THE SIS by Franoes W. Sly 1902. Autumn Tints of Trees and Shrubs on the Campus. The fall of Nineteen hundred when my observations were made was a short one, the aufumn colors ahowang almost entirely during the month of October. A very few showin~ color in September while some carried their color into November. My observations were made almost entirely on the Colle~ campus for here all the varieties could be found within a small enough space so that observations could be ~ade every day. My object was to determine t ne exact color of' trees and anr-ubs , date when color first apr>eared, when color was fUll and when the leaves fall. I took the predominating color of the greater part of the leaves, for often a tree would have a few leaves of different tint but not enough to change color of tree. I classified the trees and shrubs according to seven general. classes. Ist.- Trees and. shrubs that show pure yellow 2nd.- Trees and shrubs that show a mixture Of rusty green and -2- yellow. 3rd.- The green of summer unc hanged , or but sligl1tl~r. 4th.- Trees and shrubs that show a J)redorninanceof green Wi t n more or lASS yelicw, red and J)urple of different shades. 5'tll.- Purple, crimson and scarlet with only a little green or yellow. Bth.- var/gated .& with all the above colors on the same or differen t trees of same speciEs. 7th.- Passing through shades of dark chocolate, brovnl, salmon and violet. I found yellow to be the prevailing color a~ong the trees with reds among the a.rrubs , As I made my classification there are twenty-fi,re families represented. The tables have the families with Latin and common names, the common names arranged in alphabetical order, the numbers at the left of the varieties indicating to which of the seven color divisions they belong, also the dates, color, Latin and COt.'1IIlOn names of each variety. -3- The similarity of dates ~s due to the fact that a heavy frost would affect a number of trees, fading the colors and loosening the leaves, the strong autunn al, winds would bare a tree atnoat in J. day. The earl~r part of the fall the maples rurru.sn the brilliant color, for no other tree shows as many or as vivid colors as the different species of this family. Tlle gorgeous effect produced by the yellOW, scarlet, oran~e and crimson lasted UTltil the frost of the twentieth faded them and within fi,'e days the trees were bare. The d.'1fferent speCies, five days brings then all to fUll color and within another equal period of time the leaves of all different trees are gone. The poplaes come about the same time as the maples and all belong to class one, the leaves were imperfect because of'rust spots but a perfect leaf showed a pure yellow tint in every case. The shrubs and trees of the rose family come under five different classes but the greater number under the first and fourth. T he Pulse famil~r comes unde:t'class one t with the exception of the rose acacia which has so little yellow that it comes under class three. All of the Ashes go under class sev wld.1 e the lilacs which belong to the same family go under the yellows of' class one. -4- All of the nettle family are included under class one. In the cashew family the sumach goes under class five and the smoke tree goes under class one. J'he saxifrage family has four shrubs represented, each one under a different class. The last par-t of the fall the oaks give the color, they lack the brightness and gayety of the maples and bushes but they are quite as beautifUl in their quiet way. All of the oaks come under class six and their crimson purple and garnet with only a little yellow gives a more sombre effect. They last until the last of November, some even clinging to the tree during the winter, as if loth to leave until the green su~~er comes to cover its bareness. There are a number of trees of families that have only one or two represented, these usually belong to one class so I have not mentioned them. Families show different classes instead of all spOO!ies beloneing to one class. By far the greater number of trees come under the yellows of class one. The most beautifUl colors b~long to the maples and oaks of class six. Class two includes chiefly shrubs where no marked amount of colOrs appeaI\3,from green the leaves sear -5- and fall. Autumn colors are not caused by frost but are due to natu.ral changes. The year when the frost comes late gives the most gorgemus foliage. Frost is a destroying agent killing the color and causing t ne leaves to fall. Heat is another color destroyer, fading their brilliant tints. Cool weather without frost is necessary for brilliant ausumna; colors. -6- Families Rep~esented: Common Name - Amaryllis Family, Oak Family, Barberry " , Oleaster 1/ Birthwort " Plane tree " , Birch Pine " 1/ Cashew 1/ , Pulse 1/ Dogwood R , Rose 1/ , Guiaing 1/ Staff tree 1/ , Heath 1/ Saxi f'.r age " , Honeysuckle 1/ Soapberry , " " , Laurel II , Tamarisk H , Linden " , Vine II Magnolia 1/ , Willow " , Nettle " Walnut " , Olive u witch Hazel u • -?- Class 1. Class 2. Trees and shrubs that Trees and shrubs that show pure yellow alone. show a mixture of rusty green and yellOW. White :f() plar Lonbardy Poplar cottonwood American Aspen Bal~ of GIlead Poplar I~ Butternut weepinJ; Willow Black Walnut Shagbark Hickory Horse Chestnut snowca.i ; Tree Box Elder Common Locus't Ironwood Yellow-wood Tree . SPll'amore Blaclder Senna Buffalo BeEry Honey Locust Red Mulberry Japan Mulberry Corky Y.fhi te Elm American Elr~1 Class 3. Slippery Elm Osage Orange The green of su.mmer Broad-leaved Syringa Flowering Currant unchanged or but slightly. Norway Maple American Bladder-nut White or Silver Maple common catalpa comcon Elder Smoke-tree Japan Honeysuckle American Beech Rose Acacia DUtchman I s Pipe Hydrangea Tulip Tree Acer DillAtatum Cucumber tree English Ivy American Linden or B~sswobd American ¥~ite Birch Cano& or paper birch French Tamarisk Common Lilac Persian Lilac C OInm011!vfeadQwSweet. English Hawthorn Choke Cherry Wild red Cherry ,J apan Quince Choke Cherry Shrub Flowering Almond Spiraea Crenata Spiraea Rotnndifolia Sweet Bria:b -8- Class 4. Class 6. Trees and shrubs that show Varigated with all the above a predominance of green with colors on the same or different more or less yellow, red and trees of the same species. purple of different shades. Red Osier Rock or Sugar Maple Climbin::;Bitter-sweet Red or SWamp Maple. Spindle tree Black Sugar Maple snow-drop Sassafras Meck Orange Red Oak European Maple Scarlet Oak Purple flowering Raspberry White Oak Spiraea- Japanica Black Oak Nine-bark Class 5. Class '7. ~urple,crimson and scarlet Passing through shades of dark with oruv a little green or chocolate, brown, salmon and yellow. violet. Bush Honeysuckle Virginia Creeper Pepperidge Sweet Gum Flowering Dogwood Green. Ash Southern Cypress Black Ash Common Barberry Anenba-leaved Ash Japanese B~rberry Blue Ash Red Sumac1\- Gaitden Plum Smooth sumac~ Common Pear High bush Cranberry Shad Bush. Common Chokeberry Beach Plum -9- A MAR Y L LID ACE A E Am~Jllis F~ily, 4. Galanthus nivolis Snowdro1J• October st'h - aovn. November 1st. Yellow. -10- BIG NON I ACE A E Bignoni a Family. 1. catalpa kenoniaides CommonCatalpa. October 3rd - 17th - 27th. Golden Yellow. -11- B E R B E RID ACE A E Barberry Family. 5. Berberis vulgaris comaon barberry October 15th - 21th - November 12th. Dark Scarlet. 5. Berberis Japenica - Japanese Barberry. October 14th - 28th - November 13th. Scarlet and Yellow. -12- A R I S T 0 L 0 CHI ACE A E. Birthwort Family. 1. Ar1stolochia sipho Dutchman's Pipe. October 10th - 25th - Novel!ber 2nd. Golden Yellmv. -13- BET U LAC E A E Birch Family. 1. BetuJ.a alba v ar . populifolia - American ,rhite Birch. October 6th - 25th - November 1st. Corn yellow, shading into rich br-own on edges. 1. B&tula Popyrocea Canoe or Paper birch. October 5th - 25th - November 1st. Lemon yellow. -14- A N A CAR D I A C I A E Cashew Family. 1. Rhus catinus Smoke tree or Venetian sumach October 1st - 15th - 25th. Deep Orange Yellow. 5. Rhus typllina Staghorn or red sumach October 5th - 15th-30th. Bright scarlet. 5. Rhus glabr a - Smooth sumach Sep8mber 5th - 29th - October 6th. Bright scarlet. -15- COR N ACE A E Dogwood Family. 5. Nyssa multiflora. - Pepperidge. October 15th - 26th - 30th. Red and yellow. 5. Comus florida - Flowering dogwood. September 25th - October 12th - 18th. Purple and crimson. -16~ A R 0 L I ACE A E Ginsellg Family. Hedera helix True or English Ivy. October 6th - Jilowember28th. Yellowish cast. -1'7- E RIC ACE A E Heath Family. 5. Vi burmurnop1b.lus - High- bush cranberry. October 15th - 25th - 81st. Green and plum. -18- CAP R I F 0 L I ACE A E Honeysuckle Family. :5. $Gmbucus canadensis - Common or black-berried Elder. October 5th. 3. ~on1cera Japanica - Japan Honeysuckle. October 20th - November 2nd. 5• Dierv~lla 8es8i1if'011a - BUsh honeysuckle. October lOth - 23rd - 27th. Bright red, yellow and green. 1. Snowball tree. October 3:rd- lOth .... 25th. Rusty yellov{. -19- L il U RAe E A E. Laurel Family. 6. Sassafras officinale Sassafras October 1st - 23rd - 30th. Brigllt red and golden yellow. -20- TILI~CEEE. 1. Tilia amera e arra American lind.en or commonbasswood • October 1st - 23rd - 31st. Golden yellow. -21- MAG N 0 L I ACE A E Magnolia Family. 1. Liriodendron tulipifera TUl.i:ptree. October 1st - 23rd - 31st. Deep oranee yellow. 1. Magnolia acuminatA - CUJIIUmbertree. October 2nd - 18th - 31st. Deep yellow. -22- U R TIC ACE A E Nettle Family. 1. Morus rubra - Red mulberry October 16th - 17th - November 7th. flemon yellow. 1. Broussonetia pQpyrifera - Japan mulberry October 6th - 20th - November 2nd. Golden yellow. 1. Ulmus r4cemosa - Corky whi te e1n October 9th - 21st - November 19th. Deep golden yellow. 1. 1I1mus americana - American or white elm. October 8th - 25th - November lOth. Green predominant blotched with rust. 1. 1lJlmusfu1va - Slippery elm. October 16th - 22nd - November 1st. Golden yellow. 1. Haclura aurantiaca - common osage orange October 6th - 21st - November 2nd. Golden yello.w. • -23- CUP U L I FER A E Oak Family. 1. Fagus fer~ginea American beech. October ,2nd - 22nd - November 20tll. Golden yellow. 2. Ostrya virginica Ironwood October 12th - 29th - November 5th. Rusty orange, yellow and green. 6. Quercus rubra Red oak October 21st - 31st - November 12th. Lemon and 'pure yellow, gOlden-yellow, red ~ and pruple. 6. Quercus cGcciBa - Scarlet oak. October 19th - 29th - November loth. Bright red, brown, reddis!l yellow and grem 6. Quercus alba - White oak October lOth - 23rd - November 4th. G:a:rne,t , green and brovm and red. 6. Quercus tincterila - Yellow barked or black oak. October 12th - 23rd - November 5tll. Oran,:;e,yellow and brown. -24- E L A E A G N ACE A E Oleaster Family. 2. Shepperdia argentia Buffalo berry September 17th - Ootober 6th - 18th. Yellowish green. -25- ALEACEAE Olive Family. 7. Frax~us viridis Green ash October 5th - 18th - 25th Corn yellow, rusty green with purple . .,• Fraxibus s~mbucifolia - Black ash September 28th - October 6th - ~th. Purpl1sh green Wit]l salmon tints. 7. Anenba leaved ash. September 12th - 30th - October 6th. Rusty yellow and green. 1. syringa vUlgaris - Common lilac October 6th - 30th - November 9th. Lemon yellow. 1. Syringa Persica - Persian lilac October 9th - 31st - November lOth. Golden yellow. 7. FraxUlUs qUadrangulata - Blue ash. October 3rd - 21st - 31st. Rusty green and yellow with salmon. -26- ~E GUM I Ii 0 SA E Pulse Famil~r. 1. Robina pseadacacia - Common locust October 4th - 28th - November 2nd. Orange yellow. 1. Cladrastis tincteria - Yellow wood octobea 4th - 15th - seen. Brownish yell m; • 3. Robinia hispida Rose acacia Oct ober 15th. yellowish cast. 1. Calutea arboresceJlS - Comnon bladder- senna. October 31st - November 12th - 17th. Greenish yellow. 1. Gleditschia triacanthos - Common honey locust October 1st - 20th - 30th. Oranee yellow. -27- c0NIFERAE Pine Filmily :tI C~'1>ress Family. 5. Taxadium distichum - Southern c~rpress. October 16th - 27th - November 1st. Rusty red. -28- P L A TAN ACE A E Plane-tree Family. 2. Platanus ecc1dentQlis Sycamore October 4th - 17th - 30th. Lemon yellow and green. -29- R 0 SAC E A E Rose Family. 1. Spiraea S~icifola Common mead.ow sweet. October 8th - 31st - November 8th. Corn yellow. ..L. "I crAtaegus oxyacoutha English nawt norn October 3rd - 25th - November 3rd. Slight reddish cast on orange yellOW to brown on edges. 1. Prut'JUslI'irginiana- Choke-cherry October lOth - 25th -NdWember 3rd. Golden yellow wi t n few tounches of reel. 1. Pruaus Pennsylvanica Wild r'edcherry October 6th - 19th - 29th. Brownish yellow. ' 1. Cydonia Japanica - Japan Quince October 19th - November 2nd - lOth. Rich golden yellow. 3. Choke cherry shrub October 8th 4. Spiraea Deuglasii - Douglas's meadow sweet. October 30th - November 4th - lOth. Bronze. 4. Sp1r~8 opulifolia - Nine b~ October 17th - 31st - November lOtl1. lLemon yellow. 4. Spiraea Japenica o etober 15th - 30th - November 5th. oranze , -30- ROSACEAE Rose Ftunily. 4. Rubus odoratus - Purple flowering raspberry October 15th - 30th - November 5th, Orange. 5. Pyrus arbutifdlma - Common chokeberry October 10th - 23rd - November 1st. Green, brick-red and purple. 1. Prunus amygdalus nana - Flowering almorid October 3rd - 20th - 31st. Lemon yellow. 7, P1lUlJUs domestica Garden Plmn October 20th-31st - November 7th. PUrplish pink and salmon. 5. Prunus maritima - Beach plum October 5th - 23rd - November 1st. Purple and crimson. 7. Pyrus communas - common pear October 6th - 18th - 31st. Deep vir-let and.red. 7. Amelouchier canadensis Shad bush October 3rd - 23rd - November 6th. Purple. 1. Spiraea trilebat,(l October lOth-31st - November 7th. Golden yelloW. 1. Spiraea crenata -31- R 0 SAC E A E ROBe Family. October 20th - November 5th - 13th. Yellow ochre. 1. Spiraea rotundi~olia October 25th - November 3rd - 12th Reddish yellow. 1. Rosa rubiginosa - Sweet briar October 20th - November 8th - 14th. Three shades of yellow-cream, lemon and golden- 'C E LAS T RAe E A E Staff-tree Family. 4. CeJ.astrus scllndens - Clinbing bittersweet October 7th - 22nd - November 1st. Golden yellow. 4• Eqonymus liuropaens - European spindle tree October 6th - 2Dth - November 3rd. Pure yellow. .. -33- S A X I F RAG ACE A E Saxigrage Family. 3. Hydrangea hortensia - Common hydrangea October 31st Brown. 4. Philade:phus coz-onar-aus - Common mock orange October 15th - 25th - November 2nd. Oranze and lemon yellow. 1. Philadelphus lcttifolius - Broad-leaveri_syringa October 4th - 20th - 30th. Golden yellow. 1. Ribes nigrum - Flowering currant October 1st - 15th - 21st . GOlden yellow. -34- SAP I N D ACE A E Soapberry Family. III Haple Family. 1. Acer platano1des Norway Maple ODtober 5th - 82nd - 30th. Pale 1emon yellow 2. Aesculus hippocastanum - Horse chestnut October 4th - 16th - 23rd. Rusty yellow and green. 2. Negundo aceroides - Box elder October 1st - 20th ~ 25th. Lemon yellow the predominant green to br-own blotches. ~. Acer dilatatum October 31st. Touches of brick-red. 6. European maple. October 8th - 23rd- November 1st. Pure yell ow . 6. Acer sacchariDum - Rock or sugar maple October 13th - 21st - November 1st. Birck red yellow and green. 6 • Acer Rubrum Red or swamp maple October 13th - 22nd - 30th. yellow predominating with red shades. Ef~t of magarrt a , 6. Acer nigrum Black sugar maple October 7th - 9.lst- 29th Lemo~ yellow, s'arlet, brightened With yellow. -35- SAP I N D ACE A E Soapberry Family. III Haple family. 1. stophylea trifolia - Amerioan bladdernut Ootober loth - ?~rd - 30th. Lemon yellow. 1. Aoer dasyoarpum - White or silver maple Ootober 19th - 31st - November 4th Deep orange yellow - large amount of rust. -36- TAM A R I SCI N E A E Tamarisk Family. 1. Tamarix gallica French tamarisk Oct ('\ ber 8th - Novern~r)er3rd - 18th. Brownish yellow. -37- VITAcAE Vine Family. 7. 'Ampelopsis quinque:fo1ia - Virginia creeper. September 25th - October Gth - 18th From bright scarlet to vivid red, cr irason and violet. -38- SALICACEAE Willow It'at;lily. 2. Populus monilifera - cottonwood October 1st - 23rd - 30th. Deep yellow with rusty spots. 6. SAlix purpmrea Redosier October 12th - 20th - November 1st. Deep red, purple and green on same leaf'. 1. Populus alba - White p~lar September 15th - 21th - 30th. Deep orange yellow. 1. PopUlus dilatata Lombardy p0}11ar October 6th - 20th - 3~t. Golden yellow with rsut 1. Populus tremuloides American aspen. October 1st - lfith- 29th Golden yellow. 1. Populus cand1cans - Balm of Gilead poplar October 3rd - lOth - 30th. Yellow. 1. Sdlix babylonica We~pingwil1ow. October 21st - November 3rd-llth. Lemon yellow. -39- JUGLANDACEAE Walnut Family 2. Jugl.ans cinerea - Butternut Octmber 1st - 15th - 24th Clear yellow and ggeen. 2. Juglans nigra Black walnut September 22nd - oct obez- 2nd - 17th. Rusty oz-anze . 1. carva alba Shagbark hickory October 7th - 19th - 30th. Deep orange with brown spots. -40- HAMAMELOCEAE Witch-hazel Family. 7. Liquidambar styraciflua - Sweet gum tree September 30th - October loth - 18th. Salmon and Violet.