A Cs Bie belobile a Pie ae at hd I : ; . hI ry } 7 a " ny i 4 WOO ‘ i ‘d € a si its ‘ ae : 5 * . LJ t _ > a ue “Tree Studies H.P. Baker. i901 e ae ; SE ee —— = aiecos x . Ne - . bi * S be b » iS ) ‘ PY K ih C *; | Ps te , M 4 f y A i C) Pan rhe Y z 7 : h # ¥! * , te ® Pe “ i 5 s F c ‘ ; ; ‘ H % i ‘ C f hae rf c P r i ( H * . a ny ry a 4 bd Ad 4 } Fi EF Ce ‘ i , a Ff s s ri e ib ‘ H ! 4 « J Li Pi . J F ( Hie * [+4 > - Michigan Agricultural J P. Bakeyr. THESis TREE STUDIES. @ The purpose for which this thesis was under é taken was to make a thoroughand careful study ‘ 3 a ct of thetime of the leafing and floweringof our oe f native Michigan trees, as found on theCollege i “campus, and to compare the results with similar ss studies made in previous years, Incidentally, 4 ss also, togive a much needed familiaritywiththe _ families and genera of the trees, ee: As far as possible, average individual trees | were selected for observations, andall data ob- tained during the season were take the same es trees, While the characteristics of the individual tree are given, rather than of the species ae : whole, yet this method seems a valuable one from the fact that it eliminatesall variations which = might be due to differences of soil and exposure. a In the attached "Calendar of Trees and Shrubs," _ the observations covering the yearsof 1885, 1386, and 1887 were taken from tables publishedby Lb. H, Bailey, in Bulletin No, 31, of the Michigan Experiment Station. In writing of the data which was taken in regard to the falling of leaves, Mr, Bailey says: "It is, of course, impossible= ‘ el Ep Sisk to fix an exact date upon which the leaves of any Ns plant begin to fall. An occasional leaf may fall ; at any time, The first falling of the leaves de~ ; signates the day when the first conspicuous fall, due to the maturity of the leaf, took place. In the instance of the Oaks, which usually hold a por- tion of their leaves during the winter, no date Vow been fixed to designate the entire bareness of | star | the branches. Usually, the last leaves to dis- appear from most trees are ‘those oni the higheror Te younger shoots. These shoots mature last." =, This "calendarof Trees and Shrubs" forms a ee pasis for a comparative study of Bient life, as ; | represented among the trees on the campus, —y will only be of much value as these observations can be ne reo eae compared with similar observations taken in other eee places. | ssn the thesis proper, the families oftrees and shrubs are arranged accordingto "Sudworth's M CheckList of the Forest Trees of the United States,"— “Issueof November, 1898, A large part of the tae botanical descriptions and notes in regard to the es distribution of the species wereadapted from cia ‘sargent's "Flora of North America." Also, many — notes were taken from "Emerson's Treesand emer of" Massachusetts.” only trece natiive to thisvicinity|haveb described at any length. Many. very interesting | | shrubs and foreign trees are growing upon the sei eae put it would ve impossible to write of even a PB of them in a thesis of this kind. ad ee geste A Herbarium, containing specimens of nearly aot Fs all the trees and shrubs on the College Campus, | accompanies this thesis, and will be found in the Horticultural Department. . Pe onan Family PINACEAE, Genus PINUS. Linn, — as oe Pinus strobus, Linn, 2 pie White Pine. | Leaves in 5-leaved clusters, slender, giedownas 208 3 or 4 inches in length. Cones from 4to 6 inches em long. | 3 A tree, under favorable conditions seeming = height of 100 or 120 feet, with a trunk from 3 to + a 4 feet in diameter; exceptional]ly toa height of. ae 250 feet, with a trunk 6 feet in diameter, neem ‘TheWhite Pine ranges from Newfoundland| westward to Valley of Winnepegriver; southwardit extends through the northern states to southern Pennsylvania and southern shore of Lake Michigan, thence through central Iowa and along Alleghany mountains to Kentucky, Tennesee and Georgia. Some— times on sandy drift it forms nearly pureforests, but more often is found in groves, a few acres in extent, scattered thorugh forests of deciduous— leaved trees. ie | a oe 3; The wood is light, soft, not strong, close, " atraight-grained, very resinous, easily worked and— : takes a good polish. The specific gravity of ary ee wood is 0.3854, a cubic foot weighing 24. 022 pounds ‘gonétPuction and cabinet sishare. A number of fine specimens of ‘this tree are ; growing on the Campus. Te soil seems well adapted fs to them, and where they are allowed free develop-— ee ment are the most beautiful,Pines we have, though in growing thus freely are of no value as timber. Genus PINUS, Linn, _ nae eae ed — “3 Pinus resinosa, Aiton. ee (Pp. rubra, Michx. ) . RedPine. Norway Pine. Leaves in 2-leaved clusters, slender, dark green, 5 to 6 inches in length. Cones ovate-con-— ical, from 2 to 2 1/4 inches long, their scales sligntly thickened, unarmed, ® | This tree usually grows 70 or 80 fect high, © ee with a tall straight trunk 2 or 3 feet indiameter, occasionally attaining a height of 150 feet, with ae a trunk 5 feet through and stout spreading more or less pendulous branches which inyouth clothe the stem to the ground. The Norway Pine grows on light sandy loam or dry rockyridges, usually forminggroves, rarely morethan a few-hundred acres in extent, scattered — through forests of other pines or deciduous-leaved trees. Ranges from Nova Scotia to shores of the fee Lake of the Woods. Common in northern New wngland iefne and New York. From Massachusetts it extends thro Pennsylvania, Central Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, The wood is light, hard, and rather close— grained. The specific gravity is 0.4854, a cubic foot weighing 30.25 pounds. Largely used in con- struction of bridges and buildings and for piles, masts and ppars. In cultivation the Red Pine grows very rapidly. But one good tree of this species is found on the Campus. This is young, hardy, and is growing very rapidly. It compares very well, here, with the Austrian Pine, for ornamental purposes, Genus PINUS, Linn. Pinus divaricata, Du Mont. (P. Banksiana, Lam@rt). Jack Pine, Serub Pine. Leaves in clusters of 2, stout, falcate, divergent, dark gray-green, from 3/4 to 1 1/4 inches in length. Cones oblong—conical, oblique, usually erect, incurved, from 1$ to 2 inches long, their scales furnished with minute incurved often decid-— uous prickles. . The Jack Pine frequently grows 70 feet high, with a straight trunk sometimes free of branches for 20 or 30 feet, and rarely exceeding 2 feet in diameter, and long spreading ‘flexible branches forming an open symmetrical head. This tree ranges from Nova Scotia to valley of the Mackenzie Ever where it is the only pine - tree; southward ranges. thro laine, “Vermont to southern shores of Lake Michigan, and through Indiana and Illinois to central Minnesota. Abundant in central Michigan and Wisconsin, covering ereat barren tracts of land. | The wood is light, soft, not strong and close- grained. The specific gravity of dry wood is. 0.476, a eae Toot wergheng 29.67 pounds. Some—_ times used for railroad ties and posts, largely for lath and for fuel, In northern Michigan, Wis—— consin and Minnesota it forms a valuable nurse tree for the Red Pine. | A number of Jack Pines have peen planted on the grounds butare still of small size. The sandy soil of this neighborhood seems to agree with them well, and it is probable that they will attain a large size. Genus LARIX, Duham. Larix laricina (Du Roi.) Koch. (L. Americana, Michx.) Tamarach. Larch. “dones small, sudglobose, we scales ae Petey _ longer than their ements. os ae , 5 E ri ae —- : a eee 3 a nal easet bi bea, : : _ et Pants Con fire tare Ty re 7 r, v 4! 18 or 20 inches in diameter, . The Tamarahh ranges from rade the coast of Labrador to shore of Hudson's Bay andnorthwestward ° to Mackenzie river. Southward it spreads thro Canada and the northern states to northern Pennsyl- -vania, Tilinois, tinal nae and central Minnesota, The wood is heavy, hard, very strong, rath er coarse-grained, compact and very durable in con— tact with the soil. The specific gravity of dry wood is 0.6236, a cubic foot weighing 38.86 poun ds. Largely used for ship timbers, ferice posts, tele— graph-poles and railroad ties, Usuaihly inhabits. lana saturated with water but the tree grows bett er in rich upland soils. : Some good specimens of the Tamarack are in the Arboretum, and a Tamarack swamp lies just north of the Campus. A tree bearing white cones in place of common red cones has been found in this a by Prof. Wheeler, Genus PICEA, Link. Picea mariana, Britton, (P. nigra, Link.) Black Spruce, Cones ovate, incurved at the base,, persistent, their scales rounded, erose, or dentate, Branch- | iets pubescent. Leaves short, blue-green, | This spruce is usually20 or 30, and occasion- ie Pe [ felt foe et inches and occasionally 3 feet in diameter. Often small and stunted. The Black Spruce inhabits sphagnum-covered bogs, and swamps and their borders, and at thenorth | a also well-drained bottom-lands and the slopes of =: barrenstony hills. It ranges thro Hudson Bay country to valley of the liackenzie river. southward thro Newfoundland, eastern Canada and the northern— states to Pennsylvania and Virginia, and westward to central Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. The wood is light, soft, and not strong. The specific geevity sey wood is 0.5272, a cubic = P60t weighing 32.86 pounds. Rarely used for other purposes than manufacture of paper pulp. One Black Spruce has managed toexist on the sues the quite a number are foundin the swamp north of the College. The soil here seems poorly adapted to it and it is not doing well. Genus PicBA, Link. ; " Picea parryana (Andre) Parry. (P. pungens, Engelm.) | Blue Spruce. Cones oblong-cylindrical, their scales rhom— poidal, elongated, flexyose, rounded or truncate 7) ie. theeryse apex. “Branghlets glabrous. Leaves rigid, spinescent, blue-green, orsilvery white. A ae tree, usually80 : to 100, but occaionally 150 mes \va Seed) ; ate : ey ee Rr 3=e ae ae a i ; if SS a,Feat ee ee . aoa eee 5s ru So) 2 I 5 ae H . ' 7 ah i os ~10- feet high with a trunk rarely three feet in diame~ ter, and is occasionally divided into 3 or 4 wreak. erect secondary stems. | This Spruce grows along the banks ofstreams andon first benches above them, singly or in small groves. Nowhere very abundant, generally sceatter- ed along mountain streams of elatt Utah and Wyoming. | . | The wood is very light, soft, weak, and close- grained, witha satiny surface. The specific. gravity is 0.3740,a cubic foot weighing 23.31pounds. A few introduced teen are doing very well on the Campus, tho they are yet quitesmall. Genus PICEA, Link. Picea cenadensia, (Mill.) B.S.P. (P. Alba, Link.) White Spruce. Cones oblong-cylindrical, slender, their scales rounded, entire. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves blue-green, strong-smelling. | A tree with strong-smelling foliage, sometimes 150 feet high, with a trunk 3 or 4 fect in diameter, = put east of the Rocky mountains it is much smaller. aw The leaves aré crowded on the upper sideof the pranches by the twisting of those on the lower a sft The White Spruce inhabits the banks of . streams and lakes and the borders of swamps, in rich, moist, alluvial soil, ocean cliffs, and less ce commonly atthe north, the rocky slopes of low hills, . It ranges from Labrador thro the Hudson Baycountry nearly to the shores of the Apctic Sea. Southward._ it extends thro Maine, Vermont and northern New | ‘York, Michigan and Minnesota andthe Black Hills _ of Dakota. 7 The wood is light, soft, not strong, and straight-crained with a smooth surface. The specific gravity is 0.4051, a cubic foot weighing 25.25 pounds. It is largely used for paper pulp, tho it is probably the only spruce cut in large quanti- ties for lumber, _ 2 | Some years ago a numberof White Spruces were peated east of the Agricultural Laboratory, and these are doing fully as well as any ofthe planted Foeway Spruces. : att Genus TSUGA, Carr. Tsuga canadensis, (Linn.) Carr. Hemlock. : . 4 =! - arrest eee fae es nn be ai oF =I E eA : i ae t nt pofee a2 ao aber 1 GLb 2) ken at ie 4 I aris a — i nasal gS 7 ca i= | z Ne ee aod 1 ee Me Nibe; arae heey Tetanus tarit tl Lh PeeeeemceetgananeeRMMT=eeM RTLeS etaeNaeeecae al Be The Hemlock ranges from Nova Scotia westward thro Ontario to eastern Minnesota, southward it ranges thro the northern states to Delaware, southern Michigan dnd central Wisconsin and along Appalachian mountains to Alabama. Often an inhabitant of rocky ridges and is scattered thro upland forests of White Pine and deciduous—leaved trees, The wood is light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse, crooked-grained, difficult to work, liable to wind-shake am splinter, and not durable when exposed tothe air. The speci fie gravity is 0.4239, a cubic foot weighing 26.42 pounds. The inner bark is largely used for tan- ning leather. Somewhat manufactured into coarse lumber for outside finish of buildings. The Hemlock does not seem to thrive aswell here as it does farther north. Perhaps due to poor exposure and poor sandy soil. | Genus ABIES, Duham. Abies balsamea, Miller. (A. Americana, Prov.) Balsam Fir. Balm of Gilead Fir. Bracts of the cone-scales oblong,emarginate and short—pointed at the wide serrulate apex, short- er Or slightly longer than their Scales. Leaves dark green and lustrous above, pale below. Obtusely short-pointed and occasiomlly emarginate, and on fertile branches acute or acuminate. A tree, 50 or 60 feet high, with a trunk usually from 12 to 18 inches in diameter, but oc- easionally 80 feet tall, with a trunk 30 inches in diameter. This Fir ranges from Labrador to shores of | Hudson's Bay and thro Manitoba, Southward thro Newfoundland, New England ami thro northern New York, Michigan and Minnesota to northeastern Iowa. Alsothro Maine to Pennsylvania to southwestern Vir- ginia. In the northern states grows on low swampy ground, and on well drained hillsides with Spruces, Hemlocks, Pines, Beeches, and Birches. The wood is very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, am verishable. The specific gravity is 0.3819, a cubic foot weighing 23.80 pounds. Occasionally it is manufactured into cheap lumber, From the bark is made the CanadianBalsam. Thé Firs on the Campus seem tobe growin: very slowly and are rather unhealthy. A large Silver Fir, Abies pecttinata, stands west of the parade grounds and is doing fully as well as thenative Pirs. =k Genus TAXODIUM, Rich. : Taxodium distichum,(Linn) Rich. Bald Cypress. Anther-cells usually 4 or 5. Leaves dimorphic. a A tree, with tall lobedgradually tapering oe trunk, rarely 12 and generally 4 or5 foot ai i diameter, above the abruptly enlarged, strongly puttressed and usually hollow base, andoccasionaly- ly 150 feet high. : | The Bald Cypress inhabits river-swamps, usual— oe ly submerged during several months of the year, low | saturated banks of streams and wet depressions of | a ae sand barrens, It ranges from Delware to Florida ome and westward to Texas, thro Louisiana, Arkansas ee: | to Missouri. Eastward to Mississippi and Tannesee, ee Kentucky, Illinois and Indiana. The wood is light and soft, close, straight- grained, not strong, easily worked, durable in con- tact with the soil, The specific gravity is 0.4543, a cubic foot weighing 28.31 pounds. Used forrail- road ties, posts and fences, and for doors, sashes ‘ a andrafters of glass houses. Genus THUGA, Linn. Thuga occidentalis, Linn. Arborvitae. White Cedar, Bruit small, withusually 4 fertile scales. -15- often lobed and buttressed trunk, occasionally 6 althousvally not more than 2 or 3 feet in diameter, often dividing into 2 or 3 stout upright secondary stems. The Arborvitae ranges from Nova Scotiia thro Quebec and Ontario to mouth of Saskatchewan river. Southward from New Hampshire thro New York, Pennsyl- vania, central Michigan, northern Illinois and cen- tral Minneosta and along Allegheny mountains to southern Virginia. Frequently spreads over great areas of springy swamp-—land or jeomtion the rocky panks of streams. The wood is light, soft, brittle, and rather coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the soil. The specific gravity is 0.3164, a cubic foot weighing 19.72 pounds. Used largely for fence posts, ties, shingles and rails. Many .Arborvitae are growing here and our soil and climate scem well adapted to them, A number of horticultural varieties of this species have been planted and are doing exceedingly well. Genus CUPRESSUS, Linn. (Chamaecyparis, Spach. ) Cupressus thyoides, Linn. (Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea, gpach. ) White Cedar. Branchlets slender, compressed. Leaves darkblue-green, often conspicuously glandular. a — LB A fragrant tree, 70 or 80 feet in height, with a tall trunk usually about 2 but occasionally 3 or 4 feet in diapoter nad slender horizontal branches which form a narrow spire-like head. The White Cedar inhabits the cold swamps of the Atlantic and Gulf coast plains which are usually immersed during several months of the year. fFre- quently dense pure forest at the north or at the south mingling with the Bald Cypress, It ranges from Maine to Florida and westward to Mississippi. The wood is light, soft, not strong, close-grain-— ed, easily worked, and very durable in contact with the soil. It seasons rapidly and perfectly without warping or checking. The specific graviby is 0.3322, a cubic foot weighing 20.70 pounds. Largely used in poat—building and cooperage and for telegraph ana fence posts and ties and shingles. Our soil is too dry and sandy for the proper growth of the White Cedar and the few trees growing on the ¢ampus are not thriving as they would in a more moist and fertile soil. Genus JUNIPERUS, Linn. Juniperus Virginiana, Linn. Red cedar, Savin. pruit small, subglobose; sceds 1 to 4. Leaves opposite, acute or rarely obtuse, glandular. Branchlets slender. 1 This @edar is a tree, occasionally 100 feet tall, with a long straight trunk 3 or 4 feet in diameter which is often lobed and eccentric, and frequently buttressed toward the base. Usually much smaller, averaging 40 or 50 feét high. The Red Cedar is the largest and most valuable of the American Junipers and is the most widely distributed coniferous tree of North America. It ranges from Nova Scotia southward to Florida, westward to the Dakotas, central Nebraska and Kansas, the Inidan Territory and Texas. In Nebraska and Kansas it grows usually on dry sandstone river bluffs. The wood is light, soft, coarse-grained, prittle,and not strong. It is easily worked and extremely durable in contact with the soil, The specific gravity of dry wood is 0.4826, a cubic foot weighing 30.70 pounds. Largely used for posts, sills, railroad—-ties, and for cabinet making and pencils. The Banks of the Red Cedar river,in many places, are covered with this tree, and it seems to be doing well in other dry places on the Campus. — ¥ deee idg p Family JUGLANDACEAE. Genus JUGLANS, Linn. Juglans cinerea, Linn. Leaflets 11 to 17, obLerip«labpeciates Fruit oblong, acute, racemose; nut 4-ribbed at the sutures, ag deeply sculptured into thinragged plates, 2-celled a at the tient The Butternut is occasionally100 tusk eae te a tall straight trunk 2 to 3 feet in diameter, ind sometimes free of branches For half cee height put moredividing, 15 or 20 feet above the ground, into numerous stout limbs. This tree prefers rich moist soil near banks of streams and on low rocky hills. It ranges from New Brunswick thro Ontario to eastern Dakotas and southeasternNebraska. Southward thro northern states to Delaware, Missouri, and northeasternArkan— gas and northern Georgia and Alabama. The wood is light, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, easily worked andtakes a good polish. The specific gravity of dry wood 48 0.4086, a cubic foot weighing 25.46 pounds. ‘The wood is largely used eae furniture and interior finish of houses. Many Butternuts are found in the College woods r en. ies and along »river Take though few are growing onthe ee Peaeepee nl eae ee Genus JUGLANS, Linn. Juglans nigra, Linn. Black Walnut. Leaflets 15 to 23, ovate lanceolate. Fnuit usually globose, solitary or in pairs; nut globose, deeply and longitudinally ridged, 4-celled at the base. , This tree frequently grows 100 feet high, occasionally 150 feet high, with a straight trunk often clear of branches for 50 or 60 feet, and 4 to 6 fect in diameter. The Black Walnut is distributed from western Massachusetts through southern Michigan and Minnesota to central and notthern Nebraska and eastern Kansas, Southward thro Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Texas. It inhabits rich bottom lands and fertile hillsides, The wood is heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse— grained, easily worked and very durable in contact with the soil. The specifie gravity of dry wood is 0.6115, a cubic foot weighing 38.11 pounds. It is used in cabinet making, for interior finish and for coffins and gunstocks. Nuts are of com- mercial value. i This vicinity is well adapted to the growth of the Black Walnut and some very fine large trees are growing along the river-bottoms,tho a little farther back the tree does not attain a large size, Genus HICORIA, Raf. Stieeietlhmishnaltenadeaeah cotk. (Carya amara, Nuttall) — Bitternut. Swamp Hickory. — Leaflets 5 to 9, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate. Fruit 4-winged from the apex nearly to the miadves mutovate or oblong, often broader than long, thin 4 « x aieiied: kernel bitter. Winter buds bright yellow. A tree, often100 feet high, with a tall straight trunk 2 to 3 fect in diameter, andstout spreading oS limbs whichform a proad handsome head of slender rather stire upright branches. The Bitternut ranges from southern Maine west- _ ward thro easerte:, central Michigan and Minnesota | to southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas and the Indian Territory. Southward to Florida and Texas. It inhabits low wet woods nearthe borders of | oe streams and swamps or high rolling uplands. The woodis heavy, hard, strong, tough and close-grained. The specific gravity of dry wood is 0.7552, a cubic foot weighing 47.06 pounds. Reeediy used for hoops, ox-yokes, and fuel. - Ss Itgrows more rapidly in cultivation than any of Se the other Hickories ,with the exception of the Pecan.— Only a few good Bitternuts are growing on the mpus, but just north of the College a large m ate Genus HICORIA, Raf. Hicoria ovata (Mill. )Britton. (Carya arha Nuttall.) Shag-—bark Hickory. Leaflets 5 or 7, obovate to oblong“tandéddate;: ciliate on the margins. Fmuit globose, depressed at the apex; nut ovate, more or less flattened, 4—angled, pale or nearly white. A tree, often 70 to 90 feet high, occasionally 120 feet high with a tall straight columnar shaft 3 or 4 feet in diameter, in the forest often free of pratiches for 50 or 60 feet from the ground. This tree ranges from southern Maine to valley of St.Lawrence River and along northern shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario, thro central Michigan and | Minnesota and scbtienmiarn Nebraska. Southward thro New York, Delaware to Florida, Alabama and Mississ— ippi to central Kansas and Texas. Usually found growing on low hills or in the né&ghborhood of swamps or streams, The wood is heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, ard. flexible, The specific gravity of dry wood is 0.8372, a cubic foot weighing 42.17 pounds. The nuts are hickory nuts of commerce. The wood is largely used in the man— ufacture of agricultural implements, ax-handles and for fuel. Few trees of northern forests grow more slowly. Bde Our soil is well adap ted to the Shagbark and we have a large number of these fine Hickories. A few peculiar varieties have been found. Genus HICORIA, Raf. Hicoria laciniosa, (Michx. )Sargent. (Carya sulcata,nuttall). King Nut’ Big Shellbark. Leaflets 5 to 9, obovate or oblong—lanceolate, puberulous on the lower sufface. Fruit oblong, depressed at the apex; nut thick-walled, ridged or angled, dull white. The King Nut is distributed from Iowa south- ward thro Missouri, Arkansas, eastern Kansas, and Indian Territory; eastward thro southern Illinois, : Indiana, to central mennesee, western and central | New York and eastern Pennsylvania. It inhabits rich deep bottom—lands which are usually inundated during several weeks of every year. It grows with the swamp white Oak, Tupelo, Red Maple, RedAsh and swamp Cottonwood. The wood is heavy and very hard, strong and tough, close-grained and. very flexible. The specific gravity of dry wood is 0.8108, a cubic foot weigh- ing 50.53 pounds. The wood is confounded commer— cially with the wood of Hicoria ovata. we have The only specimens of this tree that are found in the Arboretum, where they have not fruited as yet. Genus HICORIA, Raf. Hicoria glabra (Mill. )Britton. (carya porcina, Nuttall). ao Pignut Hickory. Leaflets 5 to 7, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, _ gilobrous or villous—pubescent. Fruit pyriform or | globose; husk usually thin; nut oblong, oval ot globose, thick or thin shelled; kernel sweet or Slightly bitter, whe Pignut inhabits dry ridges and hillsides, and is distributed from Maine thro Ontario and south-— ern Michigan to southeastern Nebraska and southward to Florida, Alabama and Mississippi; westward thro Missouri, Arkansas to eastern Kansas, Indian Terki- tory ard Texas. I+ is extremely commonin all the _ northern states. The wood is heavy, hard, very strongand tough, ‘flexible and close-grained. The specific gravity | i of ary wood is 0.8217, a cubic foot weighing Be 51,21 pounds. Gommercially not distinguishedfrom Bewood of shellbark and is used for same purposes. The Pignut Hickory is, also, rather rare on_ the grounds. Probably due to the poorness of the Some good specimens are growing in the Arbor- Family SALICACEAR, Genus SALIX, Linn. Salix amygdaloides, Anderss, Peach Willow. Almond Willow. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acumi- hate, pale and glabous on the lower surface, long- stalked. : : A tree, sometimes 60 or 70 feet in height with a single straight or slightly inclining trunk rarely more — 2 fect in diameter; or usually much smaller. The Peach Willow inhabits the banks of streams and ranges from neighborhood of Montreal and New York to Valley of Upper Saskatchewan, southward to Ohio and Missouri and westward over the great plains and thro the Rocky Mountains from Texas to Oregon and Washington. It is the common arborescent Willow along the banks of the rivers vhich flow eastward from the Rocky Mountains, and in all the central mountain region of the continent. The wood is light, soft, not stimng, and close-grained. The spefific gravity of dary wood is 0.4509, a cubic foot weighing 28.10 pounds. The Peach Willow is nothing more than a shrubby tree here, and not very abundant. Good specimens are growing along swamp borders north of the College. Genus SALIX, Linn. Salix Bebbiana, Sargent. (Ss. rostrata, Rich, ) Bebb's Willow. Leaves oblong, obovateor oblong—elliptical, conspicuously reticulate-—venulose, dull green on - the upper surface, glacous or silvery white and ‘pubescent onthe lower. A bushy tree, occasionally 25 feet in height, with a short trunk 6 or 8 inches in diameter; or, usually mich smaller and often shrubby in habit. This Willow inhabits the borders of streams, lakes and swamps, dry hillsides, open woods, and forest margins, usually selecting moist rich soil. ‘One of the commonest and most generally distributed ‘Willows in British America, ranging from the valley of the St. Lawrence to the Arctic Circle. Common te all the northern states, it ranges southward to | Pennsylvania and westward to Minnesota, and is scattered thro the Rocky Mountain regions from Idaho to western Nebraska. Just a shrub in this locality; good specimens are growing in the Botanical garden. Genus SALIX, Linn. Salix discolor, Muehl. Glagous Willow. Leaves oblong, oblong-obovate, + 7, 7: i hi Aete fe) SF = “ > f J eh one oe, Le ae des ‘virnel or lanceolate, glaxous or silvery-white on the lower surface, A Sree rarely exceeding 20 feet in height. with a trunk about re foot.in SianeyerT or, more often shrubby, with numerous ‘tall stragelyng stems. Salix discolor is a common inhabitant of mosst. meadows, and the banks of streams and lakes, and is distributed from Nova Scotia to Manitoba and southward to Delaware,southern Indiana, Illinois. | and Missouri. The wood is light, soft, and close-grained. The specific gravity is 0.4261, a oobis Pout weighing 26.55 pounds. A common Willow with us, growing along river banks and in marshy places, Genus SALIX, Linn. Salix nigra, Marshall. Black Willow. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed, often falcate, gist oe totmaleaner, glabrous at maturity. A tree, occasionally 120 feet in height with a trunk 3 feet in diameter, or, usually 30 or 40 feet high, with trunks which are often clustered. Salix nigra inhabits the banks of streams = oes ogeeover which it often extends its trunks ease -~27-— along the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, southward to Florida, westward to east~ ern Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian Territory and thro Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, It is the largest and most conspicuous native Wil- low of eastern North America and is most abundant in the basin of the Mississippi River, Ree wack is light, soft, weak, and close-grain- ed, and checks padly in drying. The specific grav- ity is 0.4456, a cubic foot weighing 27.77 pounds. Bark is often used as a tonic in the treatment of fevers. This is the largest Willow which is native here. It confines itself to low bottom—lands south of the College. Genus SALIX, Linn. Salix lucida, Muh. Shining Willow. Leaves lanceolate, long-—pointed, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous, their petdazes glandular. A bushy tree, occasionally 20 or 25 feet high, with a short trunk 6 or 8 inches in diameter; or dsuslly-emaller and shrubby in habit. Salix lucida, which innabits the banks of streams and swamps, and is very abundant at the north, ranges from Newfoundland to shores of Hudson's Bay, thence to Valley of Mackenzie River. It extends ; et, oo anneal tani Male Mlbhd ae oo kl| ~28— southward to Pennsylvania and westward to eastern Nebraska. The Shining Willow does not become trée— like here, but grows only as a shmb. Genus POPULUS, Linn. Populus tremuloides, Michx, Aspen, Quaking Asp. Leaves ovate, or semi-orbicular, short—pointed, slightly cordate or truncate at the base, finely serrate; petioles elongated, compressed. A tree, often 100 feet in height, with a trunk which occasionally is almost 3 feet through near the ground but in general is not more than 18 or 20 inches in diameter, and preserves its size with little diminution for 50 feet or more. The Aspen, which is the most widely distribut— ed tree of North America, ranges from Labrador northwesterly to the Valley of the Yukon River in Alaska, southward thro northern states to Bennsylvania, northeastern Missouri and southern Nebraska and thro allthe mountain regions of the West. In the northern states it prefers rather moist sandy soil and gravelly hillsides and grows best near borders of swamps and open forest groves, The wocd is close~grained, but soft, and neither strong nor durable. The specific gravity is 0.4032, a cubic foot weighing 25.13 pounds. PaCS a een et —29- in the Bast it is largely used in manufacture of paper-pulp. In the West it is occasionally used for flooring and fuel, The great value of the Aspen lies. in the power of its small seeds, supported by their long haixzs and wafted far and near by the wind to germinate quickly in soil which fire has rendered infertile and in the ability of the seedling plants to grow rapidly in exposed situations, Numbers of the Aspen line the bank of the Red Cedar River, and grow back up onto the sandy soil, somewhat. Genus POPULUS, Linn. Populus grandidentata, Michx. Poplar. Large Tooth Aspen, Leaves broadly ovate, coarsely crenate, coated at first, like thebuds, with hoary tomentum, Petioles elongated, laterally compressed. A tree, often 60 or 70 feet in height, with a trunk occasionally 2 feet in diameter; or, general— ly smaller ana usually not more than 30 or 40 feet tall. The Poplar, which is a common inhabitant of the forest, usually selecting rich moist sandy soil near the borders of swamps and streams, is distribut- 6d from Nova Scotia to northern Minnesota, south- ward thro northern states to Delaware, southern Indianaand Illinois, and along the Alleghany one ek ee fe ee Les oe ee eee A p ae, =a oN ? . aes. Sp ae ee ee =—S0 a mountains to North Carolina, and westward to Kentucky and Tennesee,. The wood is light, soft, and acercticgeanae. but not strong. The specific gravity is 0.4632, a cubic foot weighing 28.87 pounds. Largely used in the East for paper—pulp and is occasionally used for wooden ware and turnery. This Poplar is the most common tree of the Genus in this vicinity. Grows very péentifully in the Oak forests north of the College and along the river-banks south. Genus POPULUS, Linn. Populus balsamifera, Linn. Balsam. Balm of Gilead. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and often ferrugineous on the lower, A tree, often 100 feet in height, with a tall trunk 6 or 7 feet in diameter; or, smaller toward the southern limits of its range and usually “not more than 60 or 70 feet tall. : The Ralsam is distributed from the Valley of the Mackenzie river and the Alaskan coast south— ward to northern New England, New York, Central Michigan and Minnesota, the Black Hills, northwest-— ern Nebraska and northern Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Nevada. It inhabits the low and often inun- ee ee dated bottom—-lands of rivers and swamp borders. The wood is light, soft, not strong, and close-grained. The specific gravity is 0.3635, a cubic foot weighing 22.65 pounds. It is largely made into paper-pulp, and in northern Michigan is manufactured into pails and small packing-cases. The only specimen of this tree we have is found in the Arboretum, where it grows to a large size. The variety, candicans, has been introduced and grows very rapidly and well. This variety differs from the common form in its more spreading branch-— es, forming a broader afd more open head and in its broader cordate leaves which are more coarsely serrate, with gland—tipped teeth. Genus POPULUS, Linn. Populus deltoidea, Marshall. (P, monilifera, Aiton.) Cottonwood. Leaves deltoid or broadly ovate, usually abrupt— ly acuminate, coarsely crenate, petioles laterally compressed. A tree, sometimes 100 feet in height, with a trunk occasionally 7 or 8 feet in diameter, digiding often 20 or 30 feet above the ground into several massive limbs which spread gradually. The Cottonwood inhabits the banks of streams , where it often forms extensive open groves. It ranges from Quebec thro New England to Pennsylvania and the Atlantic STi he. 5 7 pee states i ° south of the * Potomac river : —32— to Florida,ani westward to the base of the Rocky mountains from Alberta to northern New Mexico. The Cottonwood is the largest and one of the most abundant trees along the streams betweenthe Appalachian and the Rooky mountains. The wood is light, soft, and not strong, altho close-grained. The specific gravity is 0.3889, a cubic foot weighing 24.24 pounds. Warping badly in drying and extremely difficult - to season, it is now used only in the manufacture of paper—pulp, for cheap packing cases and for fuel. In the United States, no obnes tree has been so generally planted on the plains and prairies east of the Rocky mountains. The Cottonwood grows very rapidly and well here, A very large specimen grows just east of Abbot Hall. -33-— Tamily Betulaceae,. Genus BETULA, Linn. Betula papyrifera, Marsh. (B. papyracea, Aiton). Ganoe Birch, Paper Birch. Strobiles cylindrical, elongated, pendulous, long-stalked. Staminate aments clustered or in pairs. Leaves ovate, cuneate, or rounded at the base, auld dark green. | 5 A tree, usually 60 or 70, or, on the northwest coast, occasionally 120 feet tall, with a trunk from 2 to 3 feet in diameter, The Canoe Birch is one of the most widely dis— tributed trees of North America, ranging from Labrador to the shores of Hudson Bay and to the val- ley of the Yukon River in Alaska. Southward it ranges thro all the forest region of the Dominion of Canada, am thro the northern states to Long Island, Pennsylvania, central Michigan and Minnesota, northern Nepraska, and the Black Hills of Dakotas, and northward to Montana and Washington. It inahbits rich woody slopes and the borders of streams, lakes and swamps. within the Arctic Circle it becomes small and crooked. Grows mostly atin or in groups. ‘The wood is light, strong, hard, tough, and very close-grained. The specific gravity is 0.5955, a cubic foot weighing 37.11 pounds. Largely used i ee ae ae Bike in making of spools, shoe-lasts and pegs, in the manufacture of paper—pulp, and vor fuel. This tree is not native at the College but a number of trees have been planted and they are doing very well. A fine tree can be seen just southwest of the Chemical Laboratory. Genus BETULA, Linn. Betula nigra, Linn. (B. rubra, Michx. ) Red Birch, River Birch. Strobiles cylindrical, oblong, erect. Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute at bothends, lustrous on the upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower. A tree, 80 or 90 feet in height, with a trunk which often divides, 15 or 20 feet above the ground, into 2 or 3 slightly diverging limbs and is some- times 5 fect in diameter. In old age it forms an irregular and picturesque crown. Often the Red Birch sends up from the ground a clump of several small spreading stems forming a low bushy tree. It inhabits the banks of streams, ponds and swamps, growing in deep rich soil which is often inundated for several weeks at a time. Ranges from Massa=— chusetts thro Long Island and southward to Tlorida and thro Gulg States to Texas, and thro Mississippi valley to Indian Territory, eastern southern Kansas and Nebraska, central Minnesota and Wisconsin and Ohio, Attains its largest size in damp semitropical low-lands of Florida, Alabama aid Texas. The wood is light,rather hard, strong, and close~grained. The specific gravity is 0.5762, a cubic foot weighing 35.91 pounds. Much used in man- ufacture of furniture, wooden-ware, and in turnery. This is the Seip oem tte Biren, The only trees of this species on the Campus are found in the Arboretum, where they seem to be doing fairly well. Genus BETULA, Linn. Betula lutea, Michx. (B. excelsa, Pursh.) Yellow Birch. Gray Birch, Strobiles oblong-—ovoid, sessile or short-stalk— ed. Leaves ovate, oblong-ovate, cuneate, or slight- ly heart-shaped at the base. Bark yellow or silvery gray, slightly aromatic. A tree, occasionally 100 fect in height, with a trunk 3 or 4 feet in diameter, or, near the coast and its northern and southern limits, much smaller and often not more than 20 or 30 feet tall. The Yellow Birch which is one of the largest deciduous—leaved trees of the forests of northeastern North America is distributed from Newfoundland to valley of Rainy river, southward thro northern states to Delaware and along Cee mountains to high peaks of North Carolina and Tennesee, and tonorth- ern Minnesota. Usually inhabits moist uplands, growing in rich soil. ; = The tree is one of the most valuable timber trees of the north. The wood is heavy, very strong, hard, and close-grained with a ‘satiny surface. The specific gravityis 0. 6553, a cubic oot weigh-_ ing 40.84 pounds. Largely used inthe manufacture of furniture, of button and tassel moulds, _— match boxes add for fuel. ; This tree requires low temperature and abun- | dant moisture to develop its beauty. 3 This Birch, also, is foundonly im the Arbor= etum, tho good trees grow south of the Esnteee jee Genus OSTRYA, Scop. Ostrya Virginiana, (Mill. ) Koch. ( Cagpinus Ostrya, Linn) | Lronwood. Hop Hornbeam, Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate oracute. at the apex. ae | A tree, occasionally50 or60 ;feet innetent with a short trunk 2 fect in diameter, but usually not more than 20 or 30 fect tall, with atrunk from 12 to 18 inches thick. | The Ironwood usually growsondry grave Maples, and other large trees andis distributed= eae from Cape Bréton Island thro valleyof St. Lawrence _ river to northern Vinnesota, the Black Hills of Dakotas, eastern and northern sepramcasora Besta southward to Plorida and Texas. the tree grows. with comparative rapidity, is very hardy andis notag easily defaced by insects or fungal diseases. ee The wood is heavy, very strong and hard, tough,— exceedingly close-grained, durable in contact with — the soil and takes a rare polish. The specific — i gravity is 0.8284, a cubic foot weighing 51.62. * a “pounds. Used for fence posts, levers, mallets and aa handles of tools. _ == = The College woods and the Oak wo0ds north of a the College are literally filled with this tree, : which occasionally grows to a large size. Many good trees are standing on the Campus. Genus CARPINUS, Linn. oi Garpinus Caroliniana, Walter. : ‘ : See (c. Americana, Michx. ) ‘ee ea Blue Beech. Hornbeam. Involucres of fruit usually 3-lobed, and coarse- — 7 ly toothed on one margin. Leaves ovate-oblong, — : sharply serrate. oP ci ‘ A bushy tree, rarely440 feet in height, with| trees and swamps, growing usual]ly in aiee aaiee P| rich soil. It ranges from ‘eueben to shores of ee alant aio Georgian Bay, southward to Florida, westward to — northern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska and Kansas, the Indian Territory ane Texans It grows to largest size on west slopeof Al Legnany mountains. - ~ r 2 > yy hah tes The wood is heavy, very strong, hard, and 7 close-grained. The specific gravity is 0.7286, 4 oe 4 a cubic foot weighing 45.41 pounds. Sometimes used fs ear for levers, handles of tools, ania. other smallarte e cles, | 4 As with the tronwood so with the Blue Beech, = although perhaps not auite so abundant andfewer : ac specimens are found on the Campus. It is seldom a more than a shrub in this locality. Family PAGACHAE, Genus FAGUS, Linn, Fagus Americana, sweet. “(F, ferruginea, Ait.) (F.atropunicea (Marsh.) Sudth.) Beech, Lobes of the calyx of the staminate flowers short and rounded. Leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely dentatesserrate, deciduous. | A tree, usually 70 or 80 feet, but under ~ favorable conditions occasionally 120 feet in height. With a trunk 3 or 4 feet in diameter. Wnen crowded in the forest the Beech grows tall but when the branches have room for free lateral s trunk growth, it is short, stunted, and the short divides into numerous limbs. Altho less common than several of the Oaks, the Begch is one of the most widely distributed trees oeeasterd Roril America. It inhabits the rich soil of uplands and mountain slopes, where it often forms nearly pure forests. Itsrange is thro southern Canada to northern Wisconsin and — ae southward to Florida and thro Illinois and Missouri to Texas. 7 = The wood is hard, tough, very. closo-greanedy, —40n 0.6883, a cubic root weighing 42.89 pounds. Largely used in manufacture of chairs, shoe lasts, hand@es of tools and for fuel. The Beech is the tree of all trees in this nieghborhood.- Some of the finest trees on the Campus are Beeches. In the College woods it is dying out padly and in the future will probably be replaced py other trees, Genus CASTANEA, Adams. Castanea dentata, Bork. , (C. vesca, Willd.) (Cc. Americana, Raf.) Chestnut. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, green and gl@brous on both surfaces. Nuts two or three in the involucre, flattened. A tree, occasionally 100 feet in height in the 3 or forest, with a tall, straight columnar trunk by 4 feet in diameter, or often when unerowded which in other trees, developing a short trunk a diameter of 10 exceptional individuals attains divides not far above or 12 feet and which usually g ut horizontal limbs formin the ground into 3 or 4 sto . a broad low round-—topped head vel Len The Chestnut ranges from Maine thro south— eastern Ontario and Michigan, southward to Delaware, Indiana and along Alleghany mountains to Alabama and Mississippi and to central Kentucly and Tennesse, Very common on glacial drift of the northern states, where it grows rapidly to a large size and lives to a great age. The wood is light, soft, not strong, coarse— grained, liable to check and warp in drying, easily split and very durable in contact with the soil. The specific gravity is 0.4504, a cubic foot weigh-— ing 28.07 pounds. Largely used in manmufactwre of cheav furniture and for railroad ties, fence posts and rails. The nuts are of much commercial import— ance, locali- The only Chestnuts now growing in this ty are in the College Arboretum. A few years ago on the Caimpus, some fine large specimens were growing them all. Our put a very severe winter killed soil is well adapted to this tTeO. Genus QUBRCUS, Linn. Quercus alba, Linn. White Oak. , obliquely, usually Leaves obovate-oblong . pale and glgbrous pnelow 7-lobed, or pinnatifia., erage height of from A tree, growing to av ~42— 80. to 100 feet, with a trunk 3 or 4 feet in diameter. The principal limbs are stout, and, spreading ir regularly from the stem at a broad angle and ina slightly zigzag manner, form an open crow of rather slender rigid branches. Leaves are wedge-shaped at thebase. The White Oak ranges from Maine thro Quebec and Ontarioy the lower peninsula of Michigan and southern Minnesota to southeastern Nebraska and Kansas, and southward to Florida and Texas. It is an inhabitant of sandy plains and gravelly ridges, of rich uplands, intervales, and moist bot— tom—lands. Sometimes forms pure forests but often associated with Hickories, the Red Oak and White Ash. This Oak is one of the most valuable and The important timber trees of North America. close- wood is strong, very heavy, hard, tough, withthe soil, altho grained and durable in contact liable to check in drying. The specific gravity 46.35 pounds. is 0.7470, a cubic foot weighing Largely used for ship puilding, construction and One of best woods for fuel. cooperage. with 6ak = he Campus was originally covered are of the “old settlers" forest, put only a few dly at the top, now left. These are dying out ba cover 18 fact that the forest probably due to the and, also, - the trees each year removed from under draining. Germs QUERCUS, Binh, ; Quercus RRSTONEEEYae rea ; | Burr Oak, - Mossy cup Oako oS Besta. f . Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately, pinnatirid Be, , | or deeply sinuately chad, avapiasecaeeadgee e and pubescent on the ‘lower eaepiiee et Se F This is one of the rergest Saxe of castern i " North America, rising sometimes to a height of 160a . or 170 feet, forming a trunk 6 or 7 feet in ae 4 and clear of limbs for 70 or 80 feet above the ground. : The average height of Burr Oak is not more than 80 feet and toward its northern limit is reduced to a low shrub. The Burr Oak usually inhabits low, rich bottom lands, or intervales, or sometimes in thenorth- te F west, low dry hills. It ranges Prom New Brunsitick E to Manitoba in Canada and from Maine westward to. | q the foot hills of the Rockies in Montana and to ae wa F F western Nebraska and central Kansas and southwest ; . as. Most to Tennesee, Indian Territory and Tex te ae ee ee Oak ofNebraska “ frequent and generally a : ; ERs) and Kansas. uable timber This Oak is one of the most val wood being cuperior: . trees ofNorth jneriea, its close-grained and very. aurable rysontactwith‘th ea soil, The specificgravity is 0 7453, a cubic footas _ weighing 46.40 pounds. en For some reasonthis tree grows butscantily in this region and few good specimens can befound. Genus QUERCUS, Linn, ee aye Quercus prinus, Linn, | Chestnut Oak. RockChestnut Oak. Leaves obovate or oblong to lanceolate-acumi- nate, coarsely crenat’ely toothed with rounded or— 3 acute teeth. A tree, usually 60 or 70, oceasionally 100, ee feet in height, with a trunk 3 or 4, or, rarely, 6 or 7 feet in diameter, divided, generally, . 15 or 20 feet above the surface of the ground, into large limbs which spread into a broad rather open irregular head. a ie This Oak is an Appalachian tree, and grows on ae hillsides and the high rocky banks of streams in . rich and deep or in sometimes shallow andrather. sterile soil. It ranges from Maine to northern Georgia and Alabama. Westward throNew Yorkand south ig Kentucky and meneseée. ong, rather vough, The wood, is heavy, hard, — str : tho difficult to season, dur ee and a close-grained, altho difficult soil. Lr oa gra able in contact with the | Pa eozoe Largely used for fencing, railro adeee! endfor ‘ fuel, This Oak is much more abundantabout the — College than theBurr Oak. In the Col legewoods oany young chestnuts Oaks are Starting up,a nd ae with the maples and Ashes, villgraduall y crowd out the Beech, Genus QUERCUS, ann: os— Quercus rubra, Linn, | Red Oak. } here Leaveg oblong-obovate to oblong, pinnatifiaes lobed, the lobes tapering gradually frombroad bases, and acute and usually dentate at the ends, A tree, usually 70 or 80 feet or occasionally 150 feet in height, with a trunk 3 or 4 feet ain diameter, The bark of the trunk on young stems and on the upper part of the limbsof large trees is smooth and light gray. Quercus rubra is the most borealof the Oak— trees of eastern America. It generally inkabits = rich uplands, growing to a large size on glacial oa drift and the well-drained porders of streams and swamps, It ranges from Nova Scotia ‘s the divide west of Lake Superior, southward to. Tenesee and Virginia and alone mpuntains to = ana este —46— The wood is heavy, hard, strong, coarse—grain- 6d, and liable to check badly in afying. The spe~ cific gravity is 0.6621, a cubic foot weighing 41.25 pounds. Used largely in constriction and in manufacture of cheap furniture. No Oak of the northern states grows more rapidly or can. be more easily transplanted. The Red Oak is very abundant on the Campus and in the woods about the college. In many places it seems to be coming in and taking the place of the White Oak, Genus QUERGUS , Linn, Quercus coccinea, Muench. Scarlet Oak. Leaves oblong or obovate, light green and lustrous, deeply lobed, with broad rounded sinuses, the slender lopes coarsely repandly dentate toward the apex. This tree grows 70 or 80 feet in height, with a trunk from 2 to 3 feet in diameter and com paratively small branches which spread gradually usually and form a rather narrow open head, or much smaller. The Scarlet Oak inhabits light, dry and Maine thro Cen- usually sandy soil. It ranges from Neb— tral Michigan and Minnesota to southeastern raska, and southward to North Carolina. Extremely of Massachusetts abundant in coast regions south -47— Bay. Less abundant in the interior, growing on ary, gravelly uplands with Black Oak, Red Oak and Pignut Hickory. The wood is heavy, hard, and strong but coarse- grained. The specific gravity of dry wood is 0,7095, a cubic foot weighing 42.20 pounds. The Autumn colow of the foliage of no other American tree are more splendid or retain for a longer time their beauty. Few Scarlet Oaks grow in this region, and where they do’ grow are confounded with the Red and Black Oaks. A fine specimen stands just northeast of Williams Hall. , Genus QUERCUS, Linn. Quercus velutina, Lam, (Q. tinctoria, Michx.) (Q. nigra, DuRoi. ) Black Oak. Yellow—park Oak. or deeply Leaves ovate or obovate, slightly entire or den- lobed, with broad or narrow nearly tate lobes, usually pubescent on the lower surface. onally 150 A tree, often 70 or 80 and occasi 5 or 4 feet in diameter, fect in height, with a trunk into which spread gradually am slender branches dary The Black Oak inhabits a narrow open head. d ridges. Ranges from coast of gravelly uplands an l Minnesota, southward Maine thro Ontario to centra to Florida, Alase bamal aand Kansas, Indmeian Terr itoryVy and ~48— Texas. The wood is heavy, hard, and strong, altho not tough, coarse-grained, and liable to check in drying. The specific gravity is 0.7045, a cubic foot weighing 43.90 pounds. The inner bark is used largely in tanning and furnishes. a yellow dye. In this Oak the cup-scales are more loesely imbricated than in the Scarlet Oak. This Oak seems to be com— ing into the woods north of the College. A few large specimens are standing on the Campus. —49= Family ULMACBAE, Genus ULMUS, Linn. Uims’pubssedhienWate: Slippery Elm. Red Elm, Flowers on short pedicels in crowded fuses Fruit naked on the margins, pubescent. Leaves ovate- oblong, scabrous on the upper, pubescent on the lower surface. Bud-—scales coated with rusty brown hairs. Branchlets destitute of corky wings. A tree, 60 to 70 feet high, with a trunk oc— casionally 2 feet in diameter, and spreading branch- es which usually form a broad open flat-—topped head. The Slippery Elm is distributed thro Ontario” to North Dakota and eastern Nebraska. Southward to western Florida, central Alabam#and Mississippi ana Texas, Everywhere less common than the American Elm. It inhabits banks of streams and low rocky soil. hillsides, where it grows in deep fertile ‘he wood is heavy, hard, strong, very close— and grained, aurable in contact with the soil, easy to split while green. A cubic foot weighs and ite pounds. Largely used Tor fence posts and agricultural im- railread ties, hubs of wheels plements. plentifully in this The Slippery Elm grows toms and in low places. region along the river-bot m does. seem to hold its own as the White El It does not -50— Genus ULMUS, Linn. Ulmus Americana, Linn, White Elm,’ Water Elm, Flowers on long drooping pedicels. Fruit gl@orous, ciliate on themargins. Leaves obovate— oblong to oval, usually smooth on the upper, soft—pubescent on the lower surface. Bud scales glabrous. Branchlets destitute of corky wings. A tree, sometimes 100 to 120 feet high, with a tall trunk 6 to 11 feet in diameter, frequently enlarged at the base into great buttresses. The White Elm ranges from Newfoundland west— ward to northern shores of Lake Superior and the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains southward to Tlorida and westward to Black Hillis of Dakota, western Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian Territory and Texas, It prefers bottom-lands, intervales and low rich hills and grows on banks of streams with Box-elder, Green Ash and the cottonwood. aifri- The wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough, A cubic cult to split and rather coarse-grained. foot weighs 40.55 pounds. It is largely used for hubs of wheels, flooring and cooperage. Our climate and soil seem particularly adapted trees tree amd it is one of the commonest to this h hurt in the region. At present it is being mic e-insettse by jH large numbers of scal uaa Genus ULMUS, Linn. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. Rock FEln, pork Elm. . Flowers on long drooping peuioulas Fruit hir- sute. Leaves obovate to oblong-oval, wmoaths on the upper, sort pubescent on the Rowe surface, Rud scales puberulous. Branches often furnished with corky wings. The Rock Elm is a tree, 80 to 100 fect nigh, with a trunk occasionally 3 fetét in diameter, short, stout, spreading limbs which form a narrow round- topped head. | This tree ranges from Quebed and Ontario south— ward thro New Hampshire, Vermont and westward thro New York and southern Michigan to northeastern Neb-— raska, southern Missouri and middle Tennessee, It prefers dry gravelly uplands or low heavy clay soil or rocky slopes and river C1lLiis. tough, The wood is heavy, hard, very strong and A cubic close—grained and takes a good polish. foot weighs 45.20 pounds. It is used for railroad of large buildings ties, bridge timbers and sills implements. and in manufacture of agricultural A few planted specimens are growing very well on the Campus. Genus GELTIS, Linn. Celtis occidentalis, Linn, Hackberry. Nettle-tree. rc —-523- Leaves ovate to ovate+lanceolate, sharply and coarsely serrate. Fruit large, . A tree, sometimes 130 fect high, with a straight slender trunk 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Often free of branches for 70 or 80 feet. Usually much smalier., Stout spreading, ridged or frequent— ly pendulous branches, which form a handsome round- topped tree, The Hackoerry is exceedingly rare and local in canada. In the United States it ranges from Massachusetts to northwestern Nebraska, North Dakota, southern Idaho, eastern Washington and Oregon and the mountains of Nevada and New Mexiee, Southward to Florida and to Missouri, eastern Kane sas, Indian Territory and Texas. It is rare in the eastern states and abundant in the middle states. The wood is heavy, rather soft, not strong, and coarse-grained. A cubic foot weighs 45.41 pounds. It is largely used for fencing and for light furniture. The tree grows rapidly under varied conditions of climate and soil. in this Just a tree here and tiere are found to hide themselves neighborhood, and those seem ‘Some very large trees avay on the river-bottoms, grow on these bottois. ~535— Family MORACEAE, Genus MO6RBUS, Linn. Morus rubra, Linn, Red Mulberry. Leaves ovate, smooth or scabrate on the upper, coated with pale pubescence on the lower surface. Fruit oblong, dark purple. This is a tree, 60 to 70 feet high, with a short trunk rarely exceeding 3 or 4 feet in diam eter, and stout spreading smooth branches which form a dense broad round-topped shapely head. The Red Mulberry ranges from Massachusetts thro New York, Ontario and central Michigan to south- eastern Nebraska, Kansas and southward to Florida and Texas. It inhabits the rich soils of intervale lands and low hills. The wood is light, soft, not strong, rather when in con- tough, coarse-grained and very durable tact with the soil. The specific gravity of ary wood is 0.5898, 2 cubic foot weighing 36.75 pounds. Much used for fencing, +4eg and cooperage. in the College Along the river-bottoms and of healthy, woods are growing quite .a number young Red Mulberries. Family MAGNOLIACERAR, Genus MAGNOLIA, Linn. Flower—bud enclosed in a stipular cadacous ; spathe. Flowers perfect, solitary, terminal; sepals 3; petals 6 to 12, in series of 3's; anthers introrse; pistils indefinite, imbricated on an elom@ated receptacle. Carpels drupaceous—baccate, persistent, opening on the back at maturity. Seeds drupaceous. The genus Magnolia is cnnfined to eastern North America, southern Mexico and eastern and southern Asia. Seventy species are known, with six in North America. Magnolia acuminata, Linn, cucumber-—tree. Leaves deciduous, ovate or sub-cordate. Pmit glatrous. Young shoots and winter buds densely riiieneeth. A tall slender tree, 60 to 90 feet in height, in diameter. The with a trunk three or four feet red-brown, turning gray young branches are bright their third season. This tree is aistributed auringS to +hro southern Ontario from western New York ard to southern Alabama southern Illinois, southw pi river in Arkansas. and west or Mississip llow brown in color, The wood is light ye ained and dur rong put close-gr soft, satiny, not st + —55- able, tho not of much commercial importance. The trunks are sometimes used for water pipes and troughs. But one good specimen of this tree is growing on the Campus, and that stané just east of the Chemical Laboratory. This tree is hardy and/strong and grows well, Genus LIRIODENDRON, Linn. Flower-—bud enclosed in a two-valved stipmlar cadgcous spathe. Flowers ‘perfect, solitary, term- nial; sepals 3; petals 6; in two rows; anthers extrorse, pistils indifinite, imbricated. C@rpels samaraeform, indehiscent, deciduous from the receptacle at maturity. genus has only a single species, Found This in eastern North America and western china. Liriodendron tulipifera, Linn. Tulip-tree. White-wood. Winter buds are dark red covered with glaucous tree grows from bloom. In favored localities this 150 to 190 feet high.- Rhode Island, thro The Tulip-tree ranges from of Lake Michigan, southward Vermont to south shore westward and Mississippi, and 409 northern Florida ctive kansas. No vitally destru in Missouri and Ar . It is easily to prey on the tree insects are known lanted. ed and easily transp propgerated from se —56— Undér favorable cirewistances it grows rapidly and is hardy. Some of the largest brees in this vicinity are Tulip trees. A tree stands here and there, well above the other trees, and is very beautiful when in blossom. The trees on the Campus grew in the original Oak forest and now: seldom reproduce them- selves, -57— Family LAURACEAE, Genus SASSAFRAS, Nees and Eberm, Sassafras sassafras, Karsten, A tree, occasionally 30 or 90 feet high with a trunk sometimes nearly 6 feet in diameter, and short, stout, more or less cpnntorted branches which spread almost at right angles from the trunk, forming a narrow usually flat-—topped head. The Sassafras is distributed from Massachu- setts thro Vermont, Ontario, central Michigan thro southeastern Iowa to eastern Kansas and the Indian Territory. Southward to Florida and Texas. It is nepaliolie rich sandy well-drained loam. The wood is very durable when in contact with the soil; it is aromatic and dull orange prown in color. A cubic foot weighs 31.42 pounds. It is for largely used for fence posts and rails, and light boats. s, occasion— This tree is quite common and grow . aliy, to a large size in this vicinity Family HAMAMELIDACEAR, Genus LIQUIDAMBAR, Linn. Liquidambar styraciflua, Linn. Leaves deeply 5 to 7—lobed, lustrous, a straight trunk 4 or 5 feet in diameter. Flowers appear from March to the end of May, when the leaves are more than half grown. The Liquidambar ranges from Connecticut to Missouri, and southward to Florida, thence thro Arkansas, Indian Territory and eastern.Texas,. It prefers rich river bottom—lands where it grows with Red Maples, Tupelo, and White Ash. The wood is heavy, hard, straight and close— grained, altho not strong. It is difficult to season and warps easily. Used principally for pave— ment and fruit boxes. This is an introdueed tree in this region, and only one small specimen grows on the Campus. This seems thrifty and strong. —~59o~— Family PLATANACEAR, Genus PLATANUS, Linn. Platanus occidentalis, Linn. Sycamore. Buttonwood. 3 Leaves broadly ovate, obscurely 3 to 5-lobed, the lobes usually serrulate-toothed, truncate or rarely wedge-shaped at the base. Head of fruit usually solitary. A tree, occasionally 140 to 180 feet high, with a trunk sometimes 10 or 11 feet in diameter, above its abruptiy emlarged base. Often divided near the ground into several large secondary trunks. The large trunks are usually hollow to a considerable height above the ground. The gycamore inhabits the borders of streams and lakes and rich bottom—-lands. It ranges from New Hampshire westward to eastern Nebraska and Kansas, southward to Florida, central Al@bama and Texas. is The specific gravity of the dry wood 0.5678, a cubic foot weighing 35.39 pounds. It is used for tobaoco boxes, ox-yokes and furniture, and sometimes for intvwior finish. the Cam- Many large Sycamore trees stand about dually disappearing. pus, 9 tho they seem to be gra 4 be seea n along th £ e Some very fine specimens can 5 river—bottoms am back 4 few hundred rods. 605 Family ROSACEAR, Genus PRUNUS, Linn, Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Runa cherry. Calyx-lobes persistent. Stone oblong—obovate,. Leaves oblong to lanceolate-—oblong, usually grad— ually acuminate, A tree, with bitter aromatic bark and leaves. Sometimes attaining a height of 100 feet, with a stout straight trunk 4 or 5 feet in diameter. The flowers appear when the leaves are about half grown, The Rum Cherry is distributed from Nova Scotia southward thro the eastern States to Florida and westward to the valley of the Mississippi in the Dakotas and to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, the Indian Territory and Texas, Along the mountain ranges in New Mexico and Arizona to central and South America. It usually grows in rich moist soil with the White Oak, Blue Ash, Sugar Maple and the Hickories. It is one of the most valuable timber trees of the American forest. nard, The wood is light, strong and rather with a close straight grain and 4 satiny sufface. Light brown or red, with thin yellow sap-wood. . yood weighs 36.28 pounds A cubic foot of the dry for cabinet making It is the best wood in America and interior finish. Biss Only a few good BlackCherries are growing on the Campus but many can be found in the Oak woods north and east. As the other trees are cut out the great tall gherries seem to-die and disappear. ~ Family LEGUMINOSAE. Genus CERCIS, Linn. Flowers fascicldlor tacemose; calyx discifer- ous, shortly turbinate, 5-toothed, the short, broad teeth imbricated in aestivation; corolla, sub- papilionaceous, the upper petal the smallest, inserted within the others; ovary many—-ovuled. Legume compressed, narrovw—winged on the ventral suture. Leaves simple. Cercis canadensis, Linn. Red Bud, Judas Tree. Leaves ovate, Flowers in sessile clusters. at the base. acute, cordate, or truncate 40 or 50 fect high, A small tree, sometimes separating, 10 or with a straight trunk usually es nd, into stout branch 12 fect from the grou flat head. h fo rm an up ri gh t or often a wide whic ted from Ju da s Tr ee is widely distribu The abama to Fl or id a, we st ward to northern Al New Jersey ouri, i, an d no pt hw estward to Miss and Mississipp ann d Texas. It gf ows an Te rr j it or y » Louisiana, Indi rich pottom-Lands. syamps and on on porders of -~62~ The wood is heavy, hard, altho noi very strong, and rather coarse-grained. The specific gravity of absolutely dry wood is 0.6363, and a cubic foot weighs 39.65 pounds. While the wood is not of much importance commercially the tree is much used for ornamental purposes, The Red Bud is only a tall shrub here and anly a few spetimens are found on the Campus. A few in the Arboretum and one in the Botanical Garden make up the number, Genus GLEDITSIA, Linn. Flowers regular, polygamous by abortion; calyx campanulate, disciferous, 3 to 5 lobed; petals 3 or 5, imbricated in aestivation, ovary subsessile, 2 or many ovuled. Legume indehiscent or tardily 2-valved. Leaves abruptly pinnate or bipinnate. Gleditsia triacanthos, Linn. Honey Locust. Legume linear-oblong, elongated, many-—seeded, pulpy, indehiscent. Leaflets lanceolate—oblong. conditions A tree, growing under favorable is covered with from 75 to 140 feet high. Trunk 3-forked. spines, 3 or 4 inches long, simple or western slope of The Honey Locust ranges from thro southern Alleghany mountains in pefnysivania an to eastern Kansas and Ontario and. central Vichig s— northern Alabama aid Mis Nebraska and southward to ~63— issippi and Texas, It inhabits the borders of streams and intervale lands, growing with Black Walnut, Shellbark Hickory, Red Elm, Blue Ash, Boxelder and Kentucky Joffee Tree. fhe wood is hard, strong, close-grained, and very durable in contact with the soil. Commonly used for fence posts, rails and hubs of wheeas. It can be propagated from seed and is free from diseases and attacks of insects. Only one Honey Locust is growing near the College, and that just north of the Arboretum. A few trees of this species are growing about half way to Lansing. Genus GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Legume turgid or compressed, woody, 2-valved. Leaves unequally bipinnate. Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) Koch. (G. canadensis, Lam.) Kentucky coffee Tree. Inflorescence terminal. Leaves 14-15 pinnate, the lowest pinnae reduced to simple leaflets, the 4 rs othe to 7 to 13-foliolate. feet high and A tree,growing from 75 to 110 feet from the usually separating 10 or 15 ea 7 dete E or 4 principal divisi ons. ground into 3 stern distributed from we The coffee Tree is and southern Michigan to New York thro Pen sylvania -64- eastern Nebraska and Kansas and southwestern Ark ansas and southward to Tennesee. It is one of nD the raest of the forett trees of eastern North uw America, where it grows only on richest bottom lands. The wood is heavy, not very hard, strong, coarse-grained, liable to check in drying and very durable in contact with the soil. Used largely in cabinet making and for fence posts and rails. The Kentucky Coffee Tree is quite abundant along the river—bottoms south of the College and a few good trees are growing in sheltered positions on the Campus. The trees all seem to be young am healthy. Genus CLADRASTIS, Raf. Flowers in ample termnial panicles; calyx 5-toothed, the teeth imbricated in aestivation; corolla papilio®aceous; stamens -distinet, ovary stipitate, many-ovuled, Legume linear-compressed, tardily dehiscent. Leaves unequally pinnate, destitute of stipules. Cladrastis lutea, Koch. (c. tinctoria, Raf.) Yellow Wood. Virgilia. with a A tree, sometimes 50 or 60 feet high, adi- in diameter, usually trunk from 1 to 2 feet i ground int ms o «2 or 3 stems. vided 6 or 7 feet fro m m thetr 4 h pubescence wnewhe n they appear are clo the d wit The branches ~65— but soon become glabrous. The leaves turn a bright yellow rather late in the Autumn, sometime before falling. The Yellow Wood is one of the rarest and most local of the trees of eastern North America. It is found only in Kentucky, Tennesee and parts of North Capolina, where it grows with the Black Walnut, White Ash, White Oak and.Tulip Tree, It is hardy as far north as New England and Ontario. The wood is heavy, very hard, strong, and close— grained, with a smooth surface. The specific grav— ity of absolutely dry wood is 0.6278, a cubic foot | weighing 39.12 pounds. Used for fuel and occasion— ally for gun-stocks. Onevery fine specimen of this tree grows on the Campus just north of the Union Literary Build- ing. This usually blossoms only about on@® every two three years, but in favorable years, once in years. Genus ROBINIA, Linn. Tlowers in drooping axillary racemes, calyx 5—lobed, the upper lobes sub-connate; standard large reflexed, gs or keel; ovary stipulate, parely longer than the win 1 unequa l ly 2 -Va 1: V 6 ad. L S aves Cc ne Iie Linea. many pinnate. 4 SP&cies are found The genus in North American, and 2 in Mexico. Many insects Teed in the Le Uni 44 ted4 ©States a —66= upon Robinia, which is also effected by fungal diseases. Robinia pseydacacia, Linn. Locust. Black Locust. Flowers white, in slender loose racemes. Legume smooth. Branches naked. A tree, 70 to 80 feet in height, with a trunk 3 or 4 feet in diameter, The Locust ranges from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia, and has become widely naturalized in most of the territory of the United States east or the R imountains * ; It occurs in . groups in : the forest, growing with Hickory, Walnut, Ash, and White Oak. This tree is one of the most valuable timber trees 6f the American forest. The wood is heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, and very durable in contact with the soil. It is largely used in ship— building and for all kinds of posts. This Locust is quite plentiful in this region and many good specimens are growing about the Campus, It seldom grows to a large size here. Family ACERACEAR, e Genus ACER, Linn. Flowers regular, dioegiously or monoeciousiy polygamous, rarely perfect, or dioecious; calyx generally 5-parted, the lobes imbricated in aestivation; petals ee usually 5; ovary f-celled; ovules 2 in each Oe a ascending. Fruit a double samara. The genus is made up of 60 or 70 species, nearly half of which belong to China and Japan, Nine species| and 2 to the Pacific region, Acer saccharum, Marsh. (A. barbatum, Michx. ) Sugar Maple. Hard Maple. Flowers in nearly sessile umbel-like corymbs, apetalous. Leaves 3 to 5—-lobed. i The Sugar Maple is a tree 100 to 120 feet in height, with a trunk 3 or 4 feet in diameter. It is one of the most widely and generally distributed trees of eastern North America®. The northern limit ae is Newfoundland; it extends southward thro- ned Canada and the northern states to northern Georgia _ and western Florida. westward to Great Lakes, Minnesota and eastern Nebraska, Kansas and Texas. ae _ grows on rich uplands with Ashes, Hickories, white | eon es Bireh and Hemlock. 12gntMrom tinged with red. It has a high fuel value, and is used much in ship-building, interior finish and for furniture. The trees are attacked by numerous insects, The Sugar Maple is one ofour most common trees and grows to a very. good size on the sandy | or the Campus. Inthe woods about the ‘auhiaee, onpesial~ ly in the College woods, it is gradual!ly taking the place of the Beeches and White Oaks. The Black Sugar Maple is a varietyof this tree which looks very mich like the sugar eeie: Prof. Wheeler distinguishes it by the way. in which is Lanne droop at the edges. For all purposes it is the same as the Sugar Maple. Genus ACER, Linn, Acer saccharinum, Linn, (A. dasycarpum, Ehr.) Silver Maple. Soft Maple. “Fuowers sessile in axillary fascicles; ovary and young fruit tomentose. Leaves deeply 5-lobed.tess A tree 90 to 1090 feet high, with a trunk 3 or4 ae feet in diameter. The Silver Maple ranges from * New Brunswick southward thro the United States to. western Florida. Westward to eastern Dakota, Nebraska — and the valley of the Blue River in Kansas, It grows on - ganay banks of clear streams, with Willows and RedB ms The wood is hard, close-grained put Weee tie and unattractive. * -This treeis. ney abundant along the rive south of the college and, also, on the Campus. 0u1 soil encourages its growth. } Genus ACER, Linn, Acer rubrun, Linn, — Red Maple, Flowers ‘pedicellate in axillary fusdinies, ovary ‘and youngfruit glabrous. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed. The Red Maple is a slender tree, 80 to120 feet high, withupright branches which usually form a rather narrow head, | ; A very commonly distributed tree ranging from New Brunswick soubhward thro the United States toFlori-crs da; westward to eastern Dakota, Nebraska, ‘Indian and not very ee Light brown ee pee with red,with a smooth satiny surface. It is used— : in the manufacture of cheap furniture and for guns Maples on the campus, about. ioe Genus AoER, Linn, Acernegundo, Linn, (Negundo aceroides, Mocnoh. } Boxelder. : Flowers dioecious, destitute of petals. pinnately or ternately wividets A tree, sometimes 50 to 70 Feet high, 1% 2 to 4 feet in diameter, dividing near = a number of stout wide-ppreading branches. the pranches, when they first appear, are palegreen and glabrous or slightly pubescent. The Boxelder is one of the most aeney distribu | and in some parts of the country one of ‘the commonest : trees of the North American forests. It ranges from ver- mont.to Florida; northwestward +o Winnepeg and the eastern base of the Rockies, southward thro Utah to | Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. It occurs ‘on the panks of streams and lakes and the borders of swamps, mingled with Willow, Blm and Hackberry. The wood is light, soft, close-grained, but not very strong. It is occasionally used forcheap furniture and for DOnep- aeaee Also a nurse tPeRs: ae ank growth on the aes sandy Fe This tree makes a ra Pamily TILIACEAE, “Genus TILIA, Linn, “Flowers in axillary or termnial cymes, regular, perfect; sepals 5, distinct, vaivate inaestivation, | hypogynous, deciduous; petals 5, imbriecated in aestivation, hypogynous; stamens numerous, polyadelph- ous or free. Fruit globose, indehiscent, 1 to 2 seeded. The genus Tilia is widely distributed in the tem ; ; perate regions of the northern hemisphere.It is repre: _ sented in North America by 4 species, i Tilias grow rapidly and freely in cultivation, | flourishing in strong rich soil; propagated by grafting or layers as well as by seed. They are subject Gesehen of many insects. milia Americana, Linn. Leaves green on both surfaces, pubescent dniy. in the axils ofthe principal veins. Pedunculate pract — usually tapering at the base. Fruit ovoid. 7 New Brunswick. It extends thence westward to shores of Lake Surper ior and Lake Winnepeg, southward thro the itais states to Virginia and alongthe Alleghany nn Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas, the IndianTerritoryand ‘Texas. It is one of the most common trees in our northern forests, where it grows withthe Sugar Maple, The woodis. light brown,faintly tinged with red. A cubie foot ofthe ary wood weighs 28.20 pounds. Largely used for paper pulp. Also used all inthe manufacture of. wooden ware, cheap furniture,and parts of carriages, A number of fine Basswoods are on the campus. Many grow along the river-bottoms; put seldom grow to a large size there. A fine specimen stand northwest of the Physical Laboratory. Family CORNACEAE, Genus NYSSA. Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall. Tupelo. Pepperidge. . Fruit small, the stone more or less distinctly — ridged. Leaves linear-ohlong to oval or obovate. tough, flexible branches, thetrunk is often 100. fest high and 5 feet — The Tupelo ranges from Maine thro central ‘Michigan to Missouri, southward +0 Florida and Texas. It frequents the borders of swamps, growing | ot in wet, imperfectly drained soil with the Eln, swaunp | WHite Oak, Red Maple, and Ironwood, The wood is heavy, soft, strong, very tough anda =cule | Floutt to work and not durable inLOOaes with the ae . Some very:; PinePepveriagesare“growing about b ders of small ponds ain ‘the folie woods and a few on the boteon-anas south ofthe college. Family OLEAGEAR, osmae PRAXINUS, Linn, diebenus or “pubescent trees or shrubs. Leaves opsa posite, paviorate. ‘The genus is waeny distributed _. ainthe temperate regionsof the Northern elacee iss found in North America. The largest number of species occurin the eastern. part of th18 doveinme Numerous insects orey upon Frraxinus in North -Amerdea Also, attacked by many fungal diseases. The Aahee can they pe easily propagated from seeds and eratting and are easily and safely transplanted. Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx. ‘ te # § Blue Ash. Flowers perfect. Leaflets 5 to 9, usually 7, ee be sely serrate. ovate-ablong to lanceolate, acute, coar , Brancnlets quadrangular. sometimes 120 The Plue Ash is a slender hoael in diameter, ys feet nigh, with a trunk2 or 3 feet than 60 or 70, altho= ally smaller and not more four-angled, jadi, ‘The pranchliets are stout, nodes. and more or less 4—winged between the rn rtbuted from southe ne» ive sabiis aiat and thee and Bows tok: thro Lowa aetse northeastern Arkansas. ea It is eee nowhere very common, The wood is heavy, hard, close-grained and rather brittle. A cubic foot weighs 44.77 pounds. It is not often distinguished commercially from es the other Ashes. It is very free from disease and ateankoe of insects. | ‘ i ae A large number of small Biue Ashes aie springing a up in the College woods tho few are found on the campus. These, with the young Maples, make up a large part a ee of the second growth in-the eastern part of the = = College woods. More would grow if it were not for the shading which the Beeches give them. Genus FRAXINUS, Linn. Fraxinus nigra, Marsh. (F. sambugifolia, Linn.) Black Ash. | : Tlowers polygamous, without calyx. Leaflets 7 to 12, oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, the lateral sessile. boy oe alee a ae A tree, sone enol 80 to 90 feet high, with a ta eter. - — rarely exceeding 20 inches in diam This tree inhabits deep cold swamps and the low “panks of streams and lakes and ranges from Newfoundlan¢ to Lake Winnepeg and southward thro the northern sta The wood is heavy, , rathor soft, “not strong, tough, coarsedgrained, durable in contact with oo soil, and easily separable dnt thin layers. A cubic ” foot weighs 39.37 pounds. Lube, is largely used | for cabinet making and the interior finish6f 3 houses. , } The Black Ash is quite common aboutthe College, usually on ae low-lands oe about Ghee swamp north of the canpus. | Genus FRAXINUS, Linn. Fraxinus Americana, Linn. White Ash. Leaflets 5 to 9, usually 7, ovate to ob long~lanceo- late, mostly acute, pale on their lowersurface. The White Ash sometimes grows to height of 120 feet, with a tall massive trunk 5 or 6feet in diameter, altho usually mich smaller. This is one of themost ee Kansas, Indian Territory and Texas. Grows bestae rich, rather moist soil on low hills or in neig of streams, | The woodis heavy, nae ve close-grained and tough, altho brittle. pounds. Used largely in the m | =T6= imploments and furnifture., It will not stand drought yas of the plains, . The White Ash is very abundant in this vicinity and grows to a large size, Some finetrees stand just south of Williams' Hall, Many youngWhite Ashes are springing up in the woods about the College. | Genus FRAXINUS, Linn. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. (F. pubescens,Lan. ) -Red Ash. Leaflets 7 to 9, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, mos tly coarsely serrate, clothed on their lower surface like the young shoots with velvety pubescence. Antree, 40 to 50 feeth high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 18 to 20 inches in diameter, and with stout, upright, twiggy branches which form a compact — irregularly shaped head. t ~The Red Ash ranges from New ‘Sronewaee thro souther Southward it extends to Florida and Alabama, ieee It low rich moist soil near the banks of streams and | lakes. The wood is heavy, hard, rather strong, prittle and coarse-grained. A cubic foot weighs 38.96 pounds. It is not Cintingeceae commercially— from wood of White ian ‘This is.pet a So tree.about the Yu, good specimens are rare. Genus FRAXINUS, Linn. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sargent. (Fraxinus viridis, Michx.) Green Ash, This Ash is distriputed from Vermont thro the Appalachian region to Florida and westward to Texas, Northwestward to the eastern Rocky mountains in Utah and Arizona. 2 ay It may be distinguished Brom the Red Ash byits glabrous leaves and branchlets and by the usually . more sharply serrate leaflets, which are lustrousand bright green on bothsurfaces, The tree is rarely 60 feet high, and most abundant in the Mississippi Ra basin. A cubic foot of the wood weighs 44.35 pounds. for White Ash. oo This tree is usually confounded with the WhiteAsh. Quite a number of good specimens grow on the campus, oe just woot of the Botanical Laboratory. Also, fairly, plentiful in the College woods. Family BIONONTAGHAR. Genus CATALPA, Scop. ; Catalpa catalpa, Kar Plowera in many-flowered crowded panicles; corolla — thickly spotted on the inner surface. Fruit xiendwey 5 Leaves slightly acuminate, | A tree, \ region. | The wood is soft, noo strong, cence very durable in contact with the soil, A cubic foot| weighs 27.88 pounds. Largely used for fence posts a rails. 7 es A fewyears ago quite a number of these trees - were growing in sheltere@ places about the Sanne but | nuts. Now, but one or two are found. ane soil is not just right for this Catalpa. | , Genus CATALPA, Scop. Catalpa speciosa, Engl. (c. bignonioides, Les.) Hardy Gatalpa. ‘Flowers 2 spotted. “Fruit st See ee ee onal e a c Bera Peer eae ! eee a =. he a as Pugs rs ne _ eee t ne 7 ks. a =, iy : - ‘0 ~79~ f ; ~ acuminate. te ae In the forest this tree is ogcasi@nally 120 feet high; rarely more than 50 feet high in the open, with a a tall st:ees trunk 4 to 5 feet in cominchek Theeay areopposite or in threes. | “i This Catalpa inhabits the borders of evden ponds, and fertiie pottom-1 lands. It ranges from Illinois ‘thro southern Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennesee | and westward thro Missouri and northeastern Arkansas. he wood is light, soft, not strong, coarse— ‘ae grainea@, very durable in contact with the soil. A 3 cubic foot weighs 25.96 pounds. It is largely used for railroad ties, fence-posts and rails. The Hardy Catalpa stands our climate veryeasily, and many. good trees are growing in different places” 4 Wes the Campus. Just south of the street car switon, sg half way to Lansing, two fine rows of these Catalpas— are growing. 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