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SEASONAL RADIAL GROWTH OF SUGAR MAPLE (ACER
SACCHARUM MARSH) AS RELATED TO CERTAIN
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

By
CHARLES WILSON REIMER

A DISSERTATION
Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Botany and Plant Pathology

1952

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

One of the things which has continually impressed the
author during the course of this investigation was the fact that
there were persons both from scientific and nonscientific fields
who were willing to make parts

of this problem their problem.

Preoccupation with the problem itself prevented the au­
thor from keeping an accurate l is t of all the persons who aided
materially in one way or another.
omission of any names in this

This is the only excuse for

section.

Sincerest gratitude is expressed to Dr. G. P. Steinbauer,
under whose direction the problem was c a r r i e d out; for his en­
couragement,

critical reading of the manuscript,

very invaluable

and for many

suggestions as the problem developed.

Many excellent suggestions were also tendered by Dr.
L. W. Gysel, of the F o r e s t r y Department,

who was well able to

present the f o r e s t e r fs point of view in such a study.
F o r many hours of thought-provoking conversation,
author is indebted to Drs. G. B. Wilson and J.

C. Elliott.

the
Both

were kind enough to read p a r t s of the manuscript and offer help­
ful suggestions.

Appreciation is also expressed to Dr.

W. B. Drew, Head

of the Botany and Plant Pathology Department, for his

review of

the paper and criticisms from the ecologist's point of view, and
to several other members of the Botany Department who aided
in various ways.
Those who helped in the field recording include:
W. E. Wade, C. F. Hill, H. M. Smoot,
E. Brown, F re d Fines,

Miss J. C. Russell,

and H. Schlichting.

ing with field recordings,

Dr.
W.

In addition to help­

Mr. R. E. Williams also aided in

several necessary calculations.
The help of Mr. William Vinyard in taking the photo­
graphs is greatly appreciated,

as is also the assistance

ren­

dered by Mr. C. C. Thomas, which made possible the final
preparation of the thesis.
Probably the greatest
by my wife, Reba,

singular assistance was rendered

who, besides aiding in the initial establish­

ment of the equipment at the site,

by her continuous encourage­

ment and understanding made it possible for the problem to be
completed.
Thanks are also expressed to the Agricultural Experi­
ment Station of Michigan State College for financial aid in

iv

purchasing equipment for the project;

to the F o r e s t r y Depart­

ment for permission to use Tourney Woodlot and for use of
their

soil-moisture

resistance unit.

P e r m is s i o n to use weather bureau data was granted by
the Michigan Hydrologic Research Station, Soil Conservation
Service,

United States

Department of Agriculture,

in coopera­

tion with the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, and also
the United States Weather Bureau in East Lansing.
Final appreciation is expressed to The People of the
United States who, through their Congress,

made possible fi­

nancial aid necessary for the author to continue studies p r e ­
requisite to the presentation of this paper.

V

Charles W. R eim er
candidate for the degree

of

Doctor of Philosophy-

Final examination,

Dissertation:

Seasonal Radial Growth of Sugar Maple (Acer
saccharum Marsh) as Related to Certain En­
vironmental F a c t o r s

Outline of Studies
Major subject:
Minor subjects:

Botany
Soil Science, Glaciology,

Chemistry

Biographical Items
Born,

May 14,

1923, Indianapolis,

Indiana

Undergraduate Studies, Butler University,
University of Nebraska, 1943-44

1940-43,

Graduate Studies, Butler University, 1946-48;
State College, 1948-50, cont. 1951-52
Experience:

1946;

Michigan

Undergraduate Assistant, Butler University,
1940-43, Graduate Assistant, Butler Univer­
sity, 1946-47, Michigan State College, 194850, P r a c t i c e Teacher, Washington High School,
1947, L e c t u r e r , Butler University, 1947-48,
Instructor, Butler University, 1947-48, DePauw
University, 1950—
51, Member U. S. Army Ground
F o r c e s , 1943-46.

Member of the Society of the Sigma Xi
Member of the Indiana Academy of Science

Member of the American Association of Plant Taxonomists
Member of the A m erican Association for the Advancement
of Science
Member of the American Association of University P r o f e s s

SEASONAL RADIAL GROWTH OF SUGAR MAPLE (ACER
SACCHARUM MARSH) AS RELATED TO CERTAIN
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

By
Charles

W. Reimer

AN ABSTRACT
Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in p artial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Botany and Plant Pathology

Year

Approved

1952

Vlll
CHARLES W. REIMER

The

study was

ABSTRACT

undertaken to l e a r n more

tivity of the cambium of sugar maple
and also to determine
have on t r e e s

(A c er

about the ac­

saccharum Marsh),

what effect environmental factors

might

growing in a relatively undisturbed climax—
type

fo r e s t.
One hundred sugar maple t r e e s
growth studies

in Ingham County,

e r e d a p eriod of two growing
with a dial gauge
viz.,

10— to

inch DBH,

Michigan.

seasons

d endrom eter.

were

size

at various

m e a s u r e d with an e l e c t r i c a l

taken weekly

classes

were chosen

at b r e a s t height),

stations

15—to 20-

resistance

in the woodlot was
unit.

Blocks were

buried at the twelve—
inch and t h i r t y - s i x - i n c h levels.

eter.

cov­

and o v e r - 2 0 - i n c h DBH.

Soil moisture

perature

radial

Measurements

and were

Three

15-inch DBH (diameter

selected for

was taken at these

same

Soil tem­

stations with a soil therm om ­

Other environmental data were

se cur e d f rom a weather

station located j u st outside of the woodlot.
All three
of growth.

size c l a s s e s

showed the same

general pattern

Growth began the week ending May 5,

again the week ending May

11,

1950.

1949, and

It appeared that the

CHARLES W. REIMER

temperature of the

ABSTRACT

soil and air was important in determining

the time of initiation of radial growth at b r ea st height.

Since

solar radiation and total hours of sunlight also increased con­
siderably at the same time when f i r s t radial increases were
recorded, it is possible that some component of light might
also have had an important threshhold value controlling to some
extent the initiation of cambial
Two periods of marked

activity.
recession of the

were recorded, both in 1949 and 1950.
data considered, the indication

growth rate

Of the environmental

was that, in t er m s of "extrinsic**

control of the growth rate, total hours of sunshine were possibly
both directly, and in p a r t indirectly,
rence of these

recessions.

responsible for the occur­

It is also possible, however, that

1'intrinsic*1 factors controlled more directly the character of
the growth pattern.

In this investigation it was not possible

to determine which of these two factor complexes was more
important or what their interrelation might have been.
There was no definite time of cessation of cambial ac­
tivity.

In general, there was very little enlargement recorded

after the f i r s t week in September.

X

CHARLES W. REIMER

T re es

ABSTRACT

exposed to various b o r d e r s

measured along four radii.
of eccentric

There

of the f o r e s t were

was no consistent pattern

growth demonstrated by t r e e s

exposed to any one

borde r .
Total growth for
attributed to one or

1950 was le s s

than for

a combination of three

1949.

This was

major factors:

(1)

seed production in 1950, no seed production of consequence
1949;

(2) fewer hours of sunshine in 1950;

soil t em p er a tu r e s

(3) cooler a i r

and

in 1950.

Soil moisture within the woodlot was,
c r itic al at any time
ation.

in

apparently, not

during the growing seasons under consider­

Available moisture n e a r

the

south and west edges of the

woodlot dropped to a c r i t ic a l level during the l a s t few weeks of
the enlargement period for all t r e e s .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................

1

REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK ONTREE GROWTH

3

.

E a r l i e r Investigations and T e c h n i q u e s .................................

3

Concepts

9

...................................................................................................................

L o ng -te rm

Correlations

.........................................................

9

S h o r t - t e r m C o r r e l a t i o n s ..................................................................

15

Summary of Major C o n c e p t s .........................................................

32

Asymmetric

G r o w t h ..................................................................................

37

METHODS AND M A T E R I A L S .................................................................

41

Description of the A r e a ..........................................................................

41

Site L o c a t i o n ..................................................................................................

41

Vegetation and Land Use D a t a .................................................

41

Climatic F e a t u r e s ..................................................................................

43

Physical F e a t u r e s

44

(InghamC o u n t y ) .....................................

P h y s i o g r a p h y ................................................
D r a i n a g e .........................................................................................

44
.

44

S o i l s ..................................................................................................................

45

Physical F e a t u r e s

( S i t e ) .................................................................

46

x ii

Page
Analysis of Vegetation ( S i t e ) .................................................

53

Selected for S t u d y ..........................................................................

58

Measurement of Radial I n c r e a s e .................................................

77

Trees

Environmental F a c t o r s

Measured in the Woodlot .

.

79

Other Environmental F a c t o r s ..........................................................

89

OBSERVATIONS AND R E S U L T S ..........................................................

92

I n t r o d u c t i o n ...........................................................................................................

92

Radial Increase

in Trees

Measured Along

One R a d i u s ..................................................................................................
E arly Spring Measurements

94

to Determine

the Date of Growth Initiation

.

.

.

.

.

.

94

Description of Growth for

1949

96

Description of Growth for

1950

101

Comparison of Environmental F a c t o r s
Increase

with

Measured Along a Single Radius

.

.

.

I n i t i a t i o n ..........................................................................................................
P e r i o d of Increase
1949

to F i r s t Peak Rate

.

.

.

102
.

..................................................................................

112
112

1950
F i r s t Major Decline in Growth Rate

102

117
.

.

. .

.

118

Page
1949

...................................................................................................................

1950

122

Second P e r i o d of Increased Cambial Activity .
1949

125

...................................................................................................................

1950

125
127

Second Major Decline in Growth Rate
1949

118

.

.

.

.

128

.........................................................

128

1950

128

Third P e r i o d of Increased Cambial Activity

.

129

1949

..................................................................................................................

129

1950

.

130

.

.

F u rt h e r Decline
1949

.

and Cessation of Growth

.

.

.

130

..................................................................................................................

1950

130
132

easonal A s p e c t s ..........................................................................................
A Comparison of the Two Seasons of Growth .

133

.

133

.

137

Compared with P r e s e n t S t u d y .........................................

138

Comparison of Environmental Data Totals for
1949 and 1950 with Growth Totals

.

.

.

Other Growth Investigations of Sugar Maple

x iv

Page
Comparative
Parts
Increase

Results

ofthe

of Tree

Growth in Various

W o o d l o t ..............................................................................

inT r e e s

Measured Along F o u r Radii
,

.

161

.

161

91

Tree

92

...........................................................................................................

167

Tree

93......................................................................................................................

167

Tree

94......................................................................................................................

172

Tree

95

...........................................................................................................

172

Tree

96......................................................................................................................

179

Tree

97

.

179

Tree

9

.........................................

185

Tree

99......................................................................................................................

185

Tree

1 0 0 ...........................................................................................................

193

General C o n s i d e r a t i o n s ..................................................................

199

Comparative Observations of Data F r o m

.

.

Tree

8

.

.

142

the

Hydrologic Station and Data Taken in
Tourney W o o d l o t ......................................................................................................200
Other Observations on Soil Moisture

................................................201

Back Dating of Environmental D a t a .......................................................207
D I S C U S S I O N .........................................

210

XV

Page
Introductory R e m a r k s ................................................................................
Radial Growth Fluctuations

210

Throughout the

Growing S e a s o n ........................................................................................

213

Growth Initiation

213

................................................................................

Period of Greatest Metabolic

Activity

.

.

.

.

216

Growth C e s s a t i o n ................................................................................

223

A Comparison of Growth S t u d i e s ................................................

226

Growth in Various P a r t s

229

Trees

of the

Woodlot

.

.

.

.

Measured AlongFour R a d i i ......................................................232

F u rthe r Remarks About Environmental Factors

.

.

235

SUMMARY AND C O N C L U S I O N S ........................................................

239

BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................

244

APPENDIX

256

.

INTRODUCTION

The cambium of deciduous t r e e s

in this

at best only about one—
half of the calendar

a r e a is active

year

and many time

over a much s h o r t e r period.

During this time the rate

largement of the

considerably during different p a r t

of the growing

stem v a r i e s

season,

indicating

of en­

an uneven production and ma­

turation of cells.
Since the development of the

11Zuwachsuhr11 (Pfister,

1880), it has been possible to m easure
ness

in the living tr ee

increase.

this increase

in thick­

and also the fluctuations in the rate of

The i n c r e a s e s

obtained from

such measurements

due mostly to the activity of the cambium and should be

some

indication of the way in which the entire

tree

its

have shown this to be

environment.

Previous

the case for certain t r e e s

investigations

is

are

reacting to

affected by certain environmental

factors.
Unfortunately,

most investigations of this type have been

c a r r i e d out on coniferous
were but few major

species and until quite recently there

contributions to the

enlargement of deciduous woody stems.

subject of growth and
There have also been

2
but few studies of stem

enlargement of t r e e s

disturbed climax-type f o r e s t.
limited to t r e e s

situated in p ark s,

not within th ei r n atural
In the p r e s e n t
selected which were
of beech (Fagus
only three

Observations

range

study,

vidual t r e e s

have usually been

on cam puses,

yards,

or those

of distribution.

specimens

of sugar

maple were

growing in a relatively undisturbed stand

grandifolia)

and maple.

other growth studies

l argement of the

growing in an un­

stem.

on this

It was possible
species

to find

involving en­

These investigations dealt with indi­

and environmental conditions

at the

site itself were

not considered.
It seemed desirable not only to know more of the c h a r ac­
ter

and magnitude of growth but also

fac t o rs

at the

Therefore,

site which might influence this

environmental

growth pattern.

in addition to r a d i a l —
growth m e a s u r e m e n ts ,

environmental f a c t o rs

were

pose of this investigation,

relationships.

then,

p r e s e n t knowledge of f a c t o rs
species.

several

m e a s u r e d in an attempt to d e t e r ­

mine any possible co r r e la t iv e

forest

some of the

is

The ultimate p u r ­

to add something to our

which influence growth of this

REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK ON TREE GROWTH

Earlier

Investigations

and Techniques

It is most difficult to move backward through history in
an attempt to find the exact beginning of man's

i n te r e s t in the

phenomenon of periodic growth in woody stems.

The original

stimulus probably stemmed from observations of the ends of
cut or wind-thrown t r e e s .
Leonardo daVinci
of tree

McMurrick (1930) in his account of

stated that he (daVinci)

rings but went so f ar

garding their presence

as to give interpretations

and relative

thickness.

of Carl von Linne (from Erlandsson,
quite aware of tree

was not only aware

rings and also

re­

It is also

said

1936) that he too was

suggested relationships be­

tween them and climatic factors.
F r o m the l i t e r a t u r e
of the early i n te r e s t in this
pean continent.

available it would seem that most
subject was confined to the Euro­

Erlandsson (1936) has presented one of the

best accounts of this ea rly work in Europe.
By the
considerably.

19th century i n t e r e s t in tree

growth had increased

The main a r e a of inquiry was still in Europe but

work began to come f r o m botanists
(1941)
tors,

reviewed some

in the United States.

of the work of these

Glock

American investiga­

in addition to that of the more important investigators

Europe.

in

He said:

Actually dozens of r e f e r e n c e s could be cited to early
work on growth l a y e r s but they would quickly become r e p e ­
titious and we arisom e.
All in all, the publications contain
a curious mixture of inference and interpretation, and here
and there

a thread of sound botanical investigation.

It does

seem c l e a r ,

tion of instruments
tree

for

and even before

however,

measuring

were

radial i n cr e ase

special techniques

ing very careful m e a s u r e m e n ts
scientists

that even before the inven­

aware

of t r e e

were

Rainfall was usually the f actor

devised for mak­

rings from cut sections,

of the possibilities

the deposition of woody m a t e r i a l

in the living

of relationship between

and the external environment.

suggested as

being of p r i m e

im­

portance.
Toward the end of the
devised for
trunks.

19th century,

instruments

measuring the periodic in c r e a s e

were

in living tree

In 1879, according to MacDougal (1936), K a is e r con­

structed a special type of caliper which was claimed to be c a ­
pable of m e a su r e m e n ts

down to 0.01 mm.

time another instru m e n t (Zuwachsuhr)

At about the same

was constructed by

Pfister

(Boehmerle,

circling the t r e e

1883) which c o n s isted of a metal band en­

having one end attached to a compound l e v e r

pointing to a scale.

All

sorts

of modifications were

made fol­

lowing this p r incip le .

F r i e d r i c h (1905)

ment made by P f i s t e r ,

constructing what he t e r m e d a " Z u -

wachsautograph.11

A revolving drum was

was attached a marking device.

This

readings

days.

so f a r

o v er p er io d s

as

to as se m b l e

a bell in his office.
on the connector as
of the
stem

attached t r e e .
size

e l a b o r ated on the i n s t r u ­

of s e v e r a l

employed to which

allowed f o r

continuous

F ried rich

even went

a r ad ia l growth i n s t r u m e n t connected to
The bell would ring when tension was put

a r e s u l t of i n c r e a s e
An ap paratus f o r

which makes use

of the circ um fe re n ce
m e a su r i n g i n c r e a s e

of induced e l e c t r i c a l c u r r e n t s

mentioned by MacDougal (1938).

Polansky

a good review of the types of i n s t r u m e n t s
One of the g r e a t p ioneers
i nstrum e n ts

is

D.

T. MacDougal.

(1930)

has p r e s e n t e d

used up to

By use

a low coefficient of expansion e r r o r s
contraction were

minimized.

1930.
of

1918 MacDougal produced

a p r e c i s i o n i n s t r u m e n t mounted on a "floating f r a m e "
was t e r m e d a dendrograph.

is

of growth studies by use
In

in

which

of special m a t e r i a l s

with

due to such expansion or

One of the

se r io u s

objections

to

6

the use of the German instruments

was that this factor was not

taken into consideration.

MacDougal also designed a second type

of measuring apparatus.

This one,

sures

the increase

m easurements

in radius

called a dendrometer,

mea­

of a stem in contrast to diametral

obtained by use

of the dendrograph.

The den­

drometer is likewise mounted to the tree but has no a r r a n g e ­
ment for a recording drum (although modifications are possible
for

such use).

Measurements

vals from a pointer

must be made at desirable in te r ­

moving over a scale.

Both instruments are

described and illustrated by MacDougal (1936,
(1941,

1942,

1946) made use of these

1938).

Friesner

instruments in his orig­

inal investigations in Indiana and Maine.
In 1932 Reinike described a p r ecision dendrometer ap­
paratus

in which m easurem ents

Byram and Doolittle

are

(1950) gave an illustration of this i nstru­

ment, which they also used.

This instrument has found r a t h e r

wide acceptance among f o r e s t e r s
Recently,

made with a m ic rom e ter.

in te res te d in radial growth.

still another type of measuring device has been p r e ­

sented by Daubenmire
dendrometer.
to the tr ee .

(1945).

This is

also

r e f e r r e d to as a

It is not n e c e s s a r y to attach the instrument itself
Being of such a size that it fits

easily in one hand,

7
it can thus be used in measuring
minutes.
success

several t r e e s

in a m atter of

The dendrometer has been used with considerable
and r e p r e s e n t s one of the best methods yet devised to

measure

radial i n c r e a s e s

tity of m easurem en ts

are

in the field,

especially when a quan­

d esirable.

(1947), and Daubenmire (1949,

Daubenmire and Deters

1950), have

studied the radial

enlargement of se v er a l different types of t r e e s ,

using this in­

strument.
Although m ea su rem e n t of radial increase was greatly
aided by the use of instruments
invention and use by no means
volved d irect m ea su r em e n ts
ring.

In general,

activity are

attached to the living tree,
replaced techniques

of rings

which in­

and tis su e s within each

all of the techniques for measuring

mutually complimentary,

would seem profitable to m ea su re

their

cambial

and in some cases it

radial i n cr e ase both by in­

strument and by observation of histological sections.
Observations

and correlations

of radial increase

environmental

conditions falls into two categories:

term ,

short-term

and (2)

correlations.

with

(1) long­

In the fo r m e r ,

growth

is compared from year to year with s im ila r groupings of cli­
matic components.

The method usually employed is that of

8
measuring t r e e - r i n g

widths from cut slabs,

cut wedges or cores

taken by an increment b o r e r .

Douglass

lent review of these

Sometimes calipers

suring tape are

methods.

used f or determining

Short-term

series
tree

of a single

of cores

the

season.

Several methods

can be taken from different p a r t s

The tissues

are

at selected intervals

of correlation become

sections for

of the same

of the growing

of the

study.

The diffi­

apparent upon realization that

comparison have come from different t r e e s .

Even when taken from the

same t r e e

it must be recognized

that the growth pattern and rate quite possibly varies
ferent p a r t s
1942).

of the

stem (Jost,

Within limits, however,

Jost (1892),

A

then p r e p a r e d for observation and

m ea surem e n t according to the nature
culties

size increase.

only two of which need be mentioned here.

or from other t r e e s

season.

yearly stem

or a mea-

co rre la tion s deal p r i m a r i l y with the cambial

activity during the course
are possible,

(1936) gives an excel­

1892;
this

and Hanson and Brenke

Friesner,

in dif­

1940; Harmon,

method can be very useful.
(1926), used such a tech­

nique .
The dendrometer and dendrograph are

also used for

s ho r t- tim e observations although they are by no means

r e s t r i c t e d to such use.

With the exception of the extensive work

of MacDougal (1936), who did maintain his dendrographs in oper­
ation for

several years,

most other

studies have been for periods

of 1 or 2 seasons of growth.

Concepts

Long-term

About

1860, Keuchler and F u r r a s

results of t r e e - r i n g
the United States.
"broad rings

Correlations

(dock,

analyses done in the
The fo r m e r

(Keuchler)

1941) published

southwestern par t of
maintained that

indicate wet years and thin rings that can scarcely

be distinguished with the naked eye denote dry y e a r s "
1941, p.

650).

(Glock,

F u r r a s 1 work contradicted this in that it p r e ­

sented proof that rings in that p a r t of the country are not nec­
e s s a r i l y annual.

Bogue (Lodewick,

1930)

showed a relationship

between rainfall and ring width of oak in Michigan,

especially

when there was an abnormally heavy or light annual precipi­
tation.

According to Robbins (1921), the ring width of oaks in

Missouri varied inversely as the
May and June.

sum of mean temperatures for

There was a direct correlation with the growth

and March-to- June rainfall.

Ante vs (1928) found rainfall

10
c o r r e l a t i o n s b es t (75% agreement)
available

water is on the

“ dry l i m i t . “

rainfall-growth c o r r e l a t i o n s
trees

when it comes at a time

when

Lyon (1936) found highest

in New England with su pp re ss ed

of hemlock and next highest with codominant t r e e s .

The

general trend of c o r r e l a t i o n was g r e a t e r when rainfall for the
period fro m April to August was used.
Diller

(1936)

n o r t h er n Indiana.

r e p o r t e d on the growth rings of beech in

He concluded that growth usually v a r i e s

v e r s e l y with the June t e m p e r a t u r e ,
with June precipitation.
stated:
tor

and in most ca se s

the p r i m a r y

in annual ring growth.11

the

same period.

an inverse
Fuller

(1936)

role of limiting f ac­

They found d i r e c t corre la tion be­

tween annual—
ring width of oak and the average
July and August;

directly

Kleine, P o t z g e r and F r i e s n e r

“ P re c i p i ta t io n plays

in­

co r r e la t io n

(1938)

rainfall of June,

with t em p era tu re

for

r e p o r t e d c o r r e la t io n between

annual—
ring widths of r e d oak and rainfall in Illinois for 44
out of 66 y e a r s .

He cited examples of c e r t a i n t r e e s

which seem

to show no c o r r e la t io n with rainfall in any combination of months
taken.

In many c a se s,

however,

good, especially in dry y e a r s .

rainfall c o r r e la t io n s
Somewhat the

same

were very

r e s u lt s were

11
reported by Hansen (1941) for

conifers in arid habitats of Wash­

ington.
Douglass

(1936)

c o r r e la t e d the occurrence of sun spots

with tree-grow th cycles.
be overlooked,

however,

He said:

“ The possibility must not

that under certain conditions there

may be a d i r ec t relation between solar activity and tree growth
r at h e r than an indirect relation through rainfall or
climatic factor as i n te r m e d i a r y . 11

some other

Lodewick (1930) had stated

that the effect of sun spots appear to be through their influence
on rainfall.
Avery and co—
workers
servations

(1940) in New England made ob­

on hemlock t r e e s felled by the hurricane of 1938

and found little or no correlation between growth and either
rainfall or temperature.

They found annual-ring widths de­

c r e a s e d with increasing distance from the center, but state that
this does not indicate that less
circumference
they say.
white pine.

wood is formed;

the greater

more than compensates for the narrow rings,

Lyon (1943)

made a s im ila r

study on hemlock and

He reported very good correlation between rain­

fall and ring width using years
ra t e s for correlation.

of maximum and minimum growth

Evidences of lag and cumulative effects

12
were also noticed.

Importance of microclimate is noted by-

reference to the impossibility of cr o s s
Boston with those of New Hampshire.

dating of t rees from
Of this he said,

11. . .

each area has its own dates for local drouth and abundance
effects . . . M
From time to time voices were
eral trend of correlation of tree
especially against those papers

raise d against this gen­

growth with but few factors,

in which rainfall alone was iso­

lated as the correlating factor of prime

importance.

Sampson

(1940) wrote a brief article on 11The Dendrochronology Enigma1*
in which he minimized the importance of t r e e - r i n g
the importance placed on interpretations thereof.
journal and appended to his article

studies and
In the same

is one by Chapman (1940)

in rebuttal to the conclusions of Sampson.
Then,

in 1941, a review of the entire

subject of **Growth

Rings and Climate11 was presented by Glock (1941).
p r es se d surprise

at such correlations

He ex­

involving only rainfall

in relation to t r e e —
ring widths by saying:
A careful reading of the work having to do strictly
with the comparison of width of growth layers and rainfall
is apt to convey the impression that the fundamentals of
plant anatomy and physiology either have been neglected
or have not been investigated.

13
. . . studies
dents will deny; the
life.
To go f arther
of the fact that the

simply emphasize what very few stu­
great importance of water to plant
than this at p r e s e n t is to lose sight
deposition of cellulose is a complicated

process.
Some of the many factors
then listed by him.

involved in the growth p r ocess

are

Just how studies could be made to include

this myriad of factors is not cle ar from this

review.

As a

conclusion to the review (covering 203 references) Glock sug­
gested:
It seems abundantly c l e a r f i rs t , that rainfall and
temperature are of great importance to tree growth, sec­
ond, that under a certain combination of interacting factors
. . . rainfall and temperature have such an influence on
physiological p r o c e ss e s as to bring about a degree of sim­
ilarity at times in the fluctuations of tree growth and r ain ­
fall or temperature, and third, that correlations even if
they were of a high degree, do not pe r m i t the derivation
of past or future rainfall.
An understanding of plant physiology and anatomy
brought about by judicious experimentation under the strict
discipline of the botanist may ultimately reveal the c r i ­
t er i a by which growth l ay ers and their cellular structure
will yield a picture of the soil moisture regime and p e r ­
haps thereby indirectly, a picture of rainfall type.
In speaking of the " f a c to r complex"
explained:

"Of the environmental factors,

Friesner
light,

(1941)

temperature,

and available water are perhaps the most important.

In our

area . . . temperature and light a r e more often adequate with
available water becoming the limiting f a c t o r . "

Thus,

reason

14
is given by him for g r e a t e r attention to one factor in the com­
plex.
Correlations

seem most

satisfactory from semiarid r e ­

gions and from sites well drained and with light soil, although
recently Lyon (1949) published the results of an investigation on
rings of white pine growing in a bog.
pine t r e e s growing in a bog that is

He concluded:

subject to r i s e

11White

and fall of

water level in response to local rainfall and temperature fac­
t or s, are found to show,
essentially the

same

during years of unsuppressed growth,

sequences of narrow and wide rings as

tree s growing on nearby upland soil.'*
A great amount of work on tree

rings has come from the

Tree Ring Laboratory in Tucson, Arizona.
cates that when carefully applied, tree

Their work indi­

rings can be an index

of time lapse and can also show correlations with rainfall for
certain periods.

Schulman (1940)

recorded 412 references on

t r e e -r i n g analysis and suggested sources for more than 2,000
more references on the general subject.
in the Tree

Ring Bulletin, a publication organ for the Tree

Ring Laboratory.
cepts of tree

His paper appeared

F o r other

references

and review of con­

rings and their analysis, the rea der is r e f e r r e d

15
to Kleine, Potzger and F r i e s n e r (1936), Glock (1941,
Douglass (1936,

1937), and F r i e s n e r

and F r i e s n e r

1950),

(1941).

From the work done in this connection it would seem that
most long-term analyses have been made correlating rainfall and
temperature with t r e e -r i n g widths.

The growth-rainfall c o r r e ­

lations seem not to fit any particular pattern except in localized
areas and on certain selected sites where water
are not continuously favorable.

relationships

The specimens most frequently

chosen were those which were deemed particularly ^sensitive11
to availability of water (viz., oaks, hemlock, and pine).
perature correlations

Tem­

seem to vary also with the locality.

Some

workers found no correlation between growth and increase or
decrease in temperature for certain selected periods.

Others

found an inverse correlation with temperature during certain
parts of the year.
tion.

Still others found periods of direct c o r r e l a ­

In the light of these findings the importance of the plants1

microecology becomes more

apparent.

Short-term Correlations

In this type of correlation emphasis has been placed on
the factors which might influence the growth in width of a woody

16
stem over periods of hours or days in a growing season.
sults of such studies
t e r m correlations.
gators
growth,

should throw some

P ro b l e m s

in this field are:
(2) factors

of growth,

light on r es ults

of long­

of p r i m a r y concern to the investi­

(1) factors influencing the inception of

influencing the amount,

(3) factors

Re­

c h a r a c t e r and length

influencing the cessation of growth.

One of the very early investigators

into the

subject of

seasonal radial growth in woody plants was Hartig (1885).
investigator found in the Norway spruce
50 to 75 percent of the growth for the
(at a height of 27 meters)

This

and European larc h that
season was completed

on June 9, whereas only 18 to 35

percent of the total growth for the season was completed at a
height of 1.5 m e t e r s from the ground.
percentage appeared about the

In isolated t r e e s

same throughout.

the

As f a r as the

course of growth is concerned he reported that the European
l a r c h began growth on April 25 and terminated growth on July
1.

The awakening of cambial activity,

upon temperature,

he said, is dependent

and that soil temperature,

insolation, and

thickness of the bark were influencing factors.
Jost (1892)

studied the course of growth by felling trees

(larch, pine, oak and maple)

every

14 days and measuring the

17
amount of wood a c c r e t i o n .
lationship between axial
growth well
latter

(190 5)

Scotch pine
sam e

found:

radial

(1905),

st e h t wohl

erst

showing

re­

He found axial

.Using c a l i p e r s

the

w atering

amount of

using

a

recht a u s se r

again the

a

the

(Kluppen)

stand of

“ Zuwachs."

11Z u w a c h s a u to g r a p h , 11

F ruhjahrs—
und S o m m e r w it t e r u n g

Bourne E in flu sz u b t M;

the

growth began and that

artificially

increases

Friedrich

c o n c e r n was

growth.

the f o r m e r .

showed that

M. . . es

jeweilige

than

(in A u s tr ia)

year

and r a d i a l

way before

laste d longer

Bohmerle

The

under

His p r i m a r y

Zweifel d a s z

auf das

die

Wachstum d e r

importance

of rai n f al l

on growth.
In the
anatomical

United States

observations

no ap p r e c i a b l e

on P in u s

difference

n o r th and south sides

Brown (1912)
ri g id a

described
specimens.

in awakening of the

of t r e e s

studied.

He

results

of

He found

ca m b iu m on the

stated:

. . .
a n u m b e r of p e c u l i a r i t i e s a l r e a d y noted by
o t h e r s a r e p r e v a l e n t in m a t u r e s p e c i m e n s [of P . r i g i d a l .
T hese a r e :
(a) l e s s e n e d density on the south side of t r e e s ,
(b) i r r e g u l a r i t y of c a m b ia l awakening in closely neighboring
p a r t s of the same section, (c) s u c c e s s i v e f o r m a t i o n of new
e l e m e n t s before p r e v i o u s ones have r e a c h e d t h e i r maximum
size, and (d) double rin g s . . . .
In ana t o m i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s
(1913)

sa id that the

resting

of the

cambium

ca m b ium Knudson

of l a r c h

included 6 rows

of cells,

the

entire

section m e a s u r i n g

also r e p o r t e d on minute
white pine.
single

He

season;

34 m i c r o n s .

ob se r v at i o n s

of s t e m

one in the

spring,

which he

s t o r e d food in the trunk;

August,

said is

which he

of the c u r r e n t

corded two s i m i l a r

due to the
se aso n.

r a i n f a l l conditions

m a t e r i a l was

collected.

found two such p e r i o d s

J o s t is

made

on

within a

a s s o c i a t e d with the
the o t h e r

in July and

utilization of photo synthetic

Brown noted that Mischke

optima in pine

with specific

f u r th e r

sections

r e c o r d e d two o p t im a l —
growth p e r i o d s

utilization of the

products

Brown (1915)

but

sought to c o r r e l a t e

re­
them

during the p e r i o d in which his
also

cited by Brown as having

in all but t h r e e

sp e ci m en s

examined;

that m ax im al growth o c c u r r e d a t v e r y different t im e s

in different

sp e cie s

and soil conditions.

although growing under
B r o w n 's

" s i m i l a r 11 climatic

conclusion to this

was:

Undoubtedly this p e r i o d i c i t y of growth is connected
with the perio dic change in the type of wood f o r m e d , the
well known t r a n s i t i o n f r o m spring to s u m m e r o r autumn
wood.
The spring wood has the wide lumen and thin wall
which is

a s s o c i a t e d with r a p i d extension,

About the initiation of cambial
the d isp l a c e m e n t of i n t e r c e l l u l a r
neighborhood of the
ship to this

air

ring by w a te r

r en ewal of activity.

activity Brown
s pa ce s

may b e a r
As f a r

as

in the

said that

rays

a causal

in the

relation­

c e s s a t i o n of activity

19
is

c o n c e r n e d he

of e x c e s s

advanced the p o s s i b i l i t y

foods

m a y be

a wet and w a r m
may be
factor

sum m er,

restarted,
is,

the

adds

ca u se

**.

. . but the f a c t that,

both longitudinal

s u p p o r t to the

a lack

of m o i s t u r e . 11

m o i s t u r e 11 r e f e r s

to the

ac t u a l

of the p l a n t to take

D escribing
Utah, K o r s t i a n
May
later

19,

R eim er

ash)

peratures;

This

is

found th at

th is

activated

in w a t e r

ho we v er,

1'l a c k

for

to a p o s s i b l e
sta te d .

unfolded.
(1941,

1943),

all

in o t h e r

deciduous

deciduous
species
correla­

g r o w t h 11 and c u r r e n t
of H a r ti g

tem ­

(1896).

Lodewick

(1925)

a m e r i c a n a began f i r s t

but a f t e r

11. . . growth p r o g r e s s e s

and

between the unfold­

dendrograph,

of o b s e r v e d t r e e s ,

in

At a

K o r s t i a n found no d i r e c t

a c t i v i t y in F r a x i n u s

of

in the t r u n k on

true

to the findings

a Mac Doug a l - t y p e

side

relationship

of d i a m e t r a l

in c o n t r a s t

or

growth

governing

t h is

i s not

Friesner

i n it i a t i o n to be

1936).

11m a r c h

ca m b ia l

south

soil

the l e a v e s

1938),

same

not t r u e ,

(MacDougal,

Using

in the

with

of g r o w t h of the box e l d e r

after

(1936,

and c a m b ia l

tion betw e en the

was

weeks

(1949) found the

species.

on the

character

radial

Whether

(1920) found that g r o w t h began

MacDougal

ing of l e a v e s

(e.g.,

the

about t h r e e

date

lack

and

view t h a t the

rather,

l a c k of ability

t h a t an a c c u m u l a t i o n

more

all

the ca m b ium

rap id ly on the

20
north s i d e . 11
from June

9 to

p r e c e d e d this
factor

A r e s t p e r i o d of about ten days
19.

Several

cessation

soil

wood of A c e r

saccharinum

in N e b r a s k a .

Fourteen

rate

silver
form er
was a

sections

w e re

of the

layer

the

maple between A p r i l
by S e p t e m b e r

He

concluded that it

an a t o m i c a l

same

cam pestris

taken during
species,

cambial la y e r

m o re

studies

the

in the

about O c to be r

14.

season,

was

an

a s h about A p ril

m ap le,

(Britt.)

the

u sed as

r a p i d l y new ce l ls

20 and 27.

of the

to d e t e r m i n e

were

be­

15 and in the

Growth c e a s e d in the

14 and in the l a t t e r by August

slight i n c r e a s e

relations,

so that the ca u sa t iv e

and F r a x i n u s

Growth began in the

14 and t e r m in a t i n g

resuming
As f o r

15.

There

about S ep tem b er
e n v ir on m en tal

cor­

they found no c o r r e l a t i o n between c a m b ia l activity

and p r e c i p it a t i o n ;
and t e m p e r a t u r e
60 d e g r e e s
verse

(L.)

made

The width of the

the w i d e r the

ing f o r m e d .

m oisture.

(1926)

a d i f fe r e n t t r e e

of growth.

index;

ac tiv ity

tem perature.

Hanson and B r enk e

each f r o m

recorded

of p r e c i p i t a t i o n i m m e d ia te l y

of c a m b i a l

could not have bee n

probably was

days

was

a direct
increase

Fahrenheit,

co rre la tio n.

c o r r e l a t i o n between c a m b ia l
in the

after

sp r i n g until it

which t h e r e

activity

r e a c h e d about

s e e m e d to be an in­

21
P riestly
tivity.

Of the

(1930)

d i s c u s s e d the c h a r a c t e r

initiation of growth he

of cambial

ac­

said:

The r e s u m p t i o n of c a m bia l activity in each growing
se ason is a somewhat elusive phenomenon, beginning in one
region it grad ua lly s p r e a d s to o t h e r s , and s i m i l a r l y its
fluctuations and c e s s a t i o n s of activity a r e not simultaneous
throughout the whole of the
This b ring s

to mind the d i f fe r en c es

completion in va r i o u s
Hartig

tree.

parts

of the

in p e r c e n t a g e
same

tree

as

of growth
r e p o r t e d by

(1885).
Of the phloem P r i e s t l y

that th er e

is

stated:

any m a r k e d c e s s a t i o n of a c t iv i t ie s

differentiation during the w i n t e r . "
(Daubenmire,

1946,

1947,

Dougal,

1938)

indicate,

1936,

fact that,

“ It is not at all c l e a r

1950;

at l e a s t in a r e a s

of en l a r g e m e n t is

As

more

F riesner,

having a winter

discernible.

r e c e n t works

1941,

evidence points

In w a r m e r

of growth and

1942;

Mac­

to the possible
season,

climates

no activity
this

may

well be the c a s e .
Lodewick (1930)
leaf pine

in F l o r i d a .

of Mexico where
the g r e a t e r
were

took c o r e s
The

site was

the annual

amount coming

taken f r o m a r a n g e r

from

specimens

seven m i l e s

of the long—

from

the Gulf

rainfall is ^approximately 60 inches,
in July and August.
station 4—
1/2

Rainfall data

m il e s f r o m

the

site.

22
He

concluded t h a t p r e c i p i t a t i o n f r o m

to the

middle of O c t o b e r

tion of
cent.

the

greatest

s u m m e r w o o d with a qu alitative
" S p r in g w o od f o r m a t i o n

of r a i n f a l l .
vary

has

about the

more

The

sum m er

directly

is

with the

r a i n f a l l . 11

“ o t h e r f a c t o r s 11 which e x e r t ,

or

of June

effect on the p r o d u c ­

correlation

alm ost

wood,, on the

middle

of 91 p e r ­

a constant
other

irrespective

hand,

Mention is

m ig ht e x e r t ,

appears
made

influence

to

of

on

springwood p r o d u c t i o n .
As

to v i g o r

the d e p a r t u r e
general

of the

curve

A correlation
diam eter

and

is

radial

curves

usually

was

enlargem ent,

of v a r i o u s

in amount

even

unnecessary

among

to m a k e

Pearson

sim ilar

m ore

(1937),

He

rath er

accurate

on the o t h e r

classes

or,

small

leaf

known to

those

with l a r g e

are

more

full c r o w n s . 11

growth of u p p e r —
story tr e e s

"So

shapes,

volume
hand,

the

and a v e r a g e

l i t t le

agreem ent

th at i t was

m ain tain ed:
trees

at a s l o w e r

Bordoux (1946)

had no d i r e c t

from

deemed

com putations."

specifically,
grow

s a id t h a t

than in d i r e c t i o n .

sta te d :

crown

with u n d e r s i z e d c r o w n s
surface,

vigor

a t t e m p t e d b etw e en c r o w n volume

but m e t with f a i l u r e .

was found,

Lodewick

“ Trees

having
rate

a

than

m a i n t a i n e d that

rela tio n

to e i t h e r

23
crown space
a r e a of the

or

c r o w n volume

the

to the

(193 3)

reported

on the

tree

to a s s u m e

amount of wood p r o d u c e d .

was

less

lesser

than

in a young

th at much m o r e

in t r a n s l o c a t i o n
available

i n f o r m a t i o n gives

Kienholz

(1934)

The

was on c o n i f e r s .

2,

maximum

9.

on old o r

and the

same

the

maximum,

average

for

No
as

to

phenomenon of two
(1915).

His

reached

increasing

m in i m u m ,

rate.

and

tre e s."

weekly growth

growth

reasonable

su ch t r e e s .

Growth c e a s e d on O c to b e r

humidity and the

responsible

seems

12 and

slightly,

that

in an old and

any c o nc lu sio ns

large

concluded t h a t not e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s
were

in

as found by Brown

decreasing

no c o r r e l a t i o n between

relative

for

area

in lifting w a t e r

products

g ro u n d s

sur­

c o n c lusion s w e r e

f,It

u se d

Growth began on May

m a x i m u m on June
on J u ly

tree.

is

o b s e r v e d the

in growth r a t e ,

tem peratures

energy

of photo synthetic

efficiency of l e a v e s

maxima

surface

r e l a t i o n of l e a f

amount of wood p r o d u c e d by a unit lea f

large

with

crown.

MacDougal
face

but did c o r r e l a t e

From

rate
this

a first

to a

1.
or

work

second

He found
mean

nor

air

between

he f u r t h e r

but i n t e r n a l f a c t o r s

the

double

maximum,

e s s e n t i a l l y with P r i e s t l y

(1930),

and Brown

thereby agreeing
(1915).

The

two

24
maxima

are

said by him to c o r r e s p o n d

with the f o r m a t io n

springwood and s u m m e r wood,

respectively.

Stevens

s i m i l a r phenomenon f o r

i.e.,

recorded

a first

a somewhat

m a x i m u m of e n l a r g e m e n t c a m e

8 and a second m a x i m u m
r e s u l t was
of s u g a r

recently

finally

of some

roots;

on June

A somewhat
(1950)

f or

sim ilar

the

roots

to

s e v e r a l kinds

and intro du c ed into A r i z o n a .
ov er p e r i o d s

growth of P in u s
1918 and

deciduous t r e e s
of one to

v e r y d e t a il e d and extensive

r e p o r t e d on by MacDougal

had attac h ed d e n d r o g r a p h s

tween

in r o o t s

said that

m ap le.

were

species

4.

r e p o r t e d by M o r r o w

In 1936 r e s u l t s
ies

on Oc to b e r

Kienholz

of

1934.
are

several

are

years.

presented

years.

worker

both native

of growth on these

Complete

p r e s e n t e d covering

Many o t h e r

This

of t r e e s

He kept r e c o r d s

of s e v e r a l

radiata

(1936).

records

of

years

be­

the

data on both coniferous

covering o b s e r v a t i o n s

Only some

stud­

and

over periods

of the p e r t i n e n t conclusions

will be p r e s e n t e d h e r e .
MacDougal b el i ev e d that the initiation of growth in A c e r
m ac ro p hy llu m was

d e t e r m i n e d by r i s i n g

the t e r m i n a t i o n of wood f o r m a t i o n was

the

In this
r o o t s was

tem perature

but that

due to o ther f a c t o r s .

ca se it is not m o i s t u r e , as the soil around
" w e t 1* at all t i m e s .
C e s s a t io n of growth

25
took p l a c e u n d e r f a v o r a b l e t e m p e r a t u r e s and about 20 days
b ef o r e any d e t e r i o r a t i o n of l e a f g r e e n was v i s i b l e .
It is
p r o b a b l e t h a t a c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s of the l e a v e s would un­
c o v e r the d e c i s i v e f a c t o r s .
His

results

m etral

on the

gro w th c o inc id e n t with a

him to the
final
ers

M o n t e re y pine

con c lu sion t h a t t h i s

s t a t e m e n t on A.
of th is

maple

precipitation o r
This
continuous

the

m acrophyllum

he

soil

therefore,

m oisture

investigator

ing to him

causative factor.
said:

“ The

As

a

annual l a y ­

a r e c o r d of

c o n d i t i o n s . 11

seasons.

radial

growth m ay be

He p r e s e n t e d

and M o n te re y c y p r e s s

continuous

deficiency leading

not c o n s t it u t e

m a i n t a i n e d that

throughout a l l

Monterey pine

soil—
m oisture
was

would,

of

showed a t e r m i n a t i o n of d i a ­

g ro w t h was

to

also

data f r o m

support th is.
reported from

Accord­
Africa

and J a v a .
He
was

maintained also

i m p o s e d by the

t h a t the

environment

rhythmic

and

action of t r e e s

should not be taken

as

an

i n h e r i t e d condition.
In t e m p e r a t u r e
h eated t r e e s
said th is

for

m erely

15 days
shows

addition to c o r r e c t
m en t c o n c ern in g

experim ents
and they

MacDougal (1936)

showed no r e s p o n s e ,

that o t h e r f a c t o r s

tem perature,

artificially

for

are

cambial

environm ental f a c to r s

was

but he

responsible,
initiation.

in

A state­

given by him:

26
The b a l a n c e betw e en w a t e r supply and t r a n s p i r a t i o n
and t e m p e r a t u r e of growing ce l l m a s s e s a r e the dominating
conditions in both r a d i a l and t e r m i n a l growth.
Conventional
m e t e o r o l o g i c a l s t a t i s t i c s as wind d i r e c t i o n and velocity,
c l o u d i n e s s , sun shin e, r e l a t i v e humidity, p r e c i p i t a t i o n , ev a p ­
o r a t i o n f r o m the soil, a i r t e m p e r a t u r e , a r e of value only
as they affect t r a n s p i r a t i o n and the t e m p e r a t u r e of c e l l
m a s se s .
Two y e a r s
tree

later

growth in which he

numerous

deciduous

cluded.

In the

saccharum.

A.

A.

saccharinum ,
A. rubrum .
saccharum

York Bo tanica l G a r d e n .
1920,
It was

at about the
not until

"positive

he

tim e

June

4,

and r a p i d . "

the c a m b i u m .
C e ntig rad e

This

a t the

trees.

Reference

particular

trees

growth of
up to
are

in­
A.

A . negundo. A . p s e u d o p l a t a n u s . A .

and A.

ca m p estre.

described
D iam etral

growing in the New

increase

when l e a v e s
ho we ver,

was

th at the

About J u l y

began on May

had r e a c h e d full
increase

expansion.

was

at

of August growth c e a s e d .

tem perature
diametral

was

the

was between
increase

12,

became

1 the gr o w t h r a t e

condition m e a s u r e d

tim e

a book on

d i s c u s s e d g r o w t h data for:

h i g h e s t and ar o u n d the f i r s t

only e n v i r o n m e n t a l

presented

and d i s c u s s e d the

g ro wth of t h e s e

genus A c e r

m a c r o p h y ll u m ,
The

described

(1938)

and c o n i f e r o u s

1938 p e r t i n e n t to the

its

MacDougal

tem perature

The
of

15 and 20 d e g r e e s

became

"positive."

27
Friesner

(1941)

of investigations
was of F a g u s
about the
trees

tion which a r e

tives

The

variable

same

were

water

are

d e n d r og r a p h ic
studied by the

of the following

species

o r i g in a l

15.

The

site f r o m

wer-e

F riesner

se ason

eva p o r a t i o n r a t e ,

at t h e i r

method,

three

s e a s o n to

a l im itin g f a c t o r

sam e

study

controlling wood f o r m a ­

tem perature,

s a i d light m ay bec o m e

and a v a ila b le

series

“ g r a n d p e r i o d 1* of growth.

on the
as:

of a

Growth in the b e e c h began

“ m ost important factors

Using the
ous t r e e s

a dendrometer.

showed the

day to d ay “

He

perature

results

Middle of May and c e a s e d about July

l i s t e d the t h r e e

w a te r .

employing

g ran d i f o l ia in Indiana.

studied all

and f r o m

pu blis h ed the f i r s t

and

“ if t e m ­

optimum.**

five

author
s e l e c te d :

species
(1942b).

of decidu­
R epresenta­

Fagus

grandifolia.

Ulmus a m e r i c a n a . Ulmus f u l v a , A c e r s a c c h a r u m , and Q uercus a l b a .
The exact e n v i r o n m e n t was not d i s c u s s e d but it a p p e a r s that th es e
t r e e s were not growing in e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y u n d i s t u r b e d a r e a s .

All

four sp e ci e s (F. g r a nd if olia had been p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d on) were
said by him to exhibit the " g r a n d period** of growth.

In another of

his p r e s e n t a t i o n s (1943) he mentioned that IJ. a m e r i c a n a did not ex­
hibit this *'g r a n d p e r i o d " c h a r a c t e r .
Dr. F r i e s n e r c l e a r s up the point.

A r e c e n t communication with

The idea was c o r r e c t l y stated

28
in his

paper

of

1943 when he

no r e s e m b l a n c e
made

no

to

on May

curves.

(1942b).

t his p h e n o m e n o n
and o t h e r s .
stated that
tiation,

of p e a k

growth

external

ending

occur

environment.
been

Brown
also

a m o u nt,

radial

rate

June

Kienholz

reported for

to m in d
(1934),

Ulm us.

He

i m p o r t a n t in d e t e r m i n i n g

ini­

and c e s s a t i o n

but

daily

attributed

to

observed

b r i n g in g

(1915),

began

according

were

30),

showing

increase

of growth,

ind ep e n d en t of definable
The

(1947)

in with t h o s e

end of July,

of g r o w t h

are

D a u b e n m ir e

showed

rhythm

to i n t e r n a l

of r a t e

causes

rhythms
of r o o t

by F r i e s ­

(1919).
In

five
t im e
to

rate,

rhythms

h as

by the

was

co n ditio ns

species

saccharum

r e p o r t e d by

external

elongation a l s o
ner

9 and week

Such a p a t t e r n

tim e

t hat the

completed

as

t h is

In A.

Two p e a k s

(week ending June

in the

including

12 and was

F riesner

LT. a m e r i c a n a

' ‘g r a n d p e r i o d 11 g r o w t h .

distinction,

“ grand p e r i o d "

e x p l a in e d t h a t

1946 F r i e s n e r

seasons*

and Waldon

growth of P i n u s

of i n it i a t i o n of r a d i a l

May 26;

tim e

(1946)

strobus

in Maine.

enlargement

of c e s s a t i o n f r o m

T em perature,

according

to t h e m ,

portant factor

in c o n t r o l l i n g

the

published

appeared
time

of

They found the

varied from

Septem ber

results

April

15

18 to N o v e m b e r

to be

the

m ost im ­

of i n it i a t i o n of r a d i a l

1.

29
enlargement,
heit.

the c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e

Rainfall

correlations

rainfall data were
same

species

used.

species)

(1946).

were

altitudes

summer

length and t e m p e r a t u r e

20 c e n t i m e t e r s
growth begins

activity was

to the

1949).

He

tem peratures,
Further,

at a r a t h e r

p h o t o p e r i o d is m . 11

or

stop cambial activity u n l e s s

on the

might not be

was

studied by
trees

(four

r e t a r d e d at higher
much l e s s

at higher

r e l a ti o n of day—
activity were

concluded that the begin­
rel a ti o n sh i p

to maximum

even to soil t e m p e r a t u r e

he

said:

"In

well defined p e r i o d

According

annual

(1949)

initiation of cambial

growth had no close

depth.

was

32 coniferous

shrinkage

Fahren­

at l e a s t in that a r e a .

Investigation into the

made by him (Daubenmire,

or minimum a i r

study

Cambial

than a t lower.

ning of d i a m e t r a l

that t e m p e r a t u r e

at different altitudes

In this

used.

elevations and late

by Daubenmire

in growth initiation,

Growth of t r e e s

50 d e g r e e s

“ fair*1 when average

Results

in Idaho indicate

the im p o r t an t f a c t o r

Daubenmire

were

being

m o s t in stan c es
suggestive

to him low t e m p e r a t u r e s
the t e m p e r a t u r e

at

drops

of

cannot

to f r o s t

levels.
Daubenmire
of deciduous

and D e t e r s

and e v e r g r e e n

(1947)

trees

made

in Idaho.

com p a rativ e
The

trees

studies
selected

30
were

a p a r t of the

of Idaho.

The

arboretum

character

same

All of the

tim e

trees

g r ew m o r e

tion was

same.

in the

in the

Cumulative

season.

trees

summer

end of the f r o s t
the f i r s t f r o s t

season

The

trees

Their

(with the

are

but the

results

earlie r

(Friesner,

Different t r e e s

drought.

began growth at

and t e r m i n a t e d

1942).

were

cast

The

initia­

each of the
responses

s e a s o n began b efore

the

in a d v a n c e 11 of

Daubenmire

(1950)

found negative

r e l a ti o n between photoperiod and the beginning of cam b ial
He e x p r e s s e d the

idea in one publication (1949)

of c a m b iu m s

due to genetic

some

p r a c t i c a l l y the

p r e s e n t e d for

TIwell

situa­

in autumn.

In another p a p e r

in r e s p o n s e

2

in r i n g - p o r o u s

showed varying

growing

ex­

s e a s o n the e v e r g r e e n

and F a g u s

growth c u r v e s

studied.

growth was

studied

deciduous

concept that growth begins

f or U l m u s . Q ue rcu s

17 s p e ci e s
to the

E arly

than in d iffu se—
porous

tion dates

species

University

which began a p p r o x i m a t e l y

r a p idly than the

reversed later

doubt on the
trees

all o t h e r s ) .

of the

seasonal

in both y e a r s

ception of Robinia pseudo a c a c i a ,
months before

campus

of cum ulative

c o m p a r e d and c o n t r a s t e d .
ap p rox im ately the

on the

differences

of the

same

"among

the

cor­
activity.

that d iffe ren c es

species

may p o ss i b ly be

species

and e c o t y p e s 11

31
studied.

Daubenm ire

on P. p o n d e r o s a

(1950)

races.

among the populations
si derable

p ublished r e s u l t s

There
despite

a p p e a r e d but

upon the

duration was not r e l a t e d

growing

d i f f e r e n c e 11

was

Mcon­

Daylength s e e m e d

season

to population o r

such a study

“ l i t t le

the f a c t th at t h e r e

v aria tio n* 1 within a population.

have no influence

of

to

and c a m b ia l activity

race

gro u pin gs.

He

said:
Daylength e i t h e r does not d e t e r m i n e the beginning of
c a m b ia l ac t iv i t y o r on this h a b itat o t h e r conditions m a s k e d
the influence of daylength.
Since the r e s u l t s of e a r l i e r
studies . . . als o f u r n i s h negative evidence of photoperiodic
c o n tr o l o v e r inception of c a m b i a l activity, the f o r m e r of the
two p o s s i b i l i t i e s
Study of a
echinata)

when t h e r e
fall.

single

by B y r a m

r e v e a l e d that the

mentioned above
s p e c i m e n of

and Doolittle

greatest

was only a

during the
Because

st a t e m e n t s

the limiting

(1950),

using

(P in u s

a d e n d r o m e te r ,
in the

spring

effect*1 was

r e c o r d e d for these

two

summ er.

no s o i l —
m oisture

on soil m o i s t u r e

in June;

s h o r t l e a f pine

correct.

slight amount of c o r r e l a t i o n with r a i n ­

st a te d it was l ikely th at
factor

to be

amount of growth came

A “ definitely po sitiv e

factors

appears

th at “ f o r

effect of the

data were

m u s t be

soil m o i s t u r e

taken as

hypotheses.

They

began to be a limiting

the p e r i o d July
m oisture

taken by them t h e i r

9 to August 8 . . .

supply on growth has become

32
a p p a r e n t . 11
paper.

It is

They

difficult to i n t e r p r e t

two

sta te m e nts fro m

their

stated:

During the s p r i n g p e r i o d of r a p i d growth, the t h r e e
m o s t i m p o r t a n t g ro w t h f a c t o r s (light, m o i s t u r e , and t e m p e r ­
ature) have t h e i r o p t im u m v a l u e s , and growth is at a m a x ­
imum.
In s u m m a r y

they

said:

Thus, in s p r i n g , t e m p e r a t u r e , sunshine and c e r t a i n
i n h e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the t r e e a r e l im i ti n g f a c t o r s
r e l a t i v e to growth.
If the f i r s t
istics"
is

sta te m e n t

could be

true,

is

listed

true

as

lim i ti n g

then only m o i s t u r e

Summary

As

a whole

helpful in s o r t i n g
the

out

gators

ac tiv ity

is

some

of the

a m in i m u m

internal

pine,

although he

all.

Friesner

says

m u s t be
(1936)

at

have

spring.

for

been v e r y

involved in

question of initiation
solved.

Some i n v e s t i ­

a c e r t a i n l e v e l for

found 8 d e g r e e s

may not be

and Waldon (1946)

during the

correlations

The

tem perature
t h is

If the l a t t e r

Concepts

to be not yet

MacDougal

spring.

m ajo r problems

a c tiv ity.

seems

1' i n h e r e n t c h a r a c t e r ­

an o p tim u m

of M a j o r

say that t e m p e r a t u r e

division to begin.

at

in the

short-term

evaluation of c a m b i a l

of cam b ia l

as

these

then only the

cambial
a direct

sa id the

cell

Centigrade

initiation in
correlation

critical

air

at

tem perature

33
was

50 d e g r e e s

and

Brenke

(1926)

tem perature
ple

it

grees

rose

began

with

Daubenmire

maple

Idaho.

He

sponsible
evidence

it

would

mones.

This

would

as

c a m b ia l

d ec idu o u s

ash,

beg in

as

air

"rise

(1949)

in

in

study

was

60

d e­

tem ­

later

of

g ro wth

included
trees

more

but

ma­

conifers.

evergreen

photoperiod

for

ince p tio n

T h is

and

the

reached

ac tivity

between

and

H a n se n

in

l ik e ly
(1950)

re­
gave

not.
internal

factors

basipetally
which,

them
set

up

by

after

to

Soding

production

of

translocation

activity
a

(1936)

and

s e q u en c e

m aintained
hormones

to

secondary

production

expressed

by

of

hor­

the

" Wuchstoff—
W achstum-W uchstoff—
W achstum."

MacDougal
m on es

the

correla ted

i n it i a t i o n

buds

incite

of

that

proceeds

tissues

of

(1896)

to

For

Fahrenheit

tem perature.

other

was

imm ature

as:

so i l

other

degrees

relationship

cambial

for

growth

author

no

in Maine.
activity

tem perature

suggested

that

As

the

and

for

52

Hartig

or

pine

cambial

initiation

air

sugar

in

the

found

either

t hat

as

found
above

F ahrenheit.

perature*'

and

Fahrenheit for

being

(1936)

also

m e n t i o n e d the p o s s i b i l i t y of h o r ­

at l e a s t p a r t i a l l y

responsible

for

cam bial

34
initiation.

Soding

(1936)

growth-promoting

substances

found th at c a m b i a l
below the

and l a t e r
into

gro w th was

a p plica tio n.

Avery

instrum ental

of p lan t growth
(1937)

in

ejt al.

and by Skoog

work has

als o

been c a r r i e d

tors

quite

of this

species

(notable

m ire

[1947,

Even

so,

it is

case

may be,
There

on the l a t t e r
fers];

The

1949b]),

is

part

F riesner,

1950 [conifer]).

all

are
few

seasons*

1942 [deciduous

The

the

growing

of

studies

[1936,

season

1938],

Dauben­

could be f o r m u l a t e d
Whatever the

p r e s e n t e d in
exerts

growth (Lodewick,
Byram

u su a l ly

on a few

and l o c a l i z e d a r e a s .

in all h a b i t a t s .

a g r e e m e n t is

most

p r e s e n t e d by i n v e s t i g a ­

c on c epts

trees];

subject

plants.

results

are

and Malus

se en that

agreem ent that rainfall

of the

This

It is

specimens

ideas

**prob—

Went and T himann

MacDougal

species

of t h e s e

some

a c tivity .

during

con cep ts

doubtful if o v e r —
all

some

advanced the

d i s c u s s e d by

and

im mediately

of A e s c u lu s

cam bial

(1950).

in tr o d u c e d

of woody p l a n t s

a point

shoots

rela tio nship s

ex c eptio n s

which would hold f o r

stem

(19 37)

of gr o w t h r e f l e c t

1949a,

(1949)

out with h e r b a c e o u s

com p lex.

phase

is

and o t h e r s

E nvironm ental
are

in

stimulating

substances

the

i n c i t e d at

ab i l i ty 11 th at g ro wth h o r m o n e s
were

F raser

summary.
an influence
1930 [coni­

and Doolittle,

a s s u m e d to o p e r a t e

35
through the

influence

sumption that,
down to the
with r a d i a l
either

with l e s s e n e d

critical

the o t h e r

hand,

seasonal

radial

negative

early

1926)

or

m oisture,

soil

has

relationship

1926).

between

maximum,

as­

will go

soil m o i s t u r e

b e e n found which will

Hanson and B r e n k e

(1926),

on

between p r e c i p i t a t i o n and

MacDougal and Shreve
sho rt periods

is

s a i d to be

directly

of g ro w t h (MacDougal,

Brenke,

m oisture

correlating

site

with the

(1924)

of t im e

said

showed

with r a i n f a l l .

and i n v e r s e l y

growth r a t e

No work

g ro w th o v e r

tem perature

course

soil

rainfall,

deny t h i s .

increases.

rad ia ta ,

on

a particular

found no

co rrelatio n

A ir
the

level.

gr o w t h a t

substantiate

that f o r P .

of r a i n f a l l

correlated

However,

with l a t e r

Kienholz

m in i m u m

1936;

or

(1934)

mean a i r

c o r r e l a t e d with
Hanson and B r e n k e ,

growth

(Hanson and

found no c o r r e l a t i o n
tem perature

and weekly

of pine.

A tans iu

(1949) p r e s e n t e d

even though it was
could o p e r a t e

g l ea n ed f r o m

in r e l a t i o n to the

an i n t e r e s t i n g

hy p o th esis,

study of h e r b a c e o u s
woody p l an t.

He

which,

p l a n t s,

said:

Eine negative k l i m a t i s c h e W a s s e r b i l a n z i m April
und Anfang Mai begiinstigt den s i c h s t a r k in Minimum b e—
f i ndlichen W&rmefaktor und d a d u r c h das Wachstum; Ende
Mai, Juni i s t eine p o si t iv e k l i m a t i s c h e W a s s e r b i l a n z ftir
das P f l a n z e n w a c h s t u m g iinstiger.

36
This

in d ic a t e s

si r a b l e

as

that a negative

it allows

portant f a c t o r

for

a t th is

w a t e r balance

a higher

soil t e m p e r a t u r e ,

is

de­

a more

im ­

tim e .

Light and a t m o s p h e r i c
limiting

in spring

humidity

to growth ( F r i e s n e r ,

1-941).

relatio nsh ip between d i a m e t r a l

can be i m p o r t a n t

Kienholz. (1934)

growth of pine

and

found no

and r el a ti v e

hu­

midity.
C e s s a t i o n of growth has
cies

to the lack

Dougal,

1936).

of w a t e r
Mitchell

showed r e t a r d e d
in e i t h e r

(Friesner,
(1936)

(see

dry

air.

reports

Klebs

Priestly,
of the

1930)

might

stop b e c a u s e

cause

of the lack of inorganic

is known of the

c e s s a t i o n of growth but it
Soding (1936),

internal

seems

Went and Thimann

and many o t h e r

workers

30 d e g r e e s

Mac­

Centigrade

Berthold

of o rganic

(1904),

cam b ia l

m aterials

The l a t t e r

in the

1930;

spe­

th at P e l a r g o n i u m l ea ves

(1917),

salts.

certain

Priestly,

thought that

excess

ciated with the lack of m o i s t u r e
Less

1941;

c a r b o n fixation above

m o ist o r

Lakon (1912)

been a t t r i b u t e d for

and

activity
or be­

could be a s s o ­

soil.

m echanism

p o s s i b le f r o m

involved in the
the

results

of

(1937), Skoog et a l . (1950),

in the field of plant h o r m o n e s ,

dwindling hormone pro d u ctio n may

slow and finally c e as e

that

37
cambial activity.

F urther

much to the

concepts

erate

same

in the

studies

already presented,

species

in t h e i r

A s ym m e tric

Two p a p e r s
mention in this
for

eccentric

ture

connection.

of o rg an ic

posure,

products

fertility

of the

activity (mechanical
tism*1).

He

soil),

stress

said that t r e e s

one

“ sho rter"
by the
"red

side

of a t r e e

on that

(1889)

affecting

to the

author,

strain

is put on the

the west edge

is

spruce

influencing

growing
uphill

on a

side,

(Fichte).

of the f o r e s t

One t r e e

trees,

ex ­

cambial
“ traum a­

exhibit g r e a t e r

and that competition on

th at r a d i a l
(189b)

gravity ,

slope

increase

will be

studied e c c e n t r i c
the

growth

d i st r ib u t i o n of

" R e d wood,11 according

usually f o r m e d only when
stem.

the m an u f a c­

p r o x i m i t y to o t h e r

somewhat unique method of o bserving

wood11 in the

worthy of

f o r m u l a t e d two c a u s e s

c a u s e d by wind,

Hartig

they op­

m icrohabitats.

19th c e n t u r y a r e

(2) f a c t o r s

m ea ns

side.

e s p e c i a l l y as

various

(1) f a c t o r s

(slope,

growth of the t r u n k on the
some

Mer

viz.:

growth can add

Growth

w r i t t e n in the

growth,

on r a d i a l

some

stress

o b s e r v e d growing

showed g r e a t e s t

"red

or
along

wood"

on

38
the

east

side.

ing effects

His

conclusion was that the m ech an ica l o r

of the wind caused e c c e n t r i c

Grossenbacher
*‘zonation"
duces
west,

its

is

(1915)

manifestation.

Douglass

(1936)

growth in w e s t e r n pine,
the m o is tu r e
Mer

reaches

In the

shows

though the

that

slope is

of

environment in­
of the

south­

i m p o r t a n t to e c ce n tric

side being f avo re d because

side f i r s t .

This

is

in a g r e e m e n t with

(1889).
Lode wick (1930)

s e v e r a l pine

trees

took c o r e s

investigation was

west

showed g r e a t e r

sides

because

f r o m four

of longer p e r i o d s

to d e t e r m i n e

growth than the
of insolation.

. . . though examination of

been cut

. . . gave no evidence

one a x i s . "
side,

12 t r e e s

sites.

whether

south and
sides

He found 11. . . growth
than the o t h e r two

that had recen tly

of co n s isten t elongation of any

As to crown and nu m ber of b r a n c h e s
he

the

The ob­

north and e a s t

along the north and west r a d i i was g r e a t e r
radii

ca r d i n a l points of

growing on e s s e n t i a l l y level

ject of the

one

r e a l cause

sem i-arid areas

the uphill

that

growth.

mentioned that the

thought to be inherent,

sway­

a r i s i n g from

said:

Whether or not exposure at b r e a s t height directly
under the g r e a t e s t photo synthetic a r e a will show [these]
xylem i n c r e m e n t s depends upon the s t r a i g h t n e s s of the
g r a i n through the intervening bole.

39
In t r e e s s t u d i e d t h e r e is no c o n s i s t e n t d e c r e a s e in
d i a m e t e r on the side of l e a s t crown, d e v e l o p m e n t when m e a ­
s u r e m e n t s a r e m ad e a t b r e a s t height, in f a c t a c c o r d i n g to
the d a t a . . . an i n c r e a s e in d i a m e t e r was m o r e often the
case.
F riesner
velutina
tition

and,

able

long

roots

as

uphill

it is

He

alw a ys

no r o o t s .
the

no d e m o n s t r a b l e

f a c t o r s . 11

m ain

From
side

his

data

of the

ber

on the

of r o o t s

Harmon

only

greater

response

is

were

F riesner

greater

(1940)

he

s t a te d :

growth in t h a t

g r o w t h on the

at l e a s t p a r t i a l l y

seen

favored,

so m e

having

the

above

there

are

in d ic a t i o n that

although half

th o se

growth,

uphill

exerts

thus

least

where

vari­

of the

trees

g r e a te s t num­

side.

other fac to rs,

It i s

e f f e c t 11 on e c c e n t r i c

areas

at

found t h a t the

on the

th at c o m p e ­

growth im m e d ia te ly

is

also

said

of a c o m p l e x of o t h e r

above

there

tree

uphill

(1942)

than

g ro w t h of Q u e r c u s

(1889),

ind ep e n d en t

” a part

ef f e ct on a s y m m e t r i c a l

g ro w t h was

asym m etrical

found a v e r a g e

showing this

little

st u d i e d

in d i s a g r e e m e n t with M e r

’’e x e r t s

growth a s

(1940)

" g e n t l e 11 slope
but t h a t on

side.

responsible

factors

for

with

when not o f f s e t by

influence

c o m p e ti t io n

t h a t five

" s t e e p 11 sl o p e s

In d i s a g r e e i n g

"Com petition,

a dem onstrable

had but

side

are

on a s y m m e t r i c a l
is

less

discussed

asym m etrical

. . . ."
as

growth.

being
They

40
are:

(1)

slope,

wind action,

(2) position of main roots,

and (5) c h a r a c t e r

Obviously many other

environmental f a c t o r s

F o r the p e r s o n i n t e r e s t e d in l i t e r a t u r e

authors:
Miller

are

opera­

To review the work on these

alone would be to go beyond the

suggests

(4)

of the grain.

tive in r ad ia l growth of t r e e s .
factors

(3) competition,

scope of this

paper.

on such f a c t o r s

the author

m a t e r i a l and bibliographies p r e s e n t e d by the following
Meyer

(1938),

Daubenmire
the r e a d e r

and Anderson (1939),

Weaver

(1947).
is

and Clements

For

Curtis

and C lark (1949),

(1938), Oosting

a review of soil water

r e f e r r e d to K r a m e r

(1949 [over

(1948),

relationships

650 ref.]).

METHODS AND MATERIALS

De sc riptio n of the A r e a

Site Location

The

spe cim en s

under

c o n s i d e r a t i o n in this

situated in Toumey Woodlot located on the
State

College

in E a s t Lansing,

p a r t of Ingham County,

southeast of the Natural Science
Hope and Bennett Roads.

The

campus

Michigan.

the woodlot l i e s

of Michigan

In the n o r t h w e s te r n
approximately

Building,

eastern

study a r e

2 miles

midway between Mt.

edge of the a r e a b o r d e r s

on Hagadorn Road.

Vegetation and Land Use

Data

At the time of se t tl e m e n t in Ingham
mately

100 y e a r s

ago)

by hardwood f o r e s t .
erage

included:

the

area

was

Quercus

g ran difolia (beech), A c e r
(ash),

co v e r ed a l m o s t exclusively

Species l i s t e d as being a p a r t of this cov­
rubra

var.

(white oak), Q. velutina (black oak),

sp.

County (approxi­

saccharum

borealis
Carya
(sugar

(red oak), Q. alba

sp.

(hickory),

maple),

T il i a a m e r i c a n a (American linden o r

Fagus

F ra x in u s

basswood),

Ulmus

42
sp.

(elm),

Acer

rub ru m

maple),

Q. b i c o l o r

Juglans

cinerea

Platanus
Celtis
tree).

the

The l i s t

area

white

Prunus

(hackberry ),

does

Acer

oak),

(sycam ore),

sac c h a r inum

Juglans

serotina

P o p u lu s

nigra

those

Such a r e a s

were

d el t o i d e s

species
very

(silver

(walnut),

(black c h e r r y ) ,

and L i r i o d e n d r o n

not include

swamps.

a result

tables

is

included

i nte n siv e
of the

utilized

(cottonwood),

tulipifera

(tulip

characteristic

of

i n f r e q u e n t throughout

in this

15 p e r c e n t
15 p e r c e n t
man.

in c u l t i v a t io n
crops

muck f a r m i n g
sources

The State

larger

about

the p r e s e n t

part

cities

W i llia m s ton.

Capitol

of the

in the

of i ncom e

corner

county include

crops,

pastured
area
vege­

clover).

Orchards

and in a few a r e a s

D a ir yin g

from

Most of

rem aining

cereal

alf a lf a ,

area,

of Michigan,

1941).

b e e n cut o v e r ,

of v a r i o u s

practiced.

northwest

(Veatch,

h as

(timothy hay,

is

hardwood c o v e r a g e

Much of the

to be found t h r ou g h ou t the

greatest

siderable

settlem ent

d i s t u r b e d by

and f o r a g e

also

of

r e d u c e d to

otherwise

(85%)

are

m ap le),

county.

has b ee n

or

( b u tte r n u t) ,

occidentalis

As

the

(swamp

occidentalis

wet p eaty

(red

farm s

Lansing,
of the

represents
in the

county.

o cc u p i e s
county.

E a st Lansing,

one

a con­

Other

Mason

and

43
Climatic

The clim ate

of Ingham County is

ther m i l d 11 in s u m m e r
tation during

the

and ’’f a i r l y co l d ”

the y e a r

nual fall of about
rainfall,

Features

cha rac te rized
in winter.

is f a i r l y evenly distrib u te d,

31 inches.

Veatch (1941),

with an an­

in a d iscu ssio n of

said:

The a v e r ag e f r o s t —
free
about May 3 to Oc to be r

was in

in

1932,

r e c o r d e d as

and as late

as

F a h r e n h e i t,

early

as

194 days.

September
spring

summer

se ason r e ­
The

shortest

122 days.
8 in the fall

(1902).

a mean annual t e m p e r a t u r e

a mean winter

annual and
in the m o is ­
same amount
deficiency

160 days, f r o m

se as on l a s t e d but

May 28 in the

F a h r e n h e i t and a mean

about

The longest growing

when it extended

The county has
grees

10.

s e as o n is

1929, when the growing

F r o s t has been
(1883)

11r a ­

Precipi­

Although the r a i n f a l l shows considerable
seasonal v ar i a ti o n and m a r k e d d iffe renc es ex i s t
ture holding capacity of the soils receiving the
of p recip itation , g e n e r a l c r o p f a i l u r e s due to a
o r an e x c e s s of w a te r have n e v e r o c c u r r e d .

corded was

as

temperature
temperature

of 46.9 de­

of 24.2 d eg r e es
of 68.6 d eg r e es

Fa h r e n h e i t.
Winds
cause

are

w e s t e r l y and a r e

seldom of

such force

any w id esp read crop o r p r o p e r t y damage.

as

to

44
P r i m a r y lo ca l d iffe renc es
erned by slope and d e p r e s s i o n .
in altitude
of water

in c lim ate
Since t h e r e

throughout the county and t h e r e

i m m e d ia te l y p r e s e n t ,

are

only those

is little

are

gov­

difference

no l a r g e

bodies

wide v a r i a t i o n would not be

ex­

pected.

Physical F eatures

(Ingham County)

Physiography

Of the physiography of Ingham County,

Veatch (1941)

said:

The r e l i e f as a whole is smooth o r gently undulating,
although some p a r t s a r e choppy and c o m p a r a t iv e l y hilly.
The seco nd ary topographic f e a t u r e s a r e those common to
the m o r a i n e s , t ill plains, outwash plains, and old glacial
drainage valleys of this section. . . .
As s t r e a m s a r e not
num ero u s, s t r e a m di s s e c t i o n is c o m p a r a t iv e l y slight.
The
ex t r e m e difference in elevation between the highest and low­
e s t points in the county is l e s s than 300 feet and local dif­
f e r e n c e s between the le v e ls of swamps, lakes or s t r e a m
valleys and the adjacent higher land g e n e r a l l y do not exceed
100 feet.
Most of the slopes a r e s h o r t , smooth" and rounded,
r a t h e r than angular.
They a r e r e l a t e d to co nstru ctio n al
f e a t u r e s of glacial o rig in r a t h e r than to subsequent s t r e a m
d i s s e c t i o n or geological e ros io n .

Drainage

Most of the
River

county drainage

Drainage Basin,

is

which em p ties

co ntrolled by the Grand
into Lake

Michigan at

45
G r a n d Haven,
ca m pus
River,

and

Michigan.

The

surrounding

a tributary

im m ediate

territo ry

of the

G rand

Both the p h y s i o g r a p h y
resent features
ice.

During

resulting

the

Saginaw lobe,

Cary

by

c e n t r a l p a r t of the
(Kalamazoo,
part,
its

Lower

Charlotte,

th r o u g h o u t the

present

relief.

fined and it

is

of a single

and the

drainage

These

som etim es

of the

the

Red Cedar

spreading

ac t io n

form ed

north

Peninsula.

in the

features

rep­

of g l a c i a l

Some

of t h e s e
are

prim arily
are

not

difficult to m a r k

a series

and e a s t

G r a n d Ledge)

and a r e

county

W i s c o n si n g l a c ia ti o n ,

and r e t r e a t s ,

L ansing,

county

college

River..

substange

features

of the

d r a i n e d by the

p rim a rily from

readvances

L—
shaped m o r a i n e

is

area

the

of

th r o u g h the
m oraines

present,

responsible

always

the

in
for

sharply

de­

exact boundaries

m oraine.

Soils

Soils
(1941)

in Ingham

divided t h e m

seven g r o u p s .
im perfectly
loamy

and

They

on the b a s i s
are:

and p o o r l y
sandy

County a r e

soils,

(1)

of

of d r a i n a g e

well—
drained

d r a in e d clayey
(4)

several

Veatch

and t e x t u r e
clayey

soils,

w e ll —
drained

k i n d s.

very

(3)

soils,

into
(2)

w e ll —
drained

sandy

soils,

(5)

46
poorly

drained

soils.

Under

sandy
these

soils,

(6)

categories

alluv ial

soils,

he l i s t e d

and (7) o r gan ic

and d e s c r i b e d

34 soil

type s .

Physical F eatu re s

Tourney Woodlot is

(Site)

s i t u a t e d on a p a r t

of one of the p r e ­

viously m entio n ed L —
shaped m o r a i n e s ,

the L a n s i n g

Ap p r o a ch e s

im mediate

to the

very gradual
1, 2,

area,

h i g h e s t in the

(B slopes)

and 3).

Here

on all

the

sides

approach

n o r t h w e s t d i r e c t i o n into one

or

two

off about twenty f e e t on e i t h e r
Within the
c l a s s i f i e d as
called:

woods

there

(2)

slope,

p o r t i o n of the woodlot l i e s
slope n e v e r

ex c ee d s

ducted on this
m easures

side
are

1' p h y s i o g r a p h i c a l l y

(1) lowland,

was H il ls d a l e

rolling

in a

mounds

(Figures
three

and (3)

(Figures

southeastdropping

which could be

These

upland.

The

will be

The

m u ch l a r g e r

the

amount of

upland w h e r e

At its

are

4 and 5).

areas

3—1/2 p e r c e n t .

vicinity,

southeast

dissected

d iffe re n t.''

on the

upland a r e a .

about

In this

2 to

is

but the

M o rain e.

study was

widest points

the

con­

woodlot

1,200 f e e t by 700 f e e t .

forested

upland a r e a

sandy l o a m ,

the

soil type

characteristic

en c o u n t e r e d

of c a t e g o r y

3 of the

47

Figure

1.

View of Tourney Woodlot t a k e n f r o m the
n o r t h looking south.
D i s t u r b e d a r e a is
to the e x t r e m e r i g h t.

F ig u re

2

View of Tourney Woodlot taken f r o m the
northwest looking southeast.
Disturbed
a r e a is right of c e n ter .

F ig u r e

3.

View of Tourney Woodlot taken f r o m
south, looking north.

the

F ig u r e

4.

View of so u t h e a s t edge of Tourney Wood­
lot looking northwest.

F ig ur e

5.

View of e a s t —
southeast edge of Tourney
Woodlot looking w est—
northwest.

52
Veatch (1941)

classification.

He d e s c r i b e d

this

type

as

fol­

lows:
A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a r e a of this soil c o n s i s t s of a
plow l a y e r of g r a y i s h —
brown sandy l o am o r light loam,
u n d e r l a in by a 10— to 20—
inch l a y e r of pale yellow f ria ble
sandy l o am , which g r a d e s into a l a y e r of yellow o r yellow­
i s h - b r o w n sandy f i n e —
g r a n u l a r f r ia b l e clay loam ranging
f r o m 18 to 24 inches in t h i c k n e s s .
The s u b s t r a t u m con­
s i s t s e i t h e r of p e r v i o u s sandy clay, which is m o d e r a te ly
stoney and g r a v e l l y in p l a c e s , o r of s e p a r a t e l a y e r s and
pockets of sand, clay, and g r a v e l .
The content of humus is not high, in e i t h e r the
v i r g in o r the cultiv ated soil but is sufficient to i m p a r t a
light—
brown c o l o r .
Although the s u b s u r f a c e l a y e r contains
sufficient fine m a t e r i a l to make it m o d e r a t e l y r etentive of
m o i s t u r e , it is p e r m e a b l e and p e n e t r a b l e to a depth of
s e v e r a l feet.
In m o s t p l a c e s the r e a c t i o n is medium o r
strongly acid f r o m the s u r f a c e to a depth ranging f r o m 36
to 4 8 inches.
The m a t e r i a l below this depth gives an al­
kaline r e a c t i o n but e i t h e r contains m o r e sandstone f r a g ­
m en ts and l e s s l i m e s t o n e o r contains l e s s c a l c a r e o u s clay
than the a s s o c i a t e d Miami and Bellefontaine so ils.
Hillsdale sandy l oam has the common t e x t u r a l v a r i ­
ations of p r a c t i c a l l y all of the soils in the county.
The
t e x t u r e is s a n d i e r and the underlying m a t e r i a l m o r e p e r ­
vious in p l a c e s where this soil g r a d e s into the Coloma and
Bellefontaine so i l s, and the content of clay is higher where
it g r a d e s into Miami loam.
Clay spots a p p e a r on some
e r o d e d slopes.
In many p l a c e s the su r f a c e soil is fine
sandy loam; and s m a l l spots, in which the soil c o n s i st s
of a covering of sand o r sandy loam o v e r clay, as heavy
as that underlying Miami loam, a r e also included with the
Hillsdale soil.
The distinction between the Hillsdale soil
and the l e s s g r a v e l l y a r e a s of the Bellefontaine soils is
not sh a r p , and this d i stin c tio n probably is of s m a ll p r a c ­
t i c a l i m p o r t a n c e , as the sm o o t h e r and l e s s g r ave lly a r e a s
of both soils have s i m i l a r a g r i c u l t u r a l value.

53
Analysis

The b r i e f

on q u a n t i t a t i v e

study

(made

more

in the

l ot is

to

State

The
im ately
c e p t io n
tially

c o v e r e d by the

of the

near

of the
the

species

s t a n d out

as

saccharum

and F a g u s

( o v er

one

two

7 show the

and n u m b e r

species

trees

in t h i s

f o r e s t floor

the

A

wood­

Departm ent,

area
and,

is

approx­

with the

(Figure

of

over

stem s

7),

is

ex ­

essen­

area

present.

in the

They

woody

regards
are

Acer

species

recorded

The t o t a l n u m b e r of s t e m s
97 p e r c e n t

1/8—
acre

in which the

as

overwhelming p re d o m i­

other

over

1/ 8 —
acre —
quadrat

im portant

The

the

represents

in the

m ost

grand ifolia.

encountered

general

of t h i s

F orestry

tabulated

being

and F a g u s

inch)

study.

future.

is e v i d e n t f r o m the f i g u r e s in Tab le I.
these

aspects

of the

canopy.

area

for

is

1/ 8 —
acre —
quadrat

and on o b s e r v a t i o n s

•'blowdown11 e x p o s u r e s

woody

of A c e r

a

quantitative

in the

95 f e e t f r o m

both b a s a l

nance

woodlot w h ich follows

period

a p ub lication

a co n tinuous

two

the

cover

(Site)

obtained f r o m

of the

C o l le g e,

of a few

Of the
study,

in

crown

90 to

over

report

appear

Michigan

data

of the

upland portio n )

made

com plete

Vegetation

d esc ription

based

woodlot f l o r a

of

plot.

quadrat

of a l l

stems

Figures

study was

6 and

made.

54

Figure

6.

View of Tourney
turbed
section.
south.

Woodlot
Picture

in the
taken

undis­
facing

55

F ig u r e

7.

View of Tourney Woodlot in the u nd i s­
t u r b e d se c t i o n showing i n c r e a s e d n u m ­
b e r of s m a l l s t e m s in the vicinity of a
" b lo w d o w n . "
P i c t u r e taken facing north.

56
TABLE

I.

Q u a n ti t a t i v e da t a f r o m a 1 / 8 —
a c r e p lo t l o c a t e d in
the upland a r e a of Tourney Woodlot.

Stems
1 to 3
Inches

Stems
4 to 10
Inc he s

St e m s
10 to 20
In ch es

Acer
saccharum

227

25

10

Fagus
grandifolia

33

17

Sp ecie s

T ilia
am ericana

S te m s
O v e r 20
Inc he s

Total
No.
S te m s

Basal
Area
(sq. ft.)

5

267

35.472

5

7

62

31.427

1

1

2

4.587

5

1.644

Ulmus
am ericana

3

Prunus
virginiana

1

1

.022

O strya
v irginiana

1

1

.067

1

1

57
Quercus
ous p a r t s
for

of the

q u a ntitativ e

Sambucus

rubra

study.

pubens

S h ru b s

and,

in the

plants

grandiflorum ,

nunculus

abortivas,

species

peared
were
are

a t the

A risaem a

early p art
extrem e

found in f a i r l y
Viola c a n a d e n s i s

ever,

end,

virginiana,

could be

characterized

( Weaver

and

Clem ents,

include:

grandiflora,

woodlot.

in the

pp.

sp.

Two

Ra­
V ari­

ap­
species

e a r l y fall.

They

virginiana.
that this

in the

of the f e a t u r e s
generally

E rythro-

Phlox divaricata

1/ 8 —
acre—
quadrat

1938,

am ericanum .

P e n ta ri a laciniata.

of the

em phasized

made

selected

woodlot included:

Uvularia

sum m er

abundance

in v a r i ­

area

t r i p h y l l u m , and Galium

and E pif a g u s

basis

in the

spring

of the

great

observed

Zanthoxylum

present.

and i d e n t i f i c a t io n s

t h a t on the

west

in the

also

being b a s e d on the

vations

seen

south edge

Again i t m u s t be
plete,

been

T. recurvatum ,

of Viola w e r e

In the

has

found in the

am e r i c a n u m , Claytonia

T rillium

ous

borealis

woodlot but did not o c c u r

Herbaceous
nium

var.

as

list

study

fi el d .

is not c o m ­
and on o b s e r ­

It is

men tion ed ,

seen,
the

how­

woodlot

a beech—
m aple—
type f o r e s t

510 —
512).

58
T rees

One
were
8).

hundred

selected
Selec tion

possible,
clean

specim ens

in the
was

on the

Selected for

of

sugar

uplan d p o r t i o n of

on the b a s i s

basis

s t r a i g h t bole

Study

of

and a h ea lth y

(A.

Tourney

size

of being f r e e

m aple

(DBH)

from

crown

saccharum)

Woodlot ( F i g u r e
and,

as

disease,

m u c h as

having

not e x c e s s i v e l y

a

sup­

pressed.
Results
(Reim er,
form s
(No.

1950)

nigrum

Michx).

sugar
1951b)

and D e s m a r a i s ,

The

could be

m ap le

made

substantiates

(a)
Size

Class

and (c)

Size

Nearly

all

Class

Class

of Size

classes

I —trees

II — t r e e s

or

tree

the

were

col­

(Reimer,
specim ens.

established.
10 to

15 to

having

(A.

“ t y p i c a l 1*

upland

with a DBH of o v e r

III in cl u d ed t r e e s

m aple

less

with a DBH f r o m

stu d ied

which l e a f

investigation

with a DBH of f r o m

III — t r e e s
Class

*‘h y b r i d i z a t i o n 11

from

m o re

conclusion fo r
size

trees

Only one

specimens

A subsequent

this

v e r y few

1947).

all p o s s e s s e d

arbitrary

Size

are

same

“ t y p i c a l 11 of the b l a c k

rem aining

features.

Three

study on t h e s e

that there

had c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

lections

(b)

i n d ic a t e

(Dansereau

46)

are:

of a po pu latio n

They
15 in ch es,

20 in ch e s,

20 i n c h e s .
DBH m e a s u r e ­

m en t s bet w e e n 20 and 25 i n c h e s , h o w e v er , a few had a l a r g e r DBH
(Table

II).

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K L

Field

Slope
and
lowland
West

Section

East Section

(Disturbed Area)

(see Fig. 7)

(see Fig. 8)

Field

areas

Figure 8. Tourney
Woodlot (Upland).
bO feet
Field

Numbers and letters are quadrat desig­
nations est. by Forestry Dept., M, S. C.

60
II.

Approxim ate t r e e d i a m e t e r s for 1949 before growth
began
( m e a s u r e m e n t s in inches with c a l i p e r s at
b r e a s t height).

N-S

E-W

_

1

10

1 0 - 1/2

18

2

11

12

19

N-S

10
9-3/4

E-W

12
12

3

9-3/4

10-1/4

20

11

12-1/4

4

11-3/4

12-3/4

21

12-3/4

13-1/2

5

1 3 - 3/4

13

22

12-1/2

13

6

1 3 - 1/4

13

23

13

13-1/2

7

10

10-3/4

24

13-1/4

14

8

14-1/2

14-1/2

25

12

1 2-1/2

9

13-1/4

1 3 - 1 /2

26

1 0 -3/4

10

10

12

1 2 - 1/4

27

1 2 - 1 /2

11-1/2

11

1 3-1/2

1 3 - 1 /2

28

10

12

10-1/2

11

29

8-1/2

13

1 3-1/2

1 3 - 3 /4

30

9-1/2

10

14

1 1-1/2

11

31

21-3/4

22

15

12-3/4

1 2-1/2

32

1 9 - 1 /4

20

16

1 2-1/2

1 2-1/2

33

17

18

17

13

11-3/4

34

19

19

9-3/4
9-1/4

TABLE

N-S

E -W

II ( C o n t i n u e d )

_

N-S

35

19-1/2

21

53

21

36

14

15

54

22-1/2

37

22-1/4

22-3/4

55

19

38

18-3/4

19

56

24

39

16

17-1/4

57

18

40

18-3/4

18-1/2

58

14

41

18-3/4

18-3/4

59

13-1/4

42

21-1/2

24

60

19

43

19-3/4

20

61

24

44

18

17

62

25

45

13

14

63

25

46

17-1/4

16

64

27

47

22

22

65

30

48

19-3/4

19-1/2

66

33

49

22

20-1/4

67

24

50

22-1/4

23-1/4

68

16-1/2

51

22

25

69

30-1/2

52

21

19-1/2

70

32

TABLE

N-S

E -W

II ( C o n t i n u e d )

_

N-S

71

19

15-1/2

86

16

72

15-1/2

17

87

17

73

24

27

88

18

74

25

25

89

14-1/2

75

27

28

90

17-1/2

76

24

23

91

24-1/2

77

25

21-1/2

92

26

78

21-1/2

20

93

24-1/2

79

22-1/2

22

94

17

80

19-1/2

18-1/2

95

1 0- 1/2

81

16-3/4

17

96

30

82

16

18

97

32

83

15-1/2

15

98

20

84

18

17-1/2

99

10-3/4

85

14

12-1/2

100

22-1/4

63
The
leave

restrictions

much choice

coverage

of the

of the

100 t r e e s

upland a r e a .

of u n d e r s t o r y

p o se d

This

trees

are

to be

part

in the

as

9 and

extreme

good
10).

western

had been p r e v i o u s l y p a r ­

Here

to show some

the f o r e s t f l o o r

exception of the

undisturbed p a rt.

considered

a fairly

(Figures

only now beginning

with the

m e d i a t e l y a d j a c e n t to the

s e l e c t e d did not

N evertheless,

growing

development.

m o s t l y of g r a s s e s

trees

was p o s s i b l e

are

t ia l l y cut and g r a z e d and is
signs

on the

to lo ca tio n .

upland a r e a

Twelve of t h e s e
part

as

placed

a part

The

of this

is

section

com­
im ­

r e m a in i n g

88

u n d i s t u r b e d up­

land f o r e s t .
Ninety of the

100 t r e e s

(west).

M easurem ent

to

criticism

some

of any one

so this

If any r e a s o n s

need be

the following:

(1)

on r a i n y

in the

rays

days,

of the

In this

mum chance
sun.

(2)

the

for

It was

along one

c a r d i n a l point would be
was

m ore

given f o r

this

s e l e c ti o n ,

Readings

w e re

m o r n in g

screw s

p o s s i b le
more

m easured

choice

sun e n t e r e d the

manner

w e re

or

taken in all

hours

less

radius
open

arbitrary.

they might be

cases,

except

when the few p e n e t r a t i n g

canopy f r o m

an e a s t e r l y

mounted to the
ex p an sio n due

trees

d i r e c ti o n .

had a m in i ­

to r a d i a t i o n f r o m

convenient to e n t e r

the

the

woodlot f r o m

the

1)4

• 7o

• 78

•53
• 54
• 52
Sift
• 5o

• 48

• 89

•74

• bl

•82 ll0()

ftS3
• bl

^S7

*49

f5i

• 33
• 34
25*
•24
#S6

•87

• 32

• 65

•85
• 35

• 47
•43

• f r e e location
• 67
Station for soil m o isture and soil
tem p eratu re reading
*■“

a

t_ .. —

( u r mo t

o trtfn n l

65

• 67

•71
•45

86*

• 68

feet
•83
ttS8
KS10

• 80

• 17
•4 6

•84

• 27

• 44
• 30
• 81

• 29

• 10

•28

• 37
•6 0

• 42
• 59

•41
•57

• 15

• 12
• T re e location

• 13

Station for soil m oisture and tem perature reading
• 14

Figure 10. Tourney Woodlot (east section).

• 40

66
west
the
of

side.

w e st

This

side,

meant

location

was

facilitated

the

screw s

and

during

the

four

radii.

tags

first

on

few w eeks

recording.
T en t r e e s

(Figure

11),

ing

a part

used for

15a and
of the

For

with an

exposure,

the

east

were

crowns

(Stevens
of the

canopy

the

particular

exposure

of this

14),

reason

and 99

to

The

and t h is

a

tree.

13 and

had

crowns
trees

effect

on

(Figures
19),

if t h e r e

were
radial

with a
18)

release"
crown

tree

evidenced.

was

sun l i g h t.
be

from

of t r e e
selected

in a

any

west
are

20

It

p arts
was

effects

com petition
100 i s

a part

in o r d e r

situation

F igure

form ­

17a and

98 ( F i g u r e

afternoon

91

14),

" b l o w d o w n 11 and have

radial—
growth p a tte r n
was

96

T rees

These

(Figure

determ ine

"p artial

16)

,,edgen

97 and

to d i r e c t

1949).

(Figures

stand.

trees

T rees

to

93

95 ( F i g u r e

of the

adjacent

g r o w t h of the
and S p u r r ,

along

of any p o s s i b l e

case

determ ine

tion

edge

exposed

in t h is

closed

and

selected.

of t h e i r

radial

15b),

exposure,

im m ediately

object

12 and

sam e

growing

the

m easured

south

observation

increase.
17b),

were

92 ( F i g u r e s

94 ( F i g u r e s

on

t h a t by having

where

shows

the

to
no
loca­

67

68

Figure

12.

North, side

of t r e e

92.

Figure

13.

North

side

of t r e e

93.

F igure

14.

T r e e s 92 and 93 a s s e e n f r o m
P i c t u r e t a k e n fac in g e a s t .

w e st.

Figure 15a. Tree 94 as seen from
southwest. Picture taken fac­
ing northeast.

Figure 15b. Tree 94 as seen from
northwest. Picture taken fa c­
ing southeast.

F ig u r e

16.

T r e e 95 as seen f r o m southwest.
P i c t u r e taken facing n o r t h e a s t .

Figure

17a.

West side of tree

96.

Figure 17b. West side of tree
showing upper branches.

96

74

F ig ure

18.

T r e e s 97 and 98 as se e n f r o m south.
P i c t u r e taken facing n o r th .
Blowdown
is j u s t le f t of c e n t e r .

75

Figure

19.

South side

of t r e e

99.

Fig ure

20.

Tree 100 as seen f r o m southwest.
P i c t u r e taken facing north ea st.

77
M e a s u r e m e n t of Radial I n c r e a s e

A precision
m ir e ,
was

1945)

dendrometer

of the

and use d by Daubenmire

employed in this

instrument over

(1946,

investigation.

the one

c u s s e d by D a u b en m ir e

o t h er w i se

affixed to the b a r k ,

thickness
quate
the

of the

dial gauge.

of b a r k

in the

to allow f o r

sa m e

time

to

a small

1949,

1950)

of this

(1932)

are

made by this
of m e t a l

dis­

investi­

glued o r

3/8—
inch s c r e w

enough to p r e s e n t a f i r m

specimens

se para te

was

flat piece

In the

an chorage

(Dauben-

1949).

a thin,

c u r e d into the b a r k j u s t f a r
the a r m

1947,

d e s c r i b e d by Reinike

(1945,

I n st ea d of using

described

The advantages

One modification in technique
gator.

type

was

se­

base

for

opinion of the w r i t e r ,
studied was

of the

11r e c o r d i n g

it f r o m the

more

the

than ad e­

s c r e w 11 and at

secondary m e r is te m a tic

tis sue s .
The

instrument

inch and it i s

even p o s s i b l e

with r e a s o n a b le
is not n e c e s s a r y
data a r e

itself

records

increases

to i n te r p o la t e

success

(Daubenmire,

unless

most p re c ise

taken weekly o r biweekly,

down to 0.001

down to 0.000 5 inch

1945).

This,

data a r e

accuracy

ordinarily,

desired.

When

down to 0.001

inch

78
is all that is
error

is

required.

quite

Even at this

small.

On M arch 27 and 28,
and one

on the w est

1' r e c o r d i n g 11 s c r e w s
lar g e

and one

east,

west).
The

side.
were

sm a ll ,

screws
slots

In a few c a s e s

were

were

1949.

14.

1950 was

north,

south,

stopped in such a position that the

and o t h e r
the

screws

r e c o r d in g

reading for

Thus,

it was not

had been a l t e r e d .

arborescents
sc r e w .

that week was

in climbing

This would

not made

Readings

were

taken e v e r y week t h e r e a f t e r

season.

Readings

were

The l a s t

taken S ep tem ber

16,

until the week ending

reading of

interrupted

1950.

have

lo st.

were

r e s u m e d again the f i r s t week of April,
of

(viz.,

th r ee

recordings

during the growing
October

sides

10 t r e e s ,

and four

130 r a d i i were p r e p a r e d for m e a s u r e ­

if any of the

squirrels

r e s e t and the

4,

wood s c r e w s

wood s c r e w s

v e r t i c a l l y displaced.

would dislocate

Initial
April

brass

Twelve b r a s s

at each of four

difficult to d e t e r m i n e

to be

th r ee

placed in each of

Accordingly,

screw driver

the t r e e

1949,

3/8—
inch " r e c o r d i n g * 1 s c r e w were p laced in each of

90 t r e e s

ment.

level of m e a s u r e m e n t the

1949 was taken

during the winter and
1950.

The l a s t reading

79
Occasionally it becam e
as

a r e s u l t of

two t r e e s
sam e

before

trees

increases.

resetting

after

amount to be
trees

radial

the

As

the

This

gauge

resetting.

added to the

checked.

necessary

rela tiv e ly uniform

checked p e r i o d i c a l l y
No d i s c r e p a n c i e s

Environm ental

sured

soil

surements
type

of P a r i s
l ea d s
ment.

from

these

F actors

and

made

are

the

by m e a s u r i n g

rem easuring

the

the n u m e r i c a l
same

for

the two

was

kept in the l a b o r a ­

The

reading

i n s t r u m e n t was
taken on this

M easured

soil

in the

tem perature.

with an e l e c t r i c a l

blocks

and Mick

determining

can be

Woodlot

of the

were

(1940,

depths

‘'n u l l 11 point.

mea­

unit of the

1947).

The i n s t r u ­

Wheatstone b r i d g e .

connected

mea­

Soil m o i s t u r e

resistance

and f o r

P laster

reco rd ings,

to the p o r t a b l e

i n s t r u m e n t u s e d was
the

block.

recorded.

b u r i e d to d e s i r e d

The p a r t i c u l a r

phones f o r

was

original

on the p r i n c i p l e

blocks

cases

screw s

0.0005 w e r e

d e s c r i b e d by Bouyoucos

m en t o p e r a t e s

and then

the i n s t r u m e n t

woodlot two e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s

m oisture

were

done

conditions.

with the

over

Within the

reset

an added ch e ck a block of s e a s o n e d wood

with c o r r e c t l y p l a c e d m e a s u r i n g
tory under

was

In all

readings

to

instru­

equipped with e a r ­

A later

modification

80
has

an tIe l e c t r i c

e y e 11 f o r

visual

readings.

R esistances

are

given in o hm s.
An a r b i t r a r y
practical
plants

an i n d i c a t o r

T h is ,

then,

represents

resistance

selected
curve

to

the

a m in i m u m

in

response

resistance,

then,

represents

The

range

of r e s i s t a n c e s
and t h e s e

proved

a g a i n s t which
and Mick,

(in r e s i s t a n c e

of 600 o h m s ,

also

of the fa l l of the

a t which the

represents
soil

ap ­

is begin­

to g r a v i t a t i o n a l f o r c e s .

the m o i s t u r e

are

“ has

(Bouyoucos

c o n s t a n t lev e l),

w a te r

This

eq u iv alent of the

soil.

can be con v e n ien tly t r a n s f e r r e d
referred

to as

percentages

of

w ate r."

There
b r a t i o n of the
they a r e

soil"

( b as ed on the p r i n c i p l e

ning to l ose

"available

forces

A resistance

the point of r e s i s t a n c e

into p e r c e n t a g e s

resistance

the l o w e r l i m i t s

proxim ately

entire

ohms

m axim um

from

of p e r m a n e n t wilting.

arbitrarily

75,000

of the

can obtain m o i s t u r e

1947).
units)

as

l i m i t of

m a y be

some

resistance

p l ac ed .

Of t h is

qu es tio n a s

blo cks f o r
Bouyoucos

to the n e c e s s i t y

the p a r t i c u l a r

of c a l i ­

soil in which

and Mick (1948)

have

said:

It is e m p h a s i z e d , however, t h a t c a l i b r a t i o n is not
n e c e s s a r y to the u se of the s t a n d a r d block r e s i s t a n c e as
an i n d i c a t o r of the f o r c e with which m o i s t u r e is held by
the soil, o r as an i n d i c a t o r of the a p p r o x i m a t e volume and
m a s s r e l a t i o n s h i p s , that i s , the amount of available w a t e r
p r e s e n t in the soil.

81
The only e x c e p t i o n

is

soil c o n c e n t r a t i o n .
"for

any given

m ad e

For

same

case

of

other

soils

t hey

the

resistance,

p r o x i m a t e l y the

in the

different

effect on the b u r i e d

"Under

Michigan w e a t h e r

have f u n ctio n ed
m ore

than five

stations

1949,

These

depths

Department
sonable
in the

were

at

in the

roots

it a p p e a r s
about the

seem

blocks

co n d i t i o n s,

plaster

in well

thirteen

were

of P a r i s

blocks

soil p r o f i l e s

for

1948).

soil—
m oisture

buried

any

stations

of Tourney

were

Woodlot.

es­
At

at

1—
foot and

3—
foot

dep th s.

s u g g e s t e d by D r .

Bouyoucos

of the

Soils

Figures
of t h e s e

21a,

College.

21b,

trees.

t h a t m o s t of the

farther

21c,

F rom

sm aller

14—
i nch l e v e l .

to p e n e t r a t e

with a p ­

in upland a r e a s .

drained

They a l s o

lig h t of f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s

4— to

th at

not to have

and Mick,

upland a r e a

Michigan State

woods.

ex p o s ed

se e n

blocks

m aintained

hold w a t e r

resistance

(Bouyoucos

t a b l i s h e d t h r o u g h o u t the
t hes e

co n d itio n s

satisfactorily
years'*

In Ju n e ,

with a high

fo rce."

Y ear—
around w eath er
great

soils

soils

Some

of

22,

seemed

"blowdown"

and 23a

are

of the

down into the

so il.

trees

show the

the p o s i t i o n of the
ones

roots

concentrated

larg er

rea­

roots

F igure

at

are

23b als o

F ig u re

21a.

B lo w d o w n A sh ow in g e x p o s e d
Sid e v ie w lo o k in g sou th .

roots

F ig u r e

21b.

Blowdown A showing exposed roots
View looking no r t h e a st .

83

F ig ur e

21c.

Blowdown A showing exposed r o o ts.
Side view looking north.

84

F ig u r e

22.

Blowdown B showing exposed
Side view looking n o r t h e a s t .

roots.

A

F ig u re

Figure

23a.

23b.

B low d ow n
Sid e v ie w

C sh ow in g e x p o s e d
loo k in g e a s t.

roots.

Blowdown C showing depth of hole
f o r m e d as r e s u l t of d islo d g m e nt of
roots.

86
shows

that the

lodged was

depth of the hole f r o m

about

B isw ell

roots

were

dis­

17 to 20 i n c h e s .

(1935)

10 and

described

saplings

(8,

the

soil of N e b r a s k a .

clay

which the

16 y e a r s

the

old)
He

r o o t h a bitat of

sugar

growing on a gentle

maple

slope

in

said:

Although t a p r o o t s were 1 to 1.8 i nch e s in d i a m e t e r
. . . they at once gave r i s e to such l a r g e l a t e r a l s that
t h e i r size was quickly r e d u c e d .
T h e i r c o u r s e was not v e r t i c a l l y downward.
All
g r e w obliquely downward in p a r t and the g r e a t e s t depth of
p e n e t r a t i o n was t h r e e feet.
He then p r e s e n t e d
r e v e a l e d th at

m o s t of the

level,

secondary

with a

found but s p a r c e
Stations
blocks

very

roots

1,

2,

3,

4,

two r e m a i n i n g blo ck s
edge of the woods

twenty f e e t outside
w e re

at

a t the

dev e lo p m e nt of s m a l l
5,

13 had but one block

Both blo ck s

of the

were

grouping

a t e a c h of two depths,

11 and
edge,

a diagram

6,

7,

8,

system

about the

one—
foot
He

rootlets.
9,

10,

and

12 had two

one—
foot and t h r e e —
foot.

were placed
the

which

two—
foot l e v e l.

a t e a c h depth.

while

root

Along the

Stations
south

so that one was

se co nd one was b u r i e d

at the
about

the woodlot in a g r a s s —
c o v e r e d meadow.

b u r i e d to a depth of one foot.

87
A post—
hole
desired

depth.

digger

As

on a w a t e r p r o o f

was

ea ch b i t of

ca n v as

recess

made

rounded with soil f r o m
layers

of soil

giving

a better

hole

was

above

picture

It would s e e m f r o m

while

tion of the

the

adjacent

soil

to the

r e m o v e d it was p l a c e d

the

soil.

m o is t e n e d block was

of the

hole

area.

and then

In this

relatively
regim e

one—
foot l e v e l

removed

sur­

manner

the

undisturbed,

thus

a t t h a t l e v e l.

and this

The

process

of

repeated.

24).

were

to extend above

the

replaced,
su rface

the p r o f i l e s

allowing

of the ground ( F i g u r e

t h a t the blocks

s i t u a t e d in the l o w e r p o r t i o n

the blocks

at t h r e e

only the

feet were

a t the

of the A

in the lo w e r

por­

B horizon.

After
gun at t h e s e

the

side

of the w a t e r

leaders

season's

in the

the

wire

h orizon

reached

soil l a y e r s

one—
foot lev e l w e r e

was

the block w e r e

setting the block was
top

soil

was

then f i l l e d to the

The

to r e m o v e

next to the p r e v i o u s l y

When the t h r e e —
foot l ev e l
p l a c e d in a

u sed

a p e r i o d of about t h r e e
thirteen

s t a ti o n s

gro w t h only a p a r t

woodlot i t s e l f

w e re

(July

of the

available.

weeks,
14),

soil

readings

so t h a t f o r
m oisture

Data f o r

the

were

be­

the f i r s t

figures
entire

for

growing

88

Figure

24.

Wire l e a d e r s leading to soil m o i s ­
tu r e blocks.
Metal ends plug into
r e c o r d in g unit.

89
season of 1950,
made

at the

however, were

same

time

Soil—
temperature
stations
were

established for

th irtee n r e g u l a r

two a r e a s

as were

were

readings.

taken weekly at the various

soil-moisture

at the

Weekly readings

the dend ro m e te r

data were

stations.

corded in the two a r e a s

obtained.

r eadings.

Thus, there

Soil t e m p e r a t u r e

was

also

south end of the woodlot.

re­
These

had but one block each b u r ied at the one—
foot level

and have been previously located and described.
A soil t h e r m o m e t e r ,
Wm.

Welch Company,

of t h e r m o m e t e r

Type No.

Chicago,

allowed for

moisture

ground upon a r r i v a l

Illinois,

was

m easurem ents

at about the t h r e e —
inch level.
into the

1264, manufactured by the
used.

This type

of soil t e m p e r a t u r e

The t h e r m o m e t e r
at a p a r t i c u l a r

was plunged

station.

After

s o il-

readings were taken and r e c o r d e d (about 5 minutes),

the reading on the

soil t h e r m o m e t e r was

rec o rd ed .

Other Environmental F a c t o r s

In addition to s o i l - m o i s t u r e

and soil—
tem perature

taken in the woodlot, other climatological
from the hydrologic
State

College

data were

data

se cu re d

station located on the campus of Michigan

about 300 y a r d s

to the west of Tourney Woodlot.

90
The following
tem p erature

data were

at the

therm ograph),
levels

daily

secured from

t h r e e - i n c h leve l
soil

m oisture

this

station:

( m e a s u r e d with a h y g ro—

resistance

unit),

radiation ( m e a s u r e d with an Eppley p y r o h e l i o m e t e r
1950]), daily ev a p o ratio n (open-pan method),

data f r o m

ures for

air

recorder),

the Lansing

tem perature

of cloudiness

daily s o l a r
[Crabb,

daily p r e c i p i t a t i o n

r a i n gauge).

Unfortunately it b e c a m e
cal

soil

at the one— and t h r e e —
foot

( m e a s u r e d with an e l e c t r i c

(measured from

daily

(arbitrary

and total

necessary

to utilize

weather bureau.

The

clim at o lo g i —

available fig­

( m e a s u r e d with a t h e r m o g r a p h ) ,
sc ale

hours

1 to

10;

amount

m e a s u r e d with sunshine

of sunshine,

were

taken f r o m

their

reports.
All of these

data w e r e

c o n v e r t e d into weekly f i g u r e s

fac ilitate

c o r r e l a t i o n with oth er

woodlot.

P e rm iss io n for

was given by the

m easured

the use

Michigan Hydrologic

C o n servation S e r v i c e ,

USDA,

Jr.

For

Hydrologic

the

Station data

R e s e a r c h Station,

Soil

in co operation with the Michigan

A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t Station,
Crabb,

of the

data taken f r o m

to

a view of the

under

the

hydrologic

d i r e c t i o n of G. A.
station and f o r

a

91
discussion
ferred

of the

to the

use

of the p y r o h e l i o m e t e r ,

p u b l ic a t i o n by

Crabb

(1950).

the

reader

is

re­

OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

Introduction

It is

appropriate

meaning of the
reference
m en s
this

or

is

made

certain

term

correct.
term

term

is

flr a d i a l

to the

At l e a s t

three

e s s 1' of living
s i d e r e d as

specimens.

processes

shr in k age

affect

th es e p r o c e s s e s

speci­

On a s t r i c t

and a l m o s t
in the

basis

co m p l et el y in­

specific

use

of the t e r m

phases
cell

are

maturation,

Cell

to

in the

rehydration has

(MacDougal,

peculiar

recognized,

1936).

of the

"radial"

"grow th"

any

radial

occurring

v iz.,

cell f o r m a ­

"grow ing p r o c ­
a l s o bee n con­

In addition to these
in living t i s s u e s ,

and d i s t e n t i o n of nonliving p a r t s

stem,

of c e r t a i n

definite.

tissues.

"grow th"

Throughout the p a p e r

growth"

t han in the u se

cell e n l a r g e m e n t ,

of the

of

The objection would lie
rath er

to c l a r i f y the a u t h o r ' s

grow th."

e n t i r e l y too g e n e r a l

"grow th"

various

t im e

"radial

g r o upings

which should be f a i r l y

tion,

a t th is

would,

m e a s u r e m e n t taken.

s i m u lt a n e o u s ly

in the

ca s e

With all of

it would indeed be

93
m o s t difficult to

separate

out the

effect on e n l a r g e m e n t of any

one p r o c e s s .
As

can be

assoc ia ted
plant,

se en ,

certain

aspects

a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y with the

others

only p a r t l y

of growth a r e
w ater

a s s o c i a t e d with t h is

cia te d with c a r b o n f ixation and

regime

to be
of the

and p a r t l y

asso­

s u b s eq u e n t p h y s i o c h e m ic a l p r o c ­

esses.
In spite
any p h a s e ,
(with the

or

of t h is

it does

seem

reaso nab le

any com bination of p h a s e s

exception of

swelling

rate

of m e t a b o l i s m

sured level.

use

of the

The

c a u s e d by any o r
would

st i l l not be f a r

general

from

tissues)

of the

tissu es

“ g r o w t h 1* f o r

above-mentioned
correct,

is

a fairly

a t the

mea­

such an i n c r e a s e

growth “ p h a s e s 11

even though in a m o r e

sense.
Students

the

all of the

term

of c a m b i a l —
act iv i t y p h e n o m e n a d e t e r m i n e d by

d e nd ro m e te r,

tained as

are

forced

an index of the

turation

of c e l l s ,

creases

and d e c r e a s e s

tivity of the

keeping

secondary

to use

the

increase

ac tu al f o r m a t i o n ,
in m ind that,

at

c a u s e d by f a c t o r s
m eristem s

in

of growth mentioned

of nonliving

good index of the

that in c r e a s e

figures

ob­

d i s tentio n and m a ­
certain

other

tim es,

than the

in­
ac­

and a d j a c e n t living t i s s u e s ,

94
might

influence

in

some

way

the

interpretation

of

the

re­

sults .
R a d ia l
able

on the

all of the

growth,

then,

i n s t r u m e n t used;

aspects

changes

but a s s u m e d
changes

it

in nonliving
that un less

will not

here

to any i n c r e a s e

collective

m en tio n ed .

is

extrem e

to

d u r in g

w ater

af f e ct the

to d e t e r m i n e
be

said

growth,

that

the

of

or

zero

su b s e q u e n t
so m e

vol­

season,

ensues,

seasonal

Spring M e a s u r e m e n t s to D e t e r m i n e
Date of G r o w th I n itiation

initial

that

the

growing

or

their
growth.

I n c r e a s e in T r e e s M e a s u r e d
Along One Ra diu s

increase

o c c u rr e d previous
that fo r

several

increase

does not b e c o m e

in the
to t h i s

species

tim e.

of t h i s ,

possibly
It has

of deciduous

m easurable

one—
half to t h r e e —
fourths

established

Because
radius,

the

in Tourney Woodlot

point had to be

increases.

h o we ver,

are

of any one

determ ine

curve

record­

realized

shortage

At the beginning of m e a s u r e m e n t s
an a r b i t r a r y

result

It i s

impossible

elem ents

m aterially

R a d ia l

Early

the

previously

with p r e s e n t t e c h n i q u e s
ume

refers

until

in o r d e r

it might

due

to

been

shown,

trees,

radial

after

deve lo p ed ( F r i e s n e r ,

the

leaves

1941,

1942;

95
R e im e r ,

1949).

Reimer

(1949)

also

was p r a c t i c a l l y completed before
A c er

r e p o r t e d that axial growth

r a d i a l e n l a r g e m e n t began.

s a c c h a r u m was one of the five

species

No such leaf and shoot development was

studied by him.

ap p a r en t in Tourney

Woodlot until about the f i r s t of May.
The following dates f o r

Minception of growth"

r e c o r d e d on a d e n d r o m e t e r for A c e r

Stout, A. B.
F r i e s n e r , R. C.
R e i m e r , C. W.

May 12,
May 12,
June 10,

Work by Daubenmire

1944,

and May

17,

have p r e c e d e d these
data it
before

seems
the
The

safe

1950 (Tables

for

sugar

maple as

Idaho).

dates by s e v e r a l days.

to a s s u m e

that

radial

readings

in

being

May

Initiation must
In view of these

growth had not begun
1949.

amounts of r e h y d r a ti o n and growth o c c u r ­

ring the week ending May 5,
But in

N. Y. Bot. Gard.
Indianapolis, Ind.
Indianapolis, Ind.

the date of " a t t a i n m e n t of

1945 (Moscow,

time of the f i r s t
r ela tiv e

Location

1920
1941
1947

(194 7) l i s t e d

10% of net annual i n c r e m e n t "
16,

saccharum:

Date
(week ending)

Investigator

have been

VI—
A,

f i r s t week of i n c r e a s e

1949, could not be determined.

VI—
B,

VI—
C) it will be noted that the

not only brought all f i g u re s

back to th ei r

96
highest point r e a c h e d the p r e v i o u s
increase

was

much m o r e

hydration of nonliving

year,

than could be

but in m o s t c a s e s

accounted f o r by r e -

tissues.

D e s c r i p t i o n of Growth f o r

F igures

25,

the week ending

26,

May 5,

and 27 indicate
1949,

radial

0.006 to 0.007 inch o c c u r r e d .

the
this

that c a m b ia l
increase.

activity was

All t h r e e

size

1949

that

s o m e ti m e

increases

cannot be

around

repre­

said but it is p r o b ­

at l e a s t p a r t i a l l y
classes

during

a v e ragin g

J u s t how much of this

sented activity of living t i s s u e s
able

the

responsible

showed i n c r e a s e

for

during

week.
For

there

a p e r i o d of t h r e e

weeks

after

was a halting fluctuation in the

(Figures

25,

growth r a t e

26,

initial

growth curve

and 27), followed by a v e r y

lasting f o r

be c a l l e d the f i r s t

two weeks.

radial

sh a r p

This l a t t e r

m a j o r peak of i n c r e a s e

rate.

for

increase
1949

surg e

of

growth could
It does

not

r e p r e s e n t the high est peak of i n c r e a s e .
Growth f o r
less

than f o r

the week ending June

the p r e v i o u s

drop in growth r a t e

after

16 was

week and r e p r e s e n t s
growth was

considerably
the f i r s t

well un d er way.

major

Inch
.02(L

.018-

1949

.016

.014

1950

.012

.010

x.

.008

.006

.004

.002

.000

April^*"*
Figure 25.

May

June

July

Radial growth of Size Class I trees for 1949 and 1950.
represents the arithmetic mean increase of 30 trees.

August

Sept.

Each weekly recording
o
-si

2

1

\j

ApriT***
Figure 26.

3

August

Radial growth of Size Class II trees for 1949 and 1950.
r P H T #

2

G P n f

C

f k p

9

r i

f U

w

£ > f i r>

w % * a n

i

a

a

<a a

a

C

1 C \

Each weekly recording
nC

Inch

.020

.018
f i

1949

. 0.14

1950
.012

.010

.008

.006

.004
.002

.000

pril
Figure 27.

May

June

July

Radial growth of Size Class III trees for 1949 and 1950.
represents the arithmetic mean increase of 30 trees.

August

Each weekly recording

Sept.

100
A second and m o r e
evident between June
(ending July
major

28)

the

recession
A third

ing August

23 and July
growth

rate

during the

recession

21.

decreased,

greater

of g r e a t e r

during

the

of the growing

season.

s e a s o n into

The f i r s t included the

11 and the

of the f i g u r e s

recorded

ficult to say exactly when growth c e a s e d .

weeks

second

second came

week ending August 25.

On the b a s i s

spicuous

the

during the week end­

increase.

ending August 4 and August

m ark in g

p a r t of the growing

rem ainder

was

The following week

of growth r a t e

18 divided the

two o t h e r p e r i o d s
weeks

extended peak of growth r a t e

increase

later

the

a slight a v e r a g e

on S ep t em b er
below 0.001

came

30 some

inch.

with the po ss i b le
showed s m a l l

it i s

somewhat dif­

The l a s t

week ending S e p t e m b e r
increase

increase

On Oc tob e r

was

was

rather
2.

Two

r e c o r d e d and even

evident,

although it was

13 all

increases

had c e a s e d

exception of one o r

two t r e e s

which still

increases.

Some

trees

con­

showed no r a d i a l growth

beyond the week ending August 25.
In g e n e r a l
sugar

maple

tem ber

2,

in

it can be

said that the growing

1949 extended f r o m

a p e r i o d of

18 weeks.

s e a s o n for

about May 5 to about Sep­

Peak

rate

of growth came

101
the

week ending July

Size

C l as s

7 for

Size

Class

II t r e e s

as

1950 a positive

due at l e a s t p a r t l y

ending May
inch.

11.

The

25,

After

26,

increase

1950

which could be

classes

a v e r a g e d between 0.009 and 0.011
r e s p o n d e d during the

rate

one

ending June

second week (ending May

The

week,

the

with the exception of

clim bed steadily

slightly l e s s e r

amount of i n c r e a s e

f i r s t peak

rate

of growth,

June

The

10.

cessively

weeks

sm aller

making f o r
recession

July 22.

week

over

was

ending June

up to the
18)

reached

the

week

showed a

that of May

17 and June

This

of growth,

11.

The

week ending

24 p r o d u ce d

m a r k e d the f i r s t m a j o r

suc­
re­

1950.

The f i r s t t h r e e

major

then,

increases.

c e s s i o n of r a t e f o r

larger,

same

and 27).

the f i r s t week of i n c r e a s e ,

10.

interpreted

to growth was not r e c o r d e d until the week
increase

All t h r e e size

(Figures

30 for

I and III t r e e s .

D e s c r ip t i o n of Growth f o r

In

and June

weeks

in July i n c r e a s e s

a second peak

in growth r a t e

rate

was

were

of i n c r e a s e .

recorded

again
The

second

the week ending

102
This

was followed by a th ir d peak r a t e

tivity (weeks
rate

ending July

of i n c r e a s e
The l a s t

ing August

was

29 and August 5).

steadily l e s s

increase

From

this week,

for each succeeding week.

of any consequence

19, but i n c r e a s e s

of cambial a c ­

were

was the one

r e c o r d e d f o r various

up to the time

of the l a s t

1949,

of c e s s a t i o n of r a d i a l growth v a r i e d

the time

ably with the t r e e .
was

readings

In one ca se

on September

( tree

r e c o r d e d the week ending July 29.

44),

16.

about May

1950,

of i n c r e a s e

week ending June

As in

consider­

Most of the ot h e r s
19.

r a d i a l growth extended g en e r ally f rom

11 until about September

The peak r a t e

trees

the l a s t i n c r e a s e

continued growth e n l a r g e m e n t at l e a s t until August
Thus, f o r

end­

for

all

2,

size

a total of
classes

17 weeks.

o c c u r r e d the

10.

Comparison of Environmental F a c t o r s with I n c r e a s e
M e a s u r e d Along a Single Radius

Initiation

It has been p re v i o u sl y mentioned that the f i r s t
which can be i n t e r p r e t e d

as growth in

during the week ending May 5.

1949 came

increase

sometime

In 1950 the f i r s t i n c r e a s e

was

103
ap parent for the
r e s p e c ti v e
ature

week ending

tim es

above

there

50 to

for

this

high.

to this

The

Fahrenheit.
weekly a i r

tem perature

these

sam e
Total

periods
solar

plotted in F i g u r e s
the week of f i r s t

1949,

was f r o m

(Figures

solar

11,

33,

radial

34,

and 35.

Yet,

r a d i a ti o n was

the week ending A p r il

tem perature

1950,

the

mean

54 d e g r e e s

Fahren­
for

30 and 31).

increase

in evidence.

tem per­

significant i n c r e a s e

r a d i a t i o n and total h o u r s
32,

air

51 to 66 d e g r e e s

48 to

showed a

tem per­

28 and 29).

in mean weekly a i r

1949,

also

3,000 Langley units.

no growth was
for

5,

at these

in a i r

weekly m ean

increased from

Soil t e m p e r a t u r e s

14,

was the

During the week ending May

heit.

above

In both y e a r s

Fahrenheit (Figures

increase

the week ending May

11.*

a coincident i n c r e a s e

51 d e g r e e s

At no time p r e v i o u s
atur e

was

May

also

S o la r

1949,

in both y e a r s

the week ending April

considerably

14,

are

r a d i a ti o n during

increases

during

Likewise,

of sunshine

above this

total hours

was

about as

value

and

of sunshine
g r e a t as

it was

for the week ending May 5, 1949, when r a d i a l growth commenced.

Because of the f a c t that the c u r v e s f o r all t h r e e size
c l a s s e s were quite s i m i l a r t h e r e was no n e c e s s i t y of comparing
each of these groups with the en v i r o n m en t al data.
In all c a s e s
of c o m p a r is o n . Size C l a s s II was utilized.

U

air temperature
(average of daily readings)

i\\

'V
70

radial growth
(average
Class

60

50

I
■ J

Inch
.006

.004

.000

-i -------- 1------- 1--------- 1----1______ I_____I_____ i

14?. ' 21

April

28

5

12

19

May

26

2

9

June

16

23

i

30

i

7

i

14

*

21

July

_

.002

I

I,

28

4

11

l

I.

I

18

25

2

August

J

16

Sept.

Degrees

Inch
.020

radial growth average
of 30 Class a II trees

.018

.016

weekly mean temperature

.014

.012

.010

April
Figure 29.

May

June

Radial growth - air tem perature com parison.

July
1950.

August

Sept.

t

hydrologic station
at 3-inch depth (aver­
ages of daily readings)

/\

Toumey Woodlot
readings

*

radial growth (average

.006 V

14

21 28
April

Figure 30.

19

26

9

16
June

23

14

30

Radial growth - soil tem perature com parison.

1949.

21

4

11 18
August

25

Inch

D egrees F.

.020

radiaL growth (average
of 30 Class II trees)

70

.016

.012

/

60

Toumey Woodlot
^-(single readings
~

* mi

50

^ hydrologic station
at 3-inch depth
(weekly average)

.008

40

.004

.000

Figure 31.

May

June

Radial growth - so il tem perature com parison.

July
1950.

August

Sept.

107

April

G r a m - c a lo r ie s
per square
centim eter

^

radial growth (average
of 30 Class II trees)

30

00

00

total solar radiation

100

Inch
.004
.002

April
igure 32.

May

June

Radial growth - solar radiation comparison.

July

1949.

August

Sept.

' \
t

•

/

\

t

total solar
radiation

Inch

G r a m - c a lo r ie s
per square
centim eter

^ qq

.020

3000

.016

radial growth
(average of 30
Class II trees)

.012

2500

2000

.008 r

.004

April

May

June

July

August

Sept.

•sO

inch

radial growth (average
of 30 Class II trees)
Hours

.016

.012

total hours of
sunshine

008

0 04

21
April

28

5

12
May

19

26

2

9

16
June

23

30

7

14

21

July

28

4

11. 18
August

25

2

16

Sept.

110

14

radial growth (average
of 30 Class II trees)

Total
Hours

70

total hours*
of sunshine

April/
!

May
Figure 35.

June

July

August

Radial growth compared with total hours of sunshine.

1950.

112
P e r i o d of I n c r e a s e

to F i r s t P eak Rate

1949

This

season the t r en d of i n c r e a s e

r ate

was generally

upward f r o m the time of growth initiation until the week ending
June

9.

The exact p e r i o d under consideration in this

extended from

May

12 to June

The i n c r e a s e s
a definite b r e a k o r
ously described).
with this

change

12,

May

19, and May 26 m a r k e d

in d irec tio n of growth r ate

It is of importance

th er e

and soil t e m p e r a t u r e s
in growth r ate

was

rate

also a corresponding

(Figures

when the t e m p e r a t u r e

28 and 30).

of the a i r

F a h r e n h e i t.

of in c r e a s e

change

The

in a i r

slight i n c r e a s e

19 came

at a

i n c r e a s e d sharply f r o m

Soil t e m p e r a t u r e s

station i n c r e a s e d that week f r o m

(previ­

to note that coincident

r e g i s t e r e d the week ending May

5 5 to 65 d e g r e e s
logic

9.

t h r e e -w e e k fluctuation which held the

at a low level,

time

for May

section

at the hydro-

58 to 62 d eg r e es

Fahren­

heit.
The following week (ending May 26) growth r ate
creased
same

rather

sharply.

week dropped f r o m

de­

Mean weekly a i r t e m p e r a t u r e for
65 to 53 degrees

the

F ah r e n h e i t (Figure

113
28).

Soil t e m p e r a t u r e s

Fahrenheit

(Figure

During th is
show definite

als o

d ec l in e d f r o m

sharp

(Figure

34),

crease
radial
the

in

’’p l a t e a u p e r i o d ”

correlations.

The

increase

su cceed in g

week ending

which

(Figure

rate

greater

was

single

The
crease

week

in r a t e

(ending June
weeks,

the

(Figure

28).

advanced to

ending

of r a d i a l

June

growth.

tem perature

Soil t e m p e r a t u r e

Under

these
the

for

and a d e ­
conditions

previous
the

or

week end­

than t e m p e r a t u r e

t h is

was

sam e

period.

conspicuous

During t h e s e

two

to 64 d e g r e e s

were

above

hydrologic

(Figure

in­

followed by a week

st e a d i ly

averages

Fahrenheit

along

g ro w th fluctu atio n ( F i g u r e

activity.

at the

one

sunshine

37),

other

T his

climbed

Both weekly m e a n

63 d e g r e e s

value

36),

(Figure

2 showed a v e r y

9) of even g r e a t e r

air

Fahrenheit.

to the

the P / E

of

did d e c r e a s e

factor

19 was

(Figure

t han e i t h e r

Evaporation

showed c o r r e s p o n d e n c e
38 shows

32).

s e e m not to

May

of h o u r s

in c l o u d i n e s s

and was the

Figure

recorded

radiation

week.

other facto rs

in the n u m b e r

an i n c r e a s e

ing May 26,

36).

decrease

solar

54 d e g r e e s

30).

in which heavy p r e c i p i t a t i o n was
with a

62 to

30).

60 d e g r e e s

s ta tion als o

Evap. in
Inches

\

radial growth
(average of 30
Class II trees)

.30
.25
evaporation (average
of daily readings)

.20

- .15
.10

Precipi­
tation iri .20
\ Inches

total
precipitatio

.05

.15

Inch
.004
-

.05

.002

14
- *'

>i

21 28
April

5

12 19
May

26

2

9

16 23
June

•

n

_

j»

_

i

_

_ i '

30

7

14 21
July

28

4

11 18
August

25

2
16
Sept.

Amount of
Cloudiness
radial growth (averag
of 30 Class II trees)

•

1

cloudiness (average
of daily readings)
(Growth)
Inch
-

.006

.004
_ .002
115

April

May

June

July

August

Sept.

Growth)
Inch

radial growth (average
of 30 Class II trees)

020

P /E Value
in %

018

2 .0 -

,016
014L
P /E value
.012

.010r
1 . 0 -]

.0081-

.0061-

.ooi /
.oozr
116

14

21
April

28

5

12

19

May

26

2

9

16
June

23

30

7

14

21

July

28

4

11

18

August

25

2

16

Sept.

117
Light conditions
time,

as

is

rainfall was

were

seen from F i g u r e s
r e c o r d e d for

with the trend of r a d i a l
at the hydrologic
ending June

also

station

much more

32,

34,

favorable

and 37.

at this

P ra c t i c a l l y no

this period and evaporation i n c r e a s e d

increase

(Figure

36).

Soil

showed a m a r k e d d e c r e a s e

9, the week of a peak growth r a t e

moisture
the week

(Figure

29).

1950

The week ending May
in cre ase for

1950.

11 was the f i r s t

The trend of i n c r e a s e

week of radial

r ate f r o m this

date

was likewise upward and extended until the week ending June
10.

This covers

a period of five weeks,

a period of six weeks

in

in c o m p a r is on with

1949.

During this five—
week period only one weekly reading
was l e s s

than the previous

week's

reading.

ing taken the third week of May (ending May
26,

and 27).

18) (F i g u r es

25,

significance.

Air t e m p e r a t u r e s ,
i n c r e a s e d again this
29).

the r e a d ­

Appearing the f i r s t week af t e r initial in c r e a s e ,

it is of doubtful

(Figure

This was

which had been incr e asin g

week f r o m

Soil t e m p e r a t u r e

54 to 58 d e g r e e s

steadily,

F ah r e n h e i t

in the woodlot rem a in e d constant

118
at 55 d e g r e e s
serious

Fahrenheit

fluctuations

crease

in growth

( Figu r e

31).

of i m p o r t a n c e .

rate

was

Oth er

The

entire

in e v a p o r a t i o n (F i g u r e

precipitation (Figure
is

39).

39)

1950 in the
the f i g u r e s

tur e
peak

33 and 35),

and a m o d e r a t e

40.

in

a steady

amount of
ratio

No significant r e l a t i o n ­

indicated.
Soil m o i s t u r e

c a tes

increase

The p r e c i p i t a t i o n - e v a p o r a t i o n

c o m p a r e d with growth in F i g u r e

ship is

showed no

p e r i o d of in­

m a r k e d by a gen e ral

intensity and d u r a t i o n of sunlight ( F i g u r e s
increase

factors

woodlot,

figures
and a r e

t aken f r o m

rate

lot at the
between

obtained f o r

thus of g r e a t e r

the hydrologic

that even though t h e r e
at the hydrologic

were

was

station f o r

of growth was noted,

the

80 and 90 p e r c e n t

F irst

weeks

the m o i s t u r e

12—
inch and 36—
inch l e v e ls
available

M a jo r Decline

importance

station.

a decrease

this p e r i o d of

Figure

than

41 indi­

in available

m ois­

during which the
within the wood­

rem a in ed fairly

constant

m oisture.

in Growth Rate

1949

This

decline

found in all t h r e e

is noted the week ending June

size

classes

(Figures

25,

26,

16 and is

and 27).

Soil

Precipitation
in Inches
ap. in>
inches

radial growth (averag
of 30 Class II t r ^ s )

evaporation (average
of daily readings)

total precipitation

rowth)
Inch

gure 39.

.004

April

- 0 .7

May

June

August

July

Radial growth - precipitation and evaporation com p arison .

1950.

Sept.

XT /

SL»

V

dJL U C

in
owth)
ich
.020

.016

.012

.008

.004

April

May

June

July

August

Sept.
N

%

(Growth)
Inch

radial growth (average
of 30 Class II trees)

.020

Available
Moisture

Toumey Woodlot at
1-foot depth

.016

.012

n

.008

\

April
Figure 41.

May

hydrologic station
at 1-foot depth

June

Radial growth - so il m oisture com parison.

July
1950.

August

Sept.

122
moisture

at the hydrologic

station fell below 20 p e r c e n t avail­

able m o is tu re

at that time

soil m ois tu r e

in the woodlot f o r

station (Figure

41)

of this

in

decline

This was

(Figure

42), but the

1950 with that at the hydrologic

m u s t be kept in mind in any i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
1949.

a week of heavy p r e c i p it a t i o n (Figure

undoubtedly influenced the light conditions
34 indicate

a se v er e

sunshine.
while a i r

c o m pa r is o n of

drop in s o l a r

also.

Figures

which
32 and

r adiation and total hours

Evaporation also d e c r e a s e d at this
and soil t e m p e r a t u r e s

36)

time

continued a steady

of

(Figure
rise

36),

(Figures

28 and 30).

1950

The r a t e
this yea r,

of growth showed a two-week p e r i o d of decline

whereas

in

1949 it l a s t e d for

rate

declined steadily for the weeks

23.

Both s o l a r

shine (Figure
cline.

radiation (Figure

35)

33)

a single week.

ending June

As would be expected,

two—
week

cloudiness i n c r e a s e d

The f i r s t week of decline in growth r a t e
an 8-degree

17 and June

and total hours

showed a corresponding

d e p r e s s i o n of soil t e m p e r a t u r e

Growth

of sun­
steady de­

(Figure

also

43).

showed

in Tourney Woodlot,

Jrowth)
Inch
radial growth (average
30 Class II trees)

Available
Moisture

v

\

N

Toumey Woodlot at 12-inch
/

dePth

110

108

hydrologic station
at 12-inch depth

)0b

>04

302

April

May

June

July

August

Sept.

.

Amount of
Cloudiness

(Growth)
Inch

radial growth (average
of 30 Class II trees)

10

8

.016

.012

-

.008

cloudiness
.004

May

April
P arli a I

n rrm /th

_

June
n Irmrli n p « c

r n m n a r i sn n .

July

lq^n

August

Sept.

6

125
followed,
degrees

however,
Fahrenheit

rem ained

12—
degree—
Fahrenheit

(Figure

31).

s t e a d y and below

week p e r i o d .
unaffected,
there

by a

was

a

Evaporation

drop

d e c r e a s e d the

again during

the

in the

h y d rologic

s ig n if ic an t

tem peratures

70 d e g r e e s

Soil m o i s t u r e

although the

Air

woodlot was
st a ti o n d at a

in a v a i la b le

week ending

of I n c r e a s e d

also

29)

the twore la tiv ely

showed that

m oisture

June

to 65

(Figure

F ahrenh eit for

week of gr o w t h decline

Second P e r i o d

increase

(Figure

17 but

(F i g u r e

41).

increased

39).

C a m b ial Activity

1949

This
the

week

25,

26,

second p e r i o d of i n c r e a s e d

ending

and

27).

l a r g e s t weekly
Size

Class

v ery little

on June

Increase

increase

rate

one

st e a d i ly until

the

I and

entire

in the
Class
period

reached

ending

the

Class

III t r e e s

magnitude

air

21

July

season

(June

II t r e e s

extended f r o m

July

week ending

week e a r l i e r

7 for

it

week

rec o rd ed for

d if f e r e n c e

th is

for

Class

30 and July

During
climb

2 3 to the

II t r e e s .

se a s o n a l p e a k
was

June

activity

30).

(Figures
8 was

in the

the

case

of

r e a c h e d the
Actually t h e r e

of growth r e c o r d e d

(Figure

tem perature

26).
continued to

a weekly m ea n of 80 d e g r e e s

126
Fahrenheit the week of July
tion showed an i n c r e a s e

1 to July 7 (Figure

up to June

for the following week (Figure
(Figure

32)

and hours

the week ending June
three weeks,

Evapora­

30 and rem a ine d the

36).

of sunshine

28).

Amount of s o l a r
(Figure

34)

same

radiation

increased

sharply

23, and then began a steady decline for

up to July

14.

mained high for two weeks

Cloudiness
(Figure

i n c r e a s e d to 6 and r e ­

37).

Little

rec o r d ed up to the week of peak growth r a t e

rainfall was

(Figure

36).

The two weeks of growth a f t e r the week ending July
set a gradual
rate.
u res

rate f o r

evantual decline to ze r o of the growth

Evaporation (Figure
28 and 30), also

whereas
(Figure

so l a r

36),

air

declined for

radiation (Figure

and soil t e m p e r a t u r e s
the week ending July

32)

(Fig­

14,

and total hours of sunshine

34) both had begun a steady decline by July 7.
The week ending July

(Figure

36).

14 was one of heavy precipitation

Soil t e m p e r a t u r e

ing taken July

in the

14 showed an average

woodlot for the week r e a d ­
tem perature

of 66 degrees

Fah ren h e it with an i n c r e a s e by July 22 to 68 d eg r e es
heit (Figure

extreme

Fahren­

30).

Up to July 21, none of the f a c t o r s

ature

7

co ns id ered

showed an

variation in direction with the exception of a i r

(Figure

28) and soil t e m p e r a t u r e

(Figure

30).

tem per­

127
1950

This p e r i o d of i n c r e a s e d growth activity extended but
three

weeks,

from

July

1 rea din gs

A secondary peak

rate

for

classes.

all t h r e e

dence

size

with the time

in 1950 this
for the

was

r e c o r d e d the week ending July
Thus

there

of peak r a t e

does not r e p r e s e n t

se a s o n ( F i g u r e s
The light f a c t o r

25,

to the week ending July 15.

26,

is

a close

of i n c r e a s e for

8

correspon­
1949, although

the highest weekly r ecording
and 27).

s e e m e d to b e a r

a more

d irect

relation­

ship with this p e r i o d of activity than any of the oth er f a c t o r s .
Solar
35)

radiation

( Figure

showed fluctuations

growth p a t t e r n .
43).

33)

in the

Cloudiness

Oth er f a c t o r s

and total hours
sam e

of sunshine

d i r ec ti o n as

(Figure

the weekly

d e c r e a s e d c o r r e sp o n din gly (Figure

showed v e r y little fluctuation during this

time.
Soil m o is t u r e
cline f r o m

at the hydrologic

the week ending July

Soil m o i s t u r e

taken f r o m
at the

de­

1 through the week ending July

15, but only a slight v a r i a ti o n is
ture f i g u re s

station began a steep

to be noted in the

soil

stations in the woodlot (Figure

12-inch level

mois­
41).

dropped to 69 p e r c e n t available

128
m oisture,

and at the t h r e e - f o o t level m o is tu r e

80 p e r c e n t available

declined to about

moisture.

Second Major

Decline

in Growth Rate

1949

Radial
less

increase

for the week ending July 28 was markedly

than for the previous p e r i o d of growth.

in all three

size

was i nverse

to the growth r a t e .

was an i n c r e a s e

classes.

For

the f i r s t time
F ig u r e

in evaporation for this

Also worthy of note is the
perature

to 77 d eg rees

that soil t e m p e r a t u r e s
lar

radiation (Figure

This is well m ar ke d

rise

evaporation rate

36 shows that there
week.

in mean weekly a i r t e m ­

F a h r e n h e i t (Figure

28).

F ig u r e

also i n c r e a s e d noticeably this
32) and total

i n c r e a s e d to r e la tiv ely high lev e ls .
began a steady decline

at this

time

hours of sunshine
Soil m o i s t u r e
(Figure

30 shows

week.
(Figure

So­
34)

in the woods

42).

1950

The

second sharp

decline in growth r a t e for this

o c c u r r e d the week ending July 22.

Figures

season

33 and 35 reveal

129
that

solar

radiation

this

same

week.

tim e,

Other

dropped

of

increased
to

the

sunlight

decreased

considerably

lowest level fo r

c o i n c i d e n t with a h e a v y p r e c i p i t a t i o n

factors

were

of an i n c r e a s e
71 to

hours

C l o u d in e s s

Evaporation
at th is

and t o ta l

not

appreciably

in a v a i l a b l e

86 p e r c e n t

(Figure

Third P e rio d

different,

m oisture

a t the

sharp ly

(Figure

the

season

(Figure

with the

43).

39).

exception

12—
inch l e v e l f r o m

41).

of I n c r e a s e d

Cambial

Activ ity

1949

For
week

two w e eks

ending

tem perature
appreciably

July

28,

(Figure
the

following
radial

28)

first

the

and

evaporation

about a s

of the p r e v i o u s

slight

c u r r e d this
Solar

again .

(Figure

two w e e k s .

week they both i n c r e a s e d
A

re c o rd e d for

growth in c re a s e d

of t h e s e

week.

d ec l in e

m uch as

decrease

was

Both a i r

36)

During

dropped

the

the

in g r o w t h

the

second

decrease
rate

oc­

se c o n d week.
radiation

(Figure

34)

decreased

weeks.

During

showed a n o t h e r

the

(Figure

32)

and t o ta l

considerably for

week

in crease.

ending A u g u s t

hours

the f i r s t
11 t h e s e

of

sunshine

of t h e s e

two

two f a c t o r s

130
1950

F igures
crease

quite

25,

26,

sim ilar

instead of a s m a l l e r
be the

to the

one

increase

week ending August

that of August

(Figure

and 27 show a two—
week p e r i o d of in­
d escrib ed for

for

12),

the

the

1949.

second week

rate

However,
(which would

r e m a i n e d the

sam e

as

5.

S o la r

radiation

(F i g u r e

35)

showed the

sam e

responding p e r i o d in

1949.

the week ending August

33)

and total h o u r s

fluctuation

as

Both of t h e s e

of sunshine

seen for this

factors

cor­

increased

5 and d e c r e a s e d the following week

(August

12).

Cloudiness

(Figure

43).

It should a ls o be noted that e v a p o r a t i o n i n c r e a s e d

co n s i d er ab l y f o r

these

F urther

again

showed a r e v e r s e

two weeks

Decline

( Figu r e

fluctuation

39).

and C e s s a t i o n of Growth

1949

Measurements
August

18)

practically

(Figures

for
25,

the t h i r d week of August (week ending

26,

and 27)

stopped that week.

over the p r e v i o u s

week's

This

increase.

indicate

that r a d i a l

represented

a sh a r p

growth
decline

131

zero

This

was

the

of the

rate

of growth.

and in p r a c t i c a l l y
Mean a i r
above
vious
this

week.

decline,

Soil

m oisture

The
evaporation

in the

(Figure

(Figure

m o isture

in the

28)

Cessation

(Figure

34)

to j u s t

36)

this

28)
the

recess

showing

a

steady

42).
came

68 d e g r e e s

42)

week p r e ­

50 p e r c e n t

at a tim e

and m ea n weekly

to

was

d ec l in e d c o n s i d e r a b l y

slightly above

increased

of g r o w t h v a r i e d

air

when

tem ­

Fahrenheit.

did not d e c r e a s e

considerably from

a p p e a r e d to have

decreased

ceased

No e n v i r o n m e n t a l

to c o n f o r m with th is

radiation

of August to the

classes

(Figure

even h i g h e r

woodlot ( F i g u r e

than o t h e r s .

solar

size

to

Soil

appreciably

week.

specific f l u c t u a t i o n s
however,

week

which had b e e n

decreased

specimens

month s o o n e r

this

and was

woodlot ( F i g u r e

the p r e v i o u s

Some

36)

for

(Figure

‘' r e c o v e r y 11 f r o m

perature

tree.

Fahrenheit

m oisture,

s t e a d y decline

individual t r e e s .

tem perature

Evaporation

in a

It a p p e a r e d in all

of the

decreased further

available

from

all

70 d e g r e e s
to t h i s .

only i n t e r r u p t i o n

(Figure

32)

middle

variation.

and t o ta l h o u r s

of S e p t e m b e r .

Air

to

growing

factors

to a v e r y low l ev e l f r o m

tree

a full

showed
In g e n e r a l ,
of

sunshine

about the

tem perature

middle

(Figure

132
28)

and

soil t e m p e r a t u r e

60-degree-Fahrenheit
parts
42),

of the

(Figure

mark.

Soil

woodlot to below the

yet in other p a r t s ,

below 90 p e r c e n t

30) both r ec ed e d to around the
moisture
wilting

dropped in some

coefficient

the lowest perc en tage

available

moisture

(Table

(Figure

r eached was not

VI).

1950

There
from August
istered

was

(Figure

35)

app re ciable

woodlot at the

(Figure

decreased

From

33) and total

August

up to the

Again this

was

reg­

hours

season the

and showed no specific

19,

dropped f r o m

(September

2)

time

of

sunshine

this period.

week ending September

5 to August

12-inch level

moisture

of growth rate

increase

declined to a v e r y low level o ver

39).

available

u ni nterrupted decline

16).

radiation

Evaporation also
(Figure

steady

5 until no f u r t h e r

(September
Solar

tree

a

(Figure

soil

moisture

2

in the

86 to 60 p e r c e n t
41).

of c e s s a t i o n v a r i e d with the

tendencies.

133
S easo n al A s p e c t s

A C o m p a r i s o n of the

Figures

44 and 45

the growth cu r v e
F riesner

(1942).

of both s e a s o n s
for

Size

to keep

for

Class

was

vigor and r e l a t i v e
these

three

its

greatest

of l i n e a r

previously

for
To

Size

Class

interpret

volume

this

in the

crow n

nature

of

m entioned by

total

radial

III t r e e s

relationships,

im portant features

the

rate,

than th at f o r
III)

less

p o si t io n

of the

that during

(Table

"grand period"

increase

and g r e a t e s t

it will be n e c e s s a r y
age

cover

relationships,
of the

trees

in

classes.

One
is

maple

of Growth

to be noted th at the

II t r e e s .

in mind the

show the

sugar

It is

Two S e a s o n s

p o r t i o n of the
the

1949.

reveals

increase

about

3 inches

trees,

than in

curve

for

season

1950 was

t h a t g ro w th was
only,

the

1950,

or

less

growing
more

an a v e r a g e

would r e q u i r e

of growth

when growth was

for

season,
wood,

at

c o n s p icu ou sly lower

An e x a m in a ti o n of t o t a l s f o r

(2.928 inches)

Such an i n c r e a s e

of the two y e a r s

1950.

the

season

In t e r m s

1949, p r o d u c e d

c o l l e c ti v e ly ,

from

of about 0.033 inch p e r

from

one

to two weeks

90
tree.

of

I

134

Inches

•

•

III

.04

2 1 2 8 5 1 2 l 9 2 6 3 1 0 1 7 2 4 3 0 7 1 4 2 1 2 8 4 11 1 8
A pril
F ig u r e

44.

M ay

C u m u la tiv e

June

July

r a d ia l i n c r e a s e .

25

August
1 9 49 .

15
Set >t .

29

13
O ct.

Inches

II ( a v g .
of 30)

.24

I (avg.

of 30)
.20

III ( a v g .
of 30)

.1 2

.08

.04

20

27

A pril
F ig u r e

45.

1 8 1
25
May

C u m u la tiv e

10

17

June

24

22
July

r a d ia l i n c r e a s e .

2 9 .. 1 2 ,

26

August
1950.

16
Sept.

136
TABLE III.

Comparison of environmental
1949 and 1950.

and growth data for

May 5 to
Sept. 15,
1949

May 4 to
Sept. 15,
1950

12.03

19.10

33.87

28.27

Solar Radiation (Langley units)

54,985.5

62,751.8

Sunshine

1,471:53

1,409:06

42

41

48

44

Factor

Rainfall

(inches)

Evaporation (inches)
(open pan)

Cloudy,
Clear,

(hours

and minutes)

8—
10 (days)
0—
3 (days)

Tem perature
(Max.-sum)

(degrees

F.)

10,493

10,187

Air T e m p e r a t u r e
(Min.-sum)

(degrees

F.)

7,561

7,216

Air

Growth of

Size

Class I (30 t r e e s )

Size

Class II (30 t r e e s )

Size

Class III (30 t r e e s )

(inches)
(inches)
(inches)

Total
L in e a r
Increase

Total
L in e a r
I ncrease

7.417

6.412

7.755

6.893

6.632

5.571

137
cambial

activity

functioning

during

the

h e i g h t of the

growing

season.
Another
is

th at the

the p e r i o d
in the

pattern

the beginning

rate

tow ard

These

features

III

environm ental

the

tem ber

amount w e r e
a

is

for
a

of

in

25,

26 and

the

last

to h a l t

seasons

seasons

two p e r i o d s

or

27).

The

a

com parative

d ea l

Much m o r e
th a n f o r

all

were

equally d i s t r i b u t e d

difference

rain

of a l m o s t

in

respec­

these

three

is

d uring

There

were

trends.

size

for

manner
It

classes.

1949

various

significant
between

fell f r o m

d urin g

recession

trend

activity.

of d i f f e r e n c e

a com parable

however,

sunshine

1950.

have,

was,

accelerate
in

of g r o w t h

of m a r k e d

few w e e k s

apparent

1949 and

great

recorded,

Hours

mean

shows

1950,

g r o w t h was

Both

and d e c r e a s e d

again,

two

of E n v i r o n m e n t a l D a ta T o t a l s
and 1950 w i t h G r o w th T o t a l s

two y e a r s .
15,

activity,

t ending

data

that th e re

of t h e s e

sim ilar.

an d f o r

were,

C om parison

for

quite

in creased

fluctuations

T ab le

feature

(Figures

weeks

m inor

first

is

of g r e a t e s t

growth

tively,

striking

May

of the
to note

rainfall

4 to Sep­

period

in

1949.

1950.

If the

Less

1950.

less

for

t h r o u g h o u t the

30 m i n u t e s

every

11deficient* ‘

season,
day.

i t would

138
Solar
during

radiation

1949 l e s s

showed a r e v e r s e

radiation was

relationship,

r e c o r d e d for

that is,

this p e r i o d than in

1950.
Maximum and minimum t e m p e r a t u r e s
a smaller

summation for

of this difference
son,

were

1950 than f o r

1949.

likewise

showed

If equal portions

allotted to each day of the growing

it would mean a difference

of n e a r l y

2.5 d egr e es

sea­

Fahren­

heit for both maximum and minimum t e m p e r a t u r e s .
With these
a very heavy

data it m u st be added that in 1950 t h e r e was

seed production ap parent throughout the woodlot.

In 1949 very little flowering was noted;
tempted to s e c u r e flower

specimens

was able to find only 3 t r e e s
trary,

collections

could be

in the

in flower.

made

in fact,

In

the author at­

spring of

1949 and

1950, on the

con­

a lm o st at will f r o m any place

in the woodlot.

Other Growth Investigations of Sugar
Maple Compared with P r e s e n t Study

F ig u r e

46 c o m p a r e s

growth r a t e s

tained in other investigations
the p r e s e n t

study.

of sugar

with the growth r ate

The o th er two investigations

out in Indiana in 1941 and 1947.

maple ob­
obtained in

were

carried

Growth data p r e s e n t e d by

Mm.

Inch
-

..020

i Reimer 1949
14** Michigan
I (inches)
.016

.012

i

'

Friesner
^c Indiana
\ (mm.)

I

.00

Figure 46.

June

July

August

Radial growth of the presen t study com pared with radial growth of the

Sept.

139

May

Reimer 1947
Indiana

140
Friesner
rate

(1942)

show two

into two p e r i o d s .

curve

T hese

obtained in this

m e a s u r e d by R e i m e r

sh a r p

recessions

periods

in vestig atio n .
(1949)

shows

dividing the

c o r r e s p o n d well with the
The

course

of i n c r e a s e

an e x t r e m e l y

some

with the p a t t e r n obtained by F r i e s n e r .

(1949),
were

th at in the

only one

studies

s p e c i m e n was

of such a magnitude

the p r e s e n t

by F r i e s n e r

used.

(1942)

However,

to w a r r a n t

there

some

the

of
is

It m u s t

and R e i m e r
recessions

comparison

with

study.

Growth c e a s e d
F riesner

as

of this

t im e

and a c c e l e r a t i o n .

be added h e r e

In spite

late

growth initiation
sim ilarity

increase

in

1941 in the two t r e e s

around the f i r s t of August.

In

slight p e r i o d of “ p o s t s e a s o n a l "

activity,

such,

same

which a p p e a r e d about the

of growth i n c r e a s e

for

by Dr. A.

B.

was

a

if it m ay be c a l le d

time

as

(1938)

the l a s t p e r i o d

ci t e d

Stout on a s u g a r

in the New York Botanical G arden
D iam e tral

1947 t h e r e

1949 in Tourney Woodlot.

The publication of MacDougal
investigations

m e a s u r e d by

increase

in

b ec am e

c am bium t e m p e r a t u r e s of 15—
20°
l a r g e m e n t was a t an end by July

results

maple

tree

of
growing

1920:
positive
C.,
1.

and

about June

r ap id at
4th.

En­

14 1
In the

sam e

publication

results

inations by Lodewick on su g a r

maple

of m ic r o s c o p ic
are

exam­

given:

The activity of
the cambium on the o u t e r face b e ­
gins at the same time
as
on the inner face, and tookplace
by May 9. . . .
Growth ap p e a r e d to be at its highest rate
about July 1st, and to come to an end about August 1 when
the f r u i t s were turning brown, although slight activity could
be found in p a r t s of the cambium during the month.
Both of these

observations

plotted in F ig u r e
It is

also

conform in g e n e r a l

to the

data

46.
clear

f r o m this

figure

that r a d i a l i n c r e a s e

in

Tourney Woodlot extended o v e r a considerably longer p e r i o d than
r e p o r t e d for the
1949,

trees

the growing p e r i o d

mately

18 weeks

active

growth was

increases
cells

studied in Indiana and New York.

after

extended o ver

in the woodlot
recorded.

studied.

ing p e r i o d of

(1949)

that the

and F r i e s n e r

12 weeks f o r

still

17 weeks

registered

of

s m a ll

previously formed

su g a r

(Daubenmire,

1947).

(1942) both r e p o r t e d a grow­

maple.
for

Daubenmire
s u g a r maple

" g r a n d period*1 extended f r o m

e a r l y p a r t of May to the

1950,

involved in st ea d of any generative

p r e s e n t e d cumulative growth c u r v e s
cate

In

Some t r e e s

activity on the p a r t of the cambium
Reimer

a p e r i o d of ap proxi­

22 weeks, but hydration of

might be the f a c t o r

For

sometime

e a r l y p a r t of August.

(1947)
which indi­
in the

A v e r y gradual

142
increase

is noted in his

growth curve f o r

ing up t h rough D e c e m b e r .
partially

as

T his,

a r e h y d r a t i o n of

a bela te d h y d r a t i o n of ce l ls
p er iod is

excluded,

not extend o v e r
most.

L ik e w ise ,

would c o v e r
a c t iv i t y "

L o d e w i c k 's

during

F o r th at

sum m er.

than

13 o r

than the

other.

with its

own s e t

to

If this

observations
14 o r

14 weeks

at the

(MacDougal,

1938)

15 weeks

if the

"slight

included.

various

parts

of the

woodlot w e r e

examination of growth p a t t e r n s .
amount of i n c r e a s e

both c u r v e s

of whether one

interpreted

and p a r t i a l l y

for

the f i r s t week of e n l a r g e m e n t a s

reason,

d i f fe r e n c e s

in the

to be

extend­

R e s u l t s of T r e e Growth in Various
P a r t s of the Woodlot

computed using the

group

less

from

was

maple

s e a s o n of growth r e c o r d e d by him would

in August w e r e

c o m p a r a t iv e

were

p r o d u ce d

a p e r i o d of about

Trees

said,

shrunken t i s s u e s

a period g re a te r

Co m p a r a ti v e

for

the

he

sugar

group

In this

showed m o r e

manner

"p ac e,"

in d i a m e t e r

began on the

thereby

of the

sa m e

is

minim izing

trees.

The

The

increases

each individual

a ze r o point.

or le s s

each group

s e l e c te d

point

initial growth

being
the

regard­

compared

error

only points

due
of

to

143
importance
together,

are

or

those points

D is

the

47 and 48 c o m p a r e

l o c a t e d inside

the west p a r t of the
the f u r t h e r m o s t
noted that f o r

both

seasons

in the

F

is

This o c c u r r e d

At th at time

lot)

positive

showed an e x t r e m e
on the

disturbed

come

contrary,

group

D and F .

l o c a te d in
section and

section.

one p e r i o d of growth

in fluctuation.

Group F t r e e s ,

Group

woods between the u n d i s t u r b e d

of July in both c a s e s .

showed

It is
seri­

about the f i r s t

D (inside

the wood­

fluctuation in growth rate*
showed a d e c r e a s e

in growth—

fluctuation.
Soil—
m oisture

of 1950 (Table
tween July
Moisture

X)

data which were

showed a d e c r e a s e

1 and July

tem pera tu re

vicinity of group

showed no

available
of o ver

15 aro un d group

av a ila b ility d e c r e a s e d f r o m

p e r c e n t in the

ure

separate,

growth of groups

the woods.

selected tre e s

ous d i f f e r e n c e s

rate

curves

cross.

Figures
Group

where

F

for

that p e r i o d

40 p e r c e n t b e­

trees

(Station 2).

100 p e r c e n t to about 95

D trees

(Table

significant t r e n d s f o r

VIII).

Soil

this p e r i o d ( F ig­

31).
Other

growth fluctuations

p a r i s o n but were

w e re

not of an e x t r e m e

noted in this

nature.

group c o m ­

Figures

49 and 50

Increments of
Increase or
Decrease

trees: 35, 65, 66
inside (center)
trees: 56, 61, 79
near edge (west)

Inch
.004
.003
.002

.001

V

.001
.002

.003
.004

Class III trees

May

Radial growth d iffer en ce s.

July
Groups D and F com pared.

August
1949.

Sept.

144

Figure 47.

June

.004
.003

.001

.002

.002

.001

.003
.0U4

inside (center)
trees: 56, b l, 79
near edge (west)

V

’• —

t

C lass III t r e e s

»

«

»

I

18 25
May

2

*

*

I

»

10
17
June

24

1

8

Radial growth d iffer en ce s.

*
_____I_____I_____I--------1
-------1--------1
------S—

15 22
July

29

5

12 19
August

Groups D and F com pared.

2b

1950.

2
Sept.
145

Figure 48.

i

C - trees: 7b, 77, 78
cut over (west)
trees: 56, 61,
edge (west)

Increments of
Increase or
Decrease
Inch

X

.004—.
.003 - - .001
.002- -

.002

.001 - - .003
-L .004

Class III trees

12

Figure 49.

19 26
May

2

9

16 23
June

Radial growth d iffer en ce s.

30

7

14 21
July

28

4

Groups C and F com pared.

11 18
August

25

2
Sept.

1949.
146

Increm ents of
Increase or
D ecrea se

Inc he
.004
.003- - .001
.002- - .002
.00 1. . .003

C - trees: 76, 77, 78
cut over (west)
F = trees: 56, 61, 79
edge (west)

_ .004

Class III trees

17

1

May
F igure 50.

1

June
Radial growth d ifferen ces.

5

8

July

12
August

G oups C and F com pared.

26

1950.

2
Sept.

148
co m p a r e

group

C trees

disturbed a r e a
in the f i r s t

quite

with, group

close

com parison

growth c u r v e s

are

fluctuation

not

are

Figures

is

quite

to group

m ain p a r t

are

e s s e n t i a l l y the

sim ilar,

same

the

m easured

external fac to rs

53 and

R.

Group

edge.

R is

Groups

group

P,

In t h e s e

T,

three

groups

curve

R appeared

to the

week ending J u ly 21,

tu r e

d a t a (Table

available
R (Station

VIII)

m oisture
3).

the

The

at the
drop

found

two
in

K and L,

both within

g ro w t h —
fluctuation p a t t e r n s
curves

1949 and

1950.

P,

of

T.

F ig­

and F i g u r e s

with the

same

the

57

group

sou thw e st

the woodlot.

of c o m p a r i s o n s

a divergence

7, 1949,

1949. Again,
a very

some­

None

R with group

R with group

inside

separate

with t h i s .

group

week ending J u ly

reveal

as

differences

about 40 f e e t in f r o m

and S a r e

these

in the

season.

S in c o m p a r i s o n

located

C is

such p a t t e r n

serious

correlate

group

Group

Actually,

groups

in both

54 c o m p a r e

56 c o m p a r e

and 58 in tr o d u c e

No

except t h a t the

of June

55 and

and

The

what about the f i r s t

ures

F.

a p p a r e n t during e i t h e r

of the woods.

F igures

trees.

noted h e r e .

51and 52 c o m p a r e

the

F

and

results

considerable

12-inch level)

in the

was not a p p r e c i a b l e

of

extended

of soil
drop

m ois­

(to 59%

vicinity of group

f o r the

areas

Increments of
Increase or
Decrease
Inch
.004
.003

.001

.0o2

.002

.001

.003
.004

V

trees:
trees:

85, 87, 89, 90
inside (W. center)
33, 34, 82, 83,
84, 86 inside
(S. E. center)

Class II trees

26

12

May
Figure 51.

2

16 23
June

Radial growth d ifferen ces.

30

7

14 21
July

28

4

11 18 25
2
August
Sept.

Groups K and L compared.

1949.

Increments of
Increase or
D ecrease

Inch
.004 T
.003 --.001

K = trees: 85, 87, 89, 90
inside (W. center)
inside (S. E. center)

.0u2 --.002

.001 --.003
- - .004

/ \

Class II trees

May
Figure 52.

10 17
June

1

Radial growth d ifferen ces.

8

15 22
July

5

12
August

Groups K and L compared.

26

2

Sept.
1950.

Increments of
Increase or
Decrease
Inch
.0u4
.003

.001

.002

.002

.001

.003
.004

•

a

near edge (S. W.)
\i

inside (N. W.)

Class I trees
1

12

1

19 26
May

■

I

2

9

i
1
16 23
June

Radial growth d ifferen ces.

I
30

I
7

I
J
14 21
July

I
28

Groups R and T compared.

I
4

I
I
11 18
August
1949.

1
25

L
2
Sept.

151

Figure 53.

■

* /

Increments of
Increase or
D ecrea se

Inch
.004
.001
.003
.002

.002

.001

.003
.004

I

11

I_______ I

18 25
May

Figure 54.

I

2

I

I___ I

10 17
June

24

L

1

Radial growth d ifferen ces.

8

15 22
July

29

5

S-/,

12 19
August

Groups R and T compared.

26

2
Sept.

1950.
152

Increments of
Increase
or Decrease
Inch
.004
.003
.002
.001

T .001
- - .0 0 2
- - .0 0 3
->.004

• -

near edge (S. W.)
inside (N. £ .)

Class I trees

May
F igure 55.

June

Radial growth d iffer en ce s.

July

Groups P and R com pared.

August
1949.

Sept.

Increments of
Increase or
Decrease
Inch
.004—
.0 0 3 - .002- .0 0 1 - -

.001
.002
.003
.004

— t

R = trees 2, 3, 4, near edge (s. W.)
P - trees 12, 13, 14, 15 inside (N. E.)
Class I trees
I

I

18 25
May
Figure 56.

X

2

I
-I
10 17
June

*
24

Radial growth d ifferen ces.

»
1

I____L _L
15 22
July

J

29

I

5

Groups P and R compared.

I

L "j L

1

26

2

12 19
August
1950.

Sept.

Increments of
Increase or
Decrease
Inch
.004
.003

.001

.002

.002

.001

.003
.004

near edge (S. W.)
inside (near S. edge)

Class I trees

12

Figure 57.

19 26
May

2

16 23
June

Radial growth d ifferen ces.

30

7

14 21
July

28

Groups R and S compared.

4

11 18
August

1949.

25

2
Sept.

Increm ents of
Increase or
D ecrease

Inch
.004 -T.003 - - .001
.002
.001

- -

.002

- -

.003
.004

R = trees:
S = trees:

1, 2, 3, 4 near edge (S. W .)
5, 6, 7, 9 inside (near edge, S.)
Class I trees

May
Figure 58.

June

Average weekly in cr ea se d ifferen ces.

July

August

Groups R and S compared.

Sept.
1950.

157
around the other t h r e e
available

m o is tu r e

groups

did d e c r e a s e

fall below 80 p e r c e n t .
show any s e r io u s

(Stations

For

9,

at these

1950 these

10,

and

stations,

same

fluctuation differences.

The

did not

Minor fluctuations
to be c o r r e l a t e d

study.
It is

of i n t e r e s t to compare

with the information

and the

stations

the time

of peak

available
stations

these findings

given in F i g u r e s

show the t r e n d of available

m o is tu r e

59,

00,

at the

rate

m o is tu r e

dropped appreciably

the curve

true for both y e a r s .

Some

From

two cu r v e s

r e p r e s e n ti n g the

readings were

stations

rem ainder

of
Medge,!

This was

in the

generally

,ledge,f a r e a

reached

1949, and

of the p e r i o d during which

taken.

At Station 3 (Table
at a depth of

m o is tu r e .

about

each week until it approached the

the wilting coefficient by the week ending August 25,
remained th er e for the

a whole

“ edge1* stations

of growth in July, the

se p ara te ;

as

and 61, which

located well within the woodlot.

wilting coefficient by the end of August.

1949,

13).

but did not

groups

did occur but were not of such an extent as
in this

11,

VIII),

12 inches,

soil m o is tu r e

was about

Although m o is tu r e p e r c en tag e s

on August 4,

12 p e r c e n t available
were generally higher

jt^erceiu
Available
Moisture
100

r

80
inside" stations
12 inches

"inside" sta- ''
tions 36 inches

\

60

\

\ ,

\

40

\
i^^2-"edge" stations
V<s#
12 inches

\

"edge" stations
36 inches

\

\

\

\

20

--------

I

14

I

»

21 28
July

Figure 59a.

i

4

--J

I

I

11 18 25
August

I

I

L.

2
16 13
Sept.
Oct

Soil m oisture in Toumey Woodlot

J ______ I______ L

*

l

14

4

11
18
August

21 28
July

Figure 59b.

»____I_____I

25

I______I—

2
16 13
Sept.
Oct.

Soil m oisture in Toumey Woodlot

Percent
vailable
Moisture

LOO

inside" stations (12 inches)

•

•

80 -

edge" stations (12
inches)

i

20 27
April
Fiorina An

4

i l 18
May

25

2

10 17
June

24

1

8

15 22
July

Snii m oistu re in Toumev Woodlot at the 12-inch le v e l.

29

1950.

5

12
19
August

26

2
16
Sept.

Percent
Available
Moisture
100

'edge" stations (36 inches)

80

‘-a

60

V "
40

20

i

13

20
April

27

4

11

18

May

25

17

L

■1

. J ________*_____ I_______ I____I________ I_______I____ I________L

8

15

22 29

July

June
i

1

12

19

August
i ocn

26

2

16
Sept.
160

t

5

161
in 1950,

the

wilting coefficient was

r e a c h e d by Station

Station 3 on August 26 at a depth of
Soil t e m p e r a t u r e s
5 degrees

in these

and 63 co m pare
"edge"

were

also

stations

(Tables

“ i n s i d e 1'

XII and XIV).
in

X).

is

2 to

Figures

62

Toumey Woodlot at the

stations.

the t r e n d of soil t e m p e r a t u r e s
tions

(Table

con s i st en t l y higher by f r o m

soil t e m p e r a t u r e s

and at the

12 inches

2 and

quite

It is

seen that although

sim ilar,

showed slightly higher t e m p e r a t u r e s

the

11edge** s t a ­

than found on the

11i n s i d e 11 of the woodlot.

Increase

in T r e e s

M e a s u r e d Along F o u r

Tree

Figure
for

1949 and

ea st ,

west).

section.

64 indicates

91

the total amount of r a d i a l growth

1950 in each of four
This

is

E ccentric

the

case

evident for

slightly g r e a t e r
Figures

d i r ec tio n s

with all t r e e s

(viz.,

north,

1950.

on the

In each of the

in this

south side.

two y e a r s

there

This

A t n o n e of t h e f o u r p e r i o d s

is

was

amount of se as o n al growth along the e a s t

65 and 66 show this

south,

d i s c u s s e d in this

growth was not much in evidence

t r e e , but growth tended to be l e s s
more

Radii

a

r ad ius.

to be the t r e n d for both seaso n s.

d id th e

radial in c re ase

a lon g t he

162

D egrees
j ' d ah xtan h eit

tation s
70

in s id e '1 sta tio n s

60

50

40

F igure

I

t

I

l

14

21
J u ly

28

4

62.

I

J______|-------- 1-----------1----------- 1----

11
18
A ugust

25

S o i l t e m p e r a t u r e in T o u r n e y
d e p t h of 3 i n c h e s .
1949.

2

16
Sept.

13
O ct.

W oo dlot a t a

degrees
ihrenheit
70

•

•

' 'edge''
stations

bO

•

50
"inside1
stations

40

April
Figure 63.

May

June

August

July

Soil temperature in Tourney Woodlot at a depth of 3 inches.

1950.

Sept.

164

N
- 1949
-1950

Inches

.100
_ .050

J .0 0 0

W

050
100

s
I.

100

Figure

64.

- 1

.0 5 0

I

I

.000 .050
Inches

T otal s e a s o n a l
T r e e 91.

I

.100

grow th a s

m easured

along

four

rad ii.

165

Inches

.100

-

.060 -

.040 -

.020

-

£

N

V"

4 /7 -6 /1 2
F igure

65.

5 /1 9 -6 /3 0

G row th a c cu m u latio n o v e r
T r e e 91.
1949.

---------

7 /7 -8 /1 8

8 /2 5 -1 0 /1 3

specified s e a so n a l periods.

16b

Inche s

120* -

100

4/6-5/18

Figure

66.

5/25-7/7

G row th a c cu m u la tio n o v e r
T r e e 91.
1950.

7/8-8/12

specified

8/19-9/16

seasonal periods.

167
south r a d i u s

exceed that of the o t h e r

of the f i r s t p e r i o d of
north radius

was

1949,

but v e r y

F o r both y e a r s
north—
south d i r e c t i o n
nounced in

1949,

Figures

ferences
of each

and h e r e

92

tree

showed e c c e n t r i c

67).

This

was

greater.

68 and 69 show that t h e r e

in magnitude

along the

growth in a

much m o r e
There

east—
w est growth during
w e re

of growth during four

pro­

was p r a c ­
the two

also few dif­

selected periods

season.

Tree

This

tree

is

93

growing j u s t e a s t of t r e e

and showed s m a l l e r

seasonal in cre as e s

than along the oth er

three.

the n o r t h

side

was l e s s

f i r s t few weeks
and e a s t
to July

increase

Tree

(Figure

in the

the

with the exception

slightly l e s s .

when growth was

tically no difference
years.

th is

radii,

Figure

during the

of both s e a s o n s

r a d i i were
1, i n c r e a s e

greater.

the

the n o r t h

70 in d icates
entire

west

rad iu s

During the

along the

the p e r i o d f r o m

along the

14)

that growth on

season.

increases

During

was g r e a t e r

along

92 (Figure

radius

south

May
in

18

1950,

168

N
1949
1950
Inches

.100
.050

W4

-

4.000
.050

.100

S

L

.100

F igure

67.

I
I
±
-05070007050
Inches

-7100
f

Total s e a s o n a l growth a s m e a s u r e d along
four r a d i i .
T r e e 92.

169

Inches

N

W
S

4/7-5/12

Figure

68.

5 / 1 9 - 6 /3 0

G row th a c cu m u latio n
T r e e 92.
1949-

over

7 / 7 - 8 /1 8

specified

V /8/25-10/13

seasonal periods.

170
Inchc s

W

N

S

E

W
y

4/6-5/18
F ig u r e

69.

5/25-7/7

Growth accumulation over
T r e e 92.
1950.

7/8-8/12
specified

8/19-9/16
seasonal

periods.

171

1949
1950
N

Inches

x

100
X

X

,050

r

.000
.050

.100

.100

F ig ur e

70.

1
.050

Total s e a s o n a l
T r e e 93.

I
1
.000 .050
Inches

I
.100

growth as m e a s u r e d

along f our

radii

172
but f r o m
greater

July

amount.

west r a d i u s
the

1 to August
During

12,

t h es e

showed g r e a t e r

the

sa m e

se as o n al d i s t r i b u t i o n of growth f o r

Figure
was

73 shows

in evidence

erable

decrease

for

this

from

May

18 to July

along the w est

1,

radius.

south r a d i u s

showed the

74 and 75).

The n o r t h

entire

Figures
this

1949 the

71 and 72 show

tree.

94

sp e c i m e n

even a tendency f o r l e s s
tree

in

that p r a c t i c a l l y no e c c e n t r i c

along all four

situation found f o r

exhibited a

two p e r i o d s

increases.

Tree

the

south r a d i u s

in

radii

1949.

In

was noted.

growth on the n o r t h
93 is p r e s e n t h e r e .
1950,
From

greatest
July

greatest
radius

1950,

For

1 to August

was

The

same

the p e r i o d

was
12,

reco rd ed
1950,

amount of i n c r e a s e

showed s m a l l e r

a consid­

T here

side.

increase

growth

the

(Figures

increases

ov er

se aso n .

Another

south edge

amount of i n c r e a s e

Tree

95

tree,

th is

on the n o r t h

76), with a tendency for g r e a t e r

side

one

showed a s m a l l e r

for both y e a r s

(Figure

growth in a south and e a s t

Inc he s

.100

-

080

-

.060

-

.0 40

-

.020

-

W
■N/--------4/7-5/12

Figure

71.

5/19-6/30

G row th accu m u latio n ov er
T r e e 9 3.
1949.

S

E

W

N

7/7-8/18

specified

seasonal

S

E

W

8 / 2 5 - 1 0 /1 3

periods.

Inches

.040

.020

4/6-5/18

Figure

72.

5/25-7/7

G row th a c c u m u la tio n o v e r
T r e e 93.
1950.

7/8-8/12

specified

8/19-9/16

seasonal

periods.

175

1949
1950

Inches

—1 0 0
x
050

w

E

_ .000
050

-1.100

L
.100

F igure

73.

J
.050

I

L

.000 .050
Inches

I
*100

Total seasonal growth as m e a s u r e d
T ree 94.

along four

radii

Inches
176
140

120

-

100

-

.080 -

.060

-

.040 -

.020

-

4/7-5/12

F igure

74.

5/19-6/30

G row th a c c u m u la tio n o v e r
T r e e 94.
1949.

7/7-8/18

specified

8 /2 5 - 1 0 /1 3

seasonal periods.

177

Inche s
.120

.100

4 /6 -5 /1 8

Figure

75.

5/25-7/7

G row th a c c u m u la tio n o v e r
T r e e 94.
1950.

7/8-8/12

specified

8/1 9-9 /1 6

seasonal

periods.

178

1949
1950

N
Inche s

.100
.050

.000

W

.050

.100

S

100

F igure

76.

J
.050

I
I
.000 .050
Inches

\

. 100

Total s e a s o n a l growth as
radii.
T re e 95.

measured

along four

179
d ir e c ti o n .
f r o m July
less

The

small

1 to August

total growth in

ra d i u s

amount of i n c r e a s e

was

12,

1950,

on the n o r t h

1950 ( Figu re

consistently le ss

78).

than the

Tree

In

growth for both y e a r s ,

Growth f o r

the y e a r

1950, however,

growth was

except along the
of i n c r e a s e

for

that y e a r

throughout t h e i r

this

tree

(Figure

77).

79).

seasons

exhibited e c ­

same

west

same

which was

(Figure

respective

made for

the n o r t h

along the

along the

about the

south r a d i u s ,

1949,

but not in the

recorded

side

96

1949 was g r e a t e r

The l e a s t amount was

the p e r i o d

other three

Loca te d with an e a s t ex p o s u r e,
centric

during

east

r a d i u s.

radius.

In

in e v e r y d i r e c ti o n

the

These

as

manner.

shortest

rad iu s

features

appeared

seen f r o m F i g u r e s

80

and 81.

T re e

This

tree

the north p a r t

i s lo ca te d j u s t e a s t of a

of the woods.

amount of i n c r e a s e
large

97

was

amount of i n c r e a s e

During

1949 an e x t r e m e l y

r e c o r d e d for the
was

"blowdown11 a r e a

east

r e c o r d e d f o r the

radius
west,

in

sm a ll

and a
n o r t h and

180

Inches

.120

100

§
.080

§

.060

.040

.020

sN

s

4/7-5/12

Figure

77.

5/19-6/30

Growth acc u m u la tio n o v er
T r e e 95.
1 9 4 9.

7/7-8/18

8/25-10/13

specified seasonal

periods.

181

Inche s

4/6-5/18

F igure

78.

5/25-7/7

G row th accu m u latio n o v er
T r e e 95.
1950.

7 /8 -8 /1 2

specified

8/19-9/16

seasonal periods.

182

1949
1950

Inches

.100
.050

.000
,050

.1 00

I
.100

Figure

79.

I
.050

Total
radii.

I
I
.000 .050
Inches

I
.100

seasonal growth as m e a s u r e d along four
Tree 96.

183

Inches
120 r-

100

.080

-------

.060

1

.040
s

.020

N
4/7-5/12

F igure

80.

5/19-6/30

G row th accu m u latio n
T r e e 96.
1949-

over

7/7-8/18

specified

N

S

E

V —
8/25-10/13

seasonal

perio d s.

184

Inc he s

.100

-

080-

.040 -

4/6-5/18

F ig ure

81.

5/25-7/7

G row th a c c u m u la tio n o v e r
T r e e 96.
1950.

7/8-8/12

specified

8/ 19- 9 /1 6

seasonal

periods.

185
south radii.

In

on all four

sides

show the

1950 the i n c r e a s e s

were p r a c t i c a l l y the

of the trunk (Figure

82).

seasonal n ature of this growth.

growth indicates

a greater

increase

Figures

same

83 and 84

The f i r s t period of

along the

south and ea st

radii.

T re e

98

Growing j u st north of t r e e
in the vicinity of the

same

97 (Figure

•'blowdown11 but was

removed f r o m the a r e a than was

tree

creases

were

along the e a s t - w e s t axis

than along the n o rth —
south axis
all portions

and b ran c h es

the afternoon hours.
was

r e c o r d e d for

The g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e ,

a little f a r t h e r

F o r both y e a r s

in­

85).

This was true for

86 and 87).

99

as

19).

The exposure

to receive

A rela tiv ely large

1949 and

was

m e a s u r e d having a west exposure

(Figure

of such a nature

tree

conspicuously g r e a t e r

of the y e a r tabulated ( Figures

This was the only t r e e

plete but is

97.

(Figure

Tre e

of leaves

18), this

direct

is not com­
sunlight in

amount of i n c r e a s e

1950 along all rad i i (Figure

88).

however, was along the west radius.

186

Inches

1949
1950

.100
.050

.000

.050

.100

L
.100

Figure

82.

I
.050

±
X
.000
.050
Inches

J

.100

Total s e a s o n a l growth as m e a s u r e d along
f our r a d i i .
T r e e 97.

In che s

187

14(1—

12C-

100

“

08u -

.060

-

8

.040 -

.020

-

4/7-5/12

F igure

83.

5/19-6/30

G row th accu m u latio n
T r e e 97.
1 9 4 9.

over

7/7-8/18

specified

seasonal

8/25-10/13

periods.

188

Inches
.080

.0 6 0

.0 40 -

. 020

-

§

N

W
"

4 /6 -5 /1 8
F ig u re

84.

5 /2 5 -7 /7

G row th a c c u m u la tio n
T ree 97.
1950.

8 / 1 9 - 9 /1 6

7 /8 -8 /1 2
over

sp ecifie d

seasonal

p erio d s.

189

1949
1950

N
Inches
.100
.050
.000
.050
.100

L

.1 0 0

F ig u re

85.

JL
.0 5 0

J.

.000
.050
Inche s

J
.100

T otal se a so n a l grow th a s m e a s u r e d
T ree 98.

alon g fou r

rad ii,

Inche s
. 140

190

.120

.100

.0 80

-

.060

-

.040 -

.020

-

N/"

4 /7 -5 /1 2
F igure

86.

5 /1 9 -6 /3 0

G row th accu m u latio n o v e r
T r e e 98 .
1949.

7 /7 -8 /1 8
specified

8 /2 5 -1 0 /1 3
seasonal periods

191
Inches

.060

-

.040 -

.020

-

V
4 /6 -5 /1 8
F igure

87.

5 /2 5 -7 /7

G row th accu m u latio n o v er
T r e e 98.
1950.

7 /8 -8 /1 2
specified

8 /1 9 -9 /1 6
seaso n al periods

N

1949
1950

Inches
.100

o050
E

W

-4 .000

.050
.100

192

1

.100 .050 .000
Inches

.050

.100

193
DBH m e a s u r e m e n t s
centric
some

growth has

tim e .

that t h e r e
as

the w est

indicate

season

shows this

those

early

1949 and

growth on the

trees

with

for

same

te n ­

1950 indicate

south and e a s t

sides,

south and e a s t e x p o s u r e s .

season increase

o c c u r r e d in t r e e

99 along

radius.

Tree

100

L o c a te d within the woodlot and a p a r t
(Figure

20),

greater

growth in

this

1950,

increases

91).

T h ere

on the

that e c ­

in an e a s t —
west plane

of growth f o r

no g r e a t e r

was found f o r

The g r e a t e r

II)

89 and 90).

initial weeks
was

(Table

been o c c u r r i n g

E a c h p o r t i o n of the

dency ( F i g u r e s
The

with c a l i p e r s

large

showed some

tendencies

1949 along the n o r t h and e a s t

w e re p r a c t i c a l l y the

sam e

was no indication of an e a r l y

south and e a s t

92 and 93).

tree

of a closed canopy

si d e s

over

the o t h e r

toward

radii.

For

on all

sid e s

(Figure

season

su r g e

of growth

two r a d i i

(Figures

194
168

Inche s

060

171

~

040 “

\ /
4/7-5/12

F igure 89.

5/19-6/30

Growth a c c u m u la tio n o v e r
T r e e 99.
1949.

V /
7/7-8/18

specified

V “
8/25-10/13

sea so n a l periods.

195
188
Inches
140

120

§
100

.080

.060

.040

.020

N
\ ___

S

4/6-5/18

F ig u r e 90.

5/25-7/7

G ro wt h a c c u m u l a t io n o v e r
T r e e 99 .
1950.

7 /8 -8 /1 2

8/19-9/16

sp ecified se a so n a l periods.

196

N
1949
1950

Inches

,100
.050

W

,000
.050

-

1.100

S

I ...
.100

F ig u re

91 .

-J
.050

I
I
.000 .050
Inches

T otal seaso n al
T r e e 100.

1
.100

g r o w t h a s m e a s u r e d a lo n g f o u r

radii.

197

Inche s

120 r-

,100

,080

.060

,040

.020

N

W
V
4/7-5/12

Figure

92.

5/19-6/30

G row th accu m u latio n o v e r
T r e e 100.
1 9 4 9.

7/7-8/18

specified

seasonal

8/25-10/13

periods.

198
Inche s
120 r-

100

—

.080

.060

.040

.050

s

sN

4/6-5/18

Figure

93.

7/8-8/12

5/25-7/7

G row th a c c u m u la tio n
T r e e 100.
1950.

over

specified

seasonal

8/19-9/16

periods.

199
General

Trees

growing

woodlot ( t r e e s

along

extreme

94,

and 95),

amount of b ran c h ing f r o m

the

south,

of the

of the

tree.

15b,

and

tionship

92,

the

93,

sides

91,

C on s id e r a t io n s

t ru nk than f r o m
This

16..

can be

It is

to the

exhibited a much g r e a t e r

s o u t h e a s t and southwest

the points

on the opposite

s e e n in F i g u r e s

well to r e m e m b e r

quite

south edge of the

11,

this,

12,

13,

side
14,

15a,

e s p e c i a l ly in r e l a ­

v a r i e d growth p a t t e r n s

shown by these

trees.
A sim ilar
form er
the

(Figure

stem from

situation applies

17a)

has

a predominance

an e a s t e r l y

ing extending f r o m

the

crown

yet the

( Figure

19),

ond g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e
Figures
indicate

64,

a lesser

some

cases

this

most

entirely

to t r e e s

direction;

east

side
east

70,

73,

side of t r e e
sides

76,

79,

r e d u c e d an e c c e n t r i c

symm etrical pattern

equal in another

trunk

82,

d i r e c ti o n

( tree

96).

entering

no b r a n c h ­

except at the v ery
99 showed the

85,

88,

sec­

and 91 all

1950 than for

1949.

In

growth p a t t e r n to an a l ­

(tree

growth was

has

The

measured.

amount of growth f o r

the p a t t e r n of e c c e n t r i c

of b r a n c h e s

the l a t t e r

of the

of the four

67,

96 and 99-

97).

changed,
In t r e e

In o th er c a s e s
growth being un­
94,

a r e l a ti v e l y

200
sym m etrical
m etrical

growth p a t t e r n

pattern

for

1950.

a f f e cted only i n s o f a r
1950

was

as

for

1949 was

In t r e e s

the

changed to an a s y m ­

93 and 99,

diamond

the

representing

It was

possible

m easurem ents
the

from
42),
the

results

readings
it

is

was

blocks
while

1950 to

m oisture

o b t a i n e d in the
taken

never

a t the

that

above

at the

blocks

sandy loam;
series,

soil

in

d i f fe r

to

s t a ti o n

soils,

any g r e a t

is probably

loam.

a t the h y d r o l o g ic

Blocks
another

difference

s e a s o n ’s
Compar­

(Figures

occurred
s t a ti o n
It is

were

Woodlot w e r e
being

in the

heavier

41

and

throughout
(12—
inch

true

th at the
loam

in H illsdale
same

soil

each other.

than H i l ls d a l e

station w ere

taken into

secured

in Conover

extent f ro m

little

to be

station

woodlot.

Tourney

a

entire

h y d r ol o gic

t h a t of the

ye t both of t h e s e

do not

the

Woodlot.

differences

a t the

in

an

Tourney

h y d r o l o g ic

C onover l o a m

field

g ro w th f o r

woodlot with the f i g u r e s

h y d r o l o g ic

buried

secure

in

serio u s

Soil m o i s t u r e

buried
the

of

apparent

season.

level)

was

sm aller.

C o m p a r a t i v e O b s e r v a t i o n s on Data f r o m
Hy drolo gic Station and Data Taken
in Tourney Woodlot

ing

pattern

s i t u a t e d in an

account.

sandy
open

201
Both locations
cline

showed a g en e ral

in August but " p l a t e a u s "

were

trend

hydrologic

41 and 42).

' ‘ed g e11 stations

s a t i s f a c t o r i l y with the hydrologic
1950,

yet even h e r e

and r e c o v e r y was
(Figures

59,

conformed more

station data for both

in the f o r m e r

to a h igh er degree

29 and 30 show the

two l o c a tio ns.

woodlot was

station data (Fig u res

were not as

than in the l a t t e r

In g e n e r a l ,

the

soil t e m p e r a t u r e

co n s i st en t l y below that of the hydrologic
e a r l y p a r t of the

verse

This would not be too s u r p r i s i n g

was t r u e .

investigations

a wooded a r e a

Because

(Wolfe et^ a l . ,

the

showed l e s s

co m p a r is o n s

1950

case

station
re­

in the light

rela ti o n sh i p s within

1943).

on Soil Moisture

soil m o is tu r e

readings

fluctuation than those

of these

of the

se ason when the

on t e m p e r a t u r e

Other Ob s erv a tio n s

level

se v er e

soil t e m p e r a t u r e s f r o m

except during the

of previous

1949 and

60 and 61).

Figures
these

the dips

de­

ap p a r en t in the woodlot

which did not a p p e a r in the
Data f r o m the

of m o is tu r e

readings

with the

at the t h r e e —
foot

at the one—
foot level,
r a d i a l growth were not

202
deemed n e c e s s a r y .

The

the t h r e e —
foot level
Single
moisture
ave rag e
dates
tu r e

hydrologic

of daily

rea d i n g s

at

of the

in the

available

Mention has

Using

this

of sugar

as

most

a basis,

maple

to the

that the

have had little
plant.
23b,

sam e

R e su l ts

as

are

is

a very

M orrow l i m i t e d his

that

single

same pic­

daily rea din gs.

(1950)

upper p a r t of the

that m ost of
"m an tle."

study of the

roots

inch of soil.

the p o s s i b i l i t y that this

a r e a for

w ater

m oisture

at the

or no r e l a t i o n s h i p

day of m o is ­

m o is tu r e ;

did continuous

The

p r e s e n t e d in

p r e s e n t e d about the

upper one

soil

location.

that t h e r e

of available

in the

and m i n e r a l
depths

to the

of F i g u r e s

on the b a s i s

data on

c o r r e s p o n d e d with the

intervals

Yet on the b a s i s

and also

the

indication is

realizes

"critical"

and f u r t h e r

taken f r o m

curve

are

59b and 61.

and plotted a g a in st the weekly

been made by M o r r o w

roots

The a u th o r
the

station

w ater

availability at

s e l e c t e d out of the

data

The

se v e n - d a y

absorbing

soil-m oisture

taken in the woodlot.

slight difference

the

the

94 and 95.

rea d ing s

were

at the

readings

of

p r e s e n t e d in F i g u r e s

readings

selected from

Figures

ture

is

cu rv e

21a,

abso rp tion

m e a s u r e d might

w a te r
21b,

of o b s e r v a t i o n s

might be

regime
21c,

made

22,

of the
23a and

while burying

‘ercen t of
Available
Moisture

80

60

averages of daily
readings
40
single reading on sam^
day as taken in wood-\
lot
1
20

7

Figure 94.

14 21
April

28

5
12
May

19

26

2

9

16
June

23

30

7

14
July

21

28

4

11 18
August

25

2
Sept.

Soil moisture at the hydrologic station. Single weekly readings compared with
weekly averages of daily readings. 1949.
203

P ercen t of
Available
Moisture

single reading on same day
as taken in woodlot

Averages of
daily readings

20

-

13

20 27
April

Figure 95.

4

11 18
May

25

2

10 17
June

24

Soil moisture at the hydrologic station.
with weekly averages of daily readings.

1

8

15
July

22

29

5

12 19
August

Single weekly readings compared
1950.

26

2
Sept.

205
the

soil blocks,

it

loam a good s h a r e
are

seems

quite possible

of both secondary

p r e s e n t throughout the f i r s t
The

particular
occurs

extention of l a r g e r
soil would indicate

in both the

a soil whose
loam

texture

sometimes

one-

and small

10 to

that

roots

of soil.
depth in this

some kind of root activity

A ge n e r a l l y high amount of

and t h r e e - f o o t lev e ls ,

is fine

sandy

absorbing

14 inches

ro o ts below this

well into the B horizon.

soil w ater

that in Hillsdale

granular

mixed with a little

and f r ia b le

g ravel,

together with
sandy to clay

would allow for

such p e n e tr ation .
Soil m o i s t u r e

o b se r v at i o n s by F r i e s n e r

in an A c e r - Q u e r c u s - Fagus
much m o r e

r i g o ro u s

Tourney Woodlot.

community in Indiana indicate

habitat in the

Further,

ingly g r e a t e r

in the

amounts

in the v e r y top l ev e ls

correlations

season they found

6—
inch level and at the

would be e a s i e r to find cause f o r
roots

growing

exceeded 20 p e r c e n t at the

of available

under

might be good h e r e .

a

12-inch level than found in

During the e n t i r e

that 1'growth w a t e r 11 n e v e r
level.

and Ek (1944)

w ater were

surface

12—
inch
increas­

recorded.

It

concentration of absorbing
these

circumstances

and

206
Even if the
of s u ga r
trated
sults

maple

at o r

the

near

the

surface,

and Ek (1944),

amount of available

would be
the

would m ea n that

very close

entire

than the

stations

growing

results

A final

from

m o istu re

very

edge

under

(12—
inch depth)
field.

Tables

fic i e n t was
conditions

were

in

soil m o is tu r e
moisture
no m or e

on the

soil

at the

of a t r e e

of the

stations

12—
inch level

forming

the boun­

Block 20AA

edge in the open

that the wilting coef­
In fact,

m o is tu r e

in the field than at this

e v e r y p e r i o d during

moisture

of the woodlot,

at Station 20A.

much b e t t e r

re­

in d icates.

made

VIII and X show c l e a r l y

reached f i r s t

would be p r e s e n t

adjoining field.

was p l a c e d outside

station f o r n e a r l y
taken.

and the

the

that an

would indicate

was b u r i e d
shade

concen­

that f r o m

top level

south b o r d e r

the

dary between the woods

This

should be

The f o r m e r

roots

surface.

12-inch level

e s t a b l i s h e d at the

that they a r e

100 p e r c e n t available

season.
the

absorbing

and Cundiff (1949),

at this

90 to

observation

20A and 20AA.
at the

to

i.e .,

the

it would s e e m

soil of Tourney Woodlot at the
This

for

condition held for

in Tourney Woodlot;

of F r i e s n e r

even h i g h e r

sa m e

which readings

edge
were

207
Back

F igures

96 and 97

exhibited by Size
perature,
oration.

soil

Dating of E n v i r o n m e n t a l

Class

d at a have been

b ef o r e

the

for

w h e th e r

d a t a have

sults,

as

r a d i a ti o n ,

p e r i o d of t im e

(Figures

30,

such t h a t

been back

as
32,

for

the

en v i r o n ­

they ended 48 h o u r s
growth.

Thus,

dated in an a t t e m p t to

might be

factors

com parison

fluctuations

p r e c i p i t a t i o n and evap­

weekly p e r i o d f o r

p r e s e n t e d by F i g u r e s

satisfactory for

rate

the weekly p e r i o d s

o r not this

c o m p a r i s o n of t h e s e

growth

in c o m p a r i s o n with soil t e m ­

calculated

co n c lu sio n of the

environm ental

determine

solar

com parison

mental

the

II t r e e s

m oisture,

In this

show the

Data

with the

a more

desirable period

growth r a t e .

The

re­

96 and 97,

s e e m not to be

as

the

plotted for

sa m e

results

36 and 42).

the

soil temperature (hydrologic
station at 3 inches)
r- 500

•

RadiaJ Growth

(Class II trees)

»

1

vTs-

Percent of
Available
Moisture

j

3

sr
1
i

_ 450

»
!*

3

_ 400

I

0
3
I

3

U

soil moisture (hydrologi
station at 12 inches)

- 350

O

3

. 002 /

3

19 26
April
Figure 96.

3

10 17
May

24

31

7

14 21
June

28

5

12 19
July

26

Radial growth - soil m o istu r e, so il tem perature com parison.
back dated by 48 hours. 1949.

2

9

16 23
August

30

Environm ental data

6
Sept.

radial growth
(Class II trees)

solar radiation

„ 2.5
H
<

P>

15
0
1

P>

r+

H
0
3

3
n
sr
ft
u>

evaporation

i

ft

o
VH
-

precipitation

«-*■

P
rt
H
*
o
3

-.002
3
n
3*
ft

19 26
April

17 24
May

14 21
June

C
fl

August
N
»
o

Vi

n il i*o

Q7

Radial orowth - nreciDitation. evaporation and solar radiation comparison.

o

DISCUSSION

I n t ro d u c t o r y R e m a r k s

From
increase

the work p r e s e n t e d in the p a s t

in t r e e s ,

opinion as

to the

it is

relative

"■external11 f a c t o r s ,
periodicity

evident

as

of growth.
. . . once

that t h e r e

value

is

radial

a difference

of

to be p l a c e d on " i n t e r n a l "

to whether

they do o r

MacDougal

(1936)

awakened,

concerning

an

do not influence

said:

c a m b iu m

illustrates

a funda­

m en t al ca p ac ity to o p e r a t e unceasingly without pause or
r hythm and at a r a t e modified only by e x t e r n a l conditions
and food supply.
In a l a t e r p a p e r
showing

continuous

(1938)

leafage

he

cites

and ca m b ia l

evidence

of a maple

activity:

The ca p ac i ty f o r continuous leafage is m o r e com ­
p l etely i l l u s t r a t e d by o b s e r v a t i o n s of C o s t e r (1927) on
J a p a n e s e maple i n tr o d uc ed into Ja v a.
T h r e e t r e e s in 1°2
and 1926 displayed leafy twigs continuously, and all had
active cambium in some b r a n c h e s at all t i m e s .
Spring
wood was being f o r m e d on some b r a n c h e s , and s u m m e r \*
on o t h e r s , in May 1926.
The s e a s o n a l l a y e r s were incon
pie te in p l a c e s and not always c l e a r l y s e p a r a b l e .
The la'
e r s were clo s ed with the f o r m a t i o n of radia lly c o m p r e s s e
fiber—
tracheids.
The t r a c h e a r y v e s s e l s of the s u m m e r oi
l ate wood were s m a l l e r than those of the spring wood,
which w e r e

dispo s ed in a ring.

211
Evidence
Priestly

(1930)

has
was

a halt even during
On the

already

been p r e s e n t e d indicating

that

not convinced that growth activity came
the

o th er

to

winter.

hand,

Friesner

(1942)

commented:

E x t e r n a l conditions, without doubt, p l a y i m p o r t a n t
r o l e s in d e t e r m i n i n g the time of initiation, time of peak
r a t e and t im e of c e s s a t i o n of growth and amount of growth,
but the growth rhythm o c c u r s independently of definable
r h y t h m s in the e x t e r n a l e n v ir o n m en t.
They a r e m o s t likely
due to i n t e r n a l physiological conditions, such as available
h o r m o n e s, and o t h e r growth s u b s t a n c e s to o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s .
Rhythmic
tissues

under

action of p r o t o p l a s m

has

been

uniform—
c o n t r o l l e d conditions

r e p o r t e d for

(Friesner,

1921),

an action co n t r o l le d undoubtedly by the p h y s io log ic - g en e tic
lationships

within the c e l l s

concluded that

ro o ts

involved.

of su g a r

maple

Recently,

Robbins

pro b ab ly undergo

of activity i n t e r n a l l y c o n t r o l le d but influenced by the

re­

(1950)

a cycle
e n vir o n­

ment.
Even in the
indicated that the

example

ca m b iu m throughout the

not function continuously.
forming

springwood while

could indicate

given by MacDougal

th at t h e s e

have been in varying

Also,
others

tree

the f a c t that
w e re

as
some

fo rm in g

d if fe r en t m e r i s t e m a t i c

stages

of a p a r t i c u l a r

(1938),

it was

a whole

did

twigs were

summerwood
r egions

cycle.

could

By this

212
token,

the

location

cycle

in the

of c a m b i a l
tree

a c t iv i t y would v a r y

but the

cy c l e

ac co rd in g to the

i t s e l f would be

e s s e n t i a l l y the

sam e.
Based

on p r e s e n t

to explain the
Figures

( i .e .,

it

seem s

more

g r a n d period)

of some

e n v i r o n m e n t only i n s o f a r

r e a s o n a b le

illustrated

in

i n t e r n a l m ec h a n i s m ,
as

e x p r e s s e d by F r i e s ­

(1942).
It is

sic

of growth

44 and 45 on the b a s i s

a l t e r e d by the
ner

type

information

even p o s s i b l e

c o n t r o l ’1 o v e r

of the

growing

to

growth as

season,

en te rta in

thoughts

it f l u c t u a t e s

of an

throughout the

and in any i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

nomena u n d e r f i e l d conditions

it

seems

"intrin—

unwise

weeks

of growth phe­

to exclude

this

possibility.
On the
t hat a

serious

other

hand,

it is

not

c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the

t h e i r flu ct u at i o n s

at all

difficult to

recognize

environm ental f a c to r s

could l e a d to a v e r y

of growth 1' i r r e g u l a r i t i e s , 11 if they a r e

satisfactory
such,

and

explanation

in the growth p a t ­

tern.
Of t h e s e

possibilities

Skoog and T sui

(1951)

said:

. . . o u r findings su g g e s t that both o r g a n f o r m a t io n
and su b s eq u e n t d ev e l o p m e n t a r e b r o ug h t about by quantita­
tive ch a n g es in amounts and i n t e r a c t i o n s between n u t r i e n t s

213
and growth f a c t o r s which a r e e s s e n ti a l f o r growth of all
c e lls, so that the p a t t e r n of development is determined by
the r ela tive supplies through synthesis, t r a n s p o r t , and ac­
cumulation of these m a t e r i a l s at p a r t i c u l a r loci.
On this
b a s i s , the morphogenetic capacities of a given cell o r t i s ­
sue a r e l im ite d not only by its genetical potentialities for
synthesis but m ore often by its morphological environment,
that is, by its p a r t i c u l a r position in the s t r u c t u r a ll y com­
plex plant body.
This concept demands that normal growth
of cells m u s t lead to a unified g eneral p a t t e r n of develop­
ment in all plants of comparable genetic constitution but it
p e r m i t s infinite v ar i a ti o n in details.
The questions
constitutes
sent

the

would then be:

What p eriod of time

“ gen e r a l p a t t e r n " ?

"variations

in growth

Which fluctuations

repre­

in d e t a i l " ?

Radial Growth Fluctuations Throughout
the Growing Season

Growth Initiation

It a pp e ar s

that the

initiation and e a r l y cou rse

is controlled p r i m a r i l y by the ex te rn al
years

of m e a s u r e m e n t

tem p era tu re s

Soil t e m p e r a t u r e

in

hydrologic

exceeded

51 deg r e es

1950 reached 48 d e g r e e s

F o r both y e a r s

the

soil t e m p e r a t u r e

station exceeded the

f i r s t enlargement.

In both

r a d i a l growth began at a time when the

mean weekly a i r

woodlot.

environment.

of growth

50—
degree

Fahrenheit.

on May 11 in the
averages

at the

m a r k on the week of

214
It may be
d er

50 d e g r e e s

that a " t h r e s h h o l d "
F ah renh eit fo r

within the woodlot is
tion.

F riesner

tem pera tu re

both a i r

a requirement

and Walden (1946)

slightly un­

and soil t e m p e r a t u r e s

c r i t i c a l f o r growth initia­

said:

T e m p e r a t u r e a p p e a r s to be the most im p ortan t l i m ­
iting f a c t o r in controlling the time of initiation of radial
enlargement.
This v a r i e d f r o m a few days before to as
many days a f t e r the m ean daily a i r t e m p e r a t u r e was con­
tinuously (or n e a r l y
Their

study was

Maine, but this
sugar

maples

above

50 d e g r e e s

conducted on two t r e e s
condition a p p e a r s

under

Daubenmire
effective

so)

cam bia l initiation in

Among these

was

pho toper iodic

and that this

requirem ents

cambial activity.

The idea was

"negative
cambial

sta te d that his

evidence

17 species
He

" s a t i s f i e d 11 e a r l i e r

is po ssib ly an i n t e r a c t i o n of these
he

in

for the

showed no

su g a r maple.

w e re

la te r paper

strobus

e s s e n t i a l l y tr u e

(1949) found that t e m p e r a t u r e

that the heat r e q u i r e m e n t s

late

of Pinus

study h e r e .

control over

studied in Idaho.

to be

F.

stated

than are

alone did not

stimu­

advanced by him that there

two f a c t o r s ,

although in a

original work (1949)

of photoperiodic

of t r e e s

control over

a c t i v i t y , 11' an app a ren tly c o n t r a d ic to r y

showed

inception of

statement.

215
Nevertheless,
p o s s i b le
cates

in the

th at the

su ch

tionship

t o ta l n u m b e r

with t e m p e r a t u r e

In the

strict

sense
but a s

that,

the

in addition to
a

th is

"threshhold"

data f o r

degree
as

in

The

suf­

rela­

1950 (F i g u r e

considered

35).

as

It is p o s s i b le ,

to c a m b ia l

exceeded before

34 indi­

1949, but

of t e m p e r a t u r e ,

related

quite

would not be

would be p o s s i b l e .

"sunlight p e rio d ."

value

Figure

activity

would not be

correct

seems

the

sunlight

initiation,

c a m b i u m b e­

ac tive .
In

1949,

a result

the

with the

same period.

Dau b en m ire

"p la teau "

(Figures

25,

of s u c c e s s i v e l y low am o u nts

to be c o r r e l a t e d
that

sunlight h o u r s

this

and that they both m u s t be

as

investigations.

app lied to the

pho to (li g h t ) -p e r io d ,

co m e s

of

interrelation

i n it i a t i o n of c a m b i a l

could a l s o be

also h as

sim ilar

' ' l i g h t 11 of t h e s e

ficient to ex p la in the
associated

a

This

sharp
is

26 and 27)

of i n c r e a s e

tem perature

exhibited

is believed

flu ctu atio n s

during

in d i s a g r e e m e n t with the findings of

(1949):

Subsequent to the date of beginning of growth, t e m ­
p e r a t u r e s fe l l m u c h l o w e r at t i m e s , but growth continued
unabated; the q u i e s c e n t p e r i o d s in late May, 1945, were
without
In 1950,

relation

to t e m p e r a t u r e .

tem peratures

was noted.

The

slight

increased
"dip"

steadily

in r a t e

and no

such

of growth during

"plateau"
the

second

216
week of c a m b i a l
therefore

activity

not c o n s i d e r e d

Thus,

a lower

during

This

tionship

ner

as

the r a t e

an a l m o s t

o c c u r r e d for

intervals),

and genetic

t h a t the

of f o r m a t i o n

rate

the

increase

1950 up to the

in

time

it could be

(1951)

is

als o

as

rate

"equilibrium ."

and amino

at le a s t p artially

a le v e l

rela­

o p e r a t e d in such a m a n ­

and l e s s e r

th r o u g h a g e n e —
en z y m e complex,
to ac t u a l ly blo ck

that the

between n u t r i e n t s ,

c o n c e n t r a t i o n of s u g a r s

of which

substances

growth p a t t e r n

assumed

potentialities
of g r e a t e r

Activity

of the

trolled

of c h e m ic a l

sense

did p r o c e e d

uninterrupted

of G r e a t e s t Metabolic

to p r e s e n t p e r i o d s

It is p o s s i b l e

in the

of new c e l l s ,

s u g g e s t e d by Skoog and T s u i

growth f a c t o r s

activity,

the f i r s t week to a h i g h e r

height)

and was

1' p l a t e a u . "

of " i n t r i n s i c " c o n t r o l

(weekly i n c r e a s e

significance

rate.

Period

In t e r m s

l i t t le

that c a m b ia l

means

(at b r e a s t

of the f i r s t p e a k

a

and e n l a r g e m e n t s

rate

second week.
growth r a t e

as

it i s p r o b a b l e

of c e l l d i v i s i o n s ,
from

could have

finally

reached

acids,
con­
such

of p r o d u c t i o n of a whole

down to the l e v e l of the

genes.

chain

When

217
this

o b stru ctio n was

accelerated

rates

removed,

until the

growth would again p r o c e e d at

same

event o c c u r r e d .

It might be thought that whatever
by the genes,
is

assuming

specific f o r

there

growth o r

are

genes

substance produced
for

this function,

the production of growth substances,

was produced at a Msigm oid11 r a t e ,

the curve

of production

tapering off due to c e r t a i n inhibitory action of its
A series

of the

"sigm oid"

would st i ll not a l t e r

the

which

rates

own products.

throughout the growing

se as o n al n a t u r e

season

of the growth r a t e

(i.e.,

grand period).
Evidence for
tion has been
The
as

was

Dougal,
rates

the

genetic

control

r e p o r t e d by Tatum

same

(1951)

were

of s t a r c h

T here,

recorded,

reserves.

d en s i fl o r a in Japan (Mac-

two m ax i m a and two m in im a of growth

correlative

with the p r e s e n c e

re g ard le ss

p eriod s

were

and absence

He maintained that a check to cambial a c ­

tivity favored accumulation of s t a r c h e s .
that,

and o t h e r s .

m e c h a n i s m might have been in operation here

r e p o r t e d by Ishibe f or P in us
1938).

of growth—
f a c t o r p r o d u c­

of the exact r a t e

It could thus

of manufacture

have been

of s u g a r s ,

r ea che d in which growth p r o c e e d e d a t such a r ate

218
as

to deplete

starch

reserves,

thereby

causing

the o b s e r v e d

fluctuations.
K orstian

(1921)

has

reported

(A c e r

negundo):

It will be no ted th at the m a r c h of d i a m e t r a l growth
is i n t e r r u p t e d by r e s t p e r i o d s of s h o r t d uration .
These
r e s t p e r i o d s a r e held to be e s s e n t i a l f o r the m aintenance
of the p r o p e r h e a l t h and o ptim u m efficiency of the vital
a c t i v i t i e s of the t r e e .
A c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the
the

curves

the

specimens

growth a s
rate

in F i g u r e

of growth r a t e

studied h e r e

a t about the
were

The
(Figure

46)

reveals

curve

the

growth exhibited in

Two pea ks
of t im e .

study h e r e

with

of growth

F u r t h e r pea ks
in Michigan-----

in Indiana had the e x t e r n a l

observations

by R e i m e r

a m u ch l a t e r beginning of activity,

two g e n e r a l p e r i o d s

If this

period

three

general

of i n c r e a s e d

i n v e s ti g a t i o n s
hy p o th esis

important principally

tion and p o s s i b l y the

of

to a l o n g e r p e r i o d of growth.

representing

shows

m e a s u r e d in all

would be

same

magnitude)

to a high d e g r e e

(1942).

occurred

bee n conducive

(not the

th at the

conforms

evident f o r

which might have

conditions

too,

46 i n d i c a t e s

r e p o r t e d by F r i e s n e r

occurred

peaks

nature

was

is followed,

of growth,

Cambium

height.

the en v i r o n m e n t

in r eg u la ting the

ea rly course

but it,

ac tiv i t y .

at b r e a s t

(1949)

t im e

of i n i t i a ­

the d ur at i on of

219
growth,

and the t o ta l

tiv i t ie s

are

pattern

would then be

i b r i a . 1'

as

of growth.

s e t into motion,

This

F riesner

amount

agrees

(1942).

general

in m o s t

respects

control

by Kienholz

several
sions

more

years,

of o t h e r

Ishibe

especially

factors

exert p rim ary

occasional
The

was

was

serious

and o v e r

1934;

F riesner,

considered

investi­

a period of
and conclu­

K orstian,

1921;

1942).

of

necessary

registered.

to find
of

tolerance"

satisfactory
radial

the p e r i o d

both y e a r s

metabolic

throughout the

of g r e a t e s t

d uring
For

"genetic

in r a t e

recessions

occurring

of the

dominance

recessions

f i r s t of June

rate

so m e f u r t h e r

conditions

th at c o n t r o l

within a ra n g e

then b e c o m e s

of growth

11e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s t i c 11 point of view is taken,

contention would be
operates

"equil­

with the contention of

(Kienholz,

1938;

of the growth

of i n t e r n a l

so in the ligh t of data

investigators

and MacDougal,
If the

those

controlled

ac­

(1934).

This point of view n e e d s
gation un d e r

m etab olic

character

g o v e r n e d by p e r i o d s

Intrinsic

highly p o s s i b l e

the

After

the

mechanism
and t h a t e x t e r n a l
season.

It

explanation for the

growth.

concern

a t this point a r e

in which the bulk of i n c r e a s e
th is

and about the m id dle

period

of August.

was between the

220
Two m a j o r
27).

For

tion was
as

a

both

recessions

seasons

the f a c t o r

the light f a c t o r ,

s im ple

direct

were

noted ( F i g u r e s

which showed b e s t

although this

relationship
hours

of su nshine

of f i r s t

r e c e s s i o n of g ro w th a c t iv i t y
was

previous

recession

in the

week ending

June

for

the

rate

from

of i n c r e a s e

light f a c t o r
This

seem s

to the

cu r v e

for

2.

ending

if the

la t e d

one day back.

(Figure
of h o u r s

June

2,

was

and in no o t h e r

periods

one

15 h o u r s

case

co n s i d e r e d

1949 the total
week

For

1950,

There

was

of sunshine f o r

the
a

1950,

asked:

Why did the

to this

drop

if the

recession?
that the l a s t

during which the

lower

sun

sunshine

than it wcxild have
had been c a l c u ­

of su ch a low light d u r a t i o n

affected growth f o r

of low

co rrela­

low r ea din g p r o j e c t e d the time

effects

would v e r y p r o b a b l y not have
All o t h e r

35).

the f i r s t

seven—
day p e r i o d f o r t o ta l
The

and

which included light d at a up

This

10 to

26,

55 during the

34).

explained on the b a s i s

58 m in u t e s .

gone

(Figure

for

In

90 to

response

recordings,

sunlight h o u r s

not to be

It might be

of i m p o r t a n c e

day of r a d i a l

a p p e a r e d only

number

show some

can only be

day of the p e r i o d

dropped f r o m

97 to 63 h o u r s

not

is

at all t i m e s .

number

decrease

25,

sunlight h o u r s

did the l a s t

day of the

that

were

week.

checked,

se v e n —
day p e r i o d

221
have
the

an unusually low n u m b e r
remaining weeks

lower

recordings
Solar

during the

hours

e a r l y or

33).

yet for

said of this

The
ending July

vironment as

1949,

the

b e s t explained for
Figures
hours

much of the time.
of the two

in growth r a t e

and July

controlling

22,

1950.

complex,

the two y e a r s

this

seasons

1949.

tem perature

to

of the en­

on different b a s e s .
radiation

F ig u r e

28 indicates

77 d e g r e e s

ending

an i n c r e a s e

F a h r e n h e i t during the

28.

lot to 72 d e g r e e s

F a h r e n h e i t for this p e r i o d (Figure

that a

Soil t e m p e r a t u r e s

and total

week ending July

oratio n also

of

r e c e s s i o n can be

i n c r e a s e d appreciably the weeks

July 21 and July 28,

More

ap p e a r e d the weeks

In t e r m s

32 and 34 show that s o l a r

of sunshine

of mean a i r

that radiation was the

e n t i t ie s .

second r e c e s s i o n
28,

same

many plants light intensity

in the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

growth c o m p a r e d as

of the week.

d e c r e a s e for this

said to be at a s u p r a —
optimal value

will be

of sunshine because of

It is possible

i m p o r tan c e;

In other words,

middle p a r t s

showed a s ha r p

32 and

fac to r of r e a l
is

showed fewer

r a d i a ti o n

week ( F i g u r e s

of sunlight h o u rs.

i n c r e a s e d a t this t im e

steady i n c r e a s e

i n c r e a s e d in the wood-

(Figure

36).

of light and t e m p e r a t u r e

30).

Evap­

It thus ap pears
could have brought

222
about a t e m p o r a r y
transpiration
the

w ater

rate

d e f i c i t in the

exceeding

the

rate

plant

as

of w a t e r

a resu lt

of the

absorption fro m

soil.
The

situation

t en d s

to

w e re

reversed

sup po rt this

The

se c o n d

precipitation

T hese
poor

factors,

say

tant would be

very

solar

was

for

rate

in

but

and to

m axim um

very

difficult

it does
part

was

(ending

July

likely

as

is

the f l u c t u a t i o n s

conditions

related

to

22)

of v e r y

high

in add ition to an

extreme

de­

hours

effects,

j u s t which one

and in

1949)

considerably.

possib ly

g ro w t h a t t h is

seem
it

(August 4,

e a c h of t h e s e

and total

cumulative

with c e r t a i n t y

week

increased

1950

a week

radiation

by t h e i r

conspicuous

a c t iv i t y

growth

recessio n

This

c o n d itio n s f o r

important,

following

and low e v a p o r a t i o n ,

in b oth

To

the

possibility,

and the

several factors.

crease

for

of su n s h i n e .

would p r e s e n t v e r y
tim e.
was

m ore

all p r o b a b i l i t y none

impor­
is

all

th at lig h t again p laye d a

r e l a t e d b oth to photo synthetic
of the

other

environmental fac­

tor s .
It is
c a m b iu m
by the

undoubtedly t r u e

to t h e s e

g e n e t ic

factors

t h a t the

of the

ultim ate

response

e n v i r o n m e n t would be

c a p a b i l i t y of the p l a n t to

a c t in th is

of the
controlled

direction,

223
as

m en tion ed by Skoog and T s u i

would

" t r i g g e r 11 such a m e c h a n i s m ,

view of

" i n t r i n s i c 11 c o n t r o l

by the

cam bium

by the

i n t e r n a l bala n ce ;

These

latter

mental

would be

would be

conditions

sponses.
est

The

not

is

internal

cycle

of the

correlations

ment,

evidence

is

sufficiently

rate,

but

relation

as
is

if the point of
response

(2)

strong

rate

due,

may be

external

m en tio n ed

a ran g e

extreme

can be

no p r o o f of d i r e c t

relationships.
of e n v i r o n ­
such r e ­

a t the p e r i o d of g r e a t ­
then,

(1) e i t h e r

environm ent.

of the

"The

and guided

to pr o d u ce

to an

directly

On the b a s i s

growth and the e n v i r o n ­
more

environm ental fa c to r s

s t a te d by S n ed ec o r ,

el i ci t ed

caused more

regarding

in f a v o r

environment

"trig g ere d "

over

in g ro w th

or,

in the

of c e r t a i n of t h es e

the

d irec tly

in o p e r a t i o n

of events

fluctuations

whereas

the p h y s i o l o g i c a l - g e n e t i c

fluctuations

by the

But the

followed,

more

ac tivity of the c a m b i u m

trol

(1951).

m ere

relationship"

immediate
over

the growth

ex iste n ce
(Loomis

con­

of c o r ­

and Shull,

1937).

Growth C e s s a t i o n

No s a t i s f a c t o r y explanation ca n be found f o r
cessation

of growth the

week ending August

18,

the n e a r

1949 ( F i g u r e s

224
25,
was

26,

and 27).

effective

Possibly

soil

m oisture

in p r o d u cin g

t h is

result.

unlikely in that,
all

stations

although the

decreased

st a ti o n s

well within the

percent

a v a ila b le

the

edge

trem e

decrease
Air

and

the

of x y lem
of ce l l

woods

soil

d i v is io n s ,

1949,

74 to 80 d e g r e e s

1949,

previously

a t the
95

growing

showed this

at
ex ­

might have

were

true

when a i r

28 and 30)

were
slightly

f a v o r e d lignification

1926)

and r e t a r d a t i o n

it would be v e r y diffi­

e a c h week f r o m

tem peratures

June

increase d from

Fahrenheit.

The only o t h e r
se n ted an o t h e r

m oisture

and had b e e n even

(Hansen and B r e n k e ,

7,

averaged from

both those

(Figures

above,

T h is

but if t h is

to J u ly

se e m s

slightly to above

the woods,

cult to explain why g ro w th i n c r e a s e d
23,

that week

rate.

slightly

week b e f o r e .
elem ents

inside

tem peratures

or

68 p e r c e n t ,

increased

for

however,

m oisture

All t r e e s ,

growing

in growth

about 70 d e g r e e s
higher

80 to

m oisture.

and th o se

T h is,

available

from

decrease

explanation

recession

seems

to be

c a u s e d by c e r t a i n

that

this

repre­

' 1i n t r i n s i c 11 f a c t o r s

suggested.

Final

c e s s a t i o n of g row th a t b r e a s t

s i d e r a b l y with the

individual

specimen

and

height v a r i e d

con­

s e e m e d to conform

225
to no definite
sam e

external

variation

Canada.
ceased

ac tiv ity

the

cessation

seems

are

closely

very

that they v a r y

related

certain

and

been the

established

m aturation?

Data p r e s e n t e d h e r e

but they a ls o

do not indicate

requisite

tree

and als o the b e h a v i o r
might give

some

un d er

t h a t th is

trees
to a s s u m e

minimum

arou n d S ep tem b er

of the chain of

c e l l p r o d u c t i o n and
such conclusion

could not have been
this

of c a m b iu m

more

growth

sunlight below a

part

for

fo rces

that r a p i d d e c r e a s e

allow f or no

To know the lig h t quality o v e r

activity
the

as

some

IV

regarding

reasonable

a week o c c u r r e d

requirem ents

case.

(Tables

Even though these

34 and 35 indicate

i n h ib ito r y to

definite

in

here.

Could it have b ee n that

m in i m u m was

growing

11. . . t e r m in a t i o n

case

i t is

this

to ea ch o t h e r

one p o s s i b i l i t y

g en e t ic al l y ,

of sunshine

1950.

trees

tim es

a bility to m e t a b o l i z e

F igures

to below 50 h o u r s

reported

s t r o n g l y d e t e r m i n e d by autogenous

w o rth d i s c u s s i o n .

light conditions.

1949,

at different

data p r e s e n t e d ,

in t h e i r

for

m e n t i o n e d that,

which could als o have
F rom

2,

stem

(1950)

is

(1952)

i m m e d i a t e l y ad j a c e n t

of the

D a u b en m i r e

F raser

of growth c e s s a t i o n

growing

enlargement

of c a m b ia l
. . ."

in t im e

Trees

and V).

condition.

p e r i o d of waning
in o t h e r p a r t s

leads

u n a n s w e r e d question of why g rowth c e a s e s .

the

toward the

of
yet

226
A Comparison of Growth Studies

It would indeed be i n te r es ting

and of no little p r ac t ic al

importance to be able to say one of the following
vironment of lower
maples

activity f o r
increases

gest

(1 and 2)

in this

46 could be

studies on sugar maple
In all c a s e s

the

studies

relative

in some

details

and D e s m a r a i s

the number of samples

sug­

of growth

were

same

not the

seasons.

same
Also

studied was

at l e a s t along the lines p r e s e n t e d by Dansereau
(1947).
such statements

will have to r e m a i n without

authority or conclusive b a s i s

until

tion of s e v e r a l investigators

can be

taneous population—
growth studies
of A c e r

If the

of the habitat a r e not avail­

c a r r i e d on during the

Therefore,

range

cases

taxonomic position of the specimens

not determined,

radial

so used it would certainly

However,
the

(3)

of cambial

a r e a than r e p o r t e d for other a r e a s .

in F ig u r e

nor were

allowed for longer periods

ar e a ,

sugar maple and also f or generally g r e a t e r

such a conclusion.

able.

(2) the p a r t i c u l a r population of

in Tourney Woodlot and possibly the entire

both f a c t o rs

results

Michigan,

(1) the en­

saccharum—
like

such a time

as the coopera­

se c u r e d to c a r r y out simul­

in various p a r t s

specimens.

of the

Transplant

ecologic

studies

227
seem

c o m p l e t e l y out of the

lings

or

saplings

were

Comparison
mens
total

can be

made

some

son)

s e a s o n s 1 growth by the

with g r e a t e r

total

did not d i r e c t l y

or

1950 is

in

1950,

year

Total
seem

the

that

22),

growth

was

the

of sunshine

in

the

un der

the

speci­

that the
more

account i s

direct

a consid­

(during the growing

amount of growth for

radiation

growth was
was

If this

(Figure

A m ore

were

3 3)

precipitation
recorded

g r e a te r for

increased,

case,

III).

amount

depressing

24 and July

but ex a ct l y the opposite

su fficiently l e s s
It i s

is

th at the

total h o ur s

to affect m a t e r i a l l y

als o p o s s i b l e

such an extent by m o r e

1950 that had an a d v e r s e

1949

It does not

effect on the
when the

sea­

occurred

(Table

1950.

ending June

l ik e ly explanation

1950 w e r e

affected to

the

(weeks

amount of c a r b o n fixation.

quality was

is

the f a c t t h a t m o r e

should have

case.

season

r a d i a t i o n had a d e p r e s s i n g

of wood p r o d u ce d .
less

seed­

same

It a p p e a r s

am o u nt of r a i n f a l l

when l e s s

solar

solar

effect was

safety.

The following

influence

seen fro m

the

young

of t h e s e f a c t o r s .

That the

in

of two

of e x t e r n a l f a c t o r s .

e r a t i o n of

very

u tilize d .

amount of g ro w t h f o r

control

the

question u n l e s s

effect on some

that light

cloudy we ath er

metabolic

phase.

228
This

would be in a g r e e m e n t with Stalfelt (as

1945),

who found that on cloudy days photosynthesis

sibly affected by t e m p e r a t u r e
Air
for
This

cited by Shirley,

temperature

1950 than for
alone

Brenke
ditions.

and light.

averaged over

are

However,

c u r r e d because

applicable

results

to sugar maple

the beneficial effects

of lower t e m p e r a t u r e s

too low t e m p e r a t u r e s
temperatures

2 d eg r e es

a day lower

1949, indicating a generally cooler

should favor growth if the

(1926)

was p o s­

at night.

summer.

of Hansen and
under these

con­

which might have oc­

might also be offset by

The importance of minimum

for many biological phenomena has been empha­

sized by Daubenmire

(1947)

and Cain (1944).

The l a s t reasonable possibility apparent to the author for
explaining a s m a l l e r

amount of growth for

ously mentioned f r u it production,
the t r e e s
terials

that yea r.

o ccurring on n e a r l y all of

Sufficient quantities

may have been diverted to this

d e t r i m e n t of the

somatic

The w r i t e r
tem perature

is

1950 is the p r e v i ­

activities

of protoplasmic

ma­

activity to the general

in the plant.

inclined to believe

that all three

(light,

and seed production) f a c t o r s probably played some

p a r t in the d e c r e a s e d cambial

activity for

1950.

229
Growth in Va rio u s P a r t s

Results
in v a r i o u s
of the

parts

groups

fluctuations.
same

of groups

of the

did o c c u r ,

23 and July

7,

r e c o r d e d for group

growth fluctuations

were

sa m e

situation was

u re

48).

During th is p e r i o d

the

vicinity of group F
m o istu re.

about

trees

group

95 p e r c e n t available
It is

lies

Near

thus p o s s i b le

same

growth of group D t r e e s

1950,

from

m o istu re
that the

trees,

time

47).

Be­

that negative
F.

Also

1 and July

soil m o i s t u r e

(Table

in

1950

15 (Fig­

dropped in

37 p e r c e n t a v a i l ­

soil m o i s t u r e

d e c r e a s e d to

X).

explanation

was positive

the

striking of these

growth fluctuations

group

but that t h e r e

in the

r e s p o n se

(Figure

79 to about

D trees

not in the fact that t h e r e

fluctuation in group F

most

found between July
in

in the

D and F

rec o rd e d for

the

able

The

were

magnitude.

however,

1949, positive

each

s i m i l a r p a t t e r n of

sam e

basis.

D at the

in g e n e r a l ,

fluctuations

if not of exactly the

o c c u r r e d between groups

tween June

that,

a very

In a l m o s t e v e r y c a s e ,

c a m b iu m on a r e l a t i v e

variations

were

exhibited

differences

Woodlot

studied which were located

woodlot r e v e a l

compared

d ir e c ti o n ,
Some

of the

of t r e e s

of the

to this

fluctuation

was not

difference
in the

such positive

r e a s o n f o r the l a t t e r

being

2 30
the

decrease

to a

around these

groups
group

14,

showed the
R

showed

with t h i s ,

(area

P,

it is

readings

of g r o u p s
this

of

response

so m e f l u c t u a t i o n

de v i a tion s .

be

the

c y c l ic

sta te d that this

bial

activity

due

as

it

moisture

of the

p o i n ts

either

to

not

ending

that

soil

July

7

the l a t t e r

rates

of i n c r e a s e ,

weeks

of growth.

m oisture

a t that

m oisture

data

tim e.

It

at the p e r i p h e r y

p l a y e d an i m p o r t a n t

apparently
there

did in

were

separated

conditions

of the

in

While

soil

a v a i la b le

growth p a t t e r n

where

indicative

a particular

not p o s s i b l e

changing

cases

somewhat,

com pared

role

1950.

other

at

a v e ry uniform

to the

of r e s p o n s e

the p r e v i o u s

at hand i t i s

sim ilarity

nature

greater

m i g h t have

in e x t e r n a l

the s e mino r

sizes

were

57).

to c o m p a r e

converged o r

inform ation

striking

over

type
weeks

55 and

mentioned,

but with the

the

s l i g h tl y

however,

R and F)

of flu c t u a t i o n

The

53,

or

same

T for

not p o s s i b l e

As p r e v i o u s l y
lines

and

same

possible,

in c a u s i n g

S,

a decrease

since

seem

showed t h is

1949 ( F i g u r e s

Unfortunately

does

R trees

to g r o u p s

and J u l y

of a v a ila b le

trees.

Group
relation

r e l a t i v e l y low p e r c e n t a g e

site,

to i n t e r p r e t

curves

empha­

and again it m u s t
flu c t u a t i o n of c a m —

c o m p l e x of the

environment

231
or

the

some
was

changing

interassociation

of the

v e r y p o s s i b l y of g r e a t

of c a m b i a l
ness

ac tiv ity

of the

of the
June

16,

is

decrease

woodlot

probably

1949,

is

and in
over

rate
some

over

major periods

co n t r o l ,
woods,

there

north

s e ctio n s

of decline

undoubtedly

This
in

then,

deficiencies

reached

cloudy m o r n in g s

for

some

sooner

due to the

The

inside

the week ending

factor

decrease.

of light was

Both s o l a r

s h a r p l y this

radi­

week.

showed a slight d e c r e a s e

at all

relationship
(Figures

is
49,

t h a t on the b a s i s
some

where

very

in t h e i r

r ate

t r u e f o r the
50,

two

53 and 54).

extent in all p a r t s

the

steep

of en v i r o n m en t al

were felt g r e a t e s t

in the

of the

center

and

co m p e n sa ti o n point is

on cloudy a f t e rn o o n s
shading

steep­

in the

week but it is n e v e r

1950

woodlot,

m ajo r period

trees

decreased

cases,

d ef i c ie n t to

of the

of the

this

that light

figures.

was no d e c r e a s e

week.

light was
but the

some

the p r e v i o u s

It is p r o b a b l e

sa m e

i ndication that

sunshine

evidence

during the

and n o r t h p o rtions)

of

in

cases

the p r e v i o u s

im portance

in producing

hours

and v e r y p o s s i b ly to

Further

in growth r a t e

some

' ‘e d g e 11 t r e e s ,

in t h e i r

two.

s e e n in th es e

(center

operative

ation and total
The

1' i n t r i n s i c * 1 e q u ilib riu m ;

effects

and l a t e r

of o t h e r

trees.

on

232
In c o n t r a s t
in

1949 was

individual
This

rate

is j u s t
add

section for

T rees

pattern

about

sion ca n be

along four

of the

Tree

regard ing

four

92 p r o d u c e d the
of this
th is

response.

results.

satisfactory

At l e a s t it can be

als o

to th is

of the

w e st e x p o s u r e s ) ,
e a c h of t h e s e

south edge of the

exposure

other

s a i d th at the

a definite

type

location.

edge t r e e s
but b e c a u s e

two e x p o s u r e s ,

growing

A more

sim ilar

eccentric
conclu­

thorough

this p a r t i c u l a r

mere

tree

fac t that t r e e s

woodlot does not indicate

of s e a s o n a l
This

growth p a t t e r n

can p r o b a b l y be

studied in this
only one

most

study no definite

more

peculiar

in

two hab itats.

showed no o v e r —
all

might p r o d u ce

will be

of the

which w e re

su r r o u n d i n g

t hat t h e r e

decrease

Radii

m icroenvironment

s i t u a t e d on the

of decline

explanation given in a p r e ­

study into the

are

The

in e a c h

radii

woodlot

On the b a s i s

draw n

sharp

M e a s u r e d Along

of development.

g ro w th p a t t e r n .

second p e r i o d

decrease.

m easured

south edge

as

the

compared.

su p p o r t to the

this

Trees

along the

behavior,

evident in all g r o u p s

would als o

vious

to this

said

woodlot {east and

specimen

was

studied in

such a conclusion cannot be

drawn.

233
Tree
on the

96 g r e w l e a s t on the

south

fluctuations

side

in

in the

Tree

1950,

M easurem ents

wood along
of the

the

trunk

be .made

the

regarding

lik e w i se

1949

se a s o n .

radius

and l e a s t

again local

in both y e a r s .

t h a t this

No o t h e r

not p o s s i b l e

97 and 98 w e r e

r e s u l t was

west

might have been

definite

conclusions

g ro wth exhibited by this

by t h e i r p r o x i m i t y to the
the

1949,

such a varying habitat,

indicate

standing.

o r not t r e e s

in

m icroclim ate.

a condition of long

It is

side

v e r y p r o b ab ly indicating

99 s e e m e d not to have

pro du cing m o r e

so,

w e st

to

llblowdown"

Growth at b r e a s t

tree.

say with c e r t a i n t y whether

m aterially

a p p a r e n t in the

can

influenced in t h e i r

area

case

(Figure

of t r e e

height f o r

18).

If

97 only for

1950 was

growth

the

essentially

sym m etrical.
Trees
duced l e s s
weeks
radii.

increase

along the

along

In no c a s e

effect was

side

for

was

the

these

any one
greater

of the

of the woodlot p r o ­
during
other

the f i r s t few

three

m easured

amount of growth found on

f i r s t few weeks

not a p p a r e n t in t hose

which w e r e

south edge

the n o r t h r a d i u s

of growth than along

the n o r t h

radii

growing

trees

of i n c r e a s e .

m easured

l o c a te d well within the

woodlot.

This

along four

2 34
The effects
the

south edge

of d i r e c t

was probably of g r e a t e r

environmental f a c t o r s
location,

sunlight upon t e m p e r a t u r e s

as

it affected

im po r t an t among the

stem

and also production of growth

along

m etabolism,

substances

trans­

in the

axial

m eristem s.
In r e f e r e n c e
it m u st be

said that the

of e c c e n t r i c
by this
give

The p r e s e n c e

the

each

concerned.

side of the t r e e

cambium on that

will g en e rate
92 (Figure

this

f or the p r e s e n c e
complex n atu r e

The nu m ber
seem s

as

did not

the cambium at

of b r a n c h e s

arising

to give no indication of how

at about five feet above the ground,

15a and

19), with t h e i r

out ( F i g u r e s

67,

73,

15b),

of t r e e s

17a and

growth r e s p o n s e s ,

79, and 88).

into c o n s id er atio n

mentioned as being of p r i m a r y

96 ( F i g u r e s

r e s p e c ti v e

approximation of the

to take

than r evealed

of one type of exposure
as f a r

radii,

o r absence

A c o m p a r is o n of the photographs

12), 94 ( F i g u r e s

A closer
would have

side,

tissues.

17b), and 99 (Figure
bears

m e a s u r e d along four

to any one type of r e s p o n s e

b r e a s t height is
from

reasons

growth was of a m o r e

study.

rise

to all ten t r e e s

cau ses

for

such r e s p o n s e s

the five f a c t o r s previously

importance

to ec c e n t ri c

growth;

235
viz.,

(1)

slope,

wind action,

(2) p o si t io n of main

(5)

character

Further

Before
quantity,

R emarks

the

it was

effect upon the

of the

About

author

go on r e c o r d

are

which were

factors,

periods

available

measured

may have

ing n e a r

the

relations

were

ring during

were

of s u g a r

supplies

not p o s s i b l e

1951a).

presented,

the

Now

he wishes

to

midseason

c o n t r o l l e d by environmental

maples

in af­

growing in Tourney

sufficient during the growing

of soil m o i s t u r e

f o r growth

(3) even though

amount of growth of t r e e s

south and w e s t edges

the

(Reimer,

se ct i o n of the woodlot;

affected the

given before

not d i r e c t l y influencial

r a i n f a l l a p p e a r e d to be

s e a s o n to m ai n t ai n ample

rainfall

1951

in any

This p o s s i b i l i t y was

(1) p r o v i d e d the

of r a i n f a l l w e r e

within the u n d i s t u r b e d

available

of r a i n f a l l had some

increase.

and he r e

that:

fecting growth fluctuations
(2)

in

(4)

F actors

in a p r e l i m i n a r y p a p e r

as believing

rh y t h m s

Woodlot;

data were

of r a d i a l

Michigan Academy of Science
data

competition,

E n v ir o n m e n t a l

soil-moisture

surges

(3)

g r ain .

thought th at the p e r i o d s

advanced by the

that all the

roots,

of this

woodlot,

grow­

over—
all c o r ­

between growth fluctuations

occur­

m a j o r p e r i o d of growth and p r e c i p i t a t i o n o r

soil

236
m oistu re

fluctuations for this

cloudy weather
m ore

same period;

(4) the p r esence

(which frequently means precipitation)

im p o r t an t to growth fluctuations

as

may have allowed for

too high t e m p e r a t u r e s

or

(5) the absence

too much sunlight and

which would t e m p o r a r i l y have caused

higher evaporation and subsequently an i n c r e a s e
over

the

"ability"

that

soil m o is tu r e

level of availability (on both relative
during the growing
appear,

available

September)

soil.

at a noncritical

and absolute

growth terms)
of the woodlot.

that the lack of sufficient amounts of

(from about m id- J u ly until growth stops in

n e a r the

sibly affected the

was

season on the inside portions

however,

m o is tu r e

of tra n sp i r a ti o n

of the plant to absorb m o is tu r e f r o m the

It thus a p p e a r s

It does

seemed

it i n t e r f e r e d with the

amount of sunlight hours for photosynthesis;
of cloudy weather

of

south and west edges of the woodlot p o s­

amount of growth of the t r e e s

in that a r e a

adversely.
Many w o r k e r s

maintain that soil m o is tu r e

no effect on growth until it has
p e r c e n t level of availability.
plants

has p r a c t ic a l l y

reached approximately the

F urr

undergo a water deficit f r o m

and Reeve
about the

of availability down to the wilting coefficient.

(1945)

50

said that

50 p e r c e n t level
Kramer

(1944)

2 37
cited

work done

reduced

in

size

K ram er,

in O r e g o n on f r u i t

trees

at

a v a i l a b i l i t y of

a

soil

h im self,

m oisture

in which f r u i t s

were

70 p e r c e n t .

rem arked:

F r o m the sta n d p o in t of e n e r g y involved in m o v e m e n t
of w a t e r f r o m soil to p l a n t , t h e r e can be l i t t l e doubt that
so i l m o i s t u r e b e c o m e s l e s s and l e s s r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e as
the m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t d e c r e a s e s f r o m f i e l d c a p a c i t y to the
p e r m a n e n t wilting p e r c e n t a g e . . . .
In a n o t h e r s e n s e , how­
e v e r , a t l e a s t in lig h t s o i l s , soil m o i s t u r e m a y be p r a c ­
t i c a l l y a s r e a d i l y a v a i la b le to the p l a n t a t m o i s t u r e contents
j u s t above the wilting p e r c e n t a g e as a t fi el d c a p a c i t y . . .
a s the so i l m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of the soil and the m o i s t u r e
content of the p l a n t d e c r e a s e , the o s m o t i c p r e s s u r e and the
diffusion p r e s s u r e d e f i c i t within the p l a n t i n c r e a s e , while
the i n c r e a s e of a few a t m o s p h e r e s in the diffusion p r e s ­
s u r e d e f i c it of the r o o t s m a y supply the i n c r e a s e d e n e r g y
g r a d i e n t n e c e s s a r y to m a i n t a i n a high l ev e l of a b s o r p t i o n ,
it does not a p p r e c i a b l y r e d u c e t r a n s p i r a t i o n .
Soil
m ark

m oisture

a t the

September

on the

below 80 p e r c e n t
during

It is

also

t h is

roots
level

the

inside

available

growing

which a t l e a s t
are

located,

represent a

regim e for

the

sugar

the

70 p e r c e n t

one

tim e

of the

season

of

1950

a relatively

and t h e r e f o r e ,

m aples

locations

in

in t h i s

a t any

59a and 60).

Tourney

soil—
m oisture
of the

of

did not fall

(Figures
is,

( r e a d in g

g re a t number

picture

growing

availability

1949

at th ese

12—
inch l e v e l

reasonable

in

woodlot and

m oisture

b e l i e v e d t h a t the

a depth a t
ing

below

12—
inch depth j u s t

16)

time

was

Woodlot,

of a b s o r b ­
readings

soil

woodlot.

at

m o istu re

238
Soil m o i s t u r e

data g a t h e r e d f r o m

in the open field to the
showed in m o s t c a s e s

south of the woodlot

m ore

b u r i e d under one of the
sions

suggestive

that m o i s t u r e

the f o r e s t

might be

rea so n a b le

edge p r e s e n t s

available

south b o r d e r

cannot be drawn f r o m

seem s

conditions

much m o r e

on the b a s i s

presents
area

a cu r v e d

trees.

(Tables

VIII and X)

than the block

Although conclu­

sam ple,

at the

rigorous

v ery

it is

at l e a s t

south edge of

than in the field.

or

is

less

flat

the c a s e

surface

for

with any selected

in the c l o s e d canopy woodlot portion,

su r f a c e

This

that the vegetation at this f o r e s t

not a s t r a i g h t m o r e

in the field o r

single block buried

moisture

such a s m a l l

t r a n s p i r a t i o n and evaporation as
area

the

much m o r e

than an equal ground a r e a

extensive p e r

surface

but

equal ground

exposed in the field or

woodlot.
F inally,
tervals
were

en v iro n m ental data c a l cu l at ed f o r

ending two days before

taken ( F i g u r e s

the

increase

readings

96 and 97) p r e s e n t no b e t t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s

than data plotted f o r the

exact week p e r i o d ending on the day

of r e c o r d in g of r a d i a l i n c r e a s e s ,
such data was,

radial

seven-day in­

in this

ca se ,

indicating

of little

value.

that back dating of

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1.

Radial growth of

saccharum
intervals
was

Marsh)

was

during the

100 t r e e s

of s u g a r maple

m e a s u r e d with a d e n d r o m e t e r at weekly

growing

se a s o n s

1949 and

1950.

c a r r i e d out in Tourney Woodlot, located on the

Michigan State

College

in E a s t Lansing,

ture

and soil t e m p e r a t u r e

vals

o v er this

cured from

and also f r o m

were

same p e r iod .

a weather

(A c e r

also

Other

Michigan.

The

study

campus of
Soil m o i s ­

r e c o r d e d at weekly i n t e r ­
en viro nm en tal data were

se­

station located j u s t outside the woodlot,

the w e at h er

station at Capitol

City A i r p o r t at

Lansing.

2.
appeared,

The

initiation of cambial activity at b r e a s t height

f r o m this

study,

and soil t e m p e r a t u r e s
h eit m ar k .
total hours

Data

to the

suggest that

of sunshine)

exceeded at the

to be

same

r e l a t e d to the

vicinity of the
some

in a i r

50—
degree—
Fahren­

component of light (possibly

had a t h r esh h o ld value

time.

increase

which had to be

240
3.

Early

variations

course

in a i r

and

soil

r e l a t i o n between t h e s e

4.

for

in the

growth

same

tim e

been the p r i m a r y
the b a s i s

be

of t h is

of m o r e

with sh a r p

of an i n t e r ­

metabolic

activity,

rate

were

noted.

successive
of

years.

hand,

for

the l e s s e r

study it could not be
importance

or

at

would allow
(a cycle

c e r t a i n environmental

a p p e a r e d to change

causes

im mediate

This

1' i n t r i n s i c 11 f a c t o r s

On the o t h e r

tim es

Both o c c u r r e d

two

su fficiently to have

am o u n t s

of growth.

s t a t e d which of the
w h e th e r

the

On

two

two could

separated.

5.
possible
during
other

The n u m b e r
importance

of sunshine

in affecting the

hours

m easured
effect is

indirect

cussed.

environmental fa c to rs,
not to be

effect have

i m p l i e d in all

been

appeared

decreases

the p e r i o d of g r e a t e s t m e t a b o l i c

direct
for

in

unbalance).
at these

1949,

su g ge stiv e

of g r e a t e s t

an explanation on the b a s i s

conditions

in

two f a c t o r s .

the p e r i o d

of i n t e r n a l

was

tem peratures,

During

deflections
about the

of growth fluctu ated,

of g r e a t e r

in growth

rate

a c t i v i t y than any of the
although a s i m p le
cases.

and

The p o s s i b i l i t i e s

given in e a c h p a r t i c u l a r

case

dis­

241
6.
crease

One cannot d i s c a r d

disregarding

intensity,

might have

been one of the m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s

affecting

radial increase.

Three
the

in s o l a r

radiation,

the p o ss i b il i ty that a sharp de­

of the four

same

time

sh a r p

as

a

recessions

of the growth r a t e fell at

sharp deflection in s o l a r

r adiation was

in

evidence.

7.

Growth c e a s e d in a nonuniform fashion,

to growth initiation.
cerning
are

the

causes

No definite
for

cessation,

conclusions

are

although some

in c o n t r a s t

made

con­

suggestions

made.

8.

Growth fluctuation in v a r i o u s

c o m p a r e d among t r e e s
sim ilar

increase

ex t r e m e ,
basis
of the

of the

and d e c r e a s e

an explanation f o r

of l e s s

available

woodlot.

It was

study.

the

of the woodlot,

class,

showed very

Where

variation was

the difference

m oisture n e a r

was

suggested on the

south and west edges

to co m p a r e

m in or fluctua­

suggested that they too were possibly

m icroclim atic

vealed in this

size

periods.

It was not po ss i b le

tion dif fe r en c es .
due to some

same

parts

fluctuations,

but these were

not r e ­

242
9.
for

1949.

The
This

is

magnitude

of growth was

a t t r i b u t e d to one,

or

(1)

se ed p roduction in

1949;

(2) fe w e r

ho u r s

growing

1950;

(3) lo wer

air

for

the

1950 growing

10.
about

seed p r o du ct i o n in

in

1950 than

of the

1950, no a p p r e ciab le
of sunshine

during the

and soil t e m p e r a t u r e s

se as o n .

Growth continued f o r

17 weeks

f or

a combination,

following f a c t o r s r

s e a s o n in

less

about

18 weeks

in

1949 and

1950, p r o b a b l y the lo ng est p e r i o d of r a d i a l

growth r e c o r d e d f o r

this

species

by a d e n d r o m e t e r

in the

east­

e r n p a r t of the United S ta te s.

11.
all c a s e s ,

Trees
some

m e a s u r e d along four

eccentric

growth, but this

nitely c o r r e l a t e d

with any of the f a c t o r s

It does

though,

essarily
"free"

indicate,

m ean b e t t e r
from

"protected"

the

clea rin g .

radii

the

could not be

that an " e d g e 11 e x p o s u r e

growth conditions

"rigo ro us"

in n e a r l y
defi­

c o n s i d e r e d in the

on e i t h e r

root com petition of the f o r e s t ,
from

showed,

or

study.

does not n ec­
(1) the

(2)

the

side

side

en v i r o n m en t p r e s e n t e d by

243
12.

Exposure

of t r e e s

97 and 98 to an opening in the

canopy p r o d u c e d no p a r t i c u l a r l y
bium of those

13.

of r a i n f a l l

were
hours

more

It is p o s s i b l e
i m p o r t a n t as

growing

se as o n did

which o c c u r r e d

during

activity.

that p e r i o d s

of r a i n f a l l and cloudiness

they d e c r e a s e d

The amount of available

at a 1' c r i t i c a l 11 leve l on the
and the

parts

by the c a m ­

the

amount of sunlight

f o r p h o t o sy n th es is .

15.

woods

during the

with growth fluctuations

the p e r i o d of g r e a t e s t c a m b i a l

14.

response

trees.

Period s

not c o r r e l a t e

consistent

36—
inch l e v e l s

(south and west)
of the growing

16.

inside

and was
at thes e

s e a s o n f or

water

of the

in the

woodlot at the

l,c r i t i c a l lt
depths
all

Total growth of t r e e s

at the

12—
inch

the l a t t e r

trees.

near

but the total growth of t r e e s

s e e m e d to b e a r no

n ev e r

edges of the

only during

the

of the woodlot was p o s s i b l y affected by this
m oisture,

soil was

such r e l a t i o n s h i p .

south and w est edges
decrease

in soil

well within the woodlot

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F a cto rs
P la n t

affecting the

in bog and upland.

seasonal

World. JjO: 217-237.

T re e -R in g

a c tiv itie s

190 7.

_________________________ .
R ela tion of le a f s u r f a c e to wood f o rm a tio n
in pine
tre e s.
P r o c . A m e r. P h il . Soc. 72: 325—
332.
1933.
_________________________ .
Studies in t r e e growth by the d e n d ro g ra p h ic
m ethod.
C a rn e g ie Inst. Wash. P u b. No. 462.
1936.
__________________________.
T re e grow th.
B otanica Company.
1938.
M c M u rrick ,
In s t.
M er,

J. P .
Wash.

L eid en ,

L eo n a rd o da Vinci,
P u b . No. 411: 247.

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C hronica

the a n a to m is t.
1930.

C arnegie

E. R e c h e r c h e s su r l e s c a u s e s d 'e x c e n t r i c i t e 1 de la m oelle
dans le sa p in s .
Rev. Eaux e t F o r e t s .
S e r. 2: 461—
471,
cont. 523—
530, cont. 652—
672.
1888.

M eyer,

B. S., and D. B. A n d e rso n .
York: D. Van N o s tra n d Co.,

P la n t P hysiolo gy .
Inc.
1939.

M ille r,

C. W.
The effect of p r e c i p it a t i o n on a n n u la r
in t h r e e s p e c ie s of t r e e s f ro m Brown County,
But. Univ. Bot. Stud. 9^: 167—
175.
1950.

M ille r,

E. C.
P la n t P hy siolo gy.
Book Co.
1938.

New York:

M itchell, J . W.
E ffect of a t m o s p h e ric
c a r b o n fix atio n by p la n ts .
Bot.

New

rin g grow th
Indiana.

M cG raw -H ill

hum idity on r a t e of
Gaz. 98: 87—
104.
1936.

M o rr is ,

R. F .
The e ffe c ts of flo w erin g on the foliage p rod uction
and grow th of b a l s a m f i r .
F o r e s t C hron. 27(1): 40-57.
1951.

Morrow, R. R.
P e r i o d i c i t y of grow th of s u g a r maple su rfa c e
lay e r ro o ts.
J o u r . F o r . 48( 12): 875—
881.
1950.
M urneek, A. E.
L en g th of day and t e m p e r a t u r e effects
R u d b e ck ia.
Bot. G az. 102: 269—
279.
1940.

in

Oosting, H. J .
The study of p la n t c o m m u n itie s .
San F r a n c i s c o ,
C a lifo rn ia :
W. H. F r e e m a n and Co.
1948.
P e a r s o n , G. A.
F a c t o r s influencing the grow th of t r e e s .
negie In st. Wash. P u b . No. 486: 65—
68.
1937.
P o la n sk y , D.
nom ic

A u x im e try .
B ull. d. O 'E c o le
B rn o .
ID 16.
1930.

S u p e rie u r e

P o tz g e r , J . E.
M ic r o c lim a te and a notable c a s e of its
on a rid ge in c e n t r a l Indiana.
E co l. 20: 29—
36.
P r i e s t l y , J . H.
The s e a s o n a l a c tiv ity of the
P h y to l. 29: 316-354.
1930.

ca m b iu m .

C ar­

d 1 A g ro ­

influence
1939.
New

R e im e r , C. W.
G row th c o r r e l a t i o n s in five s p e c ie s of deciduous
tre e s.
But. Univ. Bot. Stud. 9.: 43-59.
1949.
_____________________. A p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t on v a r i a b il i ty in a popu­
la tio n of s u g a r m a p le s .
U npublished p a p e r p r e s e n t e d
at the 54th annual m ee tin g of the Mich. Acad. Sci.
M a rc h , 1950.
_______________. C o r r e l a t i o n betw een c e r t a i n en v iro n m en tal
f a c t o r s and d i a m e t r a l grow th of s u g a r m ap le.
Unpub­
lis h e d p a p e r p r e s e n t e d at the 55th annual m eeting of
the Mich. Acad. Sci.
M arch, 1951a.
____________________ ;. A p r e l i m i n a r y study of the p o s s ib le effect of
to pog raphy on the d is tr ib u tio n of s u g a r and black m ap les
and t h e i r i n te r m e d i a t e f o r m s .
Unpublished p a p e r given at
the 67th annual m eetin g of the Ind. Acad. Sci.
N ovem ber,
1951. A b s t r a c t to a p p e a r in: P r o c . Ind. Acad. Sci. 61. 1951b.

254
Reinike, L.
699.

H.
A p rec isio n
1932.

d e n d ro m e te r.

J o u r.

F or.

30; 692-

Robbins, W. J .
P re c i p i ta t io n and the growth of oaks at Colum­
bia, M is so u ri.
Uni. Mo. A g ric. Exp. Sta. R es. Bui. No.
44.
1921.
Sampson, A. W.
966-968.

The dendrochronology enigm a.
1940.

Schulman, E.
A bib lio graphy of t r e e ring
Bull. 6: 1-12, cont. 27-39.
1940.

J o u r.

a n a ly s is .

Shirley, H. L.
Light as an ecological f a c to r and its
m ent.
Bot. Rev. 11; 497-532.
1945.

F or.

T re e

38:

Ring

m easure­

Shreve,

F.
Rainfall as a d e te r m in a n t of soil m o is tu r e .
World. F7: 9-26.
1914.

Singer,

C.
A h is to r y of biology.
1950.

Skoog,

F ., and Cheng Tsui.
Growth substances and the f o r m a ­
tion of buds in plant t i s s u e s .
263—
285.
Skoog, F ., ed.
P la n t growth su b s ta n c e s.
U n iv ersity of Wisconsin P r e s s .

New York:

P la n t

Henry Schuman.

1951.
____________.
P la n t grow th s u b s ta n c e s.
P ress.
1951.

U niversity of Wisconsin

Snedecor, G. W.
S ta tistic a l m eth ods.
383—
416.
Loom is, W. E.
and G. A. Shull.
Methods in plant physiology.
New York:
M cGraw-H ill Book Co.
1937.
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H..
Uber den E in fluss von Wuchstoff auf das Dicken—
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291-304.
1936.

Stevens, E. P . and S. H. S p u rr.
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P r o c . Soc. of Am.
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353—
369.
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255
Tatum,

E. L .
G enetic a s p e c t s of grow th r e s p o n s e s in fungi.
447—
461.
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P l a n t G row th S u b sta n c e s.
U n iv e r s ity of W isco n sin P r e s s .
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Veatch,

The m o i s t u r e f a c t o r in c l i m a t e .
T r a n s . 27: 41-48.
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J . O., et a l .
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Michigan.
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of r o o t s .

C arn egie

___________________, and F . E. C le m e n ts .
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M cG raw -H ill Book Co.
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Went,

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P h y to h o rm o n e s .
C350 pp.

W estveld, R. H.
The r e l a tio n of c e r t a i n soil c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
to f o r e s t grow th and co m p o sitio n in the n o r t h e r n h a r d ­
wood f o r e s t of n o r t h e r n M ichigan.
A g ric . Exp. Sta.
Mich. State College of A g r ic . and App. Sci. Tech. Bull.
No. 135.
1933.
Whalley, B a r b a r a E.
I n c r e a s e in the g i r t h of the cam biu m in
Thuja o c c i d e n t a l i s .
Can. J o u r . R e s. C28: 331 —
340.
1930.
Wilson,

G. B., and E . R. Boothroyd.
T e m p e r a tu r e induced dif­
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1944.

Wolfe,

J . , and R. W areham , and H» T. Scofield.
The m i c r o ­
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T r a n s . A m e r.
Geophys. Un. 154—
166.
1943.

A PPE N D IX

A.

Data

recorded

(See text
60;

B.

Table

Data

fo r

within

Table

III, p.

recorded

Tourney

I, p.

56;

Woodlot

Table II, p

136.)

at w eath er b u re a u statio n s

257
TABLE

IV—
A.

Weekly r a d i a l i n c r e a s e s (in inches)
C la s s I (10-15 in ches DBH) t r e e s .

Week Ending
No.
4-14

4-21

4 -28

5-15

5-12

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
-.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.015
.013
.007
.010
.011
.013
.010
.006
.006
.000
.005
.010
.005
.008
.003
.006
.007
.012
.007
.007
.007

.009
.010
.005
.006
.010
.011
.006
.008
.008
.005
.003

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001

.009
.013
.006
.015
.008
.000
.011
.002
.005

.009
.005
.013
.008
.003
.008
.005
.004

Total

.008

.001

.000

.001

.237

.214

'
•
Mean

.0003

.000

.000

.000

.0079

.0071

4-7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

.009
.005
.007
.005
.007
.003
.012
.008
.007
.008
.007

fo r Size
1949.

T o tals
to
5-12
.025
.023
.012
.016
.021
.024
.017
.016
.014
.005
.009
.019
.010
.015
.008
.013
.011
.025
.014
.014
.015
.017
.022
.011
.030
.016
.003
.019
.007
.010

258
TABLE

IV -A

(C on tin u ed )

T otals

Week Ending
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

5-19

5-26

6-2

6-9

6-16

6-23

6-30

.017
.014
.004
.005
.014
.016
.011
.012
.006
.005
.005
.013

.008
.006
,002
.005

.003
.023
.017
.015
.026
.024
.024
.020
.015
.016
.015
.021
.023
.014
.022
.023
.014
.020
.022
.022
.017
.019
.021
.016
.023
.018
.005
.021
.024
.020

.020
.025
.016
.017
.024
.035
.028
.022
.012
.010
.011
.015
.021
.013

.016
.035
.011
.017
.021
.024
.012
.020

.025
.033
.020
.031
.021

.029
.014
.002
.022
.026
.022

.009
.006
.013
.014
.018
.012
.015
.014
.011
.014
.015
.021
.017
.018
.020
.013
.020
.008
.000
.023
.012
.011

.018
.017
.014
.022
.022
.024
.022
.021
.012
.008
.015
.015
.018
.012
.015
.015
.013
.030
.017
.027
.030
.031
.026
.017
.022
.010
.000
.033
.012
.011

.009
.010
.010

.009
.011
.009
.008
.004
.000
.004
.007
.003
.004

.029
.026
.022
.014
.009
.019
.017
.010
.023
.021
.025
.018
.022
.023
.025
.024
.022
.027
.020
.028
.018
.002
.013

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

.009
.005
.012
.012
.013
.007
.016
.013
.010
.016
.008
-.002
.013

29
30

.009
.007

.009
.005
.004
.006
.003
.006
.002
.009
.006
.004
.008
.004
-.003
.007
.006
.005

Total

.315

.161

.563

.583

.460

.549

.627

A rith .
Mean

>0105

0Q5

#Q19

#Q19

>Q15

Q18

QZl

.019
.018
.013
.021
.022
.025
.017
.023
.026
.015

.019
.021

5-19
to
6-30
.107
.153
.084
.112
.137
.163
.132
.125
.072
.054
.082
.102
.102
.088
.111
.109
.078
.125
.114
.139
.114
.138
.139
.095
.146
.080
.004
.132
.108
.097

259
TABLE

IV -A

(C o n tin u ed )

Week Ending
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

7-7

7-14

7-21

7-28

8-4

8-11

.017
.026
.020
.024
.025
.024
.031

.017
.021
.014
.020
.016

.017
.015
.010
.014
.004
.030
.024
.018
.008
.014
.016
.021
.015
.014
.021
.027
.016
.016
.013

.007
.011
.004
.006
.012
.018

.017
.020
.013
.011
.025
.024
.023
.021
.010
.023
.018
.018
.028

.012
.025
.005
.004
.008
.022
.021
.023

.019
.010
.006
.023
.019
.019
.021
.019
.024
.017
.022
.017
.012
.022
.023
.022
.022

.029
.026
.017
.011
.012
.018
.021
.033
.019
.016
.021
.016
.020
.014
.022
.020
.037

-.0 0 7
-.001

.022
.016
.006

.019
.020
.023
.025
.021
.027
.024
.004
.026
.028
.020

.019
.018
.025
.024
.000
.023
.020
.017

-.0 0 9
-.011
.000
.004
.004
.002
.000
.007
.000
.000
.003
.000
.002
.000
-.001
.000
.003
.000
.003
.001
.000
.002
.006
.005
-.0 0 5
.006
-.0 0 2
.002

.020
.013
.003
.014
.012
.009
.013
.012
.016
.015
.009
.014
.011
.013
.011
.005
.015
.015
.017
.015
-.0 0 2

.019
.018
.022
.016
.019
.015

.009
.026
.016
.012
.027
.018
.018
.019
.015
.017
.013
.016
.020
.024

.019

.009
.023
.024
.018
.002
.036
.022
.006

.569

.586

.508

.352

.597

.516

.014

.0190

.0195

.017

.012

.020

.017

.0005

29
30

.029
.020
.000
.007
.016
.013

Total
A r ith .
M ean

.019
.022
.026
.018
.000
.024
.018

.029
.018
.008

8-18

T otals
7-7
to
8-18
.080
.117
.057
.068
.090
.151
.149
.113
.051
.102
.101
.100
.138
.103
.110
.128
.088
.108
.086
.111
.114
.121
.109
.123
.154
.124
-.001
.144
.118
.083

260
TABLE

I V —A

(C on tin u ed )

Week Ending
No.

I
2
3
4
5
6

8-25

9-2

9-16

9-30

.004
.006
.001
.004
.007
.012
.012

.003

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.003
.000
.000
.000
.000
.003
.000
,000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

-.0 0 2
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.0 0 3
.000
.000
.000
-.001
.000
.000
.000
-.0 0 2
.000
.000
.000
-.001
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.0 0 9

.009
.013
.012
.018
.016
.003

.009
.016
.008
.006
.004
.011
.006
.004
.014
.007
.010
.008
.006
.003
.006
.002
.007
.003
.007
.005
.011
.007
.000

.017
.014
.015

.010
,007
.007

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.004
.001
.003
.007
.002
.000
.001
.000
.001
.007
.001
.000
.000
.002
.000
.007
.004
.002

Total

.350

.197

.043

.006

A n th .
Mean

#0117

.0066

.0014

.0002

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

.019
.001
.016
.010
.011
.015
.013
.026
.017
.014
.013
.012
.006
.014

.003
.004
.003

10-13

.0003

T otals
8-25
to
10-13
.005
.009
.00 5
.007
.016
.028
.020
.025
.002
.027
.016
.016
.025
.021
.039
.032
.020
.019
.019
.008
.021
.019
.021
.017
.030
.025
.003
.034
.025
.024

Season
Total

.217
.302
.158
.203
.264
.366
.318
.279
.135
.188
.208
.237
.275
.227
.268
.282
.197
.277
.233
.272
.264
.295
.291
.246
.360
.245
.009
.329
.258
.214
7.417

261
TABLE

IV -B .

W e e k ly r a d ia l i n c r e a s e s (in in c h e s )
C l a s s II ( 1 5 - 2 0 i n c h e s D B H ) t r e e s .
Week Ending

No.
4-7

4 -14

4-21

4-28

5-5

5-12

.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.003
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
,000
-.001
-.001

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.001
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.001

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.011

.004

.010
.003
.008
.004
.004
.005
.006
.008
.003
.003
.009
.002
.006
.010
.006
.005
.005

.007
.004
.010
.004
.007
.006
.004
.003
.004
.003
.006
.003
.007
.012
.008
.005
.004

.011

.011

.003
.008
.013
.007
.008

.006

.000
.000
.000

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000

Total

.004

.003

.000

A r ith .
M ean

.0001

.0001

.000

32
33
34
36
38
39
40
41
43
44
45
46
57
58
59
60
68
71
72
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

.000

.009

.009
.008

.011
.008

.006

.009
.007
.005
.008
.007
.007

.000

.216

.197

.000

.007

.007

.011
.006
.015

.011

fo r S ize
1949.

T o ta ls
to
5-12
.015
.017
.008
.018
.008
.012

.011
.010
.012
.007
.007
.016
.005
.013
.022
.014
.010
.012
.021
.009
.018
.022
.018
.016
.018
.018

.011
.023
.018

.011

2b2
TABLE

I V —B

(C on tin ued)

Totals

Week Ending
No.

32
33
34
36
38
39
40
41
43
44
45
46
57
58
59
60
68
71
72
80
81

5-19

5-26

6-2

6-9

6—
16

6-23

6-30

.008
.010
.001

.007
.002
.001
.006
.007

.016
.018

.020
.023
.016
.023
.022
.017
.015
.015
.022
.012

.010
.016
.014
.014
.016
.011
.015
.011
.011
.006
.007
.024
.012
.008
.014
.017
.011
.018
.021
.022
.020
.014

.012
.030
.018
.013
.028
.028
.020
.015
.018

.014
.028

.009
.007
.010
.009
.003
.003
.004
.002
.005
.006
.008
.007

.005
.004
.000
.002
-.001
.000
.008
.004
.007
.009
.008

.014
.021
.022
.017
.017
.012
.017
.014
.013
.020
.018
.019
.021
.026
.018
.020
.016
.018
.020
.022
.022
.023
.021
.026

.009
.021
.016
.019
.020
.025
.014

.009
.008
.025
.010
.010
.016
.015
.010

.019
.018
.028
.025
.024
.009
.020
.012
.009
.0 30
.016
.015
.023
.020
.011
.024
.036
.026
.026
.024
.028
.028
.026
.031
.026

89
90

.009
.010
.005
.012
.001
.013
.010
.014
.014
.011
.013
.007
.008
.008
.010

Total

.237

.154

.574

.605

.465

.585

.674

A rith .
Mean

.0079

.0051

.0191

.0202

.0155

.0195

.0225

82
83
84
85
86
87
88

.002
.003
.006
.000
.010
.008

.022
.017
.021

.007
.006
.002

.019
.022
.021
.021

.019
.024
.038
.024
.021
.026
.017
.028
.024
.015

.019
.020
.017

.019
.022
.023
.024
.015
.023
.026
.025
.037
.020
.023
.02 3
.020

.009
.009
.006
.010
.007

.019
.020
.019
.024
.015

.0 30
.023
.025

5-19
to
6-30
.087
.127
.083
.104
.130
.113
.104
.065
.093
.056
.048
.133
.082
.086
.110
.120
.076
.111
.130
.111
.132
.117
.153
.144
.129
.167
.111
.137
.125
.110

263
TABLE

I V —B

(C o n tin u ed )

Week Ending
No.

32
33
34
36
38
39
40
41
43
44
45
46
57
58

7-14

7-21

7-28

8-4

8-11

8-18

.017
.026
.015
.022
.028
.024

.015
.026

.014
.025
.020
*016

.009
.019
.016

.019
.023
.018
.020
.018
.020
.018
.023
.020
.010
.016
.024
.011
.020
.035
.021
.021
.024
.030
.033

.016
.023

.000
.002
.004
.002
.002
.001
-.001

.019
.022
.021
.011
.008
.022
.016
.019
.023
.019
.025
.022
.032
.033
.024
.028
.025
.029
.022

.020
.018
.021
.024
.021

.019
.029
.018
.021

.017
.023
.016
.011
.016
.011
.013
.017
.012
.017
.023
.025
.025
.033
.014
.021
.015
.022
.025
.024
.016
.023
.020
.027
.018
.016

.009
.020
.011
.014
.021
,019
.019
.019
.025
.022
.024
.026
.030
.022
.025
.026
.020
.015
.024

.012
.014
.015
.011
.012
.011
.007
.008
.012
.005
.015
.026
.013
.013
.023
.019
.019
.010
.015
.017
.006
.007
.012

.019
.016
.023
.035
.017
.012
.016

.019
.019
.020
.017
.016
.020
.014
.007
.013
.024
.007
.017
.028
.010
.013
.021
.028
.027
.014
.022
.026

.009

.021
.015
.011

.029
.009
.017
.013
.031
.009
.007

.024

89
90

.029
.025
.033
.021
.027

Total

.687

.623

.575

.390

.609

.536

Q23

Q21

Q19

013

02Q

01g

A rith .
Mean

.009
.002
-.0 0 5
-.001
.000
- .0 0 8
.002
.007
.000
-.0 0 3
.005
.008
.005
.000
.000
.003
.000
-.0 0 6
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 3
.005
- .0 0 3
^■
4
o
o•
I

59
60
68
71
72
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88

7-7

.009
.016
.010

.0008

T otals
7-7
to
8-18
.090
.144
.112
.109
.120
.124
.102
.100
.104
.052
.071
.120
.062
.109
.161
.113
.116
.152
.157
.168
.104
.128
.145
.143
.080
.115
.099
.162
.088
.090

TABLE

I V —B

(C on tin u ed )

Week Ending
6

32
33
34
36
38
39
40
41
43
44
45
46
57
58
59
60

68
71
72
80
81
82
83
84
85

8-25

9-2

9-16

9-30

.014
.011
.011
.023
.013
.010
.012
.024
.008

.009
.008
.010
.005
.006
.007
.006
.014
.000

.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.002
.000
.005
.002

.005
.008

.000
.002
.006
.003
.003
.013
.015
.005
.007
.012
.010
.006
.003
.007
.011
.004
.005
.003
.009
.001
.000

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.003
.000
.002
.010
.003
-.001
.00 7
.000
.002
.000
.000
.000
.003
.000
.000

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.003
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.010
.005
.000
.000
,000
.000
.000
.008
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.003

.000
.000
- .0 0 3

.009
.005
.015
.023
.018
.012
.014
.020
.018
.008
.012

10-13

.000
.000
.004
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
- .0 0 2
.000
.000
-.0 0 2
.000

89
90

.009
.009
.002
.005
.004
.006
.007
.006

at a

.341

.190

.039

.029

-.0 0 4

.011

.006

.001

.001

.000

86
87

88

T o ta ls
8-25
to
10-1
.023
.019
.025
.028
.020
.019
.018
.046
.010
.005
.010
.015
.007
.018
.046
.041
.017
.023
.042
.031
.013
.030
.014
.022
.006
.008
.007
.018
.008
.006

265
TABLE

IV -C .

W e e k ly r a d ia l i n c r e a s e s (in in c h e s ) fo r S iz e
C l a s s III ( o v e r 2 0 i n c h e s D B H ) t r e e s .
1949.
Week Ending

No.
4-7
31
35
37
42
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
70
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
Total

M ean

*

Totals
to
5-12

4-14

4-21

4-28

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.001
.000
,000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.001
.000
.000
,000
-.0 02
.000
.000
.000
-.001
,000

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.001
.000
.000
.000
.001
-.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.001
.000
-.001
-.002
.000

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.001
-.001
.000
.000

,009
.005
.011
.001
.004
.004
.006

.009
.008
.005
.003

.009
.018
.013
.017
.003

.009
.009
.006

.011
.010
.012

-.002

-.002

.001

-.002

.179

.183

.000

.000

.000

.000

.006

.006

5-5

5-12

.003
.006
.007
.013
.005

.005
.005
.006
.005
.007
.006
.002

.009
.004
.008
.000
.006
.007
.003
.003
.011
.008
.012
.002
.004
.007
.008
.010
.000
.003

.009
.002
.005
.006
.004
.002
.012
.007
.006
.007
.006
.007
.010
.008
.001
.006

.008
.011
.013
.018
.012
.015
.006
.017
.001
,011
.014
.008
.006
.022
.015
.018
.009
.010
.014
.018
.017
.001

266
TABLE

IV -C

(C on tin ued)

Totals

Week Ending
No.
5-19

5-26

6-2

6-9

6-16

6-23

6-30

31
35

.008
.006

.003

.015

.013

.013

37
42

.006

.005
.005

.017
.015
.018
.018
.018

.021
.012
.022
.020
.015
.010

.024
.013

.012
.020
.011
.028
.012
.022
.011
.020
.013

.015
.028
.015
.036
.020
.033
.010
.021
.012
.037
.026
.040
.006

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
61
62
63

.009
.005
.015
.004
.009
-.002
.011
.013
.007
.007
.023
.008
.011
.005

.007
.007
.006
-.002
.005
.001
.003
.004
.002
.004
.011
.006

.013
.019
.017
.022
.018
.008
.009
.026
.024

.009
.006

.019
.018
.022
.016

79

.009
.000
.001
.008
.008
.011
.005
.015
.018
.008

.007
.006
.008
.007
-.002
.005
.008
.003
.002
.001
.005
.010
.000

Total

.257

A rith.
Mean

.0086

64
65
66
67
69
70
73
74
75
76
77
78

.010
.005
.014

.018
.018
.008
.015
.017
.020
.016
.015

.019
.018
.023
.021
.027
.012
.024
.025
.021
.019
.021
.019
.017
.018

.024
.0 11
.025
.008
.018
.007
.023
.019
.012
.008
.025
.020
.019
.014
.012
.014
.013
.013
.008

.029
.021
.013
.008
.026
.024
.020
.015
.015
.014
.014
.018
.010
.018
.015

.029
.031
.021
.021
.015
.021
.026
.023
.008
.026
.024
.035
.021
.010

.022
.025
.017

.010
.018
.018
.018
.014
.016
.024
.023
.016

.009
.025
.024
.018

.019
.011
.030
.028
.018

.142

.523

.554

.490

.542

.682

.0047

.0174

.0185

.0163

.018

.0227

.017
.014
.022
.018

.027

.029
.028
.015

5-19
to
6-30
.079
.121
.077
.144
.093
.134
.054
.111
.066
.148
.122
.109
.054
.164
.138
.120
.098
.102
.095
.110
.106
.042
.100
.104
.133
.101
.067
.150
.156
.092

267
TABLE

IV -C

(C o n tin u ed )

Week Ending
No.
7-21

7-28

.009
.025
.014
.034
.027

.009
.021
.015
.030
.021
.023
.00 8
.014
.011
.026
.020
.027
.001
.028
.023
.015
.016

.003
.020

-.0 0 3
.011
.004
.024
.006
.012
.002
.007
.005
.015
.014
.015
.007
.014
.010
.008
.005
.01 1
.007
.014
.010
-.0 0 3
.010

.029
.005
.016
.010
.032
.025
.015
.002

.009
.024
.017
.018
.007

o
i—
>
.
U
l

49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
61
62
63
64
65
66
67

7-14

*

31
35
37
42
47
48

7-7

.029
.022
.010
.024
.016
.016

.019
.026
.016
.010
.023
.025
.013

.009
.020
.022
.015
.023
.021
.015
.014
.013
.015
.013
.018
.014
.003
.018
.017
.023
.014
.013
.020
.015
.010

T otal

.594

.541

A r ith .
Mean

.0198

.018

69
70
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

.029
.027
.020
.019
.017
.021
.029
.021
.003
.023
.025

.019
.015
.024
.019
.006
.018

8-4

8-11

8-18

.005

.002
.016
.010
.036
.011
.021
.002
.015
.010
.020
.013
.021
.002
.021
.015

.000
.001
-.0 0 4
.005
-.0 0 2
.006

.019
.015
.035
.016
.023
.005
.018
.014
.021
.016
.020
.015
.026
.024
.012
.011
.016
.012
.0 16
.015
.005
.013

.009
.006

.009
.017
.012
.007
.011
.011
.006

.019
.015
.017
.016

.009

.009
.013
.017
.012
.001
.011
.012
.022
.015
.013
.020
.007
.002

.458

.278

.482

.384

.0152

.0093

.016

.0128

.021
.013

-.0 0 9
.000
-.0 0 5
.002
.001
.002
-.0 0 6
.002
.000
-.0 0 5
- .0 0 7
- .0 0 3
.000
.000
-.001
-.0 1 0
- .0 0 3
.006
.003
.001
.002
.005
-.0 0 4
-.0 0 5
-.0 2 8

.0009

T o ta ls
7-7
to
8-18
.025
.112
.063
.188
.096
.132
.020
.085
.054
.136
.111
.115
.044
.141
.114
.073
.063
.084
.081
.118
.090
.005
.090
.107
.135
.097
.071
.124
.083
.051

268
TABLE

I V —C ( C o n t i n u e d )

Week Ending
No.
9-16

9-30

79

.009
,010
.006
.005
.007
.000
.012
.008
.008
.011
.004
.001

.002
.006
.003
.016
.006
.005
.002
.002
.002
.009
.005
.006
.000
.004
.002
.000
.002
.004
.005
.006
.000
.000
.002
.003
.005
.004
.004
.006
.001
.001

.000
.001
.000
.013
.001
.002
.000
.000
.001
.004
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.002
.001
.000
.000
.000
-.001

.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.003
.000
.003
.000
.003
.001
.001
.002
.003
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.003
.003
.003
.003
.003

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.0 03
.000
-.0 03
.000
-.0 0 3
.000
-.001
-.0 03
-.0 03
.000
.000
-.0 02
-.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.0 02
.000
.000
.000
-.0 02
-.0 02
-.0 0 3
-.0 0 3

Total

.238

.113

.025

.032

-.031

008

.004

.0009

.001

.001

8-25

31
35
37
42
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
70
73
74
75
76
77
78

M ean

-.007
.011
.007
.026
.012
.010
.007
.009
.005
.013
.014
.011
.003
.011
.008
.007
.004
.006

9-2

10-13

Totals
8-25
to
10-13

Season
T otals

-.005
.018
.010
.055
.020
.017

.107
.262
.163
.405
.221
.298

.009
.011
.008
.026
.021
.017
.002
.015
.010
.007
.004

.089
.224

.009
.014
.016
.006
.005
.007
.003
.019
.016
.013
.018
.005
.001

.129
.321
.268
.249
.106
.342
.277
.218
.174
.205
.204
.262
.219
.053
.206
.232
.300
.231
.154
.303
.254
.156
6.632

269
TABLE

V.

W eek ly ra d ia l in c r e a s e s
s u r e d alon g four r a d ii.

(in in c h e s)
1949.

of tr e e s

Week Ending

Totals

No.
4-7

4-14

m ea­

4-21

4-28

5-5

5-12

to
5-12

9 IN

.000

-.001

.000

.000

.009

.008

.016

9 IS

.000

.000

.000

.000

.009

.008

.017

91E

.001

-.001

.001

.000

.010

.007

.017

91W

.003

.000

.000

.000

.010

.010

.023

92N

.000

.000

.000

.000

.006

.006

.012

92S

.000

.000

.000

.000

.009

.005

.014

92E

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.001

.001

92W

.000

.000

-.001

.000

.003

.003

.005

93N

.001

.000

.000

.000

.004

.004

.009

93S

.000

.000

.000

.000

.006

.005

.011

93E

.000

.000

.000

.000

.006

.007

.013

93W

.000

.000

.000

.000

.003

.007

.010

94N

.001

.000

.000

.000

.002

.004

.007

94S

.000

.000

.000

.000

.009

.004

.013

94E

-.001

.000

.000

.000

.007

.006

.012

94 W

.001

.000

.000

.000

.008

.004

.013

95N

.000

.000

.000

.000

.003

.004

.007

95S

.000

.000

.000

.000

.008

.005

.013

95E

.000

.000

.000

.001

.003

.003

.007

95 W

.000

.000

.000

.000

.007

.004

.011

270
TABLE

V (C o n tin u ed )

Week

Ending

No .
4-7

4-14

4-21

4-28

5-5

----------—
5-12

Totals
to
5-12

96N

.000

.000

.000

000

.002

.005

.00 7

96s

.001

.000

.000

000

.011

.011

.023

96E

.001

.000

.000

000

.016

.009

.026

96W

.000

.000

.000

000

.006

.008

.014

97N

.003

.000

.000

000

.00 3

.004

.010

97S

.000

.000

.000

000

.005

.001

.006

97E

-.0 02

.000

.000

000

.000

.002

.000

97 W

.000

.000

.000

000

.000

.004

.004

98N

.000

.000

.000

.000

.003

.004

.007

98S

.000

.000

.000

.000

.003

.004

.007

98E

.000

.000

.000

.000

.008

.008

.016

98W

.000

.000

.000

.000

.002

.005

.007

99N

.000

-.0 0 2

.000

.000

.004

.004

.006

99S

.000

.000

.000

.003

.007

.005

.015

99E

.000

.000

.000

.000

.006

.006

.012

99W

.000

.000

.000

.000

.009

.008

.017

100N

.000

.000

.000

.000

.005

.005

.010

100S

.000

.000

.000

.001

.000

.004

.005

100E

.000

.000

.000

.002

.006

.007

.015

100W

.000

-.001

.001

.000

.002

.006

.008

271
TABLE

V (C on tin u ed )

Week Ending
Totals
___________________________________________ Z ___________________________
5-19
No.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-19
5-26
6-2
6-9
6-16
6-23
6-30
, to
6-30

91N

.007

.007

.017

.015

.011

024

.023

.104

9 IS

.009

.007

.014

.011

.004

022

.014

.081

9 IE

.009

.00 5

.014

.018

.020

022

.024

.112

91W

.013

.008

.017

.014

.019

018

.022

.111

92N

.005

.004

.014

.011

.021

.023

.0 34

.112

92S

.005

.005

.016

.014

.015

.022

.025

.102

92E

.000

.000

.007

.006

.007

.011

.008

.039

92W -.0 04

.003

.011

.008

.008

.008

.008

.042

93N

.001

.007

.015

.012

.012

.019

.024

.090

93S

.011

.006

.022

.016

.013

.037

.031

.136

93E

.004

.006

.019

.017

.019

.025

.034

.124

93W

.008

.008

.024

.020

.018

.026

.034

.138

94N

.008

.006

.016

.014

.018

021

.029

.112

94S

.005

.004

.016

.015

.022

026

.033

.121

94E

.010

.007

.018

.017

.021

025

.030

.128

94 W

.009

.007

.017

.019

.022

027

.030

.131

95N

.003

.004

.013

.011

.015

012

.020

.078

95S

.008

.006

.016

.017

.021

024

.033

.125

95E

.004

.005

.016

.012

.019

021

.027

.104

95W

.009

.005

.018

.018

.013

022

.025

.110

272
TABLE

V

(C o n tin u ed )

Totals

Week Ending

5-19

-------------------------5-19
5-26

6—
2

6—
9

6—
16

96N

.012

.008

.017

.015

.013

018

.018

.101

96s

.014

.006

.015

.013

.012

016

.019

.095

96E

.009

.006

.020

.018

.012

,020

.014

.099

96 W

.009

.008

.017

.013

.013

017

.016

.092

97N

.002

.001

.013

.012

.011

012

.014

.065

97S

.000

.000

.011

.012

.013

016

.016

.068

97E

-.0 02

.007

.000

.006

.008

006

.006

.031

97W

.000

.000

.013

.014

.011

017

.017

.072

98N

.005

.000

.011

.008

.011

014

.011

.060

98S

.000

-.001

.010

.009

.006

008

.008

.040

98E

.013

.008

.020

.023

.0 14

018

.021

.117

98W

.006

.002

.017

.018

.017

019

.019

.098

99N

.011

.007

.024

.024

.015

022

.019

.122

99S

.013

.008

.019

.024

.015

019

.026

.124

99E

.017

.007

.022

.026

.023

035

.038

.168

99W

.018

.005

.022

.032

.025

029

.040

.171

100N

.005

.006

.018

.020

.012

015

.030

.106

100S

.001

.004

.018

.015

.012

012

.021

.083

100E

.004

.006

.020

.018

.015

023

.025

.111

100W

.005

.004

.018

.017

.004

022

.023

.093

No.

273
TABLE

V ( C o n tin u e d )

Week Ending

No.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7-7

7-14

7-21

7-28

8-4

8-11

91N

.022

.018

.012

.011

.016

.011

-.0 02

.088

9 IS

.014

.010

.004

.005

.010

.005

-.0 06

.042

9 IE

.025

.020

.018

.007

.011

.012

-.0 0 8

.087

91W

.020

.007

.008

.018

.013

.010

-.0 06

.070

92N

.015

.016

.012

.009

.013

.009

-.0 04

.070

92S

.021

.015

.009

.008

.013

.005

.000

.071

92E

.002

.00 3

.003

-.001

.002

.001

-.001

.009

92 W

.005

.006

.005

.000

.004

.001

-.0 07

.014

93N

.020

.020

.012

.009

.016

.014

-.0 06

.085

93S

.029

.024

.015

.010

.016

.013

-.003

.104

93E

.033

.030

.024

.007

.020

.013

-.002

.125

93 W

.033

.030

.021

.015

.019

.016

.000

.134

94N

.024

.025

.014

.008

.014

.012

.001

.098

94S

.025

.010

.015

.010

.018

.011

-.0 02

.087

94E

.021

.014

.015

.015

.012

.014

.000

.091

94 W

.024

.024

.018

.009

.019

.013

-.001

.106

95N

.017

.014

.007

.005

.004

.003

o•
1

•■
H

8-18

Totals
7-7
to
8-18

.039

95S

.030

.025

.015

.011

.010

.012

-.0 0 3

.100

95E

.021

.017

.011

.007

.012

.006

-.0 07

.067

95 W

.031

.023

.019

.009

.012

.007

-.006

.095

274
TABLE

V (Continued)

Week Ending
No.

T otals
7-7
to
8-18

7-7

7-14

7-21

7-28

8-4

8-11

96N

.016

.014

.011

.006

.010

.007

-.0 0 5

.059

96S

.017

.015

.010

.004

.011

.007

- .0 0 3

.061

96E

.015

.022

.021

.007

.012

.010

-.0 0 5

.082

96 W

.013

.013

.009

.005

.008

.005

- .0 0 8

.025

97N

.010

.009

.009

.004

.008

.007

-.0 0 8

.039

97S

.013

.013

.011

.004

.0 11

.006

-.0 0 5

.053

97E

.003

.003

.003

-.0 0 3

.003

.001

-.0 0 9

.001

97W

.012

.010

.010

.006

.008

.004

-.0 0 4

.046

98N

.011

.016

.015

.012

.013

.006

-.0 0 5

.068

98S

.010

.012

.013

.009

.014

.010

-.0 0 6

.062

98E

.021

.025

.024

.016

.025

.018

.001

.130

98W

.020

.022

.021

.013

.024

.017

.000

.117

99N

.026

.028

.028

.017

.023

.021

.001

.144

99S

.031

.028

.024

.012

.016

.017

.000

.128

99E

.027

.020

.024

.010

.017

.020

.000

.118

99 W

.046

.043

.039

.030

.040

.033

.016

.247

100N

.031

.025

.023

.017

.020

.015

.001

.132

100S

.019

.016

.015

.010

.014

.010

.000

.084

100E

.020

.020

.016

.014

.020

.020

.000

.110

100W

.020

.017

.015

.006

.015

.015

.001

.089

8-18

275
TABLE

V (C on tin ued)

w
, rp ,
Week Ending

Totals
8-25

Season

9-2

9-16

9-30

10-13

9 IN

.009

.002

.000

.000

.000

.011

.219

9 IS

.004

.002

.000

.000

.000

.006

.146

91E

.005

.002

.000

.000

.000

.007

.223

91W

.002

.003

.000

.002

.000

.007

.211

92N

.007

.001

.000

.000

.000

.008

.202

92S

.005

.001

.002

.000

.000

.008

.195

92E

.002

.002

.000

.000

.000

.004

.053

92W

.004

.003

.000

.000

.006

.067

93N

.000

.003

.001

.000

.000

.004

.188

93S

.009

.003

.000

.000

.000

.012

.263

93E

.009

.004

.000

.000

.000

.013

.275

93W

.009

.004

.001

.000

.000

.014

.296

94N

.007

.004

.002

.000

.000

.013

.230

94S

.008

.005

.000

.000

.012

.233

94E

.011

.004

.001

.000

.000

.016

.247

94 W

.001

.004

.000

.000

.000

.005

.255

95N

.003

.002

.000

.001

.000

.006

.130

95S

-.002

.003

.000

.000

.000

.001

.239

95E

.004

.001

.001

.000

.000

.006

.184

95W

.004

.001

.000

.000

.001

.006

.222

o
o•
1

8-25

t1
o
o
1
—
>

No.

Xq ° 1 3

Totals

276
TABLE

V (C on tin u ed )

Week Ending
JNO.

Totals
8-25
to
10-13

Season
T otals

8-25

9-2

9-16

9-30

10-13

96N

.004

.0 02

.000

.000

.000

.006

.173

96S

.005

.0 02

.0 00

.000

.000

.007

.186

96E

.005

.002

.000

.000

.000

.007

.214

96 W

.003

.0 02

.000

.000

.000

.005

.136

97N

.005

.002

.0 00

-.002

.000

.005

.119

97S

.007

.001

.0 00

.000

.000

.008

.135

97E

.006

-.001

.0 00

.000

.000

.005

.037

97W

.006

.001

.000

.000

.000

.007

.129

98N

.005

.005

.000

.000

.000

.010

.145

98S

.006

.000

.000

.000

.000

.006

.115

98E

.015

.005

.000

.000

.000

.020

.283

98W

.011

.002

.000

.000

.000

.013

.235

99N

.010

.004

.000

.000

.000

.014

.286

99S

.007

.003

.000

.000

.000

.010

.277

99E

.002

.003

.000

.000

.000

.00 5

.303

99 W

.013

.010

- .0 0 3

.000

.000

.020

.455

100N

.011

.009

.001

.000

.000

.021

.269

100S

.007

.005

.004

.000

.000

.016

.188

100E

.014

.008

.000

.000

.000

.022

.258

100W

.013

.006

.001

.000

.000

.020

.210

277
TABLE

V I-A .

W e e k ly r a d ia l i n c r e a s e s (in
C l a s s I ( 1 0 —1 5 i n c h e s D B H )

in ch es)
trees.

fo r S ize
1950.

Week Ending

T otals

No.

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

4-20

4-27

5-4

5-11

5-18

.000

-.001
- .0 0 2
- .0 0 2
-.0 0 3
- .0 0 6
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
- .0 0 3

- .0 0 2
.001
-.001
-.001
.000
-.001
.000
-.001
-.0 0 2
- .0 0 2
-.0 0 3
- .0 0 2
- .0 0 2
.000
-.0 01
-.0 01
.000
-.001
-.001
.000
.000
-.001
.000
.001

.000
.002
—
.002
.000
-.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 3
-.0 01
- .0 0 3
- .0 0 2
- .0 0 4

.011
.014
.013
.008

.012
.015
.008
.007

.010
.015
.012
.004
.008
.018
.012
.005
.005
.010
.008
.013

.000
.000

-.0 0 2
- .0 0 2
- .0 0 2
- .0 0 2
.000
.000
-.001
.000
-.001
- .0 0 2
-.0 0 2
.001
-.001
-.0 0 2
-.001
-.0 0 2
.000
-.0 0 2
.000
-.0 01
-.0 0 2
-.001
-.0 0 2
.000
-.001
-.0 01
- .0 0 4

-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.001
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 3
.000
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 4
.000

.007
.011
.013
.015
.012
.013
.011
.006
.012
.015

.007
.016
.018
.005
.005
.014
.006
.004
.007
.013
.005
.008
.008
.006
.011
.014
.007
.008
.015
.008
.016
.013

29
30
Total

.002
.002
.002
-.0 0 2
.002
.003
.000
.004
.004
.004
-.0 0 2
.002
.002
.001
-.0 0 4
.000
-.0 0 2
.002
-.001
-.0 0 4
.001
-.001
.004

- .0 0 3
-.0 0 2
.000
-.0 01
.000
-.0 0 3
-.0 01
- .0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 3

-.001
.007

-.0 01
- .0 0 3

.001
.002
.004

- .0 0 2
- .0 0 4
.000

.000
- .0 0 2
-.001

-.0 01
-.0 01
-.0 01

-.001
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2

.015
.010
.006

.013
.005
.006

.031

- .0 6 4

-.0 2 4

- .0 3 6

-.0 4 2

.312

.280

.0 0 1

-.0 0 2

-.0 0 1

-.0 0 1

-.0 0 1

.010

.0 0 9

-.0 0 2
- .0 0 3
- .0 0 4
.000
- .0 0 3

1
—
1
o
o•
1

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

A

4-13

1
•
o
o
1
—
•

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

4-6

fU

M ean

'

to
5-18
.018
.027
.020
.011
.012
.026
.029
.009
.007
.028
.012
.005
.006
.017
.008
.013
.009
.011
.020
.025
.012
.013
.021
.010
.023
.021
.000
.025
.008
.012

278
TABLE

V I-A

(C o n tin u ed )

Week Ending
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

5-25

6-2

6-10

6-17

6-24

7-1

.017
.017

.023

.022

.010

.019

,019

.016
.026

.011

.011

.011

.014
.023
.008

.010
.012
.017
.021
.015

.015
.013
.023

.019
.022
.024
.022
.024
.012

.011

.011

.018
.022
.021
.014
.010
.021
.014
.017

.013

.011
.022
.008
.008
.015
.010
.018
.009
.010
.017
.020
.015
.010
.015
.013
.010
.016
.020
.013

.022
.022
.014
.020
.016
.016
.014

.016
.028
.013
.014
.023
.023
.023
.018
.021
.018

.029
.018
.020
.018
.018
.027
.016
.014
.026

.011
.016
.020
.010
.010
.016
.012
.023
.017
.021
.020

.019
.006

.016
.017
.013
.006
.019
.012
.013
.013
.012
.010
.013

.011
.017
.016
.018
.017

.011
.013
.017
.026
.023
.015
.005
.022
.013
.008
.014
.018
.016
.017
.009
.018

.019
.014

.022
.023
.022
.018
.023
.026
.022
.013
.00 8
.025
.026
.015

.020
.020
.012

.011

.009
.008
.021
.008
.010

.019
.024

.019
.020
.009
.006

.009
.015
.020
.012
.010
.009
.016
.017

.019
.019
.017
.029
.021
.021
.020

29
30

.009
.009

.022
.017
.012

T otal

.415

.552

.604

.475

.401

.489

A rith .
Mean

.014

.016

.0175

.016

.013

.016

.017

T otals
5-25
to
7-1
.102
.122
.058
.079
.095
.128
.126
.103
.058
.133
.081
.082
.085
.090
.119
.078
.068
.117
.112
.121
.101
.113
.110
.115
.114
.080
.058
.121
.097
.069

279
TABLE

V I-A

(C on tin u ed )

Totals
7-8

Week Ending
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

7-8

7-15

7-22

7-29

8-5

8-12

.016
.020
.011
.013
.015

.017
.020
.012
.013
.018
.018
.028
.018
.007
.022
.015
.014
.021
.016
.012
.016
.015
.007

.008
.011
.004
.011
.012
.012
.015
.017
.006
.010

.015
.021

.014
.022
.004
.012
.020
.022
.018
.020
.008
.017
.018
.008
.013
.021
.016
.013
.010

.010
.013
.004

.017
.023
.019
.010
.023
.010
.013
.021
.017

.009
.007
.015
.011
.010
.007
.006
.015
.013
.008
.013
.016

29
30

.019
.020
.016
.034
.021
.020
.021
.017
.028
.024
.017
.018
.016
.018
.010
.015

Total

.542

.488

.332

A rith .
Mean

.018

.016

.011

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

.019
.014
.010
.019
.021
.024
.018
.019
.015
.012
.010
.018

.009
.018
.020
.018
.008
.008
.008
.007

.009
.009
.013
.012
.017
.021
.009
.017
.014
.010
.012
.017
.015
.013
.012
.019
.014
.020
.015
.016
.014

.019
.012
.014
.015
.021
.014
.020
.020
.019
.015
.003

.009
.011
.011
.014
.013
.010
.016
.018
.005
.011
.014
.014
.010
.011
.014

.009
.010

.009
.013
.013
.012
.014
.014
.021
.016
.015
.010
.007
.013

.444

.447

.365

.015

.015

.012

.019
.018
.020
.016
.008
.011
.018

to
8-12
.080
.107
.044
.067
.089
.092
.115
.108
.050
.105
.084
.057
.093
.096
.086
.079
.070
.108
.088
.089
.087
.101
.100
.119
.114
.110
.085
.059
.055
.081

280
TABLE

V I —A

(C on tin u ed )

Totals

Week Ending
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

8-19

8-26

-.001
.006
.000
.000
.011
.007
.011
.015
.004
.011
.014
.000
.007
.016
.017
.016

.000
.000
.000
.002
.000
.000
.005
.003
.000
.005
.002
-.0 02
-.001
.005

9-2

29
30

.019
.000
.008

.000
.002
.000
.000
.007
.000
.003
.003
.001
.003
.007
.004
.002
.000
.000
-.001

.010
.000
.000
.000
.000
.005
.000
.000
.000

.000
-.0 02
.000
.000
-.001
.000
.001
.002
.000
.001
.003
.000
-.0 02
-.001
.000
.000
.000
-.001
.000
.000
.000
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.001
.000
.000

Total

.294

.050

.055

.001

Oio

.002

.002

.000

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

M ean

.007
.015
.005
.001
.010
.017
.013
.015
.018
.017
.015

.002
.007
.002
.000
.003

9-16

.000
.000
.000
.000
.008
.010
.000
.000
.000
.000
.005
.003
.000
.000
.000
.000

8-19
to
9-16
.001
.011
.002
.002
.013
.007
.017
.020
.004
.025
.029
-.002
.004
.020
.017
.023
.010
.014
.012
.001
.013
.032
.014
.018
.025
.021
.022
.019
.000
.007

Season
T otals

.201
.267
.124
.159
.209
.253
.287
.240
.119
.291
.206
.142
.188
.223
.230
.193
.157
.250
.232
.236
.213
.259
.245
.262
.276
.232
.165
.224
.160
.169
6.412

281
TABLE

V I —B .

W e e k ly r a d i a l i n c r e a s e s (in in c h e s )
C l a s s II ( 1 5 —2 0 i n c h e s D B H ) t r e e s .

fo r S ize
1950.

Week Ending
No.

32
33
34
36
38
39
40
41
43
44
45
46
57
58
59
60
68
71
72
80
81

87
88
89
90

4-13

4-20

.001
.002
.003
-.002
.003
.002
.002
.003
-.001
-.001
-.0 02
-.001
.001
-.001
.003
.004
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.004
.001
.002

-.0 02
-.0 02
-.0 03
-.0 02
-.0 03

.001
-.002
.002
-.0 02
-.0 0 3
-.006

-.0 02
-.0 03

-.0 02
.000
-.001
-.001
.000
.000
-.0 02
-.0 02
-.001
-.001
.000
-.0 02
-.0 03
-.0 02
-.001
.000
-.003
-.001
-.001
-.0 04
-.001
-.0 02
-.001
.000
-.001
-.001
-.001

.000
-.001
-.0 02

.002
.000
.000

—
.066

-.0 32

_ ooz

_.001

Total

.014

A rith .
Mean

0Q0

-.004
-.0 0 3
-.0 02
-.002
-.001
-.0 0 2
.000
-.002
-.0 02
-.0 02
-.005
-.0 03
-.0 02
-.0 02
-.001
-.0 03
.000
-.0 03
-.0 0 6
—
i
o
o•
i

82
83
84
85
86

4—
6

4-27
-.001

5-4
.000
-.001
.002
-.001
-.002
-.001
-.001

5-11

5-18

.012
.018

.015
.012
.012
.004
.005
.007

Totals
to
5-18

.009
.007
.012

-.001
-.002
.000
.003
-.001
.000

.009
.010
.014
.013
.013
.010
.016
.012
.011
.021
.017
.004
.012
.015
.012
.010
.014
.014

.023
.026
.022
.005
.010
.011
.014
.031
.018
.001
.004
.014
.012
.010
.023

.009
.009
.009
.015
.008
.007
.012
.014
.010
.014
.015
.008
.022
.007
.008

.017
.013
.015
.025
.012
.011
.032
.023
.008
.021
.022
.015
.032
.014
.014

-.049

-.0 22

.350

.304

-.0 0 2

-.001

.012

.010

-.0 03
-.0 02
-.0 02
-.0 02
-.001
.000
-.001
-.001
-.0 0 2
-.001
.000
-.0 02
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 02
-.0 03
-.001
-.0 0 3
-.001
-.001
-.001
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 02
-.0 02
-*00 3
-.0 03
-.0 02
.000

.000
-.0 02
.000
-.001
-.001
.000
.000
-.001
-.0 02
.000
-.001
.000
-.002
-.0 02
-.002
-.003
.000

.011
.009
.009
.008
.009
.016
.014
.001
.006
.010

.009
.017
.011
.005
.004
.008

282
TABLE

V I —B

(C on tin u ed )

Week Ending
No.

32
33
34
36
38
39
40
41
43
44
45
46
57
58
59
60
68
71
72
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88

5-25

6-2

6-10

6-17

6-24

7-1

.020
.022
.018
.012
.010
.013
.017
.024
.018
.002
.003
.012
.012
.017

.024

.021

.105

.019
.020

.032
.022

.019
.028
.013
.004
.013
.015
.013
.021
.020
.016
.017
.016
.018
.026
.020
.028
.022
.031

.019
.026
.011
.008
.016
.020
.021
.024

.014
.007
.010
.023
.017
.015
.022
.011
.008
.011
.018
.013
.018
.014
.026
.017

.125
.090

.020

.029
.018
.026

.014
.015
.015
.011
.017
.014
.015
.015
.011
.010
.012
.015
*012
.014

.011

.028
.016

.015
.017
.016
.013
.024
.018
.013
.008
.010
.008
.011
.018

.019
.012
.012
.013
.017
.008
.014
.023
.023
.010
.016
.026
.012

.021
.027
.014

.019
.022
.021
.017
.022
.024
.020
.029
.023
.021
.020
.025

.014
.019
.011
.022
.012
.014
.019
.022
.019
.018
.019
,007
.015
.024
.014
.033

.012
.019
.013
.014
.014
.015
.013
.015
.015
.011

.019
.018
.024
.018
.017
.026
.016
.014
.020
.015

.019
.014

.011
.016
.011
.020
.015
.014

.641

.486

.418

.509

.019

.016

.0 1 4

.0 1 7

89
90

.037
.012
.013

.034
.017
.010

.019
.029
.020
.017

Total

.467

.590

.0 1 6

.0 1 7

M ean

Totals
5-25
to
7-1

.030
.018
.019

.092
.125
.104
.098
.123
.074
.040
.066
.098
.085
.113
.095
.117
.092
.093
.108
.119
.104
.130
.128
.096
.097
.138
.085
.183
.101
.087

283
TABLE

V I —B

(C o n tin u ed )

Week Ending
No.

32
33
34
36
38
39
40
41
43
44
45
46
57
58
59
60
68
71
72
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

7 -8

7-15

.013
.013

.006

.018
.016

.019
.009
.020
.021
.018
.025
.010
.010
.011
.020
.014
.018

.027
.019
.018
.023
.012
.010
.014
.021
.016
.013
.020
.026
.018
.023
.021
.024
.018
.028

.012

7-22

7-29

8-5

8-12

.015
.014
.013

.004
.010
.022
.011
.020

.001
.013
.011
.013

.007
.014
.015
.013

.019
.021
.014
.032
.002
.000
.011
.018
.008
.020
.010
.023
.011
.021
.023
.018
.023
.030
.023
.025
.010
.022
.013

.017
.013

.021
.019
.015
.018
.005
.002
.006
.013
.005

.019
.016
.029
.004
.005
.011

.019
.028
.002
.000
.011
.012
.008
.015
.017
.013
.014
.018

.009

.019
.012
.018
.021
.024
.018
.016
.014
.024
.018
.024
.018
.020
.011
.016
.014
.025
.012
.023

.025
.017
.022

.020
.011
.016
.406

.009
.016
.017
.008
.008
.026
.017
.015

.029
.016
.012
.024
.017
.015
.018
.020

.019
.024
.022
.017
.018
.020
.017
.022
.027
.015
.014
.024
.017
.013
.021
.014

T o ta l

.562

.517

.387p

.498

.499

A rith .
M ean

Q19

01?

Q13

Q17

01?

.019
.020
.018
.004
.017
.011
.014
.013

.009
.017
.012
.021
.017
.015
.008
.014
.010

.0135

T o ta ls
7-8
to
8-12
•031p
.077
.099
.075
.124
.112
.100
.155
.035
.027
.064
.103
.063
.093
.103
.127
.091
.103
.110
.120
.103
.144
.134
.109
.059
.117
.082
.112
.092
.104

284
TABLE

V I —B

(C on tin u ed )

T o tal s

Week Ending
No.

32
33
34
36
38
39
40
41
43
44
45
46
57
58

8-26

.015
.010
.018
.004
.012
.014
.010
.025
.000
.000
.010
.000

.000
.002
.004
.000
.004
.001

Total

*

9-16

.019
.000
.013
-.001
.018
.007
.014

.009
.000
.000
-.001
.000
-.001
.000
.002
.008
.001
.002
.003
.005
.000
.001
.008
.006
-.001
-.0 0 2
.000
.000
.001
.000
.006

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.001
.000
.000
.003
.000
-.0 0 2
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.001
.000
.000
-.0 02
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.0 0 3
.000
.000

.343

.058

.027

-.0 0 3

.011

.002

.001

.000

.009
.015
.015
.018
.018

89
90

9-2

.008
.008
.000
.002
.000
.004
.000
.000
-.0 0 7
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.002
.000
.000
.001
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.006
.001
.000

.001
.016
.013
.022
.011
.017

59
60
68
71
72
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88

M ean

8-19

8-19
to
9-16
.023
.020
.022
.006
.016
.018

Season
Totals

.182
.248
.233
.178
.275
.245
.231
.334
.123
.067
.142
.214
.161
.234
.242
.285

.019
.025
-.0 04
-.001
.008
-.001
.001
.018
.021
.024
.013
.021
.016
.015
.014
.027
.026
.018
-.002
.013
-.001

.259
.266
.232
.333
.311
.231
.175
.290
.181

.022
.008
.020

.349
.215
.225

.209
.232

6.902

285
TABLE

V I-C .

W e e k ly r a d ia l i n c r e a s e s (in in c h e s ) f o r S iz e
C l a s s III ( o v e r 2 0 i n c h e s D B H ) t r e e s .
1950.
Week Ending

Totals
to

No.

4-27

5-4

5-1 1

5-18

31
35
37
42
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
70
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

.001
.002
-.001
.0 04
.000
-.0 0 3
-.0 0 5
.002
.0 00
.001
-.0 0 3
. 00 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 4
-.001
.001
-.0 0 4
.000
-.002
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
.001
-.0 0 4
.000
.010
-.0 0 7
-.0 0 3
-.0 0 3
-.004
-.005

-.001
-.0 0 2
-.002
-.0 0 3
-.001
-.001
.000
-.0 0 2
-.001
-.0 0 4
.000
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.001
-.001
-.0 0 4
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 3
-.002
-.0 0 2
-.001
-.0 0 2
.000
-.001
-.0 0 2
.0 00
-.002
-.001

-.0 0 2
-.0 0 3
. 00 0
. 0 00
.000
. 0 00

.005
.010
.004
.01 8
.009
.010
.002
.007
.004
.005
.008
.005
,004
.012

o0
1

-.0 0 2
-.005
.000
-.001
.000
.001
-.001
-.001
.001
.000
-.001
-.003
.001
.000
.000
-.0 0 3
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.002
-.001
.000
-.001
-.0 0 2
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000

.007
.013
.013
,00 8
.032

. 00 0
-.0 0 2
.000
-.0 0 3
.001
-.002
-.001
-.001
.001
.000
-.0 0 3
-.001
-.001
.0 00
-.002
. 0 00
-.001
-.0 0 2
-.001
.0 00
-.001
-.0 0 2
.0 00

.000
.000
-.0 0 2
.000
-.0 0 2
-.001
.000
-.0 0 2
-.002
-.001
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 3
-.0 0 2
-.001
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.0 0 2
-.001
-.0 0 2
.000
-.0 0 2
-.001
.000
-.001
.000

Total

-.301

-.0 4 7

-.027

-.041

_„002

-.001

-.001

o
o

o

o

A n t h . _ Q01
Me an

1
•

4-20

p«*4

4-13

o•
1

4 —6

.011

.005
.011

.006
.010
.003
.007
.005
.01 2
.006
.01 3
.009
.012

.011

.011

. .005
.007
.006
.004
.0 08
.012
.001
.005
.009
.007
.009
.006
.009
.006
.008

-.018

.285

.216

-.001

.010

.007

.011

.00 9
.012
.006
.007
.012
.002
.003
.011
.00 8
.012

5-18
.008
.015
.012
.026
.039
.017
.000
.015
.006
.011

.002
.007
.002
.017
.012
.011

.008
.010
.008
• .010
.017
.001
.007
.016
.011

.004
.011

.012
.010
.013

286
TABLE

V I —C ( C o n t i n u e d )

Week Ending
No.

31
35
37
42
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
61
62
63
64
65
66
67

5-25

6-2

6-10

6-17

6-24

7-1

.007
.016
.006
.034
.018
.017
.005

.011

.014
.024

.012

.010
.013
.004
.016
.004
.014
.010
.015
.006

.013
.018
.008
.024
.015
.017
.015
.018
.004
.018
.014

.024
.010
.036
.017
.021

.012
.032
.017
.020
.008
.015
.008
.030
.022
.010
.005
.021
.025

.019
.007
.023

.011
.017
.010
.017
.006
.026
.022
.010

79

.009
.008
.015
.014
.015

.009
.010
.008
.022
.017
.014
.005
.023
.020
.010
.015
.015
.008
.021
.018
.006
.006
.015
.016
.014
.015
.018
.020
.018

Total

.356

.462

.499

.419

.370

.436

.0 1 3 5

.0 1 5

.0 1 4

.012

.0 1 4 5

69
70
73
74
75
76
77
78

M ean

.011
.011
.012

.011
.006
.007
.021
.016
.009
.009
.014
.006
.020
.013
.002
.003
.009

.012

012

.011
.020
.026
.017
.008
.012

.019
.017
.016
.001
.016
.022

.011

.019
.003
.018
.025
.016
,007

.019
.015
.016
.012
.021
.020
.008
.014
.020
.020
.002
.020
.017
.017
.015

.009
.014
.015
.008
.012
.020
.017
.004
.014
.021
.015
.013

.017
.017
.015
.012
.021
.014
.010

,009
.023
.013
.012

.009
.009
.010
.011

.011
.010

.011

.012

.015

.008

.009
.017
.023
.020

.011

.011

Totals
5-25
to
7-1
.067
.114
.047
.165
.082
.106
.057
.086
.045
.127
.103
.075
.032
.119
.134
.082
.063
.077
.055
.098
.093
.041
.063
.104
.102
.055
.078
.115
.093
.083

287
TABLE

V I —C ( C o n t i n u e d )

Totals
7-8

Week Ending
No.

31
35
37
42
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
70
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
Total
A rith.

M ean

7-8

7-15

7-22

7-29

8-5

8-12

.013
.017
.017
.033
.020
.022
.017

.013
.023
.013
.026
.015

.004
.010

.006
.015
.010
.010
.015
.014
.012
.015
.012
.017
.021
.018
.000
.015
.021

.003
.010
.013
.045
.010
.015
.011
.010

.004
.007
.012
.022
.008
.010
.006
.010
.014

.019
.012
.023
.004
.020
.000
.014
.024
.016
.008
.014
.014
.014
.015

.019
.020
.014
.012
.020
.005
.011
.004
.018
.022
.012
.008
.012
.013

.009
.029
.000
.015
.011
.009
.009
.012
.009
.006
-.003
.016

.009
.019
.019
.019
.002
.023

.019
.013
.010

.019
.006
.003
.007
.012
.012
.020
.001
.021
.012
.023
.024
.006
.023
.015
.008

.009
.017
.014
.001
.020
.016
.007
.003
.006
.010
.007
.016
.002
.015
.012
.018
.011
.007
.022
.008
.003

.019
.010
.001
.010
.010
.012
.012
-.001
.016
.008
.020
.013
.007

.009
.005
.008
.011
.012
.016
.005
.018
.016
.018
.016
.008

.009
.012
.007

.009
.019
.017
.014

.019
.018
.005
.021
.017
.021
.015
.013
.025
.016
.012

.484

.462

.301

.385

.420

.317

.012

.015

.010

.013

.014

.011

.009
.020
.022
.023
.015

to
8-12
.043
.082
.074
.165
.068
.095
.077
.077
.068
.100
.075
.088
.004
.106
.121
.060
.028
.057
.070
.076
.097
.021
.111
.087
.123
.094
.048
.117
.081
.054

288
TABLE

V I-C

(C on tin ued)
Totals

Week Ending

n

8-19

8-26

9-2

9-16

.000
.005

.000

79

.009
.028
.002
.010
.000
.005
.001
.008
.015
.010
.001
.015
.012
.003
.000
.001
.000
.002
.015
.000
.013
.006
.010
.012
.004
.020
.001
.001

.000
.002
-.001
.000
.000
-.002
.000
.000
.000
.004
.011
.000
.000
.014
.001
.000
.000
.000
-.002
.000
-.001
-.001
.003
,000
.002
.008
.000
.013
.000
.000

.002
.003
.000
.001
.001
.003
.002
.000
,007
.000
.000
.000
-.0 08
.000
.002
.000

.000
.001
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-.001
.002
.000
.000
.001
.000
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
-.002
.000
.000
.002
.004
.002
.000
.000

o ta

.199

.051

.032

.013

.007

.002

.001

.0 0 0

31
35
37
42
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
61

62
63
64
65

66
67
69
70
73
74
75
76
77
78

.009
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.001
.000
.006

to
9-16
.000
.017
.010
.029
.002
.008
.000
.005
.001
.011
.029
.011
.001
.036
.015
.008
.000
.002
-.001
.005
.017
-.001
.021
.006
.012
.022
.000
.035
.003
.001

Season
Total

.118
.228
.143
.385
.191
.226
.134
.183
.120
.249
.209
.181
.039
.278
.282
.161
.099
.146
.132
.189
.224
.062
.202
.213
.248
.175
.137
.279
.187
.151
5.571

(

289
TABLE

VII.

W e e k ly r a d ia l i n c r e a s e s (in in c h e s )
m e a s u r e d alon g fo u r r a d ii.
1950.

of t r e e s

Week Ending
No.
4-6

4-13

Totals
to
5-18

5-11

5-18

-.0 02

-.002

.015

.005

.012

91N

-.0 03

.000

91S

-.005

-.001

.000

.000

-.002

.010

.004

.006

91E

.002

-.002

.000

-.0 02

-.001

.013

.010

.020

91W

.000

-.003

.000

.000

-.004

.008

.006

.007

92N

-.004

-.001

.001

-.0 02

-.002

.007

.003

.001

92S

-.002

.000

-.001

-.001

.000

.010

.004

.010

92E

.000

-.001

-.002

-.0 0 3

-.002

.004

.001

-.0 03

92W -.001

-.001

.000

-.0 02

-.002

.005

-.001

93N

-.001

-.0 03

-.001

o
o•
i

5-4

-.0 03

.013

.004

.008

93S

.000

-.002

.000

-.0 0 3

-.003

.014

.005

.011

93E

.002

-.002

-.002

-.002

-.002

.009

.011

.014

93W

.000

-.001

-.001

-.001

-.002

.004

.009

.008

94N

-.001

-.001

-.001

-.002

-.003

.014

.002

.008

94S

.002

-.002

.007

-.002

-.0 04

.007

.009

.017

94E

-.001

-.001

-.001

-.0 02

-.001

.014

.007

.015

94 W

.001

-.002

-.001

-.002

-.0 02

.013

.004

.011

95N

.000

-.001

-.002

.000

-.001

.008

.004

.008

95S

.000

o
o•
r

4-27

O
o•
l

4-20

-.001

-.0 03

.000

.011

.007

.015

95E

.000

-.002

-.001

-.0 02

-.001

.012

.005

.011

95 W

.002

-.002

.000

-.0 02

-.0 03

.012

.008

.015

* m e c h a n ic a l fa ilu re

290
TABLE

VII ( C o n t in u e d )

Week Ending
No.
4—
6

4-13

4-20

4-27

5-4

5-11

5-18

T otals
to
5-18

96N

.000

-.001

.000

-.0 0 2

-.0 02

.010

.003

.008

96S

-.0 0 4

.000

.000

-.001

.000

.009

.005

.009

96E

.001

.005

.000

-.0 0 2

-.0 0 3

.007

.009

.017

96W -.001

-.0 0 3

.000

-.0 0 2

-.001

.012

.006

.011

97N

.001

-.0 0 2

-.001

-.0 0 2

.000

.008

.002

.006

97S

.001

-.001

.000

-.0 0 2

-.0 0 3

.010

.005

.010

97E

.000

-.0 0 3

.000

-.0 0 2

- .0 0 3

.007

.006

.005

97W -.0 0 3

-.001

.000

- .0 0 2

-.0 0 2

.009

.002

.003

98N

-.001

-.0 0 2

.000

-.0 0 2

-.0 0 2

.00 5

.004

.002

98S

-.001

-.0 0 2

-.0 02

.000

-.0 0 3

.013

.006

.011

98E

.001

-.0 0 2

-.0 0 2

-.001

-.0 0 3

.012

.012

.017

98 W -.001

-.001

-.0 0 2

-.001

-.0 0 3

.012

.013

.017

99N

.003

-.001

-.0 0 2

-.0 0 2

-.0 0 3

.011

.009

.015

99S

-.001

.000

-.0 0 2

.000

-.0 0 2

.011

.005

.011

99E

.002

-.001

-.0 0 2

-.001

-.0 02

.010

.007

.013

99W

.000

-.0 0 3

-.001

-.0 0 2

-.0 0 2

.005

.018

.015

100N

.000

-.001

-.001

- .0 0 2

-.001

.014

.012

.021

100S

.002

-.0 0 2

-.0 0 2

-.0 0 2

-.002

.015

.009

.018

100E

.002

-.0 0 2

.001

-.0 0 3

.002

.006

.007

.013

100W

.000

-.0 0 2

-.001

-.0 02

-.0 02

.011

.008

.012

291
TABLE

VII ( C o n t i n u e d )

Week Ending
No.

Totals
5-25
to
7-1

5-25

6-2

6-10

6-17

6-24

7-1

9 IN

.006

.016

.022

.017

.013

.020

.094

91S

.009

.010

.013

.011

.005

.007

.055

91E

.016

.019

.018

.014

.011

.015

.093

91W

.013

.014

.019

.014

.009

.019

.088

92N

.009

.006

.013

.012

.008

.012

.060

92S

.003

.008

.011

.008

.007

.016

.053

92E

.006

.005

.006

.007

.006

.005

.035

92W

.002

.006

.004

.008

.004

.008

.032

93N

.010

.0 11

.018

.015

.008

.013

.075

93S

.013

.017

.025

.015

.012

.023

.105

93E

.018

.024

.022

.019

.008

.031

.122

93W

.016

.015

.020

.020

.010

.038

.129

94N

.003

.012

.016

.011

.010

.010

.062

94S

.009

.017

.019

.014

.012

.018

.089

94E

.014

.020

.015

.015

.014

.011

.089

94 W

.010

.015

.018

.017

.015

.023

.098

95N

.021

.022

.021

.017

.010

.012

.103

95S

.016

.024

.021

.017

.012

.013

.103

95E

.012

.022

.021

.018

.009

.016

.098

95W

.013

.021

.020

.016

.015

.021

.106

292
TABLE

VII ( C o n t in u e d )

Week Ending

N o.

--------------------------------------------------------------------5-25

6-2

6-10

6-17

6-24

7-1

96N

.012

.018

.018

.013

.010

.010

.081

96S

.010

.015

.018

.015

.008

.009

.075

96E

.018

.023

.019

.014

.010

.011

.095

96 W

.016

.022

.023

.020

.010

.0 14

.105

97N

.003

.005

.010

.007

.007

.008

.040

97S

.002

.006

.004

.005

.007

.004

.028

97E

.000

.005

.008

.006

.008

.008

.035

97 W

.001

.007

.010

.008

.011

.009

.046

98N

.012

.010

.011

.009

.010

.007

.059

98S

.008

.010

.014

.014

.010

.011

.067

98E

.024

.024

.023

.019

.013

.010

.113

98 W

.015

.019

.013

.012

.013

.011

.083

99N

.020

.027

.032

.031

.016

.022

.148

99S

.015

.025

.030

.022

.016

.020

.128

99E

.016

.032

.031

.027

.019

.023

.148

99W

.025

.037

.042

.044

.024

.016

.188

100N

.014

.020

.023

.015

.013

.016

.101

100S

.011

.015

.019

.014

.010

.012

.081

100E

.017

.019

.022

.015

.012

.011

.096

100W

.017

.019

.018

.014

.011

.011

.090

293
TABLE

No.

VII ( C o n t in u e d )

Week Ending
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7-8

7-15

7-22

7-29

8-5

8-12

91N

.015

.016

.014

.015

.014

.014

.088

91S

*013

.002

.004

.005

.005

.005

.034

91E

.015

.013

.012

.012

.015

.010

.077

91W

.012

.010

.018

.011

.012

.012

.075

92N

.012

.011

.009

.010

.006

.007

.055

92S

.010

.010

.014

.006

.009

.005

.054

92E

.009

.006

.003

.006

.003

.002

.029

92 W

.011

.011

.005

.007

.005

.003

.042

93N

.015

.014

.009

.009

.012

.012

.071

93S

.024

.019

.015

.018

.018

.016

.110

93E

.015

.020

.015

.011

.016

.015

.092

93 W

.017

.025

.014

.021

.010

.005

.092

94N

.013

.010

.005

.008

.005

.005

.046

94S

.019

.014

.010

.017

.011

.010

.081

94E

.017

.016

.007

.009

.008

.004

.061

94 W

.019

.016

.009

.013

.005

.005

.067

95N

.011

.011

.005

.009

.005

.006

.047

95S

.017

.012

.011

.010

.013

.008

.071

95E

.014

.012

.009

.010

.008

.009

.062

95W

.020

.020

.021

.016

.014

.001

.092

294
TABLE

V II ( C o n t i n u e d )

Week

Ending

T otals
7-8

No.

to
8-12

7-8

7-15

7-22

7-29

8-5

8-12

96N

.014

.011

.008

.009

.014

.010

.065

96S

.008

.006

.005

.005

.003

.027

96E

.010

.009

.007

.010

.014

.010

.060

96 W

.012

.009

.009

.009

.012

.008

.059

97N

.010

.008

.003

.005

.002

.003

.031

97S

.011

.007

.006

.008

.004

.007

,043

97E

.011

.009

.000

.006

.003

.002

.031

97W

.013

.007

.004

.007

.004

.005

.040

98N

.008

.014

.002

.008

.005

.002

.039

98S

.014

.011

.004

.008

.005

.004

.046

98E

.018

.020

.012

.021

.017

.015

.103

98W

.019

.017

.013

.016

.020

.012

.097

99N

.024

.023

.017

.012

.002

.018

.096

99S

.030

.020

.017

.019

.023

.009

.118

99E

.015

.021

.016

.019

.019

.010

.100

99 W

.019

.026

.014

.025

.023

.027

.134

100N

.017

.024

.015

.017

.009

.006

.088

100S

.013

.017

.008

.010

.011

.010

.069

100E

.016

.017

.011

.012

.016

.009

.081

100W

.017

.019

.014

.015

.017

.008

.090

*

* m e c h a n ic a l f a ilu r e

I

295
TABLE

VII (C o n tin u e d )

Week Ending
No.

Totals
8-19
to
9-16

Season
Totals

8-19

8-26

9-2

9-16

9 IN

.014

.001

.003

.000

.018

.212

9 IS

.001

.000

.000

.000

.001

.096

91E

.000

.000

.006

-.001

.005

.195

91W

.001

.000

.000

.000

.001

.171

. —*

.000

.000

.000

.116

92N

...

*

92S

.002

.000

-.006

.003

-.001

.116

92E

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.061

92 W

.000

-.002

-.001

.000

-.003

.070

93N

.008

-.002

.002

.000

.008

.162

93S

.010

-.001

.010

.002

.021

.247

93E

.016

-.001

.008

-.002

.021

.249

9 3W

.016

-.006

.004

.001

.015

.244

94N

.005

.000

.001

.000

.006

.122

94S

.002

.000

.008

.001

.011

.198

94E

.004

-.001

.000

.000

.003

.168

94W

.001

.000

.000

.000

.001

.177

95N

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.158

95S

.001

.000

.000

.000

.001

.190

95E

.000

-.001

.000

.000

-.001

.170

95 W

.002

.000

.006

.001

.009

.222

* m e c h a n ic a l f a ilu r e

296
TABLE

VII (C o n tin u e d )

Week Ending
No.

T o ta ls
8-19
to
9-16

Season
T o ta ls

8-19

8-26

9-2

9-16

96N

.008

.004

.004

.001

.017

.171

96S

.000

-.0 0 3

.000

.000

-.0 0 3

.108

96E

.012

.001

.005

.000

.018

.190

96 W

.006

-.0 0 4

.003

.000

.005

.180

97N

.000

-.0 0 2

.000

.000

-.0 0 2

.077

97S

.000

-.001

.000

.001

.000

.081

97E

.000

.000

.001

.000

.001

.072

97 W

.000

- .0 0 7

.003

.002

-.0 0 2

.087

98N

.000

-.0 0 7

.000

.003

-.0 0 4

.096

98S

.001

.002

.000

.000

.003

.127

98E

.012

.000

.000

.000

.012

.245

98W

.013

-.001

.000

.000

.012

.209

99N

.011

.005

.000

.000

.016

.275

99S

.012

.000

.000

.000

.012

.269

99E

.010

.003

.000

.000

.013

.274

99 W

.033

.012

.015

.005

.065

.402

100N

.005

.000

.000

.000

.005

.215

100S

.004

.000

.000

.000

.004

.172

100E

.000

.000

.000

.000

.002

.192

100W

.000

.001

.000

,000

.001

.193

297
TABLE

VIII..

P e r c e n t a g e a v a ila b le m o i s t u r e
Tourney Woodlot.
1949.

at

s ta tio n s

in

S tation
I (av.

Date

7-14
7-21
7-28
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-2
9-16
9-30

2)

II (av.

2)

III (av.

2)

A

B

A

B

A

B

93%

93%
93
93
85
67
66
52
45
27
11

88%

90%
85
70
38
38
10
2
0
0
0

7 8%

83%
78

91
91
82
73
65
32
23
10
9

79
47
18
18
14
1
0
0
0

59
31
12

69
37
16
10
0
0
0
0

19
7
0
0
0
0

Station
Date

IV (av . 2)
A

7-14
7-21
7-28
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-2
9-16
9-30

97%
91
80
62
51
60
42
42
39
40

B
100%
97
99
93
77
86
60
43
20
13

V (av.

2)

A

B

94%

93%
94
92
84
66
50
27
16
0
1

89
95
36
34
31
7
3
0
1

VI (av.
A
100%
100
100
100
100
100
97
95
95
91

2)
B

99%
99
99
99
100
100
99
97
97
93

298
TABLE

VIII ( C o n t in u e d )
Station

Date

7-14
7-21
7-28
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-2
9-16
9-30

VII (av.

2)

VIII (av.

2)

IX (av.

2)

X (av.

2)

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

100%
100
100
100
100
100

86%
86
86
86

93%
96
96

93%
93
96
94
94
96

95%
95
93

87%
87
86
85

95%

92%

92
92
87

87
85
80

89
91
60
51
57
47

91
87
84
83
73
51
34
14
8

99
97
95
93

91
91
86
86
84
84

91
93
96
82
76
66
60

89
83
64
50

91
95
95
85
85
76
77

79
72
67

Station
Date

XI (ay.

1)

XII (av.

2)

A

B

A

B

95%

100%
100
100
100
100
100
95

87%
77
35

91%
90
88
73
48
26
6
4
1
0

7-14
7-21
7-28
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-2
9-16

89
77
87
87
87
55
41
33

9-30

29

91
75
57

9
8
2
0
0
0
0

XIII (av.
A
100%
100
100
100
100
100
99
95
91
91

XX

1)
B

100%
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
91

A
41%
35
19
7
5
3
0
0
0
0

AA
95%
91
85
17
29
69
19
15
15
21

299
TABLE

IX.

A rith m etic

m eans.

1949.

Stations
t»E dg e 11
(av. 6)

Date

7-14
7-21
7-28
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-2
9-16
9-30

• iln s id e '1
(av. 7)

All
(13)

A

B

A

B

A

B

89%
81
63
36
34
30
13
11
8
8

92%

97%
96
94
93
95
96
82

93%
94
93
93
94
92
86
81
72
64

93%

93%

89
80
67
67
65
51
47
43
41

92
90
81
74

89
85
68
52
41
23
18
8
4

79
73
70

69
57
52
43
37

300
TABLE

X.

P e r c e n t a g e a v a ila b le m o is tu r e
Tourney Woodlot.
1950.

at

sta tio n s

in

Station
Date

I (av.

2)

II (av.

2)

III (av.

2)

A

B

A

B

A

B

4—
6
4-13

68%
68
71
71
74
74

71%
71
74
74
78
78
78
81
87
86
85
81

81%
78

4-20
4-27
5-4
5-11
5-18

71%
72
72

85%
78
81
86
84
82
82
83

100%
90
100
100
92
90

5-25
6-1
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-5
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2
9-16

74
76
80
81
80
82
81
79
72
81
82
85
82
70
53
87
82

69
75
75
75
76
87
80
82
81
82
82
81
81
82
86
86
83
77
81
83

79
62
37
80
78
80
59
18
0
81
26

80
85
82
82
81
81
97
87
86
82
81
75
58
78
72
64
46
19
16
13
13

100
86
82
81
72
42
23
71
58
59
24
2
0
78
47

89
87
92
86
86
86
84
78
75
70
65
49
32
13
8
5
5

301
TABLE

X

(C on tin ued)

Station
Date

4-6
4-13
4-20
4-27
5-4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-1
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-5
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2
9-16

IV (av.

2)

V (av.

2)

VI (av.

2)

A

B

A

B

A

B

73%
71
74
68
75

68%
71
74
85
76
77
74
80

73%
73
74
82
80
80
80
81
86
83
85
83
74

85%
70
83

74%
74
78
78
82
85
85
86

7 3%

79
79
83
89
87
87
86
82
78
60
86
91
86
81
52
38
86
72

100
82
82
89
82
82
80
85
73
84
80
73
56
65
60

57
29
78
82
80
76
34
90
83
78

87
72
72
73
71
97
78
77
77
75
75
74
72
70
66
60
57
50
81
78

89
91
87
95
87
87
91
91
91
91
87
85
93
93
87

73
70
77
77
80
80
82
86
86
88
91
86
88
95
95
93
93
91
88
95
95
91

302
TABLE

X

(C on tin u ed )
Station

Date

4-6
4-13
4-20
4-27
5-4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-1
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-5
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2
9-16

VII (av.

2)

VIII (av.

2)

IX (av.

2)

X (av.

2)

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

77%
76
77
78
83

71%
71
73
73
73
74
74
76
80
80
80
80
82
82
83

7 3%
73
73
74
81

7 3%
72
76
76
77
77
77
80
90
82
84
83
84
84
90
88
90
86
88
88
93
93
95

74%
74
76
73
75
83
83
84
87

74%
74
74

81%
75

90%
90
90
93
95
82
82
85
97
90
88
95
84
85
82
93
86
92
88
82
80
100
97

82
83
86
90
83
88
91
88
88
91
91
93
89
89
83
97
93
89

85
85
85
85
81
85
85
85

80
82
83
85
86
85
87
86
86
89
89
89
89
86
83
91
87
89

91
89
93
89
89
88
93
93
93
89
83
100
95
89

75
75
77
77
75
88
82
82
81
81
80
83
82
82
82
81
77
89
86
86

79
83
85
82
85
85
95
91
87
95
89
87
81
91
91
95
89
79
76
91
87

303
TABLE

X

(C o n tin u ed )
Station

Date

4-6
4-13
4-20
4-27
5-4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-1
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-5
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2
9-16

XI (av.

1)

XII (av.

2)

XIII (av.

1)

XX

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

80%
78
80
82
85
82
85
85

95%

89%
89
93
95
97
100
84
97
100

91%
91
95
95

82%
82
85
87

80%
80
80

80%
78
75
82
85
78
78
78
87
80
78
75
64
37
12
62
30

91
91
87
91
87
91
85
87
91
95
87
82
78
91
87

91
85
95
74
78
73
73
95
80
80
80
78
80
75
100
82
85
82
78
75
100
100

91
86
90
85
78
55
77
74
73
46
12
5
75
70

91
100
100
100
100
100
95
100
84
82
81
79
77
77
77
71

91
91
91
95
100
100
100
100
100
100
95
100
100
100
100
95

59
41
41

91
100
100

91
82
82
82
82
100
87
91
85
85
87
85
95
91
95
87
87
85
100
100

29
8
0
0
74
67

AA
85%
74
91
87
95
91
91
91
100
100
95
95
87
69
29
87
85
87
78
33
27
85
80

304
TABLE

XI.

A rith m etic

m eans.

1950.
Stations

“ Edg e*1
(av. 6)

Date

4-6
4-13
4-20
4-27
5-4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-1
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-5
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2
9-16

*1Inside *1
(av. 7)

All
(13)

A

B

A

B

A

B

76%
75
78

83%

7 7%
76
78

79%
79
78
83

77%
75
78

81%

79
81
82
79
83
90
86
84
84
79
66
46
79
77
77
61
31
31
82
62

79
84
87
81
83
82
82
95
85
85
86
81
79
75
77
73
71
63
53
44
48
47

79
83
84
85
86
91
90
89
93
89
90
89
92
93
93
90
84
89
93
90

79
79
78
79
91
84
85
85
83
84
83
91
87
88
86
83
86
94
93

79
82
83
82
85
91
88
87
89
84
79
69
86
86
86
76
60
62
88
77

79
81
85
80
80
80
81
93
85
85
85
82
81
80
85
81
80
76
69
67
73
72

305
TABLE

XII.

Soil t e m p e r a t u r e r e c o r d e d a t s t a ti o n s in Tourney
Woodlot (at 3—
inch l e v e l , in d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e i t ) .
1949.

Station
Date

7--14
7--21
7--28
8--4
8--11
8--18
8--25
9--2
9--16
9--30

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

66
70
70
64
68
68
67
56
56
45

67
71
75
67

68
70
72
68
69
70
72
56
60

64
67
74
65
65
67
68
55
58

66
68
72
65
67
68

49

49

65
66
70
64
65
67
70
56
58
50

64
66

69
70
72
58
58

68
70
74
68
70
70
71
60
60
50

69
57
57
50

49

69
66
65
67
68
56
58
50

Station
Date

7-14
7-21
7-28
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-2
9-16
9-30

IX

X

XI

XII

XIII

XXA

XXAA

64
65
70
66
66
67
66
57
58
50

67
65
72
64
67
68
68
56
58
50

66
66
71
64
65
67
73
56
60

68
70
73
68
70
70
73
56

67
67
71
65
67
68
70
57
58
50

68
72
74

76
72
76
72
76
74

49

59
51

69
70
71
74
55
60
50

79
64
62
54

306
TABLE XIII.

A r i t h m e t i c m e a n soil t e m p e r a t u r e r e c o r d e d at
st a ti o n s in Tourney Woodlot (at 3—
inch level, in
deg re es Fah renheit).
1949.

Stations
Date

“ E d g e 11
(av.

7-14
7-21
7-28
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-2
9-16
9-30

401
418
438
400
411
415
423
341
351
293

6)

1’I n s i d e 1'
(av.

67
70
73
67
68
69
70
57
58

459
463
495
454
462
472
484
395
407

49

349

7)

All
(av.

66
66
71
65
66
67
69
56
58
50

460
881
933
854
873
887
907
7 36
758
642

13)
66
68
72
66
67
68
70
57
58
49

307
TABLE XIV.

Soil t e m p e r a t u r e r e c o r d e d a t stations in Tourney
Woodlot (at 3-inch level, in d e g r e e s F ahrenheit).
1950.

Station
Date

4-6
4-13
4-20
4-27
5-4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-2
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-5
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2
9-16

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VII]

31
33
42
40
54

37
36
46
44
63
56
58
57
56
63
54
65
64
66
63
65

39
38
42
45
63
58
57
58
57
63
53
68
65
66
63
66
66

38
34
41
42
58
56
58
58
57
62
56
66
64
62
61
64
67
64
62
63
62
61
60

34
35
41
40
56
53
53
55
55

35
34
40
43
58
55
51
55
54

34
35
40
41
57
55
53
54
54

59
53
65
62
65
62
63
65
62
60
63
64
62
61

59
53
63
61
61
61
63
65
62
60
62
62
60

35
36
40
41
55
54
53
55
55
60
54
64

56
54
56
55
60
53
64
62
62
62
62
66
62
60
61
61
60
58

69
64
61
62
62
61
59

65
61
62
62
60
59

59

62
61
60
64
66
62
60
61
61
60

59
54
63
62
61
62
62
65
62
60
62
62
61

59

59

TABLE

X IV

(C o n tin u ed )

Station
IX

X

XI

XII

XIII

XXA

34
34
40
42
58
54
53
55
54

36
36
41
42
56
55
52
54
55

36
33
41

36

59
53
63
61
62
61
62
64
62
60
62
62
61

59
52
63
61
62
61
63
65
62
60
61

39
36
44
45
66
58
57
58
56
61
53
66
65
64
62
64
68
62
60
62
61
61

59

59

37
35
41
41
62
53
52
55
55
60
54
64
62
60
60
62
64
62
60
61
61
60
60

62
60

42
56
54
53
55
56
60
52
64
62
62
62
63
65
62
60
61
61
61
58

35
44
44
59
56
62
58
57
64
54
70
66
66
66
68
69
65
61
64
63
62
61

59

49
42
46
44
64
57
64
61

62
72
58
74

68
78
74
72
70
72

66
70
69
64
63

309
TABLE

XV.

A r i t h m e t i c m ea n soil t e m p e r a t u r e r e c o r d e d at
sta tio n s in Tourney Woodlot (at 3 -inch level, in
deg rees Fahrenheit).
1950.

Stations
Date
"Edg e ' 1
(av. 6)
4-6
4-13
4-20
4-27
5-4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-2
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
i
00
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2
9-16

215

36

211
256
255
353
335
342
342
337
371
323
398
383
387
377
388

35
43

402
382
365
375
374
366
358

42
59
56
57
57
56
62
54
66
64
64
63
65
67
64
61
62
62
61
60

1' I n s i d e 1'
(av. 7)
247
243
283
292
402
325
367
383
383
416
372
444
431
429
427
439
454
434
420
430
441
423
413

35
35
40
42
57
46
52
55
55
59
53
63
62
61
61
63
65
62
60
61
63
60
59

All
(av. 13)
462
454
539
547
755
715
709
725
720
787
695
842
814
816
804
827
856
816
785
805
815
789
771

36
35
41
42
58
55
55
56
55
61
53
65
63
63
62
64
66
63
60
62
63
61
59

310
TABLE

X V I.

D i f f e r e n c e in w e e k l y
trees.
1949.

g ro w th rate

of group

C

Week (beginning with week ending 5-12)
T ree
1

2

3

4

76
77
78

.002
.005
.004

.004

-.004

.014

.011
.014

-.010
-.008

Total

.011

.029

Arith.
Mean

.004

.010

5

6

.017
.015

.001
.002
-.002

-.007
.001
.001

-.022

.046

.001

-.005

-.007

.015

.000

-.002

Week (beginning with week ending 5-12)
Tree
7

8

76
77
78

.002
.005
.004

-.001

Total
Arith.
Mean

9

10

-.001
.000

.000
-.005
-.012

.000
-.001

.011

-.002

.004

-.001

11

12

.003

-.006

.009

-.003
-.010

-.009
-.004

-.017

.008

-.010

-.019

-.006

.003

-.003

-.006

Week (beginning with week ending

5—
12)

Tree
13

14

16

17

18

-.011

.006

-.004

-.015

-.011

.006
.008

-.005
-.003

-.004
-.005
-.003

-.010

-.037

.020

-.012

-.012

-.003

-.012

.007

-.004

-.004

77
78

.009
.010
.002

-.003
-.001
-.006

Total

.021

Arith.
Mean

.007

76

15

311
TABLE

X V II.

D if f e r e n c e s in
trees.
1950.

Week

w eek ly

(b eg inn ing

grow th

w ith week

rate

ending

of

group

C

5—
18)

T ree
1

2

3

4

5

6

76
77
78

-.005
.001
-.006

.002
.006
.008

.007
.003
.006

.005
-.001
-.003

-.002

-.002
.000
-.001

Total

-.010

.016

.016

.001

-.004

-.003

A rith.
Mean

-.003

.005

.005

.000

-.001

-.001

Week

(beginning

w i t h week

-.006
.004

ending

5—
18)

T ree
7
76
77
78
T o ta l
A rith.
M e an

8

.003
.002
.00
1
—

.000
-.004
.004

9

10

11

.004
.006
-.00 1

-.006
-.016
-.004

.001
.010
.001

-

.002

.000

.009

-.026

.012

—

.001

.000

.003

-.009

.004

Week

(beginning

w i t h week

ending

5—18)

T ree
12
76
77
78

_ .002

13

14

15

16

.004
.002

.001
-.001
-.007

-.00 3
-.002
-.007

-.004
-.007
-.001

-.0 0 8
-.013
.002

T o ta l

.004

-.007

-.012

-.012

-.019

A rith.
Mean

.001

-.002

-.004

-.004

-.006

312
TABLE XVIII.

Differences in weekly growth rate
trees.
1949.

of group D

Week (be ginning with week ending

5-12)

Tree
1

2

3

4

5

6

35
65
66

-.001
.000
.002

.001
-.002
.004

-.001
.001
-.006

.012
.010
.010

-.001

.003
-.005
-.004

Total

.001

.003

-.006

.032

.006

-.006

Arith.
Mean

.000

.001

-.002

.011

.002

-.002

.004
.003

Week (beginning with week ending 5-12)
T re e
7

8

9

35
65
66

-.004
.000
.001

.008
.007
.012

.010
.000
.003

Total

-.003

.027

Arith.
Mean

-.001

.009

10
-.004
-.006

11

12

-.005

-.001
-.002
-.006

-.009
-.006
-.004

.013

-.015

-.009

-.019

.004

-.005

-.003

-.006

Week (beginning with week ending 5—
12)
T re e
13

14

35
65
66

.008

-.003

.005
.002

Total

M ean

15

16
.010

.001
.001

-.015
-.013
-.017

.015

-.001

.0 0 5

.000

18
-.005

.009
.010

-.005
-.004
-.004

-.005
-.006

-.045

.029

-.013

-.016

-.0 1 5

.010

-.0 0 4

-.0 0 5

313
TABLE

X IX .

D i f f e r e n c e s in w e e k ly
trees.
1950.

Week

(beginning

grow th

rate

with week ending

of group

D

5-18)

T re e
1

2

35
65
66

-.003
- .0 0 7
-.001

Total
Arith.
Mean

3

.006
.002

4

5

6

.000
.004
.000

- .0 0 5
-.0 0 3

.012

.008
.002
.001

-.007

-.006
.001
-.003

-.011

.020

.011

.004

-.0 1 5

- .008

-. 0 0 4

.007

.004

.001

- .0 0 5

-.003

Week (beginning with week

ending

5—
18)

Tree
7

8

9

11

10

35
65
66

.004
.000
.000

-.001
.004
.003

.006
-.001
.005

-.013
- .0 0 3
-.007

.005
.001
.000

Total

.005

.006

.010

- .0 2 3

.006

Arith.
Mean

.002

.002

.003

-.008

.002

Week (beginning

with week

ending

5—
18)

Tree
12
35

—..005

65
66

13

14

15
-.003

16

.001
.000

- .0 0 3
- .002
- .005

—
*002
-.010
-.005

- .0 0 2
- .002

.007
.003
.003

Total

.004
—

-.010

- .0 1 7

- .0 0 7

.013

Arith.
Mean

—
.001

- .0 0 3

-.006

-.002

.004

314
TABLE

XX.

D i f f e r e n c e s in
trees.
1949.

w eek ly

Week (beginning

grow th

rate

with week ending

of group

F

5—
12)

Tree
1
56
61

2

3

4

5

6

79

.001
-.001
.000

.011
.001
.002

-.012
- .0 0 2
-.008

.015
.018
.017

- .0 0 2
.001
-.001

.001
-.005
.002

Total

.000

.014

- .0 2 2

.050

- .0 0 2

-.002

Arith.
Mean

.000

.005

- .0 0 7

.017

-.001

-.001

Week (beginning with week

ending

5—
12)

Tree
7

8

9

11

10

12

79

.003
.004
.000

.003
.007
-.003

.000
-.0 0 4
.001

-.001
-.0 0 4
-.0 0 3

-.007
-.008
-.003

-.007
-.005
-.004

Total

.005

.007

- .0 0 3

-.008

-.018

-.016

Arith.
Mean

.002

.002

-.001

-.0 0 3

-.0 0 6

-.005

56
61

Week (beginning

with week ending

5—
12)

Tree
13

14
-.0 0 5

79

.012
.014
.003

Total
A rith.
Mean

56
61

15

16

17

18

-.0 0 9
- .0 0 7

-.019
- .0 1 5
^.007

.009
.008
.006

-.007
-.006
.000

-.004
-.002
-.002

.029

-.021

-.041

.023

-.0 1 3

- .0 0 8

.010

-.007

- .0 1 4

.008

- .0 0 4

-.003

315
TABLE

X X I.

D i f f e r e n c e s in w e e k ly
trees.
1950.
Week

(b•eginning

grow th

with week

rate

ending

of group

F

5- 18)

Tree

1
56
61

2

3

4

5

6

79

.000
.005
-.003

.009
.005
.007

.002
.004
.003

-.002
.005
-.003

-.001
.001
-.002

- .0 0 4
- .0 0 4
- .00 3

Total

.002

.021

.009

.000

-.002

-.011

Arith.
Mean

.001

.007

.003

.000

-.001

-.0 0 4

Week

(beginning

with week

ending

5-18)

T ree
7
56
61

8

9

10

11

79

.002
.003
.002

-.004
-.001
.002

.004
-.002
-.002

-.0 0 2
-.003
-.005

-.001
.002
.003

Total

.007

-.003

.000

-.010

.004

Arith.
Mean

.002

-.001

.000

-. 0 0 3

.001

Week (beginning

with week ending

5-18)

Tree
12

13
-.003

79

.008
.002
.002

Total
Arith.
Mean

56
61

14

15

16

-.003
- .0 0 5

-.005
-.004
- .0 0 2

-.011
-.001

-.0 0 8
.001
.000

.004

-.011

-.011

-.0 1 3

-.007

.001

-.004

-.0 0 4

- .0 0 4

-.002

-.001

31b
TABLE

XX II.

D i f f e r e n c e s in w e e k l y
trees.
1949.
Week (beginning

grow th

rate

with week ending

of group

K

5-12)

Tree
1
.000

3

4

5

6

.019

.000
-.002
.003
-.006

-.002
-.002
-.004
.002

-.015

.046

- .00 8

-.006

-.004

.011

-.002

-.001

-.004
.00 1

.002
.002
.001
.003

-.005
.000
-.002
-.008

.015
.012
.015

Total

-.004

.008

Arith.
Mean

-.001

.002

o
o•
1

85
87
89
90

2

Week (beginning with week ending

5—
12)

T r ee
7

9

10

11

12

89
90

.006
.005
.003
.003

.001
.006
.000
.005

-.004
-.001
-.002
.002

-.007
-.006
-.003
-.006

.001
.001
.000
-.005

-.009
-.011
-.00 8
-.007

Total

.0 17

.012

-.005

-.022

- .0 0 3

-.035

Arith.
Mean

.004

.003

•—
i
o
o•
1

85
87

8

-.005

-.001

-.009

317
TABLE
Week

X X II

(C o n tin u ed )

(beginning with week

ending

5-12)

Tree
13

14

15

16

17

89
90

.010
.007
.005
.002

-.008
-.003
-.006
-.004

- . 0 15
-.016
-.012
-.008

.008
.007
.010
.007

.002
-.001
- .0 0 6
- .0 0 6

Total

.024

-.021

-.051

.032

-.011

Arith.
Mean

.006

-.005

-.013

.008

-.003

85
87

318
TABLE

XXIII.

D i f f e r e n c e s in weekly
trees.
1950.

growth r a t e

Week (beginning with week ending

of group K

5-18)

Tree
1

2

85
87

.002
-.004

.002
.004

89
90

-.007
-.0 0 6

Total
Arith.
Mean

3

4

5

6

.005
.005

.005
.002
.005
-.003

-.001
.005
.003
.007

- .0 0 5
-.005
-.001
-.0 0 3

-.004
-.003
- .0 0 4
.000

- .01 5

.016

.009

.014

- .0 1 4

-.011

- .0 0 4

.004

.002

.003

-.003

- .0 03

Week

(beginning

with week ending

5—
18)

T re e
7

8

9

10

11

89
90

.003
.004
.003
.005

-.002
.002
.000
.001

.002
.000
.003
- .0 0 6

-.010
-.006
- .0 0 8
- .0 0 5

.007
.003
-.001
.014

Total

.015

.001

-.001

-.029

.023

.004

.000

.000

-.007

.006

85
87

mean

319
TABLE

X X III (C on tin u ed )

Week (beginning with week ending

5-18)

T re e
12

13

14

89
90

-.001
-.001
.005
-.001

-.002
-.003
-.006
-.006

-.008
-.011
-.004

Total

.002

Arith.
Mean

.000

85
87

15

16

.002

-.002
.001
-.007
-.008

.002
.000
.001
-.006

-.017

-.021

-.016

-.003

-.004

-.005

-.004

-.001

320
TABLE

X X IV .

D i f f e r e n c e s in w e e k l y
trees.
1949.

grow th

rate

Week (beginning with week ending

of group

L

5-12)

T r ee
1

2

3

4

5

6

- .0 08
.000
-.002
-.005
-.005
- .0 03

.016
.013
.014
.013
-014
.016

.005
.002
.002
.016

84
86

.001
-.005
.004
.000
-.004

.003
-.003
.002
.003
.006
.006

.001
.000

-.019
-.004
-.002

T otal

-.007

.017

- .023

.086

.026

-.044

Arith.
Mean

-.001

.003

- .004

.014

.004

-.007

33
34
82
83

-.003

Week (beginning with week ending

-.007
-.002
-.010

5—12)

Tree
7

8
-.002
.001

9

.009
.005
.002
-.006

-.002
-.004
.004
- .0 0 3
.001
-.002

.042

.009

.007

.001

33
34
82
83
84
86

.014
.004
.001
.004
.006
.013

Total
A rith.
Mean

10

11

12

-.009
-.005

-.001
.000
-.003
-.001
.004
-.001

-.006
-.004
-.007
-.008
-.018
-.011

-.006

-.011

-.002

-.054

-.001

-.002

.000

-.009

.000
.005
-.003
.001

321
TABLE
Week

X X IV

(C on tin u ed )

(beginning with week

ending

5-12)

T ree
13

14

15

16

17

-.021
-.015
-.022
- .02 3

.009
.007
.012
.006

.029
.000

.000
.001
.006
.003
-.0 0 6
.005

- .0 2 9
- .0 1 9

.009
.007

-.009
-.002
.002
.000

Total

.042

.009

- .1 2 9

.050

-.013

Arith .
Mean

.007

.001

-.021

.008

-.002

33
34
82
83
84
86

.004
.002
.001
.006

- .003
-.001

322
TABLE

XXV.

D i f f e r e n c e s in w e e k ly
trees.
1950.

grow th

rate

of group L

Week (beginning with week ending 5-18)
T ree
1

3

2

5

6

-.009
-.003
.006
.000

.009
.000

.011

.006
-.002
.005
-.001
.021
.001

Total

-.011

.047

.030

-.007

-.044

-.014

Arith.
Mean

-.002

.008

.005

-.001

-.007

-.002

33
34
82
83
84
86

-.006

4

.010
.006

.001

.011

.001
.002
.001
.001
-.010
-.002

-.012
-.002
-.004
-.014
-.001

-.002
-.001
-.003
-.004
.004
-.008

-.011

Week (beginning with week ending

5—
18)

Tree
7

8

33
34
82
83
84
86

_ .001

-.001

.008
.002

.011
.011

.011

9

10

11

.005
.004

.003
.000
.004

-.001
.001
-.006
-.002
-.001
.000

.003
-.005
-.003
-.007
.003
-.007

-.005
.008
.005
-.002
.002
-.001

Total

.013

.028

-.009

-.016

.007

Arith.
Mean

.002

.005

-.001

-.003

.001

—

323
TABLE

XXV

(C on tin u ed )

Week (beginning with week

ending

5-18)

T r ee
12
33
34
82
83
84
86

.003
-.011
.006
.005
.005
.006

Total
Arith.
Mean

13
.001
.004

14

15

16

-.009
-.006
-.010
-.008

-.004
.003
-.003
.001
.004
-.001

- .008
-.014
-.010
- .012
-.020
-.013

.006
-.004
-.007
-.004
.001
.000

.014

- .028

.000

-.077

-.008

.002

-.005

.000

-.013

-.001

324
TABLE

X X V I.

D i f f e r e n c e s in w e e k ly
trees.
1949.
Week (be ginning

grow th

rate

with week ending

of group P

5—
12)

T re e
1

2

3

4

5

6

12
13
14
15

-.001
.002
.003
- .003

.004
.007
-.003
.013

.008
-.001
.006
.010

.004
.004
.002
-.001

-.003
-.007
-.002
-.007

-.004
.002
-.004
-.010

Total

.001

.021

.023

.009

-.019

-.016

Arith.
Mean

.000

.007

.007

.002

-.005

-.004

Week (beginning with week ending 5—
12)
T ree
7

8

12
13
14
15

-.005
.001
.006
.006

.005
.007
-.001
.003

Total

.008

Mean

9

10

11

12

.00 1
.000
-.001
-.007

-.007
-.006
-.005
-.002

.003
-.003
.006
.005

-.002
.001
.004
.001

.014

-.007

-.020

.011

.004

.003

-.002

-.005

.003

.001

325
TABLE

XXVI

(C o n tin u ed )

Week (beginning with week ending

5-12)

Tree
13
12
13
14
15

-.003

14

15

16

17

-.002
- .007
-.002

-.005
-.004
.002
.003

-.002
- .008
-.011
-.017

.002
.001
-.005
.000

.000
-.002
-.001
.000

Total

- .0 14

-.004

- . 0 38

-.002

-.003

Arith.
Mean

-.003

-.001

-.009

.000

-.001

326
TABLE XXVII.

Differences in weekly growth r ate
trees.
1950.

Week (be ginning with week ending

of group P

5-18)

Tree
1

2

3

12
13
14
15

-.001
.000
-.001
.002

.004
.004
.003
.005

-.006
-.006
-.006

Total

.000

Arith.
Mean

.000

4

5

6

-.001

.014
.020
.010
.013

-.006
-.002
-.001
-.003

-.001
-.003
-.001
-.004

.016

-.019

.057

-.012

-.009

.004

-.005

.014

-.003

-.002

Week (beginning with week ending

5-18)

Tree
7

8

11

12

.011
.006

.009
-.002
-.002

.000
-.018
-.005
.005

-.012
-.002
-.002
-.005

.001

.011

.007

.011

-.018

-.021

.000

.003

.002

.003

-.004

-.005

.001
.000
.000
.000

.002
-.008

Total

Me an

10
.002
.014
-.002
-.003

12
13
14
15

Arith.

9
.002

327
TABLE

Week

X X V II (C on tin u ed )

(beginning

with week

ending

5-18)

Tree
13

14
- .0 0 6

15

.009
.015
.007
.002

Total

.033

Arith.
Mean

.008

12
13
14

-.001
-.001
.000

15
-.012
- .0 2 4
- .0 1 8

16
.011

17
-.007
-.001
-.006

-.016

.012
.013
.024

-.008

-.070

.060

-.030

-.002

-.017

.015

-.007

- .0 1 6

328
TABLE

XXVIII.

Differences
trees.

in weekly growth r a t e

of group

R

1949.

Week (beginning

with week ending

5—
12)

Tree
1

2

3

1
2
3
4

- .0 0 6
-.003
- .00 2
- .0 0 4

.008
.004
-.001
-.001

-.0 0 9
-.008

Total

- .0 1 5

Arith.
Mean

- .0 0 4

4

5

6

-.0 0 2
.000

-.005
.017
.015
.010

.017
.002
-.001
.002

-.004
.010
-.005
.000

.010

-.019

.037

.020

.001

.002

- .0 0 5

.009

.005

.000

Week (beginning

with week ending

5—12)

Tree
7

8

1
2
3
4

.002
-.018
.003
.005

.007
.016
.006

Total

9

10

11

12

.009

- .0 0 8
- .007
.000
-.007

.000
-.005
-.006
- .004

.000
-.006
-.0 0 4
- .0 0 6

-.010
-.004
-.006
- .0 08

-.0 0 8

.038

- .022

- .015

- .0 1 6

- .0 28

—
.002

.009

-.005

- .0 0 4

- .0 04

-.007

A f* i fVi

Mean

329
TABLE

Week

X X V III

(beginning

(C on tin u ed )
with week

ending

5-12)

Tree
13
I
2
3
4

.010

Total
Arith.
Mean

14

16

17

-.007

- .0 1 9
-.026
-.014
-.015

.011
.007
.010
.015

-.001
-.003
.003
-.001

.033

-.015

-.074

.043

- .0 0 2

.008

-.004

-.018

.011

.000

.009
.009
.005

-. 0 0 5
.005
-.008

15

330
TABLE

X X IX ,

D if f e r e n c e s in w e e k ly
trees.
1950.
Week (beginning

grow th

rate

with week ending

of group

R

5—
18)

Tree
1

3

2

.001
.001
-.0 0 5
-.001

.005
.002
.003
.003

Total

- .0 0 4

Arith.
Mean

-.001

.006

5

6

.002
.000
.005

-.001
.000
.000
.004

-. 0 0 8
.004
-.0 0 3
-.008

-.004
-.004
-.002
.000

.013

.013

.003

- .0 1 5

•1
o
>
—
>
o

1
2
3
4

4

.003

.003

.001

-.004

-.002

Week

(beginning with week ending

5—
18)

T ree
7

8

9

10

11

1
2
3
4

.006
.007
.005
.002

.000
-.006
.000
.000

.001
.000
.001
,000

- .002

.007
.010
.005
-.002

Total

,020

-.006

.002

-.012

.020

A r ith .
Mean

.005

-.001

.000

-.003

.005

- .0 0 9
-.009
.008

331
TABLE

XXIX ( C o n tin u e d )

Week (beginning with week

ending

5-18)

T re e
12

13

14

15

16

1

-.001

-.004

-.011

.001

.002

2

.001

-.009

-.007

-.006

.007

3

-.005

.000

-.004

.000

.002

4

.003

-.003

- .009

.002

-.002

Total

-.002

-.016

- .0 31

-.003

.009

.000

- .0 0 4

- .0 0 8

-.001

.002

A r ith .
Mean

332
TABLE

X XX.

D i f f e r e n c e s in w e e k l y g r o w t h
trees.
1949.

rate

Week (beginning with week ending

of g r o u p S

5-12)

T re e
1

2

3

4

5

6

5

-.001

.004

-.005

.017

-.002

-.003

6

-.002

.005

-.005

.013

.0 1 1

-.0 1 1

7

-.004

.005

-.002

.015

.004

-.016

9

.002

-.002

-.002

.0 1 1

- .003

-.003

Total

-.005

.012

-.014

.056

.010

-.033

-.001

.003

-.003

.014

.002

-.008

Arith,
Mean

Week (beginning with week ending 5-12)
Tree
7

8

9

5

.001

-.001

.004

6

.000

.005

7

.010

9
Total

Mean

10

11

12

-.012

.008

-.005

-.009
.005

.001

-.012

.004

.005

-.005

-.002

-.004

.003

.002

-.004

.001

-.003

-.005

.014

.010

.000

-.0 0 8

-.016

-.013

.003

.002

.000

-.002

-.004

-.003

333
TABLE
Week

XXX

(C on tin u ed )

(beginning with week

ending

5-12)

Tree
13
5
6
7

.013
.006
.003

9

14

15
-.0 0 8
- .0 1 8
- .0 1 7

.007

- .017
- .0 0 2
- .002
-.001

Total

.029

Arith.
Mean

.007

16

17

- .0 0 9

.007
.008
.008
.001

.002
.004
-.004
.003

- .022

- .0 5 2

.024

.005

- .0 0 5

-.0 1 3

.006

.001

334
TABLE XXXI.

Differences in wee kly growth
tree s .
1950.

rate

of g r o i p

S

Week (b eg inning with week en ding 5- 18)
Tree
1

2

3

4

9

-.003
.001
.006
-.003

.005
.001
.003
.006

.001
.006
.001
.003

.009
.001
.000
-.002

Total

.001

.015

.011

Arith.
Mean

.000

.004

.003

5'
6
7

5

6

-.004
-.002
-.00 1
-.002

-.005
-.006
-.004
-.004

.008

-.009

-.019

.002

-.002

-.005

Week (beginning with week ending

5-18)

Tree
7

8

5
6
7
9

.004
.010
.006
-.001

-.002

Total
Arith.
Mean

9

10

11

-.009
.000
.005

.003
.001
.005
-.003

-.006
~.00o
-.013
-.001

.001
.000
.002
.003

.019

-.006

.006

-.02b

.00o

.005

-.001

.001

- .006

.001

335
TABLE
Week

XXXI

(C o n tin u ed )

(beginning

with

week

ending

5-18)

Tree
12

13
-,009

9

.007
.010
.001
- .0 0 1

Total
Arith.
Mean

5
6
7

14

15

16

-.011

-.004
.002

.000
-.004
-.003
-.006

- .0 0 7
-.006
-.004

.003
.000
-.0 0 5
.000

.017

-.022

-.013

-.028

- .0 0 2

.004

-.005

-.003

-.007

.000

-.011

336
TABLE

X X X II.

D i f f e r e n c e s in w e e k ly
trees.
1949.

grow th

rate

Week (beginning with week ending

of group

T

5—12)

Tree

1

2

3

4

5

6

29
30

.001
-.004
.003
-.001

.002
.002
.004
.003

- .0 0 4
-.001
- .003
-.002

.018
.010
.018
.015

-.005
- .0 0 1
.002
.002

- .004
-.002
-.014

Total

-.001

.011

-.010

.061

- .0 0 2

-.031

.000

.003

- .0 0 2

.015

.000

- .0 0 8

16
17

Arith.
Mean

Week (beginning

with week ending

-.011

5—
12)

T re e
7

8

9

10

11

12

16
17
29
30

.001
.002
.000
.000

.010
.005
.007
.010

-.001
-.001
-.003
-.008

-.003
-.001
.002
.006

.006
.000
.004
-.013

-.012
-.007
-.006
.000

Total

.003

.032

- .0 1 3

.004

- .0 0 3

-.025

~
*
Mean

.001

.008

- .0 0 3

.001

-.001

-.006

337
TABLE

X X X II (C on tin ued)

Week (beginning with week ending

5-12)

Tree
14

1.7
29
30

.007
.007
.012
.014

-.003
-.001
-.008
-.003

Total

.040

Arith.
Mean

.010

16

17

-.022
-.015

.017
.015
.016
.013

-.009
-.008
-.007
-.008

-.015

-.072

.061

-.032

-.004

-.018

.015

-.008

O'

-.019
1
o

16

15

«

13

338
TABLE XXXIII.

Differences in we ekly growth r a t e
t r e e s.
1950.

Week (beginning with week ending

of group

T

5—18)

Tree
1

2

-.005

.001

29
30

.001
-.005
.000

Total
Arith.
Mean

16
17

3

4
.003

.002
.004
.003

.004
.004
.008
.003

-.009

.010

-.002

.002

6

5

.009
.003

-.006
-.004
-.006
-.003

.003
.001
.003
.001

.019

.015

-.019

.000

.005

.004

-.005

.000

Week (beginning

.000

with week ending

5—
18)

Tre e
7

8

9

10

11
.006
.006
.003

-.009
-.001

.003
.007
.002
.005

-.004
-.001
.000
.003

-.009
-.009
-.002
-.011

,011

Total

-.008

.017

-.002

-.031

.026

Arith.
Mean

-.002

.004

.000

-.008

.006

16
17

.004
-.002

29
30

339
TABLE

X X X III (C on tin u ed )

Week (beginning with week ending

5—
18)

Tree
12

13

14

15

16

29
30

.000
- .002
-.002
- .0 0 8

-.003
.001
-.002
.003

.006
-.004
-.007
-.005

-.014
-.007
.000
-.009

.003
.003
.000
.001

Total

-.012

-.001

-.010

-.030

.007

Arith.
Mean

- .0 0 3

.000

-.002

—
.007

.002

16
17

340
APPENDIX B
TABLE XXXIV.

Total weekly rainfall as m e a s u r e d at the hy—
drologic station n e a r Tourney Woodlot.
1949.

Week Ending

Total in Inches

4-7
4-14
4-21
5-5
5-12

.01
;45
.89
.15
.00

5-19
5-26

2.34
.18

6-2

.00

6-9
6-16
6-23
6-30
7-7
7-14
7-21
7-28
8 -4

.03
2.31
.00
.00
.15
1.77
.05
.59
.59

8-11

1.22

8-18
8-25
9-1

.53
.00
.82

9-8

.68

9-15
9-22
9-29
10-6
10-13

-61
.98
-08
1.18
1.04

341
TABLE XXXV.

Total

weekly

dro l o g ic

rainfall

station n e a r

as

m easured

Toumey

at

Woodlot.

Week Ending

Total in Inches

4-6
4-13
4-20
4-27
5-4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-2
6-10
6-17
6-24

1.62
.53

7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
8 -5
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2
9-16

the hy—

.19
2.43
,01
.15
.02
1.19
2.23
.45
.81
.95
.39
T race
.68
3.07
.62
.96
.32
.00
1.19
2.98
3.08

1950.

342
TABLE XXXVI.

Evaporation in inches
hydrologic

Week Ending
4-7
4-14
4-21
4-28
5-5
5-12
5-19
5-26
6-2
6-9
6-16
6-23
6-30
7-7
7-14
7-21
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-1
9-8
9-15
9-22
9-29
10-6
10-13

as m e a s u r e d at the

station n e a r

Tourney Woodlot.

Total

Arithmetic

.92
1.62
1.08
1.90
2.12
1.92
1.87
1.33
2.07
2.14
1.65
1.59
2.14
2.13
1.44
1.65
1.43
1.79
1.29
1.41
1.12
1.32
1.09
1.13
1.08
1.07
1.01

.13
.23
.15
.27
.30
.27
.27
.19
.30
.31
.24
.23
.31
.30
.21
.24
.20
.26
.18
.20
.16
.19
.16
.16
.15
.15
.14

Mean

1949.

343
TABLE

XX X V II.

E v a p o r a t io n in i n c h e s
hydrologic
1950-.

Week Ending
4-6
4-13
4-20
4-27
5-4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-2
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-5
8-12

as m easured

station n ea r

Total
.47
.75
1.01
.90
1.06
1.43
1.64
1.49
1.99
2.16
1.45
1.92
1.67
1.78
1.77
.07
.82

8-19
8-26

1.19
1.97
1.55
1.51

9-2
9-16

.09
1.96

a t the

Toumey Woodlot.

Arithmetic
.08
.11
.14
.13
.15
.20
.23
.21
.25
.27
.21
.27
.24
.26
.25
.01
.12
.17
.28
.22
.22
.01
.14

Mean

344
TABLE XXXVIII..

The ratio of precipitation to evaporation
( P / E value) for 1949F igures taken from
data of the hydrologic station.

Week Ending
4-14
4-21
4-28
5-5
5-12
5-19
5-26
6-2
6-9
6-16
6-23
6-30
7-7
7-14
7-21
7-28
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-1
9-15

P /E

Value in P e r c e n t
.28
.82

.21
.07
.00
1.25
.14
.00
.60
.73
.00
.00
.07
1.05
.03
.31
.41
.70
-41
.00
.73
.64

345
TABLE

XXXIX.

The ra t i o of prec ip itatio n to evaporation
( P / E value) for 1950.
F i g u r e s taken f r o m
data of the hydrologic station.

Week Ending
4-13
4-20
4-27
5-4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-2
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-5
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2

P /E

Value in P e r c e n t
.71
.19
.27
.01
.10
.01
.80
1.12
.31
.55
.49
.23
. .00
.38
44.00
.76
.81
.16
.00
.79
32.50

346
TABLE

Week
Ending

4-7
4-14
4-21
4-28
5-5
5-12
5-19
5-26
6-2
6-9
6-16
6-23
6-30
7-7
7-14
7-21
7-28
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-2

*

som e

XL.

S o il m o i s t u r e a s r e c o r d e d a t the h y d r o lo g ic
tion n e a r T ourney W ood lot.
1949.

Re s i s ta n c e
(in ohms)

4,885
5,160
4,955
4,125
3,335
5,250
5,545
4,885
5,200
17,310
75,920
6,020
6,450
5,780
6,020
4,830
6,315
7,325
10,630
19,700
145,675
556,750

d aily

r ea d in g s

Weekly Av­
e r a g e of
Daily T otals
(in ohms)*

Percent
Available
Moisture

814
860
826
825
834
875
924
814
867
2,885
12,653
1,003
1,075
963
1,003
966
1,052
1,254
1,772
3,283

79
77

24,279
92,792

9
0

not a v a ila b le

79
79
78
76
75
79
77
41
16
72
71
73
72
73
71
67
55
36

sta­

Single Reading
(in percent)
Taken at Date
Indicated
78
78
77
80
78
76
74
79
79
23
52
73
74
73
73
73
69
63
48
36
1
3

347
TABLE

Week
Ending

4-6
4-13
4-20
4-27
5-4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-2
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-5
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2

*

som e

X LI.

S o il m o i s t u r e a s record ed , at the h y d r o lo g ic
tion n e a r T ou rn ey W ood lot.
1950.

R esistance
(in ohms)

4,525
4,625
4,650
4,490
4,810
4,920
5,520
6,820
8,165
10,920
10,805
24,000
60,050
89,375
135,375
85,325
12,480
8,860
10,290
128,350
151,000
62,550

d aily

rea d in g s

Weekly Av­
e r a g e of
Daily Totals
(in ohms)*
754
771
775
748
802
820
920
1,137
1,633
1,560
1,801
4,000
10,008
14,896
22,562
14,221
2,080
1,477
1,715
21,392
25,167
10,425

not a v a ila b le.

sta­

Pe rcent
Available
Moi sture

Single Reading
(in percent)
Taken at Date
Indicated

81
80
80
81

82
81
81
81

79
79
75
69
57

79
78
73
65
53
63
48
28
17
12
12

59
55
34
18
15
9
15
49
61
56
9
9
18

33
57
63
49
9
8
41

348
TABLE

X LII.

S o il t e m p e r a t u r e a s r e c o r d e d at the h y d r o lo g ic
sta tio n n e a r T o u m e y W oodlot.
1949.

Week Ending

4-7
4-14
4-21
4-28
5-5
5-12
5-19
5-26

Total
(in d eg r e es
F ahrenheit)
271
296
272
330
445
403
436

6-23
6-30

379
397
441
465
484
435

7-7
7-14
7-21
7-28
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-2
9-16

529
494
487
530
490
501
488
450
510
814

6-2
6-9
6—
16

* two—
week average

Weekly Average of
Daily Totals
(in degrees Fahrenheit)
39
42
39
47
64
58
62
54
57
63
66
69
62
76
71
70
76
70
72
70
64
73
58*

349
TABLE

X LIII.

S o i l t e m p e r a t u r e a s r e c o r d e d a t the h y d r o l o g i c
s t a tio n n e a r T o u m e y W ood lot1950.

Week Ending

4-6
4-13
4-20
4-27
5-4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-2
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-5
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2

* three

rea d in g s

Total
(in d e g r e e s
Fahrenheit)
239
233
273
271
291
335
365
386
471
488
435
433
450
455
475
461
461
461
442
445
444
208*

Weekly A v e r ag e of
Daily Totals
(in d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e i t )
34
33
39
39
42
48
52
55
59
61
62
62
64
65
68
66
66
66
63
64
66
69

350
TABLE

X L IV .

Week Ending

4-7
4-14
4-21
4-28
5-5
5-12
5-19
5-26
6-2
6-9
6—
16
6-23
6-30
7-7
7-14
7-21
7-28
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-2
9-16
9-30

A i r t e m p e r a t u r e (in d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e it ) a s
r e c o r d e d at C a p ito l C ity A ir p o r t, L a n s in g ,
M ich ig a n .
1949.

Summation
T empe r a t u r e

286
338
291
357
464
387
455
370
427
446
501
516
546
559
491
505
538
475
538
502
476
462
830
772

Weekly Average of
Daily Totals
(in d e g r e e s Fah ren he it)
41
48
41
51
66
55
64
53
61
64
72
74
79
80
70
72
77
68
77
72
68
66
60
55

351
TABLE

XLV.

Week Ending

3-30
4-6
4-13
4-20
4-27
5 -4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-2
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-5
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2

A i r t e m p e r a t u r e (in d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e it ) a s
r e c o r d e d at C a p ito l C ity A ir p o r t, L a n sin g ,
M ich ig a n .
1950.

Summation
T empe r a t u r e

257
259
236
317
302
335
378
405
448
492
532
461
467
457
467
489
475
494
477
473
477
458
477

Weekly A v erage of
Daily T o ta ls
(in d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e i t )
37
37
34
45
43
48
54
58
64
62
66
66
67
65
67
70
68
71
68
68
68
65
68

352
TABLE XLVI.

Total s o l a r r adiation as r e c o r d e d a t the hy —
drologic station adjacent to Toumey Woodlot.
1949.

Total
Week Ending

Radiation in G r a m - c a l o r i e s
P e r Square C e n ti m et er
(Langley units)

4-7
4-14
4-21
4-28
5-5
5-12
5-19
5-26
6-2
6-9
6—
16
6-23
6-30
7-7
7-14
7-21
7-28
8 -4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-1
9-8
9-15
9-22
9-29
10-6

2,418.0
3,387.6
2,542.0
2,912.4
3,206.6
3,112.2
2,444.5
2,668.9
2,502.5
3,808.1
2,236.2
2,908.3
2,921.9
2,808.5
2,702.9
3,119.2
3,207.9
2,655.9
2,779.1
2,523.4
2,964.1
1,655.1
1.949.7
1,810.5
1,607.1
2,003.6
1,555.8

3 53
TABLE

X L V II.

T otal

so la r

drologic
1950.

recorded

at the

hy—

station adjacent to Toumey Woodlot.

Total Radiation in G r a m - c a l o r i e s
P e r Square C e n ti m et er
(Langley units)

Week Ending

4-6

1,472.8
1,682.3
2,427.1
1,953.5
2,554.3
3,026.8
3,434.2
3,538.5

4-13
4-20
4-27
5-4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-2
6-10

3,084.9*
3,850.7*
3,251.5
2,966.1
3,672.4

6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22

3,733.9
4,004.4
2,823.4
3,526.9
2,999.8
3,456.6
3,137.3

7-29
8-5
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2
9-16
* daily a v e r a g e

ra d ia tio n a s

2,99.6.9
1,745.7
1,978.9*
x 7

354
TABLE

X L .V III.

T o ta l a m o u n t of su n sh in e a s m e a s u r e d at
C a p ito l C ity A ir p o r t, L a n sin g , M ich ig a n .

Week Ending
4-7
4-14
4-21
4-28
5-5
5-12

Hours

and Minutes
48:02
78:48
55:56

6-9
6—
16

70:29
80:34
70:45
60:37
63:50
87:03
90:24
55:11

6-23
6-30
7-7
7-14
7-21
7-28
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-2
9-16

84:19
77:47
72:41
70:53
83:02
88:52
61:05
78:12
72:52
90:33
49:00
45:58*

5-19
5-26
6-2

* daily a v e r a g e

x 7

1949-

355
TABLE

X LIX .

T o ta l a m o u n t of su n s h in e a s m e a s u r e d at
C a p ito l C ity A ir p o r t, L a n sin g , M ic h ig a n .

Week Ending
5-4
5-11
5-18
5-25
6-2
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22

8-19
8-26
9-2
9-16
9-30

average

x

and Minutes
51:44
65:50
80:14
81:16
72:27*
97:05*
77:18
63:18
79:28
84:55
92:47
58:57
88:28
67:20
86:12
70:12
66r38
37:15
44:22*
48:68*

7-29
8-5
8-12

* d aily

Hours

7

1950.

356
TABLE L.

Amount of cloudiness as r e c o r d e d at Capitol City
A i r p o r t , Lansing, Michigan.
Degrees of cloudi­
n e s s r e c o r d e d on a scale of zero to ten.
1949.

Week Ending

Total

4-7
4-14
4-21
4-28
5-5
5-12

34
22
35
38
28
33
53
46

5-19
5-26
6-2
6-9
6—
16
6-23
6-30
7-7
7-14
7-21
7-28
8-4
8-11
8-18
8-25
9-2
* average

of six

31
25
47
36
42
41
45
31
27
43
26
24
11
39*

Weekly Average of
Daily Totals
5.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.5
7.5
6.5
4.0
3.5
6.5
5.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
4.0
4.0
6.0
3.5
3.0
1.5
6.5

357
TABLE

LI.

A m o u n t of c lo u d i n e s s a s r e c o r d e d at C a p ito l C ity
A ir p o r t, L a n sin g , M ich igan .
D e g r e e s of clo u d i­
n e s s r e c o r d e d o n a s c a l e o f z e r o to t e n .
1950.

Week Ending

Total

4-6
4-13
4-20
4-27
5-4

57
65

5-11
5-18
5-25
6-2
6-10
6-17
6-24
7-1
7-8
7-15
7-22
7-29
8-5
8-12
8-19
8-26
9-2

49
61
52
47
37
28
54
35
43
47
31
34
22
45
30
40
24
32
33
61

Weekly Average of
Daily Totals
8.0
9.0
7.0
8.5
7.0
6.5
5.0
4.0
6.5
4.5
.6.0
6.5
4.0
5.0
3.0
6.5
4.0
5.5
3.0
4.5
4.5
8.5

358
TABLE LII.

Week Ending

4-12
5-19
4-26
5-3
5-10
5-17
5-24
5-31
6-7
6-14
6-21
6-28
7-5
7-12
7-19
7-26
8-2
8-9
8-16
8-23
8-30

*

som e

d aily

Available soil m o i s t u r e a s r e c o r d e d at the hy­
drologic station n e a r Toumey Woodlot.
Data is
back dated f r o m the time of radial growth in­
c r e m e n t rea d i n g s by 48 h o u r s .
1949.

Resistance
(in ohms)

Weekly Average
Daily Totals
(in oh m s) 3
*'

5,140
4,925
5,020
2,470
5,150
5,420
5,161
5,015
7,815
83,500
7,780
7,445
4,725
6,075
4,835
6,045
6,970
8.900
16,430
44,000
464,750

r ea d in g s

not a v a ila b le

857
821
837
823
858
903
860
836
1,302
13,917
1,297
1,241
945
1,012
967
1,007
1,162
1,483
2,738
7,333
77,458

of

Pe rcent
Available
Moi sture
77
79
78
79
77
76
77
78
63
15
65
66
75
73
74
73
68
61
42
23
0

359
TABLE LIII.

Total precipitation as r ec ord ed at the hydrologic
station n e a r Toumey Woodlot.
Data is back
dated f r o m the time of r adial growth increment
readings by 48 ho u rs.
1949

Week Ending

Inches

4-12

.01
1.34
.40
.15
.00
.03
2.48
.01
.03
1.20
1.11
.000
.000
1.14

4-19
4-26
5-3
5-10
5-17
5-24
5-31
6-7
6-14
6-21
6-28
7-5
7-12
7-19
7-26
8-2
8-9
8-16
8-23
8-30

.79
.53
.69
.60
1.15
.000
.55

360
TABLE

LIV.

E v a p o r atio n (open pan) as r e c o r d e d at the hy­
drologic station n e a r Tourney Woodlot.
Data is
back dated f r o m the time of r a d i a l growth i n ­
c r e m e n t rea d in g s by 48 h o u r s .
1949.

Week Ending

Inches

4-12

1.36

4-19
4-26
5-3
5-10
5-17
5-24
5-31
6-7
6-14
6-21
6-28
7-5

1.04
2.01
1.97
1.98
1.98

7-12
7-19
7-26
8-2
8-9
8-16
8-23
8-30
9-14

1.39
1.72
2.32
2.22
1.38
2.18
2.24
(1.61)
1.38
1.44
1.78
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.31
1.33
(1.26)
2.52

361
TABLE L V .

Soil t e m p e r a t u r e as r e c o r d e d at the hydrologic
station n e a r Tourney Woodlot.
Data is back
dated f r o m the time of r a d i a l growth i n c r e m e n t
r e a d i n g s by 48 h o u r s .
1949.

, „
Week Ending

Weekly Summation in
^
„
De g ree s F a h r e n h e i t

4-12

7-19
7-26
8-2

282
284
315
401
441
408
412
372
445
457
488
497
525
497
482
498
497

8-9
8-16
8-23
8-30

489
496
457
472

-mmT

4-19
4-26
5-3
5-10
5-17
5-24
5-31
6-7
6-14
6-21
6-28
7-5
7-12

362
TABLE LVI.

Total s o l a r r a d i a ti o n as r e c o r d e d at the hydrologic station n e a r Tourney Woodlot.
Data is back
dated f r o m the time of r a d i a l growth i n c r e m e n t
rea d i n g s by 48 h o u r s .
1949.

Week Ending

4-12
4-19
4-26
5-3
5-10
5-17
5-24
5-31
6-7
6-14
6-21
6-28
7-5
7-12
7-19
7-26
8-2
8-9
8-16
8-23
8-30

Total Radiation in G r a m s
P e r Square C e n ti m e t e r
(Langley units)
3,013.8
2,375.1
2,823.3
3,452.9
3,056.3
2,944.8
2,405.7
3,212.3
3,685.8
3,264.0
1,968.2
3,150.4
3,248.1
2,416.6
3,267.0
2,865.2
2,600.3
2,976.7
2,567.3
2,884.6
1,670.1