DOCTORAL DISSERTATION SERIES

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UNIVERSITY MClflSAtt

DEGREE.

M.

m g C lll ,

DATE

_ PUBLICATION NO..

M SS,

VMS

lll|l|N[l|l|l|l|l|M|l|l|l|l|l|M|l|ll

U f g UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS

fiN INVESTIOATTON OF THE REL * TI ONS HI P

BETWEEN THE SCIE.TCJ

I N FORE ATI ON P OS S E S S E D BY NINTH OR ADr, OEHuRfL
S T TTDENTS

SCIENCE

ANY CERTAIN SCHOOL AND OUT-OF-SCHOOL
SCIENCE EXPERIENCES

By
John

Woodburn

A T h esis
Subm itted to the School o f G raduate S t u d ie s o f M ichigan
S t a t e C o l l e g e o f A r r i c u l t u r e and f o n l i e d S c i e n c e
in n a r t ia l f u lf illm e n t o f the requirem ent?
for the d ecree o f
LOCTor

OF PHILOSOPHY

Depprtn-ent

1952

E ducation

ACKNOWLi£DGD 1,LTS

The

author

teachers,

C entral

cooperation

for

h is

in

role
of

counsel

and

etion

the

is

tirth er

Rorer

of

author's

for

hiyh

advisory

and

students

schools

indebted
th is

anpr- e l a t i o n

to

for

Dr.

thesi s

eorm ittee

of

the

the

th eir

A.

and

to

J.

to

H ur^ett

the

for

other

th eir

?7uidsnce.

B o o k Company
d]

Illin o is

adviser

h is

o fficia ls,

study.

as

the

express

th is

author

members

hr.

to

ad in in istrstive

th irty-on e

The

w ishes

T.

?ave

th is

Read G eneral

arranrem ents

for

Lem on

as

a valued

oroject
Science
the

a rep resen tative
contrib ution

by m aking
Test

toward

availab le

and b y m a r i n e :

d istrib u tion

of

the

of

the
the

data

World
coin-

cono-rninp;

sp ecial

test

b ook lets.

TABLE OP CONTENTS
PAGE

CTTAFTER
I.

T ■:E PROBLEE AND D E F I i \ i l rJ IONS OF TERmS USED.

.

1

T h e p r o b l e m .......................................................................................

2

Statem ent

of

L im itation s
The

the
of

the

im portance

D efin ition s

of

nroblem

of

A review
cal

of

an alysis

O rgan ization

II.

P’

the

of

.

.

c.

problem

.

,

3

the

term s

Terms p e c u l i a r l y

.

term s

the

the

In

this

study.

of

scien ce
in

data

...................................
of

the

.

achievem ent

of

students

stu d ies

of

science

achievem ent
i n Il-H C l u b s

correlation

in

.

19

between

31

s e x ............................................... .....

33

stu dies

regarding

associated
and

.

and i n t e l l i g e n c e .

achievem ent

d ifferen ces

courses.

•

related

In

stu dies

scien ce

in volvin g

in

differen ces

R elated

18

.

upon

fin d in gs

w ith

.

general

achievem ent
The

111

in

general

10

th esis

in stru ction

the

9

statist

previou s

subsequent

R elated

.

in

rem ainder

the

.

used

if:TS RESEARCH RELATED TO THE STUDY
E ffect

8

u s e d ...............................................

used

of

5

nroblem

regarding

associated

d ifferen ces

in

w i t h m e m b e r run I p

S c o u t s .....................................................

38

iv
PAGE

CHAPTER
P rior
in

stu d ies

achievem ent

ciated

w ith

grounds
P rior

of

w ith

general

d ifferen ces
scien ce

social-econ om ic

asso­

back­

s t u d e n t s ..................................................................
explorin g

related

to

the

m iscellean ou s

stu d ies.

59

COL L E CT I ON OP D A T A ..............................................................................

T3

and l i m i t a t i o n s

K a 1 e r I al. s

General

Personal

i n f' orr a t i o n

group

tauo-ht

of

group

of
no

tenth

taught,

p reviou s

ninth

general

33

f o r m ................................................

53

grade

grade

students
through

year.

who w e r e

through

group

scien ce

wno w e r e
the

st"dents

scien ce

biology

general

the

who had

through

scores

of

R elation ship
on

the

the

the

in itia l,

three

between

Read G e n e r a l

fin a l,

and

Science

test

and

6q

the
67
68

rs i n

g r o u p s .........................................
in tellig en ce

•

been

THE DATA AMD THJ; CR I NT E R P R E T A ' i I O N S ..............................
of

53

year

g r a d e ..................................................................................

Com narison

^3

t e s t ....................................

scien ce

n in th

grade
no

Science

ninth

general

taught
The

th is

u s e d ....................................................................................

The Read

The

of

of

ques­
I4.6

The

content

Ul

study

Summary

IV .

in

the

research

tion s

III.

concerned

68

scores

. . . .

•

?8

V

C l AFTER

PAGE
D ifferen ces
w ith

in

achievem ent

d ifferen ces

D ifferen ces

in

s e x .....................................................

achievem ent

w it h m em bership
D ifferen ces

in

in

associated

associated

I4-—IT C l u b s a n d

associated

82

w 'tn

Scouts.

.

36

Scout

e x p e r i e n c e s ..................................................................................
D ifferen ces

associated

exp erien ces.
D ifferen ces

in

achievem ent
in

D ifferen ces

associated

c i t ^y

home

home

D ifferen ces

h-H

Club

......................................................

d ifferen ces

and

w ith

36

associated

w ith

b a c k r r o u n d ..............................
w ith

ru ral,

bac^ftrounds. .

associated

w ith

of

associated

in terest

D ifferen ces
of

V.

resd in r

associated

scien ce

seventh,

in

w ith

...........................

"best"

w ith

in stru ction

and

eigh th

the

.

.

.

sixth ,

to

con cern in '
rontiral

nin th

rroups

sn i-n ce

d lfferin p

in stru ction

116

ONS

PDOi PTED KY TZE D A T A .............................................................
Data

112

amounts

r r o d . e s ..........................................

THC DATA S ’T i AD 1 ODD ADD n : . ,;R AL 1Z At

107

decrees

books

d ifferen t

through

103

and

d ifferen t

scien ce

103

v illc^ e,

" p o o r e s t ” h o m e s ........................................................................
D ifferen ces

100

in

130

resoect

throuph

the

p r a d e ........................................................................................

131

vl
page

chapter

Date

concerning

in tellig en ce
D ifferen ces

Data

and

in

d ifferen ces

the

s c o r e s on

achievem ent

Read

test

associated

d ifferen ces

in

the

betw een
•

Scout

associated

organ ization s

regarding

associated
ground
Data

Data

w ith

a n d I4. -H

d ifferen ces

the

d ifferen t
sc.i nee

associated
in stru ctio n

the

w ith

and

of

in

home

back­

in terest

d ifferen ces

through

the

in

amounts

sixth ,

137

associated

books about

d ifferen t

135

achievem ent

d ifferen ces

degrees

books

concerning

cin-hth

in

......................................................................................................

concerning

w ith
in r

d ifferen ces

13U

w ith

C l u b s ............................................................................................................
D ata

133

w ith

s e x ...................................................................

in

concerning

m em bership

rela tio n sh ip

in

resd-

sciexice.

II4.O

achievem ent
of

scien ce

seventh,

and

" r a d e s ......................................... .. ........................................

II4.I

R.DOfiF KNl)7':'I0NS FOR FTJTURE o ' F J D I E S ..............................

1 1\5

“ I P L C"GR AP H Y ..................................................................................................................

- II4.6

\ I.

V ’ ' • G : x ..............................................................................................................................
3 ur> p i e-u e n t s r v
tion

fro , oncv

d1str ibu t io n s

and

i ll

correla­

t a b l e s ............................................................................................................

lg 3

Tne

React G e n e r a l

ocion ce

test

( f o r m A ) .............................

137

The

Read G e n e r a l

S cien ce

test

( F o r m B ) .............................

133

v ii
C 'AP'iiTR
7 lrst

PAGE
oreltrn in ary

teachers

report

to

the

......................................................

Second p relim in a ry

report

to

the

cooperating
.........................
cooperating

t e a c h e r s .................................... .............................................................................
Personal

inform ation

109

f o r m . ' ..................................................................

190
191

LIST

OF TABLES

TAHLE
I*

PASS
The

90th

P ercen tile

6 , 0 3 3 Gases

for

A P ortion

to

Scien ce

of F iller 's

Show P e r

Cent

F ifteen

E stab lish ed

D ifferen t

Dvorak’ s General
II.

Score

of

Date

of

.....................................

R ecalculated

P o ssib le

Groups

on

Groups
Test

amonp;

Correct

I t e m s .................................................

Summary

of

a P ortion

o f M a tte s o n ’ s Data

IV.

Summary

of

a P ortion

of

V.

A P ortion

of

. . .

of

S e x ...................................................................

Farnum* s D a t a

VII.

C h aracteristics

the

Compurinp:

Group

Students

f r o m Whom t h e

Data

th is

for

Com parison

of

I n t e l l Ipence
w ith
V I11.

of

that

C onoarison
Scores

of

Expected

Quot i e n t s
in

of

P ortion

of

of

the

1,920

a Normal

60

the
Students
D istrib u tion

Observed

D istrib u tion

1,973

Students

w ith

a Normal

39

1,973

the

ia

36

Scouts

C o l l e c t e d .........................

D istrib u tion

Expected
of

of

M ajor

S t u d y Was

the

30

A chievem ent

a n d N o n - S c o u t s ....................................................................................
VI.

21+

Howard’ s D ata

Regardinp; D i f f e r e n c e s
w ith

to

Answers

III.

A sso cia ted

21

the

D istrib u tion

of

62

the

F requencies
. . .

. .

6 I4.

ix
TABLE

PAGE

IX.

Com parison o f
of

the

the

Scores

F requencies

Observed

of

3#b92

Expected

D istrib u tion

Students

In

w ith

a Normal

the

D istri­

b u t i o n .....................................................................................................
X.

Com parison
of

Three

Read
XI.

of

C orrelation s
of

C orrelation s
Three

969

of

of

of

the

the

Scores

399 G i r l

G irl

Read

of

Read

of

Test

In itial
Groups

Students
Test

on

w ith

Scores

Students

of

the

Scores
of

Scouts

603
w ith

of

Read

1,00))

Bov
the

366

76

the

In tellig en ce.

of

75>

and F i n a l

of

Scores

70

Students

T e s t ....................................................
the

69

and T o t a l

•

8l

G irls

B o y s ..................................................................................

Com parisons
the

Three

S cien ce

Cor o a r i s o n s

w ith

the

Three

Scores

Croups

the

betw een

Croups

General

VVI.

Scores

T e s t ....................................................

Read

of

the

Part

Three

between

Scores

Scores of

Who T o o k t h e

betw een

the

V/'no T o o k

and

and F i n a l

S t u d e n t s Who T o o k

hue C a i n

the

Com parisons
Part

XV.

of

o r Students

Who T o o k

XIV.

In itia l

Croups

Com parison

Scores

X III.

the

T e s t ..........................................................................................

Croups
XII.

of

66

Boy

Scouts

N on-Scouts
Scores

83

of

and
60.9

N o n - S c o u t s ........................................................................

33

X

'[ABLE
XVII.

PAGE
C om oarison
w ith

XV III.

the

Compari son
Scout

XIX.

of

H on-Scouts
of

. . .

of

C orrelation

Suspected

of

A ffectin g

of

S cien ce

the

Scores

of

378

the

St

w ith

w ithout

. . .

Scores

Club

E x p e r i e n c e ...........................................................................
XXI.

Com parison
of

Students w ith

Mixed
XXII.

o f the

R ural,

and F i n a l
v illa ,re,

101

Scores
C ity,

or

Home B a c k g r o u n d s .......................................

Com parison
w ith

In itial

o f the

C ain

R ural, V illa g e ,

Scores
C ity,

of

C om oaricon
Scores

of

of

the

St

In itia l,

cients

from

o r M i x e d Home

F in a l,
the

Com parison o f
Scores

of

Interest

the

In itial ,

Students
in

R eading

w ith

" b e a t ?1 and

F in al,

and C a i n

"H im ”

and

S cien ce

105

and G a in

' ' P o o r e s t ” H o m e s .........................................................
XXIV.

10l|.

Students

B a c k g r o u n d s .....................................................................
XXIII.

9lt

dents

the

k-K

92

the

Inform ation.

'_! -H C l u b E x p e r i e n c e

1,593 Stu dents

betw een

91

the

N o n - S c o u t G r o u p s ............................

Com parison o f

of

Scon's

C haracter! st ic s

the

1,208

755

of

C o efficien ts

w ith

of

of

A cq u isition
XX.

Scores

Scores

and

Factors

the

books

109

"Low”
. . . .

1 1 if

xi
TABLE
XXV.

PAGE
C o^nurison

of

Students
Science

w ith

of

Students

Grade

V arious

Scores

Amounts

through

the

of
of

lix th ,

a n d E i g h t h G r a d e s .................................................

Com parisons
of

In itia l

C lasses

Seventh,
XXVI

the

in

the

In itial

D ifferin g

w :ich

P rior

Scores

In

o f Groups

Hesoect

Science

to

the

In stru ction

Had O c c u r r e d .........................................................................................
XXVII.

Com parisons
Students
C lasses
E irhth

XXVIII.

of

through

of

Students
C lasses

of

of

S ixth ,

G rades.
of

of

and

the

Sixth ,

.

.

.

head

C lasses

•

Test

w ith
in

.

•

.

G ain

t he

.

G u n o l e n . e n t ■a r y
C orrelation

and

.

.

.

Scores

.

.

1 2 ‘.I

of

Numbers

Sixth ,
.

of

Science

V arious

Grades

and

of

Seventh,
.

123

between

T-Soores

Numbers

121

Science

Seventh,

In itial

the

Students

LXII.

trib u tion s

and

t'arious

through

Science

through

Numbers

t h e l - . ean D i f f e r e n c e s
P in al

and E i g h t h
XXX.

of

. . . . .

w ith

Com parison
Groups

the

Scores

Grades

In dividu al

XXIX.

P in al

w ith V arious

C onner!son

E ighth

the

119

Seventh,
.

.

.

.

P reqicncy
T ables

.

.

127

D is­
.

.

1 jl} - 1 US

LIST

OF FIG GF,;S
PAGE

F I G TTRE
1.

G raphic
Scores

Portrayal
of

Three

of

the

Groups

D istrib u tion s
of

Students

of

the

. . . .

152

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND D E F I N I T I O N S

The
has

scien ce

certain

o r of”r a m

dynam ic

cannot
and

Changes

thin king

of

secondary

nature

of

and

heln

cop u lation
in

the

youth

the

reexam in ation

brin gs

in

as:

by

school

the

w ell

learn in g

of

term s

as

the

in

as

new

scien ce

and

S cien ce,”

from

’’M e e t i n g

Students*

pro~ram M o d i f i c a t i o n s
d iscu ssed

whenever

p rofession al

in

.S c i e n c e ”

scien ce

problem s.

N "'eds,”
are

teachers

These

Course

and

the

by

th is
Johnson^

lev els,
high
general
l s , and
scien ces

In volvin g

’’ E x p e r i e n c e s

tynical

convene

p a rticu la r

into

O ften

describ ed

a Common L e a r n i n g s

come.

constant

urogram.

changes

student

develop m en t

in sig h t

prom pts

nation

T h is

students

. . . ex p a n sio n o f sc ie n c e at elem en tary
g e n e r a l s c i e n c e and h e a l t h s c i e n c e a t j u n i o r
school l e v e l s , scien ce w ith in core co u r ses,
b io lo g y at the low er s e n io r high sch o o l l e v e
v a rio u s attem nts to g e n e r a liz e the p h y sic a l
at th e upper s e n i o r h ig h sc h o o l l e v e l s .
”F l a d i n g s

our

changing

these

growth

nrocess

changes,

sch ools

ch aracteristics.

from w h ic h

concerning

b asic

p u b lic

affected

society

reexam in ation

such

the

evolvin g

be in "

school

the

of

program

OF TERNS TTSED

ton ics

to

title s

in
being

d iscu ss
were

inclu ded

^ P h i l i p Ct , J o h n s o n , ’’ S o m e D e v e l o p m e n t s i n S c i e n c e
a c h i n g a n d T e s t i n g , ” S c h o o l S c i e n c e a n d ' a t h cm a t i e 3 ,
rD d : l T l , M a r c h , l o T 0 .

2
in

the

program

E ducation
In
rrade

the

section

sor<

"Freshman

of

1950 m eeting
the

sch ools,

general

judgment

of

of

course

course.

teachers

and

study
the

to

of

exam ine

oosaesaion

students
school

and

the
and

of

is

rep laced

change

S cien ce.

the
by

follo w s

nin th

a
the

'O'-Lil';

o^oblem .

It

is

the

if

they

inform ation

ore-n in th

v ariation s

ru ra l,

p revailin g

w ith in

the

grade

the

and

tw een m em bership
a cq u isitio n

in

purpose

ex ist,

by

of

th is

betw een

n in th

school

is
in
of

any

acq u isitio n

horn?
or

grade

and

out-of­

rela tio n sh ip s
of

background,

city

social

scien ce

va ria tio n s

environm ent
and

Infor­

econom ic

as

w ell

In
as

con d ition s

s t u d e n t s 1 hom es.
betw een

a cq u isitio n

An a t t e m p t

id en tify

and

pener^l

rela tio n sh ip

p ossession

to

v illa g e,

in

The

made

p ossessio n

va ria tio n s

and

T"C

scien ce

certain

of

and

factors.

"etween

term s

T h is

Academy

Illin o is,

being

rela tio n sh ip s,

of

An a t t e m p t

m ation

the

in

P sychology

ad m in istrators.

I.

Statem ent

is

the

State

p a rticu la rly

scien ce

Problem s"

Illin o is

of

made

to

of

scien ce

evalu ate

) | - TT C l u b s
scien ce

d ifferen ces

and

in

sex

in form ation

the

Icouts

inform ation .

and
is

rela tio n sh ip
and

the

the
exam ined.
be -

p ossession

W hether

or

not

greater

in terest

scien ce

tend

m ation

than

another

possess

those

T h is
scien ce

of

study

was

acquired

made

rivin g

as

they

scien ce
ninth

a d ifferen t

form

m ade.

The

d ifferen ce

scores

thus

gained

through

to

the

author

of

o^her
them

test

other

and h a v e
the

by n i n t h

be-n

unon

was

as

rep eatin g

in itia l

the

T his

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then

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author

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way3 to

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R e u a r d l e s 3 o f what

^ J o h n U, H e a d , The Rcad 1 r n r a 1 Sc *o n c e
W o r l d B o o k C o . , 1 ,!5 0 5 •

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5
experien ces
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textbooks.

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6
of

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school

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form al

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States

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Johnson- in

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of

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was

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Johnson

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" . . .

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that

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7h . 9

b iolop y," ^
further:

S i n c e t h e c h e m i s t r y r u r i l s came a l m o s t e q u a l l y
from t h e e l e v e n t h and t w e l f t h m g ^ e s , i t i n o f some
s i g n i f i c a n c e to in d ic a t e th a t about o n e - f i f t h o f the
r u r i l s e n r o lle d in th e s e tr a d e s r e r r e s e n t e d the
number e n r o l l e d i n c h e m i s t r y . . . . The number o f
r u r i l s e n r o lle d in n h y sic s r e p r e s e n ts about 1 3 .3
p e r c e n t o f t h e n u m b e r o f p u p i l s i n t h e e l e v e n t h and
tw elfth rrades.

^PbTTlip C . J o h n s o n , "The
achinr
R i c h S c h o o l s , " TTn i t e d S t a g e s O f f i c e o f
9:1-1% 19 90.

^hoc.

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p p

.

19-17

o^ S c i e n c e in P u b li c
Ed u c a t i o n B u i I e t i n .

7
D ata

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In dicate

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at

college

Interest
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11

course

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8
to

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in flu en ced
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th is
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to

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course.

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II.
Pew o f

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term s

D jJI'T r' I T I O N h
used

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th is

study

OP r) d a b f’SED

are

intend ed

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carry

m eanings
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these

other*
It

me:-

term s

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in

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th is

1.

the

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in

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best

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cate.

study.

apolied

10

rive

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in

d efin itio n s

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w ith

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r>.

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low

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w ith

:' l ”

exp erien ce.
form

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pest

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oast

two

Students

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read
two

in

had
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read

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year.

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at

orroosinR;

above.

in terest

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b ack g r o v m d s .

w ith

i r ^orciat i o n

h 1 mh

w ith

durlnp

in

) | . - TT Cl u b

-H C l u b s

scien ce

books

students

personal

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"o o o r e s t " h o m c

conn ection

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scien ce

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about
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in

of

those

ren lied

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from

less

four

years.

sc 1en ee
than

years.

books.

books.

two

10
6.
hacker
the

Students
unds.

lest

la st

five

five

c o ’T' i n r

ted

years

the

Id en tified

they

for

I.
6t h ,

may

he

been

students

at

and

he

thronm

the

scien ce

classes

wo'. He

be

sixth

cla sses

A_ r e v l e w
o f th n dat a .

ner

o f the

The

the

two

were

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the

o r more
as

of

eith er

the

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Boy

w’^ o

ner

wee k t h r o u r h

rather

classes

awkward

exarn le.
three

throurrh

the

hsvinr

hod

a total

through

the

6t h ,

used,

in

the

in

t he

a student

a week

seventh,

through

t e rm s

e " rm e s s i o n

If

days

a week

as

week

cl asses
T h is

none

days

sym bols

between

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two

tests

the

and

eirh th

o ° eicfht

7th ,

and

6th

sta tistica l

parentheses

erode

me

grades,

an alysis

used

for

Th e

red uction

associated

w ith

of
the

the

correlation

u n relia b ility

of

the

t ests.
2,

P i s e r i al C o ef °i clent:

tio n between

in d ica­

or f-irl

ab b reviation s.
1.

ho me

soent

id en tified

exn erlen ce.

follow in g

scien ce

id en tified

had

category.

between

Scout

ftr a d e s .

yrade,

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back around.

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ye^r.

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number

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in

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V.

v ll1are,

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ru ral.

Students

years

categories

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two v a r i a b l e s

of

one

C prrel at Ion .
o*' w h i c h ,

for

The

correla­

calcu la tio n

11
nuruoses,
3.

has

been

Bi a e r ia l

C oses.

The

ca lcu la tio n

and

only

are

consid ered .

the

9.

nronort ion

of

a coefficien t

sicn

of

trie

w ith

v a riation s

w ith

been

be

variab les
reduced

in

on

to

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A1 t e n a t i o n .
in

to

one

o f w hich,

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categories

two

a scale

expected

rem aining;

f r o m Wi.de s o r e a d

categories

below

w hich

the

sp eci­

fa ll.

An e s t i m a t e
snv prcd i c t ion

of

t'^e

based

on

of
of

one

factor

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of
in

A q u an titative

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to

vary

factor.

attrib u tab le

The p r o p o r t i o n

d istrib u tion
to

a

second

concurrently

(r)

De t,erm i n a t i o n .
the

exores-

of

one

factor

of

variab le

that

is

correlated

it.
3.

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co rrela tio n
other

in

varian ce

t h a t may be

of

tendency

Co e f .fi c l e n t

total

two

(rh i)

o r correlat*on.

Co e r f i c l e n t

the

has

may

chance

6.

7.

C orrel at ion

A value

cases

Co e f f i c i e n t

C 9te<-ories.

m easurem ents

C en tlle.

number o f

two

between

ourooses,

extrem e

li.

to

Coe f f i c I e n t

co rrela tio n

tor

fied

reduced

betw een

variab les
9.

a dependent

actinp;

betw een

(Eta)

variab le

sim ultan eou sly.

C orrelatlon

correlation
related .

o f Mnl M . n l e C o r r e l a t i o n .

Rat i o .

two v a r i a b l e s

and

dcmree

or more

(R)

An e s t i m a t e
w^ich

two

The

^ay

of

the

deyree

not

be

lin early

of

of

12
10.

Exnl ain ed

d eviation

from

a variab le

th eir

obtained

• til2JLH*
12.

^he

Medl a n .

scores

above

1 3»

Var 1 a n c e .

by

are

by

equation:

^TT
lh .

V 2tt

of

v a ria b les.

'T’h i s

th eir

of

the

resoective

13.
a mroun.

R an me .
T h is

m eans.
A rcumh
based

of

of

scores

is

calcu la tio n

in

the

independent
11.

of

yield

on

a set

the

RednessIon

variab le.

the

that

scores,

of
(led )

o f m easurem ents
can be

of

described

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between

is

based

two
on

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d istrib u tion s

from

of

the

w ithin

variation

differen ce

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a sum e q u a l

variab le.

two

estim ate

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w ill

of

(r)

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variab le

of

c o r r e l at io n

16.

mean

values

the

a d istrib u tion

Cos f f i c l e n t

scores.

the

h alf

cf

(;')

of

a curve

end l o w e s t

tc

gverp^e,

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high est

added

square

e correlated

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form

derree

method

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the

estim ated

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of

2
2 5 ^

6

Pe a r s o n

d eviation s

on

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of

exactly

w ill

N
"

use

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when c l o t t e d ,

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the

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( h x „r)

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An e s t i m a t i n g

equation

based

13
or

the

the

correlation

fu n ction al
Id.

of

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20.

S t and a r d

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21.

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23.

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at

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S e m i-in te r g u e r t11e Ranpe.

19.
the

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categories.

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co rrela tio n

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I k

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PRC Z' VI7.ATI0TI O'*' TVF RT1'ATMD3R OF TV F T T
-Th.3TS

T I.

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personal
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the

in clu d es

inform ation

whom

chapter

III

IV,
the

were

the

of

P a sicelly ,

the

gathered

groups
are

used

section

and b r i e f

the

rather

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the
of

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data

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for

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students

discu ssed
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th is

co llectio n

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m ajor

study

of

p ractices

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to

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Is

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on

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13'
*“7

of

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mroups,
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due

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of

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compared.
I

of

di f f e r in g

Chanter
in

IV r e p o r t s

respect,

to

' F l o r e n c e L. C' o d e n o u r h ,
P r i n c i p l e s , and A o n l i c a t i o n s ,
19R 9 J / p p .

beinm

the

data

taum ht

or

obtained
not

K e n t a l r' e s t i n c , I t s
(New Y o r k :
R inehart

from

being

story ,
and C o . ,

16

taught

general

S ection
differing;

II

in

and
of

in

in

estim ate

the

in terest

in

scien ce

in

respect-

m em bership

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of

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data

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from

groups

associated

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attem p tin g

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the

in

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w ith

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parcel

out

the

two

factors

actin g

an

attem pt

to

others.

data

fathered

betw een

scien ce

books

in

students'

degrees

and

p ossession

th eir

of

in form ation .
VI

^enorts
to

scien ce
data
in

the

final

through

o^

th i°

C hanter

V.

w hich,

study

from

data

home

are

T h is

the

the

th is

of

toward

also

o^
the

the

d iffer­

chapter,

amounts

sum m arized,

m ind

groups

factors.

seventh,

chapter

data

proceeded

of

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sixth ,

study

from

background

w ith

the

In

drawn

section

associated

extended
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V II,

gen eralizatio n s
relia b ly

data

in volved

d ifferen ces

section ,

to

rela tio n sh ip

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The

obtain ed

d ifferen ces

the

respect

in

the

IV r e n o r t s

V cites

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tion

data

degree

Section

the

the

grade.

sex.

sim u ltan eou sly

ing

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ex clu siv e

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con sid ers

lj.-H C l u b s .
the

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III

S ection
d ifferin g

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S ection
d ifferen ces

scien ce

and

of

reports

in stru c­

eigh th

section

in clu d es
author,

grades.

by
those

ma y

be

study.

com p letion,

certain

17
q u estion s
th is
VI,

arose

w hich

in v estig a tio n .
may w e l l

in d icate

were
These

beyond

the

im m ediate

scope

q u estion s,

d iscu ssed

in

top ics

for

future

stu d ies.

of

Chapter

CHAPTER I I
EnriVlGiJS ii.LijEiir.Ch K h L A i E L

The
involve
to

the

under
1.

reports

2.

in v estig a tio n s

q u estion s

the

explored

follow in g

E ffect

achievem ent

of

of

in

already
th is

com pleted

study

w ill

w hich

be

referred

headin gs:

p reviou s

subsequent

C orrelation s

in

xU T' E STUDY

in stru ction
scien ce

between

In

scien ce

upon

courses.

achievem ent

in

scien ce

and

in tellig en ce•
S.
in

D ilT eren ces

scien ce

clu b s,

4.

order

problem

of

scien ce

course

be

to

made

stu d ies
of

the

the

in

the
but

such

inform ation

course,

the

general

scien ce

the

gain

degree

sp ecia lized

of

or

scien ce

associated

w ith

clo sely

in

and

p ersp ective

the

as

the

d u p lication

textbooks

w it h m em bership

the

students.

nin th

program,

q u estion s

taught
of

achievem ent

school
less

associated

and b c o u t s .

a d d ition al

sig n ifica n ce

other

Involve

In

backgrounds

to

achievem en t

C lubs,

D ifferen ces

social-econ om ic
In

4-H

in

the

betw een

courses,

and

the

w hole

general

reference

stu d ies.

degree

n in th
of

grade

b rief

related

of

grade

content
general

of

These

reten tion

general
in

scien ce

series

scien ce

d ifferen ces

w ill

in

ol
and

19
achievem ent
ences
the

in

in

the

decree

of

achievem ent

of

used

to

f’ s t h ^ r

data

two

of

Kansas

C ity,

the

scien ce

Form

second

M issou ri

by

n in th

on ^ono
A o-iven

yroup

item s

to

E of
in

the

d iffer­

students

w hich

h i-h er
on

in

Test

betw een

the

and

o r students

yro u p

crade

general
G eneral
in

test

riven

no

'*r: n e r a l
B than

of

the

The

S cien ce
himh

the

scien ce

the

spriny

was

general

h* m'>‘h e r
than

year.

tnurrht

o n p o r m A.

schools

taught

school

There

nest

croups

1 2 .U. P o i n t s

in

upon

scien ce

two

w ' .1 e h w a s

scored

scien ce

The
scored

were

test.

connection

Scien ce

subsequent

bem inniny

on Form

th is

general

Pueh-Pooenoe^

The

the

the

in

d u r i n t z ; ‘' 9 2 h - 2 9 .

through

the

in

^roups

Id.

1 .3 p o i n t s

In

on

the

same m e d i a n

(m edian)

119

w ith

disp layed

In str u c t ion

students

Cramer

on

associated

in terest

o f p reviou s

courses.

had

scien ce

course.
E pf e c t

the

general

w ith

S c al o s ,

scores

o^

the

stan d ard ization

I)vornk3 e x p l o r e d

students

w ith

of
the

d ifferen t

h is

G eneral

d ifferen ces
amounts

of

— - - - ■■ ,

W. F . C r a m e r , ” A. S t u d y o f S o m e A c h i e v e m e n t s o f
P u p i l s i n th e S p e c i a l S c i e n c e s , n S c i e n c e E d u c a t i o n , liiSoOP—
I -7, M a r c h , 1 ° 3 0 ‘.
p

" G i l e s v . P u c h and H e r b e r t E.
Gcneral. S c i e n c e T e s t ,
(New Y o r k :

T>c o e n o e , R u c h - P o o e n o e
k'orld Book C o . , 1 9 2 3 ) .

3 A u r u s t A. D v o r a k , ” A S t n d v o r A c h i c v e m - c n t a n d S u b i e c t
F a tte r in General S cien ce,
G e n e r a 1 S c i e n c e l u* r t e r l y ,
10:239-310, 367-39-6, lih.■S,-*L'7Ji , ’or:’2, ' • : o v m : b e r 7 1925
t h r o u g h May, 1 9 2 6 .

20
prior

scien ce

in stru ction .

T able

I.

total

The

and D v o r a k
^ore

than

states
3.2

differen ce

is

rmore

that

resu lts

p ossib le

on

a d ifference

in d icates
not

H is

w ith

a resu lt

these

summarized
tests

was

between m edians

practical

of

are

chance

certain ty

3D0

of

that

d istrib u tio n s

in

in

the
two

serie s .
These
for

students

as w e l l
b is

data

as

to

o r D 'orakhs
acquire

through

in terp retation

science

form al
is

s^ow

that

there

inform ation

in struction

in

is

a tendency

throuoh m a tu r ity

science

cla sses,

that:

. . . t h e d e c i d e d s u p e r i o r i t y o f a c h i e v e m e n t on t h e
n a r t o f o u o i l s w>>o h a d n o t t a k e n G e n e r a l S c i e n c e a n d
hav e r ea ch ed th e 1 2 th ^ rad e, over the r e s p e c t i v e m edians
o f t h e i r 3 t h t r a d e s h a s a t l e a s t two e x p l a n a t i o n s .
( l ) S c i e n c e s o t h e r t h a n G e n e r a l S c i e n c e t a k e n by t h e
o u p il have accounted fo r t h i s ^rowth.
( 2 )E lim .ination
o f t h e l e s s c a p a b l e p u p i l s rr.imht a c c o u n t f o r a p p a r e n t
crowth.
The l e t t e r e x p l a n a t i o n , h o w e v e r , i s s u b j e c t
t o t w o c r i t i c ! s m s - - ( a) T h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n s c o r e s e n d
tim e o f d o in r th e t e s t , which u s u a l l y has a n o s i t i v e
c o r r e l a t i o n w it h i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s c o r e s , was p r a c t i ­
c a l l y z e r o , and ( b ) l i k e w i s e t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n
c h r o n o l o g i c a l a e and s c o r e s w a s n e a r z e r o .
Both
t h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s s'^ow t h a t t h e l e s s c a p a b l e p u p i l s
w e r e i n t h e g r o u p s t a k i n g t h e t e s t , a t l e a s t i n some
number s •
In
the

data

ad d ition

to

o ° Dvorak

con clu sion s
6.
Science

are

the

inferences

already

cited ,

p articu larly

w h i c h ma y b e
the

follow in g

drawn from
of

his

sign ifican t:

The a n n u a l i n c r e a s e i n a c h i e v e m e n t In G e n e r a l
due t o t e a c h i n g a s m e a s u r e d by t h e G e n e r a l

^ I b i d . . p T Il7! u

21

TABLE I

THE 5>0TH PERCENTI LE SCORE ES T A r L I S F E L AFC NO
c a s e s f o r d i f : t -.r :*:n t ^ o ? s o n D v o r a k * s
OE FERAL SCIENC.-. TEST

Oronn
3th grade
9 t h g r ade
10th grade
11th grade
1 2th grade
3th grade
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade

(Adapted

W ith n r i o r i n s t r u c t Ion in O eneral
_____S c.'^enge ^

girl s
girl s
girl s
girl 3
girl s
boys
boy s
boys
bo;/3
boy 3

Cr on A u g u s t

.

A.

W ithout P r io r In
str u c tio n in
Ceneral Science
llli
126
135
150
162
127
135
150
172
190

131
150
157
153
175
155
162
163
13 i
190

Dvorak,

Ib id . ,

p.

6f)$3

U 65.)

22
S c i e n c e S e e "1 e , 1 s s m a l l , n a i v e l y . 3 3 9 P . E . o r 9 . 3 9
s c a le p o i n t s . . . . 7. There i s a wide v a r i a t i o n
o r' a c h i e v e m e n t i n O e n e r a l S c i e n c e am o n e d i f f e r e n t
schools.
3. ^he d i f f e r e n c e i n t e s t p o i n t s b e tw e e n
m e d i a n g r o p e s o f t h e 3 t h ^ r a d e m i r i l s who h a v e a n d who
have not had O eneral S c ie n c e , i s equal to the d i f f e r ­
ence between the median sco res o f the 9 th grade p u n lls
who h a v e n o t h a d O e n e r a l S c i e n c e .
This in d ic a te s th a t
3 t h i ^ r a d e p u n i l s n r o f i t a p n r o x i m a t e l y a s ^ u c h byi n s t r u c t i o n i n O e n e r a l S c i e n c e a s do
th rrade punils.
. . • 13* P e r f o r m a n c e on t h e O e n e r a l S c i e n c e S c a l e
shows f o r e a c h se x a d e f i n i t e , d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p t o
th e number o f s c ie n c e c o u rs e s th e r u p i l h a s t a k e n .
I k . Any t w o o f t h e f i v e g r a d e s s t u d i e d s h o w c o n s i d e r ­
a b l e o v e r ’l a p o i n ^ o f a c h i e v e m e n t , e v e n i n t h e c a s e o f
3 t h e n d l ? t h <~r ade p u p i l s . " "
A final

conclusion

reached

by Dvorak

is

significant.

The O e n e r a l S c i e n c e t e s t r i v e n b e f o r e t h e s t u d y o f
a s u b j e c t , rra v e a c o r r e l a t i o n o f . 6 2 b e t w e e n t e s t s c o r e s
and s c h o o l m a rk s f o r t h e f i r s t two q u a r t e r s .
This
w o !l d s e e m t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a m o u n t t h a t p u o i l s
knew o f a s u b j e c t b e r o r e s t u d y i n g i t , i s an i m o o r t e n t
f a c t o r i n c o n d 1: t i o n i n - t h e a c h i e v e m e n t w h i c h t h e y w i l l
r e c e i v e i n t h e s u b j e c t w h e n +h e y s t u d ^ i t , i f s c h o o l
mmrks a r e any m e a s u r e o p a c h i e v e m e n t .
7
W ilier
c o n d u c t e d a s t u d y i n wh* c h h e d e s i g n e d a t e s t
of

the

There
The

free-response
were

909

1*0 n i n t h

1 t'J ,

item s

1 67 ,

were

m n h

tyre
and

1

no c u s e d

general

’

on

science

9 l h l d ., ^o.

9 3 ° - IkO.

6lb ld . ,

9 3 3 - 9 3k .

up.

orr, ° n ’ zed
terns

in
in

concepts
courses

three
the

three

chosen
of

sect ions.

es

s t u d -”-.

sections.
c o mmo n
The

test

^ h i a r l A. K i l l e r , " S c i e n c e C o n c e r t s Ac j u i m e d b y J u n i o r
T-* r h S c h o o l P e r i l s P r e v i o u s t o E n t e r i n g a C o u r s e i n f e n e r a l
Scl ',ce, ( u n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ’ s t h e s i s , 'h - i v e r u i t y o f lo w s,
Iowa C i t y , Iow a, 19 3 1 )* 19k r r .

23
was

^iven

year.

to

eighth,

^rsrie p u p i l s

These p u n ils

23 c o m m u n i t i e s
oirht

and h a d

elem entary

n i m i l a on

were

en rolled

been

rr°des,

section s

one

at

the

in

tnuc-ht

23

no

two

and

of

schools

scien ce

He o b t a i n e d

and

close

school

located

through

scores

39-7

the

in

the

from 901

scopes

on

section

three.
K iller
were

able

ing
to

further

to

subject
low est

( 3)Anim al

fam ilia rity

w ith

concents

arranged

croups

a n d wu e l ,

Sun,

(°)H echlnes

S oil,

in

the

the

in

follow ­

of

h igh est

and

(2)W ater,

Harth,

( 9 ) Ho a t . ,

and C l i m a t e ,

Work,

(lO )K etric

and

H Iectricity ,

( 1 2 )K afnetism
and

the

order

(7)W eather

for P cin r

( lli.)L iyht

students

Human B o d y ,

P lan ets,

( 6)K atter,

Atm osnhere,

and

and

(h)3ters,

fife ,

(l3)3ock s

its

R elation

to

System ,

P lsn t

L ife,

( 1 3 )Energy.

does

The r a n k i n g m eth o d

used

not

com nerison w ith

^ is

data,

ner

cent

of

untrained

m atter

L i^e,

(ll)H arth , s

end

that

a b i l i t y - - ( 1 ) Pood

C om bustion,
(S)P lant

show

concluded

the

values

lend

therefor,
of

are

of

were

mrouns

presented
data

the

reworked

correct
of
in

show b u t

estab lish ed

estim ate

to

nossiblc

fifteen

These
order

itself

by K i l l e r

T able

in

q u an titative

h is

findin-*s

stu d ies.

determ ining

received
three

the

from

tests.

each
These

II.

sligh t

by K i l l e r

the

reuort

related

toward

"es^onsos

item s

to

and,

d i ’a g r e e m e n t
in

ad d ition ,

rel a tio n sh ip s

w ith

the

provide

a ro n ^

the

rank
an
decrees

2k

TABLE I I

A PORTION 0 T
-' MILLER »S DATA RECALCULATED TO SHOW PER C E ' T
OF P O S S I B L E CORRECT ANSWERS TO FIFTEEN ORO rPS
0 ^ ITT? S

^ of p ossib le
co r r e c t answers

Oroup
F ood and t h e b o d y
A nim al l i f e
Water
B e a t , com b u s t i o n ,
S t a r s , s u n , r >1 a n e t
We a t h e r and d i m a t
E a c h in e s ror doIn"
l e t r i c system
Katter
E a r t h 1s atm osphere
P I a n t 1 i he
E o s n e t i s m and e l e c
L i"ht
R o c k s and s o i l
Energy

(Adapted

from E a r l

fuel
s , etc.
0
work

tricity

F iller,

Number* o f
Ite m s In "roup

33.2

1

32

3 1.0

2
3
k

ko

23.1
22. 3
21 .3
I d 2
13.3
13.9
13.3
13.1
12.3
11.3
11 Ji
11. 3

6. 6

A.

Rank

6

7
.)

9
10
11
12

13
1U
13

I b i d .. p u , J | . 3 - 5 l . )

31
59
60
26
-> 9
3
27
kl
hi
39
33
30
21

25
to

w' i c h

u n train ed

fam iliar

w ith

scien ce.

It

the

general

of

p ossib le

from
and

the
the

9

further

area

of

the

correct

scien ce

noted

life

branches

that

scien ces

area

of

ed

the

natural

item s

a oer

whereas
1 7 .0

may be

of

113

showed

25.9

avers

students

the

oer

from

cent
163

cent

item s

correct

s c ie n c e item s averaged 1 6 .2 per c e n t.
3
Ashbaugh
ra v e t h e Powers G en eral S c ie n c e

but

one

other

ou tsid e

of

Columbus

through

the

item s.

The m e d ia n

eigh th

was

sig n ifica n t

city

w hich

score

had

of

Powers

it

according

had

test

than

was
to

not

the
for

of

the

from

C olunbus

high er

students

in

come

scien ce

the

in

a veer

w h ile

having
no

early

were m atched

oair

The

6 p oin ts

d ifference

p air

sch ools

student
in

students

each

grade.

out-of-C olum bus

of

each

in

Ohio

the

th is

in

student

Colum bus,

A lthough

oairs

students

a-rade w i t h

the

^rade

variou s

resD onses

1 2 li m a t c h e d
The

the

the

be

1931

T ade.

in

in

irsy

earth

to

gence

concepts

ninth

233 p h y s ic a l

In
^est

b egin n in g

in te lli­

scien ce
eigh th

sch ools

been

taught

con sists

students

t he m ed ia n
a

n in th

of

was

100
3 9 .1 .

score

of

sta tistica lly

Ashbaugh*s

in terp re­

tation .
■—

or

f t

II.
’T o t , ”

■

■■

—

J . Ashbaunh,
Science Educat io n ,

ffn- e n e r a l O c ’ e n c e i n t h e E i g h t h
1 6 : 2 ) i - 2 3 , O c t o b e r , l c- 3 1 .

Grade

9 $ . R. p o w e r s , P o w e r s 0 e n e r s l S c i e n c e T e s t , (New Y o r k :
b u r e a u o f P u b l i c a t i o n s , T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e , Coliar.bia U n i v e r s i t y ,
li 27).

26
In
Scien ce
50

ad d ition
Test

A s h b a u c h . crave

to

the

same

m u ltiole-ch oice

score

of

the

ooin t

low er

and

Columbus
than

the

the

p u p ils.

65

R” c h - P o p e n o e
T h is

com pletion

students
m edian

on

score

con sists

item s.

th is
of

test

of

The m e d i a n

test

the

General

was

0 .7

of

a

out-of-C olum bus

students.
As

a resu lt

of

h is

study

Ashbaugh

observes

that:

In v ie w o f t h e s e f i n d i n g s a number o f q u e s t i o n s
n a y be l e g i t i m a t e l y r a i s e d .
F ir s t , does the t e s t
m easure kn ow led ge o f s i g n i f i c a n t s c i e n c e m a t e r i a l w hich
ch ild ren ought to learn?
S e c o n d , s h o u l d we e x p e c t
c h i l d r e n t o l e a r n t h i s m a t e r i a l more e f f e c t i v e l y in
a cou rse in m enersl s c ie n c e than in c o u r ses in ^eo^raphy,
p h y s i o l o g y , and h y g i e n e ?
T h ir d , was th e in fo r m a tio n
unon w h ich one croup e x c e l l e d th e o th ^ r le a r n e d i n
t h e i r s c h o o l work or o u t s i d e in t h e i r c o n t a c t s w it h
life?
F o u rth , are th ere d e s ir a b le a t t i t u d e s , h a b it s ,
and t h e l i k e s e c u r e d i n a c o u r s e i n g e n e r a l s c i e n c e
w hich are n ot secu red in o th e r c o u r ses?
I f 3 0 , what
a r e t h e y , and w h a t I s t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e y h a v e
•been a t t a i n e d i n " -e n o r sl s c i e n c e w c rx ?
F i f t h , what
i s t h e v a l u e o f a t t i t u d e s i f t h e y do n o t b e a r f r u i t
In a d d i t i o n a l k n o w led g e?
S i x t h , i s i t s a f e to assume
t h a t t h e s e h a b i t s and a t t i t u d e s a r e s e c u r e d i n t h e
rreneral s c i e n c e c o u r s e s w it h o u t o b j e c t i v e m easurem e n t
to prove t h e ir e x i s t e n c e . ^
Howard^
grade
50
The

ruoils

in
in

com n letion,
test

was

1 9 31

conducted

w hich he
25

tru e-fa lse,

comnosed

sbbaumh ,

used

o£_.

from,

the

c it . , o.

a

study

a 100
and

Item

w ith
test

I4.OO s e v e n t h
composed

25 m u l t i p l e - c h o i c e

exp erien ces

of

several

of

item s.
gener*-!

27.

" ^ L e s t e r R . H o w a r d , "A S t u d y o f t h e I n i t i a l S t a t u s
Im provem ent i n th e G eneral S c ie n c e K now ledge o f S e v e n th
Grade P u n i l s , ” ( u n p u b l i s h e d F a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , H n i v e r s i t y
C o l o r a d o , B o u l d e r , C o l o r a d o , 1 ° 3 2 ) , r?2 p v »

a nd
of

27
scien ce
and

cl esses.

at

the

end

m aking

in itia l

m edian

score

betw een

that

same

the

course.

Howard

scores

ran^inp

betw een

of

fallin m

and

27

The

99

at

w ith

32.07

The

used

at

the

begin n in g

found

fis

students

3

59 w i t h

b ein r

m edian.
oos3ible

it

was

the

from

area

of

life

item s

and

per

^3.9

o^vsical

correct

cent

3 c l 0 r.ee

resoonses
^inal

of

on

the

"or^ect
item s

the

resnonses
on

the

revealed

ini^ia"!

and

on

the

23.6

per

oe^

to

cent

test

The

cent

show

showed

in itia l

test.

the

rnnoed

science

final

'7 5 . 2

scores

the

data

50

and

fin al

vowsrd’ s

cent

LiO

correct

correct

on

the

test.
The

T hird

Iowa

A cadem ic

Scien ce

for

1 9 31 w a s

ment

300

ninth

of

in stru ctio n

in

taught

the

A. t - r a t i o
ence.

The
In

mrade

of

of

test

scien ce

was

31 • 9

in d icates

’u s e d

connection

Hack

students

through

rroun
9.52

by

E v e r ; . 7- P u n 11

2 l4.li- s i m i l a r

scien ce

form er

used

general

achievem ent

were
of

33*9*

was

B 77 r e w o r k i n g

h 0 .5 oer

the

form

had

w ith

who h a d

and

for

determ ining

except

grade.
the

of

no
vrade

The

of

ach ieve­

that

la tter

score
the

the

n in th

r e l i s b i l It;/

a m ssib le

O -neral

received

the

students
ninth

in

cohere

through

the

tee

17
"" t o

Test

w ith

the;/

mean

score

nr out > l . j . 1 . 9 .
th is

d iffer­

liiO .

orsctical

scien tific

-^ W a lt e r Hack, ” A S^udy o f I n c i d e n t a l L e a r n in g 1 in
lo n e r e l S c i e n c e , ” ( n n n c b l’ sh'd E a s t e r ’ s t h e s i s , H n iv e r s ity
o f Iow ^, Iowa C i t y , I o w a , l v 3 2 ) , hOnn.

28
know ledge
found

that

scien ce

of

a me o n

d escrib es

ob jective

type

item s

that

used

the

N'at t e s o n ^
type

read ily

the

was

availab le

In
were

broader

desi"ned

that

a b t l i t 77 b e i n g
textbooks.

of

defined
th is

made

a mean

score

101. 7*

of

able

environm ental

to

cover

being
for
and

found

the
all

discussed

most

the

in flu en ce
such

to

answer

of

nature
through

of

the

free

the m a t e r ia ls

school

p u p ils,

elem entary

nart,

q u estion s
in

q u estion s

of

item s

in

32

phenomena*

designed

elem en tary

and 22
the

u estion s
be

q u estion s,

q u estion s,

elim in ate

199

test

156 m u ltip le

q u estion s

w^uld

of

ii-6 b i o l o g y

of

as

avoided,

concents

Li 6

a test

to

-en erd

on w h ich

knovrledge,

ch ild ren

13

a test

in clu d in g

To

in

Scheuss

on

chem istry

own o b s e r v a t i o n s

train in g

2lq p h y s i o l o g y

nature.

were

ch ild ren

con sistin g

q u estion s,

scien tific

q u estion s

110

as

techn ical

most

of

train in g

16

city

erior

test

q u estion s,

response

and

w ith

score

such

a m iscellean ou s

t-eir

rural

th is

agricu ltu ral

physics

by

ch ild ren

w ithout

resronse
25

1 51

made

ch ild ren
She

possessed

av a ilscien ce

tech n ical

used

deal

elem entary

w ith

and

^
a b ( 1 S c h s u s s , "A C o m p a r a t i v e S t u d y o '0 P r a c t i c a l
S c i e n t i f i c K n o w l e d g e P o s s e s s e d b y P r a l anH C i t y C h i l d r e n , "
( u n o u b l i i h e d ¥. a s t e r 1 s t h e s i s , I n c 1 a n a S t a t e T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e ,
T e r r e H a u t e , I n d i a n a , l f;3 6 ) , 6 6 ^ o .
• ^ H a r v e y D. K a t t e s o n , " C o n e o t s o f S c i e n c e P o s s e s s e d
by P u n i l s E n t e r i n g S e v e n t h C r a d e , " ( u n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ’ s
t h e s i s , S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f Io w a , Iowa C i t y , Io w a , 1 ; 3 ° ) ,
h 7pp.

29
junior

3chool

high

st ud?; - w a s
The

test

seventh

had

received

ner

week
the

grade

any
of

wa3 r i v e n

rrade

of

tim e

that

scien ce

no

at

the

time

the

3y s t e m
of
in

as

in

w hich

about
-rades

two

was

^iven

entered

the

seventh

teachin g

discu ssed

is

of

entered

the

students

forty-five

test

form al

^hey

to

the

t h r o -: * h s i x .

253

seventh

grade

in

subject,

in cid en tal

m inutes

to

the

three
and
teachin g

subject.

resoonses

to

same

they

d ivision s

Some
related

use

in

students

in stru ction

m aterial

other

The
correct

had

31f>

two o e r i o d s

the

as

to

a school

u su ally

students

some

in

scien ce

same

schools

currently

done.

the

At

texts

of K stteson’ s
of

his

of ia tteso n 's
th is

study

groups

test
are

con clu sion s

s

and t h e
own i n

that

are

oer

cents

T able

III.

of

p a rticu larly

read:

1 . There i s l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e betw een the s c o r e s
o f t h e r u o i l s w^ o w e r e t a u g h t c o u r s e s i n g e n e r a l
s c i e n c e i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y r - r a d e s a n d t h o s e wh o w e r e
not.
2 . T h er e i s v e r y l i t t l e main i n any o f th e
su b je ct m a tter t o n ic s because o f the te a c h in g o f th a t
oarticu lar to o ic. . . .
6 . ^he t o t a l
a v e r a g e r a i n shown
i'rom t e a c h i n g g e n e r a l s c i e n c e i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s
w a s I4. . I o e r c e n t . . . . 0 . T h e a v e r a g e o e r c e n t o f
c o r r e c t r e s o o n s e s f o r th e e n t i r e t e ^ t was 1 7 . 3 »
-t
f o r o f sky
used the 3
r up 1 1 s e n r o l l i n g i n t h e n i n t h
1 ^I b i d .

o'o .

3 3 - 3' ; .

^ ^ A r n o l d J . B o r o f s k y , 1,T?o c t o r c A s s o c i a t e d w i t h ^ u ^ i l s
Whose A c h i e v e m e n t i n T r a d e N i n e S c i e n c e L i f f e r s O r e a t l y
from t h a t I n d i c a t e d by T h e i r L e v e l o^ I n t e l l i g e n c e , ”
( u n o u b l i s h e d F a s t e r ’ s t h e s i s , T! o s t o n ’Tn i \ ' e r s i t y , B o s t o n ,
M a ssa ch u setts, U tah), 230pp.

30

TABLE I I I
SHKFARY 0 V A PORTION OF V A T T E 9 0 N ’ ' DATA

D ivision

1 . A ir and w ater
2. U n iv e r se
3. H e a t

T rsined

(Adapted

from ^ a r v e y

Combined

29. 6

2 2 ji

2 I.| . 1

28.9

26.1

19. 3
19.3
" a -n r t isn 3 K '

23.1
16.9

27. 2
21. 0

Lierht
E l e c t r i c 1 1 y an d
6. F o o d s and h e a l t h
W e a t h e r and c l i m a t e
3 . R o c k s and s o i l s
9. Chem ical r e a c t i o n s
1 0 . P l a n t and a n i m a l l i f e
1 1 . Mature study
k.
9.

:Tn t r a i n e d

D.

1 1 .2
1 3 Ji

2 1 .h
20 . 6

k •9
l i .1
39. 2

t

16. 6
10. 1
a. 2

C/h • i:>
3.9
7.6
29. 3

10.6

M atteson,

19. 2
1 2 . 0
19. 7

10.1

ojc.

c l t .. n .

o✓•

30. a
1|7. )

31
prade

general

three

years

On t h e
these

on

betw een

b asis

of

p u n ils

placed

in

scien ce

five

Prom

th is

^rouninp
two

other

p"! a c e d

ment
cases
were

then

he

an

hiph
h is

on

r' h e s e
the

or

hirher

and

the

to

apparent

Test,

basis

he

of

low er
19

proup.

were

th eir

scores

test.

achievem ent

<mo an i n p

et

than

th eir

low er.

Each

determ ine

the

divided

p u n ils

w^.ose

in tellig en ce

through

exrerim en tel

same

36 n u n ils

study

school

achievem ent

high er

a case

what

discrepancy

least
ach ieve­
of

these

factors

betw een

achievem ent.

Of p a r t i c u l a r
s+uidy w a s

in

w ith

as

scien ce

found

beinp

became

and

groups

them

17

associated

a b ility

croups.

d ev ia tio n s

froiroin^,

one

01 a s s i f l e n t i o n

rre n e r a l

proupinp

standard

O tis

five

a’ t e a c h e r - m a d e

in

1 9)j.6 a n d l ' - ’)| 9

the

into

cla sses

related n ess

B orofsky's

to

ob servation

th is

p ortion

of

th is

that:

. . . i n s c i e n c e c o u r s e s i n o-rsdes s e v e n and e i ^ h t ,
non e o f t h e l o w a c h i e v e r s , b u t more th a n 10 p e r c e n t
o f the hiph a c h iev e rs f u lle d to p a s s.
On o t h e r a c h i e v e ­
m ent l e v e l s , the marks a c h ie v e d in j u n i o r - h i r h - s c h o o l
s c i e n c e b y t h e tx^c p r o u p 3 o f c a s e s a r e r o u p . h l y s i m i l a r .
B elated
cent
of

in

the

st u d ies

sc len ce
Powers

17lb ld .

and

invol v in e

c o r r e la t ion

in tellip en ce.

> n c- r a t

S cien ce

P ru itt

T estis

to

13

the

betw een
pave

ach ieve-

both

p u n ils

in

^oras
eleven

210.

l ^ d a r e n c e M. P r u i t t , " O b j e c t i v e M e a s u r e m e n t i n O ^ e r a l
S c i e n c e , ” Genera 1 S c ie n c e Q u a r t e r ly , 17:917-921', K ey, 1 9 2 3 ..
R.

Powers,

op.

cl t .

32
selected
the

school

scores

-.47

=fc

he

.0 5

obtain ed

and

H echt^^
d esign
w ith

to

1931,

p u p ils
the

on a

series

test

as

mean

for

the

Howard*^
100

as m e a s u r e d
to
was

found

item
by

the

concerned.

The

im provem ent

scores

scien ce,

between

of

his

own

a correlation

correlation

the

.03;
only

used
the

in

on

were
lor

it

scien ce

the

far

as

found

to

a ll

boys

.51,

based

out

in

part
as

p u p ils,

boys

.4 2,

^

H.L.
.06.

6 3.16.
achievem ent

and i n t e l l i g e n c e
In telligen ce

in itia l

scien ce

knowledge

between

in tellig en ce

be

rfc

.48

Test

and

.0 2 5 4 .

* ^ M i T t d h ' H e c h t . ' P r o g n o s t i c P leasures o f a c h i e v e m e n t
N in th -Y ear S cien ce,
(u n p u b lish ed d o c t o r ’s u i s s e r t a t i o n ,
C o r n e l l u n i v e r s i t y , I t h a c a , hew Y o r k , 1 9 4 1 j
^ C a r r o l l A t k i n s o n , "The e f f e c t o f h e x d i f f e r e n c e s
the S tu d y o f G eneral S c ie n c e ," Journal o f E d u catio n al
h e s e a r c h , 2 4 : 6 1 - 6 6 , June, 1931.
22;Lester

n.

Howard,

op.

cit.,

p.

of

in tellig en ce

only,

between

test

scores

and in

f.E .

was

A d vanced Croup
so

use

carried

for

was

type

ierm an

by A t k i n s o n

correlation
was

the

correlation

O tis

in

exp erim en ts

±

between

tru e-false

textbooks

values

general

.044

.364

o~

the

girls

test

range

u s i n f; t e s t s

in

and s c o r e s

±.

be

st-udv,

found

of

H .b.
the

to

between

.56.

These

.4 6 ,

on

h is

tests

projects

correlation

.03.

laboratory

fo llo w s:

and

on h i s

of

the

in tellig en ce

achievem ent

eig h t

of

g ir ls ,

±.. 0 7 ;
The

in

contents

in d iv id u a l

and

atk in son ^

on

on

He f o u n d

dt

found

m easure

part

and

.37

In tellig en ce
In

119

system s.

3 6

.

in

in

In

a study

In v o lv in g the c o r r e l a t e s o f a b i l i t y in
o •>
s c i e n c e , B a r i s h J u s e d a t e s t w r i t t e n and a d m i n i s ­

ffenersl
tered

tv

S ch ools.

the

"D ivision

T h is

nature

study,

It

was

based

of

scien ce;

The

30
on

all

were
W ith

Pa r is h

found

to

two

stu d ies

in

w hich

test

q u estion s

The

by

done
found

and

h is

associated

the

.62
h is

of

by

. 5^9

and

M ental

d 1 pf c r e n c e s

in

referred
T am a ■'rn i ^ ^

rencral

r e ma r d i n ^

A b ility

determ ined,

and

.503

type.

^roup

P arish

’b a r d y ^ -

betw een

studl e s

w ith

choice

experim ental

A. . 0 3 .

and

sem ester

m u ltip le

thus

C ity

item s.

that

P h ilad elp h ia

co rrela tio n s

r el ated

25 b io lo g y

of

achievem ent

of
to

P h ilad elp h ia

20 m a t h e m a t ic s

of

the

in tellig en ce

f i n d Tnr;s o f

achlcvem ent

p rior

of

and

a co rrela tio n

the

essen tials

were

q 'o tien ts

of

25 b i o l o g y ,

and

minimum

in tellig en ce

they

scores

contained

determ ined

T est.

Research

chem istry,
the

in tellig en ce

members

in

test

of

scien ce

resp ectively.
dl f f erence s
sex.

Dvorak

2 3w 1'11 1 am B a n i s h , " C o r r e l a t e s
o f A b i l i t y in Hcmeral
S c ie n c e as R ev ea led in a Survey at
t^ e R o o s e v e l t J u n io r H irh
S c h o o l o f P h i l a d e l p h i a , " ( u n p u b l i s h e d R a s t e r ’ s t h e s i s , Temple
Ur:I v e r s i t y , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P e n n s y l var i a , 1 9 3 7 ) , p p . 2 & 1 3 .
^ J o s e p h P a r d y , "An I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e W r i t t e n E x a m i n ­
a t i o n as a M easure o f A chievem ent w ith P a r t i c u l a r R e fe r e n c e
to Ueneral S c ie n c e ," (u n p u b lish ed D o c to r ’ s d i s s e r t a t i o n ,
U n iv e r s ity o f P e n n sy lv a n ia , P h ila d e ln h ia , P e n n sy lv a n ia , 1923)»
c i t e d b y W i l l i a v P a r i s h , oja. c l t . , p . 1 2 .
2 5 J o s e p h T1. T a m a v n i , "A S t u d y o f t h e S c i e n c e S c o n e s
in
t h e C a n n e m ie E x a m i n a t i o n s o f 1 ° 3 0 and 1 9 3 2 at n e m n l e U n i v e r ­
s i t y , " ( u n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ’ s t h e s i s , 1 emple U n i v e r s i t y ,
P h i l a d e l p h i a , ^ c m s y l v a n l a , l a y , 1.9 3ft-' > c i t e d b y W i l l i a m
P arish , op. c i t . , p. 12.

3^4found

sig n ifica n t

girls

in

d ifferen ces

connection

scien ce

test.

groups,

students

w ith

the

the

con sisten tly

in

the

eigh th

through

W herein he

cornared

the

scores

of

the

of

lev el,
in

there

favor

of

h is

u n train ed

were

no

eith er

scores

stan d ard isation

was

scores

T h is

betw een

h is

groups,

sig n ifica n t

so

of

w ith
the

all

of

by

h is
grades.
w ith

p-rade

con sisten tly

sex.

. . . +:he r a n k o r d e r s o f t h e i t e m s f o r t h e u n ­
t a u g h t r - i r l s and t h e u n t a u g h t b o y s w e r e m ore
a l ik e th an were th e rank o rd er o f the item s fo r
t h e g i r l s b e f o r e and a f t e r t a k i n ~ G e n e r a l S c i e n c e .
The
nronpted

same
the

and

general

grouos

lev el

d ifferen ces

boys

h is

tw elfth

train ed

^rade

of

was

found

follow in g

to

be

true

for

ob servation

by

the

boys.

'

T h is

Dvorak:

. . . th a t n ot p a r ts o f General S c ie n c e were
more d i f f i c u l t f o r r i r l s t h a n f o r b o y s b u t t h a t
r e l a t i v e l y a l 1 o f G e n e r a l S c i e n c e was a s much m ore
d i f f i c u l t fo r r i r l s than fo r boys as i s in d ic a t e d
by t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e m e d i a n s .' A tkin son*^
betw een
in clu d ed
d id ,
the

the
in

did

mean
her

however,

? S Thid

show

p.

. . n.

^ C a rro ll

scores
study.

d istrib u tio n

'0 ^ f h I d T !

not

find
of

the

The

a rreater
the

sig n ifica n t
boys

and

d istrib u tio n
standard

scores

of

the

c lt . ,

n.

of

who w e r e
boys

scores

d eviation

than

did

g irls.

-3 U f
on.

rrirls

the

$ 33.

A tk in son ,

d ifferen ces

6h

3S
The
m edian
was

of

first

obtained

33.^0

3 1 . 3 )4 .

m edian

d ifferen ce
whereas

b asis
per

in

T able

of

cent

im provem ent

was

the

the

score

the

b asis

h o y s ’ m edian

sig n ifica n t

second

where

or

at

the

boys

a

^ i r l s ’ m edian

the

m irls*

wss

11 " . 2 3 .

t-ra tio

im provem ent

w ith

score

The

level

of

d ifferen ce

scien ce

d ivid ed

th eir
of

used

o rigin al

exam in ation

the
th is

boys

students

in tellig en ce

textbooks,

coverin g

h is

score

and

he

into

three

expressed

obtained

groups

on

im provem ent

the

data

sum m arized

IV.

A fter

300

test

180

not.

as

He

in itia l

I1 6 . 7 6 w h e r e a s

Wh e n H o w a r d
the

b y H o wa r d - ^ 0 r e p o r t e d

on t h e

On t h e

was

three,
was

data

and

of

Sm ith

ten

composed

subject

m atter

test

compare

to

crirls

in

six

commonly

adopted

a com pletion

predom inating
the

in

achievem ent

northern

states.

gener°l
type

these
in
He

test
textbooks.

scien ce

concluded:

H ate-cial g e n e r a lly
o v e r e d in b i o l o g y shows no
d i f f e r e n c e s i n m e n e r a l , b u t t h e s u b d i v i s i o n s show
slir h t d i^ feren ces.
P h y s i o r Tr a n h y

m aterial

C hem istry m a ter ia l
fa v o r o f the boys.

shows

shows

no

sex

of

sex

d ifferen ce.

sig n ifica n t

d ifferen ce

in

P h y sic s m aterial
i s m u c h e a s i e r ro r b o y s t h a n f o r
r I r i s , t h e m ed ia n d i f f e r e n c e on s n b t o o i c s r a n r i n r from
)4 t o 2 2 p e r c e n t .

^L ester

R.

Howard,

oo.

cjyt. ,

p.

yl.

36

TABLE IV
SUMMARY OF A PORTION OF HOWARP’ S DATA R .••JOARD I NO
DIFFERENCES OF ACHIEVEMENT ASSOCIATED WITH SEX

*Ter c e n t of
im nrovePer nent o f
im provenent r e n t n o sa ib l

I n 111 a l
score

Imnrovement
score

O irl s
Hit?h I Q
M i d d l e IQ
Low I Q
Total

3 5 . 60
31.90
2 6 . >1.5
3 1 . 3>|

5 2 . 60
5 6.33
30.00
5 6.76

1 57.75
111 7 . 1 2
11 3.5-0
15 '7. 50

26.5
21.9
It . 3
21.9

Bor s
HiHh IQ
M i d d l e IQ.
L ow I Q
Total

5 .1 . o o
3>l . 6 6
25.25
35.no

5.9 .5-0
5)i.55
37.20
11.5. 2 5

120.50
123.50
131 . 65
129.30

13 . 2
15.2
12.5
15.3

■ss-This c o l ’iinn w a s c a l c u l a t e d b y t h e a u t h o r o f t h i s s t u d y
th e hone o f m aking H ow ard's d a ta more r e a d i l y c o r n e r e d
w i t h t h o s e from r e l a t e d s t u d i e s .
(Adapted

from L e s t e r

R.

Howard,

ng_.

c l t p.

52.)

in

37
T e subject
for r i r l s . *
B arish

32

boys

and

o irls

did

A tk in son -^ ,

found,

however,

w ith
is

as

d eviation s

girls

showed

ll.It,

n ossib le

much e a s i e r *

sig n ifica n t

of

the

is

fo u n d no

scores

standard

the

83 a w hole

of

the

the

greater

By

an

an alysis

to

determ ine

d ifferences

inclu ded

two

in

h is

In

v a ria b ility ,
B a r i s h 1s

that

th is

boys

study.
in

1 3 . [ 4. a s

d ifferen ce

the
study

comonred

however,
has

the

He

B a r i s h 1s

data,

than

between

a d ifferen ce

prrouos.

of

for

it

a t-ratio

of 1 .2.
Wor k i n fr w i t h It3 b o y s
scores
unit

of

tests

Everyday
was

the

found

1.327,

w1 t h

designed

Problem s

ad i f f e r e n c e
of

boys

to

in

those

P iss

of

accompany

Sc I e n c e .

t o b e 1,1 3 6 . 3 3
In

a n d U3 r i r l s ,
the

Woods^t

r i r 1 s on

P einer

The mean

and

the

the

boys

favor

of

Woods

observed

-Iris
of

comnsred

the

seventeen

and B e a u c h a m n 1 s
score

of

1 ,1 0 0 .3 0 .

36.03

w ith

the

boys

T his

^ave

a t-ratio

that:

On o n l y o n e o f t h e t e s t s , t h a t r e l a t i n g t o c l o t h i n g ,
w e r e t h e c’l r l s s u p e r i o r t o t h e bo;, s .
On f i v e o f t h e
t e s t s , those r e l a t i n g to the study o f h eaven ly b o d ie s ,
w a t e r s u n n l y , c o m n l e x a a c h l n e r y , c o r v ’u n i c a t i o n , a n d
t r a n s n o r t a t i o n , th e b oys were s u p e r i o r t o th e p i r l s .
3 1 v i r t o n C. S m i t h , " S e x ' I n f e r e n c e s i n t h e
O e n e r a l S c i e n c e , ” S c * e n c e , 7 3 : 3 0 - 3 7 , Jo- "-ary •’ ,
P arish ,
33oa.rroll

oo_.

A tkin son,

cl t . ,

ojc.

p.

Study
1 9 32«

of

63,

c l t . , p.

67.

*^!h e l a O l a n h v r a W o o d s , ” Ser_ PI t ^ r f i c e s i n A c h !«• v e m e n t
a nd I n t e r e s t s i n O e n c r a l S c i e n c e end rn
’ r b -e a r in p on t h e
C l s . s s i f.i c a t i o n and I n s t r u c t i o n o f ?u~' i l s
( onruibl t s h e d
V a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , TTn I v e r s i t . y o ' ' C h i c a g o , C ^ i o a ’- o , 1111. , 1' 3 7 ) ,
^ 6 r>n
,

33
On t h e o t h e r e l e v e n t e a t s
e q u a l In a c h i e v e m e n t . 3 5
R elated
associated
a few

stu d ies

regarding

wi th m em bership

in v estig a tio n s

do n o t

provide

study

provides

p articip ation
general

have

in

been

scien ce.

Scout

R is

crouus

[j.-N c l u b s ,

were

In

and

Scouts.

in

th is

pattern

of

resu lts.

the

area

experim ental

and

Only

and

they

Farnum 's-^

relation sh ip

a ctiv ities

about

achievem ent

done

rem arding

Boy

two

d lfforen ce s

in

a con sisten t
data

the

betw een

achievem ent

groups

con sisted

in

of

§

£3 B oy S c o u t s
m atched

for

by

ad d ition al
in

T able

v.

^arnum
in

th eir

marks

le st,

check
37

data

of

the

two

is

the

of

on h i s

course
eigh th

3 ^I b i d . , ~ .

for

The

groups

determ ined

by

F a r n i3m a l s o

Enr1 i s h

to

study.

A p ortion

that

made m o r e

groups

as

Form B .

observed

betw een

h is

non-Scouts.

teachers

Enmi 1 s h

of

£3

in tellig en ce

A d m in isterin g
assign ed

and

alth oa^

they
and

opined
tenth

d ifficu lt

in tellig en ce.

these

the
in

the
used

of

O tis
the

h is

Scouts
th eir

to

p a rtia lly
S elfmarks

students

grades.
due

were

as
data

lost

an
apnesrs

around

natural

scien ce

An i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
incom plete

The m e d i a n

m atching

in tellig en ce

32.

3 ^ D o n E . F a r n u m , 11A C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e S u c c e s s i n T e n t h
f r a d e N a t u r a l S c i e n c e o f E3 Tio y S t o u t s a n d S 3 N o n - S c o u t s
a s R e l a t e d t o T ^ e i r S u c c e s s i n E i g h t h ■'"rede N a t u r a l S c i e n c e , ”
( u n p u b l i s h e d N e u t e r ’ s t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f i 1c h i c a n , An n
A r b o r , M i c h i g a n , 1 9 l ; 0 ) , !i7 o p .
37I b id . , pp.

3 3 - 3h.

39

TAFLE V

A r'ORTION OF' FAR NTIK * S DATA COVPAEINO
AND NON-SCOUTS

Scout s '
average

Subject
Bt . b m a d e E n r l i s h
1 0 t h parade E n g l i s h
8th grade n a tu ra l
science
10th grade n a tu ra l
science

(Adapted

from Don E.

Farman,

Non-Scout s '
a v e r arr e

2 . 33
2 .1 9

2.33
2.01
2 . 63
2 . Ill

2.53
2 . 6l

Ib id .

SCO TT 3

pn ,

33 —3 *1..

1)0
qu otien t

of

the

Scouts

being

n o n - S c o u t s may h a v e

been

d ifferen ces

the

between

p arnum

cites

Farnsw orth^,

the

of

The

Scouts

ex cell

in

observed

that

they

is

these

stu d ies

in tellig en ce,
a p ositive

score,

Under t h e s e

perform ance

of

the

stu d ies

a rather

achievem ent
enjoy

at

the

a degree

of

su p eriority

w ith

achievem ent

used

l 6l

school,

conditions

he

pattern.

but

correlation

in

the

two

con sisten t

has

grade

to

already

nairs

same

been
in

tim e

shown

general

m atched

end o c c u p a t i o n

found

the

re31,^ s

that

he

than

groups.
qC
o f R idenour-'',

and W y l a n d ^ *

form

study

h i "her

related

a factor

In K o n s o n 1s ^
test

ooin ts

sig n ifica n tly

ad d ition al

M onson^,

all

2.98

a difference

in

of
in

it

in
to

bear

scien ce.

arc,

m ental

father.
the

favor

3 8 o o r d o n N. R i d e n o u r , "Roy S c o u t s v e r s u s N o n - B o y S c o u t s
i n S c h o o l , ” ( ’u n p u b l i s h e d m a n u s c r i p t I n t h e ^ i l e s o f t h e B o y
S c o u t s o f A m e r i c a , 1 9 2 5 ) , c i t e d b y F a r n u r r , on.. c i t . , p . 1 0 .
3 9 p h i l o T . ]iln « n s w o r t h ,
v i s o r o f ^ r a r r r p.r G r a d e s - a n d
S c h o o l D i s t r i c t , " S a l t Lake
op. c i t . , p . 11.

" U n p u b l i s h e d Stu*dy b y t h e S u p e r ­
J u n ior Rich S c h o o ls o f O ra n ite
C i t y , 1 9 1 2 , c i t e d by Farnum,

^ A l b e r t R. M o r s o n , " T h e F f f e c t o f P a r t i c i p a t i o n
I n B o y S c o u t V/ork o n S c h o o l R e c o r d s , L e a d e r s h i p , P a r t i c i p a t i o n
i n S t u d e n t A c t i v i t i e s , and D e v e l o p m e n t I n C h a r a c t e r , " ( u n ­
p u b l i s h e d R a s t e r ’ s 1 1 1 6 5 1 3 , U n i v e r s i t y o f D i ’- c n e s o t a , f' i n n e a n o l i s ,
M i n n e s o t a , 1 9 3 5 ) , c i t e d by Farnum , o p . c i t . , p . l U .
J l l R a y 0 . V / y l a u d , S c o u t i n g i n t h e S c h o o l s . (New Y o r k :
C o l u m b i a i n ’ v e r s ’ t y R r e s s , 1 9 3 U T 7 c i t e d b v F a r n um , o n . c 1 t . ,
n. 15.
■konson,

ojn.

c it.m

k-1
of the
be

Scouts,

true

d ifferen ce

P rior
ment

in

n-ener a l

Academ ic

case

scien ce

scores

for

both

through

In

connection

grade n u n ils
grouns.

He

ho

rural

groups

the

of

ninth
w ith

divided

id en tified

the

and t h e

of

w hich

are

are

that

poverty

the
group

students
of

in itia l

in

35* 26).

had

the
The

an Im p r o v e m e n t
rep resen ting
being

for
the

the

Science

Third

for

Iowa

1631

in

d ifferences

those

general

and

pu pils

those

of

as

the

th is

the

two

status

of

t-ratio

the

being

the

Some

the
the

269

a m edian

w i t h h i . 38
^or

the

study

in

whereas

estab lish ed

as

group.

students

d ifferen ce

seventh

socio-econom ic

p o v erty

28.73

narrowed

The

involving

area

lh 9

of

croup

can

into

w ith

wa3

w ithout.

o f higher

to

th is

the m ed ian s.

social-econ om ic

students,

score

su b sisten ce

achieve­

T his

low er

a m edian

b asis,

used

in

students.

group

scores

would

and u r b a n

related

t - r a t to

the

sign ifican t

grade

the

group

data

w ith

^ o w a r d ’ s ^- 1 s t u d y

su b sisten ce
his

d ifferences

General

no

in 100

zero.

w ith

in

found

of

chances

Whe n H a c k ^

Test

he

66

associated

students.

E very-P unil

the

than

concerned

scien ce

in vestigation

between
the

of

that

m reater

stu d ies

backgrounds

h is

a d ifferen ce

7.96.

On

and [;7.0 h

differen ce

2 . 8 !.;.

^^V'alter Hack,
^‘' H o w a r d ,

ojd.

or,

c it .,

c i t . , n.

nr.

11

and

32.

!j 6 .

A

It 2
Wh e n H o w a r d

compared

su b sisten ce

croups

ranks

above

60)

croun

was m a i n t a i n e d .

ab ility

in

the

su b sisten ce

of

the

lev el

of

sta tistica l

occupational
) r0
^ p u s s i p . 'd

status.

ran-in^
lev els
w ith

The

around
of

to

of

were

the

all

favor

the

.177

the

status

by

five

h .36

was

found

same
when

decree
the

still

below

II
in

the
for

according

these

of

w ith m edian
any

1 .2

3 .1 .

hlr-her

were
w ith

and
The

and
were

When

a d ifferen ce

a t-ratio

scores

occupa­

status.

cornered

o^ d i f f e r e n c e s

by

su ccessive

1 .5

and

the

scores

between

the

im provem ent

to

surrested

lev els

between

ranre

and

were

t-ratios

five

test

of

su b sisten ce

the m id d le

a method

betw een

favor

and

.7U 5.

students

father

in

the

reduced

and

d ifferen ces

in

of

croup

but

one

In

same

croup

t-ratios

lev els

m aintained

in

in itia l

of

was

p ercen tile

On t h e
30

the

(II

represented

betw een m edians
gen eral,

a b ility

croups

corresponding

occupational

novertv

IQ, a b i l i t y

be

occupational

d ifferen ces

the

d ifferences

crouped h is

level

of

sign ifican ce,

nrovinp
also

upper

The

and l o w e r

Howard

scores

d ifferen ce

favor

tion al

the

rroup

d ifferen ces

the

o f )y.35.

relia b ility
riven

the

an alysis.
H sinr

a test

y z ---------------------

described

In

a previou s

section

of

th is

F r a n k W. T a u s s i r r , P r i n c l o l e s o f i i c o n o m t c 3 t V o l u m e
(New Y o r k :
M a c m i l l a n C o . ^ 1 9 1 1 ) , p n . 1 3li —1 1 2 , c i t e d b y
H o w a r d , i b i d . , p . It9*

II,

U3
report,
of

Schauss^

112.35

as

compared

lished

by

show

t-ra tio

was

a

city

enhanced

enjoyed

test.

were

found

of

when

differences

were

in

on

favor

the
of

His

data

t h i s

mean

and

The

of

betw een

greatest

the

^^B arish,

op.
op.

city

children

country
on

by

the

children

the

biology,

No r e l i a b l e
and

tended

chem istry

to

be

his

scores.

consistently

students

occupational

level

in

intelligence

of

order

labor
and

high

were

5h * a n d

and

1 o\< " r o u p s

p.

the

order

less

science

in

groups

In

than

scores

of

skilled

His

differences
was

father.

groups

except

interchanged.
the

five

skilled

the

appeared

b etw een mean

c i t . , p.
c i t .,

his

in

into

of

business-clerical,

sm iliar

difference

^% ohauss,

to

d ifference

scores

When r a n k e d

10

found

this

the

score

estab­

determ ined

labor.

sem i-skilled
betw een

that

physics

divided

professional,

a

as

higher

item s

was

the

a ranking

score

106.5

these

questions.

the

a mean

children.

study

unskilled

sm all,

points

his

basis

show

science

labor

consistently

for

of

of

that

i n mean
reported

country

in

the

and

observed

agricultural

the

order:

labor,

were

on

it

found

score

m agnitude

m lscelleanous

B a r i s t i 1^
groups

The

was

made

difference

3 . 3 Jl •

make

and

children

a mean
This

Schauss

physiology,

Scores

w ith

difference

M iss
to

country

children.

a 1.35

O tis

found

1^
12.

was

13. 50.

27-

7U-

A

U4
By t h e

use

in terview s,
regarding
w ould be

of

q u estion n aires,

.ToKnson^

punil

was

social

suspected

A lthough h is

in

seven,

school,
one
ated
gence

regarding

the

q u otien ts

in d u stries

( P) s o c i o - e c o n o m i c
number o f

relation s

w ith

nature,

in stitu tion s

and

of

kind

status

contacts

scien tific

became

and i n s i i t u t i o n s
of

o"

and b o o k s
contacts

devoted
w ith

references

as

to

references
in

7,

as

in

w ith

nature,
the

kind

and
of

a

in

and

3> (h ) in tellig en ce

2

contacts

marks

w ith

scien ce,

contacts

in stitu tion s

w ith m ovies

encyclopedias,

( 9 ) science

( 1 0 ) In tel 1 i^ence

w ith

qu otien ts

( 1 ) socio-econom ic
7,

w ith

and c o n t a c t s

( 7) i n t e l l i g e n c e

contacts

(1)in te lli­

contacts

( 6) science

and number o f

calcu l­

and

programs,

kinds

C.

marks

and r a d i o

6,

D.

A pproxim ately

a scien tific

and

to

students

as

t h e - p u n 1.1 a an d

as

the

W ashington,

and number o f

( 3) s c ie n c e

'S a n d

to

such v a r ia b le s

and num ber o f

in

sign ifican ce

were

and k i n d s

as

one

data

that

correlation s

in d u stries

in d u stries

of

In volved .

quotients

and m o v i e s

errerien ces

in

and

extensive

was l i m i t e d

first-ord er

and th e

rather

elem ents

and n i n e

pu pils

separate

to

econom ic

study

eigh t,

some 1 , ^ 0 0

hundred

and

o f having

scien ce.
grades

able

consu lt a tio n s,

and

m agazines,
status

marks

qu otien ts,

radio

and

and

(ll)so cio -

i t h C. Tu U n 3 o n , " O u t - o f - S c h o o l S c i e n c e E x n c r i e n c e s
o f p u o i l s i n t h e T h r e e O r a d e s o f J u n i o r TTi^h S c h o o l , " ( n o u b l i s h e d F a s t e r 1s t h e s i s , Oeorge bashinrrton h n i v e r j i t y ,
W a s h i n g t o n , B . C. , 1 9 ) i l ) , p .

econom ic
of

status,

contacts
H ovinp

tion

and

w i t h home
been

Johnson

only

w ith

a very

three-fourths

concluded

marks

experien ces

confronted

coefficien ts

and n e a r l y

( 1 2 ) scien ce

of

and number

a scien tific

th is

few

and k i n d s

wide

array

o f which went

o f w hich were

less

than

nature.
of

correla

above

.20

£. . 1 0 ,

that:

The e n v i r o n m e n t , r i c h o r o o o r i n o p p o r t u n i t i e s ,
ca n n o t be used to p r e d i c t th e r i c h n e s s or dLrth o f
t h e e x p e r i e n t i a l b a c k g r o u n d as f a r as s c i e n c e i s
concerned. . . .
The o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r s c i e n c e
e x p e r i e n c e s seem t o be i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e s o c i o ­
e c o n o m i c s t a t u s o f t h e ho me an d s e e m t o b e p a r t i c i ­
pated in n e a r ly e q u a lly hy c h ild r e n o f a ll l e v e l s
o ^ s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t a t u s and i n t e l l i g e n c e . . . .
Those p u n i l s w ith low s c ie n c e m irk s are as l i k e l y
t o h a v e e x p e r i e n c e d a l a r r e number o f c o n t a c t s w i t h
as have th o s e o u n i l s w it h

horofsky

by

using

his

"case

study”

a' p n o a c h

eonelud

that
A g r e a t e r p e r c e n t are o f t h e low a c h i e v e r s th a n o f
t h e hirrh a c h i e v e r s w e r e b o r n i n t h e t o w n i n w h i c h
t h e y now l i v e . . . .
A g r e a t e r p e r c e n t are o f broken
h o m e s i s f o u n d a mo n g t h e l o w a c h i e v e r s t h a n a mo n g
the high a c h ie v e r s.
T h ere are no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r ­
e n c e s in th e e d u c a t io n w hich the p a r e n ts o f th e c a s e s
r e c e i v e d , nor in the c l a s s e s o f o c c u p a t io n s in w hich
t h e f a t h e r s o f t h e c a s e s are e n r a g e d . . . . The lo w
a c h i e v e r s a s a r r o u n l i v e i n si i r h t l y b e t t e r n e i g h ­
b o r h o o d s . A g r e a t e r p e r c e n t a :~"e o f t h e p a r e n t s o f t h e
b ir h a c h ie v e r s than th e p a r e n ts o f t^ e low a c h ie v e r s
own t h e i r own h o m e s a n d s n e a k a f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e a t
home.
T h e a v e r s ’e n u m b e r o f b o o k s i n t h e h o m e s o f t h e

U-6
h ig h a c h ie v e r s is approxim ately
number o f b o o k s i n t h e homes o f
In
of

an

.junior

in v estig a tio n
high

school

of

the

m roils,

equal to the average
th e low a c h ie v e r s .

out-of-school

Cressrnan

a ctiv ities

concluded

that:

Lt. T h e g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t o f c h o i c e s o ^ a c t i v e ' t i e s
m"de b y o u o i l s o f d i f f e r e n t i n t e l l i g e n c e l e v e l s i n d i ­
c a t e s t h a t i n t e l l i g e n c e i s n o t an i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r
i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c h o i c e o f an a c t i v i t y . . . . 9 . The
g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t o f c h o i c e s o f a c t i v i t i e s made b y
o u r ils o f d iffe r e n t socio-econ om ic sta tu s in d ic a te s
th a t so c io -e c o n o m ic s t a t u s i s not^an im portant fa c to r
in m aking a c h o ic e o f a c t i v i t i e s . P rior
to

the

took
of

content

general

the

that

research
of

The
research

being

th is

scien ce

b iology,

is

exp lorin g

offered

follow in g
nro j e c t

study.

w ill

2y9> o f

m iscellean ou s

,T.

the
by

Leker
.

^ave

chem istry,

the

teacher.

observation

com nleted

.

in

of

.found

q u estion s
that,

already
end

r e l a t ed

students

had

w^ o

3

Id.b. , o f

the

p h ys'cs

53

P oster's

is

based

on

a

19ij.O.

A study o f the su b ject con ten t o f the m a ter ia l
p r e s e n t e d i n s e r i e s t e x t s shows a n o s s i b l e e f f e c t
on t h e s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l u r o g r a m .
Whe n s e r i e s t e x t s
are used in th e ju n io r h ig h sc h o o l l e v e l th e b a s ic
s c i e n c e c o n c e n t s a r e r e p e a t e d t o s u c h an e x t e n t i t
w ou ld seem t h a t t h e t v p i l s s h o u l d be g i v e n more
a d v a n c e d s u b j e c t m a t t e r a t t h e s e c o n d a r y l e v e l o r an
^ I b i d . ,1rr>.

207-2^ .

^ E l m e r W. P r e s s m a n , " T h e O u t - o f - S c h o o l A c t i v i t i e s o f
J u n i o r H i g h S c h o o l P i m i l s i n R e l a t i o n t o I n t e l l i g e n c e a nd
S o c i o - E c o n o m i c St a t u s , " ( n n n u b l i s h e d D o c t o r 1s di s s e r t a t i o n ,
P en n sy lv a n ia S ta te C o lle g e , S ta te C o lle g e , P en n ., 1937 ) » n.
7 \ r. R . L e k e r , " T h e A r t i c u l a t i o n o f 1 n e r a l S c i e n
w ith the S p ec ia l S c ie n c e s." Oenerel S cien ce -u a r te r ly ,
9 : 1 9 8 - 1 7 3 , M arch, 1 9 2 9 , M arch, 1 9 2 1 , n . l'?0.

223

1+7
expanded treatm en t o f the con cep t i f i t i s r e p e a te d .
The s e r i e s o f t e x t s a n a l y z e d i n t h i s s t u d y c o n t a i n
much o f t h e m a t e r i a l o f f e r e d i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l h i p h
school scien ce cou rses.
Tf the co n cep ts are rep ea ted
in c l a s s as o f t e n as th e y are u sed i n th e t e x t s a t the
j u n i o r h ip h s c h o o l l e v e l th e n u u i l s s h o u ld be w e l l p r e ­
p a r e d t o u n d e r s t a n d ’p p r e a d v a n c e d c o n t e n t i n s e n i o r
hiph school c o u r s e s . ^
In
Woods

a study

referred

to

p reviou sly

in

th is

report,

M iss

found:

The i n t e r e s t s e x p r e s s e d by t h e r u o i l s a t t h e bepin ninp o f th e ir study o f the u n its in General S cien ce correspond
somewhat w i t h t h e i r a c h i e v e m e n t i n t h o s e u n i t s .
Both
n e r s t i v e and p o s i t i v e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w a s f o u n d t o o c c u r .
I t i s l i k e l y th at the r u n l l s 1 in t e r e s t s In flu en ced
t o some e x t e n t t h e i r a c h i e v e m e n t i n t h e u n i t s . . . .
The i n t e r e s t s e x p r e s s e d b v th e m o i l s a t t h e end o f
t h e i r stu dy o f the u n it s in General S c ie n c e correspond
b o t h n e g a t i v e l y and p o s i t i v e l y w i t h a c h i e v e m e n t , b u t ^
t h e r e i s more P o s i t i v e th a n n e g a t i v e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e * ^
Beauchamp

conducted

a study

in

w h ich he

attem pted:

. . . ( l ) t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e x t e n t and n a t u r e o f t h e
in d iv id u a l d i f f e r e n c e s w hich a n i s e . i n a t t a in in g s p e c i f i c
le a r n in g p r o d u cts In elem en ta ry s c ie n c e ; ( ? ) to r e v e a l
the f a c t o r s w hich in f lu e n c e the P r o g r e s s o f o u n i l s in
t h e a t t a i n m e n t o f s p e c i f i c l e a r n i n g p r o d u c t s ; and
( 3 ) t o ,'-'ake r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r t h e i m p r o v e m e n t ,o f t e a c h ­
i n g t e c h n i q u e on th e b a s i s o f f a c t s d i s c l o s e d . '
He

secured

h is

scien ce

cla sses

of

data
the

from

Freshman

U n iversity

of

and

sub-Freshman

Ch^ c s p o

Hi'rh S c h o o l .

^ R i c h a r d James F o s t e r , "Desiree o f R e p e t i t i o n o r E x p a n ­
s i o n o^ C o n c e p t s i n S e r i e s o f G e n e r a l S c i e n c e Te x t s f o r
G r a d e s S e v e n , E i r h t , and b i n e , " P a r t 1 , ( u n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s
t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f l o v u - , I o w a C i t y , I o w a , 1' J i O) , p p . l G d - l h l
C>L,W o o d s ,

ou.

c it. ,

p p

.

A p —"U0 .

I I b u r L e e B e a u c h a m p , "An A n a l y t i c a l S t u d y o f A t t a i n ­
m e n t o ^ S p e c i f i c I c a r n i n r P r o d u c t s in. • .1 errant s r y / S c i e n c e , "
( u n p u b l i s h e d D o c t o r ' s d i s s e r t a t i o n , TTn i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a < ~ o ,
C'1 c a ' o , I l l i n o i s , l c 3 0 ) , p .
#

h3
T eaching
tion

of

scien ce

of u n its

by t e s t s ,
fcv t h e

by

the

to

th is

those

classes

con sisted

K orrison procedure.

observations,

students.

pertin en t

in

and

an alysis

T' o s e

of h is

study

are:

of

Date

of presenta­
were

exercises

’o n c l u 3 i o n s

wf ' c h

collected

prepared
are most

( 1 ) T h e d a t a r e v e a l i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s and v a r i a ­
t i o n s i n i n t e l l i g e n c e , r a t e o f r e a d i n g and a b i l i t y t o
u n d e r s t a n d what i s r e a d , e x p e r i e n t i a l baokcrro'md,
p e r c e n ta g e o f a p p l i c a t i o n , snan o f a p p l i c a t i o n , a t t i ­
tud e toward work, m eth ods o f s t u d y , th e tim e r e q u ir e d
to s o l^ e the e x e r c i s e s p r e s e n t e d for s o l u t i o n , th e
t y p e s o f e r r o r m a d e , and t h e e t . i l t t y t o p e r f o r m t h e
d i f f e r e n t a c t i v i t i e s r e q u ir e d in the study o f s c ie n c e .
( 2 ) r!'he s t u d y s h o w s t h a t w’^ i l e p r o g r e s s i n t h e s t u d i o
o p s c i e n c e i s d e f i n i t e l y r e l a t e d to such f a c t o r s as
i n t e l l i g e n c e , a b i l i t y t o r e a d , e r r o r .1 e n t i a l b a c k g r o u n d ,
and s u s t a i n e d a p p l i c a t i o n , t h e r e a r e s o many e x c e p t i o n s
to t h i s g en era l r e la t io n s h ip th a t the r e s u l t s are o f
l i t t l e value in in te r p r e tin g in d iv id u a l progress u n less
a c c o m p a n i e d by o b s e r v a t i o n s and a n a l y s i s o f t h e i n d i v i ­
d u a l ' s method o f s tu d y . . . .

(M f'h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n shows
in r r o T e a s w ere, in ceneral ,
were c o r r e c t iv e in n a tu r e .

that ind ividu al v a r ia tio n s
c a u s e d by f a c t o r s w h i c h

( 7 ) T h e c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s and
v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e p r o g r e s s o f n u n i l s when d i f f e r e n t
m e t h o d s o^ t e a c h i n g are e m p lo y e d i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e
i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s and v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e p u p i l s a r e
more c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o p r o g r e s s th an i s t h e method o f
i n s t r u c t i o n em ployed.
Hecht

f‘o c u s e d

^ TI b i d . . " p
^ He c h t ,

p

a s t u d 77- p r i m a r i l y

.

op.

c it. ,

u p

.

llJ.i-117.

on

the

determ ination

1|9
o f what

aptitud es

si rm ificant
students

rela tio n sh ip s

course

nurnoses.

A fter

o'ivinr

he was

them

able

overall

to

to

Test

1.

I' est:

9 . Memory

used

appropriate

a New Y o r k

follow in g

for

tests

h i mb s c h o o l

correlation s

w ith

scien ce.

.Lj-6

Comoro. . •
.90

to

.29
.98

(Y e s te r d a y 1s D em onstration)

.99
.99

V i s u a l A p p r e h e n s i o n (r-.ot.ion P i c t u r e
Film ) .
................................................................................3 6

nest

13.

Oral C o m p r e h e n s i o n ( h e r b a l
S t a t e m e n t s ) ..........................................................

.70

1 - 8 - 1 9 . M a r k s f o r Wo r k ( E l e m e n t a r y
( T r a d e s ) ......................................................................

. 9U

and 1 i m i t a . t i o n s

the

effect

students

a rather

m easuring
the

be

c r-,il d

12.

concerning:

in

thus,

Test

Su mmar y

vtelc

these

R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o n and
M e m o r y ...............................................

C riteria

of

of

6 . C o m p r e h e n s i o n and Mem o r y ( C l a s s
A c t i v i t i e s ) ................................................................

Test

ment

in

the

bear

achievem ent

com posing
in

students

V isu a l E xperience (S e e in g ,
h e n d i n r , and R e m e m b e r i n r ) .

)}. -9.

Test

and,

o- rade

H a n d k erch ief E xperim ent ( S c i e n t i f i c
M e t h o d ) ...........................................................................

2-3.

Test

the

107 p u p ils

id en tify

achievem ent

by n i n t h

to

throumh t h e

prognosis
and

possessed

in

cl^ ar-cu t

.scopes

P rior

subse

instrijm ents

total

of

of

of

previou s

instruction

uent

general

pattern

tend

to

stu d ies.

of

record

students

on

the

scien ce

sign ifican t
w ith

achieve­

courses

con clu sion s.

concurrent

Stu dies

The
changes
ad d ition al

bO
in stru ction .

Q u an titatively,

sm all.

Where

tests

current

w ith

in

those

of

study.

the

tend

•’• o r e

be

than w ith

the

trad i t i o n a l l y
w ith

others.

ing

been
w ith

T; i s

th is

raises

on t h e

to

the

science

and a v a r i e t y
1 at i o n
between

ran'-inm
.50

end

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in

the

prade

m ineral

scien ce

portion

of

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the

su b ject m atter

the

n rior

between

acquired
the

stu dies

variou s

been

host
done

o f whether

reported
and

p- rade

students

factors

t h a t ma y

of

ten
the

have

factors

by n i n t h

contrib utinr

They

the

stu dies

o r more

d eal­

years

Increased

aero.

em phasis

in

the

elem entary

school

and t h e

train in g

of

the

elem entary

school

teachers

by

stu dies
of

the

of

have

eon f!ictin p

P reviou s

of

science

b e e n .accompanied
reveal

the

some b l o c k s

qu estion
of

by

cooperation

a w orthw hile

sim ultan eou sly.

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teaching

increased
has

actin g

designed

course.

inform ation
out

be r e p o r t e d

the

Many o f

p a rcellin g

to

con­

in

the

scien ce

are

trains

tend

been

ninth

w ith

changes

inclu ded

relation sh ip s

have

close

who w e r e

s i r n i f ’i c n n t

w ithout

the

fam iliar

fam iliar

^ains

had

entering

these

to measure

tests

w ith

students

to

inform ation

greater

the

or

Students

course

are

where

teacher

teachers

been used

in stru ction ,

cases

classroom

have

however,

effects

.60 .

w ill

cause

th is

study

achievem ent

tests

data.
usinr

a variety

in telligen ce

between

that

*35

tests

end

.65.

Althourh

s ome

of

reveal
host

decrees
resu lts

stu dies

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of
tend
the

correto

fa ll

pi
correlation

between

scores

there

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lation

between

in tellig en ce

inadequate

eviden ce

in tellig en ce
A^nin,

revardinp

i n t e r c o r r e l a t 1ons

factors

susnected

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and

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the

of

and

is

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concerning

in d ivid u al

need

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in itia l

for

of

the

vein s

add ition al

acq u isition

test

corre­

in

in tellig en ce

the

^inal

science

data

w ith
of

other

science

in form ation .
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d ifferences

th e most

con sisten t

in variab ly
They

tend

to

accent

a check

d-irlnr
these

P reviou s
accom panying

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and

w ith

the

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experience

ho me

factor.

In
tends

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measured,

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to

to

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w ith

respect
^Ive

the

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is

sm all.

T his

the

study.

favorable

to

is

the

advantage.

as

are,

determ ine

work

whether

associated

and Iq-H

social-econ om ic

pattern

student

tends

d ifferences

peculiarly

w hole

th is

only

d ifferences

as Scout
the

of

study

of

that

factors

blend

to

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inspected

Boys

exam inations.

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are

stu d ies.

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report

experience

th is

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In stru ction .

consistency

Such

d ifferen ces

related

Increase

considers

can w e ll

tend

by

sex

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experiences.

Scout

research

not

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d ifferen ces.

background
previou s

and

stu d ies

the

scien ce

ad d ition al

data

w ith

reported

but

over-all

small,

it

on

m aintain

on th e

however,

data

do b e t t e r
to

ad vantape

associated

revealed

from

by

a ’’ mood"

Quant i t at i v e l y

In stru ction

tends

to

52
dim inish

the

spread

and n o o r

hom es.

Several
focused
and

on

a m eat
been
Tt

exten sive

the

comm unity

fin d in gs

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home

susnected

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the

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in

ment

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su fficien tly

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s t u d v«• d o e s
O verall,

con trib u tion s
(2)bv

to

not
th is
to

ing

achievem ent

other

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factor
insure

study

attem p tin g

factors

the

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is

scien ce
to

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to

of

have

been

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home

scien ce.

The

In reg a r d

w hich m irh t

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to

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treneral,

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student

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r e p* r e s e n t

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achievem ent

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of

In vestigation s

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social

social-econ om ic

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to

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betw een

w ith

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of

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sch olarly

problem

con sisten tly

ship

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w hole

the

and

number

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the

betw een

th is

study

pop ulation

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d iscrep ant.
to

make

education
out

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by

Its

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(l)its

Independent

p reviou sly
inform ation

sim ultan eou sly.

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but

In

recency
effect
as

of

affect­

conjunction

CHAPTER I I I
COLLECTION OF DATA
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The P ead
m ajor

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responses

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b o t h Form A and Form R

of

textbooks
the

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KATERI ALS USED

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51*
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in

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if

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form

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p rin ted ." 2
A ccording
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S even ty-five

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^ G o o d e n c u / rh , o o . c i t . , p p . 9 2 - 9 3 .
p
" P e r s o n a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f t h e V i t h o r , l e t t e r from
R o c e r T. L ^ n n o n , D i r e c t o r , D i v i s i o n o^ T e s t R e s e a r c h and
T e r ’< . ' i ce, ( N e w v c r k :
World Book C o . , J u l y 2 9 , . 1 9 9 0 . )
^ J o h n S . R e a d , D i r e c t I o n s f o r Form s A_ and h o f t h e
s e n e r a l S c i e n c e To s t ^ ( N e w Y o r k :
World Pook Company, 1 9 9 0 ) ,
p . 1 •

up
tent.

A ll

five
is

of

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scored

as

Item s

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the

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for

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The

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56

of

d ifficu lty

J4 2 . I 3 .

d ifficu lty

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p recise

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states
7»5>«
scien ce

scien ce
science

item s,
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D ifficu lty
in

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in

standard-

56
As p r e v i o u s l y
of

th is

study

as

orig in a tin g

in ferred ,

the

item s

from

on th e

three

per

cent

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P ea r so n Product-M om ent

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1 , 9 73 p a p e r s

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A sam ple

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scien ces.

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.03

.82

SE z

.03

I t e m s ...........................8 7

SE z

.03

they

Item s

if

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A and B w e r e

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students

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SE Z

Item s.

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.91

Scien ce

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57
d irection s
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to

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made
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teachers

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form

for

the

an alysis

of

students

for

sheet

had

not

of
to

the
the

first

these

early

th is

to

enable

Read T e s t .
author
form.

scores

whom e i t h e r

been

visited

D uring

d istrib u ted

returned

those

again

year.

and m a t e r i a l s

sheets

sta tistica l

answer

1950-51

was

obtained

and

Before

w a s made
a first
were

scored

the
or

elim in ated .

58
Y /ith
tica l

the

com p letion

a n a ly sis

another
A copy

report
of

th is

Personal
used

to

test

to

the

coop eratin g

report

and

whom

the

on

the

p relim in ary

p lan s

by

the

ad visor

th is

th is

visio n

the

the

of

data

in v estig a tio n .
for

personal

(See

cla ss

p eriod

d u rin g

tne

p eriod

the

rem ain in g
The
these

n aratlon

was

com p leted

the

the

form
the

was d i c t a t e d
form

was

A copy

fin a l

1 9 1 .)
form
In

day

the

The

those

the

based

review ed
form

students

under

the

super­

sch ools

the

Read

form

in
was

w h ich
com­

' T' e s t

was

given .

fo llo w in g

day

in

p reced in g

or

and

personal

fin a l

to ta l

part

in form ation

frequency

and

s ta tis tic a l

m a n ip u lation

was

fa c ilita te d

by

group
scien ce

of

means
n in th

tnrouph

and

form s

thus

co rrela tio n

The

The

of

co llected

p erm itted ,

the

A p pend ix.

con cern in g

of

1851,

cases.

in itia l

of

of

the

of

d istrib u ted .

A ten ta tiv e

in form ation

the

s t a t is ­

in v estig a tio n

page

of

form

general

the

th e sis.

A p p en d ix.

of

the

summer

was

d esign

were

teachers.

The

on

The

classroom

len g th

p leted

for

the

com p leted

the

190

of

the

teachers

in form ation

test

nature

phases

d u rin g

page

form .

resord

the

in

of

scores

fo llo w s

by

appears

m ajor

the

in form ation

from

the

of

co llec t

students

of

of

of

students

year.

The

were

en ab lin g

from

recorded

the

d istrib u tio n

data

m echan ical

grade
the

the

scores

pre-

ta b les.

these

ta b les

ca lcu la to rs.
who
Read

were
T est

taug.nt
was

g iv en

59
so

2,318

course

students

in

the

bhe m a j o r
.jere

fa ll

cities

and

sf

sm all

tration

of

in

27

so

the

50.

the

T h is
in

in

the

in

C .n tra l

I llin o is ,

that

any

student

in

from

rural

the

the

study.

be

w ould

through

h is

of

students

and

from

slig h t

sh opp ing

w o ld

area

large

a

predom inan t

it

These

in

than

scien ce

source

p op u lation

more
a

general

is

lo ca ted

around

d efin itely

exp erien ces

th is

total

n oth in g

d w ellin g s

grade

group

sch ools

ran gin g
to

ninth,

data

h igh

c itie s

farm

1

of

v illa g e s

a ^ rtcu l t\ire
p rise

of

p ortion

en ro lled

the

en terin g

that

concen­

cen ter.

W ith

p rod u ctive

d iffic u lt

have

been

.home

and

sm all

to

enter­
prove

to ta lly
fam ily

free

oack-

ground.
The

total

ating

h igh

cases

the

a ll,

Ul

sch ools
total

scien ce

T ab le
com posed

or

~ ive

the

T h irteen
on

the

per

as

low

absent

eith er

scores.

en ro lled

fin a l
cent

form,
of

fu ll

Three
the

one

of

the

test

students
^orm

of

school

cooper­

other*

In

200.

tim e

to

the

sch ools.

to

hundred
form

the

In

over

part

able

"Inal

the

In form ation

or

these

were

In

the

was

ch a ra cteristics

who

day

some

students.

20

w ith in

the

students

the

as

in

en rollm en t

in stru ctio n

Test

personal

en rollm en t

grade

devoted

those

were

was

sum inarizes

Read

eith er

•i.ven
to

of

fin al

were

VI

grade

n in th

tea chers

general

and

n in th

of

the

group

fu rn ish

in itia l

fo rty -fiv e
of

the

w'p 1 c h

test

was

students
was

un able

at

the

prescrib ed

tim e.

d id

not

answer

q u estio n

w u ich

d ealt

w ith

the

read in g

60
TABLE VI
CHARACTED I B T I C S O’1’ THE O^O’TP 0 F 1 , 9 7 3
THE MAJOR p Or- '<TON 0 T;’ r: HR DATA FOR H U B

Per
the

Chfira c t e r i s t i c
Rural

home

C itv

13

b a c k e r o u n d ..................................................................

12

b a c k g r o u n d ..............................................................................

up

ho : e

b a c k " r o u n d ........................................................................

1 3

k ith

Scout

e x n e r i e r c e s ........................................................................

37

l ion.e

home

l i/ed

c en t p o s s e s s inr
c h a r e c te r istic

........................................................................

Vi 1 1 a p e

background

S T U D E N T S PROM WHOM
ST"Tj;Y WAS C O L L E C T E D

W ith

Club

k ith

lit t le

W ith

aver arc

W ith much

e x o e r - i e n c e s ............................................................

in terest
in terest

in terest

in

in
in

read in g

science

r e ad in'-' s c i e n c e

read in g

science

books

21

.

23

books.

books

•-!

.

9

13

From

the

’’ b e s t ’1 h o m e

b e c k r r o u n d ...........................................

1 6

'Tor:

the

"poor"

b a c k " r * o u n a ...........................................

9

The
the

home

t o t a l n u m b e r o.C s o l e c e c l a s s e s p e r w e e k t h r o u g h ,
s i x t h , s e v e n t h , and t i " i t h " r a c e s w a s :
Less th an 2

2
> i

b
10
12
1 /l

3

-

5

-

9
11
1 7
i R

m
7
9
9
3
13
9
22

61

in terests.
in

T w en ty-five

sch ools

econom ic
cent

the

q u estio n

The

the

six th ,

data

in

it

was

p o ssib le

to

the

v a ria b les

size

size

of

of

the

the

b a sic

able

the

p op u lation

of

the

be

group

square
be

fa irly

test

sam ple

of

in

’o o d n e s s
T ab le

fifte e n

betw een
students

scores

of

of

p ro b a b ility

the

d esign

students.

VII

f i t ,

tu is

shows

the

chances

the

of

th is

d istrib u tio n

of

to

respect

that

that

subgroups

id en tified

group

stu dy.

cases

a p p lied ,

the

they

in

so

those

to

the

where
a

reason­

sh ould
that

in

the

such

a

total

students.

the

normal

A ccordin g

that

crep an cies

grade

in

per

total

th is

enough

was

con sisten tly

coop eratin g
of

te st.

le ss

be

assum ed

of

raw

the

of

so cia l-

answers

d ifferin g

large

form ula

estim ate

n in th

u n ju stified .

th is
be

a

the

w ith in

d esign

in su re,

could

w ould

the

w o ld

d ifferen ce

was

that

subgroups

in

u su ab le

en ro lled

the

N ine

grades.

was

error

hom es.

subgroups

in

of

eig h th

group

a relia b le

It

id en tify

standard

estim ate

were

cla sses

and

show

in clu d ed

students

scien ce

to ta l

d ifferen ce

perm it

to

of

seventh,
VI

an

p rovid e

number

T ab le

the

students'

not

the

o f

fu rn ish

th eir

d id

con cern in g

cent

not

of

students

du rin "

The

could

co n d itio n s

of

had

w h ich

per

chi
in

the

in

In

one

th is

that

there

in tellig en ce

term s

w ith in

of

the

chi

assu m p tion

was

found

data

square

d istrib u tio n

In clu ded

of

study

p erta in in g

te st,

hundred
of

there

that

the

in tellig en ce

study

cun

be

to
w ou ld
d is­
in

the

ex p la in ed

to

62

TABLE VII
COMPARISON OF T WV. RI S TR. TP ’ TTION OF THE I NT I L L I TENGE
Q1TOT I ENT S OF 1 , 5 2 0 S T N D E N T S WI TH THAT EXPECTED
I N A NORMAL D I S T R I B TT ION

M id p oin t
o f C. I .

In te llig e n c e q u otien ts
O bserved f
E xpected
f
O
J

1 38

7

133

12

17

123

>|2

37

123

67

63

113

127

109

113

1 50

159

103

RO'7

200

1 03

21?

221

03

206

212

93

1 9U

179

33

117

135

33

7k

33

73

30

52

73

35

26

63

16

10

63

3
T otals

1 ,5 2 0

r

1 ,5 2 0

63
as

chence

flu ctu a tio n .

of

in tellig en ce

factors.
least

Any

in

p a rticu la r
a m anner
Some

of

the

n in th

a decree

of

group

was

w ell

also

riv en

are

le ss

of
the

can

the

chi

than

ten

to

up

the

Read

in

errors.

of

a b ilIty

to

is

not

p op u lation

of

n in th

chi

students

study

produce

square
who

test

were

as

used

a

in itia l

in t e lli­

the

in t e lli­

T h is

factor

th is

study.

fin a l,

normal
T ab le

in

one

d is tr i­
V III.)

hundred

abnorm ality

of

d istrib u ­

processes
or

: he

in volved

Inference

su ccessfu lly

d istrib u ted
students.

d istrib u tio n
sa tisfa c to rily
the

a

to

of

and

(3oe

chances

v a ria b les.

attrib u ted

respond

grade

in

in

be

group

n orm ally

by

la ter

T h is

can

selectio n

T est

th is

ob tain ed .

te st.

at

but

rela ted

whereby

d istrib u tio n
T h is

experim en tal

certain

con sid ered

fifte en

the

t>'e

both

square

b asis

d istrib u tio n

were

be

represents

clo sely

m ethod

scores,

sca rcely

eith er

of

several

p op u lation .

of

co n sid era tio n

to

sam p lin g

be

the

students

of

f l t:ic t u a t i o n

r e “l e c t s

the

the

to

a d d itio n a l

accord in g

chance

total

of

'lest

d istrib u tio n
on

related

d istrib u tio n

Read

settin g

ab n orm ality

to

a random

may

the

tion

on

v a ria b les

The

to

not

total

these

q u otien ts

that

selected

the

com p arison

gence

There

from

d istrib u tio n

students

the

be

b u tion

of

of

related

p erm itted

may

the

group

be

that

gence

on

may

selectio n

T h is

be

ab n orm ality

group

firade

in tellig en ce.

w ill

T h is

of
as

p u b lish ers

scores

of

that
the

1 ,1 7 3
that

group
the

the
item s

throughout

The

ihe

to

in

the

students
m eets

of

Read

3 ,3 9 2
Test

69
TABT.E V I I I
C0V P AR r SON OF T WE 0 B 8 K 1?v, .]\ J.T^TRII? *TION OF TV., SCORES OF
1 , 9 7 3 3 T rTD7MT3, V/ITH T?*E VR v q 1r7:TCI ES EXPKCTKT TO
A T-JORK *L 1 I . ' JT^I PI ’TION

lid n o in t
o f C. I .

In itia l
Observed f
E xpected

73

1

68

2

63

>1

f

F in al
O bserved f E xnected
9

6

1

1 3

19

9

97

52

53

23

1 6

1 36

11 6

83

97

91

2 31

210

'18

113

12 6

302

303

9 3

231

21 l1!

3 21

363

33

392

393

319

398

33

335

U03

23k

2 69.

23

37k

399

163

166

23

2 66

22?

9/i

•39

13

131

122

39

39

13

36

93

1)1

11

5

19

3

3

*1

3
T otal s

1

, 0 7

3

3 ,973

1 ,973

f

65
during

the

stan d ard ization

A graphic
appears

portrayal

in

F igu re

The m ean
schools
T h is
of

the
to

in itia l

in d ica tes

There

is

mean

way

to

the

d ifferen ces
avern-ed

th is

to

to

scores

study

in

successful

the

IX .)

these

scores

the

separate

the

betw een

responses

how m u c h o f
by

the

It

is

separate

2 6 .I4.3 a n d
in

to

the

separate

of

T est.

d ifferen ce

in

is

due

in stru ction

th is

in stru ctio n

groups

Read

sch ools

in

37*15.

the e x p r e s s io n

the

o f‘' s c i e n c e

assumed

effectiven ess

among

by

v a ria tio n

effectiven ess

■'•rude.

to

ranged

w idespread

estab lish ed

due

T ab le

of

estab lish ed

determ ine

nin th

out

d istrib u tio n

scores

a rather

d ifferen ces

p rior

in

related

no

the

(See

1.

in clu d ed

factors

of

procedures.

study
w ill

id en tified

that

be

for

com-

p ar I so n .
Inasm uch
by
the
of

the

separate

total
the

test

to ta lly

223

reg ister

of

scien ce

and

the

nin th

153

of

test

were

in itia l

betw een

th is

to

some

through

fin al

students

as

of

was

score,

such

stud' n t s ,

in itia l
these

was

groun

range

sch ools

fru stra tin g

The
genoral

the

p ossib le

stu d e n t3 to

of

as

gain

the

and

50 p e r

cent

the

more

through

the

adequately
year

train ed

y :a r .

scores.

T h is
able

The

through

'gouo
to

four

train ed

w ithout

students.
t aught

was

provide
sch ools

1955-51

of

d ifficu lty

s t u d e n t s who we r c

whom w e r e

en ro lled

estab lish ed

that

the

in ad eq u ately
grad e

scores

35

shows

perm it

scan

did

no

composed
both
in
not

w hich
offer

66

TABLE IX
COKP A R I S O N OP THE OBSERVED 1 ' I S TR TR’T I O N OF n WP SCOP E S
OP 3 , 5 9 2 STHDENTS P I T H THE FRFQ.rTP N C I P S EXPECTED I N A
NORMAL D I S T R I B U T I O N

M id p oin t
oD C. I .

P in al

O bserved

T

scores

E xp e c t e d
1 3

7 2

h

6 7

3 9

3 0

6 2

1 2 3

3 7

9 7

2 1 2

2 1 0

9 2

3 9 6

3 3 0

k 7

5 3 2

5 h

k 2

6 1 9

6 7 7

y

6 2 6

6 3 6

3 2

5 o o

9 1

2 7

3 -U 9

2 3 6

2 2

1 3 8

1

1 7

3 9

5 3

1

2

I).-

h

7

0

0

2

1

0

3 , 9 9 2

3 , 9 9 2

To t al s

3

9

3 8

T

67
reneral

3c le n c e

cncw o f

no

reason

■ sign ifican t
the

to

the

The

of

+o n o t
the

those
had

in

;~r s d e

b iolop y

through

who,

of

the
33$

unon

group
n in th

further

of

scores

were

obtain ed

m arkedly

from
not

m ajor
more

criteria

taught
of

those

by

no
in

con sid ered

of

d iffer
group

scien ce

in

author
any

w ith
in a trcctio n

reason

in

grade.

been
T h is

Through

group

test
for

why

other

and

was

t aught
group

the

in

these
two

four

found

in

on
and

These

sch ools.

students

groups

was

in itia l

students.

no

elim in a ­

absentees

given ,

226

teachers

th is

h ad

i n v e s t ig a t io n , were

the

the

five

the

who

students.

form

knew

the

The

^rade.

fin al

author

course.

should

a lit t le

the

were

ur?jde

students

the

test

factors

h avin g

n in th

ihsre

students
The

these

from

comrjosed

those

day

fin al

why

n in th

scien ce

o rig in a lly
tion

of

tenth

reneral

« req u ired

respect

excep tion

xrior

as

should
respect

d iffer
to

study.

A

CHAPTER

IV

THE DATA AND 1 H E I R
I.

COMPARISON OF THE I N I T I A L , F I N A L ,
S CORES OF THE '! HREE GRO i p s

A ccordin g
o rtion
■rade

of

to

the

the

data

students

as

co irse.

irovirie

in form ation

nay

these

concern.

in

h

a

tenth

the

general

scien ce

the

program

of

general
The

Read
in

-rade

data

G eneral

T ab les

these

data

X

w h ich

scien ce

year

scien ce

who

group

groups

were

aid

the

in

lo ss
of

in

the

cou ld

be

that
not

had
been

of

the

m ajor

n in th

-eneral

in clu d ed

scien ce

was

the

to

in terp retin g

school

cla ss

had

a

com oleted

in volved

course

in form ation

independent
one

q u estion

decree

to

expected
been

of

w h ich

to

p rovid e

om itted

riv en

of

the

from

n in th

course.

d escrib in g

XI.

or

exp erien ces

students

from

and

AND G A I N

in v estig a tio n ,

drawn

(’ a i n

q u estio n

S cien ce

th is

w ou ld

n in th

b iology

and

be

entered

reneral

A second

of

a d d ition al

the

the

grade

to

Ho w m u c h

throu

en rollm en t

was

^’w o

data.

occur

d esign

they

scien ce

of

INTERPRETATIONS

the

resu lts

T est

to

these

Some

of

the

of

three

more

a d m in isterin g
groups

p ertin en t

are

the

sum m arized

facts

from

are:

1.

The

scores

of

the

chance

sam p lin g

d ifferen ces

three

groups

factors.

betw een
cannot

be

the

m eans

of

the

In itia l

ex p la in ed

as

due

to

69

TABLE X
CO! PAR l o O N Cr' rl HE I , I T I A L AKD ;.’T AL oCORK.-j OE THREE
GROUPS OP ST'TDP.PTS WHO TOOK Ti l : READ T E S T

Group

Raw S c o r e
SD

O r e up

z Score

In itia l
Group

II.

36.12

9 .1 0

. 1 6 -

Groun
Di r f .

I

33.12
2 . no
. 69
2 . 39

9 .7 3
-.6 6
.6 9
1 . V:

-.0 6
.20
.07
2 . 36

t -r

if f
tin

IT.
I .

T h H fo

3 7 . 70
m . 6^
-6 .1 0
. 71
- . 69

.
in .
-1 .
.
.

-*19 3 n i n t h

p;r a d e

s t rdon ts

-”-■**■226 t e n t h
n i n t h c;rade
•shhM 9 9 7 3

60
'6
26
lit
66

Group

III.

38.26

9 .6 4

Group

I.

33 .12
6 .1 3
. 07
•6s

9 .7 6
- * 31
. 6?
.06

Gr o up
0 roup

were

parade b i o l o g y s t u d e n t s
r oner* a 1 s c i e n c e .

n in th

p ,r ^ d e

student s

z

Sc

6-6

.

-.06
. ;2
.0 7
-.6 3

Scores

- . 36
.02
-.3 3
. 07
7 . ’.! 3

who

Score
SD

.P o rts

P in al
Group
G r*c i p
DT f f .

Raw
M

who

t a n

who
were

_r

r T
•*
•

!j 2
61

1 9 .9 0
.10
.02
6 0 id . 8 6
l . o i
- . 9 6
.0 )
. 71
. 60
.07
1 . 36 1 . 9 2 1 . 1 6 -

-i- •

f-ht
had

no

.

peneral

been

taught

.'■■■

sc I e

ta efht

general

;

ce

no
scien ce.

70
TABLE X I
COT" PAH I SON OP' THE G A I N S C O P E S OF T S B E r , G R O U P S *
S T ' 7DKNT3 WT’0 TCOE THE REAL' TiT.iT

betw een

Di ffc r o n c e s

Group I .
Gr o u u I I .
F lff.
SEd i f f
t-r a tio

.03
- . 3'0
.98
.07
3 .28

Pearson

F in a l

and

Or orm I .
Orouc ILI .
TM f f .
SEd 1 f f
t - r at ic

Ini t i el

Lean

. 03
-.3 6
• Uk
.07
6 .23

z

OF

Scores

Gr o up I I .
Group i l l .
D ■f f .
::'-v;d i f f
t-ra tio

-.6 0
- . 36
-.1 6
. 10
1 .6 0

P roduct-F om ent C o e f f ic ie n t s o f C o r r e la tio n
B etw een I n i t i a l
and F i n a l S c o r e s
r
I.

,7 a

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. 01

G r 01 1p

il.

• ' G1 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.03

G r 0 \ip

ill.

. 7 7 .......................................

-::Soe T a b l e X , p a r e 6 9 ,
Cor
r efer r ed to In tills ta b le .

id u it I fic s tlo n

(T
O
*

Group

of

the

groups

-/-"-The s t a r d n r d e r i" o r s c f c o r r e l a t I o n c o e f **1 c l ' - n t s w h i c h e r e
r e n r —t e d i n t h i s s t u E / . w e r e c e l c u l t e d b y t h e s i m p l e e q u a t i o n ;
SE Z 1 — r .
T h e a u t h o r i s yw. ' a-t o f t h e . rr:c r*e r e c e n t d i s c u s i o n
h f .- e d o n t h e ehnorm e l i t y o f d L s t r i bn t i o n o f t h e s a m r l in ;cf r.
The num bers o f s c o r e s used i n c a l c u l a t i n g th e r ’ s
r e p o r t e d i n 1 L i s s t u d y , how-, v o c , r e n d e r t h e 111 h r e c t Lm •. s
a t e n d c r d e r r o r ’1 a r e s t c f r e l i a b i l i t y t h a t i s corn: a r a b l e
th e z or t t e s t s d e s c r ib e d by I c o d e n c r h ,
--------------------------

Coodenouch,

op.

c it, ,

op.

267-269.

errors
the
to

71
2.
the

The

d ifferen ces

d istrib u tio n s

sam p lin g
3.
and

in itia l

the

standard

scores

may

be

d ev ia tio n s

ascrib ed

to

of
chance

errors*
There

in itia l

made

of

betw een

were

mean

4.

In

term s

by

those

sig n ifica n t

scores

of

of

score

raw

students

d ifferen ces

each

who

of

the

p oin ts,

were

betw een

three
the

the

groups*

greatest

en rolled

in

fin a l

gain

general

was

scien ce

c la sse s.
5.

D ifferen ces

d ev ia tio n s
large

to

betw een
f.Ta i n s

fin a l
be

w ith

a

course*
amount

groups

fin a l
were

ca lcu la tio n

in itia l

more

test

relia b ly

presented

they
to

7.

of

and

in itia l

sm all
gains

scores.

estim ated

d efin ed
for

becomes

acquire

of

th is

gross
as
the

8 .4 8

an

but
as

standard

su fficien tly

the

T his

as

m ain
score

students

p ortion
the

may b e

w h ile

of

the

n in th

d ifferen ces

in fers

d ev ia tio n s

much

to

are,

as

scien ce

grade

that
from

in

a

scien ce
the

a d d itio n a l

course*

the

fam il­

in form ation

than

the

exp lore

a w h ole,

general

greater

en ro lled

attem pt

o rig in

T h is
of

the

in form ation *

gain

fin a l

grade

in

p ortion

ju stify

If

n in th

w orth w h ile

T h is

p o ssessio n

score

the

and

E n terin g

o rd in a rily

is

three

the

mean.

6.

tends

the

affect

may

common

iar

of

betw een

accom panying

raw m ea n
group

of

p o in ts.

score
1,973
If

n in th

grade

m inus

in itia l

students

; ain

due

to

th is

in stru ction
raw

mean

q u an tity

m atu rity

is

72
d efin ed
who

as

were

m inus

the

not

th eir

2.3 8

score

is

that

mean

d iffer

score

the

the

n in th

q u otien t

on

h igh er.

m atch ing
the

p oin t

head

is

T est

n in th

score

p oin ts.

is

in creased

q u otien ts
of

an

group

by

mean

0 .7 5

the

have

the

of

been

of

■o u n d

regression
mean

to
The

groups

d id

end-of-year

p oin t.
was

due

A d d ition al

received

a

grade

id en tify in g

these

score

group

w ould

by

1 m. p o i n t .

w h ich

year

th is

of

com paring

b iology

w ould

accom panying

no

in stru ctio n
b io log y

The

mean

to

th eir

p red icted

mean

the

equ ation

that

grade

becomes

6 .1 0

A p p lyin g

groups2

q u an tity

becomes

grade

the

n in th

be

group.

in t e lli­

1 .41

techn iqu e
mean

score

to

be

0 .6 7

of

a

T est

is

a m easure

h igh er.
8.

the

of

th is

the

gain

b eg in n in g -o f-th e

gence

through

students

m inus

by

d iffer

193

gain

0 .5

esta b lish ed

q u an tities

for

than

the

gross

q u a n tities

more

of

score,

gain

in tellig en ce

These

p oin ts

net
as

score

scien ce

mean

q u an tity

by

is

w ith

If

these

evid en ce
of

raw

d efin ed

th is
of

not

general

p oin ts.

v a lid ity
the

raw m ean

taught
in itia l

in stru ctio n
m atu rity,

fin a l

To

attain m en t

the
ol

degree

scien ce

in

order

that

the

n in th

grade

general

that

the

head

in form ation ,

students
scien ce

in

th is

the
study

in stru ctio n

of

in terp retation
who

rem oved

had
th is

not

had

d eficien c;

^ C h a r l e s (5. d e t e r s a n d V v a l t e r h . V a n V o o r n i s , B t a t i s t l c a l
P r o c e d u r e s a n d t h e i r M a t h e m a t i c a l r a s e s , (wew Torn::
medrawH i l l B o o k C o m p a n y , 1 . 4 0 ) , p^ 4 6 3 " .

73
w h ile

en ro lled

follow s

from

is

1.31

score

of

the

n oin ts

chances

in

that

the

100

cop u lation s.
an p lled

of

the

total

req u ires
9.
to

usual

school

school

of

the

g en eral,

it

is

Leschers

croups

three

w ith

The
as

w'o ' c h

that

haphazard

ted

enjoyed

the

the

is

by

ap p licab le

or

not

lif e ,

th is

adjusted

the

to

prnde

b iology
becomes

all

about

sam n les

scien ce

and

is

of

the

75
sim ila r

may

earth

course

the

proup,

in terp retatio n

p h y sica l,

for

be

scien ce

a q u estion

in v e s t ip at io n .

often

the

in volvin g

brinp

up

th is

on

the

used

and
to

net

than
of

exercise.
su b jective
The

fin a l

the

approach

of

the

the
In
reports

co rrela tio n
test

estim ate

approached

other

q u estio n

test

factor.

in itia l

did

the

the

rely

students

students

ad m in istration

con d ition s

to

m a 7/ b e

the

under

toward

regard in g

of

appear

d ifferen ce

in terp retation

necessary

betw een

ness

peneral

students

co efficien ts
the

n in th

youngsters

rou tin e

attitu d e

the

the

In v estig a tio n s

tests

of

coru oletin p

penorsl

further

e n d - o f - y e a r . me a n
mean

beinp

the

th eir

T h is

end-of-yesr

above

to

that

course.

the

th is

W hether

eq u ally
of

When

b iology

than

in tellig en ce
of

prade

h igh er

shjdents

in

r e lia b ility

tenth

ob servation

course.

advantage

chases

the

the

score

scien ce

in

scores

the

serio u s­

test.

the

test

It

w ould

in

a

manner*
decree

to

rep resen tin g

whi c h
each

total
of

the

test

scores

areas

o^

n ay

be

natural

in terp re­
scien ce

7 k

may b e

estim ated

w ith -total
of

sco^e

in tern al

size

from

shown

un correlated

groups.
and

in

error

The

con sisten t

sr.pears

to

p h ysical
the

be

scien ce

fin al

th is

tab le

drawn
the

Is

from

taught

general

Is

nin th

scien ce
tenth

grade

scien ce
An

general
to

b iology
the

ph ysical

scien ce

Inasm uch

as

a raw

are

of

the

score

for

be

for

the

made

same

the

betw een

group,

the

. 03.

at

data

scores

of

the

co rrela tio n

in

separate

T ab le

sam ple

Trade

nin th

Group
who

Group

of

200

students

the

who w e r e

chases

X III,

through

the

,03

the

the

co rrela tio n

Read

ninth

W ith

estim ated

the

sh id en ts

degree

for

to

of

year.

item s

the

n in th

form s

osrt-

on

test.

a random

1,973

of

errors

in creased

the

students

the

in sp ectio n

of

test.

approxim ate

these

show

of

scien ce

grade

total

tendency

reported

fin al

through

in

regard in g

total

through

XII

The

su b stan tial

standard

pattern

data

and

the

a

X II,

co n serv a tiv ely

composed

the

in itia l

1.93

be

are

im ply

com parisons

ad m in istration

scien ce

T ab le

co rrela tio n s

item s

A d d ition al
natural

If

w ould

the

the

T ab le

fin a l

standard
on ly

in

w ith in

in volved ,

correlation s

in itia l

data

co rrela tio n s

con sisten cy

o f’ g r o u p s

the

the

le st

and

srade,

taught

III is

no

of
I

In

scores
who

took

who w e r e
Group
general

composed o f

h a d be< n

II

t a u g h t no

226
~eneral

’■ r a d e .
data

in

in variab ly
d ifferen ce

Table

X III

ran mere
greater

shows

that

the

d iffic u lt.
tnan

ap p roxim ately

75

T -5LL X I I

c o r r ela tio n s

n-T- H ' ;

r c tt s

: ; fart

Pi-;
op

s t ttd

Re a r s on P r o d u c t - ’ ionent
Coe f f 1c 1e n t
of C o r r e l a t i o n

r bet ween 19 e a r t h
s c i e n c e i t e ms and
t o t a l s c o r e ..................................
r bet ween 13 1 I f e
s c i e n c e I t ems and
total
s c o ^ e ..................................
r bet ween 33 p h y s i c a l
s c i e n c e I t ems and
t o t a l s c o r e ..................................

s .t p - e s

OF THn
,-.n t s veto

Group

and

took

I.

teg

scopes
read

Group

I r.

test

Group

Hi.

hilt,.

1
Pinal

I MI t .

Pinal

In i t .

. 32

.36

.31

. 79

. 79

.71

. 37

. 30

. 77

. 73

. 7\‘

. 30

.91

.9U

. 33

. 36

• 35

. 38

iI n d

NOTE:
Or onn _I_. I n t h i s t a b l e r’e f e r s t o a s a mpl e o f
200 n i n t h parade s t u d e n t s drawn f r om n ^ r c u p o f 1 , 9 7 3 who wer e
1 aurht. g e n e r a l s c i e n c e .
Or o up 1 1 .
> r s t o 193 n i n t h r r a d e
s t u d e n t s who were t s u s h t no g e n e r a l s o l e n e e .
Or oup I I I ,
r ~f e r s t o 226 t e n t h ^r r-de b i d o^y s t u d • . nt. s who wer e t a u g h t
n o r a l s c i e n c e t h:’</ j^-h t h e n i n t h ^ r a c e .
no

76

table

x i i i

CO.
i S O b S I:i.TV*El-l'; THE I I . I ' r i a l /
OB T H n E E i)iiO 8 S Ol' S fJ l i U 'u / i S

* tl;b 1 I l i a L P ^ h l E C O n E S
O VOUa 7 HE n E a b 7 rUr»T

mm.

Croup

E arth S c ie n c e
Item s

Id

SL

/o o f

L ife

S cien ce
Item s

IVi

P h y sica l S cien ce
Item s

id

S3

/O o f
T otal

14.32
1 5 .9 7
-1 .6 5

4 . 36
4 .7 0
. 16

38
42
-4

1 4 .3 2 4 .86
1 6 . 37 5 . 0 2
-2 .5 5 -.1 6

33
44
-6

Of
T otal

1otal
In itia l

i>.avv S c o r e s

Croup
Croup
b iff.

I
II

.9 ,1 0
9 .3 3
-.2 3

3 .3 1
3 .3 8
-.0 7

48
49
-1

8 .75
10.20
-1 .4 5

2 .9 6
2.9 2
. 04

49
57
—8

Croup
Croup
b iff.

I
III

9 .1 0
10.54
-1 .4 4

: . 31
3 .1 8
.13

43
55
-7

0 . 7 -L 2 . 9 6
10.62 2 .9 2
-1 .3 7
. 04

49
59
-10

F in al

haw S c o r e s

Crou p
Croup
D iff .

I
II

11 . n
1 0 .3 4
. 67

3 .5 0
3.06
.4 4

38
34
4

11.06
1 0 .4 0
• 66

3 .04
5 .2U
- . 16

61
58
o

19.48
1 6 . 38
2 . 60

5 .79
o . <5l
.4 8

51
44
7

Croup
Croup
b iff.

I
III

11. o l
1 0 . 62
.39

3 .50
3 .5 8
-.0 3

58
56
2

11 .0 6
lr .2 6
-2 .2 0

5 .04
2 .8 0
• 84

61
54
7

19 . 4 8
1 9.27
.2 1

2 .7 9
5 .1 6
.63

51
51
0

77
1 .3
7

p oin ts

per

cent

of

the

to

app ly

or

a

percentage

is

req u ired

ob servation s
to

many

d ifferen ce

to

reach

drawn

sim ila r

a

from

of

t-ra tio

these

sam p les

ap p roxim ately
of

..roups

drawn

three,

many

can

be

the

total

popu­

from

T anle

from

expected

la tio n •
A ty p ica l
X III

w ou ld

and

fin a l

the

226

scien ce
these
life

read

b iology

p h ysical

general
data

students

they

scien ce
th is

regard in g

did

students
has

effect

been

of

2 ,3 1 8

students

was

3 2 .9 8

elim in a tin g

the

in itia l

standard

to

the

heaa

same

or

amount

scien ce

of

the

In

in itia

S cien ce

item s

of

T est,
th eir

whereas

the

area

of

d ealin g

m ajor

drawn,

the

q u estion

the

tim e

at

a

9 .7 5 .

d ifferen ce.

to

In

th is

of

the

w ith

of

N eith er

the

the

regard

345

and
of

of

may

these

may

group
of

ra ised

changed

t h<

a rise

students

tn is

of

second

it

d ev ia tio n

scores

5 3 .1 2

grade

p ortion

total

standard

scores

1,937

n in th

the

score

w ith

1 ,9 7 3

w h ich

end-of-year

rem aining
to

of'

T est.

mean

p rovid e

d ev ia tio n

sig n ifica n t

deneral

much

group

absences

in itia l

the

the

tim es

earth
as

group

from

that

for

the

the

noted

mean

the

of

extracted

the

Kead

tw ice

in

of

un able

area

about

w ith

study

the

were

the

retain ed

the

be

betw een

of

a d m in istra tio n

by

may

scien ces.

con n ection

for

in

gained

as

that

fo llo w s:

in form ation

students

In

as

a d m in istra tion s

scien ce

the

ob servation

be

ol
9 .8 5 .
who
the

the

changes

is

a

78

It

may

year

scores

were

nin th

of

con n ection
duced

also

3 ,5 9 2

low er

is

the

an e x n e r l e n c e

be

in ferred
to

thus

the

of

sim u ltan eou sly

w ith

the
of
had

the

for

of

program s,

the

gathered
Read

standard

whom
in

T est,

pr

d ev ia tio n

of

sta tistic a lly

mean

of

score

for

-

s ig n ifi­
the

1 ,9 7 3

d erived
hence

the

cannot

students

o rio r

in tellig en ce

of

very
to

bears

c r scien ce

other

w ell

be

in stru ctio n
an

Im portant

In form ation

nerfom an ce

r- l a t i o n s h i p

effect

q u otien ts
w h ich

study

in

it s e lf

should

on
aid

factors

the

Read

in

the

w h ich

may

act

in tellig en ce.

1 ,9 7 3

th is

in

a stu d en t's

th is

the

cooperating,

been

end-of-

thousand

were

cf

q u ite

a cq u isitio n

In tellig en ce

group

data

a

the

study.

of

that

affect

of

the

w ith

end-of-year
th is

three

whom d a t a

not

in tellig en ce

in terp retation

in

but

In

K now ledge

The

over

that

PAT, ATTONSHIP I WTWEEN I NT ELLI OENCL AND S C O P E S
ON THE READ TENEPAL S C I E N C E I E S T

rela tio n sh ip

T est.

low er

than

from

I4.O. 3 3

of

in clu d ed

con sid ered

w ruld

the

score

A lthough

and

students,

note

stan d ard ization

can tly

could

to

w ith

T h is

it

in terest

and

1 0 .6 9 .

II.

of

graders,

a mean

students

be

were

sch ools.

1 ,5 2 0

su p p lied

the

ob tain ed
These

con n ection
sch ools

for

did

of

the

m ajor

from

p ortion

the

o ffice

intelligence

w ith

the

usual

not

all

use

students

file s

q u otien ts

school

the

of

same

guid anc

79
in tellig en ce
o f Kent s i
M ental

tea t.

Tine

M a tu r ity , ^ the

A b ility

tests

through

that

of

a

standard

d ev ia tio n

standard

d ev ia tio n s

other

of
of

q o t Lents

converted

the

w ith

d istrib u tio n

in tellig en ce

by

tests

q u otien ts

oroduced

were

G eneral
Kent el

the

to

a

tests

of

12

the

A b il i t y , ^
w ith

the

produced
m eans

of

d erived

accord in g

to

the

of
w ith

form u la

the

was

test

w ith

a

yield ed
the

O tis

those

these

of

O tis

tests

of

the

of

in form ation ,

e ar:s

eq u ivalen ce

The

q u otien ts

other

th is

by

author

d istrib u tio n s
100.

the

W ith

The

Te s t

T ests

p u b lish ers

in tellig en ce

16.

C a lifo rn ia

A b i l 1 ty. T e s t s . 1 a n d

whereas

common

were

Sel f-A d m ln isterin g

corresrondence

each

in tellig en ce

of

used

O tis

P in ter

ri e r m an- M c N e m a r T e s t
advised

teats

test

d erived

suggested

by

G u ilfo rd .7
The

Pearson

P roduct-!:om ent

co rrela tio n

co efficien ts

FI i r e b e t h F . Sul l i v e r , , V/ill i s V
.:. f 1 art:, and hr no s t
T i e ' Ts , Cal i f or rii a S:: o r t -Torn
Te s t a o f i e n t ol Ka t nr i t y ,
( L o s An *r ' i e s Z '\ :
C al ! f o r n i a r'o t B u r e a u , 1 ° 3 9 ) .

^ A r t h u r S.
n t a l A. bl l i t y .

Ot, i s , '! h e O t i s Sel f - A b ' r . i n i s t e r i n r Te s t s
(New Y o rk :
V/orld P o o k C o . , 1 9 2 2 T .

Ab 1 1 1 t y

T ests,

W.

of

York :

9pndol ph P ln tr e r , P i n t n c r o e n o r a l
W o r l d B o o k C o . , 1.r - 3 ^ ) •

(New

Teat

6 h . ■ . rl e r ' s n a n d ' uu i n r i
K o N - u n s r , T h e rJ' :r ^ a n - I . c N e m a r
o f K e n t s i Ads I I i t y , ( N- w v o r , : : V.c’"] d B o o k C'c . , 1 9 - i . l ) •

and

^ J . P . T u U f o r d , F u n d a m e n t a l s t a : L a t i c s i n P s y c h . o l o.o-y
E d u c a t i o n , (New Y ork :
B h r aw-B 111 C o . , lh ij.2 ) , p . 1 2 1 .

BO
betw een

in tellig en ce

calcu lated
study.

for

These

cien ts

in

Since

the

tab le

are

not

of

factor

ten ta tiv ely

as

r elia b ility

of

the

in tellig en ce

estim ate

the

co rrectio n

15

ner

cent.

The

co efficien ts

were

of

d ifficu lt
of

the

th is

standard

ca lcu la ted

by

to

tests

these

Test
and
as

th is

c o effi­

atten u ation .
co rrela tio n s
tests,
The

was

reported

estim atin g

.9 0 ,

the

atten u ation
in d icated

the

in

The

estim ate.

figu re

errors

were

in tellig en ce

Read

for

XIV.

for
in

scores

students

T ab le

used

a va riety

is

of

corrected

r e lia b ility
O
.8 ^
TJ s i n g

w ould

form

in

q u otien ts

by m eans

Test:

groups

renorted

atten u ation

altern ate

three

are

in tellig en ce

d erived

the

of

and Read

valu es

th is

the

were

each

q u otien ts

sim ple

to

for

the

author
be

about

these

equation :

2k
- 1 - r^.
The r e l a t i v e l y h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n i n t e l l :
' r " VTT
r e n c e and a c h i e v e m e n t o n t h e R e a d T e s t m e a n s t h a t a l l c o m p a r i '
sons

betw een

gonee

of

second
for

group

the

only

perform ances

groups
to

in to

in itia l

end-o^-year

to

rev ea l,

it

is

in

respect

to

In itial

on

the

Read

T h is

the

have

co n sid eration .

test

scores.

w ill

In

m ost
or

scores
30

far

as

relia b le

as

to

take

the

In tellig en ce

a p red ictive

th is

study

sin g le

r>re-in s t r u c t io n

has

is

factor
been

p red ictive
student

in te lli

able

factor

p e r form an e e

T est.

rela tio n sh ip

^l ------------e n n o n , 17 o c .

c 1
I 4t- .

of

in tellig en ce

p. a y

be

more

m eaningful

81

T /V

LE X I V

\ 1?h h i I 0 2 O'TPS
S (J .
■Ch

0 0 ;jH: r Ar''1 0 V"
h d . M '! H. SCi ’V o OV r.
o h 3 r:,Ti vxxiTs o n 'i‘Ti ' v . ; ,
TES T WITH I H ,l’V L L I ri ''N/ 'E

Iroup
Group

Group

Grmm

In it.

r

SK ]7 I n a l

r

SE

I , 1 , G20 n i n t h .T rad e s t u d e n t s
who w e r e t e i ^ h t c e n e r n l s c i e n c e
th r o u r h the n i n t h f-rade.

. 3'6

.02

•38

.02

IT, 173
who w ore
scien ce

.

.Oh

. 62

.0 1

.76

.0 3

. 61

. 0).

n in th
v*•.d e s t u d e n t s
t n u -Th t n o r e ; u r a l
.....................
.

I I I , 208 s In d e n ts in t e n t h
* r c d (. b i o l o T\- c l a s s e s b u t w h o
’ tad b e e n t ' . - n h t n o p e n e r a l
s c i e n c e t h r » . c o c h t h e n i n t h f’ r s d e

Group

I ' i f f e r e n e e s b e t w e e n i n d i v i o u al
f: - S c o p e s w i t h i vi t , e 1 1 i c e n e e

Grcup

I

...............................

_r
-.0 1

Group

II

...............................

-.1 7

.07

Gr - o u p

I I I ...............................

-.0 2

.0 ?

SE
.02

82
if

expressed

T h irty-on e
ing
in

term s

per

nin th
the

in

cent

rrade

of

ner

n in th

peneral

os

cent

is

A lthough

there

found

the

of

mere

chance
i n .

These
in

erode

When
is
may

is

so

v a ria tio n s

T h is

q u an tity

are

com p letin g

to

in

of
of

if

a
are

1 -scores,

n egative
students

perm it

becomes

p ain s

p red ictin g

p ain s.

co rrela tio n
in

th is

exp lan ation

A n i i i . T h r .;n t A o T o
'Till ■.’A C ,S I N 3KX

in

th is

factor

the

boys

both

scien ce

th is

as

to

the

enter­

study,
as

errors.

there

of

decree

low

of

however,

valu e

9

scores

in d iv id u a l

sam p les

that

is

a

p rior

are

may

reported

d ifferen ce
to

and

exp erien ce.

d ifferen ce

c iaii

be

in

in

after

There

is

;::

with

T ab le

the
the

XV.

scores
n in th

p ra ctica lly

a ttrib u ta b le

to

no

chance

errors.
the

expressed
be

betw een

the

d eterm in ation .

the

who

course.

l it t l e

of

attrib u ted

students

show

that

sam p lin g

of

be

in

students.

slig h t

sam p lin p

general

chance

a

rep ard in p

data

favor

for

riF'h'h-j'iciTi
1v

Data

the

very

cases
it

vn rion ce

scien ce

was

q u a n tita tiv ely

co efficien t

may

d ifferen ces

in tellig en ce

in

the

of

th irty-fou r

expressed

the

students

in tellig en ce

rrade

of

found

perform ance
in

any

w h ich

^Cluil f o r d ,

op .

of
ore

of

boys

several
rreat

c i t . m p.

and

rain

enouch

h ll.

'-iris

on

the

m easures,

no

to

any

nerm .it

Head

Test

d ifferen ces
p en ersliza ti

83
TABLE XV
COMPARISONS o p THE SCORES
G I R L S AND 9 6 9 BOYS

OF 1 , 0 0 4

In itia l
Raw S c o r e
i:
sd
3 4 .7 3
3 1 .5 6
3 .1 7
.29
1 1 .0 3

Boya
G irls
D iff
SEd i f f
t-ra tio

1 0 . 05
9 . 20
• 85
•27
3 . 15

Raw S c o r e
G ain

Boya
G irls
D iff
S E d iff
t-ra tio

z

of

Score
TVI

Raw S c o r e
M
SD

.165
-.1 6 0
.325
.04
8 .1 2

43 .2 8
40 .0 0
3 .28
.49
6 .7 3

G ain a s
P o ssid le
G ain

z

21
19
2
1 .2
1 .4

8 .5 5
8 .4 4
.1 1
.34
.32

P oin t

F in al

B ia eria l

Score
G ain

Boys

and

G ir la ap-ainst I n i t i a l

Boya

and

G irls a g a in st F in a l

Teat

Teat

of

Score

V

1 1 .3 2
1 0 .3 6
.96
.34
2 .8 9

.154
-.1 4 7
.301
.04
7 .52

G a i n a s T.'ean D i f f ­
eren ces betw een
T -acorea

-.0 1 1
.013
-.0 2 4
.03
.08

C o efficien ts

z

* •03
•03
• • 06
•05
1. 20
C orrelation

Scores.

Scores.

.

.

r
.16

SE
.03

.

.15

.0 3

81*

about
the

the

total

san^le

there

of

was

poin ts

a

but

n in th

the

grade

n o p u lction

tendency
the

-cop ulation.

for

w h ich

the

decrease

in

is

boys

In

connection

in volved

to

pain

v a ria b ility

in

th is

more

row

in

favor

was

w ith
study

score
of

the

r ir ls •
In
fir ls

the

in

an alysis

the

m ain

a d ifferen ce
over

the

g irls
does

the

W ith
about
of

change

for

order

the

three

scien ce

u tab le

to

co efficien t

associated

cent

to
of

in d orsation
sex
of

By

groups,
the

Read

of

the

it

does

that

the

students
q u otien t

u sin g

the

enjoyed
p oin ts

regression

th is

w ould

Test

of

give

,8 2 .

in terp retation
in crease

of

be
the

of

w ith

the

sex

the

the

T h is
of

d iffer­

q u an ti­

less

than

total

possessed

323.

in

students

to

know

was

it

varian ce
by

vd u e

d ifferen tia tio n ,

.20

alien ation /'*'

14-03-1+09.

fu n ction al

correlation ^ ®

Expressed

p.

found

grade

d ifferen ces.

I0 Ib id . ,~ p .
1 1 lb id . ,

n in th

an e s t i m a t e

found

pe^

was

somewhat*

coefficien t

value

on

but

it

in tellig en ce

m atching

sex

main

d ifferen ces

th is

mean

d irectio n

w ith

to

b iseria l

in

1 ,1 7 3

advantage

rela tio n sh ip

In

of

data

1 • op IQ o o i n t s .

associated

tative

ooin t

of

a p red icted

ences

of

group

techn iqu e

not

these

advantage

boys

equation

of

in

the

the
sex

the

calcu lated .

follow s
the
may

amount
be

term s
o ° a

that

attr-ibof

student

35

w ould
h is

in crease

or

store

her
oT

the

score

chances

on

scien ce

the

of

Read

su ccessfu lly
T est,

in form ation ,

and

less

p red ictin g

hence

than

h is

three

or

or

her

four

per

cent.
There
can tly
and
no

can be

T e a ter

after

n in th

of

are

trends.
of

hoys

the

vided

m arking
by

ciated

g ir ls,
a

of

the

h yp oth esized
in

a

in

general
tests

tra it

student*s

the

sex

from

ma y

or

show ing
of

w o^ld

to

There

exp eri­

fin d in g s

stu d ies.

more

no

to

the

on

hypothe­

an

in

advantage

evid en ce

pro­

advantage

req u ire

in te

the

boys

The

be

several

predom inant

sim ila r

w ou ld

on

of

that

separate
lig en ce

asso­
th is

from

exercises
the

boys

con sisten t

on
have

the

Head

had more

in terp retatio n
T est

in volve

p rior

be

that

the

exp erien ces

w ith

w h ich

contacts.

m ight

The

v a lid ity

those

tests.

>

A more

is

g irls.

one

hin ge

test.

have

perform ance

these

follow

g iv in g

boys

the

other

m ight

scien ce

nr lo r

r e g a r d i n ' 1- d i f f e r e n c e s

tra it

tra it

both

sig n ifi­

in stru ction al

boys

data

a m ental

perform ance

m ental

the

a

in stru ctio n .

that

those

tnese

a m ental

in tellig en ce

w ith

in volved

of

in form ation

in terp retatio n

ex isten ce
in

w ith

of

possess

q u an titatively

d ifferen ces

A p o ssib le

than

the

con sisten t

w ith

eith er

and

boys

scien ce

however,

favor

in terp reta tion

that

scien ce

general

q u a lita tiv ely

associated

sis

of

grade

course

verier a l l y
An

doubt

evid en ce,

the

Both

on

amount

co n sisten t

ences

lit t le

of

36
th is

in terp retation ,

there

is

a

response
boys

it

w ould

hoys
the

the

and

" iris.

p irls

neneral
and

equally

the

Read

there

a

is

w hether

betw een

lest

such

and

in

the

reflected

in

th eir

be

or

not

successful
the

exp erien ces

a rela tio n sh ip

d ifferen ce

exp erien ces
scien ce

nir-ls.
during

second

IV.

these

then

exp erien ces

students

mean

of

scores

on

chance

during

"enerpl

scien ce.
was

groups

from

th is

Scout

the

shared

that

tends

to

a

dropped

that

be

any

to

of

Boy

exp lain ed
These

the

real

Scout

exp erien ces

course
On

w ith

scores

errors.

reduced

such

be

the

n in th

eq u ally

both

sexes

add

v a lid ity

by

ach ieve
to

I N Add IEVBi-j.IN I A S S O C I A T E D WITH
I N []_-U CL' -ES AND SCO Vi S

the

could

sa n o lin f

there

to

in d ica tio n

assoc iated

he t w e e n

w hich

that

tend

w ith

in terp retatio n .

w ithou t

that

con n ection

exp erien ces

DIPFBRJSNCES
MEMBERSHIP

d ifferen ces

in

course

E vidence

D ifferen ces

than

on

test.

r’r f l d e

th is

If

w ou ld

C lassroom

boys

on

that

h in p es

rela tio n sh ip

item s

follow

and

turn,

sig n ifica n t

on

of

in

of

of

d ifferen ce
about

exp ression

and G i r l

were
as

found

w ith in

d ifferen ces

the

b asis

exp erien ces.

year’s
fin a l
betw een

(3 5 c u s n c e s
corcpuriru-

The

Scouts
to

be

the

and

rreater

lim its

were,

of

however,

in stru ction

in

scores,

assurance

the
in
tro

the

mean

100.
w ains

scores
It

of

fo llo w s

o f' t n e

tv/o

87
croups

w ould

groups.

T h is

showed
true

was

g irls.

It

may

betw een

scores
be

total

The

nressed

as

the

fiv es

a

clea rer

fain s

or

be

in

gain s

to

100

as

of

d ifferen ce

rela tiv e

b ein g

as

the

the

and

g en era lly

in

T ab le

XVI.

d ifferen ces
as

such

or

croups

w ith in

when

in d ivid u al

ex-

T -scores

m ovem ent,

n osition ,

in

the

in d iv id u a ls

rela tiv e

rank

boys

rep resen tin g

betw een

the

non-Scout

of

appear

betw een

of

of

d irectly

in tern reted

the

case

m easured

expressed

estim ate

for

the

factor

v a ria tio n s

mean

in

75

th is

d ifferen ces

lo sses

greater

so

about

that

nay

or

to

for

noted

u n its

croups.

of

D ata

be

effect

gain

eon vin cin gly

raw mean

d ev ia tio n

the

the

a p ro b a b ility

for

m ass

show

w ith in

that

is

the

f roup s.
The
groups
less

d ifferen ces

on

than
Thu

boy

and

nin th

the

fin al

those

crade

d irected

and

is

attrib u tab le

or

may

be

be tie r

d istrib u tio n

of

Preparatory
Boy

and G i r l

in

of

and

to

to

Scouts

the

p rior

of

p ecu lia r

exp lain ed
some

on

other

as

rain

to

effect

com bined

of

answer
form

is

In

w ith

next

Scout
the

the

to
the

both

the

d ifferen ce

the

betw een

to

scores.

in stru ction

th is

are

Scouts,

A tten tion

v a riab le

non-Scout

estim ates

betw een

w hether

an

and

in itia l

associated

approaching
were

croups

w ith

estab lish ed .

q u estion
the

Scout

d ifferen ces

non-Scouts

the

the

con n ection

real

clea rly

toward

be

scores

found

existen ce
g ir l,

betw een

may

exp erien ce

unequal

croups.

th is
more

q u estion ,
general

88

TABLE XVI
COMPARISONS OF "’’HE SO RES OF 3 6 6 3 0 Y SCOUTS WITH THE
SCORES OF 6 0 3 BOY NON- S COUTS AND OF 3 9 9 G I R L SCOUTS
WITH THE SCORES OF 6 0 5 GI RL NON- S COUTS

In itla l
Raw S c o r e
SD
V
Boy S c o u t s
Boy n o n - S c o u t s
D ifferen ce
S E d iff
t-ra tio

3 6 .4 9
33 .66
2 .8 3
.6 8
4.16

Boy S c o u t s
Boy n o n - S c o u t s
D ifferen ce
SEd i f f
t-ra tio

z Score
M

10 .4 8
10 .1 2
.36
.4 9
.73

Raw S c o r e
G ain

F in al

.1 7
-.1 0
.27
.06
4.5 0

Raw S c o r e
M
SD
4 4 .0 4
42 .8 2
1.2 2
.75
1.63

20
22
-2
2
1 .0

-.1 0
.06
- • 16
.04
4 .0 0

.07
-.0 4
.11
.06
1 .8 3

R a w :S c o r e
SD

z

-1 .0 4
.63
-1 .6 7
.16
10 .4 3
F in al

In itia l

32.97
G irl Scouts
G ir l n o n - S c o u t s 3 0 .73
D ifferen ce
2 .24
.58
S E d iff
t-ra tio
3 .86

11.45
1 1 .2 5
.2 0
.28
.7 1

G a in a s Mean
G ain as
i
D ifferen ce
o f :P o s s i b l e z S c o r e b e t w e e n T G ain
G ain
Scores

7 .5 5
9 .1 6
-1 .6 1
.52
3 .1 0

a -.

z Score
M

Score
u

10 .5 7 .1 6
10 .7 9 - . 0 9
.22 .25
.42 .06
.5 6 4 .1 7

Raw S c o r e
SD
V
40.98
3 9 .3 2
1.66
• 66
2 .51

1 0 .5 7
9 .8 0
.7 7
•46
1 .67

z

Score
U
.11
-.0 8
.19
.06
3 .1 7

89
TABLE X V I

( continu ed )

COMPARISONS OP n,H - SCORES OP' 3 6 6 BOY SCOUTS WITH THE
SCORES OF 6 0 3 BOY N O N - S C O U T S AND OF 3 9 9 G I R L SCOUTS
WITH t u p ; SCORES OF 6 0 s G I R L MON-SCO TT S

G irl S coots
G irl n on -S cou ts
Di f f e r e n c e
SI ' * d i f f
t-ra tio

Raw S c o r e
Caln

G ain as %
o f oossibL e

3.01
3 .69
-.5 3
.3 6
1 . 60

19
19
0

2
0

; Score
G ain
-.0 ^

.01
-.06
.0 6
1 .20

G a in as Kean
D ifferen ce
betw een TScore s
-.11

.0 7

-.13

.15
1.20

90
category

of

Scouts

v a lid ity

of

th is

numbers
and

of

and

q u an titative
and

girl

Scouts

and

boy

crroups

appear

be

compared

procedure

boys

Scouts

to

^ irls

re ;ts
and

in

T able

ch a ra cteristics

of

two

the

the
the

to

be

of

Boy

com bined

the

gain ed

G irl

of

these
of

equal

d irectio n

scores

A com parIson
may

in

scores

related

groups

The

aop roxim r.tely

sim ila rity

betw een

D ata

XVII.

the

non-Scouts.

betw een

and

non-Scouts.

on

the

rela tio n sh ip
non-Scouts

w ith

general

from

T ab le

X V III.
These

data

in

th eir

of

a ffectin g

f a ,ro r ,

the

the

to

the

in form ation .
prompt

show

betw een

been
w ould
give

was

d erived
a mean

p red icted
have
the

keeping

been

Scouts
w ith

d ifferen ce

of

of

at

the

found

th is

score

on

for

the

in tellig en ce

be

the

for

th eir

betw een

su perior
the

scien ce

phases

of

th is

d ifferen ces

study

hold
the

The

coefficien t

of

correla­

. 357«

Read

and

in itia l

By

u sin g
as

Test

an

of

the

34*

a mean

the

non-Scouts.
of

w ith

on

regressio n

w ould

score

in tellig en ce.
2.)q6

scores

supe­

estim atin g

and

was

suspected

of

su p eriority

groups

of

be

exp lan ation

co rrela tio n

a p red icted

may

factors

an

q u otien ts

Scouts

p red icted

that

from p r e v i o u s

to

several

and n o s s e s s i o n

Scouts.

pr o m

have

le a st,

p rovid in g

in tellig en ce

Test

eq u ation ,

that

prom ise

tio n

eq u ation

resu lts

in feren ce

perform ance

Read

Scouts

a decree,

The

greatest

the

a cq u isitio n

rio r

the

that

of

The
a

31*19

T h is

3.63

have

w ould

p o in ts

in

observed
standard

error

91

T A BL E X V I I

COMPARISON OF THE SCORES OF 7 6 5 SCO'TTS WITH
THE SCORES 0 1 , 2 0 3 NON- S CC' J TS

Raw
r
Scouts
N on-Scout s
D ifferen ce

3) i . 6 5
32.19
2 . J.|. 6
») i *i
5.59

SEd i f f
t-rq tlo

“ -r ***• —
' ■

9.97
9.10
.37
.31
2.3l

Score
V

Raw
K

.1 6
-.0 9
.25
.05
5.00

U 2 . '\l\
31.07
1 . 37
.5 7
2.91

F in a l
Score
z
S'
11.39
11 .8 1
-.5 2
. 37
1 .1 5

Score
M
.0 3
-.0 5
.13
.05
2.60

—
Raw S c o r e
G ain

Scout s
N on-Scout s
D ifferen ce
SSD 1 ff
t-ra tio

In itia l
Score
z
si'

7.79
3.33
-1.09
. 35
3.20

C ain as
P o ssib le
19
21
-2
2
1. 0

„b o f
G ain

z

Score
G ain
-.0 3
.05
-.1 2
. 0?
1.70

G ain as Kean
D if f . betw een
T -Scores
-.35

.35
-.7 0
.3 3
2.12

92

TABLE X V I I I

COL' I R I S O V 0 :

. RUSTI CS 0
A
AND NON-SCOUT GROUPS

C h aracteristic

Scouts

Number
Lean

SCO'

769

in tellig en ce

q u o t i e n t ...............................................1 0 i | . P 5

Percentage
scien ce

w i t h him h i n t e r e s t i n r e a d i n g
b o o k s .................................................................... 1 3

Percentage
scien ce

w i t h lo w I n t e r e s t i n rea-Cinr
b o o k s ....................................................................

th-

N on-Scouts
1,203
99.pi|
10

22

23

P ercentage

Crom " b e s t " h o m e c a t e g o r y .

.

.

16

6

Percentage

from

.

.

9

7

3 .7

7.9

L ean number o f
throum h t h e

"poor" hone

category.

s c i e n c e c l a s s e s per week
6 t h , 7 t h , anu 3 t h t r a d e s

.

93
of

0.!j2|-.

The

eq u ation

was

su p erio rity
is

p-reat

as

an

about
of

to

scien ce

T ab le

the

XIX

factors

the

suspected

in form ation

com m ents

co efficien ts

reader

may

of

th is

problem

con sisted

tio n

several

of

There

are

testin r
of

d eterm in in g
such

in terests,
of

the

a n a ly sis

Scout
the

students,

of

alth ou gh

and
it

the

com petent
such

econom ic
may

be

the

of

scien ce

of

the

in

stated,

on

v

C lub
home

assum ed

a

corre­

order.
at

q u a n tita tiv e

I4. - H

the

tech n iq u e.

arnonc-

problem

The

hand

at

the

co rrela ­
common

type

in tellig en ce.

betw een

was

and

th is

are

v a ria b les

ex o erien ce,

social

XIX

p en cil-p a p er

and

a

study.

B riefly

the

p rovid es

co rrela tio n

as

and

the

by

d eriv a tio n

T ab le

d ifferen t

in form ation

the

in

nature

tests of

techn iq u e

th is

the

by

q u estion

a cq u isitio n

in

estim atin g

rather

scien ce

the

exp erien ce

p o ssessio n

co efficien ts

in v estig a tio n .
of

adequate

sta tistic a l

factors

reported

Scout

and

th is

p rovid ed

in clu d ed

the

to

p red icted

accom panied

co rrela tio n

regard in g

understand

phase

answer

co rrela tio n

were

la tio n

th is

An

regression

su p erio rity

w hether

a cq u isitio n

0 ” a ffectin g

v:hich

Several

the

the

betw een

a ctu a lly

co efficien ts

reports

for

observed

q u estion

m u ltip le

reg ressio n

th eir

is

w ith

in form ation .

through

p a rtia l

the

v a ria b le

estim ate

d ifferen ce

and

ra ise

rela tio n sh ip

of

The

Scouts

in d ep en d en t

sought

error

,3 0 .

the

enough

n egative
of

standard

for

The

a b ility .

use

in

litera tu re

tech n iq u es

for

ria b les

m easured,

so

exp erien ce,

read in g

con d ition s
that

such

factors

91*

TABLE X I X
C O E F F I C I E N T S OF CORRELATION BETWEEN THE F ACTORS SUS P E CT E D
OF AFF ECTI N' ! THE A C Q U I S I T I O N OF S C I E N C E I N .7<’0 RF AT 1 0 N *

1
.157

.

obi

3
.265

.252

5
.1 3 1 *

-------

-------

.1 3 3

.1 1 * 5

.1 6 7

.035

-------

-------

-------

.257

.0 1 * 3

-.0 1 6

.

_ «. _

-------

-------

-------

.000

I n t e r e s t In R eading
S cien ce Books. . . .

-------

-------

— —

-------

-------

S cience

1.

Scout

2.

In tellig en ce

3.

Soc1al-E conom ic
H om e C o n d i t i o n s .

i |.
5.

2

0
------

0.

In fo rm atio n .

E xperience

.

.

. . . .
.

h

•JHt-

.2 3 7

P e rio d s o f S cience
In s tru c tio n in 6th,
7 t h , and 3 t h g r a d e s .

■K-This t a b l e s h o u l d b e r e a d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e F o l l o w i n g e x ­
am ple:
The c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n S c o u t
E xperience ( l)
a n d S o c i a l - E c o n o m i c H om e C o n d i t i o n s ( 3 ) w a s
f o u n d t o b e .1 1 * 5 .
•:t::-No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s f o u n d b e t w e e n t h e m e a n s o f
t h e s e g r o u p s h e n c e no a t t e m p t was made t o e s t i m a t e th e d e g r e e
o f co rrela tio n .

96
are

norm ally

len d
1

d istrib u ted

th em selves

to

w s3 n ecessa ry

g o ries

in

w h ich

In

th is

in terests

social

be

b eliev ed

obtain ed

sid era tio n
There
of

these

be

able

actin g

the

was

a

n u m erically

author’ s

and

b iscria l

Of

the

to

9U,

and

the

13Ib id .,

and
p.

Van

these

p

.

i i t j

^ P eters

cate­

were

factors,

read in g
the

factors

could

preferred

con­

on

the

co llectio n

a n ticip a tio n

of

the

need

of

others

in d iv id u a l

It

became

orher

These
m ethods

of

t e t-ru c h o r i c

resorted

boorhis,

o£.

for

turned

estim atin g

usin g

co efficien ts

necessary

co rrela tio n s

r " b l :ms

to

factors
to

that
the

co rrela tio n

phi

c o e f f i c i e n t , li+
19
w i d e s u r e ad c a s e s .

reported
Scout

c 11 . ,

r>.

in

T ab le

exp erien ce

XIV .
and

362.

366.

A lle n L. Edwards, S ta t i st 1 ca1 A n a lv s is for
P s y c h o l o g y a n d E d u c a t i o n " ! ( t few Y o r k :
R ineh art

m s y , -

of

factors

given

t e t r a c h o r ic ,1 ^ the

co efficien t

use

im posed

second

such

co rrela tio n

Peters

In

and

the

con d ition s,
of

were

not

treatm ent.

effect

eq u ivalen t.

atten tio n

home

lim ita tio n

w ith

to

these

do

o f m easurem ent.

these

of

cases

the

zero

of

estim ate

In

out

resort

econom ic

data.

b i s c r i a l , 1 '" t h e

the

ocge

of

to

two

va lid

sim u ltan eou sly

are

the

and

further

parcel

estim ates

of

sta tistic a l

co rrela tio n
to

case

p op u lation ,

techn iq u es

de T e e s

extrem e

the

use

as

the

a more

if
in

study

professed

In

author

the

p en cil-p u p er

represented.
and

through

Students
and C o . ,

. ------------------------------------

and

Van V o o r h i s ,

ojd.

c it . ,

pp.

376

end

3~^i*

96
scien ce

inform ation

cu lated

by

the

convenient
assumed

of

w ith in

b u tion

be

d ifficu lt
isolated

from

the

p op ulation
one

year

years
the

of

into

of

co efficien ts,
to

that

tion

of
The

r ^2

co efficien ts

the

and

scien ce

r ’s

calcu la ted

book

follow

an

d istr i­

been

be
to ta lly

the

or

total

less

than

or more

work
The

w ith in
b iseria l

argument

was

ap p lied

to

o p co rrela tio n

betw een

Scout

and

segm ents

"X6'
P eters

read in g

from

co rrela tio n

d istrib u ted

...... .

to

Scout

w ould

one

techn iqu e.

also

of

d ivid in g

w ith

be

th is

have

no

th is

m ust

It

p ossib le

procedure

stu d en ts1 social

and V an V o o r h i s ,

extrem e

the

use

that

w ith

those

b iseria l

r^

By

those

Is

to

ca l­

sim ilar

the

ca lcu la ­

r 0 ]_.

and

the

the

and

w ould

experien ce.

it

those

d istrib u tio n

student

and

of

it

categories.

ca tegories,

and

unon w h ich

normal

two

exp erien ce,
of

order

p op u lation

exp erien ce

restrictio n s

In

correlation s

a

any

Scout

Scout

Scout

in to

that

two

be

total

d ivid ed
nrove

techn iqu e.

w ^uld
the

to

rep resen tative

estim atin g

there

experien ce
may

rather

b iseria l

means

that

is

16

econom ic

in terest,

w idespread
tf-is

betw een
there
of

and

Is

the

a

,

cla sses.

techn iqu e
two

home
are

con d ition s,
tetrach oric

A ccording

can

be

used

to

va ria b les

If

they

are

clear

sep aration

pop ulation.

and Van V o o r h i s ,

op.

The

c it..

experien ce

of

3^6.

P eters

estim ate
norm ally

the

orip-ins

p.

to

of

two
the

97
date

upon

the
in

w h ich

these

lim ita tio n s
the

on

co rrela tio n s

the

coop eratin g

use

sch ools

who

came

from

the

best

who

came

from

the

poorest

normal

of

d istrib u tio n

of

best.

The

d ecisio n

the

b e lie f

that

teachers,

acquain ted

w ith

the

oer

to

of

use
in

extrem e

th is

the

cases

T h is

of

teachers
the

the

those
a

poorest

stem m ed

more

th eir

and

students

assum ed

approach
are

m eetin g

The

homes

from

gen eral,

in

id en tify

cen t.

con d ition

to

aid

tech n iq u e.

cent

ten

based

asked

per

home

the

th is

were

ten

are

apt

to

from

to

students’

be
home

backgrounds.
The
the
a

use

students'

sim ila r

m em ories
at

of

the

the
more

argum ent.
w ould

derree

of

of

d erived

in

The

<>-ive m o r e
than

w culd

the

fo llo w

a

in terp reta tio n

a p p lica tio n

of

the

above

ch oric
from

r 's ,

the

w id esp read

in terest

in

phi

author

for

books

Scout

and

w ith

for

of

and

students'

ca lcu la tin g

extrem e

resnonses

a more

v a lid ity

the

relia b le

r 23

an<^ r 2i[

the

the

of

the

co efficien ts
stra ig h t

tetra ch o ric

exp erien ce
the

fo llo w s

argum ent.

the

and

of

in terest

S im ila rly ,

ca lcu la ted

co efficien ts,

cla sses

scien ce

tech n iq u e

estim ate

the

of

yield

sim ila r

the

the

to

rela tio n sh ip .

in

thereby,

that

these

assum ed

an

books

estim ates

used

aid

ob t a i ned

scien ce

A tech n iq u e

that
be

at

b eliev ed

accurate

thus

they

arriv in g

read in g

o v era ll.

actu al

and

in

author

co rrela tio n

m arkedly

To

technique

in terests

extrem es

estim ate
wore

th is

so cial

and
and

tetra ­
r's

read in g
econom ic

96
home

con d itio n s.

in terest
r

was

in

to

be

tetrach oric

r

In

of

case

Scout
was

tetra ch o ric

r

from

v alu es

paragraph

tion sh ip
the

two

co p u la tio n .

w ould

valu e
the

the

of

the

in tellig en ce
co efficien t
so

low

be

made.

p artial

be

of

cla ss

no

reg ressio n

two

the

reduced

those

T ab le

Scout

a n a ly sis

factors
In

pa^e

exp erien ce

were

order

to

c o efficien ts.

of

of

extrem e

and

run

srior

subjected

'these

r e la ­
betw een

the
a

w h ole

v a lid
categories
and

an
were

the

more

by

tech n iq u e.

low .

and
The

in stru ctio n

rela tio n sh ip
to

low

cases

acn ievem cn t

9iq,

tn '.s

ob tain

preced­

the

s t ill

tetrach oric

in volvin g

XIX,

to

high

is

of

the

extrem e

rela tio n sh ip

the

the

the

given

the

in

tech n iq u e

have

betw een

to

in

equal

com posed

the

and

of

of

further

other

r ’s

com posed

adjustm ent

r 's

betw een

we o n

stra ig h t

d iscrep an cy

been

w ou ld

d ifferen ce

excep tion

that

co rrela tio n

the

the

ca teg o ries

ca tegories

the

The

two

i f

the

.1^ 9.

estim ate

nave

co efficien t

degree

w idesp read

is

phi

w ou ld

the

.17 3*

tetrach oric
v a lid

and

.1 6 7 *

co n d ition ,

v a ria b les

d iscrep an cy

the

the

W ith

the

eq u alled

was

factors,

tetrach oric

.1 9 8 ,

co efficien t

a

these

straigh t

cla sses

been

two

eq u alled

W ith

home

phi

categories

The

have

h a lf.

the

the

of

co efficien t

stra ig h t

have

f'irst

cla sses

and

the

the

betw een

If

phi

w id esp read

w ou ld

extrem e

estim ate

work

the

booir,

the

.2 6 3 ,

of

betw een

d iscrep an cy

scien ce

of

f rorti w i d e s p r e a d

r

ing

case

.3 1 3 ,

tetrach oric

The

the

read in g

found

the

In

the

m u ltip le

estim ate
found

w ill

to

of

the

be:

99
Scout

E xp erien ce

. 0L|_2

In tellig en ce
S ocial

and

R eading
The
p erien ce
z e r*o.
or

and

T h is

more

of

in clu d ed
the

p a rtia l

S cien ce

home

to

w ith

assumed

be

w ith

books
It

or

to

for

each

of

the

The

v a riety
order

p artial,
of

the

factors

item s

the

Scouts

on

two o f
nee

ex­

equal

to

one

who

year

were

a ssociated

the

Read

w hich

can

w ith

Goneral

r a w s c o r e s d v s n t a ~e

in te lli

that

lend

did

rep ression

used
n errit

prim ary

co efficien ts

w eip h ts

were

net

actin'*

not
lie

these

^ u s t be

w ell

be

and a p r o a t e r c o n t a c t

p artial

th em selves
the

factors

not

rela tiv e

?65

that

ex clu siv ely

factors

noted

net

r's

su b sta n tia lly

the

not
the

tech n iq u es

was

w h ich

to

estimate

of

of

Scout

s c * c." - e .

be

purposes

are

anrarent

other

do

.023

for

in terp retation

was

su perior

should

P red iction

the

study

about

co efficien ts

second

to

T heir

a ssociated
to

con d ition s

resncnd

T est.

C on d ition

co efficien ts

exp erien ce

+h i s

T'o,v e

.222

regression

Scout

a b ility

E conom ic

In terests

^eads

in

.514-1

of

in clu d ed

the
in

to

rep ression

use

for

p red ictio n

percentage

of

association

ex clu siv ely

of

the

in

the

d eriv irr

m easures
m otive
m; r>y b e

of

zero

equal

th is

used

suspected
th is

of

a*

others.
and

v a ria b ility

study.
an

estim ate

cou trib u tin r

study.

These

100
D1 f f e r e n c e s
The
be

data
seen

ccncernino;
that

scores

are

ences

are

as

lead

to

ence

As

of

all
so

Iq. —IT a n d

126

boys

further

the

on

non

3 l| . 0 7

mean

score

appear

in

1|-H

C lub

in

when

the

factors
Head

Scout

w hich

w ith

eq u ally

groups.

the
is

were

C lub

n-roup.

in itia l

mean

score

be

n w hole

mean

score

ten ta tiv e

exp erien ces

equal

con sid ered .
enjoyed

in tellig en ce

an

for

he

r

non

that

It

that

Pound

p o in ts.

of
the

Iq-H

in itia l

mean

‘" i r l

be

was

the

score
hi

for

her
T h is

and

usinv

1. -TT a n d

the

qu o"len t
By

It

to

tc

boy
the

In form ation .

o '1 t h e

was

among

found

rela tio n sh ip s

nee

answer

Jq-H '’ i r i s .

in tellig en ce

in tellig en ce

q u otien t

the

sci

to

sig n ifica n tly

d ifferen t
of

to

In itia l

in terp retation

and’ a c q u i s i t i o n

c o m p a r at i v e

th is

d iffe r ­

q u estio n

d istrib u ted

h -H

and

errors

factor

the

a b ility

were

p ra ctica lly

d iffe r ­

real

the

to

There

the

a

was

d irected

correlated

in

that

next

is

The

These

can

p op u lation .

exn crl-n ce

is

T est

" iris

total

3 3 * 5~2

p o ssessio n

group.

is

was

C lub

pain

there

) p- T! ' " i r i s

the

and

that

The

to

fin a l,

in terp retation

n o n U-II b o y s .

lea d s

It

standard

!j.-TT C l u b '

in itia l

XX.

th eir

the

the

T ab le

w ith

of

than

in

in itia l,

the

a tten tio n

2L|9

C l Tib e x o e r 1 ■: n c e s .

com parison

case

observed

was

in

of

groups

the

and

boys

rnu3 t

such

other

the

ij - H

the

con sid ered ,

item s

factor

favor

larre

was

the

th is

w ith. kzll

d ifferen ces

in

to

w hether

the

the

betw een

bein~

a ssociated

’ -I;

n o n I4. - H

Club

su p erio rity
the

crouns

group
of

p rev io u sly

as

2.31

101

T A:

.-t .'i I

^

wl

t h c t

: k - H CL TB L X P F R l ^ T C L

In .itia l
R aw S c o r e
z Score
T/
tv
SD
! - T: C l u b

3 ' ! .-"co

9 . 60

.16

N o n - k H C l v ’b
D i f‘f e r e n c e

32.7b

9.51

- . 0 J4

1

95
. 5 :;
3.57

:’T,;d I f f
t-ra tio

.

Ra w S c o r e
C ain
3-H Club
9.02
N o n -k -H C l u b 3 . 35
D ifferen ce
.67
iff
t-ra tio

-71
.93

.0 9
.1-1-0
.22

.20
. 05
1: . 0 0

G a i n a s 9; o r
P e u c i b l e 0- a I n
22
20
2
1
2 .0 0

z

Raw

F in al
Score
z
SD

1 3 * .’2
31.1.0

10.3-5
10.90

2.6 2
.5 9

-.k b
. l | ’i

ii.k k

1.02

Score
1.
.2 0
O
1

i .'

1

ST

j s c o n . ,3 o n 3 7 5 s t u d s s t s w i t h
\’CE WITH T ’7L SCORGS 0 7 1 , 7 9 7

•

C0: P i R I S O N CF r
k - R CL tb 12XPER'
.

XX

.2 5
.0 5

3 .3 2

Score
G ain

G a i n a s Ke a n D i f f
betw een T -Score s

.0 3
-.0 1
. 03.
.09
1.00

.25
-.06
.31
.31
.76

102
in terp reted
assum ing

regression

a ll

w ould h a v e

oeen

made

a mean

mean

score
The

p red icted

observed

Scout

unnecessary

to

no

m arkedly
non

4-H

Club

of

T h is

very

factor

o v era ll

to

the

the

on

the

the

was

34.70*

associated

econom ic

ex ceed in g ly
T est;

eq u ality
and

of

the
low

suspect

w ith

thus

con d i­

in d ep en d en t
it

of

was

and

these 1 actors

d istrib u ted

deemed
of

p eriod s

co rrela tio n

that

Scout

d istrib u tio n

number

have

in itia l

home

low

it

w ou ld

The

betw een

these

of

there
w ould

the

gap

betw een

in

th is

gain

the

study

two

groups

be

4-H

w idened

d ifferen ces

were

com posing

du rin g

not

the

and

th is

group.

plu s

rela tiv ely

co rrela tio n

ol

was

the

and
the

fin a l
same

scien ce

scores

h igh

(.7 2 8 ),

in terp retation
in form ation

in form ation

prom pts

may b e

through

possessed

^ rior

y e a r ’s

enough

beyond

the

the

great

g en era liza tio n s

a cq u isitio n

in s tr u c tio n .

3 4 .4 7 ,

head

show

group

relia b le

that

of

of

and

and

groups.

in itia l

in feren ce

made

on

show

in terests

students

in stru ctio n ,
perm it

check

C lub

Test

groups

d istrib u ted ,

4-h

so cia l

d isp rop ortion ately

A lthough
sam ple

scores

reason

the

group

the

in stru ctio n

known

eq u a lly

d ifferen ces

that

H eading

scien ce

the

Tor m a tc h in g

be

head

exp erien ce

w ith

factors.

for

to
that

the

of

showed

co rrela tio n

was

on

a n a ly sis

and

p rior

factors

score

exp erien ce
tion s

other

techn iqu e

the
to

to

betw een

the

the

made

of

n in th
the

the
grade

y e a r 13

as

103

V.

r I F F E R E d C E S I N ACHI E V ■i N T A S S O C I A T E D WITH
D I F F E R E N C E S I N HOFK EACKOROHND

D tfferencea
home
in

b a c k g r o ’ -nd s ,

T ab les

ing

in

XXI

one

one

the

of

these

form

these

p reced in g

these

D ata

home

he

home

five

i f

he

had

th is

was

on

spent

id en tified

as

as

in

two

corain^

b elon g­

personal

p reced in g
If

city

reported

the

ca teg o ries.

data

w ill

have

tc

be

in terp reted

p rev a ilin g

atm osphere

of

the

rural

of

Illin o is.

In

few

respects

cla ssified

in

the

city

C entral

who may
hove

be

the

same

students

in

the

study,

bed'^round

w ould

in d u strial

have

in

five

years

parts

of

or more

from

case

students

d iffer

from

those

gory

should

in

of

the

In

the

nat r e
os

considered

as
of

a

in

of

a m ixed

coruino

home

students

tra n sitio n

the

area

students

be

expected

by

the

from

of

the

Illin o is

com posing

lig h t

in

th is

surrounded

th eir

city

c^n

category

C entral

students

d esign ated

cla ssified
be

area

in

in flu en ce

exp erien ces

an

en terp rises.

w ell

and

are

cla ssified

the

been

and

background.
These

so

factor

was

spent

had

v illa g e ,

reported

background

years

he

ru ra l,

A student

groups

that

categ o ries

w ith

regard in g

and X X II.

of

in fo rm a tio n
in

a ssociated

area

as

the

to

city

p u rely
and

esp ecia lly

sam ple

rural

for

th is

homes m i m h t

experiences
cut

the

"roup

v illa g e

betw een

cate­

rural

city .
If

the

arb itrary

t-ra tio

of

3 .0

is

to

be

m aintained

104

TABLE X X I
COMPARISON OF THE I N I T I A L AND F I N A L SCORES OF STUDENTS
WITH RURAL, V I L L A G E , C I T Y , OR MIXED HOME BACKGROUNDS

Raw S c o r e s
Rural
M
SD
F in a l
In itia l
D iff
SEdiff

t-ra tio

43.10
32.22
10 .88
.40
27.2

10.39
9 .65
.74
.37
2 .00

V illa g e
V.
SD
42.42
55.64
8.7 8
.51
17.2

10 .10
9.95
.15
.46
.33

M ixed

C ity
M

SD

40.87
33.18
7.6 9
.26
29 .6

11.15
9.80
1.35
.65
2 .08

K

SD

42.06
35.48
8.5 8
.4 5
19.1

10.80
8 .4 0
2 .4 0
.39
6 .15

z Scores

F in al
In itia l
D iff
SEdiff

t-ra tio

Rural
M

V illage
M

.14
-.0 9
.23
.04
5.17

.08
.05
.03
.05
.60

C ity
-.0 7
.01
-.0 8
.01
8.00

M ixed
.04
.04
0 .0
.04
0 .0

105

TABLE XXII
COMPARISON OF THE C A I N SC OR ES OF S T H D J T T S WITH R U R A L ,
V I L L A G E , CI TY , OR M I X E D u 0 i E BACKGROUNDS

D ifferen ces

B etw een

Ru r a l
V i l l a re
D iff.
3Ed i f f
t - r at to

.23
.03
.20
.06

Mean
Rur al

. o3
-.0 7
.1 0
.05
2 . 00

Cl t v
D iff.
SEd i f f
t-r a 1io

C ain
Rural
C ity

0.0

VIII a r e .03
MI x e o
D iff.

25
13

. 72
-.7 1
1-5 3
. 5U
2 . 65

as

Per

Rural
F ixed

In itia l

Rural
C ity

.23
.06
3 . 33

I ean D if f eren ces
Rural
1 . 9 ’t
.72
V i11 ar e
1 . 22
Di f f .
. 61
S E d iff
t - r a t Io 2 . 0 0
7111 ar e
C ity
Di f f .
3Sd i f f
t - r rat i o

one

.23

Mi x e d

3.33

VLI1 are

R u ral 25
V' a ^ e 21
D iff.
ip
SEd i f f
t -ratio 1

F in al

0 .0
.03
.0 6

-

z

Scores

.23
.o ?
. 30

.06
6 . 00
C ity
Mi x e d
Di If.

. 5o

- . 0?
0 .0
-.0 7
.0 5
1 .LjO

B e ; t w e e n I n d i v i d u a l Jl ^j - Sc or c _3
R u r a l 1.9URural
1 . 9't
Mi x e d - . 1 5
C ity
-.71
2.09
2 . 65
. lj-2
.5U
6
. 30
3.3?
VII1 .
Iv i x e d

Cent
25
21

.72
-.15
. 37
. 63
1 .35
of

C ity
MIxed

fa in

v , are
Cl tv

-.7 1
-.15
-.5 6
. ]|6
1 . 22

P o ssib le

21 V ' s r e
1 3 f- i x e a

21 C i t y
13
21 I i x e d 2 1

7

U-

3

0

3
2 .3

h
1

3
1

It
o

106
s

the

he

te st

of

amount

in th

of

grade

orue

scien ce

students

backgrounds

x rla in ed

as

sim ila r
mount

grade

to

uxed
ire

There

home

5ne

a

in

m ore

the
be

than

hundred

of

b ein g

of

in

than

c ity

ap p roxim ately

w ith

and

the

stu dents
w ith

students

v illa g e

to

the

rural

tnose

n in ety

a p p lica b le

of

rural

rursi

the

be

w ith

end

the

the

o f

can

v a ria tio n s.

the

that

of

those

g en era lly

at

students

gain s

and m i x e d

co n n ection

of

doubt

city

The

greater

made

in

en terin g

w '.’ ch

sam p lin g

com p arison

the

by

c ity ,

those

possessed

l i t t l e

backgrounds.

p ro b a b ility

than

be

d ifferen ces

possessed

chance

-u st

the

v illa g e ,

greater

in form ation

can

su ffic ie n tly

ru ra l,

accom pany

except

gain

g iv e

no

to

scien ce

students.
,end

from

are

apt

sig n ifica n ce,

in form ation

in terp reta tio n

of

u.n th

to

s ta tis tic a l

students

chances
n in th

in

grade

3 o p u la tlo n g .
The
score,

standard

in it ia l

co rrela tio n

in

d ifferen ces

b

by

the

cate

sim p le

the

fin a l,

the

groups.

have

d ifferen ces

been

The

standard

d ev ia tio n s

thus

ca lcu la ted

tiv e ly

estim ated .
excep tion

of

between
w ill

o f

the

to

bhe

d istrib u tio n s

be

, rh ? e

other

the

mean

ca lcu la ted
3D*s
of

in d i­

the

standard

considered

in te llig e n c e ,

the

for

been

w^U i r e

T -sc^ret,

have

for

errors
have

z

betw een

corrected

in d iv id u a l T -sco res
/ n Di
;5Ep
form u la
Si i _ V
7* ~ ^ 2 .

d ifferen ces

the

the

tw een

errors

W ith

for

and

standard

individual

errors

as

conserva­

factors

107
corelated
assumed

w ith

to

be

categories.
these

s t i ms

were

rural

136

v illa g e

979

city

173

students

of

found

the

to

be

found

to

are

betw een
the

the

d ifferen ce

Read

T est.

to

the

com parison

of

to

all

groups,

changes

W ith

no

Tor

1,5 20

and

oaue

105*

years

m e

and

v illa g e

eq u ation

and

w ould
the

^ive

occur

None

decreased

of

below

associated

w ith

the

author

of

th is

teachers

he

had

school

of

*

in

s 1 . 0)4

of

the
is

By
for m atch­

v illa g e
n oin t

. l'rp

qu otien ts

groups.

one

group

for

a mean

ap p lied

not

only

students

but

also

in

the

T able

the

*

d ifferen ce

the

»9i l

*1.20

range

technique

rural

data

the

test

adjustm ent

v illa g e

from

Di f f e r e n c e s

w ith in

should

th is

made

or

in tellig en ce

app roxim ately

in terp retation s

beyond

mean

The

regression

the

XXII,

the

rural

of

are

background

1 0 1 . h.2 S E

backgrounds

errors.

on

pu b lic

qu otien ts

or ac t i c a l l y

advantage

w ith

home

l O O . l p q SE

betw een

a p redicted

the

'Test

be:

w it h m ixed

standard

th is

D uring

the

Head

s t u d e n t s ......................................... 1 0 2 . 6 5 BE

groups

ing

in creased

among

the

s t u d e n t s ...................................................... 1 0 1 . 7 5 SE

of

T able

to

s t u d e n t s

ap p lication
groups,

respond

in tellig en ce

d ifferen ces

four

to

d istrib u ted

The mean

?-3>br

the

ab ility

equ ally

students

The
of

the

d irectio n s
XXI,

t-ra tio s

the

th esis
often

w ould

accepted

" b e a f and

page

of

IOI4. ,
be

value

of

3*9.

"p o o r e s t " h o m e s .
has

heard

been

associated

students

100
being

referred

connotation

made

type

of

to

in

th is

to

homes
were

233

and

167

in

were
from

category*

In itia l

"best"

D ata
T ab le
the

groups

if

the

total

There
betw een
and

fin a l

sta tistic a lly

been

in itia l

the

con sid ered .
.27

140

that
had

that

The

home
T h is
lor

teachers

were

groups

m ind

the

d ifferen ces

for

228

appear

in

character

w ould

be

d ilu ted

Included*
d ifferen ces

in

b iseria l

valu e

la tter

" p o o rest."

these
In

the

ob tain ed

the

an

war

fin al*

both

the
r

if

found

ex ist
on

gains

the
Is

ca lcu la ted

estim ate

con d ition s

the

in

categories

p iovid es

con d ition s*

the

d ifferen ce
The

home

were

A p p aren tly

real

"poorest"

study

"best"

keep

been

the

the

from

the

th is

of

th is

from

from

sh ou ld

doubt

of

com ing

students

scores

cla sses

and

as

in

l,b l6

students*

scores

and

sig n ifica n t.

scores

th eir

fin a l

group

factor

used

" p oorest.''

scores.

of

en ro llin g

group

of

rea lize

value
had

sch ools

use

attem pt

students.

and

w idesp reau

An

background

reader

these

achievem en t*

of

the

sig n ifica n t

home

id en tify

and

a

the

and

no

bore

w ith

to

The

be

homes

in v estig a tio n

m ajor

to

"best"

test

the

th is

d istrib u tio n

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109

TABLE X X I I

COMPARI SON OF THE I N I T I A L , F I N A L , AND G A l N S C O R E S
OF STrTD,; :T3 FROM THE "563':'" INF "POOREST" HOF e-S

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112
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96

1.' 17 FURh ;iCES A330CI IT ED h T > I I Fi'ERENT DEf-REES
OF INTEREST IN REAtINO SCE'ENCE BOOKS

and

number

aid

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VI.

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113

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l l h

TABLE X X I V

COMPARISON OF THE I N I T I A L , F I N A L , AND C A I N SCORES
OF ST ■T! 33 T 3 WITH "n . l OR" AND "LOW” I NT ERNST I N
READI NG S C I E N C E BOOKS

Raw
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In itia l
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3 1 . 1 2 1 0 . 70
3 1 .35
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3.67
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"H i^h” i n t e r i i s t
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113'
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116
V I I . D I F F E R E N C E S A S S O C I A T E D WITH D I F F E R E N T AMOUNTS
OF S C I E N C E I N S T R U C T I O N THROUGH TH:„ S I X T H , S E V E N T H ,
AND E I G H T H GRADES

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not

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scien ce

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v, t w e e n

to

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1,<393

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117
a

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118
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ra tio
the

in

moans

w ith

cla sses

nroripted

and

use

the

lin e a r ity

of

of

the

In creasin g

the

the

ca lcu la tio n

en silon -sq u are

rela tio n sh ip

and

the
-| ^

sirn i^ lcn n ce

of

the

co rrela tio n .

orovid ed

tab led

valu es

per

le v e ls

of

cent

compare

a

that

cou ld

tio n

when

the

used

in

scores

the
of

be

true

w ith

Is

one

.at

expected

the

Ib id . .

of

pp .

k-1
per

on

the

were
equal

cent

9)-|- 9 7 -

These

w ith

co rrela tio n

students

en silo n -sq u ere
.011

ra tio

ca lcu la tio n

1 ,3 9 3

ep sflo n -sq o o re

co n fid en ce.

co rrela tio n

tio n

of

P eters

the

the
is

and
at

b asis
EQro.

of

to

lev el

7

The
and

of

five

can
of

and
used

one
to

co rrela ­
flu ctu a ­

colu m n s

ra tio

ta b led

h -1

be

chance

E igh t

co rrela tio n
used.

the

valu es
decree

Van V o o r h i s

e jual

con fid en ce.

and

the

valu e
to

were

of

1,000

The

119

TABLE XXV
COMPARI SON OP T H E I N I T I A L S CORES O P S" T E ^ . T o ETTH
V A R I O U S .AMOUNTS OP S C I E N C E C L A S S E S THROHOH THE
S I X T H , S E V E N T H , AND E l IHTH T R A D E S

T o t a l Number
o f C lasses
R eported

Lean
N

V

SD

3E]v)

0

-

1

311

3 0 .7 5

3

.5 0

P

-

3

lh 7

31.03

9 ,90

'

-

i'

203

33. 514-

9 .3 9

6

-

7

133

3U .33

9 .6 9

3

-

9

189

3^ .93

9 .19

10

-11

219

31+.U-J

9 . 30

12

-1 3

1"°

3 ,i U - 2

9 .2 "

11+ - I S

J}57

33.50

9.3 5

!

In tellig en ce
Q u otien t
N
IQ

21+3

101.1+

• >=

31+

1 0 r .1

. 6?

17i +

1 0 7 .2

159

1C 2 . 6

• 67

I I 4.6

1C 2 . 3

• o' 1.

1

-

1C 1 . 3

f.fS

1 ’; 2

^ 22.1+

• US

303

1 0 2 . l\

P e a r s o n P r o d u c t - T o m e n t r b e t w e < ;n R e a d T e s t
S c o r e s n n d N u m b e r o f S c i e n c e G l o s s e s ..............................1 3l+
SE =
.02
C orrelation R atio, corrected for ssn o le siz e
and n u m b e r o f c l a s s e s , b e t w e e n R e a d T e s t
S c o r e s a n d N u m b e r o f S c i e n c e C l a s s e s ..............................1 7
SE r
.02

120
ensilon -sq u are

value

a degree

of

Test

and

the

The

product-m om ent

. I 3 I4. w i t h
of

a

at

scores
are
ship

than

betw een

grades
In

five

the

ca lcu la tio n

p rior

of

the

tab u lation s

on

through

the

sixth

cla sses

per

week

that

grade.
attem pt

occurred

to

Read

eq u alled

ep silon -sq u are
T h is

value

confidence

if

test

is

sig n ifi­

only

one

hundred

that

scores

and

the

reported

total

the

3ixth ,

seventh,

and

the

above

ju stify

1,000

that

the

enough,

co rrela tio n

w a s r ua de

in stru ctio n .

For

grade
that

were

may

chart

treated

have

been

XXVI r e p o r t s

estim ate

T'est

in clu d ed

of

con sid eration

through

enough

great

factors

The

of

the

in

co rrela tio n

T ab le

Read

students

no

the

by h ig h e r
to

these

.009*

lev el

on

classes*

.0 2 .
of

scores

in d ica tes

there

rela tio n ­
number

eig h th

lin ea r.

recency

an

the

w -ich

follow s

through

r,

in

of

,025

in terp retation

chances

nroduct-m om ent

eirh th

The

be

scien ce

betw een

cent

Read T e s t

to

betw een

a valu e

used.

cla sses

is

r

error

per

been

scien ce

p rior

rev ea led
five

had

less

of

standard

the

observed

rela tio n sh ip

number

lin ea rity

cant

of

real

was

the

scores

the

but

three

of

grade

These

to

prompt

an

w ith

through
data

to

d ifferen ces

in

however,

per

tends

beyond

study.

cla sses

recency.

g en era liza tio n s
th is

the

the

the

and

rela tiv e

in

Id en tica lly

sortie o f

the

the

exam ple,

reported

effect

eigh th

of

ratio

week
three

the

gathered
In stru ctio n

be

acconroanied

are

not

sarm le

great

of

d iffe r e n c e s w ere

in v estig a tio n

of

the

121

TABLE XXVI
COMPARI SONS OF THE I N I T I A L S C OR E S OF GROUPS OF S T UDE N T S
D I F F E R I N G I N R E S P E C T TO THE GRADE I N WHICH P R I O R
S C I E N C E I N S T R U C T I O N HAD OCCURRED

Group

N

U

80

30 .25

1 0 .4 3

1 .1 4

C la s s e s In
Grade o n ly

68

32 .1 9

9 .7 5

1 .1 8

S cien ce C lasses in
E ig h t h Grade o n ly

128

3 3 .5 5

9 .6 5

.85

S c ie n c e C la sse s In
S i x t h Grade o n ly
S cien ce
Seventh

SD

SEm

S cien ce
6 th and

C la s s e s In
7 th Grades

68

3 1 .9 0

9 .5 1

1 .2 0

S cien ce
7 th and

C la s s e s In
8 th G rades

550

3 5 .7 7

9 .8 5

.27

S cien ce
6 t h and

C lasses in
8 th Grades

18

3 1 .9 0

9 .3 5

4 .8 8

a ll
1423

35 • 59

9 .7 0

.2 6

S c ie n c e C la s s e s in none
o f th e Three Grades
318

2 9 .3 0

9 .4 0

.5 3

S cien ce C lasses
Three Grades

In

(These d a t a were c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the total group of e n t e r i n g
n i n t h grade students.
This Included those w ho were taught
science t h r o u g h the n i n t h grade as w e l l as those who were
not • )

122
effect

of

w eigh tin g

A random

sam ple

phase

th is

of

test

the

the

seventh

by

by
per

200

study

prade

by

Thus

treated ,

week

through

a

total

grade

week

a total

each

of

whereas

week

of

students

200

paper

at

sam ple

eq u alled

.1 2 6 ;

sam ple

in fer

that

of

found
XXVII.

for

of

show

a d ifferen ce
sig n ifica n t

the
of

=

The

sig n ifica n t
of

the

scien ce

the

Read

Test

students

w ith

varyin g

test

scores.

standard

errors

ap p roxin ately

d ifferen ce

betw een

3*0

of
is

these

w ith

of

the

from

can

th is

th is
be

asso cia ­

cla sses.
or

erd-of-year

am ounts
sim ila r

data

the

and

answers

from

fin al

are

These

cla sses

usable
r

as

su fficien t
m eans.

of
to

appear

m eans

as

the

id en tified

resu lts

w hich

to

seventh,

d ifferen ces

orior

h an d led

eig h ty -n in e

p rovid ed

.0 7 .

eig h th

be

three

product-m om ent

rela tio n sh ip s

in itia l

Wi t h

The

betw een

groups

in stru ctio n

no

recency

D ifferen ces
scores

hand.
3E

hundred

reported

cla sses

p rior

be

to

the

five

the

a

used

the

w ould

reported

w ould

sam ple

was

cla sses

scien ce

eirh th

w ith

through

grades

through

One

of

rep ortin g

in

who

7U)

through

none

cla sses.

q u estio n

the

cla sses

the

(page

reported

three

student

through

the

the

cla sses.

con n ection

number

student

six th ,

the

w ith

of

a

the

tw elve

in

a

scien ce

number

the

number

th irty

through

ner

the

the

one,

of

in

ea rlier

o f m u ltip lyin g

sixth

number

drawn

reported

three.

three

ted

scores

and

n in th

to

reported

tw o,

havin g

per

of

effect

throurh

the

p rior
those

in

T ab le

renorted,
to

show

a

123

TABLE XXVII
COMPARISONS OF THu. F I N A L SCORES OF STHDil HTS WITH
V A RI O US NTTKBNRS OF S C I E N C E C L A S S E S THROUGH THE
S I X T ” , S E VE NT H , AND EI GHT ■’ C H A I R S

N

M

SD

sen

0 - 1

311

39.27

1 0 .5 0

. 60

2 - 3

l >+7

UO.OO

1 1 .7 0

.97

203

La . 60

10

. 70

.75

6 - 7

189

Ll? . i 5

10.95

.30

8 - 9

189

^ 2 .3 0

1 0 .7 0

.7 3

u\
i

T o t a l Dumber
o f C lasses
R eoorted

10

-11

219

U2.70

10.23

.69

12

-13

170

14.3.90

1 0 . 20

• VV
1

1 /|.

-In

l \ S 'f

14.2 . 1 0

1 0 . 65

.5o

Product-K om erit r b t t w e e n Reed T e s t S c o r e s
a n d N u m b e r o f S c i e n c e C l a s s e s ............................................... 0 9

SE s

.0 2

C o r r e la tio n R a tio , c o r r e c te d for sam rle
s i z e am] n u m b e r o f c l a s s e s , b e t w e e n R e a d
T e s t S c o r e s and l u m b e r o f S c i e n c e C l a s s e s .

SE

.02

.12

-

1214The

decrease

in

betw een

the

T est

is

sig n ifica n t

tio n

betw een

tio n .

in itia l

Thus

betw een
tio n

the

co rrela tio n

that

if

fin al
the

for

r*s

the

to

that

fin al

errors
te s t

standard

of

co rrela ­

in to

of

the

A sim ila r
the

Read

the

scores

betw een

r

the

take

error

.O la .

d ifferen ce

be

the

number

test

chances

of

rev ea ls

sig n ifica n t

rela tio n sh ip

reported

product-m om ent

a d m in istra tio n s

eq u alled

the

the

con sid era­

d ifferen ce

in terp reta ­

in itia l

and

fin a l

ra tio s.

.120

the

of

standard

and

er> s 1 1 o n - s q u a r e

of

further*

and

in itia l

two

fo llo w s

valu e

valu e

ca lcu la ted ,

these

The

the

are

le s s

betw een

p rior

at

the

the

one

per

than

one

in

these

scien ce

co rrela tio n

Read

cla sses

ra tio

cent
one

lev el

and

hundred

T est

scores

and

is

lin ea r

rela tio n ­

a

the

sh ip .
E stim ates
variou s
and

numbers

eirh th

XX VIII.
made
of

An

the

mean

of

raw

the

fin a l

the

raw

scien ce
may

be

gain s

gain s
to

scores

and

expressed

are

and

due

fin a l

expressed

the

data
the

been

fin a l

proups

of

through

from

these

have

by

cla sses

through

estim ate

in itia l

made

made

of

gain s

in itia l

d iffic u lt

betw een

gain s

in sp ection

betw een

errors

the

of

trades

sig n ifica n t

tio n

are

of

show3

corrected
Read

the

data

year.

T est

the

scores.

the

action

score.:.

of

-"ain

T ab le

group

for

to

per

each

in

standard

cent

the

reported

w ith
seventh,

The

per

as

sixth ,

that

as

test

students

errors

co rrela ­
The

standard

P o ssib le

of

co rrela tio n

If

the

cent

of

In itia l
the

total

and

125
TABLE X X V I I I

COKPAH I SON OF THU KKAH DI FF ERUNCUS h h t Im UF; I N D I V I D U A L F I NAL
AND I N I T I A L . T - S C C R I . 3 OF STUDENTS H T ' ! VARIOUS NUMBERS OF
S C I E N C E CL AS S ES TURO’JC-H THE S I X T H , S x I V : , . ' l - i , AMD n F H I H SHADES

>tal Number
>f C l a s s e s
R eported

•fr

N

h

SD

0

-

1

311

.63

7.30

2

-

3

U ?

.ll3

7.59

h - 5
r
o "* rTi»

203

-.0 3

7.29

139

.13

7.33

3

9

139

-.3 6

7.2 6

10

-11

219

.12

6 .7 2

1?

-13

173

.lo

7.11

Ilf. - 1 6

U5?

-.6 3

6 . 63

-

SEjwi

P r o d u c t -i\ orient r b e t w e e n Read T e s t S c o r e s
and K ean D i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n I n d i v i d u a l
F i n a l a n d I n i t i a l T - S c o r e s .........................................................- . 0 5 2
C o r r e l a t i o n R a t i o , c o r r e c t e d f o r sam ple
s i z e and n u m b e r o f c l a s s e s , b e t w e e n R e a d
T e s t S c o r e s and Number o f S c i e n c e C l a s s e s .

■Ji-See p a fire 1 2 6 .

.

-.0 3 5

126
score,

the

standard

error

ap p roxim ately

three

errors

d ifferen ces

of

the

age

sco res' w ould

per

cent

by

betw een
the

of

have

in itia l

the

groups

cla sses
same

of

through

students

seventh,

w ou ld

be

made

when

expressed

in

raw

G ain s

expressed

as

mean

T -scores

sh ou ld

p osition .
reduces

a ll

follow
tio n

The

that

w ith in

betw een

mean

be

scores
if

to

there

two

estim ate

the

as

reported

in

T ab le

betw een

be

from

ratio .
three

The
tim es

of

no

the

standard

rela tio n sh ip
estim ated

the

there

XXIX b u t
mean

error

betw een
in

The

betw een

in

scores
and

be

no

just

T -scores

it

w ou ld

rank

and

abort

req uirem en t

p o si­

d ifferen ces
It

su c h mean

T -score

rank

to

rela tiv e

w culd

r

in d iv id u a l

rela tiv e

sig n ifica n ce

product-m om ent

standard

two

scien ce

d ifferen ces

raw

betw een

the

is

any

grades.

d istrib u tio n s.

in d iv id u a l

r

of

eig h th

changes

changes

two

s ig n ifi­

of

numbers

d istrib u tio n

errors

product-m ornent
its

as

a common

no

p o in ts.

con vertin g

were

gain s

the

two

con d ition s

the

d ifferen ces

d istrib u tio n s

scores

to

of

percent­

co rrela tio n

these

and

of

score

in terp reted

process

the

are

variou s

standard

in itia l

there

betw een

is

ap p roxim ately

Under

that

w ith

six th ,

In terp retation

gain s

follow

of

scores
the

and

for

scores.

gen eral,

the

error

co rrectio n

w ou ld

b asis

fin a l

standard

fin al

in

percentage

On t h i 3

betw een

the

and

d ifferen ces,

cent*

a

ap p lyin g

in terp reta tio n

cant

per

of* t h e s e

of

is

d iffic u lt

d ifferen ces
the

w hole

d ifferen ces

the
of
for

may

co rrela tio n
the

arb itrary

sta tistic a l

127
TABLE XX IX
COMPARISON 0 : ’ TRIO READ TES T GAIN SCORES OP’ GROUPS OF
STUDENTS WITH VARI OUS NUMBERS 0 - ’ S C I EUCE CLA S S E S IN
T UE S I X T " , 3EVE2T" , AND EIGHTH "-F r DKS

T o t a l Number
o f C lasses
R eported

N

Raw
Score
G ain

^ g a in

G ain as 5
o f G ain
P o ssib le

G a i n a s Mean
D i f f . betw een
in d ivid u al
T -Scores

0

-

1

311

8 .5 2

.1+2

1 9 .2

• 63

2

-

3

llt7

6.9 7

. 66

20.1;

.14-3

u

-

5

20 3

3.05

.5 3

19.1)

-.03

6

-

7

139

3.27

. 56

20. 6

.13

3

-

9

139

7 • 37

. 55

l5.lt

-.3 6

10

-11

219

3. 22

-U9

20. 3

.1 2

12

-13

173

9.73

• 5.e

23.9

.1 3

1)}

-15

)i 5 V

3. 60

.3 5

20. 7

-.5 3

P r o d u c t - M o m e n t r b e t w e e n pa i n s e x p r e s s e d
as Fean d i f f e r e n c e s between In d iv id u a l
T - s c o r e s and t h e num ber o f s c i e n c e c l a s s e s
i n t h e s i x t h , s e v e n t h , and. c l r h t h
rades .
C orr.la tio n
Eta

wit?)

ra'lo

eo si.l on

between
square

these

two

.

-.052

fsc t o r s .

-.035

c o r r e c t i o n .........................

. 0 OU

123
sig n ifica n ce.
to

b e -.035#

error
the

The
T h is

d erived

valu e

of

w ou ld

by

the

ep silon -3q u are

be

the

co rrela tio n

sig n ifica n t

sim ple

test

^ ives

a value

of

of

the

.007

req u ired

where

1 ,0 0 0

scores

were

used

in

the

co rrela tion

is

based

not fern
the

of

of

the

scores

on

oroduct-m om ent
The

ship

the

Read

Test

test

cla sses

through

the

a

value

of

.001

when

.003

the

five

per

cent

lev el

is

of

. Ohii,

a value

sig n ifica n ce

in

ca lcu la tio n .
on

standard

char':

and

The

nega­

of

the

that

cases

in sp ection

sixth ,

to

be

lin ea rity

Ins

T -scores

no r e a s o n

the

score

in d ivid u al

there

the

the

valu e

of

r.

betw een

at

for

co rrela tio n

ep silon -sq u are

betw een

ap p lyin g

found

but

short

sivn

was

form ula:

comes

tive

by

ratio

and

m easured

the

of

ieve

and

be

req u ired

that

the

number

eigh th

con fid en ce.

the

as mean

reported

seventh,
w ould

of

rela tio n ­
d ifferen ces
of

grades

for

scien ce
p rovid ed

sig n ifica n ce

T ois

means

rela tio n sh ip

that

is

non -1ine a r •
The
tion
and

betw een

may r e c a l l

mean

in tellig en ce,

also

low

tion

that

students
having
the

reader

reported

r e c h n i que

who m a d e

th eir

test.

d ifferen ces

an:1 n e g a t i v e .
the

If

high

scores
th is

that

too

product-m om ent

betw een

on name

T h is
as

the

32

in d ivid u al
of

th is

T -scores

th esis,

m ight

lead

to

nmol f e d

here

n e n a l i .es

the

scores

on

the

in itia l

clo se

to

the

fu n ction al

In terp retation

is

not

correla­

in terp reta ­

test

v a lid

was

the
through

c e i l inn: o f
then

it

w ould

129
fo llo w
rtrade
who
to

that

the

general

are

in stru ctio n a l

scien ce

in itia lly

m ain tain

th is

course

su p erior
rela tiv e

in

exp erien ces
do

not

rank

through

provid e
p o sitio n

su p erio rity .

the
an

the

n in th

students
op p ortu n ity

CHAPTER V
THE DATA SUMMARIZED AND G E N E R A L I Z A T I O N S

PH'i'PTED

BY I TIE DATA

T h is
betw een

study

the

students

in

In itia ted

scien ce

and

such

in tellig en ce,
est

was

school

scien ce

and

p rior

seventh,

and

ei

of

the

n in th

the

use

of

G eneral

and
on

In

out-of-sch ool
the

tio n

ences

on

o ffice
and

The

revealed
d ifferin g
pected

file s ,

and

correspondence

sfb ectin r
by
in

the
the

of

to

on

in ter­

home

through

the

S cien ce T est.

The

con­
six th ,

a

the

in

q u estio n s

the
on

in form ation
th eir

of
of

the

by

study

the
was

ob tain ed

school
based
inform a­

from
fran

th eir
confer­

teachers.

ice

te s t

p o ssessio n

sta tis tic a lly

of

ob tain ed

betw een

sole

enter­

c la s sific a ­

a personal

q u otien ts

by

ob tain ed

rep resen ta tiv e

rela tio n sh ip

to

possessed
were

w ith

c o . ip a r I s o n

I f

as

econom ic

scien ce

in clu d ed

p o ssessio n

resnect

factor.

qrade

>| -H C l u b s ,

students

in tellig en ce

id en tity

in

and

n in th

factors

and

in form ation

ca teg o ries

rep lies

the

Scouts

so cia l

^rade

factors

stu dents’

form ,

school

of*

Read

students

in

scien ce

end-of-year

of

by

rela tio n sh ip

trades,

and

tio n

the

out-of-school

books,

ing

the

possessed

in stru ctio n

hth

E stim ates

and

m em bership

d itio n s,

determ ine

in form ation

sex,

read in x

to

a

factor

in form ation
scores
or

1 ack

s i p n l r' i c a n t

of
of

suspected
was

croups
the

sus­

d ifferen ce

131
was

id en tified ,

was

estim ated

betw een

the

Data

the

by

fu n ction al

ca lcu la tin g

factor

and

con cerning

scien ce

In stru ction

of

study

th is
1.

n in th

through
the

tenth

through
mean

scores

groups

vho

n in th

grade

the

were

decree

on

the

of

rela tio n sh ip
co rrela tio n

le st.

d i f f e r ing

in

respect

the

grade.

n in th

on

and

who

but

general

not

to

general

'T'he r e s u l t s

taught

showed

Re ad T e s t

scien ce

taught

students

were

grade

the

taught

who w e r e

grade,

n in th

scores

the

Read

through

students

the

the

of

show:

Students

grade,

value

general

taught

no

the

the

scien ce

b iology

general

s i o n i f ie ant

betw een

through

through

scien ce

increases

fin al

and

in

th eir

in itia l

admin i s t r a t i o n s •
2.
greatest
scien ce
3.
fin al

the

lif e ,

students

gain ,
made
There

test
k.

from

The

least

the
w~s

was

subject

had

5.

scien ce
B oth

the

students

who

were

correlation

of

three

a ll

h igh

general
not

scien ce
taught

made

the

general

gain.

end

areas
the

obtain ed

through
in itia l

of

the

in itia l

the

natural

part

and

scores

scien ces;

earth,

scores

on

the

test.

a

sam ple

of

2f0

students

n in th

grade.

from

and

betw een

the

total

the

beiw een

groups.

co rrela tio n

m atter

were

t aught

a high

and p h y s i c a l ,

co rrela tio n s
had

the

and

scores

There

who w e r e

f'inai

mean

scores

of

all

These
who

*hree

132
?oups

show

lien ee

item s

6.
roup

than

The

was

rea

r^reeter

w ith

p reatest

in

the

The

preatest

of

the

lif e

The

ap p roxim ately

nd

the

fin a l
cent

of

the

earth

p ain o f

earth

scien ce

the

and

lif e

item s.

n o n -scien ce

n in th prade

scien ces.
biolom y

second

The

be

score

Up p e r

of

cent,

of

proup

preatest

total

p o ssib le

n tlon s

study

was in

pain

the

in

the

n in th
total

rrouo

"rqde

students

p ossib le

was

score

ap p roxim ately

score.

from

the

resn lts

of

th is

le s t

are

related

to

the

are:
on

the

Read

a c tiv itie s
the

th is

n c c m i n r

the
the

the

item s

to

mean

of

iz

the

and

not

the

score

in stru ction a l
jlass

of

mean

of

G eneral

1,

the

p h y sica l

s c i e n c e s and

in itia l

as

ihase

of

w ith

scien ces,

8.

'S p e r

the

p ain

area

7.

hy s t e a l

nay

fam il 1 a r ity

in

the

a c tiv itie s

en ro lled

in

of

eith er

n in th
n in th

a

prade
prnde

general

peneral

scien ce

students

scien ce

or

who
b iolop y

h a s s ,
2,
to

item s

on

the

subject

m atter

course

than

the

course

or

are

the

The

en ro lled
3,

and

to

The

b iolop y

to

the
in

Read

of

subj

the
ct

everyday
n eith er

courses

tend

ninth,

m atter

are

these

of

of

have

clo sely

peneral

the

tenth
boys

scien ce

prnde

and

rela ted

b iolop y

’i r i s

who

cm rses,

exp erien ces
to

more

mra. de

a c tiv itie s

of

in stru ctio n a l

n" e s t .

about

in

the

the

peneral

sa. e

s hence

effect

on

133
all

students

In

regard

to

the

gain in g

of

ad d ition al

scien ce

Ln f o r m a t I o n .
I4 ..
scores

In terp retation s
are

5.

ap p licab le

Students

scien ce

course

tion

the

the

of

and

the

on

study

of

the

the

fam iliar

in form ation

b asis

of

the

subject

n in th

m atter

grade

w ith

total

areas.

general

a w orth w h ile

cu stom arily

test

in clu d ed

por­
in

the
2.

Is
and

Read

showed
test

the

betw een

The r e s u l t s

i n t e l 1 igence

from

th is

phase

a m oderate
the

degree

of

co rrela tio n

betw een

d istrib u tio n s

of

the

scores

in itia l

T est.

1'here

Of

r el a t i o n s h i p

the F c a d l e s t .

^here

in tellig en ce
3.

the

show:

in tellig en ce

is
and

the

about
the

the

fin al

factors

create st

same

degree

scores

in clu d ed

decree

o f

in

on

of

the

ftis

co rrela tio n
Read

r[e s t .

study,

co rrela tio n

betw een

w ith

in tellig en ce
the

In itia l

scores.
)|_.

the

the

en terin g

concerning

s core s

1.

on

each

already

scien ce

on

course.
Data

of

to

upon

are

made

In

decree

scores
betw een
5.

was

con n ection
of

co rrela tio n

exceeded

in itia l
The

w ith

and

only

d istrib u tio n

betw een
by

fin al

co rrela tio n

the

the

of

In tellig en ce

decree

of

^ iu al
and

scores,

fin al

co rrela tio n

scores.

betw een

in tellig en ce

and

gain s

in

13U
scores
be

on

the

Reed

s ta tis tic a lly

T eat,

although

n egative,

was

too

low

to

sig n ifica n t.

G en era liza tio n s

accru in g

from

th is

phase

of

the

study

are:
1.
on

the

V hatever

also

scien ce

grade

scien ce
b righ t

te sts

g iv es

scien ce

In tellig en ce

p red ictin g
3.

in itia l

The

and

d u ll

ad d ition al

the

the

D1f f e r e n c e s
n,h e

such

student

scien ce

student

were

to

U3ed
an

an

to

advantage

estim ate

advantap;e

en rollm en t

in

in

the

p ossess­
n in th

cla ss.
is

of

a

student

p rior

scores

are

gives

w h ich

in stru ctio n a l

cla ss

sex.

that

in form ation

general
2.

in

is

in tellig en ce

in tellig en ce
i ng-

it

m ost

on

relia b le

the

Read

sin g le

in clu d ed

nature

the

have

equal

for

'iest,

exu erien ces
that

factor

in

the

general

in te llec tu a lly

op p ortu n ities

to

gain

in form ation .

in

ach ie vement

resu lts

ob tain ed

r s soc lu ted

from

th is

wi. t h d 1 f f e r e n c e s

chase

of

the

study

ar e :
1.
Read

^est
2.

of

The

the
3.

boys

than

'J h e r e
boys
The

d id
was

and
mean

sig n ifica n tly

in v a ria b ly
the
no

3 cowed

h igh er

mean

scores

on

-xirls,

sig n ifica n t

difference

betw een

the

g ir ls.
in tellig en ce

h igh er

the

than

that

quotient,
of

the

of

the

boys.

ir is

was

--a i n s

135
Jq.
and
of

The

o-irls

d ifferen ce

was

su fficien t

co rrela tio n

and

.1 5

on

of

the

.1 6 ,

the

study

1.

The

that

subject

be

of

boys

m atter
and

p ir ls

the

is

a

Read

than

in tellig en ce

of

the

students

Scout

from

of

by

the

resu lts

boys

a

the

boys

co efficien t

d istrib u tio n

of

th is

and

rather

is

p irls.

everyday

w ith

phase

of

rela ted
T h is

sex

p rosaic

p rin cip le

course

clo ser

and

con com itan ce
to

the

assum es

out-of-school

^est

rela tio n sh ip

and

the

these

tests

o r p; a n 1 r a t i o n s

a c tiv itie s

whereby

of

the

and fM.rl

and

betw een

everyday

d ! fference s

The

in itia l

associated

surface

con cern in g

Boy

the

b iseria l

the

the

be

determ in ed .

sig n ifica n t
2.

to

were

this n h a s e
1.

from

the

the

betw een

the

in

of

in

in

D ata

on

of

there

a c tiv itie s

r ir ls.

There
of

.03*

show

natter

d ifferen ces

2.

on

does

a c tiv itie s

and

a p oin t

found

although

s ta tis tic ,

to

=

score

show

accru in g

d ifferen ce

academ ic

everyday

SE

mean

are:

d ifferen ces,

the

to

the

fin a l.

fen era liza tio n s
of

betw een

Il-H

the

a c tiv itie s
and

the

wl th

subject
of

boys

ex ercises

in tellig en ce

a s s o c 1 -.ted

01 u b s .

the

q u otien ts

member s h ip

The r e s u l t s

o b t a ined

study are:

Scouts

co n sisten tly

su p erio rity

on

the

Feed

s\ip erio rity

of

the

Scouts

snowed

sta tis tic a lly

le s t.
decreased

betw een

the

13 6

in itia l

and

fin a l

3 * M embers

testin g

of

the

in tellig en ce

q u otien t,

members

" h ig h ”

of

w ith

th eir

m em bers

category,
the

and

six th ,
i|..

a

Scout
a

organ iza tion s

greater

in terest

among

the

greater

seventh,

The

p eriod s*

and

b iser ia l

had

a h igh er

con cen tration

in

rea d in g ,

students

in

amount

of

eigh th ,

grades*

co efficien t

a

of

per

’’ b e s t "

exp erien ce

and

Head

Scout

exp erien ce

and

in tellig en ce

q u otien ts,

.1 3 3 ;

co rrela tio n

ca lcu la ted

from

ch o ric

c o e ffic ie n t

cases

betw een

Scout

c o n d i t i o n s , •lipo*
betw een

J. 6 7 >
of

and

the

scien ce

eig h th
equal

to

sh ip

the

more

exp erien ce
r

The

other

Scout

,0-35*

re

tim es

ressio n

exp erien ce

factors

in

r

the

tetra -

w id esp read

from

cases

w id esp read

book

Macro, o f

rea d in g

exp erien ce

six th ,

its

betw een

home

Scout
the

.1.37*

so cia l-eco n o m ic

scien ce

betw een

three

p a rtia l

and

t h r o u *h

eq u alled
than

an d

tetra ch o ric

In stru ctio n

betw een

the

exp erien ce

b i 3e r i a l

grades

p.

of

Scout

o^

eq u alled

through

betw een

Scout

Test

cent

home

in stru ctio n

co rrela tio n

scores

th eir

greater

the

scien ce

of

mean

in te re sts,
and

seventh,

these

standard

co efficien t

p erio d s

and

co efficien ts

is

error.
for

and

Read

T est

lfip,T a b o v e

h eld

constant

the

scores

r e la tio n ­
w itn

each

eq u alled

. 014-2.
6,
ca lly

Students

h igh er

w ith ou t

w ith

in itia l

I4. - H C l u b

i q- H C l u b
and

fin a l

exp erien ce.

exp erien ce
mean

scores

showed
than

statisti­
did

students

13?
7.
not

Students

w ith

sig n ifica n tly

I4 - F

more

C lub

exp erien ce

through

the

gain ed

n in th

grade

more

but

general

scien ce

course.
3.

G irl

in itia l

mean

whereas

there

9.

The

lap p ed

by

a

I4. - H

score

C lub

than

was

no

m embers

d id

such

su p erio rity

g irl

non

d ifferen ce

of

com parable

the

showed

the

I4 - H

degree

of

in

a

sip n ifiea n tly

Lp-H C l u b
the

case

C lub m em bers

su p erio rity

in

n igh er

members
of

boys.

was

over­

in t e lli­

gence .
G en era liza tio n s
of

the

study

1.
is

M em bership
by

on

the

2.

E lim in ate

Read

in

Scout

some
‘J e s t

resu lts

also

on

g iv es

of

rela tio n sh ip

and

Read

of

other

factors

and

there

is

T est

no

and

in

th is

ij-H

students

in tellig en ce

the

organ ization s

phase

hetw een

scores

the

sig n ifica n t

C lubs

an

advan­

te sts.
m em bership
overlap p in g

degree

of

corre­

rem ain in g.

3.

The

d u p licate

exp erien ces

some

of

the

organ !zation s

members

p rior

D ata
w ith

that

from

these

these

the

organ ization s

factor
and

in

la tio n

from

are:

accom panied

tage

accru in g

to

the

in

general

exp erien ces

p rior

to

en rollm en t

regard in g

d ifferen ces

of

shared,

in stru ctio n
in

d ifferen ces
home

scien ce

the
in

by

the

but

course

m ust

members

d en ied

the

of
non-

course.
achievem en t

backgrounds.

The

associated

resu lts

from

th is

138
phase

of
1.

Read

the
There

Test

general
home

study
were

mean

ground

The

d ifferen ces

of

en terin g

course

su rerior

students

from

degree

in

total

3.

on

over

a high
the

the

ru ra l,

n in th

There

Students

than

those

o.

no

in

the

v illa g e,

a b iseria l
sit ' m i f i c a n t
6.

the
r

the

in itia l

n in th

city ,

grade

or

m ixed

from

the

same

amount

Read

Test

through

7.

The

overlap p ed

a

was

boin "

of

gave
home

them
back­

scores.

su fficien t

r-enerally

T h eir

to

show

ap p licab le

of

the

the

and

d ifferen ces
four

"best”

fin al

the
of

Read

"poorest"
the

from

was

w idesp read

the

"rtuns.
homes

showed

Test, m ean

sig n i­

scores

hom es.

students

d istrib u tio n

betw een

in

the

"best"

su fficien t
cases

of

to

. 26,

home

give
a

rela tio n sh ip .
the
of

"best”

scien ce

the

su p erio rity
by

of

from

advantage
in itia l

and m ix e d

d istrib u tio n

students

from

ca lcu la ted

Students

city

students

cop u lation .

in itia l

of

rural

sig n ifica n t

com ing

degree

by

the

fin a l

q u otien ts

com ing

The
on

the

grade

were

greater

category

over

o r p ro b a b ility

fica n tly
d id

made

v illa g e

in tellig en ce
I.|_.

gain

advantage

students

advantage

the

sig n ifica n t

backgrounds.

a sig n ifica n t

m ain

no

scores

scien ce

2.

mean

ares

n in th

in

su p erio rity

Read
in

and

"poorest"

in form ation
grade
Test

tend

as m ea su red

general
scores

homes

is

scien ce

to

by

course.

v irtu a lly

in tellig en ce.

.d

139
8 .
d iffer

Students
in

scien ce

the

to

th eir

respect

wb e s t n

and

reported

"poouest"
in terest

homes

in

do

not

read in g

books.

9.

The

econom ic

p a rtia l

home

exp erien ces,
h eld

from

con d itio n s

and

In tellig en ce,

constant

sig n ifica n t

reg ressio n

was

found

degree

of

co efficien t

Read

and

to

be

T est

so c ia l-

scores

scien ce
.0 2 3 .

of

book

T h ia

w ith

Scout

rea d in g

was

not

Interest

a

rela tio n sh ip .

G e n e r a l i z a t i o n s a c c r u i n g f r o m this phase

of the study

1.

eq u ally

are:

or

R u ral,

unaware

of

th eir

everyday

grade

general

clo ser

to

the

v illa g e ,
the

a c tiv itie s
scien ce
actu al

of

scien ce

of

in

th eir

retain

a

greater

c ity

rela ted n ess

p rin cip les
scien ce

and

of

p rior

cla ss.
of

and

thus

everyday
of

scien ce
to

are

in form ation

in stru ctio n

Rural

p oin t

amount

ch ild ren

ch ild ren ,

a p p lica tio n
become

more

a c tiv itie s

the

of

in

aware
to

the

n in th

however,
many

aware

cau sin g

of
of

may b e

the
the

ro le

them

to

d evelop ed

in

the

more

of

a

in form ation

in

in form ation

course.
2.

The

stim u lu s
scien ce
except

to

"best”
a

student

cla sses
in

students

the
w ith

home

or

sam e

environ m en t

to

pick

elsew n ere
way

su p erior

that

p rovid es

up

scien ce

than

'oes

the

"best”

in te llig en ce .

the
home

no

"poorest”
tends

to

home
d evelop

11*. 0
D ata
d ifferen t

concerning;

the

decrees

in tere st

books

about

study

ares
1.

in

scien ce,

The

fin al

gains

in

the

in

3.

The

bi seria l

w idespread

in itia l

Read

degree

of

Test

in terest
and

alm ost

betw een

scores

co rrela tio n .

th is

and

sc-c l a l - e c o n o m i c

books

chase

of

the

derree

of

in terest

su p erior

Test

scores.

"roup

showed

fin al

great

and

testin g

enough

to

on

the

the
o erlod s.

be

sta tist!'

ro la tio n sh ip

was
The

w ith

home

of

correlation

reoorted
fotind

to

p a r t i r!

read in g
be

,2 i2,

regression

in tellig en ce,

con d ition s

Scout

h eld

ca lcu la ted
in terest
a

and

sig n ifica n t

coefficien t
exp erien ce,

c m s t «nt

was

found

.2 22.
[j .

books

Read

in itia l

was

th is

a " n igh ”

of

c o e f Tic l e n t

oases

po r

be

the

sc le n c e

sig n ifica n tly

"low"

~ain

from

w ith

sig n ifica n t.

cully

to

resu lts

were

associated

r e ad i nf ?

reported

books

betw een

d ifferen ce

from

who

in

d istrib u tio n s

Students

greater
The

scien ce

and

2.

The

students

reading;

in itia l

in

d ifferen ces

The

had

science

s t u d e n t s v; * t h

ex p er ienced

cla sses

”hi m n

in te re st

si m i T icnntly

through

the

sixth ,

in

re adi nr

-coster

seventh,

number

scieu.ce
of

and e i g h t h

-r ude s •
■• n e r a l i n a t i o n s

a c c r ting

from

t u s

oh a so

of

the

are :
1.

The

decree

of

related n ess

betw een

the

scie.ce

study

li+ l
Inform ation
reported
the

in terest

related n ess

factor

2.

w ith

scien ce

the

same

degree
There

5*
cla sses

and

he

c o n c e r n i ng

seventh,
of

the

and

any

than

other

in tellig en ce

reflect

a

ord in a rily

low

in

of

clo se

the

ju ven ile

read in g
the

scien ce

by

the

in

scien ce

degree

offered

associa­

in clu d ed

in tellig en ce

in

Read

number

The

of

grades,

is

student

has

to

read

have

d1ffe r c n c e s

am ounts

and

study
a

a

the

d if ferent

Al t h o u g h

eigh th
2,

and

books

apt

more

betw een

rcoorted

scien ce

greater

the

Test

d ifferen ce

the

nhase

found

Read

in terest

no

books

is

th eir

constant.

high

contact

w1th

1,

study,

sem i-p opu lar

The m ore

six th ,

th is

is

and

books,

show

about

books.

of

stim u lation

’’ b e s t "

and

hom es,

Data

the

w ith

students

in form ation

in form ation

and

of

read in g

"poorest"

the

scien ce

Students

cia ted

on

textbooks

Ip.

th is

grade

scien ce

such

consid ered

3,

tow ard

in

item s

the

n in th

reading:

betw een

being
The

by

in

encountered

students

tion

possessed,

o f

eig h th

was

rela tio n sh ip

form al

scien ce

books.

achievem ent

scien ce

grades.

in str
The

decree

scores,

scien ce
it

in

w ith

scien ce

asso­

ction

resu lts

through
from

are:

s ig n ! fie ant
Test

had

in itia l

cla sses
so

low

betw een

oT

as

co rrela tio n
and

through
to

Read

be
i eat

fin a l,
the

and

six th ,

alm ost

’w a s
the
seventh,

n e g li gib le.

scores,

in itia l

I ’; 2
and

final,

was

found

3.

There

co rrela tio n

betw een

scien ce

cla sses

grades

betw een
There

rain s

wa3
Read

tra tio n s

and

the

scarcely

of

a

“R e a d

was

betw een

gain s

on

scien ce

sig n ifica n t

decrease

T est

and

the

T est

scores

six th ,
and

degree

of

number

co rrela tio n

no

Read

cla sses

G en era liza tio n s

alm ost

of

of

eig h th

p erio d s.

co rrela tio n

p rior

degree

and

betw een

fin al

scien ce

ad m in is­

cla sses.

n eg lig ib le

and

sig n ifica n t.

reason

the

was

and

in itia l

of

the

nnnber

testin g

n egative
the

in

the

seventh,

fin a l

betw een

reported

s ta tis tic a lly
There

n o n -lin ea r.

in itia l
a

th is

p.

p rior

was

the

the

valu e

be

through

on

The

to

is

to

T est

b eliev e

that

and

reported

the

the

rela tio n sh ip
number

of

n o n -lin ea r.

accru in g

from

th is

phase

of

the

study

are:
1,
grade

The

general

d u p lica ted
in

subject

general

ein-hth
2.
tl'moui'h

by

m atter

scien ce

course

is

by

students

sim ila r

to

in

but

scien ce

in form ation

acq u ired

scien ce

cla sses

through

sixth ,

the

the

far

the

by

n in th

from
students

seventh,

and

grades.
Somewhere

betw een

the

grades

three

nujriber

of

use

in stru ctio n a l

of

learn ed

scien ce

"none a t
p rior

cla sses
tim e.

that

to

a ll"

and

tne

n in th

w ould

make

" five

days

there

the

m ost

is

a week"
a

e ffic ie n t

Hi-3
3.
tends
w ith
in

In stru ctio n

to

clo se

a m inim um

scien ce.

p recociou s
is

not

It

m ain tain

h is

the

the

gap

and

a maximum

betw een

fo llo w s

a b ility

p rovid ed

in

in

from

the

grade

students

amount
th is

of

that

a cq u isitio n

in stru ctio n a l

rela tiv e

n in th

who
p rior

enter

scien ce

the

course

In stru ctio n

a

student

who

of

scien ce

in form ation

exp erien ces

su p erio rity .

general

en ab lin g

shows

him

to

cours

CHAPTER VI
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE S T U D I E S

Trie
pattern

resu lts
in

so

Read T e s t

are

ob jectives
subjected

the
to

far

of
to

scien ce

of

the

ob jectives

O ther

factors

id en tify

and

the

focus

o^

cu stom arily

in clu d ed

in

concerning
grades

ad d ition al

in

course.

p rovide

the

p o ssessio n
at

the

'these

the

to

resu lts,

other

m easured

and

resu lts.

more

A ddi­

sp ecifica lly

sc ien tific
in volvin g
one

m ethods

the beginning o f

the

on

w ith

on

p rin cip les

natural
or

more

whereby

m atter

the

areas

w h ich

of

the

scien tists

m atter

course

ra ises

Further

m atter

beyond

to

the

of

top ics

research

su itab le

sub je c t

en terin g

subject

a llo ca tio n

op p ortu n ity

in form ation
course.

the

to

scien ce

nin th .

greater

the

d o ree

general

ad d ition al
a

scien ce

rela tiv e

fam iliar

subject

students
of

if

con sid er

w ith

research

p rior

reveal
the

m ight

the

are

the

problem s

the

these

w hether

w ou ld ,

apply

by

problem s.

students

among

to

a ssociated

grade

q u estion

of

of

atten tio n

d efin ite

m easured

a n a l y s i s , s row s i m i l a r

stu d ies

Id en tifica tio n

a

as

q u estion

thought

solve

a rather

An e x a m i n a t i o n

students

of

show

in stru ctio n

m ight

solu tion

phenom ena.

n in th

the

sim ila r

ab ility

variou s

as

study

concerned.

stu d ies

the

th is

brings t o m i n d

however,

tion al

from

for

m ight

in clu sio n

areas

mi r h t

advance

th eir

level

ex isten t

11+5
The
and

the

(rrade

lack

general

m in ation
the

lev els
that
the

of

scien ce

new

course
of

of

research

a b ility
the

sh ou ld
to

scien ce

cou ld

subject

and

w ell

be

another
be

of

T h is
of

a d d itio n a l

that

in tellig en ce

through

csuse

d irected

areas

a b ility .

grade.

betw een

in form ation

capable

som ething

acq uire

n in th

is

m atter

w ou ld

be

co rrela tio n

course

in tellectu a l

there

through

p o sitiv e

a cq u isitio n

A d d ition al

in

of

for

tow ard
could

be

ch a llen g in g

the

concern.
the

scien ce

deter­

in clu d ed
the

recom m en d ation

a normal

n in th

upper
assum es

d istrib u tio n
in form ation

of

A tih W i
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I.St imMj
-

1U7
BOOKS

i.dward s , / . l i e n L . , S t a t I s t i c s i
P s y c h o l oct and E d u c s t i o n »
Co^nany, I 9 I16T 3^9 PP•

Anely 3 i s f o r S t u d e n t 3 i n
New Yorks R i n e h a r t and

' T o o d e n o u p h , F l o r e n c e L . , Mi . n t a l T o 3 1 i np~ , I t s
P r i n c Sp i e s , a n d A n o l i c a t i o n s .
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and C om pany, 196-9.
b09 pp .

R1 s t o r y .
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G u i l f o r d , J. P . , Fund ament a l S t a t i s t i c s i n P sych oloryy
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and
333

nn .

p e t e r s , C h a r l e s C. and V a n V o o r h i s , W a l t e r R . , S t a t i s t i c a l
P r o c e d u r e 3 a n d T h e i r F a t nein a t i c a l B a s e s .
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P r e s s , 1 fTpT^
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A b 11 i t L e a .

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S c i e n c e i n t h e Ei f p h t h
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A t k i n s o n , C a r r o l l , "Tne i h f e c t o f ' > x D i f f e r e n c e s in t h e
S t u d ; ; o f G e n e r a l S c i e n c e , ” J o u r n a l o f E d u c e t i o n a l Re 3e a r c h , 26:61-63, J u n e , 1931 •
C r a n e r , Vi . F. , "A S ^ u d y o f Some A c h l e v c r i e n t s o f P u p i l s i n t h e
S p e c i a l S c i e n c e s , ” S c l e n e e E d u c a t i o n . 1 . 6 : -0 6 - 1 7 » P a r c h ,
19 3 0 .
D v o r a k , Au m a t A . , ” A S t u d ; / o f A c h i e v e m e n t an d S u b j o c t P a t t e r
i n G e n e r a l . S c i e n c e , " Ge n e r a l Sc 1o r c e u n o r L e r l y , 1 0 : 2 1 9 - 3 1 0
3 6 ' / - 3 9 6 , 6-6 6 - 6 7'! ,
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1 9 2 6 ’.
L e k e r , VJ. R . , " T h e A r t i c u l a t i o n o f G e n e r a l S c i e n c e w i t h t h e
S n e c i a l S c * c u c e s , ” G c n e r a . l S c c- c c
<,n a r t c r l y , G : 1 3 3—1 3 3 •
P a r c h , 1' 2 9 .
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G e n e r a l S c i e n c e - q u a r t e r l y , 1 2 : 6 1 7 - ■ 26 , 7 a y , 1. 9 2 3 . •
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11*8
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3 s r i 3 h , W i l l i a m , " C o r r e l a t e s o f A b i l i t y I n fi e n e r s l S c i e n c e a s
R e v e a le d i n a S u rv ey at th e R o o s e v e l t J u n io r H igh S c h o o l
of* P h i l a d e l p h i a . "
U n p u b lis h e d t e s t e r ' s t h e s i s , Temple
U n i v e r s i t y , P h il adel p h i a , P e n n s y lv a n ia , 1937*
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B e a u c h a m p , W i l b u r L e e , "An A n a l y t i c a l S t u d y o f A t t a i n m e n t o f
S p e c i f ic L ea rn in g P ro d u cts in E lem entary S c ie n c e ."
U npublished D o c to r ’ s d i s s e r t a t i o n , U n iv e r sity o f C h icago,
C hicago, I l l i n o i s , 1930.
A bstract p u b lish ed in A b stracts
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U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o P r e s s , 1 9 2 9 - l c' 3 0 , n p . 9 1 - 9 9 .
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A c h ie v e m e n t i n Grade N in e S c i e n c e D i f f e r s G r e a t l y from
t h a t I n d i c a t e d by T h e ir L e v e l o f I n t e l l i g e n c e . "
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lis h e d M a ster’ s t h e s i s , B oston U n iv e r s ity , B oston,
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P r e s s m a n , E l m e r , "The O u t - o f - S c h o o l A
HI<~h S c h o o l P u p i l s i n R e l a t i o n t o
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P en n svlvan ia S tate C o lle g e ,
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19 3 7 . ’

c t i v i t i e s o f Junior
I n t e l 1 1 &:e n c e a n d S o c i o ctor’ s d isse r ta tio n ,
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D a h l , A l f r e d , " R el a t i o n s n i n s o f N i n t h h e a r S c i e n c e and S u c c e s s
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101*. n p .
G c h a u s a , l a b e l , "A C o 7" r> e r a I i v e ;3 t u d y o f P r a c t i c a l S c i e n t i f i c
K n o w I. e d g e P o s s e s s e d b y R u r a l a n d C i t y C h i l d r e n . ”
Unpub­
l i s h e d 11 a s t e r * s t h e s i n , I n d i a n a S t a t e Te a c . e r s C o l i e p e ,
T e r r e h a u t e , Ind i a n a , 19 3 6 •
' 96 p p .
T s m a g n i , J o s e p h H . , "A 3 1. u d y o f t h e S c i e n c e S c o r e s i n t h e
C a r n c r i e E x a m i n a f i o n s o f 1 9 3 G a n d 1 9 3 3 a t. T e p i e U n i v e r ­
s ity .”
U n o u b l i s h e d i a s t e r * s 1 n e s i s , Te- o l e U n i e r s i t y ,
P h i l a d e l p h i a , P e n n s y l v r. t i a - , l c- 3 1-' •
W oods, L e i a G la o h y r o , ” 3 e x D i f f e r e n c e s i n A c h ie v e m e n t and
I n t e r e s t s I n G e n e r a l S c i e n c e a n d T ^ o i r 1.e a r i n g o n t h e
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n and I n s t r u c t i o n o f P u p i l s . "
U n pu blished
r a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o'" C r i c a r o , C U . c a t o , I l l i n o i s ,
1937.

O tis, A rthur
A n i l i t ?; .

3 . , T h e O t i s G e 1 f - A dm I n l s t e r i n r t e s t s
N <: w P o r k : to o r l d * 0 0 k Co r .•)a r y , 1 9 2 2 .

P i n t n e r , R udolph, F i n t n e r u e n or a l
Wo r l d B o o k C o r •■'>a nv , 1 '; 3 3 .

A-bll i t y

To s t s .

of

I-i e n t a 1

Hew Y o r . ; :

P o w e r s , 3 . R . , P o w e r s G e n o r a l 3 c 1 c - ■c e T e s t .
How D o r k :
B u r e a u o f P u b l i c a t *o n s , T e a c h e r s C o l l e r e , C o l u m b i a
U n iv ersity , 1927.

150
‘V g d , J o h n C • ,
W orld Book
Kuch, C i l e s
Sc le n c e

The Read
Company,

IT. e n d
T est..

r ener al
1 9 50

Scien ce

Te s t .

N e w "Yor k :

H e r b e r t E. P o p e n o e , R u c h -P o p e n o e C -eneral
N e w Y o r k : "World h o o k C o r o a n y , 1 9 2 3 .

S t i l l i v a n , E l i z a b e t h , W i l l i s W. C l a r k , a n d l i r n e s t W.
C a l i f o r n l a S h o r t - F o r m T e s t o f M e n t a l 11 a t u r i t y .
A n p eles: C a lif o r n ia T e st B ureau, 1939.

'lien s,
Los

'['err a n , I . .
Me n t a l

'.i e s t o f
19U1•

M. a n d
< n i n n M c N e m a r , T h e T e r m a n - ? . c N eir, a r
A b ility .
New Y o r k :
W o r l d R o o k Como a n y ,

AFFKIDXX

&***»-fit,«4

«1W
i~*ii|i^fe

*1«S

j
i
F I ~ n"Ri

Initial

Paw

Sc'OT*en o f

1,9'73

S t ' ’r e n t s

“*

F 1n n l

Paw

Scores

of

1,9/3

31

jce

nt

~°

F i n , *21 R a w

Scores

oC

3 * 1j 9 2

Student;

I n i f 1 ql
F ln n l

Raw S

Haw S c c r c

^ o f l » r ,7 3 3 t ' i r o r t a
3

o f* 1 , '?~3 S t r i d e n t 3

Pinal Raw ^ccrea oT 3, A9P Students

or> r>

r

A

3

m

'

:=
■Vf..

154
TiiBluL XXX
DISTRIBUTION OR THE JORRELATED IUIIIAL AO. Ol.XL
SCORES OR ^975 RIxrH BRADE BXOERAL SCIENCE ST U N T S

M i d p o i n t ------------------------------------------ I j r i t W S-tp r m -------------- -----------------Of c . I . 5 O 15 i f 25 23 55 > : 45 4o 55 do 65 o3 75 Tot
4

f3
60

1

12

2o

0

3°

19

U

1

1■
“✓2; 41

50

■

-.o

37

15

4

231

95

5 ;>

19

'*1

1

502

44

4

1

331

13

2

i

4

14

3-

54

0

Scores
F in a l

—r “ •
(

<

I

i_

7

20

74

9 **

4o

20

-

5 1

4.

5.)

22

5

<-

2

52

13

2

5

O

.j

1

5✓

5

1

•)

25
1l uC

^
El

15

____
OOC]3 5

__ c -

„

*1
-■

1

0

4

-

Z '
s
'

1 3 1

O

13

3

53

2o

1

15

I

1

5D

17

‘r 3

53

5

6

*1

...■j

..-.0 '"i

4

✓

4

-

43

2

5

1
55
55

1

■

V ' ^

'
*2

1

7!

1- "\

'

-

v>0

0

s

47
1

1

319

1

2 .4

i

I 63

X

1

94
34

i
a.

t

I 56

14
","r

.

'5 1

T if

57

0^

*•+

2

1 ' ,973

155

TABLE XXXI
D I S T R I B U T I O N OF THX CORRELATED I N I T I A L
OF 1 9 8

AND F I N A L SCORES

NINTH GRADE STUDENTS WITH NO GENERAL S C I E NC E
THROUGH THE NINTH GRADE

hidpoint
o f C. I .

In itial
3

8

13 1 ) 2 3

2 ;

33

scores

38 >i3 1+8 5 3

5 J 63

63

73 T o t a l

73
63

1

l

63
1

58
1

53
1+8

I

1
2

3

2

8

1

12

2

25

1

3

■7

9

.i

2

31

h

2

39

o
i+3

3

i

8

C ',

® 38

1

p

13

17

1

O 10

12

11

23

1

7

6

7

1

23

U

6

h

1

13

3

I

1

13

1

<8

1

• rH

33

1

Ul
1

23

1

16

5
l

8

Totnl.-s

1 10 O'* HI )t p )JO PI

pp

I

3

193

196

TABLE XXXII
D I S T R I B U T I O N OF T E E CORRELATED I N I T I A L AND 7JX.AL
S 'C'^ES CF 2 2 7 TENTH GRADE BIOL OOF S l U I X F T S WEO
HAD HAD NO OFI FRAL S C O N C E ffTRO'HD-: n HK
H I N T 1 ORA DE

, ,
, ,
m idp oin t
of

C.

I.

In i t i al
cores
______________________________________________
3

3

13

1 1 03

23

33

3 3 U3 0 3 5 3

53

63

63

73

T otal

73
68
63

1

3

53
2

Final

Scores

53
U3

1
7

li3
33

3

<
—>

9

2

9

9

3

1 lh

12

1

13

16

7

3

*->

23

1

3

3

1

1

18

2

5

U

h

2

~I7

r-'
"3

2

1

7

11r

33

23

3

71

1+

8

3

20
29
29

1

1

2

Li3
U8

1

28
111
r -'

2

2

1

3

13
8
T otals

1

5 1 3

3 IJ 3 6

31

36

27

16

3

227

157
TABLE X X X I I I
D I S T R I B U T I O N OP THE I N I T I A L SCORES 01' A 2 0 0 PAPER
SAMPLE ON THE EARTH SC IE N C E ITEMS CORRELATED
WITH TOTAL I N I T I A L SCORE

M id p o in t
of c. I. 1 .5

3 .5

S c o r e o n Ear»tv S c i e n c e I t e m s
5 .5
7 .5
9 .5 1 1 .5 1 3 .5 1 5.5 1 7 .5

T otal

73
68
63

2

58

1

53

Scores

53
1

Total

53

O

1
3

1

5

1

12

3

5

3

*~“7
1

o

2

22

33

2

5

11

15

o

37

33

5

3

15

3

2

35

1

6

19

10

5

23

3

10

3

3

13

oj

6

1

13

3

2

16

30

23

*

2

1

51
25
16

J

8

rro t a l s

1

1j 1

55

37

19

10

2

200

153
TABLE XX XIV
D I S T R I B U T I O N OF THE I N I T I A L SCORES OF A 2 0 0 PAPER
SAKPLE ON THE L I F E S C I E N C E I T E E S CORRELATED
WITH TOTAL I N I T I A L SCORE

c.

i.

1.5"

3-5

Score on L if e S c ie n c e Item s
9.5 113" 13 .5 i 5 . 5 1 7 3 "
7.55 .5

T otal

73
63
63

2

2

53

l

1

1

k

2.

Score

1

U3

3

7

2

U3

b

11

6

Total

53

33

7

17

12

1

37

2

10

16

n(

I

36

7

12

16

1

33
23

r^

23

2

10

12

k

3

13

1

7

13

2

3

8

12
1

22

2k
1

16
5

159
TABLE >LXV
L I S T R I B H T I O N OF THE I N I T I A L SCORES OF A 2 0 0 PAPER
SAMPLE ON THE P H Y S I C A L S C I E N C E I T EMS CORRELATED
WITH TOTAL I N I T I A L S 'ORE

M idnoint
o f C. I .

Score
1

k

7 10

on P h y s ic a l
1.3 1 6

19

22

Science
25

23

Item s

31

3k

1

1

37

Total

73
63
63
S3
p

53
Score

1

).-3
33

!

r—f
ce
4->
O
tr-i

33

1

).!
1

1

1

1z_>

h
12

3

22

11
17

2

2

37

33

3

1 ' 1>!

h

36

23

G

2U

1

al

23

2 .17

>L

1

3

3

1

h

]

3

13

1l

6

1

2k
L6
5

3
T o t si s

2 15 33

3 3

h?

3a

] 3

b

o

i

l

200

160

TABLE XXXVI
D I S T R I B U T I O N OF THE F I N A L S ..'ORES OF A 2 0 0 PAPER SA‘ PLE
0 M THE EART ' S C I E N C E I T EPS CC-RRj.i,'LA;’ ED WITH F I N A L TOTAL
SCORE

’vi 1 <ir»o1 n t
o f C. I .

Score

.
1. 5

5 .5

3 .5

on
7.5

Earth

Sc le n c e

9 .5

1 1 . 1? 1 3 . 5

Item s
1 to» to 1 7 . 5

T0 1 a l

73
0

2

1

3

k

6

lh

63
63
;3

1

3

h

63

1

3

10

10

2k

S

?»8

1

12

9

3

21

1

U3

2

7

11

12

1

^
.L"*
O
^

3$

7

16

11

1

1

3

12

6

6

"to

33
23
23

1
1

k

13

3

13

1

1

9

13

1

Ik
36
23

to

16

1

9

i

k
2

■3
Tot a ls

2 ’|

hi

1:; |

35

22

12

200

161

TABLE XXXVII
D I S T R I B U T I O N OF THE F I N A L SCORES OF A 2 0 0 PAPER
SADDLE ON THE L I F E S C I E N C E ITEMS CORRELATED
1vITH EINAL TOTAL SCORE

M id point
o f C. I .

l75

375

S core on L i f e S c ie n c e Item s
9 . 3
1 1 .3 1 3 .5 1 9 .5 1 7 .5
575"
•5

lo ta ]

73
68

2
1

63

R8

2

7

1

6

1

ih

12

5

2k

12

b

27

Score

2

2

h3

U3

3

3

33

G
/

1

33

si

63

2

33

)j

13

13

3

1

36

6

13

-P
o
EH

3 3

1

23

2

N
■1

23

13

i

13

1

1

2

2

23

1

6

2

16

1

1

9

h

3

2

8
T otals

12

21

Ji 3

63

h •

23

2

200

162
TABLE X X / V I I I
T I S T H LB'TT'ION OF THE F I N A L SCORES OF A 2 0 0 PAPER
SAMPLE ON THE PHYSICAL S C I E N C E ITEMS CORRELATED
V. I TIT F I N A L TOTAL SCORE

Mi d p o i n t
C. I .

!

-

k

7

S co re on P h y s i c a l S c ie n c e Item s
26
23
10
16
22
19
13
31

3*1 T o t a l

73

68

10

2

lii

s.

1 -':

6

1

2h

h

18

'7i

‘0

18

10

T

1

16

1 6

3 !!

2

23

1

16

Score
Total

1

33

1

11

23

1

11 •

3

2

h

2

1

13

3

13

1

k

2

63

23

1

1

88

33

2

2

63

Il8

2

I

27
3U

->

36

C.
y

i

1

2

3
rpO t S i S

PC

20

18

\

!t

200

TABLE XXXIX
o f tk .. i i . t t i a l s j o r e s o f 1 , 5 2 0 s t u d e n t s c o r r e l a t e d
WITH IX7ELLIGX4JE ^UGTIELTS

M i d p o i n t s ________________________ I n t e l l i g e n c e Q u o t i e n t s
72
9 3 105 1 0 3 1 1 5 113 125 1 2 3 1 5 5 1 5 8
53
38
Of J . I .
65
35
95
75
1
75
1

63

1

2

4

2

4

5

2

4

4

3

7

4

6

5

o

10

17

19

14

3

1

1

65
55

2

00 5 5

1

1
1

1

2

<
D
m
H

oP)

1

*40

2

CO

^5

—

1

12

21

24

57

29

22

16

11

5

22

59

44

45

58

51

20

12

8

2

2

«

i

2

2

1

6

4

11

25

47

59

42

52

29

23

C! 2 5
n

2

*5

18

25

59

53

57

42

50

21

3

25

4

o

17

15

2o

45

52

29

17

o

2

1

l

-

74 111 ISM 2 0 5 212 2 0 7 150 122

6?

42

56

«H 5 5

1

15

5

4

o

9

11

lo

15

10

12

15

4

5

o

1

5

5

5

2

5

1

1

1

3

T o ta ls

8

16

55

50

1

1

o4.
<

1
1

1

5

1

5

2

12

03 I

e

Erl

164
TABLE XL

DI3THI3UTIOX OF TEE IEITIAL 500Ha3 OF 1 7 5 WIwTH GRADE oTUDE^Ta
wITH EC GEEER/.L SOIEECE IE THE Nli.TH GRADE OORRELATED «'ITH
IiiiijLLXGrEi^Jw'TIcE.To

ro

H

1-1

m i d p o-Xi n t s _______________________ I n t e . l . I i s o n s e /4 u o A i c n t s
/*»>
0 • X•
65
6.
73 78 Op _>o 9 5 9 8 105 103 115

125

125 133 133

1

1

73
60
65

5o

1

1
2

Initial

Scores

55
48

1

45

1

]_

5S
>5
2^

i_

1

y

C.

7

8

0

y

X-

2

4

5

•x

p

1

2y

27

s'

0

15

1

X

1

5

15

]_

5

0

20

1

5

5

y

5

5

2

5

4

5

L1

1
2

1

1
1

1

1
1

-

24

G\

4

5

K>

2

1

CM

5

7)

r>*.n 1 r,

1
A.

i

25

i

1 ..

5

3

1

3

165
TABLE XLI

DISTRIBUTION 0 ? TaE INITIAL SOGRsD OF 2 0 3 TLNTH GRADE dlOLOGi
BTNDNirrB CORRELATED .VITH INTELLIGa.. -E ^UOTIEI.Ts

M idpoints
of

C.

I.

6^

6-

75

70

I n t e l l i g e n c e _C j u a t i e n t s _____________________
33
95
9 3 1 0 5 1 0 5 1 1 5 1 1 5 125 1 2 5 155 15S

35

75
65
65

53

I n it i a l

S cores

35
*TO

2

1

1

2

1

5

4

2

2

2

5

1

4

4

y

6

2

1

2

2

1

1

45

1

1

2

2

1

y

4

l

53

1

5

.

7

7

10

7

2

3

2

7

k-v

y

4

7

5

5

L-

56

5^

^4

H

55

1

4

2o

1 2

1 4

2

25

2

5

2

2

2

5

1

1

17

26

24

13
15

1

5

T o ta ls

5

2

a

7

2
2

166
TA3L1£ X L I 1
D io r R I3 U T I O O f iiiE PliWiL d O F
1 , 5 2 0 AlOTn. ORAD2 STUD—*.IS
COR: .ELATED fflTH INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTS

” id r )o in t3
o f C. I .
65

66

75

I n t e l 11" e n c e Quo t l e n t s
- 5 63 9 5 9 3 1 0 5 103 1 1 5 115 1 2 5 123 1 3 5 13S

73

1

1

73
o il

m
<o

1
1

2

1

1

1

1

2

2

10

10

3

5

4

1

O

G

14

24

1j

13

15

8

3

1

13~

1

55

1

5

7

15

25

52

54

3^

12

9

2

2

3

7

27

57

52

53

55

29

19

5

1

1

l

G

CJ

17

52

5-

4y

4o

29

14

7

5

2

3

G

4

11

21

46

41

55

31

13

9

4

5

4J

59

52

20

7

7

0

17

9

9

1

G

7

h

1

O

4

12

G

40

SCO!
XV4

r.

T
X

1—
1 *•-•
CD p o
£
•t-H
&, 55

1
1

2

g

7

2 -f

52

23

1

4

10

17

L

21

25

1

5

6

13

~7
i

8

13

2

4

1

4

G

5

15

2

0

1

50

uO

3
T o ta ls

16

1

17

2

l

/

1
1

2

1

74 117 194 2 0 6 2 1 2 2 0 7 100 122

67

42

n

167
T A B L E X L III
DIoTRIdUriOL OF VKE FI.A L SCORES OF 1 7 5 EUTTH GRAbS STUDEETS WITH
HO GEIHZRAL SCIEECE Iw TILS l.'INTH GRADE CORRELATED
./it h i:;:E L L iiE ,;cE ciuoriE .rrs

I.lidnoirvts
o f C. I . 6 5

~ZZ

75

73

3f

I n t e llig e n c e Q uotients
38 9 5 ? 8 1 0 5 103 113 118 123 128 I 3 5 1 3 8

75
68

1

63

1

2

58

F in a l

Scores

53

Ij.

1

1

2

4

2

4

1

O

1

O

2

43

2

b

5

b

4

2

4

5-

4

4

‘t

A

10

5

2

9

w

55
2:

25
13

5

0

5

-

4

4

1

2

1

1

<zL

2

1

1

27

24

2

1

2

23

9

1

1

15

s
Totals

I

3

3

6

20

29

18

3

3

168
TABLE XLIa

DISTRIBUTION OF THE FliJAL SC0RE3 OF 2 0 8 TEHTH GRADE BIOLOGY
STUDENTS CORRELATED .VITH I6TELLIGEUJE QUOTIENTS

i . l i d n a i n t s ________________ I n t e l l i g e n c e Q u o t i e n t s
o f C. I . 6 5 68 7 5 76
5 8 8 9 5 9S 1 0 5 108 1 1 5 118 125 128 155
75

68

65

5

6

4

c.

5

5

5

2

0

*1n

1

1

-

6

0

4

1

1

7

5

0

y

1

>

i

y

10

7

5

1

O

4

5

2

2

1 1

cL

2

/-v

*—

2

1

-

2

1

17

2:

24

50

5^

2h

Final

Scores

05

4p
56

6

55
2

25
16

1

2

5o

2.,

0

1

1

1

2
2

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1
1

1 1

15
8
T otals

5

2

6

7

11

4

6

7

t-i

ohj H
r:
-

D i f f e r e n c e s between I n d i v i d u a l T -Scores
r

1
ro

1
V
-1
(V

1
M
01

1
t—1
IV)

di

6,

1
Vi

CO

VI

e.

VO

M
Ol

v->
Co

21

ro

12

o
c+
p
CD

CO

•

M
•

CD
►
—1

c.

Vi
O'.

I-*

ro

r

fO
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r■

ro

c>

T-"*

m

01

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O

ro

01
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4-

1
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>

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(->

K*
-4

M

'0

10

*

ro

)1

P.

h->

h-J

01

212

t—<

; ro
O
r j

ro

Vi

f

->

N*

V-*

'

r.;

t—>

ro

ro

H-*
V!

•*r'-

■
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ro
C->

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0

Vi
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ro
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c>

h->
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f—<
VO

'0

ro

0)

r1

On

VO
Co

M

On

Vi
(—■

M
VO

1-*
-u

Vi

»->

ro

M
VO

t- 1

r

-4

M
t-1

Vi

0"

t—*
VO

i—1
01

ro

ro

Vi

0.

V£

Vi

ro

M

ro

(->

t-*

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ro

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t! r:
t- to t>
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M O -■‘J
Q *=y
C. * H
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Kd Ki
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t* £4
HI O
is
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(—>

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h->
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Co
Vi

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w
tn ^
cj
m c:

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h->

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c_.

Vi
(. 1

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Vi

>• M
C
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M

ro
c

'S
ro

O'.

-4
Vi

M

4-

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4

r

CV
Co

ro

)—*

ro
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y~>

u:
0

1—'

K-*

Vi

a

V
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r .

4--

1-*
(

>3

(7

071

4-’

o>

VI

IO

01

C\
VI

M

VI

i■
t-1

r
r»

h*

1J

(-*
CO

"BE

§o 0to Si

H
>
03

£
t-

H ►
S tJj
W c pp: t) *-->
^ t •W
fji Htoi 5r
P.
C. M
o «£:
c;
m

<

EE

M

-4
4
IV)

ro

ro

t-»

4---

U1

(0

V)

k-<
*-•

vo

-4

4--

M

O!

ro

-P-

(;•.

c\

)

01

01

M

H-<

M

ro

C)

M

ro

»-■

ro

h->

h->

M

Vi

M

1—*

ro

b->

ro

ro
Vi
H*
ro

tJ t-

Co

H
Vi
Vi
vM
H

)£

0

VO

170
TAdLE LI

DISTRIBUTION ON DIFFERENCES BST-.EEN INDIVIDUAL FINAL AND
INITIAL T-SCORES OF 1 7 5 STUDENTS CORRELATED #ITH
in t e l l ig e n c e

q u o tien ts

N id p o in ts
of* ^ • I «

75

73

35

33

21

95
1

9 3 1 0 5 10 8 1 1 3 118 1 2 3 1 2 5 1 3 3 138
1

1

15
CO

Q>
^ LO
0
CO

1
E->
r-J
CD

'D

1

1
1

X

1

1

1

2

-*•

3

5

4

"7

1

5

3

5

1

4

y

4

2

<5-

1

4

2

w1

4

6

4

6

5

7

1

1

1

5

3

1

5

4

2

2

3

3

1

1

1

12

^
1

0

“f
2

5
5
'O
c
hH 0
c
<*> - 5
cd y
-M .
o> ~o
X)
m -o
CD
o
£-12
CD
Ei
<D
*",10

**
X
-)

X

2

1
1

• "N

2

X

1
1
1
1

1

S -is
-21
•2
T otals

1

5

5

o

20

2y

2?

2 -.

2^

3

15

5

5

1

171
TABLE X t V I I
d i s t r i b u t i o n c f tme d i f f e r e n c e s s e t s e e *: i n d i v i d u a l f i n a l
AND INITIAL T-SCORES OF 2 0 8 BIOLOGY STUDENTS CORRELATED
.»i t h i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t s

______________________ I n t e l l i g e n c e Q u o t i e n t s __________________________
M id p o in ts
of 0. I.
6 5 6 8 7 5 78 8 5 88 9 5 9 8 1 0 5 108 1 1 5 118 1 2 5 128 1 5 5 158
<n 2 1

1

1

CD

^
O IN
A'J
o
*? 15
CD

1
1

12

1

1

1

1

2

4

2

5

1

1

2

1

5

2

5

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

*T

6

4

4

1

1

1

1

2

2

O

0

9

10

1

1

1

1

2

6

5

0

7

6

5
0

2

1

no
C
c
0)
S

2

5

1

1

1

4-*

(D
CO

1

c:
cj

1

2

0
1

1

/ac

7
5

2

2

5

4

1

1

”J

1

t -12
*rH
°-15
Total o

1

2

1
2

5

2

5

7

17

2J

25

1
59

50

20

11

4

6

7

172

TABLE XLVIII
DISTRIBUTION OF THE INITIAL SCORES OF 1 ,9 7 3 NINTH
GRADE STUDENTS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO SEX

M id point
o f C. I .

Boys

Total
1

73

1

68

1

1

2

63

u

0

u

58

17

6

23

53

U5

1U

57

US

66

U7

113

U3

12 3

103

231

33

1-36

156

3U2

33

13U

201

335

2 3

169

205

37U

23

100

166

2 66

18

50

31

131

13

17

19

36

3

3

2

5

3

3

1,001+

1,97 3

3

T otals

G irls

969

173
TABLE X L I X

D I S T R I B U T I O N OF TUB F I N A L SCORES OF 1 , 9 7 3 NI NTH GRADE
STUDENTS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO SEX

M id point
o f C. I .
73

Boys

G irls

o

T otal
.6

6)

11

63

3k

13

53

9k

k2

136

13

12 6

106

2 31

U3

150

152

302

!i3

163

168

331

33

139

130

319

33

126

15 3

23)-

23

59

101

I 63

23

36

53

9U

13

13

16

315

13

.)

cl

/

13
^1-7

lk

3
T otals

969

1,00!+.

1 ,97 3

171+
TABLE L

D I S T R I B U T I O N OF TUB D I F F E R E N C E S BETWEEN I N D I V I D U A L
F I N A L AND I N I T I A L T - S C O R E S ARRANGED ACCORDING TO SEX

M idpoint

T o tals

of

C.

I.

Eoys

G irls

21

3

1

16

10

9

15

22

23

12

31

31+

9

71

6k

6

110

117

3

130

157

0

1 53

197

_ -3

163

1L
Jk

-6

122

107

>9

7'3

6k

-12

31!

37

-1 3

16

11+

-1.3

3

k

-21

3

2

-2 k

k

3

-2?

3

1

969

1,001;.

175
TABLE L I

v

D I S T R I B U T I O N OP
HE I N I T I A L S C O R E S OP 1 , 9 7 3 STHDKNTS
ARRANGED ACCORDI NG TO BOY AND G I R L SCO<<T E X P E R I E N C E

M idpoint
o f C. I .

Boy
Scout

Boy n o n Scout

G irl
Scout

G irl nonScout

Scout s

1

73

NonScouts
1

63

1

0

1

2

0

63

2

2

0

2

2

53

13

k

1+

2

17

6

53

21

22

7

7

23

29

k3

31

35

23

2h

5h

59

h-3

55

73

hi

62

96

135

33

83

103

76

30

159

193

33

5h

130

83

12 3

137

2h 8

23

U-9

120

73

132

122

252

23

32

68

63

103

95

171

18

17

33

20

61

37

9h

13

6

11

7

12

13

23

8

2

1

2

2

3

2

1

2

1

3
T otals

0

366

60 3

399

oO 6

7 65

1,203

176
TABLE L I I

D I S T R I B U T I O N OF THi, SCORES ( F I N A L ) OF 1 , 9 7 3 STUDENTS
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO BOY AND GIRL S C 0 1TT EXP a ^I ENCL

F Idpoint
o f C. I .

Boy
Scout

Boy n o n Scout

G irl
Scout

73

2

3

63

7

1+

63

17

17

11

58

ko

51+

53

36

1+3

G irl nonScout

Scout s

NonScouts

2

3

9

1+

2

28

19

21

21

61

75

90

36

69

72

159

65

35

73

79

133

161 ^

U3

61

102

66

102

163

2014.

33

53

36

66

111/

119

200

33

1+5

31

53

105

93

186

23

19

l+o

1+3

61

62

101

23

13

23

20

35

33

61

10

10

21+

6

8

"■6 5

1 ,2 0 8

2

13

1+

11/

6

13

ll

1+

2

1+

3
Total 3

366

603

309

005

177

TABLE LIII
DISTRIBUTION 0-’
INITIAL AND FINAL SCORES OF 1,973
STUDENTS ARRANGED ACCORDIN'’ TO I+H CLUB EXPERIENCE

Fldnoint
o f C. I .

In itial
l+H Club
Non-l+H Club

Final
[+H Club
Non -1+H Clul

73

1

1

k

68

2

k

9

63

2

2

10

37

58

5

13

29

1C7

53

11

I],6

86

175

1|3

20

93

67

235

U3

1+3

133

Ik

257

33

69

273

33

77

308

23

261

23

71

303

26

137

23

U3

223

1)+

30

13

21

120

3

31

3

11

373"

1,593

33

7

29

8

1

k

25li

3

Totals

375

l , 59 3

178

TABLE I, IV
D I S T R I B U T I O N OF THE I N I T I A L SCORES OF 1 , 9 7 3 STUDENTS
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO R TJRAL, V I L L A G E , C I T Y , OR
MIXED HOME BACKGROUNDS

K id p oln t
o f C. I .

Rural

V illage

C ity
1

73

T o tals

M ixed

63

1

1

63

1

2

1

53

1

1

17

k

53

3

8

21

15

61

16

b3

36

3U

126

35

33

50

U-7

20 6

39

33

69

29

213

7b

23

60

35

21 3

61

23

5U

29

lli.1

b2

13

21

1 3

32

10

13

10

k

19

3

3

2

0

3

3

1 ‘

1

1

221

1 ,1214.

335

8

33

293

179
table: lv

D I S T R I B U T I O N OF THE T<’INAL SCORES OF 1 , 9 7 3 STUDENTS
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO RURAL, V I L L A G E , CITY OR
MIXED HOME BACKGROUNDS

Mi d p o i n t
o f C. I .

Rural

V illa g e

C ity

M ixed

73

1

3

1

68

2

10

1

63

7

23

3

99

26

13

93

66

29

109

37

L1J4-

35

169

Sh

h3

66

U6

176

U-3

3-8

56

37

181.

k 3

33

k o

23

17 3

h3

23

23

16

101

23

23

9

9

63

13

18

5

3

20

6

13

1

1

11

1

3 3-'

221

k &

k

r7*O
l

-

20

3

T otals

1 ,1 2k

29 3

18 0
T ABL E L V I

L I S T K I B TTT CON OF rt’HE I N I T I A L AMU FINAL SCORES OF 2 2 3
s v ' td i : n t s r i g h t e d a s c o m in g fro m t h e " b e s t ” h o m e s
AND l l t O STUDENTS REPORTED AS COMING PROM THE
"POO P E S T ” POMES

In i ti si
MT.d r o I n t .
o f C. I . '

" Be s t

P in si
"Poorest"

i'j fc 3 1

"Poorest"

73
3
6

1

3

33

10

33

17

33

27

3

M

3

33

3?

7l

!, o

21

31

23
13

13

330

n

2

32

18

6

31

19

20

29

26

i_i.■
i•

30

'
)

13

33
33

6

13

Tot s is

228

13 0

‘

n

7

1

3

1

2

]

IliO

lS l
TABLE L V I I

D l BT H '.BUTTON OF THE I N I T I A L AND F I N A L SCORE OF 2 > k
ST IDE TS WHO REPORTED " I N C H " I N T E R E S T I N READING
S C I E N C E BOOKS AND 6 0 3 ST^DE. . T3 WHO REPORTED
" L I T T L E " I N TERES T

IV! } Hpn t nt.
o f C. I .

rS
CD
cr.

P in al
" L ittle”
In terest

"Much"
Intere st

" L ittle"
Int ere st

73

1

3

63

1

0

63

2

2

10

10

53

13

1

30

1 i

10

5

h2

33

32

19

»!.)!

56

36

iii .

33

36

3U

51

.
53
CD
0 )] 3
0
rC
m
£

I n i t i al
^Tuch"
Intonest

1
3

33

1.1 6

33

hh

103

2k

39

23

33

103

11

ij-3

23

21

36

7

32

13

-3

39

2

U)

13

1

is

1

Jj

TJ,

- - , '0 3

3

1

3

1

Totals

2 ‘»h

Ol

2

182
TABLE L V I I I
D I S ! R I B H T I O N OP THE I N I T I A L SCORES OF 1 , 9 7 3 STUDENTS
«\RR FITTED ACCORDING TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF S C I E N C E
C L A S H E S REPORTED THROUGH THE S I X T H , S E V E N T H ,
AND EIGHTH GRADES

Number
Fid roin t
o f C. I .

0-1

2-3

h-2

3-7

of
3-9

Cl a s s e s
10-11

R eported

12-13

11. - 1 3

1

73
1
63

1

1

23

1

2

0

'"■>3

1

2

0

11 .3

10

Lt

■/H
r
-

1

1

1

)

1

h

!i

1

2

■7

3

12

7

13

2

1

1 3

1h

13

17

8

30

1

22

11

27

23

20

2?

26

66

7

'oJ
WO

O
:■!

No R e p l y

32

23

3ii

h2

39

33

26

13

3

33

OS

2l\

Mi

33

:•J

37

33

33

9

23

63

2 ->

32

2 "?

31

>! 6

U2

91

in

23

>8

26

23

21

1

21

21

36

21

18

2?

111

1

10

13

12

13

9

3

1

3

3

1

3

1.

4

T o t-Is

311

,

‘7>

*8>

2 ■
;

7

2

'!

'?f

1

1
1

UV

203

1 39 1

1
I

21;

1V3

,'} 3 7

30

133

TABLE LVIX
I;T 7 T R I 3 H T I 0 N OF TI TE PI'- i Afi oCC;RE 9 OF 1 , 9 7 3 o'T ;BE.,TS ARRAHGES
a c c o r d i n g TO T T!E TOTAL NTlB^ivR OF S C L E 9 C E C L A S S E S REPORTED
1 y\ H
>r TTV9OHOT T THE <3__
1V‘: , SEV.i. •i 3TO , AND EIGHTH GRADES

r Id n o in t
o f C. I .

Hsr; h e r
0-1

S-l
o
O
rw
A^

h- 5

6-7

C lasses

3-9

1

73

CD

2-3

of

10-11

R ep orted
12-13

ll+ -l^

1

No R e p l y

2

1

3

3

o

3

i.

0

•7

5

6

9

13

2

I 7

10

1h

19

32

5

27

19

2k

2 3

2,9

99

7

19

2 3

->
2'o-

32

3 >i

33

66

{

2h

30

36

36

3 ’i

31

30

9

>'3

O
C
.. o

2^

30

31

ill

29

\9

7

33

7

133

33

22

2 ;!

2

27

t >0

23

36

19

2 )-

13

K')

9

36

23

13

9

1o

9

10

3

h

23

13

7

6

1

h

2

l

2

i

2

2

219

173

9 37

80

-3

1

1

63

2

2

3 3

16

11

16

A3

29

l/l

1 :,
h >

.’a
31

1

1

in

CD

13
T otals

1

1

311

1U 7

)

20 3

139

139

12

k

19
J

12
U

181*

TABLE LX
D I S T R I B U T I O N OP TrTE I N I T I A L SCOR .eS OF A 2 0 0 PA PER SAKPLE
CORBELATJED E l TH TRE " CORR EC TED " NUI.BER OF
PR LOR SC I E NCE CLASS LS

F id o o i n t
o f C. I .

1

U

7

Number
10
13

C la s s e s R ep o rted
16
22
28
19
23

of

31

73
63
63

1

1

1

53
1

cd 5 3
o 1*3
CO

1

l

3

i

3

3

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185
TABLE L X I
D I 3 T R I B T 71'I O N OF THE D I F F S R E N C 3 3 BETWE&N I N D I V I D U A L F I N A L
AND I N I T I A L T - S C O R E S CORRELATED WITH THE REPORTED NUMBER
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1 86
TABLE L X I I

E 1 3 T R I B TTTION OF THE INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTS OF 1 , 5 2 0 STUDENTS
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E V A L U A T I O N

GENERAL

EDITOR.

C06RDINAT0R

WALTER N .

DUROST,

A N D

A D J U S T M E N T

SCHOOL OF EDUCATION,

FOR S C I E N C E TESTS. V I C T O R

S E R I E S

B O ST O N UNIVERSITY

H . N O I L , M I C H I G A N STATE C O L L E G E

A D G E N E R A L S C I E N C E TEST
HN

G.

READ

F EDUCATION, B O ST O N

UNIVERSITY

FORM

DONS:
D o not open th is booklet u n til you are told to do so.
is a test of your know ledge of general science. For each qu estion there are five possible answers. Y ou
ecide which answer is th e b est one. Y ou m ay answ er a qu estion ev en w hen y o u are n ot perfectly
,t your answer is correct, bu t you should avoid wild guessing. D o n ot spend to o m uch tim e on any
stion.
y the sam ple questions below , and notice how th e answ ers are m arked on th e separate answer sheet.
Sample A .

The correct name for fluffy summer clouds is —
1. cirrus.
2. stratus.
3. nimbus.
4 . cumulus.
6. thunder.

Sam ple A th e correct answer, of course, is “ cum u lus,” w hich is answ er 4. N o w look a t your answer
At the top of th e page in th e left-hand colum n is a box m arked S A M P L E S . In th e five answer spaces
m ple A , a h eavy m ark has been m ade filling th e space (the pair of d otted lines) marked 4.
Sample B .

The man known as the “ wizard of the plant kingdom” was —
6. Joseph Lister.
7. Louis Pasteur.
8. Luther Burbank.
9. Thomas Edison.
10. none of the above.

correct answer for Sam ple B is “ Luther B urbank,” w hich is answ er 8; so y o u w ould answ er Sam ple B by
a heavy black mark th a t fills th e space under the num ber 8. D o th is now . If th e correct answ er had
n given, you w ould have chosen answ er 10, “ none of th e a b o v e.”
i each question carefully and decide w hich one of th e answ ers is best. N o tic e w h at num ber your choice
2 n, on the separate answer sheet, m ake a h eavy black mark in th e space under th a t num ber.
In marking
swers, alw ays be sure th at th e qu estion num ber in th e te st book let is th e sam e as th e question number
nswer sheet. Erase com p letely any answ er you w ish to change, and be careful n o t to m ake stray m arks
kind on your answ er sh eet or on your te st booklet. W hen you finish a page, go on to th e next page,
in ish th e entire te st before th e tim e is up, go back and check your answers. W ork as rapidly and as
ely as you can.
?n you are told to do so, open your booklet to page 2 and begin.

Published by World Book Company, Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York, and Chicago, Illinois
Copyright 1950 by W orld Book Company. Copyright in Great B ritain. A ll rights reserved

Read: O n

Jch one of the following causes the wind to blow?
J .,
2.
S.
4.
5.

differences in air pressure
moving tree branches
attraction of the moon
the presence of water vapor in the air
dust in the air

Sun.

Mon.

Tues.

Wed.

Thur.

Frl.

San.

what day, according to the above graph of barometric
»sure, did a very bad storm occur?
6. Monday
7. Tuesday
8. Wednesday
9. Thursday
10. Friday
three dishes of vanilla ice cream and one of chocolate ice
;am are set on a table out-of-doors, the chocolate ice cream
LI melt the fastest because —
1. it is always softer when it is in the package.
2. it reflects the heat better.
3. it absorbs heat because it is colder.
4. it radiates heat because it is thicker.
6. it absorbs more heat because it is dark in color.

8. Charges of electricity which move along a copper wire tad
which make up an electric current are called —
6. protons.
7. positrons.
8. neutrons.
9. electrons.
10. deuterons.
9. Which word does NOT describe a form of energy?
1. crystalline
2. electrical
3. atomic
4. mechanical
5. radiant
10. There
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

is night and day because the —
earth revolves around the sun.
moon revolves around the sun.
earth rotates on its axis.
sun revolveB around the earth.
moon rotates on its axis.

11. Most erosion in the upper Mississippi Valley was cauad
by the —
1. mining of iron.
2. mining of coal.
3. cutting of timber.
4. building of dams.
5. building of hydroelectric plants.

>ods are heated when canned to —
6. kill the bacteria.
7. keep the color of the food.
8. remove the moisture.
9. improve the quality.
10. increase the air pressure.

12. Which one of the following is NOT a color obtained when
white light passes through a prism?
6. red
7. yellow
8. brown
9. green
10. indigo

hich one of the following statements is FALSE?
1. It is better never to drink when driving.
2. It is practically certain that alcohol will slow down
your reaction time.
3. Alcohol is considered to be a poor food.
4. Everyone can take one drink without having it
affect him.
6. Alcohol is often habit-forming, and its users find it
difficult to stop drinking.

13. If an extremely long-needled variety of pine tree produced
some cones whose seeds grew into short-needled tree*, it
indicated that —
1. the parent pine tree was getting old.
2. there was not enough rain that year.
3. pollen from a hemlock tree reached the long-needW
tree.
4. pollen from a short-needled pine fertilized the Ion*
needled tree.
0. the seeds of the pine were damaged by squirrel*.

asteur is known for his work with —
6. electricity.
7. bacteria.
8. molds.
9. radium.
10. X rays.

>ne danger with most fuels is that when they are burned
ley may produce
1. carbon tetrachloride.
2. carbon monoxide.
3. nitrogen monoxide.
4. hydrogen.

14. Most of the northern part of the United States is cover*
with sand and gravel deposited by —
6. tidal waves.
7. sandstorms.
8. hurricanes.
9. meteor showers.
10. glaciers.
15. In an automobile, oil is used in the —
1. radiator.
2. crankcase.
3. vacuum tank.
4. gasoline filter.

Which one of the following is most necessary for proper
growth of the bones?
6. calcium
7. iron
8. fluorine
9. iodine
10. carbon
It is possible to contract tuberculosis ONLY if one —
1. loses weight.
2. comes in contact with the tuberculosis bacillus.
3. gets overtired.
4. does not get enough fresh air at night.
6. is bitten by a certain kind of mosquito.
. Sound vibrations from the human voice are changed to elec­
trical energy in the —
6. telegraph.
7. teletype.
8. telautograph.
9. teleportation.
10. telephone.
i. Which one of the following statements about air on a moun­
tain top is true?
1. It has color.
2. It has odor.
3. It has weight.
4. It is visible.
6. It has taste.
). At present most gasoline comes from —
6. petroleum.
7. kerosene.
8. natural gas.
9. plant oils.
10. coal.
*

1. On a sunny spring morning, spider webs in the grass were
covered with tiny drops of dew. Where had the dew come
from?
1. the air
2. the grass
3. the spiders
4. the morning sunlight
6. melted frost
2. Which one of the following is replaceable as it is NOT a
natural resource of the country?
6. nickel
7. plastics
8. tungsten
9. petroleum
10. copper
!3. Two explorers measured the height of the same mountain
in Alaska— one in 1898, the other in 1940. Their results
were different by over 500 feet. Which one of the follow­
ing best explains this discrepancy?
1. The 1898 figure was obtained in the summer.
2. The 1940 figure was obtained in the winter.
3. The 1898 figure was obtained by climbing the
mountain.
4. The 1940 survey was by airplane, using photo­
graphic mapping.
5. None of the above rives a completely satisfactory

24. Which pair of terms is correctly matched?
6. Sun — satellite
7. Neptune — planet
8. Meteor — star
9. Moon — asteroid
10. Comet — sunspot

25. A green vegetable like lettuce is valuable in the diet because
it supplies —
1. carbohydrates.
2. fats.
3. proteins.
4. vitamins.
6. all of the above.

26. Which one of the following causes the handle of an alumi­
num saucepan on a gas stove to become very hot, although
the handle is not over the flame?
6. convection
7. evaporation
8. radiation
9. insulation
10. conduction

27. In poems and legends, ships which have sunk are said to
“Float forever and forever
Halfway between the ocean floor
A nd stormy waves above.”
These ships are thought to reach a point where the water is
so dense that they will not sink. Why is this FALSE?
1. Wooden ships would be broken up by the water.
2. Metal plates on ships would bend under the great
pressure.
8. Water can be compressed very little. Therefore,
its density cannot be increased very much.
4. Ships with cargoes which will float cannot be sunk.
5. Salt water is much more dense than fresh water.

28. The geological formation above constitutes evidence of —
6. volcanic action.
7. erosion.
8. folding.
9. sedimentation in a running stream.
10. movement in the earth’s crust.

29. The distinctive shape of “ Green Mountain” potatoes U
due primarily to the —
1. amount of cultivation they receive.
2. amount of rainfall.
j
3. hereditary character of the seed potatoes.
|
4. amount of fertilizer applied.

>0. Which one of the following does NOT refract light?
6. eyeglasses
7. microscope
8. Galilean telescope
9. mirror
10. reading or magnifying glasses
11. Which one of the following does NOT usually carry bac­
teria which are harmful to man?
1. ticks
2. flies
3. mosquitoes
4. fleas
6. bees
32. It had been a clear, cold November day with the tempera­
ture at 25° F. That night at the railroad yards a leaky
steam pipe sent a white cloud of steam into the air all
night. The temperature remained at 25° F. In the
morning what would probably be on the ground near the
leaky steam pipe?
6. dew
7. sleet
8. frost
9. hail
10. steam

36. Which one of the following is an example of a ‘himiui
change?
6. melting wax
7. breaking glass
8. burning wood
9. crushing stone
10. freezing water

37. If pulley X is turning at 178 revolutions per minute, the
arrangement of pulleys that will give pulley Y the lowest
speed of rotation is —
X

Y

1. ( 0 H 3 >
X
Y
2. « s n o >
X

Y

3. (Q~~To)
X

Y

4.
6. none of the above

33. Many low, rounded banks of sand, boulders, and pebbles
were probably formed by —
1. glaciers.
2. meteor showers.
3. tidal waves.
4. sandstorms.
6. hurricanes.

38. About every seven years everyone should be vaccinatei
against —
6. typhoid fever.
7. diphtheria.
8. smallpox.
9. influenza.
10. colds.

34. A comic-book science story showed a man building a big
balloon out of very thin sheets of aluminum cemented to­
gether so as to be airtight. He pumped the air out of the
balloon, and the balloon then floated. At present this
would be impossible because —
6. aluminum cannot be made airtight.
7. it would take too much cement.
8. the outside air pressure would crush the balloon.
9. the balloon would not hold hydrogen.
10. aluminum is too heavy.

39. After the explosion of the gasoline occurs in a cylinder of a
automobile engine, the next action in that cylinder is —
1. intake.
2. exhaust.
3. compression.
4. carburetion.
6. suction.

Pistil - 35. Which one of the following diagrams shows best what will
happen if 4 holes of the same diameter are punched at the
same time in a tall tin can full of water?

2.

A

1

—
Anther
Pistil - ■
-Anther

40. The process shown above at Y is called —
6. self-pollination.
7. cross-fertilization.
8. mutation.
9. cell division.
10. budding.
41. A dynamo causes electricity to flow by —
1. chemical action.
2. moving a coil of wire across a magnetic field.
3. moving a coil of wire in a storage battery.
4. moving static electrical charges to an insulator.

iVhich pair of terms is correctly matched?
6. speed of light — 93,000,000
7. rotation of the earth — 186,000
8. revolution of the earth — 365^
9. distance from earth to sun — 240,000
10. none of the above
rracks of dinosaurs left on the muddy banks of streams are
:ound now as fossils. About how many years ago were
;hey made?
1. 1 thousand
2. 10 thousand
3. 50 thousand
4. 100 thousand
6. 1 million
Why does heat make iron easier to shape?
6. Heat often causes the iron to become red.
7. Heat increases the motion of molecules.
8. Heat causes the iron molecules to expand.
9. Heat decreases the elasticity of the iron.
10. Heat increases the density of the iron.
Musical sounds result ONLY from what kind of vibrations?
1. amplified
2. supersonic
3. regular
4. slow
6. fast
Astrologers use the position of the stars and the planets
at the hour, day, and minute of a person’s birth to predict
his future. Which one of the following statements regard­
ing this practice is true?
6. The modern astrologer can now predict one’s future
more accurately because there are better telescopes
in use.
7. Some astrologers inherit' the ability to understand
the stars from their mothers or their fathers.
8. Study and long years of training in astrology make
an astrologer’s predictions of one’s future more ac­
curate.
9. Very good astrologers are worth the high fees which
they charge.
10. Scientific evidence has not shown that astrologers
can predict the future of an individual on the basis
of what they know about the Btars.

49. If a 500-pound weight is placed at the arrow, which lever
will lift the 60-pound weight W the highest?
1. 1

3

2. 1

2

3. 1

1

4. 1
5. i

1
1

‘

i

A
i

A
A

i Iwl

A

Iwl
J
Iwl

2

Iwl

3

fwl

50. Which pair of terms is correctly matched?
6. Ursa Major — Big Dipper
7. Ursa Minor — Little Dog
8. Cassiopeia — Dipper
9. Polaris — The W
10. Orion — Milky Way

51. A warm cyclonic storm moves across the country from west
to east in July. Winds blow strongly toward its center
and rain falls near the edge of the whirling mass of air.
In the diagram above the place where the temperature is
most likely to be the lowest is at point —

1. 1
2.
3.
4.
5.

2
3
4
5

52. A pulley arrangement which gives NO mechanical advan­
tage is the —
6. single movable.
7. single fixed.
8. double movable, single fixed.
9. double fixed, single movable.
10. double movable, double fixed.

Which one is NOT a lever?
1. pencil sharpener
2. seesaw
3. derrick
4. fishing rod
5. scissors

53. What part of the blood is effective in destroying invading
bacteria?
1. plasma
2. red corpuscles
3. toxin
4. white corpuscles
5. lymph

Which one of the following statements is true and applies
both to magnets and to static electricity?
6. Copper particles are attracted.
7. Like charges or poles repel.
8. Paper is attracted.

54. The chemical name of the gas which is produced when coal
is burned with plenty of oxygen is —
6. carbon tetrachloride.
a
7. nitrogen.
8. hydrogen.
9. carbon dioxide.

*

i

i

_____ j . _ J

: Gto. &0.-A

S. Penicillin is obtained from —
1. molds.
2. bacteria.
3. vaccines.
4. laboratory animals.
6. serums.

o

16. The circle above represents the age of the earth, and the
shaded part represents the time that civilization may have
existed. About how many years are represented by the
shaded portion?
6. 50 thousand
7. 750 thousand
8. 30 million
9. 100 million
10. 1 billion

57. A large soap bubble will rise in the air if it is filled with —
1. carbon dioxide.
2. air.
S. nitrogen.
4. oxygen.
5. hydrogen.

58. In an experiment, an iron ball at a temperature of 200° F.
was placed in a pan and covered with water whose tempera­
ture was 72° F. The room temperature was 70° F. After
10 minutes the temperature of both ball and water was
measured and found to be about —
6. 72° F.
7. 150° F.
8. 2 0 0 °F.
9. 201° F.
10. 272° F.

62. The oxygen in the air is necessary for all EXCEPT whu
one of the following?
8. decay of wood
7. burning
8. respiration
9. rusting
10. photosynthesis

63. In January a warm cloud from which rain fell moved from
the south northward. When it reached Vermont, the nin
changed to snow. What probably caused the change?
1. The lakes were frozen.
2. N ot enough moisture was left in the cloud for it to
rain.
3. The temperature of the air around the cloud waa
36° F.
4. The air temperature at the cloud level was 25* F.
5. The direction of the wind changed.

64. Radar depends for its operation on an electronic tube which
sends out pulses of energy, and on a device called the —
6. spectroscope.
7. oscilloscope.
8. telescope.
9. camera.
10. projector.

65. A 125-pound box on rollers is pushed up an inclined plane.
Which inclined plane will require the greatest force to move
the box?

59. A vital factor in producing a new variety of tomatoes is —
1. selection of the best seed.
2. self-pollination.
3. good soil.
4. plenty of moisture.
5. cross-pollination.

60. Which one of the following has probably had the LEAST
over-all effect in the breaking down of rocks into soil?
6. running water
7. wind, carrying sand
8. tides
9. explosives used by man
10. chemical changes

61. Which pair of terms is correctly matched?
1. longer string — higher pitch
2. heavier string — higher pitch
3. slower vibration — lower pitch
t
4. faster vibration — lower pitch

5.

66. An acid used in the home is —
6. Boap powder.
7. bicarbonate of soda.
8. onion juice.
9. vinegar.

each one of the following was expressed by a number,
Ich one would be the largest?
1. speed of light in miles per second
2. distance from the earth to the sun in miles
3. distance from the earth to the moon in miles
4 . number of days necessary for one revolution of the
earth
6. number of miles in a light-year

70. If a large empty tomato-juice can is completely sealed
and then placed in a glass container from which most of the
air is pumped, the can then will most resemble diagram —

!!
1i
ii
i i

1l
6.
sailboat going from a point 100 miles up the Mississippi
iver to the ocean without stopping would —
6. float higher in the ocean.
7. float lower in the ocean.
8. weigh less in the river.
9. weigh less in the ocean.
10. be buoyed up less by the ocean.

\

I n d ia

In d ia n
Ocean

Vbout May 20, a southwest wind called the "wet monioon” begins to blow over most of India from the tropical
Indian Ocean toward the Himalayas. Tremendous thunierstorms occur, and then the rainy season continues for
;wo or three months. The best reason why it rains so long
sver most of India is that the —
1. cool air from the mountains is saturated with mois­
ture.
2. warm air from the ocean is cooled over the land.
3. warm dry air bumps into cool mountain peaks.
4. cool air from the ocean carries more water.
6. cool air from the mountains has picked up snow from
the peaks of the Himalayas.

1i i1
11
11
11
7.

i i
i

1'
1!

1

i i
8.

u
9.

10.

71. Which one of the following is a compound?
1. sugar
2. iron
3. hydrogen
4. sulfur
6. mercury
72. The resistance of conductors of electric current is measured
in —
6. volts.
7. w a t t B .
8. amperes.
9. ohms.
10. coulombs.
73. Which one of the following is NOT a legume?
1. string beans
2. soybeans
8. corn
4. clover
6. alfalfa
74. If a friend says, "Oh, nobody in my family ever had diph­
theria, so I won’t ever have it,” you might properly make
all EXCEPT which one of the following statements?
6. "We can ask the school doctor about diphtheria.”
7. “ Let’s look it up in a health book.”
8. "I had the diphtheria toxoid and now I probably
won’t have diphtheria.”
9. “ Maybe you are right.”
10. "I don't believe that immunity from diphtheria is
hereditary.”
75. If a completely new kind of melon appeared in a melon
patch, and this new type of melon reproduced the same
kind of melons from its seeds, the cause of this new type of
melon probably was —
1. injury to the melon blossom.
2. mutation.
3. an extra amount of fertilizer.
4. self-pollination.
5. cell division.
Go back and check your answers.

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WAITER N. DUROST, S C H O O L OR E D U C A T I O N ,
F O R S C I E N C E TESTS! VICTOR H. NOLL, M I C H I G A N

GENERAL EDITOR!

B OS TO N UNIVERSITY

CO&RDINATOR

STATE C O L L E G E

R E A D G E N E R A L S C I E N C E TEST
iy

JOHN

G.

READ
FORM

S C H O O L O F E D U C A T I O N , B O S T O N UNI VERSI TY

DIRECTIONS:

Do not open this booklet until you are told to do so.
This is a test of your knowledge of general science. For each question there are five possible answers. You
are to decide which answer is th e best one. You m ay answer a question even when you are not perfectly
sure that your answer is correct, but you should avoid wild guessing. D o not spend too much tim e on any
one question.
Study the sam ple questions below, and notice how the answers are marked on the separate answer sheet.
Sample A .

The correct name for fluffy summer clouds is —
1. cirrus.
2. stratus.
3. nimbus.
4. cumulus.
5. thunder.

For Sample A the correct answer, of course, is “ cumulus," which is answer 4. N ow look at your answer
sheet. A t the top of the page in the left-hand column is a box marked SA M PLES. In the five answer spaces
after Sample A, a heavy mark has been made filling the space (the pair of dotted lines) marked 4.
Sample B.

The man known as the “ wizard of the plant kingdom" was —
6. Joseph Lister.
7. Louis Pasteur.
8. Luther Burbank.
9. Thomas Edison.
10. none of the above.

The correct answer for Sample B is “ Luther Burbank," which is answer 8; so you would answer Sample B by
making a heavy black mark th at fills the space under the number 8. D o this now. If the correct answer had
not been given, you would have chosen answer 10, “ none of the above.”
Read each question carefully and decide which one of the answers is best. N otice what number your choice
is. Then, on the separate answer sheet, make a heavy black mark in the space under that number. In marking
your answers, always be sure that the question number in the test booklet is the same as the question number
on the answer sheet. Erase com pletely any answer you wish to change, and be careful not to make stray marks
of any kind on your answer sheet or on your test booklet. When you finish a page, go on to the next page.
If you finish the entire test before the tim e is up, go back and check your answers. Work as rapidly and as
accurately as you can.
When you are told to do so, open your booklet to page 2 and begin.

Published by World Book Company, Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York, and Chicago, Illinois
Copyright 1950 by World Book Company. Copyright in Great Britain. A ll rights reserved
a

PUNTEDINC.S.A. RGB:B-l

1. A fire bums more slowly in a stove or fireplace when the
dampers are closed because there is less —
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

oxygen.
nitrogen.
smoke.
fuel.
heat.

2. The only source of heat given below which may NOT pro­
duce carbon monoxide is —
6. gasoline.
7. electricity.
8. kerosene.
9. coal.
10. oil.

3. A person can be sure that he is free from active pulmonary
(lung) tuberculosis ONLY by having —
1. yearly skin tests.
2. radium treatments.
3. a blood test.
4. a throat examination.
5. yearly chest X rays.

4. Millions of dollars were spent to build the 200-inch telescope
on Mount Palomar in California. It will be used largely to
take pictures of stars billions of miles out in space. Which
one of the following statements is probably true?
6. This 200-inch telescope is useful only to the men
who enjoy looking at the stars.
7. The discoveries made by looking through great
telescopes have been of little use to ninth-grade
pupils.
8. The money used to build the 200-inch telescope
should have been used to find the causes of some
human diseases.
9. No one can tell what discoveries, useful to man, may
be made by the 200-inch telescope.
10. It was a waste of money to build the 200-inch
telescope, as smaller telescopes are just as good.

5. Which one of the following statements is probably true?
1. Willingness to study hard for long hours is impor­
tant if a person is to become a doctor.
2. No one can be a successful doctor if his parents are
wealthy.
3. It is possible to become a doctor today with very
little formal education.
4. Only those who have saved money enough to go to
medical school can become doctors.
5. Poor home living conditions prevent success in the
field of medicine.

6. Which one of the following does NOT belong with the other
four?
6. frost
7. hail
8. dew
9. sleet
10. snow

7. The most effective way to prevent future floods in hil
country where lumbering is a major industry is to —
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

reforest after cutting mature trees.
make ditches.
build dams.
build restraining levees.
build hydroelectric plants.

8. A 125-pound box on rollers is pushed up an inclined plan
Which inclined plane will require the LEAST force 1
move the box? (Neglect friction.)

8.

9.

15'
10 .

9. The most effective way eventually to wipe out small]
in the United States is through —
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.

quarantines during smallpox epidemics.
regular health inspections in schools.
inspection of foods.
vaccination of all children.
chlorination of drinking water.

P is til- -

10. The process shown above at X is called —
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

self-pollination.
self-fertilization.
cell division.
budding.
cross-pollination.

11.

White light can be broken into rainbow colon by means
of a —
1. photometer.
2. telescope.
S. prism.
4. reflector.
5. mirror.

12. Water used in an automobile battery should be —
6. chlorinated.
7. distilled.
8. carbonated.
9. filtered.
10. sterilized.
13. The dust storms of the Great Plains and the deserts carry
soil for miles. As the velocity of the wind dies down,
which particles of material are deposited first?
1. the heaviest
2. the driest
S. the lightest
4. the smallest
5. the smoothest
14. Very short electrical waves of extremely high energy given
out in pulses are “ bounced” off objects which are normally
invisible because of darkness, fog, or distance. This form
of communication is called —
6. short-wave telephony.
7. radiation.
8. radar.
9. telegraphy.
10. radio.
15. A thermometer made of a plastic that stretches a little
would NOT be accurate when tested in hot water be­
cause —
1. the molecules of the mercury would stick to the
plastic.
2. the molecules of the mercury would have more
space between them.
8. the molecules of the plastic would be changed to
mercury.
4. the mercury could expand in more than one direc­
tion.
6. the mercury molecules would escape through the
plastic.
16. Which one of the following insects is most likely to be a
carrier of malaria germs?
8. fly
7. ant
8. mosquito
9. flea
10. bee
17. A famous laboratory discovered that alcohol even in small
amounts will slow down a man’s “reaction time” by as
much as 20 per cent. An automobile driver who has had
a drink has an accident. In the police court, the most
scientific statement for him to make is —
1. “ Alcohol never bothers me.”
2. “ I was driving carefully.”
3. “ The weather was good and I could see the road
way ahead.”
4. “ I didn’t have time to stop.”
5. " I shall depend on the doctor’s report of mycondi-

18. Sound is possible ONLY if some material is —
6. heated.
7. vibrating.
8. stretched.
9. compressed.
10. electrified.

19. All materials which are used to change electrical energy
into heat energy must —
1. be easily oxidized.
2. be made of nichrome.
3. be enclosed in vacuum tubes.
4. havfe a low melting point.
6. be conductors of electricity.

20. When starchy foods are eaten, they are usually first
changed by a digestive process that begins in the —
6. stomach.
7. small intestine.
8. mouth.
9. liver.
10. pancreas.

21. Petroleum is found in —
1. sea water.
2. plants.
3. granite.
4. limestone.
6. porous rock layers.

22. Of the following, the most important source of calcium is —
6. potato.
7. meat.
8. celery.
9. chocolate.
10. milk.
23. Which one of the following statements best describes tht
air in this room?
1. It is nitrogen.
2. It is oxygen.
3. It will burn.
4. It is a mixture of gases.
5. It is visible.
24. Which one of the following shines by reflected light?
6. star
7. moon
8. sun
9. meteor
10. sunspot
25. Stalagmites and stalactites found in underground cavei
consist principally of —
1. mica.
2. lava.
3. slate.
4. limestone.
6. anthracite.
^

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rt/lflJi

Qtn. Uq..

26. If a bar magnet is broken into two parts, it will produce a
total of —
6. two S poles.
7. three N poles.
8. three S poles.
0. four N poles.
10. four S poles.

27. In the winter, a mile of railroad track was laid in a straight
line over a flat sandy place. The ends of the rails were
fitted carefully together, so that when a train went over
the joining cracks there would be no bumps. Why, after
a very hot day the next summer, did the originally straight
track have curves and bends in it?
1. The sand reflected the heat.
2. Steel molecules do not vibrate.
8. Heat increased the motion of molecules.
4. The steel rails softened in the heat.
6. Molecules of steel were changed to iron.

T

h u rsd ay

6 A.M.

T

h ursd ay

6 P.M.

F r id a y
6 A.M.

F r id a y
6 P.M.

Barometer

30.00

30.01

29.98

30.00

Temperature

44° F.

36° F.

30° F.

20° F.

Wind
Direction

West

North­
west

North

North

Clouds

Cumulus

Cumulus

None

Cumulus

Weather

Rain

Clearing

Clear

Clear

28. According to the chart above, what is the best weather
prediction for Saturday?
6. snow, clearing
7. Bnow, colder
8. rain, colder
9. clear, colder
10. cloudy, warmer

29. In developing a new blueberry, which one of the following
methods is most apt to produce a sweeter, larger berry?
1. plant cuttings of very sweet berries near cuttings
of large berries
2. cross-pollinate very sweet berries with very large
berries
3. self-pollinate very sweet berries
4. self-pollinate very large berries
6. mix the seeds of very sweet berries with those of
very large berries, and plant them together

30. Scarce metals used in industry may in some situations be
replaced by —
6. plastics.
7. copper.
8. nickel.
9. steel.

31. The kidneys are necessary in —
1. respiration.
2. elimination of wastes.
3. circulation of the blood.
4. reproduction.
6. digestion.

32. A tightly fitted steel plug rests on top of water in a ste
pipe. Why will the pipe burst if the plug is struck with
heavy hammer?
6. The steel plug will not float on the water.
7. The water makes the plug stick.
8. The water is not pure.
9. Steel is harder than iron.
10. The water is not compressible.
33. The terms of which pair belong together?
1. Lister — yellow fever
2. Reed — antisepsis
3. Pasteur — bacteria
4. Jenner — radium
6. Curie — smallpox

34. When a boy drinks milk through a straw, what nukes 1
milk rise into his mouth?
6. osmotic pressure
7. differences in air pressure
8. capillary action
9. fat particles in the milk
10. molecular motion in the milk

35. On New Year’s Day, when it is early afternoon in C
fornia, it is nearly dark in Boston. This difference in ti
is due to —
1. daylight-saving time.
2. revolution of the earth.
3. rotation of the sun.
4. rotation of the earth.
5. mean Greenwich time.
36. A motor converts —
6. electrical energy into chemical energy.
7. rotary motion into electrical energy.
8. electrical energy into mechanical energy.
9. power into rotary motion.
10. chemical energy into rotary motion.

37. If pulley X is turning at 178 revolutions per minute
arrangement of pulleys that will give the greatest spee
rotation to pulley Y is —
X

Y

i- 0 n >
X
Y
2. f(oT <o)
Y
X
3. RoT T o)
X
Y
4. c < d 0
R

n r \ r to

r \t

n k A irn

38. Man has learned about plantB and animals that lived long
ago on the earth through the study of fossils found in —
6. granite.
7. marble.
8. iron ore.
9. pumice.
10. shale.
39 .

On a very hot day in August a breeze may start to blow
from the ocean toward the beach most probably because —
1. cool air over the ocean is saturated with water.
2. warm air can hold more water than cool air.
3. cool air forces warm air upward.
4. the water in the ocean has warmed up.
5. the tide has changed.

40. While digging into a sand and gravel pit, workmen noticed
a layer of very fine sand between two layers of large
rounded pebbles. How was this fine sand most probably
deposited?
6. by the wind
7. during a severe rainstorm
8. by slowly moving water currents
9. during a volcanic eruption
10. during an earthquake
41. Which one of the following does NOT involve a chemical
change?
1. baking potatoes
2. making vinegar
3. baking pies
4. cooking meat
5. melting ice

42. Over a period of manyyears,Luther Burbank produced
new fruits and vegetablesby crossbreedingafter careful —
6. mutation.
7. pruning.
8. X-raying.
9. selection.
10. self-pollination.
43. A sailboat going from the ocean, without stopping, to a
point 100 miles up the Mississippi River, would —
1. float higher in the river.
2. float lower in the river.
3. weigh less in the river.
4. weigh less in the ocean.
6. be buoyed up less by the ocean.

44. Of the following home-insulation materials, the one that
operates on a principle different from the other four is —
6. rock wool.
7. aluminum foil.
8. cork.
9. fiberglas.
10. cotton.
45. All EXCEPT which one of the following can be used to
refract light?
1. spectroscope
2. convex lens
3. concave lens
4. mirror
6. prism

46. A newspaper reporter recently wrote a story about a huge
fossil palm tree uncovered in New England during the
excavating of a cellar. What is probably the best ex­
planation of the finding of this fossil palm tree in New
England?
6. The climate of New England was once semitropical.
7. The tree floated there about a hundred years ago.
8. The tree was buried by Indians.
9. The tree was carved from stone by someone.
10. The reporter made a mistake.

47. Harmful wastes in the blood are excreted largely by the —
1. heart.
2. veins.
3. thyroid.
4. arteries.
5. kidneys.

48. In a simple zinc-copper-acid cell the electrical energy
comes from —
6. the acid alone.
7. the copper alone.
8. a chemical change.
9. heat.
10. none of the above.

49. Which one of the following bacteria-killing agents comei
from a mold?
1. sulfadiazine
2. penicillin
3. iodine
4. hydrogen peroxide
5. ammonia

50. There are water faucets on every one of the seven floors o
an office building. On the upper floors the water alway
runs out slowly from the faucets, while on the first am
second floors it flows much faster. The best explanatioi
of this is that —
6. water pressure depends on air pressure.
7. water will rise as high as the top of the offic
building.
8. there are new pipes on the lower floors.
9. the outlet of the city water reservoir is not muc
higher than the top of the office building.
10. the city water reservoir needs a good cleaning.

51. When some hailstones half as big as baseballs were cu
open, they were seen to be made of layers of ice. Some c
the layers were clear, and some were white. What wa
necessary for the formation of such big hailstones?
1. strong vertical air currents
A
2. cirrus clouds
I
3. snow
^
4. sleet
6. lightning
r ; rt on to the next pag<

««»<>: U«.8A-i
52. Which one of the following levers will lift the 60-pound
weight W if a 20-pound weight is placed at the arrow?
(Neglect weight of the lever.)
6. •!________ 3________ A l Iwl
A

7. 1

2

8. \
9. L
10.

1
1

1

A

1

A

2

[wl

58. Wind and running water are most effective in breakim
down rocks into soil when they —
8. are cool.
7. are warm.
8. move slowly.
9. carry sand.
10. are changing direction.

]wl
Iwl
[wl

53. Two scientists in a balloon filled with helium gas ascend
to a height of 2000 feet. They have with them the follow­
ing equipment: 2 tanks of compressed helium; an air
pump; 10 heavy canvas bags each filled with sand and
fastened to a strong 100-foot rope. To take some meas­
urements at 1000 feet, the scientists must —
1. pump air into the balloon.
2. release some of the helium from the balloon.
3. pour the sand over the side of the basket.
4. lower one or more of the bags of sand to the full
length of the rope.
5. let some of the compressed gas from the tanks flow
into the balloon.

54. If the geological change shown above should occur in the
United States today, it would be accompanied by —
6. erosion.
7. an earthquake.
8. a volcano.
9. sedimentation.
10. folding.

50. The diagram above is an illustration of —
1. Ursa Major.
2. Big Dog.
3. Canis Major.
4. Cassiopeia.
6. Draco.

60. Heat travels from a hot-air register near the floor to t
farthest corner near the ceiling of a room by —
6. humidiflcation.
7. evaporation.
8. convection.
9. conduction.
10. radiation.

61. Which arrangement of pulleys gives the greatest mechi
ical advantage?
1. double movable, single fixed
2. double movable, double fixed
3. single movable
4. single fixed
5. double fixed, single movable

&
55. Which one of the following is NOT a base or an acid?
1. salt
2. vinegar
3. lye
4. milk of magnesia
6. grapefruit juice
56. The distinctive bright red color of ripe “ John Baer”
tomatoes depends primarily on the —
6. amount of rainfall.
7. amount of sunshine.
8. temperature.
9. hereditary character of the seed.
10. amount of fertilizer used.
57. Which tool does NOT belong with the other four?
1. saw
2. chisel
3. knife
4. wedge

In d i a

I n d ia n
O cean

. In India, after three months of rain, the northeast ‘
monsoon ’ begins to blow in October and cold air from
Himalayas covers almost all the country. Why is t
little or no rain at this time?
6. The cold air is too heavy to form clouds.
I"
co.^ a'r ^as snow, not rain, in it.
o rp ^ a*r can hold little moisture.
1 a"
oc.ean wa^er does not evaporate in the fall
10. Cool air becomes colder as it flows down froir

. Charges of negative electricity which move freely are
called —
1. protons.
2. neutrons.
3. atoms.
4. molecules.
5. electrons.
. If a neighbor says she is not going to have her child given
the Schick test to see if he is immune to diphtheria, as no
one gets diphtheria nowadays, you should be willing to do
all EXCEPT which of the following?
6. Agree with her decision.
7. Explain that the test is harmless.
8. Tell her about the four cases in the local hospital.
8. Ask her to request free information from the school
doctor.
10. Help her to arrange for a Schick test.
I. Which one of the following is the largest?
1. meteor
2. star
3. comet
4. moon
6. earth

f. Conversations over telephone wires really travel as —
1. sound waves.
2. light waves.
3. mechanical energy.
4. heat and energy.
5. electrical energy.

A pilot flying an airplane over a mountain range whose
highest peak is 3000 feet checked his altitude with his
altimeter (air-pressure height-meter) at points P, R, S, and
T, as shown above. The altimeter readings the pilot made
at these points were most like those below in column —

7

P-4000
R-4000
S-4000
T-4000

P 2000
R-1000
S-2000
T-4000

8

9

10

P-2500
R-4000
S-2000
T-1000

P-1000
R-2000
S 3000
T-4000

P-4000
R 2000
S 4000
T-1000

72. Legumes can take nitrogen from the air with the aid of
certain —
6. bacteria.
7. chemicals in the soil.
8. cultivation methods.
9. temperature changes.
10. molds.

73. Which one of the following statements about the air is true?
1. It is mostly oxygen.
2. It is about one-half carbon dioxide.
3. It is about one-fifth hydrogen gas.
4. It is about four-fifths nitrogen gas.
5. It is about one-third krypton, neon, and argon.

5 ea level

6

70. Which one of the following is an element?
6. water
7. limestone
8. sulfur
9. wood
10. carbon dioxide

71. Gas used for cooking in homes is often made from —
1. lime.
2. nitrogen.
3. kerosene.
4. wood.
6. coal.

i. A bright blue coat contains a dye which absorbs all the
following colorB EXCEPT —
6. red.
7. orange.
8. green.
9. blue.
10. yellow.

8.

69. On a very calm December day, the air temperature up to
1600 feet was below 30° F. Above 1600 feet the tempera­
ture ranged from 38° F. to 43° F. If rain falls from clouds
at 3400 feet, what strikes the earth?
1. frost
2. dew
3. rain
4. sleet
5. hail

74. Geraniums can be started by cutting a “slip ” from a plant
and rooting it in sand. If a red geranium is “slipped”
and grown in sand between a white geranium and a salmoncolored one, the slip will produce a bloom which is —
6. salmon-red.
7. pink.
8. salmon-red and pink.
9. white.
10. red.
75. In a gasoline engine, when the energy of the gasoline is
changed into heat, it is called —
1. intake.
2. compression.
3. explosion.
4. exhaust.
6. carburetion.

rn 1

Go back and check your answers.

{ v1r s t

° re l ircin^ry

;?o " o r t

+o

Cooperating

Teachers)

the

I L L I N O I S 3TA1H I JR.' AL 'TNI VLRSITY
NORLAL, I L L I N O I S

( a d d resses to the
In dividu al cooperating
sch ools)
I am o f f e r i n g t h i s p r e l i m i n a r y r e o o r t o f my p r o j e c t i n w h i c h
yo u a re h e l p i n g by g i v i n g t h e Read l e n e r a l S c i e n c e T e s t
to your
students,
I h a v e s p e n t so m e t i m e s t u d y in t the s c o r e s o f th e 2 ,3 0 0 or so s t u d e n t s .
The r e s u l t s
are th o u g h t p r o v o k in g .
S u ffic ie n tly so, in fa c t, that I
am n o w a s k i n g y o u t o h e l p me e x a m i n e t h e w h o l e p r o j e c t t o s e e
i f t h e r e a r e f a c t o r s t h a t I may h a v e o v e r l o o k e d w h i c h m a y ,
i f b r o u g h t u n d e r c o n t r o l , h e l p w i t h an a n a l y s i s o f t h e
data,
TocvI have w ondered about th e e x t e n t to w hich th e i n t e l l i g e n c e
o f t h e s t u d e n t s may a f f e c t t h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e o n t h i s t e a t .
In a n t i c i p a t i o n o f t h i s I as,.ed th e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s o f th e
c o o n e r n t i n r s c h o o l s i f I n t e l l i g e n c e s c o r e s o f so m e s o r t w o u l d
be a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e i r s t u d e n t s .
By now I b e l i e v e t h a t
I n t e l l i g e n c e may be a s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e and h a d b e t t e r be
exam ined.
W ill you p le a s e ask you r p r i n c ip a l or su p e r in te n d e n t
t o g i v e me t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e s c o r e s f o r y o u r s t u d e n t s ?
I t m a y b e c o n v e n i e n t t o w r i t e th e m o n t h e e n c l o s e d y e l l o w
s h e e t w h i c h l i s t s t h e i r s c o r e s on t h e Read L e s t .
P l e a s e be
su re t o h ave someone i n d i c a t e w h ich i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t was used
and w h a t t h e s c o r e s m e a n , 1 . e . , raw s c o r e s , p e r c e n t i l e r a n k s ,
or i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t ie n t s .
.A n o th e r h u n c h I h a v e i 3 t h a t t h e s o c i a l and e c o n o m i c c o n d i ­
t i o n s o f t h e hom e b a c k g r o u n d s o f t n e s t u d e n t s may b e a s i g n i f i ­
cant v a r ia b le .
Do y o u k n o w y o u r s t u d e n t s w e l l e n o u g h t o b e
a b l e t o p l a c e a n "R
i n f r o n t o f th e names o f about t e n p er
c e n t w h o com e f r o m d e f i n i t e l y g o o d h o m e s a n d a HP ,f i n f r o n t
o f a n e q u a l ni nmber w h o com e fr o m d e f i n i t e l y " p o o r ” s o c i a l a n d
e c o n o m i c h om e b a c k g r o u n d s ?
P l e a s e f e e l f r e e t o o f f e r a n y g u e s s e s y o u c a n t h a t may h e l p
a c c o u n t f o r the d a ta on t h e a t t a c h e d r e p o r t .
T hese "-nesses
ma y i n v o l v e t h e q u e s t i o n s o n t h e p e r s o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n f o r m ,
t h e H e a d T e s t i t s e l f , o r my w h o l e e n c r o a c h t o t h e p r o b l e m o f
the r e l a t i o n s h i o o f the p r e - n in t h grade sch ool s c ie n c e ex p er­
i e n c e s t o the a ch iev em en t in the n in t h "rade g e n e r a l s c i e n c e
course,

' T i a t r u e t h a t m y m a i n focus i s o n a c h i e v e m e n t .
T h is c a n 't
b e e x a m i n e d u n t i l t h e s c o r e s a r e i n h ro m t h e s e c o n d f o r m o f
t h e t e s t t o b e itiven in t h e s p r i n t .
H ow ever, I p r e f e r to
probe as
any o f t h e d a ta a s I cai w r i l e th e p r o j e c t i s
f r e s h in o u r m i n d s .
Thanks f o r y o u r c o o p e r a t i o n and I hope
th a t someday I can h e lp y o u i n v e s t i g a t e a problem th a t has
o r i g i n a t e d i n y o u r m ind.
S in cerely

J o h n H.
A ssist.
(Page

yours,

Woodburn
P rof. o f

Scien ce

2)

The f o l l o w i n g r c n o r t c o n s i s t s
ain ly of oresen tin ?
t h e m i d o r m e d i a n s c o r e and a r i t h m e t i c a l a v e r a g e s c o r e
o f p r o n n s o f t h e s t u d e n t s w h o t o o k t h e He a d T e n e r a l
Scien ce l e s t th is fa ll..
For e x a m p le, the f i r s t p o r t i o n
may b e r e a d :
" 2 2 9 6 s t u d e n t s who e n t e r e d t h e n i n t h p r a d e
i n 27 C e n t r a l I l l i n o i s s c h o o l s t h i s f a l l h a d a
edian
s c o r e o f 3 2 . 5 6 and a n a v e r a g e s c o r e o f 3 2 . 6 2 . "
Number
2236

3392

D escrip tion
S tu d en ts e n te r in g the n in th m ad e general
s c i e n c e c o u r s e in 23 C en tra l I l l i n o i s
s c h o o l s ......................................................................................................
S tu d e n ts c o m p le tin g the n in
sc ie n c e cou rse l a s t sp rin g
t h r o u g h o u t 'J. S . ( N a t i o n a l
p r o v i d e d by t h e W orld Book
Students

8l 6

LU4.6

en terin g

the

ninth

M edian

Mean

3 2 . Il6

32.62

th grade general
in 56 sch o o ls
e n d - o f - y e a r norma
C o m p a n y . ) ..................
llO
grade

in

.H u

...............

S tu d e n ts e n te r in g the n in th -rade g en era l
s c i e n c e c o u r s e who i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y h a v e
a t o t a l o f b e t w e e n 0 and 3 w e e k l y c l a s s e s
in science d u r i n g t h e 6 t h
t h , and 3 t h t r a d e s .

Same as a b o v e ex cept t h a t t h e y i n d i c a t e d e
total of between U a n d 7 w e e k l y c l a s s e s i n

UO. 8 3
...............

29.02

scien ce

du rin g

the

6th,

7 th,

betw een

and
8

3th tr a d e s.

and

3 3.7 5

51+2

Students in d ic a tin g

11 c l a s s e s .

752

S t u d e n t s i n d i c a t i n g b e tw e e n 12 and 15
c l a s s e s in s c ie n c e d u rin g the th r ee g ra d es
p r i o r t o t h e n i n t h .....................................................
314..1+3

3 I4. . I I

N o t e : T h e s t u d e n t s fr o m
in d ic a te that
th e y have had on th e a v e ra g e a t o t a l o f
w eek ly c l a s s e s in s c ie n c e d u rin g the 6th ,
7 t h , and 3 t h g r a d e s .
A random
provid es
2lj_0
216

sam ple o f about o n e - f i f t h
the fo llo w in g data:

of

the

total

papers

B o y s ...............................................................................................................
' I i r i s .............................................................................................................
N ote: A nother sarm le
th e se r e s u l t s - Boys:
3 1 . 3 and 3 2 . 1 .

87

Students

w i t h fa r m

75-

Students

w ith v i ll a g e

29h

Students

w ith c it y

3U-.2
31 - 2

32+. 9
31 . 1

32.1

32.3

33* 6

33*9

32.35

32.3

s i m i l a r l y drawn y i e l d e d
3 5 . 5 and 3 5 . 2 . O i r l s

b a c k g r o u n d ......................................
b a c k g r o u n d ............................

b a c k g r o u n d ......................................

N o t e : The d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n c i t y and v i l l a g e
w h e n l e f t un t o t h e s t u d e n t s w a s s o m e w h a t l o o s e .
A n oth er c h e c k b a s e d on th e s i z e o f the c i t y i n
w n ich th e s c h o o l was l o c a t e d showed t h a t 527
stu d en ts in 5 sch o o ls in c i t i e s w ith a pop­
u l a t i o n above 3 0 ,0 0 0 had a m edian sc o r e o f
2 3 . 7 0 and an a v e r a g e s c o r e o f 2 9 . 1 3 *
76
163
20?

222

Students

w ith

ItH C l u b e x p e r i e n c e

32.7

33.7

S t u d e n t s w i t h m o r e t h a n 3r y e a r o f S c o u t
w o r k ..............................................................................................................

33- 2+

33* 8

S t u d e n t s who r e o o r t e d t h a t t h e y
more t h a n 2 b o o k s ab o u t s c i e n c e
p a s t two o r t h r e e y e a r s

32.1

32.1

32.1

32.1

have read
d u rin g the

S t u d e n t s who r e p o r t e d r e a d i n g l e s s
two b o o k s ab ou t s c i e n c e d u r l r n th e
t w o o r t h r e e y e a r s ...............................

than
past

A random s a m p l e
5 l •!%

o f I4.OO p a p e r s

of

the

earth

51 • h f° o f

the

life

3 3 .2 $ o f the
corre c t l y .

science
science

ph ysical

The n a t i o n a l n o r m s
5 3 » k .'* f an<i 5 1 - 2 % .
The
the

sh o w s

item s

follow in g

were

item s were

science
for

th e

item s

these

answered
answered

were

part

correctly.
correctly.

answered

scores

fo llo w in g c o r r e l a t io n s have been c a lc u la t e d
P ea r so n Product-M om ent sy ste m .

2256

data:

are

5U«5h>,

by u s i n g

Total score
a g a i n s t t h e t o t a l num ber o f s c i e n c e
c l a s s e s r e p o r t e d by th e s t u d e n t s i n t h e 6t h , 7 t h ,
a n d 8 t h g r a d e s ..................................................................................................

14. 0 0

Total score

a g a in st score

on e a r t b

scien ce

^4-00

Total score

again st score

on l i f e

14. 0 0

Total score

a ga in st score

on p h y s i c a l

science

.17

item s.

.35

item s..

.82

science

item s

.8 3

( T h e o r i g i n a l c o n y o f t h i s r e p o r t w a s i n t h e fo r m o f
a m im eographed l e t t e r so a r r a n g e d as t o p e r m i t f i l l i n g
in the d a t a , where a p p r o p r i a t e , fo r ea ch s c h o o l . )

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i

ILLINOIS STAT'l ITORkAi UlTrCRSIhY
ITor.uul, I l l i n o i s
Septem ber 1 0 , 1951

T h is summer I f i n i s h e d s t u d y i n g th e r e s u l t s o b t a in e d f r o n th e
g e n e r a l s c i e n c e p r o j e c t w it h w h ich you h e l >ed me l a s t w i n t e r . Ycu nay
r e c a l l t h a t th e Read G en era l S c i e n c e T e s t was g i v e n t o ’■our n i n t h grade
g en era l sc ien ce stu d e n ts.
In a p p r o a c h in g t h i s b r i e f r e p o r t I hope you sh a re v /it h mo somewhat
t h e same a t t i t u d e tow ard th e u s e o f t e s t s w h ic h hrve n o t b ee n composed
by t h e c la s s r o o m t e a c h e r t o o b s e r v e th e p e rfo rm a n ce o f s t u d e n t s on
le a r n in g e x o r c is e s .
I l o o k upon su ch t e s t s a s th e one u s e d i n t h i s
p r o j e c t a s a means w hereby a sam ple o f th e c l a s s e x p e r i e n c e s o r d i n a r i l y
i n c l u d e d i n t h e n i n t h g r a d e g e n e r a l s c i e n c e c o u r s e may bo s e p a r a t e d from
the t o t a l .
A m etaphor may h e l p you s e e my a t t i t u d e .
I have come to
l o o k moon th e t o t P i com plex o f e x p e r i e n c e s w h ic h we p r o v i d e our s t u d e n t s
a s so m e th in g l i k e a f l o w i n g str e a m . A t e s t th e n becomes a means to
d i v e r t a p o r t i o n o f th e t o t a l e x p e r i e n c e s th r o u g h a sm a ll c a n a l so th a t
a c l o s e r stu d y r.vy be made. I t th e n becomes a m a tte r o f judgment a s to
how r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e w hole stream o f o x r x ir ie n c e s i n c l u d e d i n t h e
c o u r s e i s t h a t s m a ll stream t h a t was d i v e r t e d t o p e r m it o b s e r v a t i o n .
Some t o ’c h e r s t e n d t o l o o k unon a t o s t a s e x t e n d in g c l e a r a c r o s s th e
t o t - 1 str ew n o f c o u r s e a c t i v i t i e s and sa m p lin g e a c h o f t h e e x p e r i e n c e s
a r r a n g e d by th e t e a c h e r t o b r i n g about t h e g ro w th o f h i s or h er s t u d e n t s .
The v a l i d i t y o f t h i s p o i n t o f v ie w a g a in r e s t s on th e t e a c h e r 1s judgment
o f how r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f th e t o t a l c o u r s e a c t i v i t i e s are th e e x e r c i s e s
in th e t e s t .
I can s e e how e i t h e r o f t h e s e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s m ight bo
a p p l i e d t o a i d i n u n der s t a r d in g th e re.r-vf t s o f your s tu d e n t s in my
rose rrh p r o je c t.
The o n ly i n t e r p r e t a t i o n tow ard w h ich I ta k e a v e r y dim
v ie w i s t h a t a t e s t , c o m m e r c ia lly p r e p a r e d or t e a c h e r d e s i g n e d , p r o v i d e s
a m easure o f th e w h ole com plex o f e x p e r i e n c e s r e p r e s e n t e d by a to u c h e r *s
c o n t a c t s w i t h a group o f s t u d e n t s .
The f a c t t h a t t h e e n d - o f - y e a r s c o r e s o f t h e s t u d e n t s who w ere i n ­
c lu d e d i n t h i s s t u d y d i d show s i g n i f i c a n t g.-»ins th r o u g h th e y e a r i s p r e t t y
good e v id e n c e t h a t th e Road G en eral S c ie n c e T e s t i n v o l v e s l e a r n i n g s c l o s e l y
a s s o c i a t e d v /ith what g o e s on i n th e n i n t h grade c o u r s e .
T h is p r o j e c t was o r g a n iz e d i n i t i a l l y t o g a i n an e s t i m a t e o f th e r
1 a t i o n a k i n b e tw een th e s c i e n c e i n f o r m a t i o n p o s s e s s e d and a e n v ir o d by n i n t h
gra.de s t u d e n t s and some o f t h e i r s c h o o l and o u t - o f - s c h o o l e x p e r i e n c e s .
In
my o p i n io n no s i n g l e c o u r se i n th e t o t a l s c i e n c e program o f many s c h o o l s
w ould b e t t e r j u s t i f y t h e i n v e s t m e n t o f tim e and e f f o r t i n a r e v ie w and r o o x o m in a t io n .
In many s c h o o l s t h i s c o u r s e i s t h e o n l y common s c i e n c e e x p e r ­
i e n c e t o be sh a r e d by u l 1 o f t h e s t u d e n t s who may e n r o l l i n t h e s c h o o l .
In
some c a s e s t h i s c o u r s e i s t h e o n l y c o n t a c t w i t h s c i e n c e i n s t r u c t i o n t h a t th e
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c i a l 1s o f th e s c h o o l i n s u r e e a c h , s tu d e n t v’i l l e x p e r i e n c e
n r io r to g ra d u a tio n .
I t i s i n c r e a s i n g l y becom ing th e o n l y form a l c o n t a c t r.f
many s t u d e n t s w i t h th e e a r t h and p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s .

The n i n t h g ra d e g e n e r a l s c i e n c e ccmruo com ing a t t h e tim e i t d o e s
i n t h e t o t a l s c h o o l program o f h o y s end g i r l s o c c u p i e s a s t r a t e g i c
p o sitio n .
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a s t u d e n t ’ s whole l i f e i n t e r e s t i n end. a t t i t u d e tow ard th e t o t a l s c i e n c e
e n t o r n r i s o may he s u b j e c t t o i n f l u e n c e b y t h i s c o u r s e .
dm e s t i m a t e o f t h e amount o f r e p e t i t i o n o f p r i o r e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h i n
th e c o u r s e a s nov; t a u g h t s h o u ld b e w o r t h w h i l e .
Some t e a c h e r s nay he
i n t e r e s t e d i n e s t i m a t e s o f t h e d e g r e e t o w h ic h t h e c o u r s e c o n s i s t s o f
e x p e r i e n c e s w h ich a r e r e l a t e d t o p r i o r e x p e r i e n c e s l o t h w i t h i n and beyond
t h e s tu d e n ts * s c h o o l e n v i r o n m e n t s .
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c o n c e r n 0,3 new s t u d i e s r e v e a l how much a s e n s e o f n e e d and u t i l i t y
c o n d i t i o n s a s t u d e n t ' s l e a r n i n g and r e t e n t i o n r a t e .
I b e l i e v e t h a t e a c h s c h o o l and e a c h t e a c h e r r i g h t f u l l y r e t a i n s th e
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f i n t e r p r e t i n g w h at e x p e r i e n c e s s h a l l bo most m ea n in g fu l
t o each y o u n g s t e r u n d e r g u i d a n c e .
I n o r g a n i z i n g t h i s s t u d y i t was my
i n t e n t i o n m erely t o . p r o v i d e e v i d e n c e o f
s o r t w h ic h may a i d s c h o o l
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c i a l s and c l a s s r o o m t e a c h e r s i n fo rm in g t h o s e i n t e r ­
p r e ta tiv e d e c is io n s,
l i v i n g a s wo do i n a w o r ld i n w h ic h t h e im p a ct o f s c i e n c e on oven
our most i n s i g n i f i c a n t e x p e r i e n c e i s b eco m in g s t r i k i n g l y e v i d e n t , I t h in k
i t u n n e c e s s a r y t o do more t h a n c i t e t h e i n c r e a s i n g r e s p o n s i b l e i t y o f
a l l s c h o o l s to add t h e i r
stu d en ts to
u n d e r s t a n d t h e realm o f s c i e n c e and
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U s u a l l y when p c o o l o c o o p e r a t e on s t u d i e s o f t h i s k i n d one o f
th o m ost i n t e r e s t i n g a s e o c t s i s t h e e x ch a n g e o f o p i n i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e
g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s and rocom m endations g r o w in g o u t o f t h e s t u d y .
I
hone f o r a c h a n c e t o t a l k w i t h you a b o u t th e r e s u l t s and h ave you g i v e
y o u r o p i n i o n s o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e and v a l i d i t y o f t h e w h o le p r o j e c t .
ky
p e r s o n a l g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s w ou ld i n c l u d e su ch com nonts a s :
1.
S t u d e n t s upon e n t e r i n g t h e n i n t h g r a d e g e n e r a l s c i e n c e c o u r s e
arc. a l r e a d y f a m i l i a r w i t h a w o r t h w h ile p o r t i o n o f th e s c i e n c e i n f o r m a t i o n
c u s t o m a r i l y s u g g e s t e d by t e x t b o o k s do s i g n e d f o r t h o c o u r s e .
They g a i n
a s i g n i f i c a n t a d d i t i o n a l amount o f t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e y e a r
i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f e n r o ll m e n t i n t h o g e n e r a l s c i e n c e c o u r s e .
?.I. A l l s t u d e n t s r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r a b i l i t i e s o r b ackgroun d e x p e r ­
i e n c e s have ab ou t th o same c h a n c e t o p i c k up a d d i t i o n a l s c i e n c e in fo r m a ­
t i o n w h i l e e n r o l l e d i n th o g e n e r a l s c i e n c e c o u r s e .

3.
U h a to v o r i t i s i n the a b i l i t i e s o f b o y s told g i r l s t h a t g i v e some
o f them an a d v a n ta g e on i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s g i v e s thorn a bou t th e sai.io
d e g r e e o f a d v a n ta g e on g e n e r a l s c i o n c c t e s t s .
k . Such f a c t o r s a s S cou t e x p e r i e n c e , i'-H Club o x D o r io n c o , "good"
homo b ack gro u n d , and s o f o r t h t e n d t o be a ccom p an ied by s u p e r i o r p erfo rm ­
an ce on th o Head t o s t .
A s i m i l a r amount o f s u p e r i o r i t y on i n t e l l i g e n c e
t e n t s v/as a l s o i n d i c a t e d .
5 . The g r e a t e r amount o f s c i e n c e i n f o r m a t i o n p o s s e s s e d by t h e s t u d e n t s
who i n d i c a t e d ’’h ig h " i n t e r e s t i n r e d in g s c i e n c e b o ok s was n o t accorvo n io d
by com parable s u p e r i o r i t y i n i n t e l l i g e n c e .
6 . Tho s u b j e c t m a t te r l e a r n e d by s t u d e n t s i n th o n i n t h g r a d e g e n e r a l
s c i o n c c c o u r s e i s s i m i l a r to b u t f a r from d u p l i c a t e d b y th e s c i e n c e
i n f o r m a t i o n a c q u i r e d by s t u d e n t s i n g e n e r a l s c i e n c e c l a s s e s th r o u g h th e
s i x t h , s e v e n t h , and e i g h t h g r a d e s .
7 . Somewhere b e tw e e n "none a t a l l " end " c l a s s e s f i v e d a y s a week"
1 1.-.rough th e t h r o e g r a d e s p r i o r to th o n i n t h t h e r e i s a number o f s c i e n c e
d e s s e s t h a t w o u ld nuke t h e most e f f i c i e n t u s e o f i n s t r u c t i o n a l t im e .
8 . I n s t r u c t i o n i n th e n i n t h g r a d e g e n e r a l s c i e n c e c o u r s e t e n d s t o
d o s e th e gap b e tw e e n s t u d e n t s who e n t e r w i t h minimum and maximum
am ounts o f a c c u m u la te d s c i e n c e i n f o r m a t i o n .
I t f o llo w s th a t a stu dent
who shows p r e c o c i o u s a b i l i t y i n t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f s c i e n c e i n f o r m a t i o n
i s n o t p r o v i d e d i n s t r u c t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e s e n a b l i n g him t o n a i n t r i n h i s
r e la t iv e su p e r io r ity .
? . A lth o u g h t h e r e v/as e v i d e n c e t h a t th e s c i e n c e i n f orm ati on t h a t i s
s u g g e s t e d by t e x t b o o k s i s r e l a t e d t o th e e v e r y d a y a c t i v i t i e s o f b oy s and
g i r l s t h i s d e g r e e o f r e l a t i o n s h i p i s v e r y lev;.
The q u e s t i o n rem ains
w h e th e r th o r o ! a t i o n s h i u i s s u f f i c i e n t t o c r e a t e i n t h e m inds o f t e e
s t u d e n t s a s e n s e o f t h e n e e d and u t i l i t y o f s c i e n c e i n f o r m a t i o n .
There
i r some e v id e n c e t h a t y o u n g s t e r s do n o t rocom nizo t h e r e l a t i o n s ’
b etw een
s c i e n c e and many o f t h e i r e v e r y d a y a c t i v i t i e s u n l .s s t h e y are !•.d t o
e x p l o r e ar.d i d e n t i f y t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p th r o u g h fo rm a l i n s t r u c t i o n .
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10.
The s t u d e n t s who wore in c lu d e d i n t h i s stu d y t e n d t o ho norc
f a m i l i a r w i t h th o e a r t h end l i f e s c i e n c e s th a n w it h th e p h y s i c a l
s c i e n c e s . According; t o th e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d from th e 3 ,5 9 2 E tu d o rts
i n t h e s t a n d a r d i s i n g group, th o d i f f i c u l t y o f th o ite m s from th e
th r o e n a t u r a l s c i e n c e a r e a s was p r a c t i c a l l y th e s a n e .
I hope you r e c o g n i z e how g r a t e f u l I am f o r a l l o f th e l a r g o and
s n a i l i n s t u ' . o e s o f c o o p e r a t i o n t h a t arc i n v o l v e d i n th e c o n c o c t i o n a n d
m a t u r ity o f t h i s r e so,arch p r o j e c t . E s p e c i a l l y sh o u ld I m en tio n my
a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e i n t e r e s t w h ic h the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r s o f I l l i ­
n o i s S t a t e Formal U n i v e r s i t y have shown. ITot o n l y have t h e y made i t
■norisible f o r mo t o u s e r.iuch o f my f r e e tim e on t h e p r o j e c t h u t th e y
have a l s o shown t h e i r te n d e n c y t o encourage su ch r e s e a r c h by r o b in g
many campus s e r v i c e s a v a i l a b l e t o me. I presume t h a t t h i s c o o p e r a t io n
i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f what may bo e x p e c te d from th o U n i v e r s i t y F i e l d
S e r v i c e s r e c e n t l y r e o r g a n iz e d u n d er th e l e a d e r s h i p o f Dr. L. U. H i l l e r ,
I r e a l i z e t h a t t h i s r e p o r t i s q u ito s k e t c h y .
I f t h e r e a r c any
q u e s t i o n s w h ic h y o u would c a r e t o r a i s e or a d d i t i o n a l in f o r m a tio n t h a t
I etui p r o v i d e , e s p e c i a l l y i n r e g a r d to your ovu grouw o f s t u d e n t s , p l e a s e
f e e l f r e e t o c a l l on me. Pcrhrros wo cun t a k e advan tage o f c i r c x j n s t a n t i a l
v i s i t s e i t h e r on ou r campus o r i n your s c h o o l to d i s c u s s the p r o j e c t t o
our mutual s a t i s f a c t i o n .
I n c i d e n t a l l y , I have no f u r t h e r u s e f o r the. .dead G eneral S c io n c c Ten
b o o k l e t s and had p la n n e d t o l e a v e then w i t h t h e s c h o o l s .
I f you would
l i k e enough f o r a s e c t i o n or two o f s t u d e n t s I w i l l be glad to cone them
a lo n g .
hay tho coining sc h o o l y e a r be i n t e r e s t i n g
many s a t i r f a c t i o n s .

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S in c e r e ly you rs,

John K. H o o d lu m
A s s i s t . P r o f . c f S c ie n c e

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PERSONAL INFORhA £ M
1 . N am e_________________________________Age

S c h o o l _________________ _____________ _

2 . Do you l i v e i n a c i t y , v i l l a g e , o r on a farm ?( U n d e r sc o r e o n e ; .
5 . How many o f t h e p a s t f i v e

y e a r s h a v e you l i v e d on a farm?

Boy o r G i r l .

C ity ?

V illa g e ? _

4 . U n d ersco re a n y o f t h e s e h o b b i e s t h a t yo u may h a v e . G a r d e n in g . F i s h i n g . H u n tin g .
C o lle c tin g in s e c t s .
C o l l e c t i n g r o c k s . D e v e l o p in g ana p r i n t i n g p h o t o s . B u ild in g
model a i r p l a n e s , b o a t s , c a r s , e t c . R a i s i n g r a b b i t s , n i c e , c h i c k e n s , e t c .
Home s c i e n c e l a b . S c i e n c e s c r a p b o o k . B u i l d i n g r a d i o s .
____________________ _
5 . How many y e a r s have you b e lo n g e d t o a s c i e n c e c lu b ?

4H Club?____ S c o u ts ? ____

6 . About how many, i f a n y , s c i e n c e books o r books a b o u t s c i e n c e 'nave you read
d u r in g t h e p a s t two o r t h r e e y e a r s ? ___

7 . About how many s c i e n c e c l a s s e s d id you o v e e a ch week w h i l e you w ere i n t h e
s i x t h grade? ___ S e v e n t h grade? ____ E i g h t h grade?
N in th grade?____
8 . I n w h ich o f t h e s e g r a d e s d id you have a r e g u l a r s c i e n c e t e x t o o o k ? ________ _____

9 . ________________________________________________________________________________________

(The o r i g i n a l c o p i e s o f t h i s p e r s o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n form were mimeo­
g r a p h e d . The r e p l i e s r e c e i v e d f o r q u e s t i o n number f o u r end f o r t h e
f i r s t p a r t o f number f i v e d id n o t p r o v id e d ata p e r m i t t i n g f u r t h e r
stu d y o f th e se f a c t o r s .)