DEVELOPMENT

OF

FOR

VACUUM HARVESTING

SMALL

LEGUME

EQUIPMENT

SEEDS

By
GEORGE

BASSILY HANNA

A THESIS
S u b m i t t e d t o t h e S c h o o l of G r a d u a t e S t u d i e s of M i c h i g a n
S t a t e C o l l e g e of A g r i c u l t u r e a n d A p p l i e d S c i e n c e
in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of t he r e q u i r e m e n t s
f o r t h e d e g r e e of

DOCTOR

D epartm ent

OF

PHILOSOPHY

of A g r i c u l t u r a l

1951

Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The

author

Dr.

W.

M.

this

research
He

is

wishes

Carleton,
work
greatly

was

assistance

Grateful

acknowledgment

Farm

Crops

under

in

express
whose

his

sincere

guidance

and

thanks

to

assistance

undertaken.

indebted

valuable

the

to

the

to

Mr.

W.

H.

preparation

is

also

Departm ent

for

due
his

of

Sheldon
this

to D r .

interest

S.
and

for

his

m anuscript.
T.

Dexter

helpful

of

sug­

gestions.
The

w riter

deeply

appreciates

Brillion

Iron Works

Company

Vacuum

H arvester,

and

on w h o s e f a r m m o s t

t he

of t h e

for

the

making

Cridlers

at

experim ental

cooperation

available

the

Middleville,
trials

were

of

the

Brillion

Michigan,
conducted.

f

l

DEVELOPMENT

OF

FOR

VACUUM
SMALL

HARVESTING E Q U IPM E N T

LEGUME

SEEDS

By
G eorge

B a s s il y Hanna

AN ABSTRACT
S u b m i t t e d t o t h e S c h o o l of G r a d u a t e S t u d i e s of M i c h i g a n
State C o l l e g e of A g r i c u l t u r e and Applied Science
i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s
f o r t h e d e g r e e of

DOCTOR

D epartm ent

OF

of A g r i c u l t u r a l

Year

Approved

PHILOSOPHY

1951

Engineering

iv
GEORGE BASSILY HANNA

The
stantly

interest

increasing

8 million

12,384,000
each

year

in L a d i n o

and

pounds

in

tall,

to the

ground.

seed,

when

make

the

ficient

the

legume

t he

using

lect
the

t he

seeds.

of g r e e n

A

studies

and

review

is

con­

to n e a r l y

a need

for

14,855,000

out

was
t he

and

clover

to

(a)

(b) t h e

(d) no

mechanism .

over

These

4 to

almost

continuous

a n d the

conditions

difficult

a very
vacuum

and

definite

inef­

the

air

(c)

of t h e

of a i r
no

for

small

earlier

flow in sid e

existence

possibility

harvester

development

expected,

minim um

from

harvester.

of t h e

be

is

seed

is

bent

easily.

indicated

that

heads

m aterial

of a n e f f e c t i v e

indicated

nozzles

gathering

anticipating
195 5 ,

seed

out v e r y

combine

been investigated,

crop,

by

crop

increase

Ladino vegetation

of t h e

of L a d i n o

the

development

to f i n d

seed

a forage

gradual

USDA i s

the

threshes

harvesting

actual

made

seed,

Growth

uum h a r v e s te rs
had not

of t h e

the

with m a n y

Prelim inary
for

spite

as

19t>0 on.

ripe,

when

clover

of L a d i n o

When c u t f o r
10 i n c h e s

in

1950,

pounds
from

ABSTRACT

the

nozzles

pockets

study has

velocity

of a i r

required

self-cleaning

device

was

vac­

in

been
to c o l ­

p r o v i d e d in

V

GEORGE BASSILY H ANN A

The
grains
The

m inimum

were

results

lifting

calculated
were

ABSTRACT

velocities

by m e a n s

compared

of d i f f e r e n t

of t h e

with

t he

seeds

and

t u r b u l e n t flow f o r m u l a

actual

laboratory

experi­

m ents .
A new vacuum
designed and
windrow.
the

constructed

Air

absence

stagnant

was

cutter

bar

clover

in one

swath;

harvester

seed:

(d) v a c u u m

from

which

t he

with a b r u s h

Vacuum

were

and

cuts

was

seed fro m

nozzle

the

indicated

construction

and

conducted
methods

windrow;

harvesting

windrow;

efficiency

the

(a) A p a n a t t a c h e d

i ng f r o m

all

clover

inside

design

of t h e f o l l o w i n g

harvesting

field

the

device

regions.

by t h e

experim ents

clover

vacuum

air

no p i c k - u p

sucks

the

of a

green

operation.

performance

Ladino

to h a r v e s t

followed

vacuum

Field

with

flow i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

of

This

the

harvester

(f)

vacuum

harvesting

than any

from

other

the

from

to c o m p a r e

of h a r v e s t i n g
to t h e

(c) v a c u u m

from

combining

in o r d e r

cutter
swath;

cutter

t he

bar;

harvesting
bar;
and

(e)
(g)

(b)

from

com bin­
sweeping

harvester.
the

method

windrow
tested.

had a h igher
However,

t he

over

vi
GEORGE BASSILY

vegetative
Vacuum

because

green

culties

from
of t h e

m aterial

most
the

( 70%

Investigation

of t h e

phases
losses

picking
A

and

design

to

left in the

swath.

was

considered

not

bar

7 5 %)

causes

of w a t e r

and the

of

seed

procedure

considered

are

the

contained

m echanical

losses

during

indicated

that

weather

diffi­

the
the m o s t

hazards,

inef­

inefficient threshin g.

was

a detachable

when

percentage

of h a r v e s t i n g
to be

rapidly

cutter

high

drying.

serious

turing

dried

ABSTRACT

of a r t i f i c i a l

different

ficient

m aterial

harvesting

practical
in the

HANNA

made
nozzle

of a

swath v acu u m

with an

harvester

efficient and

fea­

self-cleaning

pick-up.
Ladino
methods,

or

and a g a i n s t
dures
growth

are

clover
by a

each

seed m ay

combination
procedure

recommended

under

variable

for

are

be

harvested

of m e t h o d s ;
discussed.

several

weather

by a n y

the

several

argum ents

Harvesting

conditions

conditions.

of

for

proce­

of v e g e t a t i v e

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Page
I N T R O D U C T I O N .................................................................................

1

JUSTIFICATION

S T U D Y .........................................................

5

L I T E R A T U R E .........................................................................

7

REVIEW

OF

Previous

OF

THE

Experim ental

Historical

Review

of

W o r k s .........................................................

Vacuum

7

H arvesting

E q u i p m e n t ..........................................................................................................

8

Fort

8

Hays

Vacuum

Suction A tta c h m e n t
Ha r v e ste r
The

Sweeper
on

G rass

Pepperm int

Leaves

D exter

McKibben

Vacuum
Dexter

and

Vacuum
Ga r d in e r

Combine

..................................................................................................

"Hosking"

and

t he

.................................................

Seed H a r v e s t e r

Vacuum

H arvester

.

.

.

.

II

.

.

.

.

12

Experimental

H a r v e s t e r .........................................................................
Sheldon

15

Experimental

H a r v e s t e r .........................................................................

Seed

11

C o l l e c t o r .................................................................

Brillion

Vacuum

H a r v e s t e r .........................................................

Vacuum

Leaf Loader

and Street

Cleaner

.

.

.

18
21
23
2b

viii
Page
Washtenaw
DYNAMICS OF
Behavior

V a c u u m H a r v e s t e r ................................................

26

P A R T I C L E S ................................................

29

SMALL

of P a r t i c l e s

in a

F l u i d ................................................

Equivalent

Particle

R esistance

to M o t i o n ...............................................................

Term inal

S h a p e s .......................................

29
29
30

V e l o c i t i e s ........................................................................

31

Lifting

V e l o c i t i e s ................................................................................

32

Transport

of P a r t i c l e s ........................................................................

33

Pneum atic

T r a n s p o r t ........................................................................

Transportation

of L o w

Transportation

of H e a v y

Computation

Ladino

.

36

of S e e d s

37

................................................................................

38

Seed

........................................................

38

................................................................................................

39

S o y b e a n s ........................................................................................................

39

Field

B e a n s ................................................................................................

40

Corn

...............................................................................................................

40

B e e t s ................................................................................................

41

Glover

Seed

Reed

Canary

Field

Peas

Sugar

Seed

.

34

................................................................................................

Velocities

.

.

35

Lifting

Concentrations

.

........................................................................

Red

Clover

.

.

of t h e

and G r a i n s

Concentrations

33

Grass

ix
Page
Laboratory
Actual
Seeds

Experim ents

Lifting
and

Previous

Velocities

the

of D i f f e r e n t

G r a i n s ..................................................................................
Experim entalW

Experim ental
DEVELOPMENT
Basic

to D e t e r m i n e

o r k .....................................................

42

P r o c e d u r e .................................................................

43

OF

Features

42

A NEWVACUUM

of t h e

Vacuum

HARVESTER

.

47

H arvester

D e s i g n ..................................................................................................................

48

The

Harvesting

P r o c e d u r e .........................................................

48

The

Machine

D r i v e ......................................................................................

48

B l o w e r ..................................................................................................................

50

Type

of b l o w e r

drive

.................................

50

Position

of t h e

blower

.........................................................

50

Capacity

of t h e

b l o w e r .........................................................

50

D e s i g n .....................................................................................

52

W i d t h of N o z z l e .........................................................................................

52

Nozzle

52

Suction

Airflow

Nozzle

S h a p e .................................................................................................

M easurem ent

Vacuum

in the

Nozzle

of t h e

H a r v e s t e r .................................................................................

57

I

X

Page
DESIGN A ND

CONSTRUCTION

BAR VACUUM
FIELD

OF

CUTTER

.........................................................

66

T R I A L S .........................................................................................................

69

Design

HARVESTER

THE

of E x p e r i m e n t .................................................................................

t>9

Field

No. 1

...................................................................................................

69

Field

No. 2

..................................................................................................

74

Field

No. 3

..................................................................................................

74

Field

No. 4

..................................................................................................

78

Observations

on D i f f e r e n t

Phases

of

P r o c e d u r e ........................................................................

79

M o w i n g ................................................................................................................

79

W i n d r o w i n g .................................................................................................

81

D r y i n g ........................................

83

H arvesting

Field

O bservations

H arvesting

of t h e

Methods

Different
................................................................

86

m e t h o d ................................................................................

86

The

pan

The

windrow method

of v a c u u m

h a r v e s t i n g ........................................................................................
The

cutter

bar

m e t h o d ........................................................

The

swath

method

of v a c u u m

harvesting

.

.

89
90
92

r

xi
Page
Windrow m ethod

.

.

97

.

.

97

T h r e s h i n g .........................................................................................................

99

Swath m e th o d

EFFICIENCY

OF

of c o m b i n e

of c o m b i n e

DIFFERENT

harvesting

harvesting

.

HARVESTING

P R O C E D U R E S ......................................................................................................
Analysis

of D a t a

.........................................................................................

102

Field

No.

1

.................................................................................................

102

Field

No.

2

.................................................................................................

104

Field

No .

3

.................................................................................................

105

Field

No.

4

.................................................................................................

Ill

Perform ance
THE

102

DESIGN OF

of

t h e B r i l l i o n H a r v e s t e r .......................................

A SWATH

VACUUM

H A R V E S T E R ..............................................................................................................
General

Description

Vacuum

113

of t h e

115

Designed

H a r v e s t e r ......................................................................................

115

The

F r a r r . e ...............................................................................................

115

The

N o z z l e ..............................................................................................

117

The

P i c k - u p ...............................................................................................

120

The

PowerT ransm ission

122

...........................................................

I

X ll

Page
D I S CU S S I ON A N D C O N C L U S I O N S ........................................................

124

LITERATURE

131

C I T E D .......................................

LIST

OF

FIGURES

F ig u re
1.

Page
United States

Production

of L a d i n o

clover

s e e d ........................................................................................................
2.

California

experimental

harvester
3.

Fort

Hays

4.

Combined
used

beater

Hosking

grass

6.

Pepperm int

7.

Dexter

and

Gathering

9.

Pick-up

in

10

grass

seed

1935
seed

10
harvester,

vacuum

McKibben
19 4 4

device

vacuum

1935

1942.

harvester,

.

.

13
13

........................................................................

16

experim ental

and

1943.

.
.

in D e x t e r

vacuum

McKibben

h a r v e s t e r ................................................................
Dexter

and McKibben

Dexter

and

Sheldon

harvester,

1946

experimental

lb

vacuum

h a r v e s t e r ........................................................................................
10.

9

suction atta ch m en t

buffalo

leaves

harvester,
8.

sweeper,

and

behind

5.

seed

........................................................................................

vacuum

harvester,

vacuum

3

17

vacuum
17

xiv
F ig u re

Page

11.

G ardiner

seed

12.

Nozzle

13.

Experimental

collector,

pick-up

in G a r d i n e r

Com m ercial

22
.

22

1 9 - 1 8 ........................................................................

25

Brillion

harvester,
14.

1948

Brillion

seed

collector

.

vacuum

vacuum

harvester,

1948
15.

Vacuum

25
leaf

loader

and

street

cleaner,

1948

27

I d.

Washtenaw

17.

A pparatus

vacuum
for

determ ining

velocities
18.

A field bean
inside

of
in

the

seeds
its

Vacuum H a rv e s te r

20.

Windrow

Vacuum

drawing
Telescoping

the

and

.

.

.

.

g r a i n s ................................

..................................................

H arvester

joint

made

t he

44
51

- assembly

of c a n v a s

nozzle

44

position

t u b e ................................................

Fram e

27

lifting

........................................................................................

connecting
suction

1950

equilibrium

tapered

19.

21.

harvester,

to t h e

55

and
upper

p i p e ................................................................................

5t>

XV

F igu re
22.

Page
Spr mg

attachm ents

nozzle

keeping

always

the

in c o n t a c t

float-

wi t h

t he

g r o u n d .......................................................................................................

5t>

windrow vacuum

58

23.

The

24.

Another

v i e w of t h e

harvester

.........................................

windrow vacuum

h a r v e s t e r ...............................................................................................

58

25.

Machine

set-up for a ir

flow m e a s u r e m e n t

.

.

oO

2 d.

Machine

set-up

flow m e a s u r e m e n t

.

.

oO

27.

M easurement
means

28.

Lower

of t h e

air

velocity

by

pitot

t u b e .......................................................

e n d of t h e

pitot

tube

of a i r
Air

air

of t h e

h o w it

29.

for

rotates
flow

to

detect

t he

direction

by m e a n s

A ir

flow

s t u d y by m e a n s

machine
31.

Air

velocity

32.

Cutter

bar

in

t>3

smoke

...............................................................................................

o3

s u c t i o n n o z z l e ................................................

o4

method

assembly

of a

ol

of t he

v e l o m e t e r ...............................................................................................
30.

1

showing

.......................................................................................

flow' m e a s u r e m e n t

o

of v a c u u m

harvesting

-

d r a w i n g .......................................................................

o7

I

xvi
F igu re

Page

33.

Layout

of F i e l d N o .

1

...................................................................

70

34.

Layout

of F i e l d No .

2

..................................................................

75

35.

Layout

of F i e l d N o .

3

..................................................................

77

36.

Rainfall

intensity

chart

...........................................................

82

37.

Interm ittent

rains

through
left
38.

Some

the

to d r y

seeds

on the
39-

The

Pan

40.

The

cutter

Green
the

clover

wet

new

growth

previously

in the

cut and

s w a t h .................................................

sprouted

in t h e

heads

88

s e e d .................................................................................

91

clover

method

sucked

collecting

seed

.

of h a r v e s t i n g

by the

nozzle

from

p a n .................................................................

The

Brillion

vacuum

h a r v e s t e r ..........................................

43.

The

Brillion

vacuum

harvester

vacuum
the

harvester

picked

brush

91
93

during

o p e r a t i o n .........................................................................................
The

87

.

bar

clover

42.

44 .

87

left

g r o u n d .................................................................

M e t h o d of h a r v e s t i n g

clover
41.

induced

throwing

94

back

c l o v e r .................................................................

94

XVII

F ig u re
45.

Page
The

raker-bar
No.

46.

The

4

loader

used

in field

.

clover

96

threshed

Deering

by t h e

combine

M cCorm ick-

................................................................

96

47.

Combining f r o m

the

w i n d r o w ..........................................

98

48.

Combining

from

the

swath

98

49 .

Collecting

tailings

determine
50.

Com parative
and

its

over-all

Estim ated

total

of a c r e s
methods
52.

Proposed

of t h e

efficiencies

methods
income

using

combine
efficiency

.

.

.

of t h e

versus

harvester

98

picking

on f i e l d N o .

different

to

four
3

.

.

.

110

number

harvesting

........................................................................................

vacuum

drawing

the

threshing

analysis

harvesting
51.

from

.

112

- assembly

........................................................................................
f r a m e ...........................................................

116

53.

Vacuum

harvester

118

54.

Vacuum

pick-up a sse m b ly

...................................................

119

55.

Pick-up

a s s e m b l y ..........................................................................

121

INTRODUCTION

Wh i t e

clover,

grass

produce

produce

seed

buffalo
plants
after

it i s

possible
these
i ng

ripe

states,

a forage

is
the

crop

"The

ten

acres

source

of h i g h l y

stated

three

clover

production
records

seed

years
was

of L a d i n o

are

available

ago

only
clover

is

seed

t he

clover

and

stem

almost

from

white

im ­

many

in M i c h i g a n a n d

( 30) ,

was

issue

of

neighbor­

clover

on a n

It i s

forage

for

Tractor
the

of A p r i l ,

introduced

as

all

started

in

its

issue

world

in the

Michigan

less

among

finding

it a

good

of l i v e s t o c k .

of M a r c h ,

production
The

1951,

of L a ­

com m ercial

United States

193b w i t h a

stated

100,000

place

classes

3 , 5 0 0 , 000 p o u n d s .
seed

19 5 1 ,

estim ated

wh o a r e

(lb),

entire

into

taking

to M i c h i g a n f a r m e r s

Im plem ent and

that

and

land.

nutritious

on

The

now g r o w n

and hay

to h a n g

increasing.

Farm er"

it i s

M a n y of t h e s e

harvesting

losses.

b u r —c l o v e r ,

stalks.

b u t it f a i l s

in L a d i n o

clover

lespedeza,

flower

priced

constantly

ago

fam iliar

The

high

interest

of p a s t u r e

legumes

dino

very

large

Ladino

years

short

consequently,

very

is

clover,

readily,

Michigan

that although
than

very

and,

without

plants

Ladino

on w h i c h

production

in

2
Oregon

of

slightly

in F i g u r e
high in
yield

1,

o r d high

acre

(33)

the

100,000
been

almost

127 p o u n d s

acres.

to f u r n i s h

in

that

1950,

t he

to p l a n t

gradual

farm ers

as

increase

to

the

by t h e

the

of L a d i n o

seed

desired

rec­

farm ers

to 9 , 0 1 2 , 0 0 0

would have
they

new

of L a d i n o

clover

wi t h a v a i l a b l e

seed

to a

Produc­

on p r o d u c t i o n a n d n e e d

production

shown

with an a v e r a g e

collected

1950 a m o u n t e d

seed

then,

In a d d i t i o n

acreages
in

Since

pounds

figures

could plant

The
the

a

( 31) .

A dm inistration

liked

pounds.

eight m illion

am ount they

2,370,000
rupled

of

indicate

would have
while

has

production

Marketing

seed

1950

there

1950 of n e a r l y

per

tion

over

acres

was

t o be
for

quad­
the

crop.
In h i s

ican Society

address

at

the

of A g r o n o m y ,

1950 a n n u a l m e e t i n g

George

C.

Edler

(12)

of t h e A m e r ­
stated:

T h e c u r r e n t s u p p l y of L a d i n o c l o v e r s e e d i s t h e
l a r g e s t e v e r b e c a u s e of t h e r e c o r d c r o p t h i s y e a r .
Cal­
i f o r n i a f o r t he f i r s t t i m e l e d O r e g o n i n p r o d u c t i o n of t h i s
seed.
The to tal a c r e a g e h a r v e s t e d in t h e s e s t a t e s and
I d a h o t h i s y e a r i s t wo a n d o n e - h a l f t i m e s t h a t of l a s t y e a r
a n d n e a r l y f o u r t i m e s the 1944- 48 a v e r a g e .
Demand for
this s eed has been keeping pace with the rapidly i n c r e a s ­
ing p r o d u c t i o n , a n d d e s p i t e the l a r g e s u p p ly , r e t a i l p r i c e s
this fall a r e p r a c t ic a l l y at la st y e a r ' s r a t h e r high level.
The
at the

same

following f ig u r e s
meeting:

were

giv e n by G e o r g e

C.

Edler

3

O S

P a o o u c r to M

or

l a o h *o

chorea

arco

7 0 0 o l—

•I 5000

IO o o

Figure

1

United

States

Production

of L a d i n o

clover

seed.

4

Ave rage
1944-48

1 949

Pounds
Ladino

Clover

As
t he
1951

1,367,000

an indication for

United States,

the

(21) i s s u e ,

stated:

the

of c l e a n

4,468,000

growing

Im p le m e n t and

need

Tractor,

1950

seed
8, 1 2 1 , 0 0 0

of L a d i n o
in i t s

seed

in

February,

Wi t h t h e g o v e r n m e n t c a l l i n g f o r a 90 0 p e r c e n t i n ­
c r e a s e in L a d i n o c l o v e r in the ne x t d e c a d e , C a l i f o r n i a is
a l r e a d y g r o w i n g h a l f t h e n a t i o n ' s s u p p l y of t h i s d r o o p e y h e a d e d white c l o v e r t h a t c a m e in f r o m Italy s c a r c e l y a
q u a r t e r cen tu ry ago.
T h e U. S. D. A. t h i n k s we w i l l
n e e d 1 2 , 3 8 4 , 0 0 0 p o u n d s of L a d i n o s e e d by 1955, a n d
1 4 , 8 5 5 , 0 0 0 e a c h y e a r f r o m I960 on.

I

JUSTIFICATION OF

In p r e p a r a t i o n
cutting
part
the

of h a y

is

of J u n e .
alsike

clover,

ripening

most

favorable

Wh e n
tall,

cut for
with

ground.

an d gives

time

seed,

Growth

dino

easily.

clover

grass

seed

seed

11,

28) h a s

harvesting
of t he

seed

heads

soil and
conditions

is

the

make

six

t he

ripe,

using

the

swath.

inches

to

harvesting

when

t he

if t h e r e

when

t he

is

is
threshes

of L a ­
usual

equipment.
done

shown

usually

study in d icate d a v e r y

to

of

seed

in the

alm ost

seed,

most

This

continuous

difficult and inefficient

work

four

over

early

m atured

m aterial

from

is

in the

August.

bent

the f i r s t

elim inates

vegetative

of g r e e n m a t e r i a l

These

crop,

uniformly

early

the v e g e t a t i o n

in t he

seed

the f ie ld u s u a l l y

or

drying

by M c K i b b e n ,

that,

with a c o n v en tio n al
was

clover

a more

seed

STUDY

weediness,

July

for

harvesting

Previous
(10,

late

of t h e

sufficient m o istu re
out v e r y

from

decreases

during

many

a Ladino

removed

This

crop

for

THE

in t h e s e
combine

short
was

left in the f i e l d .
definite

Dexter,

possibility

and Sheldon

stands

of t h e

ineffective.
Their

for

the

crop,
Most

prelim inary
development

6
of a n e f f e c t i v e
ver,

vacuum

and other

grass

Producers
that a r e

lost

to f i n d t h i s

tion on

small

The

methods

Ladino

and

other

harvesting
of

that

yield

harvest

prompted

the

real

clover,

very

white

value.

are

clo­

to a

(5).

Lack

time

for

of

seeds

likely

Furtherm ore,

in the v a r i o u s

amount

processes

considerable
specific

Michigan

investigation

m ethods

small

operation,

losses

present

of v a r i o u s

and

inform a­
the

on t he

of h a r v e s t i n g

por­

seed

sur­
com­
of

legumes.

To

of t h i s

compare

of h a r v e s t i n g
(2)

research
t he

Ladino

To i n v e s t i g a t e

work

was:

performance
clover

t he

of t h e

possible

seed;

sources

of

seed

losses

at

time;
(3)

kinds

To

study

the

air

velocity

required

to l i f t d i f f e r ­

of s e e d s ;
(4)

results

at

purpose
(1)

ent

possible

efficiency

seeded

harvest

indicated

losses

rounding a r e a
parative

to t h e

and thre sh in g m a y

total

seed

seeds,

of e q u i p m e n t

have

of h a r v e s t i n g
t i o n of t h e

of c l o v e r

type

for

seeds.

incident

observations

harvester

To d e s ig n

of t he a b o v e

a new v ac u u m

investigations.

harvester

based

on t h e

REVIEW

Previous

The v acu u m
is

by n o m e a n s

operation
the

with

the

Experiment

Station

(20,

for

harvesting

projects.

due

in the

several

leaves

years

July,

was

College

developed

1943 i s s u e

in

vester

for

ported

by D e x t e r a n d

cultural

white

of a

as

seed

equipment,

of t h e

Kansas

worked
a part

of A g r i c u l t u r a l

and

type

grass

collector

by W i l e m a n

Experiment

Agricultural

with th is

of t h e i r

in c o ­

particularly

A gricultural

vacuum-type

of

seed

for

Ellis

fallen
of P u r ­

Engineering

(3t>).

of M i c h i g a n

State

e x p e r i m e n t a l v a c u u m —ty p e

har­

Station

and p r e l i m i n a r y

McKibben
sections

stations,

Texas

Experiment

194 4 a n

clover

Engineering

has

reported

The A g r i c u l t u r a l

to h a r v e s t i n g

experiment

Branch

37) ,

performance

Works

Soil C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e ,

state

F o rt Hays

equipment

pepperm int

applied

S u b s t a t i o n of t he

Station and

The

The

several

LITERATURE

Experimental

principle,

new.

Chillocothe

OF

of t h e

Farm

trials
Crops

of M i c h i g a n S t a t e

were

re­

and A g r i ­

College

( 10) .

8
D exter
satisfactory

results

harvester,
and

and Sheldon

on t h e

magazine

was

cover

crops

2) by a

d e v i s e d to
needed

H istorical

Fort

Hays

The

reported

enlarged and
to the

(19)

development

(Figure

which

28)

in

1947 a n d

im proved vacuum

recom m endations

of a n

lower

the

to p r e v e n t

in i t s

experim ental

California

Review

Vacuum

reported,

farm er,

cost

A lbert

on the

H arvesting

ects.

Figure

It w a s

reported

gine.
were

The

a

Branch

part

3 shows

of t h e

Kansas

that

this

blower

exhauster,

mounted

grass

a vacuum

overburden

The

har­

seed for

Equipment

A gricultural E x ­

of t h e i r

as

vacuum

G reat Plains.

several

years

of O c t o b e r ,

Jongeneel,

of c o l l e c t i n g

erosion

of V a c u u m

seed

with v a c u u m h a r v e s t i n g

sweeper.

Dexter

Sweeper

F o r t Hays

if the

in the

issue

p e r im e n t Station worked

cient,

1948

report.

Fortune

vester

with an

built a c c o rd in g

McKibben

1948,

( 11,

machine

sweeper
was

of h a y w a s
driven

by a

the

engine,

and

driven

harvesting

developed

ninety—
five

removed

was

on a c a r r i a g e

seed

equipment for

1935.

percent

effi­

a h e a d of t h e

separate
the

in

proj­

hopper

by a t r a c t o r .

gasoline

en­

container

Figure

Z.

California

experimental

vacuum

seed h arv e ste r.

F igure

3

Fort Hays vacuum

Figure

4.

Combined b e ate r and suction a t ­
ta c h m e n t u sed behind buffalo g r a s s
seed h a r v e s te r,
1935.

sw eeper,

1935.

11

Suction a t ta c h m e n t

Figure
ment used
collect

4 shows

as

a

buffalo

grass

attachm ent,

four

rows

erage

of t h e

sucked
of t h e

into

The

under

The

the

the

part

was

auger
just

on t h e

from

behind

of t h e

did not c o l l e c t .

r. p . m . ,

was

t he

so

The
it w a s

made

to

u p of

w e ld ed to a

feet

long a n d

that

seed

complete

was

the
cov­

picked

and

elevated

to t h e

body

4,

lifted p o s i ­

cylinder.

shown in F i g u r e

small

row,

five

shaft,

which

harvester

combine

was

obtained.

suction a t t a c h ­

combine

fifty to e a c h
shaft

and

flat h a m m e r s

is

can

in

be

seen

exposed

housing.

This

Grass

machine

and m a n u f a c t u r e d
rye

machine

Seed H a r v e s t e r

was

developed

by S t a n l e y ,

grass

According
the

1, 700

The

staggered

beater
on a

that the
at

shaft.

attachm ent,

"Hosking"

perennial

seed

ground

combine

tion and

combined

of f l a t h a m m e r s ,

were

H arvester

attachm ent

running

diam eter

ham m ers

Combine

the

gleaner

This

2-inch

on the

to

Ltd.

in

1942

by J .

in E n g l a n d f o r

E.

Hosking

harvesting

seeds.
the m a n u f a c t u r e r ,

in gle aning

the

seed

the

prim e

direct from

the

advantage
stalk

is

of

that,

12
after
for

passage

hay and

The
it

its

the

machine

over

the

recovery

does

not

in a
A

wheels
actuates
the

six h o r s e p o w e r

there,

pipe,

through
of t h e

bags,

the

the

the

seed

t he

Pepperm int

had

by

attached
tractor.

to f a n s
These

ground and

the

stalk,

revolving

but b eats

at

1,250

gearb ox and operating

to o n e

drawn

screw
end

by t h e

and into

the

in F i g u r e

th r o u g h the

beater,

fixed in f r o n t

of t h e

blower

collecting

along

box on the
5).

the

the

It t h e n

of
box,

a flexible

left-hand
drops

into

sacking.

Vacuum H a rv e ste r

R.

t wo g a t h e r i n g

consideration.

in a d d i t i o n to d r i v i n g

(shown

escaping

Leaves

reported

beaters

harvested

engine,

seed

is

A m achine for
was

seed from

still be

collector.

blower,

machine
air

no m e a n

and an a r c h i m e d ia n

to c a r r y

From

is

can

six-inch

chain-type

a blower

beaters

side

a

the

flexible

seven-foot,

through

the f ie l d

of s e e d

rub

off w i t h m e t a l - t i p p e d

r . p. m .

crop,

collecting

H.

W i l e m a n a n d N.

nozzles,

driven
nozzles

collected

pepperm int

extending

leaves

6)

K.

Ellis

in

to t h e

rear,

which w ere

by t h e

power

take-off

were

pulled

over

the f a l l e n m i n t

(Figure

leaves

the

of t h e

1943.

It

propelling

surface

of t h e

by m e a n s

of t h e

13

Figure

t>.

Peppermint

leaves

vacuum

harvester,

1943.

14
partial

vacuum

vided fo r

c r e a t e d by the f a n s .

separating

by t h e f a n s

the

and it a l s o

leaves

A large

from

served

as

the

a

air

storage

hopper
stream

for

the

was

pro­

created
collected

leave s .
Two

18-inch

of t h e

trailer

4-1/2

feet

ering

nozzle

with

between
4-1/2

"axiflow"
t he

centers.

opening

width.

They were

flexible

connection and

the

to f l o a t

ground

which

when

Experiences
air

velocity
gave

velocity

of a i r

in the

throat

nozzle

apron.

at a
3,700

speed

t he

of t h e
To

it

the

and

fan w as

thus

contacted

t he

1942

of t h e
season

nozzles

under

and

these

r.p . m.

the

most

spaced

1 to

ground and
3 inches

by m e a n s

in

of a

which allow ed

the

contour

of

trailer.
indicated

feet per minute

results

secure

followed

rear

attached a gath­

by h i n g e d a r m s

of t h e a c t i o n

during

on the

back and

to the fan t h i m b l e s

r e s u l t e d in a v a c u u m

of 2 , 5 3 0

c . f . m.

where

operating

best

toward

supported

of a b o u t 2 , 3 0 0

nozzles

side

each

mounted

c o u l d be a d j u s t e d f r o m

attached

irrespective

were

To

feet wide

with a n

them

intake

fans

that an

a t t h e m o u t h of t h e

conditions.

of 2 i n c h e s

water

0. 95 i n a t t h e

front

conditions

fans

the

This
gauge

of t he
operated

a n d e a c h fan d e l i v e r e d a i r

at

15
It w a s
rather
after

reported,

however,

p o o r j o b of c o l l e c t i n g
the

Dexter

hay

was

that this m achin e

in c a s e s

r a k e d and the

where

leaves

and McKibben E x p e r i m e n t a l

An e x p e r im e n ta l v acu u m h a r v e s t e r
was

assem bled

and te ste d

in

McKibben at Michigan State
proved

Clarage

on t h e f r o n t
was
of

wheel

was

trailer.

to p e r m i t

the

The
shown
was

by t h e

r.p .m .

discharge

slow

This
escape

container

speed

8 and

steel

3/lb

9.

The

inch

and

seed

Dexter

and E.

G.

which

A No.

13 I m ­

was

This
gave

mounted

blower
a fan

speed

eight h o rs e p o w e r.

of

The

m o u n te d on a
mesh

burlap

twotop

seed.

three

beater,

rods

soil.

clover

im peller

coarse

which was

fell

white

tractor.

loss

rains

to the

7).

container

had a

without

device,

T.

of a b o u t

canvas

of a i r

for

belt pulley

demand

into a l a r g e

gathering

of

standard

with a

in F i g u r e s

made

with

a

H arvester

(Figure

of a t w o - p l o w a l l - p u r p o s e

operated

1,800

Exhauster

1944 by S.
College

heavy

matted

Vacuum

made

feet wide,

shown in F i g u r e

was

twelve

inches

is
9,
in

diamete r .
The

4.00"

x

x b" f r i c t i o n - d r i v e n

12" t r a c t i o n

drive

tires

beater

gave

the

tires

operating

tips

of t h e

the

2"

beater

l b

F igu re

7.

D e x t e r and M cK ib be n e x p e r i ­
m e n t a l v a c u u m h a r v e s t e r , 1944.

F igu re

8.

G a th e ri ng d e v i c e in D e x t e r and
McKibben v a c u u m h a r v e s t e r .

Figure

9.

Figure

10.

P i c k - u p in D e x te r an d McKibb
vacuum h a rv e s te r.

D ex ter and Sheldon e x ­
perim ental vacuum h a r ­
vester,
194b.

18
rods

a forward

the f o r w a r d
As
good

speed

stated

results

narrow

Wi t h

this

above

ery

perhaps
The

speed

vacuum

9 9 %)

were

five

authors

the

of t h r e e

the

reel

ing,

the

beater

authors

a

harvester,
obtained

to t e n

times

device

was

s h o u l d be
should

from

the

reported
that

tim es

very

even

of m o r e

the

than

adjustable
probably

with

be

Sheldon

Experimental

Vacuum

The

vacuum

harvester

White

a

far

recov­

combine.
from

s h o u l d be
respect

seed

per­

more

to t h e

from

the

hous­

tractor

ground.

by D e x t e r

and

corporate

recom m endations

McKibben

machine,

six-foot

acre,

be

driven

and

of c l e a n e d

ordinary
to

teeth

Dexter

a

hour

3/4

t h a t of a n

the

take

per

1Z0 p o u n d s

than

The

of t h r e e

obtained

capacity

rather

ation.

ground

m iles

would have

recom m ended

flexible,
and

reports,

nozzle

gathering

The

to the

hour.

(purity

fect.

at a

respect

tractor.

in t h e i r

and

per

with

of t h e

three-foot

3/4 a c re

of

speed

swath

was

rebuilt

made

shown
and

for

the

in

H arvester

Clover

1945 a n d

after

t he

first

in F i g u r e

10,

was

fan

speed

seed

reported

194c. to i n ­
year

of o p e r ­

enlarged

increased

to

to 2, oOO r . p . m .

19
by u s i n g

the

oversize

turers

of the

quired

approxim ately

cubic
90

feet

tractor.

of a i r

the

corners

with

used for
7 x 1 3

feet high
covered
teeth,

the

had

in t h e
with

from

rather

than f r o m

pipes,

made
the

by t h e

wi t h

of L a d i n o

trials

clover

4-wheel

The

l/4

from

rotor

shaft.

rods
were

could

be

of l e v e r s

and

torsion

conducted

194b on

in

turning

that was
wagon,
four

hardware
out.

used

tractor

mounted

The

cloth,

Spring

were

the

were

housing.

be­

with a do or

blowing

teeth

used

trailing

inch

These

to i t s

rotated

trailer

driven from

housing

an d in

of

was

re­

5,000

facilitated

six feet high,

by m e a n s
pull

This

fan

about

elbow was

m aterial.

was

main

respect

operator

wheels

which

its

pipe.

m anufac­

the

pickup a t ta c h m e n t,

ground.

and

swivel

seed

combine

speed,

and m oved

top w as

prevent

to t h e

with

Prelim inary
field

The

to

the

beater

tractor

harvester

sidewalls

by the

fan ho using

the

tight

parallel

rotating

and

harvested

beater,

adjustable

and a

the

Case

rotating

six

harvester

burlap

on t h e

The

discharge

rear.

the

increased

m inute.

the

carrying

feet,

At this

vertically,

fan and

pulley fu rn is h e d

15 h o r s e p o w e r

per

to d i s c h a r g e

tween

tractor

rotor

Either
raised

was

e n d of

or

attached

on

lowered

to

the

arm s.
1945

50 a c r e s .

on a n
In

18-acre

1948 a f i e l d

20
of

12 a c r e s

into
to

three

be

was

used

areas

tried

so

to

as

covered

per

vacuum

f r o m,

respective

A

total

and

whereas
with

the

7-3

pe r

making

for

first

or

area

with an

covered

spent
a

in

total

due

otherwise
half

which
area

vested

of h a r v e s t i n g

100 p o u n d s
gave

with

of

seed

re­

oO p o u n d s

and

Furtherm ore,

the

vacuum

7 pounds

of

seed

harvester
per

acre

the
of

required
average

of

5. 11 a c r e s
field

to
0.

to

and

f r o m t he

acre

c

gather

loading

10 h o u r s

combine

four

per

loads

2-1, 4 h o u r s

with an a v e r a g e

of 0. 5

hour.

about

loads,

20, a n d

divided

data.

IcO p o u n d s .
areas

was

methods

swath

11 h o u r s w a s

Interruptions
neater,

from

of t h e s e
40,

gave

and

areas.

vacuum

4 hours

unloading,
acre

of

second

com parative

swaths

approxim ately

the

first

portions

different

windrow

from

experim ents

three

combining

harvesting

obtained

obtain

from

acre,

reharvesting

further

enable

to

Combining

for

with

of t h e

clogging
tim e

averaged

and
the

to c o a r s e

portions
vacuum

20 0
of

m aterial

the

spent

suction

in

pounds
second

harvester,

the
of

and

winding

nozzle,

field

seed

which

the

accounted

gathering

per

third

around

load.

the

four

Later,

areas

were

covered

7.52

rehar­
acres

hour

21
in

o-l

the
in

2 hours,

area

previously

picking

The

t h a t it i s

Seed

custom ers,

a

H.

through

possible

by t h e

most

designed

England,

G ardiner,

been

white

proved

was

Essex,

A.

It h a s

has

passed

acre

per

the

to r e c o v e r

vacuum

hour

on

hour

combine.
a much

harvester

than

by

Collector

machine

Ulting,

wild

seed

and an

per

methods.

This

oats,

of t h e

of 2. 1 a c r e s

harvested,

established

conventional

Ltd. ,

vacuum

which had

percentage

G ardiner

an average

up m a t e r i a l

trials

larger

to give

in
in

successfully

clover

and

effective

by E r n e s t

Do e

cooperation

and Sons,

with

one

of t h e i r

1948.
used

weed

after

for

seeds

a

crop

the

collection

and,
has

of wi l d

in p a r t i c u l a r ,
been h a rv e s te d

by

combine.
Figure

’F o r d s o n
tines

have

to

loosen

or

vacuum

11

shows

Major. "
a
the

Gardiner

A transverse

slight

stirring

seeds

fitting

the

is

on

the

series

action

in

the

so

mounted

of s p r i n g

on t h e

stubble

assisted

Collector

that

actual

surface
the

on a

agitating
of t h e

ground

following

suction

collection.

22

Figure

12.

Nozzle

pick-up

in G a r d i n e r

seed

collector.

23
A
driven
and

"Keith

from

the

Blackm an"

the

seeds

p o s i t e d in a

belt

are

covered
the

t he

p r i n c i pie.

A

seeds

first

section

the

small front
12).

delivery.

Both

ment for

travel

ing

(which

would

so t h a t

both

the

a n d the

final

to t h e

main

instances

not be
front

conveyor

so

that

t he

unit and has
some

ground
easy

collecting
are

actual

free

and,

with a

is

de­

also

used

much

articulation

rear

ground

conveyor

canvas-type

accom m odating
also,
strictly

facilitate
rigid

caster

according

Vacuum

The
Wisconsin,

in c o o p e r a t i o n

Works,

Incorporated,

with

t he A g r i c u l t u r a l

of

as

is
final
arrange­
turn­

structure)
wheels

to

surface

H arvester

Brillion Iron

to

(Fig­

conditions.

Brillion

on

suction m e m b e r

unit with its
to m o v e

suction,

space,

uneven

a

and

be f i n a l l y

of a i r

floor

over

r.p .m .

necessary

necessary

run

provide

uneven

the

the

seen

the

a blast

of t h e

wheels

2,500

ducting to

over

gives

be f u r t h e r

over

where

fitting

traveling

flexibly m o u n te d

up the

uniformly

of d u c t i n g

It w i l l

running at

generates

trailer,

concertina-like

t he

ure

pulley,

then draw n

to d i s p e r s e
cyclone

fan,

Brillion,

Engineering

24
D epartm ent
mental
ther

vacuum

14)
A

in

large

harvesting

where

they

are

The

fan,

tates

at

a

The
able
for

heavy

inches

The

off t h e

is

from

according

to

brush,

5 feet

sweeps
the

high

fan and

field

into

was

fur­

rotating
by c o n v e n ­

the

blown

experi­

harvester

wide,

the

them

capacity

the

adjustable

entire

for

to

it is

nozzle

nozzle

into

the

Wisconsin

suction-type

mile

The

com m ercial
since

per

a

being

assem bly

inches.

m anufacturer,

one

give

hour,

the

can
The

For

wagon.

air-cooled

and

ro­

and
be

action
also

nozzle

best

suit­

to a l l o w

raised

four

opening

clearing

Brillion m achine

while

production

sweeping

used

transporting.

two to f o u r

over

discontinued

vacuum

f o u r - c ylinde r

on w h ich

ground

adjustable

travel

duty,

m achine

Company.

left in

an

r.p .m .

ground

wear.

and

by a

This

Works

seeds

up into

driven

brush

to the

bristle

m ethods

13).

designed

com m ercial

Iron

up the

drawn

1,750

(Figure

Brillion

picks

of W i s c o n s i n

into a

Palm yra

tional

is

194 8

by t h e

12t> r . p . m .

engine,

U niversity

harvester

developed

(Figure

at

of t h e

is

results,

should

not

in o p e r a t i o n .

of t h i s

m achine

has

been

19 4 9 .

I

25

Figure

Figure

14.

13.

E xperim ental Brillion
uum h a rv e s te r,
1948.

C om m ercial

Brillion

vacuum

vac­

harvester,

1948.

26
Vacuum

Leaf

This
ican

Loader

machine

(Figure

S tru c tu ra l Steel and

Sim ilar

to a n

mainly

for
A

removing

The

two-wheeled
from

oversized

gasoline

V -belts.

Piping

to a

above

street

the

connected
truck.

to a

A

m etal

truck

to

wide

large

section
duct

insure

of

on t h e

Vacuum

Michigan,

to

Wolter

sweep

duct

m anufactured

a

largeblower
are

connected

suction

m o u n t e d on a

or

side

disconnected

of t h e

approxim ately

which

side
is

rubber
side

hose

to
is

and the

blower

is

t wo i n c h e s

of t he

led

through

blower

is

the

collecting

used

between

entrance

During

an a v e r a g e day,

f o u r to

six m ile s .

t o t he

thev a c u u m

H arvester

harvester,
A.

be

Michigan.

streets.

assem bly

discharge

discharge

from

the

located

The

flexibility.

Washtenaw

by E .

the

reinforced

will c o v e r

1950

from

m etal

leaf lo a d e r

This

can

nozzle,

level.

it i s

u s e d to d r i v e

and blower

by the A m e r ­

of D e t r o i t ,

cleaner,

from

is

which

m anufactured

Company

vacuum

engine

trailer,

a truck.

Cleaner

15) i s

Tank

leaves

engine

connected

the

and S treet

shown in F i g u r e
and

Ladino

John

Yeakel

clover

lb,
of

fields.

was

d e v e l o p e d in

Washtenaw

County,

Figure

15.

Figure

Vacuum

lb.

leaf

loader

and

Washtenaw vacuum

street

cleaner,

harvester,

1950.

1948.

28
The

blower

was

driven

by i t s

engine.

with a

pickup

device.

The
on t h e

wheels

clover

decreasing

joint

between

vas

tube

its

the

The

of t h e

before

thus

mounted

the

was

provided

It w a s

reported

nozzle

was

tractor,
nozzle

picking

blower

on a m o t o r

the

efficiency.

and

which

the

six feet

wagon,

got

fram e
wide

and

and

and h a r v e s te r

supplied

tram ped

chance

to

pick

it up,

There

was

no

swivel

collecting

could

car

easily

wagon,
be

but a

closed

in a

can­
sharp

turn.

percent

of

the

seed

lost

that

this

through

harvester
combine

saved m o re

than

50

harvesting.

I

DYNAMICS O F

The
rial

to

be

require

a heavy

dirt

and

l ow a n a i r
The

and applied
common

from

the v a c u u m

addition,
t oo

of t h e

picked

designing
will

study

the

might

various

laws

to t he

Ladino

velocities

of a

prim e

of

be
not

m ate­

powered

engine.

sucked

with the

clover

li f t

t he

seed from

seed along

were
with

in

velocity

a high

of l i f t i n g v e l o c i t i e s
clover

t he

im portance

Too high an a i r

with

will

PARTICLES

lifting velo city

is

harvester.

stones

and

field

blower

In
while

the

stubble.

reviewed
some

of t h e

seeds.

Experimental
lifting

m inim um

velocity

grains

SMALL

works

with

the

were

made

calculated

to c o m p a r e

ones

using

t he

the

actual

rotam eter

principle.

Behavior

Equivalent

For
be

Particle

any

convenience

it i s

For

in a

Fluid

Shapes

irregular

substituted.

of P a r t i c l e s

particle

statistical

custom ary

to

an

equivalent particle

purposes

and

reduce

particle

a

for

reasons

may
of

to a n e q u i v a l e n t

30
sphere.
The

D eterm ination

volume

volume
ing a n

is

is

determ ined

equated

to the

nominal

sphere

is

as

follows:

by d i s p l a c e m e n t i n w a t e r ,
volume

of a h y p o t h e t i c a l

and

sphere

this
hav­

equivalent d iam eter.
The

the

of t h e

volume

nominal or

g iv e n by the

of a

sphere

equivalent

The

known

diam eter,

3
t o b e 7T D / 6 ,

Dn of t h e

particle

hence
is

that

equation

Dn = [(6 x v o l u m e

Resistance

is

of p a r t i c l e ) / ^ ]

1/ 3

to M o t i o n

general

represented

by t h e

law

of r e s i s t a n c e

following

of b o d i e s

to m o t i o n

is

equation:

R = K d"

[(9)

p.

12]

whe r e
R = resistance
D = diam eter

of p a r t i c l e

in m o t i o n

of p a r t i c l e

V = v e l o c i t y of p a r t i c l e
-

viscosity

-

density

Resistance
is

determ ined

equal

to

1 and

in

by the
in the

t he

of t h e

of t h e
case

exponent
second

m edium

m edium
of
n,
case

stream line
which

or

turbulent motion

in the f i r s t

e q u a l to 2.

case

is

31
No

sharp

boundary

exists

between

stream line

and

turbu­

lent flow.

Term inal

Velocities

If t h e

density

respectively,
trary
ticle

linear

and

if t h e

particle

diam eter

m easurem ent,

t he

and fluid a r e

of t h e

particle

gravitational

pull

a n d -fo
is

some

arbi­

F

on the

par­

is
F

where OC

D

3

acceleration
its

of t h e

. <*v D 3 ( f -

£

m easures

volume

due

m axim um

to

or

gravitation.

"term inal"

stream line
Vnn

the

)

g

[(9)
of t h e

particle

When the

velocity,

p.

16]
and

particle

R = F

so

has

that

g is

the

reached

in:

motion,

=K s { ( ■ ? - £ ) / £ ]

D2

Y '1

(1)

) / £

]1/Z

D l/Z

(2)

) / E

]2 / 3 Y _ 1 / 3

turbulent motion,
Vm

=K t [ < / > - / ?

interm ediate
Vm
where
o

r

S

7

the
p

K 's

region,

=K j U
are

f - E

constants

and Y is

the

D

kinematic

■

Values
K

s

of K g a n d
= 54. 5

are

given for

sphere
K

t

= 25. 4

(3)
viscosity

32
The
In g e n e r a l
particle
the

constants
it

as

square

given

on

in c g s

noting

tha t the

in e q u a t i o n s

the

the

units.

(1),

first

[(9)
term inal

(2) a n d

power

of t h e

p.

lb]

velocities

(3) a r e

the

particle

of a

square,

diam eter,

motion.

Velocities

The
with th o s e
ticles

velocities
given

of t h e m

required

by e q u a t i o n s

of v a r i o u s

vey all
est

w orth

root and

depending

Lifting

is

are

sizes,
must

the

to
(1),

lift p a r t i c l e s
(2)

velocity

exceed

the

and

(3).

identical

Thus,

required

velocity

are

for

to l i f t a n d

required

par­

con­

by the

larg­

particle.
Several

been
are

presented.
assumed

there
has

is

the

movement
precisely

The

constants

out,

of t h e

there

another,

boundary
so

that

t h a t if a

settling

contained

shape

concerning

them.

three

it is

curve

formulas

M oreover,

as

to c o n s i d e r

nature

d i f f i c u l t to

distinguishes
single

the

have

but u n fo rtu n a te ly

form ulas

determ ines

Often

velocities

in th e s e

of p a r t i c l e

are

particle

thro ugh a fluid.
the

computing

inform ation

pointed
size

for

to be f u n c t i o n s

limited

been

since

from

form ulas

one

type

could

be

of i t s

determ ine
of m o v e m e n t

drawn

through

33
the

whole

labor

range

could

whose

be

of

saved.

procedure

spherical

(or

sizes,

was

other)

in a

rising

current

sum

of t w o f o r c e s

and an

This
as

for

positive

v,

we

root,

in fac t

follows:

particle

in

was

The

states

particle

viscous

resistance

(9)

holding a

constant height

conceived as

and fluid

the

impact.

obtain a q u ad ratic

which,

on

retaining

the

becomes

that this

equation

closely

f

g [(

e - P. ) / £

the

entire

fits

1d

(4)

range

of

in a

of P a r t i c l e s

Transport

The

whole
state

to h a v e

of t h e v a r i a b l e s
are

some

size.

Pneum atic

seems

it,

]g = [3J D A v ] + « i r D 2 / 4 ) v 2 /> ]

Transport

been

total force

be

for

by R ubey

suspension at a

jr z & r *
Rubey

done

of a g i v e n f l u i d m a y

[(TtD3 ) / b ] [ f - ,>
Solving

equation d eriv ed

equally

field dealing

of f l u x f o r

with t r a n s p o r t

many

years.

produced a

separate

affecting

transport,

Each

concept

of p a r t i c l e s

has

investigation

of t h e

and f o r m u l a s

im portance
developed

numerous.

I

34
Equations
of p a r t i c l e s
to m o v e

particles
of t h e
ceed

may

such

calculated

be

( 2) ,

and

used

particles

by t h e s e

calculated

fluid
will

the

velocities

Motion

is

for

velocities

capable

of m o v i n g

particles

sufficient for

horizontal

transportation.

than

There
tation
(b)

of

low

are

two

to a s

difficulty

in d e s i g n
factors

Transportation

siderable
usual

pneum atic

and

of L o w

the

of

(1),

c oneentrations
conveying.

not well

but

velocities
regard

be m o r e

T ranspor-

(3)

and

of m a t e r i a l s ,

The
the

( 2) ,

form er
latter

is

to

In g e n e r a l ,

will

(a)

ex­

(4);
com m only

entails

little

com plicated

understood.

Concentrations

equations

certainty

particles

is

vertically

the

direction

of p a r t i c l e s .

equations

of e q u i p m e n t ,

support

with

of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n :
in

of h i g h

referred

While

types

concentration

T ransportation

by m a n y

transportation

the

known

velocities

to

velocities

in t h e

when

velocity

required

The

required

im parted
Little

term inal

pipes.

those

stream .
be

the

vertical

are

am ounts.

horizontal

giving

to c a l c u l a t e

form ulas

stream

(3)

through

in a v e r t i c a l

moving
the

( 1) ,

cited above

success,

encountered

may

one m u s t

in i n d u s t r y

be

used

rem em ber

are

with

con­

t h a t the

by no m e a n s

regular

35
in

shape,

rebound

nor

do t h e y m o v e

of p a r t i c l e s

equations

in p i p e s ,

be o b t a i n e d .
equations

for

gravities

less

3.0:

For

straight

(9)

transporting

V = 6,000

[ f / ( - f + 1)] D 2 / 5

vertical

continual

accurate

315 d e v e l o p e d

m aterials

transportation

The

that m o r e

p.

horizontal

and for

lines.

requires

Dallavalle

following

than

in

having

t he

specific

transportation

V = 13, 300

[ f / (

{ +

1)] D 3 / 5

wh e r e
V = the
-f* -

lifting

specific

D = diam eter
be

Transportation

The
pecially
here

movement

closely

developments
prehensive

was

follows
were

w ork is

gravity

of t h e

in i n c h e s

per

minute

particle

of t h e

largest

particle

to

transported.

of H e av y

grains,

v e l o c i t y in f e e t

Concentrations

of l a r g e

quantities

s t u d i e d by C r a m p
that developed

given

other

(8).

The

by h i m .

by J e n n i n g s

available

of f i n e m a t e r i a l ,

( 23) ,

than

analysis

Wh i l e

given

theoretical

no p r a c t i c a l

that

es­

of C r a m p .

com­

36
The

generalized
F

= OC ( V a

energy
-

equation

is:

V)2

wh e r e
F

= the

(X

-

gravitational

pull

a

constant

having

the

-

V)

relative

dim ensions

(ML

and
( Va

The

value

characteristics
If F

this

(2) a n d

is

the

air

of t h e

particle.

of <X d e p e n d s

on the

shape,

density

with

and

other

particle.
weight

of a

single

particle

V = \ / (W /a e . )
term inal

velocity

as

discussed

in

equations

(1),

(3).

Computation

The
calculated
states

of t h e

to t h a t

of t h e

-

velocity

respect

= W = the
Va

and

= the

of t h e

Lifting

lifting v e lo c itie s
by m e a n s

of t h e

Velocities

of S e e d s

of d i f f e r e n t

seeds

turbulent motion

that:
v™

= Kt [ ( / > - £

)//?

]1/2

D 1/2

and G ra in s

and

grains

equation which

were

37
whe r e
Vm

= lifting velo city

^

= density

of p a r t i c l e

= density

of a i r

= 0.001293

D

in c e n t i m e t e r s

gram s

per

cubic

per

second

centim eter

standard

pressure

and

= effective

diam eter

of p a r t i c l e

at

tem perature

= constant
= 25.4
In t h i s
as

spherical

more

sphere

computation,
particles.

pronounced

L, adi no

for

Clover

for

seeds

The

seeds

and grains

error
and

in t h i s

grains

seeds

weigh

2000

seeds

occupy

1.036

gm.

1.00

c.c.

w t./seed

= 0.000518

vol. / s e e d

= 0.0005

density

= 1.036

effective

of i r r e g u l a r

[(6 x

gm.
c.c.

gm ./c.c.

diam eter

=

. 0005)/rr ]

1/3

=

be

.0985

considered

assumption

Seed

2000

will

cm.

will

shape.

be

38
Vm

= 25.4
= 225

[(1.036

-

. 0 0 1 2 9 ) / . 0 0 1 2 9 ] 1//2 x ( . 0 9 8 5 ) 1/ 2

cm. / s e c .

= 443 ft. / m i n .

Red C l o v e r

Seed

1000

seeds

weigh

1000

seeds

occupy

gm.

1.30

c.c.

w t./seed

= .001626

vol./seed

= .0013

density

= 1.250

effective
Vm

Reed

l . t >25

diam eter

25.4

-

290

-

570 f t . / m i n .

. 0 0 1 2 9 ) / . 00129] ^

x ( , 1 3 5 ) 1//Z

Seed

seeds

weigh

500

seeds

occupy

vol./seed

-

cm.

cm. / s e c .

500

w t./seed

= . 135

[(1.250

G rass

density

c.c.

g m ./c.c.

-

Canary

gm.

0.410

gm.

0.40

c.c.

= 0.00082
= 0.00080

= 1.025

gm.
c.c.

gm ./c.c.

I

39
effective
Vm

-

diam eter

25.4

= 243

= .1152

[(1.025

-

cm.

0. 0 0 1 2 9 ) / 0 . 0 0 1 2 9 ] 1//2 x ( . 1 1 5 2 ) 1/ 2

cm. / s e c .

= 4 78 f t . / m i n .

Field

Peas

50 g r a i n s

weigh

20 g r a i n s

occupy

wt . / g r a i n

= 0. 1813 g m .

vol./grain
density

gm.

2.80

c.c.

0.14

= 1. 295

effective
Vm

-

9.055

c.c.

g m ./c.c.

diam eter

= 25.4
= 58b

= . 534 c m .

[(1.295

-

. 0 0 1 2 9 ) / . 001 2 9 ] 1 ^

x ( . 5 3 4 ) 1/ 2

cm . / sec.

= 115 0 ft. / m i n .

Soybean s

30 g r a i n s

weigh

20 g r a i n s

occupy

w t./grain

= 0.155

vol./grain

4. fob g m .
2.3b

= 0.118

c.c.

gm.
c.c.

I

40
density

= 1.313

effective
Vm

gm ./c.c.

diam eter

= 25.4

= 0.508

[(1.313

-

cm.

0. 0 0 1 2 9 ) / 0 . 0 0 1 2 9 ] 1//2 x ( 0 . 5 0 8 ) 1/ 2

= 574 c m . / s e c .
= 1130 f t . / m i n .

Field

Beans

(Pork

Red

Kidney)

20 g r a i n s

weigh

20 g r a i n s

occupy

w t./grain

= 0.4625

gm.

vol./grain

= 0.407

c.c.

density

= 1.136

effective
Vm

8.14

c.c.

gm ./c.c.

diam eter

= 25.4
= 643

9. 25 g m .

= 0.735

[(1.13b

-

. 00 1 2 9 ) / . 0 0 1 2 9 ] 1 ^

cm. / s e c .

= 1265 f t . / m i n .

Corn

20 g r a i n s

weigh

20 g r a i n s

occupy

w t./grain

-

6.95

gm.

5.2

c.c.

0.3475

cm.

gm.

x ( 0 .7 3 5 ) 1/2

41
vol./grain
density

= 1.33b

effective
Vm -

= 0.26

c.c.

gm ./c.c.

diam eter

25.4

= 0. 645

[(1.336

-

cm.

0. 0 0 1 2 9 ) / 0 . 0 0 1 2 9 ] 1^

x ( 0 . 6 4 5 ) 1/ 2

= 65 4 c m . / s e c .
= 1290 f t . / m i n .

Sugar

Beets

100

seeds

weigh

100

seeds

occupy

1.932

gm.

4.10

c.c.

wt . / s e e d

= 0.01932

gm.

vol./seed

= 0.0410

c.c.

density

= 0. 47 1

effective
Vm

-

diam eter

25.4

= 31b

= 0.427

[(0.471

-

0. 0 0 1 2 9 ) / 0 . 0 0 1 2 9 ] 1//2 x ( 0 . 4 2 7 ) 1//2

cm. / s e c .

= 623 ft. / m i n .

I

42
L a b o r a t o r y E x p e r i m e n t s to D e t e r m i n e the A c t u a l
V e l o c i t i e s of D i f f e r e n t S e e d s a n d G r a i n s

Previous

grains

Experim ental

determ ination

is

subject

only

literature

who

made

grains

grains

screen

that h as

available

placed
air

were
at

centage

of m a t e r i a l
begins

volume

at

they

moved

the

grains

for wheat

13 0 0 ,

in a

and

covered.
andReed

to lift

kernels

of t h e

single

layer

duct.

By

to d e t e r m i n e
velocities.

and

velocities

2000 ft. / m i n .

for

on

con­

the

per­

They

found

for corn
when the

The
(4)

velocities:

985 f t . / m i n .

1050,

able

various

for oats

removed

hundred

of a v e r t i c a l a i r
were

seeds

velocityreq u ire d

One

685 f t . / m i n .

were

were

at

of

com pletely

distributed

following

1070 f t . / m i n .
grains

air

corn.

intake

velocity

p a p e r by B ro w n

uniform ly
the

the

All

lifting

not been

was a

wheat and

trolling

that lift

of t h e

t e s t s to d e t e r m i n e t h e

of o a t s ,

various
a

Work

The
a

Lifting

the

same

respectively.

43
Experimental

Procedure

Experimental
mine

the

lifting

sized

grains

work

velocity

were

also

was

done

in

of d i f f e r e n t
included

p o s s i b i l i t y of c o n v e r t i n g

t he

laboratory

seeds

in t h e

the v a c u u m

to d e t e r ­

and grains.

experiment

harvester

due

Large
to t h e

into a g r a i n

un­

loader .
The
of t h e

orifice

inside

upward

flow

Fluid

formed

t he

rium

and

so

The
is

rotam eter

discharged

between
wall

experiment

the

of t h e

the

was

is

through

tapered

float a s s u m e s

on the

rate

in

head

which

in­

aperture
of t h e

or

float

it t r a v e l s .

on t h e f l o a t a r e

a definite

principle

metering

an a n n u la r

of t h e

tube

acting

based

a flow

periphery

downward forces

that

elevation

The

in e q u i l i b ­
at a

given

rate.
The

consisted

apperatus

mainly

ground

tapered

passed

through a

pressure

of a

glass

used

to d e t e r m i n e

rotam eter
tube

and a

(Figure

reservoir

tank

17).

to g e t

the

lifting v el o city

graduated

precision-

Com pressed
rid

of i t s

air

was

moisture

and

pulsation.

The
the

of t h e

rotam eter.

strum ent.

and

theory

tapered

rotam eter,
tube,

placed in

m easured

the

series
air

between

discharge

W.

the

tank

and

44

Figure

Figure

17.

18

A p p a r a t u s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g the lifting
v e l o c i t i e s of s e e d s a n d g r a i n s .

A field b e a n in its
inside

the

tapered

equilibrium
tube.

position

45
A
through
air

regulator

the

tapered

flow inside

pipe

connected

air

flow in s i d e

open

end

tom.
valve

until

equilibrium
a field

bean

the

and

the

seed

will be

the

the
is

rate
seed

cross

straw s

were

The

screen

was

started

to l e a v e

the

tapered

the

glass

position

discharge
area

A of t h e

m inim um

lifting

at

the

the

in the
bot­

regulator

screen

and a s s u m e

tube.

Figure

inside

W from

with

steel

a vertical

dropped

placed

of

in the

maintain

seed

passing

action

placed

adjusted

sectional

V = W/A

whirling

flow was

air

g i v e n by:

the

helped

onto a

equilibrium

floating,

a m o u n t of a i r

of a i r

in t h e

the

straw s

tube.

tube

the

prevent

plastic

These

tapered

in i t s

To

tapered

position

Knowing
ing

tube

to it.

the

regulated

tube.

the

of t h e

Then

valve

the

the

velocity

shows

tube.

rotam eter

tapered

18

an

tube
of t h e

read­
when
seed

46
ACTUAL

Seed or

LIFTING VELOCITIES OF D IF F E R E N T
C O M P A R ED WITH THE C A L C U L A T E D
VELOCITIES

Actual Lifting
Velocity ( f t . / m i n . )

Calculated Lifting
Velocity ( f t . / m i n . )

G rain

SEEDS

Ladino

443

512

Red

570

695

478

440

1150

1450

Soybeans

1130

1412

Field

1265

1334

1290

1130

623

850

Clover

Reed

Canary

Field

Peas

Beans

Corn
Sugar

Beets

On e

should

lifting

velocities

on the

assum ption

smooth

surface.

k e e p in m i n d

of t h e

t h a t t he

mentioned

that they w ere

seeds

calculation

of t h e

and g r a i n s

was

perfectly

spherical

based

with a

DEVELOPMENT

A fter
harvesters

a

OF

review

so f a r

A NEW

of t h e

different

developed,

(1)

The

air

(2)

The

existence

VACUUM

it w a s

flow in s i d e

the

HARVESTER

experim ental

noticed

nozzles

vacuum

that:

had

not b ee n

inves­

tigated.

was

to b e
(3)

velocity

a high

No

study

The

suction

(5) S h a r p

bends

wild

crop

(7)

to

carrots,

None

made

the

crop.

side

clog

bull

device
was

of t h e

in t h e

gathering

seIf-cleaning

been

collect

loss.

(t>) T h e

No

to

had

frictional

d e n c y of t h e

with

pockets

in the

actual

nozzles

expected.

of a i r
(4)

of a i r

the

to f i n d o u t

blower

suction

m inim um

too

long,

increased

giving

the

ten­

pipe.

m echanism
thistles,
was

side

was

the

was

etc.,

provided.

self-propelled.

frequently

winding

clogged

around

the

beate

48
Basic

The

Features

Harvesting

The
Ladino

vacuum h a rv e ste r

clover fro m
when

more

seeds

swaths

made

this

be

The

the

Design

tried,

less

possible

designed

The

sim plicity

the

windrows
dirt

procedure

and,

was

windrow.

and

of c o l l e c t i n g

previously
of a l l

the

designed for

getting

method

Vacuum H a rv e s te r

Procedure

new

attachm ent

of t h e

from

windrows

in o r d e r

the

to m a k e

of t h e

nozzle

the p o s s i b i l i t y

very favorable.

clover

methods

from

and

to h a r v e s t

of

than f r o m

In a d d itio n,

this

w indrow had not been
a

complete

of h a r v e s t i n g ,

this

com parison

machine

h a d to

constructed.

Machine

The

Drive

vacuum

harvester

can

either

be

self-propelled

or

trailed.
A.

If s e l f - p r o p e l l e d ,
in the
1.

one

or

t wo e n g i n e s

might

be

used

machine.

W i t h one
If o n e
the

either

engine

engine

blower,

were
the

used

blower

to d r i v e
speed

both the m a c h i n e

w o u l d be

influenced

and
by

the

load

quent

gear

needed
2.

on the

shifting

to v a r y

With two
In t h i s
of t h e

case,

the

forward

speed

velocity

length

a n d the

m achine

operator

could

forward

to the

If t r a i l e d ,

the

tractor

pulled

of t h e

ride

drive

Fre­

would

be

would be

be

the

independent

be

the

The

optim um

adjusted for

forward

clover

speed.

The

unit would be

designed

harvester

in a way
and

be

shorter

that

able

the

to look

suction nozzle.

harvester
by a

than

self-propelled

of t h e

might

be

tractor.
tractor
unit.

w o u l d be

needed

for

unit,

the

farm er

would not

other

farming

either

In t h e
and

m ounted

latter

harvester

Furtherm ore,

turning.
be

In c a s e
able

case,

the

w ould be
larger

of a t r a c t o r

to u s e

on a

the

greater

space
mounted

tractor

for

purposes.

vacuum

hitched

speed

harvesting

could

length

to be

harvester.

harvester.

could thus

of t h e

over—
all

The

the

speed.

speed

without affecting

over-all

the

a variable

the b l o w e r

forward

harvesting

or

or

moving

engines

suction a ir

B.

engine fo r

behind

harvester
a 4-wheel

was

built as

tractor.

A

a t r a i l e r —ty p e
self-propelling

unit
unit

50
was

considered

too

A four-cylinder,
at

22 h. p.

Figure

at

expensive

V-type,

2, 600

19 s h o w s

for

air

r . p. m .

experim ental

cooled
was

a detailed

an

Wisconsin

used

drawing

for

the

of t h e

harvester.

Engine

rated

blower

drive.

harvester

fram e.

Blowe r

Type
to m a k e

of b l o w e r

possible

inating

chain

and

engine

available
Position

that

its

axis

machine
of t h e
tion

pipe

direct
and,

sprockets
to h a v e

and

pulleys,

a

belt

and

pulley

to t h e

arrangem ent

suction

side

engine

of t h e

the

This
be

give m o r e

and Sheldon

13 I m p r o v e d

to

and

experim ental

C larage

rotating

position

The

blades

in the

was

installed
axis
the

of b e n d s

the

was

with a
long

shaving

length
in t h e

of t h e

used

used.

long

of t h e

of t h e

blower

so

suc­

al lo w the

side

to t h e f r a m e
same

the

transm ission.

reduce

along

elim ­

however,

would a l s o

machine

Exhauster

selected

thus

longitudinal

number

stability

blow er.

blower

would

installed

be

blower,

belt

parallel

This

could

or

w o u l d be

to a m i n i m u m .

The

with the

The

therefore,

peller.

drive

engine

blow er.

Capacity

No.

The

of t h e

driving

Dexter

a direct

had

fram e.

blower

drive.

fram e

machine.
in the

It i s

shaving
im peller

a

im ­
are

/#

SLC

ELEVA TION

ti« N T

A N C ti.

A-A

M M 4 V ID

i u

i l

m*

vacuum

Mic h ig a n

Y

H A RV ESTER f r a m e
STA TE

a g r ic u l t u r a l

PLAN

COLLEGE

e n g in e e r in g

O E P A 0T M C N T
VACUUM HABVCSTCB P R O JE C T
PRAWN BY 6 • M
TRACE 0 BY G B M
DATE J u n « 1 9 4 9

Figure

19.

Vacuum

H arvester

Fram e.

52
more

widely

ducing

the

spaced

tendency

than

in the

toward

l o w —s p e e d

clogging

with hea v y

Suction Nozzle

Wi d t h

thus

re­

m aterial.

Design

of N o z z l e

The
blower
pick-up

be

im peller,

w i d t h of t h e

capacity
width

and

was

(1)

More

(2)

High

pick-up

the

windrow

desirable

accurate
air

nozzle

inlet

fit

width.

for
to

the

ground

for

a

on b o t h

However,

following

the

velocity

depends

the

a narrow

reasons:

would

be

given a i r

possible.

volume

could

supplied.
(3)

Higher

forward

speed

for

a

given

air

volume

was

possible.
(4)

Less

change

would o c c u r

in the

direction

nozzle

inlet

of a i r

flow.
A width
sufficient

Nozzle

for

of 2 4 i n c h e s

collecting

the

for
crop

the

from

the

was

considered

windrow'.

Shape

D exter
harvester,

and

McKibben

they tr ie d

reported

to e l i m i n a t e

the

that,

in t h e i r

need

of the

experim ental

rotating

pick-up

53
but

without

their

m achine
(1)

the

success.

swath

air

strong

(2) It

so f a r

entering
enough

was

m ore

than f ro m
The

the

nozzle

touch

a

Consequently,
not have

was

indispensable

in

for

nozzle

lift it f r o m

difficult to

were

a

the

lift

the
the

did not

strike

ground.
clover

from

the

windrows.

large

enough

The

pick-up

through

to

shapes,

constructed,

did not

rotating

because:

The

clover

A

in m o s t
far

area

of c u t

given

effective

elim ination

from

nozzle
lifting

of t h e

of t h e

vacuum

perfect;
clover

the

entering

under

position,

the

harvesters
air

the n o z z l e .
entering

air

did

power.

pick-up

has

the

following

advan­

tages:
(1)
creases

It d e c r e a s e s

the
(2)

pick-up

inlet

air

suction

velocity

It p r e v e n t s

by h e a v y

the

frequent

a

area

and

given blow er

stoppage

due

to

hence

in­

capacity.

clogging

of t h e

m aterial.

(3)

It e l i m i n a t e s

extra

(4)

It

the

c heape r .

for

opening

sim plifies

transm ission

m achine

gears

construction

and

chains.

and m a k e s

it

54
The
pick-up

device

entering
the

air

air

entire

drawing.

The

air

in

part

of t h e

before
cut

shaped
side
of

the

that

notch

in the

stagnant

air.

ularity

of t h e

type.

This

canvas

and

shown

in

it

stubble.

would
nozzle
The

done

connecting

Figure

Four

always

of t h e

nozzle

in

up t h e

was

made

suction

by m e a n s
the

the

air

part

to

in

to t h e

The
the

the

t he
was

The

to f i t

the

of t h e

upper

ground

nozzle

possible

made

front

release

clover.

order

to be

20

stagnant

of t h e

rem aining
break

pass

assem bly
or

of a t e l e s c o p i n g

nozzle

must

strike

rear

i t in

Figure

pockets

helped

to

was

strong

carry

f l ow

This

nozzle,

ground,

A

region
irreg­

floating

joint

made

suction

pipe

of
as

21.

spring

nozzle

pick

air

of t h e

to a m i n i m u m .

to l e t

The

and

harvester

air

reduced

rid

nozzle.

a n d the

getting

get

nozzle.

clover

entering

pipe.

to

the

by t h e

designed

suction

covered

was

of

was

was

the

the

the

nozzle

nozzle

from

design

covered

of t h e

the

possible

would w h irl

possibility

entering

so

to p r o p e r l y

area

nozzle

clover

seemed

Furtherm ore,

design

zones

that

velocity

the

the

way

was

flow.

through
shows

only

attachm ents

contact

from

the

with

ground

(Figure

the

22)

ground.

depends

kept
The

on t h e

the

floating

proper

amount

height
of g r o w t h .

55

iT

w v in O

D O vv

UtCM IU AM

vacuum

STA ft

C O U lv l

M .U iC U tf ^ W A l
f N O > N I r U lM C
p t rV A Q tM f w r

HADvl^M
P P*UUJl«r
;»• ►
PAT*
1*4*

dO
avn

•«*ci r>e* c. $>
■

H O ST

F igure

20 .

P A * .'

of

I OAMC M M u . U

W indrow

Vacuum

H arvester

-

assem bly

drawing.

56

Figure

21 .

T e l e s c o p i n g j o i n t m a d e of c a n v a s a n d
c o n n e c t i n g the n o z z l e to the u p p e r
s u c t i o n pipe.

Figure

22.

S p r i n g a t t a c h m e n t s k e e p in g the f l o a t n o z z l e a l w a y s in c o n t a c t w i t h the
ground.

57
A pair
height
The

of

shoes,

of t h e

chains.

Figures

table

vacuum

veloped

each

was

vacuum

The

on
from

nozzle

constructed

new

nozzle

floating

light

one

side

2 inches

attached
23 a n d

of t h e
to

5 inches

to the

24

nozzle,

show

regulated

above

fram e

the

by m e a n s

different

views

the

ground.
of v e r y

of t h e

harvester.

on p a g e

harvester

59

as

by M c K i b b e n ,

shows

com pared

D exter,

the
to

main
the

features

of t h e

two h a r v e s t e r s

de­

and Sheldon.

A i r f l o w M e a s u r e m e n t in the N o z z l e
of t h e V a c u u m H a r v e s t e r

An a i r
the
a

design

of

platform ,

easily

the
A

the

in

nozzle.

shown

bottom
pitot
as

thus

to a

Consequently,

The

in

was

was

giving

fixed
the

mounted

covered
the

a

pitot

quadrant
pitot

in

order

harvester

25 a n d

2b ,

in

to

was

check
set

order

to

on
reach

nozzle.

shown in F i g u r e s
27,

made

vacuum

Figures

of t h e

tube

Figure

platform ,
respect

the

as

nozzle,

shown

flow in v e s tig a ti o n

tube

on a

rotating

27 a n d
3 —in c h

tube

28 .

A

diam eter

freedom

to

without d iv e rtin g
could be

fram e

adjusted

the

under

rubber

seal,

hole

on the

rotate

with

flow of a i r .

to be

parallel

The

windrow

vacuum

harvester

59
COMPARISON O F TH E NEW H A R V E S T E R WITH
T W O H A R V E S T E R S D E V E L O P E D BY
M cKIBB EN AND SHELDON

Feature s

McKibben
and D ex te r
H a rv e ste r

Sheldon
and D ex ter
H arvester

THE

P r e sent
F eatures
in N e w
H arvester

M e t h o d of
Ha r v e s t i n g

F rom

Machine
Drive

T ractor
Mounted

T ractor
Mounted

T rai led

Blowe r
Drive

From T rac­
to r Engine

F rom T rac to r Engine

F r o m an In d i­
vidual Engine

Blowe r
Size

N o . 13
Improved
Clarage
Exhauste r

N o . 13
Improved
Clarage
Exhauste r

N o . 13
Improved
Clarage
Exhauste r

Blowe r
Spe ed

1800

2600

2400

Impelle r

Low-speed
I m p e lie r

Long Shavings
Impeller

Long Shavings
Impelle r

P ro p e lle r Axis
P a r a l l e l to the
Wheel Axis

P ro p e lle r Axis
P a r a l l e l to the
Wheel Axis

P ro p e lle r Axis
V e r t i c a l to t h e
Wheel Axis

W i d t h of
Pick-up

3 feet

6 feet

2 feet

Gathe ring
Device

3/16"
Rods

F lexible
Teeth

No G a th e rin g
D e v i ce

Swath

F rom

Swath

From

W indrow

•

Position

r . p. m .

stiff

r . p. m .

r . p. m .

Figure

Figure

25 .

26.

Machine set-u p for
surem ent .

Machine set-u p
surem ent.

for

air

flow m e a ­

air

flow m e a ­

61

Figure

27.

M easurem ent
m e a n s of t h e

of t h e a i r v e l o c i t y
pitot tube.

by

62
d i r e c t i o n of a i r f l o w ,

to the
ity and

its

d i r e c t i o n of f lo w .

Furtherm ore,
direct

by a

taining

air

flow w as

This

am m onium
air

monium

chloride.

To
were
feet

the

per

the

1 140,

minute

A,

B,

C,

as

s h o w n in

vestigation

and

of

and

average

Figure

31.

From

"vena

is
the

No

contracta"

(2)

Stagnant

air

C3)

The

speed

flow

was

white

in

nozzle

was

con­

of t h i s

were

drawn:

of

30.

blower

speeds

in

in

sections

were

plotted

air

flow i n ­

in the

except

of a m ­

path

heights

curves

present

acid.

velocities

result

absent

one

the

Figure

A ir

at different

the

smoke

smoke

three

r . p. m .

velocity

29.

hydrochloric

indicated

shown

conclusions

(1)

a

checked

of a

series,

other

smoke

20o0

m easured

following

in

the

in

E

the

bottles

provided

this

flow

1530 a n d

were

D and

flow

air

by m e a n s

and

bottle

The

nozzle

study

used

first

sh own in F i g u r e

studied

of t w o

hydroxide

in the

through

further

consisted

Blowing

air

the a i r v e l o c i t y m e a s u r e m e n t w a s

r e a d in g a i r v e l o m e t e r ,

The
m achine.

r e c o r d i n g the m a x i m u m a i r v e l o c ­

nozzle.

in a v e r y

small

res: on.

speed

of

the

air

biower.

in the

nozzle

was

proportional

to t h e

63

Figure

29.

A ir flow m e a s u r e m e n t
ve l o m e t e r .

by m e a n s

of t he

64

BLOWER SPEED
1140 RPM

BLOWER SPEED
1540 RPM

MICHIGAN STATE
A M IC U .T U M U .

IM m lllN

COLLEGE
OWWirrMCMT

AIR VELOCITY
IN

SUCTION

Figure

31.

NOZZLE

BLOWER SPEEr

VACUUM H A R V E S T E R P R O J E C T

2060

O R A M OOM
TRACED M M

RPM

Air

velocity

in

suction

nozzle.

rc s

IM O

65
(4)
Section A
(5)

Section

D was

was

m inim um

The

When
one

must

i t y of

the

the
air

seed

a

as

both

In a d d i t i o n ,

or

in the

higher

air

speed

a

the

velocity

to

a

for

clover

and

heads

them .

the

are

condition

release

a

picking
higher

region

Figure

was

by f a r

many

stubble,

speed

region,

nozzle

nozzle

velocity

to gether.
tangled

m axim um

flow in the

designing

choose

the

31.

turbulent
Ladino

than

the

heads

laid

which

flat

while

flow.

clover

seed,

lifting v e l o c ­

will

be

on the

requires

a

sucked
ground
still

DESIGN

This

AND CONSTR UCTION O F T H E
BAR VACUUM H A R V ESTER

method

clover

im m ediately

drying

the

clover

The
that

the

five-foot

same

of h a r v e s t i n g
after

it

is

by m e a n s
windrow

nozzle

design

Ford

mowing

consists

cut

by the

of a n

was

sucking

mower

the

cutter

green

bar

and

drier.

harvester

and a r r a n g e m e n t
m achine

of

artificial

vacuum

CUTTER

was

were

mounted

used

except

changed,
on the

and

a

pulling

tractor.

swivel
point

Figure

32

joints,

the

of h i t c h
A

allowed

rod

nozzle

views

nozzle

of t h e

light

the

shows

of t h e

rotated

harvester

connecting
to have

m achine.

around

with
the

a vertical

the

axis

at

of
the

tractor.

nozzle

a fixed

By m e a n s

to

position

the

mower

with

fram e

respect

to the

tractor.
The
that

helps

autom atic
prevent

hit.

It a l l o w s

the

obstruction.

the

safety

release

injury

to the

cutter

bar

For

this

in the

mower

to

reason

swing
the

mower

when
to

the

nozzle

an

a feature

obstruction

rear
was

is

away

is

from

not fixed

to

C U M M i (IMMMTCft

urn

o
UT NOZZLI

WTCN TO TMOTOR
E L E VAT I O N

N O Z Z U .M M • C U TTIR M A R tM O M O

FRONT

VIEW

M R A CUT T i n M R R t t M I D

MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
RORWWTURM. P IIIR W IRO MMRTMCMT
r u e . T tm

\

PLAN

CUTTER BAR METHOD
OF

VACUUM HARVESTING
VACUUM HARVESTER PROJECT

F igure

32.

C u t t e r b a r m e t h o d of v a c u u m h a r v e s t i n g

- assem b ly

draw ing.

6 8

the

cutter

bar

ing

to the

rear

A pan
nozzle
ture.

as

t hi s wocild p r e v e n t

w h e n the

collector

inlet was

made

safety

was
to

device

attached

rest

the

on the

cutter

bar

happened

to

the

cutter

pan and

from

to be
bar

to fit

its

swing

tripped.
and

the

curva­

FIELD

Design

F ield No,

been

It

No,

1 was

was

s e e d e d in the

clipped.

e ig h t p l o t s

of E x p e r i m e n t

1

F ield
Lansing.

TRIALS

Due

were

used.

plot

equivalent

seems

to i n d i c a t e

across

areas

of

s p r i n g of 19 49,

in E a s t

but had not
sm all,

The a r e a of the f i e l d a v a i l a b l e

5 feet

to a n a r e a
that

only
was a

the n u m b e r of r e p l i c a t e s .

was

m a d e it

farm

to the f a c t that the f i e l d w a s

determ in in g factor for
Each

l o c a t e d on the c o l l e g e

long

greater

wide
of

a n d 174. 24 f e e t

l/50

and

long

of a n a c r e .

narrow

plots,

field v ariation ,

tend

which

Evidence

which m a y
to h a v e

cut

sm aller

error.
In o r d e r
the
vide

tractor
an

shown

to

get

exactly

wheels

run

over

additional
in the
The

field

strip

following

(1) The

5-foot

the

of l a n d

layout

a

plots
5 feet

(Figure

were

pan m e t h o d .

the

cut and

it

was

wide

to a v o i d

necessary
between

having
to p r o ­

plots

as

33).

four

harvesting

m ethods

used:

I

»
VAC.WfNOPOW"1:
<y

PAN
currcfi bar

,

11 ® VAC swath
VAC.

.

SWATH
*o. li VAC.
! i CUTTE* SAP
t i 111?**
F igure

3 3.

LAYOUT
co lleg e

OF FIELD
ex p erim en tal
E LANSING

NO. 1
farm

-J
o

71
(2)

The

cutter

(3)

The

windrow m ethod

(4)

The

swath

These
out the

eight

four

on the

of 2 f e e t
was

starting

at

random

plots.

This

m ental

plots.

The

to h a r v e s t

sampling
acre.

and

to a s

The
heads
ver

the

bent

inside

actual

the

white
on t h e
the

fram e

weighed

im m ediately

tem perature.

was

were

After

strip

random

through­

prelim inary
A

purpose.

of l a n d

seed

a

made.

to a v o i d

of

yield

ground

sam ples

this

steel fra m e
This

between

tram pling

actually

by the

converted

"actual

random

was

determ ined

heads,

at

experim ent,

field

done

amount

the

harvesting.

plots.

on t h e

results

harvesting.

distributed

used for

was

was

H ereafter,

referred

were

the

was

of v a c u u m

of v a c u u m

c o n d i t i o n of t h e

m ental

prior

method

m ethods

by 2 f e e t

thrown

m ethod.

experim ental

Before
study

bar

fram e

the

experi­

on t h e

present

quadrat

experi­

on the

system

into

pounds

of

seed

determ ined

by t h i s

m ethod

field

of
per
w i l l be

yield. "

the

ripe

were
cut

taken.

heads

counted
and

standing,
and then

put in

The

and

put in the

two

days

paper

green
drier

drying,

the

the

100

clover

F
was

ripe
clo­

Eleven

in the
o

the

whole

bags.

clover
of

and

bag

was

m axim um
weighed

72
and

the

moisture

ple

was

put

rem aining

content d e te rm in e d .

through

chaff

the

was

threshing

rubbed

Furtherm ore,

m achine

out by h a n d

four

to

each

tim es

get any

sam ­

and

the

seeds

still

rem aining.
In a d d i t i o n ,
the

one

picked

from

It w a s

fou n d that t h e s e
From

content

be

as

the

of t h e
The

clover

heads

in the

heads

oven,

contained

s h o w n in

was

of w h i t e

clover

threshed

were

and

no m a t u r e

cleaned.

seeds.

Table

I,

the

average

7 3 . bO p e r c e n t

at

the

time

of L a d i n o

clover

heads

were

it

m oisture
was

cut.

determ ined

to

follows:
2 5 .5 8 %

of w h i t e

40.90%

of

ripe

standing

3 3 . 52%

of

ripe

heads

the

percent

were

mower

cutter

percent
The

and

dried

results

number

From

55

field,

hundred

the

or

total n u m b e r

bending

on t h e

m issed

all

of t h e

m ature

seed

total

weight

total

of

the

bent

to t he

ripe

or

of g r e e n

ground.

m ature

which

per

clover

be

only

that,
as

45
if t h e

high

as

harvested.

acre
was

heads,

meant

bent heads,

could

yield

heads.

heads.

ground,

bar

calculated

im m ature

was

155.25

5. 54 t o n s

per

pounds
acre.

TABLE I
FIELD I
Sample Area 2 1 x <
2

1

SAMPLE

4

3

6

5

8

7

10

9

11

AVERAGE

63

22

88

63

48

66

67

52

13

58

59

54.4

lipe sta n d in g

114

83

109

65

105

63

85

97

77

100

59

87.0

lipe on ground

72

31

76

69

95

78

100

47

47

108

61

71.3

■otal number o f
ripe heads

186

114

185

134

200

141

I 85

144

124

208

120

157

total number o f
leads

249

136

273

197

248

207

252

196

137

266

179

212.7

height o f g re e n
olover in grams

]p<4

333

36?

403

Ojc

6c8

464

406

398

576

541

height o f dry
clover in gram s

126

80

95

85

154

147

143

116

105

142

149

71.62

75.97

74.11

78.90

71.37

75.82

69.18

71.42

73.61

75.34

72.45

Weight o f se e d ,
grams p e r fo u r
square f e e t

7.12

5.61

6.07

4.44

10.55

4.59

8.09

5.30

6.84

8.63

3.90

6.463

Weight in gram s
per 100 r ip e
heads

3-83

4.82

3.38

3.30

5.28

3.25

4.36

3.68

5.50

4.15

3.25

4.07

'hite heads

Moisture con­
tent, p e rc e n t

Actual y ie ld p e r
acre; w eight o f
seed in pounds
per acre

171

135

146

106.8

253

IO9.5

194

127.5

164

207

94

73.60

155.25

74
Field

No.

2

Field
East

1,

with

equivalent

the

to a n

gathered,

seed

2'

acre

Field

and

recovered

No.

field

the

m achine,

farm

1949 b u t

pattern

at
not

as

field

long,

each

of 8.

174.24 feet

acre.
methods

among

the

was

thrown

the

clover

threshed

and

instead
and

of

same

as
lb

experim ental

and

from

college

used
plots,

in

Field

as

shown

No.

34.

efficiency
first
the

field

by d i f f e r e n t

5 tim es
inside

at

the

random

fram e

on

was

5 times.
was

determ ined

threshing,

amount

left

the

by t h e

amount

efficiency

in the

of t h e

field.

3

Experim ents
on a

random

fram e

plot,

picking

1/50

Figure

x 2'

dried,

threshing

at

wide

the

spring

the

plots

harvesting

harvesting

The
of

four

layout,

a

1/50

of

on

in the

followed

5 feet

area

distributed

m ethods,

located

seeded

layout

was

same

field

also

experim ental

plot

A fter

every

field

lb

The
1 were

It w a s

The

Each

in

2 was

Lansing.

clipped.
No .

No.

of L a d i n o

were

conducted

clover

seeded

near
in

the

Middleville,
spring

of

Michigan,

1949.

Red

114 <!4 '

40'

PAN_____________
CUTTEP BAP
VAC SWATH
VAC . WINOPQW
VAC WINDROW
VAC. SWATH
PAN
CUTTER RAP
VAC 3WATH
VAC

W IN D B O V V

CUTTER BAP
PA N
CUTTCP BAR
VAC. W I N D O O W
PAN

~

VAC 51VATH

F ig u r e

3 4.

LAYOUT

OF

COLLEGE

FJELD

EXPEOIMLNTAL
E

LANSING

NO 2
FARM

7b
clover

and

clipped

on

field
not

had

alsike
June

a

The
field

No.

strip

put

grow th

the

up f o r

b to

Ladino.

grass

10 i n c h e s

It w a s

silage.
tall

The

but

was

leveled.

compare

purpose

of t h e

experim ents

conducted

the

harvesting

efficiency

the

The

pan

(2)

The

windrow

method

of v a c u u m

(3)

The

windrow

m ethod

of

(4)

The

swath

layout

different
every

of l a n d

equipment

m ental

in

of

following

case

to

the

pattern
two

of h a r v e s t i n g .

method

of f i e l d

from

wide,

to w o r k

in

The

instead

of

No.

3 in

width

of b e i n g

harvesting.

used

experim ental

without

plots

only

the

two

10 f e e t

there

insure

a mower

cut

width

of

tractor

deviated

f r o m,

its

path.

room

adjacent

5 feet

a
for

in the
experi­

was
for

farm.

was

clover

wide,

35)

college

sufficient

damaging
every

(Figure

on t h e

allowed

of

harvesting.

Middleville

one

which

harvesting.

combine

combine

the

adjac ent

plots.

plots,

wide

method

10 f e e t

experim ental

in

and

with

( 1)

Between

feet

grown

m ethods:

a

the

1950,

heavy

general

The
had

had

3 was:

To
four

13,

very

regularly

clover

made

every

15
plot

77

n .t
K

44

'

A 4/V
cm m m

m m m m rn

O

n

Ki

( M i N r m m rrn

cm m m

m tm m m
cm m m m s tm t*

. *n**pm om

/a o ‘

v a c

co * m * m

mm n m
M e m w w w m r.

& A t*
: ,

c m m m

cm m m

m m m m tv

w m m m m
AAH

'‘w
^v.

||i #

F ig u re

35.

LA YOUT

OF

FIELD

NO 3

MIDDLEVILLE , MICHIGAN

u ttU A M ltf

^

78
A fter
2'

x 2'

fram e

perim ental
threshed
by e a c h
mined
ing,

Field

by

No.

The

had
The

the

of

inside

The

seed

of t h e

at

random

was

represented

m ethod.

picking

threshing

in

tried,

a

every

ex­

gathered,

the

recovered

(eight a c r e s

Ladino

on

June

amount

dried,
of

efficiency
from

m achine,

been

13,

Brillion

was

and

seed

was

the

first

and

the

left

deter­
thresh­

amount

on

Field

B rillion

picked

by a

was

also

seeded

stationary

No.

in

located

the

by a

4 were

vacuum

hay

mowed

afterw ard

vacuum

was

near

spring

of

M id1949

1950.

of t h e

clover

by a

area)

clover

experim ents

collected

threshed
by

field

perform ance

was

clover

This

amount

tim es

had been

4

The

It

the

five

methods

field.

clipped

clover

thrown

efficiency

the

harvesting

tim es.

the

dleville.

the

was

harvesting

This

and

four

plot and

five

the

left in

the

conducted

harvester

after

to t e s t
the

loader.

and
hay

combine.
harvester.

left

to

loader
The

dry

in

and

field

the

the

was

windrow.
clover

then

was

swept

79
O b s e r v a t i o n s on D i f f e r e n t P h a s e s
of H a r v e s t i n g P r o c e d u r e

Alowi ng

When
inches
t he

tall

cut

with

for

seed,

many

of t h e

vegetation

seed

was

heads

bent

from
over

four

to te n

alm ost

to

ground.
In t h e

that

the

total

33. 52%

of r i p e

ripe

to

the

heads

that

45

affecting

the

as

close

of t h e

cutter

bar

for

the

contour

In f i e l d
cut

the

clover

it

was

found

of

the

shows

an

seed

m ature

that
of

to

ground.
and

the

the

field

the

heads

mowing

that

an

fig­

bending

im por­

clover.
would

ground.

should

above
were

was

Ladino

a mower

possible
irregular

heads.

to t h e

produce

required

as

of t h e

No.

1.

heads.
bent

harvesting

nature

stem s

im m ature

heads

would

This

clover

to f i t

or

percent

ground.

of t h a t

No.

was:

of r i p e s t a n d i n g

over

vegetation

of f i e l d

40. 90%

indicate

factor

yield

survey

of w h i t e

ures

tant

prelim inary

2 5. 58%

Only

to

the

be

A

cut

The

t he

length

rather

short

land.

1 a five-foot

previous

to

the

lespedeza
actual

cutter

bar

harvesting.

was
This

used
cutter

80
bar

was

shoe

provided

removed,

inches

above

with

it

the

cut

around

of t h e
the

the

heavier

narrow

the

of t h e

grow th

of t h i s

guards

of

the

the

cutting

cutter

bar

was

then

No.

shoe

2 and

In a d d i t i o n ,
field

with

of t h e
ance

the

field
to

the

that

level

was

it

1/2

not

did a

got

properly

with

the

inches

No.

to

the

clogged

to

satisfactory
mower

used

inner
2

due

bar

was

2.

were
Because

field No.
the

1

excess

lespedeza

mower

with

in b oth

fields

on a n

8-acre

job.

was

but

The

Ford

was

bar

up by

done.

mower

mower

cutter

field

by a f iv e - f o o t

rem oved

long

lespedeza

com pared

bar

This

shoe

tried

to

the

irregularity

inferior

in p e r f o r m ­

bar.

Ladino

go o v e r ,

recently

field

seven-foot

this

five—
foot

generally

was

a

inner

In m o w i n g
would

and

1 and

experim ental

replaced

3 and

the

cutter

rem oved.

No.

guards

from

with

edge

and

inner

clover

cuttings

clover

the

narrow

ground.

P relim inary
made

special

clover
without

tram pled

by a

it w a s

noticed

cutting,
tractor

any

that

the

patch

of

mower
clover

wheel.

i

81

Windrowing
In h a r v e s t i n g
mowing
or

by

in

the

order

of

1949

in

with

ordinary
the

in

the

summer

due

to

the

short

the

a

it

side

clover

of

stem

trial

of

dropping

from

the

rake

of t h e

in field

the

by

is

done

vacuum

after

harvester

attachm ent.

delivery

1950

windrowing

either

pick-up

prelim inary

and

of

clover,

to h a r v e s t

com bine

The

Ladino

was

windrow

No.

clover,

used

4.

It

there

in b e t w e e n

the

summer

vacuum
was

was

the

in

harvester,

noticed

definitely

fingers

that,

part

of t h e

wind-

r o we r .
To
m etal
the

m inim ize

sheet-covered

mower

quired

cutter

someone

windrower

This

consisted

the

side

cutter

pans
The

in

the

to

the

1950

of

center

m etal

intensity

pans

used
the

season

was

in f i e l d

clover

on

a

special

fastened
No.
the

1,

to
re­

covered

soil.

with

when

as

chart

windrowing,

delivery

clover

center

as

the

in

w indrow er

setup,

over

drag

sum m er

seed

delivery

it

The
the

of

This

2 a

of t w o

toward

rainfall

side

rake

No.

bar.

loss

bar.

lacked

In f i e l d

to

the

the

windrower
guide

cut

was

mower

was

(Figure

and

directed

moved

a very
3b) ,

walls

was

wet

and

it

used.
fastened
by

the

along.
one,

as

rained

shown
every

f

l

82

22-

RAINFALL

IN

INCHES

G o a kid P

a p io s

S

.22

t a t io n

i«-

L20

!•-

.14

14-

.1*

14-

. I*

12-

.12

t.i

.

IO

0l8

04

04.

.0 4

04.

.0 4

02.

-02
rt'

rH-r

' r In t i ti iI tI It II t '

> t T H I I II ii t '

August

J uly

DAILY

P O tC I PI T A T I O N

J

f

1
,

4C
S

I

.O

1 1 , 1

P T U IU *

1950

. i -

22

L a m sin o

S ta tio n

PAINFALL

IN

INCHES

£O

,

42

.

40

1. 0 -

i0

I* -

t*

I4

I4

.

1.2.

_U

I0.

-I o
i

06 .

. (*

H
0.4J

•4
• 4

02

.02

trH-i

*“r

fl*tf'l»it

JuNt
DAILY

Figure

m

J

3b.

ail

+4*t

^ aJ

u l y

P R E C IP IT A T IO N

Rainfall

1950

intensity

chart

83
tim e

after

the

clover

turned

over

the next

clover

was

w et to

was
day

windrowed.

very

prevent

early

The

in

windrows

the

were

m o rn in g when

t he

shattering.

Drying

The
seed

ranged

from

The

clover

method
way

m oisture

of

it

clover
the

the
has

was

the

The

clover
a

to d r y
clover

m ain

or

good

to

summer
the

be

to a

when

cut for

threshed.

great

to a b s o r b

still

held

clover.
was

from
The

was

of t h e

moisture

was

was

the

the

soil.

w ater

wet

clover

to

clover

the

the

under

the

from

clover

on a

order

purpose

affinity

the

kept

in

depended

method,

While
and

Ladino

75 p e r c e n t .

from

great

atm osphere

fell

had

the pan

to d r y .

protect

to

of t h e

The

extent

on the

harvested.

F or
paper

70

drying

was

content

on

silo

of t h e
the

spread over
paper
soil,

silo

practice

using

of

did m o r e

to

the

Ladino

eitherfrom

paper,heavy
into

and

as

m oisture

infiltrating

undependable

was

silo

the

rain
soil

and

silo

paper

harm

than

clover.

I

84
For
chanical
clover
per

cutter

raking

with

acre,

m oisture
is

the

70
the

amount

as

70

to

be

88%

of t h e

W eight

Latent
Gallons
efficiency

=

to be

of g r e e n

to be
to

with m e ­

handled

reduce

easily

the

threshed

U.
heat

=

x (70/100)

= 8400

pounds.

m oisture

content,

weight

=

total

of w a t e r
-

content,

pounds,

49 0

m atter

=
= 49 0

pounds.

to b e

extracted

= 7910

pounds.

of f u r n a c e

fuel

of e v a p o r a t i o n

of f u e l

of d r y

weight.

x (12/88)

8400
T.

extracted

= 3b00

of w a t e r

3o00

B.

m atter

percent

Weight

six tons

were

in o r d e r

x (30/100)

o x 2000

will

to b e

m oisture

of w a t e r

12

content

drier

follows:

t> x 2 0 0 0

At

m oisture

12 p e r c e n t

of d r y

weight

an a rtificial

Assuming

of w a t e r

percent

weight

method,

essential.

percent

content

calculated
At

was

bar

needed

per

per

=

gallon

of w a t e r
acre,

= 130,000

B.

T.

= 9 o b . o B.

T.

U ./lb.

assum ing

a

30%

U ./gal.

drier

85
[7910(212
= 223
Due
drying

to

pasty

and

It w a s

was

after

still

that

available
clover,

was
it

A

[0.30

was

harvested
t h i n on

sucked

outer
The

equipment for

spread

sample

the

pasty.

x

130,000]

was

part

dried

could

cutter

paper.

blow er,

in

became

hot a i r

by the
silo

by t h e

artificially

the

crusty
not

get

bar

The

became

artificial
while
into

drier.

the

the

in­

inside

sample.
In f i e l d

was

rain,

No.

again

it m o l d e d

and

Drying

blower

presented

row for

the

a

but in

case

turned

again

of
to

the
rain,

after

dry.

not

paper

windrow

sucked

the

was

with the

cutter
to the

useless

to

by the

artificial

drier

recommended.
had

to b e

of c o m b i n i n g

windrow

seed

been m ashed

even

cut,

would

the

but due

that h a s

to be

from

to d r y ,

therefore,

being

m ethod

the

clover

difficulty,

it is

windrow

w eather

silo

clover

big

clover,

In d r y

green

heated,

green

consequently,
The

2 the

spread over

thresh.

and,

1,

com pact.

noticed

the

bar

lim ited

in field No.

m aterial,

+ ( 7 9 1 0 x 9 6 b . 6)]

gallons.

the

green

of

80)

D a d in o c l o v e r , the

m ethod

side

-

take
would

or

about

dried

in the

vacuum
two d a y s

pack and

need

w ind­

harvesting.
to

dry,

to

be

86
The
least

tim e

would be
new

Ladino
to

dry.

buried

growth

induced

new

seeds

in

the

Field

fastened

in

raked

The

tractor

two m e n
pan

moved

to

the

clover

195 0

heads

the

three

and

on

the

seed

har­

interm ittent

was

rains

cut an d

so wet

ground as

the

the

of t h e

previously

summer

left

the

50
the

to
pan

acre.

fields,

mower

the

behind
tractor

pan and

put

60 f e e t a n d
when

1,

full,

2,

cutter

not

H arvesting

m ethod

on the

could

walk

full,

Different

This

collected

speed

from

one

the

h a d to

every

of t h e

m ethod.

was

em pty

vest

The

pan

behind

was

tied

in

O bservations

plots

the

swath.

the

of t h e

but a l s o

efficiency

how the

took

that

left
some

shown in

38.

The
tal

through

swath,

only m o s t

ground,

picking

shows

left in

not

of t h e

the

37

cut and

rain,

surface

Figure

grow th

sprouted

Figure

of

would d e c r e a s e

m achine.

dry

when

In c a s e

on the

vesting

to

clover,

and
bar

pan

exceed
the

it took
thus

3.

A

the

the

paper.
an

taking

x 4'

39)

mower

rake

and

on e x p e r i m e n ­

5'

two m i l e s

pan and

silo

tried

(Figure

as

stopped
on

was

Methods

per
the

The

was

the

clover

moved

along.

hour,

as

clover.

clover

average
about

and

pan

was

pan

re­

was

of t w o

six

When

hours

emp­

m inutes
to h a r ­

87

Figure

Figure

37.

I n t e r m i t t e n t r a i n s i n d u c e d n e w g r o w t h t h r o u g h the
c l o v e r p r e v i o u s l y c u t a n d le ft to d r y i n the s w a t h .

38.

Some

seeds

ground.

sprouted

in the

heads

left

on the

wet

8 8

f l

PAN

P A N M E T MOO O f M A f i V t S r i M ©
MICHI6AN

STATE

COLLEGE

AGRICULTURAL
EN G IN EERIN G
DEPARTMENT
VACUUM H A R V E S T E R P R O J E C T
D R A W N BY G B N
T R A C E P BY G 8 n
DATE

The

Pan

Method

of h a r v e s t i n g

Jun«

clover

< U«

seed.

89
Three
ing

the

tractor
The

spread
bags

over

and

ferent

and

windrow
the

fields.

m ethod

windrowed,

and

for

for

raking

then

this

rem oved

Two

days

hay

drier.

later,

vacuum

of

sucking

dried.

was

collected

It w a s

noticed

was

the

clover

in a

clover,

clover

paper

was

after

after

canvas-lined

put in

method

the

three

per

hour.

it had

passing

wagon

and

This

in

m iles

driv­

pan.

harvesting.

four

for

the

silo

harvester

speed

The

the

the

developed

one

emptying

from

of v a c u u m

tractor

m ethod

and

m ethod

The

consisted

blower,

was

in the

with

needed

two

burlap.

dried

tried

were

clover

The
was

men

dif­
The

been mowed,
through

with

the

a burlap

top.

part
ing

of

the

strip.

clover,

No.

decided,

by

side

the

the

the

delivery

standing

intertw ined

decreased

It w a s

windrower

the

over

clover

and thus

clover

with

picking

the

to

delivery

in

the

standing

ability

therefore,

center

windrower

one

in the

neighbor­

windrowed

of the

replace

laid

the

vacuum
side

field

de­

trial

2.
The

plot

clover

The

harvester.
livery

cut

that

and

wagon

because

was
the

em ptied

clover

was

at

the

end

not d ry

of e a c h
enough

experim ental

to t h r e s h ,

the

90
clover
on

was

silo

and

spread

paper

green

through
top.

rain

fell

While

on

end

into

tried

a

July

the

30,

three

method

clover

31 ,

green

of t h e

plot

the

driving

the

No.

1 on
per

clover

wagon

paper

to

tractor,

m ethod

it is

was

August

still

1,

dry.

and

by

27,

hour.
while
the

2,

sucking

mower

1950.

The
40

41

up

and

shows
the

pan.

At

clover

was

required,

one

the

were

speed

shows

collecting

for

of

with a b u r l a p

Figure

em ptied

other

the

Figure

Two m e n

the

consists

wagon

from

was

cut

July

of h a r v e s t i n g

the

silo

after

m iles

sucking

over

This

canvas-lined

in f i e l d

was

bar

m ethod.

im m ediately

blower

was

cutter

spread
for

paper.

bar

clover

tractor

nozzle
the

cutter

the

It

of t h e
the

dry,

silo

3.
The

the

to

on

emptying

the

full

wagon.
Due
at

the

two

inlet

plots

through
fore,

to the
side

of f i e l d

the

was

spread

for

five

the

of g r e e n

became
No.

blow er,

While
fell

bulk

jam m ed

1.

The

became

thin

over

clover

consecutive

clover
once

green

pasty
the

wra s
days

still

silo

July

the

the

blower

trial

pipe

of t h e

when p a s s e d

com pact,

paper

on

from

during
clover,

and

silo

sucked,

and,

there­

to d r y .
paper

30

to d r y ,

to A u g u s t

3.

rain
On

Figure

Figure

41.

40.

The

cu tter bar m e th o d of h a r v e s t in g

G reen clover
l e c t i n g pan.

sucked

by the

nozzle

from

clover

the

col­

seed.

92
August

b the

clover

was

put

in

bags

and

dried

in

a m echanical

drier.
It w a s
bar

m ethod

raking,

as

through

it.

noticed

took
the

condition

No.

plots

of t h e
Even

clover

dry

pasty
and

because

that

H arvester
F igures
field
to

the

2,

and

ing

tim e,

of

because
the

from

was

clover

stand

even

too

compact

for

to

clover

by

the

drier

while

the

the

again

cutter

bar

outer

inside

infiltration.

air

to

rain,

the

method

was

part

was

of t h e

molded

It w a s

flow

on A u g u s t

excessive

the

cutter

with f r e q u e n t
the

tried

due

of v a c u u m
The

designed

has
the

been
clover

to

and

throw n away

the

harvested

by

in
was

B rillion

m achine

was

after

it

the

had

not

(the

harvester

pick

com bine

swath

harvesting

Brillion

a

the

was

by the

rejected.

m ethod

43)

to d r y

but,

of a i r

was

harvested

tim e

artificial

crusty

lack

clover

m ethod

random

perform ance).

light

directly

of

42 a n d

and

and

swath

after

the

this

in the

m ethod

The

was

harvested

hopeless.
was

2,

at

the

longest

m aterial

In f i e l d
15 o n f o u r

the

that

college

been

to

pick

cut

left

and

in the

com bine.

fields,

available

used

(show n in

seeds
the

Brillion

at

No.
the

the
left

Due
1

harvest­

clover
to d r y .

Figure

42.

The B rillion vacuum h a r v e s te r

F igure

43.

The

Brillion vacuum

Figure

44.

The

vacuum

picked

harvester

harvester

clover.

brush

during

throwing

operation

back

the

95
In f i e l d
nozzle

entry,

clogged
the

No.

shown

in

every

from

the

Figure

44.

In f i e l d
m ittent

rains

cut

and

left

not

effective

from

field

on a n
in
ver

in

No.

loader,

field

new

in

the

the

growth

mowed

45,

rack.

A

harvester

engine

was

by

raker-bar

field
put
with

up the

in

to the

mowed,

Brillion

and

used

as

its

use

was

was

picked.

further

spring

not

became

field

the

was

as

inter­

previously

m achine

was

elim inated

its

of

to

deck

com bine

Figure
then

and

Middleville

A

bars

The

clo­

raker-bar

of f l e x i b l e

dropped

Model

clipped

leveled.

it

52R

t h r e s h e r for all

teeth

on the

with

a mounted

hay

picked

field

after

up

4b .

used

Again,

in

1949 a n d

dry.

reciprocating

sloping

tried

regularly

in w in d r o w s

stationary

loader,

Brillion
been

a

was
the

M c C o rm ic k -D e e ring

had

was

the

would pick

th ro u g h the c lo v e r

swath.The

seeded

and

clover

The

brush

it back

clover

stand,

opening,

The

throw

conditions

The

the

hay

and

after

clover

to m a x i m u m

ground

2,

Brillion

raked

the

adjusted

light

2.

Figure

the

of t h e

of t r a v e l .

such

1950.

was

spite

50 f e e t

induced

8-acre

June,

No.

to d r y

The

in

although

about

clover

1,

to
due

sweep
to

the

the

rain

that

fell

all
after

96

Figure

45.

The

raker-bar

loader

used

in f i e l d

No.

•It

Figure

4b.

The clo v er th re sh e d
D eering com bine.

by the

McCormick-

4.

97
the

hay

from

had

the

new

soil

growth

ance

of

that

Brillion

used

ure
to

47)

lected
the

a

a

No.

and

was

The

each.
pick

(Figure
threshed
49 ) .

m ore

to the

The

picked

(Figure
the

was

difficult

brush

clover

to

pick

In a d d i t i o n ,
inferior

always

was

an

the

perform ­

had

to be

indication

of

Ladino
48).

No.

of

chaff

that

with

done

was

the

same

mowed

in

(Fig­

the

field

was

col­

sheet

while

to f i n d

the

Again
plots,

speed

and

com bine

thresh in g .efficiency

acre

from

the

3 m .p .m .

experim ental
the

1/50

seed

harvesting

harvesting.

was

from

used

canvas

when

com bine

3 on f o u r

clover

the

combine

was

was

method

com bine

harvested

on a

This

plots

C halm ers

The

chaff

com bine

com bine

The

to f i n d

of

A llis

45).

the

This

experim ental

along.

the

harvesting.

attachm ent

blown

of

speed

same

driven

pick-up

moving

in f i e l d

The
the

dried.

3 on f o u r

Swath m ethod
used

then

of c o m b i n e

special

efficiency

windrow.

was

the

take-off

bag

com bine

threshing

and

harvester..

up w in d ro w s
in

left

contributed

m ethod

power

with

pick

seed

muddy

back

in fie ld

A

the

nozzle.

W indrow

each.

was

throwing

clogged

was

picked,

of c l o v e r

the

watched;
a

been

was

le ft to
was

of t h e

this

m ethod

l/50

acre

used
dry

in

collected
combine

to
swath

and
(Figure

Figure

48.

Combining

from

the

swath.

99
T h re shing

Threshing
the
or

clover
by

threshing

the
To

m achine,
tim es

find

threshing

when

order

of

average
was

threshing

was

from

harvesting

to d r y .

The

located

in

efficiency

clover

were

percent

of

recorded
efficiency
the

harvesting.
the

clover

was
the

either

college

done

by

laboratory

field.

sim ultaneously

com bine

harvesting
and

the

sam ples

the

The

the

m achine

in the

threshing

c o l le c t i n g

harvested

com bine

16

and

cessive

of t h e

swath;
from
results

a

seed

in

clean

are

and

trials

shown

in

cleaned
in

was

the
were

harvesting
that

threshing

each

6
suc­

II.

com bine

seed

windrow

and

recovered

Table

Three

clover

threshed

of t h e

when

of t h e

from

was
Table

found

by

tailings

while

made:

when

the

turned
III.

windrow;
over

in

100
TABLE

II

P E R C E N T A G E OF LADINO SEED R E C O V E R E D F R O M
SU C C ES SIV E TH RE SH ING AND C LE A N ING
( u s i n g the c l o v e r h u l l e r a n d the
clipper seed cleaner)

Threshing

No.

P e r c e n t a g e of L a d i n o
Seed R e c o v e re d

1

50. 30

2

3 1 . 74

3

9. o l

4

4. 43

5

2. 82

b

1.10

Tota 1

100.00

101
TABLE
PERCENT

..
No.

,
of

III

O F S E E D T H R E S H E D BY T H E A L L I S - C H A L M E R S
C O M B I N E U S E D IN F I E L D N O . 3

L b . of S e e d
Recovered

Threshing

Combining
Replicate

% of S e e d
Recovered

f r o m a Windrow
F i e l d No. 3
4

Combine threshing
2nd t h r e s h i n g
3rd threshing
T otal

1.
0.
0.
1.

170
75 5
041
966

59. 51
38. 40
2. 09
100.00

Combining f ro m a T urned Windrow
O u t s i d e of E x p e r i m e n t a l F i e l d
0.
0.
0.
0.

1st t h r e s h i n g
2nd t h r e s h i n g
3rd threshing
T otal

Combining
Replicate 1
1st th r e s h i n g
2nd t h r e s h i n g
3rd threshing
T ota 1

bo5
27 5
015
95 5

69. 63
28 . 80
1. 57
100.00

f r o m Swath
F i e l d No. 3
0. 96 5
0. 37 0
0. 0 2 0
1.355

71. 21
27 . 31
1. 48

EFFICIENCY

OF

DIFFERENT

A nalysis

Field

No.

ciencies

of

in

I V.

It
heads
found

were

ing

heads

the

pan.

that

the

uncut

clover

different

to

5o.O
was

of t h e

Based
m ethods

on t h a t

that

45

pan

indicated

that

in

of t h e

vacuum

were

put

windrow

in t h e

mowed

was

clover

the

neighboring

strip.

cut

clover

the

over

the

addition
also

as

shown

the

m ature

efficiency,
to

the

m ethod

by a s i d e

The r a i n

standing g re e n

to

stand­
by

in

that

the

fact

delivery

onto

was

effi­

collected

due m a i n l y

over

of

m ethod

harvesting

This

acre

yield,

percent

The

heads

per

calculated

ground.

bending

the

yield

were

percent.

deposited
of

average

estim ated

the

of t h e

efficiency

clover

which

seed.

o5 . 5 p e r c e n t ,

only

rower

windrow

D a ta

estim ated

previously

some

The
was

four

bending

be

I the

of L a d i n o

the

was

to

field

Table

pounds

Table

of

PROCEDURES

1

From
155.25

HARVESTING

the

packed

wind­

green
the

clover,

103
TABLE
A

IV

COMPARISON B E T W E E N SEED ACTU ALLY PR O D U C ED
A N D T H A T H A R V E S T E D BY V A R I O U S H A R V E S T I N G
M E T H O D S F R O M F I E L D NO. 1
( a r e a of p l o t = l / 5 0 a c r e )

Method
of
Ha rv e st

Pounds
of S e e d
Ha rve s te d
per Plot
Re p l i c a t e
1
2

Efficiency
B a s e d on
155.25
Pounds
Yield per
Acre

Pounds
Seed
H arve s t e d
pe r
Acre

Ave rage
Pounds
Seed
H arvested
p e r Plot

o 5 . 4 ^%

Pan

2. 140

1. 9 3 0

2. 035

101.75

Cutte r
Ba r

1.500

1.830

1 . 6b5

83. 25

53. 6%

Vacuum
W indrow

1.905

1.575

1. 740

87. 0

5t». 0 %

B ri I l i o n
Swath

I . 300

1. 2 o o

1. 2 8 3

r e s u l t i n g•*5 i n
harvesting
The

an
less

i n t e r t w i n i n g' efficient

cutter

for

harvesting

the

the

blower,

was

drier.

it

bar

of

than

method

clover.
very

the
it

two.

normally

proved

Alter
difficult

the
to

41.3%

>4. 7 5

to

This

would
be

clover

dry,

made

vacuum

oe.

very
had

even

the

m

im practical
passed
an

through

artificial

104
The

efficiency

was

definitely

not

previously
The

that
seed

there

statistical
were

No.

unless

no

Brillion

the
by

fact
the

analysis

significant

by the

harvester

that

it w as

in

this

field

used

on a

plot

Table

IV

shows

combine.
of t h e

data

differences

four

different

seed

harvested

in
in

the

am ounts

of

m ethods.

2

The
left

to

harvested

harvested

Field

seed

low due

of t h e

amount

in

the

the

field

clover

Knowing

of

has

the

does
been

percent

not

give

the

threshed
of

added

seed

to

actual

the
yield

amount
of the

of
field

100 p e r c e n t .
recovered

from

the

first

threshing,
The

amount

of

= [amount
[percent
A ctual

seed
of

picked

seed

seed

recovered

recovered

from

first

first

threshing]

threshing]

yield

= [amount

of

seed

picked]

+ [amount

of

seed

left

seed

picked]

Picking
-

from

in

the

field]

efficiency

[amount

of

-f [ a c t u a l

yield]

1 05
O ver-all

efficiency

= [amount

of

-f [ a c t u a l
Tables

V and

between
m ated

the

from

the

of

vesting
in

the

seed
due

from
to

Field

com pared

the

of

picking

pan

field

with

The

bining

from

first

threshing]

The

difference

pan m eth o d

and

that

esti­

m ethod.
efficiencies

in

favor

difference
because

of

was

of t h e

in the

threshing

significant

the

of

two m e t h ­

vacuum

har­

m ore

pronounced

greater

recovery

vacuum

effect

of the

the

harvesting

of

m ethod

blower.

3

In t h i s

est

the

the

significant

threshing

additional

No.

sum m ary

first

no

harvesting

efficiencies

the

the

was

is

from

between

windrow.

over-all

there

estim ated

difference

from

that

vacuum

harvesting

recovered

yield]

show

yield

The
ods

VI

seed

from

the

four

each

other.

results

w indrow

m ethod

XI a n d

and

highest

the

were

Figure

tried
50

and

show

the

obtained.
of v a c u u m

swath
had

Table

m ethods

m ethod

efficiency
the

harvesting

had

the
the

low est

lowest

harvesting
over-all
picking

over-all

had

the

efficiency.
efficiency

efficiency.

high­
Com­

while

Combining

106
TABLE

(% o f

V

P A N M ETHOD - F IE L D NO. 2
s e e d re c o v e r e d f r o m f i r s t th r e s h in g
Pounds
1

A m o u n t of s e e d r e ­
covered from
first threshing
A m o u n t of s e e d
picked
A m o u n t of s e e d l e f t
A ctu al yield
Picking efficiency
O v e r - a l l efficiency

1. 150

2 . 290
1. 0 2 3
3.313
t>9 . 2 0 %
34. 80%

of S e e d p e r 1 / 5 0
~-----™
;
;------Replicate
2
3

0 . 890
1.
0.
2.
b9.
34.

TABLE

790
785
5 75
b0 %
6 0%

1 . 080
2.
0.
2.
72.
36 .

150
800
950
90 %
60%

= 50.3% )
Acre

A ver-

4

agC

1 . 120
2.
1.
3.
08.
34.

23 0
040
270
20%
30%

1 . 060
2 . 110
0 . 912
3. 02 2
o 9 . 97%
3 5 . 07%

VI

WINDROW V A CU U M M E T H O D - F I E L D NO. 2
(% of s e e d r e c o v e r e d f r o m f i r s t t h r e s h i n g = 7 0 . 0 % )

P o u n d s of S e e d p e r 1 / 5 0 A c r e
-------------------------------------‘---------------------Replicate
1
2
3
4
A m o u n t of s e e d r e ­
covered from
first threshing
A m o u n t of s e e d
picked
A m o u n t of s e e d l e f t
A ctual yield
P icking efficiency
O v e r - a ll efficiency

1 . 50 0
2.
0.
3.
70.
49.

145

892
037
80%
40%,

1. 6 3 0
2.
0.
3.
74.
52.

330
7 90
120
80%
30%,

1 . 3b7
1.
0.
2.
72 .
50.

950
736
b8 o
50%
80%

A ver-

.

age

1. 350

1 . 4t>2

1.
0.
2.
b8 .
48.

9 30
882
812
80%,
10%,

2 . 090
0.
2.
71 .
50.

825
915
72%,
15%,

107
TABLE

(%,

of

VII

PA N M ETHOD - F IE L D NO. 3
seed reco v ered fro m first threshing
Pounds
1

A m o u n t of s e e d r e ­
covered from
f ir s t threshing
A m o u n t of s e e d
picked
A m o u n t of s e e d l e f t
A ctual yield
Picking efficiency
O v e r - a ll efficiency

1. 575
3.
1.
4.
t>9.
35.

130
355
485
80%
20%

of S e e d p e r 1 / 5 0
Replicate
2
3

1. 175
2.
1.
3.
65.
32.

340
260
600
00%
60%

TABLE

VIII

1. 3 37
2.
1.
3.
72 .
3 6.

665
030
695
20%
10%

= 50.3% )

Acre
4

Ave r age

1. 2 0 0
2.
1.
3.
68.
34.

390
09 0
48 0
60%
50%

1. 322
2.
1.
3.
68.
3 4.

632
186
818
90%
60%

V A C U U M WINDRO W M E T H O D - F I E L D NO. 3
(% of s e e d r e c o v e r e d f r o m f i r s t t h r e s h i n g = 74 . 6 %)

Pounds
1
A m o u n t of s e e d r e ­
covered from
firs t threshing
A m o u n t of s e e d
pi e k e d
A m o u n t of s e e d l e f t
A ctu al yield
Picking efficiency
O v e r - a ll efficiency

2. 49 0
3.
1.
4.
76 .
57.

340
035
375
50%
00%

of S e e d p e r 1 / 5 0
R eplicate
2
3

1. 97 0
2.
0.
3.
77.
58.

640
766
406
70%
00%

2. 36 0
3.
0.
4.
79.
59.

165
840
00 5
20%
00%

Acre
4

2. 130
2.
1.
3.
74.
55.

86 0
000
86
20%,
20%;

A ver­
age

2.2375
3.
0.
3.
76.
57.

000
910
91 0
90%>
30%,

108
TABLE

IX

C O M B IN E WINDROW M E T H O D - F I E L D NO. 3
(% o f s e e d r e c o v e r e d f r o m f i r s t t h r e s h i n g = 5 9 . 5 1 % )
Pounds
1
A m o u n t of s e e d r e ­
covered from
first threshing
A m o u n t of s e e d
picked
A m o u n t of s e e d l e f t
A ctual yield
Picking efficiency
O ver—
all efficiency

1. 7 7 0
2.
1.
4.
60.
36.

975
930
905
70%
20%

of S e e d p e r l / 5 0
Replicate
2
3

2. 3 4 0

0. 6 7 0

3. 93 0
1.015
4. 9 4 5

1. 125
2. 0 4 0
3. 165
35. 60%
21.15%

79 . 5 0 %
4 7 . 3 0%

TABLE

(%

Ac re
4

1. 170
1.
0.
2.
79 .
46.

965
53 2
497
00%
80%

Ave r age

1. 4 8 7
2.
1.
3.
63.
37.

497
380
877
7 0%
61%

X

C O M B IN E SWATH M E T H O D - F I E L D NO. 3
of s e e d r e c o v e r e d f r o m f i r s t t h r e s h i n g = 7 1 . 2 1 % )

Pounds
1
A m o u n t of s e e d r e ­
covered from
first threshing
A m o u n t of s e e d
picked
A m o u n t of s e e d l e f t
A ctual yield
Picking efficiency
O v e r - a ll efficiency

0. 9 6 5
1.
1.
2.
48.
34.

35 5
425
780
75%
75%

of S e e d p e r l / 5 0
Replicate
2
3

2. 50
3.515
2. 120
5. o 3 5
b 2 . 4%
44. 50%

1 . 35 0
1.
1.
3.
56.
40.

900
470
370
4%
20%

Ac re
4

1. 3 8 5
1.
1.
3.
50,
35.

94 5
94 0
88 5
0%
70%

A ver­
age

1. 55 0
2.
1.
3.
54.
38.

180
73 8
918
39%
80%

109
TABLE
SUMMARY

M ethod

OF

XI

DATA

-

FIELD

P e r c e n t Seed
Recovered F ro m
T h r e shing

of H a r v e s t i n g

NO.

3

Picking
Efficiency

Ove r - a l l
Efficiency
%

%

50. 3

6 8 . 90

3 4 . 60

7 4 . 60

7 6 . 90

5 7 . 30

Combine fro m
w indrow

5 9 . 51

6 3 . 70

3 7 . 61

Combine
swath

7 1 . 20

5 4 . 39

38 . 80

Pan
Vacuum
from

from

from

the

bining

windrow

from

clover
the

harvesting
w indrow

in

the

to
It

m ethods

ciency

of

efficiency

was

m ethods,
the

greater

a

greater
and

due

quicker

than

that

com bine

of

the

noticed

picking

However,

dries

that f r o m

had

a

swath.

swath

threshing

inferior

two

the

had

that

com bining

to

the

when

from

than

fact
laid

the

that
in

com­
the

windrow,

windrow

was

swath.
the

picking

variation
is

efficiency

due

depends

from

to t h e
on

the

efficiency

in

the

than

fact

mean
that

amount

the

the

com bine

the

other

picking

effi­

of the

vegetation

i

1 10

A lA O U A IT

OF S £ £ D
r

n

u

A u o u A jT

OF
o f

S££B

OSID

O S!

JfA jT
F>/CFC£ D

a*

B £C 0v/U £0

ru e
£AC FF

FBOM

F t£ L O

b b

/o

b

TO

F V ^ B ^ 'S S T /A /O

f/B S T

HABVCST
AA£TFFO O

T H B £ S F -t/F J G

.

OOA

PAN

VACUUM
M ADVtSTEH

Figure

50.

COMBINE
WINDROW

COMBINE
SW ATH

C o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s of t h e p i c k i n g a n d o v e r ­
a l l e f f i c i e n c i e s of the fo u r h a r v e s t i n g m e t h o d s
o n f i e l d N o . 3.

Ill
growth;
of t h e

the

heavier

and any

dollars
ferent

difference

other

An

attem pt

versus

the

better

the

picking ability

made

This

was

over-all

in

Table

XI.

The

shows

the

definite

harvesting

F ie ld No.

test

per

relative

price

yield

when

of t h e

m ethod

by

of e a c h

acreage

income
the

in

four

dif­

of ZOO p o u n d s
method

L adino

51

advantage

the

vacuum

total

of e a c h

Figure

m erit

econom ical

m ethod

on a

pound.

the

harvested

efficiency

retail

the

significant.

estim ate

based

the

of t h e

to

of a c r e s

acre;

representation

between

statistically

number

$1.75

the

was

was

to be

to

the

efficiencies

per

assumed

uum

in

m ethod

methods.

shown

It

growth,

com bine.
The

seed

the

shows

being

seed was
the

harvesting

of u s i n g
exceeds

of

the

graphical
method.
vac­

15 a c r e s .

4

The

experim ent

on f ie ld

the

perform ance

of t h e

clover
A rea

had

been

covered

Amount
and
Pounds

of

picked

4 were

B rillion

by t h e

hay

conducted

vacuum

in o r d e r

harvester

after

loader.

= 8 acres

clean

seed

threshed
of

No.

seed

by

per

recovered
the

acre

combine
= 48. 62

from

the

= 3 89

hay

pounds

loader

1 12

* 6000

*ooo

4 0 0 0

4<T4

M )o

io o e

2000

a

Figure

51.

c

r

e

s

E s tim a te d total incom e v e r s u s n u m b e r
using different h a rv e s tin g m eth o d s.

of a c r e s

113
P e r f o r m a n c e o £ t he

Weight

of c l o v e r

= 3093
Weight

with

the

seed

was

following

by

Brillion

seed

picked

Weight

of d i r t

Weight

of s c a l p i n g

Weight

of d i r t

com bine
cleaned

=

in

by t h e

1050

the

=

Brillion

pounds

Clipper

seed

cleaner

5 75 p o u n d s

collected

=

378 p o u n d s

—

blown

65 p o u n d s
-

32 p o u n d s

=

seeds

harvester

results:

of s e e d

stones

t he

further

Weight

The

H arvester

pounds

t h r e s h e d in

Total

with

collected

of u n c l e a n c l o v e r

and
This

Brillion

105 0

were

and

sand

a

further

still

of t h e

far

from

same

clean

size

as

pounds

and

that

were

mixed

of t h e

Ladino

seed.
After

cleaning

in a

seed

com m ercial

Weight

of u n c l e a n e d

=575

Weight

of d i r t

= 38 3

pounds

W eight

of dirt

blown

= 08

Weight

of c l e a n

seed

- 124 p o u n d s

Pounds

of c l e a n

seed

per

seed

cleaner:

pounds

pounds

acre

=

124/8

=

15. 5 p o u n d s

114
TABLE

XI I

P E R F O R M A N C E O F HAY L O A D E R A N D
BULLION VACUUM H A R V ESTE R
Field 4

P o u n d s of
Clean Seed
pe r A c r e

Estim ated

yield

THE

Pe r c ent

1 5 fa. 54

100.00

A m o u n t of s e e d r e c o v e r e d
by h a y l o a d e r

48 . o2

31 . 10

A m o u n t of s e e d r e c o v e r e d
by B r i l l i o n h a r v e s t e r

15. 50

9. 92

Total

o4. 12

41 . 02

recovery

i

THE

DESIGN

The

1950

OF

A

SWATH

sum m er

VACUUM

experim ents

HARVESTER

established

the

following

facts:
(1)
higher

H arvesting

threshing
(2)

tative

grow th

the

was

F or
m ore

desirable

when

harvesting
a

included

swath
m ost

G eneral

The

a

difficult

a

swath

windrow

large

acreage.

the

swath

gave

a

harvesting.

operation

when

the

vege­

tall.

between

the

vacuum
of

w indrow

the

the

w indrow s

were

m issed

harvester.

reasons

than

from

b inches

heads

windrow

these

a

than

seed

clover

than

was

less

Loose

vacuum

design

efficiency

W indrowing

(3)
by

Ladino

harvester,

desirable

D escription

of t h e

vacuum
vacuum
An

harvester
harvester,

attem pt

shown

will

in

was

Figure

be

especially
made
52,

to
that

features.

D esigned

Vacuum

H arvester

F ram e

The
behind

a

harvester

tractor

while

is

of t h e

the

trailer-type

clover

collecting

unit

to

wagon

be
will

driven
be

hitched

1 l b

TO TRAILER
SWIVEL

CLARA QE

JOINT

EXHAUSTER

NO 17

FLEXIBLE s p i r a t u b e

VACUUM PICKUP NOZZLE

ELEVA TION

Mt »-«

MICHIGAN

STATE COLLEGE

M M OULTUM l

VACUUM

M

M

1 M

H

OCPT

HARVESTER

to-

PLAN

Figure

52.

Proposed

vacuum

harvester

- assem bly

drawing.

117
to

its

rear.

to

provide

The

installation

4 —c y l i n d e r
the

fuel

The

Nozzle

The

uum

unit.

in

shaft

53,

17 C l a r a g e

cooled

engine,

in F i g u r e

Therefore,

nozzle
that

can

swing

This

when

easily

to

be

was

designed

exhauster,

the

54,

the

be

power

is

a

VP

transm ission

designed

nozzle

is

converted

connected

inserted

fram e

around

be

its

as

fulcrum

due

to

arrangem ent

will

allow

of t h e

Two
with

make

heavy
the

it

the

to

into a

shown

allowance

regularity

fram e

is

can

harvester

vertical

and

Figure

to be

detached,

into

a

a

the

grain

vac­

unloader.

the

will

a No.

shown

m achine

The
of a

air

in

tank.

nozzle,

harvesting

shown

for

W isconsin

and

separate

fram e,

fram e

slot A and

in F i g u r e

F-F

(Figure

slot A in
the

the

the

nozzle

a

53.
54)

by m e a n s
bearing

The
with

nozzle
a

harvester

pick-up

B

certain
fram e.

to f i t

the

ir­

ground.
springs

harvester

respond

connecting
fram e

readily

will

to t h e

the

end

partly
contour

of t h e

balance
of

the

nozzle
the

field.

nozzle

ISOMETRIC

VIEW

M IC H I G A N

S T A T E COLLEGE

ADNIOUCTURAL. I N M K I M M

OCPT.

VACUUM HARVESTER
____________ F R A M E _________
PLANW O
DRAWN
TRACED
CHECKED

F i g u r e 53.

Vacuum

• .D .N
D .D .N
•D.N
W .M C

harvester

M AT
A W.M.S

fram e.

l»W

119
j®

14

HYDRAULIC
CASTER
HOOK

WHEEL

FOR LIFTINC

NO ZZ LE

io:

CYLINDER

THE N O ZZ LE

FRAME

IO
HARVE S T E R

ISOMETRIC

FRAME

VIEW
I ' l SO* S H A F T
SHOOK A B S O R S E R
CASTER
PICK UF

SCALE

WHEEL FRAME
SHAFT

SUCTION
RANT
NO

SR R IN S

N O ZZ LE

O I S C HINT IO N

MICHIGAN

STATE

ASmCULTJNAL

CN<

COLLEGE

IC ftlM S OCRT

VACUUM PICK UP A SSE M B LY
PL ARN ED
DRAWN
TRACED
CHECKED

Figure

54.

Vacuum

pick-up

ES N
ASM
M Y IS S I
A AM
W.M.C A ( M l

assem bly.

120
C aster
nozzle
the

while

caster

the

ing

a

the

nozzle

can

(Figure

the

highway.

The

nozzle

17-inch

Tubing

T he

Pick-up

is

at

This

will

than

if t h e

the

axle.

the

one

pick-up
a

enable

be

angle

along

the

axes

of

shocks.
by

12)

means

when

connected

to

spiratube

of a

chain

the

harvester

the

blow er

attached
is

travel­

by m e a n s

m anufactured

assem bly,
to

the

pick-up
nozzle

pick-up,

located

to the

by

the

of

F lex­

(18).

nozzle

the

flexibility

axle

of

the

fingers

to

cover

assem bly

shown

by the

designed

in

Innes

were

Figure

to

pick

harvester
m ore

located
55,

Company

is
(22),

a

5-foot

w heels.

ground

parallel
the

same

with

area
to
as

t he

m odifications:
Most

springs
on

part

flexible

m anufactured

(1)

clover

o

pick-up
The

following

flat

20

the

raised

54,

Corporation

The
swath,

be

m aneuvering

cylinders

absorb

will

diam eter

ible

give

hydraulic
will

hooks

on

will

wheels

The
to

w heels

designed

the

stubble.

to

of

the

give

pick-up
a

better

fingers

are

disturbing

made
action

of
to

5/8"
the

width

©

©

SIDE VIEW

E L E VAT I ON

H U *

fl6
10

15

SJ CTi CN

I NSPECTION

I

SPROCKET

•

f in g e r

T

MEAD

000*

4

ROTO*

2*X 2*

S

fla t

2

ROUND

2 iX I i

12

PiC* J P

teeth

P lC KUP

0*1)1*

end

SHAFT

0*1 VE END

SPROCKET
0 *IV E

END

SHELL

SPRING FINBER
SECTION

SPRING FINBER

BA*
PA*1

d e s c

lO-TOOTM

ASSEMBLE

ST JB

FRANC

DRIVE END

shaft

OAIVE

13

I 'I

•

•

L

Wit

S E C T ION

SHAFT

S

NC/L^E

hinge

14

STUB

* i p t i c n

DESCRIPTION

NT

MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
SCALE

10"

VAC'JUM PICK-UP

20”

AGRICULTURAL CNGMCCRMG DEPT

1 PI CK- UP ASSEMBLY

N O .M .E

| P*AWCO G B M

OffAW
N

60 H

may iw
&i

iJ m a t , H
cA*HS

F i g u r e 55.

Pick-up assembly.

121

SEC E.EJ

122
(2)
flat

Some

springs,

are

Therefore
m aterial
ish

sweeping

the

field.

drum ,

that

they

every

scooping

fork.

w rapping

autom atically

Power

The
ured
35

that

or

then

All

them selves

up the

springs

rows

on

pick-up

has

will

a
On

are

put

extending

and

retracting

will
of

occur

entwined

to

like

because
weeds

heavy
fin­

rotor

retracts.

underneath,

than

m aterial.

fingers

from

clogging

engineering
pick-up

for

field

m achine.

field

conditions,

possible

and

shorter

or

piston
the

work

a

with

pitch­

fingers

and

clover.

Transm ission

the

r.p .m .

strip

The

pick

flat

staggered

inch

heavy

will

it.

m aterial

one
the

flexible

in

with

m otion

lift

springs

cylinder,

lifting

to

m ore

again.

of t h e

and

No

the

em erge

turn

stiff

spaced

revolve

all

stiff f i n g e r s ,
order

and

are

and

lifts

up-stroke
with

fingers

in

round

longer

action

The

the

the

p i c k —u p

a

included

and

Steel

round

each

without

This
but

departm ent

rotor
one

mile

may
for

causing

should

be

per

the

revolve
hour

varied

gentle
the

of

Company

approxim ately

forward

travel

considerably

handling

windrow

Innes

to

it

should

"arc"

up .

fig­
30

of t h e

depending
be

as

to

slow

on
as

the

123

pulled
is

If t h e

speed

apart.

As

intended

speed

will

to

be

vary

The

ured

five

one

to

three

than

forward

from

2 —1 / 2

power
depends

faster

the

from

of c o u r s e
that

is

75 t o

required
on

the

horsepower
would

be

necessary,

travel
to

100

3 m iles

per

windrow

vacuum
hour,

is

harvester
the

rotor

r.p. m.

to d r i v e

m aterial
would

of t h e

the

be

the

pick-up

is

being

handled.

the

m axim um

sm all,
It i s
and

and

fig­

usually

sufficient.

I

DISCUSSION

The

actual

accom plished

by

of m e t h o d s .

The

harvesting

1.

A.

B.

any

dark

of

is

and

Argum ent

CONCLUSIONS

of L a d i n o

several

argum ents

clover

methods,

for

and

seed

may

be

or

by a

com bination

against

each

m ethod

of

are:

harvesting

Mowing
to

harvesting

procedure

Vacuum

AND

done
from

from

swath

when

the

daylight

to

when

dry

clover
10:00

is

enough
tough

to

thresh

7:00

p.m .

a.m .

for:

(1)

T h e c l o v e r c a n be t h r e s h e d f r o m the
s t o r e d u n t i l c o n v e n i e n t to t h r e s h .

(2)

T h e w e i g h t of v e g e t a t i v e
g r e a t l y r e d u c e d by f i e l d

(3)

The hay, a fte r th re s h in g ,
in a s ta c k o r m o w .

(4)

T h e h a r v e s t e r s h o u l d be a b l e to t r a v e l a t a h i g h e r
sp eed than safe for m ow ing, and p o ssib ly c o v er
two a c r e s p e r h o u r .

A rgum ent

m aterial
drying.
is

dry

to

wagon

be

or

hauled

enough

to

is

keep

against:

(1)

Mowing

is

very

difficult

when

grass

is

tough.

(2)

If r a i n e d on i n s w a t h , t h e m a t e r i a l , e s p e c i a l l y if
s h o r t , is d r i v e n down into the s tu b b l e a n d new
g r o w t h c o m e s up t h r o u g h the s w a t h .

125

2.

(3)

A m e c h a n i c a l p i c k - u p w a s d e c l a r e d n e c e s s a r y by
M cK ibben , D e x te r and Sheldon a f t e r m a n y t r i a l s
w i t h s e v e r a l s i z e s a n d s h a p e s of p i c k - u p n o z z l e s .

(4)

D irt, stones, and dead m a te r ia l fro m previous
g r o w t h a d d t o t h e w e i g h t a n d b u l k of m a t e r i a l
g a t h e r e d and m a k e the s e e d c le a n in g m o r e d if fi ­
cult.

(5)

Harvesting operations
good w e a t h e r .

(b)

T h e s u c t i o n n o z z l e m u s t be w i d e e n o u g h f o r d e s i r e d
w i d t h of s w a t h a n d l a r g e e n o u g h t o a c c o m m o d a t e
the m e c h a n i c a l p i c k - u p d e v i c e .

(7)

P o w e r r e q u i r e d by t h e
s i z e of s u c t i o n n o z z l e .

Vacuum
The
windrow
A.

harvesting
clover

should

by m e a n s

A rgum ents

from

of a

are

lim ited

blower

is

to

afternoons

proportional

of

to

windrow

be

mowed

when

cente r —
delivery

tough and
windrow

put in
attachm ent.

for:

(1)

W i d t h of s u c t i o n n o z z l e n e e d e d i s r e d u c e d .
Less
d irt, stones, and m a t e r i a l f r o m p revious growth
w i l l m a k e e a s i e r t h e c l e a n i n g o p e r a t i o n of t h e
seed.

(2)

M o r e of t h e m a t e r i a l
c a n g e t a t it.

(3)

A s tro n g e r suction
s i z e of b l o w e r a n d

is

up w h e r e

the

c a n be p r o d u c e d
engine.

air

with

stream

a

given

12b

B.

3.

(4)

A m e c h a n i c a l p i c k - u p i s n o t n e c e s s a r y , a n d if i t
i s n e e d e d , it will be s h o r t e r .
The c le a r a n c e b e ­
tw ee n a s h o r t c y l in d e r and the gro u n d is l e s s a f ­
f e c t e d by a n u n e v e n g r o u n d s u r f a c e .

(5)

The

A rgum ents

may

be

faster

than

a full

swath.

against:

T h e d r y i n g r a t e of t h e c l o v e r i n a w i n d r o w i s
s l o w e r t h a n w h e n it i s in a s w a t h .
The w e a th e r
h a z a r d is t h e r e f o r e i n c r e a s e d a n d the m a t e r i a l
m a y m o l d if r a i n e d o n .

(2)

Loose
tainly

(3)

In a w e t
th e re is
chanical

s e a s o n w in drow s a r e le s s d e s i r a b l e when
a heavy vegetative growth, unless a m e ­
d r i e r is used.

from

cutter

This

A.

of t r a v e l

(1)

Suction

day

rate

seed heads
be m i s s e d .

the

operation

12:00

noon

A rgum ents

to

the

windrows

will

cer­

bar

should
c:00

between

be

done

during

the

heat

of t h e

p.m .

for:

(1)

T h e w h o l e h a r v e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e i s r e d u c e d to o n e
o p e r a t i o n o v e r the f i e l d and c o n s e q u e n t l y , l e s s
m a n - h o u r s a r e r e q u i r e d in the field.

(2)

T h e h i g h e s t p o s s i b l e p e r c e n t of t h e
w h i c h a r e a b o v e the knife s e c t i o n s
l e c t e d a t t h e t i m e of c u t t i n g .

(3)

T h e m i n i m u m a m o u n t of d i r t ,
stones, and dead
m a t e r i a l f r o m p r e v i o u s g r o w t h w i l l be p i c k e d up.

seed heads
w i l l be c o l ­

127

B.

4.

(4)

L e s s suction and le ss power
to lift the m a t e r i a l
f o r a g i v e n w i d t h of s w a t h w i l l b e r e q u i r e d .

(5)

Uncut

(b)

No m e c h a n i c a l
tion nozzle.

Ladino

A rgum ents

The

lifting

subject

to d a m a g e

device

is n eed e d

by
in

rain.
the

suc­

against:

M echanical

(2)

M a t e r i a l a f t e r p a s s i n g th ro u g h the b lo w e r
p a s t y a n d too d e n s e to d r y e a s i l y .

(3)

H a r v e s t i n g o p e r a t i o n i s l i m i t e d to a b o u t fiv e o r
s i x h o u r s p e r d a y of g o o d w e a t h e r .
Cuttin g e a r l y
in the day, o r in u n f a v o r a b l e w e a t h e r , would i n ­
c r e a s e t h e l o a d of w a t e r t o b e r e m o v e d b y m e c h a n ­
ical drying.
T h e a v e r a g e c u t wi l l be a p p r o x i m a t e l y
one a c r e p e r h o u r with f i v e —
foot c u t t e r b a r an d
t w o m i l e s p e r h o u r , r a t e of t r a v e l .

(4)

C o m b i n a t i o n of t h e m o w i n g a n d l i f t i n g o p e r a t i o n
u s u a l l y r e d u c e s the o v e r - a l l p r o d u c t i o n belo w th at
of t h e s l o w e s t u n i t i n t h e c o m b i n a t i o n .
A stoppage
of a n y o n e s t o p s a l l .

drying

with

heated

air

is

necessary.
becomes

pan m e th o d
harvesting

evenings.

A

large

the

as

the

clover
needed

The

less

(1)

This

is

is

to

covers

or

threshed

is

pieces

the

is

done

attached
moves

m aterial

m aterial

large
from

pan,

mower

rake

collected

operation

cocks

back

to t h e
along.
away

stacked

in

of S i s a l k r a f t
when

during

dry.

forenoons

cutter
A

from

bar,

second
the

collects

operator

cutter

small

cocks

paper.

The

and

bar.

on w a g o n
clover

is

128
A rgum ents

for:

(1)

Less

extra

(2)

T h i s m e t h o d will s a v e a ll the
the knife s e c t i o n s at the ti m e

(3)

T h e m a t e r i a l c a n be h a u l e d in to a m e c h a n i c a l
d r i e r at any convenient tim e a fte r cu ttin g .

A rgum ents

5.

B.

special

equipment

used.

seed heads
of c u t t i n g .

M ore

(2)

L im ited

(3)

Danger

(4)

If t h e c o c k s a r e l e f t m o r e t h a n a
c l o v e r u n d e r t h e m w ill be k i l l e d .

(5)

W eather

hand
to

labor

required.

sm all

acreage.

of m o l d i n g

from

H arvesting

(2)

Reduced

(3)

The whole
one m a n .

(4)

B etter threshing
f r o m windrow.

(1)

cocks.
few

days,

the

the

swath

for:

(1)

A rgum ents

in

hazard.

harvesting

A rgum ents

above

against:

(1)

Combine
A.

or

and

hazard

threshing
of

done

clover

harvesting

in

being

operation

efficiency

than

one

operation.

heated

and m olded.

can

done

be

when

by

combining

against:

L a d i n o c l o v e r i s u s u a l l y t o o s h o r t to b e
e f f i c i e n t l y by the c o m b i n e p i c k - u p .

picked

129

b.

(2)

A lthough t h r e s h i n g effic ien cy is b e t t e r than when
com bining f r o m windrow , yet a high p e r c e n ta g e
of s e e d w i l l b e m i s s e d b y t h e f i r s t t h r e s h i n g of
t h e c o m b i n e u n l e s s t h e t a i l i n g s of t h e c o m b i n e a r e
collected and th re sh e d again.

(3)

If i t h a s r a i n e d o n t h e s w a t h , t h e m a t e r i a l e s p e ­
c ia lly when s h o r t , is d r i v e n down into the stubble
a n d n e w g r o w t h c o m e s up t h r o u g h the s w a t h m a k ­
ing it m o r e d i f fi c u lt f o r the c o m b i n e to p ic k it up.

Combine
A.

B.

harvesting

A rgum ents

from

for:

(1)

Harvesting

(2)

B e tte r picking
fro m swath.

(3)

The

whole

A rgum ents

windrow

and

threshing
efficiency

operation

can

done
than

be

in one
when

done

operation.

combining

by one

man.

against:

(1)

D r y i n g r a t e of t h e c l o v e r i n a w i n d r o w i s s l o w e r
r e s u l t i n g i n a l o w e r t h r e s h i n g e f f i c i e n c y of t h e
c o m b i n e t h a n w h en h a r v e s t i n g f r o m the s w ath .

(2)

Windrowing

(3)

S h a t t e r i n g of t h e
the c l o v e r .

(4)

T h e h a z a r d of c l o v e r b e i n g h e a t e d a n d m o l d e d
i n c r e a s e d w h e n l a i d in the w i n d r o w .

is

added

to t h e

seed

may

harvesting
result

when

operation.
windrowing

is

130
R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S ON H A R V E S T I N G P R O C E D U R E F O R
D I F F E R E N T CONDITIONS O F V E G E T A T IV E GROWTH
U ND ER V A R IA B LE W E A T H E R CONDITIONS

Kind

of V e g e t a t i o n

W eather
Condition

Recommended
H arv estin g Method

Tall vegetation
( 6 " a n d up)

Dry

season

(1)
(2)

Combine f ro m swath
Vacuum h arv est from
windrow

Tall vegetation
( b " a n d up)

Wet

season

(1)

Load fro m swath or
windrow and then sweep
field with v a c u u m h a r —
ve ste r
Vacuum harv est from
swath

(2)

Short vegetation
( L e s s t h a n b"
tall)

Dry

season

(1)

Vacuum
swath

harvest

from

Short

Wet

season

(1)

Vacuum
swath

harvest

from

M ix ed with o t h e r
forage crop

Dry

season

(1)
(2)

C om bine fr o m swath
Vac u u m h a r v e s t f r o m
windrow

M ixed with o t h e r
forage crop

Wet

season

(1)

L oad fro m swath or
windrow and then sweep
the field with v a c u u m
h a r v e ste r
Vacuum harvest from
swath

vegetation

(2)

LITERATURE

CITED

1.

A m e r ic a n S tru c tu ra l Steel and Tank C om pany.
V acuum leaf lo a d e r and s tr e e t c le a n e r(advertising
literature).
D etroit, M ichigan.

2.

Beeson,

K.

E.

R e p o r t of
agencies.
3.

4.

3.

o.

Brillion

Brown,

Carl,

s e e d c e r t i f i e d in 1949
Typew ritten report.

Iro n W o rk s, Inc.
V acuum h a rv e s te r (advertising
lion, W isc o n s in ,
1948.
H . R. , a n d J .
D u st c o n tro l in
1373,
1926.

O. R e e d .
grain elevators.

by s t a t e
USDA.

certifying

literature).

B ril­

USDA

Bull.

No.

T . H.
A c o m p a r i s o n of p r o c e d u r e s u s e d i n h a r v e s t i n g
alfalfa and alsik e clover seed.
Unpublished M .S.
thesis.
E a s t L a n s in g , M ic h ig an , M ichigan State
College lib ra ry ,
1949.

C larage

7.

Cox,

T.

8.

Cram p,

Fan Company.
The New C l a r a g e I m p r o v e d E x h a u s t e r .
No.
118-A.
K alam azoo, Michigan.

Catalog

F . , a n d C. R. M e g e e .
The c l o v e r an d c l o v e r s e e d p r o d u c t i o n in M ich iga n.
M ichigan A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t Station, Special
Bull. No.
13 0 , M a r c h ,
19 24 .
W.
P neum atic tra n s p o rt plants.
Chem.
207T-210T, 211T-213T,
1925.

and

Ind.

44:

13 2
9.

D a l l a v a l l e , T.

M.

M i c r o m e r i t i c s , t h e t e c h n o l o g y of f i n e p a r t i c l e s .
P i t m a n P u b l i s h i n g C o . , N. Y . f 1943.
10.

D exter,

S. T . ,

and

E.

G.

McKibben.

V a cu u m tyPe h a r v e s t e r fo r white c lo v e r seed.
M ichigan A g ric u ltu ra l E x p e r im e n t Station, Q u a r ­
t e r l y B u l l . V o l . 2 7 , N o . 3, F e b r u a r y ,
1945.
11.

D exter,

12.

E dler,

S. T . , a n d
W.
H. S h e ld o n .
The v a c u u m h a r v e s t e r for clo v er seed.
M ichigan
A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t Station, Q u a r t e r l y Bull.
Vol. 29, M ay,
1947.
G . C.
1950 A n n u a l
Agronomy.

m e e t i n g of t h e A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y
Typew ritten ad d re ss,
1950.

of

13.

Farm

Im p lem en t and
M ach in e ry Review.
Hosking pow er
g rass seed h arv ester.
E s s e x , England, S e p te m b e r 1, 1 9 4 1 .

14.

Farm

Im p le m e n t and
M ach in ery Review.
Hosking
s e e d c o l l e c t o r b a g g e r . E s s e x , E n g l a n d , p.
S e p t e m b e r 1, 1 9 4 2 .

15.

Farm

Im p lem en t and
M a c h in e ry Review.
A wild oat a n d
weed seed collector.
E s s e x , E n g l a n d , p. 377,
August,
1948.

16.

Fisher

grass
393,

and P o r t e r Company.
A n e w e r a in li q u id a n d g a s flow m e a s u r e m e n t .
C atalog sectio n 10-D.
Hatboro, Pennsylvania,
1947.

17.

18.

F isher

Flexible

and P o r t e r Company.
T h e o r y of the f l o w r a t o r .
Catalog
H atboro, Pennsylvania,
1947.
Tubing C o rp o ratio n .
Spiratube catalog S-4.

Branford,

section

98—
A.

Connecticut.

133
19.

Fortune

M agazine.
C a l i f o r n i a ; t h e f i r s t a n d l ast , w o r d i n m e c h a n i z a ­
tion.
p. 9 4 - 9 5 , O c t o b e r , 1 9 4 8 .

20.

Fuller,

G.

C.

H a r v e s tin g native g r a s s seed .
Ag r i c u l t u r a l
n e e r i n g 17:195-197, May, 1936.

Engi -

21.

Im plem ent and T ractor.
F o r a g e seed g r o w e r s develops new h a r v e s t e r s ,
p. 3 2 —3 3 , 1 0 2 —103, F e b r u a r y 3, 1 9 5 1 .

22.

Innes

Company.
Innes

23.

Jenning,

windrow

pick-up.

Bettendorf,

M.
P n e u m a t i c c o n v e y i n g in t h e o r y a n d
E n g in e e ring 1 50:3b l-3 6 3, 1940.

Iowa,

1950.

practice.

24.

Love,

H. H.
E x p e r i m e n t a l m e t h o d s in a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h .
T h e A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n of t h e U n i v e r ­
s i t y of P u e r t o R i c o , Rio P i e d r a s , P u e r t o R i c o ,
1943.

25.

M i c h i g a n S t a t e Co l Le g e .
L adino clover.
F a r m Crops D epartm ent.
lished m anuscript, F eb ru ary ,
19 4 8 .

Unpub­

2b.

Nelson,

L. M.
I r r i g a t i o n t r a n s f o r m s an O r e g o n d e s e r t .
Im plem en t and T r a c t o r .
p p . 2 6 - 2 7 , 42, M a r c h 3, 1951

27.

Parks,

R . R. , a n d J . P . F a i r b a n k .
Suction m achines for harvesting alm onds.
A gric u l tu r a l Enginee ring 29:305-30b, July,
1948.

28.

Sheldon,

W. H. , a n d S. T . D e x t e r .
H a r v e s t i n g Ladino c lo v er s e e d with a v a c u u m h a r ­
vester.
Michigan A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t Station
Q u a r t e r l y B u l l . V o l . 31, N o . 2.
pp. 2 1 5 - 2 1 8 ,
N o v e m b e r , 19 4 8 .

134
29.

Sutherland,

G.

R.

A vacuum h a r v e s te r for legume seed s.
Unpub­
lished M .S. th e sis, M adison, W isconsin, U n iv e r­
s i t y of W i s c o n s i n L i b r a r y ,
1948.
30.

Tesar,

M.

B.

"They
A pril,
31

Like Ladino. "
1951.

Michigan

Farm er,

pp.

5,

32,

USDA.
A gricultural statistics.
Field seed
c l e a n s e e d , U. S . , 1 9 2 9 - 1 9 4 9 .
p.

p r o d u c t i o n of
314, 1949.

32.

USDA,

B u r e a u of A g r i c u l t u r a l E c o n o m i c s .
M iscellaneous clover and g ra s s seeds,
1919-1947,
Typewritten m anuscript.
W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. ,
J u n e , 194 8 .

33 .

USDA,

P ro d u ctio n M arketing A dm inistration.
Wanted]
M ore g r a s s and legume seed.
Figures
c o l l e c t e d b y P . M. A . on p r o d u c t i o n a n d n e e d s
of 18 s e e d s .
W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . ,
195 0 .

34.

U.

35.

W h e e l e r , W. A .
F o r a g e and P a s t u r e C ro p s.
C o . , I n c . , N. Y. , 1 9 5 0 .

36 .

S.

D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e .
W eather b ureau station m e teo ro lo g ical su m m a ry ,
L ansing and G rand Rapids stations, Michigan.
June, July, A ugust, S e p te m b e r ,
1950.

D.

Van N o s t r a n d

W i l e m a n , R. H. , a n d N. K. E l l i s .
A m achine for collecting fallen pepperm int leaves.
A g r i c u l t u r a l E nginee ring 24:237-3 8, July,
194 3 .

37.

Zink,

F r a n k J.
S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y a n d a i r s p a c e of g r a i n s a n d s e e d s ,
Ag r i c u l t u r a l E n g i n e e r i n g lt o : 4 3 9 - 4 4 0 , N o v . , 1935.

38.

Zink,

F r a n k J.
D e s i g n of a m a c h i n e f o r h a r v e s t i n g b u f f a l o g r a s s
seed.
A g r i c u l t u r a l Enginee ring 17:197-198, May,
193b.