c h e s of 1944 and 1945," O c c u p a tio n s,
26: 4 2 5 -3 1 , A p ril, 1948.
H oppock, R o b e rt, Jo b S a tis fa c tio n , N ew Y ork:
e r s , 1935, 303 p p .

H a r p e r and B r o th ­

________ , an d T h o m a s J . H and, "Jo b S a tis fa c tio n R e s e a rc h e s of
1 9 4 2 -4 3 ," O c c u p a tio n s, 23: 4 1 2 -4 1 5 , A p ril, 1945.
, an d C. L . O dom , "Jo b S a tis fa c tio n R e s e a r c h e s and
O p in io n s of 1 9 3 8 -3 9 ," O c c u p a tio n s, 19: 2 4 -2 8 , O c to b e r,
1940.
, an d H. A lan R o b in so n , "Jo b S a tis fa c tio n R e s e a r c h e s
o f 1948," O c c u p a tio n s, 28: 153-161, D e c e m b e r, 1949.
, H. A la n R o b in so n , and P h ilip J . Z la tc h in , " J o b S a t is ­
fa c tio n R e s e a r c h e s of 1 9 4 6 -4 7 ," O c cu p a tio n s, 27: 167 —
175, D e c e m b e r, 1948.
, an d R . H. S h a ffe r, " J o b S a tis fa c tio n : R e s e a r c h e s an d
O p in io n s of 1 9 4 0 -4 1 ," O c c u p a tio n s, 21: 4 5 7 -4 6 3 , F e b r u a r y ,
1943.
, an d S a m u e l S p ie g le r, "Jo b S a tis fa c tio n R e s e a rc h e s of
1 9 3 5 -3 7 ," O c c u p a tio n s, 16: 636-643, A p ril, 1938.
H unt, H. C h a n d le r, "W hy T hey C o u ld n 't H old T h e ir J o b s ," P e r ­
so n n e l J o u r n a l , 14: 227, 1935.
Jo h n so n , P a l m e r O ., S ta tis tic a l M ethods in R e s e a rc h , New Y ork:
P r e n t ic e - H a l l, In c ., 1949, 377 p p .

302
K a te s , S o lis L ., " R o r s c h a c h R e s p o n s e s R e la te d to V o catio n al
I n t e r e s t s and Jo b S a tis fa c tio n ," P s y c h o lo g ic a l M o n o g rap h s,
G e n e ra l an d A p p lied N u m b e r 309, V ol. 64, No. 3, 1950,
34 p p .
________ , " R o r s c h a c h R e s p o n s e s , S tro n g B lan k S c a le s, an d Job
S a tis fa c tio n A m ong P o lic e m e n ," J o u rn a l of A p p lied P s y ­
ch o lo g y , 34: 2 4 9 -2 5 4 , A u g u st, 1950.
K e ls e y , L in c o ln D avid, and Cannon C h ile s H e a rn e , C o o p e ra tiv e
E x te n s io n W ork, Ith a c a , N ew Y ork: C o m sto ck P u b lish in g
C om pany, 1949, 424 pp..
K e n d all, W illia m E ., "T h e O c c u p a tio n a l L e v e l S cale of the S trong
V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B lan k f o r M en," J o u r n a l of A pp lied
P s y c h o lo g y , 31: 2 8 3 -2 8 7 , 1947.
K re c h , D avid, an d R ic h a rd S. C ru tc h fie ld , T h e o ry and P ro b le m s
of S o c ia l P s y c h o lo g y , M c G ra w -H ill B ook C om pany, In c.,
1948, 639 pp.
K r ie d t, P h ilip H ., " V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of P s y c h o lo g is ts ," J o u r ­
n a l of A p p lied P sy c h o lo g y , 33: 4 8 2 -4 8 8 , 1949.
K u d e r, G. F r e d e r i c k , "A R e v ie w ," P s y c h o m e tr ik a , 9: 145-146,
1944.
L ik e r t, R ., "A T ech n iq u e f o r th e M e a s u re m e n t of A ttitu d e s ,"
A rc h iv e s of P s y c h o lo g y , 140: 1-55, 1932.
M c N e m a r, Quinn, " O p in io n -A ttitu d e M ethodology," P s y c h o lo g ic a l
B u lle tin , 43: 2 8 9 -3 7 4 , 1946.
, P s y c h o lo g ic a l S ta tis tic s , N ew Y ork:
S o n s, 1941, 235 pp.

Jo h n W iley and

M ille r , C h a rle s W., a n d W endell P . G lick , "T h e D ev elo p m en t
of a S c a le f o r th e S tro n g V o c atio n al I n t e r e s t T e s t to
M e a s u re B a s ic I n t e r e s t s in T each in g A g ric u ltu re " (un­
p u b lis h e d M .S. T h e s is , V irg in ia P o ly te c h n ic In s titu te ,
B la c k s b u rg , V irg in ia , 1940, 419 PP.).

303
M ille r , P . A ., an d J . T. S tone, "T h e S e le c tio n of E ffe c tiv e E x ­
te n s io n W o rk e r s ," R ev iew of E x te n s io n S tu d ie s , U. S.
D e p a rtm e n t of A g r ic u ltu r e , E x te n s io n S e rv ic e C ir c u la r
470, J u ly , 1950, 47 pp.
M is s o u r i C o o p e ra tiv e E x te n s io n S e rv ic e , "S ta te A gents A nnual
R e p o r t," 1949 (u n p u b lish e d m im e o g ra p h e d r e p o r t on file
in th e o ffic e of th e M is s o u r i E x te n s io n S e rv ic e , U n iv e r­
s ity of M is s o u r i, C o lo m b ia, M is s o u ri).
M u rp h y , G ., L o is B . M u rp h y , an d T h eo d o re M . N ew com b, E x ­
p e r im e n ta l S o c ia l P sy c h o lo g y , N ew Y ork: H a r p e r &
B r o t h e r s , 1937, 1121 pp.
N ahm , H e len , "A n E v a lu a tio n of S e le c te d S ch o o ls of N u rs in g ,"
A p p lie d P s y c h o lo g y M o n o g ra p h s, N o. 17, S ta n fo rd , C a li­
f o rn ia : S ta n fo rd U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1948, 97 pp.
N e lso n , K en n eth G ., "T h e I n te r e s ts of T e a c h e rs of V o catio n al
A g r ic u ltu r e A s R e la te d To V o catio n al S a tis fa c tio n " (u n ­
p u b lis h e d P h .D . T h e s is , U n iv e rs ity of M in n e so ta , M in n e ­
a p o lis , 1951, 329 pp.)*
O tis , J . L ., " P r o c e d u r e s f o r th e S e le c tio n of S a le s m a n f o r a
D e te rg e n t C o m p an y ," J o u r n a l of A p p lied P sy c h o lo g y , 25:
3 0 -4 0 , 1941.
P e p in s k y , H a ro ld , " Jo b S a tis fa c tio n Am ong S o c ia l C a se W o rk ­
e r s " (u n p u b lish ed M .S. T h e s is , U n iv e rs ity of M in n e so ta ,
M in n e a p o lis , 1940, 107 p p .).
P r o c h a n s k y , H a ro ld M ., "A P r o je c tiv e M ethod f o r the Study of
A ttitu d e s ," J o u r n a l of A b n o rm a l and S o c ia l P sy c h o lo g y ,
38: 3 9 3 -3 9 5 , 1943.
R yan, T. A ., a n d B . R . Jo h n so n , " I n t e r e s t S c o re s in th e S e le c ­
tio n of S a le s m e n a n d S e rv ic e m e n : O c cu p a tio n a l v £ A b ility -G ro u p K e y s," J o u r n a l of A p p lied P sy c h o lo g y , 26:
5 4 3 -5 7 2 , 1942.

304
S a n fo rd , C h a r le s W ., an d J . L lo y d T ru m p , S e c tio n on P r e S e rv ic e T e a c h e r S e le c tio n . M o n ro e , W a lte r S., E d ito r,
E n c y c lo p e d ia of E d u c a tio n a l R e s e a r c h , New Y ork: The
M a c M illa n C om pany, 1950, 1520 pp.
S a rb in , T. R ., an d H. C. A n d e rso n , "A P r e l im i n a r y Study of
th e R e la tio n of M e a s u re d I n t e r e s t P a t t e r n s and O c c u p a ­
tio n a l D is s a tis f a c tio n ,” E d u c a tio n a l and P s y c h o lo g ic a l
M e a s u r e m e n t, 2r 2 3 -2 6 , 1942.
S c h u ltz , R ic h a rd S ., " S ta n d a rd iz e d T e s ts and S ta tis tic a l P r o ­
c e d u r e s in S e le c tio n of L ife In s u ra n c e S a le s P e r s o n n e l,
J o u r n a l of A p p lied P s y c h o lo g y , 20: 553-566, 1936.
S ch w eb el, M ilto n , " Jo b S a tis fa c tio n A s C r ite r io n and P o in t of
R e fe re n c e in I n t e r e s t M e a s u re m e n t," T he A m e ric a n
P s y c h o lo g is t, 5: 352, 1950.
________ , " T h e I n t e r e s t s of P h a r m a c is ts " (u n p u b lish ed P h .D .
T h e s is , C o lu m b ia U n iv e rs ity , N ew Y ork C ity, 1949,
118 p p .).
S h u ltz, I r v in T ., and B e n tle y B a r n a b a s , " T e s tin g f o r L e a d e r ­
sh ip in I n d u s try ," T r a n s a c tio n s of th e K a n sa s A cad em y
of S c ie n c e , 48: 160-164, 1945-46.
S n e d e c o r, G e o rg e W ., S ta tis tic a l M eth o d s, A m e s, Iowa:
le g ia te P r e s s , In c ., 1937, 341 pp.
________ , S ta tis tic a l M eth o d s, 4 th e d ., A m e s, Iowa:
P r e s s , In c ., 1946, 485 pp.

C o l­

C o lle g ia te

S tone, Jo h n T ., "A C la s s ific a tio n of the D iffe re n t O c cu p a tio n a l
R o le s P e r f o r m e d by C ounty A g r ic u ltu r a l A g e n ts, the
V a rio u s T a s k s A s s o c ia te d W ith E a c h , and th e R e la tiv e
A m o u n t of T im e a M odel A g en t Spends P e r f o r m in g T hem "
(u n p u b lish e d m im e o g ra p h e d r e p o r t on file in the o ffice
of th e M ic h ig a n E x te n s io n S e rv ic e , J u ly , 1951).
, M ic h ig a n C o o p e ra tiv e E x te n s io n S e r v ic e : O rg a n iz a tio n ,
D e v e lo p m e n t, P o l i c i e s , E a s t L a n s in g , M ichigan: M ichigan
S ta te C o lle g e , C o o p e ra tiv e E x te n s io n S e rv ic e [1950], 19 pp.

305
________ * " M ic h ig a n S ta te C o lle g e P r o s p e c tu s and P r o g r a m R e ­
p o r t on th e C o o p e ra tiv e R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t , 'A Study of
th e C o o p e ra tiv e E x te n s io n W o rk e r, H is Jo b , S e le c tio n ,
an d T r a in in g ' " (u n p u b lish ed m im e o g ra p h e d r e p o r t on
f ile in th e o ffic e of th e M ich ig an E x te n sio n S e rv ic e ,
J u n e , 1950).
•_____ , "T h e W ay M ich ig an C ounty A g r ic u ltu r a l A g en ts E s t i ­
m a te T h ey S pend T h e ir W orking T im e " (u n p u b lish ed
m im e o g ra p h e d r e p o r t on file in the o ffice of the M ic h i­
g an E x te n s io n S e r v ic e , Ju ly , 1951).
S to u ffe r, S a m u e l A ., L o u is G u ttm a n , E d w a rd A. S uchm an, P a u l
F . L a z a r s s e l d , S h irle y A . S ta r , and Jo h n A. C la u se n ,
M e a s u r e m e n t a n d P r e d ic tio n , P r in c e to n , N ew J e r s e y :
P r in c e to n U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1950, 756 pp.
S tro n g , E d w a rd K ., J r . , " I n t e r e s t S c o re s W hile in C ollege of
O c c u p a tio n s E n g ag e d in 20 Y e a rs L a t e r ," E d u c a tio n a l
an d P s y c h o lo g ic a l M e a s u re m e n t, 11: 335 -3 4 8 , A utum n,
1951.
________ , " I n t e r e s t s of E n g in e e r s ," P e r s o n n e l J o u rn a l, 7: 441454, 1928-29.
, " I n t e r e s t s of S e n io r and J u n io r P u b lic A d m in is tr a to r s ,"
J o u r n a l of A p p lied P s y c h o lo g y , 30: 5 5 -7 1 , 1946.
, M an u al fo r V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B lank f o r M en, S ta n ­
f o r d , C a lifo rn ia : S ta n fo rd U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1951, 16
pp.
, " P r e d ic tiv e V alue of the V o c atio n al I n t e r e s t T e s t,"
J o u r n a l of E d u c a tio n a l P s y c h o lo g y , 26: 331-349, 1935.
, "T h e I n t e r e s t s of F o r e s t S e rv ic e M en," E d u c a tio n a l
a n d P s y c h o lo g ic a l M e a s u re m e n t, 5: 151-171, 1945.
, "V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of A c c o u n ta n ts ," J o u rn a l of A p­
p lie d P s y c h o lo g y , 33: 4 7 4 -4 8 1 , 1949.

306

________ * V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s of M en an d W om en, S ta n fo rd ,
C a lifo rn ia : S ta n fo rd U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1943, 746 pp.
__________ > an<i E . J . H a n k es, "A N ote on the H ankes T e s t
S c o rin g M a c h in e ," J o u r n a l of A p p lied P sy c h o lo g y , 31:
2 1 2 -2 1 4 , 1947.
S u p e r, D o n ald E ., A p p ra is in g V o c atio n al F itn e s s , N ew Y ork:
H a r p e r a n d B r o th e r s , 1949, 727 pp.
________ , " V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s an d V o c atio n al C hoice: P r e s e n t
K now ledge and F u tu r e R e s e a r c h in T h e ir R e la tio n s h ip s ,"
E d u c a tio n a l an d P s y c h o lo g ic a l M e a s u re m e n t, 7: 375-383,
1947.
S y m o n d s, P e r c i v a l M ., D iag n o sin g P e r s o n a lity and C onduct, New
Y ork: D. A p p le to n -C e n tu ry C om pany, 1931, 602 pp.
T h o rn d ik e , R o b e r t L ., P e r s o n n e l S e le c tio n , N ew Y ork:
W iley a n d S ons, In c ., 1947, 358 pp.

Jo h n

T h u rs to n e , L . L ., " A ttitu d e s C an Be M e a s u re d ," A m e ric a n
J o u r n a l of S ociology, 33: 5 2 9 -5 5 4 , 1928.
________ , and E . J . C have, The M e a s u re m e n t of A ttitu d e , C h i­
cago:. U n iv e rs ity of C hicago P r e s s , 1929, 96 pp.
T iffin , Jo s e p h , I n d u s tr ia l P sy c h o lo g y , N ew Y ork:
H a ll, In c ., 1946, 386 pp.

P re n tic e -

T o rg e s o n , T . L ., "T h e M e a s u re m e n t and P r e d ic tio n of T ea ch in g
A b ility ," R ev iew of E d u c a tio n a l R e s e a r c h , 7: 242-247,
1937.
T ru e , A lfre d C h a r le s , A H is to r y of A g r ic u ltu r a l E x te n sio n W ork
in th e U nited S ta te s , W ashington: U nited S ta te s G o v e rn ­
m e n t P r in tin g O ffice , 1928, 220 pp.
U n ited S ta te s D e p a rtm e n t of A g r ic u ltu r e , " P e r io d ic S ta tu s R e ­
p o r t, P r o j e c t N r 1 5 4 -0 4 1 , D e c e m b e r 15, 1950 - Ju n e
15, 1951" (u n p u b lish ed m im e o g ra p h e d r e p o r t on file in
th e o ffic e of th e M ic h ig a n E x te n sio n S e rv ic e ).

307
U n ited S ta te s D e p a r tm e n t of A g ric u ltu re and A s s o c ia tio n of
L a n d G ra n t C o lle g e s and U n iv e rs itie s , J o in t C o m m itte e
R e p o rt on E x te n s io n P r o g r a m s P o lic ie s and G o a ls, W ash
in g to n : U. S. G o v e rn m e n t P r in tin g O ffice , 1948, 72 pp.
W a lk e r, H e le n M ., E le m e n ta r y S ta tis tic a l M eth o d s, N ew Y ork:
H e n ry H o lt and C om pany, 1943, 368 pp.
W e sle y , S. M e d fo rd , MA Q u a n tita tiv e Study of Jo b S a tis fa c tio n
in a S a m p le of F o r m e r U n iv e rs ity of M in n e so ta S tu d e n ts'
(u n p u b lish e d M .S. T h e s is , U n iv e rs ity of M in n e so ta , M in ­
n e a p o lis , 1939, 127 p p .).
W ightw ick, M; Ir e n e , V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t P a t te r n s , T e a c h e rs
C o lle g e C o n trib u tio n s to E d u c a tio n No. 900, N ew Y ork:
B u r e a u of P u b lic a tio n s , T e a c h e r s C o lle g e, C o lu m b ia
U n iv e rs ity , 1945.
W ilso n , M . C ., E x te n s io n M ethods and T h e ir R e la tiv e E ffe c tiv e n e s s , W ashington: U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of A g r ic u ltu re
T e c h n ic a l B u lle tin No. 106, 1929, 48 pp.

A P P E N D IC E S

A P PE N D IX A

THE VOCATIONAL IN T E R E ST S O F SE V E N T Y -T H R E E
MICHIGAN EXTENSION SPE C IA L IST S

In C h a p te r IV of th is stu d y it w as m e n tio n e d th a t a n u m ­
b e r o f E x te n s io n S p e c ia lis ts and A d m in is tra tiv e O ffic e rs w e re
p r e s e n t a t the D i s t r i c t m e e tin g s in w hich the SVIB w as a d m in ­
i s t e r e d to the C ounty A g en ts an d 4 H Club A g e n ts, and th a t
th e s e p e o p le took the SVIB along w ith th e C ounty w o rk e rs .*
The G e n e ra l R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t

2

is c o n c e rn e d a t p r e s e n t w ith

C ounty E x te n s io n w o r k e rs only, so the S V IB 's of the S p e c ia l­
i s t s and A d m in is tr a to r s could n o t be u s e d in th is stu d y .

H ow ­

e v e r , sin c e the t e s t r e s u l t s w e re on file f o r s e v e n ty -th re e
S p e c ia lis ts and e ig h t a d m in is tr a to r s , a d e s c r ip tiv e r e p o r t of
th e v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t s of the S p e c ia lis ts w as .believed to be
a p p ro p r ia te h e r e .

The i n t e r e s t s of th e a d m in is tr a to r s a r e not

in c lu d e d b e c a u s e th e n u m b e r is so s m a ll.

See p a g e 105.
2

D e s c r ib e d on p a g e s 1 and 2.

310
In S e p te m b e r, 1950, w h en the l a s t of th e S V IB 's w as r e ­
c e iv e d , t h e r e w e re 98 S p e c ia lis ts in th e M ic h ig a n E x te n sio n
S e r v ic e .

3

H o w ev e r, tw e n ty -o n e of th e s e S p e c ia lis ts w e re w om en,

and the w o m en S p e c ia lis ts who a tte n d e d the D i s t r i c t m e e tin g s
did n o t ta k e th e SVIB.

T h e re fo re th is r e p o r t is b a s e d upon the

S V IB 's f o r 95 p e r c e n t (73 o u t of 77) of th e m a le S p e c ia lis ts
in M ic h ig a n a s of S e p te m b e r, 1950.

The S V IB 's f o r th e s e m e n

w e re a d m in is te r e d and s c o re d , and th e ite m r e s p o n s e s w e re
r e c o r d e d a n d ta b u la te d follow ing the sa m e p r o c e d u r e s o u tlin e d
in C h a p te r IV f o r th e County w o r k e r s .
The p u rp o s e of th is r e p o r t is p r i m a r il y to p r e s e n t th e
SVIB r e s u l t s f o r th e s e S p e c ia lis ts .

H o w ev e r, a c o m p a ris o n of

t h e i r s c o r e s w ith th e s c o r e s o f so m e o th e r g ro u p sh o u ld m ak e
th e m m o r e m e a n in g fu l.

Since the ag e and le n g th of s e r v ic e

v a r ia b le s h a d b e e n a n a ly z e d f o r a ll su b g ro u p s u s e d in th is
stu d y , th e y p ro v id e d a b a s is f o r s e le c tin g a c o m p a ris o n group'.
The m e a n s and s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n s f o r the age and le n g th of
s e r v ic e of S p e c ia lis ts , County A g e n ts, and 4 H Club A g e n ts,
a r e p r e s e n te d in T a b le 33.

^ F r o m th e p e rs o n n e l f i le s of the M ic h ig a n E x te n sio n
S e rv ic e .

311
TA B LE 33
MEANS (X) AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS («r) F O R A G E AND
L E N G T H O F SE R V IC E O F SP E C IA L IS T S , COUNTY
A G EN TS AND 4 H CLUB AG EN TS

S p e c ia lis ts
(N 73)
x

a-

County
A g e n ts
(N 81)
X

4 H Club
A g en ts
(N 48)
<r

X

Age

43.97

9.96

42.73

9.35

33.17

7.86

L e n g th of
s e r v ic e

11.71

7.97

12.90

8 .26

4.19

4.01

T a b le 33 show s a d iffe re n c e of 1.24 in m e a n age (43.97
- 42.73) an d of 1.19 in m e a n le n g th of s e r v ic e (12.90 - 11.71)
b e tw e e n th e S p e c ia lis ts and the C ounty A g e n ts, a s c o n tr a s te d
w ith th e c o n s id e ra b ly l a r g e r d iffe re n c e s of 10.80 (43.97 - 33.17)
b e tw ee n th e S p e c ia lis ts and the 4 H Club A g e n ts in age and
7.52 (11.71 - 4.19) in le n g th of s e r v ic e .

B e c a u se of th e ir

g r e a t e r s i m il a r it y w ith the S p e c ia lis ts on th e s e two f a c to r s ,
the C ounty A g e n ts w e re s e le c te d a s the m o s t a p p ro p ria te group
a g a in s t w h ic h to c o m p a re th e v o c a tio n a l i n te r e s ts of the S p e ­
c ia lis ts .

312
T a b le 34 in c lu d e s n o t o nly th e m e a n s ta n d a r d s c o r e s ,
v a r i a n c e s , an d m e a n l e t t e r s c o r e s on the SVTB s c a le s fo r the
73 S p e c ia lis ts , b u t a ls o th e s a m e s c o r e s fo r th e C ounty A g e n ts,
an d f o r d e s c r ip tiv e p u rp o s e s in d ic a te s the t e s t s of th e hom o­
g e n e ity of th e v a r ia n c e s and m e a n s , o r the c o n v e r s e of th is ,
th e s ig n ific a n c e of th e d iffe re n c e of th e v a ria n c e s a n d m e a n s
f o r th e SVIB s c a le s of th e s e two g ro u p s .
F r o m T a b le 34 c e r t a i n s ig n ific a n t v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t
d if f e r e n c e s a r e e v id e n t.

T he S p e c ia lis ts s c o r e d sig n ific a n tly

h ig h e r (a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s ) th a n the County
A g en ts on th e M a th e m a tic ia n (2 1 .0 9 v e r s u s 1 7 .0 4 ) an d A d v e r­
tis in g M an (30. 68 v e r s u s 27. 65) SVIB s c a le s .
o f the d if f e re n c e s a r e n e g a tiv e in n a tu r e .

H o w ev er, m o s t

T he S p e c ia lis ts

s c o r e d v e r y s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r (a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r
l e s s ) th a n th e C ounty A g e n ts on the T e a c h e r of V o c atio n al Ag­
r i c u l tu r e S c a le (3 8 .0 3 v e r s u s 4 5 .3 9 ), and s ig n ific a n tly lo w er
(a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s ) on the F a r m e r (4 1 .7 8 v e r ­
s u s 4 5 .3 1 ), F o r e s t S e rv ic e M an (3 5 .0 7 v e r s u s 3 8 .5 2 ), S o cial
S c ie n c e H igh S chool T e a c h e r (3 3 .0 1 v e r s u s 3 6 .5 4 ), C ity S chool
S u p e rin te n d e n t (29. 45 v e r s u s 32. 59), an d M o rtic ia n (3 0 .1 4 v e r ­
s u s 32. 59) s c a le s .

T A B L E 34
COM PARISON O F MEANS (X), VARIANCES ( c ^ ) 1 AND L E T T E R SCORES (LS) ON 44 SVIB
SC A LES F O R SP E C IA L IS T S AND COUNTY AG EN TS

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s
I
A rtis t
P s y c h o lo g is t
A r c h ite c t
P h y s ic ia n
O ste o p a th
D e n tis t
II
M athem ati. c ia n
P h y s ic is t
E n g in e e r
C h e m ist
in
P r o d . M g r.

S p e c ia lis ts
(N 73)
X

C ounty A g en ts
(N 81)

T e s t of
h o m o g en e ity

<r2

LS

X

a-2

LS

F

2 3 .0 1
19. 04
24. 25
27. 81
3 0 .0 0 24. 93

113, 0
139.3
163. 7
7 8 .5
108.3
147. 6

C
C
C
C+
BC+

2 0 .8 6
1 6 .4 2
22. 10
2 7 .2 8
3 2 .5 9
2 4 .8 1

5 3 .0
133! 3
8 6 .8
80. 0
8 2 .0
9 5 .0

C
C
C
C+
BC+

2 .1 3 * *
1 .0 5
1.8 9 * *
1 .0 2
1 .3 2
1.5 5 *

2. 02
1 .3 9
1. 18
0 .3 7
1. 65
0. 69

2 1 .0 9
17. 40
2 8 .9 0
26. 03

1 1 5 .4
155. 6
109. 9
149.3

C
C
C+
C+

17. 04
14. 94
2 6 .4 2
2 3 .0 9

8 8 .8
125.3
8 5 .8
139. 1

C
C
C+
C

1 .3 0
1 .2 4
1 .2 8
1 .0 7

2 .4 9 *
1 .2 9
1 .5 6
1 .5 2

34. 25

58. 1

B

3 3 .5 8

5 8 .3

B-

1. 00

0 .5 4

t o r d*

313

T A B L E 34 (C ontinued)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

S p e c ia lis ts
(N 73)
X

C ounty A g e n ts
(N 81)
LS

X

2

O’

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity
LS

F

t o r d*

IV
F a rm er
A v ia to r
C a r p e n te r
P rin te r
M ath. - S c i . T c h r .
V oc. A g r‘. T e a c h e r
P o lic e m a n
F o r e s t S e rv ic e

4 1 .7 8
3 0 .5 5
2 5 .0 7
3 0 .4 1
3 5 .6 1
3 8 .0 3
2 9 .3 1
35. 07

81. 5
146. 9
147. 6
106.8
9 9 .9
147. 2
8 1 .4
130. 9

B+
BC+
BB
B
BB

4 5 .3 1
30. 62
2 5 .8 0
30. 62
3 6 .6 6
4 5 .3 9
3 1 .2 3
3 8 .5 2

7 0 .2
9 0 .9
9 9 .7
70. 9
82 ..5
8 4 .3
8 8 .5
96.'5

A
BC+
BB
A
BB

1. 16
1. 62*
1 .4 8 *
1. 51*
1 .2 1
1.75**
1 .0 9
L 36

2. 51*
0 .3 9
0 .4 0
0. 13
0. 74
4 .1 8 * *
1 .2 9
2 .0 1 *

3 0 .0 0
30. 68
38. 49
2 7 .4 0
33. 01
20.. 45
2 2 .4 6

102.8
117. 5
7 6 .8
105. 6
107. 5
9 1 .3
160.5

BBB
C+
BBC

3 2 .8 4
3 2 .4 7
40. 00
30. 12
3 6 .5 4
32. 59
2 5 .5 5

118. 1
101.3
67. 5
113. 7
9 2 .9
86. 9
102. 5

BBB+
BB
BC+

1. 15
1. 1 6
1. 14
1 .0 8
1. 16
1. 05
1.57*

1 .6 7
1 .0 6
1 .1 0
1.61
2. 19*
2 :0 6 *
1 .6 6

\T

V

YMCA P h y s . D ir.
P e r s o n n e l D ir.
P u b lic A dm in.
YMCA Secy.
Soc. Sci.' T c h r.
School Supt.
M in is te r

3 14

T A B L E 34 (C ontinued)
,
SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G r0 u p s
VI
M u sic ia n
VII
C. P . A.
VIII
A cco u n ta n t
O ffice M an
P u r c h . A g en t
B anker
M o rtic ia n
IX
S a le s M a n ag e r
R e a l E s t. S is.
L ife In s . S is.
X
A d v e rtis in g M an
L aw yer
A utho r - J o u rn .•

S p e c ia lis ts
,XT _ .
(N 73)

C ounty A g e n ts
* *
<N 81>
<r2

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

X

O’ 2

LS

X

2 3 .4 2

139. 5

C

21. 85

110.3

C

1 .2 7

0 .8 7

21. 64

91. 7

C

19.51

5 9 .8

C

1. 53*

1.51

2 7 .8 1
3 0 .2 7
30. 14
32. 74
30. 14

72. 9
61. 0
7 0 .8
7 8 .5
5 6 .9

C+
BBBB-

2 7 .4 1
29. 75
30. 00
3 4 .3 2
3 2 .5 9

47. 0
4 9 .9
50. 0
54. 9
5 4 .4

C+
BBB
B-

1 .5 5 *
1 .2 2
1 .4 2
1 .4 3
1 .0 5

0 .3 1
0 .4 3
0. 11
1 .2 0
2 .0 3 *

3 2 .8 8
35. 75
3 1 .3 7

87. 4
122. 0
117. 5

BB
B-

3 2 .3 5
3 5 .0 6
3 3 .3 3

90. 7
4 5 .3
85. 0

BB
B-

1. 04
•2. 69**
1 .3 8

0 .3 5
0 .4 5
0. 75

30. 68
30. 14
29. 18

8 8 .4
51. 3
57. 6

BBC+

27. 65
29. 50
2 6 .9 1

4 8 .2
7 9 .8
1 1 1 .6

C+
BC+

1 .8 3 * *
1 .5 5 *
1.94**

2 .2 5 *
0 .4 9
1. 54

LS

F

t or d1

315

T A B L E 34 (C ontinued)

SVIB s c a le s by
O c c u p a tio n a l
G ro u p s

S p e c ia lis ts
(N 73)

C ounty A g en ts
(N 81)

T e s t of
h o m o g e n e ity

cr2

LS

F

3 0 .3 7

83. 6

B-

1 .4 0

1 .4 3

5 2 .0 0
5 5 .3 8
49. 63
4 9 .3 8

5 5 .2
33. 2
3 6 .8
5 8 .5

2. 07**
1 .3 9
1 .7 9 * *
1. 30

0. 69
0 .9 7
0. 91
0. 50

X

* -2

LS

X

XI
P r e s . M fg. C one.

3 2 .3 3

59. 7

B-

In t. M a tu rity
O ccup. L e v e l
M a sc . - F e m in in ity
T e a c h . S a tis fa c .

52. 71
5 6 .3 7
48.. 56
48. 71

26. 7
4 6 .2
6 6 .0
76. 1

t o r d*

* S ig n ific a n t a t th e fiv e p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
** S ig n ific a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t le v e l o r l e s s .
^ M eans an d v a r ia n c e s of S tro n g 's c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s and th e u s e of th e " d " t e s t a r e
e x p la in e d in fo o tn o te 19. page 204.

316

317

I t sh o u ld a ls o be n o te d th a t th e S p e c ia lis ts n o t only
s c o r e d s ig n if ic a n tly h ig h e r th a n the C ounty A g e n ts on the M a th ­
e m a tic ia n an d A d v e rtis in g M an S c a le s , b u t a ls o h ig h e r, alth o u g h
n o t s ig n ific a n tly so , on a ll of th e s c a le s in G ro u p s II, and X.
T h is c o n s is te n c y of d iffe re n c e s is a p p a r e n t in the G roup IV and
G ro u p V s c a le s in th a t th e S p e c ia lis ts s c o r e d lo w e r th a n the
C ounty A g e n ts on a ll s c a le s in th e s e G ro u p s alth o u g h s ig n if i­
c a n tly lo w e r on o nly th e s c a le s p re v io u s ly in d ic a te d .

T h is c o n ­

s is te n c y is n o t a s c l e a r c u t in G roup VIII.
T h e se d if fe re n c e s in d ic a te i n te r e s ts th a t do n o t s e e m to
be in c o n s is te n t w ith th e ty p e of w o rk p e r f o r m e d by th e S p e c ia l­
is ts .

S ince th e s e w o r k e r s a r e p r i m a r il y c o n c e rn e d w ith the

d is c o v e r y , c o lle c tio n , o rg a n iz a tio n and d is s e m in a tio n of s c i e n ­
tific f a c ts , t h e i r h ig h e r s c o r e s in th e p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e a r e a s
r e p r e s e n te d in G roup II and in the w ritin g a r e a s r e p r e s e n te d
in G ro u p X m a y hav e b e e n e x p e c te d w hen c o m p a re d w ith the
C ounty A g e n ts.

A lso , sin c e the C ounty A g e n ts a r e p r i m a r il y

c o n c e rn e d w ith in flu e n c in g and h e lp in g p e o p le , the S p e c ia lis ts
lo w e r s c o r e s in G roup V a r e n o t s u r p r is in g .
T he f a c t th a t th e S p e c ia lis ts s c o r e d h ig h e r th a n the
C ounty A g e n ts on the G roup II s c a le s an d lo w e r th a n the C ounty

318
A g e n ts on th e G ro u p IV s c a le s p o in ts o u t d iffe re n c e s b etw een
" s c ie n tif ic " i n t e r e s t s and " te c h n ic a l" i n t e r e s t s .

T he S p e c ia l­

i s t s a lo n e have h ig h e r i n t e r e s t s in the " te c h n ic a l" o c c u p a tio n s
th a n in th e " p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e " o c c u p a tio n s (note the l e t t e r
s c o r e s f o r th e s e two G ro u p s).

H o w ev er, in c o m p a ris o n w ith

the C ounty A g e n ts, th e y te n d to in d ic a te g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t in the
m o re p u r e ly s c ie n tific o r r e s e a r c h type of o c c u p a tio n s th a n in
th e m o re m e c h a n ic a l o r a p p lie d s c ie n c e ty p e s of o c c u p a tio n s
s u c h a s so m e of th e G roup IV s c a le s r e p r e s e n t.

T his d i f f e r ­

e n c e a ls o s e e m s to be in k e e p in g w ith the n a tu re of th e ir w o rk .
T he d iff e re n c e s in v a ria n c e s b e tw ee n th e s e two g ro u p s
sh o u ld b e n o ted .

E x c e p t on th e L a w y e r, A u th o r - J o u r n a lis t, and

I n t e r e s t M a tu rity s c a le s , the S p e c ia lis ts in d ic a te d sig n ific a n tly
g r e a t e r v a ria n c e th an the C ounty A g en ts on th e re m a in in g t h i r ­
te e n s c a le s on w hich th e v a r ia n c e s w e re sig n ific a n tly d iffe re n t.
It is p o s s ib le th a t th is g r e a t e r v a ria n c e on th e p a r t of the
S p e c ia lis ts is due to an e x te n t to the r a t h e r h e te ro g e n e o u s n a ­
tu r e of t h e i r a r e a s of s p e c ia liz a tio n .

F o r e x a m p le , the m e n in

th is g ro u p in clu d e S p e c ia lis ts in a g r ic u ltu r a l e n g in e e rin g , i n ­
f o r m a tio n s e r v ic e , a g r ic u ltu r a l e c o n o m ic s, t o u r is t and r e s o r t
s e r v ic e , an d r u r a l so c io lo g y an d a n th ro p o lo g y , in a d d itio n to

319

su c h fie ld s a s p o u ltry , h o r tic u ltu r e , f a r m c ro p s , s o il s c ie n c e ,
a n im a l h u s b a n d ry , e tc .

4

In s u m m a ry , th e S p e c ia lis ts in d ic a te d sig n ific a n tly h ig h e r
i n t e r e s t s th a n th e C ounty A g en ts in th e s p e c ific o c c u p a tio n s of
m a th e m a tic ia n an d a d v e r tis in g m an , an d h ig h e r, but n o t s ig n if­
ic a n tly h ig h e r i n t e r e s t s in th e re m a in in g p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e an d
w ritin g ty p e s of o c c u p a tio n s .

The S p e c ia lis ts in d ic a te d s ig n if­

ic a n tly lo w e r i n t e r e s t s th a n the C ounty A g en ts in the sp e c ific
o c c u p a tio n s of v o c a tio n a l a g r ic u ltu r e te a c h e r , f a r m e r , f o r e s t
s e r v ic e m a n , s o c ia l s c ie n c e te a c h e r , c ity sc h o o l su p e rin te n d e n t
and m o r tic ia n .

T hey a ls o in d ic a te d lo w e r, b u t no t s ig n ific a n tly

lo w e r i n t e r e s t s in the re m a in in g and te c h n ic a l and s o c ia l w e l­
f a r e o c c u p a tio n s.

4 F r o m th e p e rs o n n e l f ile s of th e M ich ig an E x te n sio n
S e rv ic e .

A P P E N D IX B

FO RM S USED IN THE STUDY

Page
S tro n g V o c atio n al I n t e r e s t B lank

321

H an k es A n sw e r S h eet f o r S tro n g V o catio n al
I n t e r e s t I n v e n t o r y ......................................

329

H an k es R e p o rt F o r m f o r S tro n g V o c atio n al
I n t e r e s t T e s t (p ro file a n s w e r sheet)

331

L e t te r to the A g e n ts Who Did N ot A tten d
th e D i s t r i c t M e e t i n g s ...............................

333

L e t te r to the A g e n ts A cco m p an y in g T h e ir
S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B lan k R e p o rt
F o r m (p ro file a n s w e r sheet)

334

L e t t e r to the A g e n ts A cco m p an y in g the
S u rv e y of O c c u p a tio n a l A ttitu d e s

335

The Jo b S a tis fa c tio n Q u e s tio n n a ire ( P a r t II
of S u rv e y of O c c u p a tio n a l A ttitu d e s)

336

P e r s o n a l D a ta C a r d ............................................

341

IBM C a r d ...............................................................

342

321
ruiip...........................

Key number...........................

Form M

VOCATIONAL INTEREST BLANK FOR MEN (Revised)
0.

EDWARD K. STRONG, JR .

Professor o f Psychology, Stanford University
Published by

S tanford U

n iv e r s it y

P

ress,

Stanford University, California

It is possible with a fair degree of accuracy to determ ine by this test whether one would like certain occuations or not. The test is not one of intelligence o r school work. It m easures the extent to which one’s interests
grec or disagree with those o f successful men in a given occupation.
Your responses w ill, of course, be held strictly confidential.
Date................. •...........................
1. Name

2. Age

3. Sex...................

t. Address to which correspondence should be sent..........................................................................................................................

1you are s till a tte n d in g sch ool o r e x p e c t to r e tu rn to sc h o o l, anssver ite m s 5 —1 2 { if y o u h ave le ft sch o o l, an sw er ite m s 1 3 - 2 0 .

Any additional remarks may be entered at 21.

i. Grade I am now in: Grammar School1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

High

School 1 2 3 4
(rU T

A C IK G L t ARO U ND

College 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A P P R O P R IA T l C I U D l )

5. School grade I expect to complete...................................................................................................................................................
1. School subjects I am now most interested in................................................................................................................................
1. School subjects I expect to specialize in later on.........................................................................................................................
). Occupation I am planning to enter................................................................................
1. Jobs I have been employed at (e.g., clerical, retail selling,farming,giving number

10. Sure of this...

Not sure...........

of months employed at each).........

!. Occupations I have formerly considered entering..

To b e A n sw ered b y T h o se W h o H ave L e ft S c h o o l

!. Last grade you finished in school (e.g., Grammar 6th, High School 2nd, College 4th)........................................
k What technical or business courses have you taken? (Underline those you finished)..........................................

i. Occupation (e.g., Carpenter)...............................

16. Years of experience in it.,

k Just what do you do?........................................................................................................................................................

i. Why did you select the above occupation?..........................................................................................

What occupations, other than your present one, have you at one time or another engaged in?.

'. What occupations, if any, have you in mind entering? Why? ......................................................

Remarks

C o p y rig h t
by th e B-»ard of T ru s te e *
o l th e L e la n il S u n f m d J u n io r I ’tm e r s i l y
P r i n t e d in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a

Part I. Occupations. Indicate after each occupation listed below whether you would like that kind of work or not.
Disregard considerations of salary, social standing, future advancement, etc. Consider only whether or not you would like
to do what is involved in the occupation. You are not asked if you would take up the occupation permanently, but merely
whether or not you would enjoy that kind of work, regardless of any necessary skills, abilities, or training which you may or
may not possess.
Draw a circle around L if you like that kind of work
Draw a circle around I if you are indifferent to that kind of work
Draw a circle around D if you dislike that kind of work
Work rapidly. Your first impressions are desired here. Answer all the itemB. Many of the seemingly trivial and irrelevant
items arc very useful in diagnosing your real attitude.
1
2
3
4
5

Actor (not movie)...................... .. . . .
Advertiser .................................. .. . . .
Architect .................................... .. . . .
Army Officer................................... . . .
Artist .......................................... ,

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

46
47
43
49
50

Jeweler^................................................
Judge ..................................................
Labor A rbitrator................................
Laboratory Technician......................
Landscape G ardener..........................

L
L
L
L
L

I D
I
I
I
I

I)
1)
I)
D

6
7
8
9
10

Astronomer ................................
Athletic D irector........................
Auctioneer ..................................
Author of novel............................
Author of technical book............

....
....
....
....
....

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

51
52
53
54
55

Lawyer, Criminal ..............................
Lawyer, Corporation..........................
Librarian ............................................
Life Insurance Salesman....................
Locomotive Engineer ........................

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

I)
D
D
D
D

11
12
13
14
15

Auto Salesm an............................
Auto R acer..................................
Auto Repairman ........................
Aviator ........................................
Bank Teller ................................

....
....
....
....
....

L
L
L
L
L

I
1
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

56
57
58
59
60

M achinist............................................
Magazine W rite r................................
M anufacturer......................................
Marine Engineer ................................
Mechanical Engineer..........................

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
I)
D
D

16
17
18
19
20

Bookkeeper ................................ . . . .
Building Contractor.................... . . . .
Buyer of merchandise.................. . . . .
Carpenter ....................................
.
Cartoonist....................................

L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

61
62
63
64
65

Mining Superintendent......................
M usician..............................................
Music T eacher....................................
Office Clerk ........................................
Office M anager....................................

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

21
22
23
24
25

Cashier in bank............................
Certified Public Accountant........
Chemist........................................
Civil E ngineer............................
Civil Service Employee................

....
....
....
....
,...

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
1
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

66
67
68
69
70

Orchestra Conductor..........................
Pharm acist..........................................
Photo E ngraver..................................
Physician ............................................
Playground D irector..........................

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

26
27
28
29
30

Clergyman ..................................
College Professor........................
Consul ..........................................
Dentist ........................................
Draftsman ..................................

....
....
....
....
....

L
L
L •
L
L

I
1
I
1
I

D
D
D
D
D

71
72
73
74
75

P o et......................................................
......................................
Politician
Printer. ................................................
Private Secretary................................
Railway C onductor........................... ••

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

31
32
33
34
35

Editor ..........................................
Electrical Engineer ....................
Employment M anager................
Explorer ......................................
Factory M anager........................

....
....
....
....
....

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

76
77
78
79
80

Rancher ..............................................
Real Estate Snlesman..........................
Reporter, general................................
Reporter, sporting page................
Retailer................................................

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I

D
D
D

I D
I

D

36
37
38
39
40

Factory W orker..........................
Farmer ........................................
Floorwalker ................................
F lo rist..........................................
Foreign Correspondent..............

....
....
....
....
.,..

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

81
82
83
84
85

Sales M anager....................................
School Teacher ..................................
Scientific Research Worker................
Sculptor ..............................................
Secretary, Chamber of Commerce. . . .

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

Governor of a State....................
Hotel Keeper or Manager............
Interior Decorator......................
Interpreter ..................................
4 5 Inventor ......................................

....
....
....
....
....

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
1)
D

86
87
88
89
90

Secret Service Man..............................
Ship Officer ........................................
Shop Forem an....................................
Social W o rk er....................................
Specialty Salesman ............................

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
R
R
D
R

41
42
43
44

—2—

part L Occupations, continued.

Part III. Amusements. Indicate in the same maimer ns in

91'
92
93
91
95

Statistician........................................
Stock Broker ....................................
Surgeon ............................................
Toolmaker .................
Traveling Salesman..........................

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D
D
D

96
97
98
99
100

T y p ist................................................
Undertaker........................................
Watchmaker...........................
Wholesaler ........................................
Worker in Y.M.C.A., K. of C., etc...

L
L
L
L
L

D
D

Part I whether you like the following or not. If in doubt,
consider your most frequent altitude. Work rapidly. Do
not think over various possibilities. Record your first im­
pression.
137
138
139
140

G o lf....................................................
Fishing ..............................................
Hunting ............................................
T ennis.................................

L
L
L
L

141
142
143
144
145

Driving an automobile.....................
Taking long walks............................
Boxing ..............................................
Chess..................................................
Poker .......................

L
L
L
L
L

146
147
148
149
150

B ridge................................................
Observing birds (nature study I . . . .
Solving mechanical puzzles..............
Performing sleight-of-hand tricks...
Collecting postage stamps................

L
L
L
L
L

151
152
153
154
155

Drilling in a company......................
Chopping w o o d ................................
Amusement p a r k s ............................
Picnics ..............................................
Excursions ...........

L
L
L
L
L

156
157
158
159
160

Smokers ............................................
"Rough house" initiations..............
Conventions ......................................
Full-dress a ffa irs..............................
A uctions............................................

L
L
L
L
L

161'
162
163
164
165

Fortune te llers..................................
Animal z o o s......................................
Art galleries......................................
Museums............................................
Vaudeville ........................................

L
L
L
L
L

166
167
168
169
170

Musical com edy................................
Symphony concerts..........................
Pet canaries......................................
Pet monkeys
.'..........................
Snakes................................................

L
L
L
L
L

171
172
173
174
175

Sporting p ages..................................
P o etry ................................................
Detective stories................................
"Time" ..............................................
“Judge” ............................................

L
L
L
L
L

176
177
178
179
180

“New Republic” ..............................
“System” ..........................................
“National Geographic Magazine"...
“American Magazine” ....................
“Popular Mechanics” ......................

L
L
L
L
L

181
182
183
184
185

“Atlantic Monthly” ..........................
Educational m ovies..........................
Travel movies ..................................
Social problem movies......................
Making a radio set............................

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D

Part IL School Subjects. Indicate as in Part 1 your in­
terest when in school.
01
02
03
04
05

Algebra..............................................
Agriculture........................................
Arithmetic ........................................
Art ....................................................
Bookkeeping ....................................

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D
D
D

06
07
08
09
10

Botany ..............................................
Calculus ............................................
Chemistry..........................................
Civics ................................................
Dramatics..........................................

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D
D
D

11
12
13
14
15

Economics ........................................
English Composition........................
Geography ........................................
Geology ............................................
Geometry . . . ' ....................................

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D
D
D

16
17
18
19
20

H istory..............................................
Languages, ancient ..........................
Languages, m odern..........................
Literature
................................
Mathematics......................................

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D
D
D

21
22
23
24
25

Manual T raining ..............................
Mechanical D raw ing........................
Military D rill....................................
Music ................................................
Nature S tu d y
....................

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D
D
D

26
27
28
29
30

Philosophy........................................
Physical T rain in g ............................
P hysics..............................................
Psychology........................................
Physiology ........................................

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D
D
D

31
32
33
34
35

Public Speaking................................
Shop w o rk ........................................
Sociology ..........................................
Spelling ............................................
Typewriting ......................................

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D
D
D

136 Zoology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

L

Part V. Peculiarities of People. Record your first impression. Do not think of various possibilities or of exceptional cases. “Let yourself go” and record the feeling that
comes to mind as you read the item.

Part IV. Activities. Indicate your-interests as in Part I.
186
187
188
189
190

Repairing a clock..............................
Adjusting a carburetor......................
Repairing electrical wiring..............
Cabinclmaking..................................
Operating m achinery........................

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D
D
D

191
192
193
194
195

Handling horses................................
Giving “first aid” assistance.. ..........
Raising flowers and vegetables
Decorating a room with flowers
Arguments ........................................

L
L
L
L
L

196
197
198
199
200

Interviewing men for a job..............
Interviewing prospects in selling...
Interviewing clients..........................
Making a speech................................
Organizing a p la y ............................

201
202
203
204
205

234 Progressive people............................
235 Conservative people..........................

L
L

I
I

D
D

D
D
D
D
D

236
237
238
239
240

Energetic people ..............................
Absent-minded people......................
People who borrow things................
Quick-tempered p eo p le....................
Optimists ..........................................

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D
D
D

241
242
243
244
245

Pessimists..........................................
People who are natural leaders........
People who assume leadership..........
People easily led................................
People who have made fortunes in
business ........................................

L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D

L

I

D

Opening conversation with a stranger
Teaching ch ild ren ............................
Teaching adults
........................
Calling friends by nicknames
Being called by a nickname..............

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D
D
D

Emotional people..............................
Thrifty p eo p le..................................
Spendthrifts ......................................
Talkative people ..............................
Religious people................................

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

206
207
208
209
210

Meeting and directing people
Taking responsibility........................
Meeting new situations......................
Adjusting difficulties of others
Drilling soldiers................................

L
L
L
L
L

n
D
D
D
D

246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255

Irreligious people ............................
People who have done you favors. . .
People who get rattled easily............
Gruff m e n ..........................................
Foreigners ........................................

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

211
212
213
214
215

Pursuing bandits in sheriff’s posse.
Doing research work......................
Acting as yell-lcader........................
Writing personal letters..................
Writing re p o rts ..............................

L
L
L
L
L

T
13)

256
257
258
259
260

Sick people........................................
Nervous people..................................
Very old people................................
Cripples ............................................
Side-show fre a k s ..............................

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

216
217
218
219
220

Entertaining o th e rs ........................
Bargaining (“sw apping")..............
Looking at shop windows................
Buying merchandise for n sto re.. . .
Displaying merchandise in a store.

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D
D
D

261
262
263
264
265

People with gold teeth......................
People with protruding jaws............
People with hooked noses................
Blind people......................................
Deaf m utes........................................

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

L

D

L
L
L
L

D
D
D
n13

266
267
268
269
270

Self-conscious people........................
People who always agree with you..
People who talk very loudly............
People who talk very slowly..............
People who talk about themselves. . .

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

Developing business systems............
Saving money ..................................
Contributing to charities..................
Raising money for a charity
Living in the city..............................

L
L
L
L
L

D
D
D
D
D

271
272
273
274
275

Fashionably dressed people..............
Carelessly dressed people..................
People who don’t believe in evolution
Socialists............................................
Bolshevists ........................................

L
L
L
L
L

I
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

231 Climbing along edge of precipice...
232 Looking at a collection of rare laces.
233 Looking at a collection of antique
furniture........................................

L
L

D
D

L

D

276
277
278
279
280

Independents in politics....................
Men who chew tobacco.....................
Men who use perfume......................
People who chew gum......................
Athletic men ....................................

L
L
L
L
L

1
I
I
I
I

D
D
D
D
D

221 Expressing judgments publicly
regardless of criticism..................
222 Being pitted against another as in
a political or athletic race............
223 Methodical w o rk ..............................
224 Regular hours for work....................
225 Continually changing activities
226
227
228
229
230

D
D
D
D

4

Part VI. Ordor oi Preference of Activities. Indicate which three of the following ten activities you would enjoy most
by checking ( \ / ) opposite them in column 1; also indicate which three you would enjoy least by checking opposite them in
column 3. Check the remaining four activities in column 2.
1

2

3

281 (
) (
282 ( ) (
283 ( ) (
284.(
) (
285 ( ) (

)
)
)
)
)

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

Develop the theory of operation of a new machine, e.g., auto
Operate (manipulate) the new machine
Discover an improvement in the design of themachine
Determine the cost of operation of the machine
Supervise the manufacture of the machine

286
287
288
289
290 (

)
)
)
)
)

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

Create a new artistic effect, i.e., improve thebeauty of the auto
Sell tire machine
Prepare the advertising for the machine
Teach others the use of the machine
Interest the public in the machine through public addresses

(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)

(
(
(
(
) (

Indicate in the same way what you consider are the three most important factors affecting your work; also the three least
important factors. Check the remaining four items in column 2. lie sure you have marked three items under 1, three
items under 3, and four items under 2.
291
292
293
294
295

(
(
(
(
(

Salary received for work
Steadiness and permanence of work
Opportunity for promotion
Courteous treatment from superiors
Opportunity to make use of all one's knowledge and experience

296
297
298
299
300

(
(
(
(
(

Opportunity to ask questions and to consult about difficulties
Opportunity to understand just how one’s superior expects work to be done
Certainty one’s work will be judged by fair standards
Freedom in working out one's own methods of doing the work
Co-workers—congenial, competent, and adcquutc in number

)

Indicate in the same way the three men you would most like to have been; also the three you would least like to have been.
Check the remaining four men in column 2.
301
302
303
304
305

(
(
(
(
(

Luther Burbank, “plant wizard”
Enrico Caruso, singer
Thomas A. Edison, inventor
Henry Ford, manufacturer
Charles Dana Gibson,, artist

306
307
308
309
310

(
(
(
(
(

J. P. Morgan, financier
J. J. Pershing, soldier
William H. Taft, jurist
Booth Tarkington, author
John Wanamaker, merchant

Indicate in the same way the three positions you would most prefer to hold in club or society; also the three you least prefer
to hold. Check the remaining four in column 2.
1

2

3

311 (
312 (
313 (
314 (
315 (

)
)

(
(
) (
) (
) (

)
)
)
)
)

(I
( I
(I
( I
( )

President of a Society or Club
Secretary of a Society or Club
Treasurer of a Society or Club
Member of a Society or Club
Chairman, Arrangement Committee

316
317
318
319
320

)
)
)
)
)

)
)
)
)
)

(
(
(
(
(

Chairman,
Chairman,
Chairman,
Chairman,
Chairman,

(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

Educational Committee
Entertainment Committee
Membership Committee
Program Committee
Publicity Committee

t.

Part VII. Comparison ol Interest between Two Items. Indicate your choice of the following pairs by checking (y/)
in the first space if you prefer the item to the left, in the second space if you like both equally well, and in the third space if
you prefer the item to the right. Assume other things are equal except the two items to be compared.
Work rapidly.
321 Street*car motorman ........................................
322 Policem an..........................................................
323 Chauffeur ............................ .............................
324 Head waiter ......................................................
325 House to house canvassing................................

Street-car conductor
Fireman (fights fire)
Chef
Lighthouse tender
Retail selling

326
327
328
329
330

House to house canvassing................................
Repair auto ......................................................
Develop p la n s.................. .................................
Do a job yourself..............................................
Persuade o th e rs ................................................

Gardening
Drive auto
Execute plans
Delegate job to another
Order others

331
332
333
334
335

Deal with things................................................
Plan for immediate future................................
Activity which produces tangible returns........
Taking a chance................................................
Definite s a la r y ..................................................

Deal with people
Plan for five years ahead
Activity which is enjoyed for its own sake
Playing safe
Commission on what is done

336 Work for yourself..............................................
337 Work which interests you with modest income
338 Work in a large corporation with little chuncc
of becoming president until age of 55..........
339 Selling article, quoted 10% below competitor..
340 Small pay, large opportunities to learn during
next 5 years....................................................

Carry out program of superior who is respected
Work which does not interest you with large income

341
342
343
344
345

Work involving many details
Inside work
Working in one location
Similarity in work
Mental activity

Work involving few details..............................
Outside work ....................................................
Change from place to place..............................
Great variety of work........................................
Physical activity ..............................................

Work for self in small business
Selling article, quoted 10% above competitor
Good pay, little opportunity to learn during next
5 years

346 Emphasis upon quality of work........................
347 Technical responsibility (head of a department
of 25 people engaged in technical, research
work) ............................................................
348 Present a report in writing..............................
349 Listening to a story............................................
350 Playing baseball................................................

Emphasis upon quantity of work
Supervisory responsibility (head of a department
of 300 people engaged in typical business
operation)
Present a report verbally
Telling a story
Watching baseball

351
352
353
354
355

Amusement where there is a crowd................
Nights spent at. home........................................
Reading a book..................................................
Belonging to many societies..............................
Few intimate friends..........................................

Amusement alone or with one or two others
Nights away from home
Going to movies
Belonging to few societies
Many acquaintances

356
357
358
359
360

Many women friends........................................
Fat men ..........................................................
Tall men ............................................................
Jealous people ..................................................
Jealous people ..................................................

Few women friends
Thin men
Short men
Conceited people
Spendthrifts

Part VIII. Rating o! Praaant Abllltlaa and Characteristics. Indicate below what kind of a person you are right now and
what you have done. Check in the first column (“Yes” ) if the item really describes you, in the third column (“No” ) if the
item does not describe you, and in the second column (?) if you are not sure. (Be frank in pointing out your weak points.
for selection of a vocation must be made in terms of them as well as your strong points.)
YES

?

361
362
363
364
365

Usually
start activities of my group...................................................................................................
Usually
drive myself steadily (do not work byfits and starts) .......................................................
Win friends easily
Usually
get other people to do what I want done...............................................................................
Usually
liven up the group on a dull day

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

366
367
368
369
370

Am quite sure of myself...........................................................................................................................
Accept just criticism without getting sore...............................................................................................
Have mechanical ingenuity (inventiveness)............................................................................................
Have more than my share of novel ideas.................................................................................................
Can carry out plans assigned by other people........................................................................................

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

(
(
(
(
(

371
372
373
374
375

Can discriminate between more or less importantmatters.......................................................................
Am inclined to keep silent (reticent) in confidentialand semi-confidential affairs
Am always on time with my work...................................................................
Remember faces, names, and incidents better thanthe average person
Can correct others without giving offense...............................................................................................

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

376
377
378
379
380

Able to meet emergencies quickly and effectively...................................................................................
Get “rattled” easily..................................................................................................................................
Can write a concise, well-organized report..............................................................................................
Have good judgment in appraising values...............................................................................................
Plan my work in detail.....................................................................................................

(
(
(
(
(

381
382
383
384
385

Follow up subordinates effectively...........................................................................................................
Put drive into the organization.................................................................................................................
Stimulate the ambition of my associates
Show firmness without being easy
Win confidence and loyalty.......................................................................................................................

386 Smooth out tangles and disagreements between people...........................................................................
387 Am approachable............................................
388 Discuss my ideals with others...................................................................................................................

NO

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

)
)
)
)
)

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

)
)
)
)
)

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

(
(
I
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

(
(
(

)
)
)

( )
( )
( )

( )
( )
( )

Check (V ) in the first, second, or third column at the right according as the first, second, or third statement in each item
below applies to you.
(1st) (2nd) (3rd)

389 (1) Feelings easily hurt
390 (1) Usually ignore the feelings
of others

(2) Feelings hurt sometimes
(2) Consider them sometimes

(3) Feelings rarely hurt..........
(3) Carefully consider them. .

( )
( )

( )
( )

( )
( )

391 (1) Loan money to acquaint­
ances
392 (1) Rebel inwardly at orders
from another, obey when
necessary
393 (1) When caught in a mistake
usually make excuses
394 (1) Best-liked friends are su­
perior to me in ability
395 (1) Handle complaints with­
out getting irritated

(2) Loan only to certain
people
(2) Carry out instructions with
little or no feeling

(3) Rarely loan money..........

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

(2) Equal in ability

(3) Enter into situation and en­
thusiastically carry out
program......................... ( )
(3) Practically never make ex­
cuses ............................. ( )
(3) Inferior in ability............... ( )

( )
( )

( )
( )

(2) Become annoyed at. times

(3) Lose my temper at times..

( )

( )

( )

(2) Borrow occasionally

(3) Practically never borrow..

( )

( )•

( )

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

396 (1) Borrow frequently (for
personal use)
397 (1) Tell jokes well
398 (1) My advice sought by many
399 (1) Frequently make wagers
400 (1) Worry considerably about

(2) Seldom make excuses

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

Seldom tell jokes
Sought by few
Occasionally make wagers
Worry very little

Practically never tell jokes
Practically never asked. . .
Never make wagers..........
Do not worry.....................

)
)
)
)

)
)
)
)

m ista k e s

Be Sure You Have N ot Omitted A ny Part: N ote P
ticularly the S e c o n d Columns on Pages 2,3, and 4.

)
)
)
)

Key Number.
O ccupation

A rtist

Psychologlot

A rchitect

Physician

D entist

M athem a­
tician

Engineer

Chemist

P roduction
M anager

F arm er

-•

Raw Score

S ta n d a rd Score

R a tin g

O ccupation

C arp enter

P rin ter

M athem atics
Sdcnco
T eacher

Policem an

‘ F o re st
Service

Y.M.G.A.
Physical
D irector

Personnel

Y.M.C.A.
General
Secretary

Boclal
Science
Teacher

C ity Sehool
Superin­
tendent

M inister

Mualclan

Certified
Tuhllc
A ccountant

A ccountant

OtQce
W orkor

P urchasing
Agent

B anker

Sates
M anager

Real
E sta te
Salesman

Llfo
Insurance
Salesman

A dvertising
Mon

Law yer

A uthorJournnllot

P resident,
M 't'g
Concent

Occupational MnscullnltyLevel
Fem lnlnlty

In terest
M a tu rity

Aviator

Raw Score

S tn n d a n l Score

R a tin g

Occupation

Raw Score

S ta n d a rd Score

R a tin g

O ccupation

Raw Score

S ta n d a rd Score

R a tln r

O ccupation

Raw Score

S ta n d a rd Score

R a tin g
)

Ik
—8

Strong Vocational Intorost Invontory
b y Edward K. Strong Jr..

Instructions
All answers are lo be marked on this answer sheet—do not write in the test
booklet.
Answer spaces, three squares in vertical position, are numbered to corre­
spond to the numbering of the items in the test. You are to decide how you
wish to answer the question, then make a mark in the answer space that
corresponds to »his answer.
Example: 1. Actor (not movie).

L
Mark the upper square (the row marked "L") of number 1 if you like that
.
kind of work.
' _*

D
L
Mark the middle square (the row marked "I") of number 1 if you are
indiilerent to that kind of work.

I
D
L

Mark the lower square (the row marked "D") of nu nber 1 if you d/slike that kind of work.

_

)
Use a soft lead pencil,No. 2, No. 1 or electroqraphic.to mark the square you
select, makinq broad, h M jg g j£ o u £ i b la c k ^ nes ^rom C ornjr^to^cornjr of
the square— thus
Erase your first mark if you change your mind and mark another square.
Make sure your marks are carefully made—thus

n
G o from C orner^o^corner of the square; make h jav j^g lotjjjJjjlack lead
pencil lines.
It is important that you keep your pencil sharp & use enough pressure to
make h e a v y o l o s s y b l a c k lines.
Be sure each vertical group of 3 squares has one and o n ljM jn ^ n a r k .

Be sure to read the instructions in the booklet as they vary from part to part.
Copyright 1947 by the Board of Trustees
ot the Leland Stanford lunlor University.
Printed in the United States of America

Engineers Northwest

100 Metropolitan Life Bldg,

Minneapolis 1, Minn

l - f 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 -1 -8 4 -9 + 10 - - 11 - -12 - -13 - • 14- -15

'T

16--17--18 - - 19- - 20 --2I--22--23 - 2 4 - 2 5

26--27-- 28 -•29--30-

-P A R T I-

31--32--33--34--35--36--37--38--39 -40 •-41--42--43--44- 45--46- 47--48--49--50 --51 --52-•53 -5 4 -5 5 -5 6 --5 7 - -58 •59 -60

6 1--62--63--64--65--66--67--68- 69 -70 - - 71 - -72 - - 73- -74 ■ 75- •76- ■77 - •78- -79- •80 -8 1

91 --92--93--94--95- -96--97- -98--99--100,

101--102

8 2 -8 3 - 8 4 - 8 5 - 8 6 - 0 7 - 8 8

89 - 9 0

(03- 104 105-106 107-108 109 -110- -III --112--113--114--115--116 - 117 •-IIS 119 - 1 2 0

-P A R T I I -

121-122

123-124 125--126- 127- 128 129

130 -131

-132--133 134 135- -136 137- 130 139-140 141-142 143-144 145 146 147 148 149

ISO

151 --152- I53- -I54 -155- -156-157- -158 -159 160 161 -162 -163--164 165 -166 167-168169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177-170 •179 180

181--182--183-- 184 185 106-187 188 189-190 -191- 192 -193 194 195 196--197- 198 199

200 201- 202

203 204 205 206 207- 206 209 210

-P A R T I V -

D
211- 212- 213--214 215 -216- 217- 218 -219- 220 221- 222- 223- 224- 225- •2; 26 227 228 229 230 231- 232 2i 33 234 235 236 237 238 239 240

241-;242 243- 2; 4 4 245 246 247 248 249 250

251

252 25 3 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261- 262 263 264 265 266 267 2 6 8 269 270

HARK J T0 0 CN JO r MOST MERE

MARK 3 MOST IMPORTANT H t * C

271 272- 273 274- 275 -276 277- 278 279 260 281 • -282- -283- 2 8 4 j2 8 5 |2 8 6 |2 8 7 - 288 289 290 291- 292 293 2 9 4 1295 j 2 9 6 |2 9 7 f 298 299- 300
MARK REMAINING « HERE
MARK 3 YOU ENJOY LEAST HERE

MOST

EQUAL
LEAST

MARK 3 MOST L IK E

TO HAVE GEEN HERE

1 H—

l - H-

MARK REMAINING 4 HERE
mark

s

i —

1— t-

I

l e a s t im p o r t a n t

here

PREI

MARK S MOST PREFERRED MERE

LEFT

30i-;302 -303-|-304- 305-|306-|-307-j-30fr -309- -310 SI I- -312- 3l3-|3l4t3l5t3l6-f3l7-f 318- ;319- 320 321 322- 323- 324 325- 326 327 328- 329- 330
ICM AINING 4 HCRC
MARK 3 LEA S T

I----I— I'
LIK E TO HAVE B E E N HERE

EOl

MARK REMAINING 4 HERE

PRE

MARK 3 LE A S T PREFERRED MERE

RIGHl

Le f t

item

PRE

331-;332- 333 334 335 336- 337- 338 339 340 341 • 342 343- 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 3 5 2 353 354 355 356 357-358 359 360

EQUAL

LEFT

EOl

RIGHT

PRE

ITEM

RIGH

YES

361-362 363- -364 365 366 367 -368 369 370 371 - -372 373- 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 1389 390

1ST

2nd

PART V III-

NO

1s t
2 nd

3 rd
391-392 393- 394 395 396 397- 398 399 400

See other side for instructions
Make sure your marks ere carefully made—thus

FORM ME

Go from C ornertocorner of Ihe square, make h—vy qlo«»y black- lead pencil lines
It is important that you keep your pencil sharp & use enough pressure to make )uut*2_gloM££iM*ck lines
Be sure each vertical group of 3 squares has one and only one mark.

S T RO NG

rmiNisca Kcruni rurcM ruK—
V O C A T I O N A L I N T E R E S T T E S T - MEN

331

See other side for explanation

fflUP
I

n

OCCUPATION
C-r
c
BB
B-f
A
0
10
20
30
40
STANDARD SCALE
50
60
70
“250 -200 -150 -100 -SO
ARTIST
0 i i i50i0i i i 15150
i iiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiitiiii
1 1 I I f i l l 1510 I 1 1 t 1i00l l i i15i0i i i i20(0i i i i2511
-150 -100 -SO
PSYCHOLOGIST
11 1 11 11 11111I « t i l l 1 1 1 S1O 1 1 1 1 1010 1 1 1 1 iso
1 1 1 1 12010 1 1 1 1 2510 1 1
-ISO -100
-50
ARCHITECT
I 1 I 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 ? . 1 1 1 510 1 1 1 1 1.010 1 1 1 .1 IS1O 1 1 1 l 2010 1 1
-too
-50
PHYSICIAN
i . i . i . i * i . 1 . 1 .1 . so
1 a 1 . 1 . 1 a 1 i1010. t . 1 . f . 1 .1510. 1
0
so
OSTEOPATH
>00
150
. ill M il i l l<•/> i . i .1 1. i 1 . 1
-too
-50
100
(50
DENTIST
■I■1*I......... . i • i •»*M 1 ft, i . i
r, . . t . 1. 1. 1 . 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1
-200 -ISO -IOC
MATHEMATICIAN
10 1 1 1 i 1i50i i i i20i0i i i i25i0i i i i50i0
ii ill ill ill m l n liTi ui 01 1 1 1 1 510 1 1 1 1 i>
50
ICK
0
100
PHYSICIST
111II11 1 1 i i i l 1 1 1 1 1510 1 1 1 12010 1 1 1 1250
11 1111 1 111
ENGINEER
1 1-10101 1 1 1-SIO1 I II
i i i f . 1 1 1 1010 1 1 1 1 15I0 1 1 1 1 2010 1
-too
-50
CHEMIST
t , . | . i . 1 . 1so. 1 . 1 . t A1 .1010. 1. 1 . 1 . 1 .1510. t . 1 . 1 . 1
PRODUCTIONMANAGER
50
100
. 1.1.1°. 1.1.1
. ■ ■ ■ 1 1. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1
-50
FARMER
.i.i
1.- i 1
. 1 . 1 . 1 A510. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 1010. 1 1.
•1
0
0
-50
5
0
AVIATOR
1 111 1 1 III . i , I-, , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1010 1 1 1 1 1510 1 1 1 1 2010 1 1 1
-1
5
0
-1
0
0
-SO
CARPENTER
1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 i i I i 1 1 501 1 1 1 1 1010 1 1 1 1 1510 1 1 1 1 2010
•100
-50
50
100
PRINTER
ililililil.I.filli
. i . i * t » I 1.1 .i.i 1 1 1
•1
5
0
-1
0
0
-50
5
0
MATH.PHYSSCI TEACHER
111 1Ml 1 11111 i i j I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1010 1 1 1 1 1510 1 1 1 1 2010
-15li0 t 11-10i0111111
-50
POLICEMAN
i 1 1 1 V 1 1 1 510 1 1 1 1 10I0 1 1 1 11510 1 1 1 12010 1 1
-50
•'
fo
FOREST SERVICE MAN
150
200
■ . I . 5I0 . I . I . I . 1 . 1010
YMCA. PHYS DIRECTOR
H i i'f°i i i .'Ft i i ^ 01 > > . .*1 1 1 1 1 1010 11 l l lISOl l l l 2l00l l 1
PERSONNEL DIRECTOR
1
.i . i . i . i .-50
1. i . i • 5* a >!L i . i
1 . 510 . 1 1 . 1 . 1 . to1o . 1 . 1 . 1
PUBLICADMINISTRATOR
1. 1.-50
1. 1. 1. 1 5 1 . ? . . . 1 . 1 s 1 510 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1010 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1
•5l0i0i i i-1l50a i i i-1l00i i i i-5
YMCA SECRETARY
l 011 ii
1 1 1 . T 1 i a I 1510 i t i i 20I0 I a i 1IS1O a
i ,i
-150 I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I
-100
-50
SOC SCI. HS TEACHER
I.I.I.I.
I . I . I . 150. 1 . 1. 1 . 1.1010. 1. 1. 1 . 1.IS1.O 1. 1. 1.
CITYSCHOOL SUPT
I . I . I . I50. I . I . I . I . 1100. 1 . 1 . 1 • 1 .IS1O. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2010
•ft 1 1 1 1 510 1 1 1 1 1010 1 1 1 1IS1O1 1 l 12010 1 1 1 12510 1 1
MINISTER
I 1I-1
I 510I 11 I-1100l I i a-50
1a tail
•100
-50
MUSICIAN
A 1 . I n . , . 1 . 1 . 1 510 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 1010 . 1 . 1 . 1
-5°
CPA.
1
1
1
1 510 . I . I . I . I . I100. I . I .
5mP i 1■1i 1i.li
-50 I . 1.'1 ■
i
100
ACCOUNTANT
£8;
1 . 1 . 50
. . t as* i . 1
50
100
OFFICEMAN
5t;<
i . i . i. i .1°. i . ■. i. > 1 . 1• A l .
1 . 1 . 1 . 1 i 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 i 1 A1 A
-50
*’
PURCHASINGAGENT
1
1 .1 . F . i . i . i . i . T . i . i .
i
r
SO
100
iso
-IPO
-50 i . i i
CANKER
I . I . 1. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1
W t .
SO
100
ISO
MORTICIAN
T,.,
I f , 1 . 1 . I . I . 1. 1. 1 . 1. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1
ij1
100
iso
SALES MANAGER
. i. i . i .i .V. I.i.l . • ..I j . 1 . 1 . 4 t 1 1 510 ‘
50
too
•so
REALESTATE SALESMAN
i.:.??i . i .
I|Vt
. I . 1 A1111 1111 1A1A1 . 1 11i l l 1 A1.i-----<
\
100
ISO
50
LIFEINSURANCESALESMAN -1510 1 1 1 1-10101 1 1 1-501 1 1 xl 1 f
J’1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
100
ISO
ADVERTISINGMAN
1 1 510 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i
11-IS
1O111-1
101011 1 i i i 1 i' M H
.
100
ISO A1_A1
50
-10l.i.i.
0 a.i.1.
-501.i • I 1. ii
LAWYER
■t • ‘•/ “I1
, i . i . I . I . I 1001 1ISO1 12001 1ISO1. 11001 >1IS
O
50
-150
-500t-1
50 11-10101 1 -50 ^ ^ i i»\*
AUTHOR-OOURNALIST
illitilift
iln
11! ■*A• i 11 11 1 1 1 1 1111111111111111111ll 1111till
•50
PRESIDENT-MFG CONCERN
n V rH

0:

i

m

m
vs

7

.

.

.

.

T

m
■m
vm

K

X

i

.

P

m

m
in
in

.

a

.

INTEREST M ATURITY

STD

._

_

.

.

.

.

.

A

.

._._____________________

TTT
OCCUPAT. LEVEL

MASCULINITY-FEMIN.

•AW

-•/* .

-.sn

-in n

«W' w
1&-150n b ^ -100
'W
-apo
-B<
iU
‘ r‘ ■ I ■ .■ *
■ ‘- y1 ■ ■ 1. ‘.-,y1 ■. .1.‘ 1.-v.
1

-n o

o

50

fi w • & 1
. . 1 ■ ■ ■w»°. ■ ■

loo

ISO

ZOO

IT
r^ m
-------------

Report on Vocational Interest Test for Men (Continued)
Your occupational interests are recorded by heavy
lines on the scales opposite the appropriate occupations.
In the exam ple below the man has a B rating in the
interests of artists (note the B at the top of the report
GROUP

t

c

O C C U P A T IO N
STANDARD SCALE
ARTIST
PSYCHOLOGIST
ARCHITECT
PHYSICIAN

O

C
10

20

* .

blank), a C rating in the interests of psychologists, an A
rating in the interests of architects, and a B— rating in
the interests of physicians.
B-

y
.

.

-2SO *200 -ISO -100 -54
iiiiiitiiitiiiiiiiiniii 1 1 1 1
•150
->00
- 50
J
1 1 I i i I 1 i i i i I I i 11 n
1 1
-150
-100
-50
1 1 11 111 1 1 111111 1 r
.
->00
-so
1.1.I . I . 1.1.I .I. I. I. 1 . 1 .

B

10

.

( t i l
so
1 1 1
i

li

i

U J i- l

An A rating means that the individual has the inter­
ests of persons successfully engaged in that occupation;
a C rating means that the person does not have such
interests; and the ratings B -f, B, and B— mean that the
person probably has those interests but we cannot be
so sure of that fact as in the case of A ratings. It is
seldom that persons with C ratings are found in the
occupation, and if so engaged they are either indiffer­
ent successes who are likely to drop out or are carry­
ing on the work in some more or less unusual manner.
The latter situation is exemplified by a physician with
a rating of C in the interests of a physician who is en­
gaged as superintendent of a hospital.
All high ratings (B-{- and A) should be considered.
O ne may choose one occupation so rated or plan to
utilize one's interests in two or more such occupations.
Thus, if one scores high in both law and engineering
one might prepare for both and become a patent attor­
ney, or a lawyer specializing in engineering problems.
The higher a score to the right of the shaded area
the greater the certainty that one has the interests char­
acteristic of that occupation. The lower the score to the
left of the shaded area the greater the certainty that one
does not have the interests of the occupation. Scores
falling within the shaded area are indeterminate: they
help sometimes to show, along with other scores, the
general trend of one's interests in an occupational group.
But generally they can be ignored. Consequently, in
the above diagram the scores for psychologist and physi­
cian are disregarded, and we conclude that the indi­
vidual has an A rating in the interests of an architect
and a B rating in the interests of an artist.
Occupations included in the same group all correlate
highly with one another.
Men's interests change very little from 25 to 55 years
of age. They change somewhat from 20 to 25 years and
much more so from 15 to 20 years. Consequently, the
younger the man, particularly below 20 years of age, the
less certainly can his interests be identified in terms of
some occupation. Such changes in interests as take

,v r
i
so
1

i

B -f
40
1 A . .

J

50

00

70

too
t i l l
«00
i
I_ 1
1

1

A
.

A

ISO
too
iso
too
ISO
1 1 1 1 1 I 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
ISO
<00
ISO
1 tjl 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t
100 1
ISO
<00
1
1 1 If 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
so
100
ISO
1 . 1 4 l . l . l l l . l . l t l . l . l . l . l

place are more likely to result in higher ratings than
the reverse. This is particularly true with respect to
ratings in Group V.
The ratings from this lest should not be viewed as
conclusive; they are not guaranteed. Instead they should
be viewed as merely suggestive and to be considered
in the light of all other information bearing upon one's
vocational choice. Occupations rated A and B-f should
be carefully considered before definitely deciding
against them; occupations rated C, C -f, and B— should
be carefully considered before definitely deciding to
enter them. Remember only a few from among all the
hundreds of occupations are reported on here.
Remember also this is a test of your interests. Your
abilities must also be considered. Interests point the
way you want to go, abilities determine how well you
can progress.
Scores on the three special scales (see bottom of re­
port sheet) are for the use of trained counselors and
should be explained personally by them. The IM scale
expresses maturity of interests. O ne's age must be
taken into consideration in interpreting this score. It
applies only to men between the ages of 15 and 20.
The OL scale indicates whether one's interests are simi­
lar to common workmen (a low score) or to business
and professional men (a high score). The MF scale in­
dicates whether one’s interests are similar to the inter­
ests of men or women. The average man scores 50 on
the OL and MF scales.
The report blank gives simultaneously (1) raw scores,
(2) standard scores, and (3) letter ratings. Raw scores are
the sum of the plus and minus weights assigned to the
items as marked by the person taking the test. They are
indicated on the lines opposite each of the occupations
and so distributed as to correspond properly to the
standard scores, which are given on the line imme­
diately below the letter ratings C to A. Thus, in the
example, the B rating in interests of artists equal:: a
standard score of 37 and a raw score of 60. See the
author's Vocational Interests o/ Men and Women.

C o pyright 1946 b y th e Board ot T ru stee!
a t th e Lelend Stanford Junior U niversity.
P rin ted in th e U nited S tates oi A m erica

E

dw ard

K. S

trong

, Jr .

Professor of Psychology
Stanford University, California

333

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK
IN AGRICULTURE A ND HOM E ECONOMICS
STATE OF MICHIGAN

MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGB
U. S. DEPARTMENT O F AGRICULTURB
COOPERATING

COOPBRATIVB EXTENSION SERVICE
COUNTY AGENT WORK

September lp, 19^0

As you probably know, we are undertaking a research project for
the general purpose of trying to improve the Extension Service. One
step in this project is to find out more about the vocational interests
of the Agents so that wo can use this information in doing a better job
of selection and training. At the last District Conference the Agents
present filled out the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for this purpose.
Since you did not attend this conference, I an enclosing a copy of
this test and hope that you Trill be able to find about Hf? rdnutes for
filling it out. There are no right or wrong ansv/ers, so you should
answer the questions just as you feel about then. In raost cases, your
first impression gives a better picture than if you study over the
questions too long. Your answers will have no bearing whatsoever on
your present or future status in the Extension Service.
After you return the blank to me, an identification number will be
assigned to your test so that you will be anonymous to the research
workers. However, you should put your nano on the test so that we can
send you a copy of your answer shoet after the test has been scored.
IVlth the cooperation of everyone on this project we should be
able to improve out* organisation and do a more effective job of selecting
and training new Agents.
Sincerely yours

John T. Stone
Specialist in listension Training.
Enclosure
JTSiba

334

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK
IN AGRICULTURE AND HOM E ECONOMICS
STATE OF M ICHIGAN

MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
COUNTY AGENT WORK

COOPERATING

October 3, 1950

hnclosed is a profile sheet made up iron the answers you rave
to the questions on the Stroup*s Vocational Interest Blank 7 0 u
filled out at the Chatham Conference. The red narks on the profile
sheet show how pour interests compare to the interests of successfully
employed persons in the 3 9 occupations listed.
I hope you will find it interesting to compare your interests
with those of 'workers in these various occupations. Cn the back of
the profile sheet is an explanation of the interest scale used. If
you happen to .have a:: k.F. or rasculinity-feminity score of less
than 5 0 j it doesn’t mean you are effeminate. host social workers
tend to have a score less than 50. It only indicates a greater than
average interest in people, children and their well being.
At the present tire, no one knows whether or not extension
workers have any common interest patterns. The comiosite data from,
your answers to this battery of questions is now in the process of
being sorted and coded to be fed into the I.B.h. nacid.nos. Gut of
tills analysis an interest scale for extension workers will be developed,
thanks to your cooperation. This is the same way Strong made up the
interest scales for artists, farmers, etc., with which your interests
are compared on the irofilc sheet.
Thanks for your help. By working together, carefully analys­
ing our work and by studying the characteristics of successful
agents, we should be able to improve our effectiveness and do a
better ;job of selecting and training new agents.
Sincerely yours

John T. Stone
Specialist in intension Training.
fnclosure
JTSsba

IPffi/'i-* / i f rli/-* r i i r / v r n r

g n f t i v r a n u r FLvr/*nRlfin S e r v ic e . M i c l l i Pflll Stuff* C o l l e e e . E llS t Tiii

335

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK
IN AGRICULTURE A ND HOM E ECONOMICS
STATE O F M ICHIGAN

MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COOPERATING

COOPERATIVE BXTBNSION SERVICB
COUNTY AGBNT WORK

I'ay 2, 1 9 b l

xou v.111 recall that vra arc in the process of a research project
that is designed primarily to improve our selection and training of nev;
Agents. The Strong Vocational Interest Blank r;hich you filled out last
fall v;as the first rain step in this project. As a second step, v:e
would like to Imovi more about the Agents attitudes tov.'ard their job.
The enclosed Survey of Occupational Attitudes has been prepared for
this purpose.
I v.'ould appreciate it if y o u -,/ould ansv.-er this questionnaire and
return it to me as soon as possible. The instructions arc given on the
first page. Me simply want your frank answers and nothing you put dorm
will have any bearing on your present or future status in the jisbensi) n
Service. You will notice that after you return the blank to no your
nane will be removed and a code number will be replacedso that you
vrill be anonyr.ious to the research workers.
The project is roving along and by the cooperationof each Agent
we should soon have sonc worthwhile information for improving the
effectiveness of our organisation.
Sincerely yours

John T. Stone
Specialist in iitonsion Training.
ihrclosuro
JTS :ba

Irecs- O f f i c e

nf

rh/.

n irfrrrv r

rn A ^ M fiu ,-

F v f^ n cin n

X A t / ' H i m .1

rrdl^cr/*

F .acf T a n c i n o

Code N o .

EXTENSION SERVICE RESEARCH PROJECT

’

SURVEY OF OCCUPATIONAL ATTITUDES

336

Sponsored by
The Michigan Cooperative Extension Service

WHAT THIS IS:

People have varying opinions about their occupations and
the work that they do from day to day.

Your reactions

to the attached questions will be used to help us establist standards for selecting future agents.

WHAT WE WANT YOU TO DO:
1.

Enter your name, title, and address on the bottom of

the page.

This portion of the questionnaire will be re­

moved and replaced by a code number.
2.

There are no right or wrong answers.

3.

Indicate some answer to every question.

It is im­

portant that you do not skip any of the questions.

Name..
Title .
Address

337

PART I .

Few people can excell in performing all of the different roles or tasks re­
quired of county extension agents. Listed below are 11 of the most common kinds of
things agents are called on to do. They each require somewhat different abilities
and training to perform satisfactorily. From your experience, which of these tasks
would you say it was most important for a new agent to shov; promise of doing par­
ticularly well, recognizing they are all important. Rate each role in comparison
to the others listed.
Circle (eT) if you feel it is extremely important that an agent be able to
perform the role exceptionally weii.
Circle ®
well.

if you feel it is very important that an agent perform this role

Circle (F) if you feel this role is important for an agent to be able to
perform satisfactorily.
Circle n ) if you feel it is not important for an agent to be able to per­
form this role satisfactorily.

E

V I

N

Performing officejietails, keeping records, writing reports, filing, etc.

E

V I

N

Acting as radiobr^adcaster.

E

V I

N

Acting as administrator, organizing and seeing that things are done,
writing reports, etc.

E

V I

N

Acting as demonstrator or public speaker, giving information, talks,
lessons, etc. before groups.

E

V I

N

Acting as a public relations man, maintaining good public relations,
keeping up contacts, Yuiiding useful friendships and good will, etc.

E

V I

N

Acting

E

V I

N

Acting as a consultant, giving people information and advice as
requested.

E

V I

N

Acting as a facilitator, or expediter, making it easy or possible
for people to follow extension recommendations or programs.

E

V I

N

Acting

as student, keeping up to date on new developments, etc.

E

V I

N

Acting

as newspaper reporter or columnist.

E

V I

N

Acting as a promoter, stimulating people to action in face to face
contact.

(T )

as an organizer or arranger of activities or events.

338

PART I I .

This set of questions is widely used to determine how satisfied people are
in different kinds of work. We are asking you to fill it out to see if there is a
relationship between extension agents' vocational interests and job satisfaction.
In addition, we need to know the job satisfaction of county extension workers so
that we can use it as a standard against which to compare prospective extension
workers. This is not a measure of a person's performance on the job or of his in­
tent to change jobs. It is merely an indication of the satisfaction which the total
job provides.
Each question, it should be noted, is made up of two parts. The first part
ask how you feel about some element of your work. The second part is an attempt
to determine how intensely you feel about it. Be sure to answer both parts of
each question.
1.

How well do you like your work? (check one)
I dislike it a great deal
I don't like it
I'm indifferent to it
I like it fairly well
I like it very much
I like it better than almost anything else.
How strongly do you feel about this?
Not at all strongly
Quite strongly
Very strongly

2.

How much of the time do you feel satisfied with your
occupation? (check one)
.. All of the time
Almost all of the time
Most of the time
A good deal of the time
Some of the time
Very little of the time
How certain are you about this?
Very certain
Fairly certain
Not at all certain.

3.

(check one)

(check one)

How do you feel about changing your occupation? (check one)
Would like very much to get into a
completely different occupation.
Would like to change to some related occupation
Am not eager to change but would consider
changing to a related occupation
Might consider changing to a closely related
occupation.
Would not consider changing
Undecided.
How sure are you about this?
Not at all sure
Fairly sure
Very sure

(check one)

339

PART II (continued)

1*. How well satisfied are you with your occupation?
Much more satisfied than other people
More satisfied than the average person
As well satisfied as most people
Less satisfied than the average person
Much less satisfied than other people
How strongly do you hold this opinion?
...Very strongly
Quite strongly
Not at all strongly
5.

6.

(check one)

How enthusiastic are you about your occupation?
Not at all enthusiastic
Only mildly enthusiastic
Quite enthusiastic
Very enthusiastic
How strongly do you feel about this?
Not at all strongly
Quite strongly
Very strongly

(check one)

(check one)

How important do you think your work is as compared to that
of other professional people? (check one)
Very important
Quite important
Slightly important
Not important at all
Undecided
How sure are you about this?
Very sure
Fairly sure
Not at all sure

7«

(check one)

How interested are you in your work?
Not interested at all
Only slightly interested
Quite interested
Very interested

(check one)

How much does being interested in your work mean
to you personally? (check one)
Means very little
Means quite a lot
Means a great deal

340

PART III.

In the job analysis study we are conducting to find ways extension agents
use their time it would be unrealistic to omit from careful consideration likes
and dislikes. In every job there are things we get a lot of personal pleasure and
satisfaction from doing. Other things we do because they need to be done. Your
answers will help us to find out what Michigan agents like to do most and what they
do because it is expected of them by the job.
Draw a circle around the key letter which best describes your feelings:
V if you enjoy veryjnuch; S if you get some enjoyment from it; D if you don't
enjoy doing it. Example: If you do not like playing the part of a public relations
man, circle D«
1.

Acting as a consultant

V

S

D

2.

Acting as a promoter

V

S

D

3-

Acting as an organizer

V

S

D

k.

Acting as newspaper reporter

V

S

D

5.

Acting as radio broadcaster

V

S

D

6.

Acting as administrator

V

S

D

7.

Acting as a demonstrator or public speaker

V

S

D

8.

Acting as a facilitator or expediter

V

S

D

9-

Performing office details

V

S

D

10.

Acting as student

V

S

D

11.

Acting as a public relations man

V

S

D

341

6080
IBM

000D0Q0 0000000000000000 000000000000000 0000000__
199159951991599419^^945991
1’1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
333333333 333333333333333333333333333333333333 33333333333333333333333333 33 3333333
444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 44444444
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 5 6 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 66
r 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 :7
v 86888888888888888188888888888888888868888888880888888888888883888388388888888888
' 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 &99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
1 2 1 4 5 I 7 I f 10 If U U M ^ I S I f n i l I t 3 B 2 i a a H 2 S S 2 7 a a 9 » » S ) 4 3 S X 1 7 i a 3 l « 41 4 I< I4 < 4 S 4 I< 7 4 I4 S S B SI a s j x a s i s i s i s s a I I S 2 n S 4 O l t S 7 U I 9
U C W tO FOB B it 0*510 MTtUT 1772.49?

70 7

in 7 )7 4 7 in n 7 l7 9 n

342