Umma Expressions: Community, Origins, and Representations in Contemporary Muslim American Literature explores how Muslim Americans articulate their "Muslimness" while situating themselves within the Umma or Muslim community. I explore how Muslim writers (re)imagine their plural identities through narrative, grappling with what it means to be Muslim and American simultaneously; how they participate in, react to, challenge, reify, and shape existing rhetoric on Islam and Muslims; and how they participate in the production of American literature and the U.S. cultural imaginary. As it intersects two literary traditions, both national and religious, Muslim American literature weaves in dialogues that have taken place across a myriad of geographical and historical borders for centuries, effectively broadening the scope of American literary studies as well as our conception of America's narrative. As Umma Expressions examines various iterations of Umma that are expressed in contemporary post-9/11 Muslim American literature, each chapter focuses on a primary text that represents a different genre and time period. Beginning with a historical Umma-identification in an American context, Chapter One: "History, Storytelling, and a Muslim American Origins Narrative in Lalami's The Moor's Account" analyzes Laila Lalami's The Moor's Account (2014), which elaborates on the story of a marginalized historical figure named Estebanico. A work of historiographic metafiction, this novel blurs the lines between fiction and history, demonstrating the (inter)textuality of the latter, questioning the process of historiography, and subverting Western narratives of the past. By integrating elements of early African Muslim slave narratives, Lalami contextualizes Estebanico's narrative within Black and Muslim American literary traditions. Chapter Two: "Muslim American Journeys in the Global" examines Willow Wilson's memoir The Butterfly Mosque: A Young American Woman's Journey to Love and Islam (2010) as an autobiographical conversion narrative that documents her journey to and within Islam. Her journey to a publicly visible and communal expression of her Muslimness illustrates a reciprocal relationship between faith, self, and community. Wilson's perspective as an American convert to Islam contributes to a deeper understanding of American Muslimness that grapples with the narrative of Islam vs. West, private vs. public religion, and American individualism vs. community belonging. Chapter Three: "Breathing Through the Dust in Samira Ahmed's Internment" examines how the Muslim American community has struggled with the suffocating pressures of Islamophobia in the United States. I argue that the physical internment of Muslim Americans in Ahmed's Internment (2019), a work of speculative fiction, symbolizes the marginalization of Muslims in American society. The protagonist Layla bears the burdens of Islamophobia as she fights against a system that seeks to silence and eliminate her Muslim American identity.Lalami, Wilson, and Ahmed offer three very different representations of Muslim American identity, each of which articulates belonging to the Muslim Umma while resisting narratives of an Anglo-American nationalist history; a manufactured clash of civilizations; and American Islamophobia via War on Terror culture.
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