DOCTORAL DISSERTATION SERIES
PUBLICATION: 5936
AUTHOR:

Herman Silva, Ph. D,, 1951
Michigan State College

TITLE:

ALGAE OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY
REGION: A MANUAL FOR IDENTIFI­
CATION OF SPECIES

University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan

ALGAE OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEI REGION:
A i£ANUAL FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES

By

Herman Silva

A THESIS
Submitted to tne School of Graduate Studies of iflchigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
In partial, fulfillment of the requArements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Botany and Plant Pathology

1951

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
•I am a part of all that I have met...* - Tennyson,

in Ulysses

In the investigation which has led to this writing, the
efforts of many persons comprise the results which bear the
writer's name.

They all deserve the greatest possible credit

and thanks that I can give them here, sinoe each has contri­
buted an Important part.
Dr. G. W. Prescott, my major professor,

is muoh more

than a noted scientist and teacher to his students;
friend as well.

he is a

To become his worthy student is a high goal

for any young investigator.
I am indebted to several specialists in various fields
of algal research for aid generously given me from their own
hard-won store of experience.

Foremost among these has been

Dr. Francis Drouet, who not only has been of particular help
in identification of Cyanophyta and other algae, but who has
also contributed a large measure to the development of a
sound taxonomic attitude in my future work.

Thanks are also

due Drs. L. H. Flint and C. M. Palmer for aid in Rhodophyta,
Dr. Ruth Patrick in diatoms, Mrs. W. A. Daily and Dr. R. D.
Wood in Characeae, Dr. Mary Godjlce in Euglena, Dr. R. H.
Thompson in Dinophyoeae, Dr. E. A. Bessey for suggestions on
phylogeny, and Dr. H. C. Bold for advice on cytology, mor-

phology, and culture.
Ur. Alfred Clebsch, John F. Smith, and Joseph Priestly
M.D. have been boon companions on collecting trips.

Dr.

T. F. Hall of the Tennessee Valley Authority has contributed
specimens and furnished transportation and guidance In the
Uuscle Shoals area.

Dr. C. L. Baker has kindly provided the

facilities of the Reelfoot Lake Biological Station.
Special appreciation is due Miss Marilyn Huston, who
has been unbelievably patient and diligent in typing the
manuscript and in ferreting out many mistakes in the copy.
She and the other fellow graduate students have done much
to make life pleasant during the last few years.
Drs. £• L. Woodcock,

S. G. Bergqulst,

and L. U. Turk

have been the teachers whose olassrooms shall be long
remembered.
Dr. A. J. Sharp has been a source of encouragement at
the times when I was most in need of it.
My studies have been greatly aided financially by a
Michigan State College Graduate Assistantshlp,
States Atomic Energy Pre-Dootoral Fellowship,
father, Mr. William H. Silva.

the United
and by my

Herman Silva
candidate for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy

Final examination, April 30,

1951, 1:00 P. M . , Botany

Seminar R o o m
Dissertation:

Algae of the Tennessee Valley Region: A
Manual for Identification of Species

Outline of Studies
Major subject:
Botany
Minor subjects:
Geology,

Soils,

Zoology

Biographical Items
Bom,

Feb* 18, 1921,

Chattanooga,

Undergraduate Studies,
Graduate Studies,

Tenn*

University of Tennessee,

University of Tennessee, 1946-7, 1949, 1950;
M i chigan State College,

Experience:

1938-42

1947-61

Undergraduate Assistant, University of Tennessee,
1939-41, A r m y Information and Education Officer
for Bremen Enolave (Germany) 1946, Graduate
Assistant, Michigan State College, 1947-49,
Atomic Energy Commission Pre-doctoral Fellow in
Biological Sciences, 1949-61, Member of United
States Maritime Service, 1942-4, United States
Army, 1944-6

Member of Phi Kappa Phi, Soolety of the Sigma XI, Botanical
8oclety of America, Phyoologloal Soolety of
America

ALGAE OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY REGION:
A LANUAL FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES

By

Herman Silva

AN ABSTRACT

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State Co'lege of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for t.ne degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Botany and Plant Pathology

Year

Approved

Aft.^T/VU

1951

.

Herman Silva

This is a report on investigations of fresh water algae,
which have been in progress sinoe 1941.

A study has been

made of the algae of the Tennessee Valley Region,

defined

here as the area included by the state of Tennessee and the
Tennessee River Valley.

Twenty-three hundred samples have

been collected in seventy-five of the ninety-five counties
of Tennessee and in six surrounding states,

which Include

portions drained by the Tennessee R i ver System.
The treatment here is primarily systematic,

because

this course of pursuit grew to such proportions that the
numerous attractive ramifications w h ich presented themselves
could not be followed.

A total of 927 species and varieties

of algae distributed among 338 genera are considered.

Ori­

ginal observations have been supplemented with information
derived from study of the literature and after consultations
with specialists in the various groups of algae.
tne syeteme of Pascher, Fritsch,

Smith,

In general,

and Drouet have been

followed in the taxonomic treatment w ith some modifications.
A key has been developed for the Identification of all
genera, and keys and descriptions are Included for all spe­
cies except the diatoms.

Forty-six maps and plates containing

four hundred figures supplement the written text.
taxonomic comments are presented,

Pertinent

including brief descriptions

of genera and families.
Fifteen new species or varieties are reported and des­
cribed for the first time.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.

II.
III.
IV.

V.
VI.

Introduction
A*

Nature of the Study.......

1

B.

Character of the Tennessee Region........

3

Procedure.......................................

14

General Summary of Observation............

19

Taxonomy

A.

Systematic P l a n ..........................

23

B.

Key to Genera...........................

26

C.

Systematic Account.........................

81

Bibliography....................................
Index to Genera.

669

.............................. 679

INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study
The pursuit of knowledge rarely takes the inquisitive
human being along a straight and unbranched path*

Indeed

it usually leads him to see an infinite number of ramiflcations which can be followed eternally if he does not deli­
berately shut his eyes and avoid, for the time being at
least, most of the attractive byways whloh present them­
selves*

During this study of mlgae in and around the

state of Tennessee it has been difficult to ignore attrac­
tive problems relating to algal ecology, seasonal variation
in species, life history of individual plants,md others*
Regretfully, this had to be done and attention was re­
stricted chiefly to systematic aspects of the flora*
Some attention was given to distribution aocordlng
to broad regional cones which are determined by physiography*
▲Iso, some observations on speolflo ecological relations of
speoles were made*

The main objective, however, was taxo­

nomic and accordingly the results of the study constitute
a systematic treatment of the algae and is intended for use
in the identification of species*
▲t this time in Tennessee such a manual for Identifi­
cation is demanded.

The need is equally acute for those

with a broad Interest in algae who have access to hardly

2.

a single manual written in the English language, and those
with special interests, suoh as physiologists, who need a
reasonably aeourate ready souroe for identifying the sub*
Jeots of their investigations.

It is hoped that this work

will lead to aore precise studies of partioular groups of
the algae, and enoourage pursuits of the many ecological
probleas in the Tennessee flora.
In Tennessee, the present study has been preoeded by
some "oheek-llats* or studies of certain groups of algae.
The first notable one of these was that of Eddy, 1930 on
the plankton of Reel foot Lake, followed by Laokey'e report
in 1942 on a river plankton study.

Sous references have

been uade in the literature to individual species oolleoted
in Tennessee both before and s m o e these partioular Tennessee studies.

Salth, 1878 described a diatom from Knox­

ville, Schaeffer, 1918 desoribed Jenningsla dlatonophaga.
whioh subsequently has not been verified, Drouet, 1939 and
1942 includes a few blue-green Ulgae, and Phinney, 1946
studied a few Tennessee speoiaens of Oladophoraoeae.

Finally

there are the studies by Schwarts, 1933 of Reelfoot Lake
cryptogams and that of Wright, 1931, in his master's thesis
at Peabody College, on the genera of algae in the Mashvllle
Region.
The writer's first oheokllst was published in Silva
4 Sharp, 1944, followed by some additions (Silva, 1949),
and a new speoies desoribed in Prescott, Silva and Wade,

1949.

A bibliography of previous publications pertaining

not only to Tenneeeee, but the entire Southeast as well,
can be found In Silva, 1948.

The resumtf on southeastern

algal flora Includes two wnich are In the nature of state
floras; Melnteer,

1930 and his subsequent reports on Ken­

tucky, and Whitford, 1943,

on North Carolina algae.

Phil-

aon, 1939 has completed the only other recent generalized
study in North and South Carolina,

whereas studies have

been made of speolal groups by Brown, 1930 (desmlds),
Striokland,

1942 (Virginia Osolllatorlaeeae),

Flint, 1947-

9-9 (Batrachospermmn ohlefly), Tiffany, 1944 (Florida
Oedogoniaoeae), Salisbury, 1938 (Florida desmlds), and
Prescott and Soott,

in a series of papers ohlefly on desmlds

Character of the Tennessee Region
The territory hereinafter referred to as the "Tenn­
essee Region" (Map 1) Includes not only the entire state
of Tennessee, which is drained partly by the Cumberland
and Mississippi Rivers,
River watershed,

but also the complete Tennessee

covering parts of Virginia, North Carolina,

Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Kentucky.

This territory

is the heart of southeastern United States and is in the
center of the deolduous forest expanse of Eastern North
Ameriea.

It stretches for five hundred miles,

the western

half of the distanoe between the Atlantic Ocean and the
Mississippi River, and transects all the broad non-glaoiated
physiographic zones and prominent landscape features en-

countered in eastern United States except for the Piedmont*
In regard to vegetation and soils,

there are types Included

which are characteristic of regions m u c h further n o rth and
south*
While it is not possible to select a single criterion
for subdividing the area,
aroitrarily,
ences*

Thus,

certain sub-regions can be drawn

based on the more conspicuous natural differ­
the ten subdivisions (Map 2), into w h ich the

area of this study are divided,
graphic provinces primarily,

are b a s e d on the physio­

as p r e s e n t e d in Fenneman, 1938,

or the Geologic Map of T e n n e s s e e , revised by Pond,

1933*

The primarily physiographic sub-divisions are rein­
forced by the soil survey maps w h i c h coincide rather well
with the physiographic regions*

Maps such as that published

by the Tennessee Valley Authority,

1949,

on the soil associa­

tions of Tennessee do add divisions within the physiographic
zones, and some of these are used in the delineation of the
sub-dlvlslons here*

A good example of a soil sub-division

is the Bewleyville-Baxter-Crider A s s o c i a t i o n 1 in Montgomery
and Robertson Counties whloh is in a position phyBl©graph­
ically unseparated from the remainder of the lower plateau,
or highland rims surrounding the Nashville Basin*
Terrestrial vegetation is a third contributor to the
definition of the sub-divisions*

It is a less useful faotor

1 See U* 8* D* A. manuscript description of Soil Associa­
tions of Tennessee, 1949*

than the first two beoause almost all of the state is covered
by what Shantz A Zon, 1984,

characterized as the Chestnut-

Chestnut Oak-Yellow Poplar Forest.
applied,

Other names have been

but the evidenoe is clear that similar hardwood

forests do cover most of the area (Map 3b).

There are

small sections which differ from the general fabric.

The

Spruoe-Flr Forests form a head drees on the orests of the
Appalachian Ridges in the eastern portion of the area, and
Northern Hardwoods lie in the coves below.

Also, a small

tip of Shantz and Zon's Oak-Pine Forest does protrude up
from Oeorgia into the Ridge and Valley Province of East
Tennessee.
Because algae are primarily aquatio,

it would seem

that their distributional differences might be related to
hydrologic differences within the area studied.
ately, however,

Unfortun­

the well-marked areas present on a physio­

graphic or soil map are absent from a hydrologic one.

Only

three ground water provinces are represented in the area,
the Blue Ridge-Appalachian forming a strip along East Tenn­
essee and Western North Carolina, the Paleozoio Province,
including most of the eastern two-thirds of Tennessee, and
the Atlantic Coastal Plain Provinoe west of the lower
Tennessee River Valley.

This classification is according

to Meinzer, 1923, and is included in Tolm&n, 1937.
Other criteria,
vague.

such as rainfall and evaporation are

Livingston A Shreve, 1921 include maps which divide

the area into only two land subdivisions.

Still other ori-

teria, such as those based on land form and usage which
well may be more important than any of those ordinarily
considered, have not been explored sufficiently to be
employed.
At first glanoe the area of study is seen to be composed of three major watersheds (Map 1).

The most conspi­

cuous is the Tennessee River System which forms a large arc
fror the northeast,

southeastward,

Ohio River near the Mississippi.

then northwestward to the
Not only is its entire

main thread Impounded by dams, but there are eight major
tributary dame, and several other minor ones.

The Cumber­

land River forms a similar arc Just inside the Tennessee
aro, to the north of it.

Finally, most of western Tennessee

drains westward through smaller streams into the Mississippi.
A careful tabulation of the physical and chemical
properties of the waters in streams of the entire area was
published by Shoup, 1960, but there are only looal T. V. A.
studies of the standing waters (Map 3a), which have come
within late years to be a conspicuous part of the Tennessee
scene.
For a more accurate evaluation of the nature of the
major areas,
stated above,

ten subdivisions are drawn here (Map 2).

As

the primary basis for these is physiography,

with soil and vegetation considered to be of secondary im­
portance.

It must be stressed that the objective in listing

these subdivisions is to establish a basis for a more accurate

evaluation of the area, but not neoessarlly to iaply that
differences in algal flora are related positively to the
differences on which subdivisions are based.
The subdivisions desoribed below are listed froa eaet
to west.
1. Blue Ridge Province.

Rugged mountains of crystalline,

chiefly non-oaloareous, rook oover the sub-region, and
extend into the eastern bordering states of Virginia, Worth
Carolina and Georgia.

The soil in higher altitudes is an

extension of the grey-brown podeol group froa the north.
Spruoe-Fir Forests doalnate the vegetation above altitudee
of 4000 feet and northern Hardwoode are found lower down,
especially in coves and flats froa two to four.thousand
feet elevation, while the lowest elevations exhibit the
hardwood forest ooaaon to the entire region.

Here the

rainfall is highest, and evaporation and temperature lowest
of anywhere in the entire Tennessee region.

Springs are

lnnuaerable and streams are swift, rooky, and, in sections
where the natural vegetation oover is retained, quite
clear.

Hatural standing waters of any considerable extent

are unknown, but Fontana and Hlwassee Dams fora large, deep
lakes at high altitudes, and there are some alnor impound­
ments.
2. The Ridge and Valley Province or last Tenneeeee Valley.

The alternating rldgee and valleys of this region ooeupy
most of eastern Tennessee between ridges of the Appalachians
on the east and the Cumberland Plateau border on the west.

8*

Outliers of the Plateau, Clinch and Powell Mountains, reach
from Kentucky to a considerable dlstanoe Into the heart of
the region, as exceptionally large ridges*

The soils are

red-yellow podsollo type, mostly within a single association*
The natural climax vegetation is the hardwood forest common
to most of the region, with a little tongue of southerly
pines extending Into the lower parts of Hamilton, Bradley,
and Polk Counties.

The region Is mesophytle and usually

drought-free, rainfall, evaporation, and temperature condi­
tions being Intermediate between the Appalachian Region and
those further west*

Streams vary from brooks on the higher

slopes of the mountains and ridges to slower and often very
large ones, including the Tennessee River, In valleys*
Springs from limestone fissures are rather frequent In many
sections and solution work Is responsible for several small
sink hole lakes*

Artlflolal lakes Include six major T* V. A*

Impoundments and several lesser ones*

The presence of ponds

Is related to local land usage and water supply*
3* The Cumberland Plateau Sub-Region*

Its eastern esoarp-

ment lies In eastern Tennessee, but mainly It Is within the
middle third of the state*

Its western edge drops off to

form the eastern Highland Rim of the Hashvllle Basin in a
north-south line through Plokett, Overton, Putnam, DeKalb,
Warren, Coffee, Moore, and Franklin Counties*

The sub-

region must be further subdivided Into*
a* The Plateau Proper, which has a steeper outer and a

more flat inner part.

The soils here are often referred to

as Azonal llthosols, but this is oorreot only locally,

podsolio soils can also be found.

sinoe

Horizontally bedded sand—

stone with small streams are characteristic, but the deeper
valleys contain larger streams, limestone soil, and farm

ponds.
b. The Sequatchie Valley, which is strikingly entrenched
in a narrow strip through Bledsoe, Sequatchie and Marlon
Counties.

Its floor is similar to an eastern Tennessee

ridge valley, but is even more rertlle, with a red-yellow
podsolio soil type the same as the valley fills referred to
in the following seotlon.
The natural vegetation of the entire area is the usual
hardwood forest.

Rainfall and evaporation result in some­

what less mesophytlo conditions in the flat areas, but the
valleys are quite green as are the valleys of eastern Tenn­
essee.

Natural standing waters, even farm ponds, are rare

exoept in the fertile valleys.
4. The Highland Rim.

This is the roughly olroular low or

dissected plateau whloh surrounds the Nashville Basin, ex­
tending from the Cumberland plateau on the east to the lower
valley of the Tennessee River on the west.

Physlographloally

this is a distinct region and a general poverty of vegeta­
tion and of Man is noticeable even to a casual observer.
Nevertheless, there are Important local variations froa the
over-all pattern, among them are:

10.

a. Valley fills along the eastern side of the rim are
of the same soil type as Sequatohie Valley* and are the most
fertile in the state.

Good drainage and adequate water sup­

ply also differentiate the region from most of the rim.
b. A tongue of northern soil extends from Kentuoky into
Montgomery and Robertson Counties* and includes some types
assigned to the grey-brown podsolio group.

A broad map

showing this pattern is General Distribution of the Great
Soil Groups, from the U. 8. D. A. Yearbook of Agriculture*
1938.

The area* which was treeless before cultivation* is

an extension of the Kentuoky barrens discussed by Molnteer*
1938* but early farming attempts disturbed the ecological
balance so that trees now cover most of it.

Unusually pure

limestone underlying the area and poor drainage are respon­
sible for the soil type* however* not the prairie history.
The remainder of the region varies ohlefly in the type
and amount of drainage.

Along northern and western arcs

of the circle* it is often quite poor* and numerous catch
basins can be found filled with shallow standing water.

On

the eastern side* where drainage is better* there are some
artificial Impoundments* such as Dale Hollow Lake in Clay
County.
5.

The Nashville Basin.

The Basin is composed of an inner

part centered in Rutherford County* and two eonoentrlo outer
rings defined from the Maury-Mlmosa-Stony Land, and the
Baxter-Dellrose-Mlmosa soil associations.

The Basin is

11*

ringed by Trousdale, Smith, Cannon, Coffee, Moore, Linooln,
Giles, Maury, Williamson, Davidson, Robertson and Sumner
Counties, in the very oenter of the state of Tennessee*

The

forest here conforms to the general pattern with an inter­
esting variation on flat limestone areas In the form of the
extensive cedar (Junlperus) glades which are nowhere in the
region better-developed*

Rainfall and evaporation conditions

are only slightly different from those In the Ridge and
Valley Province, and there is a general resemblanoe in hydrologlo conditions, although the streams are mostly of the
valley type and the ridge pattern is replaced by a dendritic
stream pattern*

Sinkhole lakes do occur here, and extensive

farming often makes use of ponds*
6* Eutaw-Tuscaloosa Sand and Gravel Sub-region*

This is a

small seotlon in Hardin and Wayne Counties which extends up
from equally poor lands in Alabama and Mississippi*

Condi­

tions are similar to those of the Cretaceous belt Just west
of the lower valley of the Tennessee River*
The western Tennessee subdivisions have oertaln features
in common to distinguish them from those in the middle and
eastern parts of the state*

The area west of the Tennessee

River oonsists of north-south banded, progressively younger
zones which are shingled on the old Coastal Plain surfaoe*
The surface geologlo formations are ohlefly unoonsolldated
auid, except near the Tennessee and. Mississippi Rivers, are
covered with a layer of Plelstooene loess which beeomes

fifty to one-hundred feet thick near the Mississippi*
vegetation,

The

although containing some different elements,

falls within the general hardwood pattern except for the
river bottom forests.

The streams are low-lying,

bottomed, and form many sloughs and marshes.

shifty-

Hydrologically,

the third ground water zone represented in the Tennessee
area is located here.
of view,

Although from a well d r i l l e r ^ point

the water conditions are good,

respect to general vegetation*
tude,

this is not true in

A combination of lower alti­

and slightly higher temperature and rate of evapora­

tion, causes a frequent parched appearance in the higher
lying lands,

while the poor drainage maintains a saturated

condition in the bottoms.
features,

Ponds are frequent landscape

being used for stock,

erosion control,

or fish

culture.
7. The Cretaceous Belt.

This is the area Just west of the

Tennessee River which is covered by the Providence-DulacRuston soil association.
8. The Eocene Belt.

This is the broadest of the group,

covering over half the width of weetern Tennessee.

It is

surfaced by the G-renada-Loring-Memphis soil association.
9. The Pleistocene Loess Belt.
where the loess is deepest.
and the next zone,
at Memphis.

Aotually this is the area

It lies between the Eocene Belt

except that the Mississippi is reached

Highly productive soils are found in the region

where water relations are favorable.

10* The Recent Alluvial Area*

Tnia is the very low lying

land along tne Mississippi River and extending up ite tri­
butaries far eastward into western Tennessee*

The Alluvial

Sub-region corresponds rather well to the area in whloh the
Cypress-Tupelo-Chut forest is best developed*

This forest

type also formerly extended up the Tennessee River into
Alabama, but formation of T* V* A* lakes has largely inun­
dated it*
In addition, a feature within the Alluvial area de­
serves speoial mention, Reelfoot Lake.

This oddity resulted

froa an earthquake in the early Nlnteentn Century and in­
cludes a bayou, swamps, and pond areas about eleven miles
long and five to six miles wide.

Although there are wide

areas of open water the depth is astonishingly shallow,
almost never over a man's head*

Cypress trees may grow

anywhere on the surface and bizarre cormorants and egrets
peroh or nest in their branches*

The aquatlo vegetations

is that of a great over-grown pond— acres of Lemna, Helumbo,
Hymphasa. Huphar, and Immense quantities of Potamogeton,
Cabomba, and algae, especially Hrdrodlctyon. Cladophora,
Splrogyra, and Oedogonlum*

It is one of the moot intriguing

sites to be encountered in the Tennessee Region*

PROCEDURE
To date 2,400 oolleotlone have been made in the area*
The first two hundred of these were made in 1941-2, largely
from the Ore at Smoky Mountains but also lnoludlng a few
collections from the Knoxville area*

Speoies identified

from these early samplings are listed in Silva * Sharp, 1944*
At first, most specimens were placed dlreetly in vials of
liquid preservative (6-3-1 mixture of water-aloohol-formallm),
although living specimens were examined whenever possible*
When work was resumed in late 1946, collections numbered
300-730 were made*

A large portion of these were from the

Smokies, but several were added from the Knoxville area,
the Cumberland Plateau in the vlolnlty of Falls Creek Falls,
Washington County near Johnson City, and a scattering of
samples from other areas contributed by Dr* A* J* Sharp*
These collections have been preserved as exslccatae rather
than in liquid*
The final phase of the work began in the fall of 1947*
Collections from the Smokies, the Knoxville area, and the
Mashvllle area were made available by Dr* H* 0* Bold, and
Ur* Alfred Clebsoh sent many of his more than ISO collec­
tions from the Clarksville area*

The writer1s efforts at

this time were concentrated toward a compilation of the
various phyoologloal investigations published for the entire
14*

10*

southeastern United States* and a comprehension of the species
considered in then* so it was not until June of 1949 that
intensive work was resumed*
During the summer of 1949 and the school jear following*
the advantages of an Atomlo Energy Commission Pre-Dootoral
Fellowship were enjoyed* which facilitated the investigation*
The first field trip under this program was a long olroult
through the Tennessee areas from Knoxville south to Chat­
tanooga* west to Memphis* north to Martin and Reelfoot Lake*
a ten day stay at Reelfoot Lake Blologleal Station* and then
eastward by way of Clarksville* Mashvllle* Standing Stone
State Park in Overton County* and Morgan County*

A combina­

tion of collecting methods was employed during this time*
Collections were made in four-dram vials.

Field examination

proved to be praotleal only in a limited sense* but freshly
oolleoted material was examined to a greater extent through
the hospitality of Dr* Baker of the Reelfoot Lake Blologloal
Station* Mr. Clebseh of Clarksville* and others*

After pre­

liminary examination* blue-green algae and red algae were
dried on newspaper or filter paper* and most other algae
preserved in 6-3-1 solution*

Four shorter trips were car­

ried out during the summer of 1949*

In June there were

trips to Cookeville in Putnam County* to Maury County* and
a trip eastward through Jefferson and Oreene Counties to
reach the Aroheozolo rook area around Flag Pond*
there were two more trips.

In August

The first led south through the

Smokies into weetern North Carolina and northern Georgia to
Tapooa, with a return by Hiwassee Dan and the Oopperhill
Basin of Polk County, Tennessee.

The other was westward

through the Guntersville Reservoir area of northern Alabama
then northward through Linooln, Bedford, and Rutherford
Counties to Lebanon, then west to Nashville*

Here Dr* H* C

Bold served as an able and amiable guide in Davidson, Cheat
ham and Robertson Counties*

The final oolleotlons before

returning to Knoxville were made in Montgomery and Houston
Counties with Mr* Alfred Clebsoh of Clarksville*
A total of almost nine hundred samples were eolleoted
during the summer of 1949 plus an additional 160 from fall
and winter oolleotlons including Clebsch's from Montgomery
County, and those by Dr* T* F* Hall of T* V* A* from Col­
bert County, Alabama, as well as the writer's own from
eastern Tennessee*
Aotlve oolleotion was resumed in March of 1960, in
conjunction with an extended tour for conferences with
specialists in various algal groups*

Collections at this

time were taken la a line from Knoxville to Memphis by way
of Nashville and Clarksville, and, later, from Sumner
County in northern Middle Tennessee*

It was for this group

or collections that the "field culture" was first employed*
Samplings were placed in vials kept open to the air and up­
right in racks suitable for automobile transport*

On arri­

val. at Michigan State College the contents of the vials

were transferred to cotton plugged 260 ml. Erlenmeyer flasks
and about 160 ml. of water supplied and maintained.

The

water was either natural floodwater or soil extract of tap
water, autoolaved and aerated.

The Imperfections of the

method are obvious and numerous, but It does enable the
development of Oedogonlum and Vauoherla fruiting stages
and the multiplication of many species not apparent In the
fresh collection.
-‘•his method of maintaining field cultures was applied
to an Increased extent in the summer of 1960, but with a
few modifications.

Suboulturlng was sometimes suooessful

In obtaining special Individuals for added study.
culturing on soil extract agar was attempted.

Some

Por conveni­

ence, thirty and fifty ml. wlde-mouth bottles were substi­
tuted for the flasks.

Streptomycin (40 ppm) was used un­

successfully In attempts to reduce bacterial decomposition
during hot summer days.

Petri plate cultures of mud and

water, or whatever happened to be the substratum found, were
also employed to some extent.
The final oolleotlons for the present writing were made
during the summer of 1960, when two hundred samples were
added.

Another extended western trip was made from Knoxville

northward to Caryville, westward across the northern bor­
der counties of Tennessee to Martin In western Tennessee,
and Reelfoot Lake, then southwestward through Olbson, Madi­
son, Herdsman, and MoMalry Counties to enter Mississippi

near Corinth, then eastward to the Tennessee Hirer at Flo­
rence, Alabama, then east to the Tennessee River at the
Ountersville Heservior near Sootteboro, Alabaaa, and gener­
ally following the river upstream to the point of departure*
Other collections were added from Mr* Clebsoh and the wri­
ter's East Tennessee trips*
The intention of the writer had been to collect from
every county within the area, and to repeat collections
within each of the natural zones during every season of the
year*

Only partial realisation of this plan was possible,

although 76 of the 96 counties of Tennessee and twelve
neighboring oountles are represented*

The major natural

areas are all represented by a. number of collections*

A

few samplings were made a short distance outside the Tenn­
essee region, but within the same natural areas.
The final treatment of most specimens oolleoted during
this study will be drying and preserving them in packets
for distribution to the Herbaria of the University of
Tennessee, and the Chicago Natural History Museum*

Diatoms

will be sent to the Academy of Natural Science of Philadel­
phia, and 0* M* Palmer and L* H* Flint will reoeive dupli­
cates of Lemaneaoeae and Batraehospermaoeae respectively*

GENERAL SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS
It was stated at the outset that the emphasis of this
investigation has been on systematlcs,

with the result that

over eight hundred species representing two-hundred and
thirty genera have benn studied.

Limitations arising from

the magnitude of the area surveyed and the time available
have neccessitated far lesser effort in the field of ecology
so that no emphatic ecological conclusions can be offered.
Nevertheless,

in the course of work,

became apparent.

certain generalities

These are stated below by way of summar­

izing the impressions derived from the survey.
Almost all the desmlds herein reported were found by
Irenee-Marie in the region of Montreal,
five percent of the remaining algae,
diatoms,

are listed in Prescott,

Great Lakes R e g i o n .

and about eighty-

exclusive of the

1951, Algae of the Central

A similar correlation exists wit h the

floral studies in N o rth Carolina by Whitford,
Kentucky by Mclnteer,

1930 etc.

1943 and in

A direct comparison with

these other studies is ratner difficult to make,

since

there have been differences in emphasis and in the use of
scientific names by the various investigators.
It is felt that the precise nature of habitats is fre­
quently independent of underlying geological strata,

an

observation w h i c h is in agreement with Brown, 1930.

If

19.

20.

the nature or the habitat oan be independent, it seems wrong
to refer to "limestone reglone" or "crystalline rook regions"
aa though they were infallible determinants.

Brown,quotes

Strom, 1924-6 as a source of her "independent habitat" ob­
servation, but Strom is not neocessarlly the originator of
the principle.

Rather, it is likely that the phenomenon

«

simply has received little emphasis, although it has been
known for some time.

Related to the independence of the

habitat from .the geology of the area is the rather obvious
dependence of the immediate habitat on the immediate edaphlo
factors.

Lakes and ponds are intimately related to the

surrounding land.

It seems rather useless to speak of oli­

gotrophy and eutrophy in the strlet sense in an area where
productivity is controlled by the previous year's water
level, or the wash from bordering farm lands.

Certainly,

any index criteria of eutrophy based on the shape of the
basin would not stand.

Indeed, one is forced to disregard

almost all of the index criteria supported by llmnolgisto,
and to employ the emplrloal conoept of "eutrophic" being
synonymous with "productive" and "oligotrophic" with "non­
productive", regardless of the reason for the degree of
productivity.
For reasons mentioned above no new hypotheses are offered
in relation to the subject of Independence of aquatic habitats
from their geologic base, or their dependence upon surrounding
land.

However, it is pertinent here to point out that the

21

surrounding l&nd and the history of the aquatio environments
have been negleoted in writings as. oauees for the nature of
flora present.

Desmlds, for instance, are apparently de­

veloped best at a pH between 6.5 - 6.5 according to Irdh^eMarie, 1939, and are olassio&lly supposed to be oaleiphoble.
They are found in relative abundance for the region as a
whole, however, not only in the orystalline rook sons of the
Appalachians, but also in such places as near Lawrenoeburg,
where the bed rook contains considerable limestone, near
Clarksville on old pralre soil and in Obion County on loess*
In the last two Cases, the habitats were ponds on transported
soil, not bedrock, and luxuriant plant growth covered the
bottoms*

In the latter oase the ponds were artificially

fertilised for fish production.

The relation of surrounding

land to fish production is discussed in Dendy, 1948, but
this should be obvious enough to anyone who reoalls the spe­
cial flora of a barnyard pond.

The primary land element

affecting aquatio environments is land fora which determines
the grade of streams,

the presence of running, still, or

swampy water, and the availability of water for farm use*
Secondarily, land use, whloh is partly dictated by land fora,
affects algal flora*

For example, a pond formed from a mill

dam will have a different

flora in and around it from one

whloh is formed from the same water on the same land, but
which is stagnant, stable, and used as a watering place for
stock, or from one whloh is merely located within a cultivated
field*

It is suggested that land form and usage may partly
account for the results obtained by Uolnteer,

1942 In re­

lating algal distribution to soil regions of Kentucky*
fortunately,

Un ­

there has been until notv no subsequent study

in Kentucky or Tennessee*
Likewise,

a complete lack of comparable data on the

algal flora or Tennessee soils prewents any comment on the
two small studies of algae in Florida soils, Smi t h ft Ellis,
1943,

and Smith, 1944.

TAXONOMY
Plan of the Systematic Section
The eyeten of olaasifloation employed below la sub­
stantially that developed by Pasoher and his co-workers
and followed by Smith, 1950 and Presoott, 1951.

The clas­

sification of non-filamentous blue-green algae follows the
results of Drouet and Daily's researches of the last de­
cade.

Placements of other genera follow Prltsoh, 1936-45,

or are assigned according to the writer's own opinion*
It will be seen that the broad groups of algae are
given Divisional or Phylum status, and that Chrysophyta
includes the Chrysophyoeae, Baoillariophyceae, and Heterokonte, and Fyrrophyta includes the Dinophyeeae and the
Cryptophyoeae*

Within the families no attempt is made to

follow a phylogenetic sequence, since the manual is meant
to be used to looate categories conveniently, not to dia­
gram phylogeny*
For most groups of algae the following information is
included under eaoh speciesi
The name and author.

(References listed in biblio­

graphy, an " f indicating that a figure is included in
the reference*)
A short description of the species, which includes
only suoh information as is neooessary Cor identification*
Comments on the species, either taxonomic, ecologle,

24.

or both.
Occurrence or the species in the Tennessee Region by
county, where possible, listed from east to west.

These

reports are either previously published ones by other authors
(see Mature of the Study) or by the writer, or else they are
records being published for the first tifre.

The collector,

if other than the writer, is often indloated, as well as
the collection number, if available, and the date of collec­
tion.
Initials indicating looation of the species in other
Southeastern Statesi Y-Vlrginia, N-North Carolina, S-8outh
Carolina, G-Georgia, F-Florida, K-Kentuoky, A-Alabama, MMississippi, L-Loulsiana.
The diatoms, however, are merely listed, and no species
keys or descriptions are ineluded since they are a highly
specialised group requiring terminologies and lengthy
description as well as carefully exeouted illustrations
which could not be included in the present writing.
A key to genera precedes the systematic section proper,
and there are species keys under each genus.

Also there are

pertinent, crltioal comments at any level of classification
where they seem to be applicable.

Illustrations are grouped

on plates, and the reference to them is indicated under the
species descriptions in the text.

Key to Genera
Plants macroscopic;

large enough that the

form or structure can be seen w i t h the un­
aided e y e ..................................................
Plants microscopic,
to unaided eye
or spheres,
2. Upright

with structure not visible

(may be seen as layers,

sometimes floating,

cushions

h o w e v e r ) ..............<

"stems" bearing splne-llke

appendages in w h o r l s . ....................
2. Not upright

CH ARACEAE

"stems" bearing appendages

in w h o r l s .............................................
"Stem" and "leaves" corticate in most species
(see discussion of cortlcatlon under genus
heading),

spirally twisted investing cells of

oval oogonium (female organ)
5 crown cells,

terminating in

antherldla (globular male

organ) below oogonia in the axils of the
"stem" branches or "leaves".....................

C har a

"Stem" and "leaves never corticated,
spirally twisted investing cells of oogon­
ium terminating in 10 cap or crown c e l l s .............
4. A n t h e r l d l a on short pedicel among branches
or at a forking of a branch,

oospore

(fer­

tilised egg) compressed at m a t u r i t y ......

Nltella

26.

4*

Antherldla lateral to a branch at the
node, beside the oogonium, oospore
rounded at maturity

5.

. • •• Tolypella

Plant body oartllaglnous. branohed or
unbranched

5.

• • ••.....

6

Plant body not cartilaginous, may be
gelatinous...............................
6*

9

Unbranched or branohed only near base,
arising as slender cylindrical bris­
tles with rings or knobs at Intervals.

6.
7.

Freely branohed throughout. • • ......... ....... • •

7
6

Nodes formed by a continuous raised area
enolrollng the bristle................. .

7.

.......

Lemanoa

Nodes formed by a circular series of pro­
tuberances. not a complete raised area... Sacherla
8.

Cartilaginous condition complete,
plant oortioated except very near
tips...............

8.

Tuomeva

Oartllaglnous only near base in res­
ponse to extreme environmental condi­
tions. ends gelatinous, beaded In
appearance; plant consisting of an
axis with bundles of branches at nodelike Intervals......

9.

Batraohospermum

Terrestrial; colonies either spherloal
or Irregularly shaped.

...........

10

27

9.

Aquatio p l a n t s .........................................
10. Shape globular or sac-like,
3 mm in diameter,

11

thalli 1-

anchored to sub­

strate by subterranean rhizoidal por­
ti o n ....................................

Botrydium

10. Larger spheres or irregularly lobed
masses of a firm gelatinous texture,
inclosing many filaments of b e a d ­
like c e l l s .....................
11. Gelatinous

(if dried down,

Nostoc

will stick to

paper). . ...................................
11. Non-gelatlnous,

coarse,

12

branched single

filaments................................

Co m p s o p o g o n,

Cladophora, V a u c h e r l a , or Pithophora
(pee key to smaller forms No. 13)
12. Color grass- or yellow-green,

col­

lapsing into amorphous mass when
lifted from water (see key to smaller
forms No. 1 3 ) . .................
12. Color olive-green,
purple,

blue-green,

Draparnaldla
brown,

or rose colored etc., but

not grass- or yellow-green;

retaining

some semblance of structure even
when lif t e d from w a t e r . ....... Batraohospermum
13. Non-flagellated cells (frustules) with
siliceous walls which are two-parted and

26.

and decorated with etched lines or rows
of dots,

the sections (valves) fitting

together In pill-box or capsule fashion;
cell8 drum-shaped,

cigar-shaped,

wedge-

shaped or rectangular................................ .

270

13. Flagellated or non-flagellated cells,
without such siliceous w a l l s ................. ...... .
14. Cells without chromoplasts,
protoplast pigmented,
green in color,

14

entire

generally blue-

cell protoplaem in­

closed by membrane and gelatinous
sheaths rather than by a more or
less rigid cell wall,
hardly collapsing,

the protoplast

and readily re­

suming & normal appearance after
ordinary drying;

neither vegetative

nor reproductive cells m o t i l e ......

CfANOPHYTA.

15

14. Cells possessing organized chromoplasts,
color other than blue-green,

motile or

imraotile, usually possessing a firm
cellulose wall....................... ............

72

15. Plants unicellular or in families or
oolonles............. . ...............................
15. Plants filamentous,

solitary or aggregated,

sometimes short cylindrical epiphytes,

or

epiphytic cushions with only a suggestion

16

of linear arrangement of oells toward the
outer or upper portions of the thallus***••••••••••

33

16* A small clump of oells with lndlstlnot filamentous arrangement con­
taining heterooysts (odorless
oells usually with thick walls)*

••

17

16. Plant dlfrerent in form, hetero­
18

oysts lacking,.............................
17* Ceils oTer lOu in diameter* Stlgonoma (hormogones)
17* Cells under lOu in diameter*•• Eostoo (hormogones)
18* Intermingled with other plants or
free, but not forming distinct
epiphytic structures and without
any suggestion of basal-distal
••••

polarity...............*..........

19

18* Epiphytic and with some degree of
basal-distal polarity* *...... *.....*........

30

19, Colony essentially flat, resulting from
cell division in two planes at right
angles*................................. *......... *

80

19* Colony possessing depth resulting from
division in three planes................*.......
80* Cells arranged la reotllinear series.........
.......

Merlsnopedla

80* Arrangement Irregular, oells oval.............
..................... Illoroorods (Holopedlum)

81

30*

21. Celle spherical* compressed spherical*
or very short oval* exoept when dividing............

22

21. Cells cylindrical* definitely oval* or
28

elliptic..........................................
22. (Gelatinous sheatn around individual
cells or groups stratified.......... CHoeocapsa
22. Stratified sheaths not present...... ••..... • •••

23

23* Blue-green protoplasts enclosed in de­
finite cell walls of Oooystls-llke
host (t) (see Oocystis).............. CHauoocystls
23* Not within Oocystls-1 Ike oells*...................

24

24* Colonies spherical exoept before
colony fragmentation........ ............... .
24* Colonies Irregularly shaped*

25

.............

27

26* Cells distributed throughout the ma­
trix* and containing pseudovacuoles
(small refractive bodies).............. . ...........

............. • Dlplooystls (Microcystis)
25* Cells located only at p

e

r

i

p

h

e

r

y

*

26* Cells at the ends of branoned radi­
ating stalks, oells lacking pseudovaouoles......................

Qomphosphaerla

26* Cells not at the ends of radiating
strands* oells normally with pseudovacuoles........................ Ooelosphaerlum
27* Flanktonle or in shallow water* pseudo-

•

26

31.

vaouoles always present, oells never re*
tainlng a paired arrangement after divi­
sion..................... Dlplooyatls (Mlorooystla)
27. Generally intermingled with other algae,
pseudovaouoles absent, oells often re­
taining a paired arrangement after divi­
sion.......

.

Anaoystls (Aphanooapsa)

28. Protoplasm enclosed in definitely
walled Oooystls-llke oells....... Glaucooystla
28. Not enolosed in Oooystls-llke oells. ..........

29

29. Gelatinous sheath present, oells grouped
in few or m a n y . .......

Cooooohlorle

29. No persistent gelatinous sheath, oells
almost always single. .............

Syneohoooocus

30. Cushions of olosely compressed
oells.

.................. ••••••.. Kntophyaalla

30* Sreot epiphytes, may be orowded but
still separate........... •••••••.....

31

31. Cylindrical structure often filamentlike possessing 5-10 transverse septations.•••••••••••••...........

Stlohoslphon

31. Plants shorter, oross partitioning to
form only a few spores at the end of the
filament.

........

32. Temporary gelatinous point present
at tip.••••••.................... . • Olastldium

32

32. End rounded,

young stage of Entophysalls

33* Heterooysts present, or filaments tapered,
or both....................................
33

. Mo

50

heteroeysts present, filaments not

tapered.

............

34

34. Filamentous structure vague or fila­
ments attached at one end....................

35

34. Filamentous structure definite,
attached, if at all, only by inciden­
tal twining of median section of
39

filament..............
35

* Filaments

long, attached at one end,

many cells extremely long............... Locfgrenla
35

. Filaments

very short, attached at one

end, separated into short lengths; some­
times forming cushions of ill-defined
structure containing more or less round
cells*....................................

36

36. Cushions of closely compressed
oells formed.

.............

Entophysalls

36. Erect epiphytes, may be orowded but
still separate.
37

. Cylindrical

......

37

structure often filament-like,

possessing 6-10 transverse captations.......... ...»
•* *............................... .

Stlohosiphon

37. Plants shorter, septatlng only to form a

few spores at the end*............

36

38* Temporary gelatinous tip present at apex...........
..............................
38* Apex rounded......

Clastidiua

young stage of Bntophysalls

39* Triohome (thread of cells) unbranehed,
single within sheath, though sheaths
40

nay be confluent.............
39. Trichomas "falsely* branohed (cell
continuity extending laterally with
break in continuity of main axis)
or trlohones multiple within oommon
sheath.......................... •••••..........

48

40. Gelatinous sheath risible around trichomas.••••••••

43

40. Gelatinous sheath generally not risible,
colonial mass fragile, no adhesion be­
tween adjaoent filaments.........................

41

41. Filaments regularly splraled.••«•••••.........

42

41.

Filaments not regularly splraled. Osclllatorla

42. Septatlons risible only upon staining,
if at all........

Solrullna

42. Septatlons readily apparent..........

Arthrosplra

43. Chiefly terrestrial, arising in
marked tufts made up of fused bun­
dles of filaments with firm sheaths.• gymplooa
43. Aquatio or terrestrial, if terres­
trial not tufted.

..............

44

44. Sheath* thin, confluent to form fabrlo-like, usually tough Bass........Phoraldlusi
........

44. Sheaths thlok, hardly oonflusnt.

46

46. Filament about 35-40u broad with very
short oells (length 1/3 of width), some­
times branching...........

Pleotonema

45. Filaments various sizes, oells propor­
tionally long or short, never branohing...........

46

46. Sheaths oylindrioal with relatively
even surfaoe...........

47

46. Sheaths rough, irregular, sometimes
ooming to point at end of filament.......... .
.......................

see Schlsothrlx

47. Sheaths thick, lamellose, colored;
plants terrestrial....... ......... Forohvroslohon
47. Sheaths usually not lamellose, plants
aquatio..................................... Lvngbva
48. Triohomes single within sheath, ex­
hibiting false branohing......

PiifltftM—

46. Trlohomes generally multiple within
sheath, false brsuiohing not apparent
beeause of crowding of trlohomes...............
49. One to several (3-6) trlohomes within a
common sheath, fasoiole frequently branohed
in older specimens.................. .. Sohlzothrlx
49. Many (more than 6) trlohomes within a

49

common sheath* fascicle Infrequently
branohed................................ Mloroooleus
60. Filaments olearly tapered from base
toward apex........

68

50. Filaments very slightly tapered................

61

51.

False or true branohing frequent. .....

58

51.

Branohing none or exoeedingly rare............

62

52. Filaments relatively short* curved
or sigmoid with heterooyst at end*
youngest end often somewhat pointed........... .

......................... jUphiaiop.n
52. filament, of Indefinite length, and
9

not pointed. .....

53

53. Oells definitely dlsoold* much broader
than long.
53.

.................

Hodularla

Oells not dlsoold...............

54

64. Oells oyllndrloal* filaments with
basal* oyllndrloal heterooyst* most
of remainder of filament free from
substrate........

Fremyella

54. Cells without oyllndrloal basal hetero­
oyst* entire filament more or less
prostrate on substrate If attached* or
else oompletely free floating..................
55. Oolony composed of more or less strongly
bent or oontorted trlohomes surrounded by

66

36*

a definite and firm gelatinous sheath*....* Noatoe
56* Colony composed of straight or curved
trlohomes not surrounded by a firm and
definite gelatinous sheath**...................

56

56* Terrestrial# spores next to terminal
heteroeysts only.*...... *•*••• Cyllndrospermum
56* Usually aquatio# spores both adjacent
to and remote from heteroeysts# whloh
are never exclusively terminal. •*... *..........

57

57* Colony a floating raft-like bundle of
straight# parallel filaments..... .

Aphanlromenon

57. Colony not a raft-like bundle# trlohomes
not straight or parallel.................

Anabaena

58* Colonies with oushlon-llke base of
more or less spherical compressed
oells end upright filaments whloh may
taper only very slightly*

...... Amp hit hr lx

58* Cushlon-llke bases If present# com­
posed of definite filaments# both
prostrate and upright**••••••••••••••*.....

50

59* Branching of false type# or branches
readily breaking off so that branohing
structure is not apparent*.............. •••••......*
59* Branching of true type (continuity of
main axis maintained and branoh arising

60

37.

by oell division parallel to long axis.............

66

60. Colonies characteristically terres­
trial cushions with much-branched
prostrate filaments giving rise to
many upright branches.......

Has sal 11a

60. Dimorphic nature of colony not
evident..................... .............. .....

61

61. Branches often in pairs, originating be­
tween heteroeysts of the main trlohomes. Boytonema
61. Branches generally single, originating
Just below heterooyst, branches sometimes
forming short strands whloh become par­
allel with main filament........................... .

62

62. Branching only in young filaments,
older ones forming continuous series
of thick walled spores.

............. Auloslra

62. No series of thick walled spores
formed, spores rare or absent. •••••• ........

63

63. Trlohomes growing side by side, parallel
or entwined, resulting from broken branches
within gelatinous sheath...............

Desmonema

63. Parallel arrangement not apparent................
64* Filaments merely short curls or curved
strands In broad gelatinous sheaths Plplooolon
(likely a growth form of Boytonema)
64. Filaments long, straight or curved.

64

38*

without broad laterally extended
gelatinous sheathe*
65*

...........*............

Branches frequent and permanent.......

66

Tolypothrlx

65* Branches quickly separating from parent
filament, therefore plant usually observed
as unbranohed filament with basal hetero­
oyst..................

Fremyella

66* Terrestrial oolony characteristically
composed of prostrate filaments
crowded with numerous upright branches*
...............................

....

Flsoherella

66* Such dimorphic colonies not apparent* *.........
67* Aquatio plants with unlserlate filaments
...........................

67

••••••

Haoal o slphon

67* Aquatic or terrestrial plants with at
least partly multiserlate filaments*•*•• Stlgonema
68* Cushion-like base of more or less
spherical oells without filamentous
organization* *....... .*•••••••••*•• Amp hit hr lx
68* Mo such base present under filaments

••••••

69

69* Trlohomes single or serlately arranged
within sheath, no apparent branohing or
definite colony form

•••••..... ••••• Oalothrlx

69* Filaments arborescent in branohing habit,
or forming hemispherical or spherical
colonies*............................................

70

30.

70. Arborescent branohing colony resulting
from development of hormogonla (regen©rating branches) within parent sheath,
and protruding through the open end Plohothrlx
70. Hemispherical or spherical colonies
resulting from radial development of
hormogonla.

............. ••••••......

71

71. Spores next to b&sal heterooyst. •••«• CHoeotrlohla
71. No spores next to basal heterooyst.....• Rlvularla

72. Motile single oells or oolonles com­
posed of motile oelle. •••••• .......

73

72. Non-motil© solitary or colonial plants
composed of non-motlle oells.•••••••••••••••••• 137
73.

Colonial.....................

74

73. Unicellular................. ••••••......

75.

83

74.

Colony a flattened or twisted

plate.........

75

74.

Colony not a flat nor twisted

plate.••••.....

76

Colony a flat tumbling reotangular plate
without posterior and anterior differen­
tiation................

Conlum

75. Colony a flattened, twisted horseshoe­
shaped plate, oolonlal sheath rounded
at the anterior end, lobed posteriorly Platydorlna
76. Oval or pyrlform oells compactly
grouped with small ends apposed.•••••••••••••••
76. Cells not radially arranged, gener-

77

40.

ally at periphery of the gelatinous
sheath, but sometimes compressed
toward center...................................

78

77. Colonies or few cells surrounded by de­
finite gelatinous matrix containing im­
bedded granules (rare)..................

Syncrypta

77. Colony often of many cells, without sur­
rounding matrix being risible (common)*•••• Srnura
78* Center of oolony containing dlohotomously branohing gelatinous threads
running to cells with unequal flagella...........................

Uroglena

78. -Ho diohotomously branching system
present.........

79

79. A great number of oells (128 or more)
present in eaoh spherloal or oral colony..........
79.

Number of oells per colony 64 or less.••••••••••• •*
80* Cells yellowish or brownish, flagella
unequal in length, and oells not lat­
erally oonnected with processes*• Proglenopsls
80* Cells generally green, but see Volrox aureus with yellowish or golden
color in which flagella are equal and
with oells usually laterally oonneoted. Volrox

81. Colony composed of two different sises of
oells (small regetatlre and larger repro-

80
81

duotive oells)*.........................

Pleodorlna

81* Colony composed of oells all the same
else*.................................. ..............
82* Cells usually well separated, arranged
In tiers* ...........

Budorlna

82* Cells usually appressed at oenter of
oolony, arrangement in tiers gener­
ally not evident* *.................... Fandorlna
83* Rigid cells with definite transverse
furrow circling half or all of cell, or
with suoh a motile stage, one fl age H u m
In transverse groove, other extending
posteriorly from oell*..... •••••.................
83* Ho

suoh transverse furrow as above*

....

84
91

84* Immotlle (but may oontaln soospores
with the transverse groove differing
greatly In form from immotlle oell***..........

66

84* Normally motile, oontainlng no con­
siderably different Immotlle stage............
85* Immotlle stage polygonal with thick, per­
haps branohed extensions at oorners** Pinastrldlurn
85* Immotlle stage unsymmetrioally ovoid or
elllptlo with poles thlokened or extended
into horns* *.................... ••••••• Qystodlnlum
86. Transverse groove extending halfway
around oell.........................

Hemldlnlum

86

86* Groove circling oell*...........................

87

87# No detectable structure of plates on
surface....... *....................... Ctarmnodlnlun
87*

Surface of separate plates..............

88

88* Oell markedly asymmetrical with 1
long anterior and 2 or 3 posterior
horns.................... *..... ......Ceratlum
86# Asymmetry slight* no long protrusions
at poles..............

89

89* Plates indistinct with narrow, often in­
discernible, sutures between.........

Glenodlnlum

89# Plates strongly marked, with wide sutures
between. ....................

90

90* Single antapioal (terminal* posterior)
plate present.......................
90*
91#

Gonyaulax

Twin antapioal platespresent*••••• Perldlnlum

Amoeboid with rhlsopodal extensions...............

91* Not amoeboid.................

*.....*•••

92# Spicule-like pseudopodia of twloe
body length present............... Bhlsoohrysls
92* Pseudopodia slender but not spicule*
like, of about body length, flagel*
lated stages reported*•••••*•••••• Chrysamoeba
93* Test (lorloa, shell) present, that is,
one which can remain after death or es­
cape of the protoplast (test is often re*

98
93

43

sembled by firm gelatinous sheaths, but

93.

these lack an enlarged flagellar opening)....... .

94

No test present.....................................

95

94.

Over 15u In diameter generally,

if

under 15u then chroraoplasts green,
not yellow-brown...............
94.

Always less than 15u in diameter,
chromoplasts yellow-brown

95.

Trachelomcnas

Chrysococcus

Cells with chloroplasts and stigma,
moving with worm-like motion but without
flagellum...................................

95.

Euglena

Cells not as above..................................
96.

96

Surface with faint plates (scales)
bearing conspicuously long slender
spicules........................

96.

Mallomonas

Surface without surface plates or
very long slender spicules...................

97

97.

Four flagella present..............................

98

97.

Less than four flagella present...................

108

98.

Body somewhat plastic,
out posterior lobes,

with or with­

sometimes ex­

truding pseudopodia. ..........
98.

Collodictyon

Body firm, without posterior lobes,
or pseudopodia................................ .

99.

Coarse granules covering oval gelatinous
sheath around a smaller protoplast.... Pedlnopera

99

44.

99.

Without granular sheath........

100

100. Anterior end with four rounded
lobes........................... Pyramlmonas
100. Anterior end without four lobes.............

.
101 .
101

101

Ceils somewhat compressed laterally.• Platymonas
Cells not compressed...................

Carterla

102. Cells with three flagella and Euglena-llfce eyespot, paraaylum
bodies, and metaboly (change in
shape)...............

Euglenomorpha

102. One or two flagella only present.••••••••••.• 103
103. One flagellum present or seoond of unequal

length...................................... ........ 104
103.

Two equal flagella present.

........

• 124

104. Cells oolorless, soaroely metabolic,
flattened quadrangular In oross
section, with very short seoond
flagellum; (rare).............. Sphenomonas
104. Without this combination of char­
acters..............

105

105. Chromoplasts golden-yellow, yellow-

brown or else rosy

colored.......................

106

105. Chromoplasts some other color, or ab­
sent............................. ................. 100
106. One flagellum of almost twice body
length.

......................

Chromullna

46*

106* Two flagella* longer flagellum of
no more than about body length*.............

107

107* Chromoplast definitely a rosy color. •. Rbodomonas
107* Chromoplast golden-brown........ ................

108

108* Well developed broad longitudinal
groove present

• • Orvptomonas

108* Longitudinal groove linear*... OryptoohrysIs
109* Cells with ohloroplaets (grass green
ohromoplasts)* with eyespot (see Traohelomonaa with mashing brown oolor in
test or shell).*................................. .

110

109* Cells without ohloroplaets* essentially
oolorless...... *.........

•.*.•••••••*

115

or change shape when moving....... ...... ...«

111

110* Cells with some tendency to bend

110* Cells rigid.

.... ...... .

112

Ill* Cells with two lateral chloroplasts*
green to almost oolorless* very slightly
metabolic;

(rare)...... .............. MonomastIn

111* Cells with other chloroplast arrangement;
(common).

.......

Sualena

112* Protoplast enclosed by variously
shaped tests........ «••••••••• Traoholomonas
112* Ho test present.

....... .

113

113* Cells fusiform* or rounded in er#ss
section..................

Lepodnclls

46.

113* Cells not symmetrically rounded in cross
section................................

114

114* Cells strongly flattened, with dor­
sal ridge, or oell cup-shaped,
surface with spiral or straight
lines; containing numerous discoid
ohloroplasts; (common)..............

Phaous

114* Cells only somewhat compressed,
without ridges, folds, or surface
ornamentation, with two laminate
ohloroplasts; (rare)...........
115*

One flagellum

Crrptoglena

only......

118

115* Two flagella, unequal in structure or
116

behavior..............
116. One flagellum (the protruding one)
very strong, the other (trailing)
slender..........

Heteronema - and Peranema

(if the report of a second slender
trailing flagellum here is oorreot)
116* Flagella not differing greatly in
size but differing in behavior, one
being more active and protruding..........

117

117* Conspicuous narrow gullet present on one
side of cell*

...............

Bntoslphon

117* Mo such gullet observable............. * Aalson*—
118* Cells somewhat metabolio in movement

118

47

116. Cells rigid.....................................

122

119. Spindle or oval, somewhat metabollo,
cells with exoentrio insertion of
Euglenopals

flagellum....................
119. Somewhat more metabolic,

insertion of

flagellum not exoentrio.............................
120. Base of flagellum bent,

120

swollen

slightly, pharyngeal rods may be
detected.................

121

120. Without granular swelling at base
of flagellum or pharyngeal rods;
(rare).................................. Astasia

121

. Only

two straigftt pnaryngeal rods pre­

sent;
121

(very common)......................

. Third,

Peranema

curved, pnaryngeal rod, and

ringed paramylum bodies present;
(rare)................................... Jennlngsla
122. Cell shape unsymaetrloally ovoid Petalomonas
122. Cell shaped otherwise..........................
123. Cells usually curved or ridged with no
swelling at base of flagellum............Menoldlum

123. Celle straight, never ridged, flagellum
turned and swollen at base............
124. Surrounding gelatinous sheath,

if

present, of about the same shape
as protoplast,

except for apical

Soytomonas

123

papillae and surface irregularities...........

126

124. Surrounding gelatinous sheath dif­
fering from protoplast in shape..............

131

125. Protoplast suspended within cell cavity
oy protoplasmic strands from wall,
taining haematochrome.
125.

con­

..........

Haematococcus

Protoplast not suspended as above,
without haematochrome..........................
126. Cells fusiform,

at le*st tnree times

longer tnan broad..............

Chlorogonlum

126. Cells not fusiform.............................
127.

126

Cells with tro posterior lobes..........

127

Pure 11 la

127. Cells not lobed...................................... 128
128. Gelatinous covering with blunt,
ridge-like irregular processes.... Lobomonss
128. Envelope,

If any,

smooth or merely

irregular, but without protruding
129

processes or ridges......
129.

Cells flattened anterlor-posteriorly,
end-view roughly hexagonal..........

129.

Heteromastlx

Cell not flattened so, nor angular................
130. Single ehloroplast occupying one
side of cell leaving other side,
which is often flat, hyaline,
flagellum single;

(rare)........ Pedinomonas

130. Chloroplast cup-shaped,

its opening

130

anterior, tvo flagella of equal
length present; (eoamon).....

Chlanydononas

131. Two anterior lobes visible in broad side
view, two ohloroplasts present leaving
colorless longitudinal area, very mueh
flattened dorsi-ventrally, fuelfor* in
shape in narrower side view..*..

Scherffella

131. Hot anteriorly lobed, nor flattened to

suoh a degree, without a hyaline axial
area. •••••••...................................... .

132

132. Surface irregularly granular.•• Thoraoononas
132. Surfaoe not granular...... •••••............. , 133
133* Gelatinous covering with narked wings,

lobes, or appendages. .. ............... .......... .
133. Without lobes or appendages.

....... .

134
136

134* Two or four wing-like or keel-like
longitudinal appendages present.• Pterononas
134. Lobes both wlng-llke and fingerlike. ........................

W1 slouchlella

135* Sheath distinctly wider than protoplast,

at least in rear................... ...............

136* Oval or elliptie sheath only slightly
larger than protoplast, very thin and
elose posteriorly, protoplast p y r l f o m ............
• ••••..... •................

Sphaerellopsls

136. Division of two halves of gelatinous

136

covering often visible as circum­
ferential ridge or groove.......... Phacotus
136* Division in halves not apparent,
separate openings present for eaeh
flagellum....................Dysmorphoooocus
137* Cells with bilateral symmetry, nearly
divided medianly to form two semioells
which are mirror Images of one another,
or with oell contents equally divided..............138
137* Cells neither oonstrloted at mid-seotlon,
nor dividing into mirror image semioells,
radially and bi-laterally symmetrical
forms Included here............

.•• 168

138* Little or no equatorial sinus or

138.

constriction present.

........ 139

Definite sinus or constriction

.......

140

139« Straight, untapered cylindrical oells,
ends conical or rounded, length about
six times width.

.......

Penlum

139. Cells tapered, poles narrowed or more or
less pointed, cresoent-shaped or only
slightly curved......................

Olosterlum

140* Plants definitely filamentous in
structure

............

141

140. Cells solitary exoept for occasional
and temporary end-to-end adjoinment.

14

61*

141. Cells with deep, narrow, or wedge-shaped
median constriction, apices of cells with
two rod-like appendages which overlap
Onychonema

adjacent cells.........................

141. Not deeply constricted, lacking rod-like
appendages.................... .....................

142

142. Usually notched with narrow Indenta­
tion at equator of cells,

end view

triangular or elliptic............

Desmldlum

142. Lateral margin merely retuse or
slightly concave,

end view cir­

cular. ............................
143.

143.

Hyalotheca

Cells elongate and cylindrical or
nearly so...........................................

144

Cells not long cylinders.......................... .

145

144. Cells covered with short sharp
spines,

cells not constricted at

center................
144. Cells spineless,

Qonato&ygon

having at most

short protuberances or .undulations,
cell constricted in midregion. • Pleurotanlum
145. Cells with deep lobes, arms, spines,
polar notches; in end view flattened or
with lobes or protuberances.................... .

145. Cells without deep lobes, arms, polar
notches or any but minute spines; end

146

62

.

view oval, elliptic, or round but never
essentially triangular or equilateral
polygonal........................

Coamarlum

146. Lobes very deep, cells essentially
flat (except one case in which the
lobes are twisted on the longltudlnal axis)...................

Micrasterlas

146. Lobes shallower and/or cells not
flat.........................................

147

147, Poles notched, retuse or concave.••••... Euastrum
147. Poles not notched or retuse........... ............ 148

148. Cells with long or short arms pro­
truding from angles, cells triangu­
lar, or 4-8 rayed when seen in
polar view...................

Staurastrum

148. Cells with no actual arms, although
there may be

strong spines................

149

149* Spines paired.......................... Xanthldlum
149. Spines not paired....................

150

160. End view equilateral-polygonal,
3-4-8 angled

orarmed....

160. End view compressed
161. Very short, heavy

oval

spines with

Staurastrum
orangular......•••• 151
three

points, end view angular. .............Xanthldlum
161

.Spines

long, simple, end view oval or

elliptle......................

Arthrodeemus

63*

162. Dendritic colonies of essentially
individual tests or unioelle.•••••............ 153
152* Colonies otherwise or eelle solitary........ • 154
153* Funnel-shaped tests inserted within one
another to form branching colonies*.... Dinobryon
153. Long, straight or bent, stlpltate cylin­
drical cells, epiphytic on one another
to fora colony.......................

Qphlocytlum

154* Plants erect, sessile or stlpltate*
unicellular epiphytes, cell shape
spherloal or elongated.......................

155

154* Plants not erect unloellular epi­
phytes..................

158

155* Sessile globose epiphytes with very long
protruding single setae, collared around
base..........................

Ohaetosphaeridlua

155* Not sessile, or not globose, or without
long setae*

.....

156

156* A sessile test, variously shaped,
but generally vase-1ike containing
a protoplast with protruding thread­
like pseudopodiun, without starch*• Lagynlon
166* Epiphytes not in test; sessile or
stipitate*

.................................. 157

157* Stareh test positive, oontalnlng no oil
bodies*................................ . Charaolua

54.

157. Starch test negative, containing oil

bodies..............................

Oharaoiopeis

(G-ermllngs of various zoospore-producing
species often resemble these genera)
168. Cells united into a flat expanded
thallus or forming a sessile epi­
phytic filament with setae.................

159

168. Cells neither united into flat ex­
panded thallus nor as a sessile epiphytic filament with setae....... ..........

161

159. Epiphytic filaments with one or more
long setae per oell............

Aphanochaete

159. Flat expanded thallus of more or less
laterally united filaments......................

160

160. Some cells with long setae, branches
laterally fused so that filamentous
struoture may be obscure.........Ooleoohaete
160. No setae present, cell arrangement
often not easily discerned beoause
of oalolum Incrustation, branched
filamentous or Irregular thallold
oolony organisation......

Chlorotyllun

161. Plant body usually non-septate, elongated
and lobed or branched.••*•••.••••••.»••.....•••••
161. Plant body otherwise, or cells solitary*........
168. Fairly short saooate bodies with

162
163

66

lobes, branches, or angles, occa­
sionally showing septatlon or con­
taining motile or non-motlle zoo­
spores........................... Protosiphon
162. Extended branched filaments which
develop oogonia and antheridia.... Vaucherla
163# Cells attached end to end forming fila­
ments............................................ . • 234
163. Celle attached otherwise or solitary............. 164
164. Celle commonly seen single except
when reproducing, or merely clinging
together but neither attached nor
within common gelatinous matrix.

.........

165

164. Cells attached to each other or
within common gelatinous matrix............. 184
165. Cells essentially spherical, oval, or
polygonal, or approximately lsodlametrlo........
165. Cells elongated..............................

166
222

166. Spherical, sessile epiphytic oells
with single gelatinous seta, partly
sheathed at base.......

Chaetosphaerldlum

166. Not epiphytic.............................

167

167. Cell walls without appendages or conspicu­
ous deooratlons, although they may be
thickened and lamellose..........................
167. Walls with appendages or conspicuous

168

56.

decorations........................................

176

168. Large, over 20u in diameter, with
many discoid cnloroplasts....................

169

168. Smaller, without many discoid
cnloroplasts..................................

170

169. Cells spherical-shaped, walls not un­
evenly thickened;

(frequent)........ Eremosphaera

169. Cells oval or sub-spherical, walls often
unevenly thickened;

(rare)....... Excentroe.phaera

170. Individual cells surrounded by
ridged,

spindle-shaped, broad

gelatinous sheath..............

Desmatractum

170. Individual cells not surrounded by
such a sheath.

.......................

171

171. Sub-spherical to sub-cylindrical cells
with small discoid chloroplast,

length

less than 5u.......

Nannochlorls

lvl. Cells spherical....................................

172

172. Cells containing abundant haematochrome which obscures cell struc­
ture...........................

Haematococcus

172. Without abundant haematochrome

..........

173. Chloroplast circular with irregular
wavey edges, usually found as a consti­
tuent of lichens....................... . Trebouxia
173. Not usually found in lichens,

chloro-

173

57

plaat cup-3hoped or massive........................

174

174. Zoospores as well as autosnores pro­
duced,

found In many soli samples,

rarely In aquatic environment, gen­
eric status uncertain, and Identifi­
cation reliable only when life
cycle Is followed, mature cells
over lOu In diameter...........
174. Zoospores not produced,

Chlorococcum

cells

generally (but not altogether)
less than lOu In diameter, gen­
erally aquatic.................................

175

175. Endozoic In Protozoa or small lietazoa............
....................................... Zoochlorella
175. Cells free living.......................

Chlorella

176. Contents brown or golden brown,
shape approximately nexangular,
angles bearing snort, heavy, some­
times forked

spines...........

Dlnastrldlum

176. Contents green, shape not hexa­
gonal nor with angles bearing
spines in such a manner......
177. Cells spherical with thickened wall,
decorated with reticulations, ridges or
other projections.

Some species included

in this genus are open to question since

177

58

zygospores of other algae have been in­
cluded,

therefore the life cycle must be
Trochlscla

followed for certainty.................
177. Not aa a b o v e ......................

.......

k

178. Cells spherical or oval,

with long

thin spines....................................
17Q. Cells angular,

178

179

the angles often ex­

tended to form ar ms........................ .

182

1 79. Cells spherical........................... ..........

180

179.

181

Cells o v a l . .......................... ...............
180. Spines sheathed around b a s e . . Acanthosphaera
180. Spines unsheathed

atb a s e ........

101. Spines not confined to poles,

Qolenklnla

occurring

on any part of surface...................
181. Spines only at p o l es ..................

Francela

Lagerhelala

182. Quadrangular or pyramidal shapes
without spines or appendages on cell
exterior although angles or cell
itself may be somewhat extended..

Tetraedron

182. Spines present on exterior of cell...........
183. Each angle with single long stout spine Treubarla
183.

Two or more bristle-like spines at
angles................................

Polyedrlopsle

184. Cells in linear series within a
cylindrical sheath.................
184. Cells not end-to-end in linear

Gemlnella

183

59.

series..........................................
185.

185

Sessile or attacned macroecorlc gelatin­
ous colonies,
and

cells arranged In four*s

two *s......

Tet rg.spora

185. Usually microscopic colonies,

ceils

never arranged regularly in four*s................
186.

Cells attacned

to eacn otner directly

or by appendages,

ousnever end-to-

end to form a filament................ ...... .
186.

186

187

Cells merely inclosed by common
gelatinous matrix,
one another.

not attached to

................................

167. Cyiindricpl cells attacned by ends,

196

three

ends togetner to form continuous m*nhworh in shape of a hollow cylindrical
net ........ ............................. Hydro diet yon
1Q7. No such net formed.................................. .
188.

Colony spherical or polygonal,

188

with

cells radiating from or distributed

198.
189.

around a common center........................ .

189

Cell arrangement other than spherical......

191

Cells tnemeelves essentially spnerical
(but with appendages),

arranged around

a hollow center.........................
189.

Cells elongated,

Coelastrum

attached at a c o m m o n

center.............................................

190

190. Cells heart-shaped or pear-shaped
and narrower toward center of
colony, with two or more spines on
the outer free wall..............

Borastrua

190. Cells narrow fusiform or cigar-shaped,
without spines........

Actinastrum

191. Cells oval, elliptic, or elongated fusi­
form arranged side by side on straight
or curved axis......................

Bcenedesaus

191. Cells not elongated, not arranged side
by side.................................. .

192

192* Irregular clumps, groups, even fila­
ments of sub-spherloal, angular or
compressed cells.

..............Protocoocus

192. Arrangement at least regular, flat..........

193

193. Several cells In radial arrangement,
outer cells with lobed or at least un­
dulate margin.

••••••••••••••••.. Pedlastrum
........< 194

193. Only four cells, quadrately arranged.
194. Cells with deep median notoh or in­

dentation in outer aargin........ Pedlastrum
194. Cells without notch or indentation..........
196. Spines on outer faoee of cells.......
195. Ho spines present......

196

Tetrastrua

......••••• Cruclgenia

196. Cells with surface spines........ ........... 197
196* Cells with smooth surface...................

200

61*

197* Spines many times longer than cell diame­
ter* one or few per oell...............

19S

197. Spines muoh shorter* several to many......

199

198* Cells in compound dumps* one to
seven spines present per cell*. Mloractiniuw
198* Cells in compound pyramids, single
spine per oell...................

Krrerella

199. Cells within gelatinous matrix* mothercell wall persistent to some extent......Bohllnla
199.

Cells not within gelatinous matrix,
mother-oell wall very persistent Oooystls (p* p . )
200* Cells elongated* renlform* cylin­
drical, oval* elllptie* fusiform*
lunate, or sausage-shaped*........

218

200* Cells spherical* broadly ov&l* or
broadly ovoid*....................*..........

201

201*

Cells red with haematoehrome* or brown............

202

201*

Cells green or otherwise colored......

204

202* Brown- or briok-red, with strati­
fied gelatinous sheath

•• •• Urooooous

red violet* *

......*........................

203* Red in green* sheath often stratified*••*.... .
Euglena (palmelloid stage)
203* Red or red-violet* in d u m p s or thin
layer* cells surrounded by gelatinized

.

202* Red in green* or entirely red or
203

62.

Porphyrldlum

mother oell walls...............
204. Celle ov&l very densely packed*

often compressed to wedge-shaped*
surrounded by oharaoterlstlo brown
or orange Jelly...............

Botryococoua

204. Without deneely paoked oells or
colored Jelly......... .....................

205

205. Several discoid yellow-green ohloroplasts*
with red oil epote* containing no starch.
........................

.....,

••••Ohlorobotrys

206. Chloroplast not disc-shaped* either sin­
gle* oup-shaped or axial and radiating,
or few and polygonal........ ......... ........... .

206

206. Celle within gelatinous matrix
attached to branched, radiating
strands of mother-oell wall material....... .
••••........

Plotyosphaerlum

206. Colony without radiating strands.

.....

207

207. Single central chloroplast with arms
radiating out to parietal discs at the
wall........

Asterooooous

207. Chloroplast or ohloroplasts not as
above.............................. .

208

208* Oells with stratified sheaths.•••.•••• •.....

209

208. Cells within homogeneous matrix, or
held together only by ruptured

63.

mother-oell walls.............. ..............

210

209. Cells sub- spherical or oval, dividing

in two or four, not by autospores,
flagellum traces in cell slteath nay be
visible* as may be also a prominent api­
cal vacuole and an eyespot Ohlamydoaonas possibly,
(identification is almost impossible for
sueh material without oulture studies)
209. Clearly distinguished only by absence of
absenoe of flagellum trace in sheath. Qlooooyetls
210. Cells always with single cup-shaped
or massive ohloroplast.............

211

210. Older oells with polygonal ohloro­
plasts, surrounded by broad gela­
tinous matrix.............

Planktoephaerla

.Cells within gelatinoussheath.•••« flphyerooystle
211.Cells held together,only by old non211

gelatlnlsed nother-oell

wall*..

Westella

212. Cells indefinitely retained within
dlsoernible mother-oell wall, which
may be gelatinised.• •.... .............. .

213

212. Cells merely grouped within gela­
tinised matrix............................. .
213. Mother-oell wall partially gelatinised
and expanded, cells bent, usually asym­
metrical or renlfora. • • • ..........

Mophrooytlum

216

213. Mother-oell wall not gelatinized..................

214

214* Cell oontente blue-green (because
of Inclosed protoplasts)*•••••• GHaucooystis
214* Celle with green ohloroplasts

Oooystls

216* Cells lunate or oresoent-shaped, or
ourved oylinders*......

216

216* Cells straight, almost straight, or
reniform..........................

*.........

216

216* Cells sausage-shaped with charact­
eristic orientation, two in the same
plane, touching ends, two in a per­
pendicular plane and t o u e h m g one
end at Junction of two apposed faceto-face oells; (eyen If this arrange­
ment Is not strictly kept, It Is
usually possible to identify the
genus by the ceil shape and tendency
for oells to make oontaot at poles)**.... .
......

Tetrallantos

216* No definite orientation unless
parallel*• ••*..••••••• *.......... *..........
217* Cells surrounded by gelatinous matrix,
strongly ourved, with oonoave margin
more sharply ourved and forming a narrow
sinus...... *...................

Klrohnerlella

217* Cells without surrounding matrix, ourved

217

66.

so that interior margin is ourved about
equal to the convex outer margin

Selenastrum

218. Oells fusiform or elliptlo with
pointed poles. ............

•••• 219
220

218. Cells oval or renlform.........
219. Cells dividing transversely to longltudlnal axis* long axes more or less
parallel.

......

Klahtothrlx

219. Cells dividing parallel to long axis, so
that they lie together in parallel plaoed
bundles.

...... ••••.............

Quadrlgula

220* Ceils dimorphic, renlform and oval,
attaohed at the ends of radiating
gelatinous strands..••••••••• Dlmorphoooocus
220. Cells all similar, oval to elliptlo,
embedded in gelat lnous matrix.
221

.......

.Cells

small, less than lOu in length.•• Coooomvxa

. Cells

large, lOu or more in length..• Mesotaenlum

221

221

222. Protoplast with golden-brown ohromoplasts. shape unsymmetrloal, ellip­
tic to lunate, motile stage a dlnoflagellate. ...................

Qyetodinlum

222. Protoplast not golden-brown, nor
unsymmetrloally elliptic in shape. .........
223. Paddlewheel-shaped ohloroplast around
longitudinal axis....................•••• Motrlum

223

66.
\

223

.Chloroplast

of different shapes....... ,........... 224

224. Poles rounded or truncate, not
ending In spines.......... ..................
224.

Poles pointed or teralnatlng In
spines..........

225

. Cell

225

229

contents pale carrot-colored, sau­

sage shaped with parallel sides, often
strongly curving or colled with rounded
ends.................................
225

. Mot

Qphlocytluu

carrot-colored, nor with parallel

sides, shaped otherwise..............

226

226. Ends truncate, cells slightly

226.

curved.........................

227

Ends rounded, cells straight................

228

. Surface

227

with longitudinal striae and

cross girdles, chloroplast Interrupted
at center................... .......... Closterlun
227

. Surface

entirely snooth, chloroplast

not interrupted at center. ............

Ron

228. Ohloroplasts, 1-2 in eachend,
approaching shape ofstar.•.. Cyllndrocystls
228. Ohloroplasts not approaching
star shape...........................
229

.Cylindrical,

Ptnlus

sausage-shaped, often

strongly curving or coiled with rounded
ends, short spines on one, or both ends...... .
•........... ............

Ophlocytluu

67.

229

. Not

as a b o v e ....................... ..................

230

230. Celle long needle-enaped.....................

231

230. Celle broader..................................

232

231. Row of pyrenplds present In axial chlorop last

...........................

231 . No such row of pyrenoide,
straight,

ClQBterlopsls

cells not only

out also curved,

or twisted

about each otner In bundles....
232.

lellow-green ovsl or cylindrical
cells with very stout long spine
at each end................

232. Ceils green,
curved,

fusiform,

straight,

or sigmoid........

233

Ends merely extended into tnln sharp
points...........................
233.

Ends produced into long,

tnln,

brlstle-

like spines wnich are straight or curved
and sometimes bifurcate........

235.

234. Unbranched filaments......

235

234. Filaments br anched........

254

Filament multlseriate

(toward the apex)..........

.......................................
(unlserlate filaments

Schlzoaerls

hardly distin­

guishable from U l o t h r l x )
235. No brick-work of component c ells ..................
236. Ohloroplasts stellate.........................

236

68.

236* Chloroplasts other than stellate............. 239
237* Cells elongate, chloroplasts double
stellate, or at least organized around
two oentere...................... ............... .. 238
237, Cells dlsolform, with very large single
chloroplast.........................

Bohltogonlum

238* Chloroplasts occupying little of
cells, purple cell sap sometimes
present, when aquatlo often devel­
oping long right-angled branches;
(rare)............................

Zygogonlum

238. Chloroplasts occupying much of oell,
oell sap never purple, no long
branches produced; (common).... ••• • Zygnema
239. Chloroplasts spiral or straight elongated

239*

ribbons with aligned pyrenolds........

240

Chloroplasts other than elongated

242

ribbons......

240* Chloroplasts a reotangular plate,
oella quite long................... Mougeotla
240. Chloroplasts either more than one
or single and spiral. ...............
241. Chloroplasts 1-3, straight or slightly
twisted ribbons. .................

Slrogonlum

241. Chloroplasts 1-16, definitely spirally
colled ribbons.........................

Spirogyra

242. Oogamous, with conspicuously swollen

241

69

oogonia and oospores in filamente Oedogonlum
242. Without swollen oogonia......................

243

243. Cells very long, 15-60 times wldtn con­
taining several transverse cytoplasmic
septa containing small cnloroplasts ar­
ranged to form annular bands;

oogamous,

many ornamented spherical oospores with
spiny walls within a cell............

Sph?eroplea

243. Celle wltnout sucn transverse septa
and oospores............... ......................

244

244. Cells with reticulate cnloroplast,
cells generally 2-9 times the
breadth........................................ .

245

244. Cells with otner than reticulate
chloroplast,

ce!3 length rarely

over tnree times the width......... .
245. Epiphytic on shells of turtles,

246

(usually

snapping turtles)............

Baslcladla

(actually branched near the base)
245. Not epiphytic on turtles, common, and
usually floating in quiet or running
waters......

Rhizoclonlum

246. Filaments composed of cylindrical
or quadrate cells, lateral walls
nearly or quite parallel......................
246. Cells irregularly shaped, wails not

247

70.

parallel; filamentous organisation
often lost in a "Palmella" stage.
..............................

........ .

Cyllndrooapaa

247. Walls composed of H-shaped sections which
adjoin in the midregion (as shown at ends
or broken filaments), chloroplast discoid
or vague and not easily definable............. .... 248
247. Walls without H-shaped sections, chloroplast a parietal plate.................

249

248. Chloroplasts yellow-green, small
discoid, four to several per cell,
no starch present................

Trlboneaa

248. Chloroplast structure vague, starch
present........................
the UL0THA1X complex

Mlcrospora

249*263

249. Cross weal formation delayed after pro­
toplasts division, and each protoplast
often surrounded by stratified material,
two visible in each segment of filament..........
.....................................

Blnuclearla

249. One protoplast in each oell, no strati­
fied. gelatinous material within oell.............
260. Filaments tapered unevenly to sharp
point, oell length 2& or more times
width. ................

Uronema

250

71.

250. End cells, If pointed, equally
tapered, oell length twloe width or
•......... ......... .

lesa...........

251

The dlatlnotlona in 261-253 are tra­
ditional but It ie open to question
aa to wnether they should be made
In praotloe
251. Firm hyaline sheath surrounding filament..........
.................. ...................... demine!la
251* Filament lacking suoh a sheath. .......

... 252

252. Filament tenacious, ohloroplast
always containing pyrenold...... ............

253

252. Filament often breaking Into indiv­
idual oells, chloroplasts never
broad enough for ends to overlap,
probably without pyrenold. ....• atlohooocoua
253. Filaments attached by holdfasts, ohloro­
plast a complete or nearly complete par­
ietal bond...............

Ulothrlx

253. Filaments not attached by holdfasts,
ohloroplast usually a flat plate or
folded over along one

side only......... Hormldlum

254. Elongated ooenooytlc filaments,
septate only In formation of spores
or sex organs..................... .......... . 255

72

254. Filaments regularly septate...................

257

255. Plants parasitio, branching filaments or
dissociated cylindrical cells causing
dark green spots on Jack-in-the-Pulpit
leaves.................

Phylloslphon

255. Plants free living...............................
256. Branching dichotomous,

256

filaments

sharply constricted at Junctions
of branches..............
256. Branching unilateral,

D1 chotomosiphon

filaments not

constricted at Junctions of branches. .......
..................
257. Oogamous,

Vaucherla

some cells forming swollen

oogonia containing an ornamentated oospore;
cells with long setae.................
257. Without such oogonia, oospores,
258. Epiphytic on turtles,

Bulbochaete

or setae..........

258

(usually

snapping turtles), branched only
near base, with reticulate chloro­
plast and Rhizoclonium-like general
appearance.

.........

Baslclc.dla

258# Not epiphytic on turtles......

259

259. Branches drastically reduced In size from
that of main filament..........

269

259. Branches same size as main filament or
gradually reducing In size.......................... 260

73.

260. Branches considerably tapering to
pointed ends................................

261

260. Branches tapering but little, ends
blunt..........................

262

261. Large branches composed of a brick-work
of cells, color of plant rosy or violet..........
................... *...................

261. All

Compsopogon

branches unlserlate........

263

* 262. Filaments In gelatinous colony
which may be either spherical, flat,
or elongated, and tattered

Chaetophora

262. Filaments non-gelatlnous, not olustered to form a definite colony...... ........
•.......... .................

Stlgeoolonlum

263. Conspicuous enlarged, dark, aklnetes
(vegetative spores) within filaments.• Plthophora
263. No such aklnetes present...............

264

264. First oross wall of branch fre­
quently somewhat above Junotlon..............

265

264. First oross wall of branch generally
at junotlon.......................
265. Cells only 4-5u broad, branching exten­
sive and thallus rather bushy.••••• Mlorothamnlon
265. Cells over 15u broad, branches of a sin­
gle order, unicellular or multlcellular,
extending almost at right angles from

266

74.

main

axis or primary branch........

266.

Buahy branching,

Rnlzoclonluro

filament often be­

coming an obscure llne-encrusted
thallus, cells ’irlth ulotrlcold
chloroplasts....................
266.

Branching infrequent,

Cnlorotyllum

open, or glo­

merate only near apices, thalli not
formed,

cnloroplaet not ulotrlcold...........

267. Plants terrestrial,

267

often lichenlzed,

frequently containing considerable haematochrome,
bons

cnloroplasts parietal rib­

or several discoid ones....... Trentepohlla

267. Plants aquatic, without haematochrome,
without such cnloroplasts.................. .......
268. Cells under 20u broad, with reddish
or greyish cast, producing clumps
of round monospores.............

Audoulnella

or Juvenile (Cnantrans1a l ) stages of
Lemanea or Batrachospermum
268.

Cells usually well over 20u broad,
green,

with Rhlzoclonium-llke chloro-

plasts, producing zoospores...... Cladophora
269. Plants green, cells with ulotrlcold chloro­
plast, main axis a single series of large
cells,

side branches clumped,

sharp ends...........

tapered to
Drapamaldla

268

269. Plants with some reddish east* ohloroplaats not ulotrlcold* main axis a sin­
gle filament or faeoiole of small fila­
ments* side branohes made up of clusters
of branohes with bead-like or pyriform
oella....................

. Batraohospermum

870* Cells discoid* or cylindrical and
oapsule-shaped* with radially
symetrioal pattern of surface
271

marking
270. Cells not discoid* but elongated*
with surface ornamentation* if vlsi
ble* bilaterally symetrioal........

274

271. Cells cylindrical* Joined end-to-end in
extended filaments

Meloslra

271. Cells discoid* not in filaments.....

272

272• Surface pattern of circular view
oonoentrioally divided into two
differing sones.......... ......

Qyclotella

272. Surface pattern not divided* essen­
tially continuous from center to
margin........ ............. .

273

273. Surface pattern composed of disoernlbly
radiate punotae

Stophanodlscua

273. Surfaoe pattern not oomposed of radlately
arranged punotae

Oosolnodlsous

274* Apices or angles of tests with rather
long spines or horns.................

276

274. Apioes or angles without spines or
...............

horns.............

276

276. Gylindrlc as usually obserred, with sin­
gle long sharp spine at eaoh end.... Rhizosolenla
275* Rectangular as usually observed, with
eaoh angle produced into sometines
curved horn*............................. * Attheya
276* No raphe or groove present on sur­
277

face in valve view.............
276* Raphe present, at least as partial
groove........................

*.........

283

277* Cells wedge-shaped, transversely septate
internally......

Merldlon

277* Valves both longitudinally and trans­
versely Byametrloal....................*..........

278

278* Valves with longitudinal septatlon,
generally ooourrlng side by side in
filaments of some length, valve
view with broad center portion ta­
pering toward knobbed ends*•*•••• Tabellaria
£78* Valves laoklng longitudinal septa­
tlon*

....................................

279

279* Transverse internal septatlons present Odontldlun
279* No internal septatlon present.

.....

280

260. Cells arouate in valve view, with
bulge at center of inside curve.• Oeratonela
280. Cells axis straight in valve view...........

281

261. Ends of valves broader than nldsectlon,
one end larger than the other. ....

Asterlonella

281. Ends of valves not broader than aldseo~
tlon, both poles equal in width.................

282

282. Cells in bands, or in flat radiating
colonies........................ . Fragllarla
282. Cells generally solitary, but may
be adjoined at one pole in Irregu­
larly radiating oolonles

Synedra

283. Valve view arouate with transverse striae
uninterrupted by a pseudoraphe (clear
oenter line), a distinctive nodule pre­
sent at each pole, and a raphe nay be
seen near the ends of the oell.........

Eunotla

283. Raphe extending the length of one or
both valves.

.......

284

284. True raphe in only one valve, the
other with a d e a r oenter line or
pseudoraphe.......................

285

284. True raphe present in both valves.

........

285. Valve view generally somewhat elongated,
girdle view showing longitudinal bending........
...............................

Aohnanthes

286

78

285.

Valve view broadly elliptic,
longitudinally in valve view,

not bent
clear area

often present around margin of valve with
raphe,

usually found epiphytic on fila­

mentous a l ga e............... .

Cooconele

286. Raphe in center line or valve view
or displaced toward one side,

but

never at mar gi n. .............................

287

286. Raphe displaced toward margin so
that no part or only a email pert of
it is visible in valve v i e w ..................

297

287. Cells arcuate in valve v ie w ....................... .

288

297. Cells straight or sigmoid in valve v i e w ..........

289

288. Valves convex in girdle v i e w ......... Amphora
288. Valves flat in girdle v i e w ......
289.

Cymbella

Cells stralgnt and longitudinally asym­
metrical in valve v i e w .................

G-omphonema

289. Cells longitudinally symmetrical or axis
s igmoid................................ ..............

290

290. Celle axis in valve view sigmoid............

291

290. Cells axis straight in valve v i e w ...........

292

291. Striae forming pattern in valve view par­
allel, perpendicular to central axis... Cyrosigma
291. Striae forming pattern in valve view
diagonal to central axis..............

PI euro sigma

292. Ornamentation of valve interrupted

79

by longitudinal line or olear

area.........

292. Ornamentation of valve not interrupted. •....
293. Striae easily seen as punotae.

...... .

293
294

Heidiurn

293. Striae scarcely discernible as punotae.• Oalonels
294. Elongated ridge containing raphae
present in oenter line of valve. Vanhuerckla
294. Ho elongated ridge present....... ....... .

296

295. Hodule in oenter of valve faoe expanded
laterally and free of ornamentation.•• Stauronele
296. No laterally expanded, unornamented
nodule present....................
296.

Striae seen as punotae.

296

......... Navloula

296. Striae window-like slots, not re­
solving into punotae.............

Plnnularl*

297. Valve view arouate, at least one side
convex, the other slightly oonoave or
straight................

298

297. Valve view not arouate................... .........
298. Valve view fairly broad, raphe visi­
ble toward oenter of faoe only as
a V-shaped groove...... ....... .

Eplthernia

298. Valve view quite narrow, usually not
seen in that position but in girdle
or side view, raphe not present in
V-shaped groove, oenter of valve
bulged somewhat on the oonvex side,

299

80

ends sharply curved toward concave
B i d e ............................

299. Shape as generally seen elongated,

Rhopalodla

(valve

view) the extremities drawn into conical,
pointed, or pointed and slightly knobbed
poles............

300

299. Shape oval elliptic, or ellipsoid...............

301

300. Transverse section rhombio, keels
containing raphes diagonally located
mtzsohla

to eaoh other..............
300. Transverse section rectangular, with
keels opposite, that is, in a line
along a side, not through the oenter
of the test.......

Hantzechla

301. Both longitudinal and transverse septae
present in oells, transverse septae ap­
pearing as uninterrupted ribs in valve
view...........................

Dentlcula

301. Both septae not present, ribs, if pre­
sent, broken at oenter line...........
302. More or less conspicuoustransverse
costae on valve faoe, surface plane
or spirallytwisted.................Surlrella
302. Mo transverse costae on valve face,
surface bent or saddle-shaped. • Qymatopleura

302

CHLOROPHYTA

Chlorophyoeae

Volvocales
Polyblepharidaoeae
Although the motile unicellular organisms of the
Ohlaaydomonaa type (Ohlamydomonadaoeae) are considered
to represent the nearest approach to a starting point
for the evolution of the body types of algal plants,
members of Polyblepharidaoeae are more primitive in
that they lack a definite oell vail*

There is, however,

some advancement in the Polyblepharidaoeae beyond the
Ohlamydomonas prototype in respect to the variation of
the cell shapes exhibited, the number of flagella pre­
sent , and in the development of rhlzopodal prooesses*
COLLODICTTON Carter 1666
Collodlotyon trlolllatum Garter*

(Pasoher f)

PI. 1,

Pigs. 1*3*
Cells variable in shape, generally larger at anterior
end, which is usually trunoate, whereas the posterior
may be either trunoate or with two lobes; colorless;
four flagella of equal length present; two or three con­
tractile vacuoles*

L 20-70u.

An amoeboid tendency is

seen in the occasional protrusion of pseudopodia*
81 *

Middle

Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.1
HETEROMASTIX Korohikov 1923
Heteromastlx angulata Korsh.

(Pasoher f)(Smith f)

PI. 1,

Pig. 4.
Dlatlnotly angular or flattened from front to rear in
broad side view; ohloroplast deeply cup-shaped, sometimes
containing small posterior eyespot; flagella of unequal
length.

Cells L 7-10u.

The unequal flagella place the

genus in an anomalous position among the motile green algae,
which characteristically display two equal flagella.

David­

son. oonorete pools of Kelly1a Kennels at Nashville, aooor—
ding to Dr. H. C. Bold in a letter dated 1 Nov. 1949
#1570.

K.

PEDINOMONAS Korshlkov
Pedlnomonas minor Koreh.

(Pascher f)(Smith f)

PI. 1,

Figs. 5,6*
Shape in broad side view uniformly or asymmetrloally
ovoid; flatter side hyaline in asymmetrical oella; single
ohloroplast somewhat eup-shaped or massive, oontaining single
pyrenold; eyespot present; flagellum exceeding length of
body slightly; palmellold stages occur.

L 4-5u.

Davidson(?):

Cumberland River 1938-9.1
PYRAMIMONAS Sohmarda 1650
Pyramimonas tetrarhynohus Sohmarda.

1 Reported in Laokey, 1942

(Pasoher f)(Smith f)

PI. 1, Figs* 7,8.
Cells obovoid, or occasionally hemispherical In slda
view, anterior with four rounded lobes, posterior broadly
rounded; ohloroplast cup-shaped w i t h four anterior lobes,
pyrenold posterior;

four flagella of equal length attached

in anterior depression; two contractile vacuoles present
near base of flagella*

L 20-28u; V 12-18u.

Knox: plankton

from embayment of Ft* Loudon Lake at Blue Grass 23 June
1949 #1668*

Chiamydomonaoeae
CARTERIA Pleslng 1666
The notlie cells of this genus are soherlcal, oval,
or variously shaped, with or without anterior papillae*
The ohloroplast is usually oup-shaped, and may contain one
or more pyrenoids and an eyespot.

Groups of immotlle cells

surrounded by a gelatinous matrix form the palaellold stage
of the genus.

The motile cells differ from Chiamydomonas

only in possessing four equal flagella Instead of two*
PI. 1, Fig. 9.
The genus is probably of widespread distribution, but
no species of it was identified during this study.

Pasoher,

1927 contains descriptions of over sixty species, and is a
good source from which to seek identification of specimens*
CHLAMYDOMOHAS Ehrenberg 1833
Cells of this genus are variously shaped but usually

apherioal,

oval,

or cyllndric-oval.

membrane present,

There le a firm cell

and often a conspicuous gelatinous enve­

lope which is about the same shape as the protoplast*
are no definite lobes,

There

and the only protrusions from the

smooth surface are the apical papillae which occur in some
species*

A oup-shaped chloroplast Is usually present,

though other types are found,

al­

and a round or elongated

eyespot may or may not be present.

In motile state two

flagella of equal length are present, but all trace of them
usually disappears in the immotlle phase.

The lmmotile

cells become surrounded by a gelatinous matrix, whi c h may
be homogeneous,

or the cells may display Individual sheaths*

This "palmellold" stage,

as it is termed,

is quite difficult

to distinguish from C Hoeoovstls. in which the motile phase
is transitory*
The genus is an enormous one in numbers of speoles,
and it is common in water and soil almost to the point of
ubiquity*
In addition to the taxonomic interest which it has
drawn,

Chiamydomonas has been a convenient subject for stu­

dents of such diverse subjects as algal phylogeny,
morphology,

sexuality,

and photosynthetlo processes.

1* Cells w i t h anterior p a pillae.................. * ......

2

1. Cells lacking anterior p apillae......................

4

8 . Cell membrane conspicuously thickened
at posterior end*..** C. pseudopertyl Pasch.

2. Cell membrane not conspicuously
thickened at posterior end.

.........................

3

3. Chloroplasts occupying most of oells,
cells apherioal or very broadly ovalshaped.

............. .

C. nasuta Korsh.

3. Chloroplasts deeply cupped, leaving
about a n t e r i o r quarter of cells
hyaline,
liptic,

cells distinctly oval,

el­

or asymmentrioally o v oid.............. .

...................
4. Cells spherical,

C. Ehrenbergll Oorosh.

chloroplasts oup-

shap e d .......... ........... C. globosum Snow
4. Cells elliptio or oval-shaped,
ohloroplasts plate-like.

C. angelica Pasoh.

1. Chlamydononae angelloa Pasch.
▲ relatively small speoles;
obtuse ends;

(Pasoher f)(Prescott 27 f)
side view elliptic

with

ohloroplast single, transversely band-like,

not filling oell, p y r e n o l d and eyespot not observed nor
recorded as b e i n g present.

L 7.5-llu; V 2-7u.

Obion:

Ba you du Chien at Blologioal Station 2 J uly 1949 #1151.
2. Ohlamydomonas Ehrenbergll Oorosh.

(Pasoher f )

Side v i e w distinctly oval to elliptic with a peaked,
pa p l l l a t e d anterior,

one side often slightly concave; chlo­

roplast oup-sh a p e d leaving approximately anterior quarter
of oell hyaline,

two or more pyrenolds present;

tile vacuoles in hyaline portion of cell.

two contrac-

L 14-26u.

Knox:

pool beside road near Strawbarry Plains 30 June 1938 (Bold)
#B-24e.1
3. Ohlamydomonas globosa Snow.

(Pascher f) (Prescott 27 f)

PI. 1, Pig. 10.
Shape globoee or subgloboee; ohloroplast cup-shaped,
almost filling oell, pyrenold posterior;
anterior eyespot present.

Inconspicuous

Diameter of oells 6-10u.

Obion:

pond behind Mr. Hawkins' house on road on Walnut Log Road
♦—

from Union City 1 July 1949 #1137.
4. Ohlamydomonas nasuta Korsh.

(Pasoher f )

PI. 1, Pig. 11.

Ceils spherical or broadly elliptic, with trunoate
thickening forming fcnterior papilla;

ohloroplast cup-shaped,

filling most of oell, with large posterior pyrenold; two
anterior contractile Vaouoles present; eyespot about median
In position;

two flagella about 1# times length of body;

cell surface described as cowered with broad, dark atrlatlons.

L 16-26u; W 12-17u.

Knox: Ohllowee Park Lake at

outflow 18 June 1949 #831.
5. Ohlamydomonas pseudopertyl Pasch.

(Pasoher f)(Preseott f)

Cells spherloal or elliptic with rounded anterior
papillae; ohloroplast deeply oup-shaped but not extending
to anterior end of oell, with posterior pyrenold; two an­
terior oontraotile vacuoles present;

eyespot median, fusi­

form; flagella slightly longer than body; oell membrane

1. Reported in Silva, 1949

posteriorly thickened.

Diameter of eelle 12-17u.

Knox:

swampy pool beside road n e a r Strawberry Plains 30 June
1938 (Bold)#B-24.1
CHLOROOOalUM Ehrenberg 1830
The fusiform cells distinguish the genus from others
in the family.

There are tvo equal flagella.

1. Slender spindle-shaped oells,
broad,

two pyrenoids present.

4-6u
(3. elongatum Dang.

1. Broader spindle-shaped cells, llu
broad, with single p y r e n o l d .......................
..........

0. tetragamum Bohlin

1. Chlorogonlum elongatum Dang.

(Pasoher f)(Smith f)

Slender spindle-shaped In side view;
like chloroplast,

two axial pyrenoids.

Published illustrations,
considerably.

however,

single plate—

L 20-45u; W 4-6u.

violate these proportions

Middle T e n n . : Cumberland and Duck Rivers

1938-9.1
2. Chlorogonlum tetragamum Bohlin.

(Pascher f)(Smith f)

PI. 1, Fig. 12.
Broad spindle-shaped in side view;
ohloroplast,
Sevier:

one large pyrenold.

single plate-like

L about 33u; W about llu.

roadside ditch n ear Gfrreenbrler Cove 16 J u l y 1939

(Bold^H-SS.1

1 Reported in Silva, 1949
2 Reported in Lackey, 1942

88.

FURCILIA Stokes 1890
The oells of this genus are laterally compressed,
broader than long, with two posterior lobes In broad side
▼lew, whereas the end view is elliptic or oval In outline.
The ohloroplast Is described as almost colorless, but if
some of our Identifications are correct,

this is not neces­

sarily the case and it may be quite definitely pigmented.
The presence of an eyespot appears not to be of universal
occurrence;

when present it is recorded as lying somewhat

back from the anterior margin.

Two contractile vacuoles

may be found at the base of the two flagella, which are
equal in length and longer than the body.
1. Large posterior lobes which converge
evenly into central portion of the
cells

F. lobosa Stokes

1. Small posterior lobes protruding

ra­

ther abruptly from a rotund central
portion.........................
ygrollla lobosa Stokes.

F. rotunda Silva

(Pasoher f)(Smith 33 f)

Colorless or lightly pigmented oell,

rarely strongly

green with massive chloroplast; rounded in broad side view,
with two large posterior lobes, narrow side view obpyrlform.
L equal to W, ll-14u.

Some Tennessee specimens (#2054)

differed from the described forms not only in their heavy
pigmentation,

but also somewhat in proportions.

Johnsons

89

squeeze from Sphagnum In bog near Mountain City 11 Aug.
1949 #1707 - Knox: among vegetation at margin of stagnant
pond on Riverside Drive beyond Knoxville Waterworks 26
July 1949 #1686 - Cumberland: cultured from a drain into
Ozone Creek at Ozone 16 M a r c h 1960 #2064.
2» Furcllla rotunda sp. nov.

M.

PI. 1 , Fig. 13.

Cells markedly laterally compressed, broad side view
almost circular, with two email,

eharply defined lobes at

posterior end, narrow side view obpyriform,

end view com­

pressed oval; pigmentation light; two flagella of equal
length,

one and a quarter times length of body.

L equal

to W, 8u; T 4u.
Identification is particularly difficult in this group,
since cells are motile,

rare, and cannot be preserved to

show details, but careful observations of specimens appear­
ing in the Tennessee collections warrant description of a
new species.

Subsequent taxonomic investigation of addi­

tional specimens might lead to different conclusions re­
garding the form assigned to F. rotunda.
Knox: classroom material for Univ. Tenn.

botany department

11 Aug. 1949 #1706.
L0RQMQMA3 Dangeard 1898
In tnls genus and some others of the family,

the cell

proper is surrounded by a firm gelatinous envelope which
is different in shape from the
protoplast.
i
lope surface protrudes in irregular,

Here,

the enve-

short, blunt processes.

Lobomonaa roetrata Hazen.

(Pascher f)(Smith f)

PI. 1,

Figs. 14, 16.
Cells oval in aide view; gelatinous envelope with
cnaracteriatio blunt proceaeea on surface; cup-shaped
chloroplast common to family present, although pigmentation
was very light in Tennessee speolmen; two flagella of equal
length, a little shorter than the oells in our specimens
(but described originally as being length of the body).
L 12u; W 8-10u.
The assignment of the Tennessee specimens here is
tentative, but it seems reasonable sinoe the characteristic
blunt processes of the envelope are present, although some­
what ridge-like.
Overton: pond containing considerable number of aquatics
at Timothy 16 July 1949 #1466 - Middle Tenn.: Cumberland
and Duck Rivers 1938-9.^

NX.

PLATYMOHAS 9. S. Vest 1916
Platymonas elllptloa 9. M. Smith.

(Smith f )

PI. 1, Pigs.

16,17.
Cells ov&l in side view with retuse anterior end, com­
pressed oval shape in end view; chloroplast cup-shaped;
quadriflagellate, flagella about as long as the body.
about 18u; V about 12u; T about 10u.

This is the only spe­

cies of the genus found in fresh water.

Reported in Laokey, 1942

L

Middle Tenn.:

Duok River 1938-9.1
3CHERFFELIA Pasoher 1927
Scherffella phaoue Paech.

(Prltseh I f)(Pasoher f)(Smith f)

Pi* 2f Figs* 1| 2*
Cells strongly flattened and may be somewhat twisted
on the longitudinal axis,

shape of protoplast in side view

ovoid; external gelatinous envelope extended into lateral
wings or keels and two triangular forward projections; two
flat chloroplasts present,
central region;

eyespot anterior; two or three contractile

vaouoles present;
12u.

one on either side of hyaline

four equal flagella present.

L 16u; W 9-

Middle Tenn.: Duok River 1938-9.1

SPHASRELLOPSIfl Xorshikov 1926
Sphaerelloosls fluvlatile (Bteln)Pasoh.
f)

(Pasoher f)(Smith

PI. 2, Fig. 3.
Ceils ovoid while the sheath is elliptic.

V 10— 20u»

L 14-30u;

The genus is differentiated from Chi •■■ydomonas

by the consistent presenoe of a gelatinous sheath whleh
dirfers from the shape or the oell proper, but laeks conspi­
cuous lobes or projections.

9.1

Phaootaeeae
DxSMORPHOOOCCUfl Takeda 1916

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

Middle Tenn.: Duok River 1938-

pygmorphooooous rrltaohll Takeda.
Celia ovoid,

(Pasoher f )

PI. 2, Pig. 4

enoloaed in much larger oval or ovoid cal­

cified envelope with separate opening for eaoh of the two
flagella* slightly compressed laterally; ohloroplast nassive
or oup-shaped,

filling most of oell and containing a single

median or posterior pyrenold; elongated eyespot in median
position.

L 14-19u; W 10-14u.

Puck Rivers 1938-9.1

Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and

K.

PEDINOPERA Pasoher 1927
Pedlnopera granulosa Pasoh.
Figs.

(Pasoher f)(Smith f)

PI. 2,

5,6.
Protoplast of oells subspherloal in broad side view

and normally pyrlform in narrow side view;

surrounded by

broad circular envelope, anterior hastate with two rounded
lobes, twisted on longitudinal axis in narrow side view;
surface covered with ooarse granules; ohloroplast oup-shaped
and filling most of protoplast; pyrenoids and eyespot not
observed; four flagella equal to length of body.
V 29u; T 10u.

L 31u;

Davidson(t): Cumberland River 1938-9.*

PHACOTUB Perty 1852
The most important taxonomie character of this genus
unfortunately is dlffioult to discern.

It is the plll-box

structure of the two halves of the firm gelatinous envelope
surrounding the protoplast.

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

This plll-box struoture is

93.

readily observed only at times of division,
a Cillamydomonae-like,

Phaootns has

oup-shaped ohloroplast, and is sur­

rounded by an almost test-like firm envelope vnioh is oval
or rounded in broad side view and elliptie in narrow side
view and a pronounced lateral ridge may be present.
envelope is often eolored,

impregnated,

The

or sculptured, and

a layer of watery substance is stated to lie between the
envelope and the protoplast,
1, Cells distinctly ovoid,

elliptic, or

obovoid in broad side view,

surface

rough........................ p. angustus Pasoh,

1 , Cells approximately round in broad
side view............................................ . Z
2, Lateral ridge frequently welldeveloped,

diameter 5-9u................... .

........ . ..........

P, subglobosus Pasoh,

2, Lateral ridge soarcely developed,
diameter 13-20u P. lentloularls (Khr.) 8 teln
1, Phaootus angustus Pasoh,

(Pascher f )

Outline of broad side view ovoid, elllptlo, or obovoid;
sheath uniformly thiokened,
13u,

if irregular,

L 12-l?u; W 6-

Maury: pool in brook near Laural Lake 24 Sept. 1939

(Bold)#B-112,l

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

2. Phacotus lentlcularls (Ehr.)Stein.

(Pascher f)(Smith f)

Celle ovoid, enclosed In wide gelatinous envelope which
Is circular In broad side view,

sometimes Impregnated with

lime; chloroplast cup-shaped with posterior pyrenold; eyespot anterior; contractile vacuoles anterior; flagelle
about equal to length of body.

Diameter of envelope 13— 20u.

Pascher includes P. L e nderl Chod. within this species
because he considers the network of striations on its
gelatinous wings not to be a constant character,
Campbell: plankton from Norris Lake 21 June 1938 (Bold)un1

o

numbered'1' - Middle Tenn.: Duck River 1938-96 - Lake: plank­
ton from deeper pools in Cranetown nesting area cypress
swamp 5 July 1949 #1189,

K.

3. Phacotus subglobosus Pasch.

(Pascher f)

PI. 2, Figs*

9,10.
Cells spherical or broadly oval, enclosed by an enve­
lope which is circular in broad side view, oval in narrow
side view; surface smooth or sculptured with fine or ooarse
punotae; flagella usually long, up to 2# times length of
body.

Diameter of envelope 6-9u; T 4-6u.

Union: pond by

road near Hickory Star Landing on Norris Lake 9 Aug. 1950
#2316.
PTEROMONAS Seligo 1887

1 Reported in Silva, 1949
2 Reported in Lackey, 1942

The genus differs from ocher Phaootaeeae by having a
smooth outer surfaoe.

As illustrated In published figures

tne envelope projects laterally In a wing-like manner.

In

broad side view the outline of the envelope may be circular
oval, or rectangular*
1. Broad side view of envelope rectangular,

1.

corners produced into poi n t s .........................

2

......................

3

Outline of envelope otherwise.

2. Outline in broad side view Irregu­
lar or dentate................................
P. aculeata v. Lemmermannli Skuja

2 * Outline regular, lacking dentations........
........ ................... P. aculeata Lemm*
3*

Outline of sheath truncate at anterior
end and otherwise broadly rounded..............
..............................

P. angulosa Lemm.

3. Outline in broad side view oval, rec­
tangular or posterior caudate, but end
view exhibits four variable lobes,
cruolately ar r a n g e d ........ P. cruclata Playf.
1 * Pteromonas aculeata Lemm*

(Pascher f)(Smith)

PI* 2,

Pigs. 7,8*
Oelatlnous envelope reotangular, margins entire, cor­
ners drawn into processes visible in broad side view,
appearing in end view as a pair of lateral wings;

ohloro-

plast cup-shaped or massive;

elongated eyespot and several

pyrenoida described for the species.
Lake:

L 19-33u; W 18u.

slough beside hwy Tenn.22 near Kentucky state line

5 July 1949 #1193.
2. Pteromonas aculeata v. Lemmermannll Skuja.

(Smith f)

Differs from the typloal species principally by the
Irregular or dentate margin of the gelatinous envelope in
broad side view.

Middle Tenn.: listed but no looation

given 1938-9.1
3* Pteromonas angulosa Lemm.

(Pascher f)(Prescott 27 f)

PI. 2, Pigs. 11,12.
Cell protoplast oval or narrowly ovoid in side view;
envelope broadly oiroular with truncate anterior end in
broad side,

elliptic in narrow side view, wings seen in

end view; ohloroplast cup-shaped; eyespot anterior;

two

flagella about length of body.

Middle

L 13-17u; W 9-20u.

Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.*
4. Pteromonas cruclata Playf.
Protoplast oval-shaped;

(Pascher f )
envelope four-lobed, general

outline in side view ovoid, rectangular,

and lobed poster­

iorly, end view showing eruoiately arranged lobes; surface
irregular; ohloroplast massively cup-shaped, pyrenoid
posterior;

eyespot round, posterior.

8on(?): Cumberland River 1938-9.*

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

K.

L 29u; W 18u.

David-

THORACOIIOMAS Korshikov 1926
Thoraoomonas phacotoldes G. M. Smith.

(Smith f )

PI. 2,

Figs. 13,14.
Envelope laterally compressed,

oval-shaped in broad

side view, ovoid in narrow side view;

surface thick, ver-

rucoae; oolor sometimes deep brown from ferric hydroxide
impregnation;

two equal flagella inserted diagonally.

12.6-17. 6u; W 10-13u; T 6 - 8 u.

L

The coarsely granular sur­

face is reminiscent of Pedinopera granulosa, which differs
in having four flagella and being twisted in the anterior
portion.

Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.3-

WISLOUCHIELLA Skvortsov 1926
Wlslouchiella planktonloa Skvor.

(Smith f)

PI. 2, Pigs.

15,16.
Protoplast ovoid in side view;
pressed,

envelope broad,

obovoid or oboordate in broad side view,

com­

finger­

like projections visible in narrow side view and end view,
two apical in position, four erueiately arranged near pos­
terior end; ohloroplast massively cup-shaped with single
pyrenoid;

eyespot anterior;

L 26-30u; W 22-26u.
Rivers 1938-9.1

flagella about length of body.

Middle Tenn.i Cumberland and Duok

I.

Volvooaceae

1 Reported in Laokey, 1942

EUDORINA Ehrenberg 1832
Thla genus forms spherical or oval-shaped colonies
composed of motile oells within a gelatinous envelope*
The cells, numbering from 16 to 64 are arranged in tiers*
1* Colonies with mammlllate protuberances
at the posterior end.• E. unlcocca a. M. Smith

1 * Colonies smoothly rounded, without
protuberances................... E. elegane Ehr.
1. Eudorlna elegana Ehr.

(Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI. 3, Pig. 1.
Colony spherical or oval-shaped,

evenly rounded; oells

spherical; ohloroplast massive or oup-shaped; two long, equal
flagella*

Colonies L 60-200U*

Cells L 16-24u.

There is a considerable difference in site of cells
and colonies, depending on the age and possibly upon envir­
onment.

Male colonies may be found with the cells breaking

up into small packets of antherosoids*
It should be remembered that E. elegana is an empiri­
cal species based on colony shape, and a number of species
may be differentiated within the group if life history and
physiology are taken into account*
This is undoubtedly the most common volvooaoean in the
region.

At least twenty colleotlons of the species were

made, but only enough specific instances are listed here to
indicate the general distribution.

Lumpkin(9a.): plankton from artificial lake in Vogel State
Park 14 Aug. 1949 #1736 - Lincoln:

among vegetation in

atream by hwy U . S . 241 19 Aug. 1949 #1775 - Davideon(?):
Cumberland River 1938-91 - Cheatham:

soil bottomed fish

raising ponds on Little Marrowbone Creek Road 20 Aug. 1949
#1838-42-46 - Weakley:

Dodd's farm pond Just north of Mar­

tin 8 July 1949 #1257 - Obion - Lake: Reelfoot Lake 19292 Obion:
#1151.

Bayou du Chlen at Biological Station 2 July 1949
VNKL.

2. Eudorlna unlcooca 9. M. Smith.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

Spherical or oval gelatinous colonies, with mammlllate
protuberances on posterior end; cells spherloal;

ohloroplast

massive or cup-shaped; two long,

equal flagella.

about L 30— 5 0 u ; W about 20-30u.

Diameter of cells about

5-10u.

Colonies

L u m p k i n (9 a . ): plankton from artificial lake in Vo­

gel State Park 14 Aug. 1949 #1738 - Cumberland:

rain puddle

In grass at front of New Salem Baptist Church along hwy U.
S.70-H 16 March 1950 #2056 — Lake: Cranetown nesting area
in cypress swamp 5 July 1949 #1182.
90NIUM Mueller 1773
The blflagellate cells of this genus cure inclosed by
a firm gelatinous matrix,
rectangular plates.

and they are arranged in flat

In locomotion,

the colony tumbles in

a manner so characteristic that it can be recognised even

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942
2 Reported in Eddy, 1930

at low magnification
1 . Colonies of never more than four
celle

soclale (DuJ.)Warm.

1. Colonies generally of more than four

.2

cells, usually 10 ....................
2. Cells broadly ovoid or spherical,
outline of colony essentially en­
tire

G. peotorale Muell.

2. Cells pyrlform,

outline of colony

undulate

G. formulosum Pasch

1. Gonlum formulosum P a #ch.

(Pascher f)(Smith f)

PI. 3,

Pig. 2 .
Colonies flat, quadrangular,
smaller end outward;
eyespot present;
llu.

oells pyriform or ovoid,

ohloroplast oup-shaped, with pyrenoid;

two flagella equal.

Cells L 10-25u; W 7-

In addition to the described distinguishing oharaotere

it appears that the colony margin is also a useful one since
it is undulate rather than straight,
torals Muell.

as Is that of G. pec­

Knox: around roots in pond beside Ten Mile

Creek at Farragut 23 July 1949 #1645.
2. (Ionium pectorals Muell.

(Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

Colonies flat, quadrangular, oells broadly ovoid or
oval; ohloroplasts oup-shaped, with pyrenoid;
sent;

two equal flagella.

eyespot pre­

Ceils L 5-14u; W 4-10u.

margins of the colony here are straight,

The

contrasting with

101*

zne wavey ones of G. formulosum.

Knox: road rut pools at

entrance to Island Home Park 20 July 1949 #150? - plankton
catch from Ft. Loudon Lake at Duncan's Dock 3 Sept. 1949
#1882 - Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.*
3. Gon_i.ua socials (DuJ. )Warm.
(Smith)

NGK.

(Pascher f) (Prescott f)

PI. 3, Fig. 3.

The forms of Gonlum which never have more than four
ceils per colony are assigned this name.

However, since the

other species also do occur in four-celled colonies (Pascner, 1927),

the basis of difference becomes too obsoure to

be easily Judged without oulturing and morphological study.
Tne cell shape resembles that of G. formuloeum. which has
been recorded from the same site at the same time.

Knox:

around tree roots in pond beside Ten Mile Greek 23 July 1949
#1545 - Davldson(f): Cumberland River 1938-9* - Obion:
pond beside Hawkins' house on road to Walnut Log from Union
City 1 July 1949 #1139.

WK.

PA jNDORIh A Bory 1824
Pandorlna norum Bory.

(Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI.

3, Fig. 4.
Colonies broadly oval-shaped, generally sixteen-oelled;
cells obovoid to spherical; chloroplasts oup-shaped, eyespot
present; two equal flagella.

Cells L equal to W, 9-17u.

The layered arrangement of Eudorlna is not found here, often

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

^ .p ii

the oells are In a compact radial group.

When the oells are

well separated and approximately spherical, however, there
is a close resemblance to Eudorlna.

Knox: stagnant pond on

Riverside Drive east of Knoxville Waterworks 25 July 1949
#1586 - plankton from Ft. Loudon Lake near Duncan's Dock 3
Sept. 1949 #1882 - Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers
1938-9^ - Cheatham: soil bottomed fish raising ponds on
Little Marrowbone Creek Road 20 Aug. 1949 #1846 - Weakley:
Dodd's farm pond Just north of Martin 8 July 1949 #1257 mud puddle on farm a few miles east of Dresden on hwy Tenn.
54 14 July 1949 #1334 - Obion: mud puddle near Marvin Hayes'
fish tank 12 July 1949 #1321 - plankton from Reelfoot Lake
at Samburg 12 July 1949 #1305 - Lake: plankton from water
trough by Blue Ba sin 2 July 1949 #1150.

VH 8FK.

PLATXDQRIttA Kofold 1899
Platydorlna caudata Kofoid.
f)

(Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith

PI. 3, Fig. 5.
Colonies flat, horseshoe-shaped, twisted on the longi­

tudinal axis, with three to five protuberances at the other­
wise truncate posterior end; cells spherical to pyriform, 1632 in a eolony; cell structure similar to others of family.
Cells L 10-15u.

Colonies L 25-165u; W 21-145u.

Knox: stag­

nant pond by Riverside Drive beyond Knoxville Waterworks 25
July 1949 #1586 - Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

103.

1938-91 - Davidson: Radnor Lake summer 1949 according to
data card of H. C. Bold 11 Oct* 1949 — culture from Radnor
L aKe at Vanderbilt University 17 M a r c h 1960 #2162.

K.

PLOEDORIMA SUaw 1894
Pleodorlna o a l l f o m l c a Shaw.
f)

PI. 3, Fig.

(Pasoner f) (Prescott f) (Smith

6.

Colonies spherical to broadly oval In outline,
128 motile cells embedded in periphery;

32-

oells differentiated

distinctly in size between larger reproductive cells and
smaller vegetative ceils;
spherical,
ly.
450u.

about equal In number; cells

otherwise similar to those of remainder of fami­

Diameter of ceils 12-16u.

Diameter of colonies up to

The other described species, P. llllnolsensls Kofold,

has only four vegetative cells.

In #1378 certain colonies

appeared to have about one quarter of the cells vegetative,
indicating either that intermediates may exist,
colonies were abnormal.

or that the

Claiborne: permanent pond north of

Tazwell 26 June 1938 (Bold)unnumbered 2 - Davidson:

culture

at Vanderbilt University 17 M a r c h I960 #2061 - Montgomery:
pond at Tom Edwards*

store on hwy U.S.79 west of Clarksville

14 July 1949 #1370 n- Obion: pond in field two miles south
of Midway 10 July 1949 #1288 - Lake: water trough beside
Blue Basin of Reelfoot Lake 2 July 1949 #1150.

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942
2 Reported in Silva, 1949

K.

40

VOLVOX Llnneaus 1758
The maorosoopioally visible spherical oolonles of this
genus are a most intriguing sight to the student of fresh
water life*

S uoh colonies are composed of up to several

thousand spherical or ovoid cells peripherally arranged in
a gelatinous envelope*
* species not in text
1* Individual ceils connected by visible
protoplasmic strands........................

2

1* Individual oells not connected by
suoh strands*......................................
2* Protoplasmic strands thick,

3

oells

appearing stellate from top v i e w .......... .
......................

V* globator (L.)Ehr.#

2* Protoplasmic strands thin, cells
rounded from top view V* perglobator Powers
3* Individual oells sourrounded by dis­
tinct individual gelatinous sheaths...........
................................

V* tertlua Meyer

3* Individual cells not surrounded by
distinct sheaths**..............
1* Volvox aureus Ehr.

V. aureus Ehr*

(Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

Colonies large, visible to naked eye,
to 1000 oells; oells spherical;
equal flagella;

containing up

ohloroplast massive;

two

not connected by visible protoplasmlo strands

Diameter of cells 5-8u.

Diameter of colonies 500-850u.

2. Volvox perglobator Powers*

VNK.

(Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith)

PI* 4, Figs* 4,5.
Colonies large,
cells pyrlform,

containing several thousand cells;

round from top view; ohloroplast massive;

two equal flagella; oells connected by visible protoplasmlo
strands; gelatinous sheaths of individual cells are not
distinct from each other.
of colonies 1000-l&00u*

Diameter of cells 3-8u*

Diameter

Pascher, 1927 comments that this

species is probably synonymous with V. globator (L.)Khr*
Claiborne: permanent pond north of Tazwell 26 June 1938
(Bold)unnumbered*^

N*

3* Volvox tertlus Meyer*

(Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith)

(Volvox mononae 8 * M* Smith)
PI. 4, Figs. 1-3.
Colonies apherloal or oval in outline, containing only
a few hundred oells;

individual cells spherical; two equal

flagella; cells spherical,

surrounded by individual gela­

tinous sheaths; cells not connected with visible protoplas­
mic strands.
550-600u*

Diameter of ceils 7-8u*

Diameter of colonies

Montgomerys marshy pond west of Mew Providence

14 July 1949 #1365 - Lake:

slough beside hwy Tenn*22 near

Kentucky state line 5 July 1949 #1191.

Haematoeoeeaoeae

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

NK.

HAEMATOCOCCUS C. A. Agardh 1828
Haematococous lacustrls (Oirod.)Rostaf.

(8mlth f)

PI. 4 ,

(Sphaerella lacustrls (Olrod.)Wlttr. of Prescott f, Smith
33 f , etc•)
Figs. 6,7.
Celia solitary; In active state broadly oval or ovoid
In side view, protoplast withdrawn from tne wall and connected
to it by cytoplasmic strands; two flagella about equal to
length of Dody; cells cnaracterlstlcally colored red by haematochrome, with Internal structure obscured.
L 10-60u; W 8-50u.

Motile cells

Diameter of. akinetes 30-60u.

Akinetes of

this organism frequently color the bottom of bird baths and
such pools but not stock ponds which are colored by species
of Euglena.

Knox: bird bath at Beverly 7 July 1938 (Bold)

unnumbered^* - concrete fish pool at Chllowee Park Zoo 14
March 1950 #2043 - Davidson:

small overflow lake near Radnor

Lake 20 Aug. 1949 #1804 - Weakley:
near Mason Hall 8 July 1949 #1245.

stock pond on county road
VNP.

Tetrasporales
Palmellaceae
The writer employs this family name while realising un­
happily that it la an invalid one, and he is yet to be con­
vinced that Palmella, the type genus, even exists.

1 Reported In Silva, 1949

To re-

designate the family without the careful taxonomic study
required,

nowever, would not be the least helpful.

ASTEEOCOCCUS Scherffel 1908
Asterococcus llmnetlcus G. M. Smith.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI. 4, Fig. 8.
In common with other members of this family,

several

so.ierical cells (2-16) united within a gelatinous colony;
characteristic ceil structures are the centrally located
(axial) chloroplast with arms radiating outward from a
central pyr-nold to terminate at the w^ll in peripheral
discs, this arrangement not easily detected under all con­
ditions.

L equal to W, 7.5-35u.

Knox:

fish oool at IJams*

place 11 July 1938 (Bold)unnumbered.^
G-LOEOCYSTIS Naegeli 1849
Comments on the species of this genus are made with
reservation since it is clear that no little confusion exists
in their classification.

Some described soecies are cer­

tainly developmental stages of algae belonging to other gen­
era and #1705 presents Justification for the assertion that
Hormotlla is indeed a stage of Q-loeocystls species and is
not worthy of generic status.

Undoubtedly,

too, many of the

specimens labeled Gloeocystls are only palmellold stages of
Chlamydomonas.
the boundary,

A careful study is needed even to determine
if any, between these two genera.

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

loe.
1 . Cells spherical except In division............
............

G. q-revlllel (Berk.)Drou. ft Dali.

1. Cells oval.......

O. oonfluens (Kuetz. )Rlcht.

Oloeooystls oonfluene (Kuetz.)Rlcht.

(Drouet ft Habeeb)

PI. 4, Fig. 9.
The name le applied here to all of the oval-celled
specimens surrounded by a gelatinous matrix.
condition of sheath are so variable,

Cell size and

even within single

colonies, that no attempt at finer differentiation is being
made.

Sevier; wet rocks beside trail near Newfound Gap

(5500 ft.) aO April 1947 #610^ - Claiborne: permanent pond
north of Tazwell 26 June 1938 (Bold)unnumbered^ — Colbert
(Ala.): on concrete In settling basin at Sheffield 15 Oct.
1949 (Hall)#1965 - Montgomery:
March 1950 #2096 - Obion:

field pond at Meriwether 18

foam on leeward side of Bayou du

Chlen near Biological Station 2 July 1949 #1154.
Qloeocystls O-revlllel (Berk. )Drou. ft Dail.

F.

(Drouet ft

Dally 48)
This species designation Includes the spherical forms,
which may be found solitary or in sizeable colonies with
amorphous,

stratified, gelatinous sheaths.

Many specimens

designated as O. glgas (Kueta.)Lag. would go here.

Swain

(N.C.): wet trallelde rock (4500 ft.) Hughes Ridge along

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

109*

Bradley Pork trail 5 Sept. 1941 #120 1 - Davidson:

cultured

from collection at flshpool by greenhouse on Vanderbilt
University campus 17 March 1960 #2060.

VNFX.

SPHAEROClSTIS Chodat 1097
Sphaerooystls Sohroeterl Chod.

(Prescott)( 8mith f)

PI. 4,

Fig. 10.
Colonies spherical, containing relatively few oells (up
to 32, but generally 16 or less), arranged equidistant from
each other within the common envelope; oells spherical;
ohloroplast cup-shaped, with single pyrenoid.
20u.

Diameter 6-

Campbell: plankton from Norris Lake 26 June 1938 (Bold)

unnumbered

o

- Montgomery: pond at Tom Edwards 1 store by hwy

U.S.79 west of Clarksville 14 July 1949 #1371 - pond at cor­
ner of Dotsonville Road 9 Oct. 1949 #2031.
UR0C0CCU8 Kuetzing 1049
Urooooou 8 Hookerlanus Berk. St Hass.

(Smith 33)

Cells spherical, contents granular with a very obscure
structure which has not been determined satisfactorily, red
color further obscuring the view; cells surrounded by a wide
stratified gelatinous sheath.

The status of the species

and its genus is uncertain at this time since Dr. R. F.
Thompson has found U. lnslgnis (Hass.)Kuetz. to be a gloeodlnold stage of an organism whioh has a dlnoflagellate type

1 Reported in Silva & Sharp, 1944
2 Reported in Silva, 1949

110

of zoospore.

Campbell: limestone pools of small stream

entering Norris Lake below hlgn water mark In Cove Creek
inlet 12 April 1947 #632.1

Tetrasporaceae
In tills family,

cells capable of vegetative division

are enclosed by a mucilage,

so that tiie colony is a gelati­

nous mass, which attains macroscopic size in Tetraspora.

In

addition, frequently two hair-like processes are present on
the outer oells of the colonies*

The genera are distinctive.

Tetraspora is marked by cell arrangement in definite groups
of four*s (sometimes in two*s)

PI. 5, Fig. 4, Aplocystls by

it 8 pyriform colonies of microscopic size in which the cyto­
plasmic pseudocilia are more often observable than in Tetraepora, and Sohizoohlaays by the remains of broken mother cell
walls conspicuously present in the gelatinous matrix*
TETRASPORA Link 1809
1* Colonial mucilage tough,
saccate.............

elongate,

T. oyllndrlca (Wahlb. )Ag.

1 . Colonial mucilage softer, not elongated...........
2 . Colonies an irregular mass.................
..............

T.gelatlnosa (Vauch.)Desv.

2. Colonies flatter, more expanded,
looed,

split........... T. lubrlca (Roth)Ag.

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

2

111.

1* Tetraspora cyllndrlca (Wanlb.)Ag.
t haler <Jb Pascher f) (Smith f)

(Lemmermann, Brunn-

PI. 6 , Fig. 1.

Long cylindrical colonies tough and tenaceous,

even

when preserved, whereas other species have more Irregular
and less firm colonies.

Sevier:

attached to rocks in quiet

river pool in Ramsey Prong (3260 ft.) 6 Sept. 1941 #144.1
2. Tetraspora gelatlnosa (Vauch.)Desv.

(Lemmermann,

thaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith)

PI.

6 , Fig.

Brunn—
2.

The irregular saccate colonies are softer than T. oyllndrlca and more lumpy than those of T. lubrloa.

Knox:

Ghilowee Park Lake at Knoxville 29 June 1936 (Bold)unnum­
bered3, - Montgomery:

farm pond by roadside near Ringgold

mill beside hwy U.S.41 alt. 18 March 1960 #2083 - Henry:
pool in piles of limey mud on west bank of Kentucky Lake
near Paris Landing 19 Maroh 1960 #2116.
3* Tetraspora lubrlca (Roth)Ag.

NFKL.

(Lemmermann,

& Pascher f)(Presoott f)(Smith f)

PI. 6 , Fig.

Brunnthaler
3.

The difference between this species and T. gelatlnosa
is not always clear but the typical colonies here are some­
what more expanded and split.

It may be noted that #2048

had only paired cells, not groups of four.

Knox: marshy

roadside ditch Just north of Knoxville by hwy U.S.25-W 15
March 1960 #2048 - Montgomery:

in seepy gum-oak woods near

Oakwood 18 Maroh 1950 #2068 - Henry:

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

drain ditch at Wallace

N.

112

Motor Court by hwy U.S.79 near Henry 19 March 1950 #2120,
VNSK.

Cocoomyxaceae
Members of this family were rarely encountered*

They

have In common with each other an elliptic or oval cell
shape and a gelatinous colonial sheath of Indefinite size
and shape*

The occurrence of vegetative division in the

cells, and their inability to return directly to a mobile
phase,

sharply differentiates the group from the Tetraspor-

aceae*
COCCOMYXA. Schmldle 1901
Coccomyxa dlspar Schm*

(Smith f )

PI. 4, Tig. 11.

Cells irregularly imbedded in gelatinous matrix;

shape

cylindrical oval to cylindrio-elliptic in shape; chloroplast
plate-like,
L 6-10u.

typically covering only one side of the cell.

It should be noted that the saccoderm desmid, Me—

sotaenlum maorococcum v. mloroooooum (Kuetz.)West and West
bears a rather strong resemblance to this species in casual
observation, but is about twice its size*

Sevier:

spray-

filled pool at falls (4150 ft.) Ramsey Cascade 4 Sept. 1941

#120.1

H.

ELAKATOTHRIX Wills 1698
Elakatothrlx vlrldla (flnow)Printz.

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

113.

PI. 5, Pig. S.
Celle fusiform, with sharp, pointed ends; cells grouped
in small oolonies Imbedded in a gelatinous matrix.
25u; W 6-21u.

L 12-

There is a resemblance to Quadrlgula here,

but the manner of cell division is quite different.

Divi­

sion occurs at right angles to the long axis in Elakatothrlx.
whereas in Quadrigula the autospores by which the cells re­
produce result in bundles of daughter cells with their long
axis parallel to the original motner cell axis.

Shelby:

goldfish pond at Memphis Zoo 19 March 1960 #2129.
NANNOCHLORIS Naumann 1919
Nannochlorls baclllarls Naum.

(Smith f)

PI. 4, Pig. 12.

Celle solitary, lacking the gelatinous matrix of Coc­
comyxa; shape oval or cyllndrlc-oval;
coid chloroplasts.

L 3-5u.

one or two small dis­

It seems possible that it might

be confused with the disjointed condition of Stlohococous
baclllarls Naeg.

H. baclllarls. however, has a small dis­

coid ohloroplast, whioh may not fill the cell.
rence is not easy to define in words.

The diffe­

Knox: bird bath at

Beverly 19 June 1938 (BoId)unnumbered.*
0UR0C0CCUS Grob#ty 1909
Ourooooous blcaudatus Grob#ty.
Cells solitary,

(Smith f )

PI. 6, Pig. 6.

fusiform, with drawn-out seta-like poles

wnloh project straight or bend in the same or opposite dl-

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

114.

rectlons; ohloroplast parietal, with

single pyrenoid. This

type of ohloroplast as well as the greater width may be used
to distinguish this species from Ankletrodesmus spp., which,
furthermore, lack vegetative multiplication.
4-9u.

L 10-35u; W

Knox: plankton and shore debris from Ft. Loudon Lake

embayment at Blue O-rase 23 July 1949 #1558.

Ulotrlcales
Ulotrloaceae
The definitions of this family virtually have been
taken for granted by American phyoologlsts since the time of
Hazen,

The taxonomy of the family is a source of utter

frustration,

however, to the Independently minded observer.

In spite of the immense credit which must be given to the
Hazen treatment as a fine critical work, it Is an injustice
to his work to accept it as the last word on the family, par­
ticularly since his monograph is filled with statements of
doubt and uncertainty.
Only In Smith, 1950 has there been some attempt to re­
organize the family, especially in the transference to Hormldlum of all of the species of Stlchoooccus except 8. ba­
clllarls Naeg.

The writer's incomplete observations do not

directly contradict this move, and he accepts them as a
first step towp.rd a necceesary clarification.

It is felt

that the existence of some of the species of Ulothrlx, as
well as some in Hormldium, and Stlohococcus which appear in

the literature would be difficult If not Impossible to es­
tablish,

even In a thorough study, which has not been at­

tempted here.
Nevertheless,

a few preliminary opinions have been

formed and are offered In hope of arousing a critical ap­
proach to the study of the family in the future.
As far as the genera of the family are concerned, Schlzomerls most certainly belongs here and there Is little doubt
that unlserlate strands of It have frequently been called Ulo
thrlx spp,

Blnuclearla seems distinctive enough to stand as

good genus, but Ulothrlx, Stlohococcue, Uronema, Hormldlum,
and Gemlnella are by no means clearly defined,
not considered here,
observation.

Radi of H u m Is

slnoe It has not come under the writer's

The frequently published "key" characters se­

parating the genera listed above on vegetative characters
alone do not bear up under critical analyses.
Stlchococcus and Hormldlum, as now considered by Smith,
do not form holdfasts, but this feature was not Included In
the original generic descriptions nor among those tradi­
tionally used to characterize them.
to be a consistent character.

The holdfast does seem

The gelatinous sheath attri­

buted to Ulothrlx, is generally absent in specimens which
seem to belong there and perhaps had better be dismissed as
a diagnostic character.

The sheath is used in the writer's

concept of Q-emlnella, however, which is based only on the
materials of this study.

Pointed filaments, used to differ­

entiate Uronema exist as well on young Ulothrlx strands.
While It is true that the points on Uronema filaments are
asymmetrical and the cells are proportionally longer,

it is

quite open to Question as to whether the differences are of
generic status.

Certainly equivalent criteria are not con­

sidered in Oedogonium.

As for the statement that Uronema

occurs oniy as filaments of a few ceils,

it is incorrect,

for much elongated filaments may be found.

The lack of

pyrenoids has been used to separate certain species of
Stlchococcus from Gloeotllla as represented in the Pascher
handbook,

(e.g.) but Smith,

1950 agrees closely with the ob­

servations made here in stating that only 8. baclllarls
lacks pyrenoids.

Further observations should be made.

The trait of frequent separation of the cells of a fil­
ament Into short lengths or into individual cells has been
used to differentiate Stlchococcus and Ulothrlx, but this
applies specifically to the 1950 concept of Stlchococcus,
not to all earlier ones.

Tne final differentiating vegeta­

tive trait which remains is the shape of the ohloroplast,
wnlch is described as filling most of the ceil and circling
more than half the circumference in Ulothrlx. with a smaller
ohloroplast,
cus.

circling less tnan half the ceil in Stlchococ­

rne writer's conclusion from observation is that the

same basic type of ohloroplast is present in those Tennessee
specimens belonging not only to both of the above genera
out to Hormldlum and Uronema in the same family as well.

The neat text book type of doubly folded chloroplast simply
does not occur In all plants which seem to belong In Ulo­
thrlx on the basis of the holdfast and pointed terminal
cells, yet there is a subtle difference between this chloroplast and that of the plant which would probably best be
called Hormldlum subtile (Kuetz.)Heerlng.
later in remarks under the species.

This is amplified

As for tne amount of

cne cell occupied by the ohloroplast, there are probably
valid differences, but it must be remembered that this trait
varies with the age, and probably other conditions, of the
cell.
There is now a tendency to look to the ontogeny of the
plants for distinguishing criteria.
have been offered for diagnosis.

Zoospore characters

Ulothrlx is said to pro­

duce quadriflagellate zoospores, Hormldlum blflagellate zoo­
spores, and BtlchococouB no zoospores, but sufficient data
to support this contention are not available to the writer,
although it may be correct.
The treatment of the family given below is a compromise
and, as such, is only partly correot.

Resisting the tempta­

tion to Bynonymlze the genera, the course of perpetuating
some errors was followed* as opposed to adding possible new
ones in the absence of the monographic type of study actually
needed for the family.
BIMUCLEARIA Wittrock 1866
Blnuolearla tatrana Wittr.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI. 6,

118*

Fig. 7.
The filaments observed were attached, but details of
the holdrast were obscured;

filaments unbranched;

cell

length up to eight times width; cell often with two separate
ohioroplasts visible,

the "binuoleate* appearance caused

by the delay in formation of a oross wall between newly
separated protoplasts;

the stratified gelatinous substance

present between the end walls and the protoplast.
W 6-9u.

#1749 Is reoorded as being 5u broad.

Cells

Cherokee(N.

C.): dripping clifr near Hlwassee Dam powerhouse 18 Aug.
1949 #1748 - Polk;

sandy mud mottom stream near Ducktown by

hwy U.S.64 14 Aug. 1949 #1749-80-53.

N.

OEMINELLA Turpin 1828
A firs gelatinous sheath is the characteristic employed
here to separate this genus from the others of the familyv
since the condition of separate cells lying longitudinally
aligned within the sheath does not develop in the species
Included here.

Other persistently filamentous species have

been described for the genus, however.

The chloroplast is

of the same form as found in the remainder of the family.
The taxonomy of the genus is in an uncertain state,
largely because of the relative infrequency of its occurrence
and the lack of details revealed by exsicoatae.

Therefore,

after attempting to assign the Tennessee plants to the
hazily described names, the writer has established a new
species, realizing that further study may relegate it to
-l’

.agjjBBr

119

synonymy.
Qemlnella hormldloldes sp. nov.

PI. 6, Fig. 5.

Filaments surrounded by firm,

cylindrical,

sheaths; cells cyllndrlc or considerably tumid;
one per cell, plate-like,
of the cell wall,

gelatinous
chloroplasts

covering from half to almost all

the hyaline polar areas often being semi­

circular-shaped, plate flat or folded on one, rarely on
both sides; pyrenoid inconspicuous;

one or two small, round

shiny glycogen(t) bodies per cell; no indication of repro­
duction by zoospores observed.
Sheaths W about 12-16u.

Knox:

Cells L 6-8u; W 3-5u.
Chllowee Park Zoo fish pool

attached or floating in masses 14 March 1950 #2043 - same
site 21 July 1950 #2311*
HORMIDIUM Kuetzlng 1843
▲s stated above in discussion on tne family, Smith,
1950 is followed in the concept of tne genus employed here.
That is, the plants are unbranohed filaments of indefinite
length,

the cells of which contain a plate-like chloroplast

with a single pyrenoid.

Blflagellate spores are produced,

but holdfasts have not been recorded.
Of the four species listed here,

the writer feels that

only Hormldlum subtile (Kuetz.)Hearing is a satisfactory
identification.
1. Hormldlum flaooldum (Kuetz.)A. Br.

(Hazen f)(Smith)

(Stlohocooous flaccldus (Kuetz.)Gay of Hazen etc.)
Filaments composed of tumid cells with thick walls,

180.

(according to Hazen*s description).
long as broad; W 6-14u.
species.

Celle £-3 times as

Inis le a most hazily characterized

Knox: dried puddle on bare soil of field at Booth

Kennels 18 March 1947 #529.*
2* Hormldlum flultana (Cay)Heering.

(Hazen f)(Smith)

(Stlchococcue flultans Gay of Hazen etc.)
Filaments crisped and Interwoven, constricted at cross
walls, readily breaking up into separate cells;
large and opaque.
6.5-9u.

chloroplast

Cells tnree times as long as broad; W

Sevier: on mosses at Ramsey Cascade (4150 ft.) 18

July 1939 (Bold)#H-346.1

V.

3* Hormldlum rlvulare Kuetz.

(Hazen f)(Smith)

(Stlchococcus rlvularls (Kuetz.)Hazen of Hazen etc.)
Filaments constricted at cross walls, bent, with ten­
dency to form rhizoidal outgrowths, not readily breaking up
into individual cells; cells thick-wslled.
llu.

L 8-20u; W 8-

Sevier: on wet rock ledge beside Ramsey Cascade (4175

ft.) 28 Dec. 1946 #417.*

F.

Hormldlum subtile (Kuetz.)Heering.

(Hazen f)(Prescott f)

(Stlchococcus subtllls (Kuetz.)Klerck. of Hazen etc.)
(Smith f)

PI. 6, Fig. 6.

Filaments long, straight, with parallel sides; cells rela­
tively thin-walled; chloroplast single, plate-like,

covering

from one-quarter to complete cell wall, flat or with single,

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

rarely double fold;
zoospores,

single pyrenoid present; blflagellate

but no holdfasts produced.

Celle l#-3 times

longer than broad; W 6-7u.
To the critical observer,
cription of this species,

It must appear that the des­

as stated above,

is a general one

which might cover a multitude of Ulothrlx-like filaments.
It has been a general practice to employ tnis broad concept,
however,

and the writer wholeheartedly agrees that it is the

best treatment of the species at the current state of know­
ledge.

One disturbing aspect,

however,

is that those plants

are Included under this heading which occur in such differ­
ent habitats as seep-covered mountain rocks and bare lime­
stone soil.

Therefore the “high mountain" type has been

retained under Ulothrlx varlabllls. although they conform
to the description of this species so well that the writer
declines to attempt a statement of how they do differ.
Madison(ft.C.): rooks in road wet from constant rain and
poor drainage at Cutshall1s grocery by hwy N.C.212 near
White Rook 25 June 1949 #93? - Sevier:

set quartz rock

(3500 ft.) Porters Creek in Greenbrier section 3 Sept. 1941
#158^ - Blount:

on stump by Charlie M e y e r s • barn in Cades

Cove 19 June 1949 #876 - Jefferson:

dear

Douglas Dam 22 July 1949 #1570 - Knox:

drain at base of

flowing place in

swampy area on Univ. Tenn farm 1 Aug. 1949 #1600 - drier

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944

soil, same site and date #1603 - Putnam: recently exposed
flat of Cookville reservoir 14 June 1949 #80? - Montgomery:
damp soil under high porch of Alfred Clebsch* home on
Gracey Ave. Clarksville 19 March 1950 #2111.

VTT.

SCftlZOMEnIS Kuetzlng 1843
Sohlzomerls Lelblelnll Kuetz.
(Smith f)

(Heerlng f)(Prescott f)

PI. 6, Pigs. 1-3.

loung filaments unbranched, uniseriate; cells quadrate
or length greater than width; chloroplast plate-like, often
folded double in a manner similar to Ulothrlx sonata (Webber
A Mohr)Kuetz.; older filaments multiserlate in the apical
region, forming a cylinder of polygonal brick-shaped or
stone-shaped oells.
der W 100—150u.
for Ulothrlx spp.

Diameter of cells 10-30u.

Adult cylin­

The uniseriate stages are easily mistaken
Knox: attached to stick at margins of Ft.

Loudon Lake at Blue Grass 23 July 1949 #1658-68 - on rocks
in clear running stream by Riverside Drive east of Knoxville
Waterworks 25 July 1949 #1684.

NVSFKL.

STICHOCOCCUS Naegell 1849
The concept of this genus which has been commonly held
by American students since Hazen (1902) has been that of a
group of plants in which the unbranched filaments lack hold­
fasts, and in which the plate-like parietal chloroplast of
each cell circles less than half of it.

In addition Stlcho-

oooous was described as having considerable tendency to
break apart into short lengths or individual cells.

Smith,

1950 confines the genue to those plants which,

in addition

to the above stated characters, lack pyrenoids,
spores*

and zoo­

Consequently, most of the species are transferred

to Hormldlum*
Stlchococcus baclllarls Naeg.
f)

(Hazen f)(Prescott f)(Smith

PI. 6, Pig. 4.
Cells short cylinders with rounded ends when separated,

as they generally are, especially in culture;

short fila­

ments found under certain conditions, however; chloroplast
plate-like,

lacking a pyrenoid;

L 4-8u; W 2.5-3*6u*

zoospores apparently absent*

Observations by the writer leave him

in doubt as to the lack of both pyrenoids and zoospores*
Preserved material from Tennessee gives evidence of ex­
hibiting both, but inasmuch as the material was not living,
final Judgment is reserved.

Madison: roadside slough west

of Jackson 30 June 1949 #1112*

VN*

ULOTHRIX Kuetzlng 1633
The comments previously made under the family and under
Hormldlum and Stlchococous should be noted*
These unbranched filaments are of indefinite extent,
and do not readily break up into individual cells.

The

filaments arise from quadrlflagellate zoospores and may re­
main Indefinitely attached by basal holdfasts.
are generally cylindrical,

The cells

relatively short (none being

described as more than twloe as long as broad), and contain
a chloroplast whloh almost fills the cell*

The chloroplast

1 b plate-like, doubly folded in the larger species (those
over lOu broad, generally speaking) and variable in the
smaller species,
lateral folds.

being plate-llke or with single or double
One or more pyrenoids are present.

Repro­

duction is by quadriflagellate zoospores.
Considerable attention was given during this study to
finding and culturing specimens of Ulothrlx and its related
genera, particularly of the smaller filaments,
lOu broad.

those under

Some of the results have been Interesting, al-

tnough not as yet conclusive.

The clearest indication

which emerged is that there is some difference existing
among the smaller ulotrioaeeous filaments,

although whether

the differences are the ones wnloh earlier investigators
such as Hazen had in mind,

is difficult to state.

Moreover

it should be understood that this study has been a limited
one, and differences such as have been drawn between U.
tenerrlma Kuetz.

and U. varlabllls Kuetz.

same after Btudy of a considerable amount

may not

seem the

of herbarium

specimens and further observation of living material.
1. Cells ll-46u broad..................................
1. Cells 10u or less broad..............................

2
4

2. Cells 26-4&U broad...........................
U. zonata (Webber 4b Mohr)Kuetz.
2. Cells less than 20u broad

........... ......

3. Cells 1-2 times as long as wide, 1316u broad...................

U. aequalls Kuetz.

3

3* Cells # times as long as wide, ll-20u
broad.....................
...............

U. tanulsslma Kuetz*

including U. osolllarlna Kuetz.

4. Chloroplasts yellowish-green,

in

culture often becoming distorted,
torn, and spreading;
tumid,

oells often

especially in older speci­

mens; W 6-9.5u (Hazen 7.5-9u).........
......................... U. tenerrlma Kuetz.
4. Chloroplasts a clear grass-green,
holding shape well in culture;
cells rarely tumid; W 6-8u (Hazen
5-6u).

U. ▼arlabllls Kuetz.

1. Ulothrlx aequalls Kuetz.
Unbranched,
tumid;

(Hazen f)(Prescott f)

elongated filaments;

chloroplast plate-llke,

bright green.

cells cylindric or

folded on both sides, color

Cells L 1-2 times width; W 13-16u.

Davidson:

on stones in brook near hwy U.S.70 at Kingston Springs 5
March 1939 (Bold)#B-3947.1
2 * Ulothrlx tenerrlma Kuetz.

(Hazen f)(Prescott f)(Smith)

PI. 6, Fig. 7.
Green floocose masses of filaments as described by
Hazen under certain conditions (see #2298 below); unbranohed,
elongated,
tumid;

attached by basal holdfasts;

cells cylindric or

chloroplast plate-like sometimes forming double fold,

but often with one fold or flat, tinge of yellow color in
green.

Cells quadrate to 1# times longer than broad; W 6-

9.6u (Hazen 5-6.5u).
as Hazen stated,
zonatft*.

The chloroplast in some specimens is,

“like a miniature specimen of Ulothrlx

Greene, drain outflows of Nollchucky Dam 25 June

1949 #915 - Jefferson: on rocks in swift outflow of Cherokee
Dam 25 June 1949 #904 - Union: in drain between fish bait
pools at Hiokory Star Dock 22 July 1950 #2298 (an exception­
ally good specimen) - Marion: wooden minnow trough at Harvan's near Sequatchie 28 June 1949 #994.
3* Ulothrlx tenulsslma Kuetz.

VNK.

(Hazen f)(Prescott)

PI. 6,

Pig. 8.
Unbranching,

elongated filaments;

cells cylindrio or

tumid; chloroplast single, plate-like, folded on both sides.
L half width or less; W 10-20u.

The size limits stated here

Include the limits of U. osclllarlna Kuetz. because of the
writer*s doubt tnat a statistically valid difference in
measurements can be shown.

Moreover, such plants as #2050

develop thick walls of the sort used to differentiate the
brackish water species, U. flaoclda (Dillw.)Thur. and it
may be conjectured whether this species, too, is valid.
Roane: boat bottom at Kingston Dock on Watts Bar Lake 16
March 1940 #2050 - Davidson: on stones in brook near hwy
U.S.70 at Kingston springs 5 March 1950 #2052 - Davidson:
on stones in brook near hwy U.S.70 at Kingston springs 5

March 1939 (Bold)#3947^ — Sumners on rocks in small stream
by hwy U.8.31-E northeast of Gallatin 27 March 1950 #2198.
VNK.
4 * Ulothrlx varlabllls Kuetz.

(Hazen f)(Prescott f)(Smith)

PI. 6, Fig. 9.
Unbranched,

elongated filaments with some tendency to

break up Into shorter lengths, cells breaking apart and be­
coming slightly misshapen forms described as rhlzoldal by
Hazen and others; cells cylindrical;

chloroplasts quite

variable occupying either little or most of cells, folded
singly, doubly, or flat, all variations frequently occurring
in single filament.

Cells described as #-1# times long as

broad, but often much longer; W 6-8u.
This designation is a tentative one for the specimens,
since it is felt that they belong with or close to Hormldlum
subtile Kuetz.)Heering.
Sevier: roadside drain at Cllngraan*s Dome parking area on
North Carolina state line 10 Sept. 1949 #1889 - Montgomery:
in flume of Ringgold Mill 18 Maroh 1960 #2084 - Henry: old
typha pool in clay pit at Wallaoe Motor Court south of Henry
by hwy U.S.79 19 Maroh 1960 #2119 - Lake: slough at Reelfoot
Lake Spillway 14 June 1950 #2269.

VNK.

5. Ulothrlx zonata (Webber & Mohr)Kuetz.
t)

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

(Hazen f)(Prescott

Elongated filaments of cylindrical or slightly tumid
cell8; Chloroplast a yellow-green, parietal ring-like band,
several pyrenoids present.

Cells L slightly shorter than

quadrate to l£ times width; W 25-45u.

Uniseriate strands

of Scnlzomerls LelPlelnll Kuetz. are often mistaken for
this species.

Davidson(?):

Cumberland River 1938-9.1

URONEMA Lagerhelm 1887
The characters distinguishing this genus are the
Ulothrlx-like general appearance of the sessile unbranched
filaments, with limited growth and an acuminate apical cell
The chloroplast is a flat or slightly folded plate, which
covers two thirds or less of the cell.

There are one to

three pyrenoids.
Even after the writer had seen convincing specimens
agreeing witn tne description of the genus,

the doubt

remains as to whether the differences between Uronema and
Ulothrlx Justify the existence of separate genera.

Uronema

filaments are not of limited growth as they are described,
rather they are of indefinite length, as are those of Ulo­
thrlx.

Oermllngs of Ulothrlx tenerrlma Kuetz.

(as employed

here) come close to the qualifications described for Uro­
n e m a . since they have distinctly pointed ends, and differ­
entiation must rest on the unoertaln characters of asym­
metrically pointed tips and proportionately longer cells in

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

Uronema.
Uronema oonfervlcola Lag.
Unbranched,

(Colllne)(Smlth)

PI. 6, Pig. 6.

attached filaments of cylindrical cells;

chloroplasts plate-like,

covering from half to three quarters

of the oell length; apical cells asymmetrically pointed.
2J— 4 times width; W 6u.

L

Attempts to separate this species

from the other species of the genus U. elongatum Hogdette
are disappointing since suoh specimens as #1850 have the
proportions (length 4-13 times the width) of U. elongatum
but the site range of U. confervloola.

Knox: in plankton

from backwater of Ft. Loudon Lake at Knoxville Waterworks
25 July 1949 #1579 - on pilings same site, same date #1680oulture at Univ. Tenn. botanical laboratory 1 Aug. 1949 Colbert(Ala.): on rocks in Plokwlck Lake at Sheffield 2 Oct.
1949 (Hall)#1971 - Weakley: pond at H. D. Hager's farm east
of Martin by hwy U.S.22 14 June 1950 #2246.

Microsporaoeae
MICROSPORA Thuret 1850
The filaments of this genus are of indefinite length,
and laek holdfasts.

The cells are oyllndrlc or tumid and

oontain reticulate chloroplasts.

In most oases the chloro­

plasts are so obscured by numerous staroh granules that the
precise structure oannot be detected.

The walls become

Impregnated with secondary deposits in suoh a manner that
they separate at the middle part of the cells leaving H-

shaped pieces, the cross wall of the cells being the cross
piece of the "H*.

The "H" pieces, when present, are a fine

mark of distinction from all other common genera except
Trlbonema but unfortunately young(?) plants of the smaller
species fall to show them, even when treated with sodium
hydroxide, and hence identification is rather difficult.
The genus has been subjected to a taxonomic study by
Mrs. Grace Phinney, who, however, has not as yet published
her conclusions.

Nevertheless, the names employed by her

and some of the specimens examined are familiar to this
writer through the Cryptogamlc Herbarium of the Chicago
Natural History Museum, and through correspondence with
Mrs. Phinney.

Her treatment of the genus has neooessarlly

colored the reasoning employed in this study on Mlorospora.
and the conclusions on nomenclatural priority from Mrs.
Phinney's study are followed unquestloningly.

One devia­

tion here from her monographic study is the use of M. paohyderma (Vllle)Lag. for the thick-walled forms about ?-9u
broad.
The four other species found here are separated on
size alone, and the difference between M. stagnorum (Kuetz.)
Lag. and M. tennerrlma (Kuetz,)Gay may not be as distinct
as indloated here.
Tumidity and cell proportions do not appear to stand
as bases for precise species differentiation.
1. Cells 22-33u broad

M. amoena (Kuetz.)Lag.

1. Cells smaller..................................

2

2. Walls conspicuously thick, cells
?-14u broad, sometimes tumid..............
..................

M. pachyderms (Wille)Lag

2. Walls relatively thin......................
3* Cells ll-20u broad

3

M. Wlttrockll Lag

3. Cells lOu broad or smaller

4

4. Cells 7.5-9.5u broad........................

...........

M. stagnorua (Kuetz.)Lag.

4. Cells &-?u broad.. M. tenerrlma (Kuets. )Gay
Mlorospora amoena (Kuetz.)Lag.
(Smith)

PI. 7, Pig. 1.

This is the largest species.
W 22-33u*

(Hazen f)(Prescott f)

Cells L 1*2 times width;

Madison(N.C.): forming bunches in small clear

rocky stream near Tenn. state line by hwy N.C.208 26 June
1949 #928 - Knox: on vegetable matter in roadside puddle
southeast of Knoxville 19 March 1947 #532.1
2* Microspora pachyderma (Wille)Lag.

VN.

(Collins)(Prescott f)

PI. 7, Pig. 3.
These are the consistently thick-walled plants.
L 1-2 times width; W 7-14u.

Cell

Sevier: trailslde bank near

Newfound Gap 10 Sept. 1949 #1892 - Marlon: d i n g i n g to mint
in stream at Junction of hwys Tenn. 28 ft 108 in Sequatchie

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

Valley 28 June 1949 #1000 - Jackson(Ala.): embayment of
Ountersvllle Lake north of Boottsboro at hwy U.S.72 bridge
17 June 1950 #2294 - Weakley: middle fork or Obion River
northeast of Oreenrield 23 June 1949 (Clebeoh)#1906 - 0-lbaon
Obion: bottom ooating on Abe Shatz* farm east of Kenton 6
July 1949 #1238.
3* Mlorospora etagnorum (Kuetz.)Lag.

(Hazen f)(Preeoott f)

(Smith)
Cells cylindric or rather tumid.
width; W 7.5-9u.

Cells L 1-3 times

Cell proportions and tumidness vary ac­

cording to age and habitat conditions.

Sevier: gently

flowing water below C h a r l i e ^ Bunion 6 Sept, 1941 #1611 Morgan: rushing rooky stream by hwy U.S.27 south of Wartburg 15 July 1949 #1501 - Lauderdale(Ala.): pool near Cy­
press Creek at Florence 3 Oct. 1949 (Hall)#1962 - Lewis:
catch basin in poorly drained,

Infertile soil of western

Highland Rim country near Hohenwald 29 June #1067 - Henry:
fairly large pond containing Juncus and Typha by hwy U.S.79
east of Paris 14 July 1949 #1349 - Obion: barnyard puddle
beside Walnut Log Road from Union City 14 June 1950 #2249.
MSOFKM.
4 * Mlorospora tenerrlma (Kuetz.)Cay.

(Cay 1886 f)

The smallest forms of Mlorospora are placed here.
L 1-3 times width; W 5-7u.

Cell

All of the identifications of

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944

133.

Tennessee plants are tentative.

Lumpkin(O a . ): on pilings

of artlfioial lake in Vogel State Park 14 Aug. 1949 #1735 Greene: in drain outflows from Nolicnucky Dam 25 June 1949
#915 - Knox: on rook below surface of water in quarry hole
at Neubert*e Springs 20 July 1949 #1534 - Montgomery: woods
swamp by roadside south of Gutnrie Kentucky on hwy Tenn. 11
18 March 1950 #2099 - Henry: pool in piles of limey mud on
west bank of Kentucky Lake near Paris Landing 19 March 1950
#2116 - Weakley: barrel sunk in spring branch about four
miles north of Gardner Station 8 July 1949 #1220 - Obion:
shallow shore area on south side of Isom Lake 10 July 1949
#1259.
5. Mlorospora Wlttrockll Lag.

(Haten f)

PI. 7, Fig. 2.

(including Microspora Willeana L a g . )
Belonging here are the medium-sized forms.
2/3 - 2# times width; W ll-20u.

Cells L

Sevier: on rook with water

trickling over it at base of Charlie*s Bunion (4500 ft.) 6
Sept. 1941 #162^ - Knox: on plants in Lakeside Lake, a sink­
hole Just south or Knoxville 20 July 1949 #1537 - Putnam:
on drying rocks of spring north of hwy U.S.70-N near Caney
Fork 14 June 1949 #822 - Wilson: creek running over shelving
limestone of central basin west of Lebanon on hwy U.S.70-N
14 July 1949 #1415 - Benton: roadside bank south of Camden
10 May 1949 (Sharp)#1980 - Henry: pool in piles of limey

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944

mud on west bank or Kentucky Lake near Paris Landing 16
Maron 1950 #2116.

Cylindrooapsaoeae
ClLINDKOCAPSA Relnson 1867
Cyllndrooapaa gemlnella Wolle.

(Presoott f)(Smith f)

PI.

7, Pig. 4.
This species is so polymorphic that a considerable num­
ber of observations are neooessary before determinations can

be made.

On one hand, there are well-formed, uniseriate

filaments composed of regular oblong ceils within a thin
gelatinous sheath.

This was in a stable aquatic environment

When first observed these filaments were forming antherozolds and were multlserlace and unlike anything one would
expect from most species descriptions.
the other hand,

In a mud habitat,

on

the filamentous organization was found to

be obscured or completely lost, and only the morphology of
the cells and the surrounding stratified gelatinous enve­
lope Indicated that it was the same as the filamentous
plant,

The onloroplasts are massive, with a single pyrenoid

L quadrate to about twloe width; W up to about 20u.
bottom coating on microcosm in Univ.

Knox:

Tenn. botanical labora­

tory 11 Aug. 1949 #1704 - culture at collector's home 27
Aug. 1949 #1865 - Roane: boat bottom at Kingston Boat Dock
on Watts Bar Lake 16 March 1950 #2052 - Davidson:

on Clado-

phora 8pp. in Hidden Lake 17 Sept. 1938 (Bold)#B-1041 -

Henry: gravel pit east of Parle by hwy U.S.79 19 March 1950
#2118 - Shelby:

goldfish pond at Memphis Zoological Gardens

20 M a ro h 1950 #2129.

UK.

Chaetophoraoeae
APHANOCHAE t E A. Braun 1851
Aphanoohaete repens A. Braun.
Fig.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI. 7,

5.
Filaments branching,

on filamentous algae,

resuplnate or creeping,

eplphytlo

frequently on Plthopnora, Cladophora,

o r Oedogonlum spp.; setae borne singly on mature cells as
m uch as lOOu in length;
place.

cells tumid; chloroplast a parietal

L quadrate to about twice width; W 5-10u.

Davidson:

on Oedogonlum spp. in small overflow lake near Radnor Lake
20 Aug.

1949 #1803 - fishpool by Vanderbilt University

greenhouse 17 Mar c h 1950 #2060 - Montgomery: King A Queen
Bluff on Cumberland River three miles southeast of Clarks­
ville 24 Sept. 1949 (Clebsch)#1940 - Obion - Lake:

epiphytic

on Cladophora aegagroplla Kuetz. at stump In Blue Basin of
Reelfoot Lake 2 July 1949 #1169.
CHAETOPHORA Sohr&nk 1789
This branched ulotrlcold genus is characterized by a
gradual reduction in size between the cells of the main fil­
ament and branches and the maoroscoploally recognizable
gelatinous colonies which are spherical in all speoles ex­
cept jC. lnorassata. which has flat, expanded,

and branched

colonies.

Determination of species should not be attempted

from Juvenile plants, since the key characters do not develop
until after a certain amount of growth.
branches Is worthless as a character,

Size of the main

so the branching habit

Is virtually the only orlterlon of differentiation.
form and arrangement are characters far more
describe than to observe, especially in

Branch

difficult to

distinguishing spe­

cies.
1. Colonies elongated,
....................

flat, branched.......... .
(3. lncrassata (Huds.)Hazen

1. Colonies spherical.................................. 2
2. Branches fascicled at summit, main
branches 6-8u broad.............................

3

2. Brancnes not fascicles, main branches
2-5.5u broad.......... . Q» attenuatum Hazen
3. Branching loose, spreading branches
with a sharp line of fasciculation,
with shorter ultimate branches.............. .
........................ . J3. elegans (Roth)Ag.
3. Branching compact, with a less sharp
line of fasciculation,

and longer

ultimate branches.......... £• plsolformls Ag.
Ohaetophora attenuate Hazen

(Hazen f)(Presoott f)(Smith)

Colonies globose; ereot and unfascioled branches, des­
cribed as being smaller in width than those of the other

species with globose colonies.
filaments.

Cells W 5-5.5u in the main

Q-reene: swamp created by road building and

choked with Typha. Junous, Sallx, and Carex and well fer­
tilised, beside hwy Tenn.70 near N.C. state line 25 June
1949 #926.

N.

2 * Qhaetophora elegans (Roth)Ag.

(Hazen f)(Prescott f)

(Smith)
Colonies globose; the best diagnostic characters being
the combination of the loose branching fascicled toward the
outside of the oolony; possible added character the occur­
rence of the fasciculation in a sharply marked peripheral
area, with the ultimate branohes being short, although they
may be further tapered into long setae.
main filaments.

Cells W 8u in the

Knox: globular Jelly masses among weeds in

water at Carter's Mill 2 April 1947 #5601 - Stewart: stream
west of U. S. Grant's headquarters in marshy place by hwy
U.S.79 19 Maroh 1950 #2114 - Gibson - Obion: inlet to highest
pond, fertilised for fish raising, on Abe Shats1 farm east
of Kenton 8 July 1949 #1237 - Obion: roadside puddle near
Trimble 8 July 1949 #1262.

NK.

3 * Qhaetophora lnorassata (Huds.)Hazen.
f)(Smith f)

(Hazen f)(Preseott

PI. 8, Fig. 1.

Colonies flat, much branched,

tattered looking, yellow-

green, bearing a superficial resemblanoe to Batraohosperaum,

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

but unlike any other alga; end cells tapering to long sharp
point*

Median cells L 2-6 times width; W 6-llu.

Although

only two collections of tnie species are recorded here, It
Is undoubtedly a farily common “spring sprout" In clear
running or still water.

It might be noted that In spring

streams of Louslana, C3. lnorassata occupies with a remarkable
consistency the same habitats as Batrachospermum Boryanum
Sir. and other Batrachospermum spp.

Montgomery: Cunningham

Lake, whloh Is fed with a small stream, near Clarksville 30
April 1946 (Clebsch)Clebsch #7* - on rocks In Ringgold
Creek at Peaoher's Mill 16 March 1950 #2086.
4. Chaetophora plslformls Ag.

(Hazen f)(Prescott f)(Smith)

PI. 8, Pig. 2.
Colonies spherloal; accepted diagnostic characters are
the combination of compact branching with fascicled apices;
added possible character Is that the line of fasciculation
between main branches and tufts Is not marked as in C. ©la­
gans and the ultimate branches are longer, disregarding the
setae to which many of them taper; size of the main branches,
whloh is usually described as 6-7u In width (intermediate
between C. elegans and jC. attenuata) should not be assigned
too much Importance.

Franklin: on sticks etc. In pond

above Cowan 4 April 1949 (Sharp)#1989 - Montgomery:

seepy

stream In gum-oak woods near Oakwood 18 Maroh 1950 #2066 -

1 Reported In Silva, 1949

Benton: globular gelatinous masses floating In pond south
of Birdsong Landing 10 May 1949 (Sharp>#1982 - Obion:

In

Nelumbo area of Reelfoot Lake near Samburg 12 July 1949
#1307.
CHLOROTXLIUM Kuetzlng 1843
Chlorotyllum oataraotarua Kuetz.

(Smith f)

PI. 8, Pig.

3.

Although the normal condition of the speoles Is des­
cribed as a dlchotomous,

much-branched filament.

In which

there Is little or no reduction In size between orders of
branohlng,

only occaelonally could doubtful signs of bran­

ching be found here; oells cylindric,
chloroplast a parietal plate.
width; W 8-14u.

tumid or Irregular;

Cells L one-several times

The Identification of these specimens Is

made with reservations.
encrusted masses,

They all came from Irregular, lime—

In both running and standing waters.

In

all collections the plants were In a flat thalloid form,
described as "palmellold” but differing from the palmellold
form of GHoeooystls. Cyllndrooapsa. or Chlamydomonas since
little gelatinous matrix encloses the cells.

Campbell:

limestone pools below high water line at entrance of small
stream to Cove Creek Inlet of Norris L*ke 12 April 1947
#6321 - Giles:

limestone oreek 6 April 1949 (Sharp)#2006 -

Lincoln: gelatinous green mass in roadside limestone creek
1 April 1949 (8harp)#2007.

1 Reported In Silva, 1949

DRAPARNALDIA Bory 1808
The large main filaments with fascicles of much smaller
side branches characterise this genus rather definitely.
However, the species are not perfectly distinct, Hazen traces
a phylogenetic line of development among the species, and
his line of reasoning deserves review.

This is all the more

appropriate since Hazen registered serious doubt at several
points in tne classification which he derived from his
phylogenetic reasoning.
1. Definable axis running to summit of
branch fascicles....................................
1.

No definable

2

axis in branch fascicles............... 3

2. Fascicles erect, l&noeolate,
gated..............

D.

elon­
plumoBa (Vauch.)Ag.

2. Fascicles spreading, with axis
sometimes bent back on main fila­
ment............... .
3.

C. acuta (Ag.)Kuetz.

Ceils of main filaments inflated, with
narrow chloroplast.. D. glomerata (Vauch.)Ag.

3.

Cells of main filaments cylindrical,
chloroplast broad........

1.

D r a p a m a l d l a ftouta

(Smith)

D. platyzonata Hazen

(Ag. )Kuetz.(Hazen f)(Prescott f)

PI. 9, Figs. la,b.

This species and D. plumosa (Vauch.)Ag. have a discer­
nible secondary main axis in their small lateral bunches of

branches which diverge from the main axis of the plant; D.
acuta is distinguished by the spreading habit of the branch
bundles, the main axis of wnich may be ascending or almost
doubled back on the main axis; parietal ohloroplast about
half as wide as the cell length; main axis cells are 50-90U
broad*

Knox: in clear, oold, moderately fast spring run-off

in Fountain City Park 23 May 1946 unnumbered^ - Montgomery:
in seepy stream in gum-oak woods at Oakwood 17 March I960

#2067-8 - marshy pools beside hwy Tenn* 11 south of Guthrie
Kentucky near state line 16 March 1950 #2102*
2* Draparnaldla glomerate (Vauch*)Ag.

JfK.

(Hazen f)(Prescott f)

(Smith f)
Distinguished from D. platyzonata, which also lacks a
distinct axis in the bundles of brancnes, by its narrow
chloroplasts;

inflation or the main axis cells, contrasted

with the cylindrical ones of the D* platyzonata, is probably
a less reliable character*

VNOK*

3. Draparnaldla platyzonata Hazen*

(Hazen f)(Prescott f)

(Smith)
▲ broad ohloroplast is the chief distinction of this
species; short cylindrical shape of the cells also given as
a character; width of the main axis is about the same as
that of D. acuta and others.
times width; W 50-90u.

Main filament cells L #-2

Sevier: on large rooks in Ramsey

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

Prong (1600 ft.) 24 Nov. 1946 #360.1
4 « Draparnaldla plumps a (Vauch.)Ag.

N.
(Hazen f)(Preseott f)

(Smith)
The combination of lanceolate or elongated branch-bundle
outline and definite primary axis in the bundle distinguish
this species from D. acuta,

in which the bundle axis is bent

back on the main axis and the other branches spread to form
an oval outline;

frequent constriction at cross walls of the

main axis; ohloroplast one-fourth to one-third as broad as
length,

llain filament cells L 1-3 times width; W 40-70u.

Sevlers clear,

soil bottomed pool of stream below Newfound

Gap Highway (1700 ft.) 20 April 1947 #607^ - Knox; attached
to limestone in small clear stream near dolomite quarry
beyond Island Home 10 Jan. 1946 (Iltis)unnumbered - Scott:
rivulet over ahaley rocks in burnt-over area along hwy Tenn.
52 13 June 1950 #2232.

NVK.

MICROTHAMNION Naegeli 1649
Mlorothamnlon Kuetzlnglanum Naeg.
(Smith f)

(Hazen f)(Preecott f)

PI. 8, Fig. 4.

Filaments densely branched, not reducing in size from
order to order, ends rounded; cells cylindric; chloroplast,
described as parietal and laminate, covered the entire vis­
ible wall area in the specimens observed,

structure obscure;

branches arising from the upper end of rather long propro-

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944

tioned cells; no cell wall formed for some distance from the
brancnlng 0011*8 origin.

Cells L 2-4 times width; W 3-6u.

Branching of this type may also be seen in Rhlzoclonlum
fontan urn Kuetz.

M. Kuetzlnglanum is distinguished from the

other reported American species, M. strlotlsslmum Rab. by
its lack of a main axis within the branching system.

This

species has been quite elusive, and the collections which
were made were poorly developed.

Sevier: clinging rocks

and humus in Porter’s Prong (3500 ft.) 6 Sept. 1941 #159* Obion: slough near Spillway 5 July 1949 #1185.
STlOEOCLOhlUM Kuetzing 1843
These plants are branched,

the branches being gradually

reduced In size, with a long taper in the ultimate branches.
The characteristic gelatinous colonies of Chaetophora are
not formed but rather large non-gelatinous strands are found
under favorable conditions.

The cells are cyllndric or

tumid, with a plate-like chloroplast.
The key presented below is Hazen's, but under the
respective species are comments derived from the writer*s
own experience with them, experience which does not alto­
gether substantiate the earlier concepts.
1. Branching predominately opposite.................... 2
1. Branching predominately alternate..................

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944

3

2. Main filaments 14-16u broad, secon­
daries 6-7u, oells up to twice width
in length, aploes short-pointed............
..... • ••...... • JL* lubrloum (Dlllw.)Kuetz.
2. Main filaments 7-10u broad, lower
oells tnree widths long, aploes
long-pointed or setlferous..................
.......................

S. tenue (Ag.)Kuetz.

3* Snort oaespitoee filament tufts of
filament.....................................
3. Elongated filaments frequent.

.............

4* Main filaments 6-8u broad, tips
short-pointed

8. namum (Dlllw.)Kuetz*

4. Main filaments 7-9u broad, ends
attenuate or setlferous...................
.........

S. aestlvale (Hazen)Col.

5. Filament diameter 5-7u................... ......
S. attenuatum (Hazen)Gol.
5. Filament diameter 8-llu.
•

.... ..............

S. stagnatlle (Hazen)Col.

1. 8tlgeoelonlum attenuatum (Hazen)Col.

(Hazen f)(Prescott

(including Stlgeoclonlum stagnatlle (Hazen)Col.)
f)(Smith)

FI. 9, Fig. 3.

Both this species and S. stagnatlle were described as
a result of the same investigation and in the same publica­
tion by Hazen.

The plants are alternately branched, with

4
5

elongated filaments.

The key character given to separate

them is else, 5-7u broad for S. attenuatum and 8-llu for S.
stagnatlle.

Furthermore,

the former is said to have a thin

and broken chloroplast while that of the latter is not des­
cribed and the illustration provides no distinction.

The

different growth habit described is of limited value, S.
attenuatum having been round in extremely long strands, and
S. stagnatlle in floating masses.
In the collections from this region,

there is no con­

sistent set of characters to differentiate the two species.
This is especially true when the plants are grown in the
controlled environment of the laboratory.

It seems prefer­

able to consider all tne speoimens with elongated filaments
and alternate branching under one name.

Tne only deviation

worth mentioning was #2286 which had unusually rich branching.

.

In two oases plants identified as other species became 8

stagnatlle by growth, but in other oases plants in the size
range of ji. attenuatum were preserved immediately, not
grown in the laboratory where their development eould be
observed.
Jerfereonx base of Cherokee Dam on rocks in swift outflow
water 26 June 1949 #904 - Roane: on bottom of boat at King­
ston Boat Dock on Watts Bar Lake 16 March 1960 #2062 Monroe: propeller of ferryboat on river at Sweetwater 7
July 1938 (Bold)unnumbered1 - Sumner: on rooks in small

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

146

stream In field northeast of Gallatin 27 March 1960 #2198 Colbert(Ala,): rooky stream entering Wilson Lake near dam
16 June 1949 #2266.

8.

2. Stlgeoolonlum lubrlcum (Dillw.)Kuetz.
f)(Smith)

(Hazen f)(Prescott

PI. 9, Fig. 2.

This is the oommon species of the genus displaying
opposite branches, but well-developed plants are required
to make determination oertaln; and distinguish this species
from the other five opposite-branched species; ultimate
branchiate short-pointed, more or less crowded;
thick.

cell walls

Cell L 1-2 times width; W ll-30u.

The larger size and crowded branohing are said to dis­
tinguish the species from the other common opposite branched
species, but Hazen adds that "The best specimens of S. tenue
reproduce S. lubrlcum in miniature".

Although he clearly

stated that the two were distinct and even grow in the same
site, culture work might furnish convincing proof that they
are identical.
It is asserted here that between S. lubrlcum and S.
lubrlcum v. varlans Hazen there is no consistent difference,
since intermediate plants such as #1943 and #1967 do appear.
Sevlers roadside drain (pH 4.6-6.0) beside Roaring Fork Road
half mile from Oatlingburg 24 Nov. 1946 #3481 - Knox: at­
tached to mint roots in running stream east of Knoxville

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

147

Waterworks 26 July 1949 #1583-4 - Lauderdale - Colbert (Ala.):
running water near loe plant at Sheffield 5 Sept. 1949 (Hall)
#1967 - Montgomery: ditch outside W. S. Austin's farm at
Junotion of Foster1s Cave Road and hwy U.S.79 18 March 1960
#2081.

VGF.

3. Btlgeoclonlum nanum (Dillw.)Kuetz.

(Hazen)(Prescott f)

(Smith)
Plante described as short* predominantly alternate
branching* oaespltose filaments* with short-pointed ends;
cells eylindrie* tumid or irregular.
6-8u.

L 1-2 times width; W

This species was recorded in three or four oases* and,

if the species had been preserved Immediately*

the species

could have been written of with some assurance.

Since some

of them were allowed to grow in the laboratory, however*
they developed similarity to other species - S. attenuatum.
£* stagnatlle. and S. lubrlcum.

None maintained the short*

oaespltose filaments which designate S. nanum (with short
pointed branch ends) and S. aestlvale (Hazen)Col.
tenuated or setlferous apices).

(with at­

There is no insistence

here that these two species are without validity, particu­
larly not without having seen the types, and only a limited
amount of other material.

It is suggested* however, that

nature of the habitat may keep plants permanently in a short*
oaespltose condition* and that laboratory growth of typical
specimens of these species under standard oonditions is de­
sirable.

Roane: on bottom of boat at Kingston Boat Dock on Watts
Bar Lake 16 Maroh 1950 #2052 (this developed into S. attenu­
atum- stagnatlle ) - Montgomery: rainwater lake in river bot­
tom near Edmonson's Ferry on Cumberland River 31 Deo. 1949
(Clebsch)#2037(material preserved) - marshy pools in woods
swamp south of 0-uthrie Kentucky near state line by hwy Tenn.
11 18 Maroh 1950 #2101 (this was 8. lubrlcum when collected,
then formed spores, disintegrated, and finally the spores
grew into fine examples of S. nanum).
4. Btlgeoclonlum stagnatlle (Hazen)Col.

(Hazen f)(Prescott

f) (Smith)
See S. attenuatum (Hazen)Col.
5. Stlgeoolonlum tenue (Ag.)Kuetz.

(Hazen f)(Prescott f)

(Smith f)
Filaments with opposite branching; ultimate ends ta­
pering or setlferous; lower cells cylindrical.
width; W 7-10u.

L 1-2 times

The smaller size is used to separate it

from S. lubrlcum, and the possible relation between the two
is discussed wider that species.

Sevier: on submerged rooks

in stream by Oraesy Patoh parking area 12 Aug. 1941 #39.1

Protococoaoeae
PROTOCOCCUS Agardh 1824
Protococous vlrldls Ag.

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

(Presoott f)(Smith f)

PI. 10,

149*

Fig, 1,
Irregular d u m p s result from the usual grouping of the
oells; oelle globular, angular or cubical by mutual com­
pression or incomplete separation,

sometimes short fila­

ments are formed, and oells growing in water are often quite
spherical, as well as being muoh brighter in color than
terrestrial oells; chloroplast a parietal plate not unlike
that found in most of the rest of the Ulotrlcales, usually
obscured and diffuse, without discernible structure.
meter 6-20u.

Dia­

The species is quite common in the region,

being best known as the sourfy green ooating on tree bark
(notably on the more moist side, henoe the "moss" on the
north side of trees,) Sevier; wet timber at upper Newfound
Gap Road tunnel 13 Aug, 1949 #1711 - Grainger: bark of tree
near Avondale Springs 6 May 1947 #6911 - Knox: on cow ex­
crement Univ, Tenn. Farm 30 Nov, 1947 (litis)unnumbered Madison: wet wood below water faucet on West Tenn, Experi­
ment Station Farm 30 June 1949 #1102-3,

VNFK,

Coleoohaetaoeae
OHAETOSPHAERIDIUM Klebahn 1692
Chaetosphaerldlum globosum (Nordst.)Kleb,
(Smith)

(Presoott f )

PI. 10, Fig. 2,

This is a most distinctive plant, easy to recognise as

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

small epiphytic spheres with long setae which are enclosed
by a sheath around the base;

even if the seta is absent the

erect sheath furnishes ample identification;
cup-shaped,
12-lQu.

containing single pyrenoid.

chloroplast

Diameter of cells

Davidson: on Oedogonlum in concrete pools of Kelly*

Kennels at Nashville 20 Aug. 1949 #1823 - Weakley: roadside
marsh Just west of Kenton by oounty road 8 July 1949 #1244.
COLEOCHAETE de Bredisson 1844
Filaments branching, but branches laterally united to
form a flat or oushlon-llke thallus.

Ulotriooid chloroplast

common to other plants of the order quite evident, and there
are long single setae on some of the cells.

The setae are

surrounded by a sheath at their bases.
1. Filamentous structure somewhat dis­
cernible, with Incomplete lateral fu­
sion of branches

JC. irregularis Prings.

1. Filamentous structure obscure, thallus
a flat circular expanse............ .................
2. Cells 6-16u in diameter,

2

thallus

outline regular....... <C. orbicularis Prings.
2. Cells 25— 45u in diameter,

thallus

outline Irregular............0. soutata Breb.
1. Ooleoohaete irregularis Prings.
(Smith)

(Collins)(Prescott)

PI. 10, Fig. 6.

The oells are about the same else as those of C. orbi-

oularla

(Collins reports

"up to 26u")t but there Is compara­

tively little lateral union of the filaments and a most Ir­
regularly lob e d colony Is the result,

Claiborne: permanent

pon d north of Tazwell 26 June 1938 (BoId)unnumbered1 .
2. Coleochaete orbicularis Prings.

(Collins)(Prescott f)

(Smith)
Thallus possessing smaller cells (10-20u In diameter)
and more regular outline than C. scutata Breb.

This Identi­

fication was obtained from the reliable records of H. C.
Bold, but whether or not the species Is distinct from Cl.
scutata Breb.

Is an open question.

Both show more or less

circular thalll formed by lateral fusion of filaments radia­
ting and branching from the center.
thalll one oell thick,

Both species produce

exhibit the ulotricacean chloroplast

and have frequent setae with sheathed bases.

Claiborne:

permenent p o n d north of Tazwell 26 June 1938 (Bold)unnumber­
ed.1

FK.

3. Coleochaete scutata Br4b.
f)

PI. 10, Fig.

(Collins)(Prescott f)(Smlth

6.

Flat thallus formed from lateral fusion of radlately
branching filaments,
polygonal,
45u.

outline Irregular;

some with erect setae.

oells Irregularly

Diameter of cells 25-

Its larger cells and Irregular outline are u sed to

distinguish It from C. gxfrlgulaylg*

1 Reported In Silva, 1949

This Is the most fre­

quently encountered species of tne genus.

Moore: rocks of

spring Drench at Cumberland Springs 29 June 1949 #1039 Obion:

on leaves of Potamogeton in Reelfoot Lake at Samburg

2 July 1949 #1165.

Several other cases were observed, but

not properly recorded.

NVFK.

Trentepohliaceae
TRENTEPOHLIA Martlus 1817
The branched filaments of this genus form mats or felty
tufts on ledges,

tree trunks or other terrestrial sites.

The cells are cylindrical or slightly tumid, and contain
chloroplasts, varying in shape from discoid to elongated
ribbon-like,

and often so much haematochrome is present as

to obscure the internal cell structure completely.
Although only three Tennessee collections are listed
here for the genus,

it is fairly common,

and might be found

on any shelving rocky bluff which is slightly moist.
lzation to form Coenogonium nigrum (Huds.)Zahlbr.
quent.

Lichen-

is fre­

In this case the lichen is dark brown to black

rather than the green or yellow-red of the fungus-free
plant.

Coenogonium nigrum is of special interest as a li­

chen because the alga alone dictates the form of the plant
while the fungal component merely forme a sheath around it.
In addition to the two species Included here, a few others
such as T. effusa (Kremp.)Har., T. odorata (Wiggers)Wittr.,
etc. are quite as likely to be encountered in the region.

1- Cells 8-30u broad,

chloroplasts several,

discoid....................
1. Cells 4-10u broad,
b a n d s ...............

T. aurea (L. )Martlus

chloroplasts In
T. abletlna (Flotow)Hansg.

1. Trentepohlla abletlna (Flotow)Hansg.
(Smith)

PI. 10, Fig.

(Collins)(Heerlng)

3.

It only can be stated of the specimens considered here
that they are within the described size range,
relatively long cells,

and exhibit

considerably longer In proportion

than those described for T. a u r e a .

In addition,

the cells

contain about three slightly spiral band-like chloroplasts.
The characters which we have been able to find to differen­
tiate this species from T. aurea are rather vague,
for the size,

and are of rather dubious value.

except

However,

these plants certainly differ from specimens collected in
Mexico, which contain discoid chloroplasts and measure within the size and proportions of T. aur e a .
times width; W 4-10u.

Fentress:

L about three

dry ledge by roadside near

Pall Mall 15 July 1949 #1495 - B e l l ( K y . ): moist surface of
huge boulder in Hemlock Gardens ftt Pine Mt. Reoreation Area
10 June 1949 (Sharp)unnumbered.

F.

2. Trentepohlla aurea (L.)Martlus*
(Smith f)

(Collins)(Heerlng f)

PI. 10, Fig. 4.

A multitude of erect branohes give the red, orange, or
yellow patches of the alga a felty appearance, whereas miorosoopically the filaments are seen to be composed of oy-

lindrical oells* the oontents of which often show an obeoure structure;

chloroplasts several small dlse-shaped.

Oells L l#-2 times width; W 10-30u.

Sevier: wet* exposed

rook (6000 f t , ) Myrtle Point 4 Sept. 1941 #416.1

VMS.

Sohlsogonlales
Sohisogoniaoeae
SCHXZOQONIUM Xuetzing 1643
Sohlzogonlum murale Kuetz.

(Collins)(Smith f)

PI. 11*

Fig. 1.
Filaments are uniseriate and unbranohed; oells tumid;
ohloroplast single* stellate* filling most of oell* contain­
ing single pyrenold.

Cells quadrate or shorter; V 10-16u.

Reports of this species lndioate an alpine and northern
range.

It is a terrestrial plant* and is found on wet

rooks* or on earth or wood.

Swaln(N.C.): - Sevier(Tenn.):

wet trailside rook (6600 ft.) on Appalachian Trail 7.9 miles
east of Newfound Cap 6 Sept. 1941 #117.1

VN.

Chloroooooales
Ohloroooooaoeae
ACANTBSOSPHABBA Lemmermann 1899
Aoanthosphaera Zaoharlasl Lemm.

(Prescott f) (Smith f)

12* Fig. 1.

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp* 1944

PI.

Cells spherical with a cup-shaped chloroplast,
usually appears to fill tne cell;
scattered setae on surface,

single pyrenold;

which
several

tnick n e : r the base and then

abruptly taper and extend out In very slender needles to
three or more times the diameter of the cell proper.
meter of cells 10-14u.

Dia­

This may be a more common plankter

than the few reports Indicate.

Middle Tenn.:

Cumberland

and Duck Rivers 1938-9.1
CHLOROCOCCUM Fries 1820
Chlorococcum humlcola (Naeg.)Rab.
PI. 12, Fig.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

2.

Cells spherical;

chloroplast may be cup-shaped but Is

usually diffuse and completely obscured with starch grains,
one pyrenold In young cells, more In older ones.
up to 20u.

Diameter

Some oells are unsymmetrloal and older cell

walls are thicker than young ones, but stratified membranes
have not been observed during this study.

Reproduction by

zoospores was not actually observed, but elongate,
formed,

cells were occasionally observed.

of multiplication was by eight,
(miniatures of the parent cell).

sixteen,

internally

The frequent means
or more autospores,

The parent cell wall

breaks and the daughter cells enlarge directly to form vege­
tative cells.

Nothing observed was comparable with the pal-

melloid colony formation described in Smith, 1933 and else­

1 Reported In Lackey, 1942

where,

so entirely different organisms may have been under

consideration.

A great host of round or unsymetrically

spheroid unicellular organisms can be labeled Chroococcmn
without any question in accord with the descriptions given.
However, the skeptical observer eventually realizes that
there are many algae of similar general description which a
simple microscopic examination cannot differentiate.

Only

intensive culturing, and perhaps cytological study can furnish valid answers.

Such a careful investigation is being

conducted by Mr. Richard Starr at Vanderbilt University and
the results are being awaited with eagerness.
At present, the writer's limited study is based
on microscopical examination of field collections and cul­
tures of soil, but does not Include employment of unlalgal
culturing or the following of life cycles through altered
conditions.
Among the many algae of the same general nature, there
have been a few which agree with the description of C. humlcolum best, and so are reported here.

The agreement was

purely a matter of the writer's Judgment.
Sevier: wet rocks in Little River Gorge 4 Aug. 1949 #1646 Knox: floating with other algae in stagnant pond east of
Knoxville Waterworks 25 July 1949 #1587 - bottom coating of
microcosm at Univ. Tenn. botanical laboratory 9 Aug. 1949
#1704 - Fentress: wet dripping sandstone rooks by roadside
near Pall Mall on muddy ledge 16 July 1949 #1498 - Lauder-

167

dale(Ala.): farm near oreek Just above Joe Wheeler Dam by
hwy U.S.72 17 June 1950 #2289.

TOP.

TREBOUXIA de Puymaly 1924
Trebouxia Cladonlae (Chod.)G. M. Smith.

(Smith f)

PI. 12,

Fig. 3.
Cells spherical; chloroplast massive and axial with an
Irregular lobed margin, containing a single central pyrenold
reproduction by autospores or zoospores.

Diameter up to 12u.

Although a single record is reported here, the same plant
was found in twelve green alga lichens collected in differ­
ent parts of the Tennessee region.

Sevier: lichens along

tr&ilslde on Mt. LeConte on Rainbow Falls trail 20 Aug. 1950
#2327 vicinity.

M.

G-OLENKXKIA Chodat 1894
These spherical planktonlc cells are actually solitary,
but may adhere in small groups when their characteristic
long setae become entangled.

The chloroplast is cup—shaped.

1. Cells 15-16u in diameter, spines 16u
long.................

0. pauclspina West A West

1. Cells 8-15u in diameter............................

2

2. Spines 15-20u long...........................
9- radlata v. brevlsplna Tiff. A Ahl.
2. Spines 25-4&U long........ G. radlata Chod.
1 * Qolenkinla pauclepina West A West.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

Cells are spherical with spines which are shorter than

those of Q. radlata and posBibly thicker than those of 8.
radlata v. brevispina.

The latter also usually has smaller

cells; cell diameter 16-16u;

spines 16u long.

Middle Tenn.:

Duck River 1938-9.1
8. Golenklnla radlata Chod.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI. 12,

Pig. 4.
The diameter of the cell proper is 7-15u, and the setae
are 25—45u long.

The lack of thickened lower parts on the

setae differentiate it from Aoanthosghaer^

Lemm.

Davidson(?): Cumberland River 1938-91 - concrete pools of
Kelly*s Kennels at Nashville 20 Aug. 1949 #1821 - Cheatham:
soil bottomed fish raising pools on Little Marrowbone Creek
Road 20 Aug. 1949 #1846.
3. Oolenklnla radlata v. brevleplna Tiff. A Ahl.
and Ahlstrom f)

(Tiffany

PI. 12, Fig. 5.

The variety has shorter spines than the typical form
of the species.

Diameter of cells 8-15u.

Spines L 15-20u.

Knox: pond at Maok*s about five miles east of Knoxville on
hwy U.S.ll-B 19 June 1949 #857 - Obion: mud puddle near
Marvin Hayes* fish tank 12 July 1949 #1321.
DESMATRACTUM W. A C .

S. West 1902

Desmatraotum blpy rami datum (Chod. )Pasoh.

(8mith f)

PI. 12,

Fig. 6.
Cells spherical, containing a cup— shaped chloroplast;

1 Reported in Laokey, 1942

surrounded by a broad,

spindle-shaped gelatinous envelope

which i8 a light brown color;

envelope rosette-shaped in

end view and haB am equatorial ridge in side view along
which it splits at cell division.
7u.

Cells L 16-17.5u; W 6-

Davidaon(t): Cumberland River 1938-9.^

Characlaceae
CHARACIUM A. Braun 1649
These unicellular sessile forms should always be com­
pared with Characlopsls. and with the germlinge of such
plants as Ulothrlx and Oedogonlum whereas a positive starch
test distinguishes the genus from the Charolopsls, only ex­
perience and observation can aid in determining whether one
is dealing with Characlum Instead of a germllng.

The chloro

plast is described as parietal, but appears as a flat plate
including one or more pyrenolde.
1. Cells sessile or with exceedingly short
2

stipe..........
1. Cells with discernible stipe.........................
2. Linear-lanceolate shaped with un­
equal curvature to sides, very short
stipe slightly flared at the base,
length/width ratio about 3/1................
...........

1 Reported in Laofcey, 1942

C. enslforme Hermann

3

2. More linear, length/width ratio
about 4 / 1 . ..............amblguum Hermann
3. Long slender stipe of length greater than
oell length,

body of cell subspherlcal........

...................... ,C. gtlpltatum (Bach)Vllle
3.

Stipe shorter, more robust........

4

4. Cell body extremely elongate with
parallel sides.........

C. U n m e t l o u m Lemm.

4. Cell body oval or elllptlo........................

5

5. Cell body broadly rounded oval, ovoid,
or elllptlo

C. Debaryanum (Relnsoh)DeTonl

5. Cells less broadly oval, lanceolate,
or elllptlo............................................

6

6. Aploal end sharp-pointed.................. .
........................
6. Aploal end blunt
1.

C. Braunll Bruegger
C. atrlctum A. Braun

Characlum amblguum Hermann.

Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith)

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler A
PI. 12, Pig. 7.

Cells linear-shaped with a sharp point and no stipe;
sides unequally curved.

Brunnthaler gives the size as 24-

32u long and 4-8u broad, but some of the specimens consi­
dered here were smaller.

#1311 which showed the expected

proportions was 24u long, but #1165, which w as somewhat
thinner in proportion, was only 18-20u long.

Obion:

on

Potamogeton In Heelfoot Lake at Samburg 12 July 1949 #1311
Obion - Lake: on leaves of Potamogeton In Reelfoot Lake 2

July 1949 #1165 - L a k e s .In Cranetown nesting area in cypress
swamp 5 July 1949 #1177.
Charaoium Braun11 Bruegger.
Pascher f )

(Lemmermann,

Brunnthaler A

PI, 12, Pig, 8.

Cells regularly ovate or lanoeolate-shaped with a pointed
distal end and definite short stipe which spreads at the base,
L 25-35u; W 6.5-13u.

This species has rather clear-out

cnaracters compared with some others, and is not uncommon,
Lincoln: roadside drain near Fayetteville 19 Aug, 1949
(Sharp)unnumbered - Montgomerys rainwater lake in river
bottom near Edmondson's Ferry on Cumberland River 31 Dec,
1949 #2038 - Obion: slough at Spillway 14 June 1950 #2269.
3 * Charaoium DeBaryanum (Relnsch)DeTonl,

(Lemmermann,

Brunnthaler A Pascher f)(Prescott f)
Cells broadly elliptic to ovoid with a rounded distal
end; a comparatively thick stipe with a broadened base
attaches the cells to crustaceans.
stipe,

L 33u; W 16-17u without

Jefferson: roadside pool 24 June 1938 (Bold)unnum-

bered.1
4. Charaoium enslforme Hermann.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler

A Pascher f)
The cells are linear-lanceolate in shape, with unequal
curvature on the two sides.

The stipe is so short that

the cell appears to be sessile.

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

Obion: roadside marsh Just

west of Kenton on county road 8 July 1949 #1244.
5. Charaoium llmnetloua Lemm.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler A

Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith)

PI. 12, Pig. 10.

Cells are long and cylindrical with a long-pointed
apex and stipe.

(Had there been a slight spreading at the

base of the stipe the proper classification then presumably
would be C. graclllpes P. D. Lambert).
parietal.

L 25-83u; W 3-7u.

Chloroplast single,

This Identity is tentative

inasmuch as the plant was free rather than attached, as it
usually is, to a crustacean such as Dlaphanosoma.

Yet, the

appearance is distinctive enough to Justify the designation.
In #1147 evidently soospore formation was beginning to occur
and about four distinct chloroplasts were visible.

Obion:

floating mass in Bayou du Chien near Biological Station 2
July 1949 #1147.

K.

6. Charaoium stlpltatum (Bach)Wills.
thaler A Pascher f)(Prescott f)

(Lemmermann, Brunn­

PI. 12, Pig. 9.

Cells spherical; attached by a long slender stipe.
Diameter of cells 5-8u.

Stipe L 10-16u.

Davidson:

on fila­

mentous algae in quarry near Chocolate Shop on Franklin Road
20 Aug. 1949 #1818.

K.

7. Charaoium strlotum A. Braun.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler A

Pascher f)
Cells regularly linear-lanceolate or elliptic with a
broadly rounded distal end and a very short stipe which
spreads slightly as the base.

L 23-30u; W 6-7u.

Montgomery:

left bank of Cumberland River at Clarksville 1 Oct. 1949
#2022 - Lake: Cranetown nesting area In cypress swamp 5
July 1949 #1176.
3CHRQEDERIA Lemmermann 1899
Cells of this genus are solitary, and straight or
curved-fusiform In shape.

The sharp ends extend Into long

single setae.
1. Terminal spines simple. ]3. setlgera (Schroed.)
1. One of terminal spines bifurcate,
with the tips possibly recurved In
anchor-llke manner.....

S. ancora 8. M. Smith

1* Bchroederla ancora 0. II. Smith.

(Smith f )

PI. 12,

Fig. 12.
Cells fusiform, with long terminal spines, one unbran­
ched, the other bifurcate; chloroplast plate-llke.
out spines) 16-29u; W 3-6u.

L (with

Knox: culture at collector's

home 17 Sept. 1949 #1898 - Obion: pond at Council's Oroeery
along hwy Tenn.28 toward Walnut Log from Union City 1 July
1949 #1142.
2. Sohroederla setlgera (Schroed.)Lemm.
f)

(Prescott f)(Smith

PI. 12, Fig. 11.
Cells fusiform, with long terminal spines, both spines

simple, straight or bent.
W 2.5-10u.

L (without spines) 22.5-62.6u;

Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9

1 Reported In Lackey, 1942

Obioni among floating mass In Bayou du Chlen at Biological
Station 2 July 1949 #1146 - Bouth shore of Isom Lake 10
July 1949 #1270.

Protoelphonaceae
PROTOSIPHON Klebs 1896
Protoslphon botryoldea (Kuetz.)Klebs.
thaler & Pascher f)(Smith f)

(Lemmermann, Brunn­

PI. 11, Pig. 2.

The mature vegetative plants are elongate, bladderlike ooenocytlc structures with rather large vacuolar spaces
(or at least uncolored portions).
size of L 1 mm.; W .4 mm.

Plant bodies attaining

The elongated ooenooyte may form

cross walls, and a sort of filament of aklnetes may result,
and aklnetes may subsequently germinate Into elongated ooenocytes or divide to form gametes.
function as expected, however.

The gametes may not

Often they never develop

motility, and simply act as vegetative spores, growing into
vegetative plants without gametic fusion.

This species was

found In several soil samples which were cultured.
is highly polymorphic,

Since it

stages of development are sometimes

needed to make identification.

Knox: on sticks in mixed

stream and backwater of Ft. Loudon Lake below Knoxville 5
April 1947 #5841 - on mud beside stream three miles east of
Knoxville on hwy U.S.ll-E 18 June 1949 #849 - laboratory

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

culture from wet log at Worley's farm near Hampshire In
Maury County 9 Aug. 1949 #1689 - Maury: pnospnatlc soil of
western Highland Rim hill on Mr. Worley's farm near Hamp­
shire 16 June 1949 #902.

VN.

Hydrodlctyaceae
HYDRODICTION Roth 1800
Hydrodlotyon retlculatum (L.)Lag.

(Lemmermann,

& Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI. 11,vFigs.

Brunnthaler
3,4.

Individual celis are elongated cylinders containing a
reticulate chloroplast;

cells Joined three together at each

end to form a six-sided mesh and thus make up the colony;
size of the colony depends on the age and growth conditions.
Cells up to L 2mm.; W .4mm.

Sometimes a daughter colony

reticulum may be seen Inside a large cell, having formed
from zoospores which never escape In motile condition from
the parent cell.

Beyond doubt this is one of the most strik­

ing and intriguing algae in existence.
float in enormous mats.
stable,

The colonies may

They occur in Reelfoot Lake and other

quiet waters, but the Reelfoot development is re­

markable,

covering the margins for miles in a mat so thick

as to Impede rowing.

Davidson:

quarry hole near Chocolate

Shop on Franklin Road 20 Aug. 1949 #1816-8 - M&ux^:

spring

fed lake of Orphans' Home at Spring Hill 24 Sept. 1938
(Bold)#B-1176^ - Obion:

floating in Bayou du Chien near

1 Reported in Silva. 1949

Biological Station 1 July 1949 #1147 - margins of Reelfoot
Lake 14 June 1949 #2258.

K.

PEDIASTRUM Meyen 1629
The angular cells of the plants in this genus remain
attached side by side in a characteristic flat, usually cir­
cular,

colony commonly referred to as a coenobe.

Differences

between species are based on the shape of the individual
cells,

chiefly the peripheral ones,

and the arrangement of

those within.
1. Outer wall of peripheral cells pro­
truding into a single oonlcal projec­
2

tion or spine..........
1. Outer wall of peripheral cells at
least bilobate........................................

3

2. Inner oells compact in arrange­
ment................ P. simplex (Xeyen)Lemm.
2. Inner cells retlculately arranged..........
.....* P. simplex v. duodenarum (Bail.)Rab.
3. Notch between lobes of oells very
wide and shallow (width at least
twioe depth......... P. anguloaum (Ehr. )Menegh.
3. Notch narrow and deeper in relation
4

to width................
4. Notoh between lobes very narrow
and deep* incision with parallel
sides.................

P. tetras (Ehr. )Balfe

4. Notch wider, V-shaped margins
not parallel....................

5

5. Lobes bifurcate at apices Into two
ereot nipples

P. blradlatua Meyen

5. Looes not again divided........................

6

6* Inner cells compactly arranged or
with only small diamond-shaped holes
at the corners.. P. Bo ryan urn (Turp. )Menegh.
6. Inner cells exhibiting reticulate
arrangement

P. duplex Meyen
and its varieties

1. Pedlastrum angulosum (Ehr*)Menegn.
tnaler & Pascner f)

(Lemmermann, Brunn-

PI. 11, Fig. 5.

Coenobe unperforated; peripheral oells bilobed with a
wide,

snallow notch.

Diameter of cells up to 50u.

are numerous forms of this species,
of the described varieties.

There

some agreeing with none

Moreover, the species probably

varies into P. Boryanum (Turp.)Menegh.

Weakley: roadside

marsh weBt of Martin by hwy Tenn.22 8 July 1949 #1211.
2* PoAlastrum blradlatum Meyen.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler &

Pascner f)(Prescott f)(Smith)
As considered here, this species Includes P. blradlatum
v. emarglnatum A. Br. and does not seem distinguishable
from it wnen a number of individuals are studied.

Peripheral

cells ratner deeply biloDate, lobes being distinct in the
inner cells as well.

The lobes of each peripheral cell are A

188

further bifurcate to form two short terminal projections.
Marginal cells were 10-20u In diameter In 16 celled colonies.
Rabun(Ga.): plankton from pond near Clayton 9 Aug. 1949
#1725 - Blount: Laurel Lake near Klnzel Springs 4 Aug. 1949
#1456 - Montgomery: pond near Nlagra Ave. Ft. Campbell Reser­
vation 26 April 1950 (Clebsch)#2257 - Obion: among floating
Potamogeton In Reelfoot Lake near Samburg 12 July 1949 #1311.
NK.
3. Pedlastrum Boryanum (Turp.)Menegh.

(Lemmermann,

Brunn-

thaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Coenobe unperforated; peripheral cells bllobate, the
apices of the lobes extending into narrow process;

surface

punctate; number of cells in the coenobe varying from 4 to
128.

Diameter of cells up to 40u.

Knox:

goldfish oond at

I Jam*s place 20 July 1949 #1509 - pond bottom In field by
Ten Mile Creek at Farragut 20 July 1949 #1644 - goldfish
pond at Knoxville Waterworks on Riverside Drive 25 July
1949 #1585 - Overton:

margins of artificial lake in Standing

Stone State Park 15 July 1949 #1418 - Jackson(Ala.): embayment of Guntersvllle Lake near Scottsboro 18 Aug. 1949
#1782 - Davldson(T): Cumberland River 1938-91 - Davidson:
quarry hole near Chocolate Shop on Franklin Road 20 Aug.
1949 #1816 - Cheatham:

soil-bottomed fertilized fish raising

pond on Little Marrowbone Creek Road 20 Aug. 1949 #1843 -

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

Obion: among grass in very snallow area at south end of Isom
Lake 10 July 1949 #1266 - plankton in Reelfoot Lake at Samburg 12 July 1949 #1308 - In addition there are Innumerable
otners occurring wherever there are quiet aquatic conditions
for a short time.

NOFK.

4. Pedlastrum Boryanurn v. longloorne Racib.

(Lemmermann,

Brunntnaler & Pascner f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Variety dlfrere from the typical only in tne length
of the appendages on the peripheral cells,
long as tne diameter of tne cell proper.

being almost as
It would be inter­

esting if the different gradations between the variety and
species proper were subjected to statistical analysis.
Blount: among floating plants in Laurel Lake near Kinzel
Springs 4 Aug.

1949 #1660 - Overton:

margins of artificial

lake in Standing Stone State Park 15 July 1949 #1421.
Pedlastrum Boryanum v. perforatum Racib.

(Lemmermann,

Brunntnaler & Pascher f )
‘
X'he appendages of tnis variety are shorter than typical
ones of tne species and tnere are small intercellular spaces
at tne angles or tne interior cells.
oorne Racib.

Here, as in v. longl-

statistical analyses of differences between this

variety and tne typical would be Informative.

Davidson:

plankton in Valley Lake 20 Aug. 1949 #1815.
Pedlastrum duplex Meyen.

(Lemmermann,

Brunnthaler Bs

Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith)
Cells retlculately arranged in colonies; peripheral

cells with two more or less elongated conical lobes.
meter or cells,

disregarding appendage,

Dia­

3-20u.

Numerous varieties are descrloed for this species,
which differs from P. Boryanum principally In tne reticulate
arrangement of tne inner cells, rather than compact as in P.
Boryanum.
Reported from southeastern United St°tes are v. aaperum
A. Braun, v. olathratum (A. Braun)Lag., v. oonaerens Bohlin,
which has been correctly raised to species level (see Pres­
cott), v. cornutum Racib., v. gracllllmum West & West, v.
retlculatum L a g . , and v. rotundatum Lucks.
Davidson:

quarry near Chocolate Shop on Franklin Road 20

Aug. 1949 #1816-8 - Cheatham: plankton from fertilized fish
ponds on Little Marrowoone Creek Road 20 Aug. 1949 #1841-2 Obion: plankton from south end of Isom Lake 10 July 1949
#1282 (a variant) plankton from Reelfoot Lake at Samburg
12 July 1949 #1305 - margin of Reelfoot Lake among aquatics
14 June 1950 #2269 (v. rotundatum without the nipples figured
by Smith, 1920) - Lake 2 July 1949 #1150 (v. gracllllmum) Obion: Reelfoot Lake 1928.1

NSFK.

Pe<jla-8trum simplex (Meyen)Lemm.
<Sb Pascher f) (Prescott f) (Smith)

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler

PI. 11, Fig. 6.

Cells compactly arranged in colonies, without lntercell-

1 Reported in Eddy, 1930

ular spaces; peripheral cells with single elongated conical
or spine-like projection; walls are smooth or granulate.
Diameter of cells,

disregarding projections,

10-20u.

There

Is no universal agreement on tne application of this species
name or the variety duodenarium (Bail.)Rab.
in American practice (see Prescott,

The distinction

1931 or Smith, 1933)

seems to De based on whether the Inner ce3 1s are reticulate
or compact In arrangement.

Both the species and the variety

have a single projection on each outside cell, and the pro­
jection appears to vary in length 3omewhat and may or may
not be produced into a hyaline horn.

Knox: plankton from

Tennessee River (Ft. Loudon L a*e) at Island Home 20 July

1949 #1508 - Moorei mill pond at Cumberland Springs 29 June
1949 #1026 - Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 19389^- - Cheatham:

soil bottomed ponds fertilized for fish

rslsing on Little Marrowbone Creek R oad 20 Aug. 1949 #183e42 - Obion:, plankton at Spillway bridge 10 July 1949 #1262 plankton from Reelfoot Lake at Samburg 12 July 1949 #1308 pond on Marvin Hayes'

farm near Samburg 12 July 1949 #1320.

SK.
8. Pedlastrum simplex v. duodenarlum (Bail.)Rab.

(Prescott

f )(Smith f )
The variety apparently differs from the typical in the
reticulate arrangement of the inner cells.

1 Reported in Lackey,

1942

It may be ob-

served that this is also a distinction of P. duplex as dis­
tinguished from P. Boryanum.

Knox: goldfish pond at Knox­

ville Waterworks on Riverside Drive 25 July 1949 #1588 Cheatham: soil-bottomed fertilized fish raising ponds on
Little Marrowbone Creek Road 20 Aug. 1949 #1845 - Lauderdale
- Colbert(Ala.): plankton catch near Wilson Dam in Pickwick
Lake 4 Sept. 1949 (Hall)#1942-4 - Lake: plankton from pools
of Cranetown nesting area in cypress swamp 5 July 1949 #1188
(tapering as in Prescott, 1931, spine as in Smith, 1933) Obion: plankton from Reelfoot Lake near Samburg 12 July
1949 #1305.

SK.

9. Pedlastrum tetras (Ehr.)Ralfs.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler

& Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith)

Cells compactly arranged in coenobe, but inner cells
show bilobate character; peripheral, cells bilobate with nar­
row linear division, between lobes.
16u.

Diameter of cells 8-

In spite of the name, coenobes of the species often

contain 8 or 16 cells.

Whereas the narrow division between

the lobes is given as a key character, this is not uniform,
and the species varies through many slightly different forms
into P. blradlatum.

Rabun (G-a.): pond near Clayton 13 Aug.

1949 #1725 - Overton: pond containing considerable number
of aquatics at Timothy at Tom Edwards' store on hwy U.S.79
west of Clarksville 14 July 1949 #1371 - Lawrence: swamp (pH
5.6) near Lawrenceburg 29 June 1949 #1062 - Weakley: Mr.
Bary's pond west of Martin along hwy Tenn.22 8 July 1949

#1208 - Obion: near shore at south end of Isom Lake 10 July1949 #1268 - Obion - L a k e :
1950 #2259.

margins of Reelfoot Lake 14 June

N8GFK.

SORASTRUM Kuetzing 1845
The colonies In t :1s genus are composed of cells radia­
ting from a core or center.
Is spherical,

The resulting overall outline

or at least polygonal,

colonies of Pedlastrum.

as opposed to the flat

E ach Individual cell is broadly

expanded, with a gelatinous stalk at the base, which adjoins
other stalks of the colony.
1. Inner stalks or cells relatively
large,

ceils at least as long as

broad...............£. amerlcanum (Bohiin)Schm.
1. Inner stalks quite small,

cells

broader than l ong..........

S. splnuloeum Naeg.

1. florastrum amerlcanum (Bohlln)flchm.

(Lemmermann,

Brunn—

thaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Cells radially attached by relatively large gelatinous
stalks;

oellB as long as wide,

somewhat heart-shaped in

broad side view and flat or slightly tumid in narrow side
view;

two lateral spines on each of the lobes, arranged one

over the other so that only two are visible in a broad side
view.

Cells L 8-15u; W 6-8u. 8-32 celled colonies reaching

a diameter of 60u.
June 1960 #2259.

Obion - Lake: margin of Reelfoot Lake 14
N.

Borastrum eplnulosum Naeg.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler &

Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith)

PI. 13, Pig. 1.

Distinguished from S. amerlcanum by smallness of the
gelatinous stalks;

cells broader than long in broad side

view, with an outline varying from oresent-shaped to broadly
cordate;

two laterally aligned spines on eaoh lobe.

L 6-15u; W 12-18u.

8-32 cells in a colony.

Knox:

Cells
in gold­

fish pond at Univ. Tenn. botanical laboratory 1 Aug. 1949
#1605 - culture from collection in small stream at Westmore­
land Heights gate 3 Aug.
as a contaminant).

1950 #2306 (possibly present here

PK.

Coelastraceae
COELASTRUM Naegell 1849
The colonies here are hollow ooenobes of spherical,
cubical,
rectly,

or polygonal shape.

The oells either adjoin di­

or are Interconnected with pectlc processes.

1. Cells spherical,

adjoined without

appendages.................

C. mlcroporum Naeg.

1. Cells adjoined with interconnecting
processes...........

2

2. Cells 10-13 angled......C. cambrlcum Arch.
2. Cells with three outward facing
truncate prooesses,

oubloal or polygonal

colonies...................

C. cublcum Naeg.

Coclastrum oambrloum Arch*
Pascher f) (Prescott f)
Colonies spherioal;

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler St

PI. 13, Fig*

2*

cells polygonal in outline with

short truncate projections on the outer margins; diameter
of cells 9-12u.

Jefferson:

semipermanent pond on east side

of Cherokee Dam 26 June 1949 #1208 - Knox: Chi 1owee Park
Lake (pH 7.0, 28°C) at Knoxville 18 June 1949 #807 - Overton:
pond with considerable number of aquatics at Timothy 16
July 1949 #1466 - Middle T e nn*: Cumberland and Duok Rivers
1938-9^ - Wilson: pool of oreek running over shelving lime­
stone by hwy U.8.70-N about 8 miles west of Lebanon 14 July
1949 #1417 - Colbert(Ala.): Stenson Hollow of Wilson Lake
16 June 1950 #2279 - Cheatham: soil bottom ponds fertilised
for fish raising on Little Marrowbone Creek Road 20 Aug.
1949 #1844 - Montgomery: marsh by hwy U.S.79 at Norfleet
St Sons* grocery west of Clarksville 14 July 1949 #1376 -

Weakley: Mr. Bary»s pond (33°C) by hwy Tenn.22 west of Martin
8 July 1949 #1208 - pond at Ore Springs by hwy Tenn* 64 east
of Dresden 14 June 1960 #2244 - Obion: plankton from Reelfoot Lake at Samburg 12 July 1949 #1306.
Coelastrum cubioum Naeg.
Pasoher f)

NFK.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler St

PI* 13, Fig. 3*

Colonies cubical or polygonal;

eells are round to hex-

angular with three stump-like projections on the outer free

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

faoe.

Diameter of cells 8-20u.

Shelby: goldfish pond at

Memphis Zoological Qardens 19 March 1950 #2129.
3.

Coelastrum mlcroporum Naeg.

(Lemmermann* Brunnthaler Sc

Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
The colonies of tnls species are spherical,
cells;
27u.

cells laok surface projections.

as are the

Diameter of cells 6-

Knox: Chilowee Park Lake 18 July 1949 #830 - on Crys-

totella (a bryozoan) stranded on exposed shoreline near
Duncan's Dock on Ft. Loudon Lake 3 Sept. 1949 #1881 - Over­
ton: pond containing considerable number of aquatics at
Timothy 15 July 1949 #1456 - Middle Tenn.: Duck River 193891 - Weakley: Mr. Bary's pond by hwy Tenn.22 west of Martin
8 July 1949 #1206.

FKM.

Oocystaceae
In this family,

as in the Chlorococo&eeae,

lack the capacity for vegetative multiplication.

the cells
In addi­

tion the ability to produce zoospores, which is found in the
Chloroooccaeeae,
by autospores,
cell.

is absent here.

Reproduction is solely

small miniatures borne inside a reproducing

A frequent,

though not universal,

tendency among the

genera of the family is the retention of daughter cells
within the mother cell walls,
cell walls may occur,

Galatinization of the mother

or the cells may lie within a gelatln-

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

177.

ou8 matrix.
The family is a varied one, containing about thirty
genera,

twenty-two of which are Included here, and genus

differentiation in the Oooystaceae is an Involved problem.
For example, Oocystls, as hitherto considered,

Includes no

species with setae or spines, while Lagerhelmla, which is
comprised of setlferous species,

is not characterized by

the normal retention of daughter cells within the mother
cell wall, although this does occur in some oases.

Bohllnla,

which was originally described as an Oocystls, does show the
retention trait to some extent.

However,

its well-developed

gelatinous matrix is present only in American collections
(see Smith, 1933 and notes under Bohllnla below).

No men­

tion or a matrix is present in the original description,
the type being illustrated with far longer spines than are
present In what American writers have called Bohllnla.
ANKISTRODESMUS Oorda 1838
These oells are needle-shaped, very narrowly sickleshaped or lunate.

Commonly they are clustered or grouped

in bundles, but are not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath.
1. Cells straight, needle-shaped or only
slightly curved or sigmoid,
or in loose,

solitary

Irregular bundles.................

....... A. faloatus (Corda)Ralfs and varieties
1. Needle-shaped oells spirally wound
around each other to form fascicles...........
.......................

A. spiralis (Turn.)Lemm.

1. Ankletrodeamus falcatus (Corda)Ralf.
thaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
In general,

(Lemmermann, Brunn­
PI. 13, Fig. 5.

the oells are narrowly spindle-shaped to

needle-shaped or sigmoid; ohloroplast a single parietal
plate,

or It may be divided In two; both single oells and

bundles are found In the species proper.
W l-6u.

L to about 150u;

There are at least seven varieties described for

this species, of which two have been listed from southeastern
United States: v. mlrabllls (West & Weet)G. S. West and v.
tumldue (West & West)Q-. S. West.

Knox: around tree base in

pond by Ten Mile Creek at Farragut 20 July 1949 #1645 Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-91 - Weakley:
pond by hwy Tenn.64 east of Dresden 14 June 1950 #2244 Obion: on mud of puddle at Walnut Log Lodge 2 July 1949 #1146
- near south shore of Isom Lake 10 July 1949 #1268 - around
stumps in Reelfoot Lake at Samburg 12 June 1949 #1304.

VNBGK

2. Anklstrodesmue falcatua v. mlrabllls (West A West)0. S.
West.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)
This variety Is distinguished by the rather uncertain

qualifications of always being single, often sickle-shaped
or sigmoid, and often with a two-parted ohloroplast.

The

dimensions recorded do not differ materially from those of
the typical.
9.1

Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-

NK.

1 Reported In Lackey, 1942

3. Anklstrodeamus falcatua v. tumldua (West St West)(K S.
West.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler Sc Paecher f) (Prescott f)
This variety has a more broadly fusiform shape than

the typical so that the outline is not unlike that of some
Glosterlum spp.

It occurs singly or In two's.

L 81-73u;

W 4. 6u.
4. Anklstrodeamus spiralis

(Turn.)Lemm.

thstler as Pascher f) (Prescott f)

(Lemmermann, Brunn-

PI. 13, Fig. 4.

This speoles la characterized by Its occurrence In a
spirally wound bundle or needle-shaped oells.
about 50u; W about 2u.

Anderson:

Cells L to

fish raising pools below

Norris Dam 26 June 1938 (Bold)unnumbered.1
BOTRXOCOCGUS Kuetzing 1849
Botryocoocus Braunll Kuetz.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI. 13,

Fig. 10.
The observations of Chodat, 1896 are being followed In
plaoing this species In tne Oocystaoeae.
spherical,

Cells more or less

except that the mutual compression of the cells

causes most of them to be ovoid or wedge-shaped;

cells

bunohed together In large numbers In characteristic Irregu­
lar colonies,

surrounded by a dense, wrinkled orange-brown

Jelly; old gelatinized moth e r oell walls are retained in the
colony.

Diameter of oells about 3-6u.

Blount: among float­

ing plants in Laurel Lake near Kinzel Springs 4 Aug. 1949

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

180.

#1660 - Jackson(Ala.): roadside ditch pond near Paint Rock
17 June 1949 #2291 - Montgomery; plankton from pond at Tom
Edwards' store on hwy U.S.79 west of Clarksville 14 July
1949 #1376 - Lawrence:

swamp (pH 5.0) with several aquatics

near Lawrenceburg 29 June 1949 #1061 - Weakley;

roadside

marsh by hwy Tenn.22 west of Martin 8 July 1949 #1211 - pond
of H. D. Hagar farm by hwy Tenn.22 east of Martin 14 June
1949 #2245 - G-lbson - Obion: plankton from middle pond fer­
tilized for fish raising on Abe Snatz* farm east of Kenton
8 July 1949 #1242.

VNFKL.

BOHLINIA Lemmermann 1899
Bohllnla echidna (Bohlln)Lemm.
Pascher f)(Smith f)

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler &

PI. 13, Fig. 9.

Cells retained to some extent within mother cell walls;
cnloropla8ts one to few, with a pyrenold in each; cell wall
with a number of short spines or bristles, which are more
frequent near tne poles.
W 4-8u.

L (from Smith's figure) 10-20u;

L (Tennessee specimen) 6u; W 4u.

This was one of

the rare finds in the Tennessee collections.

The plant

collected is probably the same as figured by Smith, 1933,
but whether these are the same as the plant which Bohlln
described Is open to question,

since a gelatinous matrix is

lacking in the European plant and the figure shows the sur­
face bristles as being somewhat longer.
Lake at Brentwood 20 Aug. 1949 #1799.

Davidson: Radnor

CHLORELLA Beyerinck 1890
Chlorella cells are small, spherical or broadly oval,
with cup-shaped ohloroplasts.
gelatinous matrix,

Tney are not Imbedded In a

and quickly separate into individual cells

after reproducing by autospores (internally formed miniatures
of the parent cell) and not by zoospores as in Chlorococcunu
It 18 well to be unusually cautious when identifying
species of Chlorella, because other algae,

(Chlorococcum,

e.g.), may appear very similar to forms which we understand
to be Chlorella.

Descriptions and published drawings really

help very little,

in the final analysis only the culturing

of the plants can furnish reasonable identification.
1. Clearly distinct pyrenoid present in
cell.....................

C. pyrenoldosa Chick.

1. Pyrenoid not visible.......
Chlorella pyrenoldosa Chick.
Pascher f)

C. vulgaris Beyer.
(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler 4

PI. 13, Fig. ?.

Cells spherical;

chloroplasts described as being pari­

etal and hemispherical, but might be referred to as cupshaped;

distinct pyrenoid the principal difference between

this species and C. vulgaris Beyer., but the cells are usu­
ally smaller as well.

Diameter 3-Bu.

However,

since Chlor­

ella multiplies by autospores, which are miniature Images
of the parent oells,
ditions.

size is related to age and growing con­

Knox: laboratory culture at Univ. Tenn. botanical

laboratory from collection made at M a c k *9 east of Knoxville
by hwy U.S.ll-E 9 Aug. 1949 #1692 — Scott:

cultured from

collections made at rivulet running over snaley rocks in
burnt-over area 13 June 1950 #2232 - Lauderdale(Ala.): farm
near creek crossing hwy U.S.72 above Wheeler Dam 17 June
1960 #2289.
2. Chlorella vulgaris Beyer.
Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith)

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler Sc
PI. 13, Fig. 6.

Ceils spherical to broadly oval; walls thin; chloroplasts cup-Bhaped but usually seem to fill the cell, and no
pyrenoid is discernible in it.

Diameter 5-10u.

Maury: on

wier across Dry Fork at Mr. Worley*s farm near Hampshire
15 June 1949 #893.

NK.

ZOOCHLORELLA Brandt 1882

(included in Chlorella by many
authors)

The cells, like Chlorella, are small spheres with pari­
etal or massive chloroplasts.

The endozolc habit identifies

Zoochlorella immediately.
Zoochlorella parasitica Brandt.
(Smith)

(Collins f)(Prescott f)

PI. 13, Fig. 8.

The species is distinguished from the other reported
from the United States by size, a diameter of 1.5-3u for this
species in contrast to a diameter of 3-6u found in Z. con­
duct rlx Brandt.

Greenes

from rotifer in pool by river wier

at Flag Pond 25 June 1949 #939 - Knox: from cilliate in pond
by Ten Mile Creek at Farragut 23 July 1949 #1547.

VNF.

CHODATELLA Lemmermann 1898
(Lagerhelmla of Smith, 1933, Presoott, etc,)
The solitary oells of this genus all have a limited
number of setae arranged at the poles, and never at the
midsection.
elliptic,

The shape of the cells is variable, being oval

8ubcyllndrical, or subspherical.

1. Cells compressed spherical, with only
four spines cruciately arranged...............
•.....................

0. Cnodatll (Bernard)Ley

1. Celle oval with more than four spines.............
2.

Cell with four to ten spines, about
50u long, at each

2.

2

end..• G. longlseta Lemm.

Cell with two or three spines, about
30u long, at each

end.... C. subsalsa Lemm.

1. Chodatella Chodatll Born.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler &

Pascher f)(Smith f)

cruciately arranged.

Diameter about 5-lOu.

Middle Tenn.

Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-91 - Obion: plankton from
Reelfoot Lake at Samburg 12 July 1949 #1305.
2 * Chodatella longlseta Lemm.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler 4

Pascher f)(Smith f)
Cells oval in outline; With 4-10 setae at each end.
L up to 12u; W 5-8u.

Setae are about 60u long.

Tenn.: Duck River 1938-9.1

NK.

Middle

ee

This species has subspherical cells with four spines

3* Chodatella subsalsa Lemm.
Pascher f)(Smith f)

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler &

PI. 14, Fig. 6*

Shape oval, with 2-4 setae at each pole.
12u; W 2.5-8u.

8plnes L about 30u.

Cells L to

Possibly this species

and C. longlseta should be considered varieties or the same
plant.

O-ibson - Obion: middle pond,

fertilized for fish

raising, on Abe Shatz* farm east of Kenton 8 July 1949
#1242.

NK.

CLOSTERIOPSIS Lemmermann 1899
Cloeterlopels longissima Lemm.

(Prescott f)(Smith

PI. 13,

Fig. 13.
Cells needle-shaped,

ends snarply pointed;

parietal, rlooon, containing several pyrenoids.

chloroplast
L to 560u;

W to ?.5u.
At first glance this species would be called an Ankletrodesmus.

The only good distinction between them is the

presence of a linear series of several pyrenoids in Closterlopsls.

The added character of larger size is sometimes

given, but does not appear to be a valid one for separation
at the genus level.

£• longissima attains twice the size

of Anklstrodesmus faloatus.
Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-91 - Weakley:
Mr. Bary's pond by hwy U.S.22 west of Martin 8 July 1949
#1208.

K.

1 Reported in Laokey, 1942

DICTlOSPHAEKlUM Naegeli 1849
Dlctyosphaerlum pulchellum Wood.
4 Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler
PI. 13, Pig. 11.

Colonies of spherical or renlform cells Imbedded In a
gelatinous matrix and Joined by strands from old mother cell
walls; oells spherical; chloroplasts single, cup-shaped,
containing single pyrenoid.

Diameter 6-10u.

Jefferson:

semi-permanent pond east of Cherokee Dam 85 June 1949 #906b
- Knox: planktom from Ft. Loudon Lake near Duncan's Dock 3
Sept. 1949 #1882 * Moore: pools below dam at Cumberland
Springe 29 June 1949 #1032.

VNF.

DIMORPnOCOCCUS A. Braun 1855
Dlmorphococous lunatus A. Braun.
4 Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler
PI. 13, Fig. 12.

Cells of till8 species are Joined by branching strands
of old mother cell walls.

Cells markedly dimorphic, two In

each of the groups of four being renlform to nearly cresentshaped, the others oval.

L 10-20u; W 3-10u.

The other species of the genus, D. cordatus Wolle, has
bent oells which are more distinctly renlform or distinctly
cordate, but Its separation from D. lunatus has been ques­
tioned for a number of years without any new light being
actually shed on the subject.

Sinoe a gelatinous matrix

sometimes surrounds the cells,

the only good distinction

from PIotyosphaerlum is the shape of the cells.
Davidson: lily pool on Vanderbilt University campus 12 Nov.

1938 (Bold) #B-154a-*- - Gibson - Obion: lower pond,
for fish raleing,

fertilized

on Abe Snatz* farm east of Kenton 8 July

1949 #1243 - Obion:

around stumps In Reelfoot Lake at Sam­

burg 12 July 1949 #1305.

NFKL.

EREMOSPHAERA DeBary 1858
Eremosphaera vlrldls DeBary.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler A

Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Cells large,

PI. 14, Fig. 1.

spherical, with a central nucleus and

strands of protoplasm running to the periphery and enclosing
many small oval ohloroplasts.

Diameter to 150u.

never used for laboratory research,
knows,

as far as the writer

It would appear to be a valuable addition to the

stock of specie*? already used.
quent In occurrence,
Blount:

Although

Unfortunately It Is Infre­

and not prolific In multiplication.

squeeze from Chara and Potamogeton spp.

in Laurel

Lake near Klnzel Springs 4 Aug. 1949 #1661 - Henry:

gravel

pit by hwy U.S.79 east of Paris 19 March 1950 #2118 - Obion:
among floating Potamogeton in Reelfoot Lake at Samburg 12
July 1949 #1311.

VwSF.

EXCENTROSPHAERA G. T. Moore 1901
Exoentrosphaera vlrldls G. T. Moore.

(Lemmermann,

thaler Sc Pascher f) (Prescott f) (Smith f)

Brunn­

PI. 14, Fig. 2.

Cells are irregularly globose; many ohloroplasta, placed
In a manner similar to those of Eremosphaera: walls may be­
come thickened and stratified;

reproduction Is said to be

by autosporee which are released through a lateral pore,

diameter of cells up to 55u.
with considerable hesitation*

Tnls identifioation Is made
Wilson: creek running over

snelvlng limestone of central basin, along hwy U.S.70-N
eight miles west of Lebanon 14 July 1949 #1416-7.

N.

FRANCElA Lemmermann 1698
These cells are planktonlo.

They are oval in shape

and the walls are furnished with several setae.
frequently solitary,

Although

there is a tendency for several cells

to adhere in small groups*
1. Slight swelling at base of each
seta...............

F. tuberoulata a* M. Smith

1* No swellings present at base of the
seta.........

F. Droesoheri (Lemm* )<K M. Smith

P^ahoela Droesoheri (Lemm.)0. M. Smith.
(Smith f)

(Prescott f )

PI. 14, Fig. 3.

Cells oval; walls furnished with setae of two distinctly
different lengths, lacking tubercles at bases; 2-4 parietal
disc protoplasts.

L (without setae) 9-16u; W 5-12u.

Knox:

on sides and bottome of goldfish pond at Knoxville Water­
works 25 July 1949 #1575.
2. Franoeia tuberculata C. M. Smith.

(Smith f )

Cells oval; walls with setae of about equal length,
showing slight swellings at the base; ohloroplasts two or
more.

Cells L 8.6-21.5u; W 5-12u.

Setae L 7.6-32u.

dle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.1

Mid­

KIRC HNERIELLA 8 ohmidle 1893
Celle of the genus are characterletloally sickle— , sau­
sage- or horseshoe-shaped,

and all except K. aubsolltarls a.

3, West are Imbedded In a gelatinous matrix.

Usually,

there

18 a tendency for convex margins of the cell 9 to be apposed#
Published descriptions attempt to separate IC. lunarls
from K. obesa on the basis of shape.

In the former the ends

are said to be sharp, whereas they are described as blunt In
the latter, but It Is felt that the two Intergrade#
The gelatinous eneath Is the chief difference between
this genus and Selenastrum, which,

in addition,

has oells

which are not so sharply bent.
1. Poles of cells equal in size and shape..............
1. Poles unequal

2

in size and shape................
JK. subsoil carls Q-. S. West

2. Poles sharp-pointed................... ......
..................

K. lunarls

(Kirch.)Moeb.

2. Poles blunt-pointed... K. obesa (West)Schm.
1. Klrchnerlella lunarls (Kirch.)Moeb.
thaler f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Cells lunate;
noid present;

PI. 14, Fig. 5.

single parietal ohloroplast with pyre­

snarp,

L 6-10u; W 3-5u.

(Lemmermann, Brunn­

similar ends distinguish the species.

VNG-FK.

2. Klrchner1ella obesa (West)Schm.
Se Pascher f) (Prescott f)

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler

Celle strongly curved;
pyrenoid;

single parietal ohloroplast with

species said to be distinguished from K. lunarls

by Its blunt ends and greater curvature,
as three-quarters of a circle.

completing as much

L 6-9u; W 2-4.6u.

Such

forms as #906a indicate lntergradatlon between the two.
Jefferson:

semi-permanent pond east of Cherokee Dam 25 June

1949 #906a-906 - Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers
1938-9. 1 . .VNK.
3. Klrchnerlella subs oil tar la G-. S. West.
Brunnthaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)
Gelatinous sheath lacking;
of the cells unequal,
cashew kernel.

(Lemmermann,

PI. 14, Pig. 4.

size and shape of the ends

so that they are shaped somewhat like

L 8u; W 2-3u.

However,

In these collections

#1881 does seem to have a gelatinous sheath, possibly the
mother cell wall was misinterpreted.

Knox: on Crystotella

(a bryozoan) on very recently exposed shore of Ft. Loudon
Lake near Duncan's Dock 3 Sept. 1949 #1881.
JMEPHROCYTIUM Naegell 1649
v

In spite of the genus name, oells of the species of
this genus are not necessarily renlform, being also oval­
shaped.

Their chief characteristic is that the daughter

cells (autospores) are retained within the mother cell wall,
as in Oocystls. but unlike Oocystls and other genera, the
the mother cell wall is partly gelatinized.

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

190.

1. Cells elongated renlform or sausage­
shaped with slight curvature................. .
......... *................

N. Agardhlanum Naeg.

1. Cells broadly oval or stoutly renl­
form.

....... N.

ecdyslscepanum West & West

1. Nepnrocytlum Agardhlanum Naeg.

(Lemmermann,

Brunnthaler

& Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smlth f)

Cells elongated renlform,
mother cell wall.

within partly gelatinized

L 2-3 times width; W to 45u.

Claiborne:

permanent pond north of Tazwell 26 June 1938 (Eold)unnum­
bered1 - Overton:

margins of artificial lake In Standing

Stone State Park 16 July 1949 #1241.

NK.

2 . Nephrocytlum ecdyslscepanum West & West.
Brunnthaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

(Lemmermann,
PI. 15,

Fig. 1.
Cells described as broadly renlform or semicircular,
but both W e s t ’s and S m i t h ’s figures show broadly oval cells,
»

similar to those observed in this study;
mother oell wall,
inner firm one.

two layers in the

an outer softer gelatinous one and an
L 24-27u; W 13-17u.

These cells are some­

what more plump than those of N. Agardhlanum.

Overton: mar­

gins of artificial lake in Standing Stone State Park 16
July 1949 #1418.

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

OOCxSTIS Naegeli 1846
Cells of tnls genus are oval or elliptic,

single or

In groups of from two to about sixteen retained within the
partially gelatinized motner cell wall*

Sometimes success

ively formed cell generations are included within a single
mother oell wall*

Differentiation from Nephrocytlum is

best made on the basis of the firm even sheath of Oocystls
rather than the wide gelatinous one of the other*
1* Short spines often decorating walls,
persisting even on mother cell wall***........
0* brevlsplna Silva
1. Cell walls without spines.............................

2

2.

Cells papillate at the p o les.......................

3

2.

Cells with smoothly rounded p o l e s .................

4

3. Definite papillae on ends of cltriform
cells containing up to 8 chloroplasts.........
................................

0. crassa Wlttr.

3* Poles of oells merely thiokened,

cells

elliptic in shape with only 2 or 3
chloroplasts................

0. lacustrls Chod.

4*

Cell outline o v a l ..................................

6

4*

Cell outline elliptic..............................

7

5. Outline broadly oval, 4 chloroplasts
in cell..............*...........

0* Borgel Snow

5. Outline narrowly oval, length twice
the width or more......................................

6

6. Leng t h about

times width,

ends

broadly rounded, plants generally
in open water or truly planktonlo..........
..........

. O. elliptica W. West

6* Leng t h about twice width,

shape

toward elliptic, plants inhabiting
seeps.. .

0. rupee trie Kirch.

7. Cell outline broadly elliptic, cell
containing 4 chloroplasts.......................
.........................

£. laoustrls Chod.

7. Cell outline narrowly elliptic,
length twice the width....................
8. Cell length 7-12u,

oells containing

1-3 chloroplasts....... 0. parva West & West
8. Length of ceils over 16u,
single ohloroplast.....

containing
0. rupeetrie Kirch.

1. Oocystls brevlsplna sp. nov.

(possibly identical with

Chodatella brevlsplna Fritsch as in Lemmermann,
& Pascher f)

PI. 15, Fig.

2.

Cells broadly oval; 1-4 chloroplasts,
noid in each ohloroplast;

Brunnthaler

and single pyre­

surface of the cell wall evenly

decorated with short spines about 2u long,

daughter cells

retained within the mother cell walls for some time; reprod
uotlon by autospores.

L 16-20u;

within old motner cell wall,
uncertainty,

W 10-20u.

Colony retained

40u in diameter.

With some

it seems best to Include the here described

species in Oocystis, subject to revision.

Knox:

stagnant

pond by Riverside Drive east of Knoxville Waterworks 26
July 1949 #1686 - goldfish pond at Knoxville Waterworks 25
July 1949 #1575.
2. Oocystis Borgel Snow.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler A Fas-

cner f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Cells usually occur several in a group; oells broadly
oval in shape, with very slight polar thickenings; 1-4
chloroplasts with one pyrenold each.
Jefferson:

L 9-17u; W 9-13u.

in rook bottomed, weedy outflow channel of spring

near Cherokee Dam 26 June 1949 #908 - Overton: margins of
artificial lake at Standing Stone State Park 16 July 1949
#1420 - Cheatham:

soil bottomed ponds fertilized for fish

raising on Little Marrowbone Creek Road 20 Aug. 1949 #1836
CJiles: in stranded pools of muddy creek at Pulaski 29 June
1949 #1153 - Obion: along south shore of Isom Lake 10 July
1949 #1269.

VWPK.

Oocystis erassa Wlttr.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler A Pas-

cher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI. 15, Fig. 4.

Cells usually occur several in a group; shape broadly
cltriform,

elliptic with polar thickenings; as many as

eight ohioroplasts containing a single pyrenold eaoh.
14-26u; W 10-20u.

L

Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duok Rivers

1938-91 - Obion: wet overflow around Sprout*s Spring near

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

Saraburg 10 July 1949 #1294.

V.

4# Oocystis elllptlca W. West.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler &

Pascher f)(Prescott f)
Cells or this species occur several In a group; elon­
gate elliptic In snape, about 2# times longer than broad;
no polar thickenings present; chloroplasts vague, numerous,
and probably without pyrenolds.

L 21-25u; W ll-15u.

Knox:

goldfish pool at Knoxville Waterworks 25 July 19.49 #1575.
NF.
Oocystis lacustrls Chod.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler &

Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Cells broadly elliptic; chloroplasts few (generally only
2), with 1 pyrenold.

L 16— 28u; W l2-20u.

closest In Its characters to 0. crassa.

This species Is
#1186 seems to be

somewhat broader In proportion than usually described for
the species.

Weakley: plankton from large spring hole about

four miles north of Gardner Station 8 July 1949 #1221 Obion: plankton from slough near Spillway 5 July 1949 #1186.
FK.
6. Oocystis parva West & West.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler &

Pascher f)
Cells narrowly elliptic; chloroplasts one to three*
up to 12u; W up to 7u.

L

This species Is somewhat like 0* elllp-

tloa, but the proportions are shorter, the over-all size is
smaller, and the ends somewhat more pointed.

Knox: pond

at Kack*s by hwy U.S.ll-E about five miles east of Knoxville

18 June 1949 #856 - plankton from stagnant pond by Riverside
Drive east of Knoxville Waterworks 85 July 1949 #1588 Weakley:

shallow roadside marsh by hwy Tenn.22 west of Mar­

tin 8 July 1949 #1211 - Obion: mud puddle beside Marvin
Hayes' fish tank near Samburg 12 July 1949 #1321.
7. Oocystis rupestrls Kirch.
Pascher f)

PI# 15, Pig.

(Lemmermann,

K.

Brunnthaler St

3.

Cells are not retained for long within the mother oell
wall,

thus often found solitary;

shape elongated elllptio

(not too different from 0. elllptlca).
6-12u.

As understood here,

this species Is not a plankter

as are many Oocystis species,
waterfall pools,

L 13-27u or more; W

but Is found typically In

or where water Is dripping over rocks.

Sevier: In rook pools at Ramsey Cascade (4150 f t . ) 18 July
1939 (Bold)unnumbered1 - Morgan: wet cliff near Rugby 6 Aug.
1949 (Sharp)#1665.
PLANKT03PHAERIA a. M. Smith 1918
Planktosphaerla gelatlnosa 0. M. Smith.
f)

(Prescott f)(Smith

PI. 15, Pig. 5.
Spherical cells,

solitary or somewhat closely arranged

In a gelatinous sheath; chloroplasts of the cells are sin­
gle and cup-shaped when young,
are present In mature cells.

and several polygonal ones
Diameter of oells up to 25u.

Continued observation makes one less sure of this

1 Reported In Silva, 1949

196

speoies,

slnoe It has much In common with the Chlorococeum—

like organisms.

The possibility that zoospores may be pro­

duced by Planktosphaerla has not been explored beyond Smith's
original statement of it In 1918.
Anderson: plankton from Norris Lake near Andersonvllle Dock
30 Aug. 1949 #1869 - Obion:

plankton from Reelfoot Lake near

Samdurg 12 July 1949 #1305 - same, among Potamogeton #1311 R. J. Latimer's big pond near Community Pride Church south­
east of Union Uity 14 July 1949 #1329.

K.

POLYEDRIOPSIS Sohmidle 1899
Polyedrlopsls splnosa Sohm.
Fig.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI. 14,

7.
Cells compressed polyhedral,

or pyramidal,

angled, with 4-6 delicate setae at each corner;
Is parietal and contains a single pyrenold.
up to 20u.

Setae L 30-40u.

four to six­
chloroplast

Cell diameter

D a vidson(?): Cumberland River

1938-9.1
QUADRIGULA Printz 1915
Quadrlgula Chodatll (Tanner-Pullman)G. M. Smith.
20 f)

(Smith

PI. 14, Fig. 8.
The cells are elongated-fusiform,

tapering to sharp

ends, longitudinally oriented within a gelatinous matrix so
that the long axes of the cells lie more or less parallel;
chloroplasts single, parietal and laterally notched in the

1 Reported in Laokey, 1942

midregion;

containing two pyrenolds.

L 30-80u; W 3.5-7u.

The plante considered here are the same as described by
Smith in that they are straight or slightly curved,

rather

than the lunate shape described by Tanner-Fullman.

It would

be well if tne type speoimen could be re-examined.

Harde­

man: marshy area by hwy Tenn.18 at Madison County line 15
June 1950 #2247.

NFK.

SELENASTRUk R e i n s c h 1867
All species of this genus have crescent-shaped cells
which are clustered In small colonies.

One species, S.

blfldum Bennett is distinguished by its double-pointed
ends, and the others are separated mostly on size.
size is employed to separate the species,

Since

statistical stu­

dies would be helpful in deciding whether lines should be
drawn between some of them.
1. Cells curved so that tips are 9u or
less ap art..............

S. ml nut urn (Naeg. )Col.

1. Cell curvature less than above,

dis­

tance between tips gre a t e r ........................

2

2. Cell aro 180° or less, breadth at
center of cells 2.5u or less.............. .
•................... .« S. Westll Q-. M. Smith
2. Cell arc at least 180°, breadth
at center of cells over 2.5u.....................
3. Breadth of cells at center 4.6 u ................
S. graclle Reinsch

3

3. Breadth of cells 5—8 u . .• S. Blbralanum Reinsch
1. Selenastrum Blbralanum Reinsch.
& Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler
PI. 15, Fig. 6.

Cells crescent-shaped, with pointed poles.
W 5-8u.
Davidson:

L 16-23u;

These cells are thicker than those of S. graclle.
quarry hole near Chocolate Shop on Franklin Road
i

20 Aug. 1949 #1816.

N.

2. Selenastrum graclle Reinsch.

(Lemmermann,

Brunnthaler

(Selenastrum Blbralanum v. graclle (Reinsch)Tiff. & A h l . )
& Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

Cells orescent-shaped,
W 4-5u.

with pointed poles.

L 19-28u;

This species is thinner than Si. Blbralanum.

It is

being retained as a species since its difference with S.
Blbralanum is no less than that between S. Westll and 8.
mlnutum.

Knox: on Orystotella (a bryzoan) on recently ex­

posed shore line of Ft. Loudon Lake near Concord 30 July,
1949 #1590 - Hamilton: pond of rainwater In field depression
by hwy Tenn.58 in northern part of county 28 June 1949 #976
- Middle Tenn.: Duck River 1938-91 - Cheatham:

soil-bottomed

ponds fertilized for fish raising on Little Marrowbone Creek
Road 20 Aug. 1949 #1850 - Obion: plankton from Reelfoot Lake
at Samburg 12 July 1949 #1305 - Lake: Cranetown nesting area
in cypress swamp 5 July 1949 #1178.

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

VNFK.

3. Selenaaxrum mlnutum (Naeg.)Col.

(Lemmermann,

Brunnthaler

& Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith)
Cells oresoent~ehaped,
W 2-3u.

with pointed poles.

L 7-9u;

This is the small species of the genus.

The cells

are said to have less tendency to rorm aggregations than do
tne other species.

Illustrations of this species are far

from consistent in depicting the amount of cell curvature.
Knox:

in flshpool on Sanrord Estate 7 July 1938 (Bold)un-

numbered^ - C o l b e r t ( A l a . ): Wilson Lake at Town Creek 16
June 1950 #2287.

SK.

4. Selenastrum Westll 8. M. Smith.
Cells arcuate,

curved only to about half circular,

rather than into a horsesnoe,
the other species;

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

as is characteristic of the

poles pointed.

L 15-18u; W 1.6-2.5u.

Cells of this species are even narrower than those of
graclle.
Smith,

1920 observes that this species has been confused

with Scenedesmus aoumlnatus (Lag.)Chod.
sorts of colonies.
side,

The cells of Soenedeemus are side by

although on a curved axis,

as is common in this genus.
distinct one,

which forms different

rather than back to back,

The difference is not always a

since a strong curvature of the ScenedesmuB

colonies brings the cells almost back to back,

and many

aggregations are irregular so that the arrangement is uncer-

1 Reported in Silva,

1949

tain.
Jefferson:

semi-permanent p ond east of Cherokee Dam 25 July

1949 #906& - Knox:

on Crystotella (a bryozoan) on bank

Ft. Loudon Lake near Concord 30July

1949 #1490.

of

NK.

TETRAEDRON Kuetzlng 1845
The cells in this genus are small polygonal shapes,
with either quadrangular or triangular faces, and with or
without spines at the angles.

They are planktonic and soli

tary, and contain one or several chloroplasts.
1. Broadest face presented,

generally

quadrangular in outline..............................
1. Broadest face presented,

triangular

in outline.............................................
2. Angles rounded,

2

smooth;

5

cell out­

line quadrangular with deeply con­
cave margins...

T. minimum (A. Braun)Hansg.

2. Angles of cells considerably pro­
duced to form an H-shaped or
cruciate outline...................................

3

3. Extensions at the angles twice bifur­
cate, the ultimate branches ending in
about three short spines.......................
.................... JT. graclle (Relnsch)Ransg.
3. Extensions at the angles not doubly
bifurcate..............................................
4. Arms at the angles of about body

4

201

length.

ending in about two short,

sharp points,

oell outline approxi­

mately H-shaped. T» conetrlotum G-. M. Smith
4* Arms at the angles shorter and
stubbier,

cell outline approximately

cruciate.... T. pusilium (Wall.)Weat & West
5. Angles of broad side view merely
rounded; margins of cell in narrow
side view forming a parallelogram
6-10u thick.......
5. Angles extended,

T. minimum (A. Braun )Hansg.

knobbed,

spined,

or bifureate.........................

6

6. Extensions of the angles bifurcate,
ending in about two short,
points.................

sharp

T. llmnetlcum Borge

6. Angles without bifuroate extensions........

7

7. Angles merely rounded or bluntly
knobbed, pyramid-shaped or varying to
a geometrically solid X . . • • T. regulare Kuetz.
7.

Angles of cells with spines.........................
8. Cells pyramidal,

so that any face

view is triangular in outline............. .
..........................

T. regulare Kuetz.

8. Side view elliptic or oblanceolate.........
..................

T. trlgonum (Naeg.)Hansg.

and T. trlgonum v. graclle (Reinsch)DeTonl

8

which hac thinner proportions,

longer end

spines and more definitely concave sides
than the species.
Tetr&edron constrlctum G. U. Smith.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

Most conspicuous characteristic of this species is the
H-shaped outline;

at angles bearing two or more sharp points

at their apices.

Cells L 18-25u; W 5-8u; T 8u.

L 12-16u.

among floating Potamogeton in Reelfoot

Obion:

Processes

Lake at SamDurg 12 July 1949 #1311.
2. Tetragdron graclle (Reinsch)Hansg.
thaler ft Pascher f)(Prescott f)

(Lemmermann,

PI. 14, Fig. 9.

Cells rectangular and flattened,

angles extended into

twice branched arms which end in sharp points.
equal to W, 15-30u; T 6-12u.

Brunn­

Celle L

Processes L 10-25u.

Lake: pond

by hwy Tenn.22 near Kentucky state line 5 July 1949 #1190.
NK.
3. TetraSdron llmnetlcum Borge.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler ft

Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith)
Cells pyramidal, or at least with considerable depth,
bifurcate angles terminating in two or more sharp points;
face views three or four angled.

Diameter up to 85u.

Weak­

ley: Mr. Bary*s pond by hwy Tenn.22 west of Martin 8 July
1949 #1208.
4. TetraSdron minimum (A. Braun)Hansg.
thaler ft Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

(Lemmermann, Brunn­

203.

Cells are quadrangular or triangular In broad side
view, with rounded angles.
or less elliptic,

The narrow side view is more

or, as shown In Lemmermann,

Pascher, parallelogram-shaped.
T 3-6u.

Brunnthaler ft

Diameter of cells 6-10u;

There are three described forme or varieties based

on length of spine,

form of margin and wall smoothness.

Jefferson: permanent farm pond at Junction of hwy U.S.ll-E
and Cherokee Dam approach 25 July 1949 #910 - Knox:

on Crys-

totella (a bryozoan) on shore of Ft. Loudon Lake near Con­
cord 30 July 1949 #1590 - Davldson(?): Cumberland Elver 19389*1

NK.
TetraBdron pusIlium (Wall.)West ft West.

(Lemmermann,

Brunnthaler, ft Pascher f)(Prescott f)
Cells In form of a Creek cross In broad side view, with
each or the four arms extended into two (or 1-3) short points;
side view elliptic, L equal to W, about 25u, thickness about
10u.

Jerrerson:

semi-permanent pond east of Cherokee Dam

25 June 1949 #906a.
6. Tetragdron regulars Kuetz.
Pascher f)(Prescott f)

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler, ft

PI. 14, Fig. 10.

Cells rather regular pyramids with considerable varia­
tion in the retuseness of the margins,
wall thickness;

form of angles and

angles of the typloal form bearing short

spines, but there is considerable variation ranging from

1 Reported In Lackey, 1942

stumps to long simple extensions,
meter 14-34u.

and bifurcations.

Dia­

Some forms sre also differentiated by variety

or form, and they ar^ being retained under the species name
of the typical,

although each could as well be described as

a distinct form of the typical.
road to Scout Camp 25 Aug.

Union:

pond near entrance

1950 #2338 - Weakley:

roadside

marsh by hwy Tenn. 22 west of Martin 8 July 1949 #1208 (a
variant with blunt corners) - Obion:

among vegetation in Ba­

you du Chien near Biological Station 2 July 1949 #1165 sharper ends than #1208 - plankton from south end of Isom
Lake 10 July 1949 #1265-9 - Lake: pond by hwy Tenn.78 near
Kentucky state line 5 July 1949 #1190 (a variant which cannot
be placed).

NFKL.

7 • Tetraedron trlgonum (Naeg. )Hp.nsg.

(Lemmermann,

Brunn­

thaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)
These cells are triangular in broad side view with con­
cave or straight sidee and a long spine at each angle.
meter 20-30u.

Spines L 5-10u.

Weakley:

Dia­

roadside pond by

hwy Tenn.22 west of Martin 8 July 1949 #1208.

NK.

Tetraedron trlgonum v. graclle (Reinsch)DeToni.

(Lemmer­

mann, Brunnthaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Cells somewhat narrower than those of the typical with
more concave edges in broad side view, and, in the speci­
mens considered here, with longer spines at the angles; nar­
row side view in the Tennessee specimens narrowly lanceo­
late, but is generally described as flattened.

Diameter

26— 50u; T 6-10u.

Weakley:

marah beside hwy U . S . 22 8 July

1949 #1211 - Lake: plankton from slough near Tiptonvllle 5
July 1949 #1187.

NK.

TREUBARIA Bernard 1908
Alth o u g h triangular in outline,
are pyramidal.

cells of this genus

There are three or four strong gelatinous

spines at the angles,

three or four times the cell diameter

in length.
1. Sides of spines sub-parallel, with
flattened,

sword-like apices...................
T. crasslsplna 8. M. Smith

1. Sidee of spines tapering gradually to
a point..............

T. trlpendlculata Bernard

Treubarla crasslsplna 8. M. Smith.
Cells pyramidal;

(Smith f)

spines at the angles with sub-parallel

sides and sword-like points differentiate the species; Dia­
meter (without spines) 12-16u;
the cell.

Middle Tenn.:

Spines 3-4 times diameter of

Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.1

N.
2. Treubarla tripendlculata Bernard.
Fig.

(Smith f)

PI. 15,

7.
Cells pyramidal;

gradually tapering spines at the angles

as opposed to the sword-like ones of T. crasslsplna.

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

Des-

cribed dimensions of cells are Diameter 6.5-10u.
20u.

However,

Spines 15-

the specimens observed were uniformly large,

12u in diameter for the cell proper and 40u including the
spines.

This is within the size range of T. craeslBpina.

Davidson: Valley Lake near Nashville 20 Aug. 1949 #1814 Obion: mud puddle near Marvin H a yes1 fish tank near Samburg
12 July 1949 #1321 - Lake: Cranetown nesting area in cypress
swamp 5 July 1949 #1186.
TROCHISCIA Kuetzing 1845
Most reports of Trochlsola must be treated with some
skepticism,

since a number of zygospores and aplanosporee

of other algae have somewhat similar physical characteris­
tics which could lead to their being identified as Trochlscia,

if they are not isolated, and their life cycle followed

Trochlsola is described as solitary,

spherical,

and unicell­

ular, containing a cup-shaped or massive ohloroplast and
having a thick, highly ornamented cell wall*
1.

Wall ornamentation

of stumpy, wart-

like projections...........
1.

Wall ornamentation

T. paplllosa Kuetz.

consisting of

reticulations enclosing hexagonal
areas.

........ JF. reticularis (Reinsch)Hansg.

1. Troohlscla paplllosa Kuetz.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler &

Pascher)
The description given is:

"Cells spherical, 8-23(mostl^

1 3 - 1 8 )u In diameter.

Cell wall rattier tnick, w ith stumpy

wart-llke projections cowering It".

Middle Tenn.:

Cumber­

land and Duck Rivers 1 9 3 8 - 9 . 1
Trochlsola reticularis
(Smith)

PI. 15,

(Reinsch.)Hansg.

(Prescott f)

Pig. 8.

Cells spherical with thick reticulate wall,
culations enclosing hexagonal areas.

the reti­

Diameter to about 40u.

Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.^

K.

WESTELLA de Wlldemann 1897
These plants are to be compared with Dlotyosphaerlum
and other colonial forms w i t h epherlcsl cells surrounded by
a gelatinous envelope.

The best distinction for the genus

is that the cells have a derlnlte tendency to remain toge­
ther in groups of four, possibly with an old mother ceil
wall partly surrounding them.
Westella botryoldes (W. West)DeWlld.
PI.

15, Pig.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

9.

Cells spherical,

quadrately grouped (whereas In the

other reported American species, W. linearis G. M. Smith,
they are In linear series of four);
trix.

Diameter 3.5-8u.

within gelatinous ma­

Knox: plankton sample from Pt.

Loudon Lake near D u n c a n 1s Dock 3 Sept. 1949 #1882 - Middle
T e n n . : Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-91 - Obion:

among

roots etc. at edge of Bayou du Chlen near Biological Station

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

2 July 1949 #1161.

NK.

Scenedesm&ceae
*iCTINASTRUL Lagerbein 195?
The specie^

of this genus are characterized by colonies

of 4-16 elongated, cells radirtlng from a common center.

The

t?;o species comprising this genus differ primarily in the
saape or proportion of tne cells.
the specie?,

however,

The exact definition cf

is confused when the descriptions and

iilustrati'-'-n of more than one author ar^ considered.

Smith

(1933) describes A. Hantzs^hl1 Lrg. as having cells which
are twice as broad at the middle as at the ends,

whereas A.

frraclllmum G. IU Smith is less than twice ac broad at the
ends.

The illustreti~ne need by Smith (I.e.) ere not very

helpful.

The figures shown in Lemmermann,

Brunnthaler &

Pascher for A. Hantzsch.il are quite different from Smith’s,
depicting a longer proportioned cell, which f&pers gradually
to the free or outer pole and more abruptly toward the Inner
pole.

The outer poles is often almost pointed,

a character

used to differentiate Actlnastrum Hantzschll v. fluvlatile
Schroed.

Plainly the two authorities are not dealing with

identical cell types under the same name.
tempting to clarify the matter,

Although not at­

the writer is cognizant that

in this study two distinct forms have appeared,

the short-

celled form with truncated end cells is assigned to A. Hantzschi1 Lag.

and the forms with elongated cells which taper

abruptly toward the Inner pole and gradually to a somewhat
fine point at t'-:* outer pole ore referred to as A.
mum,

out it should be understood that t M s

graclli-

is done solely

as an expedient.
1. Actinastruro graclllmum C. IS.
PI.

16, Fig.

Smith.

(Prescott ?) (Smith f)

1.

In the original concept this species contains

colonies

in which the cells are less tha" twice as broad at the mid­
dle as at the ends.

L l/,-°lu;

T, 2-3u.

found in ^his study tapered unevenly,
in a point at the free end,

The particular cells
a gradual taper ending

and more abruptly tapering to a

truncate pole at the adjoined or inner apex.

Knor:

water

cress squeeze from shallow pond at Carter's Kill 2 Aug. 1949
rl517 - Jackoo n( Al a. ): shallow embayments of Cuntereville
Lake above Scottsboro 19 Aug.

1949 #1791 - Kiddle Tenn.:

Cumberland and Puck Rivers 1929-9^ - Davidcon:
near Nashville 29 Aug. 1949 #1914 - Weakley:

Volley Lake

Dodd's farm

pond Just north of Kartin 9 July 1949 #1257 - Obi^n:
Potamogeton

among

in pond on J. M. Evrett's farm near Class 8 July

1949 ifl255 - among Potamogeton in Reel foot Lake at Samburg
12 July 1949 #1311.

K.

2. Actlnastrum Hentzschll Lag.
Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

(Lemmermann,
PI. 16, Fig.

Brunnthaler &
2.

The cells of this species are distinguished by being

1 Reported in Lackey,

1942

twice as b r oad in the center as at the ends,
truncate.

L 1 0 — 26u; W 3-6u.

ends quite

Middle T e n n . : Cumberland and

Duck Rivers 1930-91 - Cheathams

pond beside hwy Tenn.49

about three miles northeast of Ashland City 20 Aug.
#1648.

1949

K.

CRUCIOENIA Morren 1830
Both this genus and Tetrastrum are characterised by
the grouping of four cells
coenobe.

into a flat quadrately-arranged

Cruclgenla is said to nave more of a tendency to

form extended compound coenobes,

than does Tetrastrum.

1. Hemispherical cells arranged about a
square central space,

w ith their

straight faces inward.. • C. Lauterbornii Schm.
1. Cells unequally broad cuneate-shaped
bounding only a small diamond-snaped
center space............................................
2. V-shaped notch present at poles of
longer axis of colony,

apexes of

cells bounding axial notch p ointed
or nipple-ended.• £. aplculata (Lemm.)Schm.
2. Colonies without V-shaped notch at
poles of longer colony axis,

outer

cell angles evenly rounded................. .
.........................

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

C. quadrata Morren

2

Cruolgenla aploulatft (Leinm. )Schm.

(Prescott f)(Smith)

(Tetrastrum aplculata ( L e mm.)Schm.)
PI.

16, Fig. 4.
Four quadrately arranged oells,

proximately ninety degree sectors,
their inner surfaces,

outline of cells ap­

mutually compressed on

with a small diamond-shaped space in

the center of the colony,

outer cell faces rounded;

short

sharp projections on cell angles at ends of the longer,
possibly the shorter axis of the colony.
W 3-7u.

Cells L 6-10u;

Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.^

2# Cruolgenla L a u t e r b o m l l
PI.

and

16, Fig.

Schm.

(Prescott f)(Smith 20 f)

5.

Cells hemispherical with their flat faces apposed so
as to form a quadrate colony with a large square space in
the center.

Cells L 8-15u;

W 4.5u.

Middle Tenn.:

Cumber­

land and Duck Rivers 1938-9.1
3.

Crucigenla quadrata Morren.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler &

Pascher f)(Smith f)
Cells approximately ninety degree sectors flattened by
mutual compression on their inner surface and rounded on
their outer;
walls.

no appendages or projections on the outer free

Cells L 3-7u; W 2.5-6u.

Knox:

Chllowee Park Lake

(pH 7.0 26°C) 18 June 1949 #830 - culture at collector*s
home 17 Sept. 1949 #1898.

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

K.

4 * Cruclgenla tetras

(?)

No trace of the author or appli­

cation of this name has been discovered yet.

It is suggested

that possibly Pedlastrum tetras (Ehr. )Halfs is the name in­
tended for this record.

Davidson(?):

Cumberland River

1938-9.1
ERRERELLA Conrad 1913
Errerella B o m h e l m l e n s l s Conrad.
& Pascher f)(Smith f)

PI.

(Lemmermann,

Brunnthaler

16, Fig. 10.

The colonies of this species are quite distinctive in
that they are composed of compounded pyramids each of which
is made up of spherical cells arranged by fours in small
simple pyramids.

Ceils having single, very long setae on

their outer faces.
Setae L 40u.

Diameter of Tennessee cells about 5u.

Lemmermann,

larger measurements.

Brunnthaler & Pesoher give slightly

Diameter of cells 6-?u.

Setae 50— 90u.

Obion: plankton from Reelfoot Lake at Samburg 12 July 1949
#1306.

K.

MICRACTINIUH Fresenlus 1668
Mloractlnium pusilium Free.

(Prescott f)(Smith t)

PI. 16,

Fig. 11.
Dells spherical,
truding from surface,

with one or more very large setae pro­
clinging together in pyramidal colonies.

Diameter of cells 3-7u.

Setae L 20-35u.

This species has

m u c h in common with Errerella Bornhelmiensls Conrad,

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

from

w h ich It Is distinguished by Its lack of a definitely formed,
pyramidal colonial structure and by the frequent presence of
two or more setae on each cell Instead of a single one.
Knox: pond at Maok's b y hwy U.S.ll-E about five miles east
of Knoxville 18 June 1949 #857b - Middle Ten n . : Cumberland
and Duok Rivers 1938-9^- - Obion:

among floating mass In

Bayou du Chlen near Biological Station 2 July 1949 #1146 plankton from Reelfoot Lake at Samburg 12 July 1949 #1305 Lake:

slough beside hwy T e nn.78 near Kentucky state line 5

July 1949 #1192.

NK.

SCENEDESMUS Meyen 1829
This genus contains a large number of frequently en­
countered species,

some of which show considerable variability.

It Is also a much-studied genus with many carefully described
species.
The ooenobe of Scenedesmus Is a flat or curved plate
of elongated cells placed side b y side with their long axes
parallel.

Sometimes two series of cells are found, with the

cells of the two series end to end or else alternating.
certain oases,

such as S. acumlnatUs (Lag.)Chod.

In

the plate

colony Is so curved that it Is difficult to recognize that
the cells are side by side.
1. Cell walls plain and smooth without
ridges,

teeth or spines on surfaee

1 Reported In Lackey, 1942

....... 2

214.

1.

Cell walls not plain and smooth....................

8

2. Cells oval or cyllndric-oval In shape.

3

2. Cells elliptic,

.......

elongated elliptic,

or lunate In shape......
3. Colony flat,

6

cells In one row.................

.........................

S. bljuga (Turp.)Lag.
for varieties

3. Colony axisan arc, cells

see

4

In one or

In two rows...........................................

5

4. Cells alternating with one another
to form two rows rather than In a
single row as Is found In the typi­
cal. • _S• bl Juga v. alternans (Reinsch)Borge
4. Cells in an extremely long series,
(Q-16 cells) In a twisted or spiral
plane...

bl juga v. f lexuosus Lemra.

5. Colony containing single series of
cells...........

S. arcuatus

Lemm.

5. Colony containing double series of
cells.. S. arcuatus v. platydlscus G. M. Smith
6. Plane of

colony curved or twisted,

cells elongated

lunate in shape............

..................

S. acumlnatus (Lag.)Chod.

6. Plane of colony straight,

colony

flat...............................................
7. Cells either straight, or with outer

7

cells curved,

the convex margins to­

ward tne Inner etraignt cells, tips
of cells considerably extended, longer
than the body of the cell.....................
jS. dlmorphus (Turp. )Kuetz.
7.

Cells stralgnt or curved as above,
but somewhat shorter proportioned,
with only acute rather than acuminate
tips,

the tips shorter than the body

of the cell........
8.

8.
9.

Cells oval or cyllndrlc-oval In
outline..........................................

9

Cells elliptic In outline......................

19

Apex of each cell with one to three
short,

9.

S. obllquus (Turp. )Kuetz.

sharp spines or teeth.....................

Apices without teeth,

If spines,

10

tnen

spines are as long as cell width.

.............

11

10. Axis as seen in end view of cells
wavey................ S. dentlculatus Lag.
10. Axis as seen from cell ends straight....•
...... S. dentlculatus v. linearis Hansg.
11. Poles of outer cells with a single
spine..................................

12

11. Spines located at poles, and elsewhere
on walls.......................
12. Two or more longitudinal ridges

16

216.

present along, inner surface of
cells,

often visible only at ends

or rather obscurely along entire
length

S. armatus (Chod.)<3. M. Smith

12. No ridges present,
23u...........

cells L 18-

S. quadrlcauda (Turp.)Breb.
for varieties see

13. Cells longer,
........

2?-36u or more

13

............

S. quadrlcauda v. maxima West & West

13. Cells smaller, less than 25u long

...........

14

14. Cells cyllndric-oval, proportions
longer than typical, length over
three times width.........................
.... jS. quadrlcauda v. West 11 <2. &*. Smith
14. Cells oval, lees than three times
longer than broad...............................
15. Spines comparatively longer than in
other variants, being about equal to
the length of the cells....... S. quadrlcauda
v# longlsplna (Chod. )G>. M. Smith
15. Spines comparatively shorter than in
other variants, being half the usual
cell length or less...........

£L quadrlcauda

v. quadrlspina (Chod.)G. M. Smith
16. Interpolar spines present on end
cells, polar spines present on

15

217.

end cells, polar spines present
on interior cells..........................
................

S. abundans

..........................

(Kirch.)Chod.

for varieties see....

17

16. Interpolar spines not present
on end cells....................................
17. Cell9 roundly oval,

seines short,

aoout cell widin in length or less,
cells possibly snorter (5-8u) than
those or both the typical (v-l^u)
and the variety longlcaudatus (8llu) S. abundans v. brevlcaudatus 0. M. Smith
17. Cells oval,

apical spines about

equal to the cell in length (79u). S. aoundans v. longlcaudatus G-. M. S'nith
18. Linear series of two to eight
cej.ls in colony,

any of which

may exhibit one or two spines
at either end or lack them................
...........................

3. longus Ifieyen

18. Interior cells of colony gener­
ally with a spine only at one
and. S. longus v. Naegelll

(Breb. )G • M. Smith

19. E nd cells with long polar spines,
cells lacking longitudinal ridges............
.........................

£5. opollensls Richt.

18

19, End cells without spines, all cells
with longitudinal ridges......................
.• .................... .8# acutiformls Schroed,
Sc^nedesmus abundans (Kirch.)Chod.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI. 16, Fig. 8.
Flat colony of oblong cells with bluntly rounded poles,
any of which may bear one or more srlnes equal to or shorter
than the cell in length.
Univ.

L 7-12u; W 4-7u.

Penn, botanical laboratory 1 Aug.

Knox:

culture In

1949 #1604 - marshy

pool by hwy U.S.25-W Just north of Knoxville 15 March 1950
#2047 - Colbert(Ala.): Stenson Hollow, an embayment of
Wilson Lake 16 June 1950 #2279 - Obion:

In Nelumbo area of

Reelfoot Lake at Samburg 12 July 1949 #1306 - Lake: plankton
from trough at west side of Blue Basin 2 July 1949 #1150,
NK.
2. Scenedeemus abundans v. brevloaudatus G. M. Smith

(Smith

20 f)
Differentiated from tne typical by more oval-shaped
cells and short spines.
valid character too.
8u; W 2,5-5u.

The smaller recorded size may be a

Cell size is generally given as L 5-

Spines 1.5-3.5u long.

Specimens observed,

however, were a micron or two larger in both dimensions,
Lauderdale (Ala.): pool near cypreBS creek at Florence 3
Oct. 1949 (Hall)#1962 - Obion: among floating Potamogeton
in Reelfoot Lake at Samburg 12 July 1949 #1311.

K.

3. Scenedesmus abundans v. longlcaudatus G. M. Smith.

(Pres-

oott f)(Smith 20 f)
Smaller than the typical, with the spines longer in
proportion.

Cells L 7-9u;

4. Scenedesmus acumlnatus
thaler & Pasoher f)

W 3-6u.

Spines 6-10u.

(Lag. )Chod.

K.

(Leintnermann, Brunn-

PI. 16, Fig. 7.

Cells lunate with long extended poles tapered to a fine
point;

the axis of the coenobe is so strongly curved that

the cells seem to be bunched.
W 3-7u.

L (between cell tips) 30-40u;

This species departs furthest from the strict de­

finition of the genus.
should be compared.

Selenastrum Westll G. U. Smith

Greene: Nolichucky Dam, probably in

lake behind dam 25 June 1949 #977 - Jefferson: permanent
pond near Junction of hwy U.S.ll-E and approach road to
Cherokee Dam 25 June 1949 #910 - Knox: on Crystotella (a
bryozoan) on shore of Ft. Loudon Lake near Concord 30 July
1949 #1590.

NFK.

5. Scenedesmus aoutlformls Schroed.

(Lemmermann,

thaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith 20 f)

Brunn-

PI. 16, Fig. 9.

Cells* fusiform, with a median longitudinal ridge ex­
tending from one pole to the otner.

Only one median ridge

on each cell can be seen in face view,
may have more than two ridges;
W 5-8u.

but the end cells

colonies flat.

L 16-20u;

Knox: marsh beside hwy U.S.25-W Just north of Knox­

ville 15 March 1950 #2047.

FK.

6. Scenedesmus arcuatus Lemm*

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler *

Pascher f) (Prescott f)(Smith 20 f)

PI. 16, Fig. 15.

Cells oblong or elliptic-oblong with bluntly rounded
ends; colonies having one or two series of cells in tne plate
which may be bent so far as to form a semicircle.

L 9-17u;

W 3-9u.
As originally described,

the species has two series of

cells, but curved colonies with but one series do exist, and
these presumably belong here rather than with S. blJugatus
(Turp.)Lag.

It may be noted that the occurrence of the

double series is not considered of specific value in tne
case of the fusiform species, S. obliquus (Turp.)Kuetz. for
instance.
Knox; on Crystotella (a bryozoan) on shore of Ft. Loudon
Lake near Concord 30 July 1949 *1590.

VK.

7. Scenedesmus arcuatus v. platydlscus G. M. Smith.
cott f)(Smith 20 f)

(Pres­

PI. 16, Fig. 14.

This variety is distinguished from the typical by its
flat rather than curved colonies with two series of cells.
Cells L 8-17u; W 4.5-7.5u.

Knox: on Crystotella (a bryo­

zoan) on bank of Ft. Loudon Lake near Concord 30 July 1949
#1590.

K.

8. Scenedesmus armatus (Chod.)G. M. Smith

(Prescott f )

(Smith f)
Cells oblong-elliptic with bluntly rounded poles, cells
may alternate in position slightly in the flat colony; end
cells bear a long seta at each pole; all cells may show

longitudinal ridges of the same nature as those of the
spineless S. acutlformls but they may be altogether Indis­
tinct or visible only at the poles.

L 16-22u; W 5-8u.

Blount: pond near Charlie Meyers* house in Cades Cove 19
June 1949 #877 - Jefferson:

permanent farm pond near Junc­

tion of hwy U.S.ll-E and Cherokee Dam approach road 25 June
1949 #910 - Knox: plankton from Chllowee Park Lake (pH 7.0
26°C) 18 June 1949 #830 - on Crystotella (a bryozoan) on
recently exposed shore of Ft. Loudon Lake near Duncan*s
Dock 3 Sept. 1949 #1881 - Hamilton: winter pond of long
duration in field depression by hwy Tenn.58 in northern part
of county 28 June 1949 #977 - Putnam: etranded pools of
Caney Fork at hwy U.S.70-N bridge 14 June 1949 #821 - David­
son: concrete pools of Kelly's Kennels at Nashville 20 Aug.
1949 #1825 (a very large variant) - fish pool by greenhouse
on Vanderbilt University campus 17 March 1950 #2060 - Mont­
gomery: pond at Tom Edwards'

store by hwy U.S.79 west of

Clarksville 14 July 1949 #1371 - Obion: near south shore of
Isom Lake 10 July 1949 #1268.

NSK.

9. Scenedesmus bljuga (Turp.)Lag.

(Lemmermann,

Brunnthaler

& Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Cells oblong-elliptic with no appendages or protrusions,
arranged as a flat plate in a single series; cell size is
given as L 7-18u; W 4-7u; but the variability exceeds these
figures.

This is the commonest and most characterless species

of the genus.

Lumpkin ((Ja. ) j artificial lake in Vogel State

222.

Psrk 14 Aug.

1949 #1735 - Knox:

In goldfish pool at Knoxville

Waterworks 25 July 1949 #1575 - on Crystotella (a bryozoan)
on shore of Ft. Loudon Lake at Concord 30 July 1949 #1590 around tree roots In pond by Ten Elle Creek at Farragut 23
July 1949 #1545 - Overton:

pond containing conelderaole num­

ber of aquatic plants at Timothy 15 July 1949 #1456 - Lauderd ale(Ala.): pool near Cypress Creek at Florence 30 Oct. 1949
(Hall)#1962 - Colbert(Ala.): shallow embayment of Wilson
L :ke near dam 16 June 1949 #2285 (colonies composed of 8
cells) - Lontgorr.ery: pond at Tom Edvards'

etore by hwy U.S.

79 west of Clarksville 14 July 1949 #1371 - G-ibson - Obion:
middle pond fertilized for fish raising on Abe Shatz' farm
east of Kenton 8 July 1949 #1240.

VNSG-FK.

10. Scenedesmus bljuga v, alternans
mann,

(Reinsch)Borge.

(Lemmer­

Brunnthaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith 20 f)
This variety differs from tne tyDlcal by the decidedly

alternate arrangement of the cells,
L 6-15u; W 4-8u.

usually eight in number.

Colbert - Lauderdale(Ala.): coating on

concrete below Wilson Dam 4 Sept. 1949 (Hall)#1947.
11. Scenedesmus bl.luga v. flexuosus Lemm.

NK.

(Lemmermann,

Brunnthaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)
The colonies of this variety are in a single series and
are somewhat longer* (8-16 cells) than in most of the other
variations of the species;

cells themselves similar to the

typical but the axis of the colony is twisted or sigmoid in
a manner quite different from the flat colonies of the typl-

223

cal and ics other varieties.

L 12-17u; W 5-8u.

Knox: on

Crystotella (p bryozoan) on snore of Ft. Loudon Lake near
Concord 30 July 1949 #1590 - Colbert(Ala.): embayment of
Wilson Lake near dam 15 June 1949 #2285.
12. Scenedesmus dentlculatus Lag.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler

& Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smlth 20 f)

PI. 16, Fig. 10.

Cells oval-snaped, wito 1-3 short teeth at tne apices
of eacn cell; colony irregularly aligned wnen seen in end
view.

L ?-15u; W 5-llu.

The cells may become somewhat

swollen, angular, and peculiarly shaped however, as may
those of

obllquus (Turp.)Kuetz.

etc.

Knox:

on Crysto­

tella (a bryozoan) on bank of Ft. Loudon Lake near Concord
30 July #1590 - Wilson: creek running over shelving lime­
stone or Nasnville basin elgnt miles west of Lebanon 14
July 1949 #1417.

K.

13. Scenedesmus dentlculatus v. linearis Hansg.

Lemmermann,

Brunntnaier & Pascner f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
The variety is distinguished from the typical only in
naving the cells always in a flat plane, as shown in end
view.

L 10-15u; W 2.5-5u.

Tne distinction seems to be a

weak one, but may have been established by pure culture
studies.

Jefferson: permanent pond at Junction of hwy U.S.

11-E and Cherokee Dam approach road 25 June 1949 #910.
14. Scenedesmus dlmorphus (Turp.)Kuetz.

(Prescott f)(Smlth)

PI. 16, Fig. 11.
Cells fusiform with long attenuated poles, without

spines or ridges;

colony flat.

L 18-23u; W 2.5~5u.

The description of varieties is not at all on the same
basis as that used in other species,

such as S. bljugus.

The following structural varieties are met among a large
number or specimens;
Typical expression - center cells straight or curved
slightly outward,

outer cells curved considerably outward,

even lunate or sickle-shaped.
Orthocellular variety - all cells wltn straight axis, all
four cells in a single series.
Diorthocellular form - four cells arranged in two series
with cells alternating.
Tne difference between this species and S. obllquua
(Turp.)Kuetz.

is not convincing.

Illustrations show con­

siderable differences between the two wnlch are not apparent
in the actual specimens.

If the name IB. dlmorphus is re­

served only for the forms with long proportions with rather
long attenuated poles,

tne situation Is clarified somewhat.

It must be remembered, however,

that S. dlmorphus may have

r

all its cells entirely straight,

ana S. obllquue may be Just

as dimorphic as the other species ever is.
Knox: on Crystotella (a bryozoan) on recently exposed shore
of Ft. Loudon Lake near Duncan's Dock 3 Sept. 1949 #1881 Campbell: Cove Lake at Junction of hwys U.S.25-W and Tenn.
63 13 June 1950 #2229 - Hamilton: winter pond of long dura­
tion in field by hwy. Tenn.58 In northern part of county 28

June 1949 #977 - Davidson:
near Nasnville 20 Aug.

concrete pools of Kelly's Kennels

1949 #1825 - Cheatham:

soil-bottomed

ponds fertilized for fish raising on Little Marrowbone
Creek Road 20 Aug. 1949 #1838 - Lauderdale(Ala. ): pool near
Cypress Creek at Florence 3 Oct. 1949 (Hall)#1962 - Mont­
gomery:

stock pond at Junction of hwy U.S.79 and Foster's

Creek Road west of Clarksville 18 March 1950 #20^9 - Obion:
among grass in snallow area of Isom Lake 10 July 1949 #1266
Lake:

plankton from trough on west side of Blue Basin 2

July 1949 #1150.

NFK.

15. Soenedeemus longus Meyen.
Cells oval-snaped,

(Prescott f)(Smith 20 f)

in single series of 2-8 cells, any

of wnich may show one or two spines on either end or may be
without them.

Cells L 8-llu; W 4-5u.

16. Scenedesmus longue v. Naegelll

FK.

(Br^b.)G. M. Smith.

(Prescott f)(Smith 20 f)
Cells of tnls variety are generally in colonies of
eight,

the outer cells with spines at both poles and the

inner cells with a spine at only one pole.
W 6.5-llu.

Cells L 18-33u;

Knox: plankton from Ft. Loudon Lake near Dun­

can's Dock 3 Sept. 1949 #1882 - Hamilton: winter pond of
long duration in field by hwy Tenn.58 in northern part of
county 28 June 1949 #977.
17. Scenedesmus obllquus (Turp.)Kuetz.
tnaler & Pascner f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Cells fusiform,

(Lemmermann, BrunnPI. 16, Fig. 12.

generally shorter in proportion than

those of

o bllquus, with more abruptly tapering ends.

Outer cells of a colony of four straight or curve outward.
L 10-21u; W 3-9u.
In this species,

as In S. dlmorphus, If Indeed there

really are two species,

the different expressions have not

been segregated as described varieties or forms.

Among the

expressions are;
Orthocellular form - the typical and usually figured type,
with straight or slightly crescent-shaped outer cells.
Dimorphic variety - intergrades from the above to colonies
with sharply curved outer cells.
Duodimorphlc form - like the above,

out in two series with

the cells alternating.
Ortnoalrernate variety - four cells alternating.
From the accumulation of field observations it seems
likely that variation occurs in combinations of:
a. straight or dimorphic cells (outside cells outwardly
curved)
b. single or double series of cells
c. straight or irregularly alternate arrangement of cells.
Pure culture studies might result in other conclusions
The discussion referring to this species under S. dl­
morphus should be noted.
Knox:

on Crystotella (a bryozoan)

on shore of Ft. Loudon

Lake near Concord 30 July 1949 #lb90 - on Crystotella. on
shore of Ft. Loudon Lake near D u n c a n ^ Dock 3 Sept. 1949

227.

#1882 - culture In Univ. Tenn. botanical laboratory 2 Aug.
1949 #1604 - Lauderdale (Ala.): pool by Cypress Creek at
Florence 3 Oct. 1949 (Hall)#1962 - Colbert(Ala.): Stenson
Hollow embayment of Wilson Lake 16 June 1950 #2279 - Mont­
gomery: plankton from pond at Tom Edwards’ store by hwy U.S.
79 west of Clarksville 14 July 1949 #1371 - woods swamp by
hwy Tenn.11 very near Kentucky state line 18 March 1950
#2099 - Lake: plankton from trough at west side of Blue
Basin 2 July 1949 #1150.

NSGFK.

18. Scenedesmus opollensla Richt.

(Lemmermann, Brunnthaler

& Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smlth f)

PI. 16, Fig. 13.

Cells fusiform with a long spine at either end of the
outside cells of the colony (generally four-celled).

Cells

.. %■

L 12-28u; W 5-8u.

Occasionally,

an extra spine on tne end cells.

as in #1257, there may be
The combination of spines

and fusiform cells identifies the species immediately.

Blount:

plankton from pond nearest Charlie Meyers' house in Cades Cove
19 June 1949 #877 - Knox: on Crystotella (a bryozoan) on
shore of Ft. Loudon Lake near Concord 30 July 1949 #1590 Montgomery:

spring pond in Spring Creek bottom pasture ten

miles northeast of Clarksville 1 Sept. 1949 (Clebsch)#1925 Obion: plankton taken at Spillway bridge 10 July 1949 #1262.
19. Scenedesmus quadrloauda (Turp.)Breb.

(Lemmermann, Brunn­

thaler & Pasoher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Cells oblong or oval with broadly rounded poles; flat
plate colonies of four cells; outside cells have one spine
at each pole.

Celle L 11-16u; W 3.5-6u.

Spines L 10-12u.

NK.

228.

Knox: on Crystotella (a bryozoan) on shore of Ft. Loudon Lake
near Concord 30 July 1949 #1590 - on Crystotella on recently
exposed shore of Ft. Loudon Lake near Duncan's Dock 3 Sept.
1949 #1881 - Campbell: Cove Lake at Junction of hwys U.S.25-W
and Tenn.63 13 June 1950 #2229 - Che&tham;

soil-bottomed fish

raising ponds on Little Marrowbone Creek Road 20 Aug. 1949
#1842 — Obion: Reelfoot Lake 1929^ —

There were numerous

ot.ier collections w.ilch were not recorded,

since the species

is most common and almost universally distributed.

VNFK.

20. Scenedesmus quadrlcauda v. longlsplna (Chod. )Q-« M.
Smith.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

This variety is distinguished from the typical by the
length of the spines, which are as long as the cell, whereas
those of the typical are about 2/3 of the cell in length
and those of v. quadrleplna (Chod.)0. M. Smith are 1/2 the
cell length,

or less.

Cells L 8-llu; W 3.5-5u.

Blount:

plankton from pond nearest Charlie Meyers' house in Cades
Cove 19 June 1949 #877 - Davidson: concrete pools at Kelly's
Kennels 20 Aug. 1949 - fish pool by Vanderbilt University
greenhouse 17 March 1950 #2060 - Weakley: pond at Ore Springs
by hwy Tenn.54 east of Dresden 14 June 1950 #2244.

K.

21. Scenedesmus quadrlcauda v. maxima West & West.

(Lemmer­

mann, Brunnthaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)
These cells are king-sized replicas of those of the spe­
cies.

The Pascher handbook treatment includes it within the

1 Reported in Eddy, 1930

mm

variation of the typical, but American practice recognizee It
ae a separate entity.

Statistical analysis of many measure­

ments might settle the question.
Spines 12— 16u.
20 Aug.

Davidson:

Cells L 27-36u; W 9-11.5u.

concrete pools at Kelly's Kennels

1949 #1824 - Cheatham:

soil-bottomed fish raising

ponds on Little Marrowbone Creek Road 20 Aug. 1949 #183e.

N.

22. Scenedesmus quadrlcauda v. quadrlspina (Chod. )0. IL, Smith.
(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Length of spines are about half that of the cell, or
less,

being shorter than those of tne otner varieties of

the species.

Cells L 8.5-15u; W 3.5-8u.

Knox: oond at

Mack's by hwy U.S.ll-E aoout five miles east of Knoxville
18 June 1949 #906a - goldfish d o o I at Knoxville Waterworks
25 July 1949 *1575.

FK.

23. Scenedesmus quadrlcauda v. West 11 G-. M. Smith.

(Pres­

cott f ) (Smith 20 f)
These cells differ from those of the typical plants In
proportion, being somewhat narrower,
strongly recurved.

soines very slender and

Cells L 16-22u; W 4.5-8u.

Blount:

plankton from pond nearest Charlie Meyers' house in Cades
Cove 19 June 1949 #877.

N.

TETRALLANTOS Telling 1916
Tetrallantos Lagerhelmll Tell.
Fig.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI. 16,

3.
Cells arcuate,

the diagnostic cnaracter being the pecu­

liar orientation of the cells;

two lie In the same plane with

230.

their tips apposed 1nd their concave side outward,

the other

two In the group of four are perpendicular to t e apposed
cells with one end touching the two aoposed ceils at their
Junctions; a broad gelatinous sheath surrounding the fourceiled colony,

which may be compounded to form a colony of

eignt or sixteen cells,

the daughter colonies remaining at­

tached to each ot.'.er by remains of the old mother cell wo 11,
Celle L (tip to tip) 6.8u; W 2u.

Even if tne colonial arrange­

ment as described above is not strictly kept, the tendency of
the cells to touch ends and appose concave sides are good char­
acters to aid identification.
resemble link sausages,

The tiny cells of this species

and certain email colonies of Selenas-

trum mlnutum (Naeg.)Col.

or Klrchnerlella spp.

The surrounding

gelatinous sheath of tnis genus may help distinguish it from
the former.

Knox; on Crystotella (a bryozoan) on recently ex­

posed shore of Ft. Loudon Lake near Duncanfs Dock 3 Sept. 1949
sKL881 - Union: pond by Boy Scout Camp approach road 25 Aug.
1950 #2338 - Davidson(?);

Cumberland River 1938-91 - Montgomery;

large marsh by Norfleet & Sons grocery by hwy U.S.79 west of
Clarksville 14 July 1949 #1376 - Obion; Nelumbo area in Reel­
foot Lake near Samburg 12 July 1949 #1306.

NF.

TETRASTRUM Chodat 1895
The cells of this genus exhibit the same quadrate ar­
rangement found in Cruclgenla, but the two differ in that
Tetrastrum rarely exhibits compound colonies.

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

In addition,

all of the epeelee of Tetraetrum considered here only, have
setae, whereas those of Qruolgenla listed here lack them,
1* Two unequally long spines on outer
surface of cells................................
...............

T. heterocanthum (Nordst.)Ohod,

1. Five rather short, equal spines on
outer surface of cells.........................
.........

T. staurogenlaeforme (Schroed.)Lemm.

1. Tetrastrum heterocanthum (Nordst.)Chod,

(Lemmermann,

Brunnthaler & Pascher f)(PreBCott f)(Smith f)
Colonies of four quadrately arranged oells; cells are
flat on their Inner surface and straight or emarglnate on the
outer; two setae differing greatly In length present on each
oell.

Diameter of oells 4-8u.

Middle Tenn.: Duck River

1938-9.1
2. Tetrastrum b taurogenlaeforme (Schroed.)Lemm.
Brunnthaler & Pascher f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)

(Lemmermann,
PI. 16, Fig. 6

Colonies of four quadrately arranged oells; cells flat
on Inner surface, and convex on the outer;
setae of about equal length present.

five rather short

Diameter of cells 5-6u.

Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duok Rivers 1938-9.1

Oedogonlales
Oedogonlaceae
BULBOCHAETE Agardh 1817

NF.

Although twenty-eight species or the genus have been
reported previously from southeastern United States,

the

fortunes of collecting failed to being forth a single speci­
men in reproductive condition proper for identification
during tnis study.
Tiffany,

PI. 17, Fig. 1.

1937 & 1944 are tne best references for the

species likely to be encountered in the region surveyed.
OEDOGONIUM Link 1820
Oedogonlum is filamentous,

attached (at least when

young) by a basal hold-fast oell.

The plants attain inde­

finite length by repeated division of all cells but the basal
one.

Tne cells are of various lengths and the sides may be

parallel,

(or nearly so), undulate,

They contain a reticulate,

nodose,

or capitellate.

cylindrical chloroplast.

An ex­

cellent vegetative character wnich often can be used for
identification of the genus is the presence of overlapping
collars or caps of old cell wall around the forward end of
some of the cells.

The reproductive characters, which are

common to members of the order, are unique.
often enlarged ones, act as oogonla,
single large egg.

Certain cells,

and come to contain a

Antherozolds, with a ring of cilia-like

flagella round one end, are produced in antherldia.

The

antheridia may be located in the same filament with the
oogonia, and are recognizable as a series of very short
cells.

In such case the species are said to be monoeolous.

In other cases, antheridia are found in filaments separate

from,

but more or less similar to the one bearing the oogonia,

in this case the species Is dioecious and macrandrous.
wise,

Other­

the filament which bears the antheridia may be a very

short one wnich is epiphytic upon the female filament,
quite near or upon the oogonia (nannandrous spp.)*

often

Some­

times these dwarf males are epiphytic on the cells subtending
the mature oogonia,

special cells,

referred to as suffultory cells*

sometimes inflated,

and

The antherozold enters the

oogonium through either a pore or split in the wall,
latter case the oogonia are said to have lids.

in the

The zygotes

resulting from tne fertilization of the eggs develop into
oospores,
mented*

the walls of wnich may be smooth or variously orna­
One additional morphologicnl character is helpful

in making species identification,
species.

Motile,

in the case of dioecious

multicillate androspores are produced in

androsporangia,

wnich are recognized as short cells within

tne filaments*

Androsporangia may occur in the same fila­

ments with tne oogonia (gynandrosporus) or in separate fila­
ments

(idloandrosporous).

The androspores develop into

male filaments*
This genus is exceeded only by Splrogyra among filamen­
tous algae in frequency of occurrence and abundance of plant
growth found in the region of study*

It far exceeds Splro­

gyra in number of species listed here because fruiting ma­
terial Is more frequently found and hence easier to identify*
Furthermore,

Oedogonlum can be grown easily in the laboratory,

and induced to fruit so tn&t many sterile specimens even­
tually can be identified,

whereas Splrogyra species are

muon more difficult to grow to a reproductive and identi­
fiable state.
Oedogonlum is such a large genus tnat a satisfactory
appraisal or it in Tennessee would be a full time task.
Fortunately,

tne monographs or Tiffany,

(1930,

1937),

vide a ready reference for species identification,

pro­

but,

even they may not provide all the information needed for
study of a localized flora,

and the observant microecopist

will encounter many variants not Included in the descrip­
tions.
The starred species below are included in the key but
t

not in the text because although they frequently have been
reported in southeastern United States,

they have not appeared

in the Tennessee collections.
1. Vegetative cells subhexagonal or subelliptic in s h ape............. 0. Relnschll Roy*
1. Vegetative cells cylindrical,
late,

undu­

or capitellate..............................

2

2. Vegetative cells undulate or nodu­
lo s e ..........

0. undulatum (Breb.)A. Braun*

2. Vegetative cells not undulate or
nodulose........................................

3

3. Vegetative cells distinctly capitellate........

4

3. Vegetative cells cylindrical....................

8

4.

4.

Monoecious plants,

vegetative

oells 6— 9u broad..

0 . cap!tellatum Wittr.*

Dioecious plant,

cells 9u or

b r o a d e r ................................ .......
5.

Female vegetative cells 9-12u,
29-33u

5.

5

oogonia

0. Howardll G. S. West*

Female vegetative cells variable in
diameter,

6.

oogonia over 26u broad.

...............

6

Oospore oval to g l o b o s e .............
...................... 0. latlusculum Tiff.*

6.
7.

Oospore depressed globose......................

Gynandrosporous,

oogonia 34-39u x

36-40u..................
7.

0. Areschougll Wittr.*

Idioandrosporou 8 , oogonia 29-36u x
26-40u......................

8.

Vegetative cells,
female plants,

8.

0. subplenum Tiff.

at least of

6u or less broad................

Vegetative cells,
female plants,

9

at least of

over 5u broad (if

5-6u follow both dichotomies) • ...............
9.

7

11

Oospore constricted in the midregion.........
£• PUflHlmP Kirch.

9.

Oospore not constricted at the equator............
10. Oospore globose............................
.........

0. sphaerloo-lnconsplouum Silva

10. Oospore depressed globose.................

10

...................

0* lnoonsplcuum Hirn.

11,

Oogonium opening with a p ore........................ 12

11.

Oogonium opening with a l i d......................... 43
12. Pore medi a n .......

13

12. Pore above or below median......................

24

13.

Spore wall smooth..................................

14

13.

Spore wall decorated In some mann e r .........

20

14. Oospore aexangular-elliptic...............

...............

0.

sexangulare Cleve

14. Oospore not sexangular..........................

15

15. Plants monoecious (as Indicated by
antheridia In same filament with
oogonia)..............................................

16

15. Plants dioecious (as implied by lack
of antheridia In same filament with
17

oogonia)..............
16. Diameter of oogonia 32-38u. ..............
.............

0. laeve Wittr.

16. Diameter of oogonia 18-28u................
.................
17.

0. vulgare (Wittr.)Tiff.

Oogonium diameter 22-30u, vegetative
cells 8 - 1 0 u ...............

17.

0. rufeeoens Wittr.*

Oogonium over 30u broad, vegetative
oells of various diameters..........................
18. Oogonia 49-52u b r o a d ......................
.............. 0. flavescens (Hass.)Wlttr.

18

18* Oogonia 30-39u broad..............

19

19. Plants with dwarf males, ooBpore not
filling oogonium, vegetative oells
13-15u broad...............

0. Braun 11 Kuetz.*

19. Male filaments large, oospore filling
oogonium, vegetative cells 9-16u.............
............................

0. soclale Wittr.*

20* Oospore wall spiney...........................

21

20. Oospore well spirally ribbed,
oogonium 50-60u in diameter..............
.................

0. lllinolsensls Trans.*

21.

Vegetative cells l?-30u broad.........

22

21.

Vegetative cells under 17u broad..................

23

22. Oogonia diameter 36~38u...................
............

0. subglobosum (Wittr.)Tiff.

22. Oogonia diameter 38-50u 0. hystrlx Wittr.*
23. Vegetative cells 9-14u, male plants
large...........

0. sueolcum Wittr.*

23. Vegetative cells 12-16u broad, male
plants dwarf............... .

0. pungens H i m

24. Pore above center (supramedian)
but usually not near top of oogonia...........

25

24. Pore superior, near top of oogonia............

28

25. Vegetative cells 7-12u broad.................
..................... 0. Frankllnlanum Wittr.
25.

Vegetative cells over 12u broad...................

26

26. Usually monoecious,
to superior,

pore varying

cell width 12-16u...........

.................

0. varlans Wittr. & Lund

26. Always dioecious, pore consistently
supraraedlan In position for a single
filament,

female vegetative cell

16u wide or over................................

27

27. Female vegetative cell 18-30u, oogonia
48-70u b r o a d...... 0. cardlacum (Hass. )Wlttr.
27. Female vegetative cell 16-28u In dia­
meter, oogonium 30-45u broad........ .........
.................... .

0. Lemmermannll Tiff.

28. Ooepore wall smooth.............................

29

28. Oospore wall ornamented In some
manner...........................................

37

29. Vegetative cell 15-23u broad, dwarf
male plants present;
enlarged,
rate shape

suffultory cell

spores approaching a quad­
0. Borislanum (LeClerc)Wlttr.#

29. Oogonia without swollen suffultory
cells,

spores not at all quadrate

......

30

30. Vegetative cells mostly less than
20u broad.. ............................... . •. •• 31
30. Vegetative cells mostly over 20u
broad............................................. 36
31. Vegetative cells 10-15u broad, oospore

subovoid to subglobose,

dwarf male

plants pre s e n t ...........

0. multlsporum Wood

31. No dwarf male present...............................

32

32. Diameter of oogonia generally
36u or smaller...................................

33

32. Diameter of oogonia over 36u ...................

35

33. Vegetative cells 15-18u b r oad .................
................... .

0. Intermedium Wittr.

33. Vegetative cells 14u or less In

34

diameter..........
34. Oogonia and oospore obovold,
oogonia diameter 28-31u.. 0. Hlrnll Gutw.
34. Oogonia and oospore globose,
oogonia diameter 3Q-37u...................
......................
35. Oospore diameter 42-47u,

0.globosum Nordst.
cells within

the filament differing greatly in
size.....................

0. upeallense Wittr.

35. Oospore diameter 35-43u, cells within
the filament of about the same size..........
0. Rlchterlanum Lemm.
36. Vegetative filaments over 40u
bro a d ...........

37

36. Vegetative filaments less than
40u b r o a d ........................................
37. Oospore subglobose or elliptic in

38

240

shape
37.

0. Kurzll Zeller

Oospore ovoid In shape.......................
................... 0.Kurzll
38*

Plant 8 monoecious...

v. ovoldum Silva
0*

Oryzae Wittr.

38. Plante dioecious................

39

39. Plants macrandrous, that Is, with
large male plants.. 0. angustatum (Hlrn)Tlff.
39.

Plants nannandrous, with dwarf males...............

40

40. Length of vegetative cells 1-3
times width.....................................

41

40. Lengtn of vegetative cells 3-6
times width.....................................
41. Oogonia 39-54u broad.....

0.

42

crasslusculum

v. arechavaletae (Wittr.)Hirn
41.

Oogonia 55-60u broad.

.......................

. 0. crasslusculum v. oataractum (Wolle)Tlff.
42. Gynandrosporous (see genus ex­
planation)............
42.

0.

Idloandrosporou 8 (seegenus

crasslusculum*
ex­

planation)
0. 1dloandrosporum (Nordst. & Wittr.)Tlff.
43.

Oospore wall ribbed................................

44

43.

Oospore wall ornamented otherwise..................

46

44. Ribs smooth, entire......................
.......... .

0. Bp 8Cll (LeGlero)Wlttr.

44. Ribs crenate.................................... 45

241.

45. Spores oval,

orenatlons or ribs dis­

tinct.............
45.

0. orenulatocostatum Wittr.

Spores cylindrical-ovate,
slightly crenate........

ribs only

0 . orenulatocostatum

v. cyllndrlcum (Hirn)Tiff.
46. OoBpore wall reticulate..................
...................

0. dictyosporum Wittr.

46. Oospore wall ornamented otherwise.............

47

47. Oospore walls echinate, oogonium 2934u broad...... .............
47.

0. armlgerum Hlrn

Oospore walls otherwise ornamented................
48. Oospore walls scroblculate.

48

.........

0. argenteum H i m
48. Oospore

walls pitted, pits.ar­

ranged in longitudinal rows................

49

49. Oospore 60-75u broad, pits not ar­
ranged in transverse rows.....................
................

0. concatenating (Hass. )Wittr.

49. Oospore 48-56u broad, pits arranged
in transverse rows............................
.................

0. rectangulare (Rich.)Tiff.

50. Division of oogonium median....................

51

50. Division of oogonium superior..................

55

51.

Oogonia 20-30u broad...............

52

51.

Oogonia over 30u broad......

53

52. Plants monoecious,

inner spore

wall brown, oogonia 23-29u
broad.................... 0. Gunn 11 Wittr,
52. Plants dioecious with dwarf
males, without brown Inner spore
wall, oogonia 21-26u broad...............
..........

0. Rothll Frings.

53. Plants monoecious, vegetative cells
7-10u, oogonia 30-35u broad...................
....................
53. Plants dioecious,

0. acmandrlum (Elfv.)Hlrn

female vegetative

filaments over 9u broad............................

54

54. Female vegetative filaments 9-12u,
oogonia 29-33u broad......................
...................

0. Howardll G. S. West*

54. Female vegetative filaments 10-17u,
oogonia 33-40u broad...0. pratense Trans.
55. Oospores oblong-elliptic or elliptlc-ovoid............................................
55. Oospores globose,

56

subglobose or

sub-ovoid globose.

..........................

57

56. Plante monoecious.........................
.............

0. graclllmum (Wittr.)Tiff.*

56. Plants dioecious..........................
...........

0. eplphytlcum Trans. & Tiff.*

57. Plants monoecious, oospores globose
or subglobose.......................................

56

243

57.

Plants dioecious,

oospores globose................

59

58. Oospores not rilling oogonla.............
••• 0. Prlngsftelmll v. Nordstedtll Wlttr.
58. Oospores nearly filling oogonla.
....................

..

0. Prlngsbelmll Cramer

59.

Dwarf males present.................................

60

59.

Dwarf males not present.............................

63

60. Suffultory cell enlarged..................
....................

0. hlans Nordst 4 Hlrn

60. Suffultory cell not enlarged...................

61

61. Vegetative cells 2-3 diameters long..........
.................
61.

(). Hobenackerl (Wlttr. )Tlff.

Vegetative ceils 2^-0 diameters l o n g ...............

62

62* Vegetative cells 15-20u broad,
oogonla 43-54u long 0. maorandrlum Wlttr.
62. Vegetative cells 10-16u broad,
oogonla 33-45u l o n g ............ ..........
..........

0. maorandrlum v. aemulens
Hlrn
m mm

pm

■

■

—

■»■!■■■

■ — ■■■■

63. Oospores not filling oogonla,

i■■■

■

oogonla

37-46u broad........ 0 . crlspurn (Hess. )Wlttr. *
63. Oospores filling oogonla, oogonla
30-38u b r oad............. ......................
..............

0. orlspurn v. hawalense Nordst.

1. Oedogonlum aomandrlum (Elfv.)Hlrn.
Monoecious;

(Tiffany f)

oogonla 1-2, depressed-globose,

operculate,

division median and narrow; oospore depressed globose or

subglobose,

filling oogonium, wall smooth.

▼eg. cell

L 30-80u

oogonium

W

28-38

7-10u
30-35

oospore

26-29

28-33

antherldlum

10-15

8-10

Henry: old Typha pool In clay pit at Wallace Tourist Court
south of Henry by hwy U.S.79 19 March #2119.
2. Oedogonlum angustum (Hlrn)Tiff.

(Prescott f)(Tiffany 37 f)

(Oedogonlum grande v. angustum Hlrn or Tiffany, 1930)
Dioecious;

oogonla 1-4,

subovold, pore superior; oospore

similar in shape to oogonium and nearly filling it, wall
smooth.
female veg. cell

L 70-330u

W 19-30u

male veg. cell

80-225

19-26

oogonium

62-110

42-52

oospore

60- 89

40-50

White: pig pond by hwy U.S.70 16 March 1949 #2059 - Mont­
gomery: clinging to stick in huge spring near Poacher's
Mill 18 March 1950 #2093.

AM.

3. Oedogonlum argenteum H i m

(Tiffany f )

Dioecious; oogonium 1, obovoid-globose, pore superior,
rarely supramedian, oospore ovoid to globose, outer wall
layer scroblculate.
L 80-160u

W 20-28u

male veg. cell

70-160

20-22

oogonium

48- 62

44-62

female veg.

cell

oospore

L 44-50u

W 43-48u

8

antherldium

22

Knox; pond at Mack*s by hwy U.S.ll-E about five miles east
of Knoxville 18 June 1949 #906.
4 * Oedogonlum armlgerum Hlrn.

(Tiffany f )

oogonium 1 , subglobose,

Dioecious;
oospore globose,
echinate;

P.

pore superior;

nearly filling oogonium,

dwarf male curved,
cell

female veg.

PI. 17, Pig. 3.

wall outer layer

on suffultory cell.
L 36-100u

W

9-13u

oogonium

30- 40

29-38

oospore

26- 29

26-30

dwarf male,

lower cell

20- 24

7-8

dwarf male,

upper cell

21- 30

5- 6

8

5- 6

antherldium

7-

Shelby: Joe Priestly*s aquarium 814 Adams St. Memphis 20
March 1950 #2131.

P.

5 * Oedogonlum Bosoll (LeClerc)Wlttr.
Dioecious;

(Prescott f)(Tiffany f)

oogonium 1-2, oblong-elliptic, pore superior;

oospore elliptic, not nearly filling oogonium longitudinally,
wall outer and middle layers with 27-35 rarely anastomosing
longitudinal ribs.
female veg.
male veg.

cell

cell

oogonium
oospore
antherldium

L 45-135u

W 14-23u

52-108

13-18

75-110

39-51

56-

70

36-43

6-

16

13-14

Knox:

culture at c o l l e c t o r ^ home 27 Aug.

6 . Oedogonlum cardlacum (Hass.)Wittr.

1949 #1868.

(Prescott f)(Tiffany f)

PI. 17, Fig. 2.
Dioecious;
form-globose,

oogonium usually 1 , subglobose to subcordi-

pore supramedlan;

oospore globose,

not filling

oogonium, wall smooth.
female veg.

cell

L 60-200u

W 18-30u

male veg. cell

45-170

15-25

oogonium

58-

78

48-70

oospore

42-

60

42-60

antherldium

10-

14

15-21

Moore,

cultured from collection in sulfur spring runoff at

Cumberland Springs 29 June 1949 #1019.

L.

7. Oedogonlum erasslusculurn v. arechavaletae (Wlttr.)Hirn.
(Tiffany f)
Dioecious and ldloandrosporoue;
obovold or subglobose,
globose or globose,

oogonium 1-2, globose

pore superior;

oospore elliptic-

not filling oogonium;

erect, on or near suffultory cell.

The variety differs from

the species by having a generally smaller,
female veg.

cell

dwarf male almost

L 32-110u

rounder oospore,
W 21-35u

oogonium

42-

65

39-64

oospore

40-

57

37-62

antnerldium

10-

16

9-14

dwarf male

40-

57

14-16

Montgomerys

farm pond by hwy U.S.41 alt. near Ringgold 18

March 1949 #2082.

K.

247.

8 « Oeaogonium orasslusculum v. cataractum (Wolle)Tiff.
(Tiffany f)
veg. cells

L

42-112u

W 28-38u

oogonium

60- 75

55-60

oospore

50- 60

50-55

65

10

dwarf male
Putnam:

shore of Cookeville Reservoir 14 June 1949 #807

Montgomery:

farm pond oy hwy U.S.41 alt. near Ringgold 18

March 1949 #2082 (wall double normal thickness).
9. Oedogonlum crenulatocostatum Wittr.
Dioecious;

(Prescott f)(Tiffany f)

oogonla 1-6, obovoid to subelliptic, pore

superior; oospore same form, nearly filling oogonium, outer
score wall smooth, median spore wall with 14-20 longitudinal
ribs, crenulate and sometimes anastomosing.
female veg. cell

L

25-125u

W 10-18u

male veg. cell

32- 80

9-13

oogonium

40- 65

30-36

oospore

37- 55

28-34

9- 14

9— 12

antherldium
Grainger:

Buffalo Springs Game Farm 26 June 1938 (Bold)#B-

14a ic b* - Knox: pond at Mack*s by hwy U.S.ll-E about five
miles east of Knoxville 18 June 1949 #906 - Moore: pools
below dam at Cumberland Springs 29 June 1949 #1032.

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

VNK.

10. Oedogonlum crenulatoooetatum v. cyllhdrlcum (Hirn)Tiff.
(Tiffany f)

PI. 17, Fig. 4.

Oogonium and oospore cylindric; oblong or more rarely
elliptic or obovoid-elllptic;

ribs of oospore scarcely

crenate according to Tiffany, but considerably so here.
The cylindrlc-snaped oogonium and oospore differentiate the
variety.
L 44-150U

veg. cell

W ll-16u

oogonium

42- 81

30-36

oospore

40- 66

27-34

Oreene:

swamp created by road building and containing Typha,

Juncus, Sallx and Carex by hwy Tenn.70 near North Carolina
state line 25 June 1949 #923.
11. Oedogonlum crlspurn v. hawalense Nordst.
Monoecious;

oogonium usually single,

to pyriforo-globose, operculate,

(Tiffany f )

subobovoid-globose

division superior;

oospore

globose or subglobose, not filling oogonium; terminal vege­
tative cell mucronate or short setlferous.

The smaller

spore differentiates this variety from the typical,
veg. cells

L 20-64u

W 10-16u

oogonium

31-38

30-38

oospore

27-33

27-32

6- 8

8-11

antherldium

Lumpkin(<3a.)i attached to vegetation in artificial lake at
Vogel State Park 14 Aug. 1949 #1737.

F.

12.

Oedogonlum dlctyoaporum Wlttr.
Monoecious;

pore;

oogonium 1-2,

(Tiffany f)

obovoid-globose with superior

oospore globose to elliptic-globose,

filling oogonium,
veg.

usually not

outer wall layer reticulate.

cell

L

25-95u

W ll-16u

oogonium

38-46

33-40

oospore

30-40

28-38

5-10

8-13

antherldium
Humphriesi

stream north of Waverly by hwy Tenn.13 21 Aug.

1949 #1865.
13. Oedogonlum Frankllnlanum Wlttr.
Dioecious;

oogonium 1, subglobose with supramedlan to

nearly superior pore;
oogonium,

(Tiffany f )

oospore globose,

almost filling

wall smooth.

female veg.
male veg.

cell

L

cell

30-95u

W8-12u

25-90

8-10

oogonium

29-41

26-31

oospore

24-30

24-30

5-7

8-9

antherldium
Obion - Lake,

margins of Reelfoot Lake among aquatics 14

June 1949 #2256.

FK.

14. Oedogonlum globosum Nordst.
Monoecious;
superior;

(Tiffany f)

oogonium 1, globose or subglobose,

oospore globose,

filling oogonium,

terminal cell of filament setlferous.

pore

wall smooth;

250

veg. cell

L 40-95u

W 10-14u

oogonium

32-46

32-40

oospore

28-37

30-37

4- 8

9-12

antherldium

Jefferson: pond at Junction of hwy U.S.ll-E and Cherokee
Dam approach road 25 June 1949 #911.
15. Oedogonlum Q-unnll Wlttr.
Monoecious;
operculate,

(Prescott f) (Tiffany f)

oogonium 1-4,

subdepressed or subglobose,

division median and narrow, but distinct;

oospore same shape as oogonium and filling It, wall smooth,
outer layer thick hyaline,

Inner brown.

veg. cells

L 30-85u

W

6- 9u

oogonium

19-29

23-29

oospore

17-23

22-27

12

12

antherldium

Knox: baokwater of Pt. Loudon Lake at Blue Grass 23 July
1949 #1568.

FA.

16. Oedogonlum hlans Nordst. <5fc Hlrn.
PI. 17, Fig.

5.

Dioecious;

oogonla 1-2,

division superior;
smooth,

(Prescott f)(Tiffany f)

thick,

subovold or globose,

oospore globose,

often lamellose;

operculate,

filling oogonium, wall

suffultory cell tumid,

curved dwarf male epiphytic upon It.
veg.

cell

L 37-145U

W

9-15u

oogonium

45- 60

37-43

oospore

33- 40

33-40

dwarf male stipe

L 32-35u

W

5-6

antherldium

7- 9u

7-8

Alcorn(Mlss.): Crystal Lake near Corinth 16 June 1950 #2278
17* Oedogonlum Hlrnll Q-utw.
Monoecious;

(Prescott f) (Tiffany f)

oogonium 1, subglooose or subovold, with

superior pore; oospore globose, not filling oogonium, wall
smooth; vegetative cells sometimes slightly capitellate.
veg, cell

L 28-80u

W

8-13u

oogonium

32-39

32-37

oospore

28-31

28-31

antherldium

4- 9

8-11

Cocke: In ditch near Cosby 17 July 1939 (Bold)#H-366.1
18. Oedogonlum Hohenackerll Wlttr.

K.

(Tiffany 44 f )

(Oedogonlum macrandr 1urn v. Hohenackerll (Wlttr.)Tlff.)
Dioecious;

oogonla 1-4, globose-ovoid, operculate,

division superior; oospore globose, not completely filling
oogonium; dwarf male on or near oogonium,
veg. cell

stipe curved,

L 24-46u

W 12-15u

oogonium

30-35

29-33

oospore

28-31

27-31

dwarf male stipe

18-24

9-14

5-8

5-6

antherldium
Montgomery:

clinging to stem in huge spring near Poacher's

Mill 18 March 1950 #2093.

N.

19. Oedogonlum ldloandrosoorum (Nordst. ft Wlttr.)Tlff.
(Oedogonlum crasslusculum v. idloandrosoorum Nordst.
Wlttr.)

ft

(Tiffany 37 f)
Dioecious;
pore superior;

oogonla 1-3, globose-obovoid to globose,
oospore elliptic-globose,

globose (rarely globose),
smooth,

ovoid, angular-

nearly filling oogonium, wall

thick.

female veg.

cell

L 65-200u

W 25-36u

oogonium

57-

90

48-59

oospore

50-

66

42-57

60-

70

14-16

dwarf male
Knox:

stipe

floating in Ft. Loudon Lake near Duncan*s Dock 30

July 1950 #2300.

NKM.

20. Oedogonlum lnconsplouum H i m .
Dioecious;

(Tiffany f)

oogonla 1-4, depressed or subpyriform-

globose, operculate,

division median, narrow; oospore de­

pressed globose,

rarely ovoid, filling the inflated part

of the oogonium,

wall smooth.

veg. cell

L 20-34u

oogonium

W

3- 5u

13-18

13-23

8-12

12-17

oospore

The cells of #2118 are longer than the dimensions given
above.

Henry: gravel pit east of Paris by hwy U.S.79 19

March 1950 #2118 - Obion - Lake: margins of Reelfoot Lake
16 June 1949 #2259.

F.

21. Oedogonlum Intermedium Wittr.
Monoecious;
pore superior;

(Prescott f)(Tiffany f)

oogonium 1, obovold to obovoid-globose,

oospore globose or obovoid-globose,

filling

oogonium or nearly so, wall smooth and thick.
▼eg. cell

L 45-80u

oogonium

34-45

31-37

oospore

33-41

30-36

5-10

14-16

antherldium
Knox:

W 16-18u

stream fed marshy area by hwy U.S.25-W Just north of

Knoxville 7 Aug.

1949 #2313 - Weakley: pond and marsh at

Greenfield 30 June 1949 #1118.

SFKA1I.

22* Oedogonlum Kurzll v. ovoldum var. nov.
Monoecious;
pore superior;

PI. 18, Fig. 1.

oogonium single, ovoid or subelliptic,

oospore usually ovoid, wall smooth;

hypogonous or scattered.

antheridia

Differs from the typical primarily

in the ovoid shape of the oospores.
veg. cell
oogonium
oospore
antherldium
Montgomery:

L 90-250U

W 44-52u

111-130

70-95

80-100

67-90

6- 16

44-52

large marsh by Norfleet A Sons grocery by hwy

U.S. 79 west of Clarksville 14 July 1949 #1376*
23# Oedogonlum laeve Wlttr.
Monoecious;
median;

(Prescott f)(Tiffany f)

oogonium single, depressed-globose, pore

oospore depressed-globose,

filling oogonium, wall

smooth.
▼eg. cell

L 20-70u

W 10-14u

oogonium

24-30

32-38

oospore

23-26

30-35

9-13

9-10

antherldium

Davidson: May 1949 (Bold)#1941.
24. Oedogonlum Lemmermannll Tiff.

(Tiffany 37 f)

(Oedogonlum cardlacum v. minus Lemm.

of Tiffany 30 f)

oogonium 1 , subglobose, pore supramedlan to

Dioecious;
nearly superior;

oospore globose,

not filling oogonium, wall

smooth.
female veg.
male veg.

oell

oell

W 16-28u

L 25-75u
25-75

14-23

oogonium

35-50

30-45

oospore

28-40

28-42

5- 6

12-16

antherldium
Obion:

shallow south shore of Isom Lake 10 July 1949 #1267.

25. Oedogonlum macrandrlum Wlttr.
Dioecious;

oogonla 1-4,

division superior;

(Tiffany f)

globose-ovold,

oospore globose,

operculate,

rarely ovoid-globose,

not completely filling oogonium, wall smooth;
of filament may be shortly aplculate;
oogonium,

stipe quite curved,

female veg.

dwarf male on or near

sometimes 2-3 celled,
L 45-100u

W 16-20u

oogonium

43- 54

36-42

oospore

33- 39

31-37

dwarf male stipe

24- 33

12-13

7- 10

9-10

antherldium
Knox:

cell

terminal oell

culture at c o l l e c t o r ^ home 16 Aug. 1949 #1766.

26. Oedogonlum maorandrlum v. aemulens Hlrn.
The variety Is smaller than the typical.

N.

(Tiffany f)
The oogonla

are in series of 2-9.
▼eg. oell

L

22-90u

W 10-16U

oogonium

33-45

28-42

oospore

26-36

26-36

dwarf male stipe

20-26

7-10

antherldium
Montgomery:

9-12

6- 9

clinging to stick in huge spring near Peaoher'c

Mill 18 March 1949 #2093.

KM.

27. Oedogonlum multlsporum Wood.
Dioecious;

oogonla 1-3;

(Tiffany f)

subovold or subglobose* pore

superior; oospore globose* nearly filling oogonium* wall
smooth; dwarf male a little curved or nearly erect* near
or on oogonium.
▼eg. cell

10-30u

W 10r*15u

oogonium

27-33

24-36

oospore

24-30

27-30

dwarf male stipe

26-30

10-11

7-9

7- 9

antherldium
Knox:

L

culture at collector's home 27 Aug. 1949 #1865 - Gib­

son: slough beside hwy U.S.45 south of Greenfield 16 Jbne
1960 #2270.
28. Oedogonlum Orysae Wlttr.
Monoecious; oogonla 1-2*
snbeylindric, pore superior;

(Tiffany f )
scarcely tumid, aubovoid or
oospore same form as oogonium*

nearly filling It, or sometimes enlarging it, wall smooth;
terminal oell of filament aouminate.

veg.

cell

L 36-120u

W 24-39u

oogonium (upper series)

60- 95

45-55

oogonium (lower series)

45- 57

43-53

oospore

44- 80

41-51

Davidson: May 1949 (Bold)#1941.
29. Oedogonlum pratense Trans.
Dioecious;

oogonium 1-2,

broadly pyriform,

operculate,

NM.
(Prescott f)(Tiffany f)

subdepressed-globose or
division median, narrow but

distinct; oospore depressed-globose or subglobose,
or nearly filling oogonium,
female veg.
male veg.

cell

wall smootn.
L 25-95u

W 10-17u

32-82

8-15

oogonium

35-50

33-40

oospore

28-35

32-38

antnerldium

13-18

10-14

Sumner:

cell

filling

cultured from collection on rocks in small stream

by hwy U.S.31-E northeast of Oallatin 27 March 1950 #2198.
AM.
30. Oedogonlum Prlngshelmll Cramer.
Dioecious;

oogonla 1-6,

division superior;

(Prescott f)(Tiffany f)

subovoid-globose,

oospore globoee,

operculate,

nearly filling oogonium;

antherldia in series up to ten, alternating frequently with
vegetative cells.
female veg.
male veg.
oogonium

cell
cell

L 28-100u

W 14-20u

24- 64

12-16

36- 46

35-43

oospore

L

30-37u

6- 9

antherldium

W 30-37u
10-15

Obion: margins of Heelfoot Lake among aquatics 14 Juno 1950
#2256.

FK.

31* Oedogonlum Prlngsnelmll v. Nordstedtll Wlttr.

(Pres­

cott f)(Tiffany 30 f)
Dioecious;

oogonla 1- 2 , subovoid-globose,

division superior;
female veg.

oospore globose,

oell

L

operculate,

not filling oogonium,
20-?6u

W 10-26u

made veg. oell

18-68

9-15

oogonium

36-45

28-39

oospore

26-34

27-34

8-9

9-12

antherldium

#1567 varies down to 9u broad for the female filaments and
28u broad for the oospores.

Knox:

on rocKs in Ft. Loudon

Lake erabayment at Blue Grass 23 July 1949 #1559 - marshy
backwater #1567 - Montgomery:
March 1949 #2096.

NK.

32. Oedogonlum pungens Hlrn.
Dioecious;

field pond at Meriwether 18

(Prescott f)(Tiffany f)

oogonium 1, subdepressed-globose to subglo­

bose, pore median or supramedlan;
filling oogonium,
curved,

oospore subglobose almost

outer wall echinate;

dwarf male a little

on suffultory oell.

veg. oell

L 50—128u

W 12-16u

oogonium

40-

50

40-48

oospore (with spines)

35-

43

37— 44

dwarf male 6tipe
antherldium

L 20-30u

W

9-12u
6-12

6-15

Knox: culture at collector's home 27 Aug. 1949 #1865 Montgomery:

field pond at Meriwether 18 March.1950 #2097.

NS .
33. Oedogonlum puslllum Kirch.
Monoecious;

(Prescott f)(Tiffany f)

oogonium 1-7, subblconic-elllpttc or sub-

blconic—globose; seen from above, circular, margin even;
operculate,

division wide (up to 2 .5u); oospore elliptic

or globose, generally constricted at equator, not quite
filling oogonium, wall smooth.
veg. cell

L 10-60u

W

3- 6u

oogonium

15-25

14-16

oospore

13-15

11-13

5-6

3-4

antherldium

Knox: culture at collector's home 27 Aug. 1949 #1865.
34. Oedogonlum rectangulare (Rich)Tiff.

P.

(Tiffany 34 f)

(Oedogonlum concatenatum v. rectangulare Rich of
Tiffany 30 f)
Dioecious;

oogonium 1-6, subovoid or quadrangular-

elliptic, pore superior; oospore quadrangular-elliptic,
membrane thick, middle layer of spore wall with pits in
longitudinal rows and about 15 transverse rows; the sufful­
tory cell swollen.

The pitted oospore and swollen sufful­

tory oells form good distinctions for the species,
veg. cells
suffultory cell

L ?5-400u
88-155

W 32-36u
60

259

oogonium

L 76-105

oospore

W

67- 95

56
48-56

Gibson - Obion: middle pond fertilized for fish raising on
Abe Shatz' farm 8 July 1949 #1235.
35 . Oedogonlum Rlchterlanum Leram.
Monoecious;
superior;
elliptic),

(Tiffany f)

oogonla 1-2, obovold or subelllptic, pore

oospore subovold or subelllptic (rarely globosefilling or not filling oogonium, wall smooth,
L 36-126U

veg. cell

W 12-21u

oogonium

48-74

36-48

oospore

43-59

35-43

6-10

12-15

antherldium

Knox: culture at collector's home 27 Aug. 1949 #1865.
36. Oedogonlum Rothll Prings.
Dioecious;

oogonla 1-3,

(Tiffany f)
subdepres 6ed-globose, opercu­

late, division median, narrow; oospore depressed-globose,
almost filling oogonium, wall smooth.
veg. cell

L 20-76u

W

6-10u

oogonium

16-27

20-27

oospore

14-20

17-25

dwarf male

11-12

4

Shelby: Joe Priestly*s aquarium 814 Adams St. Memphis 19
March 1950 #2130 - monkey moat at Memphis Zoologioal Gardens
19 March 1950 #2131.

F.

37. Oedogonlum sexangulare Cleve.
Dioecious;

(Prescott f)(Tiffany f)

oogonium 1-2, sexangular-elliptic, pore a

little above median;

oospore same form aa oogonium and

nearly filling it, wall smooth;
cell,

slightly curved,
veg.

dwarf male on suffultory

with 2-3 curved stJpe cells,

cell

L 30-110u

W

9-16u

oogonium

33-39

29-33

oospore

31-36

27-31

dwarf male stipe

21-30

7- 9

9-12

6- 7

antherldium

Henry: pond north of Paris near Kentucky state line by hwy
Tenn. 54 14 June 1950 #2243.

imSFKML.

38. Oedogonlum sphaerlco- lnconsplcuum sp. nov.
Fig.

PI. 17,

6.
Dioecious;

operculate,

oogonla 1-2,

spherical for Inflated portion,

division median,

or medium width; oospore spheri

cal, filling inflated part of oogonium,
veg. cell

L 15-35u

wall smooth,
W

3-5u

oogonium

14-16

14-16

oospore

13-15

13-15

Quite possibly additional observations might neccessitate the reassignment of this plant to 0. lnconspicuum H i m ,
out for the present it is separated on tne basis of the con­
sistently spherical oospores and wider division of the oper­
culum.

Obion - Lake: Reelfoot Lake around Nix Towhead 15

June 1950 #2263.
39. Oedogonlum subglobosum (Wlttr.)Tlff.

(Tiffany 34 f)

(Oedogonlum hystrlx v. subglobosum Wlttr.

of Tiffany f)

Dioecious;

oogonium single,

elliptic, pore median;

oospore elliptic, nearly filling oogonium,

outer wall

echinate.
female veg. cell

L 30-120u

W l?-28u

oogonium

46-65

38-48

oospore

43-55

37-46

dwarf male stipe

22-25

10-11

antherldium

9-14

6-8?

Obion: Heelfoot Lake margins around Nix Towhead 16 June
1949 **263.
40. Oedogonlum subplenum Tiff.
(Oedogonlum Areschougll

(Tiffany 37

f)

v. amerlcanum Tiff, of Tiffany,

1930 )
Dioecious; oogonla 1-3 subdepressed or depressed-pyriform-globose, operculate,

division median, wide; oospore

globose, rarely subdepressed-globose, not completely filling
oogonium longitudinally, wall sraootn; vegetative cells capltellate; dwarf male obovoid, unicellular, on oogonium,
veg. cell

L 35-75u

W

8-13u

oogonium

36-40

34-39

oospore

22-25

22-26

androsporangium

10-12

9-10

antherldium

13-15

6- 7

#2198 differs from the description of the variety in that
its oospore does fill the oogonium completely.

Sumner: rocks

of small stream by hwy U.S.31-E north of Gallatin 27 March
1950 #2198.

41 • Oedogonlum upeallense Wlttr.
Monoecious;
pore superior;
wall smootn;
ternating;

(Tiffany f)

oogonium 1 , obovold or suboblong-elliptic,

oospore same shape as and rilling oogonium,

antherldium,

oogonium,

and vegetative cell al­

vegetative cell? varying greatly In size In the

same filament.
veg. cell

L 55-160u

oogonium

W 13-20u

66-100

oospore
antherldium

45-50

60- 75

42-47

7- 10

15-18

G-reene: marsh formed by road building by hwy Tenn.70 near
North Carolina stRte line 25 June 1949 #923.

42. Oedogonlum varlans Wlttr. & Lund.
Monoecious,

(Prescott f)(Tiffany f)

or sometimes dioecious;

oogonium 1, rarely

more, depressed or subdepressed-pyrlform-globose, pore
supramedlan or nearly superior;
oogonium,

oospore globose, not filling

wall smooth, antheridla In long series up to nine,

veg. cell

L 35-144U

W 12-16u

oogonium

34-55

34-50

oospore

30-41

30-41

antherldium
Davidson:

5- 7

11-15

fishpool by greenhouse on Vanderbilt University

campus 17 March 1950 #2160 - Henry:

ditch drain from small

marsh by Wallace Motor Court south or Henry by hwy U.S.79

19 March 1950 #2120.

43« Oedogonlum vulgare (Wlttr.)Tirf.

(Tiffany 37 f )

(Oedogonlum oryptoporum v. vulgare Wlttr.
Monoecious;
pore median;

oogonla 1-5,

of Tiffany 30 f)

subdepreseed-obovotd-globose,

oospore eubdepressed-globose filling oogonium,

wall smooth.
veg.

cell

L 15-48u

oogonium

W

5- 8u

' 18-26

18-25

15-19

16-23

9-12

5- 7

oospore
antnerldlum

*2093 differs from the typical In that tne oospore does not
fill the oogonium longitudinally,
a form Illustrated by Tiffany,

but this Is true also for

1930.

Montgomery;

clinging

to stem in huge spring near P e a o n e r ‘s mill 18 March 1950
*2093.

Cladophorales
Cladophoraceae
BASICLADIA Hoffmann and Tllden 1930
Baslcladla Chelonum (Col.)Hoff. & Tild.
f)

PI. 18, Fig.

2.

Filaments or Cladophora-llke ceils,
the baee,

(Prescott f)(Smith

branched only near

or rarely at right angles in the upper portions;

cells near the base are very long,

10 diameters or more,

plants growing conspicuously on shells of the snapping tur­
tle, although rarely they may be found on others,

(#2040 e.g.,

which came from what the collector listed as a dry-land

terrapin).

*'11 aments W 35-50u.

Tild. ere over 50u broad.
wnich grow intermingled,
1948.

Knox:

Those of B. crassa Hoff.

&

Differences between the two species
are convincingly reported by Hamilton

from turtle in pond near Kimberlln Heights 22

June 1939 (Bold)unnumbered-^ - Sumner: land terrapin snell
near Mitchellvlile 7 March 1950 (Shanks)#2040 - Obion:
snapping turtle*s back in Bayou du Chien near Biological
Station 2 July 1949 #1144 - snapping turtle*s snell in Marvin
Hayes* Fisn House at Samburg 12 July 1949 #1314.
CLADOPHORA Kuetzlng 1843
The fresn water representatives of this genus form
macroscopically large,

sometimes coarse tufts of branching

filaments composed of long,

often multlnucleate,

cells.

The chloroplast Is characteristically a reticulate cylinder,
out may dissociate to form a network of small discoid cnloroplasts.

Reproduction is by zoospores and lsogsmetes pnd

all plants begin life attached,

some remaining permanently

so.
The species concepts employed here are tnose of Phinney,
1945, which tne writer has found somewhat more employable
than earlier definitions of Collins,
1. Lake or still water species, with
apical ends of the cells often en­
larged somewhat,

filaments appear

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

et al.

dichotomous or tricJiotomous in branching
due to displacement of lateral branches.......
...........................

C»

aegagroplla Kuetz.

1. Mainly running water species, without
conepiouous or frequent enlargement of
tne apical ends of cells, branching
distinctly lateral..............................
2. Branches ascending,

2

forming fairly

acute angles with main filament,
successive branches gradually re­
duced in size,

sometimes forming

glomerate fascicles (3. glomerate (L* )Kuetz.
2. Branches at wide angles from main
filaments,

never forming fascicles.........

....................

orlpata (Roth)Kuetz.

1 Cladophora aegagroplla Kuetz.

(Phinney)

PI. 18, Fig. 4.

Plants considerably branched and bushy in form,

(al­

though it has not been found in the region rolled into
Cladophora "balls'*) ultimate branches not differing greatly
in size from main ones,

cells of any branches may be swollen

at the apical end or at middle.

Profuse branching,

often

appearing to be dichotomous or trichotomous by displacement,
further dlllneates the species.

W 50—90u.

This is the common still-water Cladophora, and it may
be found in considerable quantity along the T. V. A. chain
of lakes,

in Reelfoot,

or numerous small lakes.

Colbert(Ala.)i around summer cottage dock on Wilson Dam embayment 16 June 1950 #2280 - Obion: slough at Spillway 15
June 1950 - #2269 - Obion - Lake: margins of Reelfoot Lake
14 June 1950 #2254 - around Nix Towhead 15 June 1950 #2266.
2. Cladophora orlepata (Roth)Kuetz.
cott f)

(Collins)(Phinney)(Pres­

PI. 18, Fig. 6.

Branches diverging at conspicuously wide angles, giving
the impression of dichotomy, no glomerate fascicles formed;
cells generally cylindrical.
is a running water form.

W 50u or more.

This species

Campbell: limestone pools at en­

trance of small stream to Norris Lake in Cove Creek Inlet
12 April 1947 #628^ - Smith: on limestone in fairly fast
stream by hwy U.8.70-N five miles west of South Carthage
16 March 1950 #2058 - Montgomery: puddle from seep in old
city quarry of Clarksville near Collins Bridge over Red
River 5 Nov. 1949 (Clebsch)#2032 - Shelby: attached to float
in Mississippi River at Memphis docks 30 June 1949 #1081.
VFKL.
3. Cladophora glomerata (L.)Kuetz.
(Prescott f)

(Collins)(Phinney)

PI. 18, Fig. 6.

Branches with narrower angles than

orlspata and a

tendency for the reduction in size by successive branching,
the ultimate branches being the narrowest; fascicles some­
times formed; cells cylindrical.

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

W 50u or more.

This species

is & running water form.
In the sense used here this name includes most of what
has been identified as (3. ca-lllcoma Kuetz., C_. Kuetzinglana
Grun., and G. uberrima Lambert.

Intergradations between

all the forms described as these species are apparent when
a considerable number of specimens are examined.
Tennessee:

location and date unspecified1 - Jefferson: on

rocks in swift outflow (53°) of Cherokee Dam 25 June 1949
#905 - Knox:

clinging to limestone rubble in moderately

sized valley stream, Love's Creek, near hwy U.S.ll-E east
of Knoxville 14 March 1950 #2041 - Davidson: rocky stream in
ravine on Little Marrowbone Creek Road north of Nashville
20 Aug. 1949 #1827 - Montgomery: ravine east of Greenwood
Cemetery at edge of small stream 17 Dec. 1949 (Clebsch)
#2036.

VK.

PITHOPHORA Wittrock 1877
The branches formed in this genus are almost at right
angles to the main filaments, and there seems to be a ten­
dency for the first cross walls in a branch to form some
distance above its Junction.
This sort of division does occur in Rhlzoolonlum fontanum Kuetz., however.

The notable character of the genus

is the presence of conspicuous aklnetes which occupy various
cells (sometimes alternating with vegetative oells) and

1 Reported in Phinney, 1945

268.

which have been uBed as a b asis for species distinctions.
1. Branches of three orders,

cell length

up to about six times the width......
P. oedogonia (Mont.)Wittr
1. Branches almost always of a single
order only, cells often so long that
the plants may seem to be completely
coenocytic
1. Plthophora kewensls Wittr.
Fig.

P. kewensls Wittr
(Heering 21 f)(Smith)

PI. 19,

3.
The chief differentiating character ascribed to this

species is the single order of branching.

An additional

characteristic employed here is the extremely long cell
which may be more tnan ten times the width,

so long at

times that a siphonaceous condition is approached.

It is

quite possible that this name is properly applied to the
sterile material on which the Florida report of Wolle is
based,

as well as Cladophora pithophoroldes Phinney (1945).

Dr. Phinney feels that the long-celled condition inter­
grades imperceptibly into ordinary P. oedogonia (Mont.)
Wittr.,

and it well may be that additional observations will

lead the writer to the same opinion.
Campbell: Cove Lake at Junction of hwys U.S.25-W and Tenn.
63 13 June 1950 #2229 - Davidson: Valley Lake near Nashville
20 Aug. 1949 #1810-1 - Colbert - Lauderdale (Ala. ): attache'3

to concrete of Wilson Dam 4 Sept. 1949 (Hall)#194? - Mont­
gomery:

aoove and below lock B on Cumberland River 93 Sept.

1949 (Clebsch)#193— 9 - pond at corner of Dotsonville Road
9 Oct.

1949 (Clebsen)#2028.

NF.

2. Plthopnora oedogonia (Mont.)Wlttr.
(Prescott f)(Smith f)

(Collins)(Phinney)

PI. 19, Fig. 4.

As differentiated in the traditional system of classlfl
cation this species has consistently cosk-sh^ped,

intercalar

aklnetes a^out 830 x 115u in size, the filament width being
aoout 70u.

As understood here P. oedogonia includes those

specimens from about 7C-119u broad, with three orders of
branching and a cell length never more than six times the
width.

The aklnetes are variously shaped,
branched,

spherical,

cy­

lindrical,

barrel-shaped,

but never consistently

nex&gonal,

as are those of the ot'opr species rerorted from

southeastern United State, P. Roettlerl
aquarium at Univ.

Tenn.

(Roth)Wittr.

Knox:

botr-.nic°l laboratory 16 May 1947

#692^- - Montgomery: woods pond east of Shady Grove 3 Sept.
1949 #1910 - Lake:

Cranetown nesting area In cypress swamp

5 July 1949 #1176-ei - Shelby: Joe Priestly*a aquarium ei4
Adams St. Memphis 30 June 1949 #1082.

VF.

RHIZOCLQNIUM Kuetzlng 1843
This genus contains both unbranched and branched fila­
mentous forms.

However, a transition of branched forms may

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

be observed through snort unicellular side stumps to multicellular branches of indefinite length.
almost at right angles,

The branching is

and the first cross wall of the

branches are formed away from the Junction.

These two char­

acters distinguish the genus from Cladophora spp.
tion,

In addi­

if one accepts the genus categories as they are now

established,

the branched Rhizoolonlum spp. are far smaller

than the least Cladophora.
able in appearance,

The chloroplast,

although vari­

is Identical with that of Cladophprat

a reticulate plate or a pattern of small chloroplasts.
1. Filaments branched to some extent,
from unicellular stumps to multicellular branches of indefinite
length,

cell 17-25u broad.. R. fontanum Kuetz.

1. Filaments unbranched...................................

2

2. Cells from about 17-80u b r oad...............
.............. R. hieroglyphlcum (Ag.)Kuetz.
possibly including R. hieroglyphlcum v.
macromeres Wittr. with thicker walls
2. Cells over 200u broa d . •• R. glganteum Silva
1. Rhizoolonlum fontanum Kuetz.
PI. 18, Fig.

(Collins)(Prescott f)

3.

Branching filamentous with long cells;

chloroplasts

reticulate or broken; branches of one order arising from
the middle of cells, more or less at right angles to the

271.

parent filament and cross walls are laid down some distance
from It, or,

In the case of short-pointed branches,

no wall

Is laid down at all, varying from mere stumps to pluricellular elongated branches.

W 18-25u.

This species Is distinguishable from the other two in­
cluded nere by its branching.
untenable,

Perhaps such a separation is

but there are consistently branched plants and

consistently unbranched ones.
Tennessee: location and date unspecified^* - Davidson: fish
pool by greenhouse on Vanderbilt University campus 17 March
1950 #2060 - C o lbert(Ala.): erabayment of Wilson Lake 16 June
1950 #2282 - Obion - Lake: Reelfoot Lake around Nix Towhead
15 June 1950 #2263.

V.

2. Rhizoolonlum glganteum sp. nov.

PI. 19, Fig. 2.

Unbranched filaments of cylindrical cells;
reticulate as is characteristic for the genus;
drical,

l£-3 diameters long,

chloroplast
cells cylin­

cells 240-280u broad.

In

dried condition the filaments tend to have a kinky appear­
ance which is not so noticeable in fresh specimens.

The

type specimens differ from R. hieroglyphlcum (Ag.)Kuetz.
by their enormous size,

the largest recorded for a unlser-

iate filament in strictly fresh water.

The largest R.

hieroglyphlcum encountered in this study was about 80u
broad.

Cheatham:

in rocky limestone creek near Turnbull

1 Reported in Phinney, 1945

Greek between Cragie Hope and Kingston Springs 21 July 1950
(Sharp)#2306.
3. Rhizoolonlum hieroglyphlcum (Ag.)Kuetz.
cott f)(Smith)

(Collins)(Pres­

PI. 19, Fig. 1.

Unbranched filaments of long cells;
culate or broken;

cells W 20-80u.

chloroplast reti­

This name Is being used

in the “catch-all" sense for the consistently unbranched
Rhizoolonlum specimens except for the huge ones over 200u
broad.

Varieties Hosfordll

(Hazen)Col.

and macromeres Wittr.

cannot be differentiated on a basis of size, although cell
wall thickness may be a valid differentiating character in
the case of the last mentioned.

Moreover,

the large speci­

mens are within the size range of what is described as
Rhlzoclonium Hookerl Kuetz.,
frequently branched.
date-*- - Knox:

but that species is said to be

Tennessee:

unspecified location and

in old filled lily pond at I Jams* place 20

July 1949 #1512 - forming extensive mats along waterline
of Ft. Loudon Lake near Concord 27 Aug. 1949 #1866 - Putnam:
stranded pool of Caney Creek at hwy U.S.70-N bridge pier 14
June 1949 #818 - artificially channeled stream near hwy U.S.
70-N bridge 14 June 1949 #823 - Jackson(Ala.): Guntersville
Lake at hwy U.S.72 bridge north of Scottsboro 17 Aug. 1950
#2293 - Moore:

stream by spring at Cumberland Springs 29

June 1949 #1039 - Davidson:

1 Reported in Phinney, 1945

concrete pools of Kelly*s Kennels

at Nashville 20 Aug. 1949 #1822 - Colbert(Ala.): cold water
spring at Tuacumbia 4 Oct. 1949 (Hall)#1954 - Montgomery:
bank of Cumberland River at Clarksville 1 Nov. 1949 (Clebsch)
#2022-3 - rainwater lake In river bottom near Edmonson's
Ferry 31 Dec. 1949 (Clebsch)#2038 - Obion - Lake: margins
of Reelfoot Lake 15 June 1950 #2269.

There were numerous

additional collections of the species, but only enough are
listed to indicate that it may be found throughout the re­
gion, from mountains to the Mississippi, in sufficiently aer­
ated waters.

NFK.

4. Rhizoolonlum hieroglyphlcum v. macromeres Wittr.

(Collins)

(Prescott)
This is described by Collins as having cells 20-30u
broad, and 5-12 diameters long, but Phinney refers to it as
a thicker-walled form of the typical.

Tennessee: unspeci­

fied location and date.1

Sphaeropleales
Sphaeropleaceae
SPHAEROPLEA Agardh 1824
Sphaeroplea annullna (Roth)Ag.

(Heering 21 f)(Smith f)

PI. 19, Fig. 5.
Long cylindrical cells united into unbranched filaments,
recognizable in vegetative condition because of the numerous

1 Reported in Phinney, 1945

septations of cytoplasm, with vacuoles between them, giving
a sort of ladder effect In the cell; end walls are unevenly
thickened,

side wails relatively thin.

Ceils L 250-1400u;

W 27-72u,
Peculiar reproductive characteristics set the species
orf from the other green algae.

After repeated multipli­

cation has produced many nuclei in the gametangial cells,
each nucleus le surrounded by a separate protoplast, and
Becomes an egg In some cells and an antherozoid In others.
After Introduction of sperms through a lateral pore of the
gametangium,

the eggs are fertilized and become oospores

wltn thick papillose wails.

Delayed germination leaves the

oospores in the oogonium long enough to be of value in
identification.

G-ermllnge or this species are character­

istically sharp-pointed at both ends.
#1999 was a single strand among Vaucherla spp.

The

papillae on the oospores were longer than any figured or
observed from available herbarium specimens, but may be
within the normal variation of the species.
Montgomery: ditch by Daniel St. Clarksville 4 April 1949
(Clebsch)#1999,

Slphonales
Dichotomoslphonaceae
DICHOTOMOSIPHON Ernst 1902
Dlchotomoslphon tuberosus (A. Braun)Emst.

(Prescott f)

(Smith f)

PI.

20, Pigs.

3,4.

Coenocytlc filaments,

without cross walls,

dlchotomously

branched and constricted at the branches immediately identify
tnis

species,

lakes;

which usually grows deep under water in clear

sexual reproduction oogamous as in Vaucheria, the

ocgonia are large and spherical,

terminal on recurved branches

the antheridia tubular, borne on terminal branches alongside
tne oogonlal branches,
minal pore.

antherozoids released through a ter­

Filaments W 40-125u.

Lake 30 June 1931

(Bold)unnumbered.^

the same site in August,
cover this plant

Blount: Montvale Springs
A thorough search of

1950 unfortunately failed to redis­

in its 'only known locality in the region.

PHYLLOSIPhOa Kuehn 18v8
Phylloslphon Arlsarl Kuehn.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI. 20,

Figs. 1,2.
Coenocytlc,

dark green,

leaves of higher plants,
gularly,

filaments;

intercellular in

branching dlchotomously or irre­

frequently occurring as a series of oblong aplano-

spores only; appearing macroscopice11y as very dark green
wrinkled or creased patches on leaves.
Aplanospores L 5u; W 2.5u.
Jack-in-the-pulpit,

Filaments W 23-35u.

This alga is a mild parasite on

and although reported only a single time

from southeastern United States,

is probably common enough,

since it was found on the first collection of Arlsaema ex-

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

GL

aralned.

Knox: on Arlsaema trlphylla (L.jSchott on lake bank

beside hwy U.S.411 bridge at Univ. Tenn. farm 12 June 1950
#2355.

F.

Zygnematalee
Tnls order includes those green algae In which gametes
exhibit an amoeboid tendency,

the protoplasmic contents of

gametangial ceils flowing Into other.ceils or Into a common
tube formed between cells,
tents of another cell.

there to fuse with similar con­

The chloroplast, which is relatively

large and usually axial,

also is a rather good identifying

character of the group.

Of the three families In the order,

tne Zygnemataceae are entirely filamentous, whereas the
Mesotaenlaceae and Desmldiaceae are largely unicellular.
There are a few distinctly filamentous genera among the
desmlds, however, and the family distinctions are not sharp.
Zygnemataceae
MOUG-EOTIA Agardh 1824
Unbrancned filaments of cells with a flat axial chloro­
plast containing a single line or series or scattering of a
few pyrenolds are characteristic for the genus, the cells
often being proportionately rather long.

A slight twisting

in some forms implies a poseible linkage with Splrogyra, a
genus much larger In number of species, and one far more
common than Mougeotla.

277.

1. Species reproducing by zygospores
(rarely aplanospores also present)..................

2

1. Species reproducing by aplanospores
(zygospores rare or u n k n o w n ) .........................

7

2. Sporangia not extending Into gametangla..............................................

3

?. Sporangia extending into both
gametangla..........................................
3. Zygospores globose,
or elliptic,

subglobose,

6

ovoid,

longer axis parallel with

conjugation tube.................................

4

3. Zygospores with longer axis at right
angles to conjugation tubes

...................

4. Diameter or vegetative ceils less
tnrn 12u,

spores asymmetrically

elliptic,

outer oogonlal wall a

thick pectic l a yer .......

M. tublfera Tiff.

4. Diameter of vegetative cells
24-40u,

spores symmetrical,

oogonlal walls not p e c t i c ...............
...............

M. genuflexa (Dillw.)Ag.

5. Vegetative cells 18-21u,

median spore

wall shallow scrobiculate M. operculata Trane.
5. Vegetative cells less than 16u broad,
median spore wall p u n c t a t e .....................
M. depressa (Hass.)Wittr.

5

6. Vegetative ceils 14-21u broad,
spore wall smooth,

zygospores

quadrate with rounded corners,
over 50u in diameter. M. capuolna (Bory)Ag.
6. Vegetative cells 5-7u,
minutely verruco3e,

spore wall

sides concavely

quadrate........ M. gracilima (Hass. )Wittr.
7. Diameter of vegetative cells 4-5u.............
.......................

M. tenerrlma G-. S. West

7. Diameter of vegetative cells 6-9u............ .
M. ventrlco3a (Wittr.)Col.
1. Mougeotla capuclna (Bory)Ag.

(Czurda ?)(Transeau)

Vegetative cells L 75-200u; W 14-21u,
tached to four cells;

spore quadrete with rounded corners

and concave sides, walls smooth.

Spores W 60-100u.

Mougeotla depressa (Hass.)Wlttr.

pended between two filaments;

NFA.

(Czurda f)(Transeau)

Vegetative cells L 35-135u; W 7-12u.

punctate.

sporangium at­

Sporangium sus­

spore elliptic, middle wall

Spores L 20-32u; W 12-14u.

3. Kougeotla genuflexa (Dlllw.)Ag.

NF.

(Czurda f)(Transeau)

Vegetative filaments frequently with knee-like bends L 70200u; W 25-39u.

Sporangium attached to two cells, not in­

terrupting filamentous continuity;

conjugation in tube be­

tween cells of separate filaments,

or adjacent cells of the

same filament;

spore oval to spherical, wall smooth.

Spores W 30-40U.

G-FL.

4. Mougeotla graclllma (Haes.)Wittr.
PI.

(Czurda f)(Transeau)

22, Fig. 1.
Vegetative cells L 40-150u; W 5-7u.

attached to four cells,
sides,

Zygospore c^se

spore four-angled with concave

rounded corners, median wall minutely verrucose.

Spores W 20-25u.

Cherokee(N.C.): dripping cliff near Hiwas-

see Dam powerhouse 14 Aug. 1949 #1748.
5. Mougeotla operculata Trans.

(Transeau)

Vegetative ceils L 60-285u; W 18-21u.
two undivided gametangia;

Sporangia between

zygospore compressed spheroid, with

prominent equatorial ridge, median wall shallowly scrobiculate, pale yellow.

NF.

6 * Mougeotla tenerrima G. S. West.
Vegetative cells 4-5u.

(Czurda f)(Transeau)

Aplanospores ovoid or elliptic.

Spores L 24-25u; W 12-I3u (in descriptions), Tennessee speci­
mens L 25-30u; W 16-20u%

Polk: coating on dripping rocks

by hwy U.S.64 near Ocoee Dam #3 14 Aug. 1949 #1758 - Knox:
culture at c o l l e c t o r ^ home 16 Aug. 1949 #1765.
7. Mougeotla tublfera Tiff.

(Transeau)

Vegetative cells L 90-400u; W 9-10u.

Aplanospores

asymmetrically ovoid, bulged on one side, walls smooth.
Spores L 33-45u; W 27-30u.

Peculiar characteristics of this

species are the unusual length and the frequent twisting of
the conjugation tubes.

NF.

8. Mougeotla ventrloosa (Wittr.)Col.

(Czurda f)(Transeau)

PI. 22, Figs. 2,3.
Vegetative cells L 30-150u; W 5-9u.

Aplanospores el

280.

liptic with smooth walls.

L 16-29u; W 12-21u.

Actually,

#1761 only approximates this species, since the filaments
are slightly too large (10u) and the median wall of the
aplanospore is more yellow-brown than the grey-brown as ori­
ginally described.

Polk:

coating on dripping rock by hwy

U.S.64 14 Aug. 1949 #1761.
SIhOGKJNIUM Kuetzing 1843
Slrogonlum stlctlcum Kuetz.

(Smith f)(Transeau)

PI. 23,

Fig. 5.
Filaments of cylindrical cells,

unbranched; chloroplasts

3 or 4 nearly straignt or slightly twisted ribbons,

containing

pyrenoids which appear similar to those of Splrogyra.
tative cell L 60-250u; W 38-62u.

Conjugation by Juxtaposi­

tion of cells without conjugation tubes;
or cylindric-elliptic,

Vege­

zygospores elliptic

somewhat variable in length,

about l£ times the width, median wall brown.

averaging

Zygospore L

SO-lOOu; Vi 40-60u.
The line between this and some Splrogyra spp.

in which

the chloroplast barely turns, is not well drawn, but the
complete lack of conjugation tubes provides a clear distinc­
tion.
Montgomery:

farm pond by hwy U.S.41 alt. near Ringgold 18

March 1950 #2082 - clinging to stem in huge spring near
Peacher*s Mill 18 March 1950 #2093 - ditch pond by hwy Tenn.
13 near Kentucky state line 18 March 1950 #2104.

FK.

SPIROGYRA Link 1820
This genus Is one of the most easily recognizable
among all algae because of the unmistakable spiral and ribbon-like chloroplasts containing several pyrenoids in a sin­
gle series.

The number of chloroplasts may vary from 1 to

6 (or more) according to species.

Second to the diatoms,

Splrogyra is the great algal pioneer in aquatic environments.
Transeau includes over 250 species in his forthcoming mono­
graph and no doubt many more will be found in studies of
local floras.

Only Oedogonlum, among filamentous algae,

compares with it in utter prolificness.
Unfortunately Splrogyra species do not grow and sporu—
late as freely in the laboratory as does Oedogonlum so that
far fewer are reported here, but Splrogyra is the more common
genus of the two in Tennessee.
1.

End walls of vegetative cells plane................

2

1.

End walls of vegetative cells replicate............

22

2. Tubes formed by projections from
both gametangla...................................

3

2. Tubes formed almost completely by
male gametangla............

S. liana Trans.

3.

Cells with one chloroplast..........................

4

3.

Cells with more than one chloroplast...............

9

4. Spores uniform in shape..........................

5

4. Spores distinctly polymorphic..............
........................

S. pratensis Trans.

Spores elliptic In outline.....................
Spores ovoid or cyllndric-ovoid...............
6. Sporangia cyllndric or merely in­
flated by enclosed spores, vegeta­
tive filaments 18-26u broad................
.................. S. communis (Hass.)Kuetz.
6. Sporangia definitely inflated on
both sides, vegetative cells lv-20u
broad...................

S. pratenels Trans.

Vegetative cell diameter usually less
tnan 40u broad................ .................
Vegetative cell diameter 40-50u.... ..........
.......

S. portloalls (Muell.)Cleve

8. Zygospore diameter less tnan 30u,
chloroplast relatively narrow,
spores l£ times as long as broad...........
S. pseudojuergensll Silva
8- Zygospore diameter 28-38u, chloro­
plast broad,

spores twice as long

as broad.......... S. longata (Vauch.)Kuetz.
Median spore wall smooth.......................
Median spore wall not smooth, wrinkled
and pitted

.........

S. fluvlatllls Hllse

10. Fertile cells cyllndric or enlarged
by the spores...............................
10. Fertile cells inflated......................
£. neglecta (Hass. )Kuetz.

11. Spores elliptic or cylindric-elliptlc

12

11. Spores ovoid or cyllndrlc-ovoid......

18

12. Vegetative cells usually less
tnan 45u broad....................

13

12. Vegetative cells usually over
45u b r o a d .....................

15

13. Cells with 3 (sometimes 2) chloroplasts,
making 1-i- turns,

cells 40-44u b r o a d ..........

..........................

S. F u e l l e b o m e l Schm.

13. Cells with 2 (3) chloroplasts,
2^-3^ turns,

making

cells 41u or less broad

14. Cells with 2 chloroplasts,
turns,

14

making

cells 35-38u bro a d . .........

.......................

S. mlcrospora Jao

14. Cells with 2-3 chloroplasts,
making 2£-3£ turns,

cells 36-

41u b r oad.......

rlvularls (Hass.)Rab.

3.

15. Vegetative cells 45-60u b r o a d ......

16

15. Vegetative cells over 60u b r o a d ....................

17

16. Vegetative cells less than 48u
broad

S. hyallna Cleve

16. Vegetative cells 48-54u b r oad............
....................... j3. columblana Czurda
17. Vegetative ceils 60-80u b r oad..... ......... .
S. nitida (Dillw.)Link
17. Vegetative cells 120u or more bro a d ...........

3, elllpsospora Trans*
18. Vegetative cells lees than 60u
broad..............................................

19

18. Vegetative cells more than 60u
broad ...........................

20

19. Spores 34-48 x 48-54u...........................
........... ......... S.

trlpllcata (Col.)Trans.

19. Spores 54-64 x ?5-100u..........................
...................... £3. neglecta (Hass. )Kuetz.
20. Vegetative cells usually less than
75u b r o a d ..........................................

21

20. Vegetative cells usually over 75u
b road..........

S. jugal Is (PI. Dan. )Kuetz.

21. Cells with 3 chloroplasts,

vegetative

cells 55— 67u broad.. S ^ neglecta (Hase. )Kuetz.
21. Cells with 4 (3) chloroplasts, vege­
tative cells 60-78u,

spores usually

elliptic................

S. nltida (Dillw. )Link

22. Conjugation tubes formed more or
less equally by both gametangla.................

23

22. Conjugation tube mostly from male
gametanglua .............

S. Spreelana Rab.

23. Fertile cells cyllndric or enlarged
by spores......................................
23. Fertile cells Inflated..................
24. Zygospores elliptic..............................

24
26
25

24. Zygospores ovoid......... S. Weberl Kuetz.
25. Spores 22-86(32) x 51-103u.......
25. Spores 30-36 x 55-110u,
cells

S. arta Jao

some fertile
S. Spreelana Rab.

inflated...........

26. Vegetative cells usually ll-13u
broad,

median spore wall finely

pu nctate

S. rugosa (Trans. )Czurda

26. Vegetative cells 15-24u b r oad..................

2?

27. Vegetative cells 18-24u broad, usu­
ally over 150u long,
tubes

conjugation

variable, male generally longer........
S. Spreelana Rab.

27. Vegetative cells 15-20u

broad, usu­

ally less than 150u long,
tubes very short,

equal........ ...............

....................
1.

conjugation

S.

lnflata (Vauch.)Rab.

Splrogyra columbiana Czurda.
Vegetative cells L

(Czurda f)(Transeau)

70-110u; W 48-54u,

end walls plane;

j

usually three chloroplasts,

occasionally one or two;

tion tubes formed equally by both gametangla,
not swollen;

zygospores

Ible longitudinal seam,

conjuga­

fertile cells

elliptic, middle layer of wall

with vis

L 90-100u; W 50-70u.

edges of

Chester:

artificial lake at Chickasaw State Park 16 June 1950 #2273.
3pl**ogycommunis

(Hass. )Kuetz.

(Czurda f ) (Prescott f )

(Transeau)
Vegetative cells L 60-250u; W 18-26u,

end walls plane;

one chloroplast making 1-^— 4 turns;
both gametangla,
tic.

conjugation tubes from

fertile cells cyllndric;

L 40-70u; W 19-26u.

zygoepores ellip­

NK.

3 * Splrogyra dentlcuiata Trane.

(Transeau)

Vegetative cells L l60-400u; W 44-56u,
one chloroplast making 3— 6 turns;
ooth participating cells;
wall scrobiculate.

end walls plane;

conjugation tubes from

sporec ovoid,

inner layer of outer

L 76-130u; W 45-60u.

Rutherford:

floating

in calcareous pool near hwy U.S.70 17 May 1939 (Bold)#2937.1
4 * Splrogyra elllpsospora Trans.

(Prescott f)(Transeau)

Vegetative cells L 125-500u; W 120-lb0u,
plane;

end walls

chloroplasts three to eight with £-5 turns;

tion tubes projecting from both gametangla,
cyllndric;

conjuga­

fertile cells

zygospores elliptic or cylindric-elliptlc, wall

smooth, L l60-235u; W 100-l40u.

Montgomery:

large marsh

by hwy U.S.79 at Norfleet & Sons grocery west of Clarkevllle
14 July 1949 #1376.

K.

5. Splrogyra fluvlatllls Hilse.
(Transeau)

PI.

23, Figs.

(Czurda f)(Prescott f)

3,4.

'Vegetative cells L 70-250u; W 35-45u,
four chloroplasts making li— 4 turns;
b oth gametangla,

end walls plane;

conjugation tubes from

fertile cells swollen,

fusiform;

zygospores

ovoid; median spore wall wrinkled and irregularly pitted
(Presoott's description,

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

and true of #1613), L 70-110u; W

M.

287

54-65u.

Knox: on muddy board in oond at Carter*s Mill 2 Aug,

1949 #1613.

F.

6 * Splrogyra Fuellebornel Schm.

(Prescott f)(Tr?nseau)

Vegetative cells L 120-200u; W 40-44u,
three chloropl?sts making about l£ turns;
from both gametangiR,

end walls plane;

conjugation tubes

fertile cells cyllndric;

elliptic, wall smooth, L 06u; W 38u.

Weakley:

zygospore
roadside

marsh by hwy Tenn.22 west of Martin 8 July 1949 #1211.
7. Splrogyra hyalina Cleve.

(Transeau)

Vegetative cells L QO-lOOu; W 44u,

end walls plane;

four (2*-4) chloroplasts making aoout l£ turns;
tubes from both gametangla,

conjugation

fertile cells cyllndric;

spore ovoid, wall smooth, L 60u; W 40u.

Montgomery:

zygo­
cul­

tured from collection in stream near Foster's Cave #2 18
March 1950 #2276.
8 * Splrogyra inflate (Vauch.)Rab.

(Prescott f)(Transeau)

Vegetative cells L 50-150u; W 15-20u,
cate; one chloroplast making 3-8 turne;
very short,

from both gametangla,

flated, fusiform;
W 35-45U.

end walls repli­

conjugation tubes

fertile cells greatly in­

zygospore elliptic, wall smooth, L 60-70u;

VN.

9, Splrogyra Jugalls (FI. Dan.)Kuetz.

(Collins)(Prescott f)

(Transeau)
Vegetative cells L 100-150u; W 90-100u,

end walls plane;

three or four chloroplasts making 1-2 turns; conjugation
tubes from both gametangla,

fertile cells cyllndric,

zygo-

288.

spores elliptic or cyllndric-elliptic, L 125-150u; W 87108u.

Ooion - Lake: margins or Reelfoot Lake 15 June 1950

#2259*
1 0 * Splrogyra longata (Vauch.)Kuetz.

(Czurda f)(Prescott f)

(Transeau)
Vegetative cells L
one

60-300u; W 28-38u,

cnloroplast with 2-5 t u n s ;

gametangla,

end walls plane;

conjugation tubes from both

fertile cells cyllndric;

zygospores broadly

oval or elongate oval, bright yellow, L 60-80u; W 28-38u.
VNK*
Splrogyra mlcrospora Jao.
Vegetative ceils L
two

(Jao f)(Transeau)

64-131u; W 35-38u,

end walls plane;

chloroplasts, broad with lerge pyrenoids, making 1-^-3^

turns; conjugation lateral (scalartform in Tennessee speci­
mens) with equal projections from both gametangla,
cells cyllndric;
60u; W 26-36u.

fertile

zygospores elliptic, wall smooth, L 35Sneloy: pond at Junction of G-erber Road and

hwy U.S.64 30 June 1949 #1094.
12.

Splrogyra neglecta (Has8.)Kuetz.

(Czurda f)(Transeau)

Vegetative cells L 120-300u; W 55-67u, end walls plane;
three chloroplasts making 1^— 2^- turns; conjugation tubes from
both gametangla,

fertile cells slightly inflated;

broadly ovoid, wall smooth, yellow.
55-65u.

zygospores

Spores L 70-100u; W

Chester: artificial lake at Chickasaw State Park

16 June 1950 #2273 - Obion - Lake: Reelfoot Lake around Nix
Towhead 15 June 1950 #2264.

SK.

289

13- Splrogyra nitIda (Dillw.JLink.

(Borge & Pascner f)

(Prescott f)(Transeau)
Vegetative cells L 100-300u; W 60-70u, end walls plane;
cnioroplasts three to five,

straight or with £-l£ turns;

conjugation tubes from both gametangla,
drical;

fertile cells cylin­

zygospores elliptic with pointed ends, walls smooth,

L 90-150u; W 60-85u.
14. Splrogyra oortlcalls (Muell.)Cleve.

(Prescott f)(Tran­

seau)
Vegetative cells L 80-250u; W 39-bOu, end walls plane;
chloroplast one making 3-4 turns; conjugations tubes very
short but formed by both gametangla;
or not at all inflated;

fertile cells slightly

zygospores oval or broadly oval,

yellow, L 60-100u; W 42-50u.

FK.

Splrogyra pratensis Trans.

(Prescott f)(Transeau)

Vegetative cells L 80-100u or longer; W 17-20u,
walls plane;

chloroplasts one (or two), making 1-8 turns;

conjugation tubes from both gametangla,
flated;

end

fertile cells in­

zygospores elliptic to subcylindric-oval, walls

smooth, L 50-70u;:W 24-36u.

FK.

16. Splrogyra pseudoJuergensll Silva.

(Prescott, Silva &

Wade f )
Vegetative cells L 70-150u; W 24-30u, end walls plane;
one chloroplast making 2-4 turns; conjugation tubes from
both gametangla,

fertile cells cyllndric;

ovoid, walls smooth, L 50u; W 28u.

zygospores broadly

Knox; slowly flowing but

290.

well aerated stream through limestone country near Island
Horae (1000 ft.) April 1947 unnumbered.^
1 7 « Splrogyra rlvularls

(Hass.)Rab.

(Borge & Pascher)

(Prescott f)(Transeau)
Vegetative cells L 100-300u; W 36-41u,
cnioroplasts two or three with 2-£— 3^ turns;
tubes from b o t h gametangla,

i e * Splrogyra Spreelana Rab.
PI.

PK.

(Czurda f)(Prescott f)(Tran-

23, Figs. 1,2.

Vegetative cells L 150-400u; W 18-24u,
cate;

chloroplast one, making 1-jfc— 4 turns;

larlform,

tubes variable,

Feb.

1939

W 30-36u.

Davidson:

(Bold)#B-3935.2

chloroplasts three, making 1-2 turns;

W 34-48u.

end walls plane;

conjugation tubes from
zygosoores oval

K.

(Czurda f)(Prescott f )(Transeau)

Vegetative cells L 80-300u; W 19-30u,
cate;

zygospore elliptic,

(Prescott f)(Transeau)

fertile ceils cyllndric;

20. Splrogyra Weberl Kuetz.

fertile cells

K.

Vegetative cells L 80-160u; W 34-48u,

to subglobose, L 48-54u;

conjugation sca-

pool near Glen Echo Lake 19

19. Splrogyra triplicate (Col.)Trans.

both gametangla,

end walls repli­

male generally longer,

expanded by spore or fuslformly Inflated;
L 55-110u;

conjugation

fertile cells scarcely swollen;

zygospore elliptic, L 80-100u; W 40-55u.

seau)

end walls plane;

chloroplast one, making 3-6£ turns;

1 Reported In Prescott, Silva & Wade, 1949
2 Reported in Silva, 1949

end walls repli­
conjugation tubes

from both gametangla,
swollen;
32u.

fertile c e u e

zygospores oval,

slightly or not at nil

smooth walled, L 30-60u; W 21-

NK.

ZiG-NEMA Agardn 1824
The two star— snaped chloroplasts witn a pyrenold In the
center of eacn constitute an unmistakable identifying char­
acter of tale genus,

although the cnloroplnst snape occa­

sionally may be obscured because they so nearly fill tne
cell.

The nearest approach to tnls tyre of cnloroolast Is

in tne rather rare genus Zygogonlum, in which the chloroplast
lacks the radial aspect of the Zygnema stars.

Also Zygogonlum

may have the chloroplasts arranged In dumbbell-soaped fashion
os in some Zygnema spp.
1. Filaments exhibiting zygospores,
times aplanospores,
b r o a d .....

some­

filaments 26-32u

Z . lnslgne

(Hass. )Kuetz.

1. Filaments exhibiting aplanospores,
zygospores Infrequent or absent........... ..........

2

2. Vegetative cells lb-21u b r oad ................
........................

Zm

spontaneum Nordst.

2. Vegetative cells 44-54u bro a d ................
............................
1. Zygnema lnslgne (Hass.)Kuetz.
(Transeau)

PI.

Zm

sterile Trans.

(Czurda f)(Prescott f)

22, Fig. 4.

Vegetative cells L 30-60u; W 26-32u;

conjugation lateral;

zygospore wall smooth,
or oval, W 27-30u.

in unaltered fertile cell,

Lewis:

spherical

catch basin In Infertile rolling

country perhaps representing fragmentary plateau near Hohenwald 29 June 1949 #1072.

V.

Zygnema spontaneum Nordst.

(Transeau)

Vegetrtlve cells L 30-40u; W 16-21u;

aplanospores

yellow-brown scarcely Inflating cells, broadly oval W 20-25u.
Davidson: May 1949 (Bold)#1941.
3. Zygnema sterile Trans.

(Prescott f)(Transeau)

Vegetative cells L 22-59u; W 44— 54u, walls quite thick;
filaments often surrounded by firm pectic sheath;

cell con­

cents rather dense so that chloroplast structure is often in­
discernible;

thick walled aplanospores fill cells.

Mont­

gomery: pool in rock by Ringgold Mill 18 March 1950 #2086 Henry: gravel pit by hwy U.S.79 east of Paris 19 March 1960
#2117.

N.

ZYGOOONIUM Kuetzing 1843
Zygogonlum erlcetorum Kuetz.
Fig.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI. 22,

5.
Vegetative cells L 15-100u; W 14-24u,

swollen;

often more or less

in wet subaerial or dripping habitats long unicellu­

lar or plurioellular branches develop;
comparatively small,

cushion-llke,

a small nucleus between them;
spherical,

oval,

tween filaments,

chloroplasts two,

each with a pyrenold, with

zygospores rarely produced,

or short cylindrical,

formed laterally be­

cut off from gametangla.

Filaments W 16-

293.

20u.

Sevier:

in frozen puddle on Sugarlands Mt. trail near

Mt. Collins 7 Dec. 1946 #456^ — Polk:

on drioplng rocks by

nwy U.S.64 by Ocoee River below Ocoee Dam #3 14 Aug. 1949
#1760.

VNF.

Mesotaeniaceae
Although their chloroplasts are quite similar,

this

f a i l y differs from the Zygnemataceae most conspicuously in
its unicellular rather than filamentous habit.

At the same

time these "saccoderm desmids* differ from the Desmidiaceae
or "placoderm desmids" in several respects,

the most note­

worthy of which is growth throughout the entire new cell
after division,

rather than regeneration of a new semicell

from each of the old semiceils.

During sexual reproduction

conjugation tubes are present in the Mesotaenaceae,

but not

in the Desmidiaceae.
CYLINDROCYSTIS Meneghlni 1838
This genus of saccoderm desmids contains species with
straight cylindrical cells and rounded poles.
species included here £. amerlcana West
constricted at the midregion,

Of the two

West has sides

(an unusual character in the

saccoderm desmids) and £. Breblssonll Menegh. has parallel
sides.
1. Oyllndrocy8tls amerloena West & West.

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

(Ir^nee-Marle f)

294.

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Ceils cyllndric,

pi. 24, Fig;. 1.

slightly constricted at raidreglon, round

In end view; cnloroplasts rounded In end view.

L 40-60u.

May be confused with shorter specimens of Peninm mlnut^m
(Ralfs)Delp.
plast.

In which, however,

there is an elongated chloro—

The size range ooserved may Indicate v. minor Cush.,

but In absence of proof that there is an actual size differ­
ence between tne typical (described as 60u long) and the
variety,

(described as 44u long) the variety is not separ­

ated here.

Sevier:

ror.dside drain on Cllngroan's Dome 10

Sept. 1949 #1889 - Cumberland: rather swift stream at Ozone
16 March 1950 #2053.
2

. Cyllndrocystls

F.

Breblssonil Menegh.

(Ir^n^e-Marie f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Cells cyllndric, unconstricted at midregion, round in
end view; chloroplasts stellate.

L 40-60u; W 14-19u.

Cum­

berland: rain puddle in grass In front of New Solera Baptist
Church by hwy U.S.VO-N 16 March 1950 #2056.

NSQFK.

GONATOZIGON DeBary 1856
G-onatozygon aculeatum Hasting.
(Prescott I)(Smith f)

PI.

(Ir£n£e-Merie f) (Nordstedt)

24f Fig. 2.

Celle elongate-cyllndrlc,

sometimes undulate near the

truncate poles; median cell wall with many sharp spines.

125-300UJ W 12-20U.

NSOF.

MESOTAENIUM Naegeli 1849
1. Mesotaenlum macrococcum (Kuetz.)Roy.

(Nordstedt)(Pres-

L

295

cott I)

PI. 24, Fig. 3.

Cells ovrl or cy'l indric-oval In outline; terrestrial,
embedded in Jelly; chloropiast lamlnat®,
stellate ones or Cyllndrocystls).

(compare with the

L 22-38u; W ll-20u.

Knox:

on wet Thuldlum at Carter*s farm (1100 ft.) Oct. dote 1947
(litIs)#700.1
2. Mesotaenlum macrococcum v. mlorococcum (Kuetz.)We 3t &
West.

(Prescott I)
Smaller than the typical.

L 10-26u; W 5-14u.

Tne

v-rlety 1® larger than Cocconyxa dlspar Sobm. with which It
should he compared.

llorgan: wet cliff near Rugby 6 Aug. 1949

(Sharp)#1666 - Rhea: wet cliff In Richland Creek Gorge above
Dayton 25 Sept. 1949 (Sharp)#1987.

K.

NETRIUM Naegell 1849
The chape of cells In this genus varies from fusiform
to almost cyllndric.

Tne length is at least three times

the width, and there Is no median constriction.
plaet is paddle wheel-shaped,

The chloro-

composed of longitudinal

plates radiating around the central axis.
1. Cells with sides parallel for most of
their length,

that is, somewhat cylin-

dric-shaped...........................................
1. Cells elliptic or fusiform...........................

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

2
3

2. Cells cyllndric with conical
ends..........

N. lnterruptum (Br^b.)Luetk.

2. Calls cyllndric with rounded
ends N. oblongum v. c y l m d r l c u m West & West
3. Cell ends tapered to rattier sharp
points

N. digitus v. Ngegelll

3. Cell ends truncate

(Breb.)Krleg.

N. oblongum (DeBary)Luetk.

1. Netrlum digitus v. Naegelll (Br£b.)Krleg.
(Netrlum Naegelll

(Br^b.)West & West)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Cells elliptic,

(Ir^nle-Marie)

PI.

24, Fig. ?.

wltr. snarp poles;

wheel type typical for genus.

chloropiast paddle-

L 115-190u; W 2b-46u.

Altnougn tnis name Is used here to represent the ellip­
tic cells with snarp ends,

such cells pre labeled Netrlum

Naeerelll by Irenee-2£arle and other sources except Krieger.
However, K r i e g e r 1s N. digitus v. Naegelll Is not this sort
of cell, and tne elliptic cells with sharply rounded poles
ore included within the variation of the typical which gen­
erally has more blunt ends.

Obviously,

not only is a dif­

ferent usage being made of the names by various authors,
but there is an incomplete knowledge of the variation en­
countered in the plants themselves.
G-iles:

stagnant pool by muddy stream at Pulaski 29 June 1949

#1054 - Gibson - Obion: bottom coating on highest pond fer­
tilized for fish raising on Abe Shatz* farm east of Kenton
8 July 1949 #1238.

FKL.

2. Netrlum lnterruptum (Brlb.)Luetk.
stedt ) (Prescott I)

(Ir£n£e-M&rie f)(Nord­

PI. 24, Fig. 5.

Cells elongated cyllndric,

occasionally constricted

slightly at center, conical or rounded conical poles; chloro
plasts interrupted in xhe center of the semicells as well as
in the mldreglon of the cells.

L 200-320u; W 37-64u.

near south shore of Isom Lake 10 July 1949 #1270.
3. Netrlum oblongum (DeBary)Luetk.

Obion

NSOFKA.

(Ir4n£e-Marie f)(Nord-

ctedt)(Prescott f)
Cel) s described as oblong-cylindric, but illustrated in
snapes varying from naviouloid to elliptic.
29-44u.

L 75-140u; W

Actually the differentiation between this species

and N. digitus and its varieties varies according to the investigator, and is of somewhat uncertain status.

Cherokee

(N.C.): dripping cliff netr Hlwassee Dam powerhouse 14 Aug.
1949 #1748 - Polk; sandy mud bottom by nwy U.S.64 near Ducktown 14 Aug. 1949 #1749 - on dripping rocks by hwy U.S.64
below Ocoee Dam #3 14 Aug. 1949 #1760 - Chester: margins of
artificial lake in Chickasaw State Park 16 June 1950 #2273.
NFL.
4. Netrlum oblongum v. cyllndrlcum West & West.

(Ir£nee-

Marie f)(Prescott I)
Cells shaped perfectly cyllndric with rounded poles L
60-80u; W 17-21u.

Montgomery: woods pond east of Shady

G-rove 3 Sept. 1949 #1910.

rtOXA

W. and G. S. West 1896

Roya obtuaa v. montana Gutw.
f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)(Smith

PI. 24, Fig. 6.
Cells cyllndric,

poles,

slightly attenuated toward truncate

axis streight or slightly arcuate;

chloroplast axial,

notched at mid-section on concave side, with series of 4— 6
aligned pyrenolds.

L (16)35-81(93)u; W 4.5-7.5u.

Sevier:

pools at Ramsey Cascade (4150 ft.) 18 July 1939 (BoldjH-Sl.1

Desmidiaceae
These plants are also known as tne
They are unicellular or filamentous.

"placoderra desmids*.

Their conspicuous

characteristic in division is the separation of the cells
at the midregion, with a complete regeneration of a new
semicell from each half of the old cell.
ARTHRODES m US Ehrenberg 1838
Members of this genus all have compressed cells, conscrlcced in the midregion to form semicells as are most
desrald genera.

The semicells are variously shaped with

surfaces that are either entirely smooth or finely punctate.
The only prominent ornaments are a few spines, occurring
singly at the angles of the semicells, and never found in
pairs,

as in Xanthidium.

Arthrodesmus incus v. extensus Anders.
(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)

(Ir^n^e-Marie f)

PI. 25, Fig. 9.

Cells hourglass-shaped with a semi-circular equatorial

sinus;
long,

spines one at each polar angle,
straight.

tunately,

L 20-34u;

W 15-22u;

sligntly diverging,

Is 5-8.5u.

Unfor­

only tills single representative of the entire

genus appeared during this study.
from lower pond,

Gibson - Obion:

plankton

fertilized for fish raising on Abe Shatz'

farm east of Kenton 8 July 1949 #1243.

NG-KM.

CLOSTERIUM Nltzsch 1917
This Is a large genus and representatives are fre­
quently found.

Host species nave srcuate cells but In some

they are cylindrical,

the snape varying from almost straight

to a curvature of 180°.

rhe cells are unconntricted at the

mid-section and are always attenuated to some extent toward
the poles.

Tne chloroplasts may be plane axial plates, but

are usually conspicuously longitudinally ridged, and contain
aligned or scattered pyrenoids.

me

ceil wall may be smooth

or longitudinally striated.
A distinctive feature of the genus,

sometimes used as

a diagnostic character for species distinction,

is the

clear apical cytoplasmic area in which grains of gypsum are
contained in a vacuole.
1. Cells with one or more girdles be­
tween older and younger semicells...................

2

1. Cells without girdles between semicells............

17

2. Exterior margin curved at least 100°............

3

2. Exterior margin curved less than 100°...........

4

3. Apices of cells obliquely truncate,

nose-like.......................

C. Pianae Ehr.

Apices or cells not obliquely trun­
cate

C. Cynthia DeNot.

4.

Cell walls smooth...........................

4.

Cell walls striate

...................

Cells longer than 60u (456-680u)..............
..................... £. lunula (Muell.)Nitzsch
Cells less than 60u long (between
apices).........................................
6. Cells over 20u long...... ..................
6.

Celis less then 20u long......... .........
. . . •.................

C*maollentum Breb.

Apices more or less truncate..................

.........................

C. dldymotocum Corda

Apices of cells acute.......................
...................... £. acerosum (Schrank)Ehr.

8 . Apices of cells slightly recurved..........
.........................
8.

C,

turgldum Ehr.

Apices or cells not recurved............... .

Cells less than 20u long (between
apices)..........................................
Cells over 20u long.............................
10. Cell shape lunate, tapering con­
siderably to poles... £• intermedium Ralfs
10. Cell shape cylindrical scarcely
attenuated toward the poles. C. ulna Focke

11. Striae 15 or more on cell surface.................

12

11. Less than 15 striae on surface....................

15

12. Interior margin of cells convex
at midregion............

C. Half si 1 Breb.

12. Interior margin of cells not
convex at midregion............................

13

13. Apices snarply pointed........................
.................... £. aceroeum (Schrank)Ehr.
and C. acerosum v. elongaturn Breb.
(see No. 7 or key)
13. Apices not sharrly pointed.....................

14

14. Cell wall at apex possessing a
thickening which protrudes in­
ward slightly......

C. dldymotocum Corda

14. Cell wall without such thickening
at tne poles.............£. strlolatum Ehr.
15. Striae 11-15 on visiole cell surface........
£.• strlolatum Ehr.
15.

Striae 10 or fewer on

visible cell

surface.............................................. 16
16. Sides of cells essentially par­
allel, cells cylindrical.............. .
...... £• anguetatum v. clavatum Hastings
16. Sides of cells tapering toward
poles.........

£. intermedium Ralfs

17. Exterior cell margin curved over100°..............

18

302

17. Exterior cell mrrgln curved lees
tiian 1 0 0 ° ..........

og

18.

Cells over 20u b r o a d .....................

19

18.

Cells under 20u b ro a d . ...................

22

19. Pyrenolds In 6iogle

median l in e...........

20

19. Pyrenolds scattered over the chloroplast..................

C.. Ehrenbergll Henegh.

20. Cells 188-420u long,

30-68u wide,

curvature 100-130°.......................
................
20.

.

£. monlllferum (Bory)Ehr.

Cell proportions narrower than
the approximately L/W ratio of
6/1 of £. monlllf erum (Bory)Ehr................

21. Apices obliquely truncate,

curvature

lO^-lSO0 .........................
21. Apices not obliquely truncate,
ture 124-190°...........

21

C_. Dlanae Ehr.
curva­

C. Lelblelnll Kuetz.

22.

Cell length over 140u ..........................

23

22.

Cell length 140u or less.......................

26

73. Apices obliquely truncate..... C. Dlanae Ehr.
23. Apices not obliquely truncate......................

24

24. Interior cell margin convex at
mid-section......... £. Lelblelnll Kuetz.
24.

Interior cell margin not convex...............

25. Apices sharp or roundly pointed..............
............................

C. parvulum Naeg.

25

303

25.

Apices rounded.................................
...........C. Cynthia v. Jennerl

26. Cells 96-170u l o n g

(Halfa)Krieg.

£. parvulum Naeg.

27. Axis curved for most or all of
length,

at least less than 2/3 of

mld-sectlon Is straight.............................

28

Axis straight for 2/3 of mld-sectlon..............

40

28* Cells broader than 25u at mldreglon...........

29

28. Cells narrower than 25u at mldreglon..........

37

29.

Cell walls smooth..................

30

29.

Cell walls striate............................

33

27.

30. Celle broader than lOOu at
31

mldreglon.........................
30. Cells narrower than lOOu at
mldreglon..................

32

31.

Pyrenolds scattered through cnloro-

31.

Pyrenolds In single median r ow .................
.....................

CJ. lunula (Muell. )Nltzsch

32. Apices sharply pointed.....................
...............

C. acerosum (Schrank)Ehr.

(see No. 7 of key)
32. Apices rounded....
33.

C. Ehrenbergll Menegh.

Ends of cells slightly recurved............. .

and

304

..............................
33.

£. turgldum Ehr.

Ends of cells not recurved.........................

34

34. Striae 20 or fewer present on
visible cell surface.... C. llneatum Ehr.
34. More than 20 striae present on
visible

cellsurface............................

35

35. Interior margin of cells convex In
the mldreglon

£. Halfs11 v. lmmane Cush.

35. Interior margin of cell not at all
or only very slightly convex..........

36

36. Apices snarply attenuated......... .......
................ C. acerosum (Schrank)Ehr.
and £. acerosum v. elongatum Breb.
(see No.

7 of key)

36. Apices gradually attenuated..............
..........................

C.. llneatum Ehr.

37.

Cell length over 400u.................

38

37.

Cell length less than 4 00 u..........................

39

38. Length/width ratio at least 20/1,
long attenuated to small rounded
apices................£. praelongum Breb.
38. Length/width ratio lower than
20/1, apices sharply pointed.............
................ C>. acerosum (Schrank)Ehr.
and C. acerosum v. elongatum Breb.
(see No. 7 of key)

39, Cell length less than 225u.

C. tumldum Johns.

39. Leng th 225—400u. . . . C^. acerosum (Schrank)Ehr.
40. Cells over 25u wide at mldreglon..*.......
........

£. lunula (Muell.)Nitzsch

40. Cells less than 25u w i d e .........................

41

41. Cells gradually attenuated toward
tne a p i c e s .............................................

42

41. Celle hardly attenuated to obtuse
api ce s..................................................

43

42. Width at center of cells 6.5 -9u..........
...........................

C.

pronum Breb.

42. Width at center of cells 12-17u..........
........................

C • strlgosum Breb.

43. Celle 69-130u long, 4.5-5.5u br oad............
C. graclle v. tenue (Lemm.)West & West
43. Cells l a r g e r ...........................................

44

44. Cells 200-250u long, 4.5-6.5u b r o a d ......
.. <3. graclle v. Intermedium Ir^n^e-Marie
44. Cells 130-206u long,

over 6u b r o a d .......
C. graclle Breb.

1.

Closterlum acerosum (Schrank)Ehr.

(Irenee-Marle f)(Pres

cott I)
Cells clavate in shape with sharply pointed poles,
curvature slight,

about 10°;

chloroplast longitudinally

folded, w ith a linear series of 10-20 pyrenolds.
10-15/1.

L 288-4Q0u; W 19-53u.

L/W ratio

Knox: loose coating on

marble pebbles In spring at Fountain City Park 23 March
1947 #5491 - Cumberland:

swift stream at Ozone 16 March

1949 #2053 - Weakley: Mr. Bary's pond by hwy Tenn.22 west
of Martin 8 July 1949 #1207 - Obion:
5 July 1949 #1185.

slough near Spillway

VNSOFKML.

2. Closterlum acerosum v. elongatum Breb.

(Ir^nee-Marie f )

(Prescott I)
This variety Is distinguished from the typical by Its
more elongate form and frequently by more pronounced wall
striations.

L/W ratio would seem to be 10-20/1.

790u; W 29-42u.

L 500-

Tne over-all lengths recorded are greater

than those of the typical.

However, available data on

length and width are not convincing in establishing that
tnere is a Justifiable differentiation between the two.
Smith: pond from small, dammed spring Just east of South
Carthage 16 March 1950 #2057 - Davidson: Valley Lake near
Nashville 20 Aug. 1949 #1814 - flshpool by Vanderbilt Univer­
sity greenhouse 17 March 1950 #2060 - Shelby: pond at corner
of Q-erber P.oad and hwy U.S. 64 30 June 1949 #1090.
3. Closterlum angustum v. clavatum Hastings.

VKAM.

(Irenee-Marle f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Cells elongated cyllndric with slight curvature, ends
truncate; wall with fine surface ridges which appear as
clear striae that are parallel or somewhat spiral toward the

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

ends of tne cells.

L 355-510u; W 21-34u; C 26-51°.

This

variety is distinguished from the typical only by its size.
For the typical,

Closterlum angustatum Kuetz., L 240-515u;

W lb-28u; C 26-51°.

Lumpkin(6 a . ): artificial lake of Vogel

State Park 14 Aug. 1949 #1733.
Closterlum Cynthia DeNot.

(Ir£n£e-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Cells lunate,

tapering to sharp poles; wall brown, with

longitudinal striae and transverse girdles.
ll-48u; C 120-146°.

L 73-170u; W

The species is most easily distinguished

from £. parvulum Naeg. by its striate surface, and from £.
Venus Kuetz.

by having less curvature.

Obion: among grass

on south shore of Isom Lake 10 July 1949 #1268.
Closterlum Cynthia v. Jennerl (Ralfs)Krleg.

NKM.
(Nordstedt)

(Closterlum Jennerl Ralfs of Iren^e-Marle f )
(Prescott I)
The variety is distinguished from the typical by greater
curvature,

and generally smaller size; as in the latter, a

single granule is present in each terminal vacuole.
135u; W 6-14u; C 140-175°.
10 July 1949 #1268.

Obion: south shore of Isom Lake

N.

6. Closterlum Dlanae Ehr.
(Prescott I)

L 40-

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

PI. 25, Fig. 1.

The species belongs to the group with more or less
straight middle portions,

and curved apices; considered to

be different from (3. Lelblelnll Kuetz. by having girdle bands

at the mid-section or the ceil, although Irenee-Marie men­
tions having observed tham in that species;
Diane is generalLy reported as larger.
36u; C 112-130°.

in addition £.

L 103-380u; W 16-

Montgomery: pond on hwy U.S.79 six miles

northeast or Clarksville 11 Oct. 1949 (Clebscn)#1926.
7. Closterlum dldymotocum Corda.

NGFKM.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott f)
Cells cyllndric-ercuate tapering more or less to truncate
ends;

one or more girdle bands present;

specimens observed

with distinct longitudinal striae; wall colored deep brown.
L 295-640u; W 25— 56u; C 27-56°.

The species Is Tar more

common than the three records given below indicate,

beca,use

its appearances in other collections were not recorded.
Lurapkln(Ga. ): plankton from artificial lake in Vogel State
Park 14 Aug. 1949 #1736 - Polk:

in spring water of ditch by

nry U.S.64 below Ocoee Dam #3 14 Aug.
Oolon:

1949 #1762 - Gibson -

bottom coating on highest pond fertilized for fish

raising on Abe Shatz' farm east or Kenton 8 July 1949 #1238.
VNFK.
8. Closterlum Ehrenbergll Menegh.

(Irenee-Marie f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Cells wicn a shore, mor’e or less straight, midregion,
apices sharply curving; no girdle bands usually visible;
chloroplast showing four or five ridges with several pyrenolds
scattered through it.

L 285-720u; W 60-145u; C 92-135°.

size and robust proportions differentiate the species.

The
Over­

ton: pond containing a considerable number of aquatics at
Timothy 15 July 1949 #1456 - Davidson:

flehpool by greenhouse

on Vanderbilt University campus 17 March 1950 #2060 - Mont­
gomery:

f is n pond in yard of Alfred Clebsch*s neighbor,

Clarksville 19 March 1950 #2113 - Gibson: slough beside hwy
U.S.45 south of Greenfield 15 June 1950 #2270 - Obion:

in

Nelumbo area of Reelfoot Lake near Samburg 12 July 1949
#1306 - Lake: Cranetown nesting area in cypress swamp 5 July
1949 #1177-82.

C-FK.

2. Closterlum graclle Breb.

(Irenee-Marie f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Cells extremely elongate and slender, with parallel
sides for 2/3 of length and curving slightly at the sharply
pointed apices.

L 130-206u;

W 3.5-6u.

Vi\FKA.

10. Closterlum graclle v. intermedium Irenee-Marie.

(Irenee-

Marie f)
The variety is distinguished only by its intermediate
size from the typical and from, v* elongatum West & West.
200-250u; W 4.5-6.5u.

L

Obion - Lake: margins of Reelfoot

Lake 14 June 1950 #2255.
11* Closterlum graclle v. tenue (Lemm.)West & West.

(Irenee-

Marie f)(Prescott I)
The variety differs from the typical only in size, being
smaller.

L 69-130u; W 4.5-5.5u.

Obion:

near south shore of

Isom Lake 10 July 1949 #1268.
12. Closterlum intermedium Haifa.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

310.

(Prescott I)
Cells elongate-clavate,
to blunt apices;
striae present;

sllgntly curved,

tapering evenly

girdle bands and ratner f^ne longitudinal
wall deep yellov; to yellow-brown;

terminal

vacuoles usually containing a single, large granule.
465u; W 16-28u; C 36-56°,

Greene:

L 200-

at wler across river at

Flag Pond 25 June 1949 #940 - Sevier: roadside pool near
Newfound Gap 10 Sept. 1949 #ie93 - Lumpkin(G a . ): In artifi­
cial lake at Vogel State Park 14 Aug. 1949 #1733 - Knox:
among tree roots In pond by Ten Lille Creek «t Farregut 2.3
July 1949 ffl548 - Gibson - Obion: bottom coating on highest
pond on Abe Shatz* farm east of Kenton 8 July 1949 #1238 Obion - Lake: margins of Reelfoot L°Ke 14 June 1950 #7755.
VP KM.
13. Closterlum lanceolatum Kuetz.

(Ir^n^e-Marle f)(Nord­

stedt )(Prescott I)
Cells arcuate,
apices;

slightly curved,

chloroplast ridged,

In each seralcell.

t^nerlng to rather sharp

containing a row of 6-7 pyrenolds

L 235-500u; W 37-72u;

C 30-55°.

guished from C. acerosum by broader proportions.

Distin­
Union(Ga.):

backwater of Nottely Lake by hwy U.S.129 14 Aug. 1949 #1739 Todd(Ky.): ditch pond beside hwy U.S.79 west of Guthrie and
quite near Tennessee state line 11 Oct. 1949 #1923.
14. Closterlum Lelblelnll Kuetz.
(Prescott I)

PI. 25, Fig.

VGFKM.

(Ir6nee-Marie f) (Nordstedt)

2.

This is another of the group with a more or less uncurved

center portion,

the Apices being sharply curved;

five pyre—

noils aligned in the chloroplnst in each G^mlcell.
?50u; W 17-42u;

C 124-190°.

L 107-

Lumpkin(G a . ): backwater of arti­

ficial lake at Vogel State Park 14 June 1949 #1737 - Knox:

7.ell splashed rocks below old dam spillway at Neubert's
5 -rings 20 July 1949 #1527 - reservoir at Neubert's Springs
20 July 1949 #1529 - on twigs in quiet waters of pond at
Carter's Mill P Aug. 1949 #1612 - Montgomery: pond at Tom
Edwards'

store by nwy U.S.79 14 July 1949 #1371 - Hardeman:

slough or march beside hwy Tenn.19 14 June 1950 #227^.
VNSGFKL.

15. Closterlum llneatum Ehr.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Cells elongate-arcuate,
to narrow but blunt anices,

slightly curved,

striate, taperin

slightly tumid in the middle on

tne concave surface; row of about eight pyrenolds In the
chloroplast in each seraicell.

L 400-760u; W 16-40u.

#1376

is a trifle smaller than the dimensions given above, but not
enough to be of significance.

Lumpkin(Ga.): artificial lake

at Vogel State Park 14 Aug. 1949 #1733 - plankton #1739 Montgomery: large pond at Oakwood 17 Sept. 1949 (Clebsch)
#1928 - large marsh by hwy U.S.79 at Norfleet & Sons grocery
14 July 1949 #1376.

VNKM.

16. Closterlum lunula (Muell.)Nitzsch.

(Irenee-Marie f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Celle arcuate, slightly curved, tapering evenly to narrow

blunt «nds;

several oyrenoi.ne scattered over 8-10 chloro-

plast folds.

L 465— 680u; ’<V 71-116u.

tered pyrenolds,
from others.

The large size, scat­

and slight curvature set this species off

Blount: pond nearest Charlie Meyers' house In

Cades Cove 19 June 1949 #877 - Campbell: Cove Lahe at Junction
of hwys U.S.25-W and Tenn.63 13 June 1950 #2730 - Cumberland:
rain puddle In grass In front of New Salem Baptlet Church by
hwy U.S.70-N 16 March 1950 #2056 - Weakley: Mr. E&ry's pond
by hwy Tenn.22 west of Martin 8 July 1949 #1207-6 - Gibson Obion: lower end of middle pond, fertilized for fish raising
on Abe Shatz*

farm east of Kenton 8 July 1949 #1£40.

17. Closterlum macllentum Breb.

VftSGFK.

(Irenee-Marie f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Cells almost strclgnt,

cyllndric In center portion,

slightly bent only from girdle bands located in median por­
tion of seraicells, tapering to blunt ends;

surface smooth;

row of e-10 pyrenolds in the single chloropl&st.
722u; W ll-20u.

L 264-

Shelby: pond at corner of Gerber Road and

hwy U.S.64 30 June 1949 #1090.

KM.

18. Closterlum monlllferum (Bory)Ehr.

(Ir^n^e-Marle f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Cells arcuate, with perhaps a very 3hort straight cen­
ter portion,

curved,

tapering to narrow blunt apices; pyre­

nolds in a single row.
Knox:

L 188-420u; W 30-68u; C 100-130°.

culture in Univ. Tenn. botanical laboratory 1 Aug.

1949 #1604 - Anderson:

In branch two miles below Norris Dam

?6 June 1939 (Bold) #B-12^- - Montgomery:

rock coating in

Ringgold Creek at Scout Camo le March 1950 #2088 - Obion:
Bayou du Chlen at Biological Station 2 J u l y 1949 #1151-63 Lake: Cr»net,own neetlng area In ■cypres*' swamp 5 July 1949
#1177.

VNSG-FKAL.

19. Closterlum parvulum Naeg.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Cells new moon-snaped,
pointed apices;

evenly curved from c°nter to

row of pyrenoioe present in each s^mlcell.

L 96-170u; W 7.5-14..ou; C 100-140°*

Distinguished from _C.

Plane by the lack of a more or less straight center portion
and its smaller size.

Rabun(0a.): plankton from pond by

hwy U.S.23 near Clayton 13 Aug. 1949 #1725 - Knox: around
tree base in pond at Ten Mile Creek at Farragut 23 July 1949
#1545.

VG-FKL.

20. Closterlum praelongum Breb.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Cells extremely elongated-arcuate,
rn even arc,

slightly curved in

tapering to blunt pointed arices; row of about

ten pyrenolds in each 3emicell.

L 570-846u; W 11.5-24u.

Obion - Lake: plankton from Blue Basin 12 July 1949 #1324.
21. Closterlum pronum Er£b.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Celle extremely elongated, a straight, narrow ellipse

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

314

for most of length, but tre sharp apices curve slightly.
L 320—400u; W 6.5—9u.

Tne large size and t^e elliptic,

rrt.uer than cv] lndrlc,

center portion distinguish the species

from most of ^he other toIn ones.

Weakley: Mr. Bary's pond

K v hwy Tenn.22 west of Martin 8 July 1949 #1207.
22. Closterlum Half si 1 v. lmm.ane Cush.

F.

(Irenee-Marie f)

(Prescott I)
Celle elevate,

si ia.ot.lv curved,

ends, ^ulged slightly In center,
455-906u; '.V 60-73*_>; c 46-65°.

tapered to small blunt

/.al1 finely striate.

L

Mrd is on (N .C .): roadsld<° pool

of short duration near Cutshall*s grocery by hwy N.C.217
25 June 1949 *1894 - Shelby; ouddles In drpln from pond at
corner of Gerber Road and hwy U.S.64 30 June 1949 #1092.
83. ClostPT»^um atrlgosum Bre^>.

NS.

(Irenee-Marie f) (Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Celle narrowly elliptic ror about 7/3 of length, bending
snarply outward at r.he ap1c°s and tapering to sharp points;
row of pyrenolds in each semloeil.
Gibson:

L 230-359u; W 17-17u.

slough by hwy U.S.45-E south of Greenfield 14 June

1950 #2270 - Obion - LaKe: plankton from Blue Brsln 13 July
1949 #1324.

K.

24. Closterlum tumldum Johns.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
CeJls arcuate,
snarp apices,

slightly curved,

tapering to fairlv

the middle slightly tumid on the concave side;

single granule In each terminal vacuole.

L 59-139u; W 5-20u.

K n o x : Lakeside lake sonnt five miles south of Knoxville by
nwy Tenn. 71 9 O July 19^9 #1540 - Cumberland:

rein cuddle in

grass in front of New Salem Baptist Church by hwy U.S.70-N
16 March 1950 #2056.

NSK.

C.t osteriun turgldum Ehr.

(Irenee-Marie f) (Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Cell3 elongated arcuate,
ally to blunt apices,
girdle bands present.
Hardeman:

tapering grcdu­

longitudinal striae and trrn 3verse
L 650-791u; W 50-75u;

C 47-55°.

slougn or mar sr. ov owy U.S.45—E at Madison County

line 14 June 1950 #2272.
26.

slightly curved,

VFK.

Closterlum ulna Focke.

(Prescott I)

PI.

Cells narrow,

25, Fig.

(Irenee-bqrie f }(Nordstedt)
3.

elongated cylinders,

truncated or rounded ends;

longitudinal striae and trans­

verse girdle bands on surface;
a large granule.

slightly curved,

L 920-500u;

terminal vacuoles containing
W ll-22u;

C 15-34°.

The

striae or this species are different from the ridges cf C.
angustatum, and tne color nere,

if any,

is yellow rather than

the reddisn color which appears in C. angustaturn.

Lumpkin

(C-a. ): among vegetation and pilings in artificial lake at
Vogel State Park 14 Aug.

1949 #1734-7.

• Closterlum Venus Kuetz.

NSKAM.

(Irenee-Marie f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Cells regularly lunate,
tapering to snarp apices.

often making a neat semicircle,
L 50-87u; W 7-10.5u; 0150-180°.

The specie? is distinguished from _C. parvulum and larger
species by its small size, and from C_. Cyntnla oy the smooth
and usually colorless wall.

Davidson: Hidden Lake 17 Sept.

1P**0 (Bold)#B-103.1
C0SMAR1UM Corda 1834
The cells of this genus are variable in shape, hut are
never deeply or sharply looed,

and never decorated with

spines other then minute ones, although they may display
many sorts of granules.

Although many species are comprecse

when seen from end or side view,
flattened,

they ar** not distinctly

being oval or elliptic in end view (sometimes

spherical).

Tneir length is never more than about tnree

times tne width, most species oelng shorter.
sinuses are narrow or broad,

The equatorial

shallow or deep.

The genus is a common one which may occur in almost any
aquatic environment in the Tennessee Region, and even on
several wet terrestrial sites.

Whereas the number of spe­

cies reported is tne largest among the desmid genera listed
here,

it represents only a casual sampling of those which

could be Identified if time and space permitted.
* species not included in text

1. Cell surface smootn, punctate,

or

scrobiculate.........................................

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

2

Cell surface with some manner of gran­
ules,

generally in a pattern,

the mar­

gin frequently dentate or crenate............. .
2. Apical vle’.v of cell circular......... .
2. Apical view of cell not circular...........
Semlceiis almost cylindrical in face
v i e w ........................

C5. cucurblturn Br^b.

Semicells not cyllndric in face v i e w

....

4. Seraicells o'oovate-circular in
face v i e w ........ ...

vlrlde

(Corda)Josh.

4. Semlceiis tapering toward poles and
rounded an apices......

C_. attenuatum Breb,

Seraicells aporoacning semi-circular
in face v i e w .....................................
Seraicells not semi-circular in face
v i e w ..............................................
6. Cell lengtn and width nearly equal,.......
C_. clrculare Relnsch

6. Cells longer than oroad.....................
C.

pachydermum Lund.

Seraicells transversely elliptic or
reniform........ .................................
Semicelle not transversely elliptic
nor reniform,

shaped otherwise.................

8, Sinue round at apex and continued
narrow toward exterior......................

8.

Sinus gradually opening from
apex to exterior

9.

9.

C. bloculatum Bre'b.

Ceiis as broad ar long,... C. phaseolue

3r£b.

and C. phaseolus f*. minor

Boldt

Cells longer than broad................... ..........

10

10. Apical view of cells revealing
slight facial protuberances..............
.........................

0,

tumldum Lund.

10. Apical view of ce^ls without
such protuberances...

C. bloculatum Breb.

11. Semiceile rectanguLar in shape with
the upper lateral angles sometimes
beveled, margin undulate......................
......................

C. reet&na-ulare Relnsch

11. Semicells not rectangular in shape................

12

12. Semicells pyramidal with poles
truncate or rounded............................

13

12. Semicells polygonal............................

22

13. Margins crenate or undulate.......................

14

13. Margins of cells neither crenate nor
undulate..............

16

14. Margins of cells snowing about
three rows of crenations in face
view

............

C. obtusatum Schm.

14. Margins of cells not showing
three rows of crenations.......................

15

15. Margins of cells only undulate
..........................

£.

.........

lmpressulum Elfv.

15. Margins crenate or acutely undu­
late........................

C . Relnechll Aren.

16. Margins of cells concave or re—
tuee..............................................

17

16. Margins of cells convex or
rarely straight...........................
17. Ceils over 40u in lengcn,

18

center

protuberance broad and extending
most of seraicell l eng t h ........................
..........................

C.* N y m a n n l a n u m G-rcenb.

17. Cells about 20u in length,

protuber­

ance merely a small k n o b ......................
......

C,. Mledzyrzecense v. raonoraazum Groenb.

18. Seralcells pyramidal-semi-circular........
C. subtumidum Nord3t.
18. Semicells pyramidal-trapezoidal................ .19
19. Ceils less than 1/4 longer than b r oad....... *.....

20

19. Cells more than 1/3 longer tnan broad .............

21

20. Cell surface punctate,

lower

lateral angles of semlcells
rounded..............

C • galerltum Nordst.

20. Cell surface very finely punctate,
lower lateral angles sharp................
...

angular? v. canadense Irenee-Marie

320.

21. Celle 60u or more nroad. J3. pyramldatum Br^b.
21 . Cells less than 60u b r o a d .....................
....................

C_. pseudopy rami da turn Lund.

22. Semiceils transversely hexagonalelliptic In

snape.............

73

22. Semieelle not so shaped..................... ... 26
23. Semicells witn one or more facial
protuberances.........................................

24

23. Semicelis without facial protu­
berances..............................................

25

24. Single protuberance present on
face........... polygonum (Naeg.)Arch.
24. Two small laterally aligned pro­
tuberances present.... _C. angulare Johns.
25. SerrJcell apex broad,

straight or

convex
25. Semicell apex narrow,

£. angulosum Breb.
straight or

retuse......CL repandum f .

minor West & West

26. Semicells witn 7 or 8 rounded
angles................

C. lmpressulum Elfv.

26. Semiceils with less than eight
angles............................................

27

27. One or two sides of semiceils re­
tuse, others convex........
27. All

28

sides of semiceils convex or

straight...................... *.......................

29

20. Apic-.l margin of eemlceiln gen­
erally

retuee one, aoic.ol

vlor a omnov.hiy rounded ellipse..........
C. repandum Nordot.
and _C. repandum f. rrlnor West & West
29. Upper lateral margins usually the
reduce on-E, apical vie*.1: revealing
single facial projections.......... ......
................. £. p^ly>-onum (Npeg. )Arch.
29. Apical view of cells circular,
of large granules present.

rows

0. Portlanum Arch.

29. Apical view of cells not circular..................

20

20* Semiceils somewhat seml-clrcular
or s^mi-elliptic shaped in face
vie w .............................................

21

30. Semiceils neither semi-circular
nor seini-elllptic In shape......................

26

31. Apical vler or cells elliptic with
squarely truncate ends, protuberances
at corners and midregion of face,
range o** douole granules placed in­
side margin,

face view of semicell

hemispherical, margin cremate................
............................ C. monomazum Lund.
31. Cells otherwise.....................................

32

32. Sinus narrow and straight.......................

33

32. Slnuc open and semlcirculnr r.t
a p e x ...............................................
33.

35

Spmicell faro v ; V tn t rectilinear
series of granules in midregion o n l y .............. • 34

33.

Semicell face covered with diagonally
arranged g r a nul es.............................'..
......... . .

C_.

mar g arltatum (Lund. )R.oy & Biss.

and C. mnrgarltatum f. miner 3oldt
34. Semicell ^&ce ‘.vita four serves
of central g r a n u l e s ........................
......................
34. Semicell

C_. norveglcum Stroen.

face v:ith six or seven

series of granules visible.
C. costatum Nordst.
35.

Facial granules
longitudinal
granules,

35.

in seven or eignt

series of 4-5 large

L 31-37u....

Facial granules

in six longitudinal

series of 3-4 granules
? 5 u ..........

C. orthostlchum Lund.*

each, L 21-

C. orthostichum v. pumllum Lund.

36. Semicells inverted truncate.

..........

........................... C,» blretum Breb.
36. Serr.icell shaped otherwise.......................

37

37.

Semicells elliptic or reniforra..............

38

37.

Semicells pyramidal,

rectangular or

hexangular............................................

4

323.

38.

Semicells ren tform..............................

39

38.

Semiceils elliptic.............................

43

39. About twelve broad undulations in
the margins of eemlcell................... .
.......................

_C. subcrenatum Kant z3ch-

39. Largins or eemicelle not undulate,
but dentate or granulose............................ 40
40. Sinus broadly enlarged at apex,
wedge-shaped.....................................
40.

Sinus enlarged at op ex but not
wedge-shaped..................................

41. Apical view of cells oval cr ovalelliptic....................
41. Apical view oblong-oval,

C. renlforme Ralfe

with com­

pressed sides....................................
........... _C. renlforme v. compreesum Mordst.
42.

Semicells witn straight,
rostrate a; ices v t m
marginal punctre,

slightly

large sub­

face punctate

toward lateral margins.. _0. ornatum Rolfs
42.

41

Semicells witn slightly rounded
but not rostrate apices, without
conspicuous euomarginal punctae,
and with regular rows of granu­
lar ornamentation extending to
center...............

C. punctulatum Breb.

42

324

Cell

face

ornamentation

transverse

with

four

l a r g e g r a n u l e s ............

3 e r l e s of

CL o r t h o s t l c h u m
a n d £.
43.

Six

or more

present

on

orthostlchum

rows
c el l

of

smaller

v.

L und.

p u a l l u m Lund.

granules

f a c e .....................................

44.

Apex

of

sinus

acute...

44.

Apex

of

sinus

s e m i c i r c u l a r ..................

......

Ch

Portlanum

CL

v.

P o r t l a n u m A r c h.

n e p h r o l d e u m *»Vlttr.

45.

Semicells

p y r a m i d a l .......................................

45.

Semicellr

approaching

shape

with

upper

r o u n d e d . ..
jj .

47.

CL

angles

46.

Cel'.s as

brcadly

46.

CelJ.s l o n g e r

minor (Boldt)West

l o n g tifi w i d e

with

tnan

1^

truncate

to ^
times

46

in

margarltaturn ( L u n d . ) R o y &

m a r g a r 1 t a t u m f.

Semicells

rectangular

lateral

44

Biss,

and

& West

l o n g e r ...............

47

w i d t h .................

53

r.rd r o s t r a t e

a p i c e s .......................... _C. T u r p l n l 1 Breb.
47.

Semicello
rounded,

48.

with
hut

Semicell
central
side

48.

straight

not

or

rostrate,

face w i t h

or a p i c a l

Cells

lees

face without

than

visible

48

in

v i e w ...................

p r o t u b e r a n c e .........
49.

a p i c e s . ...................

a discernible

protuberance

Semicell

slightly

20u long

49

central

CL

p u n c t u l a t u m Breb.

( b e t w e e n t i p s ) .............

50

49. Cells 20u or more long..............................

51

50. Center protuberance ornamented
with single granule.......................
..............

C_. hum lie (G-ay )Nordst.

50. Center protuberance ornamented
with one large and thr°e small
granules..................
51. Semicell margins undulate,
lations on sides

C. Blyttl Wille

4-5 undu­

subcrenatun; Hantzsch

51. Semicell margins crenate,

6-8 crena­

tions on side........................................

52

52. Cells less than 30u broad.................
....................

_C. norvegrlcum Stroem.

52. Cell3 more tnan 35u broad.................
... C. formulosum Hoff,
.......

and C. formulosum

v. Nathorstll (Boldt) West & West

53. Semicell margins crenate...........................
53. Semlcell margins smooth,
undulate or dentate.

smoothly

........... ,................

54. Celle less than 50u broad.................
.................

C_. subspecl osum Nordst.

54. Cells broader than 50u....................
......... (3. speelosum v. valldus Nordst.
55. Cells longer than 150u.

54

C. dentlculatum Borge

and C. dentlculatum f. Borgel Irenee-Marle
55. Cells less than 150u long C. Botrytls Menegh.

55

1. Cormarlum anpulare Johns.

(Ir£nee-Marie f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Semicells hexangular to octangular,
angles

and two s l i g h t aid-facial projections especially

visible in end view.
16u.

with sharp basal

Knox:

L 30-32u; W 2C-3Cu;

fishpool at Chilcwee Pork Z o o

#2043 - Overton:

Is 6-10u;

T 12-

14 March lO^O

margins of artificial lake In Standing

Ston** State Park 16 J u l yfc 1949 #1418
- H'onteorr.prv:
nond on
••
w
**
Dotsonville Road near Clarksville 9 Oct. 1949 (Clebsch)#20?4
(In strings) - field pond at Meriwether 18 March 1950 #9096*
L.
2. Cosoiarlum angulare v. canadense Ir£n£e-Marie.

(Iren^e-

Marle f )
Dirfers from the typical by the broader proportions,
and lacK of center protuberances, and. the basal angles of
tne variety ar° rounder.
Montgomery:

L 25-27u; W 28-30u; Is ^.S-Qu.

large pond at 0°kwood 17 Sept. 1949 #1929.

3* Cosniarium angulosum Breb.

(Irenee-Marie f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Semiceils roundly hexangular in shape, approaching
hemispherical;
width.

total cell length slightly greater than

L 15-18u; W 13.5-18u;

Is 3-6u; T 7.5-9.5u.

Moore:

pools below mill dam ^t Cumberland Springs 29 June 1949
#1032 - Robertson:

wet marshy woods with prominent Llquld-

ambar and Allsma spp. a mile south of Cedar Hill 20 Aug.
1949 #1857.

VFKL.

(Iren4e-~lArrl e f )(Nordstedt)

4. Cosmarlum attenuatum Breb.
(Prescott I)

PI.

26, Fig*

1.

Over— all cell snape fusiform with very shallow sinuses;
cross

section circular.

Overton:

L 69-e7u; W 20-30u;

Is 17.5-25u.

margins of artificial lake at Standing Stone State

Park 16 July 1949 #1421.
5. Cosmarlum bloculatum Breb.

(Irenes— Marie f ) (Nordstedt}

(Prescott I)
The semlcellc a^e oblong-cval to h e m i S D h e r i c a l ; the
cell

incised at the equator by deep funneling sinus;

view elli. tic;
7/, 15-30u;

Is 4.5-llu;

from artificial
Polk:

side view of semicells
T 6-19u.

circular.

end

L equal to

L u m p k i n (G a . ): plankton

l^ke in Vogel State Park 14 Aug.

1949 #1736 -

sandy mud bottomed stream near Ducktown by hwy U .S. 64

14 April 1949 #1749 - M o n t g o m e r y : large pond at Oakwood 17
Sept.

1949

(Cleosch)#1928-9.

6. Cosmarlum blretum Breb.
Fig.

OK.
(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)

PI.

26,

2.
Over-all proportions of the cells quadrate,

broadest portion gt the poles,

with the

the semiceils being inverted

trapezold in shape with rounded polar angles;

polar margins

are ratner concave in one collection

but are usually

(#1324),

described as straight or slightly convex;
and linear;

sinuses fairly deep

coarse granules cover the surface;

liptic in Tennessee specimens,
protuberances.

end view el­

but often figured with facial

L 44— 52u; W 40-44(52)u;

Is 16— 20u;

T 18—22u.

A

328.

Obion - Lake:

plankton from Blue Basin or Peelfcot L^ke 13

July 1949 #1324.

K.

7. Cosmarlum Blyttl 7/ill e.

(Irenee-Marie f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Semiceils hemispherical— trapeze'd with crenate margins
and a row of intramarginal g m n u l e s ,

with a large facial

granule near th® isthmus.

’.V 7-i6u; Is 3-5.5u;

T 6-llu.

Davidson:

Nashville 2n Aug.

L 10-19u;

concrete pools of Kelly*3 Kennels at

1949 #1825.

Cosmarlum Botrytls Menegh.

FAW.
(Iren/e-luarie f ) (1 ordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Overall L/W ratio of cell previously re^^rted as 1^/1,
but is four* here p s aoont 1 1/3-1;
fl attened at tne apex,
n umarou3 papillae,
semi cell.

semicell'' hemispherical,

rounded at sinus angler;

covered with

about 2G-30u "▼'^und the perimeter of a

L 60-111u; W

44-85u;

9. Cosmarlum circulars Relnsch.

Is 13-26u;

T

33-40u.

NF.

(Iren^e-liarie f )(Nordst edt)

(including Cosmarlum Baileyti 7/olle)
(Prescott I)

PI.

°6, Fig. 4.

Cell outline circular,

almost perfectly no; each s°mi-

cell a hemisphere in face view;
cular;

narrow side view almost cir­

end view elliptic with rounded ends;

finely punctate;
wedge-shaped.

cell surface

sinus deep and narrowlv linear to narrowly

L 47—9hu; W 39-90u;

Is 15u;

T 22-38u.

Chllowee Park Lake 15 July 1938 (Bold)unnumbered.
10.

Cosmarlum costatum Nordst.

Knox:

VFK.

(Krieger f )(Nordstedt)

329*

(Prescott I)
Cells 1/5 to 1/4 longer than broad;
line cyltndric-oval or hexagonal;

over-all cell out­

sinus narrow and deep;

lower lateral angles or semiceils rectangular;
crenations around merginr of semicell;
near base,

about 12-15

crenations entire

emart inote around upper margins of semicell;

face

exhibiting granules in a concentric gr^ur at the center and
paired granules in concentric series between center of semi­
cell and margin;

aide view of semiceils r>ulbous,

lariated

near base; mid-facial and marginal grou-'s of granules pre­
sent;

a:, leal view generally truncate elliptic.

W 25-39.5u; Is 10.5-21.5u; T l~-?9u.
1925.1

L 27-57.5u;

Bount: wontvale Springe

M.

11. Cosmarlum cucurbl turn 3reb.

(Ire'nee-Marie f )(Nordst edt)

(Prescott I)
Over-all snap© of cell a cylinder with rounded ends;
the sinuses bei^g only snallow depressions; apical view
circular.

L 29-50u; \V 15-25u;

Is 14-21u.

The over-all

shape differs from that of _C. attenuatum Breb. which Is fusi­
form and from tnat of _C. vlrlde (Corda) Josh,
have shallow sinuses.

Cherokee:

both of* which

dripping cliff near Hiwassee

Dam Powerhouse 14 Aug. 1949 #1749.

FKAM.

12. Cosmarlum dentlculatum f . Borgei Ir£n£e-Marle.

(Irenee-

Marie f)
Over-all cell outline oval with slightly flattened ends,

1 Reported in Brown, 1930

median incision deep,

forming a narrow sinus; about three

rows of minute teeth visible around ths perimeter,

approxi­

mately thirty-five In ec.cn seraicell for each row.

L 160-

2<u0u; W 9h-l29u;

Io 35-44u.

variaole species.

Ch dentlculatum Borge is a

Ir^n^e-Marie h^c designated two forms,

but a number of others could be described,
do 30.

if one wished to

Rabun (G-a. ): plankton from pond by hwy U.S.23 near

Clayton 13 Aug.

1949 ;rl72£ - Hardeman:

slough or marsh be­

side hwy U.S.45-E at Lledlson county line 15 June 1949 #2277.
I?* Cosmarlum formulosum Hoff.

(Nordstedt)(Presentt I)

Semiceils trapezoid or hemispherical in shape; lower
lateral angles rounded semewhat;
tlone on s H e s ,

margins .crenate, R-7 crena-

three at ends according to West & Wert;

face

surface with concentric rows of granules toward margin; cen­
ter of fsce with-5-7 vertlc"1 lines of granules;
linear with broader b-.ee.

sinus

Q-lbson - Obion: plankton from

upper pond fertilized for fish raising on Abe Shatz1 farm
east of Kenton 9 July 1949 #1243.

G-.

14. Cosmarlum formulosum v. Nathorst11 (Boldt)West & West.
(Iren^e-Marie f)(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Smaller in size and broader in proportion than the
species.

L 44-54u; W 42-52u;

Is ll-16u; T 23-24u.

Polk:

in spring water by hwy U.S. 64 below Ocoee D.nra #3 14 Aug.
1949 #1762 - Weakley:

large spring about four miles north

of G-ardner Station 8 July 1949 #1221.
15. Cosraerlura palerltura Nordst.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

331.

(Prescott I)
Ove r —all cell outline broadly elliptic;

semiceils

flattened hemispherical with lower lateral angles rounded;
surface punctate.
Knox:

L 51-60u;

W 42-50u;

Is 15-18u;

T 23-27u.

Lakeside Lake by nwy Tenn.7l about five miles south

of Knoxville lb March 1950 #2050.

N.

16.

(Ir^n^e-Karie f)(Nord­

Cosmarlum humlle

(Cay)Nordst.

st edt ) (Prescott I)
Length only siigrtl.v exceeding width;
zold in shape,

the margins crenate,

semiceils trape-

with a single intramar—

ginal row of granules visible in face view;
near the center of each semicell.
Is 4-5u;

T 7.5-8.5u.

being more angular,
granules,

L 11-15.5u; W 10-16u;

Distinguished from jC. Blytt 1 Wille by
navlng rounded rather then pointed

and having a single central granule instead of

four.

Montgomery:

9 Oct.

1949 #2024.

17.

a single granule

pond on Dotsonville Road near Clarksville
F.

Cosmarlum lmpressulum Elfv.

(Irenee-Marle f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Over-all cell shape irregularly rclygcnal;

semicells

w i t h a rounded perimeter of about eight small straight
edges or undulations.
8 . 5-14u.

Lawrence:

L 20— 36u; W 14.5-26u;

T

swamp containing several aquatics near

Lawrenceburg 29 June 1949 #1062.
IQ.

Is 3.5-9u;

GFK.

Cosmarlum margarltatum (Lund.)Roy & Biss.

M a rie f )(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)

(Irenee-

Over-all cell shape transversely broadly oval ’
.vlth a
very slight rounding at the lower lateral angles of the semicells;

poles ratner flat;

ourface ornamented with many re­

latively large gr-nulee aligned In diagonal rows with small
punctatIons hexagonelly arranged about them; about thirty
granules at the margin of the semicell.
92u; Is 19-31u;

T 36-38u.

L 60-105u; W 56-

Todd(Ky.); ditch pcno by hwy

U.S.79 near Tennessee st^t? line 11 Sept. 1949 #1991 - Onion:
pond on Hawkins’ farm on road to Walnut Log from Union City
1 July 1949 #1135.

VOFKfc.

19. Cosmarlum mar gar 11 ^ turn f. minor (Boldt)West Sc West.
(Irenee-Marie f )(Nordstedt) (Prescott I)
Distinguished from the typical only by the size, but
the recorded dimensions approach eaah other and even coin­
cide.

L 44-62u;

W 3e-51u;

Is 12.5-lbu;

T 25-41u.

Blount:

among aquatics in Laurel Lake near Kinzel Springs 4 Aug.
1949 #1660.

K.

20. Cosmarlum Meldzyrzecena e v. raononazum G-roenb.
cott I)

PI. 26, Fig.

3.

Outline of semicells tr^pezoid,
midway to the poles;
center of c e m i c e l l
Tennessee:

(Pres­

transversely constricted

single small protuberance present in

face.

summer, 1949.

L lb-21u; W 17u; Is 4-5u; T 6-7u.
M.

21. Cosmarlum monomazum Lund.

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)

Cells only slightly longer than wide; outline trans­
versely oval;

sinus narrow and deep with the lower lateral

333.

angles rounded but a.ngu i,r>r} apices almost flat; margins of
cell 3 witn about sixteen eligntly emarginnte granules,

two

rows of paired granules vlsiole in side or apical view, at
corners of cell.

Polk:

mud bottomed stream by hwy U . S . 64 'near Ducktown 1 4

sandy
1949

L 38u; W 34u; Is 11.6u; T 22u.

#1749.

22. Cosmarlum nbrveglcum Stream.

(Iren^e-Merle. f)(Pres­

cott I)
C ° l l s broadlv oval

to suospneri c a l ;

Inc

with

about

11 crenations and four or f 1v » rows of Intmrnaralnal punctntlons;

f^ur straight rows of punctatlons in the center of

each semicell.

L 24-?Pu; W 2 0 - 2 V u ; Is 6 - 8 u ; T llu.

P.abun

(G-a.): plankton from pond by hwy U.S.23 near Clayton 13
Aug.

1949 #1795.

rj3. Cos marl vim Nymannlannm Groeno.

(I r^nee-Mori ^ f)(Nord-

etedt)(Prescott I)
Semiceils rougnly trapezoidal
end somewhat concave;

In *rnpe ’’'It-

sides and

the^e Is a wide longitudinal ridge In

the center of each semicell and a single granule.
W 20-42u;

Is 7.5-llu;

T 20-26u.

24. Cosmarlum obtusatum Schm.

Tennessee:

summer,

L 42-54u;
1950.

G-.

(Ir£n^e-?.!arle f ) (Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Semicells trapez^ld,

sides slightly concave with about

7-9 undulations on each side, opposite the undulations are
one or two ether marginal rows of granules;
punctate.

L 44-60u; W 37-57u;

Is 13-18u;

surface minutely

T 20.5-27u.

Lin-

coin: ponds on farm bv Hrv U.S.241 ne'-r Favettev 1 1 1 e 19 Aug.
1949 7*1795 - Wilson:
90 Aug.

pond by hwy Tenn . 1 0

south

of Lebanon

1949 ^'1797-8 - Colbert (Ala. ): concrete tank at Ni­

trate Plant #1 ne'T Sheffield 16 Oct. 1949 (Hall)^1969 David son: fishpool by Vanderbilt University greenhouse 17
Lir.rch 1250 yOObl - Obion: Sprout's Spring near Sanbu.rg 17
Julv 1949 .p!'"’0 ?.

VK.

Cosmarlum ^rnatu.m ptt,lfs.

(Iren^e-karle f) (Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Over-all cell soupe "pr:r o y imate y square;
approximately oolong,

out highly ornamented rhth more or

less circular group? of granule?

in the r:id die of the face,

ends, and sides of the semiceils.
9.5-13u;

T 21-74u.

the semiceils

haoun(Ga.);

23 near Clayton 13 Aug.

L 79-41u; 7/ 32— 42u; Is

plankton from po^d by U.S.

1949 # 1 7 0 5 .

SFKA..

26. Cosmarlum orthost 1 chum v. pumllum Lund.

(Ir^nee-Liarie f

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Over-all cell shape brordlv oval;
hemispherical,
8

ornamented with four transverse rows of about

large granules.

14u.

semiceils flattened

Montgonery:

L 21-25u; W 2 0 - 2 1 . 5u; Is 5-8u;

T 12.5-

large marsh bv hwy U.S.79 at Norfleet &

Sons Grocery west of Clarksville 14 July 1949 #1376.
27. Cosmarlum pachydermum Lund.

FliL.

(I ren£e-liable f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Over-all shape broadly oval;

semicells hemispherical

and rounded at the lower lateral angles;

cell wall markedly

thick with a coarsely punctate surface.
87u; Is 29-40u;

T 48— 59u.

L 7e-117u; W 60-

Wall 2.6— 3.5u.

Montgomery,

large pond at Oakwood 17 Sept. 1949 #1928.
28. Cosmarlum phaseolus f. minor Boldt.

VFKM.

(IrSnfce-Marie f )

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Semicells compressed hemispherical with slightly rounded
lower lateral angles;
of cell face.

surface punctate,

L 20-26u; W 19-24u;

thickened in center

Is 4.5-7u; T ll-15u.

Shape same as C. subtumldum. which lacks the facial thick­
enings,

and similar to jC. tumldum which has oblong-oval or

reniform semiceils.

Shelby: goldfish pond in Memphis Zoo­

logical Gardens 20 March, 1949 #2129.
Cosmarlum polygonum (Naeg. )Arch.

K.
(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)

Semicells irregularly hexagonal in shape,
laterally;

flattened

uppermost lateral margins often concave;

sinus

linear or narrowly wedge-shaped; prominent knob in center
of semicell visible in end or side view.
18.5u; Is 3-7u; T 10-12.5u.

L 15-21u; W 14-

#1825 is somewhat different

than generally figured, but measurements and descriptions
seem not to exclude it from the species.

Davidson:

concrete

pools of Kelly*s Kennels at Nashville 26 Aug. 1949 #1825.
Cosmarlum Portlanum Arch.

(Iren^e-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Over-all shape dumbbell-1Ike;
10-12 rows of large granules;
L 26.5-40u; W 19-30u;

semicells ornamented with

the wide sinus is variable.

Is 8-13u; T 15-24u.

Rabun(Ga.):

plankton fro:* .end by hwy U.S.23 ne^r Clayton 13 Aug.
#1725 - Union:

pond by road near Hickory Star Landing 9 Aug.

1950 nr7316 - Montgomery:
Sept.

1949

woods ; ond caot of Shady Drove 3

1949 #? 7 7 n — Lawrence:

swamp containing several aqua­

tics by hwy U.S. 64 near Lav/re^ceburg 29 June 1949 #1062 Madison:

slough by hwy U.S.45-E eoutn of Cibson county line

14 June 19 50 *2770.

NS9FKA.Y.

31. Cosmarlum P o r t .1anus v. nephroi deum Wlttr.

(Irenle-

Mr.rie f )(Nordstedt)(Prercott I)
Distinguished from t.n« typical by the smaller size
end less rounded lower lateral
25-31u; W ?2-27u; Is 7-10u;

r:ngler of tne semiceils.

T 12-16u.

L

Knox: plankton from

shallow water in old concrete reservoir at Neubert's Springs
20 July 1949 #1527.

F.

■32. Cosmarlum ps eudopyrami datum Lund.

(Irenee-Darie f)

(N o r d stedt)(Prescott I)
Semicells more or less truncate ryramias,
ded at lower lateral angles;
W 25-40u;

Is 7.5-14u;

surface punctate.

slightly rour
L 43-65u;

T 9-15u.

Gosxar 1 urn ps eudopyramidatum v. lentiferum Tavlcr (Irene
Marie f) has been distinguished by the thickened region in
the center of each semicell face, but, a 9 Ir^nee-Marle ob­
serves,
tent,

all cells of the species are tnickened t^ s^ne ex­

so the variety is not employed nere as a valid entity.

Furthermore,

in this variable group there nre many cells

smaller than the stated limits.

337

i'adl son(Ala. ): embnyment of Guntersville Lake above Scottsboro 19 Aug. 1949 #1784 - Pickett: margins of Dsle Hollow
Lam Lake at hwy Tenn.42 bridge 15 July 1949 #1467 - Mont­
gomery:

rond oy hwy U.S.79 ao^ut six miles northeast of

Clarksville

il Oct. 1949 *1976 - Gibson - Obion: bottom

coating in highest p o m

fertilized for

f'rh

raising on Abe

Shatz’ farm east of Kenton 9 July 1949 #1236 - C M c n :
squeeze from aquatics near Biological Station 7 July 1949
#1153.

FA.

33. Cosmarlum punctulatum Br£b.

(Ir^nee-Morie f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Over-all snepe broadly oval; semicellp flattened hemi­
spherical in face view with rounded lower lateral angles;
surface covered by granules which are a trifle larger in
the ve-y center, about 24 are at the perimeter.
VF p4-30u; Is ?.5-12u;

T 17-19u.

L 24-40u;

The smallest length end

width t*ound recorded for this species was L 28u; W 27u so
#1762 was smeller then usual, with shallower sinuses.

Polk:

spring water of ditch beside hwy U.S.64 near Ocoee Dax #3
14 Aug. 1949 #1762 - Roane: Miss Littleton’s lily oool at
Kingston

8

July 1938 (Bold) unnumbered.-*

34. Cosmarlum pyramldatum 3r£b.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Semiceils trunccte pyramids with rather sharp lower

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

lateral angle-,

si 1 /htly convex sides;

slightly connive poles;
lOCu; W 41-K3u;

ond stralgnt or

surface finely scrobiculr.t e.

Ie 13.5-20u; T 26.5-36u.

L 58-

The clearest differ

ence between tnls species an^ C,. psen^opyrarrldatum Lund.
the single pvrenold

Is

(per semicell) In the chloroplost of 0.

pseudopyramidatum, whereas t ^ r »

are two in C. pyramldatum.

Colbert(Ala.): concrete tank at Mltrate Plant #1 near Shef­
field lb Oct. 1949 (Hall)#19b9.

NOFKM.

35. Cosnarlum rectangulum Relnsch.
PI.

26, Fig.

(Nordstedt)(Proscott I)

5.

Cells only sligntly longer tnan broad,

over-all shape

rectangular witn beveled upper later-o angles;
linear and ratner deep; margins undulate,
-1

deccribed as four

the ends and tr.ree at the s-micell sides,

but Tennessee

specimens showed only two lateral unaulatlons;
a compressed rectangle wit-' rounded poles.
27.5-98u;

Is 9-13u; T lOu.

Tennessee:

sinuses

apical view

L 28.5-32u; W

culture of material

collected in summer or 1949, preserved 7 !isrch 1950 #2922.
36. Cosmarlum Reinschll Arch.

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)

Celle about 1/5 longer than brond;
In s hape;

sinus narrow and deep; lower la.teral angles of

semiceils rounded,

end3 quite straight and sides described

as having four acute undulations.
8c West

semicells trapezold

Tne size recorded by West

is L 36-37u; W 27.5-30u; Is 7-8u, but In the Tennessee

specimens, L 28u; W 24u; Is

6 u.

#1211 differed from the

descriptions In that there are actually rounded crenations

339.

on the marline.

’Venkley; mpr^h beside hwy Tenn.22 west of

Hart In at 11r. Bary's £ July 1949 #1211.
37. Cosmarlum r an1 forme (Halfp.)Arch.

(Irenee-Harie f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Semiceils renii'ora in shape;

a u p

covered with &

diagonal patte n or punctotions, about 25-30 at the peri­
meter.

L 44-67u;

W 36-60u; Is 13-70u;

T 24-29u.

Blount;

coating on limestone rubble dam in Laurel Lake near Kinzel
Springs 4 Aug.

1949 #1651 — Knox; pond on old Larvville

Pike near Knoxville City limits 30 June 1931 (Bold)unnumbered 1
- Hontgonery; ditch by hwy U.S.79 and Foster*^ Cave Hoad
at ’
.V. P. Austin's f._^m 19 Lorch 1950 #2092.
39.

Cos mar Iurn renlf orme v. comprec sum Nordst.

FKKL.
(KTordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Differentiated from the typicol '
v-est in apical view
w 'lch is o b l o n g - o v s l wit '’ flat margins rat^er than ovalelliptic.

L 46-b4u; 7» 47-56u;

Is 13-18u;

T ?4-20u.

Blount:

Montvale Springs 1925.~
39. Cosmarlum repandum f. minor West & West.

(Irenee-

Marle f)(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Semiceils nexagonal or octagonal;
and. deep.

L 15-22u; W 14-20u;

Is 4-8u.

sinuses very narrow
The L/W ratio is

almost 1/1 rntner tnan the 4.6/4 or 5/4 found In published

1 Reported in Silva, 1949
2 Reported in Brown, 1930

descriptions,
gomery:

so The 1dent 1 f 1 cation nay b* f a m t y .

Mont­

large pond at Cakwood lv Oct. 1949 (Clebsoh)#1999 -

Lawrence:

swamp

(pH 5.0) containing several aq^aticc ov hwy

U.S. 64 ne,«r Lr.rrenceburj ?9 June 1949 #1069.
40. Coe marl urn cuhcr°natum Hantaach.

(Iren^e-Marie f)(Nord-

e tedt)(Prescott I)
Over-all snape rroadlv '■'val, equatorial angles nearly
square;

sinuses narrow and dee-;

s^rlmeter undu ate, 4-5

undulations

on ea y

side rnd 3 or 4 rt tne semewr.at trun­

cate oclec,

one or two granules are cpoositc each 'insulation

-1-5 rows of 9-6 granules
Is '^-16u; T 12-20u.

in t or midregion.

L 70-7Vu; ’.V lSu;

One soecimen observed -.’as only 20u in

length and width ratner th-n the recorded minimon of
long.

Lu:r.pkin(3a. ) : in artificial lake at Vogel State Park

14 Aug. 1949 #1735 - Kn^v:
Aug.

22u

1949 #1766 - Obion:

culture at- collector's home 16

pond behind Hawkins' house on road

to t.'alnut Log from. Union City 1 July 1949 #1137.
Cosmarlum eubspeciosum Nordst.

K.

(Iren^e-Marie f) (Nord­

st e dt) (Prescott I)
Semiceils heralsph*>ric*^ 1 with flattened poles and sharp
lower lateral angles;
crenations,

sinus narrow; margins with angular

about eignteen at semicell perimeter;

of face with five or six series of granules.
26.5-36u; Is 11.5-16u;

T 17. 5-26u.

center

L 33-50u; W

G-ibson - Obion: bottom

coating in highest pond fertilized for fish raising on Abe
Shatz'

farm east of Kenton

8

July 1949 #1738.

341.

42.

Cosmarlum sunspeclosum v. vnlldus Nordst.

(Irenee-

’v'nrle f)(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Distinguished from tne typical by larger size °nd the
sligntly greater number of rows of granules (seven or eight)
in the mldreg^on of toe face.
22u; T 33—39u.
portions

L 68-P5u;

Is 17.5-

ifl964 was 64u '.vide, thus having brooder oro—

cn r n generally recorded.

Podostemon spp.

'.V 4v-62u;

Lauderdale(Ala.): from

in swift '.voter of Cypress Creek at Florence

2 Oct. 1949 (Hall)#1964.
Cos^orl urn subtumldum Nordst.

(Ir^n^e-lif.rie f ) (Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Semicells ^rmlspherlc°l with slightly flattened roles,
ecuotoripl angles somewhat rounded;
L ?0-40u; W ?4-34u; Is 7.5-10u;
Springs 1925.1

surface finely punctate*

T 14.5-17u.

Montvale

FKTU

44. Cogrrarlum tumldum Lund.

(Irenee-Marie f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Semjcells oblong-oval or slightly renirorm,
cunctate;

surface

slight thickening ^resent at center of face.

31-37u; W 23-35u;
than recorded,

Is 6.5-8u;

T 17-23u.

35u instead of 32u.

L

#2096 was broader

i’ne species has much

In common with £. pheseolus f. minor Boldt,

the semicells

of which ore less rounded at the lower lateral angles, and
C. subtumldum Nordst.

1 Reported in Brown,

which Is sneped about as C. tumldum

1930

342

rnd lacks tne facial tni cicpnings.
nor

of Doteonvllle Road 9 Oct.

1,'ontgoTeryi

oond at cor—

1949 (Clebsch)#?P96 - field

pond at Meriwether IS March 1950 #9096.
45.

Cosmarlum Turplnll Breb.

(Ir^nee-Mrrle f) (Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Semiceils trapeznld with rounded lower lateral angles;
surface decorated v:Uh granule?,
meter,

and

about forty at the peri­

two enjoining circular patterns made

up

of con­

centric rings of granules in the midregion of tne semicell
f rce.

L 32.5u; W 49.5u; Is I4.5u; T ?0u r.re the measurements

as described,
77 5o-67u;

but most reports record larger cells L 60—97u;

Is 14-20u;

T 34-30U.

Montgomery:

Meriwether 18 March 1950 *2096.

VKL.

46.

Cosmarlum vlrlde (Corda)Josh.

PI.

26, Fig.

6

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)

.

Celle about 1 3/4 times l o n g e r
shallow obtuse depression;
apical view circular;
20-33u;

rield pond a t

Is 14-24u.

cucurblturn hreb.

than broad;

sinus a

semiceils ODovnte-circuler;

cell surface punctate.

L 41-55u; W

Tne species should be compared with _C.

wnich also has a very shallow sinus.

gen: wet cliff near Rugby

6

Aug.

1949 (Sharp)#1665.

Mor­
V.

DSSMIDIUM Agardh 1825
The cell? of this genus are arranged in definite fila­
ments rrther than in Incidental series as formed by Cosmarlum
and other unicellular genera.

Most of the species are tri-

angular In apical view,
>i|Jf

343

1

. Apical view or cel]= elliptic or
c itriform

1

D. G r e v llI 1 1

(Kuetz.)DcRary

. Apical view trianpular or oblong,...

. 2

2. Cells adjoined only rt corners,
wnictt are considerably protruded
out f r o m

the center section of

tne c e l l ..........................

3

2. Cells apparen ly rejoined along
entire a: leal surfaces

D. Swartzll Ag.

3. Lateral margins str-^lgnt or allgntly
concave,

end view triangular........ ...........

.....................

D.

2. Lateral margins loned,

3alleyl 1 (Half s )Nordst.
sinuses narrow,

fairly d e e p .................

D. aptogonum Bren.

wnich is triangular in apical view and
D. optogonum v. Ehrenbergll Kuetz.

which

is oblong.
Dgsmldlum aptogonum Br£b.

(Ir£n£e-r.arie f )(w o r d stedt )

(Smith f)
Cells almost twice as wide as long;
cleft witn very narrow,

anical margins

fairly deep sinuses;

apical angles

slightly extended adjoining the processes of adjacent cells;
cross section triangular except in v.

Ehrenbergll Kuetz.

which has an oolong shape.

swamp (pH5.0)

Lawrence:

con­

taining several apuetics by hwy U.S. 64 neer Lawrenceburg 29
June 1949 ^1062.

VNSGFM.

Pesmldlum Bailey 1 1

(RalfsJNordst.

(Irenee-Marie f)

(including Pesmldlum Bailey 11 v. minor Allorge & Allorge)
(Nordst-edt) (Pre-cott I)
Lateral edge° or cell'” straight or slightly con cave ;
apical angle-

extended so tnat aojacent cells Join '->nLy by

r.ne&c processes;
‘^ u .

j.he

cross section triangular.

L 15-86u; T 19-

verier / in Included with tne species here since

no evidence is round for a consistent difference In size
oet-veen it and tne typical.

Roane: Hiss Littleton's lily

pool at, Kingston 9 July 19-19 (3old)unnumoered- - Shelby:
Joe Priestly's aquarium in Memphis 2 0 March 1950

11.

vn S GrPKA •
3. Deem idlum Grevll 11 (Kuetz. )De3ary.

(Irenee-Mari e f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)(Smitn f)
Cell length 1/3 to 1/2 of width;
undulate,

lateral margins straight,

notched or with distinct linear sinus; a polar

thickening forming a pad between ad Joining celle; polar view
elliptic with short polar pad-like thickenings at tn® angles.
L 20-46u; W 43-63u;

Is 26-49u.

Hamilton:

winter nond of

long duration in cultivated field by hwy Penn.58 in northern
part of the countv 28 June 1949 #980 - Overton: margins of
artificial lake at Standing Stone State Park 15 July 1949
7fl421-30-31 - pond containing considerable number of aquatic
plants at Timothy 15 July 1949 #1456 - Madison(Ala.): reser­
voir or' G-uncersvllle Lake at hwy U.S. VP northeast of Scotts-

bo ro IS A d S'• lQ/i9 #1VQ4 — '.Viloon:
1

lines tone of cent": 1 r''‘o 1 n by

rvnnln1” over' ^ ^el vl n
U.S.70-N cibht miles west

of Lebanon 14 July 1949 #1417 — Montgomery: marshv rend *.vitb
: nstderhble v e ^ c t d t ^ n at New Providence 14 July 1049 #1394
5-9 - woods pond east of Shady Crove 3 Sept.

1949

(Clebsch)

^l911 - field pond at Meriwether 19 Larch 1950 #9096 henry:

fairly large vend with Typha and Juncus spo.

U.S. 79 northeast of Paris 14 July 1949 ,rl34S.

by hvy

MSG-F11.

5. Sesmld lum Swartzli Ag.

(Irenee-Karle f ) (Nnrdctedt)

(Prescott I)

6

PI.

95, Flu.

.

Ceils about trice as wide as long;
eordately lobec?,

margins on sides

tne lobas o'narplv pointed In tne typical,

rounded In v. amplyodon

(Itz.)Rab. ; cell 0 adjoined, flat

against each or -or rat n®r tnan adjoining at angles
t.a.ekeningfl; apical view triangular.
Is ?5-40u.
Aug.

Blount:

L

nv

w 46-«3u;

on rocks In Montv&le Springs Lake 19

1950 #9393 - Montgomery:

hog pond with Sal 1.x etc.

north of Harelv/ood 16 Larch 1950 #°095.

Just

VNSG-FKAML.

EUASTRUM Ehrenberg 1839
This genus '-nd Cosmarlum °pproach each other In cell
shape,
enough.

although for most species the distinction is clear
'rne emo.rgino.te or slnoid polar lobe Is the most

prominent character ner-e, but tii^ deep linear equatorial
sinus,

comr,ression of the cells end almost universal pre-

eenc* of facial protuberances aid in differentiation of the
genus.

346

1

.

Apical

rell m arked................

2

Apical lone merely T-etuse nr emarglnate............

6

2

. LArglns wi^h spines cr points....................

3

2

. Margins without .spines or points................ .

5

1.

incision narrow,

3.

Cello 45u or less in len g t h .........................

3.

Cell? "ver 45u in length..
4. L 3^.5-41u;
4. L 22-28u;

E. Isppontcum Schm.

*V 27-28u... E. abrupture Nordst.

W l7-20u........... ............. .

...........

E* abripturn f. minor '.Vest & West

c. Apical lobe capitate........
5.

Apical lobe not capitate
6

E. plnnatum Ralfs
E. aboense Elfv.

. Aoical lobe enlarged toward summit..............

3. Apical

4

7

lobe n^t enlarged toward

summit..............................................

8

7. Cells less than ?0u broad at bpsml
l o b e s .........................
7.

E. gemmatum 3reb.

Cells over 70u broad at basal lobes...........
.............................. E. verrucosum Ehr.
8

* Three bulbous

elevations on face

of cell................
8

E. trlbulbocum Silva

. Without three bulbous elevations
on fac e ...............

I* Euastrum aboense Elfv.

E. bln ale (Turp.)Ehr.
(Irenle-Marie f)(Frescott I)

Semicell outline truncate pyramidal with definite linear
apical notch,

two equal lateral lobes are separated by

equal undulations;

tnree surface protuberances ore present,

one near isthmus,
lateral lobules;
face.

other two within the nrrgi.n of the upper
five rows of pits present on the semicell

L 4 8-6 5 u ; W 31-42u;

Is 8-13u;

T 24-25u.

Knox: oul-

tur° at collector's hone 16 Aug. 1949 #1766.
2. Euastrum abrupture Nordst.

(Irenee-Marie f )(Nordstedt)

(Pr°£cotr I)
Semico1Is trapeze id-shaped,
rectangular,

nlreost Gqupr^, basal lobes

lobule on lateral margin merely a swelling with

two or three short blunt spines,
tended into solne-like processes;

angles of polar lobe ex­
center of face with three

granules forming a circle on tn*» median swelling.
41u; W 27-28u;

Is 7-9u.

12 July 1949 #1304.

L 37.5-

Obion; Reelfoot Lake near Samburg

FL.

3. Euastrum abrupture f. minus West & West.

(Irenee-Marie f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Smaller than t^e typical.
5. 5u.

L ?2-28u; W 17-20u;

Is 4.5-

F.

4 * Euastrum blnale (Turp. )Kuetz.
(Prescott I)

PI.

26, Fig.

8

(Irenee-Marie f) (Nordstedt)

.

Semicells trapezold in shape,

apical notch wide and

shallow, lateral lobes almost equal to polar lobes; polar
lobes with a short lateral seine; center of face with a
round,

raised protuberance.

5u; T 9-13u.

L 15-30u; W l?.5-21u;

Is 3.5-

Montgomery: pond at corner of Dotsonville

Road 9 Nov. 1949 #2026.

NFKM.

5> Euastrum gemmatum Breb.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

348.

(Prescott I)
3emicells essentially inverted T — s n. p p d w i t h scarcely
any apical notch;
of granules;

face ornamented with three circular groups

entire cvirface coarsely scrobiculate.

70u; W 38-47u;

Is lC-15u;

T 90-?0u.

L 40-

Rabun(5a.): plankton

from pond by hwy U.S.°2 near Clayton 12 Aug. 1949 #1795 Lawrence:

swamp containing a considerable number of aquatic

plants by hwy U.S.64 near Lawrenceburg 99 J u l y 1929 #1069.
VCFKAiY.
6 * Euastrum 1 appor.lcum Sc'nm.

(I ^ n e e - U a r i e f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Semicells approximately square In outline, apical
notch rather narrow and visibly prominent;
equal,

wito snallow undulation between;

two lateral lobes

polar lobes rec­

tangular, with small short snlkes on tne lateral angles;
spines often on tne otner lobes as well;

face with Intra-

marginal granules opposite lobes and a considera.ol0 protuber­
ance In cell center giving- tne side view a bulbous appear­
ance.

L 35-40u; W 27-29u;

Is

6 -8

u; T 18-19u.

#1763 is a

form approximating that In Prescott & Scott, 1945, but the
proportions seem different fro '11 those given, although they
approximate tnose of the illustration.

L 35u; W 90u.

Polk:

emoayment of Ocoee Dam Lake #1 by hwy U.S.64 14 Aug. 1949
#1763.

M.

Euastrum o’
b longum (Gkrev. )Rrlfs.
6 t e d t )(Prescott

I)

(Irenee-l/Iarle f)(Nord-

349

Sernicells conical with rectnngulcrly truncr+e apex and
shallow, narrow apical notch;
lower lateral cinus brord,
tate.

two laterel lobes present;

upper sinus narrow;

L 125-205u; W S3-107u;

Is 19-31u.

surface punc­

CDaiborne; per­

manent pond north of Tazewell 26 June 1938 (Bold)unnumbered.1
VivFK'iL.

e. Euastrum plnnatum Ralfs.
(Prescott I)

PI.

(Irenee-Uarie f )(Nordstedt)

26, Fig. 7.

SemicelIs a rounded cone,
nounced;

apical notch linear and pro­

two lateral lobes, lower divided v.lth v e r y shallow

invagination between two round, looules,
more deeply retuse,

upper lateral lobe rectcngular;

surface with five or more protuberances,
of cell r*nd two above,
loDes.

upper laterol margin
cell

three along cinus

pernapc others in the upper lateral

L 93-156u; 7.' 44-80u;

Is 16-24u;

T 35-50u.

Madison:

reservoir of Cruntersvilie Lahe above Scottsboro near hwy
U.S.77 crossing 19 Aug. 1949 #1^84.
9. Euastrum trlbulboeum sp. nov.

NGFKML.

PI. 26, Fig. 9.

Semicell outline truncate pyramidal with fairly narrow
apex, lateral and apical margins of face view concave;
equatorial sinuses linear and fairly deep; basal angles of
semicells rounded;
ances,

face raised in three bulbous protuber­

two equatorial and tne third toward the apex;

view of semicell bulbous,

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

side

with bulges visible and tapering

350.

to a truncrte apex;
elliptic

end view comnlicnted,

in outline.

L bOu; W 4Qu; Is lOu;

xhis newly descrioed species
Lund,

which,

nowever,

ar~- identical

Gibson - Obion:

-=nerally

T .?0u.

is nearest E. crasslcolle

is far smaller anc r.as roles with

creader prop er1- 1 on°.
ever,

but

t rie thr^e

01.
11

oous protub°rr. noss, how­

in fort! an^ cromi.r^noe.

bottom coat 1 ng in w ;-er pond fertilized for

fi^h raising on Aoe S h a t z 1 farm east of Kenton 9 July 1919

“1 9 5 5 .
10. Suaatrum verrucosum Ebr.

(I^enee-Larie f )(Nordstedt)

(Pr°scott I)
Semieells

fr^pezoid,

apical notch wide and shallow,

two Inters.]! looes on each side;
and shallow,

upper narrower,

by groups or granules;

lower lateral s 1nus wide

deeper,

all lobes su.rr.oun.ted

face of ceils with tnree concentri­

cally arranged rows of granule groups Just above tne sinus,
center group being largest;

entire surface covered with very

small granules.

T.V 69-109u;

Montgomery:

L 99-114u;

Is 17-2?u;

woods pond east of Shady G-rove 3 Sept.

T 42-65u.
1949

(01ebsch)#1910.
HYALOTHECA Ehrenberg ie41
In t.'.is genus tne cy'i ndriccl cells,
constricted to s trr:e extent at the center,

which are generally
are Joined end-to-

end to form a filament of indefinite length.

Hyalotheca

and G-ymnozyga approach e a c h other in character,
typically described,

although as

the cells of Gymnozyga are b^oad^st in

351.

tn® midr«g1on,

with narrower sinuses.

1 . T"'o rings of granules nr»c °nt ot each
end or cell............

H» nvicosa (Dillw.)Shr.

1. No r^ngc o? gr- notes present.........................

p

9. Cello aboi.it twice as long as broad .........
.......................
2.

H.neglecta Haclb.

Cells as broad or* broader than.
long............

H. d l s s l ? i o n *

1. Hyalotheca dlsslilens CSrritb)Breb.
(Nordstedt)(F^escott I)

.PJ.. 25,

(So 1 th)Breb.

(I^enee-Ma:"1 e f)

Fig. 7.

Filaments composed of nearly cylindrical cells which
are usually wider t p o
late.

L 10-33u;

long v/lro sides very slightly undu­

W 10-39u.

Lumphl n (Ga. ) : on pilings in

artificial lebe at Vogel State Fork 14 Aug.

19*9 #1735 -

Warren: i.C; innville 7 Feb.

1938 (Mies Mason in Bold's re-

c o rds)unnumbered^ - .Moore:

spring as su] fur well at Cumber­

land Springs 29 June 1949 #1019 - Lawrence:

swamp containing

several aquatics by hv:y U.S. 64 near Lawrenceburg

79

June

1949 #1069 - Montgomery: woods pond east of Shady drove 3
Sept. 1949 #1910.

VNSGFKL.

?. Hyalotheca mucosa (Dlllw.)Shr.

(Irenee-Marle f)(Nord-

s tedt)(Prescott I)
Filaments of cylindrical cells, lateral margins parallel;

1 Reported

in Silva, 1949

352.

two rows of granules around each end.

L l4-26u; 7/ ld-'^u.

Knox: Lodecide Pond (Lake) Seviervllle Pike (about 5 ^ l e s
south of Knoxville) 11 June 1938 (B eld)u n n u r n ^ o d -

- Moore:

pools below mill dorr, at Cumber] and Spr'ngc 29 June 1919
it1 9 3 2.

NSGFKM.

Hyalotnecu nep:l ecta Racio.

(Ir^nee-Larie f ) (Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
FI latent s of cylindrical cells,

1 onj as wide, lateral margin? w 1 1 ^
undulation.

more than t™'!

only

L 26-42u; W 11-18.5u.

as

a s nallow notch or

It Is at t-is species

tnrt trc line oetween Gymnozyga and Hyalotheca becor.es
Indistinguishable,
bulge,

since some cells do snow a slight median

and sore snow a narrow notch,

botn of w~tch are cnar-

acters w^ic.n would de^lnit^lv oblong to Gymnozvga, 1^ they
we^e accentuated.

-Macon(w •u • ): in spring tub at Gay, near

Franklin by hwy U.S.23 13 Aug.

1949 #172?.

NFK.

7.ICRASTERIAS Agardh 1827
Distinctly eepar.oted from other genera, Ml eras terlqs
o
nos very thin and very flat cells,- the semicells of which
are deeply and snarrly lobed in face view.

these are always

either three or five principal lobes per> eernicell.

1 Reported In Silva, 1949
2 Mlcroatarlas murlcata (Bail.)Ralfs is radially symmetrical,
but clearly is related to the genus because of other
characteristics.

1. Overall outline vaguely rectangular,
with tnree rank? of laterally pro­
jecting conical appendages on each
semicell margin in place of the usual
lobes.

.nese projections are dis­

posed almost

radially s:. murlcata (Bail. )Palfs

1. Cell essentially **lat............................
2.

Folrr lo^e arex

2

of semicell

1/2

oerimeter or mo-e broad,

convex................ ...

3

‘1. Polar lore apex l^ss than 1/3 of
semicell perimeter broad,
2. Lateral lores

concave................

4

shallorly bifurcate

ending in short double p o i n t s ..................
M.
3. Lateral lobes bifurcate,
sinuses,
; olnts I

ending In long,
truncata v.

truncata (Corda)Breb.
with linear
sharp double

semlradlatc

(Naeg.)Cleve

4. Ultimate lobes terminating in
blunt apices witnout points.................
......................

. U.

den 1 1culata Breb.

4. Ultimate lobe terminating with
come sort of points........
Three small uoints often present on
ultimate lobes, principal lateral and
apical lobe sinuses about equal and
fairly broad,

facial epines only at

5

base of apical lob? sinuses and at
apical m a r g i n ........ If. naerlcana (Enr. )Rslfs
c.

Lobes consistently ending In two
p o i n t 3 ....................................... .............

5.

Apical looe raised as a pedestal
leaving a very Irrge sinus be­
tween It and lateral lobes.................

6.

Apical lobe separated fr^rr. lateral
lobes only by linear sinus................ .

7.

Apices with four apoendages,

two

directed away from tne plane of the
cell,

sinuses often bordered with a

row of small splnee....

M. Mahabu.leshws.rens 1s

v. dlchotoma G. u\. Smith
7.

Apical

1

teral

angles extended,

plane

of the cel l ........

8

.

o n ? 3 witn only tne two la­
tneee in the
M. radlata

Hass.

and M. radlata v.

graclllma G.

If.

Smith

^nd LI. radlata

v. simplex G.

If.

Smith

Upper lateral looes bifurcate
to form two lobes,

each sub­

divided to form eight ultimate
lobules,

lower lateral lobes

ending In four ultimate lobules........ ..
...................
8

.

M. rotata (Grev. )Ralfs

Only five principal lobes per

semicell
9.

apparent........... .

Over-all outline octangular,
118-156u

9.

9

length

M* PQ-pllllfera Breb.

Over-all outline broadly oval,

length

150u or m o r e ...........................

10

10* Several rows of s;: Inee on face
of cell more or less radiating
from cell center...............
•

10

•

• M. aplculata

• •

. Few facial solnes,

(Ehr.)Menegh.

present only

at base of sinuses............. ...........
M. aplculata v. fImbrlata

(Ralfs)Nordst.

^Ic^asterl as amerl cona (Ehr. )Ralfs.
(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)

PI.

97,

(Irence-Marte f )

rig. 1.

Over— all cell outline broadly ovp.1; r^mlcells with five
principal lobes;

all except apical or center lobe bifurcate

with sinuses about half as deep as the principal ones, which
are very deep;

apical lobe wedge-shaped with four lobes ex­

tending out from it in two planes;

all lobes with small

spikes at the ends; pairs of small protuberances present at
base of upper sinuses and at tor of apical lobe.
160u; W 100-145u;
1938

Is l?-29u.

L 120-

Warren: McMinnville ? Jan.

(Miss Mason in Bold's records )unnumbered^- - Moore: rain

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

barrel

(pH 5.0) on Tolley farm s o u t h of Lynchburg 2 9 June

1949 #1019 - Davidson:

fish pool hy Vanderbilt University

greenhouse 17 March 1950 #2060 - Lawrence:

swamp containing

several aquatics by hwy U.S.64 near Lawrenceburg 29 June
1949 #1062 - Weakley: marsh by hwy Tenn.^2 west of Martin
July 1949 #1211.
2.

8

VNSG-FKL.

Mlcrast°rlqs aplculata (Ehr. )Menegh.

(Irene'e-M&rle f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Over-all outline brondlv oval,

apical notch a broad "VM;

two principal side lobes bifurcate nr doubly bifurcate into
secondary lobes with successively shallower sinuses,
lobes ending In two or more short sharp spines;

all

face surface

with rows of short spines tending to be aligned along the
sinuses.

L 150-294u; W 120-250u;

Is 21-56u.

Warren:

McMinnville 2 Jan 1938 (Miss Mason in Bold's records)unnumbered.^
3. Mlcrasterlas aplculata v. flmbrlata (Rnlfs)Nordet.
(Iren£e-harie f)(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Differs from the typical principally in lacking most of
the facial spines;

angles of t-<e apical lobes extend into

double spines and two more are v i s i b l e along the margin of
the apical notch.

L 210-293u; W 200-252u;

Is 25-40u.

Polk:

spring water in ditch by hwy U.S.64 near Ocoee Dam #3 14
Aug. 194Q #1762.

GFA.

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

4 * Mlorasterlas

d e n t l c u l a t a Breb.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

(Pr es co tt I)
O v e r — all o u t l i n e a b r o a d oval;
f i g u r e d as n a r r o w but distinct.
t h e y are a b r o a d
illustrations
principal

In the T e n n e s s e e

s pecimen

einuses all ve r y narrow;

s i n u s e s p e r sem ic e ll
all late ra l

(two l a t e r a l lobes

five

on each

l o b u le 6 u s u a l l y twice b i f u r c a t e to

s m a l l e r lobe s w i t h b l u n t

s l i g h t l y pu nctate.

n o t c he s g e n e r a l l y

the same shape as shown in one of the

in West & West;

side margin),
f orm

"V*,

api ca l

ends;

L 205-350u;

cell

s u rf ac e s m o o t h or

W 177-300u;

Is 23-40u.

L y o n s V i e w C r e e k at L y o ns V i e w 28 J un e 1 9 4 9 #1895.
5. M i c r a s t e r l a s M a h a b u i e s n w a r e n s l s v.

Knox:

NSGFKAM.

d l c h o t o m a G-. K. Smith,

( I r e n ^ e - M a r i e f ) ( P r e s c o t t I)
S e m l c e l i e vague? y t r a p e z o i d in shnpe,
pal l obes for e a c h semicell,
and

sometimes

spines;

twice,

lo bes

a p ic al lobe angles

t i on s and two a d d i t i o n a l
n o t c h set at
lateral
rows

different

the l o w e r ones b i f u r c o t e once

endi n g in two or three blunt
ex te nd in g

to some extent.
v a r i e t y d i ff er s

into a r m - li ke p r o j e c ­

ones at the edge of the w i d e apical

angl es to the p l a n e of the cell;

sin us es v e r y b r o a d and deep;

of short,

w i t h t hree p r i n c i ­

face s urface w i t h several

sh arp spines w h i c h t e n d to f o l l o w the margins
L 134-l70u;

W 125-160u;

Is 19-30u.

The

f r o m the typical o n l y in the p r e s e n c e of

s e c o n d a r y d i c h o t o m i e s in t h e l a t e r a l lobes.
The g e n e r a l d e s c r i p t i o n of M.

amerlcana

(Ehr.)Ralfs

a g r e e s w i t h this v a r i e t y r a t h e r c l o s e l y since only the pro-

portions of secondary looes differ.

It nas been pointed out

by Prescott tnd Scott, 1942 that t :?r° -re enough intergra—
dations present than th»y s oul d be considered a single
species.
Ilc-dl s o n (N .C • )I roads ide s- ri v; hole o o t

Junction ~f hryg

U.C.20B s- 219 25 June 1949 ff932 - Montgomery:

^ield pond at

Meriwether 19 March 1°50 #°096.
6

. Mlcrast erlae muri cata (Bail. )R.alfs .

(Mordstedt)(Prescott I)

(Irenee-Marie f)

pi. '?*>, Fig. 2.

Over-all cell outline vaguely pect^ngu inr, with three
ranks o^ elongated c^nicrl .append-ges in place of the usual
lobes;

the appendages are laterally directed and are more or

less radially arranged;

surface s m o o t h o r finely punctate.

L 105-22-iu; W 60-20Su; Is lb. 5-?5u.
As hc.s been freg”ontly observed,

this species does not

resemble others of the genus and is included partly because
of the lack of a more suitable position.
Henry:

fairly large pond with Typha and Juncus spp. by hwy

U.S.79 northeast of Paris 14 July 1949 #1249.
7. Mlcrasterlas papllllfera Breb.

FKL.

(Iren^e-Marle f)(Nord-

etedt)(Prescott I)
Over-all sno.pe octargular to broadly oval, apical
notch & brood "V"; semicslls with three principal lobes,
the lateral oner twice bifurcate and ending in small lobes
with small spines at the angles; all sinuses linear; face
with rows of short,

sharp spines along principal sinuses;

359.

surface finely punctate.

L 112-155u; ''! I0?-"! ^Pu;

le 15-22u.

y.adison(N.C • ) : roadside pool of some duration by hwy N.C.
912 ne.or Cut shall's grcc evy 95 June 1949 #1^94.
8

. Mlcrastenl as rad lato Boss.

(Proscott I)

PI.

27, Fig.

VGFE.

(Irenee-lPrle f ).(Nordstedt)

3.

Over-all outline of cal is broadly oval with flattened
. oles;

api c?l notcbec broad and shallow,

apical lobe extended

1 nto

the angles of the

arms ending in two sm«ll spines;

semicells with tnree principal lobes,

Iderpl

bifurcate w i t h rather long lobe a r m s ,

ultimately e n d i n g In

double small seines.
All intergradari o n e

L 123-197u; W 113-lSSu;

lobes twice

Is 17-30u.

exist not- c.nlv between the forms of this

snecies, but also between the t y p i c n 1 and M. Crux-melltensls
(Ehr. )Hass.

Tne des:rlh o i dl f'^■nenees are breed on tne

proportions of the lobes,
cations.

Blount;

*nd presence of secondary bifur­

upper end of ilontvole Springs Labe 18 Aug.

1950 #2324 - Henry:

pond with Cyperus stno. etc. by hwy Tenn.

54 quite near Kentucky state line 14 June 1950 #2°55.
VNSGFKML.
9. Mlcraste^tas radlata v. graclllmo G-. M. Smith.

(Iren^e-

E£arie f)(Prescott I)
The variety Is defined by having narrower divisions of
the lobes than tre typical,
grades.

wit.o which,

however,

It inter­

Iloore: plankton in mill pond at Cumberland Springs

29 June 1949 #1035.

FML,

10. litcra 3 terlas radlata v. simplex 0. IT. Smith.

(Iren/e-

(Micraste-las furoata v. simplex Wolle of Nordstedt and
of Prescott capers)
I'arie f)
This variety hv s th« thinner form of v. graclllna, tut
Is defined by tne lach of secondary dichotomies In the la­
teral looes.

Such differences ar° not constant.

Overton:

well vegetated pond ct Timothy 15 July 1949 £1456 - Mont­
gomery: mny,sh pond

’ust west of New Providence 7.4 July 1949

-1765.
11. Mlc^esterlas rotata (irev. )P.alfs.

(Irenee-Marie f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Over-all outline of cells broedly ovate; apical notch
a broad MV M ro£.pe, ongle? of apical lobe ending in two
short snarp spines;

semicells with

ve orincip&l lobes,

lower l«ter,ol lobes twice bifurcate,
thrice bifurcate,

upper lateral lobes

first bifurcation rather deep; all sinuses

narrow and principal sinuses very deep; all lobes gen^r^lly
ending in points;

surface finely ounctate.

190-?05u; Is 2S-40u.

Moore:

spring at sulfur we71 of Cumber­

land Springs 29 June 1949 #1019.
12

L 505-366u; W

VNSGFKM.

. Mlcrasterlas truncata (Corda)BreV>.

(Irenee-Marle f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Over-all outline essentially broad barrel-shaped, api­
cal notches not present, polar margins straight or even
slightly convex,

and very broad with bifurcate lateral angles

361.

eemlcells with five principal lobes,

lateral lobes shallowly

bifurcate and tipped with two double spines;

only deep sinuses

of semicells spp^.ratln^' the apical lobe from the higher la­
teral lobes;
Is 1 5-91u.
Aug.

surface of face punctate.

L

7 0 - 1 ? bv;

’.7

69-199u;

Blount; upper end -f Montvale Spr ng 6 Lake IB

1950 #9394 - Roane: hiss Littleton's lily pool at King­

ston 11 July 1938 (Bold)unnumbered.^

VNGFKAM.

13. Llcrasterlas truncnta v. semlrn.b t rta (Naep. )Cleve.
(Irenle-..;?v’i e f ) (N^rdetedt) (Prescott I)
Distinguished from tne typical by slirantly deeper
sinuses ."nd longer spines
also by a more rounded sre.pe.
lbu.

Tnis is only

tne ends of toe lobes,
L 84-98u; W 96-105u;

and
Is 14-

o** many varieties described for this

species, and probably many more could be found.
much longer spines then are usually figured.

#9097 has

Montgomery:

marsh pond Just west of New Providence 14 J u l y 1949 #1365 pond at corner of Dotsonvllle Road 9 Oct. 1949 #9097.

L.

ONYCHONEMA Wallich 1860
The filaments of this genus ere composed of somewhat
Cosmarium-like or Arthrodesmus-like cells with deep median
sinuses and transversely elliptic or hemispherical semicells.
The characteristic features of the genus, however,

are the

two relatively long finger-like processes located at the
apices of the cells.

The processes are on alternate sides

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

0 -f

1

the cells ^nd involve witn those of adjacent cells.

. Semlce '11 s cyl indric-ov*>l in r;n n p ^
tne l^ter--! morgino ueuolly coming
to a point or short spine........................

2

1. Semicellc hemispheric * 1 to roundlyoval in shape, margins without points
or spines.....

0. fill forme (Ehr.)Roy & Biss.

Points cn^rt, acute.........................

2.

............

C. laeve v. micronthum Nordst.

2. Points longer,
1. Qnychonema

a curt in r te. . 0. 1 a eve nordst.

1 11 iforme

(Ehr. )Rov Sc B I e s .

(I renege—Merle f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Filaments of approximatelv quadrate cel's rith a deep
sinus;

semi cells cyi lndric-oval, to ices wit n two projections

fitting under and over adjoining cel-s.
lVu;

Is 3.5-6u.

Cverton: pond containing a number of aquatic

plants at Timothy 15 July 1949 #1456.
2. Onychonpos. laeve Nordst.
Fig.

8

L 8.5-11.5u; W 8.5-

SG-FKM.

(Nordstedt) (Prescott I)

PI. 25,

.

Filaments of approximately quadrate cells v;ith a deep
sinus;

aemicellc cyl Ind'ric-oval with lateral anodes extended

into points.

L 16-19u; W 20.5-25u (46u with points).

Todd

(Ky. ); ditcn. r>ond ^y nwy U.S.79 quite near Tennessee ste.te
line 11 Sept. 1949 (Clebsch)#1921 - Montgomery:
sonviile Road 9 Oct. 1949 #2024.

SGFK.

pond on Dot-

v w O *

1

. C n v " honema la eve ’rr. ml e-op can r hum Nordst.

(Ir^nes-Llarie f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
in? variety

1r

very snort I n t e n d
Actually t h e ^

differentiated from t o . e
"o*nts.

seines,

L lo-16u; W 18-.?lu;

is cmsiderp.ti? variation

even in a. single filament,

Is 3.5-4u.

in the spine length,

some •ngl ?° ^p.ving' no marginal

r,r'rne wisr s hort so in ?s,

(tvcicr 1 of t re v ^ r 1 °iv),

wherea s tne lonuer seines ur®
Overton:

tvpie-'l by tne

?t 6 ri£t ^ c **f t na typ^cel»

large s "allo-.v labe containing many aquatic plants,

one mile norih,v?£t of

vx n'Ei°P- 15 Jnlv 1049 ?fl465*

NG-F.

PENIUii de Brebisson 1941
lone cells r«s.v.« are approximately cylindrierl with
rounded or conical poles,
tne mi dreg i^n.

end xvith a slight constriction in

Tne diacussion under PI eurof ae r.luo should

oe noted.
1. Cells
poles;

tapering

cell

cli g h f

1 y

to C"nlsal

surface ornamenrahed with

anastomosing rows of granules..................
..................
1

P. margorltaceum (Ehr.)3reb.

. Cells not tarering to the poles,
^oles rounded;

cell surfsoe’ ornamented

with longitudinal striae........................
......................

JP. sptrostrl d a t u m Barher

1. Peniurn aargarltaceum (Enr. )Breb.
s t e d t )(Prescott I)

(Irenee-Iia rie f)(Nord-

Cel !. c •1r>pe cvllndrlo'-l t o almost ’,|.rifoT’« \-n tr only £.
ruu^eetlin

a c' nctricti^n at mi dregb on;

ot

r-^o-.vn , '■"rn^men i ed r 1 t r. anas to.’T ^ r U u • rows

73-1 3h>u; ’.V 1?. 5—

J?ffcrron:

(Sold junnumbpred 1 - Union:
Landing; 0 Aug.

P erlum

s i i I'-Ot

a

mosing.

fam

eact o^ Fenton

Junction

s t r a l y a

85

June

of

1949

Some

has

8

July 1949

according
because

to

this

(I r e n e e - M a r I e

f)(Nord-

4.

cylinder

with

rounded

at

n i d r e g : 1, o n ; s u r f a c e

or

somewhat

v:1 t h

spiralled,

Jefferson:

•'-nd C h e r o k e e

yol^s
S-15

a-'*'1®

striae

anasto­

cermanent

Dam

and

pond

approach

road

ivGFK.

In

P e n l u m .
been

Fig.

V/ 1 4 - 3 4 u .

Naeg^li

species

with

?4,

nwy U . S . L 1 - E

#910.

PLEUROTAENIUL

Barker.

straight

103-400u;

at

able

PI.

long,

be
L

Delponte

I)

c -.nstr*ct i "n

v;.nich m a y

again

pn.-^ic in front

stick i^ middle pon^ fertilized for

a p l r p g t r l c l a +•u m

Cells

common

min

VNFKML.

s t ed t)(Prescott

a

■ end by ro&^ n^-r Hickory Star

rnjr^ng on Abe Shots'

#1225.
2.

L

Chur on by hwy U . S . VO-N 16 March 1950

#8056 — G-ibson - Obion:
fHn

of granules.

v-i- ^ ~« ip r^ol 0£? J u n e 1936

1950 rf'8315 — Cumberland:

of Nev Sal am B n r t ^ t

c.v.rfi ce v^llow-

1849
this
In

genus

fact,

repeatedly
diffe^^nt
species

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

have

c h a r ' -' o t e r d s t i e s

Pleurotaenlurr.
shifted

to

authors.

combines

tne

minuturn

Penlum
Tnis

is

general

and

in
(Ralfs)

back

understand­
cell

shape

and proportions of a Pleuro taen turn with Penium-1 ike internal
or,2 ::.ilzat 1 on.
The generic criteria -re:
relative length of cell to width,

rot a strong charecter

by -//rich to separate c- genus, PI euro taen 1 urr.

cells

six or- more tdmes longer t ;.n v,u de;
equatorial

constriction,

common to tne Pl^nrotnenluw. species

but also p r ° c en t in Penl um splrog t rlolatum Berber end possioly even in Pen i urn morgn.r 1 tac eum (Enr. )Breb. ;
equatorial girdle m o d ,

present in botn genera;

truncate pole0 , t'^ue for most P 1 enrctopn 1 urn opecier, hut
uncett:.1.n in some forms sucn as P. mi nut urn;
swelling at bn e e of semi cell ° , rvrich, like the form of the
poles,

foils tn cotagorise P. ml nuturn.

1. Constriction at rr! d'-eglon s.Llgot,
no swelling &t base of semicell",
apices of ceilr somewhat r^^nd ed ..............
P. mlnutum (H a l f s )Delponte
1. Constriction rt midregi-n distinct,
3 emicells

slightly swollen at base;

apices of cells truncate.............................
2. Poles of cells flain,

smooth.................... . 3

2. Poles of cells with crown of
tubercles

P. Ehrenbergll

(Breb.)DeBary

3. Cells over 40u broad at base of semicells................

2

P. maximum (Reinsch)Lund.

3.

Cel. in l a cc t»on 40 u nrond.............................

4

4. T'.vo c.ve] 1 ’
>ngs at each semicell
b p s e ................

c,

4. Single swelling a t .each s°micell b' se..................
5.

L 240-RBOu;

W 18- 35u ............................

• • • ..............
5.

6

P. Ehrenbergrll (Breo. )DeBary

L 525-660U; W 73-30u.............................
..........

P. Ehrenoergl I v.

elongaturr. W.

7/est

(described re oeing more narrowly pro­
portioned than the typical)
6

. L 2 4 0 - 6 2 0 u ; W 25-40u.........................
...................

6

P. traoeculum

(Ehr.)Naeg.

. L 2 l ? - 4 0 9 u ; 7/ 18.5-24u......................
...........

P. trabeculum v. rectum W. W e 3 t

(descrioed as oeing more narrowly
prooortloned tnrn tne typical)
1.

—

Pieurotaenium Ehrenbergii
— im

mm 'w —

—— —

m m mm

mm

(B r ^b.)PeBary.

(Iren/e-Marie f

(N o r d s t e d t )(Prescott I)
Cells elongated cylindrical,

taoertng slightly to trun­

cate apices wnioo r.v™ decorated with a circle of 8-9 tuber­
cles;

constriction at raidregion slight;

two distinct undula­

tions ot b^se of tne semicells end slight ones often present
neyond these;

chloroplaets

small pyrenolde
35u.

M o n t g o m e r y :

sheped as longitudinal bands with

scattered through them.

L 240-650u; W 18-

large marsh by hwv U.S.79 at Norfleet's

grocery west of ClnrksvlLle 14 July 1949 -#1376 - Madison:
slough oy nwy U.S.45-E Just soutn of Gibson county line 15
June 1950 #2270.

NSGFKA.

Pleurotaenlutr. Ehrenberg;ll v. elongatum 7/. West.

(Irenee-

I.arle f )(Nordst e d t) (Pres cot t I)
fhe v e r i t y Is more elongated, than tne typical.
5 60 u ; W 93—30u.

L 525-

Weakley: Mr. Bcrv's nond ov fiwv Tenn.22

•.vest of Martin 9 July 1949 fl^OB.

NGML.

3. PI euro taen turn maximum. (Rei nsc.o)Lund.

(Irenee-M:; rl e f)

Cells elongated cylindrical, ^li^htlv tapered to truncate
apices,

slightly constricted at midregion, where a t r a n s ­

verse rlng-llke thickening is usually visible;
about ten elongated parallel bands;
L 496-952u; W 31-24u.

chloroplasts

cell surface punctate.

Madlson(N.C.): cool

of some durati on

by hwy N. 0..°.!° ner. Cut shall *s grocery 25 June 1949 #1694 Greene:

at wler across river at Flag Pond 25 June 1949 #940 -

Montgomery:

woods oond east of 3hady Grove 3 Sept.

(Clebsch)#1910.

1949

NAM.

4. Pleurotaenlum mlnutum (Rs.lfc )Delponte.

(Irenee-Marie f)

(Penlum mlnutum (Rc.lf s )Cleve)
(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Ceils cylindrical,
rounded.

PI. 25, Fig. 4.

constricted at midregion;

L 79-200u; W 10-18u.

from tne otners of t h e

size.

l!he species is distinguished

genus by the lack of a swelling at

the base of the seralcells,
3 mall

apices

somewhat rounded aoices,

Tne proportion of l e n g t h

and

to width is generally

368.

t...1*- .-.ter than in one c e l l s

of #1421.

Overton;

in shallow

water of artificial lake at Standing Stone State Park 15
July 1949 #1481.

NSFK.

5. Pleurotaenlum tre.becul um (Ehr. )Nneg.
(N o r d s t e d t ) (Prescott I)

PI.

25, Fig.

Cells elongated cylindrical,
aidregion,
apices;

5

(Ir^nee-Jimf e f)
.

e?.lgat]y o o n c m i "■ted at

tapering slightly to truncate,

semi ce M s

with basal

swelling.

unornamented

L 340-670u; W 25-

40 u.
Irenee-llarie remarks

that tMs? spec si s is intermediate

between _P. Ehrenoergt 1 and P_. maximum.

The former is dls —

tinguisned cosily oy “he apical tuoercles,
is difficult to separate,
between m e

two.

if m e r e

out tne latter

is indeed a seprra^ion

Tne recorded dimensions intergrrde consid­

erably.
Overton;

margins of artificial lake at Standing Stone State

P & r>k 15 July 1949 #1421-4 - Wilson;

creek running over

shelving limestone of Nashville Basin by hwv U.S.70-N about
eight miles west of Lebanon 14 July 1949 #1417 - Montgomery:
pond by hwv U.S.79 at

lom Edwards'

store west of Clarksville

14 July 1949 #1370-1 farm pond by hwy U .S.41 alt. near
Ringgold 18 March 1Q 50 #2093.
6

VNSGFK! L.

. Pleurotaenlum trabeculum v. rectum (Delp.)W. West.

(Irenee-Marie f )(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
This variety is distinguished from tne typical best by
its smaller size.

In addition,

tne sides are said to be

more parallel and ti•e rrtdregion dwellings mo^e p'ronouneed
t aan In r.n.e typical.

L ?19-408u; W l^.S-Pdu.

Overton:

margins of artificial la>e In Standing Stone State Pari 15
July 1949 #1490.

fcGFM. '

STAURASTRUfc Ivleyen 1999
A pronounced
it

tneir

vmriahi lity.

prevalent,

out

ore

u f u

1 !? v

rresent.

Ih

a. f e w

equatorial

but

ot.ners.
and

there

tr®®.e
The
is

enow

a

structure

semicells
clmnct

genuc

vie?:

p ^ l ’m n l a r ,

bilateral

view,

apical

or

is

in

In

triangular

metry

tie

symmetry

be

rnrr

to

in t o r

specie?

may

or

related

Radial

of

it

I'-'bes

face

characteristic

coses

is

^nd
t 'e

sym

unmistakably

variously s h a p e d

are

always

a

r^T'^r

de^p

sinus.
* species not Included in text

1.

Cells without or^endag^r or arms at
c° 9

angl °r., especial Ly as s°en in

vertical vi e - .........................................
1

9

. Cells ’vlt.h appendage^ --•r arms at
angles as seen in ®ither front or
vertical vi e^ . ........................................

91

9. Celia with shallow equatorial
sinuses,

cell diameter.in Tennessee

specimen at least 9/3 of greatest
width.

3.

................... _S. Perianl Reinsch

2. Cells v/lto deep sinuses...........................

3

Surface of ce!T° smooth nr punctate.

4

..............

370.

3.

Surface of cells gr-nuLose orsnlnccp................

15

4. Coll angle- wito cr m e s ...........................

8

1.

5

Cell "run ee spineless.............................

5. Sinus opening' widely toward outside...........
................................_S.
S.

wiut 1 cum Breb.

3inu« linear for at least half of
dent h .............................
^ . Spmiceils

siig-ntly concave at
3.

.

api ces.....................
6

0

retuaum Turn.

. 3cmie**ilc not concave at the
apices..................................

7. Cells 45u or less in length,
elliptic in fece view.....
7. Cells over 45u long-, shspe
cells somewhat pyramidal,
angles rounded............

7

semicell
S.

civ.tleurr 3reb.

of semi­
with boSc3L
3. orbloulare Ralfs

5. Single spine present at each cell
angle...............................................
6

9

. Llore thrn one spine at each m g l e
of cell.............................................

14

9.

Isthmus section of cells very short.................

10

9.

Isthmus section of ceils elonnrnt.ed,
semicells distinctly separated from
~ne another..............
10

.

3

13

emicells transversely elliptic

or rnomcoid in outline...........................

11

371.

10. Semicells semicircular or tri­
angular.....................................
I -1 . Semicells transversely elliptic..............
.................
11

S. Dlckel Rolfs

. Semieells rnombo'd.............................
......... _S. Dlckel v. r ho mb o lacuna West & West
17. Serr 1 cells semicircular.
12. Semicells

S. delecturn Breo.

triangular, • margins

straight....................................
.... S. Pi ckcl v. rhombo ident ’.Yost 2c ’.Vest
13. Spares short nod curved toward the
equator....................

£>. cuepldatum 3r£b.

13. Spines long and divergent.....................
..........

Si. cuspidatum v. divergent Nordst.

14. Cells with ?Oi.r strong spines
at the ongles,
tically,

two directed ver­

and two horizontally,

cell length over 7 5 u ......................
....................

S. mlnnesotense Wolle

14. Cells wltn two almost vertically
aligned spines pt tne angles, a
marginal

spine rt each side of

angles perpendicular to the side
in apical view (actually directed
upward),
spines,

and two sub-marginal
also directed outward, at

17

372

points about 1/3 and 7/3 the
distance along tne sides....................
...............

_S. splcul \ f erum P. p. Smith

15. Cell surface ^rr.nulose,

15.

at least

around the angles'................................ . ..

iq

Cell surface spiney.................................

19

16. Cell angles ending in s ^ n e s ...............
•*

t-vlcula v. subarcuatum (Wolle)W. West

16. Cell ^ngles without spines.....................
17.

Sinus sharp at npex.and opening
gradually

17.

17

£3. alternans Breb.

Sinus opening quite widely,
gradually toward outside,

then

apical

viev' often quadrangular....... S. dilatatum Ehr.
IS. All spines of about equal
length ond evenly distributed
over surface........

S. gladlosum Turn.*

(for comparison with S. setlgerum Cleve)
18. Spines of varying lengths, localized
in arrangement..................................
19.

19

Semicells with three stout spines in
the same vertical plane at the cell
angles........................

19.

Semicells with 5-6stout

S. setlgerum Cleve

spines

around the corners and shorter ones
between..............................................

20

373.

20. Cells less than 30u long without
spines.......

S. sploullferum Q. M. Smith

20. Cells more than 75u long without
spines..............

S. mlnnesotense Wolle

21.

Appendages present only at angles.................

21.

Appendages on apical margin cells as
well as angles.......................................

22

32

22. Semloell apex blradlate only.............
...........................

S. natator West

22. Semlcells three- to nlne-radlate..............

23

23.

Apical view three-radiate only.....................

24

23.

Apical view more than three-radlate..........

29

24. Semlcells twisted somewhat on
the vertical axis so that the
appendages of the two are not
superimposed In apical view....................

25

24. Semlcells not twisted on verti­
cal axis, appendages superimposed.............

27

25. Lobes approximately alternating from
apical v iew ................
25.

S. alternans Bre'b.

LobeB neither aligned nor alternate......
26. Lobes very stubby,

shorter than

the diameter of the pole..................
S. polymorphum Br^b.
26.

Lobes slightly narrower and about
as long as the

diameter of the

26

P°le ....... ..............
27.

Semlcells Inverted bell-shaped In
side v iew .............

27.

£3. lnflexum Breb.

s.

Manfeldtll Delp.

Semlcells not Inverted bell.-soaped
oo

in ride view.........................
28. Lobes very narrow,

terminating

in two long end spines....................
..................
28. Lobes

sturdier,

S_. lacustre 9.

li. Smith

with three short

terminal spines.........

S. graclle Ralfs

29.

Semlcells four-radiate in aoical view...............

30

29.

Semicells m o r e than four-radiate...................

31

30. Looes narrow ~nd ratrer long.............
........................

S. paradoxum Leyen

30. Lobes short-truncate S_. polymorphum 3reb.
31. Cells unornamented in vertical view..........
..........................
31.

S. polymorphum Br^b.

Cells with emarglnote grannies at
each lobe groin In vertical view.............
..................

S. crenualatum (Naeg.)Delp.

32. Cells triangular in vertical
view

.......................................

33

32. Cells circular in vertical view................

34

33.

Lobes granulose. . . . £3. furclgerum (Ehr. )Breb.

33.

Lobes smooth....................................
.... _S. furclgerum v. armlgerura (3reb.)Nordst.
(see species comments)

375.

34. Lobes

smooth, or undulate..................
,3* f-.rctlscon v. ^labrum West & West

34. Lobes granulose. _S. arcticson
1 • Staurafc-1 rum alternans Breb.

(Prescott I)

PI.

27, Fig.

(Irene'e-Liari e f ) (Nordstedt)

5.

Cells triangular In end view,
sllgntly expended and rounded;
granules,

(Ehr.)Lund.

3 1 des

concave,

angles

arms surrounded ov rings of

alternating or superimposed on those of other

semlcell in vertical view;
trapezoid.

side view of semicells inverted

L ?0-35u; W 21-37u;

quite variable in shape.

Is 7-13u.

The species 1b

Hsv un(Ga. ) ; plankton. from pond by

hwy U .S.23 near Clayton 1? Aug.

1949 #1795 - L u m p k i n (Ga. ) :

plankton from artificial lake in Vogel State Park 14 Aug.
1949 y1^38 - Polk:

spring water in ditch tv hwy U.S. 54 near

Ocoee Dam #3 14 Aug. 1949 ^17 62 - Cverton:

large shallow

lake containing many aquatic plants by hwy Tenn.5? one mile
northwest of Livingston 15 July 1949 #1465 - Davidson:

fish

pool by Vanderbilt University greenhouse 17 Varch 1950
#2060 - Montgomery:
#2097 - Chester:

field pond at Ueriwether 18 March 1950

small drain by path in Chickasaw State Park

16 June 1950 #2275 - Obion:

pond on Ur,

Hawkins* farm by

Walnut Log Road from Union City 1 July 1949 #1135.
2. Staurastrum arctlscon

(Ehr. )Lund.

VG-FK.

(Iren£e-!iarle t)

(including Staurc strum arctlscon v. glabrum West & West)
(Nordstedt)

PI.

27, Fig. 4.

Vertical view of cell body generally circular,

forming

a hub ’.vU;’ spoke-like arrnngement of arms in two whorls,
the lower who^l w?th about nine -rms,
upward)

with about six;

the upper (directed

some granules and undulations pre­

sent on the c.rms; side view of semic^ll hodv depressed
nose in shape.

L 51-9bu;

W 40-PBu;

Is 81-32u.

p i c —

Variety

g’labrurr West Sc West lacks toe granules and undulations on
the arms,

but the characters

lntergrp.de.

by hwy U . S . 23 near Clayton 13 Aug.

1949 #l r7?5 - I-lontgomery;

woods i^ond east of Shady 3-rove 3 Sept.
Chester:

Rabun(Ga. ): pond

1949 (C l e b s c h )#1910 -

around edges of artificial l^ke in Chickasaw State

P ar k lb June 1950 #2270.

VNFKLI(the species)

NGK (the

variety).
3. Staurastruni avlcula v.

subarcuatum (Wolle)W. West.

(Irenee-Marie f )(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Vortical view of cells
cave,

angles pointed,

points,

sides slightly con­

ending in two sligntly divergent

surface covered wluh rows of granules which encircle

the arms;

side view of cells broadly hourglass-sneoed with

slightly convex poles.
Obion:

triangular,

L 20-32u; W ?7-3?u;

Is 10-14u.

stock pond Just west of Kenton on county ro*=d

8

July

1949 #1244.
4.

Staurastrum crenulntum (Naeg.)Delp.

(Irenee-Marie f)

(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Vertical view of cell body circular,
three or five radiating arms,
of the cell body,

or hub-snaped,

with

about as long a° th -3 diameter

one or two small raised ridges present at

3? 7.

the perimeter between tne arme;

arms undulate cr dentate,

circled rlth rin^s of granules,

ending in three or more

points;

side view of semicell body inverted trapezoid.

?0-CJ9u; W 20-33u;

Is 5-7u.

!.?ontgo~pT»y: marsh r.on5 ,Just west

of New Providence 14 July 1949 ^1349.
5. Staurac trum cusp Ida turn Breb.
(Prescott I)

PI.

99, Fig.

Ceils about at long

V.

(Iren£e-lla ri e f )(Nordstedb)

1.
brood;

semicells tr"nsvev>sclv

elliptic and Joi ned .*itb li cvlhndric irthmuc;
triangular,

sides slightly concave,

minating in a short,

Overton:

c.r 1 o *■1 v* evr

angles rounded and ter­

sharp sp^r.e w hlch is incurved toward

tne midregion or the cell.
5-90u.

L

L 99-?lu;

l«-96u;

Is 5-8u;

T

shallow water In margins of artificial, lake

In Standing Stone State Pork 15 July 1949 #1419.
9, Staurasfrum cusp 1 d° turn, v. dlvergen c No^dst.

Fli.
(Ir^n^e-

!.!arie f) (Nordstedt) (Prescott I)
Vertical view of cells triangular,

c 1 dec concave,

angles

rounded and ending in long spines directed outward and up­
ward;

side view with cylindrical

heml-elliptleal.

L 18-25u;

isthmus;

semlcells inverted

W 16-93.5u; Is 4-6. 5u.

species is a variaole one in proportions,
all measurements may not vary much.

although the over­

L u m p k i n (G-a. ) • or pilings

of artificial lake In Vogel State Park 11 Aug.
7. Staurostrum dejectum Breb.

This

1949 #1735.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Ceils of the same a-enerol tvpe as S. cusridatum v. di—

F.

v e r g e n s , but the proportions are broader and the spines
p ossibly shorter.

L 18-28u; W l?-32u;

Is 4-8u.

There seem

to oe as many Ideas concerning the disposition of this spe­
cies as there are reports of It.
some of the others figured.
tainly indicated.

Number 1244 differs from

A variable population is cer­

Lumpkin (G-a. ): on pilings in artificial

lake at Vogel State Park 14 Aug.
8« Staurastrum Dlckiel Halfs.

1949 #1735.

VSGFKAM.

(Irenee—Marie f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Vertical v.ierr of cells trianguler,

margins concave,

angles rounded and furnished with spines directed toward
the midregion of the cell;
w i t h pointed ends.
Lake:

side view of semicells elliptic

L 35-46u; W 34-48u;

Is 5-?u.

margins of Reelfoot Lake 16 June 1950 #2255.

9. Staurastrum Dlckiel v. rhomboldeum West & West.

Obion L.
(Ire'nee-

Marle f)(Prescott I)
Differs from the species by having the semicells al­
most triangular in side view outline rather than elliptic,
with stout straight solnes directed toward the midregion.
L 36-46u; W 38.5-48u;

Is 8 . 5-13u.

Lawrence: pond (pH 5.0)

containing a considerable number of aquatic plants by hwy
U . S . 64 near La wrenceburg 29 June 1949 #1062.
10. Staurastrum dllatatum Ehr.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Vertical view of cells generally triangular,
quadrangular,

margins concave,

sometimes

angles extended into short

arms with rounded ends;
rows of granules;

surface covered with encircling

semlcells

straight hue round m g

side view.

margins

into Inflated apical angles,

margin somewhat convex,
Tnis species

Inverted t m p e z o i d ,

L 16-46u; W 17-48u;

apical

Is 7-13u.

is differentiated fro" S. alternans best in
Montgomery;

marshy pond Just west of New Provi­

dence 14 July 1949 #1355 - pond at c o m e r of Dotsonvllle
Road 9 Oct.

1949

(Clebscn)#2024-6-7-8-31 - ^ield pond at

Meriwether lb March 1950 #2096.
• St^urastrum fnrclgerum Breb.

NF.
(Irenee-Mprie ?)(Nord-

(lnciudlng Staurastrum furclgeram v. armlgerum

(Breb.)

Nordst.)
stedt)(Prescott I)

PI.

28,

Figs.

p ,3.

Vertical view of cells usually trianguJ ?r but may have
up to nine arms,

sides more or less straight,

angles ex­

tended into arms ending In two or tnree spines,

above and

diverging from the main arms are pairs of slightly smaller
secondary arms directed somewhat upward rather than later­
ally;

all arms ringed wito circles or granules,

dentste to slightly undulate;

body of semicells In side

vie?/ essentially transversely elliptic,
into arms.

the margins

tne angles extended

For the typical, L (with spines) 50-72u; W 45-

09u; Ie 12.5-18u.
80u; W 52-70u;

For v. armlgerum (Br^b.)Nordst., L 49-

Is 10-15u.

Size o b v i o u s l y is not a s a t i s f a c t o r y c a t e g o r y for sepa:
a t l c n of this variety.

The

typical

has a single a c c e s s o r y

farin aligned Just above the primary arm end t°e surface is
dentate and strongly granulated,
undulate or even may
narrower arms.

wnereas

the variety is only

e smooth surface,

Number 1370 combines

with longer and

the characters of the

tvrical and variety '-erfectlv.
lont^omery:

plankton from rond by hwy U.S. 79 at Tom Edwards •

store west of Clarksvl i :e 14 July 1949 ,fl 370.
I 17- Staurastrum gr&clle Halts.

SGFK.

(Irenee-Uarie f)(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Vertical vie”' of cells trlenguI or with arms about as
long as tne body section,

lateral margin with a line of

small linear ridges along each edge;
ally,

arms extending later­

extending into 4-5 s.narp pointe,

circles of grcnules,

ringed, wlto several

mnrgln s h f - t l v undulate;

cells

inverted trapezold in side view.

119u;

Is 5.5-13’J.

Cbion - Lake:

13. Staurastrum inflexum Breb.

body of semi-

L 27-l07u;

71 44-

Reel foot Lake 1?°9.^

SG-F.

(Irenee-Varie f )(Nordstedt)

(P r%° F C 0 11 I)
Vertical view of* cells triangul rr, angles extended
Into arms tipped with three snort
undulnt®,

spines;

margin of arms

and surface concentrically ringed with granules;

top and bottom triangles offset,
nor alternating;

arms neither superimposed

side vie^ wi tn deep s'nis,

ho’.irgls.3 e-like in center section,

1 Rerorted in Eddy, 1Q 30

shape of cells

broadly expanded at the

? s , t '16 &g Ic a i ’virgin Svi’alr'iT or rl i htl v c°nc?,ve.
1 P-°gu;

Y> 30—4.0u;

Is 4.5-Su.

'^ntgoTiery.

L

oonc' on Dot?on-

viLle Road nerr Clarksville 9 Oct. 1949

- Madison:

slouch by hwy T
J. S.4F-E Just, s^uth ~f Gibson county line 15
June 19 50 #9270.
1 4.

Staurastrun lacustre 0. !!. Smith.

(I^ene^-Larie f)

(Prescott I)
Vertical

v 1 ?r of o c 1 's triang’>l r s, m ^ cs extended into

1.''ng narrow jTts v."'ich t err in a **e in two ratb^n Ion— divergent

S'-1res,

arms di rented up*.v: rd and outward,

surface dentate to

undulate and ringed with circles of granules;
■■'-ovrgls.ss-sh&ped,

t oo lateral m: •'-gins diverging to fo^rt long

arts at upper angler.
l°ii.

side view

L (extreme) 70-96u; W 7?-109u;

Is 9-

The long narrow arms with two terrr.lr.al soloes charac­

terise the species well.

Lumpkin (Ga. ) : plankton from arti­

ficial 1nke in Vcgel State Park 14 Aug.
!5. Staurastrum lionfel dt 1 i D°lp.

1949 #1736.

F.

(Ir^nee-lrrie f) (Nordstedt)

(Prescott I )
V e r>tlcr-1 vler of cello
convex,

trimgul'-r,

margins slightly

angles expending into sh^rt arms w-^ch are laterally

extended ond tipped with three svort spines, margin of semi­
cell

apex ornamented with border of emargin-te protrusions;

side viovr oh cell? hourglass-shaped with ap^col xsrgin con­
vex.

L 36-57u; W 52-100u;

Is 9-13u.

from Blue Basin 12 July 1949 #1324.
16. Staurastrum Merianl Relnsch.

Obion - Labe: plankton
K.

(Irenee-Mari.e f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Vertical
'n p r o o c h i o g
ules;

v i e w of cells

elliptic,

iri aroul^r,

with no c^r.ms; sur^oce

side view of semlcells

In outlir.e,

as

equatorial

!i °0-?6u;

L 36-1611;

is rucn. s maller than tuese limits
...no tne granules

Number 173?

but

tnh s time,

b l lity of tne s/eciec

is r.^t well-known.

1949 *1733.
17.

lake

sinus merely a

(L ??u;

r-^^m ^o ’
^e "ligned,

from "rtiflelal

covered by g r a n ­

Is

"c erect a v a r i e t y dt

' lankton

or

invented trapesed d , or obovoid

long as wide;

snallow notch.

pentu^^lar,

W 14u;

Is l?u),

1t seems unwarr a n t e d

v,h^2e the degree of variaL u m p k i n (G-a.):

in Vogel State P a r k 14 Aug.

NK.

St aura st rum mlnneaot ense Woiie.

ctedt) ( P r e scott

I)

PI.

27,

Figs.

V e r t l c - 1 v i e ”’ of cel's
two long- spines

at

f)(Nord-

6,7.

triangular,

each angle aligned

in addition there are

(Irenee-harie

wit"

straight sides,

one over the other,

two laterally directed marginal spines

shortly back from the angle and a third intramnrgin&l dorsal
pair of spines
nn&les;

d i r e c t e d or. each side of the sol.nee at the

cell wall punctate;

.vith n arrow

Isthmus.

Lump.kin(Cra. ) : plankton
P a r k 14 Aug.
IB.

side view of semicells

L 84-l?5u;

1949 #1736.

PI.

28,

Is 20-42.5u.

from artificial lake in Vogel State
F.

S t a u r a s t r u m mut leum 3>-eb.

(Prescott I)

W 71-ll?u;

fusiform

Fig.

Vertical view of cells

(Ire'nee-ilar ie f) ( N o r d s t e d t )

4.
triangular,

sides concave,

angles

broadly rounded;

side vie?- of semlcells elliptic; L/W ratio

1/1 or very near that.
ferent lc^Tisd from
cidec,

L 20-49u;

W ?9-41u;

Is 7-lPu.

Dif­

• orblcul 2.rs Palfs by the more concave

In vertical view,

spnenlcal semicells,

and the elliptic rather than herni—

in side vie?’.

Weakley:

Mr.

Bary'e

pond bv hwy Tenn.22 west of Martin 8 July 1949 #1208.
19. Staurastrum natator West.

NSF.

(Irenee-Marle f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Vertical vie”.
’ o f cells hexrgo^al,

nba po'1°c extended

to form an arm-like appendage te^tlnat4ng In tv;o short sharp
spines,

arms directed diagonally upward In face view with

dentate or cron ate margins ringed with circles of e^all
granules;

the longer sides of t>“» anices,

those adjacent to

tne arms, bordered with a l ’ne of three small ridges each;
side view of semlcells rectangular in outline,
narrow along the equator,

sinuses are

a circular group In the center of

t->e cell face and a line of granules along npe dorsal mar­
gin.

L (without arms) 32-38.5u; W ll-?5u;

30-60u long.
1949.

Tennessee:

Is S-12.6u.

Arms

collection cade during cummer,

A.

20. Staurastrum orblcul.cre Ralfs.

(Irenee-Marie f)(Nord-

s t edt)(Prescott I)
Vertical view of cells triangu1rr witn straight or
slightly concave margins,

angles rounded;

side view of semi-

cells f l a t t e n e d hemispherical with slightly rounded lower
lateral angles.

L 2&.5— 56u; W 23—49u; Is 8-16u.

The typical

384.

d i r f erenti • tel fro:;: S .

is

! n vertical view,j
suave

of

sever*

--rg

June

1949

hignest

pon^

fertilized

csst

lien t o n

1.

3

side

#

1 - *62

July

-

Sib sen

for

1949

i

view.

acu'n't 3 c p l a n t s

1

28

of

tie

pnd hot'W-ro^ui
^

^ 'e s e n d e e * , i ' i n

■c-'ntaimrg

mutlcus b y

c'sc-ve sides

less
»r*

-n

•
— *.. .1.y,

. <1

Lewhence:

by

n-w

- Cblon:

fish

r^ie lag

jfl238.

NF.

swamp

U.S. 64

(pH

5.9)

n*»--r L a w r e n c e -

bettor
on A b e

W

co.annj
Shata*

on

farm

S t a u m strum p a r a d o x u s ^eyen. • (Ir 'n<>ViIorie f ) (* ordst e d t )

(Prescott

I}

Verticil view of c^lis trianrrulsr cr quadrangular,
olios s-i^.ntlv m c ' t e ,
i on~-rn

sell body;

circles of granules,

angles extended loro ;..rrs about

sorbin of a.ms dentate,
ending in t.nree

” 1ro o^ cells hcurglas s-s hoped,
ward.

rms

spines;

I p. 5— 1 ?u.

Iren^e-llarle di^fc-ent iat es t^ 2

*!• ttrac*1 e by tr>e diverging,
in vertical view,

si^e

diverging somewhat up­

L (without a m s ) 21— 36u; W 19— °*u;

^O-bOu long.

with

sligntly narrower

Arms

species from
and,

the dec'^at ion of the margin with a row

of ridges in that species.

Rabun(G-a;): plankton from po«d

by U.S.23 near Clayton 14 Aug. 1949 #1725 - Knox: Chilowee
Pa^k Lake 15 July 1938 (3old)unnumoered^ - Colbert(Ala.):
oold water spring r.t Tuscumbia 4 Sept. 1949 (Hall)#1952 hontgomery: marsh pond Just west of New Providence 14 July
1949 #1365.

Vivp Kii£.

Reported in Silva, 1949

ouu> •

°2. Staurastrum -olymorphum Breb.

(Ir^n?p-''.£ri e f)(N^rd-

gtcit) (Prescott I)
Vertical vi =-v of cells triangular to septangular,
s i i gntl.y concave,

orter

sides

angles extended into stubby '-rr«s, • «11 c-htlv

tbe body o# the cell ; margin of arms undulate,

r* oged with clrolet of g r a m l es w h ’ch n 1 sc extend abound
morulas ot

cpntr,,,.l ;motion,

arms end n^1 in

very short

*n e s ; side vie’*/ shoypng various rr-oec, hour-’lass-bnaped,
a^mloell o o a y Inverted trapezoid,
form semlcells,

or with transversely fusi­

arms extended leterally.

L 20-30u; V7 21-

i^u; Is 5.5-lOu.

Cherokee (N .C . ): plankton c +' Hiwassee Lake

near Dam I"- Aug.

1949 #174 4 - Overton: margins of artificial

lake in Standing Stone State Park lb July 1949 #1429 Davidson:

flshpool by Vanderbilt University greenhouse 18

Y.arch 1950 #2060 - Todd(Ky. ): ditco pond ov hwy U.S.79
rptite near Tennessee state line 11 Sept.

1949 (Clebscn)

Jl'i03 - Montgomery: lor e pond at Qrkwood 17 Sept. 1949
(Cleosch)#1928 - Lawrence:

swamp (pK 5.9) nv hwy 64 near

Lovvrenceburg 29 June 1949 #1062.
Staurastrum retusum Turn.

FKM.

(Irenee-Marie f )(Nordstedt)

(Prescott I)
Vertical view of cells triangular,
gles rounded;

sides concave, an­

side view of semlcells trapezoid with rounded

angles and concave ooles;

sinus narrow a n d deep.

39m; 7! 15.5-30u; Is 3.5-10u.

L 15.5-

The poles of #1762 are barely

retuse so tnat it seems to approach S_. orblculare, which is,

p.v-ever,

concave at tne aplce? rather tnan truncate.

Polk:

spring '.v-ter In ditcn by nwy U.S. 64 nerr Ocoee Dam #3 14
Aug.

1949 #1762.

- *• Staurastrum setlprerum Cleve.

(Irenee-Mari e f )(Nordstedt)

(pernaps Including Staurastrum setIcerum v. pectlnatum
’.Vest & West)
(Prescott I)

PI.

26,

Figs.

5,6.

Vertical view of cells trianguirr, sides concave,
ending in a vertically aligned rank of three spines,
concentric rings of 3-6 spines ®acr> on

face;

~f semlcells pill tic t""1 altost trianguiar.
?7-e.-.U ; Is l l - ? 0 u .
Is 6 . 5-lVu.

side view

W 71-49u;

Size is n^t a valid criterion for differentia­
so the only possible re­

taining cnarrcter is tne length of the sp'nes,
inside ring In apical view is lengthened,
In tne variety.

Park 14 Aug.

and two

L 41 — 56u; W

Varietv pectlnnti.;m, L 34-54u;

ting tne typical and foe variety,

ail short.

angles

o+’ w ich the

outside reduced

Number 1213 shows all spines long,

#1660

L u m p k i n (G a . ): artificial lake in Vogel State
1949 #1735 - Blnunt:

among aquetic plants in

Laurel Lake near KInzel Springe 4 Aug.

1949 #1660 - Putnam:

reservoir of Cookville Waterworks 14 June 1949 #807 - Moore:
pools below mill dam at Cumberland Springs 29 June 1949
#103? - ’Weakley:

pond at Gardner Station by hwy Tenn.22 west

of Martin 8 July 1949 #1211.

NGFfv'.

25. Staurastrum splcullferum G. U* Smith.
(Prescott I)

(Irenee-Marie f)

307

Vertical view of the cells triargv 'cr with con cove
-ides,

angle? truncating end more obtuse,

■>ne or two solies;

terminating in

bac^ from the ancles are pairs of later­

ally directed si inee ann behind t nese and cllm^tiy higner
' s a tnird pair,

alro lateral''v directed;

cells triangular to hexagonal,
Id-^du;

Is 6.5-9u.

Polk:

side view of semi-

with flat apices.

L 20-°9u;

spring w-*ter in ditcn beside

awv U .S .64 near Ocoee Dam #3 14 Aug.

1°49

- Overton:

pond containing considerable number of aquatic plants (Sagltta^la, Potamogeton, Learna spp.
194 9 ?f1456.

etc.) at Timothy It July

NF.

XAivinlDIUM Ehrenberg 1937
i’he length c** cells
creadth.
fc.ee

Tne semlcells : re variously shaped in side or

view,

ew.

nerp is somewhat grerter r ^an the

and usually compressed to some extent in vertical

Certain varieties,

nowever,

ar° radially symmetrical,

approaching Staurastrum.
A rather constant genus character is that there are at
the angles always spine-like appendages,
paired,

which ar« always

or else bifurcate or trlfucate processes.

The representation or t-^ls genus encountered in tre
region has been disappointing.

It is smaller in number of

species and a less frequently occurring genus thm
toe ot'mr desmids,
ments.

some of

°nd likely has stricter habitat require­

389.

J.

Two long,

simple,

paired spines at

tne lower lateral and apical ,
*ngies
of tne semlcells in face view...................

2

1. Cell surface adorned wit a snort,
heavy trifurcate processes which
are not paired,

nut occur in two

horizontal ranges at the lateral
margins,

and In a circumpolar

rr n ^ e ...................

X. armatum (Breb. )Rab.

2. Spines long-, about equal to eemice.ll length,

often slightly curved,

mucilage pores,

but no granules

on the eemicell fac e .........................
................
2,

X* pseudobengal lcum C-rcenb.

Spines c o n s i d e r a b l y s h o r t e r than
semihell

length,

Etrnight,

suh-

aplcal r a n g e of granules p r e s e n t
on the semicell fac e ........ ........... .
.......

X* antllopasum v. polymazum Nordst*

1. Xanthldlum antllopasum v. polymazum Nordst.

(Irenee-

Marie f)(Nordstedt)(Prescott I)
Semlcells angular-semicircular to hexagonal in outline,
with two pairs of spines ^r^sent at the lower lateral and.
apical angles;

spines straighter and shorter than those of

X. poeudobengel1cum Croenb;

best specific identification

the arc of Irregular granules visible below the apex in the

face view.
essee:

L 65-90u; W 59-65u;

summer,

Is 14~??u;

1950 collection.

Xanthldlum armatum (Ereb. )P.ab.
stedt) (Prescott I)

T 29-36u.

Tenn­

NSGrFK.

(Irenee-.Yr.rle f) (Nord­

PI. 28, Figs. 7,9.

Vertical view hexagonal with two ranges of about four
stout three-pointed spinous processes along the lateral
r.argJ ns and a clrcl° of
of tne vertical face,
o f

h? same structures in the center

tne facial protuner*'-noe In the center

the semicell vlsinle

side in vertical view;

r

e e

a later-1 truncate cone on each

face view vaguely octagonal,

two or

three spinous processes in superimposed rows at the angles
and tne apical ring o r processes is visible, e.c well as the
grsnulr.r protuberance in the center of tne face; cell sur­
face rurctftte.
Montgomery:

L 114-18bu;

Ti

7€>-127u; Is 30-4bu;

marshy .ond Just west of New Providence 14 July

1949 #13b5 - Henry:

fairly large pond beside hwy U.S.79

east of Paris 14 July 195^ #1349.

NSFK.

3. Xanthldlum pseudobengal 1 cum 0-roenb.
( P r o s c o n I)

T 63-89u.

PI.

(Ir®nee-I3arle f)

98, Fig. 9.

Vertical view of cells elliptic w l m
spines vlsiole at the angles,

two pairs of

and tne slight thickening in

t.ne miedle or the face visible at the lateral margins;

face

view of semlcells trapezoid to elliptic in sh^pe with pairs
or long spines at the lower lateral ond apical corners;
several mucilage pores are present on the raised center por­
tion of the face.

L (without spines) 55-63u; W 50-55u; Is

390.

14-1 ^u; T 30-36u.

Spines 90— 30u long1.

Lumpkin (G-a. ): plank­

ton from artificial lake in Vogel State Park 14 Aug. 1949
yl736.

F.

Charophyc.eee

Ohara1es
Characeae
Chare, end Its related genera form a group so distinc­
tive

appearance that 1_hey have ever b^en assigned the

o^tue

of a phylum (division).

organization complex,

Not only is tneir vegetrtive

out reproductive structures ars unlike

t.
nooe found elsewhere in the plant kingdom.

Nevertheless,

^•-reful study of the morphology of the gr-up has revealed
coneideruole evidence that the plants ur« of a branched
filamentous nature, although tne plant .as a whole has an
unusually complex organizr.tl on.

It is primarily the accep­

tance of tne concent tnp.t the Charophyc^oe are essentially
filamentous

that Justifies their retention here under a

class of the green algae.

Furthermore,

their photosvnthetic

oigments and products are identical with those of the other
green algae,

and the same is sigriflcontly true of the

*-?ghor plants.
The discussion of structure Included here is kept at
on absolute minimum consistent with an understanding of the
descriptive terminology used in connection with the species

391.

mciuded

^^r‘
-e.

It should

oft understood,

h^v/ev^r, t^at m e

C;cr:;c?rp const! tute an exceedingly difficult g m m

with

.v 'oh to Aorh ond tnot a conrlderaole knowledge of morpho? ogy
ond teminolo-. y, as well os a mastery of careful •technique
in cxsminr.t1 ~'n is needed.

Fritscn I, 1935 u-'d Smith, 1950

: re recommended for a fujler diocuerl^n t h on is given below.
Tb<- plants or

C n p . r u ,

Nit ell.-;, and Tolypella pre upright

oc. Ibr v.n.lch bron^h in wrorle r.t in t p^-r i n (n^dea).
ar -I
It

' " 3

Both

ond br^ncnes mav he c'■'noosed of “si mm'le, lf‘ relr.f ivel y

e, unifftrl r

^1 laments or elongated cells.

In Ohara,

this sVpieton ip usually covered and inclosed by a cortication of smaller filaments r/hich arise by secondary growth
at the nodes.
Corficatlon

is describe, a as:

■ op 1 o s r i ch ou z , in wr'cr case rna cort1coeirg filaments are
->;•‘ retiancltb.

In this case the num.be’ cf corticating

**1 laments is equaled by t Ke number of "l^rves" or ’’branch—
' ota” at a node.
:ip]ostIchous,

PI.

29, Fig.

4.

In vmtch case each primary ran> of cortica-

1 1ng cells gives rise laterally to ^n additional filament,
sc tnr.t tnere a r e twice as many' ranks cf cortication as
there are brnnchlets.

PI.

29, Fig.

5.

This condition is

best Judged In longitudinal and cross sections of the stalk,
t m p 1 oetichcus, in which case each primary filament of ccrM eating cells gives rise to a secondary f i l a m e n t
side.

on each

Thus there ar^ tnree times as many cortical cells as

f '°re ar° branchlete.

PI.

?0, Fig.

5.

Primary corticattng cells may bear spine cells of consilornole length or be entirelv smooth.
rls at the nodes,

branches arise in

Just above the stipulod.ee or bracts.

."oc branches say be of indeterminate Clcrovdb.9 ;-"d
*--c pnrent

stalk

or else f o r m .verticels

■rcs 11) of limited growth.

^

(br~ncv,l cts

te ■*-"*•*Y' ~-■
or "lea

T’
re v erticels may bo diehctozcusl

or ^ r i c h c t o m o u s l y branched.

Sexual reproduction is oogamous,
•roroeciouB,

others dioecious.

some species being

The cogonla contain a single

1 arge egg and are surrounded by a sheath of spirally sound
lcatlng filaments w m c h terminate in a McrownM at the
-pes.

3-lobose antreridia are composed of a lrrge number of

br-.nehed filaments s^rr-'unded c».od enclosed by
flu.t cells with interlocking lobes.

sheath of

The ar.therozoids are

blflagellated motile cells not unlike those characteristic
or most breen algae.
Tribe Chareae
CMrtRA Linneaus 1754
Cortical ion occurs only in this genus, but not all spec<es ar° corticated.

In fruiting c^nditi^n the genus is

easily distlngui nhed by its oogonia which have on"1y five
crown or cap ceils at the apices, rather than the ten found
In Nltella and Tolypella.
1. Plants completely ecorticate.

C_* coronata Ziz.

1. Plants pertly or completely corticate..............

2

2. Main axis corticate,

"leaves" or

"branchlets" ecortioate, branchlets tending to form nest-llke
clumps

£• gymnopltys A* Braun

2. Branchiate corticate for at least

3

part of length........................
3.

First segment of branchlets

ecortlcate..........

3.

First segment of branchlets corticate.

.....

4

5

4. Antherldia and oogonla frequently
borne at same node

C. selandlca Willd.

4. Antherldia and oogonla borne on
separate nodes........ C. sejunota A, Braun
5. Plant conspicuously spiny; upper three
or four segments of branchlets ecor­
tloate, corticatlon ending at node
bearing 3-6 thorn-llke "leaflets"............ .
..................................
5.

C. vulgaris L.

Plant not conspicuously spiny; branch­
lets corticate to near upper end............. .
........................
Chara contrarla A. Braun.

C. contrarla A. Braun
(Pascher, Schiller & Migula f )

(Prescott f)
Nodes with 7-8 branchlets In a whorl; double row of short
blunt stlpulodes which frequently fall off leaving only scars;
corticatlon dlplostlchous, primary cortical cells more promi­
nent, secondary laterals Irregularly cylindrical, smaller

spine cells short, deciduous In lower part of stem; terminal
cells of stem ecorticate, ultimate cell short and spine-like
monoecious, both sex organs at same node; oogonla subtended
oy 3 bracts which may be shorter to many times longer than
the oogonium, posterior bracts very short.

Knox: in old

concrete reservoir at Neuberts Springs 20 July 1949 #1530.
2.

Chara coronata Ziz.

(Pascher, Schiller & Mlgula f )

(Ohara Braun11 Gmelin)
(Prescott f)

PI. 29, Figs. 1-3.

Nodes bearing a whorl of 8-10 branchlets composed of a
variable number of segments tipped by a crown of short
bract cells surrounding a short terminal cell; stem and
leaves entirely uncortlcated; stipulodes in one series,
alternate with the branchlets, and varying greatly in size;
monoecious; oogonla with bractloles which are slightly
shorter to slightly longer tnan the mature organ.

Lake:

Reelfoot Lake on west side of Nix Towhead, near cut-off 14
June 1950 #2262.
3. Chara gymnopltya A. Braun.

(see Wood 47 f, for Chara

Keukensls (Allen)Robinson)
Nodes with 6-8 branchlets in a whorl; double row of
short, pointed stipulodes present; stems corticate except
1-3 terminal segments, branchlets ecorticate; corticatlon
diplostichous, irregular, sometimes appearing triplostichous
because of overlapping near the nodes; dioecious, or rarely
monoecious; oogonla subtended by about four bractioles which

exceed It In length.

Pickett:

mnrgins of Dale Hollow Dam

reservoir at Dale Hollow Crossing1 of hwy Tenn.42 15 July
1049 #14Bl-2.
4 * Cfr&rc. sejuncta A. Braun

(Prescott f)

Nodes bearing 9-13 branchlets in a whorl;
In double whorl,

stipulodes

upper series longer then lower;

tio.r.tIon trlplostiehous,
equal In diaaeter,

stem cor—

prinarv and secondary cells about

In unper portion snort and mosaic-like,

bearing: many recurved spines but

4*.lmost

smooth In older stem

in^ernodes; lowest internodes of branchlets ecorticate and
exceeded In sice by upper rank of stipulodes;
antherldia and o o g m i a on different nodes;
by two pairs of bracts,

monoecious,

oogonla subtended

shorter th^n mature organ.

near snore of Laurel Lake

Blount:

(artificial and about fifteen

years old) near Kinzel Springs 4 Aug. 1949 #1652-7 - Mont­
gomery: pond by hwy U.S. 79 at Tom. Edwards' Store (soil here
^s Buthrie clay,

a prairie remnant) 14 July 1949 #1372 -

pond on Doteonville Hood ne^r Clarksville 9 Oct. 1949 #20242930 - Rutherford;

quarry at LaVergone 15 Oct. 1949 #2227

(card fr^m H. C. Bold mailed 1 Nov. 1949).
5. Chara vulgarls L.

(Prescott f)

Nodes bearing a whorl of 6-11 branchlets with a double
•.-morl of stipulodes,

the upper longer; upper 3 or 4 cells

of uncorticoted branchlets,

corticatlon ending abruptly at

node bearing 3-6 papillae or thorn-like leaflets of differing
sizes;

stem ccrtlcatl-n usually dlrlostichoue, the secondary

396.

Interrl? wider* th*>n tne primary; nodrl cells of primary
cortical s^rlec produced Into snorter or longer seines, oft°n giving plant spiny app ^rance;
both at same leaf node,
bracts,

sax-organs monoecious,

oogonium with about six subtending

of w ilch the 4 near the o^g^nium arc linger thtn

r*e datura fruit, posterior ~nes short.

Knox:

clear pond

and stream a r Carters Lb 11 ? Aug. 1949 rl609 - Sullivan:
saa11 po ■:d on Allison Farm along Barr Creek west of Plney
Flats

26 Sept.

1949 (Shanks)#1974.

^hara zelandlca Wllld.
ds

(see V/ood 47 f, for Chara Halten­

Turp.)
i\odes with 12-16 branchlets In a whorl,

stipulodes elongated, blcde-llke,

3-4 cm. long-;

in tv^ rows, upper longer;

plants corticrte except for terminal cell of stem, and
basal segment of brrnchletr; corticatlon trlplostichoue;
monoecious,

nntheridia end oogonla often at same node, oogonla

oractloles shorter than mature organ.

Dickson: Woodhaven

Lake in Montgomery Sell St^te Park 12 Oct. 1949 #1975.

Tribe Fitelleae
wlTELLA Agardh 1824
Plante of Nltella are never corticate.
surmounted by a crown of ten cap cello,

The oogonla are

in two vertical ranks

at the ends of the five investing filaments.

The genus is

best distinguished from Tolypella by the position of the antheridla.

In Nltella these are borne in terminal position

on a det-=rmlnat r branch (vertlcel),
Just above tne oogonla in m o n o e c ^ u :
me

sex organs are in

1

•:itnarc,ly ^rori'p; brr.nc

the -nt e-Iola bein'species.

In Tolypella

position at nodes of indecer-

and oogbnia utv appear to be

placed above cr at the sate level v:i ~ h the antherldia.
Nit.e 11 a acuminata sues,
PI.

subglomernfa A. Braun.

(’
.Vood 46 f)

2“ , Pig. 7.
Branchlets 6-3 in v/ro^l, curving outward once f'.'rcate,

primary rays (f i r s t segment) °/3-3/4 l®ngtr o^ brn.nc.h3 et,
secondary rays 2-4, muon shorter then •rimnry;
m

acuminate poirt;

ends tapering

fertile branchlets forming dense heads,

2-3 heads wit.pin a whorl;

branchlets sometimes bearing

whorl of 6—8 longer fertile branc'.lete; fertile branchlet
^rce furcrte Into 2-3 ultimate r«ys; monoecious,

oogonla and

anther o.ia occurring together at brancriet nodes.
The subspecies le difrerentIoted by s t“Pi1 e branchlets
oel'ig not much longer than fertile whorls,

fertile branch-

lets over 3 mm long.
Franklin:

roadside pool above Cowan 4 April 1 9 4 9 - ^ 1 9 7 6 .

TOLYPELLA Leonhardi 1 8 6 3
No srecies of this genus have oeen identified, in the
region.

Some comments on tneir char.?.ct?rletics may be found

aoove under Nitella and the general discussion for the Cha.rophyceae.

It may be sought in cle^r,

non-acid standing

w *+•e r s, often In company with Na.Jas flexllls (Willd. )Rostk.
-x Scnmidt, which it superficially resembles.

PI. 29, Fig. 8.

^pe.

EUOISJNOPHYTA
Euglenophyceae

Euglenales
Eugl enucec*c
C.hxP TOG-LENa Ehrenberg 1831
Crypto, ;1 snn p 1 ra Ehr.
C e Li
a

single

tV/o

3

r l g i c.,

flag

mirror

0 11

cva] , £

an

1

PI.

i_ btl y

i n s e r t ec . i n

C ' l o r’ 0 : l ‘ rts,

30, Fig.

nted

a

shallow

on

*3

16

■' 1 ^ r l v , v . i t h

c . i t e ' -’! o r * i n d e n t a t i o n
of

the

g

7/

6- 9

. 5 ” ..

I/Iodd ° Tenn. : Cumberland! t.ni Pooh P.Ivers 1919-9.1

jr#

nucl°us

in

ooste^ior

r ^ ^ h n ,

on

o s

1.

o ^ r n c>'r s i d e

oo~v;

I'^a^e

(Smith f)

H - 1 5 u ;

F ..1■tLEH/. E h r e n o e t,c' I S 39

7/i rh t n 0 p o o r ib 1 e e t c 0 ^ ^ 1 ”n of* T ra.oh0"'',"!on r.£, t^is genus
i 0 the o^st frequently enc'''Urii‘pT,oi an 3 prolific or the uni —
algae which are common? v treen.

If accounts for

the sheen of scum frequently present on barnyard pond,
in swamps.

From casual ■'■'■'eld obervatlon,

.and

there seems to "be

no question hut that the abundance Is concommit.r.nt wrlth the
high organic content

the water.

ifany species snow consldernbl e meta'Hol lc (shape chan­
ging) properties,

and all bend soa°whr.t during movement,

in contrast to the closely related genera Lepocl”cl Is and
Phacus,

wnicn are always rigid.

1 Exported in Lsckey,

1949

The

reripls.st,

or enclosing

399.

"-•porane o f

col 1 o p - v re srnoo r.a or variously striated.

tne

An eyeshot

Ip almost alv.vx.vt •<-recent,

fti’troned to 'p.1 ctocrustc.c0’''0 °r Fvdro—
v\rtns.

L

1 6 — 3 9v ;

.7 9 - 1 4 m . . . . . . . .

................ .
C o 1 ip
9 .

E.

•

f r'fjo — siv 1 pup 1 o a

' ■ . C i ? ! r ^ r .n P r . f n T O

- r"-ni_j1 o -

oyto'rl:.;^ ■-n o

o +-t e n

cu^us
li:

•

c y c 1 o p 1 o o ?_ c . 9-i c k e l h o r n

1 n

^ Kr c •■r *r . «

c • 1 o r o p i a s t c , ^ r* f o r m l P g

•

•

P

net

^

'

T

^

0

2? p di
f' T ' ^ ^

c \ ^ c> r
°

'

: h 32>i.riOv
o v',• r>

Pll'l

o

9 9

cr.l o r A r ;1

C d l t

1 0 S

I o n £ •,

crl or^ ‘I'vt:

ps:tP:'!or

'

^^

O

a. c o r —

i i
rj.^r

& .s

t s ...................

)j ^ i-i-t; - > 1 v

s-^loo'

;>oln ...ed a n a

p o _ c-,p u J

ohccurec?,

frequently

color!

«£3

C^llr

ever

often

cot c\'rod...................................

4.

........................
lonr,

Surface of ce^ls
striae

A

75u

1nrfac e

nnb

rl4

90

6

chloro

smooth,
s E.

E.

f1 u ^ a

Drnc.

laors

without

hpematoj?

1
0 r.

( E n r . )Lerrrs.

ells xv1th striae or

r i dves ...............................
5. Strlatlons faint,

ant^ri^r usually

not appreciably narrowed,

small

blunt colorless posterior tip usually
retained through most metc.bo! ic
■M

400.

cr.an^es.........................
r..

Striations prominent,
ally narrowed,

E. rubra Hardy

anterior usu­

posterior tl- not ap­

parent in man v chrpes assumed In
netaooly of cell...........
6.

E. sanpulnet Ehr.

Body lat^ra'. i.y grooved from in­
terior end.......................................

6.

Body not grooved,

7

out may be

ridged.......

8

7 . Iroove extending len.-tn or body
L 140-450u; W 1 9 - 3 0 U .....
7 . G-roove In anterior rart

E. oxvurl£ Schmarda
body

or.lv L 2P0-4.00u; W °3-?5u, no flagellum ^recent............
8.

Ehant <=>fo s sa Jobns.

Body with three nro.nlnent ridges
running entire length.................... .
................. E. trlpterls

8.
9.

(DuJ.)Klebs

Body without such ridges.........................

9

Body length six or more times width,
or, if a little less,

decorated with

rows of prominent round or truncate
granules.............................................
9.

10

Body length less than five times
width, without rov?s of prominent
granules.............................................
10. Colorless oosterior spine-like

?1

ta 11 pi pcp well dpvelo^pcl,

ce 1 1 s

scrrcely T.etrhn1 1 c ...............................

11

10. Ccl'Tlesc posterior tail piece
formed only occasionally,

if at

all , Dciv met-bo '1c......................
surface w i t h

Body

rowc o f

14

pro^in^nt

granules...........................

. ...........

IP

Body surface without prominent gran­
ules,

alt nouah st riat i->n s may be

present.......................................

lb

12. 0-ranule rov;c quite close to each
other,

t e interv:1 between

the wider
less,

o e ’og

of the granule? or

only rl^gnt metabolic move­

ment al1 owed................................
.........

. E. Splrogyra v. march! cc. Leirr.

12. G-rmule rows farther opart,

in­

terval betreen exceeding width
of granules somewhat,

allowing

metabolic movement..............................
Flagellum less th-n half body length,
rows of ornamentation spiralling
slightly....................
Flagellum about body length,

2. Splrogyra Ehr.
orna­

mentation in longitudinal lines...............
.................................

E. fusca Klebs

13

14. Posterior tal 1 ^iece sharp
pointed or extremely long-, sur­
face striati^ns
L 170-150u;

evident on body,

VV 9-llu. . S. acutlsslnia Lemm.

14. Posterior end not long and
sharp,

striatloos obscure, L

5?-175u;

7.' 8-1 Ru.............

E. acus Eiir.

15.

Paramylum bodies free in cytoplasm.................

15.

Faramylum oodles attached to chlorop l a s t s .................................................

16

70

16. Body cylindrlc 1 or flat with
truncate or rounded m s t e r i o r
end..................
16. Body never flattened,

E. Ehrenberel i Klebs
nor ros­

ter lor end truncate.............................

17

17.

Chloroplasts broadly o va l...... *....................

19

17.

Chloroplasts elongated oval or band­
shaped

19

18. Hod-like paramylum bodies pre­
sent,

tmo large and plate-like,

otners small,
obliquely

anterior end

truncate L 3b-40u...............

......................

E. sciotensis Lackey

18. Rod-like paramylum bodies ab­
sent, L 85-130u......
19.

E. Intermedia Klebs

Chloroplasts elongated discoid. E. deses Ehr.

403.

19.

Chlcroolssts

9-4,

parallel to toe

Dsnds oriented

tone axis of the

b o d y ......................
90. Body posterior

E. mutabll1s Schmitz

’rnduj.n v narrowed

frou mid-sectIon,

usually with

small colorless tip, L 58-93u............
................

E.

terrlcola (Dang. )Lemm.

90. Body nor gradually n&rrov,'Gd pos­
teriorly,

end merely tlyped

with snort tail piece, L 35-55u..........
• ........................ E. gracilis Dang*
91.

ac H v over 55u l o n g ........................

92

21.

Body less

28

22.

tnan 55u l o n g .............................

Paramylum bodies attached to
chloroplasts.....................................

22.

23

Paramylum oodles net attached
to ch loroplasts..................................

27

°3. Body broadest anterior to midregion
during most of metabolic shapes..............

24

°3. Body not broadest anteriorly In most
shapes displayed.....................................
24. Spiral ornamentation coarse and
prominent,
length,

flagellum 1/3 body

L 9 0 - 120u.......

E. caudata Hueb.

94. Spiral ornamentation delicate,
flagellum about length of body...........
........................

E. terrlcola Dang.

25

404

05.

hany rod-shaped paramylum granules
free and loose in protoplasm, In
addition to attaened ones.... E. velata

'!5.

Klebs

No free, rod-ehaped parnnvlum gran­
ules present

?6

06. Chloroplasts spirally arranged,
periplast strlotl^n? very faint,
anterior end of ce]1 bilabiate...........
.......................

E. soclabll1s Deng.

‘16. Cnlorogir? st s not svirally ar­
ranged,

stricti-n distinct,

an­

terior end of ;pil not bilab­
iate..................
27.

Chloroplasts

E. poly.torpha Dang.

spirally aligned,

body

bror.dlv fusiform to cylindrical,
irregularly placed spiral
ornamentation present,

L 74-110u.............

............................
27.

surface

E. splendens Dang.

Chloroplasts not spirally aligned,
body broadly fusiform,
colorless,

posterior tip

L 55-75u.........

E. proxlmr. Deng.

26. Some paramylum bodies attached
to chloroplasts..................................

29

28. No paramylum bodies attested to
chloroplasts.....................................
29.

body length four times width,

chloro-

31

405.

piacts variously arranged.... E. vlrldls Ehr.
3C. More than three chloroplasts
present,

eeeh approx!mately one

quarter length of body, L 3555u
30.

E. gracilis hi eb c

Tv:o or three cnloroplart^ pre­
sent,

e,:?h almost length of

body,

L ?l-34u

E. pleclfo^ntg Klebs

31. Posterior end usually narrowed to a
tip, ueuallv colorless,

p^^plac"*"

strlations evident, L .3Q-45u................. .
.........................
71.

E. chlnmydophora Malnx.

Posterior end blunt and colored,
periplasts strlations not evident......... .
32.

Cells metabolic during locomo­
tion,

direction of locomotion

never posterior,

resting cyst

formed on m!crccrust&cea and
Hvdrnccrins, L (mottle cells)
E. -cyciopicola (llchelhorn

16-32U

32.

Cell? nor: metabolic,
often backward,

locomotion

never forming

attached cysts, L 18-34u..................
.................. .
1. Euglena acua Ehr.

E. retronata Johns.

( P re sco tt

Very slightly metabolic;

f)(Smith f)

shape is almost needle-libe

t-

without a true posterior tail pises;

periplast

otriat 1 one faint; chloroplasts nuxer^us a.ni discoid, pyrcnclbs absent;
present;

7-] 2 elongated rod-shaped paramylum particles

flagellum * length of body, L £?-200u; W 7-18u.

Number 2337 h^s paramylum rods which are as brood ac those
figured for E. acutlsslma Lemm,

and

ally appear to be fused as bunds.

'ts chlorople.st& actu­
Tbo long hyaline posterior

tip said to cnoracte^iso E. acutlsslma is not present, how­
ever.

Knox: bot^-mm of fish pond at Chilowee Park Zoo IS

Jun° 1949 #0'z£ - minnow pond at Macv‘1s by bw- U.S. 11—E
about five miles east of Knoxville 1- June 1940 #049 - Ander­
son: pond by road to Scout Camp about five miles from Anders onville 25 Aug.

1950 jf2337 - Middle Ter.n. ; Cumberland and

Duck Rivers 1930-0.1

M3K.

°* Suxlenc acutissima Lemm.

(Fascher St Lemmermann f) (Wal­

ton f )
Rigid or slightly metabolic;
si form,

s V r c almost needle-like

with hyaline, needle-shaped posterior tail piece;

periplast striate;

chloroplasts numerous> discoid,

in spiral lines, pyrenolds absent;
rods present,

one anterior,

1/5-1/6 length ~f body.

arranged

two elongated paramylum

one posterior;

flagellum short,

L 80-126u; W 10-35u.

Knox: pond

on Old Seviervil! e Pike near Xlmberlin Heights 22 June 1938
(Bold)unnumbered" - Lake; very shallow area in Cranetown

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942
2 Reported in Silva, 1949

nesting area In cv- ress swamp 5 July 1949 #1164.
3 > EuKlena antefossa Joins.

(Johnson 44 f)

Not ctt all or very slightly .metabolic;
cylindrical with anterior end rounded,

present on periplast;
shape;

35u

(3Gu).

mvlum rods,

7.

shape elongated

a short lateral

longitudinal

striations

chloroplasts numerous and discoid in

paramylum bodies large elongated rods;

parently lushing.

30, Fig.

posterior extended

into an elongated sharp hyaline tail piece,
groove extends from the fcnter?or end;

PI.

N.

flage'Mum ap­

L 140-4Q0u (described as 310u); W 22-

The original description mentions only two parawith the nucleus between,

group of rods in posterior position.

but number 2314 has %>
In addition,

the size

in the Tennessee specimens is considerably larger than
Johnson descrioes,

but the other characters of the species

are present in the Tennessee specimens so that there can
be no doubt but that they closely resemble the type.

Only

additional observations can establish the proper species or
varietal lines,

if they are required here.

Knox:

in mud at

margins of small stream at Jimmy O'Brien's north of Fountain
City 9 Aug.

1950 #2314.

-• Sttglena caudata Hueb.
Metabolic;

(Pascher & Lemmermann f)

shape broadly fusiform,

anterior end broadest,

posterior narrowly elongate with colored tip;
tions o r periplast prominent;
form to band-shaped,

spiral stria­

chloroplasts numerous,

fusi­

usually arranged parallel to each other,

one pyrenoid present per chloroplost; two annular bodies of

paramylum atr-p.cr.ed n?ar middle of coco chloroplrst, or free;
flagellum length of body.

L 99-l?0u; Vi’ ?7-f0u.

Jso> 3 ^n

(Ala.): marshy pool In G-unt.ersville Feservoir area near
Sco^tsboro 19 Aug. 1919 #1775.
Suglena erlaaydophora Mainx.
Highly metabolic;
nldregion,

H.
(Johnson 44 f)

shape fusiform, usually broadest at

bur. eit°°r *»od m a y

temporarily broader In

movement; posterior narrowed to snort colorless tip, an­
terior tapered somewhat in most shapes evhibited;
of perlplost faint;

cnloroplaets numerous,

6-t»u broad; paramylum bodies numerous,
elliptic In share,

essee specimens,

raucer-chaped,

cvcl, rectangular or

relatively small or lorge;

length c+' body or less.

strlatlons

L 30-45u; W 6-lbu.

flagellum
In -he Tenn­

one chloroplasts ^ave a definite tendency

to group Together so -hat their shape-

13

obscure,

to occur only ris three b~nds or mosses

rod seem

chloroplasts.

Union: pond by Boy Scout Camp approach road 25 Aug. 1950
*0770
ft-W _ •
6. Suglena cycloplcola Grlch°lhorn.

(Johnson 44 f)

ICetsbolic In motile phase; body cylindrical, rounded
at both ends, with anterior end colorless;

chloroplasts

discoid, 4u in diameter, 10-12 in number; paramylum bodies
numerous,
longer.

oval-snaped;

flagellum length o r body or slightly

L 16-32u; W 9-14u.

The thin-walled cysts of this

species are attached to microcrustaceans and larval Hydracarina.

Obion: pond by 7/r.lnut Leg road from Union City 14

June 1950 #2250.
Suglena deses Ehr.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f)(Prescott f)

Sluggishly metrbollc and frequently contorting Into
strange snopes;

shape elongated cylindrical or slightly

flattened, with short,
spiral striations;
"oi: snort or long;
less.

colored ^oster’I.or tip; periplast with

chloroplasts numerous,
flagellum snort,

L 70-?f'0u; W ll-24u.

discoid; paramylum

1/3 length o^ cell or

Middle Tern.: Duck P.lver 1938-91

- Robertson; puddle by -.vy U.S. 41 alt. west of Cedar Hill
20 Aug. 1940 #1852.

NSK.

®* Sti.rlena Ehrenbergl 1 Klebs.

(Pascher & Lenraermc.nn f )

(Prescott f)
Highly metabolic;

shaoe elongated cylindrical or bani­

sh .aped wi^b. blunt ^''unded ends; periplast faintly spirally
striate;

chloroplasts m ^ e r o u s ,

elongated cylindrical rods,
small rods;
7» about 25u.

discoid; paramvlum 1-2

flattened and discoid., and other

flagellum 1/3-1/2 length of body.

L 200-300u;

Middle. Tenn. ; Duck River 1936-9^- - Obion:

among leaves of Potaaaog^tnn etc.

In Bayou du Chien near

Biological Station 2 July 1949 #1165.
9. Euglena flava Dang.

NK.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f)(Prescott f)

(Walton f)
Metabolic;

chape fusiform with short colorless posterior

tip, bilabiate anterior end; periplast with faint spiral

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

stri.ati on;

chioroplaste 8-16,

nyr°noid In each;
ohloropl.net;
Knox:

dlsc-sii^ppd,

with a ring-like

two paramylum bodies attached to each

flagellum I length of body, L 50-65u; W 16-?0u.

road rut pools at entrance to Island Home Park area

29 July 1949 #1507-.
10.

Euglena fusca Kelbs.

PI.

30, Figs.

5,6.

Slightly metabolic;
posteriorly,

(Prscher Sc Lemmermann f) (Walton f )

snape elongated band-like,

^n din g in ^ sharp point;

tapered

p^ripl^st spirally

striated with rows of nuaier^us short spines on round, gran­
ules,

the rov: encircling tap body a b o u t

numerous,

disc-shaped;

oval rings;

once;

chloroplasts

two large ^lunt paramylum rods or

flagellum length of body.

L 90-225u; W 23-2?u.

Middle Term. : Duck River 19?F-9- - Henry:

Typha pool in old

clay pit at Wallace Motor Court by hwy U.S.V9 south of Henry
19 Ln^ch 1950 -°119.

NK.

Euglena gracills Klebs.

(Fascher & Lemmermann f)(Pres­

cott f)
Strongly metabolic;

shape cylindrically fusiform to

blunt oval, with blunt posterior end; periplast spirally
striate;

12-15 chloroplasts,

fusiform-shaped,

irregular disc-like or flattened

with a pyrcnoid in each;

pyrarcylum bodies free in protoplasm;
body.

L 35-55u; W 6-22u.

1 Reported in Lackey,

1942

numerous irregular

flagellum length of

Knox: Sanford estate (presumably

me

fled pool)

Julv date 1939 (Boldjunnunbe^ed1 - marshy

backwater of Ft. Loudon L-eVp at Blue Grass 93 July 1049
;rl567 - among vegetation at nr-rgiu of stagnant p m d
Riverside Drive beyond Kno vV i i e
*1596 - Weal'lley:
/flllc .
19.

m--rsn

Waterworks 25 July 1049

g^nd -t Greenfield 30 June 1949

K.

Sitglena da e rr.atodes

(Ehr. jLemm.

(Pa?ch°r & Letnmerrrann)

Co.mplet elv r e d , or haeTator*hrorrie g r m u l p t
a circular area;
cmid,

or v;31n somewho.t p ^ m H e !

periplast

^ ^ ^q ^ ^ ^1 '^ 1 *v1 ~ ^*1 s trt*1.& c j

conta! n 1nr; small round, p v r ^ m - m ;

of

b o d y .

S u p ' l ena

evespot oval,
L 90-170u;

inf m m ed 1 a

terior a short

flagellum 11 times

W 24—44u.
t

z.

(Prescott

f)

(Smith

snr-pe elongated cylindrical,

colorless tip,

°nd; periplast with

pnraaylum oodles free

enter1or;

(K1 ebs )S c h m i

Strongly metebolic;

numerous,

post^rlor shortly

11ndi stinctlv spi r&llv striate; chioreolasfr small,

In rrotoplasm;

13.

sides,

a n 1’?!’! or conical ^ r sM-'otlv >|llablffo ;

m it d r oi]n ^ sp5ndLl^5*"aH°oPrij t c ^ ^n

lengm

localized In

.Teraool 1 c ; s^^pc fusiform, or el^npated ob«~

a o 1r r p d or rounded.,

<=*0 oh

by

f a 1n t

pos­

-nterl^r narrowed to a blurt

spiral striation;

chloroplasts

disc-shaped; paramylum bodies 2-10,

flagellum less than 1/5 length of body.

rod-shaped;

L 65-135u;

W 3-l?u.

Jack s o n ( A l a . )I merrhv pool in Guntersville Reservoir area
near Scottsboro 19 Aug.

1 Reported in Silva,

1949 #1793 - Giles: pools by muddy

1949

f)

creek at Pulaski 99 Juno 1949 #\LObO.
14«

Suglena ltmosa G-nrd.

N.

(Frltscn I)(Gard

Middle Tenn.: Duck River 1939-9.1
Eur<lenc mutabl] is Srhnltz.

f)

K.

(Pasc er & Le m m e r m a n n

f)

(Yt'alton f)
Strongly m e t a boMc;
terior tapered
not striate;

and

Ehape elongnted cvlindric?l, pos­

extended

Into an rente point; periplast

chlonoplasts 9-4 band-shaped, running entire

or h°lf cell length and containing two pyrenojds eacn; paramvlum granules nurener of smell rods or discs;
very snort.
22 at Mr.

L S0-90u; W 7u.

flagellum

V/eakley: mnrsb by nwy Tenn.

Bary's west of Martin S July 1949 jflPli .

lb. Euglena oxyurls Schmarda.

(P< 3cner & Lemmermann f )

(Prescott f)(Walton f)
Slightly metabolic,

usually twisting in movement;

shape

quite elongated cylindrical or flattened with elongated
colorless posterior tip; periplast spirally striate with
series o r snort gr: nular processes;

chloroplasts numerous

disc-shaped; paramylum bodies two large ringed elongated
plates,

^ne posterior,

length of body.

one anterior;

L 375-490u; W 30J-45u.

Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.-*3-v * Euglena plsclformls Klebs.
(Walton f)

PI.

flagellum 1/3-1/2

30, Fig.

2.

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

Middle Tenn. :

NSK.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f )

Silently metabolic,

moving’ In zig-zag

manner;

shape

fusiform 'vitn short pointed ’osterior; p»^iPiast with faint
spiral striation;

ooloroalasts 2-3, longitudinal band-shape;

paramylum be d i e s 'annular,

dtscold-cn^ped,

plasts,

or oval **ree bodies.

Hansg.

L 18-POu; W 4. 5-5u.

at Carter*s Mill 2 Aug.

L 25-30u; W 5-19u
Knox:

1 on

v. mi

quh et area of mill pond

1949. #1615-7 - Middle Tenn.:

land and Duck Rivers 1938-91 - Obion:
Biological S t 1

attached to chloro

Bayou du Chien near

2 July 1949 #1151 — Lake:

sloughs by hv;y

Tenn.70 near Kentucky state line 5 July 1949 #1193.
IB. 5uglena polymorpha Dang.

Cumber­

K.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f)

(Prescott f ) (V/alton f)
Somewhat metabolic;

s ape elongated oval to cylindrical

with snort ti ri s^met 1mes present at posterior;
spirally striate;
discs;

periplast

chloroplasts 15 or more irregul^rly shaped

oval-shaped paramylum bodies present or lacking;

flagellum twice length of body.

L 80-90u; W 29-25u.

Polk:

sandy mud bottomed stream by hwy U.S.64 near Ducktown 14
Aug.

1949 #1749 - Middle Tenn.: Cumberland rnd Duck Rivers

1938-9.1

NK.

19. Euglena proxinq Dang.
Metabolic;

(Prescott f)(Walton f)

snape broadly fusiform with colorless pos­

terior tip, bilabiate anterior end; periplast spirally
striate;

chloroplasts numerous,

1 Reported in Lackey,

1942

disc-shaped,

otten parallel

414.

wi t.b strict ions; paramylum bodies small, ovol or ring*— shaped,
free rr^m cnloroplasts; flagellum 1 -11 times length of body;
L 55-7nu; 7/ 19-35u.
mer of 1949.

Tennessee:

N.

‘
-10. Euprlena retr^nata. Johns.
Highly metabolic;
or anterior,

collection made d u n ng sum­

(Johnson 44 f)

shape fusiform,

usually tapering posteriorly to blunt point;

periplast, with faint spiral striat'on;
scucer-shaped with i r regu’or margins,
in diameter,

parietally placed,

oy accumulated paramylum;
somewhat oval;
7/ 7-lbu.

broodest in s 1dT'cgicn

chloro;lasts elongate
6-19 in number,

5-9u

out may be forced to rear

paramylum bodies few to many,

flagellum l£- times lengtn of body.

L IB— 34u;

Lauderdale (Ala. ) : farm near creek crossing by hwy

U.S.7b east or Wheeler Dam approach 17 June 1950 #9999.
• Euglena rn.br*-> Hardy.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f) (Walton f)

Usually c o l o r e d red with haematochrome;
bolic;

shape cylindrical

slightly meta­

with, rounded anterior and abruptly

tapering posterior end with small colorless blunt tip; peri­
plast with delicate spiral striation;
spindle-scnped,

parallel w i t h

chlnroplact3

numerous

striations; paramylum numerous

spindle-shaped or round, bodies;

flagellum length of body or

slightly more; L 76-200u; W 35-60u.

Blount: pond near Charlie

Moyers' house in Cades Cove September date 1949 unnumbered Lake:
#1196.

Cranetwon nesting area in cypress swamp 5 July 1949
N.

1 Reported in Lackey,

1942

415.

Suglena snngulnea Ehr.

(Pasciier & Lemmerrr.tnn f ) (Pres­

cott f)
Color red or mostl;, green with red area; metabolic;
shape elongated oval,

fusiform,

to cylindrical,

posterior tip or rounded end; periplast
with indistinct punctae;
soaped,
or oval;
W °4-44u.

spirally striate

chloroplasts numerous

pr.ral1 el to striation;

spindle-

small paramylum bodies round

flagellum l£-2 times length of body.
Knox:

with short

L 55-170u;

in road rut pools at entrance to Island

Park 70 July 1949 #1507 - marshy bsctrater of Ft.
Lake

at Blue Grc ? s 73 July 1949 #1567 - Anderson: pond

Loudon
in

sneep pasture by road to Boy Scour camp about five miles
from

Andersonville 25 Aug.

pond

by hwy Tenn.42 three miles north of Livingston 15

1949 #1467 - Davidson (?):
ham:

1950 #7337 - Overton: barnyard
July

Cumberland River 1938-9^ - Cheat­

soil bottomed pools fertilized for fish raising on

Little Marrowbone Cr»ek Road 20 Aug.

1949 #1837 - Montgomery:

large marsn by hwy U.S.79 at Norfleet & Sons' grocery west
of Clarksville 14 July 1949. #1376 - old stock pond near
Blooming Grove Creek turnoff 14 July 1949 #1414 - Stewart:
pond by hwy U.S. 79 epst or Dover 13 July 1949 ?fl361 - Henry:
pools in recently timbered marshy area Just west of Paris
13 July 1949 #1343 - Weakley: Mr. B&ry's pond bv hwy Tenn.
72 west of Martin 8 July 1949 #1208 - mud puddle by hwy

1 Reported in Lackey,

1942

416.

Tenn. 54 east of -Dresden 13 July 1949 #1334 - Obion:
behind Mr.

Hawkins'

pond

house on road to Walnut Log from Union

City 1 July 1949 #1151 - field embayment at south end of
Isom Lake 10 July 1949 #1281 - Shelby: pond-at

Junction of

Cerber Road and hwv U.S. 64 30 June 1949 #1089.
: 3. Sullen?, sclotenels Lackey.

K.

(Lackey 39 f)

Slightly metabolic;, snape cylindrical wit-' bro- dly
■"^unded anterior,

sllj^tly constricted posterior tapering

to an acute point;

chloroplasts few,

arranged; pr-ramylum dimorpnic,
few small rods.

L 35-40u;

disc-shaped,

parietally

two 1- rge oval plates and a

W 5-7u.

Middle Tenn.:

Cumberland

and Duck Rivers l0 39-9.-L
24.

Euglena soclr bills D ang.
Metabolic;

p i . 30, Fig. 4.

snape fusiform with short posterior tip;

chloroplaete a "out- ten,
or rod-shaped.

(Walton f)

disc-shrped;

L rO— IlOu; W 85-35u.

at collector's home

from

paramylum belies ovrl
Tennessee:

culture

m*: serial collected during summer

of 1949 7*2228 - Sevier: mud puddl® in rord at Pigeon Forge
20 Aug.

1949 #23 32.

Suglena Splrogvra Ehr.

(Pe.scner & Lemmermann f) (Pres­

cott f)(Walton f)
Slightly metabolic;
flattened,

shape elongated cylindrical or

anterior narrowed, posterior extended into an

acute tip, often bent; periplast striate with spire 1 rows

417.

distinct granules,

cnm c r-n. or trun 2 .
9.
te pyramidal

In shape,

a prominent row perhr-.ps? alternating with r. less d 1st. 1 net -"re;
c nlftropl"!e t c numerous,
annular plates
snort,

h

dl pc-snaped; pommylurr two la-vce

:..ni several

lengtn of body.

email "nod- snared
L °0-lbQu;

es j fl^-'cllum

W 6-35u.

Knar: mud ut

margin^ ot so- 11 stre- rr. by Jimmy O'Brien* s Just north of
Fountain City 9

Aug.

posture

to-Scout Camp

oy v oe.d

sonyl lie 95 Au-u
9^ — Obion:

1950 #931^ —

Anderson;

pond insheep

fiv° ml1 “£ from And er-

1950 #°337 - Middle T<=no.: Duck River 1939-

near s •*•>21 h snor^ of Isom L*-Vie 10 July 1949 #1969

- Lr * e : slou.-.-n ov ^vv Tenn. v9 ne-r Kentucky stot® 1 ine 5
July 1949 #1192

- fi^ld pool nenr

July 1949 #1196.
26. Eualenr

Cranetown

nesting1arer. 5

NSK.

rplen.dens Dung.

(rancher & Le^mer-mann

f

)

(fad ton)
M e t a o n lie;
terior

0

n ~ 0 '*■ ov^ 1 r'’r% o v l^ ndr 1 n

tij-j p - r i p l a s t

ditions,

with spiral

striae;

chloropluwtr

sn^ged;

puramylux

£^ri-.ti->>* v i s i b l e
ro*c

1 n,n

a £ tort p o s ­

under f a v o r a b l e

c** i r r e g u l a r p r o c e s s e s

numerous,

oc-d1

^

riboon-like

r o u n d or short

times length, of body; L 70-llQu;

bet w e e n

or l o n g

rods;

con­

spindlc-

flagellum

74 9‘
1-7hu.

An excellent

distinguishing characteristic of this species is the pre­
sence of irregularly shaped raised rrocesses arranged spir­
ally

on the periplasts.
"to

t ^ (? 2 6

Johnson comments that the striations

v' T O f' £ c C c S )

^ vj 1“

i +•

c, o r> re

^ 0 T 1p

t

t

"u }0 0 V

rat^^r, project! ons on the ridges between grooves c1” spiral

st^iati'■'ns.
Farmgut
i

c

Kr-'-'x: An^rev; JaC'Vson

7 July 193&

(3 o l d )unnurbeecd*' — Anderson:

h^ep pas t ure bv road to Scnnt Ca.nir>

from Anders-nville ?5 Aug.
77.

(Dead Horse) Labe rear

Euplena terrlcola

1°50 ;*?2."7.

(Dang.)Le ar..

c.

pond,

bnut five miles
N.

(Pas oher & L nrrrr,ercr.nn f

('.Valt or. 1“)
Highly rr.et&bol i c; c^ape c v 1 ’n ’r l c 1,

diameter

var 1 o c 1 e In r o r i t i o n out usua i ly an teri ■',r, poster!! or tip
distinct,

colorless;

chloror 1 rs ts S -15,
range:;

paramylu.n

r:e r i y l : st vlth fa.4 nt sr-ircl etriation;

oand-like or rods,

loroifudhrally ar­

rsrvlar todies on each cbloroolast;

+” r ~

flag ell urn .1 length c** H cdy; L 6£-93u; W £-17u.
pond in rheei) r-astvr*5 av ro." d
from Andersonville 75 Aug.
d ® . Eu -rlena

Anderson:

o Scout Cnmr' ^ tout f 4 ve

19 50

(Du J . )Klebs*

■'lie

33^.
(Pan cher & Lemmermar r

f

(Frescott f)
Not at r." 1 or on y sliobtlv metabolic;
band-like,

crirally twisted v.dtn long acute colorless pos­

terior tip,
swimming;

three definite longitudinal areas formed when

periplast striation longitudinal,

plactg numerous,

disc-shaped;

large elongated bodies;
L 7C-170u;

shope elongated

W 9-16u.

twisted only once,

faint;

paramylum in form of two

flagellum 1/7-3/4 length of body;

Johnson,

1944 figures the species as

wit " smaller po.ramylum bodies,

1 Reported in Silva,

chloro-

1G49

while his

E-

psfrudospiroldeg Swir.

Is c e l l a r to the E. trlpterls as

de s c r i b e d In P a s c h e r <Sc Lemmermann.
by flrgellum length,
In the former,

The two are separated

parallel arrangement

and visibility

of chloroplasts

the strl&tions.

Cnllowee Park Lake at Knoxville °8 June 1939

Knor.:

(^oId.)unnun:-

b c,r«,di - Li.r0 strtne(Ala. ) : '~og wallow by hwv U . S . 7? east of
A t hens Ala.
?9.

17 June 1950 jf9990.

Euplena velata Kleb3.
Metabolic;

tip;

snape

L 9Q-100u;
Rivers

W 85— 30u.

elongated rv^l with short sosteriar

pa rainy! urn 7; flagelium length of body.
Middle T e n o . : Cumberland and Duck

Euglena vlrldls Ehr.

greatest

posterior pointed but ^ot tipped;

s,1rally otriate;
s^met' u s

(Paro^er a Lemmermnnn f ) ( D a l t o n )

snape usually ovol or fusiform,

•width posterior,
plast

chloronlasts

1939-9.2

Metabolic;

rods

(Pasche1” d- L^mmermar.n ?) (nailer, f )

p e r i p l a : 1-: with faint s irrl striation;

90-20 lobed plates;

30.

N.

orlororlasts

six. or ior°

elongated

collected •
’into median stellate mass;

m v lum oodles small,

round or oval,

para-

attached to chloroplasts;

flagelium 2/4 or body to body length.

L 40-S5u;

W 14-90u.

S u c h specimens as number 9338 show characters of E.
France,

peri­

mlnlma

in that the ;ost°rior tapers to a sharp point,

three chloroplasts are present and the striation is faint.
The large eyespot here is unusual,

1 R e p orted in Silva, 1949
2 Reported in Lackey, 194S

and apparently not hlther-

420.

to recorded

for the species.

Knox: marshy backwater cf Ft.

Louden

at Blue Grass 23 July 1949 #1567 - Union: pond

by Boy Scout Camp entrance road 25 Aug. 1949 #2338 - David­
son:

fish pool by Vanderbilt University greenhouse 17 Larch

1950 #2060 - Weakley: pond, at .Mr. Bary's by hwy Tenn.22
west of Lartin 9 July 1949 #1206 - farm pond by hwy Tenn. 22
a few miles

east of Dresden 14 July 1949 #1334 - Obion -

Lake: Reelfcot Lake

1929.1

NSCFK.

LEPQCIWCLIS Ferty 1049
The cells of tris genus are rigid and never compressed,
otnerwlse they are not unlike s-'me Euglena spp.
a p p e a r a n c e , ■tne cell outline oeing elliptic,
round.

in general

oval or nearly

There are numerous discoid chlorcplncts and two

discoid paramylum bodies.
1. Posterior end or cell extended into
s harp p o i n t ...........................................

2

1. Posterior end of cell rounded............. .
............................

L. texta (DuJ.)Lemm.

2. Periplast striation distinctly
snir?l, L 30-38u........ L. ovum (Ehr.)Lemm.
2. Periplast striation scarcely
spiral, L 22-30u..........
1. Lepoolnclls ovum (Ehr.)Lemm.

1 Reported in Eddy,

1930

L. Stelnil Lemra.
(Pascher & Lemmermann f)

(Prescott f)

PI* 30, Fig* 8*

Shape oval, with posterior spine; periplast spirally
striate; flagellum twice length of body.
18u.

L 30-38u; W 15—

Number 1193 was a bit broader than generally described

although it is within the limits of v. striata (Hueb.jLemm.
Davidson: Cumberland River 1938-9^ - Montgomery:

old stock

pond near Blooming Grove Creek turnoff from hwy U.S.79 14
«
July 1949 #1414 - Obion: p o n d behind Mr. Hawkins' house on
Walnut Log Road from Union City 1 July 1949 #1137 - Lake:
sloughs by hwy Tenn.78 near Kentucky state line 5 July 1949
#1193.

K.

2. Lepoolnclls Stelnll Lemm.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f)(Smith

f)(Walton f)
Shape short fusiform with distinct posterior tip; peri­
plast striate,
15u.

the striae slightly spiral*

L 22-30u; W 8-

Jefferson: permanent p o n d in barnyard near Junction of

hwy U.S.ll-E and Cherokee Dam approach road 25 June 1949
#910-1.
3. Lepoolnclls texta (DuJ.)Lemm.
(Walton f)

(Pascher & Lemmermann f)

PI. 30, Fig. 9.

Shape oval with very hlunt end|;' p"erlplaet with dis­
tinctly spiralled etriations; paramylum bodies numerous;
flagellum 2-3 times leng$£. pf

L 52^60u; W 38u.

5.

Here

the flagellum did not appear to be over 1# times as long as

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

420*

the body.

Davldson(?):

Cumberland River 1938-93- - Lauder-

dale(Ala.): farm pond by hwy U.S.72 east of Wheeler Dam
approach 17 June 1950 #2289.

NK.

PHACUS Dujardln 1841
The cells here are rigid and somewhat compressed.
Frequently they are ridged,

cup-shaped or twisted.

plast striatlons are always present,
quite distinct.

Peri­

and generally are

Unlike other flagellates, Phacus preserves

with beautiful detail In a dried condition.
* species not in key

2

1. Periplast striatlons longitudinal............
1. Periplast striatlons spiral................. .

10

2. Posterior tall as long as body...........
................ P. longlcaudatus (Ehr.)DuJ
2. Posterior tail shorter

..............

3

3. Cells with conoavely folded sides
P. anacoelus Stokes
3. Cells without concavely folded Sides

4

4. Cell shape almost ciroular.......
P. orbicularis Hueb.
4. Cells shape other than almdst
circular........ ...... .... .. ..

5

5. Longitudinal dorsal fold reaching

1 Reported in Lackey* 1942
t

4225#

only frbm the anterlbr to shortly
past the middle of the cell, or oell
merely cup-shaped..

\

^

..........

.............. p. pleuronectes (0. F. M.)DuJ.
5.

Longitudinal fold running to, or •
nearly to, the posterior of cell.............i...•
6.

Fold sharp,

0

strong, and erect,

so that the cell Is essentially
triangular In cross section...............
• P. trlqueter, (Ehr. )Duj.
6.
7*

Fold not so prominent............ ♦ .... ...........

Posterior end of cell broadly r o u n & a d ^ .
..............

7.

7

P. Stohesll Lemra.*

Posterior with some suggestion of a
point. . ................ • • ••........................
8.

8

Posterior merely broadly tapered
to a conical point........................
...........

8.

P. brevlcaudatus

(Klebs)Lemra.

Posterior abruptly constricted
to form a tall p i ece...........................

9.

Tall piece very short.•• P. acumlnatus Stohes

9.

Tall piece longer, perhaps i length

?

9

•■■■*.■*

or body.................... p. eaudatus Hueb.
10. Posterior end gradually tapered
to long sharp point. P. pyrum (Ehr.)Steln
1": ,/" .v•;' ■ 'C -*
V "fW !
' 'i'j,S '"f :‘r.T10. Posterior*:■: !r ’’end
abruptly
tapered
Kl
si
.-■s. '
■
i

/ ' .• •

.v .v

V’

?'■

■• !

.>

>•

. >

>

i

- V-'

•

•' ■:

9
>

' vi

A

- iT j? ^

to tall pleoe, or* merely conical
or rounded......

11

11. Posterior abruptly tapering to short
pointed end. .....

12

11. Posterior not abruptly tapered to
short, pointed end. •............

.........

13

12. Spiralling up to right, lateral
edges folded.......... P.
12.

osolllans Klebs

Spiralling up to left, lateral
edges not folded

P.

oyllndrus Pooh.

13. Posterior rounded........... P. parvula Klebs*
13. Posterior oonloal......... P.
1.

Phaous acumlnatus Stokes.

Dangardll Lemm.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f )

(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Broadly oval or circular with short posterior tail
piece and dorsal fold reaching nearly to posterior end;
periplast striation longitudinal; flagellum twioe as long
as body; paramylum two small round bodies,
body observed here).

(only one ringed

L about 25u; W about 25u.

Number

1193 has a longer tail than usual and prominent dorsal fold,
so possibly belongs under subs, lndlca Pooh.

Knox: goldfish

pdnd at Harry I J amB1 place beyond Island Home 20 July 1949
#1509 - Overton: pond containing abundant aquat'io plants
(Saglttarla, Potamogeton. Lemna spp.) at Timothy 15 July
1949 #1455 - Montgomery: pond by hwy U.S.79 at Tom Edwards *
store west of Clarksville 14 July 1949 #1371 - pool beside

Blooming Grove Creek 14 July 1949 #1412 - Weakley: marsh by
hwy Tenn.22 at Mr. B a r y ’s west of Martin 8 July 1949 #1211 Obion: In shallow area among grass In south end of I s o m L a k e
10 July 1949 #1266 - Reelfoot Lake at Bamburg 12 July 1949
#1304 - Lake: from log at waterline in Cranetown nesting
area 5 July 1949 #1181-96 - slough by hwy Tenh.78 near Ken­
tucky state line 5 July 1949 #1193.
2. Phaous anaooleus Stokes.

K.

(Pascher ft Lemmermann f)(Pres­

cott f )(Walton f)
Shape oval or spherical with lateral margins concavely
folded, or grooved; periplast longitudinally striate; pftfamylum 1-3 ringed granules;
42u; W 35u.

flagellum length of body.

L

Middle Tenn.: Duck River 1938-9*

3. Phaous brevicaudatus (Klebs)Lemm.

(Pascher ft LemmejttAnhh f )

(Prescott 28 f)(Walton f)
Shape broadly oval without posterior spine but with a
dull point, dorsal fold running to posterior end; periplast
longitudinally Btriate; one ringed paramylum bodypresent;
flagellum length of body.

L 31-35U; W 23-28m*

MoOfefy^OOls

below mill dam at Cumberland Springs 29 June 1949 #1932 Middle Tenn.: Duck River 1938^9^^

DavldsOH*qdarry^hOie^'^ -i'"

near Chocolate Shop on Franklin Road 20 Au|« ll4i “#tl60
Montgomeryjalbng Y e l l o w C r e e k in Riggins M l l l s e c t i o n n e a r
Shiloh 21 Augl 1949 (0iebiohf#i8«d - Aldorn(Misi^): Oryital

1 Reported in Lae key, -lifi2

4 26

Lake near Corinth 16* June

1950 #2270 - Weakley: marsh, by

hwy Tenn. 22 at Mr. Bary's

west of

Martin 8 July

1949 #1211 -

plankton from large spring about four miles n o rth of Gardner
Station 8 July 1949 #1221

- Lake:

cypress swamp 5 July 1949

#1181. L.

4. Phacus oaudatus Hueb.

Granetown nesting area in

(Faseher St Lemmermann f) (Pres­

cott f )(Walton f)
Shape oval,

almost twice as long as broad,

short

straight posterior tail piece present, dorsal fold reaching
to posterior end; periplast striated longitudinally; paramylum one large annular body and one smaller par t i c l e near
base of tail pleoe; flagellum length of body.
15— 25u.

L 34-50u; W ?

The speoies is somewhat longer proportioned than

P. brevloaudatus and P. aoumlnatus.

Blount: Montvale Springs

Lake 30 June 1931 (Bold)unnumbered1 .
5. Phaous oyllndrus Poch.

(Pochman f )

PI. 30, Pig. 11.

Shape cylindric-oval or cylindric, w i t h short abrupt
tail pleoe posteriorly*

emarginate at anterior end; peri­

plast spirally striate inileft handed direction; paramylum
bodies one large oval plate in center of cell, and,

in .

Tonnessee specimen, a round one near the posterior end; fla­
gellum length about equal to body.

L 20-26u; e l f T h e

lower limits set here are^foratbe Tenneasee ipeQlhtnswhioh
seems to correspond fairly well w i t h the ether characters

1 Reported in Silva, 1949

42?.

described for the species.

Lake: Cranetown nesting area in

cypress swamp 5 July 1949 #1196.
6. Phaous Dang ear dll Leant.

(Pascher A Lemmermann f)(Walton)

Shape oval, about twice as long as broad, both ends
rounded,

slightly narrowed posteriorly,

emarginate anterior

end with groove running about half of cell length; peri­
plast spirally striate;
center of cell;

one annular paramylum body near

flagellum length of body.

L 12u; W 6u.

The size is extremely small, but otherwise the correspon­
dence of the specimen observed with the descriptions Cf
this species was quite good.

Many of the flagellates en­

countered were likewise smaller than the hitherto published
limits.

Lake:

Cranetown nesting area in cypress swamp 5

July 1949 #1196.
7. Phacua longioaudus (Ehr.)DuJ.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f)

(Prescott f )(Smith)

as long as the body proper; periplast longitudinally striate
one large discoid paramylum body;

flagellum length lees

than body.

The long straight tail

L 85-115u; W 46-70u.

piece is the best character for distinguishing the species.
Anderson: p o n d in sheep pasture by road to Scout damp
about five miles from Andersonville 25 Aug. 1950 #2337 Jackson(Ala.): pool in (Huntersville Reservoir a r e a ,north of
Scottsboro 19 Aug. 1949 #1775 - Middle T e n n . : Duck River

tee

Shape oval, with straight posterior tall pleeSaabemt

428*

1938-9^ - Davidson: small overflow area from Radnor Laker
at Brentwood 20 Aug. 1949 #1804 - Robertson: plankton from
round woods pond near hwy U.S.41 about a mile from Cedar
Hill 20 Aug. 1949 #1854 - Lake: Cranetown nesting area in
cypress swamp 5 July 1949 #1182.
8. Phaous orbloularla Hueb.

VNK.

(Pascher A Lemmermann f)

(Prescott f )
Cells circular with a short, bent posterior tall pleoe;
periplast longitudinally striate; one large annular para­
mylum granule;
60u.

flagellum length of body.

L 50-100u; W 30-

Knox: Chllowee Park Lake 29 June 1938 (Bold)unnum­

bered. ^

K.

9. Phaous osclllans Klebs.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f )

Cells oval-cylindrical,

anterior slightly broader,

posterior narrowing slightly, may have either a short point,
or be rounded posteriorly; periplast spirally striate; Sin­
gle large paramylum ring about in center of cell; flag&Llum
length of cell.

L 2Q-26u; W 7-10u.

downward to form a broad,

Thelateral edgesfold

shallow ventral groove.

Clbson -

Obion: at lower end of middle pondr fertlliaed forrflah .r
raising on Abe S h a t z 1 farm east of Kenton 8 July 1949 #1240.
10. Phaous pleuroneotea (0. P. M * )D u j •
mann f ) (Prescott f )

(Pasoher A Lemmer­

PI. 30* Pig* 10* ? ■

%e

Shape broadly o v o l d , w l d e s t p o s t i o n posterior , ;beat

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942
2 Reported in Silva, 1949

42#*

posterior tall pleoe present, median fold extending to pr
beyond middle of cellj 1-2 round ringed paramylum bodies;
flagellum length of body or clanger*

45*^4^i W

This species Is not, only one of the commonest and aoet r ;
easily recognized of the genus, but it preserves splendidly
dried or In liquid medium.

Union(<*a.): stranded pool of

Nottely Dam lake b a c k w a t e r b y hwy U.S.129 14 Aug. 1949
#1739 - Anderson: pond in sheep pasture by Scout Camp Road
about five miles from 4ndereonvllle 25 Aug. 1950 #2337 Middle Tenn*: Duck River 1938-9.1
11. Phaous p y r u a (Ehr. )Steln.

VSGFK.

(Pasoher A Lemmermann f)

(Prescott f)(Walton f)
Shape ovoid, broadest part anterior,

tapered and ex­

tended into long posterior tall pleoe; periplast spirally
striate and ridged In left handed spiral;

two large pr

several small paramylum granules present;

flagellum length

of body.

L 30-55u; If 13-15u.

Knox: road puddle near Qar-

t e r 's Mill 2 Aug. 1949. #1806 ;- Middle ,-Tqna*f, Duok River .e
1938*^9*^

VSK.

^ ;' *.r;yV<

12. PhaQus trlque^er (Ehr. >BuJ.
(Prescott f)

y

^

(Pasoher A Lemmermann f ) x y

-;

y*v

Shape ovoid, broadest partpQ»*4i&h*!> pqAiterioy .with
bent.spine:,
end, -aell.,pften ©Hp-ehaped, ventral surfed* #enoaW®i

1 HapoFt*! in

194#

s.^e?

plast longitudinally* sttfiate; 1-2 ringed paramylum bodies.
L 45-49u;.'-W-'33^38u* -'-fbe^la#g« median fold "-or cugNshapecharacterizes the s|>eoies #el>l.

Jackson(Ala*) s ditch pond

by hwy U.S.72 near Paint Hook 17 June 195® - Middle Tenn;iDuck River 1938-9^1

VHKJ

TRACHELQMONAS Ehrenberg 1833
The ehdll (test or lorlea> which surrounds the proto**
plast distinguishes this genus from related ones.
protoplast contains Several discoid chloroplasts,

The
and an­

terior eyeshot, and a single flagellum protrudes out through
Sri opening in the test.
These shell formers comprise what is indeed a varlidip ^
group of numerous species which has been divided into two
or more genera by some Investigators on the basis of shape*
such as whether the neck is a continuation of the body or
merely an appendage.

Although it has been monographed by

Playfair, 1915, Skvortzow,

1925, and Deflandre, 1926, the

understanding of the genus is far from satisfactory.
The
■
V
"-y T.r, i! i c / :
r
: \ , I . . », , , . . . .
. 'P3
observation has been made by other investigators, as well
$Y\C. p ■s "-i

'i

fee.. , , - . . .

♦

.

%

as the writer, that variability of shape has not been fully
4.
oi;v?':va '
^TdV*
?
appreciated,
by students of the group, and consequently * Am,
' -A.-*.. t
r-Y
- ' 'if ¥'* i1’'i>”••.j ’ 1 V
]/: ■'

•

“•

v >, .?

<• % •*

. «.

* *,•->;

~ (h. *

* <*

,4.i

there a1*© too. many narrowly defined species and varieties
';:

-3 /

‘ •■. .;k :

Y

*■ V 1- $

^ L £\>

. «•

^ * * * ■>

■ - * v, >■- ft * 1 f •

which have no consistency of separation from other forms*
t'!n.r;,rr p
terioF;*.y f ■/:, . :> ;.;p
,4 /V'lfr
On the other hand, one has only to look at several collections
-

‘I.'Y 7 V,

;■!

V

t

k

S

-

r

JHVt

„ T y £•i & 6q&p & fcXX. 1 r->i i. g i
8
, U

1 Reported In- Lackeyj 1942

&

^ ..... ........

*.6 u ;: .

’

'..

to find an undeeprlbed fora.
No extensive study of the genua has been undertaken
in America,,an$ no recent exhaustive publication on it
exists in the English language, although such a study would
be valuable and interesting.

However, nothing more is being

attempted here than the identification of some specimens by
means of literal interpretations from the monographers, an
occasional evaluation of species encountered, and the mere
translation of enough other descriptions to provide some
basic information for future student.

Even though ideas

of specietlon offered by the monographers and the present
writer may be wrong, they do form a basis for further study.
1. Tests spherical, depressed-spherical
or subspherioal.

............

1. Tests shaped otherwise.

67

.......

2

2. Tests oval....................

29

2. Tests shaped otherwise. • .........................
3.

Tests cylindrical or conicAl.

3.

Teste shaped otherwise.

...............
..........

3
23
4

4. Tests ohovoid (largest width near
flagellar opening).............................
4. Tests shaped otherwise...........

6

6.

Tests ovoid (larger posteriorly). • ................

&•

Tests variously shaped, not ovoid...................
6.

Tests shape elliptic, L 20-26u;
!-V

■>> ‘v - * v ;

'f1

*

^

16

* ' )

"X ‘

5* t-

/

-t

W 9-l2u..........V . .. I. purcherritta Playf.

12
6

(if

shape

and

form

agree
try
6.

ovoid

witn

terior,

W

hemispherical
flattened

large

spines
on

shaped

Test

8.

Test

around mouth

surface,

L

T.

20u;

llsmorensls

hexagonal,

..............

not

an­

Playf.

o t h e r w i s e . • ........................

nearly

w 14u.

in

surface

2 2 - 2 5 u ..................

8.

not

e l l i p t i c ............................

elsewhere

Tests

does

grout) #5)

not

almost

shape,

and

in q u e s t i o n

elliptic,

f u l l y w i t h _T. p u l c h e r r l m a ,

Tests

Tests

is a p p a r e n t l y

hexagonal,

L

T.

3 0 -34u;
h e x a n g u l a r e Delf.

generally

u r c e o l a t e .......................................
Widest

portion

middle,

of

rounding

posterior

point,

a n t e r i o r ne c k,

te st

oosterior

abruptly

to

gradually

L about

portion

of

35u;

tests

snort

to b r o a d

2 4 u .............................
Widest

to

W about
T.

about

Zmlewlka

Swir.

at

c e n t e r ............................................... .
10.

Central

portion

of

sive

tapered

end portions,

of

longer

t h a n wide,

tests,

exclu­

L 4 5 -5 3 u;

W 2 4 - 2 6 u ...............

T.

urceolata

Stokes

10.

Broadest
wide,

L

portion
50-130u;

...................
(for v a r i e t i e s
11.

Posterior
tapered,

d epressed,
50u;
11.

row,

T.

e n slfera
11)

extremely

neck cylindrical,

L

_T. ens If era v.
s pine

(Daday)Defl.

acutely

oortl^n

W 34u

Posterior

W 3 0 - 6 0 u ..................

see No.

end merely
center

s h o r t e r th an

depressa Silva

extremely nar­

center portion

d e p r e s s e d only,

somewhat

neck tapering

t o w a r d f l a g e l l a r o p e n i n g ........................
T.

13.

12.

Test a D o u t

12.

Test

13

l o n g e r than w i d e .............................

14

tests,

converging margin
L equal

w i t h s t ra i g h t
to f l a g e l l u m

to W,

1 2 - 2 0 u ..................
T.

13.

s p l k a t a Silva

as l o n g as w i d e .......................

Bulb-shaped

opening,

e n s l f e r a v.

a t o m a r l a Skvor.

C o n s t r i c t i o n b a c k of f l a g e l l u m
o p e n i n g f o r m i n g sort

of neck,

of test a p p r o a c h i n g oval,
lOu

(Tennessee

specimens

shape

L 12u;

o n l y ) ...................

.................... j?. a t o m a r l a v.
14.

Tests

sh a pe

tapering

W

e l e g a n s Skvor.

derived from broadly

n e c k s u p e r i m p o s e d on

434.

oval

body,

L 28-40u;

......................
14.

T e st s

W 1 2 - 1 5 u .............
T. b u l l a

s n a p e d e r i v e d from

s i n g l e wall,
and neck,

no

se p ar a t e

L 18-20u;

Tests w l t n c o n s p i c u o u s
pendage

15.

at

caudal a p ­

n o s t e r i o r end,

and
16

Tests w i t h o u t

17

Ca u d a l
body

s u c h a p p e n d a g e s .......................

spine long,

n e c k long,

s u r f a c e c o v e r e d w i t n short

spines,

L 29-53u;

W

2 1 u .....................
T.

16.

Caudal

L 40u;

.................

T.

s h a p e d al m o s t

a n t e r i o r flatten e d,
w i t h s e ve r al

large

(Ehr.)Stein

conical,

w i t h c r en a te

or d e n t a t e lip,

Tests

caudata

tip m e r e l y acute,

n e c k f a i r l y long,

17.

JT. oval Is D a d a y

n e c k a p p e n d e d on a n t e r i o r e n d .......................

16.

17.

body

W 1 2 - 1 4 u ..............

..............................
15.

(Stein)Defl.

W 2 2 u ............ .

Bernardlnensls Viscner

hemispherical,
surface decorated
s p i n e s .......................

...........................

JT. l l 8 m o r e n s l s Playf.

Tests s h a p e d otherwise,

surface

smooth with minute

sp i ne s or p u n c ­

t a t e .......................................................
18.

Tests

s h a p e d ooovoid,

with plain

18

neck,

18.
19.

r o u n d e d po sterior,

29u;

W 1 2 - 1 6 u .......

Week

short and d e n t a t e or a D B e n t ...............

Test

a m p u l l f o r m i s Defl.

as b r o a d as long,

L 19-

24u;

W 1 8 - 2 0 u ...............

Tesr

sur face not d i s t i n c t l y p u n c ­

tate,

T. St ok e s i i Drez.

p r o p o r t i o n s l o n g e r ..............................

20.

Tests

s m o o t h s u r f a c e d ...........................

20.

Tests

s u r f a c e d w i t n m an y m i nu t e

s p i n e s ...............................................
21.

L 26-30u;

No c ol l ar p r esent
opening,

L 24-26u;
T.

22.

22

L 24-30u;

22.

L 30-45u;

e u r y s t o m a Stein

a r o u n d f l ag e l l a r
W 1 8 u ........................
e u r y s t o m a v.

K1 e bs l l Playf.

W 1 8 - 1 9 u ..........................

..................

T.

obovata

(Stokes)Defl.

W 2 0 - 3 0 u ..........................

............

T.

o b o v a t a v. K l e b s l a n a Defl.

T r a p e z o i d - s h a p e d poles g i v i n g tests
a he x ag o na l

23.

21

W 1 9 - 2 5 u ............
T.

23.

20

Sno rt d e n t a t e c ollar a r o u n d f l a ­
g e l l a r opening,

21.

19

s u rface d is t in c tl y punctate,

cells almo st

19.

T.

L 24-

s h a p e ........

T. h e x a n g u l a r e Defl.

Test not h e x a g o n a l .....................................

24

24. P o s t e r i o r of tests t a p e r e d to
give a conical s h a p e ..............................

25

24.

Tests not a p p r o x i m a t e l y c o n i c a l ................

25. Test su r f a c e smooth,

L 24-26u;

W 1 2 - l 4 u ........................
25.

Test

26

su r f a c e punctate,

L

T. c on l ca Playf.
W 1 3 u ...........

26u;

T. L e m m e r m a n n l l Wolos.

27.

26.

S u r f a c e w i t h snort

26.

Surface without

L e n g t h / w i d t h ratio

s e i n e s ........................

solnes.

......................

ab o ut 3/1,

L 30u;

W l O u ............................
27.

L e n g t h / w i d t h ratio
less,
28.

L 24-35u;

28

Defl.

a b o u t 2/1 or

W 1 4 - 2 2 u ........JT. a l l l a Drez.

Short n e c k or c o l l a r present,
L 25u;
or,

W 1 4 u .......

L 16-20u;

The d i f f e r e n c e
perhaps
neck,

T.

T.

W 8-10u.

dub la
T.

ends,

between

c y l l n d r l c a Ehr.

du b l a has a l o n g e r

p e r h a p s T.

but

c y l l n d r l c a is
the

the size d i f f e r e n c e

the two se e ms

inconclusive

No n e c k or c o l l a r pr e se n t,
20u;

(Swir. )Defl.

seems obscure,

s l i g h t l y more t a o e r e d at

28.

T. K l e b s l l

27

L 16-

W 8 - 1 0 u ..................................
c y l l n d r l c a v.

d e c o l l a t a Playf.

29.

S u r f a c e of tests s m o o t h or p u n c t a t e .................

29.

Tests o r n a m e n t e d w i t h sp i ne s or
g r a n u l e s ..................................................

30

42

30.

Short

c o l l a r o r n e c k r ec e ssed,

as a tube,
or test,

b a c k I n t o the

L 22-27u;

b o dy

W 1 9 - 2 3 u ................
T.

30.
31.

t u b u l a r r e c e s s i o n Into

M o u t h of
1/3

31.

No

v a r l a n s Defl.

t e s t ...................

f l a g e l l a r o p e n i n g wide,

of c e l l

w i d t h ........................................

O p e n i n g n a r r o w e r ........................................
32.

31

Tests

oval-elliotlc

short

collar around flagellar

opening,

L 24-35u;

32
33

shaped,

W 1 5 - 2 1 u ................

.................................JT. t e r e s Mask.
32.

Tests

oval

or ovoid-shaped,

flagellar opening

f l a r i n g out

in a va.se-like m a n n e r ........................
................._T. a t o m a r l a v.

elegans

Skv.

33.

Neck present

33.

N o n e c k p r e s e n t ..........................................
34.

N e c k bent

at f l a g e l l a r o p e n i n g ...................

to o n e

W 16-18.5u.
34.
35.

Surface punctate,

a n d L 19u;
Surface
36.

......

W

T.

T. P l a y f a l r l l Defl.

L 25 - 2 6 u ;

of tests

35

W 17 -

p l a n k t o n l c a v.

17u

38

L 19-23u;

N e c k n o t b e n t ........................

2 0 u ...........

35.

side,

34

o b l o n g a Drez.

T. p l a n k t o n l c a Swlr.
s m o o t h ................................

Neck a truncate

cone,

giving

36

438.

t es t s

en

ovoid, s ;a- e ........................

.......................
36.

37.

Neck

Collar

37.

No

-round

o- s e

37

of

neck,

W l o - 1 8 u ...... _T. r e c t l c o l l l s Defl.

collar present

a r ' u n d neck,

L 30-33u;

W 2 0 u ...... ^T. eu chi ora

38.

subglobose

T e st s

as b r o - d

as long,

shaped,
L

rests s o m e w h a t

a lm o st

T.

s u o g l o b o s a Playf.

l o n g e r than b r o a d ..................

39

s u r f a c e d ..................................

40

39.

.ests

smooth

39.

Tests

runctste

surfaced,

t h i c k e n i n g m a y be p r e s e n t
flagellar

(Ehr. )Lemm.

22-?6u;

W 1 6 - 2 2 u ..............
38.

(Stein)Defl.

c y l i n d r i c a l .......

oresent

L 18-83u;

T. b u l l a

opening,

L 13 -16u;

40.

Proportions

W

around

L l2-20u;

W 10-lfou....................
40.

annular

ll-12u

T.

intermedia. Dang.
T.

o b l o n g a Lemm.

s l i g h t l y longer,

l e n g t h 1 5 u or o v e r .................................
41.

L 27-30u;

W 18-20u

41.

L lb-22u;

W 9-12u. . T?. a b r u p t a v.

42.

granular

42.
43.

Tests

41

a b r u p t a Swlr.
m i n o r Defl.

s u r f a c e d o r sca­

b r o u s ( r o u g h ) ........................................

43

T e s t s w i t h spin es

45

Neck smooth

su rfaced,

or c r e n a t e lip,

or s p i k e s ........................
w i t h dentate

L li -2bu;

.......................

W 1 5 - 1 9 u ............

T. c r e b e a

(K e lli.)Defl.

439

45.

iveck
44.

Neck

45.

O ne

eck
or

T.

s e a

Srines

46.

two

disposed

of

t e s t .......

44

W 1 6 - 7 0 u ..............

bra v.

longlcollls

srines

Fleyf.

scabra Playf.*

around

o n l y ............

. 46

o t h e r w i s e .........

Snines she. rp, L 25— 3ru;

47

W 73— 2 5 u .........

_T. acantnostoma

(Stokes )D e f l .

Spines distinctly bluntly nointed,
L 28u;

W 25 u ................................

... T. a c antnostoma
47.

b o d y of

T.

rings

...........
46.

as

snorter

flagellar opening
45.

well

l o n g , L 24 -33u;

..............

44.

as

scabrous,

S o m e s distributed on

v. nanklnensls Skvor.
y

r.

t rear,

or

botn ends of tests ....................................
47.

Spines in median area?
48.

T.
at re^r,

longer

around

flagellum opening

Spines

in m i d d l e

especially
end,
49.

L

Spines
50.

armata

Snlnes

T.
49.

49

Seines on ly at re? r, L 28-37u;
W 20-27u

48.

to some extent .........

48

26u;
not

Very

(Ehr.)Steln

snorter

arraata v.

S t e i n i i Lemn.

and rear portions

recurved toward posterior
W 1 6 - 2 3 u .......

T.

splnosa

Stokes

r e c u r v e d ...............................

short

surface

spines present,

showing a polar distribution,

with

50

440.

median areas ratner smooth,
L 24-30u; W 16-24u (Tennessee
soeclraens only)............................
...............

T. hlsoica v. duplex Defl.

(see T. nrmata v. Steinll Lemm.
for comparison)
50. Seines on ail portions of tests...............
£1. S o m e s

51

olunt, longer at posterior

end, L 20-40u; 7/ 25-35u. . . T. Dangardll Defl.
cl.

Spines sharp........................................

52

52. Seines quite long at ends,
shorter in midregion, L 4b5ou; W 36-3 -u...........
52. Spines ail aoout same
53. Spines minute,
long,
52.

_£. superba Swlr.

size.....................

53

neck of test ratner

L 30u; W 20u....

T. Syndeyensls Playf.

Spines larger, not minute,

neck

shorter...............................................
54. Spines quite large,

54

1/3 cell

width in length, L 40-53u;
W 32-35u.............

T. spectabllls Defl.

54. Spines smaller..................................
55.

Tests with nlain,
neck,

55.

55

snort,cylindrical

L 46u; W 35u.. . . T. Gharkowlensis

Neck,if present, with

Swir.

dentate or

serrate lip..........................................

56

441.

56. Neck,

If rresent,

merely a snort

collar with dentate edge, L 2042u; W l6-26u.... JT. hlsplda (Perty)Steln
56. Neck definite,

with serrate 11"

or riagellar opening.......... __J. nlspida
v. crenulatocol11s (Mask.)Skvor.
57. Tests smooth. surfaced,

57.

punctate,

or

perforate o n_y ........... .......................

58

Tests ornamented In some manner.............. .

62

58. Long cylindrical neck wlin rimmed
opening,

L equal to W,

..................
58. No long neck

25-30u............

T. Palmerl

(Drez.)Defl.

r , resent...................... .

59

59. Tests perforate surfaced, L equ-*l to
W, 10-20u..........
59.

T. perfora:a

(Awer. )De~*l.

Tests not perforate.............................
60. Surface finely punctate,

60

often

displaying annular tnickening
around flagellar opening,

test

snape tending toward oval................
........................ JT. Intermedia Dang
60. Surface smooth............................
61. Tests spherical shaped

T. volvoclna Ehr

61. Tests depressed spherical shaped............
............... jr. volvoclna v. compressa Drez
62.

Test surface covered with slightly

61

spiralling lines or striae, L
equal to W, l4-23u.........................
.................
62.

i> rugulosa

(Steln)Defl.

Test surface spiny.........................

63

Test diameter 8-10u (L 9-10u; W 6-

D,

9. 5u)......................... ^T. elegans Conrad
63,

Tests l a r g e r ...................................

64

64. L l 2 - 2 0 u ; W 10-lbu.......................
•........
64.
6c,
60

_f. oacilllfera v. minima Playf

Test 20u or more in length..............

L equal

to *Y, 20-29u....

, L 35-40u;

T. Wpyclckll Koezw

W 33-38u.... _T. bacllllfera Playf

1. Tracnel onion: c a erupt a Swir.
-- i r .

65

(Defl-ndre f)

PI.

31,

1 .

rest oval-snaned,
olunt,

almost twice as long - s broad,

no neck at flagellar opening.

Variety minor Def.

L lb-22u;

L 24-30u;

W 14-18u.

ends

W 14-I9u.

Overton:

margins

of artificial lake in Standing Stone State Park Id July 1949
,fl421 - M o n t gomery: no a cy hwy U.S. 79 at Tom Edwards'
west

01

store

Clarksville 14 June 1949 #1370 - large marsh by hwy

U.S.79 at horrleet & Sons grocery west of Clarksville 14
July 1949 #1376.
2. Tracnelomonas acanthostone
Lemmermann f ) (Prescott f)

(Stokes)Defl.

PI. 31, Fig.

Shape glooose or subglobose,

(Pascher &

2.

flagellar opening surrounded

by one or two rows or snort spines;

surface minutely punctate.

L 25-3bu;

W 23-35u.

Isom L a k e lu J u ly
76 n e a r K e n t u c k y

ODlon:

f i e l d erabayment In s o u t h end of

1949 # 1 2 8 3 — Lake:
state line

PI.

Shape
-Pines

31,

glooose

a r o u n d tne

longer,

spines

of tne

species.

son - Ooion:
A oe Shatz'
4.
PI.

31,

f ar m

or s u o g l o o o s e w i cn

two

i r r e g u l a r rows of

flagellar

tne

Inner g e n e r a l l y

opening,

as c o m p a r e d w i t n those

W 25u for t.ie s pe c im e n only.

G-Ib—

east of K e n t o n 8 J u l y 1949 #1242.
allla Drez.

(D e fl a n d r e

f)(Prescott

27 f)

4

c y l \ n d r i c - o v a l w it h blunt

seines.

Garter's Mill

short

collar;

L 24-35u;
2 Aug.

ends,

s u rface

W 14-22u.

Bary's

f l a g e l l a r o pening

e venly c o v e r e d w i t h

Knox:

b o t t o m of p o n d at

1949 # 1 6 0 8 - Lincoln:

hwy U . S . 241 n o r t h of F a y e t t e v i l l e 19 Aug.
Mr.

(Skvor-

3.

L 28u;

witn or w i t h o u t

"eakley:

N.

m i d d l e p o n d f e r t i l i z e d for f ls n r a i s i n g on

Fig.

S ha r e

ienn.

n a n k l n e n s l s Skvor.

c o n s p i c u o u s l y blunt

Trachelomonas

short

Fig.

oy hwy

5 J u l y 1949 #1193.

T r a c n e l o m o n is a c a n t n o s t o m a v.
tzow f )

sloughs

p o n d on farm by
1949 # 1 7 9 5 -

po n d b y hwy T e n n . 2 2 west

of M a r t i n 8

J u l y 1 9 4 9 jfl586.

5. T r a c h e l o m o n a s ampul i f ormis Defl.
^

(Deflandre f)

PI. 31,

• 5.
Shape

obovold,

a snort

the f l a g e l l a r opening.
of s t a g n a n t
works

or l o n g e r p l a i n c o l l a r a r o u n d

L 24-29u;

W 12-16u.

Knox:

m argins

po n d by R i v e r s i d e D ri v e e st of K n o x v i l l e W a t e r ­

25 J u l y 1 9 4 9 #1586.

444.

6. Trachelomonas

armata

cott

Fig.

f)

PI.

Shape
of

s ho r t

spines

Obion:
7.

broadly

or m a y

near

south

33u.
have

Since

and

the

p o s t e r i o r circle

28-37u;

Greenfield

Stelnll

W 20-27u.

30 J u n e 1 9 4 9

#1118 -

10 J u l y 1 9 4 9 #1268.

Lemm.

K.

( P a s c h e r & Lemrner-

f)

Th is v a r i e t y
spines

L

of I s o m L a k e

a r m a t a v.

f)(Prescott

terior

snore

ends,

a n d a n t e r i o r g r o u p of

be p r e s e n t .

p o n d a n d m a r s h at

Trachelomonas

mann

wirn rounded

spines present,
not

(Deflandre f)(Pres­

6.

o va l

or l o n g e r

may

Weakley:

31,

(Ehr.)Steln.

Is l a r g e r than

the

shorter anterior

species

been described.

typical,

spines.

Is a v a r i a b l e

Stewart:

one,

with long p os ­

L 37-40u;
se v er a l

W 30-

varieties

p o n d b y h w y U . S . 79 east

of

D o v e r 13 J u l y 1 9 4 9 # 1 36 1 *

8 . T r a c h e l o m o n a s a t o m a r l a Sk v or .
Fig.

PI.

31,

6.
The test

globose,
face

( D e f l a n d r e f)

is

Jug— s h a p e d

or b u l b - s h a p e d ,

w i t h a w i d e f l a g e l l a r o p en i ng ,

smooth.

L

eq u a l

to W,

12 -20u.

c o m p r e s s e d or

but no neck;

Knox:

Ft.

sur­

Loudon Lake

In L i t t l e R i v e r E s t u a r y at

hwy U.S.411

# 8 0 3 - O bion:

of R e e l f o o t L a k e n e a r S a m b u r g 12

July
9.
PI.

Nelumbo

area

c r o s s i n g 12 J u n e 1 9 4 9

1 9 49 # 1306.

Trachelomonas
31,

Fig.

a t o m a r l a v.

elegans

Skvor.

( S k v o r t z o w f)

7.

The v a r i e t y

is d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y

to t h e b r o a d f l a g e l l a r o p e n i n g .

the m o r e a b r u p t

Tennessee

narrowing

s p e c i m e n s L 12u;

W 10u.

Montgomery:

p a s t u r e ab o u t
1949

s p r i n g p o n d In S p r i n g Creek b o t t o m

ten miles northeast

of C l a r k s v i l l e 11 Sept.

( C l e b sc h )# 1 92 5 .

10 . T r a c h e l o m o n a s b a c l l l l f e r a Playf.
Fig.

( D e f l a n d r e f)

or s u b g l o b o s e w i t h se v e r a l

t r i b u t e d e v e n l y o v e r the surface;

s p ecies

differs

smaller number

from T.

of spines.

L 35-40u;

a l l l a In shape,
Lincoln:

ponds

U . S . 241 n o r t h of F a y e t t e v i l l e 19 Aug.
Trachelomonas

b a c l l l l f e r a v.

The p r o p o r t i o n s
species,
many

but

short

the

spines

tests

31,

Fig.

collar,

on far m by hwy

1949 #1791.

m i n i m a Playf.

on the

smaller,

the

(Deflandre

s p ec imens

s u r f a c e and no neck.

from artificial

an d

la k e

f)

in the

her e w i t h

L 20u;

W 18u.

In V o g e l State

1 9 4 9 #1736.

1?.. T r a c h e l o m o n a s
PI.

are

sur­

W 33-38u.

In the v a r i e t y are the same as

L u m p k l n ( G a . ); p l a n k t o n
P a r k 14 Aug.

s p in e s dis­

flagellar opening

r o u n d e d by c o l l a r w i t h c r e n a t e edge.

11.

31,

9.
Shape globose

The

PI.

Bernardlnenels

Vlscher.

( D e f l a n d r e f)

10.

S h a p e o b o v o i d w i t h a p o i n t e d p o s t e r i o r a n d short c y ­
lindrical
Wea k le y :

neck with dentate
Mr.

or c re n at e

edge.

L 40u;

W 22u.

Ba r y ' s p o n d by hwy T e n n . 2 2 west of M a r t i n 8

J u l y 1949 #1208.
13.
Fig.

Trachelomonas bulla

(Stein)Defl.

( D e f l a n d r e f)

PI.

11.
Shape

e l o n g a t e d b u l b - s h a p e d o r ovoid,

t a p e r i n g to

31,

446.

broad flagellar opening.
tne

test

L 28-39u; VY lk-lbu.

rneplan

of

is tne s-me as tna.t of _T. a tomar 1 a , but the pro­

portions differ.

Number 1°45 shows four longitudinal ridges,

visible a s - knobs in cross section.

mis

differs from tne

smooth outline of tne species as generally figured.

Obion:

stock nond by county road ne^r Mason Ha.ll 8 July 1949 #1245.
14.

Trachelomonas caudata

cher & Lemmermann f)
Snane oval,

PI.

(Ehr.)Stein.

(Deflandre f)(Pas-

31, Fig. 12.

snort acute posterior

tailpiece, long

cy­

lindrical neck with a dentate edge surrounding flagellar
opening;

surface of test cody covered witn snort straight

soines.

L 29-53u; W 21u.

15. Tracnelomonas Cnarkowlensls Swir.
Fig.

(Deflandre f )

PI. 31,

13.
Shape oval w i t n rounded ends, plain,

f l a g e l l a r opening;

short neck around

surface covered with small seines.

L

46u;

W 35u.

Tne sides of T^. allls are more parallel than

tms

species

and T. b a c l l l l f e r a is glooose or subgloDose

in snape.

Weakley: Mr. Bary's nond oy hwy Tenn.22 west of

Martin 8 July 1949 ^1207.
16. Tracnelomonas conlca Playf.

(Deflandre f)

PI.

31,

Fig. 14.
Shape cylindrical with conical tapered posterior end
and truncate anterior end, there may or may not be a short
collar around tne flagellar opening;
L 24-26u; W 12-14u.

test surface smooth.

Tne smooth surface is apparently the

447.

only good difference Detween ti.ie scecles and T. Lemmerrnannl1 Wolos.
17.

Tracnelomonas cyj.lndrlca Enr.

FI.

31,

Fig.

(Deflandre f) (Prescott f)

lb.

Sn*pe cylindrical witn rounded ends and snort coll? r
around flagellar o- e n m g .

L 16-20u;

W S-lOu.

Middle Tenn. :

Duck nlver 1938-9.^
18.

Tracnelomonas cy i.lndrlc-' v. decollg.tr Playf.

f)

PI.

31, Fig.

15

(Deflandre

.

Tne variety dlfrers fro::, tne species by having no
neck.

Knox:

goldfish rool at Knoxville Waterworks 25 July

1949 ?fl575 - Overton: mud

uddle near gate of pond by hwy

Tenn. 42 tnree miles norun of Livingston 15 July 1949 jpl468.
19.

rracnelomonas Dangeardl1 Defl.

(Deflandre f )

PI. 31,

fig. 17.
Shape subglobose or broadly oval with rounded ends,
snort,

smooth collar around flagellum opening;

posterior snines,
test.

long blunt

snort spines districuted over surface of

L 30-40u; W 25-38u.

ni:.nest pond on Aoe Shatz'

G-ioson - Obion:

entrance to

farm east of Kenton 8 July 1949

*1237.
20. Tracnelomonas duola (Swlr.)Defl.

rig.

(Deflandre f)

PI. 31,

18.
Shape cylindrical or long oval witn blunt ends and a

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

448.

x;In neck.

L lou; W ll-14u.

The line separating tnis

? lecie? from T. cyllndrlca ana T. abrupta is a faint one,
nd m a y

not actually exist.

Tne size of _r. dub la is larger

former and the latter lacks a neck or collar, but

tn-n

tne

03th

of tnese features are variable i n

oerland:

puddle

other species.

Cum-

oy nwy U.S.70-N on grass In front of New

Salem Baptist Church 16 Larch 1950 ff-2056.
71. Trachelomonas elegans Conrad.
Shape

seines.

(Deflandre f )

subspherlcal; surface covered with short fine

L 9-10u;

W 8-9.5u.

The only distinction which

can be drawn between this species and T. bacllllfera v.
minima is size, T. elegans being smaller.
70. Trachelomonas enslfera (Daday)Defl.
(Fascher dc Lemmermann f)

(Deflandre f)

PI. 31, Fig. 19.

The shapes found among tne tests of tnis'species are
variable,

cut cest may oe described as being composed of

a. spherical to transversely ovr1 median portion extending
into a stout,

sharp posterior spine and tapering anteriorly

to an extended neck.

L 75-130u; W 40-60u.

No two drawings

of the specie*- snow tne same proportions, but most of them
are clearly within the normal variation of tne snecies.
The normal variation might also include the two varieties
described below,

but they seem distinctive enough to warrant

description.
73. Tracnelomonas enslfera v. splcata var. nov.
Fig.

70.

PI. 31,

449.

Central portion of tests depressed oval,
s .arply to long narrow posterior spike,
to anterior flagellar opening;
length not observed.

tapering

tapering concavely

surface smooth;

L 80u; W 40u.

Lake:

flagcllum

slough 'ey hwy

Ienn.78 near Kentucky state line 5 July 1949 #1192.
‘
14 • ’
T racnelomonas
Fig.

enslfera v. depressa var.

nov.

PI.

31,

21.
Central oart of test transversely oval,

margin,

tapering abruptly,

with an even

tnen more gradually to an acute

posterior end which is blunt and net spike-like;

anterior

tapering quite abruptly to form a long cylindrical neck;
surface smooth;
35u.

Lake:

flagellum length not observed.

L 50u; W

slougns by nwy Tenn.76 near Kentucky state line

5 July 1949 *1192.
2c. Trachelomonas

euchlora

(Ehr. )Lerrm.

(Pascher 8c Lemmer-

msnn f)(Prescott f)
Shape broadly cyllnaric,

rounded posteriorly,

abruptly

narrowed anteriorly and extended to form a neck around the
flagellar opening,
face smooth.

which is straight or slightly bent;

L 30-33u;

W 20u.

sur­

Onion: plankton from south

end of Isom Lake 10 July 1949 #1265.
26. Trachelomonas

eurystoma Stein.

(Deflandre f)(Pascher

6 Lemmermann f)(Walton f)
Shape ovoid,
conical;

broadest anteriorly,

posterior rounded or

short collar around flagellar opening.

L 26-30u;

450.

7/ 19-25u.

Davidson(? ): Cumberland River 1938-9.1

2?. Trachelomonas eurystoma v. Klebsll Playf.

(Deflandre f)

?1. 31, Flj;. 22.
The variety is differentiated from the species by its
very short collar,
L 24-26u;

or complete lack of a neck or collar.

W 18u.

26 . Trachelomonas hexanK'ulare Defl.
V* •

* -- b •

(Deflandre f )

PI. 31,

07
,

.

Shape cylindrical,

tr.peri.ng to truncate posterior pole,

end to smoota anterior neck,
,_.on--:l in sh-pe;
L 3Q-34u;

»V 14u.

therefore more or less hexa-

surface smooth;
Obion;

neck olaln,

cylindrical.

surface of Bayou hu Chlen at Bio­

logical Station 1 July 1949 #1143.
29.

Trachelornon.- s illsp 1da (P e r t y )Stein.

(Fsscher & Lemmer-

mann f)(Prescott f)
Shape oval with both ends rounded;
dentate ed< e may be present;
spines.

L 20-42u; W 15-26u.

short collar with

surface covered with short
In forms without a neck,

the

difference between this species and ^T. bacllllfera v. min­
ima is obscure.

Perhaps there is a small, but valid differ­

ence in proportion,

T. hlsplda being- slightly longer (20 x

lfcu compared with 20 x 18u).

The proportions also differ

In comparison with _T. elegans, which is somewhat smaller,
dhddle Tenn.: Duck River 1938-91 - Obion - Lake:

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

margins of

451.

Reelfoot Lake 14 June 1950 #2256.
30.

Tracnelomonas hlsplda v.

NK.

crenulstocollls O/.askall )Skvor.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f)(Prescott f - a form)
Fi^.

PI.

31,

24.
This variety

differs from the t y p i c a l

nite neck with a serrate edge.

L 20-40u;

in having a defi­
W 15-26u.

The

serrate edge of the neck Is the only obvious difference
between this variety and _T. Charkowlense which has similar
proportions.

Whereas the specimens here are much smaller

than in that species,

the size range published hitherto al­

most reached the extreme lower dimensions
Obion:

foam from leeward side of Bayou du Chien near Bio­

logical Station 2 July 1949 #1154 - Lake:
area in cypress

Trachelomonas hlsr: Ida v. duplex Defl.

PI.

31,

Fig.

Cranetown nesting

swamp 5 July 1949 #1176.

31.

(Deflandre f)

25.

The variety differs from the species
spines

of T. Charkowlense,

only at the ends.

essee specimens.

in exhibiting

L 24-30u; W 16-24u for the Tenn­

The principal but slight difference be­

tween this variety and JT. armata is that the posterior
spines are longer in Th a r m a t a .

In addition,

these speci­

mens are smaller than most of tnose of T. armata,

but a

clear separation of tne two on the basis of size is not
apparent,

and tneir proportions are similar.

Vfile Springs Lake,

near dam 18 Aug.

Blount: Ivlont-

1950 #2324 - Knox:

in

margin of stagnant pond by Riverside Drive east of Knoxville

Waterworks 25 July 1949 #1526 - Obion: near south shore of
Isom Lake 10 July 1949 #1268.
32.

Trachelomonas

intermedia D- ng.

Sc Lemmermann f)(Walton)

(Deflandre f)(F-'Scher

PI. 31, Fig-. 26.

Shape oval with bluntly rounded ends, an annular
thickening is described for the flagellar opening ( only a
bare suggestion of it has been observed in Tennessee speci­
mens);

surface finely

unctete.

L 12-20u; W 10-16u.

Lump-

kln (G-a. ): plankton from artificial lake in Vogel Ste.te Fark
14 Aug.

1949 #1736 - Lincoln:

farm pond ey nwy U.S.241

north of Fayetteville 19 Aug. 1949 #1791.
23. Tracnelomona s Klebsll Defl.
Shape cylindric,

(Deflandre f)

both ends bluntly rounded;

ooenir.g with or without low collar;
short seines.

L 30u; W lOu.

flagellar

surface covered with

The longer proportions are

the only discernible difference between this species and
JT. allia, w.oicn is s very variable species.

Davidson:

fish

pool by Vanderbilt University greenhouse 17 March 1950

#2060 .
34.

Trachelomonas Lemmermann11 Wolos.

(Deflandre f)(Pascher

& Lemmermann f)
Shape cylindrical,

tapering to a conical posterior,

anterior end blunt or truncate, without a collar;
finely punctate.,

L 26u; W 13u.

surface

The proportions and size

of the tests coincide well with those of T. conlca but that
species lacks the finely punctate surface.

Obion - Lake;

4^7

31ue Basin of Reelfoot Lake 12 July 1949 #1324.
35.

Trachelomonas llsmorensls Playf.

Fla.

(Deflandre f)

Pi.

31,

26.
Shape

broadly

cbovoid with anterior

posterior broadly rounded;

;art broadest,

rather large spines scattered

over

the surface

of tne test with a tendency for the longest

ones

to oe in tne mid-section,

sometimes with a ring of

spines

around the

flagellar openlog.

Obion:

ne: r south*

shore of Isom' L-hne

26. Trachelomon- s o/,!onga Lemm.

L20u; W 22-25u.
10J u l y 1 9 4 9

#1269.

(Deflandre f) (Pascher &

Lemmermann f)
The only

difference between this species ^nd _T. inter-

m e d 1 a is m a t
oval;

the surface of t hi £ species is smooth; shape

annular thickening around flagellar opening.

L 13-

16u; W ll-12u.
37. Trachelomonas obovata v. Klebslana Defl.

(Deflandre f)

Share broadly oval, posterior end somewhat conical in
shace;surface covered with very short,
entiating it from T_. eurystoma.
ley:

fine seines,

L 24-30u;

W

19-19u.

differ­
Weak­

pond oy hwy henn.54 at Ore Sorings east of Dresden 14

June 1950 #2244.
33. Trachelomona s ovalis Daday.
PI.

31, Fig.

(Deflandre f)(Walton f)

29.

Shape ovoid, broadest portion posterior, posterior
rounded,
W 12-14u.

anterior tapering to flagellar opening.
Knox:

L 18-20u;

gold fish nond at Knoxville Waterworks 25

July 1949 #1575.
39. Tracnelomonas Palmerl

(Drez.)Defl.

(Deflandre f)

Shape scherical witn a long necV wnlcn Is rimmed around
its openine .

Diameter 25— 30u.

Ooion: plankton from Isom

Lake near soutn snore 10 July 1S49 xfl265.
40.

Tracnelomonas

..erforata (Awer. )Defl.

(Deflandre f )

(Pascner & Lemmermann f) (Walton f)
Shnpe sr.heric^-1 witn low collar or thickening around
^lagellar opening;
Obion:

surface perforate.

Diameter 10-20u.

road mud puddle near south snore of Isom Lake 10

July 1949 #1284.
41.

Trachelomonas planktonlca v. oblonga Drez.
Shape oval to ovoid,

witn rounded ends,

(Deflandre f)

a fs.irly long

neck tapering toward the flagellar opening which cry have
a plain or serrate margin;
17-2Qu.

surface punctate.

Tne neck is tne chief distinction between the

typical form and T.

intermedia which has an overlapping

size range with it.
Robertson:

Tnis variety is larger than either.

plankton from round pond near woods by hwy U.S.

41 one mile south of Cedar Hill 20 Aug.
42.

L 25-26u; W

Tracnelomonas P l a y f a l r l 1 Defl.

1949 #1854.

(Deflandre f)

Shape oval with both ends blunt or rounded;
rounding flagellar opening long and bent;
L 19-23u; W 16-18.5u.

Lincoln:

neck sur­

surface smooth.

pond on farm by hwy U.S.

241 nortn of Fayetteville 19 Aug.

1949 #1791.

4 3. Trachelomonas pulcherrlma Playf.
Shape elliotlc,
flagellar opening.

(Deflandre f)

with rounded ends;
L 20-26u;

W 9-12u.

short collar around
The difference be­

tween this species and T. dubia is slight,
being elliptic mtrier than oval.
similar.

Overton:

aquatic plants

the shnne here

Proportion and size ere

pond containing considerable numoer of

(Sa-^lttarla, Potamogeton. Lenina etc. ) at

Timothy 15 July 1949 rl456.
44. Trachelomonas rectlcollls Defl.
Shape

broadly

in a long neck.

(Deflandre f)

oval witn olunt ends,

L lS-23u;

W 15-lSu.

flagellar opening

Tne punctations of

.£• plftnktonlca v. oblonga are lacking here,

although the

snaoe and size of tne two are somewhat similar.

Stewart:

nond oy nwy U.S.79 east of Dover 13 July 1949 #1361.
45.

Trachelomona s robusta

(Swir. )Defl.

(Deflandre f) (Pres­

cott f)
Shape subspherical; surface bearing several short
snarp snines.

L 12-20u;

W 10-16u.

Sevier: plankton ^rom

Little Pigeon River at Pigeon Forge 29 July 1949 #1593 Knox:

in quiet water of pond at Carter's 1/111 20 Aug. 1949

#■1615.
46.

Trache1omonas rugulosa (Stein)Defl.

(Deflandre f)

(Pascher & Lemmermann f)
Shape suherical or suospherlcal with a short plain
collar around flagellar opening;
spiral anastomosing folds.

surface with slightly

Diameter 14-23u.

Montgomery:

456.

Irrge marsh by hwy o'.S.79 at Norfleet & Sons grocery west
of Clarksville 14 July 1949 #1376.
47.

Iracaeloironag see bra v. longlcollls Playf.

(Deflandre f)

Shape oval with a long neck having a crenate or dentate
margin at tne opening;
W 16-90u.

surface s cab roue, irreaular.

L 74u;

The variety is differentiated from the tynical

only

by the longer neck.

Obion: plankton from Reelfoot

Lake

at Samburg 13 July 1949 #1305.
Trachelomonas Synde.yensis Playf.

(Deflandre f )

Shane oval with short neck having dentate margin at
tne opening;
over It.
plda

surface oearing several minute soloes scattered

Tne difference oetween tnls species and _T. hls-

is not well marked.

and tne

Here tne neck is

a bitlonger,

cell-proper topers more toward the

ends.Lumpkin

(G-a. ): plankton from artificial lake in Vogel State Park
1*± riug• 1949 #1736.
49. Tracnelomonas spectabilis Defl.

(Deflandre f)(Pres­

cott f)
Shape ovei with rounded ends;
ore arranged on tne surface.

several very large seines

L 40-53u;

W 32-35u.

The

seines a re larger ana fewer than tnose of _T. hi splda.

Knox:

old concrete reservoir at Neubert's Springs 20 July 1949
#1529.
50. Tracnelomonas soinosa Stokes.

(Deflandre f)(Pascher &

Lemmermann f)(Prescott f)
Shape oval with rounded,

somewhat attenuated ends;

457.

very

snort

annular

non e present;

thickening around

surface

c o v e r e d w i t h lo n g

'iddle or p o s t e r i o r p o r t i o n s
J 16-23u.

Lake;

pools

#1169.

51.

Stokesll

Shape

ocovoid,

Dres.

broadest

a r o u n d f l a g e l l a r openin.;;
'.'4u; ’.V lc-iOu.

of test

of C r a n e t o w n

s’.vamn 5 J u l y 1 9 4 9
Tracnelomonas

f l a g e l l a r opening,
spines

are

nesting area

surface

Knox;

Lakeside Lake

3 o u t n of K n o x v i l l e
52.

Tracnelomon
As tne

^ looose,
longer

whereas

oy S e v l e r v i l l e

separate

indic ates,

tne

T.

a n d T.

thickening present
W

22u.

L 19-

tnis

species

d i s t i n g u i s h it

highway

Kleosiana.

about

f i v e miles

20 J u l y 1 9 4 9 ?fl527.

oolonga

in p r o p o r t i o n ;

L 22-26u;

no ne c k

K l e b s l 1 , and T_. o b o v a t a v.

s s u h g l o b o s a Playf.

n a me

in cypress

f i n e l y n u nc t at e .

.he b r o a d e r n r o o o r t l o n s

e u r y s t o m a v.

±_.

L 26u;

f)

p o r t .or. anterior;

f ro m T. Lem:nermann 1 1 , a n d the o u n c t a t i o n s
f ro m

w h i c h on

recurved.

(Deflandre

or

no n e c k

around

(Deflandre

s.aape is

essentially

i n t e r m e d i a are

or only a short

flagellar

f)

opening;

L o n t g o r.ery; o l d s t o c k

sub-

slightly

ring-like
surface

. o ^d n e a r

smooth.

J un c t i o n

of h w y U.S. 7 9 a n d B l o o m i n g

G-rove C r e e k R o a d 14 J u n e 1949

#•1414 - Henry;

Tenn. 54 east

pond

1 95 0 # 2 2 4 4 - ODion:

oy n w y

plankton

of D r e s d e n 14 June

at S p i l l w a y b r i d g e 10 J ul y

1949 #1262.
53.

Tracnelomonas
S h a p e oval

ring-like

s u p e r b a Swir.

( D e f l a n d r e f ) ( Pr e scott

w i t h r o u n d e d ends;

thickening around

no neck,

27 f )

or m e r e l y a

f l a g e l l a r opening;

large

seines

458.

on

surf' ce,

36-39u.

tne 1- rgest

Jne s-ines

being at tne

Te

or t e type

but

tne l o n g e r s: ines at

too

snecies.

Montgomery:

h-y U.S. 79 = nd
54.

toe

in T.

old stock n o nd ne-r Junction

(De+‘l n n d r e

oval

or elliptic w i t h r o u n d e d
oi.entn,:;

Weakley;

la n kt o n

surface ounct-'te.
from large

at

& Lemmermann
S hape

f )( W al t on

t )

?1.

of centr'd po r t : o n

31,

c y l :n "’ricf 1 neck.
on n u m b e r 1370

in tne a v a i l a b l e
variable
here.
Sevier:

species

56.
Fig.

s hould

r o a d m u d pudd le

- M on t go m er y :
wards*

- Obion:

field

Fig.

30.

ov- 1 to cylindrical,

a n t e r i o r a b ru p tl y tapered

L 45-53u;

W 24u.

W he r e a s

is a bit l o n g e r than that

the

T en n es s ee

tne

forms

shown

species is
to be as s i g n e d

be c o m p a r e d w i t h T.

at P i g e o n F o r g e

the

20 Aug.

enslfera.
1950 #2332

p l an k to n from p o n d by hwy U . S . 79 at Tom E d ­

store west

Tracnelomonas
27.

W

s p r i n g four miles

p u b l i s he d illustrations,

en o u g h to permit

This

L °4-35u;

(Deflandre f)*Fas o he r

of test

p o s t e r i o r l y t a p e r e d to a spike,

tail niece

s -ort collar

s o u t h end of Isom La ke 19 J u l y 1949 #1283.

T r a c r e 1 omonae u r c e o l a t a Stokes.

to wi de

of

f)(Pascner &

ends;

n o r t h or G a r d n e r S t ation 9 J u l y 1949 #1221

55.

spectabllls

B l o o m l n o G-rove C r ee k ro.-d 14 Ju ly 1949 #1414.

-round flagellar

e mb a y m e n t

W

f) (Walton f)

Snare

15-21 u .

found

L 46-55u;

ends here d i f f e r e n t i a t e the

Trn.chelorr.onas teres Mrskall.

Lemmermann

ends.

of Cl a r k s v i l l e

14 June 1949 #1370.

varlane

(Deflan d re f)

Defl.

PI.

31,

The recessed, neck,
oody
tne

of

tne

suedes;

19-23u.
1949
57.

cel_,

as

test

extending

a pipe,

oval;

tne

S t e w a r t : nond

oy

is the
surface

Trachelomonas

tne

distinguishing' m a r k of
smooth.

nv/.y U.S. 79

verrucosa

f) ( Wa l t o n

Sr.r-r'e sn n er i c a l ;
D i a m e t e r 1 2 — 25u.
only a s i m p l e
o pe n i n g ,

east

out

S toke?.

L 28-27u;

W

of D o v e r 13 J u l y

surface

covered with

-he a v a i l a b l e

ring-like

figures

has

a crenate

snort

collar

road near

soutn

e n d of I s o m L a k e

Lemmermann
Shape
e ni n g

spherical;

or sn o rt

7 -21u.

Liddle

sticks

raising

in

on A b e

xenn.:
i n le t

dre

f)

surr&ce

e dg e

Obion:

smooth;

t the

orening

mud puddle along

f) ( P a s c h e r

a ring-like

f l a g e l i - r op ening.

east

&

thick­
Diameter

v.

same

1942

f e r t i l i z e d for

fish

of K e n t o n 8 J u l y 1 9 4 9 #1237.
compresaa

tne s p e c i e s ov

1 Reported in Lackey,

tne f l a g e l l a r

(Deflandre

to h i g h e s t p o n d

oosteriorly.Size about

or

D u c k R i v e r 1938-9^- - G i b s o n - Obion:

volvoclna

from

oumos.

f)

S h n t z ’ farm

fra c n e l o m o n s s

small

13 J u l y 1 9 4 9 #1784.

£nr.

collar around

59.

Differs

Is p r e s e n t .

volvoclna

f)(Prescott

f ) ( Pa e c n e r

s no'1.’ no neck,

thickening around

numoer 1973

T r a c n e 3.o m ■
o n as

(Deflandre

f)

or a very

on

Into

,fl361.

■5c L e m m e r m a n n

53.

ba.ct s l i n h t l y

as

Drez.

(Deflan­

being coimressed anteriorspeci es.

G i b s o n - Obion:

460.

inlet

to h i g h e s t

cond fertilized

S h e t z 1 farm east
50.

for fi sh raising- on Abe

of Kenton 8 July 1949 #1937.

T r a c h e l o m o n a s W o y c l c k l l Koezw.
Shape

spherical;

( Deflandre

f)

no collar or t h i c k e n i n g a r o u n d fla­

ge l l a r opening,

su rface w i t h short

b u t e d ov er it.

D i a m e t e r 20-29u.

than T.

an d s maller than T. b a c l l l l f e r a .

elegans

spines

The soecies

pond a n d m r s h ■ t G r e e n f i e l d 30 June
61.

T r a c h e l o m o n ■;s Zm l ewlka Swlr.
(possioly

including Ih

Shape ovoid,

largest

L 35u;

W 24u.

g roup as _T. enslfera
t iated by

the abruot

(Deflandre

Zmlewlka

spine,
This

is la r ge r
Weakley:

1049 #1118.

v.

f)

curta Defl. )

width posterior,

to small p o i n t e d p o s t e r i o r
to mouth.

evenly d i s t r i ­

t ap e ri n g

abruptly

a n t e r i o r evenly tapered

seeder

belongs

to the same

and _T. urceola.ta, '>nd it is d i f f e r e n ­
os ter lor t a p e r i n g and. snort

soine,

and

by the lo ng a n t e r i o r tapering.
There is great v a r i a b i l i t y of the p a t t e r n a s c r i b e d to
the

species.

c l u d e d w it h in

F o r instance,

JT. glbberosa Playf.

may be in­

tne varia.blllty, in w h i c h case the name should

ha ve p r e c e d e n c e

ov e r Swirenko's.

L'adison (Ala. ): r e s e r v o i r
S c o t t s b o r o 19 Aug.
end of Isom L a ke
t ow n nesting- area

of G u n t e r sv l ll e Dam La ke above

1949 # 17 8 2 - Obion:

plankton

10 Ju ly 1949 #1265 - Lake:

from south

pools

of Crane-

in cyr.ress swamp 5 J u l y 1949 #1189.

461.

Astaslaceae
rtKl30NEiiA D u j r r d i n 1841
Cells
metsboly
.-ellum,

of the

possess

rod

• nd

one

are

cfn be

cation

during

en t i r e

seen

are of v a r i a b l e

project i ng ,

Tne f l a g e l l a

in behavior,

rs

not

in t ose

the

swimming f l n -

differ

from

1n o b s e r v a b l e

of H e t e r o n e m a .

cel .s are r a t h e r

t.oir study

b enus

s h o u l d not be
the

forward

senuc

one

structure,

No

chromoplasts

oresent.
Inasrucu

tne

one

of this

trailing.

nnot .er c h i e f l y
s u c h as

species

hey

a nd I d e n t i f i ­

i n v o l v e d consider; ole con j ecture,

of L e m m e r m a n n

considered

elusive

is

I n c l u d e d here,

the last w o r d

but

it

on the t a x o n o m y of

genus.
# species

not

I n c l u d e d in text

1.

C e ll s

n o n m e t a b o l i c ........................................

2

1.

Cells

m e t a b o l i c ...........................................

6

2. Cells

3.

3.

in side view.............................

3

2. Cells shaoed otherwise.............................

4

oval

Swimming

( p r o t ru d ed )

flagellum length

of body,

L llu;

Swimming

f l a g e l l u m twice

W 7 u ...........

A. ovale Klebs

the l e n g t h

of body, L 14-30(?)u; W 7-12u..................
...........................
4. Cells ovoid

in share, L

A. emarglnata Stokes
25-40u;

W 10-22u......................

A. acinus DuJ.*

4. Cells not ovoid.....................................

5

5.

Cells o o o v o l d

in anspe,

L 60u;

W 2 0 u ...........
A.

5.

Cells s w i n d l e - s n i p e d ,
6.

Cells

striate,

L ll u

L 15u;

A. p u B l l l u m S t o k e s *

W 7 u ...................

.............................
6.

Cells not

striate,

A.

e m a r g l n a t a Stokes.

varlablle

Klebs

(Pascher

L e m m e r m a n n f)

R i g i d or sli.-htly met a b o . 1 c ; s p. o
essee

specimens);

times

l e n g t h of body.

emb a yment

s tr i a t u m Kl e bs *

L 14-16u;

W 9 - 1 2 u .................. A.
1. A n l s o n e m a

truncatumStein*

fo r ward

r

8c

e oval

(ovoid

In T e n n ­

rotruding flftgellum eoout l~?t-2

L 14u,

of O c o e e Dam Lake

po s s i b l y up to 3Cu.

Polk:

ipl by h"y U.S. 64 14 Aug.

1949

•srl?63.
2. A n l s o n e m a

ovale Klebs.

(Pascher

S l i g h t l y mete .oilc gener- 11,y,
rect ly

identified,

almost

amoeoold

was m e t a b o l i c

in its m o ve m e n t s

( us ually f i g u r e d as ovoid),
what

t e r i o r one;

f l a g e l l a of about
the

to the

s h or t er

(tnree
groove.

times

at times;

If cor­

of being-

e;ome oval

c o n t r a c t i l e v a cu o le

the same

thickness

l e n g t h of body),
W 7-20u.

in

and p o s s i b l y a second p o s ­

small p a r a m y l u m gr anules present;

(l en gth of oody)

L ll-30u;

extent

f) (Smith f)

often u n s y m m e t r i c a l , and some­

of toe cell,

several

Lemmermann

cut n u m b e r 166°,

c o m p r e s s e d d o r s o - v e n t r ^ l l y ; one

the a n t e r i o r p a r t

8c

out of u ne q ua l

d i re c te d forward,

two

length,

the l on g er

tr a il in g t h ro u g h a v e ntral
Blount:

among aquatic Plants

in L a u r e l La k e n e a r Kinzel Springs 4 Aug.

194 9 # 1 6 6 2 - Sum-

ner:

c u l t u r e d f r om c o l l e c t i o n

31-E

northeast

plankton

from

of G a l l a t i n

body,

vllle

- Montgomery

^1371.

Klebs.

shape

forward protruding

trailing

14-16u

#2197

( P a s c h e r & Lemrr.ermsnn f)

F i g s . 2,3.

Cells metabolic;
dric al;

tree.m oy hwy U.S.

27 M a r c h 1 9 5 0

14 J u l y 1 9 4 9

3. A n 1 s o n e m a v a r l a b l l e
32,

3

i,ond by hwy U.S. 79 at Tom E d w a r d s 1 store west

of C l a r k s v i l l e

PI.

In sme.ll

(here

usually vaguely
flagellum being

f l a g e l l u m e o ou t

20u) ; 7/ 9-12u.

Highway

five m i l e s

Ik

tim es

Knox:

ovate or cylin­
about l e n g t h of

l e n g t h of body.

Lakeside Lake

s o u t h of K n o x v i l l e

L

by Se v l e r -

70 J u l y 1949

*■■1540.
A S T A S I A E h r e n b e r g 19 3 0
Astasia

lagenula

PI.

Fig.

32,

metabolic;

and more

st.,ot p r e s e n t

s h ap e

posterior

bodies

oresent;

elongate-ovoid,

r o u n d e d then

ne r a n t e r i o r

median

'.V 10u.

(P a sc h e r & L e m m e r m a n n f )

1.

Somewhat
end broader

(S c he w .) L em m .

position;

end;

the an terior;

s ev e ra l

is a c t u a l l y

s ma l l

too

small

been r e c o r d e d f o r t he sp e ci e s

long ),

corresponds

d e s c r i b e d as
dence

r a t h e r well

a n e w f o r m s i nc e

concerning presence

Tennessee:

common

or a b s e n c e

in

L 25-30u;

for the l i mi t s
(they are 1 2 - 1 6 u

ot h er w is e .

there

eye-

rounded paramylum

of body.

w h i c h ha v e
out

oval

contractile vacuole

f l a g e l l u m l e n g t h that

Number 1509

oosterior

It

is not

is i n s u f f i c i e n t

evi­

of I n t e r m e d i a t e sizes.

c u l t u r e of s u m m e r 1 9 4 9

collections

7

464.

March 1950 #2222 - Knox: gold fish pond of Harry I Jams*
place beyond Island Home 20 July 1949 #1590 - Cumberland:
rain puddle In grass In front of New Salem Baptist Church
by hwy U.S.70-N March 1950 #2056 - Davidson: Radnor Lake
near Brentwood 20 Aug.

1949 #1799.

ENTOSIPHON Stein 1878
Entoslphon sulcatum (DuJ.)Stein.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f)

(Including E. ovatum Stokes)
PI. 32, Fig. 4.
Cells rigid;

shape oval In broad side view, longitu­

dinally furrowed with 4-12 ridges,
doreo— ventrally,

somewhat compressed

posterior blunt, anterior somewhat emar-

glnate or crenate;

several contractile vacuoles present in

various parts of the cell, but one or two only are generally
visible;

two flagella,

the forward extending about length

of body,

trailing one up to two times lengtn of body.

L

20-30u; W 10-15u.
The broader Interpretation of E. sulcatum Is employed
here (see Smith,

1933).

The distinction between this and

E. ovatum based on the larger number of longitudinal ridges
In the latter (10-12 distinguished from 4-8) and slightly
longer trailing flagellum (twice length of body instead of
slightly longer tnan length of body).

Further investigation

may clarify the matter.
The conical siphon or gullet, with a rod apparatus,

run­

ning the length of tne oells is a diagnostic character of the

entire
Knox:

& enus,
fountain

1949 # 1 5 7 6 411

but

1 Aug:.

s wa m p y

d i t c h by
'V. C.
41

1949

ft16 28

greenhouse

Junction

Austin's

alt

area on Univ.

1 9 49

is r e q u i r e d to see it.

Waterworks

#1596 - culture

l a b o r a t o r y 1 Aug.

University

observation

of K n o x v i l l e

1949

I..ill 2 Aug.*.

careful

f i s h oo o l

Tenn.

fa r m n e a r h w y U.S.

in Univ.

#-1604 - p la n k t o n
- D av i dson:

25 July

Tenn.

botanical

froo p o nd at Ca r ter's

fi sh pool by V a n d e r b i l t

17 L a r c h 1950 # 20 6 0 - V o n t g o o e r y :

of hw y U . S . 79 ; id F o s t e r s

Cave R o a d at

f a r m IS L ? r c h 1950 #2060 - nond by hw y U.S.

n e - r R i n g g o l d 16 L a r c h 1950 #2069.

SoG-LEhAhQRPHA W e n r i c h 1993
Fuglens.morpha H e g n e r l
C el l s
many

q u it e

granules

d is t in c t;
ch a ra c t e r .
here,

one

f ro m the

m etabolic,

resent,

three

We n rich.

p r e s u m a b l y p ar a my l um ;

is ao^ot

a colorless
reported

of R a n a. t a d p o l e s .

PI.

tne genus

about b o t h of

cell,

endozoic

Fig.

the

they w e re

stigma was

gullet

its mo st

3.

quite

distinctive

the ca ses

the other green.
habitat,

However,

30,

the shape c h a n g i n g co n siderably;

flagella give

There

( Smith f )

retorted

N e i t h e r came

Intestinal

tract

f o un d in f r o g

observed.

Knox:

infested

waters.

Furthermore,

no

old

concrete

r e s e r v o i r at

N e u b e r t ’sSpring's 20 J u l y 1 9 4 9 # 15 2 9

Weakley:

pond

by hwy T e n n . 22 at G a r d n e r S t a t i o n Q J u l y 1949

#1213.
EUOLENOPSIS
The
gellated,

Klebs

ce l ls

18 9 2

or this g e n u s are

a n d colorless.

spindle-shaped,

The best genus

unifla­

c h a r a c t e r is the

-

466.

exoe.ntrlc

insertion

fhe c n - r p c t e r s
extent

that

i n s t e a d of
1.

Cells
VI

1.

tne

of tne

ref ter- long- f las-ellum.

o^

_enus

cells

being

tne
of

on ly

this

decidedly metaoolic,

Ce lls

scarcely

h e r e b y m o d i f i e d to the

sc e c l e s

slightly

7 - l l u .................

are

rr-= d e c i d e d l y m e t a b o l i c

so.
L lf-15u;

E.

minor

metabolic,

Silva

L bl-30u;

W.. 7 - 1 0 u .................. jC. v o r a x
Eurlenopslsminor

so.nov.

Cel l s f a i r l y m e t a o o l i c ;
becoming
point

subspheric-d

m a y be

striations

evident

e ve n

of p e r i p l a s t

-he

aoout

species

two

is

tim es

somewhat

E*

v o r3-x Kleos,

b.

Euglenopsls

the

32,

she -e

or o va l

round paramylum bodies
gellum,

PI.

Fig.

in me t ab o lv ,

perhaps

metabolic

v o r a x Kleos.

shape;

s oi r al

p r es e nt ;

large

excentricrlly rlaced fla­

l e n g t h of body.

only other

but

snort r o s t e r i o r

sues:neric-1

vis ible,

p r es e n t ;

5.

n o r m a l l y f u si form,

in tne

not

Klebs

L 12-l£u;

W 7-12u.

a n d m u c h s m a l l e r than

species,

(Pascher & Lemmermann

f)

( S m i t h f)
C el l s
spired

sllgntly

striae

3 t o m e r,r e s e n t

metaoolic;

of p e r i p l a s t
near

gellum
30u;

single,

W 7-10u.

sometimes

flagellar

round paramylum bodies

snindle-shaped;

often

length greater

visible;

insertion;
accumulated
tnan

that

delicate
small

nucleus

cy to-

central;

in q ua n tity;
of body.

L

fla­

21-

hETEiUhvEI/A Dujardin 1=41
Tne dlstingu 1 sning characters of this ^enus

are

its

tw o g tructually different flagella and Its pronounced
metaboly.

If Lackey's observations,

however,

are correct

in noting- that Peranema has a second flagellum the line
between the two genera

oeco .es obscure.

The two genera

certainly are quite closely related.
Since all the Heteronema
of this study are new,

species observed in the region

some previously described ones are

included in tne key for purposes of comm- rison.
* species not included in text
1. Cells with spiral ridges,
visible,

5-6 turns

giving a screw shape,

swim­

ming flagellum twice length of body,
trailing 3/4 of length,

L 42u; W 24-

30u

H. soirale Klebs*

1. Cells without spiral ridges

2 . Cell oerlplast smooth or with very
delicate spiral strlations

3

2. Periplast distinctly spirally
8

striate
3. Posterior end o r cells rounded
3. Posterior end pointed,

cells straight

swimming flagellum length of body,
trailing liy-2 lengths, L lvu; W 2.53u

H. acus (Ehr.)Stein*

4

458.

4.

Cells

sigmoid,

swimming flagellum

longer than body,

trailing £ as

long as the b o d y .........
4.
c.

Cells

Cells

spindie-sn'.ped,

5

swi.u:nin,' fla­
L 45-50u;

3 - ‘O u ....................

5. Cells not
5. Cells

tremulum Zach. *

s t r a i g h t ........

gellum longer than body,
’
.V

H.

_K. • cus

(Ehr. )Stein*

s.. in a l e - s h a p e d ..............................
elongate-oval

6

In e ..■ e ,

flagellu.r: bifuror te, L ° 8 u ..................
H. blfurcatum Silva

6 . Cells smaller or larger,

flagellum

not b i f u r ; a t e . ......................................
7. Cell len, th lb-ltu,

7

s.a.oe Ion;; o v d ...........

............................. 21* longlovells Silva
7. Cell length 4 0 - 7 0 u ......

H. neculoglabra Silva

8 . Trailing flagellum snorter than
oody,

L 40-57u;

W 1 0 - 3 0 u .....................

.....................

ti. nebulosa

(DuJ.)Klebs*

8 , Trailing flagellucn longer than
body,
1.

L 3 9 u ..............

Heteronema

blfurcata sp.

Considers oly metabolic;
dric,

H. glo blferum Stein*
nov. PI.

32,

Fig.

shape elongate-oval or cylin-

soneti.res sli;ntly curved when swimming;

apparently smooth;

6.

periplast

heavier flagellum extending- forward

1 2/3 lengths of body and definitely bifurcate at tip, in-

sertion of flagella in gullet,
phora

(Ehr.)Stein.

similar to Peranema trlcho—

L 28u; W 10u.

oond at Carter's Kill 2 Aug.

Knox:

in quiet water of

1949 #1615.

2. Heteronema lonelovalls so.

nov.

PI.

?*:, Fig.

7.

Elongate-ovoid, with broadest portion aosteri^r;
clast anrr-r-ntly smooth;

Ion er,

forward a out 1# lengths of cody,
gellum trailing,
5u.

Knox:

perl-

r.e-vier flagellum extending
secondary,

about half length of body.

thinner fla­
L l:--15u; W

goldfish pool at Knoxville Waterworks 25 July

1949 #1561.
3. Heteronema nebuloglaora sp. nov.
Highly metabolic;
john-shaped,

PI.

32, Figs.

snape veryln.-: from fusiform to demi­

or ovoid, broadest portion anterior,

or ootusely :ointed

10,11.

osterlor,

truncated

anterior tapering abruntly

to the base of the gradually tapering hyaline neck portion;
numerous irregular par&mylum granules of various sizes
present; periplast apparently smooth;

heavier flagellum

extending straight forward about length of body,
flagellum snorter tnan body;
teral;

at least one

thinner

nucleus large, anterior, la­

osterior contractile vacuole present.

L 40-70u; W 20-30u.

The resemblance of t.ne s u e d e s

nebulosa (DuJ.)Leram.

is great,

to H.

the only convincing differ­

ence being the definite spiral striation of H. nebulosa.
Some of tne cells observed were definitely green,

completely

upsetting the writer's ideas of the entire group, but sub­
sequent observations showed that individuals may be colorless

470.

os well,

so tnf color

_reen matter.

-osslbly was a result of Ingested

Tennessee:

common culture from collections

made during: summer of 1949 7 Larch 1950 #2223.
j-SIA

Schaeffer 1918

Jennln^'sla dlatomopnaga Schaef.
Colorless;

(Smith f)

hi ;nly rnetaoolic;

PI.

32, Fig.

8.

shape cylindrlc or ovoid;

oerlplast soirally striate wic; movable club-shaped aopendnges l-2u long;
t hen length of

single •strong- flagellum cllantly shorter

:ooy; pnaryn* eal rod ant;t>re tus composed of

two rods and a snort curved trichite; paramylum bodies
ring-soaped,
40u.

discoid,

or spheric-1.

L 190-260u;

W about

Inasmuch as this flagellate is known- only from the

original description,
sent study,

and did not respoear during the pre­

tne writer's conclusions aoout its classifi­

cation are neccesssrily derived from Schaeffer's paper,

and

from com arisons wicn the more careful studies of Peranema.
Criteria employed t-~> separate the two nre the cresence of
"several" pharyngeal rods,

ring-shaped paramylum bodies,

tne striae of snort hair-like appendages,

and tne specific

selection of diatoms for food.

only the ring-

Of these,

shaped paramylum oodles seem to oe in contrast with the
comparaole structure in Peranema, but discoid and spherical
particles are present in both.

"Several" pharyngeal rods

are not snown by Schaeffer's drawing,

instead there is a

third rod, and a tricnlte of tne type also found occasion­
ally in otner colorless flagellates.

The hair-like appen-

471.

a-‘t;e on ’
jhe perinlast Is somewhat different than thoc-e re­
corded for most P e ran eras, but tne analogy wltr the diversity
of perinlast ornamentation
importance of t m s
found

In Euglena

character.

should minimize the

Tne diet o^ diatoms is also

among Individuals of Peranema(?)

(numbers 1262-82)

which were Identified as Jennlngsla at the time on that
account,

hut are far too small for the limits described

for Jennlngsla dlatomopha^a.
’.Vhile there

is no apparent reason for th-- retention of

Jennlngsla as a g-nus separate from Peranema the writer
feels that It would :e unwise to relegate a name to synonymy
without first observing the actual specimens on which it is
based.
Knox:

Lonsdale marshes Feb.

and I/.arch 1918^- - Obion:

plank­

ton at Spillway Bridge 10 July 1949 #1262 - field embayment
at sout.. end of Isom Lake 10 July 1949 #-1282.
...El.OIDIUlc Perty 1852
Species

of this genus exhibit rigid,

colorless cells.
present,

Longitudinal ridt Ing may

unifIsgell&ted,
cr may not be

■nd the pharyngea.1 rod aoo.aretus Is said to be

absent.
The key oelow Includes the species treated by Lemmermann as well as those identified and described here in the
text.

1 Reported in Schaeffer,

1918

♦species not included in text

1 . Cells strcight or* slightly curved...................

3

1.

2

Cells sickle-shaped or sigmoid......................

2 . Cells sickle-shaped, wit/i sharp
posterior end (L 120u; 'V 14u)..............
...........................

Lh fa Ice,turn Zacb.*

2. Cells sigmoid, L 42-78u;
W 5-10u............
7.

LI. tortuosum Stokes

(L 3G-40u; W 7-lCu) flagellum little
more ‘‘hen half length of body..................
Lh pelluclo.u.m Ferty

3.

(L 15-25u; W 7-8u) flagellum about
length of b ody ....... M. lncurvum (Fres.)Klebs

1. henoldlum lncurvum (Fres.)Klebs.

(Pascner & Lemmermann f )

(Smith f)
Cells ri& id; cylindrlc-oval in shape,
rounded;

..eriplas t lont ituainally striated with broadly

placed rows;
cells;

oot.o ends broadly

contractile vacuole in

flagellum length of body.

osterior port‘on of

L 16-25u; 7/ 7-8u. The

specimen cited here was definitely not curved, but other­
wise was quite close to the descri tions of the species.
Knox: at margin of stagnant pond by Riverside Drive erst of
Knoxville Waterworks 25 July 1949 #1586.
2. Ilenoldlum pellucldum Perty.
(Smith f)(Walton f)

NK.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f)

PI. 32, Fig. 9.

Cells rigid; body cylinoric-ellintlc in shape, with con-

lcally rounded
teriorly

taoersd

l e n g t h l ittle
lOu.

This

The

n lay

be

to a sort

more

o*' the

here

anterior

l o n g e r o r o nort

on a n d

Knox:

of f i s n

in y_. l n c u r v u m , a n ­

of e x t e n d e d nose;
that

bid not

identification

fountain

curved

then h a l f

specimen

development
ends.

ends,

end,

of body.

ool

L 30-40u;

W 7-

exhibit

the n o s e - l i k e

but

r o u n d e d on b o t h

we s’ made

shorter

flagellum

was

chiefly

on the hr-: sis

f l a g e l l u m tru-n h.

at K n o x v i l l e

of

lncurvum.

Waterworks

25 J u l y

19 4 9 *-1576.
3. M e n o l d l u n t o r t u o s u m Stokes.

(Pascner

Sc

L e m m e r m a n n f)

(We.l t o n )
Cells

essentially

paramylum granule?
of body.

rigid;

e l o n y ted;

L 42-7&u;

'.V c-lOu.

sigmoid;

nucleus

f l a g e l l u m about
Knox:

in gold

Knoxville Waterworks

25 J u l y 1949 #1575.

MONOLASTIX Scherffel

1912

h o n o m a s t l x o o l s t n o s t i g m a Scnerffel.
( S mith f)

PI.

C ells

32,

slightly

or b e c o m i n g l u n a t e
with a pyrenold

6-22u;

W 3-8u.

The

cal a n d has a c r e n a t e
late

surface.

s h a l l o w pool

It

f i s h pool at

(Pascher

&

Lemmermann f )

cylindric-elliptlc,

in m e t a o o l y ;

cell;

half len g t h

12.

metabolic;

each;

p o s t e r i o r of the
L

Fig.

central;

eyes

two l a t e r a l

f o r m e d by

outline

is a b o u t

chromatophores

ot r o u n d and l o c a t e d toward the

fla gell um somewhat
cyst

oyriform

the

l o n g e r than body.
species

in p o l a r view,

8u in diameter.

in p o n d at C a r t e r ’s M i l l

2 Aug.

is

sp h e r i ­

and a r e t i c u ­
Knox:

very

1949 #1616.

4?4.

PERANELA Dujardin 1841
Organisms

belonging

co.mmon i n h a b i t a n t s
r i c h in o r g a n i c
were

content.

forty-five

V' rie.tlon of
the

of s t a g n a n t

observed during

Conn's

genus.

tion,

by stating

this

rather,
his

of

2 4 - 3 0 u long

size,
and

any pretense
writer

that

at
tne

st u d y

and t h e i r

the

that

the

sev e r a l

co m m o n

supoorts

extreme

writer would modify

are at

least

analysis,

in a size

two

snecies
the

sue., as

specimens

a t t a i n i n g 90u in length.

On

‘he s m a l l e r

indicate high
curve

to the
"fre­

in the p a r t i ­

Indeed individuals

36u a n d 51u long.

un to

Proportions

some d i f f e r e n c e s

trl-

A dmit ted ly without

There were
those

races,

of

su g g e s ­

"P e r a n e m a

it a p n e - r e d

frequency

m e n t i o n e d a^ove.

1933 o b s e r v e d

diversity

that

indicates

sum of o o s e r v a t i o n s

Lackey,

in 'water

c o m a l e x of intergr.nding forms.

statistical

ranges,

r-mo tg the most

or r a t r e r

tne l a r g e r 4 0 - 4 5 u long.

these

there are

are

n u m b e r of i n d i v i d u a l s

suggestion

opinion

outside

but

great

the

there

q u e n c i e s " or m a x i m a
c u l a r r anges

genus

water,

of P e r a n e m a

c h o p h o r a " is a species
the basis

A

ye-r old

forms
Or,

to this

in the

over 7Cu,

w i t h some

do not vary materially,
share

of the p o s t e r i o r

ends.
Peranema trlchophora
(Prescott

f ) ( S m i t h f)

Cells
conical,

colorless;

(Ehr.)Stein.
PI.

32,

Fig.

(Pascher & Lemmermann
13.

h i g h l y metabolic;

share

cylindrlc-

t a p e r e d t o w a r d the a n t e r i o r and t r u n c a t e

oosteriorly;

f)

irregular para mylum bodies

or r o u n d e d

u s u a l l y ores e n t

in

475.

w.ount;

..renter or l e s s e r
sairally striate
i •*'rms
of

(but

may be

i n c l u d e d here),

sh-rt

times

hairs;

length.
Lschey

tne

sraootn - s ve il

rows

of st r id e

r e .orts a s e c o n d
If

winter

flagellum,

present,

t.e

..ianie

fenn. : b u c k R i v e r 1 9 3 6 - 9 ^

of I s o m L. he 10 July

194S

1196,

1911,

1543,

1556,

1656,

° j6G,

a n d 5156.

FETAL0110NA5 S t e i n

gell

oy b e i n g

#1061

rigid,

somewhat

is

o f t e n to

is

h

1565,

or ve.ntrsl)

- Obion:
- and

1586,

1334,

1596,

°6 June
^ield

1749 #977

enbayment

innumer' ole

collection

including collection
1357,

1763,

1471,

1791,

1507,

1795,

1654,

1659

duo

cells

side

md

of tne

tow rd an o v o i d

view.

1 Re orted in Lachey,

of this

t.ney d i f f e r

flattened

tne left

tencency

relationship between

the area

15.40,

in S c y t o m o n a s , tne

te and

w n i c h the v r l t e r

m rt of c o u n t y

w*. ter s *: .rou.. hout

1.545,

as

o" b o d y to lh

no..a of lon = a or;- r.i o n in cultiv- ted field

lenn. 56 in n o r t h e r n

1137,

--re sh id to consist

ecoo.es obvious.

by hwy

numbers

in fo.-e of t:.e

L 5?-70u; W l?-90u.

r e ran err,a anc, r.e t e r o n e m a

fro., still

described as b e i n g

swim.:,in:
r. flagellum. l e n g t h

f o i l e d to notice.

ha mil ton:

e ri o l a s t

1949

from

genus
tnose

asymmetrical.
cell

sane

are unlflsScytomonas
The nucleus

in dors--1 view.

in bro ■d side

There

(dorsal

* species

not

1. Lon,- itubire 1 ridge

1.

included

or ridges

2

Celle v.it:.out Ion,- itud 1 n -=1 r i c h e s ......................

3

Single

longitudinal

dorsrl

L 2 3 u ......................
. Lore

P.

cr r Inst a France

ov-I,

l e n g t h of cody,

(Du J . )St e in

or curved a p ­

on posterior end,

cell, outl lne

L

c.ibscisse

P»

Cells v.'it:, six curled
p endixes

^ e n e n ■!

flagellum

L 2?-30u;

twice

’.V 2 1 - 2 3 u .............

...............................

P.

sexlo b a t a Klebs*

Cells lac kin,, p o s t e r i o r expend; p e e .....................
4. L o n g i t u d i n a l
dorsal

funov.s

-anc. ventral

2 L u ...............

4. F u r r o w
side,
1.

ridge,

t nan one ridge present,

lii“ .ccu..........

3.

f-ree^nt

on c e l l s ...................................................

P.

".

in text

present

rresent

slues,

P.

only on

on

L 22-

medlocenellets

abscissa

Stein

ventral

L 14— 23u. . . . . P. angusta

Petaloconas

4

(Klebs )Lernrr.

(DuJ.)Stein.

(P?scner

Sc

Lemmermann

(Smith f)
Cells rigid;

broad

side view snored a s y m m e t r i c a l l y

o v o i d w i t h sr.arp anterior m d
cross

bro a d l y rounded posterior,

section roughly elliptic w i t h convex ventral

dorsal

surface w i t h 2-3 ridges.

The v a r i e t i e s

L 12-28u;

of Kleos w h i c h are

surface,

W 8-17u.

included

o.y Lemmerrnann

477.

are:
v. convergens Klebs.
emarginate,

Cell anterior oolnted, posterior

with ridges converging anteriorly.

v. parallels Klebs.

Cells rounded anteriorly and emarglnate

posteriorly, wltn ridges parallel and unequal.
v. deform!8 Klebs.
cate,

L 19u; W 17u.

Cell anterior pointed,

L 30u; W 17u.

posterior trun­

three parallel ridges on dorsal surface.

L 22u; W llu.

Jefferson: permanent pond near Junction of hwy U.S.ll-E and
Cherokee Dam approach road 25 June 1949 #910 - Knox: fish
pool at Knoxville Waterworks 25 July 1949 #1575 - swampy
area on Univ.

Tenn. farm near hwy. U.S.411 1 Aug. 1949

ifl596-7.
2. Petalomonas angusta (Klebs )Lerrun.
(Walton f)

(Pascher <& Lemmermann f)

PI. 32, Fig. 14.

Cells rigid;

shape of broad side view elongated ovoid,

anterior conically tapered, posterior broadly rounded,
cross section ventral surface nearly flat,

in

slightly convex,

ventral surface convex with single median longitudinal furrow;
flagellum length of body.

L 14-23u; W 7-14u.

Number 2056

falls short of exact correspondence with the description by
being broadly, rather than narrowly, ovoid, but the other
features agree better here than with P. medlocanellata Stein.
L 16u; W lOu here only, recorded previously as L 14-23u; W
7-14u.

Cumberland: rain pool in grass by hwy U.S.70-N in

front of New Salem Baptist Church 16 March 1950 #2056*

478.

3. Fetr-loaon.^ s cn rlne.ta France.

(Pas cuer & Lemnerm'-nn f)

(Walton f)
Celle

rigid;

s

p o s t e r i o r brooder,
membranous
cleus

e e l o n g a t e d ovoid,
dorsal

longitudinal

line of cell L °3u;

keel formed

oy broad
and nu­

K.

(Pssooer & Lem.termann

f)

ribald;

Cells
t : • ering,

e broadly ovoid,

.osterior

f u r r o w on dorsal

broadly

surf: ce,

alone are not
specimens

L ?Q-bou;

sufrici ent chr racters

to tails s u e d e s ,

PQ56 attain

rounded;

tne

proportions

oe a s s i g n e d to P.

narrow lo. gltudlnal

-f p.

IV 14-lSu.

Proporti o n s

for tne assignment

of

as number

med 1 oc nel 1 a t , out may

a n,,usta t a because

#1365 - Henry:

surface;

si.ice such individuals

L o n t t;o.mery: mnrsn pond

13 J u l y 1349

anterior conically

w i d e r one on ventral

flagellum l ength o’" body.

River)

rounded,

7/ about 13u.

P e t a l o m o n a e- medl oconella ta Stein.

furrow.

ends

fold r o l l e d tom ra the ri,. n t ; vacuoles

on m edian

f)(Walton

both

of the lack, of a dorsal

jus: west or Kew Provid e n c e

Kentu c k y Dam Lake

at Paris L e n d i n g 13 J u l y 1949 #1357.

(Old Tennessee
K.

S C r T G L Q H A S stein 1863
Tnls genus
rigid,
here

is like P e t a l o m o n a s

u n i f l a g e l l a t e d and lacking in c h r o m o p l e s t s , nov/ever

there

is no dorso-ventral

furrowihe- or ridging.
cent
b ■■s e .

in that the cells are

compression

Tne flagellum

or longitudin a l

insertion

of P e r a n e m a , be i n g tu r n e d and slightly

is remines-

swollen at tne

*
1.

Cells

ovoid

'.V 7-Su,

not

species

In text

or fusiform,

L

7.5-PQu ;

f l a e.ellum ; oout 1^ times

l e n g t h of b o d y .................
1.

Cells
7.

s. ousilla S t e i n *

sj.---.ed o t h e r w i s e .................................

Cells

very nsrrov'l.v ov--l, L 24-30u;

W 6 - 7 u ..........................
7.

Cell broader,

Cells a oout L

3.

Cells a oout L 50u;
Subsequent

to be

W 8u. _S. major

20u;

W20u

of tne key ore

the

3

(Berl. JLemm.

_S. ovale Silva

observations

may show that

seme,

but at

the last

two

'-recent tney seem

clearly separable.

S c y t o m onns maJ or
Cells

( B e r l . )Lemn.

l e n g t n d e s cr i b e d

tne

ooay in length,

as 20u but

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n m a y be at
willows

etc.

Scytomonas
Cells

(Peccner

ov: 1 - s u n p e d wits,rounded ends;

c r i o e d ; s l£ times

2.

£>. stene Silva

o v a l ...................................

3.

species

2

cc

Leuoermr-n f)

flagellum

des-

out Is 1.1 times here

it -was onl / 14u here.

fault.

is

The

liontgomery: hog pond w i t h

Just n o r t n of Hazelwood 13 Llarch 1950 #2095.
o v o 1 e sp. nov.

PI.

32, Fig.

16.

colorless

and ametabolic;

b r o a d side view o v a l ­

s haped w i t h somewnet

t a p e r e d rounded

ends;

ridges

or striae apparent;

c o n t r a c t i l e v a c u o l e not

no longitudinal

small p a r a m y l u m granules nres e n t

observed;

f l a g e l l u m of slightly

l o n g e r than b o d y l e n g t h to l-^- times l e n g t h of body.
W 20u.

Tne a p p e a r a n c e

is similar to Scytomones

L 50u;

stene Silva

480.

trie f l a g e l l u m

■ nd

through a gullet
culture

Is

Inserted

and

of m a t e r i a l

curved

In P e r a n e m a

s

to one

side.

collected

in s u m m e r

sp.

PI.

t r t c h o p ho ra

Tennessee:
of 1949

i.e.

common

7 March

19£0 if?224.
5.

Scytomonn s stene
Ceils

oval

in

ends,

colorless

arose

no l o n g i t u d i n a l

...on t p'ornery: w o o d s
f*1910

Shape
ridges

. i esent;

f l a g e l l u m l e n g t h or

15.

cody

very

Ions

a o n d east

ov.al wit.' r o u n d e d

or st r i a e

a pp a r e n t ;

contractile

vacuole

or longer.

r o u n d or

L !4-30u;

of Shad.y G r o v e

minute
not

observed;

’.V 4-5u.

3 Sept.

1949

( C l e bscn).

3 P H E N 0110NAS

Stein

1878

Sp he no mo nr. s q u a d r p n g u l r r l s
(Smite: f)

PI.

Cells

gonal;

31,

rigid;

.osteri'r,

cross

primary

Fife.

W 8u.

and A n l s o n e m a

possiole

difference

presence

of

some

between

cotmressed

short;

Tne m o s t

t h o u g h tne d i f f e r e n c e

lation

fusiform,

spp.

tne

nucleus

obvious

Lemmermann

or l a r g e s t

f)

part

or

slightly

posterior.

distinction

longer,
Cells

b e t w e e n this

is the a n g u l a r c r o s s - s e c t i o n ,

is not

a fundamental

Is the r i g i d i t y

degree

&

q u a d r m . e j i r or p e n t a ­

f l a g e l l u m l e n g t h of b o d y

L

species

(Pascner

17.

section

flagellum very

20-40u;

Stein.

sr.npe b r o a d l y

secondary

Knox:

3.1, Fig.

and a m e t a b o l i c ; ess entia.l y

s^-ct ...on.

paramylum granules

nov.

of m e t a b o l y

two g e n e r a

one.

al­

Another

of S p h e n o m o n a s , an d the
in A n i s o n e m a .

s h o u l d be

f i s h p o n d at K n o x v i l l e W a t e r w o r k s

examined

The

re­

further.

25 J u l y 1 9 4 9 #1575.

PYRRHOPHYTA
Cryptophyceae

C r y p torn on?, dales
Cryptomonsdaceae
C R i P ToC H R i S I S P a s c v e r

1911

C r y p t o c nrys 1 s c o m m u t a t a P a s c h .
PI.

3 , Fig.

(Pppcr.er & LeTuT.erx' nn f)

19.

Shar e d e s c r i b e d as a l m o s t
oval,

but

oeyond

c i l o o e d at

tne

parietal

otner,

golden
f o ur

tne

orown

see:., t'

nere

only,

here

nave a l o n g i t u d i n a l

•r e s e n t

recorded

s. p.

Vogel

State Park

culture

out

ot

14 aug.

from materials

..-.-iv.

as L lc-20u;
fur. o-

narrower-

is aenerr-.ll.y

one l o s e r r o t r u d l n c
two

folded

described

out as

L 19-29u;

W lC-12u

’.V 6-10u.

similnr

Lumpkin
1949

but

a n d linear;

cxiro.:.ople s l s are

as

nones

e n t e r ! ' r end,

furrow n a n o ;

tin ny

cut

oe<- n-like,

(G-a.):

The

to that

of C rypto-

artificial

#1736 - Tennessee;

collected

summer,

cells

1949

lake

in

co m m o n

7 L a r c h 1950

#2 2 2 4 .
CR.lPrOL.OKAS E h r e n o e r g
The c o l d e n
field character
monads.

cnromoplasts

for this

In Pasciier's

d i s t i n g u i s h e d by
from

brown

1631

genus

are a

and closely

classification

the w e l l

sur prisingly good
related Crypto­

the genus

is

further

d e v e l o p e d V - s h a p e d groove,

tne a n t e r i o r end b a c k w a r d .

running

482.

1. C e l l

f u r r o ’" s c - r c e l y

re-* e n i n g :

from

r.nterior to midre«_ton of cell...
1.

Cell

e n d ...................

Crypto m ono s erosa Hnr.

cott

shape obo v c l d

anterior protruding

to somewhat

2/3

Currberlmd;

of New Salem B a n t 1st

M i d d l e Tenn. : C u m b e r l a n d
gornery:

Cryptomonas
PI.

32,

resent,

green,

the golden

fir. gel la of unequal
L 15-

rain ruddle by hwy U . S . 7 0 - N

in

Ch u r c h 16 M a r c h 1950 #9 0 5 6 -

•••nd Duck Rivers 1938-9^ - I.iontnorth of Hazelwood 18

NK.

ovata Ehr.
Fig.

side of

the l e n g t h of the body.

hog w a l l o w w i t h w i l l o w s etc.

:.:arch 1950 #°095.

one

two golden brown,

car or. on lasts are

the l o n g e r about

3 2u; W 8-16u.

I f)

elliptic,

color being culte distinctive;

length,

2.

(Pascner Sc L e m m e r m n n n f) (Pres­

oeyond other;

clue-green or reddish

front

_G. ov&ta Ehr.

f)

Cell

crown

erosp Ehr.

furrow r e a c h i n g 2/3 of way

to p o s t e rior
1.

C.

(Pescher

Sc

Lerr.rr.ermm n

f)(Fritsch

18.

Cells o c o v o - d or oval,

ends bro a d l y rounded,

side of a n t e r i o r p r o t r u d i n g beyond other;

with one

two or tnree longl

t u d i nally a r r a n g e d chrornatophores running full l e n g t h of
cell;

fairly

small di f f e r e n c e

l o ngest b e i n g aoout
W 6-20u.
swift

in flagella length,

3/4 the length of the body.

Cumoerland:

the
L 20-80u;

c u l t u r e d from collection in rather

stream at Ozone 16 Llarch 1950 fr2053 — Mid d l e

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

Tenn. :

483.

C u m o e r l a n d and D u c k Rivers

If-38-9^-.

NK.

Rr;CDGI<.CN*iS Kars ten 1896
8. .oo.orcone s la c u e trl s P pisen.
PI.

32,

Fi^.

Cells
end,

<x

Rutt.

(Prsc'oer

rifeio;

'-'••Oder massive,

shape obovoid,

or a p a r i e t a l

c o l o r e d red or evine,
a n a r r o w groove;
The

Lernnermnnn f )

20.

b l l o b e d at th-- --ntertor

one looe orotrudint,' a he a d of other;

’•V c-8u.

&

tne

w i t h l a r t e ryr-nold,

reddish

flap-ella .-.resent.
chromocla st

._enus fro;; clo s e l y r e l a t e d ones.
and D u c k R i v e r s

single,

-ipT.ent b - l n p w a t e r soluble;

t'-c unequal

single

slate,

chromorclast

1936-9.1

furrow

L 10-13u;

dif *"erent lutes

this

.diddle Tenn. : C u m b e r l a n d

K.
Dinopnyceae

Dinococcales
.Yhile tne dinof lamella t es e x h i b i t i n g an
w h i c h is of

seme

structure

separate

o r d e r here,

from t.ue mot i l e

state

it should be kept

r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h the mo t i l e
1913

state

duration a n d d i s p l a y i n g a m o r e h o l o u i c a l l y

distinct

in Pascher,

immobile

forms

Cystodiniaceae
C Y S T O D I N I U M Klebs 1912

1 Reported in Lockey, 1242

in mind thp t the

is close and Schillinfe,

Includes C y s t o d l n l u m

nroup.

•-re inclu d e d in a

in the G-lenodiniaceae

484.

Cystodlnlum batavlense

Klebs.

( T h o m p s o n 49 f)

PI.

33,

Fly. 1.

very
late,

Shape

bro adl y lunate

short

t-.ici': p o l a r norns;

loc-d i z e d in n u m e r o u s

cnromatophores.
The

L cc-170u;

original

c e i l , out
t

body.

cells

or two

Thomeson

never become
The

definite

material

is not

t :.ot m o t h e r
Veretr-tive
Heywocd:

color

fusiform, w i t h

is g o l d e n brov/n to

W 36-S0u.
mentions

f ro z o o s o o r e c

M a r y l a n d m?.- ter ini

C yrr.noc.ino1 d cells

obser v e d ,

however,

and this

rre

tn-t

formed
the

shows
within

flagellated.
of cells

apparent

surprising

in lignt

of T h o m p s o n ' s

cells

per

daughter

clumping

cell

choco­

s a in <11 e- sn.p sd or l r r e g u l - r

description

oof-; T h o m p s o n ' s

t eit.-.er one

tne

or a s v m m e t r l c a l l y

wa l l s
are

disintegrate

smaller than

in the

to a s t i c k y

reproducing

slough, by hwy U.S. 70 r.e^r o r o w n s v i l l e

Tennessee

ocservation

Jelly.

ones.
30 J u n e

1949

F1096-7.

Dinastridiaceae
DIKhSTRIDILh. Pa sc er 1927
Dinas trldlum

sexangulare Pascher.

PI.

2.

33,

Fig.

This
with

species

simple

irregularly

or b i f u r c a t e

chromatophores
m e t e r 40u.

is

are

horns

typical

at

( F r l t e c h I f ) ( S m i t h f)

h e x a n g u l a r in o u t l i n e s
the angles;

for most

color and

dlnoflagellates•

Dia­

465.

N u m b e r 1654

and 1656 diff e r e d from tme avail? ;ie figures

in tne. t tne norns
is not

are m u c h stubbier.

too d i f f e r e n t

However,

from tne daughter cells

tne appearance

shown

in nub—

tisned I l l ustrations.
Robertson:

p l a n k t o n from pond near woods

dearr Hill by U . S . 41 20 Aug.
swamp

20 Aug.

a mile

s o u t h of

1949 #1654 - wet g r o u n d of gum

1 949 #1858.

3-ymnodlniales
G-ymnodiniaceae
I n c l u d e d in tne family are tne naked d i n o f l a g e l l n t e s ,
with preponderantly

motile habits and no a r m o r elating.

Gr.ymnodln.lum and Hernialr.ium are d i s t i n g u i s h e d from each
ot.'.er by their transverse
t i r e l y circles

tne cell,

groove w.hen,
but

furrows

in the

former en­

only half tne

tne latter.
ULNQDINIUm
1.

Stein 1662

S n a a e of ceils
v e r s e g roove
blue,

1. No

edges

flaring,

L 85-35u;

olue

oval,

of trans­

cnromoolnsts

V/ 18-20u.

Gr. llmnet l c u m Lackey

chro m o p l a s t s ore-ent,

size

s m a l l e r or l a r g e r .................................
2. Ends

of cells m a r k e d l y different,

upper

(epicone)

lower

(hypocone)

truncate,

L 44u;

elong a t e d conical,
short,

flatly

W 2 4 - 3 7 . 5 u ..................

...........................

Gr. palustre Schill.

cell in

486.

3.

End?

of

cells

altrough
i.

they m a y

Cell

ororaly

part

(liypocone)

( epico n e),
flaring

similar

ovoid

lip,

in

Cell

sa.a.ae ov -1,

flattened,
smaller

3

lower

tPan uy^er,
rithout

a

W ? 5 - 3 0 u ................ '.

L 32-4 5u;
Ip

in s i z e ...................

Fiw-pe,

ed^es

.....................
3.

differ

smaller

b ro o v e

In shaue,

n e Flectum

(S c h i l l . )1 Ind.

dorsi-ventr^lly

l o w e r ; .• rt

t.o-n u p p e r

~ r cel.,

si L., rtly

a r t , L l'?-15u;

W

1 !- 1 3 u ......................... _C. o r d l n a t u m S k u j a

1

. l y x n o d i n ium 1 lrr net lcum Lackey.
Cells

r-r.i f o r m
larger
deep
onl'p,

reaai: r l y

ov- 1

in end vi- v,

1

t - n u o n e r part

! nd not
not

nucleus

in o u t l i n e

ov,e r p rt

35-35u;

most

e x t e n d ing into uo: er '“'art;

W 13-?0u.

common

Obion

din o f1 ogellate

47

f)

Shape broa d ly

PI.

ao o u t
- Lake:

(hypocone)

+,u r r o w
large

a lmost
some'-ha t

furro'" wide
in l o w e r "-art

oval

suo-central

11

- times

R e e l f o o t Lrke,

(Schill. )Llnd.

33,

1936

l e n p t n of body.
as

toe

September 1335.^

Fig.

(Eddy f )(S c h i l l i n g f)

3.

o v o i d and v e r y

1 Reported in Lackey,

Fide vie",

8 - 1 3 o v a l - s o a p e d d i s c o i d c hroma too ho re 8

3. G-ymnodlnlum n e g l e c t u m
(Thompson,

of c e l l

desct;ndl a . , Ion-, itudinal

in hy: ocone;

from

3 6 f)

(eoicone) ; trfnsverf.:-

•a-re s e n t ; t r a i l i n g f l a g e l l u m
L

(La c k e y

s i l e n t l y f l a t t e n e d dorso-

487.

vent rally;

transverse

cending to left;
] n-'vr part,

i5u;

furrow extending

p o s s i b l y to the lower apex

eyespot located

3.

end);

wall

Knox:

rood

in transverse
rarely

'-uddle near* Carter's Kill

2 Aug-.

word east

of Shady G-rove 3

1949 #1910.

Hymn o din ium o r a l n a t u m Skujn.
Cells

flattened;

trnsverct-

12-lf.u;

dorso-ventrally

furrow slightly b e l o w middle

furrow in l o w e r part

f l o w e l l u m twice l e n g t h
in color,

(Thompson 4? f)

o v- 1 - craped in bro-a sice view,

longitudinal

of body;

only

(hypocone);

yellow-brown

V/ 10-13u.

Hymnodinium

Polk:

trailing

to olive-brown

1949 #=1762.

pal ustre Schill.

end quite trunc-.te,

(Schilling f ) ( S m i t h f)

the u p p e r part

t a pered and r o u n d e d at the
long and not descending,
of lip a r o und it,

end;

(hyrocone)

(eoicone)

transverse

the hypocone

longitudinal

shorter

more elongate,

furrow fairly

edge forming a sort

furrow shallow and extending

s l i ghtly into eoicone and hypocone.of the cell;
y e l l o w to dark brown.

L

spring vr ter d i t c h by hwy U.S. 54

Cells o b l o n g - o v o i d w i t h lower o?rt

L 40-44u;

’,V 2 4 - 3 7 . 5u.

p l a n k t o n from r i v e r by P e e r y Bros.
1949 #663.

of cell,

l o c a l i z e d in four c h r o m a t o p h o r e s ; no eyeeoot.

n e a r Ocoee Dam #3 14 Aug.
4.

into

L 3?-35u;

12 *±9 #1696 - 1.on t g ornery: woods
Sept.

only

(antnoleal

color yell ow-br-own to dark brown.

W 25-30u.

and des­

r.:r.all, near! y nerfectly bexagonnl

(see T h o m p s o n 47 f);

furrow;

sli,.htlv b e l o w middle

longitudinal

com,rosed of n u m e r o u s
hates

furrow

Mill

color

Blount:

at b a l l a n d 19 June

4Q8.

;h.:.,IDI.:IUL S t e i n

1 883

..enicinluro n a s u t u m Stein.
11.

33,

outline

elliptic;

dorso-vent rally
.•If w a y

circling

posterior

tines

1. ont g oner y : w o o d s
18 l a r c h

the

19o0

flatter

flattened;
cell,

rr.^rgj n;

f 1' _ •?13.urn H > - 2

line

f) (Pres c o t t

f) ( Smith f)

Fi ^ . 4.

Cell

tne

(Schilling

one

descend!r.^

length

of

s.1de th-r n the

transverse

chromoolasts

swamp by

on

to

the

furrow
left

scout
ana

to

y e l l o w - o r o w n ; trailing:

body.

L

hwy U . S . 41

f'4-3Pu;

W 15-^u.

near K n t u c h y

state

18399.

Perldiniales
This
of

order

incl u d e s

11 en oo in 1 u s , ..owever,

that

the g e n u s

was

t

arco r e c

are

often

dinoflrgellutes.

so d i f f i c u l t

to

Plates

discern

g r o u p e d wit;: tne unarr.ored d inof la.gellat es

f o r a l o n fc t i rte .

11 e n o d l n i a c e a e
ILLixuDINIUM S t e i n 1 9 8 3
The g e n u s
armor

includes

in w h i c h p l a t e s

those

forms

are p r e s e n t

with a very

but

delicate

often distinguished

only w i t h difficulty.
1.

Longitudinal
part

furrow

(hypocone)

c o n f i n e d to l o w e r

of cell,

....................................................................................................................

1.

Longitudinal

L 40u;
G r.

W

3 5 u ..........

g-ymnodlnlum Penn rd

furrow extending

some-

what
b.

into

Cells

both halve?
broadly

b o t h ends
spines

oval

broadly

on plates,

of

c e l l ..........................

or

sub-spherical,

rounded,

no

L

to W,

equal

2 0 - 2 5 u .......................
L.

Cells

ovoid,

l o w e r pl a t e s
33u;
1.

syt.oes p r e s e n t
of hypocone,

W 27-31u.

0.

oculatum Stein

on

L 31-

cuadridens

(S t e i n )S c h i l l .

h-1 e n odlnl■-■.m g y m n o d l n l u m Pens rd.
Cells

elliptic,

• re

typically

ovr 1 - shared,

surface,

convex

tol o w e r part

(hy-.ocone)

often

L 4Qu;

Lane:

s l oughs

W 35u.

transverse

longitudinal

extending*

yellowieh-brown;

body.

1949

c;
Jt are

on dorsal;

s l i g h t l y s..trailed downw a r d ,

tophores

(Scn.il 1 inq- )f (Presc o t t

f)

br o a d l y

consider*', o iy f l a t t e n e d c n r s o - v e n t r a l l y , c o n c a v e

on v e n t r n l

2.

G r.

p

furrow

furrow
confined

to antanicr 1 role; c.jirome-

t r a i l i n g f l a g e l l u m aoout l e n g t h

O o i o n - Lake:

by hwy T e n n . 7 £

R e e l f o o t Lake

near Kentucky

of

19?9^- -

state l i n e 5 J u l y

*1192.
G-lenodlnlum o c u l a t u m Stein.

Fig.

f)

PI.

33,

5.
Celle

o v a l - s . uped,

f l a t t e n e d on v e n t r - 1
verse

(Eddy f )(S c h i l l i n g

furrow around

tending

only

vht h broadly

side,
middle

poles

r o u n d e d e n d s , somewhat

scout

of cell,

equal

longitudinal

into l o w e r np.rt (hyoocone),

1 Reported in Eddy,

1930

in size;

possibly

trans­

f u r r o w ex­
to l o w e r

490.

no ex

(a n t n r i c a l

a oout ll

times

oole) ; c o l o r brown;
lengt.i of body,

N u m b e r 1193,
tile

cell

srape

of

cell,

or

being
tne

released

cell

ossibly

...ont g o m e r y : w o o d s
of C l a r k s v i l l e
large

spring

w h i c h is

state line
3.
PI.

33,

Fig.

Cells

sloughs

quadrlaens

descending;

broad

in l o w e r p a r t

Knox:

W

Juvenile
is at

Warfield,

condition

of the

fault.

13 m i l e s

southeast

o l a n k t o n in

of G-ard.ner S t a t i o n

by hwy

8 July

Tenn. 78 ne- r K e n t u c k y

(S t e l n )Schil l e r .

( T h o m p s o n 47 f)

wit., single

and lower

fla tt en ed dorso-ventrally;

l o w e r nnrt

longitudinal

bluntly

spines;
furrow

(hypocone)

rounded;

transverse

extending

carts,

and reaching lower apex

27-31u.

embayment

somewhat

conical,

sometimes

(epicone)

31-38u;

sll.. h t l v atyr i cal

7.

upper

L

The

and a m o ­

1 9 4 9 #1193.

(epicone)

lower- p l a t e s
slightly

north

ovoid-shaped,

upper part

20-95u.

shows a cyst

to the

of

to W,

1 9 4 9 # 1 9 2 3 — Weakley;

four miles

llenodlnlum

due

east

10 Sept.

5 July

figured,

identification

pond

1949 ?fl221 - Lake:

L equal

f r o m a cyst.

may be
tne

trail ing f l a g e l l u m

furrow

into b o t h

being unusually
(r.ntapic-l cole).

Iliddle Tenn. ; D u c k R i v e r 1938-9-1- -

of Ft.

Loudon Lake

at B l u e G r a s s

20 J u l y

1 9 4 9 #1566.

1 Reported in Lackey,

1942

A

491.

Heterodiniaceae

(Ceratiaceae)

CERATIUL Schrunk 1793
Ceratlum hlrundlnella (0. F. i.1. )Schrank.
(Smith f)

PI. 33,

The asymmetry m d

(Prescott f)

9.
Ion,: h o m e

of the cells distinguish

tr:is o.inoflafeellate; the anterior valve (eoicone) is ex­
tended into a sin., le very Ion: hiorn,
shorter,

stouter horns in the

nd ther^ are three

osterior valve (hyoocone).

The ornamentation is usually easily discernible,

the plates

being areolate (with holes or compartments), tre margins of
the plates with many short,

sharp ^oints.

L 95-400u.

David­

son:

concrete pools of Kelly's Kennels near Nashville 20

Aug.

1949 #1827 - Onion:

olankton from sloufeh near Soillway

5 July 1949 #1186 - Obion: Reelfcot Lake 1929.*

N.

Peridlnittceae
G-ONYa UL a X Diesing 1666
G-onyaulax painstrls L e m ,
Fib-

(Prescott f) (Smith f)

PI. 33,

8.
Gronyaulax is separated from Perldlnlum by its sinrle,

rather than two,

mteuical

plates.

Cells almost soberical in shape, v,itn rounded or
flattened posterior (antapioal) pole;
broad,

transverse furrow

descending; by half its width down to the left; longl-

1 Reported in Eddy, 1930

tudinal furrow extending slightly into upper part

(epicone)

and 2/3 way into lower part

(hypocone);

L equal to W 27-34u.

Fountain City Lake 12 July 1938

Knox;

(E o l d )unnumbered^ — G-ibson - Obion:

stigma not present.

plankton from lower

pond fertilized for fish raising on Abe Shatz'

farm east of

Kenton 8 July 1949 #1243.
PERIDINIUM Ehrenberg 1830
This genus

is probably tne most frequently observed of

the dlnoflagellates,
the huge

although,

in quantity,

it rarely matches

"blooms" known for Ceratlum hlrundlnella.

plate is well developed here,

the plates smooth or areolate

and tne sutures plain or transversely striate.
far more symmetrical

The armor

Its shape is

than that of Ceratlum.

If Sonyaulax is separated,

the separation is made on

the basis of the two antaplcal plates in Perldlnlum, a sin­
gle one in Q-onyaulax.
1. Cell shape ovoid,
large and conical,

upper part
lower part

(eoicone)
(hypo­

cone) smaller and broadly rounded, L
18-24u; W 1 3 - 2 0 u . ... P. puslllum (Penard)Leram.
1. Cells larger,

two parts not differing

as greatly In shape,

though they

differ in s i z e .........................................
2. Plates especially around poles,

1 Reported In Silva, 1949

2

493.

displaying a comb or seines, L
equal to W, 50-70u... p. Wlllel Huitf.-Kass
Plates' of armor (theca) undecorated
by combs or small spines, L equal
p. c 1nctum Err.

to a , 45-SOu...............
i. P e r 1 d ir.iu m c ta c turn Ehr.

(Prescott f )(Schill)nc f)

dells sr ner i c, 1 cr o v .1 in
'1 i;-:'.tly larger
o rone,

tr.-n lower

1 ip: ed on

i ~ t u of furrot,

co th

e, urr er

(hypo cone ) ; transverse

1 ::r i tud 1 rm 1 furrow

quite d i s t i n c t l y areolate,
stri-tcd.

s w ;;;p (pH 5.0)

furrow

rcir. s , descend in,, to ~ ne left about

into u r T'er r <■rt and to lower an ex

tr; n e v e r e e l v

rt (eelccne)

ext end. in;

(an t e : i c-l

sutures b e t w e e n

L equal

to

,

a snort way

- ol e ) ; plates

them wide and

45-cOu.

Lawrence:

conte i n l n L„ c ons ider- ole nu m b e r of aquatic

" lants

cy hwy U.S. 64 ne- r Lawrencefcurg 29 June 1949 vl962 -

r.enrv;

gravel

13

pit

by hwy U.S. 79 east of Paris near lancing

J u l y 1949 yl3£l - Obion - Lake:

R e e l f oot Labe 1 9 2 9 . 1

15 IF.
9. Per id! r.lum pus ilium (Penard)Le:nm.
Cells ovoid-shaped,
cal,

transverse fur^oc al­

longitudinal furrow extends very slightly

into enicone and quite broadly to antap leal pole;
yellow-green.

f )( Schilling f)

uoier end (enicone) larger and coni­

lower (hyuocone) broadly rounded;

most horizontal,

(Prescott

L 16-24u; W 13-20u.

1 Pveoorted in Eddy, 1S30

color

494.

numoer lfcoG differs fro:, ty icnl desert t io n s in cer—
t in ciet£ il s., •■ossicly
a io-'l

clot

to faulty o :srvr. t ion.

° visible in dor sol vie'" is

The

inted rati, er than

si1 otly convex r nd t-v.ers to a •■oi-t between the visible
n e •i -I.- ula.r -1-tec rntr.er t ..•n oe "
Kn

truncate.

Ft. Loudon Labe bock a- t er into Seven Sorters brr rch

->x:

t alue G-ra s c

‘h

July 19*-*.9 fj‘1166 — hoorei

oerxand Spring s '.9 June 1949

7/-10‘.'6

tslnin{, sever- 1 a r m ~ic plants

:nill rood at Cum—

— Lawrence : sv:-no con—

(pH t.O) by hwy U.S. 64 near

L- wrenceburg i'9 June 1949 tf1069.
1. Perlulnlu:.". „’111&1 H.itf.-Krss.
PI.

(F res cot t f) (Schilling f)

33, Fit . 6.
Broad.es t side of coil roughly circular in sir oe,

slightly

:o. res sea (cut sue c ;.n:.ent on nu:r.cer ‘f>96 etc.), un-er part
(eoicone)

somewh' t ...ore rounded th? n depressed,

lower part

(hy •.ocone); transverse fur row wide with rimmed edges, des­
cending a little mors

than its width,

longitudinal furrow

extending silently into epicene but quite broad and. reaching
tne antaolcai role;

color brown.

L eoual to ’.V, 30-70u.

Numbers 2020 and 2098 at ‘irsf seemed different from
tuis species.
tuick,

They are markedly compressed,

being only 20u

and tne furrow arrangement does not agree in detail

with available illustrations.

Furtnermore,

made of a "left-handed” specimen,

tne drawing was

whereas all previously

published drawings seem to be of "right-handed" Individuals.
Furtnermore, the nroport.1021s are slightly different from

495.

t :'.cse ouolto ned,

neii.;' ectuelly v-1 <"<?r* t r : n lont'.

L f0 u ;

oOu.
.1:-dlfcon(W. 0. ) : ml 13. run ;.t Junction of hvys U.S. 95 & U. S. 70
.o.d N.C.fOS ne:,r Hot Springs 16 Sept.
0 *nt^ o.nery;

1949 (Iltie )#2020 -

f 3 eld • o n a ne r Heriwether 16 liftrch 1950 #1096 -

Colon - Lohe:

Reelfoot LeU/e 1099.-*-

1 r.e.ported in &ddy,

1930

ChRXSOPHYTA
Xanthopnycene

Keterococcnles
Chlorobotry^ceae
CRLCROBGfRXS BorTLln 1901
The S": eric 1 or ruo-snre:icnl cell

z

of

z

r

-anus : re

ounc.,ed In a colony of from t-"o to sixteen or :r.o r • cells ?nd
surrounded

,\v -• homo :eneouf .
-e l t h o u ?

s.r-th.

The cell

walls ore im r^._.nsted v/irn s 11 ic-- in f*'o dietom-like over-.
In oping, sectin'.s,

c^t t.hs

structure c- n

by dir tom pre -am tlon technique,

namely,

-e deronstrr,ted only
bo*.llnfc- in acid.

Toe iodine staren test L ivea a neL "tivp reaction here.
1. Cell diametor 12-27u. . £.
1. Cell diameter 7-8u. . . £.

regular 1 s (West)Bohlin
neylect.a P^sch. cc G-eit.

1. Chloroooiryp. nef.leota Pasch. <x Gelt.
dc Ivlirula f)

PI.

14, Fie . 1.

Distln^ulsned from _C. reyularls only
size m d
7-£u.

(Prisoner, Schiller

;y one smaller

more oil rl^oules or haematochrome granules.

W

Cnerokee(N .C .): plankton from Hiwaseee Lake ne^r dam

14 Aug.

1949 ffl74 3.

2. Chloroioot rys regular is (W e s t )Bohlin.

(Ppscner,

Schiller

& hiyula f)(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Cells s: herlcal with 2-5 parietal chromatonhores,

one or

two red oil drops and a fair-] ., tnick w all; several cells
together In gelatinous mrtrix.

W l ‘?-‘17u .

Anderson: plank­

ton from Norris L^ke near Andersonviil^ Dock 30 Aug. 1949
vflSoS.

C hi o r o t h e c 1 a c e a e
Z h.-vReiCIOP SIS Borzl 1895

This genus is tne counterpart of *•oe L.reen Clarociua,
r.nd undoubtedly some specimens. have oeen misplaced between
them,

so a stcrcn test and searcn for oil alocules is -'lways

adviseole in determination,

since « oositive sfrrch test

indicates Choraclurn, while a negative ^ne r-nd the ;re cence
of oil indicates Characlopsls.
The unicellular rl<.-.nts are sessile and,
cies,

st-Iked.

in f.oese spe­

They contain yellow-green ohrornatorohores

without pyrenoids.
1. Long, stalk,

3/4 as long os cell to

length of cell,

cell r.yriforn or

oblanceol- te..............

C. pyrlformls Borzl

1. Stalk shorter.........................................
2,

Cell s. nerical to asymmetrically
elliptic wit., short excentrlc stalk........
.............................. _C. glbba Borzi

fe. Cell elliptic, about twice as long
as broad....................

C. teres Pas ch.

2

1.

Ch-rnciopsls

FI.

54,

Fig.

6.

to u n s y m m e t r i c a l l y

celatinoue

m e t e r 6 - 1 Ou.
Basin

stalk;

Cells
rounded,

visually two

pyrlformls
PI.

to

v;lt:: s’-'ort ex-

chroma tor: l o r e s .
sop.

Dia­

in Blue

Borzi.
34,

Fig.

tapering

chromatop'nores.

recorded

(Fascher,

Schiller &

3.

o b o v a t e or oil nceol'te,

lower- pointed,

collections
found,

f)

elli . t i c

to four large

L 18-25u;

d i f f e r in detail

from

the

up to t h r e e - c u ^ r t e r s
in m a r s h y

° ar. e vb ereas

it is d- scribed

as only

L o n t g o r e r y ; on v e g e t a b l e

on vegetr. le

fragments

r o a d near mason

Hall 8 J u l y 1S4S #1245.

3.

teres pfsch.

Characlopsls

Both

'.ercription

• end by mwy U.S. VS at N o r f l e e t ' s

1949 - Onion:

two

wnile nu.nber 1245 ir-s s

whereas

length.

:ol

stalk;

W 5-10u.J

numoer 1 3 7 6 r p ;.roach in*. ::n obl-:n c e o l a t e

s talk as lorg- as the cell,

anterior

into g e l a t i n o u s

is d e s c r i b e d only as obovate,

July

elliptic,

of R e e l f o o t La.<e 13 July 1949 #1394.

Characlopsls

ments

S c h i l l e r <fc hlgu l n f)

O b i o n - La ve: on Q e d o i o n i u m

hi^ula f)(Prescott

it

(Pascner,

2.

Spherical
centric

1 uoa Borzl.

(Pascher,

frag­

grocer y 14

in stock

pond by

S c h i l l e r & L.igula f)

PI. c4, Fig. 4•
Cells
rounded;
27u;
size,

elliptic,

thin ge l a t i n o u s

7/ 8-14u.
being

25 x 12u,

l e n g t h about
s t a l k not

N u m b e r 1220

twice width,

both

taperln-- to base.

ends
L 20-

differs from the d e s c ription

in

only 20 x 8u i n s t e a d of the r e c o r d e d m i n i m u m of

and the

stalk is

shorter t v n

the o n e - t h i r d cell

499.

le n g t h described.

Weakley:

c m r i n t; b r a n c h a b o u t
July

19 4 9

scraped

four miles

fro-

norm

barrel,

s u n k in

of G a r d n e r S t a t i o n

8

#1290.

Op r.i ocvtiacc-ae
3 _ N T R I 1RACTL'S Lernmermann
Centrltractus
ch er,

bel- novd-mrus

S c h i l l e r <Sc 111 a u l a
Jells

oblong

vion-unt ed stout
rent;

tne

fro

t..e c e n t e r

h i die

The

of

plates.

f)

oi ‘t-ed ends

ending

t

;v'. hr-..

re

24,

enromato

L --leu;

Fig.

strai.o t or

ho res

f-o

’
.7 c-9u.

P.

in e x t r a -ely

cv-ll vv-.il f i t t i n g

o.: t.iese cr.ec es

ot .er a l g a e , a n d

colonies.

- re

sll

htl v

t o g e t h e r at

to

four,

Si ires

but

Cells

are

straight,

or

T h e y are u n i c e l l u l a r

cylindrical,

generally

elongated,

sess ile,

solitary,

Irregular

?0-f.0u.

float

epiphytic
and most

or s a u s a g e - s h a p e d .

sever--I chrom.atoonores w h i c h are

1.

PI.

N a e ...e 1 i 1849

elongated,

ment,

(Fritsch I f)(Pea­

f) ( P r e scott

s .arp s e i n e s

’. 'Ivts

c ells

witc

dendroid
are

(Schra.)Lemm.

re-,.:..: D u c k l i v e r 1 9 3 - - P . ^

GPRIOCYTIUL

mixed

rit .

o** t ..e cell;

yellow-green

1900

difficult

cy l i n d r i c a l ,

discern.

almost

epiphytic on each other in

dendroid m a n n e r . .. 0. arbusculum (A. Braun)Rab.

1 Reported in Lackey,

1942

or

to f o r m
sne c i e s

T h e r e are

H - s h n p e d at b e s t
to

ng,

develop­

500.

1. Curved,

anattacaed c e lls.............................

p

2. Inds of cells spineless.....................
................

0.

narvulum (Perty)A. Braun

2. At least one end of cells with
seines..............................................

3

3. One end of cells with a spine..................
• ••••••••••••••■•**•••••

0.

jo crl e-‘re a » Braun

3. Both ends of cells wit i a spine

..........

0. cool t a-turn ’.Voile
1. Ophlocytiurt arbusculum" (A. Braun )Rab.
& ..11,pula f) (Prescott f) (Smith f)
Cells elonga ted cylinder",

PI.

(P^-scher,

34, Fig.

att^c. ed b?r

second or sercaps t.uird ..ener- t '
■on bunchin.
of precedi..,-; v e n e r h i o n .

L ?0-lQCu;

Schiller

5.
short stalk,

at auicel end

'.V 2-7u.

Biles:

in

marshy stream by hwy U .S.64 10 miles of Pulaski 29 June 1949
fflQoO.
2. Qphlocytlum caoltatum Wolle.
f)(Prescott f ) (Smith f)

PI.

(Pescher,

34, Fig.

Schiller <± Ligula

6.

The cells of tais species are elongated cylinders with
rounded ends,
at botn ends.
River l S S S ^ . 1

straight curved or twisted;
L lO-lOOOu;

delicate spines

V? 5-15u.

llddle Tenn. ; Duck

Braun.

(Pascher, Schiller &

NF.

3. Oohlocytium cochleare A.

Migula f) (Prescott f) (Smith f)

1 Reported in Lc?ckey,

1942

PI.

34, Fig. 7.

501.

Cells elongated cyli ders,
with ends rounded;
Davidson:

straight,

spine at one end only.

curved, or contorted,
L 10-500u; 7/ S-7u.

r mong filamentous algae in pool ne- r G-len Echo

ur-me- 19 Fee.

1939 (Bold)frb-3 036^- - Ohion:

among debris in

slouch ’.vest of Union City oy h’«y Tenn.5 1 July 1949 *11?9.
**. Ophlocytlum o -<rvulum (Perty)A.

Braun.

a: ...1 .ula f) (Prescott f) (Smith f)

PI.

Cells elongated cylinders,
with rounded ends;

Schiller

.34, Fig. 6.

straight curved or contorted,

without end seines.

out generally 4— bu.

(Pascher,

L lO-lOOOu;

Vv 3-15u

O b io n : roadside rnnrsh Just west of

Kenton on county road c July 1949 ?pl244.

NFK.

He t er o t r 1c hr 1 e s
Tribonematacea e
T'HIBONEluv Derbes ;•nc Seller 1656 .
Tills. L;enus conta ias
outside f.'.e Chloroohyta

e only common filamentous algae
-r,d a f e w diatoms.

V/hereas Tribo­

ne ma is a conspicuous cold weather form in the north it can
be found at any season of the year in Tennessee, but often
filamentous greens are more conspicuous.
cylindrical or barrel-s.mped,

The cells are

tueir walls co w osed of H-

shaoed thickenings as is also the situation, in blcrospore.
There are discoid parietal c.iromatophores.
1. Cells with two to four chromatophores.........

1 Reported in Sllvt,

1949

N.

..............................

1.

Cells

w i t h more

_T.

tm- n f o u r

.minus

chro ;.f.topr.ores......

.»«•••«*#.•#••

^^4* • )C 0 11C •

1.

.r io :■:ir.o

J.

Jl ■■ .«L.<- f) (Pre s cott f ) (Smith f)

m.uyc j nu.r. (Ag. )Derb.

— ^ el on. • t 0 fi 1 '•.r.ents of
Cl x-

-1 y

&

PI.

Sol.

Cc

Sol.

(Free

34,

Fig.

rrel - s -sued, cells more the vot —u1-*^ C ^

w a 7 .. cel ]_ walls pho”’i '.g

chromat

0

-5r 9 s

in cells.

It i s oeli ev ed that
c 0 r c1 d er

L

r*6‘crHC 0 of

0

1 •

-niec P9 j

1 0 -lCQu;

S long as

71' my

ci sc-sh- ped

IV .
7 - 8 ~u .

u t is

ilmt.
1

ess

?.a t; er * +■ ;c- a ;out equally

0 0 n 0 " icuou

•m '>-v
*
O
Vn m
S.
'10'us- of ~:\e

luxuriant growth of ot'mer algae •

.10 r

Swad n (h .C. ):

Sc mill e:

t h. s snecies 'ey no mer n s c •r b e

a v i..Le r- sp r in.
in su ..ier,

er,

is r eci = C W'p0 m- de up of

0

broad,

abundant

(',7111 e )He zen

~;1j. ;e s i ae siren :r. (3000

5 0 1 1 0 m C . c . 0n . n•-/imp 10 Cct.

4

/ noar Found

1941 frllO1 - small ’:col reside

\ B r a d l e y F o r k c Seat . 194 1 vfl83 1x - naywoodj
s t re; m (O -i■vJ3 ft • /

ex •*% ed schist

east of Ne "'found Gap 5 Sent.

- Sevier : w e t c O'.glomerate

rack (3500 ft. ) L i t t l e R i v e r

(K .C . ) :

v;e t

Trail ne •.r top 16 Aug.
(3 6 0 0

ft.)

roofed
June

out

Ramsey Prong
quite

weedy

1949 ^ 9 0 6 ^ - L o n t

Clarksville

1941

Tf65^- - uo ol

4 Sept.

1^41

(Cl e b s c h )a- 2000

1949

01

d river ch annel

# 1 4 1 1 - J e f f erso n :

s . r i n g dr a 1 n east
ornery:

in

1941

in

of C h e r o k e e Dam 15

winter collection near

- d i t c h o u t s i d e W.

C. Aust i n * s

f a r m ’ey hwy U.S. 79 a n d F o s t e r ' s

Cave R o a d 18 inarch 1950

1. Re .orted in Silva and Sharp,

1944

ifc061.

VNK.

1• Triconema minus
&

(Wille )Hazen.

i-i^ula f) (Prescott
Cells

f)

PI.

34,

(Hazen f ) (Pa .snher,
Fi^.

11.

of t-.ie aeci. s *re c y l i n drical

or

wails H - p i e c e ; one to four c h r o m atophores
lla;

Schiller

oer

barrel-shaped,
cell.

L 3-

W 5-7u.
There

oinua.
(less

re fewer c .iron,': top lores terr

It

6 :.oula oea c t e d that Pascher

t .-'.an twice

clnuiT, nav i n b c u
species

t ,:e v idth)
,
• rcntly

r nd Vi.is ; utharsai

drew no dist inction

t .-n In Th

includes

as r aistincti

T. doir.by-

:s n o r e d Ha zen 1 s co:’;:r.entc

on t ne

'-rs ch precedes West's.

Hazen

noted

h r t er t rt size

is not a criterion

since

he zen m e n t i o n s

oor.oyc inuo f.

only 3-6u

cell length

n fro::

cased on cell lenyth.

T.

bomby-

It should be
of b iff ? rence

tennue Ha zen whi ch is

oroad.

. ontjircery:Lont-; ocery;

Houston;
seepy

near Erin,

etrenn

April

1349

in gum-oak woods,

(C 1 eb s c h ) 3001 Doty Woods

just

west of Q a k w o o d 13 h a r c h 1950 #8070 - d i t c h outside W.
Austin's

farm at

Junction

of hwy U.S. 70 and Foster's

C.

Ch ve

Pood 16 iiarch 1950 #2081.
In a d di t i o n numbers 874,
1 66 4 wire
tions
but

i d e n t i f i e d as m i s

906,

1060,

1369,

species, and represent

s c a t t e r e d througn tne region at different

they r equire

Ha z e n ' s
first

948,

re-examination

since the

VNSFK*

collec­

seasons,

full mea n i n g of

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of the species was not

identified.

1384 and

clear when

504.

Heterosiphonales
Botrydiaceae
BOTRiDIUh Wallroth 1615
Botrydium granulatum (L. )Grev.
f)( P r e s c o t t

f ) ( S m i t h f)

Drultinuclente,
suedes

are vis I ole

considerable

from an a ical
u-ury:
1936

globose

mist

35,

Fir.

Schiller

Ligula

&

1.

or r v r i f o r m

to t e rv led

quantity,

br an cin.; rhizoidr.l

PI.

(Ff fo er,

t r-1? i of this

eye on v:et soil,

often In

• n c h o r e d to substrate vit . colorless

system;

r u : ture of

rrr-ny zoos - ores may

t ue

thallus.

:e r e le a se d

D i a m e t e r uc

to

mm.

lb

soil by O r p h a n s 1 Hon e at S p r i n g H i ? 1 14 S e p t .

(Bold)rB-]36.1

VKFK.

Vnucaerlacere
v'AUCHZl-.IA De C a n d o l l e 1803
Here tne
hi gh decree

sinhonaceous

of d e velopment,

u s u a l l y pr e ce d i n g
are

formed.

s torage

out

cross wells

striki :\_,ly from

one preen

starch.

Smith,

1950 nos

kontae.

Specific

1 Reported in Silva,

sex organs
lgee,
in their

rath er t ,;n

t r a n s f e r r e d them to the Hetero-

aiffe;ences

sex organs,

as oil

s

r re for med

have tr a d i t i rnully been placed,

of u h o t o s y n t h e t i c p r o d u c t s

tion of tne

in el,-see h«- s re a ch e d

aplrnos- ore f o r m a t 5 or., or where

They va ry

a m o n g w h i c h they

te n d e n c y

ere

orsed on the form and l o c a ­

since v e g e t a t i v e

1949

chsracteristies,

ncludine

size,

ar e v i r t u a l l y u s e l e s s

* species
. Ooj'onir

sessile

not

included

or n e a r l y

t h e r ldl; 1 or n c h e s

sec

roe ovro

in text

so,

rrr.z*

fo r

a n­

fro;::

',nes.......... ..............................

oogoni~1

. C o o ■“>n 1 s. .
• n d an t 1er 1 6} c. r n sr.^e l a t e r a l
branch- wirr. r ntneridlum. t e r m i n a l .................
S. Antr.eridia a l m o s t

str- i at c y l i n d e r s .......

..........................
t-. An t oeridir:

strongly

V. r r n i t h o c e o h a 1 ■- Ag.

c'urvea, h o o k e d ..........

...............................
. Fertile
than

1

ter; 1 b r . n c . e s

tw i ce

*

t;te .vldtr. of

V.

Ion.-;,

sessllls

DeC.

mo re

tr.e m e i n

file t e n t ...............................................
. Fertile
4.

Short

lateral

or- nc. es

pedicels

taching

discernible,

oogonia

One o o g o n i u m
essentially
apical,
idiutn at

V, ha m a t e

sessile

and apparently

r e c u r v e d on antr.ersame a n g l e

a n t h e r i d i u m ............
. Two

or sever- 1 o o g o n i a

o e d i c e l s ..............
. One

or two

(Vauch. )DeC.

per f e r t i l e b r anch,

being
tne

at­

to f r u i t i n g

b r a n c h .................
4.

s h o r t e r .................

oogonia

as tne
V.

terrestrls

Lyngb.

on v e r y short
V.

gemlnata

(Vauch. )DeO.

on l o n g e r p e d i c e l s ,

506.

drooping; or r e c u r v e d ........
1.

Vauc h e r 1 a g emlno t a

PI.

20,

Fig.

V. u n c l n a t a Ku etz.*

(Vauch. )DeC.

(Heering °1 f) (Prescott

5.

Mo no e ci ou s; ?ntheridium
l at e ra l branch,

ana o ~ o n i u m

r e c u r v e d t u b u l a r a n t h e r i d i u m a.. leal. in pos i­

tio n and oogonia

laterally

tile branch;

s.-ort p e d l c e l e d oogonla

eite

eaca

two

^t..er,

h a v i n g more

Filaments

town

racemose

two

"ibrr." often grows
or.c- ns

and

essee arc
si mp le

Fig.

on

on a sinh.e

:•.oe same

core d i r e c t e d
Cogonia

L 70-

br a nc h es

conditions,

structures

oerhaps

swamp on Univ.

( witn abnormal

of giants

the
sex

tubular,

r-n6

found in T e nn ­

instead of b ei n g

they p r o l i f e r a t e one or more

g e n e r a l l y from

Su ch

1930 that

str- no w i t h tne typical

inflated, rattier than

4,

fertile br-nca,

recognized.

tne f e rt i le

structures,

oogonia.

tne normal po s i t i o n
are

Tenn.

e xp r es s io n s)

times,

n o r t h e as t

( S n a r p )#2374 - W i l l i am s on :

of local

or parasitism.

farm 10 Ma y 1949
- Coffee:

PI.

of one of the

c o n s i d e r e d a result

h i g h c a l c i u m content

c r e e k be low R u t l e d g e Falls
1949

oopo-

haw3 been c i ? t ir.guished by

a g r e e w i t n Hoppaugb,

s would not be

«e,uite often

Knox:

.V 5£-110u.

V/alz.

oogonia

these o b s e r v a t i o n s

22,

are present

W 60-llOu.

F or m or v w i e t y

but

ettacr.ed s ii .htly b el o w on fer­

ea ch w i t h a. f e r t i l i z a t i o n

;nore or less up" ■ rd.
IlOu;

p r o d u c e d on same

moist

( I ltis)#1992
soil at

edge of

of T u l l a ho m a 3 July

in sh allows of D e a c o n Cr e ek

f)

507.

c« o B r e n t w o o d
mursn

o0 D e c . 103d

oy N o r f l e e t

cc

Clarlvsviile In J u l y
or...r. cues)

-

(B o l d )ftS— 3914.

— I/’o n t g o u e r y

So ns

grocery

1949

#=1376 ( wi t h race.nose o o y o n i a l

r.ool in l o c k

by hvvy U . S . 79 '.vest of

s n e l f by R i n g g o l d hi 11

da m 18

L.e.rch 1950 #=2086.
2.

V o u c h o r la nan, a t a

PI.

21,

( V a u c h. ) De C .

a n t u e r l d i u m and

la ter*..1 or: nc..,

s in g le

ant-.eridia b e n t

in

is

ea.cn otrer,

between

ment

W 37-70u.

terrestrls

Lyngb.

to

two

by

on l o n g

are

o o g o n i a are

t .e o o g o n i u m

tne

antheridiuna.
tne 1 n g e r

r.ehicels.

c.edicel at an a n g l e

pedicels

angle
erldium
Fila­

di s t ..ngui shed f r o m V.

Plants

s es s i l e

w i t h t-o

to

and c l o s e l y

o o g o n i a are

w h i c h e x c e e d the an-

in height.
under log

River Bluffs

17 Sept.

1949

3.

sessllls

( V a u c h . )D e C.

Vaucherla
t)

ant

an d

50-95u.

r a t h e r t • - n b e i n g r-hmost

i»lor.tgonery: a m o n g b r y o p h y t e s

(Smith

at a d i s t i n c t

snort

'N

sane

o o ? onir

are pr e sent,

on

5 5-100u;

on

• eclcel s;

but

oogonia

oogo nl^

v;lt n single

d i s t i n g u i s h e d by
thericlum

Tne

if

ooyonlu.;; b o r n e

d i r e c ti o n,

Oogonia L

ant .erldium

appressed

or two

same

or,

them.

Plants

tne

°1 f ) (p: escot t f)

F l t . 1.

Lonoecious;

from

(H e e r i n g

PI.

21,

honoecious;

Fig.

(C l e b s c h ) #2063.

of C u m b e r l a n d

NK.

(Heering

21 f ) ( P r e s c o t t

3.

ant. erials

1 P.eported in Silva,

■ t foot

1949

an a o o g o n i a b o r n e

side

by side

f)

s essile
£ nort

or n e a r l y

bent

stalk

so,

cetreen

o o l i c u e l y ucwcrd.
VV '60-cOu.
spec ies
It

or. main

Aion-

filaments;

o o r.onium;

oore

n n t h e r i d i u n on
or oo-." rtlu;n d ir e c t e d

F i l a m e n t s 7/ 60-110u.
wi tj, V.

Oo g on i a L 8 r - Pftu;

emina ta :nd V_. t err eg t r is t is

is arr.onL» t;.ose com ..only f ound in tne region.
is Pgreecl w i t n H e e r i n g and with H O i o m u r h tha t the

p os i t i o n

of ti.e o o t niol b e r k or ; ore is not a su fficient

or c o n s i s t e n t

e n o u _ a ch.sr.:.o ter ucon w h i c h to br se species

differentiation.

V.

clavats

r n d o o s s i b l y V. o rn 11ho c eo ha 1 a R e i n s c h r-.re

(Vauch. )DeC.

seonre ted on Just
r.eerinr has

r e p e n s (H ‘-s s . )H a n s g . , V.

tnese

r e d u c e d tne

characters by their rut .ors,
first

t,f'o of tnese to the

^nd

following-

vr rieries.
Vaucnerir
the

s es s il 1 s f.

oogonium

is

re yens

(H-- s s . )Heeri ng.

pa re 11 el to tne filament,

Long m i s

its b ea> and

of
core

opening: v e r t i c al l y.
V au c ne r lf
axis

sesslLls

of tne o o g o n i a

b e a k a n d p o re
Sevier:

clavata

( V a u c h . )Heering.

C.

long
its

o p e n i n g vertically.

C.

on m u d by

t h r e e miles

The

is p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the filament,

in s t r e a m r u n n i n g o ve r b e n k s l d e

Sugarlands
Knox:

f.

east

C.

Camp

site

(1600 ft.)

oeside
20

r o a d ne:r

Aoril

1949 f S S l 1

stream nt b ri d ge on hwy U . S . l l - E about
of K n o x v i l l e IS June 1949 #848 - Putnam:

sm all le a k f l o w at C o o k e v i l l e

1 Reported in Silva,

1949

r e s e r v o i r dam 14 J u ne

1949

rf6 24.
4.

Pi.

VNS.
(Heerinu 21 f) (Prescott f)

\h-ucherla. terrest r ls Lynub.

21, F 1jc• 2.
L o n o e c i o u s ; ant; 'erldia and oononla

branch,

r e c u r v e d or c oiled t ^ c u :.•=r a n t r e r i d i u m terminal

oononiu..i a 11 ■ coed c l o r e l y below,
ce l e d on fertile
so oe

The

or; nch,

s ;ort pedi —

’"itr octh r e curved at tre

F i l a m e n t s W 3-r— lPOu.

soecies

se n s 11e or very

and

oo./onlu.:. r ec urved on ant .erldium

t -> o'-' e;.r terminal,

• o le.

borne of same lateral

same

O o ; onium L 8^-1 o'5 u; W 7O-lS0u.

is f ound In coin aruatic

t nd 'ret terrestrial

he 'o11 p 1 6.
The s ol itary oogonium,
tne

very shortly stalled end

cent in

same pl a ne w i t h tne antrericiium <31 s 1 1 r.gu 1 sh e 8 the soecles

from V.

ha mo t a .

tne score rot
Sumner:

In a d dition tie oop mUirc wall

er t.r n ceir.u left

on ro hks of emvll

northeast

is shed w i th

empty.

stream by

owy U. S . 3 1 - E in field

of 3-allatin 2? m a r c h 1950 ^::197.

VN.

Chryso o ny c ea e
C h r y s o •ona dales
Ghro.i.ulin n c e a e
CHPLGL.IJLINii Ci e nk o ws k i
Chr o mn l i r a
FI.

34,

1670

ovcl is Kleos.

Fin.

(Pascner

Sc

Lemmerme.nn 13 f) (Smith f)

15.

These cells

ore elliptic

~>r o v ; 1 in shape w i t h s retuse

a n t e r i o r and ro u n d e d oosterlor;

chrome.tonhore ric h nolden

brown colored In the observed specimen,

described as cup­

shaped (but appears to be a parietal fold here);
tractile vacuoles,

two con­

(although only one was observed here);

the eyespot a small granule

(which possibly may be merely an

oil g l o b u l e ); flagellum almost twice length of body.
14u;

W 6-7u.

Obion:

L 9-

Bayou du Chlen at Biological Station 2

July 1949 #1151.
C HR*SOCOCCUS Klebs 1892
The variously shaped tests exhibited by this genus
set it apart from neighboring ones.

Practically the only

A m e r i c a n student of the group has been Lackey,

who found

them frequently in the Tennessee

region. Accordingly,

the

w r i t e r has been chagrined not to

be able to identify a

single one from his many collections.
Confusion with Trachelomonae can be largely avoided
by reference to size,

Chrysococcus being smaller.

In addi­

tion its flagellar opening is larger than in most species
of Tr ac h e l o m o n a e .
1. Tests spherical or nearly so........................

2

1. Tests o t h e r w i s e .......................................

3

2. D iameter 9-14u,

usually llu £. m a .1or Lackey

2. Diameter about 6 u ........ _C. rufescens Klebs
3.

Tests cy li nd ri ca l....................................

3.

Tests hemispherical,

elliptic,

4

or

u r c e o l a t e - s h a p e d .......................... ............
4. Sides concave, posterior truncately

5

511.

rou nded................
4. Sides convex,

cylIndr 1 oa Lackey

posterior tendln 6

toward con ical............... ^C. asoar Lackey
Dm

rruncate : nterior taperint.' abrur tly
to smaller or.enln^,
spherical

g i v i n g a hemi­

sa; oe to tests ........................

..........................
c.

_C. h em 1 a p ha era Lacks;/

Tests Hemispherical....................

0

c. Tests oroadly and r;ther evenly
o val

oval 1 s Lackey

5. Tests rather urceolate,
cone,

or wit.a a cm.ic;

or

1

true

roster! or..........

...............................
1.

Chrysococ :us a e er Lackey.
The tests

ooovate,

C_. asper Le.ckev

(Lackey 39 f)

of r '\\ s species are brown,

FI.

bull et-s'm-oed or

often constricted and lipoed at the blunt

£ Ingle fl nap'll urn arising near '-ip of shell;
light-brown, parietal chromatophore;

34, Fig. 16

end;

single larve

smell contrc ctile

vacuole ne.r flac,ellun b-.--.se-; reproduction probably by trans­
verse fission,

new shell formed cefore o - u r t e r cell leaves

mo tne r smell.

L c— 12u; 7/ 5 — 6 u.

Flagellum 5—Su.

T e r m . : Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.^
2. Chrysococcus cyl i adrier, Lackey.
Fig.

17.

1 Reported in Lackey,

1942

i.iddle

K.

(Lackey 38 f )

PI.

34,

Tnese tf?fts
cave sio.es,

rp t :in-swelled s :->rt cy’’1.nders with con-

convex :'OSteri.r end,

-nteri^r to pen in..:' flbruntly

to large rele tively g

11 mouth;

crown.

Didc-lc Tenn. : Cumberland and Duck

L

6 u;

W 4-5u?

color tr- nsparent to deep

rivers 1938-9.o.

Jhrysococcus hemlsohrera Lackey.

Figs.

(Lackey 39 f)

FI. 34,

19,19.
The tests in t as s 'ec3.es f.re ..emisuberic--1 or asymme-

-rically so eric

1

aiamcter in width;

wit::

1

-r,e mouth at least half of shell

tr<*nsver s e axis usir lly longer;

rin-ced

v.'lt.. cort or less distinct rin^s; xouti more or less H o p e d .
L 7u; vV Bu.
Differentiated fro::. CL c v

1

:s

y the ’rune; v ^ anterior

end.
...iddle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1939-9.-*"
4. Chrysococcus ma jor Lack-y.
Here the tests
thickenings,

(Lackey 39 f)

34, Fig-. TO

re sclerical wirhout decorations or

very small flagell-r opening;

clast containing two, or rarely one,

’.V 9-14u,

shell brown but

usually llu.

Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.-*5. Chrysococcus ovalls Lackey.

Diddle Tenn. :

K.

(Lackey 38 f )

Tests of this species are oval,

PI 34, Fig. 21

longitudinal axis longer

fairly large mouth with more or less a lip;

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

sonerical proto-

yellow-brown ehromato-

pbores --nd a 3iangle contractile vacuole;
never deeply colored.

PI.

shell with more

513.

or less a lip;

shell with more or less distinct rings of

linear depressions;
Middle Tenn.:
6.

shell brown.

L about 5u; W about 4u.

Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.1

Chryeococcus rufescens Klebs.

Lemmermann f)(Smith f)

PI.

K.

(Lackey 38 f)(Pascher &

34, Fig.

22.

The tests of this species are spherical or sub-spherical,
m o ut h small or larger,

never half the diameter In width;

thickenings present at posterior end and sometimes around
rim of flagellar opening.

W about 6u.

berland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.^

Middle T e n n . : Cum­

K.

Mallomonadaceae
MALLOMONAS Perty 1852
The 8iliclous-plated and splned motile cells assigned
here are unlike anything In their Immediate group,
unfortunately,

for the unsuspecting Inexperienced student,

they may bear resemblance to certain protozoa.
tifications

but,

The Iden­

Included here were all made before the writer

acquired a working knowledge of the group and may require
modification.

The treatment of key and text below Is con­

ventional.
1. Cells obovold, posterior extended into
broad ta i l ....................

M. oaudata Conrad

1. Cells elliptic or long oval..........................

1 Reported in Lackey,

1942

2

2. Longer

proportioned, plates

tangular or deltoid, spines
iorly sparse

rec­
anter­

M. produo ta Iwanoff

2. Broader elliptic or oval, plates
even but not deltoid.........................
...................

M. alplna Pa sen. Sc Rutt.

!• Hall omonas alplna Pasch.
PI.

Sc Rutt.

(Pascher Sc Lemmermann f )

34, Fig. 13.
Cells elliptic to oval

haps narrowed anteriorly;

(?) rounded at both ends, per­

delicate plates in neat rows;

some anterior spines bent sharply backwards.
to

7 u(?); W 8-12u,

Mr.

Hawkins'

(up to 20u(?). Obion;

L 25-45u,

(up

in oond behind

house on road to Walnut Log from

Union

City 1

July 1949 #1137.
Number 1137 differs from the available figure of both
M*

nlplna and M.

helvetlca Pascher,

be a subspecies of M. a lp l n a .

v.nich, Pascher felt, may

However,

this individual is

within tne size range of M. helvetlca and otherwise resembles
M. alplna so, allowing for possible variability,

it seems

proper to label it so.
2. Mallomonas caudata Conrad.

(Pascner & Lemmermann f)(Pres­

cott f)
Cells obovoid, perhaps posteriorly produced into broad
ts il;

surface covered with delicate plates and body length

spines described as toothed near the ends.
30u.

L 50-80u; W 15-

Knox: plankton in limestone sink lake at Lakeside 20

515.

July 1'449 #1540.
b.

NK.

11 onto n& s pro due ta Iv/;;n o f f .

(P? sc/:er & Lemmermann f )

(Prescott f ) (Smith f)
Cells

ellipsoid or l o a t. o v ’l with rounded ends;

denser toward posterior,
lar to almost deltoid.
Tne paucity

no teeto. observed;
L 40-?0u;

seines

plates rectangu­

W 9-lbu.

of interior s ines end narrow proportions

set off tne species from closely related ones.
G’o 1on:

in ,ond be' .lnd hr.

Hawkins'

house on ro- d to Tp.lnut

Log from Union City 1 July 1949 #1137.

Synciyntaceae
SYHCRYPTA Stokes 1985
Syncrypta volvox Ehr.
(Smith f )

PI.

(Pr seirer ik Lemmerm- nn f) (Prescott f)

35, Pit:. 2 .

Ovoid or oyrlfcrm cells of t..Ls species
united in free,

swi.hng

tinous sheath which often

"re radially

colonies enclosed in a bro a d gela­
c->nt.o ins numerous gr- nules;

two

laminate c hr o me.t o p ho re s and two contractile vacuoles pre­
sent.

Cells L 8-14u;

W 7-12u.

Colony diameter 20-70u.

V/eakleyJ net collection from barrel sunk in soring branch
four miles nor cm of Gardner Station 8 July 1949 #1220 Gbion:

foam from leeward side of Bayou du Chien near Blologl

cal Station 2 July 1949 #1154.

516.

Synuraceae
SYK’URA Ehrenberg 1838
Synura uvella Ehr.
(Smith f)

PI.

(P nscher ic Lemmermann f)(Prescott f)

35, Fig.

3.

Ovoid or pyriform cel r of this species -re racially
united by gelatinous stalks into schericnl to cyl indrical
free swimming colonies;
phores;

two to three contrr ctile vacuoles;

in length,
•r-17u.

two yellow-preen parietal

out differing in activity.

Sevier;

ct picnic area,

chroncato-

flag el la equal

Cells L 10-40u; W

pool formed by choked spring by roadside
Greenbrier 14 I'ov. 1946 ff363.

NSGK.

G c h roraona da cene
DING5RY0N E h r e n o e r u 1835
Even when a protoplast
ov r,..e rr.ore or less funnel

is absent t .:is fc3nus is recognized
s!.? ped tests,

wbic

droid colony in t/.e s- ecies included here,

^orm a den­

but in other

cases are soli fairy.
1.

Tests regularly urceola.te,
compact col o n i e s ...........

in rather
D. sertularln Ehr.

1. Tests with margins wa.vey, arranged
to form divergent colonies. _D. dlvergcns Imhof
1. Dlnobryon dlvergens Imhof.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f)

(Prescott f)(Smith f)
Individual tests irregularly elongate cylindrical,

517.

ointed posteriorly,

often s1 i .:11 y fir.red anteriorly;

colonies show divergent

"brancbing", differing in tni s res­

pect fro.' D. sertul-.r-ia.

Knox:

Chilowee P--rk Lake at Knox­

ville 2 9 June 1933 (Bold)unnumbered.^

2 • Dlnooryon s e r t u h ria Ehr.
cott f )(Smith f )

PI.

the

N.

(Pa sc .er Sc Lemroermr nn f) (Pres­

34, F l 0-. 14.

Indivi dual tests vase-snr.oed '"it

■ ^inted posterior,

fin rinL' rnouf.o, for.u ing colonies n ■■t ns -^iVermont °s t '~se
of -D. divrr.'ens.

Shell L 30-45u; V7 10-14u.

rlrnkton fro.a artificial 1 n e

Lum, kin (G-a . ) :

at Vogel State Pork 14 Aug.

1949 ffl736 - Cnerokee (V .C . ) : plankton from Hiw^ssee Lrke
near dam 14 Aug.

1949 - Knox:

Chilowee P-<rk L^ke at Knox­

ville June 1950 unnumbered - Chilowee Perk La 'e at Knoxville
15 June 1936

(Eold)unnumbered^- - Obion:

fo ot Lake £ t Sadourg 10 July 1949 y]h>05.

plankton from. ReelNSG-FK.

URQG-LENA larenberg 1833
Urnr.;lena volvox Ehr.
PI.

35, Fig.
The

(Pascner 6c Lea:ernv'nn f) (Smith f)

5.

yrlform cells

of ixie

genus are radially united

with long str nds into

elatinous spherical or ellig sold

colony of 49-400 cells;

individual cells wi t n two unequal

fla^.ella, a single c o n t r a c t i l e vacuole,
tractile vacuoles,
Cells L l?-90u;

t'^o anterior con­

and a. single parietal chromatxliore.

W 8-13u.

1 Re cor ted in Silva., 1949

Number 1738,

a email

colony,

did not exhibit the dlcho-

tomoufly branched gelatinous thread system at its best de­
velopment.
Lumpkin (Go. ) : plankton from ortifici-1 lake at Vogel' State
F«rk 14 Aug.

1949 yl73b.

N.

UHOGLSNOPSIS Lemir.ermann 1899
Uroglenopci s anerlcana (Calkins )Lemm.
f )(Prescott

f)(Smith f)

Here s; ceric:.l,

PI.

35, Fig.

(P-.Gc. er 3c Lomc.ermann
4.

elli ncoid or cyriform cells - re embedded

in t..p peri hery of a oroea soherlc-1

or elli-tlc gelatinous

matrix,

Individual cells with

colonies of up to 1000 cells;

two unequal f lau. el In , one or two golden brown chrome tot. lores ;
eyesoot vlsloie.

Sells L r-3u; v; 3-6u.

Cap' thorn: in soil

cottomea fish r-ising .ools on Little Le.rrovbone Creek Road
i0 A u . 19"i9 #183b.

N.

?,hi zo c hr y s i d r1 e s
Rhi zochrysidacese
CKRXSAMOEBA Klebs 1893
Chrysamoeba radians Klebs.

(Pascner & Lemmermann f) (Smith f)

PI. 35, Fig. 6 .
This genus splendidly exhibits an exomole of the amoe­
boid tendency in algae.

The amoeboid stage outs forth

slender pseudopodia of about body length and practices both
holophytic and holozoic nutrition.

The flagellated state

is derived from this by a change to an elli;tic or ovate

shape.

There are one or two golden-brown chromatophores

(but they were not apparent In the specimens considered
here).

Diameter 10-24u.

Lumpkin(Ga.): artificial lake In

Vogel State Park 14 Aug. 1949 #1738 - Madlson(Ala.): reser­
voir of embayments at Guntersville Lake above Scottsboro
19 Aug.

1949 #1782.

LAGYNIQN Pascher 1912
Lagynlon Scherffelll Pasch.
(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI.

(Pascher & Lemmermann f )
34, Fig. 12.

Tests brown; bottle-shaped;

solitary or gregarious;

protoplast with a long thread-like pseudopodium,
chromatophores.

Davidson(?):

one or two

Cumberland River 1938-9.1

NK

RHIZOCHRXSIS Pascher 1913
Rhlzochrysls spp.

PI. 35, Fig.

7.

This is an amoeboid Chrysophycean which has not been
recorded as occurring in flagellated stages, but Is much
like the comparable stage of Chrysamoeba.

The characters

are not too far from what G. M. Smith described as R.
llmnetlca G. M. Smith.

Spicule-like pseudopodia of up to

twice the length of the body are present,
tures,

including chromatophores,

but other struc­

are obscure.

Knox:

stagnant pond beside Riverside Drive beyond Knoxville
Waterworks 26 July 1949 #1688 - Henry: gravel pit beside
hwy U.S.79 east of Paris 13 July 1949 #1351*

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942

520.

Baclllariophyceae

Centrales
Dieoineae
Cosclnodiscpce a e
CCSCInODISCUS Ehrenberg 1838
Cosclnoolscus
Davidson:

subtills Ehr.
concrete

.ools at Kelly's Kennels

•-1 Nashville

20 Aug;. 1949 #1824.
u

ICLQTELL a Kuet z lne 18o4

C y c l o t ella ;,:eneghlnlana Kuetz.
Middle T e n a . : Cumberland •nd Duct Rivers 1938— 9.^
i.xELOSIRii A tardh 18 24
1. Melos Ira. gr- nulata Ear.
Madison(N.C. ): on rocks in river (pH 5.5-5,
hv.\v N.C.208 near Tenn.

st'-te li-.e 25 June

Tenn. : Cumoerlrnd ana Duck Rivers

1938-9-

1948

73°F) by

#931 - Li dale

- Lauderdale -

C o l b e r t (A l a . ): rocks in running water below Wilson Dam 4
Oct.

1949

(Hall)#1949.

helps Ira varlans Agardh
Madison (N. C. ): roadside snrir.ghole near river at Junc­
tion of hwys N . C . 208 and 212 25 June 1949 #939 - Sevier:

on

b a n k in seeping end running water under hill at Pigeon Forge
29 July 1949 #1592 - B l o u n t : rocks in pools

1. Reported in Lackey,

1942

(1325 ft.)

Abrams Creek at Hannah Mt. trail crossing 26 Aug. 1941 #841
- rocks

(1750 f t . ) In fork of Abrams Creek below Sams Creek

Road 25 Aug.

1941 #96X - Knox:

stream at Price's grocery

on Old Sevierville Pike beyond Island Horae 20 July 1949
#1518 - Inside concrete drainpipe from Knoxville Waterworks
22 July 1949 #1573 - Overton:

around margins of artificial

lake In Standing Stone State Park 15 June 1949 #142,8 Davldson(?):

Cumberland River 1938-92 - concrete pools at

Kelly's Kennels at Nashville 20 Aug.

1949 #1824, and innumer­

able others.
STEPHANODISCUS Ehrenberg 1845
Stephanodlscus nlagarae Ehr. and S. astraea (Ehr.)Crun. are
said to be widely distributed in lake plankton,

but neither

has been reported from southeastern United States.

Solenlneae
Solenlaceae
RHIZOSOLENIA Ehrenberg 1843
Rhizosolenla erlensla H. L. Smith
Middle Tenn.: Cumberland and Duck Rivers 1938-9.2

Bldulphiaceae (Eucampiodeae)
ATTHEXA T. West 1860
Attheya Zacharlasl Brunn.

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944
2 Reported In Lackey, 1942

N.

522

Davldson(?):

Cunberl.-■no River 1938-9.^

Fenales
Araohidinne
Tabellar1?ceae
TABHILLARIii. Earenber^: 1940
Tabellarln f e n e s tra (Lyngb. )Kuetz.
Lumpkin

(G a . ) : ;'riii'ioial 'ate at Vogel St; tp P a r k 14

A La;. 19 4 9 #1735 - Score;
29 June 19a ‘ #1026,
2 . label lari:,

Lotrc:

•.a'- sever- 1 ot..er collect ior.t .

floccuosa

in mill

in mill :-or*a at Cumberland. Sorin^s
MSF.

(loth) Kuet z.

.: in at Cumberland S. rings 29 June 194S

#•1026 - M o n t g o m e r y : _ ool in P a r s o n ’s Cave 3rsr.ch near Fos­
t e r ’s Cave iff2 15 June 194S #1491 - Weakley;
hwv

Tenn. 54 e a s t

faro pond oy

oi‘ Drezuen 14 July 1949 # 1 5 3 9 # / nd otters.

LSF.

Oaontiai&ceae
i.-LRIDIOi'. Agr-rdh 1824
1. merldlon circuit re (Grev. )Agarclh
I.Iadi s on (N .C .) : roadside snrir.n hole near Junction of
rrvys N.C.208 and 212 25 June 1949 if933 - Blount;

rocks in

small stream (4500 ft.) at Little River Trail 16 Aug.
#67^ - coating cn submerged rocks in

1 Reported in Lackey, 1942
2 Reported in Silva, and Sharp,

1944

-ool at

1941

Abrams.Falls

523.

19

June

1949 #-881

out

flow

of

-

among

A U f

1:

#1610

'19e9

3n.t.1 1t a r 1 p.. £:".■•
Parsons
rr.d

Cave

many

Knox:

.'.inon;.;

r , a t

rL e

B o s s e s

-

in
-

Seven

s . tr l l o v
Overton:

n.'i'ln

Bronc..

of

near

;nosses

on

Springs

rock;

of

. oncL

c

.1 etely

15

June

Foster?

a t

Cfve

#7

r

rin

•

73 July 1949 #1563

ore-

...onroe

In

Carter's

...ill

cover

ith

1949
In

a

9

#1 4 79-80 —
June

1949

#1.191,

otcere.

aion In tei mea iu;n H. L. Smith
Knox:

Tennessee River c.t Kn .xvllle , rounc 1677

(see

3rr.it.., 1931 or 1950)
GPUivriPlUb Kuetzin^ 1644
1. Qdontidlum nlemale
(Pis tome nlemaie
hi dale
in Lackey,

tenn.:

(Lyngb.)Kuetz.

(Lyngb. )Heib.)
Cumoerl nd and/or Puck Rivers

but :nv source inuicati -n ves omitted,

(reported
• rob-bly

through misprint).
Qdontidlum vui g r re ( 3ory )? li t zer
(Pit-toaia vulgare B o r y )
Lontgo.i.ery: field tpnd st heriwetner 16 ...arch 1950
#2097.

Fragilariaceae
rtS iLRlGKELLii. Has sail 1650
1. Asterionella formosa has s .
Pa v ids on (? ) : Cumberland River 1938-9.-*-

1 Reported in Lackey,

1P4-2

NK.

5P.4.

*-'♦ Asterloaell;.:

,;n-clllm:i

(H a n t z s c h ) H e i o .

D a v i d s o n (? ) : Cu.iioerl' :-.4 h i v e r 19,-c-S-- u ' -A b y hv-y T - n n . 5 4

east

or D r e s d e n

l'v J u l y

u _ v;

-•: r-

194 9 //-132? -

C :i "■n - L :\k e : Re e l f o o t L ? ke 1 9 9 . °
CERATONSXS
1.

Hire:: o s r g 1 9 4 0

Gerr tor.els

; reus

Kuetz.

B l o u n t : in se?n--j.v
'.ill

:'t Y.'n11 a n d 1. - J un e

• P^t'-R-inels
Bl ount;
till

omy-a lor Is

( Rn b .) K us t .

in s e -pa.... e

t-.rou-

c : n c r ftte c o r>

1 9 4 9 TfB-57.

n* a r

in s e o a £;'e

...ill at Wnl._and 19 J u n e

v,

St.-: te P a r k

ma in. ins

15 J u n e

oerlrnd Sorin^s

or

is1 11on

si t i s f a c t o r y

is

fs

4.

Fra pilaris. H e r r l s o n i i
Blount:

on

■
_nc D u e l R i v e r ?

artificial

in

I r ke

at St- n< irio S t o n e

- L o o r e : in mill
1949

:f!9?6.

as rni-_ nt be

rocks

1938-9.^

(Ehr. )G-run.

1949

99 J u n e

- t P e e r y Bros.

1.- 49

crotoir-nsls

^rav,ilaria c o n s t r u e n s

n e s o l e c t p (Ran. ) 1-run .

'..rot; a. c o n c r e t e

...iddlc Tenn. ; Cumae:. !• nc

Overton;

by P e e v y Pro s •

1919

Frs ,4 1:•i•1 • ea.. uolnn

h . Frazil; rie

■ t Feei'y Bros,

194 S ,*■9 6?.

at '.Yell and 19 J u n e

Blou nt;

••••ncrete a

--r?us v.

BB_-i OILrlalA L y n a o y e
1.

t -rou-

W.

r.t

Cum-

io^ntiricption

desired.

Smith

falling w t e :

1 Re orted in Lackey, 1949
9 Rev orteu in Eddy, 1930

Neither

mna

at A b r a m s

Falls

19

June 1949 if660 - Knox:

emon.

mo s ses in

u ^ ~'l ow o

sorin£. r . Seven Springe 97> July 11*49 ,
rl 5 6?.
' • Frn>-11 ■
-r 1 •■ v 1 resctvns Ralfs.
liedl£on (I.:.) i on rock?
. . C.iOS ; nu :.10 15 J u n e H o t side

i.ool

Sevier:
,fl 14^

(5000

brink

(4900

- Blount:

;..o «.ug.

19el

ft.)

r eery

Bros.

el lr.-1l e a
Kennels

ft.)

,f73^ - m a r s h

95 A u g • 1941
hill

crook

(1750

ft.)

1*ou;
.

Russell

of

e'-ncr-ue
-f66?

concrete o^ls

c--m r t

(resembles

rt

v.

Kell y ' s

A u t . 1949 ?fl6>'4 (a v n r b n t ) .

^ire?c e n sv . ca-1 1.a t

Bradley Pork 5 Sept.

rfl‘-1cl -

n e r Abr.-ms C r e e k

("'650 ft. ) l o r er end

- t VVaiiund 19 June 1949

S w * i n ( N .C. ).: culet

1941

or R a m s e y C; sends e - B e - t . 1941

#76^ - seep; ■ e t

n: . vrr.vllle 90

n of rc-ys

r juncti

if991 - S"j;lr.(.uC. ) : m u c k y troll

s omewhn t ) - Davidson:

’■* r 1''^gll?- ^ 1

rlnr

B r a c l e y F z rk 5 Sent.

In swift

i* ield

In

pool

C s t rup

(3000 ft.) In ro,.id

st-r---'Tn,

1S41 tf-lOO.-*-

SIiviEDRA Ehrenberg 1650
1. Syne dr a rumpen s v. famll lari s (Kuetz. )G-run.
Sevier:

moist siliceous bluff (1500 ft.) Little F.lver

Gorge below Elk.mont 9 Sept.

1941 #4111^ - Laurv:

trail side

bank alongside Barr Greek near hr. Worley's form near Hamp­
shire 15 June 1949 ?fS95.
0. Synedra acus Kuetz.
Overton:

mar ins of artificial lake at Standing Stone

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp,

1944

5 26.

s tate P 1rk 15 J u l y 1959

yl4?8.

3-K.

'• 6 y n edra nan a L e i s t e r
7,'e.. /.ley : f • rm

2 a m den 14 J u l y
v • By Pear-

m e

.y

..wy T m n n . 5 4

a

f e- n l l e c

c.-ct

of

194.9 *-1239.

ru.uoens Kuetz.

P o o r e : m i 11 nond r t Cnir.oer 1- no S m 'i n ns

c9 June

1949

. Syneare. t ennui £ s linn Kuet z .

Obi on - L a ve: Re el foot Labe 19‘9.^
'* S y n e d r a ulna, (Kitzsch)Lnr.
1, a d.1 s on (k . C . ) : on races

in river ne - r Junction

1. .C . n O c and. v l 8 8d June 1949 #■92:? — Sevier;
cluff
1941

(1600 ft.)

moist

of rvvy s
siliceous

L i t t l e I-iver loioe below Zlkr.ont 9 Seot.

r'illl2 - B l o u n t : ]'oe fs (1760 ft.)

in

’V r >

of A b r a m s

r
Oree.v os low Sums
at P r i c e ' s

atp rto.;6 26 Air . 1941 rf-96~ — Knox:

grocery

on Lid o e v i e r v i l l e P i ke b e y o n d I s l a n d

none 20 July 13-x9 jfl517 - snail sirs
...ill P i k e
rocks
1 94 9

20 J u l y 1349 ?f15 20 -

in o u t f l o w

of la. rye

-flood - Overton:

m il e s

strv m

r non

spri:r

ne-r Vest-'1 on L a r t i n

a mosses

on cu b te i y e d

at S e v e n Sprinys

23 July

PJiea1s Bi _ S o r i n y on hw.y Tenn. 49 six

n o r t h of L i v i n g s ton

ft1 4 77

- p on d c ompletely

co^ei ei

wit'i Sayl t tar la. sop. , n o r t h of L.onroe 1c June 194P #1480 h o ore:

m i l l p o n d at C u m b e r l a n d S pr i n g s

1 Rerorted in Lady, 1S30
£ Reported in Silva and Sharp,

1944

29 June 1949 -;fl076 -

ioole

Tenn. : O u r b e r l - n d and D u c k River-5 i m P - Q 1 - Davidson:

m e r e we

c ol s

- t Kelly* s K e n n e l s

20 Au*_.

19e9

/fiT^d-S

(n

o'r 1; n t ) .
• oynearr

u l n a v.

n.oore!

; equalIs

(Kuetz.)Hust.

rni3 1 p o n d >.\t Cue.oerln nd Snrii; ;s °9 J u n e

1949

T — 'J

c.

Sy n eare

ulr.'- v.

liddie
9.

bleeps

Tenn. :

Syne dim ulna
o l o u n t : in

Cuaberlo ;g

v.

ermine

19 J u n e

be a l i t t l e

off

type.

30.

tl n

v

■-*-

Riddle

—

rotnet
acus

a ole

to

1 94 9

?fSbR.

- -

'■■■

- t. ^

_ t.

1338-9.

tic

f elt

1913.

11.

S y nedro

yInn

Blount:

r o ck s

The v r i t e r

variety,

• nd

sr-eolrr.en see ms to

« unr- ol o to l oc a te

r.u:i:or,

v . oxyrhynchus

t-.e tl *.e, cut

it is

i n t e n d e d S.
in

f . c o ns t r l e t a H u s t .

in sv.lft s tr e am

1938-9.-*

rH
CO

R e p o r t e d in L ackey, 1942
R e p o r t e d in S i l v a a n d Sharp,

v-hen c u e r r i e d

w h i c h m y be f ound

1941.^'

Tenn.:

~ be

wr

t hr -1 t ce -u hor r r o o n b l y

1 k . S y n e d r a u l n a v . ra dione
Llddle

The

c *'■rr. by p e e r y Bros.

__

del teat 1 sslma V*. Smith,

26 Au£.

K.

**. c e l 1 cr e ■rpj

ScToenfeldc,

troll

D u c k Ri v e r s 1 9 3 6 - 9 . 1

c o n s t ri c t r L a y e r

to .oive inf or.tin.t ton 1

strongly

v.

.I

Tenn.:

: ny r e f e r e n c e
■ ;•s not

iM—

T.

; rn

seen .'.ye c..rou ..!•. c on c r e t e

- 1 11 ■ t '-V;l l a n d

£ vnedrr.

(Kuetz. )Soroen.

1944

(2700 ft.) H a n n a h Lt.

528.

The
amove,

situ.atIon

in trie

is

.;uite s i m i l a r

co.se t he r e

t.o the v.

d el i ca t i r s lira

r. £>. rn dio ns Kuetz,.

is

in Schoen-

2 el clt .
12. S y n e d r n

ulna

Sevier:
13*3.1 * 1 1 8
ft.)

at

v.

rocks

Forks

if8 6 7

; n d v.

(1450

- Blount:
of

(heribau^

ft.)

rock

Little

t .r o u c ’
t concrete
13-iS

Earnest

in

i,..m oy l e e r y

w.iick. see-.ns to

lmoressula

be

in F i g h t i n g

two

River

nd F ere .go 11 o )Hus t .

feet

Bros,

3 Sent.

c l e a r -.voter (1150

of

31 A u g .

Creek

1941

kill

Inter-oeai; te

•ffl06x -

seepage

at VvV l i n n 5 19 J un e
between

this

variety

Hust.

R a p h i d i ocinea.
E u n o t ifeceae
Ehrenberg
1.

E u n o tie

el ul na

Weakley:
July
8.

K nox:
Kuetz.

3.

(N,\-e t . ) Hu c t .

farm

ond

.j n w y

Te nn. 54

east

of D r e s d e n

14

194 9 yp1 3 3 2 .

Eunotla

1549

1837

arcus
with

in Ft.

Ehr.
float!no

Loudon

Rhlzoclonlum

Lake

embayment

at

hiero^lyohlcum
Blue

Grass

(Ag. )

80 J u l y

*1563.

Eunotla
K no x :

Kuetz.

arcus
with

in Ft.

v.

oldens

floating

Loudon

Lake

G-run.

Rhlzoclonium
embayment

1 Reported in Silva a.nd Sharp,

1944

at

hi e r o gl y r>hi cu m
Blue

Grass

(Ag. )

80 J u l y

19 49 #1563.
>. Eunotla ex 1 ua (3reb. )Rab.
Sevier:

ciam

rock in Silers Bald Trail (6500 ft.) near

31 Ingmar's Dome 1- A u b . 1941 -#62.1
r.. Eunotla flexuosa Kuet z.

Overton:

muck oy soring at tent camp of Standing Stone

State Park 15 July 1949 #1446.
Eunotla lunarls
Swaln(N.C.):
E^rk 5 Sept.

(Ehr. )G-run.
mucky trailside

1941 #125^ - Weakley:

ool (3000 ft.) Bradley
form.

or.d by hwy Tenn.

u4 east of Dresden 14 July 1949 #133? (a variant).

K.

Eunotla mlcrocephala Krasske
3waln(N.C.):

ouiet cool (5200 ft.) in ra .,id stream

Bradley Fork 5 Sept.

1941 #12‘

(3010 ft.) Bradley Fork 5 Sept.

- mucky trail side ;ool
1941 #125^ - Sevier:

stagnant i>ool (3000 ft.) Ramsey Fronfc* 4 Sept.

sandy

1941 #140^ -

olount:

rock in small stream (4500 ft.) Little River Trail

15 A u g .

1941 #67.1

S. Eunotia monouon Ehr.
Knox: among Brass in shallow area of oond at Carter's
.,.111 2 Aug.
Rab.

are

1949 #1610.

resent,

Some characters of E. gracilis

however.

9. Eunotla pectInalis v. minor f. lntermedla Krasske
Sevier:

(at N.C.

state line) spring (5500 ft.) at

1 Reported In Silva and Sharp,

1944

(Ehr. )

Double Springs dap 16 H u fc. 1941 #641 - ssndy st^-nent -ool
(5000 ft.) Ramsey Prong 4 Sept.
( ocbO

1941

ft. ) at lower* er.a of Russell Field

c o a t i n L on submerged rocks

1949 #861

- Blount:

nnrsh

25 au^'. 1941 # 76^ —

in pool at Abrams Falls 19 June

(a variant).

10. Euno11a eraerupta Ehr.
Knox:

on ground near bait pond rt Heck's east of Knox­

ville on hwy U .b .70 16 Jun e 1949 #8 67.
11. Eunot in v: 1 Ida Hu s t .
Weakley:

farm

ond beside hwy Tenn.64 east of Dresden

14 July 1949 #1332.
19. Eunotla veneris

(Kuetz.)DeToni

Sw- in(N. C . ) : mucky trailside pool (300"
Fork 5 Sept.

ft.) Bradley

1941 #125.^

honorapnidlneae
A chn a n t ha c e a e
Achnantrdodebe
a .3riiJANTHES

Borv 1622

1. Achnantbes con s al cue, v. brevistrlata Hust.
Davidson:

in concrete oools of Kelly's Kennels at Nash­

ville 20 A U te*. 1949 #1824.
2. iichnrnthes dl spar Cl eve
Knox:

Chilovree Park Lake

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp,

(pH 7.0 26°C) 18 June 1949

1944

531.

if850 - Conroe:
:: ter crosf

mud in mars ny ■ ren of r tr^'-m choked *?ith

(nH 7.0 70°F)

23 June 1949 #950.

3. Achnsnthes lanceolate (Br^'o. )G-run.
B1 oun t : rock In sw 1f t stre-.ni (970 0 ft.)Hr- nn a h U t.
Trail

2o Aur.

1941 #88^- —Knox:

aivon ^

ossos

on

rocks in

l-Tge sorin a at Seven Springs 93 July 1949 #1563.
4. Aohnantr.es la nceolata. v. rostrata Hust.
Overton:

n/uoins of artificial lake at Standing Stone

St.;- te Park It July 1949 #14 86 - Montgomery: rlony Parsons
lave- Branch 14 July 1949 #1291.
c.

rtchnsnt.-.es nlnuttsslma Kuetz.
Knox:

on

_round ne,r da it

-ond atHack's east of

ville on hwy U.S.70 18 June 1949 #867 - Overton:

Knox­

oond com­

pletely covered with: Sayl tt aria cop., by hwy Tenn. 4° north
of h.onroe 15 July 1949 #1479.
6. A c 'nnantn.es ml nut is sixr. v. crytpocerhs la G-run.
Sevier:

moist siliceous bluff (1500 ft.) Little River

Gorge oelow Elknont 9 Sect.

1941 (Share)#4111^ - Blount:

rock in two feet of clear water (1150 ft.) forks cf Little
River 31 Aug.
at Univ.

1941 #108^- - Knox:

of Tenn.

9 Aug.

sand oottom of aousrium

1949 #1700.

Cocconeidiae
COCCONEIS Ehrenberg 1838

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944

1.

C o c c o n e l ? peril cuius Ehr.
Knox:

v l:le
9.

on rr.ud he? ide

'.n hwy U.S. 70 18 June

Cocconels

pie cen tuls

Blount:
K

n n r h Lit.

sop.
Knox:

rods

t rail

in

n

ools

in s h d / o w

-ools

cress

of K el l y' s

Jreenwood Cemefry

Kennels

4.

17 Dec.

on

19 June

of

1949

?e.80

C r r t n - ' s hill
T-nn.
:\v<

9 Aug.

at N a s h v i l l e

1949

a of st ream

=f950 - Davids o n:

stream

-

20 Aug.

in ravine

con­

1949
east of

(Cl t o r c h )d 0 3 6 .

eu.-.l vp fa

(Ehr. )01 eve
soring

S d i : i t s 23 J u l y 194-9 ??1563.

Blount:

rods

n ah h t . c r o s s i n g
s t r e a m three

ville

Creek d

sub m e r g e d r o d s in o u t f l o w of large

C o c c o n e l s p l a c e n t u l a v.

1949

Kn "'■x-

^ S 4 1 - on V a u c h e r l a

of Dn:,,j

1949

small

1949

C o c c o n e l s pi a pent ■.,!<•■. v.

Seven

Fells

edge

2 = Ju ne

tf-’l r24 — Monte/ornery: ed & e of

Knox:

1941

ne ar awe e t w a t e r in m u r p h y

c h o k e d ri :h w a t e r

3.

(13 25 ft. ) A b r a m s

jf1 6 1 0 - in m i c r o c o s m Univ.

Tfl700 - L o nr o e:

o"

Ehr.

cross iny ° 6 Aug.

m o n e; lt? ss

e

19c P ^85°.

in fall ing w a t e r of A b r r n s

9 A u e:. 1949

crete

e t r ?■ n t hr ee r.'1 -■»p.

ff8 5 2

in cools

26 Aug.

miles

east

1 inarta
(1325

( E h r . )0 1eve
ft. jAbr^-res Creek

19 41 7^84“ - Knox:
of K n o x v i l l e

- on g r o u n d n e a r

bait

on n.ud b eside

on hwy U . S . 70 18 June

c on d at M a c k ' s

on hwy U . S . 70 18 J un e 1949 y867.

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp,

1944

r Han­

east

Knox­

Biraphidineae
Naviculaceae
Amphlproroideae
i'HGRA E h r e n b e r g 1 8 4 0
1.

A m p h ora

n o l s a t i C C4 Hus t .

Overt on:

m

of a r t i f i c i a l

S t a t e P a r k 15 Jul.,
r. rtixphort

rocky

s tr---m In r a v i n e

G r ° e > Roc.d £0 Auu . 1 9 4 9

s o n ’s Cove
stream
June

1<}*±y zf-l aSk.

o v el 1 s Kuetz.

D a v i d s o n ; in
cone

B r a n c h 14 J u n e

inf

;,ond at

1149 #=1093

0. A m p h o r a

1949

3ii.3ELI_A A a a r a h
1.

rocks

n a n Int. c r o s s i n g
ole-: r w a t e r

*..111 P i k e

r n r.

hwy U.S. 64 30

3-run.
’
t ools

of Kell y ' s

Kennels

at N a s h ­

rflBKot.

Kuetz.
in ■ ools

96 A u g .

(113 0 ft.)

#108“ - Knox:

of C-eroer lore

feeler

1630

Cyraoella a f i i n i s
Blount:

- S h ^ L by:

along P a r ­

(a va r i a n t ) .

p e r ' u s ilia

90 Aug.

on L i t t l e H a r r o w -

rflf - - I.o n t t o try:

19<±9 # 1 3 9 1

corner

Da vi ds o. : c n c r e t e
ville

lr.xe in S t a n d i n g S t o n e

small

1941
forks

stre-m

£0 J u l y 1999

(13 co f**t• )
#84^

4 mile

22

- rock

.jr g o K t'Xf Kc*n *“

in f n feet

o: L i t t l e R i v e r 31 Aug.

#1520 -

from Knoxville Waterworks

o jfc.11:s

from Vestal

inside

July 1949

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp,

1944

concrete
#1573.

o?
1941

on L & r t i n
dr: in p i p e

2. Cymbella cuspldata Kuetz.
Davidson:

rocky stream In ravine on Little Marrowbone

Creek Road 20 Aug.
however,

1949 #1828.

The punctae are too coarse,

so the identification is quite uncertain.

Cymbella cymblformla (Kuetz.)V.

H.

M a d i s o n ( N . C . ): spring hole near Junction of hwys N.C,
208 and 212 25 June 1949 #933 — Blount:

coating on submerged

rocks in pool at Abrams Falls 19 June 1949 #881 - Knox:
stream by Price's grocery on Old Sevlerville Pike beyond
Island Home 20 July 1949 #1517 - Montgomery:

along Parsons

Cave Branch 14 July 1949 #1391.
4. Cymbella cystula (Hemprich)Orun.
M a d i s o n ( N . C . ): on rocks in river near Junction of hwys
N . C . 208 and 212 25 July 1949 #931.
5. Cymbella hebrldlca
Blount:

(Cregory)G-run.

coating on submerged rocks in pool at Abrams

Falls 19 June 1949 #881 - Knox:
Univ.

of Tenn.

9 Aug.

sand bottom of aquarium

1949 #1700 - Moore:

In millpond at

Cumberland Springs 29 June 1949 #1026.
6. Cymbella nav ic ul 1 t o rmls Aueraw.
Swaln(N.C.):

mucky trailside pool (3000 ft.) Bradley

Fork 5 Sept. 1941 #125^ - Blount:
Abrams Creek 28 Aug.

submerged (1650 ft.)

1941 #100^ - Knox:

on mud beside stream

at bridge three miles east of Knoxville on hwy U.S.70 18

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944

June 1-49 - Overt-n:
3 pp.

pond c noletely covered vftk So nit ter is.

nor to. of I.on roe on hwy Term. 49 If J 1 y

7 . C y m b ella j^rostrata

/ ? #1460.

(3 e r k . )Cleve

Ladi son (N .0 . ) : on rocks
:-.C.206 and

19

2 c June 19*9

in river near Junction of
#951 - Blount:

rrvys

submerged rocks

(IcbO ft. )' A ora ms Creek 1- a u 5,. 1141 #10 01 - lontn'- nery:
ai ang Parsons Cave hr- no.
o. Cymbella
Blount:

14

turnlda (Bre^. )V.
suo;nerfced rocks

June 1949 #1291.
H.
(1C 50 ft.) Abr? ms C'^eek °6

.-k'r-, 1941 #100^ - rock In * w f e e t
■brks op Little hiver 11 Aug.

of cle°r

7/a ter

(1150 ft.)

1941 ,#106. 1

9. Cymoel 1 a turplda (Gregory )Cleve
Lumpkin (G-s. ) : artificial l a k e at Vo-el State Ps rk 14
Aug.

1S49 #1736 - Knox:

Cn* lowee Park Lake

18 June 19a-9 #630 - Loore:

(pH 7.0 73°C)

millpond at Cu:. oerle nd Springs

79 June 1949 41026 - Haywood:

nlouyh oeside hwy U.-.70 and

79 ne^ r Brownsville 30 June 1949 #1096 - Snelty:
stream into

0 0 :1a

feeder

at junction of Oeroer Hoed and bvy U.S. 64

30 June 1949 #1093.
10.

Cymbella ventricosa Kuetz.
Sevier:

rocks (1450 ft.) In Fighting Creek 3 Sect. 1941

#112'*' - Blount:
Aug.

submerged rocks

(1650 ft.) Abrams Creek 28

1941 #100-*- - seepage t .rout a concrete dam by Peery

Bros. Idill at Walland 19 June 1949 #867.

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944

526.

G O L P R O N i i g . f rcir. In 24
1.

G-omu. .onegi," a c u m i n a t a
O v e r t -n:

State

2.

Pa rk

n-: r

Is Lr no

20 J i u y

Springs

lr>€
v- : i • n

'(a

coronata

22 June

t ).

(Ehr. )W.

S.r.fth

*n 0 1 c

Seviervi

G r o c e r7

1049

at S t - n d l n g S t o n e

#*1518 — t o ^ r e !

le

Pike

tillr ^r.a ?'’t

194 9 ylQ?6.

Ooiimhonema an. casts turn (Kue t z . )P.a'a.

#1566

on

seer.i n r

- Overton:

wet

Standini
;
.. S t o n e

concrete

-ools

ft1 S P A

—

Creec

Load

4.

;tl4^f-8

ay P r i c e ' s

Rome

Blount:

of

la4.9

a cu.T.lnr t a v.

eare, m

Cu;;n:erl n d

1.

July

G-omphOiiem;
K no x :

of a r t i f i c i a l

merlins

15

Kuetz.

in

at A

rruck h e r I d e

State

of

rocky

rocks

Park

Kelly's
stre-* .r.

PC A u e . 1 9 u 9

si rl::£
July

la

Kennels
in

F- 11s
In

9 Soot.

te nt

1949

camr,in*.' a r e s

#1<*46 - D a v i d s o n :

at N a s h v i l l e

r a v i n e on L i t t l e

1949

°0 A u g .

1949

L-°rro,,rb o n e

:.-I-2S.

Gomphonema a u r.ur Lnr.
Loo r e : millpond

a.t C u c o e r l a n d

Springs

°9 J u n e

1949

#1026.
5.

Gorarhonerrta coniruta ta
Blount:

rocks

(1750

Sams G a p R o a d in C e d e s
6.

Gorntthonema

14 Aug.

ft.)

Cove

ccnstrlcta

L u m p k i n (Q-a. ):
St« tp P a r k

3-run.
in

fork

25 A u g .

of A b r - a s

1941

Creek below

#96. ~

Ehr.

o n rd t i n g s

In a r t i f i c i a l

1949

-

#1725

1 Reported In Silva end Sharp,

Blount:

1944

on

lake

at

seeping

Vo pel
rocks

at

537.

Abrams

Falls

Grocery
1919

on

#1517

3 Sept.

Old
-

Nashville

7.

lor.ai:enema.

c

nstricta

Little
b.

in

1.949# 1 7 3 5 -

River

-

Pike

Knox:

pools

v.

caplt ata

19

June

cial

at

Standing

lake

Ooion:
14

July

1949

9.

G-omphonems
Sevier:

Ramsey
10.

11.

Kennels

at

h.

V o a el

State

( 1 3 0 0 ft . )

bluff

1941

Park

(S h a r p ) # 4 1 1 1 . 1

Ehr.

19^9

:•y P e e r v

B r o s . kill

# 8 6 ? - O v e r t o n : ms r, J ; s of

Stone

-j a c i l e
quiet

G-omphonema

Ramsey

HO J u l y

State

Park

15

a few

July

le?

ef

?

artifi­

1949

#1428

t of

Dresden

#1332.

Cascades

Sevier:

(Ehr. )V.

E l k m on t 9 Se.'t.

,y \v.,ry T e n n . 5 4

far:;, n o .d

Horne

Kelly's

siliceous

n l o u n t : s e e r r ,:t t rou. h c o n cr e te
c-tW a l l a n d

of

lake

S e v i e r : ..oist

G o a r )n o n e m a. .,ra c I I e

Island

oy P r i c e ' s

#1824.

artificial

0-orwe o e l o w

stre.-i;

beyond

concrete

20 A u t-. 1 9 4 9

Lu.r.pxin (G-a. ):

Aup.

#1&86

Sevlerville

Davidson:

at

14

1349

v.

oools

Road

4

greclle

quiet

Cascade

Road

1-nceolatum
oeside

Sect.
v.

pools

(K u e t z , )Cl e v e

river

1P41

(2600

4 Sept.

river

194S

of

#130.^

(W. SrnithJV.

naviculo.1 d e s
oeside

ft. ) e n d

(2600

ft.)

H.

en d

of

#130.-^-

Gomenonema lnn; iceps Ehr.

AUfc.
miles

L u m p k i n (G a . ) : a r t i f i c i a l

lake

in

Vopel

1949

farm

pond

by

hwy

July

1949

#1332

east

#1735
of

- Obion:

Dresden

14

1 Reported in Silva and Snnrp,

1944

State

Te n n . 5 4

Park
a

few

(a v a r i a n t ) .

14

-

1''.

3 -0

>r■n o n erne 1 or\ Iceps

f.

^rec 11 i s Rust.

L u m p k i n (G-n. ) : -'-rf if i c i e l
Aug.

lP^r'

124 9

3-10 26.

I.':’.

—

4 0 0 re!

I o na toneme

es

ft Oumberln4

e^st

1--. G-o -. n o n e m o

of

stream

June time,

on

conk

Forge
just

ana.

July

£ o u " . " : o'

J ury

-tt1 5 7 5

1949

Ft .

s i x miles

variant) -

st

°

°b J u n e

?pl591

1

w-- t e r

-

swampy

e ve -1 ton:

Haywood:

1949

3-erher R o a d

-.n nwy U . S . 70

Knox:

.

1 24 9

IP a 9

and

7=957.

l u n c t ’ on

-

on

Sevier:

Univ.

Tenn.

f lor t i n „ :

in

'.7°f er-'orfs

25

S or in;" b y

1949

hwy

T en n .

,fl477

(a

slou.,h oy h w y U.S. 70 n e - r

U . S . 64

30

feeder

June

1949

of

nt P i g e o n

.till

r ren

15 J u l y

7fl096 — S n e l b y :
hwy

under

Knoxville

rt

r

v? r l ••nt ) -

?rl59c

R h e a *c B i n

roadside

ne

(-

runr.in.

Louo.on L- k e
—

dole

I'./--;- y 9 3 0

n o r t h of L i v i n g s t o n

50 J u n e

bridge

p. ■ r 4..oc k 1 c Id J u n e

s r.l

1 au,

Kn * x v i lie

of

vine

1

1949

zr-clcv/.': t e r

42

'..

-'-itu. s e e p i n . : no

29

‘
If* J u n e

o •-r v u l a Kuetz.

L e d i s ; n ( K . 0. ) : ro; Jo I c e
nv:y Ki. C. 7 0 S

S :;rinK"s

o 1 3 v e .c p u .
ti (Lyn- o. ) K u e t z .

on ciur. beside

Knox:
t :ree

nilimna

V-ke in Vo -e? St?-- te Pe rk 14

s tr*3

0.

into

Brown
nond

#1093.

“
cr. 4o:nor..onema s ■ he.erophoruz HIh r .
j1
.c
Blount:
Sams
water

rocks

(1750

Gar R o a d 25 Aug.
(1150

on r o c k s

f t . ) f orks

in A b r a m s

ft. ) in fork

1941

#96^

of Aor- rrs C r e ^ k

- r o c k in two

of L i t t l e R i v e r 31 Aug.

Falls

19 J u n e

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp,

1' 49

1944

f^et

of

1941

#880-1 - Knox:

cel ow
clear

#108^ small

stre.-m

- .Jle

IP'.-:'' tfltPG Pike

lb.

beyond

ceyono

Ves tax

on

f t r - n nt P r i c e ' ?
Isl-.nd

G-o.Ti. u o n e i c a
c10unt :

Hon.e

:"C

v e n t ; 1c o s 1

con b i n _

on

hill

i..- r t t n

Grocery

July

19^9

Pi Ice ‘‘0

on Old

Ju3 y

Seviervill e

7*1 f 17.

Gregory

r 0 c k in

o ol

;. c

-i ci -n. i . e

F; 1 1 s

IP

June

1949 if8 8 1 .

Nc v i e d o iae? e
OrtLOi-. I I S

Cl e v e

l b 94

Calonel g fonnosa

O v e r t - n:

(Gre. . ) Cl e v e

margins

of

hi t if icin.l l a k e

in S t a n d i n g

Stone

3 1 l ~ e Perk 1c. July 1949 if1 4 ‘-'P.
Crx P.OSI ltd. H a s sa 1 1
1.

G y r o f i f roc a c u m i nature
Blount:

ill
in

ct

on

19

Little

1

Sh.ilo.. 91

lion r o e :
by

yv P >.•e r y

D " v i d e on:
Ho; d

Pros,

r ooky

‘t Auo.

stre-rr.

1949

( E h r . ) Cl e v e

'Ion

Aug.

20

m- r s h y

,.wy U . S . 11

D&vidsor;:

R o vd

—

lerro"-:: -•nc C r e e k

Kellov;

1949

Gyo o s h ran '.Vans b e c k l 1

cress

-9 f r 5 7

o- -

.
h o n t - -. .ery:

S.

June

C-yro e 1 ona. o 1 c i c e

near

( K u e t z . )Pr.b.

se e p ? , *• t. r-ou. .. e n c r - e t e

7/a I 1 a n d

revive

tf1 8 9 8
9.

194 5

ic-c/.y

#182.8

Riggins

Hill

Region

(D o n k i n ) C l e v e
7,

70°F)

S ’.veetvs : e r

s -..rec :u i n . r a v i n e

h u b . 1949

in

^=1860.

stre; if. ( p H
near

Cr-.-ek

on

cooked

98 J u n e
Little

'"izh w a t e r

1949

#950

L.a r r o w b o n e

(a v a r i a n t ) - S h e l b y :

feeder

Creek
spring

into pond at Gerber Road and hwy U . S . 64 30 June 1949 #1093
(a variant).
NAVICULA Bory 1822
1. Navlcula angelica Ralfs
Blount:

coating on submerged rock at Abrams Falls 19

June 1949 #881.
2.

Navlcula carl v. angusta G-run.
Swain(N.C.):

Sept.

transient pool (3000 ft.) Bradley Fork 3

1941 frlS1 - mucky trallslde pool (3000 ft.) Bradley

Fork 5 Sept.

1941 #82^ - bottom of Intermittent spring

(3000 ft.) Bradley Fork 5 Sept.
In small stream

1941 #126^ - Blount:

(4500 f t . ) Little River Trail 18 Aug. 1941

# 6 ? 1 - rocks In swift stream (2700 ft.) Hannah Mt.
26 Aug.

rocks

trail

1941 # 82.1

3. Navlcula cruclgera (W. Smith)Cleve
Moore:

millpond at Cumberland Springs 29 June 1949

#1026.
4. Navlcula cryptocephala Kuetz.
Blount:

rocks in pools

(1325 ft.) Abrams Creek at Han­

n a h Mt. trail crossing 26 Aug.

1941 #84^ - rocks (1750 ft.)

of fork of Abrams Creek below Sams Gap Road 26 Aug.

1941

#96^ - submerged rocks (1650 f t . ) Abrams Creek 28 Aug.
#100^ - Weakley:

1941

farm pond by hwy Tenn. 54 a few miles east

of Dresden 14 July 1949 #1332 - Haywood:

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp,

1944

roadside slough

541.

ne-ir

Brownsville

feeler
June
c.

stre-on Into

i..t. trail
Navlcula

In

43

ci or-ti

cur.pldata v.

Navicula

K • vlcula

Vestal

d m

op P e e r y Bros.

1949 #657.

roca

in tv•- f^rt

helve t l e a

~f cie
1941

r *.*.*••‘ er (1130 ft. )

#lo=.~

Brunn.
1

and h w y s U . S . 54- 33 Ju ne

Knox:

#R4.^

thr-'u;... m c r e t e

S.-elR'7-: f ee ■sr st r°''u

Navlcula

ft.) Abr.-ms C r e e l at B a n ­

-er 1 o,--uul Pers fc-alla

of Lit tie .River 31 Ana.

f orks

10.

(13°5

decusis O s t r u p

Blount:

9.

end. hwy U.S. 64 30

9run.

'36 a u e . I n 41

...Ill at V/all "nd 19 June

road

Berber Road

ool

B l o u n t : in seepage

1.

(a. v u r i . nt ) - Snelcy:

cryot o c t p aala v. urn lie

31 o u n t : roc

6.

p ond at

#1096

1949 #-'1993.
H a y 1 eule

na

30 June 1949

a.t

-ond a"1- c o r n e r

194 9

of Be r b e r

#1053.

1 n c l a u l a 9 run.
small

stream by I.art in ...ill P i l e

- rails fra jr.

P.O J u l y 1349 #15 50.

N a v l c ula m l n u t a
Middle

Tenn.:

what was
'.V. Small,

1936-9. ^

1.nt -need

''.ere.

-.■•/.lien S c h o e n f e l d t

p y e a e a Kuetz.,

The w r i t e r c n
P e r ha.os

cnl v specul a t e

it wa s N . m i n u t u l a

u ives as a s y n o n y m

ov* _N. minus cula

1 Re ,orted in Silva and Sharp,
2 Re o r t e d In Lackey, 1345

Irun.

1944

for N.

-*•

v3-c 11l a mu t l e a Kuetz*
Sevier: rocks

1941

j?l I S 1

(l4f,0 ft. ) In F i f-iitirh Greek

- moist

siliceous

lor. e orlo”’ L l k m o n t
in

sv/l^t st r .■

Ifo f 1 - rock

9 Sent.

(07 03 ft.)

in too f e-, t. o?

duff
1941

3Sect.

(1500 ft.) Little

#=41111 - Blount:

H e n n a h F t . troll

96

cle-r

forks

(1150

d.)

a

Ri v e r

rocks

U £-. 1941
of Little

HI ver "1 A u g . 1941 #-106. 1
11.

Navlcula
S wain

c 1 a cent o d r .

(1'. 0. ) : mucky tr; 11 side

F o r k 5 Sept.
(°7 00 ft.)
19.

frlko1 - B l o u n t : roc'v

.d a c e n t u l a f.

F . C . 9 0 B and. 019 05 J u n e

1 3. No vlcula

n~. sloe;.

Da.vide on : v:ooky

14.

res t ro ta

di s on (K .C . ) : ro; aside

Greek Road

20

N a v l c u la

in swift

Aug.

F o r k 5 Sept.

n..

ctro •m

d0.-1

neor

junction of

19-.9 *933.

Kuetz.
str o:a

r. t avlr.e on L i r tl *- Le rrowbone

194 9 -flhOB.

r k i os a or. tene 11 a (Breb.)Cleve
ool

(3000 ft.)

1941 #125^ - B l o u n t : in swift brook
C r e e k 23 Aug.

1941 #73^ - submerged

Bradl e y
(1750 ft.)

rocks

ft.) Abrams G reek 28 Aug.

1S41 #100^ - rock in two

c l e a r water

forks

1941

3ra b.ley

Fryer

s:.rlrL hols

Sv.ain(N. .. ) : mucky trail side

near Abrams

(3000 ft.)

h a n n a n ...t. tr, 11 ‘O' *-.ug. 19-1

Navi cula
1:1:

v/ys

1941

’.ool

(1150 ft.)

at

(1650

feet of

of L i t t l e R i v e r 31 Aug.

iflOS.1

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944

1 ^ • Navlcula RelnbarcLt 11 G-run.
Ladieon (N .0 . ): roadside Gariy

hole nerr Junction of

nwys K.C.208 sna 212 25 June 12 **9 #22 3.
16. Navlcula rhynchocephala Kuetz,.
Blcunt:

roc.ts in

ools (1325 ft.) A b r r ms Creels ;.t Han­

na:! ...t. •;,rail cross in^. 26 a u l ;.

1941 #04.*

Navlcula viridula Kuetz.
Blount:
n

. kt.

rocks in wools

trail

(1325 f t . ) A-rams Greek pt Han-

«f l o a 26 Aug.

(1650 ft.) Abrams Creek 24 Au^.

1941 #64^ — suxrer/'ed rocks
1941 #100.^

NBIblui*. Pfitzer 1671
1. Neidlum Irldls
Blount:
Aug.

(Ehr.)Cleve

sabrr.er.. ed rocks

1941 fflOO1 - Overton:

£ a ,-i.ttb.ria sop.

north

(1650 ft.) Abr-rrs Greek °6
one. c oral^t el y cover'd with.

of Hon roe cl on;: hv.v Tenn. 42 15 June

1949 #1479.
2. Neidlum afflne (Ehr.)Cleve
Overton: margins of artificial lake at Standing Stone
State Park 15 July 1949 #1422 - hontgemery: along Parson's
Gave Branch 14 July 1949 #1391 (a variant).
3. Neidlum dublum f. constrlctum Hust.
Overton:

floating with other algae in snrllot water of

artificial lake at Standing Stone State Park 15 July 1949
#1428.

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp,

1944

Neidlum irldls v. s.r.pllata (Ehr. )Cleve
Overton:

wet n.^ck beside spring ft tent cam. in:; erea

of Standing Stone State Fork 15 July 194 9 vfl4 46.
5. Neidlum Kosi owl Merescn 1 ovs>y
Overton:

mrrpi.is of artificial lake at St- ndine Stone

State Park 15 July 1949 fjl422.
PINNULARIA ihrenoert 1840
1. Plnnularla

dlver-pens W. Smith

Madison(N.C. ): roadside spring: hole ne- r junction of
huvys N . C . 208 and 212 25 June 19*9 ff932.
Pinnularia «_ibba Ehr.

—

■■

in

■ i■ i ■

i

*

dWd—

i

i

—

Maais Dn (N.C* ):

roadside sprinu hole near .junction

of

hwys N.C.20S and 212 25 June 1949 ?f932.
3.ilnnul-'rla

i o .av. mesoyon.yl ■-

Maai s on (N .C .) :

(Ehr. )Hu at.

on rooks in river ne -r junction

of hwys

N .C .208 •nd 21? 25 June 19-9 if9ol.
‘jr. Pinnule- rl a int e runt a W. Sn: 1th
Overton:

margins

of artificial lake at Standing Stone

State Park 15 July 1949 nrl4??-8.
5. Plnnularla mesclepta (Ehr.)W.
Shelby:

Smith

feeder sprinp into pond at corner of 3-erner

Road and hwy U.S. 64 30 June 1949 #*1093.
6. Plnnularia volyonca (3reb.)0. Mueller
Weakley:

farm

;ond by nwy lenn.

Dresden 14 July 1949 ffl332.

54 a. few miles

east of

545.

7. Pinnularia undulata Gregory
Blount:

coating on submerged rocks

Falls 19 June 1949 #881

In pool at Abrams

(a variant).

PLEUROSIGMA W. Smith 1852
The genus has been reported from Lilddle Tennessee by
Lackey,

1942,

and from Kentucky.

STAUKONEIS Ehrenberg 1843
1. Stauronels anceps Enr.
Blount:

coating on submerged rocks

Falls 19 June 1949 #8dl
margins

(a variant)

In pool at Abrams

- Overton:

around

of artificial lake at Standing Stone State Park

15 July 1949 #1428 (a variant).
2. Stauronels anceps v. rhomoldalls f . linearis
Overton:

(Ehr.)Cleve

wet muck by spring in tent camping area at

Standing Stone State Park 15 July 1949 V1446.
3. Stauronels dllatata Ehr.
Davidson:

concrete pools at Kelly's Kennels 20 Aug.

1949 #1824 - Haywood:

slough by hwy U . S . 70 near Brownsville

30 June 1949 #1096.
VANHUERCKIA Schuett 1896
1. Vanhuerckla rhomboldes
(Frustula rhomboldes
Weakley:

(Ehr.)Breb.

(Ehr.)DeToni)

farm pond by hwy Tenn.54 a few miles east of

Dresden 14 July 1949 #1332 - Haywood:
U.S.

slough beside hwy

70 near Brownsville 30 June 1949 #1096 - Shelby:

feeder

stream for p ond at corner of Gerber Road and hwy U . S . 64 30
June 1949 #1093.
A

2. Vanhuerckla rhomboldes v. amp hlpl euro Ides G-om.
(Frustula rhomboldes v. amphlpleuroldes Grun.)
Blount:

log pier (1775 f t . ) of bridge on Sams Gap Road

In Cades Cove 24 Aug.

1941 #91^ - submerged rocks (1650 ft. )

Abrams Creek 28 Aug. 1941 #100^" - rock In two feet of clear
water (1160 ft.) Forks of Little River 31 Aug.

1941 #1081 -

coating on submerged rocks In pool at Abrams Falls 19 June
1949 #881.
3. Vanhuerckla vulgaris (Thwaites)V.

H.

(Frustula vulgaris (Thwaltes)DeTonl)
Madison(N.C.): roadside sprlnghole near Junction of
hwys N.C.208 and 212 25 June 1949 #933 (a variant) - Swain:
(N.C.): mucky trallslde pool (3000 ft.) Bradley Fork 5 Sept.
1941 #125 - Blount:

submerged rocks (1650 f t . ) Abrams Creek

28 Aug. 1941 #100^ - Haywood:

slough beside hwy U.S.70

30 June 1949 #1096.
4. Vanhuerckla vulgaris v. saxonlcum Rab.
(Fruetula vulgaris v. saxonlcum Rab. )
Sevier:

on bank In seeping and running water under mill

at Pigeon Forge 29 July 1949 #1592.

Eplthemiaceae
DENTICULA Kuetzlng 1844
1. Dentlcula tenuis Kuetz.
Overton: margins of artificial lake at Standing Stone
State Park 15 July 1949 #1422.

1 Reported In Silva and Sharp, 1944

547.

-'. Dent l c id

t,.e r me .1i e Kuetz.

Overton:
State
Cave

Pork

ni.-n,-

15

s of a r t i f i c i a l

J u l y 194'.:'if14:;:r -

3 rone;:

lO-.e n t S t o n S i n._

St-ne

on t,:o-r e r y : rl-.>vp f re on's

J u l y 19*1-9 ,7-13 91.

Ex'ITriBAlA de Brebisson 1833
1. It h e .71la H y n d m a n l l
Dnvtd ro a :

f1 r

Smith
:oo 1

.

7.

(Smith)

. r ■'e n :'n se

~n

V • nci?r

lit

cr t •-us

1/? .,;:rcn 1950 7x90 60.
E~OPaLGuIa
1.

0

. kueller

lv93

K n o p f 1 o i1 • ...lbbfl. ( B n 1*''. )C.
O v e r ton:

r_i.‘r • t edLe

L'.uel.ler
of

• rt 1 f ici--1 l^ke

In S t a n d i n g

St .ne btrte Park 15 July l°i9 ^14 99-8 - ...onf . .\er v : ~1 one:
P,.r:on's C- v -• 8r n c h 14 July 1949 *13 91.
0 . Khop.r.lo'' 'a.

_ 1 ooerulu

L u p k l n ( J o . ):
St; te p a r e
at A b r a m s

s u b o c r c cd in

14 A u t . 1949
Fr.lle

(£.■ :
•r . )C.

9 Sept.

...ue 1 1 e r

■ rt

f 1c i 1 !• re

- Blount:

on

se

0

Vo • el

■. — 1 n . w

19 4 9 *1836.

N i t z s c h 1a c e ae
HAN T Z S C :IA I r u n o 7; 1 8 6 0
1.

Ho.nt zscil

aa.o ■d.oxl g (Ehr. )lrun.

ina.die on (li. C . ) : r o a d s Id e. s r r i n p h o l e
Irvys

N . 0, ?0 8 •'n d

(3-a. ) : p l a n k t o n
14

h u

: ool

6'. 194 9

91.3 35 J u n e 1 9 4 9

co.ct in

*173 6 -

at A b r a m s

Palls

rtiriclcl

*9

n e - v' j u n c t i o n

of

3 (a v a r l ,:-r t ) - L u m p kin

l--ke at

Blount: coatii,.: on
19 J u n e 1 9 1 9 r881.

Yoyel

State Park

su bm e r g e d rocks

in

543.

8.

H ■n t zsc
nayv.-oocli

uhlcxls f. c:
siou^'h

it at a (0. t e l l e r )

e s icl€j nay U.S.70 ;ip '■r 6roivnsvi" 1 g

70

J une 19 49 ■;/•109 6.
NI 9Z S u h IA Ha s s a 11 1845
1.

l\'.Uzsc a la ^ ct c u l m is

(Kuetz. )*V. S m i t h

...iddl-r j?enn. : Cumberl? nd an! Duck P.ivere 1 c> - 9. ^
5.

4 it zschla f cut a Hantn.
1.9 6 i s on (9. 3. ): i-ncVs in : iver n-.-• r J u n c t 1 'o

M. 0 . 9 0 8
concrete

of hry s

n nd 919 85 June L°o-9 *951 - B l o u n t : seep,a- o r‘-i'nu.Lr:
dam

ay F e e r y B r o c . L ill r.t W a l l e n d 19 June 1949

*8 67.

3-

Nit zschla anyu str.ta (W. Smith )0-run.
fv.ont. ornery: nlony Part o n 1s Gave Branch 14 June 1949

*1391.
4,

Nitzschla cap!tellata Hust.
Blount:

on rocks in faHlto^ '.c-ter at Abrams Fells 19

June 1949 *£ - ’•.
5. Nit zschla olsslpata (Kuetz. )Grun .
liadl son (N .J . ): rocks

In river (pH 5.5-6,

?3°F) near

Junction of h;vys H. 0.9O8 :nd 818 85 June 1949 *931.
N 11 z sc hi a f on 11 c ~1 a 3-run.
Davids on: rocky stre- n in ravine .--Ion
Creek Road 80 Au£>

1949 *1883.

1 Re: •-'rted in L'ckey,

1948

Little Larroivbone

£49.

7.

2\it z s chla
1..:- 8.1 e on

frustulu
(K.C.):

rv-ye N.C. °08
completely
—

Tf

end

Kuetz.

roadside

3 ;a 1u L Lo ].e n e a r

918 2£ J u n e

1 9 c 9 if9 1 3 - O v e r t o n :

c ove r :?d »•i t h S a i •••t a rir

-T* •

^roc

18 J u l y

194?

lit LSCfiic. H uf leric. na
D; vie

Junc t i o n

s r.p.

hy

of

•r:d

.p-y 2*••■nn. 4°

#1410.

9run.

:•n : x n c r o r c

oris

\f hell y 1 r; K-n.: el s - t M -■-»

” i ..1 e 2 0 A U t.• 1.1“i 9 ir1 “ ‘;'4.
9.

Mi t z s c h l a L o r e n z i a n a

9 ru n .

31 '-v.nt: 1 n f -.1 j.in ;

o :r.e i-

of

A a re x s 7 al 1 c 1 Cj Jun e 19< 9

rt- S = 1.

N i t z s c hi r. pel en

10.

Kn ox:
191 9

of

Tf.nr.. 9

if1 7 0 0 .

3 ally:

e

c

it.yna (Kuetz.

feeder

an o h’.vv U.S. 94
.

it r

potto in o f a qu arlu r ; t Univ.

end

11. NUzcooi

10

(Kuetz. )V;. b

s t r a m of

30 J u n e

1949

S'nith

) .V.

. one

at

corner

of l e r o e r R o a d

#1093.

N i t z s c r i a o ubl ioecri s H u e t .
Knox:

Chilowee Pork

L r V.e

(pH 7.0,

2 6 ° C)

IS J u n e

19^9

#8.30.

Surirellnce- e
C XL'm. POPLjoURa W . S -T.11 h 1851
1.

Cymatopleurn
Knox:

small

solea

(3reb.),V.

strec.ru

\

Smith

mile b e y o n d V e s t a l

-m L a r t i n H i l l

Pike 20 July 1949 #15 20.

4

9.

Cym- tonleurr. rolec
Knox:

etr-.-c

P i c e b eyond

v.

re-:ula

by P r i c e ' s

(Ehr. )G-run.

3-rocery on 01c

I d . nd H o :e '"b July 1 d O

Sevierville

#151?.

SURIhELLa. Tur' in 1028
1.

S u r l r e l l a nnvustatr. Kuetz.

—

. -

-

- —

'

-

-

----

La di s on (N .C . ) : on

rocb in

N. 0.°.0a end '"Ia 05 June I P - 9

r i v e r near

Junction of Ivys

if9 3 1 .

. Surl ^eli o del I c a t b site Levis
Overt o n : : one

crrd etely

b-'y Term. 4." nor tb of
S u r i red la

and bey

Surlrella
31ount:

roe If

Job y I P 49 -#1479-30.

e t re -.m for . ond at

U . S . 64

50 June 1949

l i n e r>1 1 s v.

c onstrlcta

corner

5.

(Ehr. )G-run.

seepa* e t r o u Lh c ncrete d: m oy P e e r y Bros.

h*vy u.S.ll-E 13 June

Buri rella l i n earis
Knox:

of Berber

#1095.

...ill at Wall; nd 19 June 3.949 #83? - ICnox:
crosrl.v

by

cl dy me Kuetz.

Shel o y : fe e d e r
Rood

c o v e r e d w i t h Sc _ 1 1 ta via

v.

mud be s i d e

stream

1949 #652.

'.'.elvet lea

C n i l o v e e P: rk Labe

(Brunn. )L e i s t e r

(pH 7.0,

26°C)

13 June 1949

#0 30 •
6.

Surlrella hoellerlana

-run.

h a d i son ( y . C. ) : roadside
hwys
17 •

P . O . 20 6and

S u r l rella
Haywood:

1S49 #1096

s rr i n r. hole ne-r

junction

of

212 25 June 1949 #93 3.

o v c t a Kuetz.
s l o u c h by hwy U.S. 70 near Br o w n s v i l l e

(a variant)

- S.oelby:

30 June

f e e d e r strevn into oond at

corner

of G e r b e r Road and

lv:y U.S. 64 30 June

194°

#1993

-.n Blue

Grass

(a

v- r i -n t ) .
S u r l r ° l l p r o j u s ta Ehr.
Knox:
Rond

f l e w frau v e r y

fr'oo F a r r irut

oy hwy
9.

In

Ter -l. 54

S u r l r ella

90 J u l y

east

1' r\ye s.. r' np

194S

;rl590 — Weakl e y : ■‘harm

of D r e s d e n 11- J u l y 1 9 4 9

r o b ust.:

S n e l b y : feeder

v.

spl end.ldo

s t r e •m

Into

(Ehr. )V.

: ond at

ond

,f13 39.
K.

G e r b e r Roc-d : n d ■hoy

U.S. 64 30 J u n e 1. 49 if1 0 9 o.
10.

Surlrella.
V/eaxley:

July

1949

fenern

Gr^aory

f a r m .po.ud 'ey nwy Term. 54

Blount:

rods

14

(1775

n e r v oso L a y e r

in pools

n a h i..t. t r - 11 c r o s s i n g

1941

of D r e s d e n

pl339.

S u r l r e .lr. t e n e r a v.

bridge

east

(1393 ft. ) A b r a m s

°6 Auy.

f t . ) on Sams

1°41 ?p94~ - l o e o l e r

G^o R o a d in Cades

tf-91.1

1 Reoorted in Silva, and Sharp,

Creek

1944

Cove

at H a n ­

of

94 Aue.

CYANOPHYTA
Myxophyceae

Coccogonales
C r.ro ococcaceae
ArJACYSTIS i,:eneb hlni 1837
Cells in tnls beaus rre spherical,
planes at ri^ht angles to each other,

and divide in three

so as to form an

irregular t.iicK. colony with no particular orientation of
cells.

A more or less well developed gelatinous matrix

holds few to many cells together.
in color,
1.

1.

The cells are blue-green

the c ntents finely granular or homogeneous.

Cells large,

6-8u in diameter..................

.........

aeruginosa (Zanard.)Drou.

A.

& Dail.

Cells smaller..........................................

2

2. Cells 3-5u in diameter A. marglnata Menegh.
2. Cells .Q-2.5u in diameter...................
............. A. fIrma (Kuetz. )Drou. & Dail.
Anacystis aeruginosa (Zanard.)Drou.

& Dail.

(Drouet &

Daily 48)
This is the large species of the genus.
Some cells, apparently of this species,

Diameter 6-8u.

were oresent in a

laboratory culture from the collection listed below,

but

they disappeared when an attempt was me.de to increase the
552.

nu:>. jerivr_. uy furt. e r
rt

ed,.c

cuiturin,/.

(Kuetz. )Drou. & D r 11.

fir m

(Illcrocystls

fIrma Soh.n.

The smr.11 est

species

Kno-v : sub ;;e i■ e6 rices

of m e

r>.n;-cyst 1 s

r., 1. • t

sp.ntrir l;

uedd ed in an

• i.-.ost

...enter 3-3u.

Tni.

4b )

civhicn

in

PI.

3c,

Fir.

tne ;.tnus
('500 ft.)

■r o t o c l f sir.
lanes;

inDie-

• r.c tr-~ most

In Tennessee.
Forte's

Sevier:

Creek in Ireen-

if150^ - Jr ckson (nl;i. ) : roadside

ditch

hock 17 J un e 1930 f:?91 - L mt.y -■v e r y : r-ond

on D ot s on v il l e R oo d nerr C l^rksville 9 Oct.

1949

(Clebsch)

•if20 24 - al on y Y e l l o w Creek in Hi art as Hill Renton nerr
S h i l o h 24 auy.

1.

lei tier etc.)

trre*°

is a ...elium cized Fcpcie:

roc'.' in swift water

none. near Faint

(Doily

i no iscerni ole relat inous con t i nr.

^nc ountei eo

b ri e r 3 r.u.- . 1941

ivSFK.

olue-yreen or yellowish;

in ,.11 soeoies;

ret

. e - 1 . tu.

?Iou-; h ne: r !!• -

(h e n e y h . )K u e t r . of

tor;.aul.! r, ;

free rentl;,

Drily 4

cre-b : t Seven S, rir.y

.-.I" a':ton f m m

...eney..

(...icroc,. s ti s ..■ r.. in,dr.

Cells

Diameter

t e n v , £ .

of s^ri:

-flip?.

19-9

&

o’' concret e r p serv :>ir r t Meub e r t ’s

July 1949 TflSS? - Lake:
5 July

(Drouet

ofG-eitleretc.)

S-.r i n L £ 20 July 1949 - bank

3.

rony aqua t i c r.l'nt

" Reel foot L ke near* 'Ab laut L o t 14 June 19.60 -tf‘: n c 5

A ac,/stis

t or.ville

Obion:

194 9 *1860.

VNSFK.

C O C C O C H L O RIS Naeyeli 1849
In t. d ° _enus t.ne cells rre somewhat

1 Reported in Silva end Sharp, 1944

cylindrical or

el l iptic

in sn.coe,

tiie loiiiv axis
y e l o t i n ;us

1.

to form

in one ol^ne

-.srpenoicul.' r to

irregular- col on leeenclosed in

trix. Individual

vn.ich nre not
Cell

divi d i n g

cello

may display

c .n l ent e a r - r:■nu~ ■ :■ :nrl hiue-breen

dell p elli. tic in s.i;c e,

Celle

shea the

c .riioletely confluent v/itr. tne colonial rrr'ss.
in color.

r- in.er !.-■• n

cyl *.onric. . C_. On c t a >::nc 1 (Kuetz. )Drou.
1.

e.

c,y?. inch ic

h- Dail.

in ::■ : e ................................

c

. lell lcn.-t;. tn.rv e o'- n-.r-- t '•:er
...* ^
•

?.

—

Cell

»

1 ••n - 11- lee-

•

•

*

•

•

•

•

»

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

*

«

«

•

•

•

•

•

rz

•

c

t.rn tnree

"*i.’
"i0 ^ v’icit
1.

Len

a cell s

a o --1 l.i-lu;

-i dth

a oout 1-1. 5u C..n 1 :.uln r (j-ioht. )Drou.
1.

L e n g t h o: cells

..........

4.

:•-uf

C_. F e n 1 o c y s t i s

Cell len.-t.. (l-cu)
v i ci ... (1 — ‘ u ) C_.

4.

5.

Celle

l"-lfu;

-vioth

(K u e t z .) Drou. &.

Dr.il.

'■;ou‘: tvlce

elr. h e n s

(Bret). ) D r o u . &

Drill.

I*. r v e r ........................................

Cells e-?u Ion-;

t-4.bu nide

............................... _C. c tc gnlnn
5.

re Dr 11.

Cells B-lcu lone;
. stan/ I n f.

S' rr-ny.

4-8u wide...................

rune s 1 1 1 s (Lynyb. )Drou.

cc Dail.

5

555.

1.

Go c 30 oiil or 1 s O' s ta,,nei

(Kuetz. )Drou.

& D' 11.

(Drouet

&

Cc s tar-n- 1 (S v 4 o . )Rr b. , of C°itl er etc. )
if ily 4?)
fhis

in s.

e,

is

-*nly species

-f t

o y-nu? •.lien. i<

: ■c.

t...- n cyl

ric 1.

L ‘:-4u; V/ 4-6u.

F.

• . C o c c o c 4 1 oris

elbcens

( o r e o . )Drou.

(L l c r o c y s t l s

elm ben-

(Leneyh. )Kuetz. , of 3-eitler etc.)

Drily

& Dail.

el l i p t i c

(Drouet &

4c)

Celle cylindrical "'it:, rounded ends L/'.V ratio c.'c^ut °/l.
L :--4u: «Y 1- u.

Knox:

*.r.side se‘ orje on concrete underpays

on Scottish Pike IV Jan.

1949 ^f4V7

- Ooion: among- aquatic

plants in edge of Reel foot Lake near Walnut Log 14 June
1950 ?fb25?.
3.

Coocochlorls nldulans

(R i cht. )D r o u . he Dail.

(Drouet

&

(Ayaano thece nldulans Ric int. of 3-eitler etc. )
Daily 46)
Cells cylindrical,
4-6u;
4.

ends rounded; L/W ratio 4/1.

L

YV 1.5u.

Joccoc.aloi'ls Penlocystls

(Kuetz. )Dr ou.• dc D s il.

(Drouet &

(jloeocapsa Penlocystls Kuet z . )
Daily 46)

PI.

3d, Fig.

6.

Cell length three or more times width,
drical,

ends rounded.

L 10-lVu;

YV 0-3u.

shape cylin­

Obion:

outflow

on gravel and mud at Sprout's Spring near Seaburg 10 July
1949 Tfl693-4.

NFX.

6.

Co :•oochloric

gt?gnln?' Spr-pnt,'.

(a n n a n ->theee stc £,;nlnr. (Sprang. )A.
Ce_l:\ cp
Chester:
St

In

3reun of 3 e i t l e r etc.)
L A- 7 u ;

I..:'i ic ■-1 vi t p rounded e:v? n .

»V 8-4. 5 u .

s r i n g entering • rt if ic.tr 1 I?.-he at Ohich- sav/

1e P a r h lo June 19cO

rf;‘:c94 - Obi o n : :ii;oni:

•auntie nl^-nt s

in t'd;,? of Fveelf'•■ot La .se near ’,7: Inut L o f
_ 14 June I96 0
r ^ aside
o.

slou. .. vest

Coccoc 111 o i'1 s u
(3-1 oethece

-

of Uni on CA ty 14 Jo; c If.-cf' ,f‘~ o h

on inn f.

ruoeEtris

.estrt s (Lyngo. )Drou.

(Lync b. )rorn.

KFK.

a: D r . i l ,

of 3-eitl er etc.)

(Drouet cc Daily 48)
Cells

cy]

1 8 u ; v/ 5-ou.

nf.rical in c;o
K n o x : vet

: reer.oouae 9 S^gt.

e, •’i to. rou n d e d e n d s .

c oncrete xall

in Univ.

L 6-

Tenn.

botany

loot iff 346 - concrete retai n i n g wall

Cb.il owee ?--<r> L-<v e 14 L a r c h I960 yF°04°.

of

VKSJFKL.

C C E L Q S P H k E H I U k N a e_cli 15-.3
Coel os ::nr erium Kuet z 1 n. innum Na eg.
(Sr.ith f)
Cells

PI.

35,

Fi,_ .

£ :- eric ' ^r

f l o a t 1 v-.

s h t f ;eric- 1 vlr 1more

or less

1n s ingle su bp e r i ,oh e r a 1 l^ver

oolong ^.elati nous matrix;

Cell d i a m e t e r 8 . 5-4u.

Knox;

colony free-

laboratory

from c o l l ec t i o n made 14

Jan.

containing

number of aquatic plants

c nns i derate 1 a

Potamp; e t o n , Lean a, etc. ) at
DIPLGCiSTIS

f)

9.

gronul- r contents ; arra n g e d
in a sphericn.l or

( C-eA tier f ) (Prescott

1946 xS57b - Overton:

culture
pond

(3 a, 1 1 ta r i a ,

Timothy 16 June 1949 yl456.

NSFK.

T r e v i s a n 1848

T h i s genus

is separated from A n a c y s t l s by

being char-

• c t - rtst 1 c r'l ly p l ^ n k t n i c ,
Trie cel

l

civision

a nd

. e coils

with

no

1 *

^

is s i m i l a r to

form r<. e p h e r l c e l

1 t- *i .t U

a -.. S

Dia.metc

o T“ cells

..............
1.

in c ;:r,a in j ng ps eud o - v a c u o l e
that
^r

f'T-lcul: r : rr- o ernont o p

...................
1.

nd

Dl.loc^stls
(iitcrooys tls

Lu

^und

in Anp.c-ystis,

variously

* 'o

so;- o ;

1colony

cells.

U ““O O • • • • • • » . « . . . * . . . . . . » « . « .

D. aeru;;1nosa (Kuetz. )Tr v.
l-?:u............................

incerta (Lemm. )Drou. a Dull.

a e^Up.;iaosr. (Kue t z . )Tre v.
a e r u i no so Kuetz.

PI. 36,

of G-eitlsr

Fie.

3.

etc. )

Cells spherical; ciuste: el in cler rly discernible
. elatin iiis n;.trix, die -ou si to -• or "lie ' may
f.-nd solid,
contents

:e spherical

or irretul;.r in shape one o o o e w h t

torn;

cell

olit-...reen vith conspicuous pseudcvrcuoles.

oeter 4-6u.
collection

Knox:

laoorctory cult1ire at Univ.

lenn.

Dlafrom

r.ode 14 Jan. 1946 fft957b - Hid die Tenn. : Cumber-

1' nd nid Duck Rivers 193^6-9- - Davidson: Percy Warner Lake
at Nashville 19332 - Valley Lake ‘
30 Aug.
Cheatham:

soil bottomed fish raising

bone Creek Road 30 Aug.

1949 #1615 -

ond on Little Lsrrow-

1949 #1846-8 - Montgomery: on oond

at corner of Dotoonvi.il e Road near Clarksville 1 Oct. 1949
(Clebsch)#9027 - Weakley:

Dodd's barnyard pond north of

Martin 9 July 194-9 7fl257 - Obion: plankton from Reelfoot

1 Recorted in Lackey,
2 Reported in Drouet,

1942
1939

558.

Lake at, S n m b u r g 12 July 1949 #1305-11

- Larvin Kayes * farm

■-uidr near Sarnburg 12 July 1949 #1316-7-*"0-21 - R.

J. Lati-

mer's big pond n e rr C o m m u n i t y Pride C h u r c h 12 July 1949
#1399.
8.

VNSFKL.

D i o l o c ystIs

lncerta

(hicrocystls

(Lemm. )Drcu.

& Dail.

(Drouet

2c

i n c e r t r L e m m . , of G-eitler etc. )

D a i l y 43)
The sneeies
meter

is s:.r H e r

oout l-2u.

tan

Cel "■n : stock

_D. ■'e r u - i o o s a .
ond

county

cy

Los on li-.li 8 July 1942 #1945 - nlankton
farm none! ne*-r Glass 5 July
^eelf o o t Luke
from R.

southe'st of Union

#1954 - ole.n> t on from

oh:.

ond rm; r Commu n i t y Pride

City 14 July 1949

-1329.

ochinca rum Itzig.

Oocystis-like,

FI.

usually o v 1,

yle or u nited in _rou ■ e df 2.-8 cells;
oiue-yreen corn caent
yronul--r.

’V 10-lSu.

Lemmermr nn

25, Fly.

e nfents

of1 specimens

so it does not

Judgment at this

time.

hrs not

cln-

clue-^reen,

rr rely diffuse,

Possibly « variety of

seen c l a s s i f i e d under tills name but

study of a n u m b e r

&

11.

r c;vo:-lv round;

usually ribbon-like,

Cells L 18-?Ru;

orga.nl sms h?ve

writer,

Church

NSFK.

(Pnscher,

f ) (Prescott f ) (Smith f)

Cells

from J. L. Evrett 1s

Itzi. : o:in 1854

11 a u c o c y s 1 1 s nos
Brunnth-

roa d e- s t of

ne: r Samburg 12 July 1949 #1305 - ■■■lankton

J. Lo timer's

GL a GCGCYBTIB

1949

Cell dia­

p

roper

'men made by the

seem nossible to make an original
Cbion:

plankton from Reelfoot Lake

In Blue Basin 13 July 1949 #1324.

F.

- RC

v J. •

'dLGj£OCrt.PSi* K u e t s i i v
as

understood

o 'Ul: rly

1642
r 9 'v , t Li c

^een In own .
• s the

jloeoCc' p s a .

ilie cells

t a e y xoy

ce ft.-, r c e n e a

divi si m

is

In

nree

uroupe
1.

;

ntre

ore

y mutual
pianos

r-

at

so.' 11,

f-ou

Cel" s 1 r e er,
br o u ; o f t e n

d.

2.

rt._ ht nnyler

Cell

-'is tele . r o u n d

in oc t

ot ;ier.
^ nd

Inaividu;- Is or

k rouoin.v
or-.c'c

l o t col,-

in ne - 1; p a c k e t s

dinxeter

Cell

yes

( L y n c c. ) Sor-n.

of a

13-25U

sess ile,

(Kuetz.. )Drou.

Sc

Dail.

irre> ulr r,

snerthes

d i f f l u e n t .....................................

.............

menibrn-nt &.
n(lueneyh. )Drou.

Colonies

: lf.

of t.•.a

_ul^.rly a r r a n g e d
colonies,

nko cnic , r a t h e r

in a l m o s t

usually

cc D-: il •

re-

cubical

;vitu tne s t r a t i f i c a t i o n

sue; tbs

^

even u.. to

dieme t er s u - l i e r ................................

Colonies

the

each

c e l l s . .........................................

often

2.

Tha- call

u s u a l l y ,;or e re_ul-:rly

40u. . . . G-. G.l:;:ld.latf
2.

co- ■ r-es si'-n.

in di-- lav-f^r,

r e ," ce'1 ] 3 .......

0 _-

b.

spheric*-' 1 , hut

of cells. .

Cells

few

basically

to*-- ir-re, ul .■c colony,

of sen

t rr^yula r , selo cm seen

1.

’v i- t - ■ s

t enus C h r o c o o c c u s , as v eil a s

L:elc tir.ous s:-11’i :••. e n c l o s e s
s t r • t if i ed s..S' t . s

fc"v«.;r i eludes

of

e v i d e n t ......................
G-. 1 Iranet lea

(Lemm. )H o l l .

3

-•

8-loe o c a y s n

Fiy.

f.lplcola

(Lyngb.)3orn.

(ElenVin

f)

PI.

35,

a.

Colonies

final,

cell •.-• s r .eric
tents

1,

homo, 'eneous

y e l l ow,

rusty,

or

1 hi £ nr. me,
soecirnens

n

, el r t I r '.us o?: l f ^ r iev / l.^yer or ma s s ;
’
'■•'1./ corn r^e. e ed

or b rrnul; r "l u e - „ T ? p n ;
dec-p bro- n.

• s usee

h

s J.

Cell

.t;

she-, too

din re? t e r

h e r e , includes

h i t h e r t o r ep -rt. ed

c a p s a , such

t 'ea c "•
. ether;

con­

colorless,

‘
8- 5 u .

. r r c f . i c r h ;/ nil

' - v ri n u

c:.ec1 e -- o^

. (3reo. )Kuets. , S.

r.he

lloeo-

runes trls

hue to.

etc.
C h e r o h e e ( N . C. ) ; dri . in

v.et

. ous e 14 A u e .

1949 #17aS-7

Meal's

3ap li

^iuw . 1 9 - 9

P

ht.

jint,

(4176
wet
1949

r"

#1626

-

Tenn.

.unders-n:
Cr.r.o

floating

nard's

1941-

crust

.

1949

a fe-

drenched

#9339
#1 8 7 1

steel

- IIorgan:

1 ReiiOrted in Silv-

1949

Jelly

S«.r in^s

1949

on

20 J u l y

voter

In

#1708-9 -

tf.nl rt B o y S c o u t

wet

cliff

n e - r R u c:oy 6 Aug.

sandstone

of T i m o t h y

ledge

oy

near Varna R e y ­

#'14 62 - P o w e l l ( K y . ) :

and. Sharp,

ledye

of g r i s t r;ill ne-- r M o r r i s

- O v e r t o n : dri pp 1

ineiloox 15 J u n e

1 r>

n d not torn c o a t 2n r m i c r o c o s m

- wheel

rn'.le;- r.-ut re •st

near

on L y r t l e

- Knox:

t Neuoert's

ih-.m F o v e r -

rneiss

cliff

- :rh",

not; nic- 1 1' oor.otory 9 Aug.

(S h a r e ) # 1 6 0 5

roadside

#135^

concrete 4

constantly

Dr.rn 1 Sept.
1949

olo

A u & . 1950

2b

#'1732 - Sev i e r : wet

rh-.nsey Cr c c a d e s 4 Sept.

:1 •.ces

ne. r h l w a s s e e

- L u m a> in ( 3-' . ) : wet

L e C c n t e ^ b e h .1941

ft.)

Univ.

cliff

moist

1944

A

-..•1

s •>1 0 st -»nis oiufi' t 1 N,- tur -1 Bridge I". June 1947
if!7Bl - ...:nit^ ? sc y,y : '.vet £ e*- pare

if2 li Jul..'

'it1^0

R o w e r s 1 .lace n 'ne

- Jeakley:

a. Miw ;

on t oo:’ p-' Fos t e r 'p C- ve
srrlr. y ....• •s • -a. Henry

iI a e- £ r. s f Div- H n

July l'H-9 ylmla-l-nOr - Ob': a:

(Bru nts)

r._

.

,-y hwy U . S . 79 14

it He el f ^ o t L' ve

1: :.tl- 14 Ju ne 1990 it'"':'17 - b.P'-l ;.y; s~-' • e

e. “ L e

ov or concrete b r id g e

: Ion.-, hwy U . S . 71 10 June 104 9 #1060.

U’
Vi»c
.O JT<l"1F•
9. 3-1o ■~ c - oen

11 :r.ldiet a (Kuetz. )Drou . 6 Dr 11.

(Chroooc c cue

(Drouet B

tu^yldus (Kuetz. )N< ey. of Del tier etc. )

Daily 46)
Colonies lrrebular', composed of relatively few (up to
eiyht) cells;

cell.- spherical or compressed,

c--n“ent s clear

bluc-^reen or granular and oro’
.vn ; inoivl -u..1 or. .:rcu -•e of
sheaths stratified.
Sevier: m i s t

Cell diameter lc-25u,

or un

to 4-0u.

at rl lea^e (417c ft.) • t R a m e y Cs scr.c.es 4

Sept. 1941 yl.361 - v;et si lie.coos rocks in Little River
Do rye 4 au t. 1949 jfloeo,
bottom

,
•nd several

otters — Knox:

in f3 eld by Ten ...lie Creek at F a r m put

,7-1944 - t. tut riu./

1 Univ.

3. G-loeocapsa 11 mnetica

Tent.

1 Sept.

(Lem::;. )Holl.

tend

f 3 July 1949

1950 if£344.

VNSFK.

(Elenkln f)

(Chroococcue 13mnetlcus Lemm. , of Oeitler etc.)
Colonies of up to 39 cells, often forming almost
cubic.'-1 masses of spherical and hemispheric--' 1 cells; cell

1 Reported in S i .1vs.

t nd

Sharp, 1944

56 7 .

contents

greenish

st.v- ti fip-l.

or pole

Cell

;lue-fcreen;

Irmeter

•*. G-loeocrpsa x e n b r a n l n a

ally

Q)

PI.

o

meter

(Kuetz. )Noeg.

Kl^;.

Colonies

irregular,

om.y

toyet

fro

homogeneous
o

26,

r

*

>r y

5-llu.

V/. C.

Foster's

Cove

tale

of

f

r

- if

1949

t

in

.roup,

contents

or y e l l o w i m ,

hyr-11 n e .
In

--ener-

Cell

concrete

dia­

reservoir

a 1519

- D.ont, o.rery:

ditch

Junction

of ‘"'y U . S . 79

mb

1950

;f?O0C,

tree e s»•.eci

N.

c.

bi

-*■ v p

sp

The g r o u p s

c o n n e c t e d by

etc.)

1816

g e l a t i n r.;s e n v e l o p e s .
cells

(Drouet &

or oblong;

Dlue-gr-on

to C h a r t

July

Rot d lb l a r c h

colonies

.

3- c j t i e r

e ! w.at oellr

c e l l 0 r; ■ eric"-l

90

3-Or PHOSPrL-vbRlA K u e t z l n ^
The

to

cli.n int.

Austin's

& D: H

of

s'neatu ho.noe m s o u s ,

at N e u o e r t 1 s Sur-ingc
outslie

u

er;

Knox:

hyaline,

5.

nul; r,

"1 tisl;

'."1 de,

N.

(Kenegh. )Drou.

(C h r o o c o c c u s m l n u t u s
haoeeb

c-12-u.

she •‘‘‘h.

s

h r i c - l or o b l o n g

o-f «• h e r i o 1

n c l : n L.

1.- t i n o u e

*>r

’v r l f o r z

t'.reo d sys-

t em.
1.

Cells

Sri e r i o r-l in

1.

Cells

L-yriform in

£ -1*

0

• * • 'j» !X c u s t r l s

s h a p e .....

1. Gro a ?'.io sp ha e r 1 a a p o n l n a Kuetz.

Gr. oponln;:

Chod.
Kuetz.

(G-eitler f) ( P r e s c o t t

f)

( S m i t h i?)
C ells

pyriform

in

shape,

outward;

contents

grmulnr

lowish.

L 8-15u;

W 4 - 7. 5u.

o r i e n t e d w i t h the b r o a d end

blue-green,
Whereas

d r r k olive,

there

is no

or y e l ­

doubt

in

4

£53.

the w r i t e r ' s
of

' -v er

that

this

• net .'ends t d r o u

collecting
‘“h

xind

ond

spec i e s

}-out the re.- i^r,

ident if lent

1

on h a v e

PI.

36,

o'-rh e r

•:

n

iome

L

°-4u;

If. 'r s

P •-rk 14 i-vU^ .

fortun- e of
VFK.
f)

F i x . 12.

olu-i-rr*. en.

1 on > o -n

in i,l; n v ton

(Gel t i e r f )( P r e s c o t t

Gel .? & h e r i c j '-r *=0.'..i tin;
or

the

::.if?ed it.

P o m r.ns ;oio g r ip. 1 a c1•s trt s Chod.

( S m i t h f)

doer, o c c u r

-'f

content?

-; r :r..~ -r,l i r o t s r

'V 1.5-9. 5u.

otif icir.l

L u m o k i n ( 0 .):

1 •?f 7o

el

Stat e

1 P “ C* if-It 3 5 - Knox: J ?..v .x.'ltore c tc o l l e c t o r ' s

17 Sept.

1 9 4 9 -/flS9B - 1. ont L xr.ery : ■ one

Kor d ne? r Cl'- r h s v i l l e

9 G e t . l°-ii

~n

t s on ■•rill e

(Cl ecrcr ) //0Q 9 4 - 7

.i o n k t o n

t v •>.. slou. ;i ne? r Spillvr y 5 J u l y

clr nk.ton

fro:: r>- elf oot L> he

- Obion:

1 9 4 9 trllSS -

at 5 -c b u r g 12 J u l y 1 949

#1305.

K FK.
xw.ICRGCiiGCIS Ricl.te-r 1 = 92
I-i c r o c r o c l s L.•-■-mlns1 ?. (Ln.£ . )G-eit.
( h o l e .:ealu n i r r e p u l a r e L t g.
Fin.

spheric?-1 to

f o r m e fist

rapidly

sheath.

L

26 J u n e

6— lo-u;

1938

short

irregular

materiel

soil

of C-eitler 25,

f)

PI.

33,

S m i t h 33

etc.)

6.
Cells

to

(G-eiti er

colony;

diffluent
’V o-7u.

(Bold's

ov-.l,

d i v i d i n g in two p i s n e s

s u r r o u n d i n : <celn ti n o u s

so tfrt

cells

Claiborne:

no id n ~ r t h

19 Inarch 1950 #2111.

Unfortunately,

of

record)unnumbered - Lontsomery:

u n d e r h i g h p o r c h of A l f r e d C l e o s c r

Clarksville

r noes r ’W i t h o u t a

a subsequent

home

338

Tnz'-vell
damp

G-r-cey Ave.

N.
recheck

of # 2 1 1 1

f a i l e d to

564.

rediscover any
£*£R I S 1.C P £ D Ia
Cells

cedis

heyen

cr s

of t h i s

1 8 59

.herlc 1 or* ov 1

at

r i Cjht an gl e e so

in

c

1.

Ceil

s to f o r m fir:

c ir.-.m e t e r

.7c

to

st; H e r

c . 5u,

Cell

dir.ee ter-

..........

colonies

even

6a,

(Ehr. )Trev.

colonies

c o n v o l u t e ....................

1_. tnermol i s Kuetz.

L e r i s m o r e d 1 * ther-me 1 i s Kuetz.

(leitier

colonies

celled

forms;

2.5-Su.

c *.e c i e c , . o ne r ily

tntn h_. tr- n q u l l l s , in cl u h n . .
cells

sm-eric- 1 or o v 1;

gr\-nul:...r, b l u e - g r e e n ,
Jefferson;

ner.r Cn e r o k e e

PI.

36,

Dam

olive,

grey,

in r o c k - l i n e d

25 J u ne

1349

:ut w e e d y

#908 - Knox:

s l o u c h by iiwy U . S . 4 5 - E 14 J u n e 1 9 5 0

7fl2e8.

23 J u l y 1949

convo­

s m o o t h or

or y el l ow i sh .

sid e

at

extensive

co n te n ts

C r e e k at j?’a r r s but

fielct e m ba y m e n t

f or.nivp; l T b er

tne

hile

Diameter

sprit,; d ra i n
in oond

oy Ten

yfl546 - L a d i s o n : r o a d ­

s o u t h en d of I s o m L a k e

#7870 - Obion:
10 J u l y 1949

NSFKL.

Collections
type

75)

e.
Trie l a r g e r

lut e

in t'-o p lanes

”Tith reseller rccs,

:l o t w

tr n c u l l l a

. 5 to

o ft e n tar.ee or

Fig.

d i vi d e

in e x t o r t ......................

.......................

1.

i nd

r e c t i l i n e a r arr: n u e n e n t .

eener; Ily

1.

species.

colonies.

n u m b e r 1 2 8 2 a n d 2270

exhibit

the

convolute

565.

I

i

f.

Lerismopeciin
This

colony

specie?

c l ze

contents
Blount:

in

or

^elatinouc
Lintel

backwater
7fl569

1c

th:;n L.

smooth

n e -r

Lake

tr--n^uille

-

dri.

at

of

L-ill

region

:y c o u n t y

pond
Obion:

in

road

rt 1 3 0 6

July

1949

near

Kentucky

Si ..EC HQ CO C C U S

is

July

crou._ht an out
at

:?0 iiuL..

Cells

#1659

1949

#1604

#1690.

-

-

1; v e at

Lont-co ..eryi

turnoff
Creek

1949

from

hv:y

in Rig- i n s

- 'Ye k l e y :

stock

cast o f La s o n H a l 1 9 J u l y 1 9 4 9 # 1 2 * 5 of R e e l f o o t

line

at

5 July

L;- k e

near

road s ide

of

1949

#1190.

from

the

Samoury

12

liwy Term. 78

NFK.

1S49

by

rn

ria nt

o v e r 5u broad,

1.5-2u

-

July

194S

artificial

Creek

1 9u9

1 .-my.

#1491

Laurel

Knox : Lake

° aU[;.

- alon. Yellow

#1414

angles

very

oro-d,

looser

others

of t s h o r t -

id d i s s i p a t i o n

l i n d e r s ......................
1.

m enn.

1949

drove

-

in

stre- n: 90

rin.-.m

Univ.

c.is tiny; lii s hed

cells,

Cells

15

solitary nature

divide

S

jfl560

C a r t e r 1 £ I.ill

F- m

N&e.sli

by

1.

at

- L< k e : p o n d

family

cells

the

1349

Seven

•t

: re:

state

The yenus

The

4

of

Shiloh

Melumoo

f l o a t i n • am ~ n p

Bloominy

19*9

ne: r

s .her! or-1 or o v a l ,

£r,ri:v.-.iiry. • re:, o f

State

July

and

C hr. ru

ck

14

size

mixture

fr

old. stocky, on o. ner- r

cell

Din. me t e r 1 — 3u.

culture

St: n d i n te S t one

in

ur*- nul;;r , o l u e - p r e e n .

:nti" n e e

edg.es

s.:,; 1 l e r

5 n e m s 11 s ; c e l l s

lai o r a t o r y

O v e r t o n : in

U.S. 73

^.er. er.-- Ily

Sorias

small

(Khr. )Trsv.

to

short

in

t ne

cylindrical
of cell

mucilage.

th*-- l o n g axis.
cy­

S_. a e r u y l n o s u s

Naeg.

c y l i n d e r s ...........

4

566.

................................... jS.

1.

el onvfituF

N*--.eg.

Synecrococc ;s aeruglnosus IJaeg.(G-eitler f ) (Prescott

(Smitn f)

PI.

56,

Fie . 7.

Consents gr nul- r ;;lue-b reen.
o-Su.

L.or^gn:

Davidson:

’
.vet cliff n a r

L 8-lCu or p j v e r ;

W

Rugoy 6 A u t:. 1649 #1665 -

s i i:i^ at Valley Lane 90 a u k . 1949. #16'9 - i.lury:

rock coetin.

under s h e o f

l e v 1 s farir. oe^r
0.

f)

mpsh.re

w. ter in B--rr Creek o . Dr. 'for—

15 June 1949 #901.

Synechococcus el on> : tus Nr eg.
Cells cyi 1 n iric •1, 1' — 3 t i:ne?

VNK.

(G-eitler f)
loir, as broad, contents

pale blue-ar?en or greyish.

Chamre s 1 n nonal e s
C ha a.-'e s i ■.. o n r
-ce a.e
ENTGPHdSALIS Kuetzing 1843
This ,.enus displays

a structure wni c o is intermediate

in character bet-een the non-fila.-;entous
plants,

illustr?ting a continuity among the blue-b reen

algae,

although extreme

otner.

The plants era

forms d.iffer greatly from each
epiphytic,

proximal and d.istal ends.
numerous
tous

and filamentous

spheric--1 cells,

w ith .some polarity between

Endospore formation may produce
however,

and obscure the filamen­

structure completely.

1. Plants not fusing l a t e rally to form
solid t u r f .........................................

1

..... . . E. Breblssonil

(Menegh.)Drou.

& Dail.

1. Plante fusing laterally to form turf
in which the filamentous structure
is obscure. E. rivularis
1. Entophysails Breblssonil

(Kuetz.)Drou. & Dail.
(Menegh. )Drou. & Dail.

(Drouet

(Chams.eslphon incrustans Grun. of G-eitler etc. )
& Daily 48)

PI.

36, Fig.

10.

Plants short spherical, pyriform or cylindrical epi­
phytic plants; unicellular at first,

cutting off cells at

apical end or breaking up into Internal

"packets" of rounded,

more or less Gloeocapsa-llke cells, perhaps forming a con­
sider- ole mass of incrustation on surfaces by successive
division and l^ter- 1 growth.

Cells W 2-6u.

Sevier:

splashed

rocks in furiously rushing water at Little Laurel Bridge
on Ramsey Prong 9 Sept. 1950 #2353 - Knox:

on Qedogonlum spp.

along banks of Ft. Loudon Lake at Blue Grass 27 Aug. 1949
#1866 - Hamilton: on Plthophora oedogonla (Mont.)Wittr.
aquarium of Grant's 5 &

10$

store,

in

Chattanooga 29 Sept.

1949 (Hall)#1970 - Jackson(Ala.): on Rhlzoclonlum hierogly­
phic um (Ag.)Kuetz. at embayment bridge along hwy U.S.72
north of Scottsboro 17 June 1950 #2293.

VNFL.

2. Entophysalls rivularis (Kuetz.)Drou.

(Drouet 43)

(Oncobyrsa rivularis (Kuetz.)Geit.

of Geitler etc.)

This species differs from E. Breblssonil principally in
the tendency to form deeper vertical layers of cells which
may be fused into vertical rows within a cushion of consider-

5---.

c2 e

ae

th.

c oncrete

Celle

m

s.u II

Jrer.s- ;r. C i t y

14

ni rry I j r m s 1 ol

k

'.YashinL;:')n:

l.o-C.cu.

s tresm ;.t jias:

Jan.

#^6:

1 M 7

Cent.

wet

s-rr.-yeri

St; re Colic
ml-"flsr.

- Knox:

e

t

.one. o n

I si • no. t o :.e Pike il J u l y IP*,-:' ,fl510.

or,

~l~

T-

., r i_

Cl?, s t i e i :: s e t e
CL.uC . H ILL.. Ki i c o n e r

I c ;.!

Cl as t lo.l n-i x-tl:-erure kirch.
Snort

epiphytic

(C-itler ic

tied,

el 11

f)

P3 .

Knox:

* r

culture

,tl765 - Lauu.ein.- le "l~r e at-

; t collector':

off at

hone 11 An

11-9

Colbert (Ala. ) : on ? i i --tien t o u ?- e r- en

cued t • c ncrete

if194.7 - Srelc-y:

13.

so~.it;.rv

r'-:; riots ; unicel -u2u r or cut "in..: end os ores

■per.

Fig.

or el o n • te el., i tierl

.lr:e.;: with. epr.err.eral .
•pic - 1 _ el: t r n o u c setae;
or

3c,

of '.Vilson D a m 4 Sent.

o- rny: rd oor.d nee rest

G e r t e r lo;-d anc. hwy U.S. 70

CO June

ro*- d at

IMS

(hall)

Junction of

19*. 9 jflOSO.

SilJ.-.OblPikii G-eitler 1931
Stic. os ip nor; f i l n n e n t o s u s

(G-hose )G-ei t .

(G-eitler 30 f)

PI.

3-3, Fie. 14.
Sh iphytic cylindrical pi* nts witu rounded apex; uni­
cellular ?t first,

soon forming series of separate s:nericrl

oval or snort cylindrical cells all of w m c n c m

escape the

gelatinous sheath and form new plants.
The young stages are quite difficult to distinguish
from Zntophysalls Breblssonll

(Menegh. )Drou.

<k Dali.

569.

Blount:

on Vaucherla spp.

9 Sept. 1949 #1866 - Knox:

on seeping rocks at Abrams Falls
Jar culture at collector's home

16 Aug. 1949 #1765 - Montgomery:

on filamentous greens

among Potamogeton along left bank of Cumberland River at
Clarksville 1 Oct.

1949 #2023.

Hormogonales
Osoillatoriaceae
ARTHRQSPIRA Stlzenberger 1852
Arthroaplra Jennerl Com.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

PI.

37,

Fig. 1.
Trichoraes forming loose,

regular spirals,

not or scarcely constricted at cross walls;
with granules sometimes along walls;
shorter.

Cells L 4-5u; W 3.5-5u.

sides parallel,

cells blue-green

shape quadrate or

Spiral 14-16u;

W 6-9u.

Jackson(Ala.): roadside ditch pond near Paint R o c k along hwy
U.S.72 17 June 1950 #2291 - Obion:

field erabayraent at south

end of Isom Lake 10 July 1949 #1282 - Lake:

Cranetown nesting

area in cypress swamp 5 July 1949 #1175.
Number 2337 is smaller than the recorded dimensions for
the species,

and perhaps a new variety is Justified.

L 2-4u; W 3.5-5U.

Cells

Spirals L 14-16u; W 6-9u.

Anderson: pond in sheep pasture about five miles from Andereonville on Scout Camp Road 25 Aug. 1949 #2337.
LXNG-BXA Agardh 1824
This genus is grouped with Arthrospira, Osolllatoria,

t

570.

and P'norm 1-11 urn since a.11 contain filamentous species which
lack heterocysts and false branches,
s. bundle within a common

eneath.

The soiral ha aIt or
easily from the others,

and are not grouped in

Artnrosoira

- —

--

-

-

-

_

___

seoarntac

it rather

and tne remaining ~hree are gener­

ally differentiated according to the thickness of their
sheaths, Lynpoya havinp tne thickest and firmest sheath,
Phormldlum a narrower
sistent

tne,

sheet i -t nil.

to pet her constant,
of ore menera,

and OscIllatorla w i t r u t

a per­

Such sheath differences ore n't rl-

nd colony type may aid in

since tne

filaments of Lynpbya

Into tne fabric-like layers
Unbranched filaments

the separrti on
are not fused

found in P h o r midium.

of Plectonema V.'ollei Farlov: may

be mistaken for a L y n p b v a .
* species n ,t included in f-xt
1.

Filaments epiphytic,
part of length,

prostrate for

witr ends free in

lont er expressions........
1.

L.

eplphytlea H e r . *

Filaments not epiphytic...............................
2. Filaments more

2

or less spiralled

or sc rev:-like................................

3

2. Filaments nit regularly spiralled
or screw,'-like.......................................
3.

Cells definitely longer than w i d e .............
..............................

L. contorts Lenam.*

4

Celle more or less quadrate....................
.....................

L. Lrye rhe i:
t,1 1 (lioeh. ) Com.

4. S ’.ecicG a true rT: nkter,
24u bro'.'d............
4 . Spec 1 es sessile,

rad

cells 80-

L. Blryel G-. .... Smith
f o n o io £., or

mixed -vi tr o t h e r

attached

or floatin_.......................... ..............
Sheaths colored........................................
Snert'.s hyaline........................................
d. Trichores lu or less broad,
colored,

ochre

cells c.r.rter than b r o a d ..........

..................

L.

ochrc.ces

(Kuetz.)Thur.

5. Trie 1-0 ;;.es Su broad or larger.....................
Tric-.os.es ho ■at

3u broad,

P-6u lony,

sheath reddish yellor tc olive.................
.....................

L. versicolor

Trie '.ores over £u I r o n ,

length of

cells l/P-1/3 of widtn,

£hrat ifled

(V/artm. )Ion.

she'-hi hyaline or yello w ........................
L. aestuarll
8. Tricno.nes 1.5-Pu broad,

(llert. )Lieb.

cells

snorter or lonyer tnan broad,
definitely violet or purple
colored..

L. purpurea

(Hooker <k Harvey)Com.

8. Trichomes not ourple or violet...................
Tricnomes 2-3u broad,

end cells

572.

calyptrate.......................

L. lutea G-om. *

9. fricnomes v/ichout enlyotre , or if
wit-i such,

toen auc.i

(over

5u bror.d)...........................
10. Cells 2-3u cro:a, °nu cells
not cal./ strata,

:'u" oro: bly

rounded................... L.

Diguetil G-om.
11

10. Cells over 5u croad..............................
11. Cells eo^s trie tec. ui cross v 11s,
uore or less quadrate-shooed L. putealis hont.
1! . Cells unconstricted at cross v.rlls,
only 1/3-1/2-as long us broad..................
..................... L. aestuerll
1 . L y n^.b ya rest u ■r 11 (..iert. )Lieo.
FI. '37, Fig.

(kert.)Liec.

(Geltler f )(Prescott f)

2.

Tric-.-o nes str- ight, twisted,
or only s .ightly t • ei 5

toward ends; ao-'x broac.lv rounded,

with a. t hi c hen eh end membrane;
but :Jrowirq thick, rouan,

or cro-vded, not tau erinu

sheet i at first twin, hyaline,

stratified,

cell contents finely granular.

yelle” if ■■ or brownish;

Cells L °.5-7.5u; W 8-31u.

Tine species grows abundantly on mud flats about at the water
line.
#1765

Knox: jar culture at collector's home 16 Aug. 1P49
- uond in field of Univ. Tenn.

farm 2S Aug. 1P50

#7341 -

pilings in backwater of Ft. Loud.on Lake at Knoxville Water­
works 75 July 1949 #1589 - Cumberland:

cultured from collec­

tion on wet •-eatner drain into swift mountain stream at

Ozone 16 March 1950 #2054 - Robertson: wet ground around
tree bases In swamp a mile south of Cedar Hill 20 Aug, 1949
#1857 - Cheatham:

soil bottomed bait raising ponds on Little

Marrowbone Creek Road 20 Aug. 1949 #1841 - Colbert(Ala,):
moist soil at Spring Creek near Sheffield 5 Sept. 1949 (Hall)
#1959 - Montgomery:

slow upland branch at Sanctified, Ft.

Campbell 12 June 1950 (Clebsch)#2259 - Obion: roadside slough
weet of Union City on road to Walnut Log 14 June 1950 #2247 margins of Reelfoot Lake among aquatic plants 14 June 1950
#2257.

VNFKL.

2. Lyngbya Blrgll G. M. Smith.
Trlchomes straight,
truncate, not capitate;
granular.

(Prescott f)(Smith f)

not tapering toward ends;
sheath thick, hyaline;

Cells L 3-6u; W 20— 24u.

quent true plankter in the region.

apex

cell contents

The species Is an infre­
Obion:

in foam on leeward

side of Bayou du Chien near Walnut Log 2 July 1949 #1154.
3. Lyngbya Dlguetll Gom.

(Geltler)(Prescott f)

Trlchomes contorted at base but straight for most of
length, not tapering toward ends, apex broadly rounded, not
capitate;
green.

sheath thin, hyaline;

Cells L l-4u; W 2-3u.

cell contents pale blueMontgomery: pond at Mt. Car­

mel by hwy Tenn.112 3 Sept. 1949 (Clebsch)#1908.
4. Lyngbya Lagerhelmll (Moeb.)Gom.

VNFK.

(Geltler f)(Prescott f)

(Smith f)
Trlchomes more or less spiralled or screw-shaped,
sometimes straight,

ends not tapered; apex not capitate;

NK.

574.

Siic'c.th tain,
cross

walls.

nun d r a t e
In

hyaline;

a i s t i n Luiss

cl a..e :e

oohra cea

rounded;

o c ; re-y el low;
8u;

01

V/ lu.

bent,

contents

in e x t e n s i v e

in

ools

c,l:ur-s

is c art raui of c r y .

3-re en o r d e r Swi.uuia.j_ P o o l
mucky
1941

poo]

(59 TO

ft.)

jflob1- Blount:

by P e e ry Bros.

1.ill at

piece

on I s l a n d Hone Pi k e
roots

6.

in

evi *•ence
bi

nk

r

-.If te

(1400 ft.)

Greenbrier

r/=l°9^ -

£ Sent.

in c operate asm

1949 ff£69 - Knox:
dry

at Imams'

1949 # 1 5 1 4 - pools

Creek

b:.c-

of

frorr.

5 Sept. 1 1 4 1

t-.roua . c r a c k

by Ten E i l e

iron

exp- nses

s e e p i n L;

.
• t G- tlin_our..

20 J u l y

ho nourncous.

among

t Farrr.£:ut 23 Ju ly

VNSG-h.

Lyngbya purpurea
Trichon.es

s h e a t h thin,

Sevier:

tapered

w.een a cl e to dis-

d e e p l y ia', e d d e d in red. a l l u v i a l

in p o n d

1 9 4 9 7*1546.

Even

,/e l i a n a 19 J u n e

s tream

tree

jr eyisu,

d e l i c ts

P o r t e r ’s Creel

small

SFKL.

en your.;.,

fro., out otro; hie

or flows.

seeera.c

not

hyc.ll n e

..as not

t e r i a w. ic'

masses

c on torta Lerr.n.

fragile,

r.iir,

_ ue w r i t e r

ochreous

fr om L.

very

distinctly

found

The ::;crp o^ less

(G-eitler f ) (Smith)

t i ’it.uish tab r soecies
are

at the

Ion- er th-'n b r o a d .

sheath

cell

°u.

specie--

(Kue t z . )T h u r .

sir- ie_.it

t o w a r d e n a s ; e,ei

L .

t he

h:r~nules

wit o two

VV about

° s.re d e f i n i t e l y

Filaments

Cells

c'n:ents

Cell s L l-3u;

cells

•3. L y n H o y a

cell

( do c k e r & H arvey) G-om.

straight,

hyrline;

cell

not

t a p e r e d t o w a r d ends,

contents

1 rteported in Silva and Sharp,

(G-eitler 25)

1S44

violet;

cells

a pe x rounded;
more or less

quadrate,

from

v If

to

twice -..Mfh.

Cells L

.75— 3u;

<7 i .5-?u.
7. Lyngbya

oute; 1 f s .. ont.

Trioro ■os

e tr> i

cro.: dly rounded;
_r: nular;
d-13u;

.t, not

to- erea tor; .rb ends ;

e h e a 1 : ?■ /.yr.l i r e , a netv - 1.1 ftec.;

bli.e-L re en cells: : i . ' ,r- lees

’.V 7. £-13u.

: t cross
Sevier:

(Geltler f)

11s,

The

in scriiv.
1341

c-

i

3 Aup.

if-10^

C ’n e k

ur • i 5 hef f i eIn *1 C c t . 1 r 43

c ntents

Cr

11 s L

cone', rictior.s

r. e t c ices

(9590 ft. ) rt .-.ikin..
. Club

crie?

cell

•rj.;>,ar;te.

coroin.oti on of definite

, nd qu: arc te c^lls

r- r.ex

t..e species.

'in 1 n Grecn-

- Colbert(n].r . ): on r-•:i 1

y Sorine

( 1 1 )if1 9 f 9 - ..ont

^ er y :

Sev-'n ...lie Ferry on Cu.uoerlnoc. River t/.r-- :v'1 s sov-f'••eret
of Clark eville
lo co

9 Cct.

1949

(Cl eosoh )ffl903 - belov- r r.b r.hove

H on Cu o f r b c i d R i v e - ‘
'3 Sent.

L y n r,bys v e r s i c o l o r Cor.
Trie; •or.ec t w i s t e d ,
_1 u t ina.t e d , n ' t
c e 11 c o n t e n t s
V*' C. 5-5. Su.

VGFhllL.

(Geltler f) (Prescott f)

ent: n t l e c ,

ta; e r ; :i_. toward

sometimes

194Q .
Tl r 3rb

-uids;

grsntlrr,

She;: t- 1-Cu trick.

mucous,

r t

densely

;pe.v bro-- dip r o u n d e d ;

o lu e -t r-en.
Sevier:

Cells

ft.) Po r t e r s

Knox:

a qu a ri u x of Univ.

#■.?344

- g o l d f i s n r ond ">n H arry IJ rrns 1 p ie ce o n I s i -no

Pike

L :l-o.5u

roc/ in swift water

(3300

Greek in G r e e n b r i e r 3 ito- . 1941
ii>nn.

&£.•-

,fl50^ -

b otany d e p «• rtnient 1 Sept.

1950
ome

30 Jul y 194S ifl309 - L a u d e r d a l e (Ale . ): fl owing well by

C yn r es s

Creel at F l o r e n c e

? Oct.

1949

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944

(Hell )ffl9d6.

576.

hICRGCGLEUS

D e s m a z i eree 1 6 5 3

In this
- f i rm

..'enus sever- 1 tric.oo 6°

s'ief th,

surf.' ee-,

frninm

firmness

of

a sort

tne

of

siies th,

t o

- re
e.

eno los^f

T.-e- r e l a t i v e l y

-:enus f m

describe

be hi zo t h r l x , but

differ er.ees w.h c n e> n

even

.and t..:e ^ref-ter n u m b e r of

trie no;, es v:i tnin a sl^e?.tr- g e n e r a l l y a re-.sec
t he

vithin

to 5 j.s t i; yu i sh

tl.ereare d i f f i c u l t - t o oe d e t s e t e a only by e x p e r i ­

ence.
The

.enus

is rener.- l l y

* species
1.

£no. ceils

nt

capitate,

in. ol „.b ed

2nd. cell

in

text

v i t a c a l y r t r c ...............

........................
1.

te r restri • 1*

li. vs (.inc. tu s (Vsuch. )G-or,o.

nett- er c- p i t r t e

n or c nl vo -

t r e t e ..................................................
f.

Trie ho :.es less

~ :r•n 3 u bro no , ends

1 on t
j and tapered......
2.
3.

constricted

at

cross

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......
3.

h . rcutisslmus 3-ard.#

Trie ho .es o v e r 3u b r o a d ........................

Cells

h.

Incustrls A .

Br a un
4

Tricr.om.es 3 - 4 u b r o - a ...........................
......................

4.

3

w a l l s ................

C e ll s u n c o n s t r i o t e d .................................
4.

2

Trichonee

h. r u plcolr

(Tild.)Drou.

5- u oio'-d...........................

....................

K.

pmluaosus

(Kuetz.)&om.

M

577.

1.

kicrocoleus

l a c u s t r l s A.

Braun.

(G-eitler

f ) (Pres c ot t

f)

(£>rni th)
Tricuoaes

eons trie tec. at

toward

ends;

coarse

jr.- nul- s,

Knox:

i-i.ex o b t u s e l y

rtUb . 1 9 5 0 #fr354.

(Srnitn)

PI.

e:n'oa.rment

Cells

of Ft.

net

c o n t e n t s v'lti some
L c-19u;

L o u d o n Lu r e

Fij.

(Kuetz. )G-om.

scarce

tents pale

reen.

in j r e e n n o u s e
same

20

of T°r.n.

25

3.

kicrocoleus

(Tild. )Drou.

July

(Seri zo t:\rlx ru pi col a Tild.
TricnoT.es unc m s trie te

contents
tory

soil

slate

f)

Cells

at Univ.

con­

Knox:

soil

(Sirs.rp)# A 4 4 2^ -

c r e e k at N e u o e r t 1s

rfl579.

L o u non L a k e
V:.F.

(Drouet 43)

of G-eitler etc. )

- t cell

*»-«ll s , l o o s e l y
apex

or b e e c n i n y b r o w n i s h - nd

culture

horsy n : bare

5.

1 9 49

t a p e r e d to-ward ends;

--lue-._ r-en.

1944

o^c.kwa t er of Ft.

Kn ox ville V/r t erworks
ru-,1cole

c -n 1 e - 1 ; cell

11 A n r i l

•it

she at n h y a l i n e

1

- ■r-'llel or

W 5-7u.

1950 p' 946 - in m u r k y

J u l y 19e-9 jf1524. -

or pa re 11 e l ; not

oer

C 11s L 4-13u;

o-e Univ.

site 1 Sept.

Springs

about

3.

t--"uered • t c ::d;

o

7/ 4-5u.

( G e l t l e r f ) ( Pr e scott

Trie no: :es unc m . s t r i c t e d at c ross -vails,
twisted;

te.oe red

VNSFL.

paludosus

57,

we 11s;

c o n i c a l ; cell

p:-le b l u e - j r e e n .

L it t l e H i v e r

licrocoleus

cr^ss

L 5-8u;

or os o I y c o n i c a l ;

s tratified;

7/ 3-4. 5u.

of T e n ’'. 1 Sept.

entwined

Knox:

cell
labora­

1 9 50 #0345

-

free t v h wy U.S..O'7 n e a r W e r t burg- 15 J u l y

1 R e tortei in Silva and Sharp,

1944

57 8.

1950

fplSOO - C o l b e r t (A l a . : embr.y-.ent- of '..'1

oroi 1 6 June

1950

ffO'8.-.5 - Obion:

logic.- 1 St • oi ,o 14 June
4.

: lcrocoleuf

1950

v- ulr." f us

n t--‘

s f 1 vt K e e l ? cot L

Bio­

if' 1-10.

(V::.uch. )C-oc.

(G-eitler ?) ( P r e s c o t t

f)

(S:h it:, f)
-r i c ..o ..es unc on s trie tec
pvrallel

vitnin

sue-;.tv,

caoit; t-? u ~ n ci;.
cel l

ver;,

L 5-7u ;

'■’ells

" -.r t
et

of t *-n

no

olive-, reen;

subcuudr.- t

e , or

a o-

ends;

-.veil r u s u a l l y

" i d -'.',t r i c e

-rt

(1 998,

or tern- ^ ri 1 o e : v o
ce ... - s •?r v e t o dist
er ; l ) .y •c •■oin“ ed

on soil

unc-=>r rei

1?15Sr - dr v:

rt ..nc,

jlc-rl - Knox:

toil

re:'. 1 94 4

n

It-

•<-** it

~ut,

len-tt:.

J ul y 1949

t ec

j. v*. ■
.-?

sv/ift sore- ...

str-f no c

for 0 s c i 11 at o r 1 a.

Julv

lino

C-' irv u-round 4 Au- . 11- 9

01 J u l y 1949

S.:rines 1 u Ju. y

■’•-ter !:ono

r

c r •if- t e
1 :v. edi ••t e 1 *-r.

sit. le

ot Fiireo r. For,?

of p u v ’le

(S v.rp)rf-n-4t±l - r o u d out

-ntr- nce

into

to

= t *=!;■/ d i ff l ue n t;

cr oss

i r tf ' o n

Sevier:

numerous ,

■: . c-7u.

* i •• is
ices

’..tils,

^ro nu-li vy , t t e n u e t e

t 'by- 1 n e ,

t.

o orient s c l u e - £ re en to

„ 2-c nul.-- “ed;

.ot cross

^1594

(I ’-c

. ud.dle f-t Is I- nl

- xurky

-<f15 i'>± - Cu m be r la n d:

t Ozone

15 O a r e r

1 9 50

in r i v e r dot; or 1- n d n ea r Edm( Cl e os cu) rf2039.

ft. ) K n o x v i l l e

creel

Koue

ot K e u b e r t *s

v e t v/eat::er d m in
- 1 "ntvo

ery:

tz r e rr y

rein-

Cell

579.

/SOILLAI'GHI^, V e u c h e r

1-0 3

Unfortunate] v t
- ci;-r c t e r
e family

to

"e

o s e of

o of»rvi. cl - s n e a t n e
vi = orot sly.

oft en necess..r,7
. ot

t

oncer

*m e

n-

is

or

_ en up
~o

-.G i to

v/1 t.nin the

y -.i c ;. _sner

of

sue!

o o s e r v n t i "a

sne:. to. e

~f ".£t .r-

er.t lr-:l y

In

c - r t '•in

lly
■

oo

colon!*;
of the

obs e r v n t i o n .

v e r y s . rt

ec

(len

)n

text

most

1/3

v.ierr.)..............
1 /3

render i;

of

:e

■::.e c l e : r : y

1

y

t

r

o

..6? c z i'iS’t r*\ c ^ ^ cl

c^

Ptrr i,-kt,

r

e

C.

d

,

i

f

a

one-ulna

t

a

l

l

r. t

( B o r y )-3-cm.

v’fai 1 s • . . . . . • . . .

^ross

rrithn: e - n :•t c o os ~r i c t e d
Iric.tor-es

e

O 2?r'—

re c to

tap

.................

4.

e?.

species

enern

t ' be

w srecie: nof
Cexis

trlcno

:rr ;• s - ip out
Careful

if

i r. i c " t e '

Pi.^ce hi...ost ' n y

in G i f f er . ntir.tinm

trie .tomes in

dilate

-L

toservor,

t

can n o "

mo y e»*:*i> it o? clller.in.

v hi .‘r'icul ties
nus,

; --onus n' me

v;e;ll s ..............

s', i.. h t l y

c e oi -

t & t e , •.nd c r.1 ypt rat e ...... _C. s n c t a au e t z .
4.

Trici:o:..es wit-: s c r e w - l i k e
neither

capitate

nor

c a l y p t v o t e ..............

...............................
Irie^o

es str. i _ a t , enc

ends,

_C. o r n a t a

Kuetz.

sells - ith

A

A

531

13.

Tric.'.oDes up to 3. S bro:. ci., cell
1 enbt a 1 / :j- 1 /3 t i i.es w i d t h , with
thieh w a l l s

_0. articulate. Card.*

11. Trichor-es constricted at cross
v:al] s
14.

0. pernin a ta. Lcne;:h. ^

Trie hones unconstricted..

0_. amphibia As.

15.

Trlchoses

c -•nstrlcted at cross w a l l s ...............

16

15.

Trlchomes u n c o n stricted ..............................

18

15. Acer d o u r l y

capitate.

...................

...................

_0. anoenn

(Kuetz. )G-om.

16. Ac ex not capitate................................
17.

A d oal c ell conicr.lly rai ered _0. f or toea 3ory

17.

Apical

cell

17

cror d and mor * or less

rounded ...................... _0. chalybea liert.*

io•
—

18. Apical

cell capitate .............................

18. Apical

cell not ca

C-'-111 s
L 3-9u;

19.

1 stinc11 j longer thon b r o • d,
u 2 -3u .............

0^. sol endlda Irev,

Cells quadrate or snorter...........................
SO.

19

Cells distinctly shorter th^n
broad,

often full of pseudovacuoles

refracting a distinctly rosy color,
L 2-4u;

W 6-Su.........

0. rubescens DeC.

SO. Cells about quadrate, pseudovacuoles
not refracting rosy color.................
.................

0. prolifica (C-rev. )lom.

SO

562.

21, Plrnkt tnle,

?:? th .jr^u^ovicuoles,

cells 4-5v. croac. wit.

vsri ous fips

cut usua 11 y s f ra i._ :f , •nd not reau—
0. A f;ar ihlI Con.

lurly conical...............
2 1.

V.'itViout pseu

o v • c u o 1 e e , a.;ie-l

cell

conic 1 and curved. ... C. brevis
1.

C s c !~ 1 c t *■i"1■ a, a ru'.oi j l-o:o.
Tri :h.>

•c r I n.

nos;

contents

coarsely

-1>*1

ct *d

C *•:<

< '£ ,

>- t , cnl yptrr

e:-: o ta

r••.
•o s.-n t“' -."1.iVI4-

si nn ed ”,nen
cell

( le 111 e r f ) (?- • : -t • f )

s st r l^ n t , ,:ic :

to-- r c

(ICuetn. )3om.

< 'rS *']

t r: nul

-4

,

1'

l

e

ex;

i

e1 u e - t;reen,

convex,.,-■
*
:^ ^ .
-— i

of ten
—
t■_ -wO

s.ho ?/in., •:*or.sldern ble refract i an fr o:r. p s e u d o v a c u o l e s .
L :-.5-5.5u;
Sept.

1921

I.. u r y : plnnkt ,,v. ^ .

’V 4 -5u.

(Bold)pB-110.

t V.e cross wall

s

Dots

Cells

°4

(Celt ler f ) (Pr- cott

f)

or- oendlnp , sli alitly constri cted at

; apex caeitat 9 , w i12: a de nres sed cal ;rp t r a ,

no o k e d o r un c.u1 : te;
at wall.

Lake

FK.

2. 0 s c i 11 a ;o ' 1 a a.iioena Ion.
Trio no ..es f.tr lyht

Laur:

u.' "

cell

cont e n t s biue- preen witr pr :■nules

L 2-.5-4.5u; Vv '2. 5- 5u.

O o r t nr c r y : r-ond at

n v i 11 e P.oa d a r.i hwy L .5 .76 we ct -,-r Cl? rksville 50
1950 (Cle bsch)tf?3oo.

n pr l l

r:♦

2. O s c l l l a t o r l a a . i i e d i l b l a A f...
Tricno...es straight,
rounded,
i;reen,

not

capitate

(G-eitler f) (Prescott

f)(Sirith)

unc.onstri et e ,,t cross w'-lle;

apex

or c a l y p t r a t e ; cell, contents pale blue-

scarcely b ranular,

but two

usually present at cross

••'<•.11£.

Celle L 4-Su;

^ • Os c 111 o tori-

Vv f’-3u.

NFKL.

•n, ulna (Bory)G-om.

(G-eitler f)(Prescott f)

Tri cVio.r.e s s t ra i_.:.t belov;, riot eon stricted

t cross

•.vs.11 s , hooked

or s ir;-1 a love, long: attenu- ted t owe rd <=nd s ;

■ oex

ootusely

caoiti.t^, n le* 1 cell enlarged,

cell

c o n t e n t s d a r k llue-. reen,

l£.rf;ed cells
'.V 6-8u.

often

Knox:

'resent

cross

w a l 1 s granulated;

in f i b cent.

aguariu::; at Univ.

button-like;
en-

C e l l c; L 1.5-°.5u;

Tenn. 1 Sent.

1950 #0243.

VF.
5. Qsclllatorlu ore vl s (Kue t z. )G-o m.
PI.

(Geltler f ) (Smi f'")

57, F i-. 5.
Trie. .o.sec c t r.-5 at, u n cons trie t°d at cross wells,

perin6 towards
ends;

end. , hooked or t w i s t e d to "one r.i.res nolnted

apex not ca it:-to or caly;,t?f t e ; cell con~ents finely

srsnulsr,

olive-6-reen colored..

present in filament.
small s t r eam
Aug.

ta-

Inflated

Cells L 1.5-3u;

cells

so.net ir.es

W 4-6.5u.

cy wotei v.ake-l on F a r r a .put-31 a e Crass

1950 7f0396 - Cheatham:

Knox:

in

ro: d 3

soil bottomed bf it raising pools

on Little Marrowbone Creek Road ?0 Aug-. 1949 #1834 - Colbert (Ala. ) : on dead fish below Wilson Dam 4 Sept.
#1945.

1949 (Hall)

VFL.

6. Osclllatorla. formosa 3ory.

(G-eltler f) (Prescott f)

Trlchomes straight or flexuouc,

usually slightly con­

stricted at the cross walls, briefly tapered., bent or
hooked toward conical apical cells; apex neither capitate
nor calyptrate;

cell contents bright blue-green,

transverse

cell walls sometimes finely granulate;
shorter*

Cells L 2.5-5u; W 4-6u.

cells quadrate or

Chester: among Chara

spp. around edges of artificial lake In Chickasaw State
Park 16 June 1950 #2273.

VNFKi/iL.

7. Osolllatorla Grunowlana Gora.

(Geltler)

Trlchomes Irregularly spiralled or straight,
at cross walls,

constricted

scarcely tapered toward ends and bent or

hooked; apex rounded,

scarcely capitate,

cell contents pale blue-green,
times granulated.

not calyptrate;

transverse walls faint,

Cells L 1.4-4u; W 3.7-5.6u.

some­

Knox: on

wooden pilings of Ft. Loudon Lake backwater at Knoxville
Waterworks 25 July 1949 #1580 - Cheatham:

soil bottomed

bait raising ponds on Little Marrowbone Creek Road 20 Aug.
1949 #1844 - Montgomery:

along Yellow Creek in Riggins Mill

region near Shiloh 21 Aug.
9. Osolllatorla llmosa Ag.

1949 #1859.
(Geltler f)(Prescott f)

PI. 37,

Fig. 6.
Trlchomes straight, not constricted at cross walls,
not tapering toward ends; apex neither capitate nor oalyp—
trate,

obtusely rounded;

cell contents blue-green or olive,

cross walls frequently granulated.

Cells L 2-5u; W ll-20u.

Sevier: quiet Btagnant pool (2250 f t . ) In Middle Prong of
Little Pigeon River in Greenbrier 3 Sept. 1941 #1671 - slow
water (2500 ft.) near Hiking Club Cabin in Greenbrier 26

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944

A o r i 1 19-1° /r°16 - Knox:

floe tin,.; in Ft.

at. D u n c a n 1s D o c * 19 June
Is lend
f

19 49 TfSOO - in rood

Home P e r k entr: ncc 90 J u l y

ro;» Ft.

rut

(pH b.O)

. ools at

1 9 /19 #1507 - p? aoktor.

Louc'on Lake b a c k w a t e r „ t K n o x v i l l e W o t e r w o r k s

J u l y 1949 # 1 5 7 9 - Overton:
in artiflcl; 1 lake
19 49

L o u d o n L a> e

.-.round me ruins

in St.- no in-. Stone

P.P.

of e- turn inu aren

St- t e F o r k 15 June

?rl579 - Lr.vderdf le - C o l b e r t ( A l a . ): on f lo: ti?*.t noard

in runnin..
19-',9 (Hell

ter of P i c k w i o x L- l:e nt-r ’.Viicon Da m 4 Sept.
)ffl95P

- Col oert (ill a . ): on eo ncrete

on sin at S h e f f i e l d 15 Cct.

1949

(Hell ),fl963 - Font c orr.cry:

f i e l d pond at ^ e r i w e t a e r IS Here:: ?fPC9S.
<#uiet st nol.i.. "-.o 11-1 s usually f

VNSG-FL.

rr t:n- h.-oitnt for

com;.on float in,_ or ; t ta h . e e form,

trie

settling

t hr our ho ut

the re-

L ion.
S.

Qcclllntorl.

prlnceps Va-ici.

( 3-eitler f ) (Prescot t f)

(& ant t .a i )

Trj ebones
walls,

tapered

a p e x b^osd,

strain, t,

c o .\ev;kaf orie'ly

dark

1 n.r •

Cell s L 3o-7u;

o l u e - p r e e n , ;;r- nul-r,
W 16-60u

ce e x o e c t e d in almost

Bl ount:

n~ t c o or t rl c t° d 'it crossn

h ooked

sli -btl ' ca pita te hut not

t ents

m ay

riyid,

open

if41P9^ - Knox:

cnlyptrnte;

out cross w-lls

(generally

any stable

sluyy ish d i t c h

f"'""'rd ends,

(950 ft.)

habitat

nop .nr; nuThe soecie

c p quiet water.

L'o.ryville PI Oct.

float i.ot, in patches in Ft.

1 P.e orted in Silva, and Sharp, 19^4

95-50u).

cell c on ­

1941

L o u d o n L a ke near

Duncm

D o c k 3 Sept.

w i t h r.vny a c r a t i c

1 S4 9

# 1678 - Overton:

plants

larpe

one mi l e n o r t h w e s t

of L i v i n y s t o n

13 J u l y 194.0 741465 - Jac>son(iila. ) : c m b a y m e n t
ville L a e

ntrti

c o:;:ery: pon d
Clailsvijlo
1040

a"

of Scott.sv oro 19
T'-m 6dv;;: rd.s 1 store

14 J u l y 1 9 4 9

(S 1as n k s )#19 90.

ro .osclc.sa

£ t r.r 1. . t , not

a 1 s r 1 r;c 11 y ta-perec

t oward

13ke;

f 1 at* y cr

n e o a rsne;

cells

c 1 1 contents

1 or.., c.s oroad.
east
11.

Os c111at orla

oerlny
an d

L

10 4 9 # 1 7 7 7 - 6 - L.ont-

-in hw y U.S. 7?

.vert of

n e a r Wo o <3.1awn

9 Get.

W o o d h a v e n Lc.ke « ^.ori 1 19 49

chlyptr; te;

r ul e s c e n e

f r a c t l n 6 to ,_lve

cell
r.

.
•f

f)
crosFwalls;

endr , s 1 c >1 e- rh? p e d or scr ew-

5 Sept.

toward

(Geltler

c 'net rioted

itrte v I*-/ si 1 Ltly

*.V 1 9-13u.

strut .at,

si i _ 0 t l y

Gom.

fu.rk >lu«-preen.

'-4u;

of Sl:v.;dy Irove

Trlc.mes

of Gun ter e-

V K s F Ka 1..L.

10 . Q s c l l l a t o r l a

a lea]

£.

# 1 37 1 - pond

(Clet £C>.)#90‘
?5 - D i c V c o

TricLomes

a u

chs l l o w lake

Cell s ’ - 1 / 6 us

! ->nto:;.ery: ’.vends

1349 #19 to.
DeC.

th.icv eneci

end

FL.

( G el t l e r f )(Preecott)

un c o n s t r i c t e d

::t crossw? 1 1 s ; ta-

end c ; a ..3 cal cell

flatly

capitate

cont;. l n i n t m an y peeue.ov; cu ol e s r--

ma e r c s c o p i c

color

or r ed-violet.

C el l s

P.-4u; Vv 6-Su.

tion

of hwy U.S. 79 and 31oo:ninc Gr ove C r e e l R o o d 14 J u ly

1 94 9

# 1414 - S t e w a r t : pond

la J u l y 1 9 4 S #1361.
19.

Qsclllatorl.o

(Smith)

L en t a ornery: old

of rose

aion«

stock o o n d net. r J u n c ­

hwy U . S . 79 east of

Dover

VF.

st.neta Kuets.

(G-eltler f) ( P r e s c o t t

f)

587.

st-rai:. nt nr flexuou? , n o z cor strict ed at

j?r.l chimes
ero£ c

a 11s,

2 jourly

l o n h at tenaa ted. to

c api t a t e

e n e o u s , briwht

tut not

e-.lyptr:... t e ; cell contents

olue-b reen.

'Cells L 3-9u;

ho:r.o-

\Y ?-?u.

Knox:

in onckw^ t er f ro;n Ft. L o n d o n Li. v e at Knox­

plan/, ton steep

ville W a t e r w o r k s
of

ends ; a?;ical cel 1.£ con s yi-

75 July 1949

^1579 - Cumberland:

collect! on. :;r cle fron. wet teat, er d r' in into

culture

swift

s tream

at C sene 15 ,
M a r c h 1950 /f?05-.t - Colbert (aIg. ) : on concrete
'V

set tlin.:. 2: sin ; t Sheff i e l d .,1a.

yf1 555 .

Osolllatorla. tenuis A e_u

FI.

37,

t a p p rln_',

(Ceifler f ) (Prescotv

strain h t , f rr-.t_lie,
out

sometimes

'Dlue-fcT s e n ; granulated,

curved

Blount:

C1 u u et

1541 #1 07^

ft. ) at Id ry v i l l e

to e n d ; apical
contents briyht

crosswa l ls wit

sue :uadr:. t e to l ^ n _ t ..

W 4-10u.

1 /3

cell

rounded

or dark

row of pinnules;

of width.

Cells L 5.5-5u;

barnyard

oond

(1°90 ft.)

Cades Cove Road.

:aoi st

s oil

at

0;wn d i tc h

-

°1 Oct.

Sp r in g s 4 aup.

1949

in s w 'rr.py a r e a on Univ.

e d0 e o f

1941 ffelFl1 - Laurel Lak e
^1647-8 - Knox:

of Tenn.

floatin_

farm 1 Aur.

1545

float i n y oa t ok e s in Ft. L o u d o n L.*- ke ne ar Duncan's
Sept.

f) (Smith)

c o n s t r i c t e d at cross-walls,

w i t h t h i c k e n e d end membra n e ; cell

L inzel

(Hall)

F i u . 7.

Trie..ones

cells

1949

VKSFKL.

13.

not

15 Oct.

1950 7^1079 - Roane:

on

( n 50

near
in patc hes

#1598 Doc k 3

ooat b o t t o m at K in g s t o n Dock

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp,

1S44

see.

in W a t t s

Bar Lake

16 L a r c h 19 bO

of £ r t i f i c l a l
Ifuh

76.

1a fp

ft.

ffoO.-1-

Chester:

ar o un d

in Chlckasrv; S t a t e Park. 16 June

6-10u.

v; r.

Sevier:

R o s d F r o n fc- l£- miles

)

-

VKFKL.

^ * Qg oil lot or la. tenuls
Cells

wP0t<2

natrns

mu ck y

G-^n.

(p r f c c n 11

rainfilled

b e l o w In d ia n

f)

r*r,cv oool

Gao 14 Aug.

(5060

1941

F.

15.

0 s c 1 11 a t o r 1 a t enul s vrr.

ler

f)(Prescott
Celle

u

tsr^c-st inc

(Kuetr .) R nb .

(Gelt­

f)

4-6u.

Tics

turn

rl.

c 1 es, rcco r u 1 n • to c p s c r l n t i o n s .

tr s bo

tree?

of the

sr. e-

MSF .

P HCRiwIblUk Ku e t z 1 n te 1 8 42
Phorm.ld 1 ur.. is often
structure
1 ole
fcood,

.et r e e n

sbeatV* rn:
th o ug h

L.yn^cya wit . a d e f i n i t e

dif f i c u l t - t o - d e s c r i b e ,
confluence

is f ur more

substantial

1.

Tri cr.o.ries lees

1.

Trlchomes

ttr n

a

ciscern-

rnci fir;;; si.ee th.

additional

colony or mat

Included

charr cter is

of Osc ilia t o r l a .

Trel easil

Com.*

b r o a d e r ........................................

ones less

cells

loan

3u b r o o d ........................

than 5u

b r o a d ........................

S
3
6

w i t h n a r r o w l y co nical

p o i n t .......................................................

5

aoical

4

cells

A

in text

tnan lu b r o a d P.

2. T r l c h o m e s m o r e

3.

a. usv: lly

in

or’ f i 1 ament s t o f o rm a f r-.br1 c w h l c h

* spec if-*s not

3. A o i c a l

inrerreai'te

0 sc 111 ato r 1 1 , wi t h o u t

the 1 s.t eral

9. Trie

d e s c r i b e d as

not

n a r r o w l y c o n i c a l .....................

1 Reported in Silva, and Sharp,

1944

d

4.

Filament s s trai tit, crofs

Us

w

sl ightly c o n s t r i c t e d ........................
.....................
4.

wells u n c o n s t r i c t e d ..................

.....................
Trichoniee

Trie homes

?-3u brood,

P . l u rt d u m
cross

n e v e r c o n s t r i c t e d P.
6.

7.

rii.icnl cells

cells

P.

Cells

Apical

quadrate

cells

Ap i c a l

obtusely

cells round,

;io;no, en e c u s
Apical

conical,

cell

9

c:rv nul a r ....................

cell

P. corlum

(Ay. )G-om.

c nntents
(Tild. )Drou.

lony c o n i c a l ...................

.........................
10. A p i c a l

10

cell

P. m l n n e s o t e n s e
cell

8

P. papyrs ceuxn (Ay. )G-om.

or l o r e e r .........................

foset.hes

7

or s h o r t e r ..................

.............................

10.

. ) dom.

not e;-pits t e ........................

quadra te

Cells

contents

9.

Ret zl 1

c; oitc.te..................................

....................

9.

(Delp.)Schm.

Jric-.o.ue ends tapered...........................

Apic&l

S.

(Kue t z . )do:u.

Tri chon.e ends u n t a p e r e d .....................

7.

5.

(a : . )jon.*

vrc 11s

VelderlP.num

....................

6.

P. Ir m l n o sum

sli hotly c o n s t r i c t e d l- ? u

c ro ■ d ..................
.

(Lene h.)G-cm.

F i l a m e n t s :n'>re or lest "'ent,
cross

b.

P. tenue

P. s u b f u s c u m Kuetz.

s ho r te r conical or

rounded..........................................

11

590.

11. Ends of fil; tnenfe strnivht....................
...........................
11.

Ends
12.

Cells

line

renei- lly

a.

Cells

(Bory)Gom.

usuolly

vi

butt o n ­

unc Ins turn (Ac. )Oom.
cue. dr4':t ely

• t least

cells -"it-: tr uncate
r atter

(a

or

trisn outt on-

cspltf tlon. . . P.

P h c r iilalum s.utuir.nele

10

( length 1/9-

end cells

v/ed^e-soed
lire

short

p3 tation. . . P.

l o n t , -fnd

1.

favo gum

c e n t .................................................

1/3 wiatr.),

1°.

P.

■u t u m n s l e

. ) Io

n.

(A ;. )&om.

( Ge l t l e r

f ) (P:

cott

f)

(Smitr)
Trie u ,es u s u a l l y

strefc .t, not

veils, .taperir . crie^ly
rotund
cell

cr.ly^tre;

to ends;

she* the nruror,

co!'; tent -• bl ue-t't1 en

veils.
roctc

Cells L 2-5u;

sivllow
Blount:

(5250
ter

VV 4-7u.

30 Aug.

crolude

v1 th

~>-r o"-nfluent;
at cross

Cherolse e (i\T. C . ) : coating: on
194 9 ffl745 - Sevier:

N e w f o u n d Gar) 29 l.s.rch.

on rocks

.
• t cross

■ t A b ra m s

1 94 ? #£G4^ -

4 A u t;. 1P49

falls

on

rfl943 -

20 Aug-:. 1950

po n d oy D e - d h o r s e LrVre nef r Farr-' g:ut 30 J u ly

1S50 ^--303 - vet
c ampus

cell

di s ti n c t

of ...urphy L--le at E l h m o n f

in w a t e r

■rf?342 - Knox:

ft.)

anicr-1

u e n t l y s n n u l rfe-

b e l o v Hiv:- sse° Duir. Id iiag.

?:et debris

c'nstrlcted

leaves

r.nd trasn. on wa ll

1950 #2633 - r o ad rut

1 Resorted in Silva, and Sharp, 1944

of Univ.

p u d d l e at

of Tenn.

entrance

to

591.

Irl • n d Pome P m - k
crp.^k r

t 1 es

f (r'.v

July

20

1949

so.<t t

f

s

yfloOZ

t • t e 1 ne

;iv:y lenn. 28 15 J u l v

19 4 9 Tfl4Pl

c o l l e c t 1 on

of

on

rods

smell

G:\llu.tin 17 I.urc:: 1 9 5 0

# 91 9 8.

9.

0-orn.

Phormlctlu.n a ruo i ^ u um
Trictn.r.es

at

cross

unc

diffluent,

Cells L

5.

t:-

own R.o<nd "by

- Sumner:

str-r m

cultured

from

in fie I-'’ n'-rtle^st

of

VNFK.
( 1 oi 11 *■

crin-_. to

f) ( P r e s c o t t f)

?

an d s / .do- 1 cell

t o i c v eneo;

s ?.aetl‘u s

o firm or

cheat

t.uic> r n d

str:tified;

i :.es •-r• n u c r e ov'e c ia"11 v

1. 5 -3u;

roc te in
vflPcl.

not

e n d m e m or: ne

clue-., reen,

on

ok of

f 1 exu on s , i n t e r w o v e n , si I. .urly cor s tri c t e a

« -11s,

round e d ,

- P i c k e t t : fl a t

W

4-6u.

runni o._ w o . d r

lily

,
:.;eltin ;us
cell

..t cross

contents
wells.

L - u d e r d ol e - Col cert (iil.5 . ) : on
cel ov; V/il -on D w

4 Sect.

1949

(Hell)

K.

P no2-...1 cum

c orlurn

(a _ . )G-om.

( eider

f ) (pres cot o **)

(Sir1 t n)
Tr ie
of

10

r.es f l e x u o u s ,

neitrier

c- ; i t s t e

t.1 ":Ct or d i f f l u e n t ;
urnnul'r.

3 . 5-Su;

Cells

vi 3-4. uu.

U.5.79: n e a r P r i n t
4.

Phormidlum

cross

w al l -,

c el l

n o r cslyptr- te;
contents

suocuodrrte

to t w i c e

P o c k 17 J u n e

she?to

as

dis-

s o .retimes
L

r-ond nlon./side 'wy
VPS.

(G-eitler- f) ( P r e s c o t t

interwoven,

tnperinc,

t.oin,

l o o n es b r o o d ,

1 9 5 0 # 0991.

(Bory)loc.

flexuous,

y r du- l l y

n ~t c o n s t d et ed

blue-creen,

J a c k s o n (Alt:. ) : d i t c h

f w o sum

Trlcnomes

3 nt erwoven,

to o e r e d to a c u t e - c o n i c--1 one1"; r n i ­

c ro g s v’al 1 2 ; b r i e f l y

ce 1 c el l

closely

not

possible

constricted

rt

spiwllint

to

f)

ends;

i

ic;-l cell

c tn s i c u o u s l ;

L.emlsp.''.eric- 1 c,l.
tri.-.; cel.:
: I ’)ru_ cxoiF

ti

? . P.oormldlum
Triel

S ev ier:

cn
ILcO

e? . r- tne::

(R e i 4*" e r

obtusely

near Sugarlonac

C.

C.

C.

Camp

common s s r ro ch

Phormldlura l u r l c u m
Tricho.nes

f)

(Presc ott

cell

not

f)

(1740

ft.)

f r om

stre

(Kuetz. ) 3-on.

straight a n d

olue-

V/ 3-5u.
11 Aug.

countvr

the

c o l i e ct i on s

c o a t i n :_ in m e
ms.

Cc.oi tp te

contents

a n d t ne r-e is e v e r y i n d i c a t i o n

c l e a r w e t e r of the mount, ‘in
6.

L • L r- 3 i o l o —

o^nic-l,

- a n d four o t t e r c o l l e c t i o n s

is q u it e

fils - r. D rrr.

Jells L 4-Su;

'vails.

Ac.dit i o •i .1

species

•••1

?t r? j ■ - or curve d , f re dJ - , t r-.- <=rin •

e lo n e cross

made d u r i n g 1947-9,

r- nule

VI. i...

s hen t o t ..i n , diffluent;

granules

;f

La uilerd: 1 e -

sex'1 c-y R e r l f o o t

ff; r'';0.

t •• end •-; a :'i c • 1 cell

1 94 1 #£4^

• t -• •

v.’itl

el- tineas

.1., ±-c

7/ 4 . d-9u.

in runr.in

1 nun dr tun K u c :z.

or crlyptr-;te;
t/reen,

rocLa

la June

into

.e-^r-.-en ••4 c

19 a.'.-1 „•! 1 ■■L - 0

1

briefly

on

di ’I'luen:

C e l l s L 2-7u;

\vi lie.

0 cl cert (Ala . ) :
•i Oct.

t r • ; £ ..er r.

content;.

obtusel y t rune;, te,

c • it--te,

>*» o -

r rv e b^en
■‘'hat the
cv:ift

V1ISF.
(3-eitler f)

:: m l l e l

or i ntermested,

not

c o n s t r i c t e d or o: ly si i:.h t l y

c misCric ted ft cross "-vails,

not

cell

tapering

to

ends,

or. l y p t r n t e ; s h ea t hs
grey

or b l u e - g m e n .

cticd.

t Lin

end

rounded;

diffluent;

Cells L 3-5u;

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp,

1944

not

cell

’.V 1.5-2u.

capitate

contents

Colbert:

or

clear

embnymrnt

s-'ubi side of ',Y1! son L a k e 16 June I960 #2284 -

...ont^.on- e r y : on stick in flume
if 59 jf?043.

of Rj n-jvol d bill

IS Lc-rch

VL.

?. P o o r r 1 d 1 u m -ui n nesotc n s e ( Ti l b . )Drou .

(Drouet 4P) (Pres-

(O s c 111 atori a .minn e sot ence Till. )
c o •:t f )
Trio homes
bent,
to

cell
'■7

cons.

ends;

cell;

s t r a i g h t , coro- c t , or railel , or si ijc/.tly

not

,s ex str; :0 ht or s' ^ btly bent,

homo_eneou s ,

Davidson:

U a s h v i l l e Oct.
6.

Tric.oomes

1938 H.

stmt

f ] y or not a

C.

L 2-5u; W 3-5u.

Bold's ^ 1 6 4 . 1
(A, ,. )G-on.

C O Is L P-4u;

VF.

( leitier

constricted

she- f r

cle- r n i y t

■.veils conspicuous.

.deal

difflu-nt;

ft

f)

closely

thin,

blue-preen,

Cells

Sevier:

neither carai

p r p e r v or diffluent;
not

.
L ranul? ted,

subqua d.rnt e or
rocks

int^rrovsn,

cross ■••oils, briefly

obtuse-conic.--1 '-pic 1 cell,

nor c r-lyptrrtt-;

.entente

with rounded

'0 ue-yreen.

]y fl exuorr , c-fen

oil

••t t»nu:- ted *■" ends;
fate

q..y rk

n of t.'.--erinc

i(reen.iouee soil at Cent^nni; 1 P* rk of

P r o r m l d i u m oepyr' ceum

sli

walls,

or :I t • f c -r calyo tro t ; sher tn tain,

contents

P-5u.

iv c '-net ri o t e d a t cross

cell

cross

orter toon wide*

in swift we tor (5000

ft.)

ro

R o m a P r o n & b e l o w Indian lop 14 A u £:. 1941
siliceous b o u l d e r
Aoril

(0600 ft.) P o r t e r s

1942 /fSll^' - Blount:

rocks

- moist

Creek in G r e e n b r i e r

in swift w a t e r

1 Reported in Drouet, 1S42
2 Reported, in Silva and Sharp, 1944

26

(1750 ft.)

;Sa.

Abrams
town
9.

Creek

In

Cades

n e s t i ’r, i r rts In

PI.

37,

,•t c r o s s w a l l s
t r peri n g to

( .

Fi,_.

Filn .rent r rmr-r
or

ends;

9u;

Cabin Flats
boulders

or l ess

she? I h

(1750

ft.) A b r a m s

75 AUf,.

at C u l v e r t

14 J u l y 1 9 a 9

filled
10.

Trichomes
walls,

briefly

blue-green,

truncr-1 -‘1 y r o u n d e d

Creek

1941

at r.lnistrat

1941

rocky

falling

;f!491 - roust on:

straight,
tapering

to

sheaths

recent

w i t h two rows

1944

27

15 J u l y

#1867.

VKSFKAM.

c o n s t r i c t e d at

cell

coni c a l ,
contents

of g r a n u l e s

Cpve

fishpool

f) ( P r e s c o t t

ao icr.l cell

difflu e n t ;

ft.)

pebbles

hwv U.S.

fairly

not

on

(1800

stream Foster's

(C-eitler

ends;

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp,

oy

an b u i l d i n g

— h o r g e n : small

7.1 A u g . 1 9 4 9

fr? tile,

contents

(7800 ft.)

drain

,fP4^

s o u t h of R u g o y R o a d

1-tl y

,fl°5"1
- — Sevier:

ir.ua in r o a d

C r e e k 75 .-ug.

constricted

C e l l s L 4-

oool

1941 -^90^ - shallo-.v w a t e r

sometimes

f)

— i t h el!

d i f f l u e n t ; cell

;t P e r k

s u b f u s c u a Kuetz.

tate w ith calyptra;

VNFK.

or-ie^ly or not

, c oars el v c r:.nulrr.

oy s p r i n g w a t e r at C r i n

Phormldlum

frazil e , not

erin-

F o r k 7 Sect.

1 9 4 9 ffl497 - L c n t g o m e r y :
Creek

up

t

thin,

,r4l4-*- - B lo u n t :

Ccve

Crr. r e ­

f )(Prescott

3v:& in (N . C . ) : slu. ,;is; r o c k

Cades

stream

( 3-ei t i e r

ex,

a in 1 cell

on B r a d l e y

1941

v?74 - L a k e :

c J u l y 194-9 #'1179.

straight,

only t :

in F i c otin.

19 A u g u s t

swv r

) -o r .

op bl a ck is h-bl

7/ 4.5-llu.

I P 41

Aug.

9.

t h i c k outer membrane;
blue-green

73

cypres:

P h o r m l II u:r R e t z 1 i

(S.htn)

Co ve

f)
cross
capi­
dull

at c r o s s

a95

wr 11s.
11.

Ceil L

f:-4u;

W

P n o r n l 1 u.n t enue

5.5-lIu.

VN.

(liene^h. )Gen,

(G-eitler f ) ( F r c r c o t t

f)

(Smit a )
TrlcjVDxes 'ter.-- or less

strai, It,

Irite^-mes' ed,

o.il y r.1 i .it1 y c o nc t r l c t e d u t cross w ils,
l o o k e d : t e n d s ; a-aic- 1 cell
r.r r t e ; shea tit thin,
bri-dt,

5u;

72

crosc

Rock

1?

July

well

s-1935 -

C o l b e r t (ul a. ) ; c o n c r e t e

Sheffield
t a i n ! "i

Oct.

'.'ill o w e

Chester;
Pa r k

16

16

June

1950
14

Fnornldluo

(Smith)

PI.

June

apical

1950

P. Oct.

-t Nitrate

He z e l w o o o

- L

Cells

- Loud-^rch 1 e ( A l a . ) :

Florence
tank

o^l 1 c intents

r 1 o n r. h w y U.S.

- L.ontgomery: log

Ooion

ke:

PI
cone

13 l a r c h

1- ke

in

1949

nt

#1,

con­

1950

Chickasaw

along

(Hell)

#9095

—

State

m a r .'ins of

Vi!5FK1..

#2°57.

(G-eitler f ) (Prescott

f)

F i.g . 9.
or flexuous,

cells

nd curved,

net

sometimes

r o c k in swift

diffluent;

or even

spiralling

c a p i t a t e a n d calyp-

cell

gr-.nulated.
water

c onstrict ed -at cross

hooked,

conic-. 1 or round.,

s h e a t h . elrkinous,

Sevier:

of

•

calyp—

indistinct.

b.it e i m n d

;f?°91

nrtifici- 1

,f2P73 -

strai g h t

•.vith c r o s s - w a l l s
9u.

of

ta.-.ering b r i e f l y

to ends;
trate;

north

Jelly;

'.vails often

e n d no turn (Ag. )Com.

37,

Trichornes
walls,

etc.

Cr*e>

#1959

1949

alone-, cun' ins

P.eelfoot L a k e

10.

Cyorcss

195 0

flo'.vln^

by

fi crons

Jr:c k c o r : r o r a s i d e

V. l-hu.

near Paint

iota

or

rtt^nur t t*5. * n o

often < cut e-co: ,1c~ ] , not

diffluent

cle.or- a l u e - fcreen,

not

contents

Cells L

blue-green

2-6u;

W 6-

(4900 f t . ) W e l k e r P r o n g 29

696.

i.rrch 1 9 4 2 if20 5-*- -

Blount:

•jf'tlbv. -1- — K n o x I ro c k n
Lrkesio^
stream

in

If LL r c h 1S50

,;;r, v i l l e

s

"1 Oct.

llov: vvnter

rather

tribute ry

side

If .-.'V I 9 6 0

to L o u i s e
f°.7If.

LLlGTCLKi..^ P b u r e t

it"■ •’P 6

inch

d i f f i cult

o f

from

oth^r

neterocyst s.

t

r-v_■**

File: e ::t s

m

uev

ilu

l-2u

son

9.

Fi1

2.

Oil? ■:ie •\ t 4 - L 0 u ,

b
d. ^- r

false 'crr-nchin;

f i ?.r men t r are v e r y
In

'*■•<=•

s -• of F .

• • • • ••••••• • • • »

1 ........................... .

oroed. .. P.
ref: 12:
p

nos t o c o n u . Born.

c o l o r e d ............

. ro e e o l u m 9-o ;r.. *

Filanents

over' 95u

Filar, err

ll-2°r brood...

r' r o - o . .......

P. VVolIei Fprl.

P. To:-:?' s ini r nu,:. G-nm,

1. Plectnnerr.a nostoooru~n porn.
57,

-s

text

k i

.........................

PI.

on e r r

L - ner;. vitl

Unbr--nc2iec

*1-J^ it "v." ..•61 ^ ^

.entr

^ ’ her

size ■.n a r ■ g it r.ic i n ?;>loci n „ it u r o p e rl v .

~ s.eci-~s n
y..
^ -1-1 l
-V

Isle r- f- -

x o cist in u;. u: f r o m Lyn; bye .

V/ollei Frrl.

r ouihut st of S^ntIn­

V113FKL.

ir f i::._

*.vito in a slo<:.t'°,
the

1 mile

'ey its f ol se brr-nc .irv . ,,nd cin-:le trie -ome

0£ c i l i a t o r i a c e a e

by

Cv^e^

on t—

1-95

is

Plectone^a

sv.-ift

# 9 0 5 3 - C o l b e r t (Al? . ) : err-

osyeent of ’9 Icon LrKe ne: r i/.n 16 June Iff
,

(Sa-.rp)

o~’ s i .xhole ] obe at

/f‘:'051 - C u : o e r ■■ no:

c t O z o n e -It L a r c h 1 9 5 0

1 941

((Jeitl^r f) (Prescott f)

Fi,;. 10.

Re .orted in 5 live and Sharp,

1944

4

RC7

T r i e r rres

fleruous

; i is ; f- lsel,/
spars0

except

t h i n , may
found

tr

av.- no '.eii,

0tr. ' .'.1,
p In, 1 y or In • airs,

near- o • s e ;

°r r a y

n re

fhie

s.nal1. I horn 1 •.lut

e ••e c i e

:,■£

seems

f

' ..1

(17 r 0 ft.)
erson:

vt-f-^r 1c J une

°

Oct.

11^1

- f ides

Sori n,_.s °0 July

1 9 4 ’'- ylcrl

u

' f I from

Hr y-.vcoc-

e- ot

A U v . 1350 #9311

Ozone Creel,

to bi st in

;t 3

'•••-; It ^up.

1149

flo-tF in r.i":-ssee

L? he

oni'd
1941

nee r

ailice'-uc b l u f f
(Ska rp )

'1151 - J e f f -

of 1 erokee Dot

19--0 #9 9 6 - Kn-'x:

Ten i. y r e e n h o u s e

C e l Is L <:-?.5u;

tvo s-..~isf - ct orily.

£ Sept.
•

lr f r e q u e n t l y

o t- f; Ise

It-i9 rrl7^1 - Sevier:

r •-..1- er.tr-nent

rynline,

r- rehce

; luoe

belov. £l>:r.~

;:.lfr-e.

-n y ~ -

,fl?13 - C.uv rokee (J .C . ) : on ::.ine
an.

o': u r

bl^ficubt

rpecier , • no

.vet v. vO'..

s

ve d i f f l u e n t , f 1 r.ce pi -nt

o ran chilly sis'- in.. uic.:es the
Gi.C.):

or- n c h i n r

to 1 cellf r,ound.ed;

in ..el.^ 'CinouG 'cat ric -s

J 1-1.5

a ^ crop's

fe

on

a -u.o r i urn of Univ.

(Or- t o )ffT 1^ - s-me

of c-oner~tr? r e s e r v o i r
- Cumber V' nd:

™ud in

s-ift

site

10

t *\eubert1c
str-'t,

r.t Ozone io Lyy-ch 10tO y°053 - Wilson.:

creek

running over s nelvi nb' limestone by hnvy U.S. 70-N ei kt miles
west of Lebanon 11 July 1949 #1677 - Davidson:

stall quarry

near Lelrose Center 10 au-., 1949 #1606 - Colbert (Ala.) : emoayment of '111 son L: ke ne- r dam 16 June 1950 7fl°85 - I.ontyo.'i.ery: ditch outside *.V. C. Austin's fart by b y

U.S. 79 at

Foster's Cave Road 13 Larch 1950 #1081 - field pond at keri-

1 Reported in Silva,

1944

wether 18 . ; rc'. 1
°.

irlectonei.'/

'
#' 1‘97.

To.:,;s inIr.nu;;i Com.

(C-ei t i e r

Tr-ic'i /.i.'sc f 1 exuou r , eorst' ie " o
i n t '1 c - e s ..Itose

led

irs;

ro ureter ; s ,e..t

c re:-:

yell o i s . b r o w n ,

t'-\clr

(?u)

1

Celle
014

o

ari

. Plectorv -in .Vol '.el Furl.
37,

F1-.

?-Pn;
e vT"->'".

June us ,

iOo-

s.nnlp

:'.;r"r';'p
ool..

f ) (Pv-?

}(2 '

)

lr‘unc:.“ely

ye l l o w ,

r-;u1_v' ; no

3 r ■ n,_.e,

n

.:reer

or- b l a o k i s r ,

47u .

’.Vitnout

f

- 1 ...

1 1 y in

0

rouncect;

n.erl'

stratified;

1 o el .7 ^ r;-nul*- r.

t.ie false

c o

-h

f ..1 c-e or-- no lee,

obi 1 euelv ; a p e x

cell
Cells

branc'- in - , v u i c I s

'x irs,

col 01 less
c*nt- ents

-

* ‘

issuing
or
blue—

-- .->ct f r e r u e n t

1 s no ine^ns

frou

Col oer-t (Ala. ) : ern >' y ran t s on

Lyn-rhoy.:..

9

L 4 - 9 u ; W 28-

c orditi ~ u , t h e r e
i-

"re?ne:

^ ininp; Scl tx,

( F e l t 1 ?r

? tral. ‘
.J
el in-

enl::.

f re- ■■-.•on tip

oec^^in,

11.

Trici. ):r£
V.UU11 Z,

L
In

1 bull din.-

PI.

in

rn<5 st rut i +'i e d ; cel"1, c-ir.ten^s

y Sll va &• SV.r r ;:,

7

■"
•-

^

r n .n , . yal* re : x:
. ^irst,

0

hi u e - ^ r e e n , co' r?.?i y g r a n u l a r .

Typhn,

f)

; " --••e-'-’£

; repe. f-’-dly

g

f ) (;

of d s cl^._'Ui c n i n P: ’r e cpeels r
s -uf u rice

of

£on Lrl'e I ' J u n e 1 9 3 0 #2 70 2 - Lo n t - o :.er v : roods on left
onnk

of C u u b e r l ■;nd R i v e r

Sent.
3 Oct.

1940
1 9 4S

3-r

(C 1e b e c h )#1913 (Clebsch)#2031.

miles

so u '

of

Cl :rc v svi " 1 e

.jot ? on v 3.lie l o a d c o r n e r

599.

PC CP HYPOS IP ’Of!
p ^r

\y i o-v 1r .on
f)

Uni-:,

pi.

Tr9'':'-'".::ies
r>o - c -v;

Kue: :"i'

- c ';

"ot;,r l£j.1 (..en^ C.. )Kuetz.
:7,

(■-1 ~ "■fc~v f )

? i (:. 1-.

curvnd,ont- n

e

•- n

•ic

£\- . 1 1

Ls ;

r..1 r ,

‘ i ■■ ( ^

c ■

•
\••fr-i

i

c.

■'ex

^ol ore* cl;
- t-. r* 1*

:r-o :

z~n s*1v -

e - • 'on

:-';r: - ur

C “ uvi ■■1 :.nt :

rntJ../

: nr.L cs

S- r.o.y .-liver £

(5.1 n £ )if1 9 ?-•.

nl-VVj T I;- 1 9

.*:■

C..i ;• !'•■ '-Vl<
■ ~
reco. nize

1 c*--3
.e - , re en

. v ...jt.
'T' •ierc.v,i'

£; T ’C f :• 0 ■
“ T*1"•V .

\v 1 ::ec

n
t - _ e riu s .
enu

CM'f

vo)i rail

c

el

il *

’••r\i

lie

os

r e • re- variations.

;vi t hi n .r £ Per 99 or else

wren lyino f l a t ,
of p.iorrniniun.

and

The

the

cPer

~ e e n r e c. ..ere

sir. If? c d e f i n 3 Pi on

enclosed
Often

X t },r.£ 9 c •=n

occurrence

c9 e

in i. o " ".on

r vu.le

tricor n e s

.? .
■ re con fluent and,

one col-, nies as for-rced l o o p o.uite like 9; ose
f \e s.neciee v/i

sner.tns f ortunately
disti notion,

r

os erred on tie

entv-ined filenent^

or

out

v 1947

/.5 PL .

5 J .-.IZQ .-TiKIX. K u ~ 9 zi:p

.1 .
:e

n

ooseess

tvftco

colonies

or co l o r e d

consider-.- ;ly store e’vr-r cters of

sn/.e u u c t i ce r.my a c t u a l l y eni-ole one to

600.

u ‘i

b tr

Scrlzothrl::

.

Ib-ealese

£■">■■, "•ell aevel o ec. cnlc c i e s :■r :i hi;/ desl:

if

.o

yc^cief

It

.u,

■ re
*

1.

: : r p ^ ’.ll: r

SU M’ : C?Q

■ M n c le

1.

Elea t

uric.

' £

c e l Dll . I n -

lies w i t h i n

it.

f c ye- identified.

ace c i e s

net

included

5 hey t.he ur ->oInred, exce- t

in text

in ve: y old

s .<e c i or.enc...................................................
1.

Sheetics

distinctly

1.

File men t e ^rii du

h.

25 I- c e n t s

not

3.

Cells

eh:rter

3.

C ells

lonyer

c..
c.

4.

vric.co •es u - o u

into

3

'ujfts.........................
Into

oro-- c , or

crood 3_.
oro.- d.

i’ri cnot.es 3-6u broc .....

2nd

6.

2nd

1-1. c u

ce';it

1. 5-£u

v ounbec,

t u f t s ...............................................

r>

cun drat e ...............

4

-uadr t e ................

£

f re .-ills(Kuetz. )C-oo*
S_. Seri chi n n h i i Drru.
S_. Frl es 11

.

lacu s t rl s a.

)C-ou.
Brrun

r 1 c ones

croc, d .......

S.

1 --r d r c e a e

( Ce s . )-Com.

e l l s c o n i c 1 .....................................

orord

1-Su

cross

(V/olle)?nilson

c o n s t r i c t e d a t cross

b r o a d .......

_3. c a l c t c o l a

Sheaths

yellowisn,

brown,

bluish,

tricbotes

slightly

stricted

walls,

S_. a l k e n e n s l s

Trlcitoo-.es n o t
walls,

:r

broad. .

Trier, coses c o n s t r i c t e d at
8-3. ou

7.

8

t u?.n bro-.d,

I r i c h o o e s he

6.

7.

than

8

c o l o r e d ...............................

uni t e n

4.

cviccoi.es

t '

at cross walls...

pinit,

)G-ort.

or

con­
S.

l.uellerl G-om.

7

601.

5.

S h e a the

violet

or c l u e ..........................

.....................
1.

(Cord. )Drou. *

S c h l to thrlx a i ken en s i s (t'olle )P11 1 s on .
The

°-ecles

._e^us, inc? udir.
or t e rr r c t r V 1,
f-Ise

or:-no yes
v/rlls,

rt^ies

• ••-•oe.tr-

er o s e c ; c ell

ends

c ,..'r.ct

film.,

split

tee

; no

Knor:

s o i l y-

aG

t •-tt-red,

r .-unev.nee o*"1
•t t e

cross

conic-1;

s u r f r ce r o u ;.h,

inside

c-r.t • ini n.. fee; tri­

:lue— . reen.

( n6 .

*•, ayua tic

-Ion. r fed

sir*.- m : t P r i c e ' s

ca 1 c i c o 1 a

■f-

:y; line,

outside

Jul./l r-eP /Ibis.

of

s s , -‘vc . -vry l i t t l e

a . i c 1 cell

c ont ent s or ? s

Schl zothrlx

(3a.lt

c.rll,

c

c‘. * - t ;.s •-rr

ta:s re-: fends;

s tr;. t if led,

Horse P i n e

-t

ne • t ~ uup- r e-r.ds, c o n s t r i c t e d

£.ie.‘ t..s c o l o r l e s s ,

c.rn.

". ic

thic.-'ly it - : v oven --i 6 an

of

not

tv rlt

The

s

(Philso-> •*)

cel on,/? ' t ' s e c t 1 on Hy;

v.oven i n t -

branching.,
fric. ?

f.

vrlol,'icer, e

S.

1 e1 n

L *i-6u ; \7 ?—

since'"-

on Is! • no

VKSF.
) loo..

( leitler

f ) (Prescott)

.)

The

s ; eci.es

O e l o n e s to

section

H y o l e o t h r l s , see _S.

cilenensis.
Trierornes
at

cross

cal;

only
two

'.veils,

she -the

drical,
two

and

toward

entrrr led,

ends;

cell

rou&h,

stratified,

contents

cell walls.

pale

Ce l l s L

u n d e r R o c k e f e l d er i,e m o r i a l

not

c-r.stri c t e d

a o i c - 1 .coll Ions

cartilaginous, tpoeriny

thick,

tricixor.es;
at

twisted

tr p e r e d

firm,

becoming

granules

rocks

s :ort,

of rmex,

coni­

cylin­

usrrlly

enclosing

o l u e - rreen,

r ometlraes

2-6u;

W l-£u.

at N e w f o u n d

Sevier;

Cep 4 Aug.

1949

M

#■•1630 - Knox:
Waterworks
3.

inside

concrete

03 J u l y 1 909

#1573-4.

S e n t c o t h r i x F r i e s 11

(Smitu)

PI.

37,

dr' inpipe
VSdF.

(xi0 . )3-or.

(Gei t l e r f) (Prescott

'oelonu.v t •'> s ec t i o n Sy:r.y1 o c -strun

j■»nu s , v.l j:. i .cluo.es f ■i~’se ter" estri' 1
tufts

o se.

The

in c svcc'.loco id manner,
she'fhs

Trie hones

ore

s t r i c t e d r.t cross

s:

s

• eci ^s

rh
in

vs 11c;

e

mot

ort 1 on,

' i: 1 cell

corsr i c u o u r l y c o n ­

t::un?- tsly

• oe::,

few tr j cr.o*'es ; cell

cont^- ir>in:.; sin, Is

soil

(2000

well

74 Dec.

or

ft.)

above

s t m ti f led,

Cell ^ L 4-1 lu;

b l u e - e;reen.

(Sh:rp)/fSA 1^- - Knox:

oi c *•* form

;.ani..l ■?c. is. u r c s f r ' t ■? ooct ion ,

oecosins

Sevier:

:.oe

is inn fro::, .orostro te

shea t .os c y l i n d r i c a l , firm,

L ranul: r,

of

hyaline.

twist ~d

s"r:i.;;.t and pr rnl] el

c-orrselv

f)

Fi^. 4.

1 he s p e c i e s

erect

from K n o x v i l l e

1: 11 4.o .our#

cl-.-y soli

(1009

-sol " t e d at
c -r:tents
W 3- 3 u .

lev.

ft.)

sonic-:!;

194 7

n e a r N e w Hope-

1947 (Sir-- ro ),#' 13-'- - h o n t o ornery: alony Y e l l o w

Creek

In R i fc> I n s

hill ree l ->n n e a r S h i l o h °1

- wet

woods

t-a^o 30

ne- r

J u l y 1949

Auy.

1 9 4 9 #16 6 ‘-

(C l e o s c h & B r o w n )#1903.

V N S 6FKL.
4.

S c h l z o t h r l x l a c u s t r l s A.

Braun.

(C-eitler f ) ('Prescott)

section

I ne. c 1 1 s of the yenuc,

(Smith)
Trie soecies
i n c l u d i n g those

belongs

to

soecles w h i c h pre

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp,

o

1944

c uetic

or wet

terrestrial,

o + len

w i t h nuT.erous

fs] se

era none &,

t e3’rf p 1 1 1;. 1,

or L r n i c i i l s te

colorleps

slightly

or

f u sea

into

c: 're'" .it t crov^ea,
cr sisi ns

lo'"ei- port:.--h e. rd spresc h.;■
falsely

ert.ne .i n w only

less;

cell

1.6u.

NS.

concents

ode

sw:U'-

^ e n u s , i n c 1 u -ci n t
<..no. W..-.C*. d e v e l o p
a

yellovisr,

ro;n.

lei uc_c

to

section

or

woven

floating

into
in

c o n t a i n l n c one
prsnulnr,

.rostra. te

brown,

vet

Ellmont

6 Sept.

d.

freely

sr.e: tli "'ice,

f ) (Prescott

G h r ' i - s i oh-r

1 owe r -toi t 1 *ns
Shea t ns

oink,

dark masses

color­

V/ 1-

f ) (Smith)
of

the

not

from w

in o l d e r

cn arises

sc ecirnens are

or bHuish.
constricted

at

c •:a r c t e r i s t .1c of

taperinn

to

ends;

cros s
the

aoical

section,
cell

s :iea r o eo 1 o r e d , r o n - 1., f a p e r e b e t •:r e x ,

or a few trienou.es; cell

blue-preen

Sevier:

of t r u n k — Hire

■ o s e s <j e c i e s v ’. o 'x • x ■— usu.,;] 1 v t erres tri e 1

tufts,

o n t u s ely coi.ic 1;

cons trie ted at

C e l l s L l-4u;

(leitler

Trie no .res f l e x u o n c , s i r h t l y
walls,

She* ’■"os are

portion;

.oortion;

olce-creen.

symplocoic. u. ; er portion.

colored

c ■rsi s t In

ir.;- u. .• e i

in l o w e r

c • S c n l z o t r r i y. lluellerl
Trie

f l o ” t in • our bl e s.

if

yellow.

Triciio ..es flex.uour,
c ■*"*o s s we lie,

*'or'i.i „?_• cus.ti on &

siliceous
l°4l

in color.
ro c k s

contents

C--1L? L ?-13u;

(°?.0c

1 . ) Laurel

Drou.

(Dr o u e t 45)

7f411.-^

S c h l z o tlirix S trlckl an dll

1 He ported in Siiva and Sharp,

114-4

coarsely

V7 4-Pu.
Fills

near

c ct i or. b y me i o c r £'
Friesil,

i

fro:;. ; .1

1co ..

rt>

b.

~ vTl'•'•I

':i:.

b.

Files!

Ul ..r
: s t i : c o 1v i

o~ ~' •? •■ i

:r.eu.:r n e

.S.

i.— n ij

.7 r 1 - c i i .
>*»

/ i no-'neo. o u t e r

ver,

ture,

< ^r- ou,

.-.n ■

-ri ?:

'•

it.•
Sf I R U L I ’
a.
t. . u r o 1
.n ! £ ‘'7

^ -1j.. ■i*TT£

->-■1"

T .a O

s o l r a , which
S ,-irul; o.

• e

cr

re.-rol-

:

o ? s w ■ . :; |

sent

5. .e

or

o

'ieulf

to

, - b it.

.

. pr 1ncr'.s

:r o r o

or

b p i r e 1 s loose,
titan w i d e ,

ore

•g in t e f •*;y.11 v e x e e c t «.rt :.ro-

i 1 1-1*

£ o'

're

v;

ir-

(?'ee t it

:

e £ f )'1. 5. '.Vest

s;:u 1 1 e r ..............................

a l i t :le l o n g e r

cell?

l.c-l.?fu

'brOdid.
S_. n a j o r

Splrels
aoout

in

oio

eo^uilat e r e l , trichorr.es
c r o u d ...........

S. N o r d s t e d t i i

Kuetz.

66 6

1. Suirullna xalor Kuetz.

(Pros cott

f)

PI.

-I

T*<
£rimls
1 . ?5u.
1

of t~lc .o.: es loose,

Spirals' L 1.7 5 - o u ; ’.V

field

ov

Ten

I.h I e C r e e l

rppu1 1

5-4u.

W 1.5-

Kn^x:

r t F; rr;. ut

none. b o -1*tc:r.

June

/(-l i 4 4 .

IT--. 9

VNFLL.
•

( 1 ^ t i e ’"1 f ) ( p r ' £ r o t t

1C u d s t e at i i

r e'1
-—

f )

( D.Y. l t d )

r e ; r b r,

Brirnle

e c u i 1 a1 e:uri .

im l

1q)*
c . Spirultnu

i .Cvp£

(S.rir.

I5-,

f)

PI.

Fl^.

^ — JL, -V ' - 5 u .

rv. _ ::r i ;r 1 r c

i r1

1:

L leu;

- n •. 5 o e a

s u e 0 lee

a~ evhat

•.ere is rente t ive.

(P r

5.

o lr

. n-se- t a r e
“ ■0

V.'e £ t ) t . S . IVeat.

(W

Ilumber 1 4 5 6 is

;el 0

0 -‘ i t a

_ t - t r Is

sr.'

1

30

th-=» a £ £ i; noent

stream n».-,r old

2.

>- rp in Cede? Cove IP June I P 49 rj-8 ?5 - Overmen:

none

to ini m. aoisifierr ole n u m b e r of a qua tic plants ut

Ti

15 J u l y 1949-

tt1456.

vat

e 1 z e •i e S . o 14 n 2 e r.e v: 1

t i g h t e r spirals,

Blount:

„ en u s ,

2.

C.

con­

VNF.

SYI..PLOCA Kut-tz 1 n _ 16e5
T

n i. C

’’A.O h <r ^

x

""

^ £

*iLi ^

u- r- .n *

0:

^

^ y

-a •'•

^0v- 0

t re family in thet tbey are unt p e r e d , e o~:ocel
g u l a r c — 1 1 £ > • nc luck let erocysts
hyaline

euer.tr

it

t h o s e o f L y n f oya,

r - s rnt w h i m
vnJ.eh it

ir

and

spor-s.

tlr o>er

torn

^ p

rectan­
*%.

noioo^eneous

any

except

p r i m a r i l y aquatic -’herers Sym-

606.

.:1 ncr

lc

sheaths
erect

terrestriel.
v:. i o n

tufts

lit

fu s e to

; rise.

form

riispi: j v

1.

f j re.

o ic i

c r o p cl.,

~ r ie

XO

yr.uloca

In,. I t

vitliin

tie

1i >:i V.

r-'etr... t

Se'4iz,otr.rlx rutone: t;u

only

1 . U ’’I O

tr' diot-es- ; rc

of.

or

, ene:

tu f t e d s t r u e t u r e s .
b.

.nuccorum

Q. • • m * * •

W *

(* ;. )'y).ii.

L< 2 I •«L 1 vt

:tiue : 1 u: Ku etc.

( ^eir.ler

'A.< l
ww J-

er

f

*'•-\i.

O bl.•

) (Sc.3 ft)

FI.

Lib,

61- s.

11

H ' e ?.s o :. ( • u • ) •

. kj -- u •
tF17:"0

-

Sou. i n (17 . 1 . ) :

rt

'■urc rat:

r

C.

lr.au

nrord.

n e i c-r. ' t

s e :i • e rar n ~.nt
1°

l-ust - : eve vr.ter

..a.rod

fun

; .7

11

19-9

t,o *•■1 ( 3 f “ 0

Oct.

( or?c0

Sylva

L 1.

i

1991

ft.)

rflll~

^U; .
ft.)
-

neu

Sev tr-r:

P o r t *---•:•£ C r e d

in

-reenbrl er

3 Sept.

1941 rfl c.1 1
x - po cl In r n a l

(r,919 ft.)

3-reenorler

Ls S e c t .

I d i

1 luvla 1

c-t u p p e r

cruj. n r

ni res

east

r o d s

at

K 1 n •_

6 e s t e r 1 r- C

byr.ple c u

lei Is
o1st

t-

ve

:::u£ c o r u m

?c

,fl d

'1

- .. or.f ' .c-ry:

^ueen

? 7’ Cl. d e v i l 1 e

9 J1
9.

r

tfl 6 9 ^

U
U

// _L

"duff

rtUe . 19a 9
..arc:'
j U

(nc . )lon.

il'.’f f

1 r.encrted in Silva

(1

C u m o e r l ■ .O
(C l e b r

I 9 60

a' 0 7 c

Hi v e r

)# 1 9 0 3
-

'' f a

-

31
dry

of

.

cu d r .

2 i J. i c e n ;

on

can r

ft.)

(3-oitlcr

f ) (pre s cot t

L

v; c - 9 u .

r:-llu;
Little

River

f)

Sevier:

Oery.e

telov;

u u SLt.ro, 1944

d

*507.

i_± -:.riont

Sept.

142

Ce scad.e

Sept.

1910 #9331 - ICnox: soil

. f i.a :;eey

(S h; i•p )#4113^- - dry

'.vet nossee

(9 v 0 ft.) in .aofc,s>lr! V 1 1 ey *». .ril 114 ? # 9 S1 - 1.ont •_ore ry :
.vet -ledge *•>.t P o r t e r 1? C- ve 14 July 1949 #1401.

VNSSFKi L.

..o s t o c ' c e e
-uNaBAENA 3 or y 1 5 ’-°
In

co.croon

.

er. ol'bl ts t r i r

: • . :■ -e 't.n-r
es

coir

• re - • o f

fj e f ■ a '1 ■

-ed :-f rear, dec.,

oolnrp; , o *"

p - cell s , s .o-: -•'f whi c k e-re f r. o s f nroe^

::m

\c o/ ena

teroc vst s

into

(trmsp.ore it t h *c1- .a.lied
\V

i2 O

and

re Q u *■a 11

hA f*f r f rot

size.
I he s e \ 1 e r

r t ra 1 _ ‘ t ,

.eot,

1: c~eb ke re ;..r? a •*’u . tic.
:•rou- te or b .irelieo,

entan_.lea sr.: contorted, in

Colonies of Anrnbaenr. also
se

i-,j r-

Trie h o.:e s

ot never den s

fir-::. m s s c-s ; n ir. h o s t o e .
lac

n the

del;

.rn:

- J v> •

1. Tricuones endophytic in ^.zolls..... ...........
........................

ttzcllae Strasburger

1. Triclones free l i v i n g ...................................
2.

2

T r i Gnomes aore or less straight,
cells

sprerici

to or in el-slapeb,

L S. 5-6u; Vv 4 -5u...... A. vrrlabll 1 s Kuetz.
?. Trichon.es sozcwhnt bent or regularly
spiralled..........................................

3

3. Trlchomes regularly arcuate,
or regularly spiralled,

S-shaped,

not united

4

into b u n d l e s ........... * ................
3* Trlchomes variously bent,
bundles,

united Into

cells somewhat longer than
flQB-aquae (Lyngb.)Breb.

broad

4, Trlchomes merely arcuate or Sshaped

A.

4. Trlchomes spirally wound A.
1. Anabaena Azo l l a e Strasburger.

clrclnalls Rab
splroldee Kleb.
(G-eitler) (Prescott f)

The species la associated with the aquatic fern Azolla
Trlchomes aggregated In small bundles;
cylindrical with rounded ends;
vegetative cells,
L lOu; W 8u.

larger.

Obion:

cells spherical to

heterocysts shaped like

Cells L 5-8u;

on Azolla spp.

Heterocysts

in Bayou du Chien at

Biological Station 2 July 1949 #1160.
2. Anabaena clrclnalls Rab.

W 5u.

N.

(G-eitler f) (Prescott f)

Trlchomes generally curved in neat half circles or
arcs, but occasionally may be straight;
heterocysts subspherlcal;
heterocysts,

spores remote in position from

oblique cylindrical— shaped,

smooth colorless walls,
cysts L 8-10u;

W 8-10u.

cells barrel-shaped

with rounded ends,

cells L 4-10u; W 2.5-5u.

Hetero­

Spores L 20-30u; W 16-18u.

Cheat­

ham: gelatinous scum floating in soil bottomed fertilized
fish raising pools on Little Marrowbone Creek Road 20 Aug.
1949 #1846.

NF.

3. A n a b a e n a flos-aquae
PI.

(Lyngb. )Bre'b.

(G-eitler f) (Prescott f

38, Fig;. 5.
Triehomes

usually curved,

united in cundles;

cells

b a r r e l - sir ped or eim; ressed-spherical;' heterocysts
larger than vegetative cells,
to,

or remote from,

ends,

or yellowish

pool

W 4-6u.

cylindrical with rounded

i n e q u 11 a t e ra 1 'with smooth,

often

Cells L 6-8u;

shrped siir.il?:-r l y ; scores next

heterocysts,

curbed , oblique,

slightly

surrounded by gelatinous

Spores L 20-50u;

W 7-13u.

colorless
sheath.
Lake:

in soya bean field near Crane town nest in;: area 5 July

1949 #1205.

NFK.

4. Anabaena varinbilis Kuetz.
Trichomes
•rails;

flexuous,

spores oval,

from het eroeysts,

W 7-9u.

'.7 4— 5u.

walls

f)

slightly constricted at cross

cells siheric. 1 to barrel-shaped;

cal or oval;

2 . 5-6u;

(G-eitler f) (Prescott

heterocysts

in series of some length,

smooth,

yellowish brown.

Heterocysts L 8u; ’
.V 6u.

s oherire rote

C e _L1 s L

Spores L 8-14u;

T'ne species forms a gelatinous mass which spreads

on soil or floats freely.
roadside drain (3000 ft.)
- Knox:

trickling water in rock

road to Newfound G-ap 11 Aug . 1941

gold fish pond at Knoxville Waterworks

1949 #1487 - Montgomery:
1950 #2096.

Sevier:

25 July

field pond at leriwet::er 18 larch

VFK.

1 Renorted in Silva and Sharp,

1944

510.

iip rlil I Zui._5NuN i orren
rill:
:.o.:.en;>n

a

, FI,,.
1 ol

i ^35

flos-e ou,-e

(L* )R -If s.

) (3 'it:- f)

(P: t;r c -h 1'

5.
:in,

in

s

r'ile-I iv e '-'Io:

;i■■■l-. ,

i

- i

..one

u ■- r

: ,

oxi

'C"l

i, f •

o
-

.
-

.

j.v L i n

•O v

e

'-7u.
i

- •

5

5-6u:

.:

17 7-

.L 1L

I

If not

i

•e i •-■->• -

i.r .

1: 1 0 . 1 / 1 ^ 3 ? ^ " - . . . U —
T..1 s

K u e t c In.
CO!.' )-F ;

r.n u 1

V! CIS

« ?r o s £ of t..e Cl'.'. .1' V ].
.. ;• . r;t ru ■?t iir e

Dl’l

IV

t

in

i. '. C

. et e >io c y c ^ s .
terrer-tri 1,

; t. A h

v l i n c r o s D F m u n
;rou

Snores

oe cnrrl n

1.

Snores

in on; l n - 1 rf s v i p s

Spore

w a l 1 s rou_ h l y

Snore vv 11s

"’o *■‘ <? 1 c ■■:In r 1

c ; j * c l f :- ;. r r

• ■«t- ^minnntl v

sin ly. . . . .

3Bu; V/ 10-1 o u ........
9.

e 1 from

so.r.e

1.

2 ,

■s.ii. ui°

It

c o n or.rf

unct;te,

v

a Hr-Ifs

L 90-

_C. mmjus Born, d Flnh.

s m o o t h ...................................

1 Re, orterl in j£dri.y, 1930

3

611

* 1»,

1- I - - - : J u ;

o p Vi'<r£ i.

9-1' u. .

C.

:nu •

o1

Inets.

~I■j ,, ::V—’
1-J.U......................

.................................................

C.

I

J

c

v

n

i

( Bo

v ; }I I :r v .

“l

f)

• _L

i- •-

~-7u;

u]” 19^9

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Ji
m a r or

"I

) I.u •

1)

r t-.-1
■u.

ie

-

n

i

T
L

u1
-

.ia
.

C-*

1939

(Rola )t?3 195.

or
6/1 1 v -I'o: per m. ■Tt.ojUS

(S a l ‘ )

K-,

) (P •P ■ CO'

61

'i -I on.• or el" * tic,
le"

L p-6u;

'2

W l~'n.

I. l_7-l cu; W ?0-?Su.
C e n t e r

-:o

O ^ £*

^

,rlB1

6

.

Zuctz.

'r **”l‘•' ? • •~

(1 : -ee •■;t * f-) (Sir.it'

Jk

■**n

1.

So c J’c

.

VS.

11.-*
-L . -2 j

■' O r*\ r

:-7i ; ’.V 7-lOu.

1 e r e r o c y 2 1s

” • Cy"' Vr roe ■.^r.r.uj oo 2 ~1 co 1
j?V3

■:rov-n colored.

D a v i l s - 1: o!

164°

.

. -un^t. f ? ' m l 1,

v:i t

•uadrete
o *•^ r*v c

f)

cel n e
_

J

re- •

'o;

■"

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.rj. '•

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0 * • o <= Creek

\r
.

.—r-, J..-*. ...'/I'"

( m i t l e r °c ) (Pl a c e t : )
(s.-iri)

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.A
-c

•- -le
-ne,

c

t

n•

•t-'l

'-nil' . colored,
l.io,

1 f f] u o n t .

'— d u .

Sonres L o-6u;

-ji

C-lls L 1 i ; 1
V/ c-17'-.

k •-ch v i 11 e 11 Oct.

.OST00 l-uc o r

.iet e-r^ovste L lu;

Dr.vidscn:

on v'?

(dole );fB •’11.

to t

■£t &ni
do.mlly.

V.*rr

- in

v

1 802

Tois 12
enuG of

->7u.

■t frequently Fne^untpred

In emiron cite the ot.iers, its un-

:ri

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r •: 1-

-r

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in v is —

7 -’ • L.

■4 .O O O 4

».O .>_ A

Lt.;ure colonic £ ]

we ,

inches

in exrent.

.........

. .XvLur-

col 3 l-.S £

'I :, not over ■

I:. e v

cinaetrr.

in

4. i r i c m . X E
Trlxnpe?

cr-fi

^_1 ».--. ’■rL.' *. - V. - .•

u o to s e v e r e 1

or*^■

c-Su bro.-.c1.. N.

1C. corr ,;une V a u c • .
:T

irostorun *..ene,-;n.
mi c rose opt: up jy m

t . n, -un t * c a p e r i e s .......................
o.

Ter.ff-.stri / 1 r.r *?cies.....

i. 'Tricho.r.es densely interwoven..............

i

314.

K.
Trie tv •et

■

Li re hi;.
••r lees

( R o f ')Pro.

& FI- ...

loo £ cl*-

i nt c rwoven
7,

O : t ''i..J.E

“ ■■iCt,

r-t

colo ty .

. .

v. o

: .:ivi '.u:

''!

C j-'A • " r r V

o "**

■if.c in ;■2

7 eie *”

..£

v'r
L !E C
±

z.

' 1 *.

•

Celle

•

T -a

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•

•

n-

•

•

.•

•

•

Lt...

XV-

n

X

J

• •

vi
.. 1'«.*.„<-T-.
...

( 7 ’ -o -•

\

,

Tr,

T r i c l ore 5 Tens vl,
TH •

;:n: 1 .......

; -ErU

Iri 0 '-O.-e £ 1 ?0£ ••1.
—JU

3.

O i'O

o s toe

v

-.1 ,

. 1.

c........

or rneu::. A t .

C -r

t u r i f u s u r (Jarm.

( 2-*j.1 1 ? r ) (P o e c o ": f )

r ‘ O l"''■"p v‘i c ■ 1

'‘‘1.i c h

11,

el c tit *ufe p. ru r tic

e c. e c 1 e s

in J e: i n„

c o 1 -'nies,

PI.

i ''n Intri c . t ■ o

T .‘.1 0 F r,e r 1-e s
^ enuE,

•s c ^vw:< *v

t t*j_Y‘E.

>-1 .

I

ularly

■
r*r> ~ n aui

Filtrr.eritloosely '?ntrnrl e c ,
cy l i i C r i c - l ,

stout

Ion,.- cylin&ric- 1;
ty&line.

Cells

twice
s or-s

19a7

ov- 1

Davidson:

( B o l d ) # B 14£.

z. s

wide;

or elliptic,

L 3-8u; ”/ 3.c-4u.

S;or»s L 0 - 1 Ou; V/ cu.
I T Jen.

e Icne

f l t x u o ' y , cel ls

F...L.

het-rocyetf!
'.■all. sv.ooth , thin,

Heterocysts
2 i roestone

ohlo

L f.u; W 6u.

"'~ols : t He snvllle

'•

oc

j.- 1
~ •

v.;j

Vi
A

c o m m u n e Vnueh.
1

^

This

( lei tier f ) (prfccott, ?)(Smith)

»r eoi e •• b e l 'ri.__s to £f.?t*

rrestrii I, occ; si

tiiose specie::; ’
•”i t •.
•

coi or.ies w n i c h ?■re ;t first
fir rt-. n "d , lobed,
.■pic -.*>.t.e s
i •. -1 -

nd

0:1 tr

The colony

Blount:

n ] 'va , c r‘~ is c.<?

is

-•••- re^-n,

at

a

L e n o i r li restone

in

' sture

Ttlle? - Lincoln:

'-.-et lire? t on°

«.uril 1949

In Cades

-nt

Or

T-um.

19n9

ft r:n 5 Feb.

gelatinous,

Tricnones loosely
so terical

cylinoric-’-1,

wit

Cell e L 6-14u;

round ner r

(Des.)Rno.

VNFKAL.

(3-eitler f) (Prescott

'~t

first,

s-ores

smooth w alls;

7/ 4u.

r

r-- soft and

beco m i n g flattened.

entangled,

or oniony;

f)

Hum if us?.., i'.cluoiny

terrestrial colorr ea w h i c h

spaeric:-l

1941

( H a l l ),yl96~ - Lont.jomery:

soecie'- del on- « to section

species wit

19cC

or.tcro - ~ in cedar barrens 6

ve If July 1949 #1407.

elllpsosporuin

yuife

Cove ?o Aug.

(S ha.ro )#7.99? - Colbert (Al; . ) : on

ner r Bellamy

observed.

^n thin r.'ils overl y i n g

of Univ.

Pl'-nt ,fl ct Sheffield 16 Oct.

ocysts

r’ ic1 or

'.V t’u.

o1 'v , oro-n,

brams F-lle
'.ounoont

those

a ’

out side.

(S'rrp) f'C'Sc - Knox:

This

v o s se r

Leterocycts L r'
7u;

-;t l^r ct on tie

on r o d

1. Nostoc

out tecor.e sore-f inj,

[;ed ; '-ie terocys t a rv: eri c: 1; s-'^r-'-s not

l

-r-ry,

s.- t r i c l

±]y cu nmc-r .ed,

irre. ulrr.

C l ' ' L 4. o-6n ; Vj a. 5-Ju.

i

n C o m m o n h ., inclu',l’V

cells

elliptic

hyaline

Heterocysts

cylindrical;

6-14-u;

heter­

or oolong;

or yello w i s h colored
M

6-7u.

Snores L

6-6u.

lv-19u;

..ne c o l o n i e s

t-r-

exp: n e e d and

'.V-i t e : oy hwy U.S. 70— K : ro u n d
1.'
‘

rc;. 1950

0c9.

r.'•ir.er f 1 r rd y . elrtinous.

rel • t i v d y nr-’’ : i, •yr.-.rc cone.

Vl.SKLF.

^ --1 oc huinl fusuni 0 ■•rrn.(G-eitler
I.-is so eel es

crloip s

f)

tosect i o r. Hum! fuse,

of

tee

penus,

see N.. e 11 -1o s o s :o r u rn.
T r i c o "e s dense"' v e r.ton
nd

'i1 £*3 net,

'".eterocysts
smooth,
lu.

to

twice

£■ 'eric 1 j s ores

s:

eric

y ellow i s h ,

Heterocystb L
0

Ho st oc Lincoln.
species

1 on o*rf ?. ".’1.t i

comcntG.

3u;

Spores

.V ru.

r enter i n

Cell L

L 6u;

rt if lei • 1 lr
74.

(Roth) Born,
.elon., s

° o 0 u ?1 ^ v v «11 o vv

r c lorn' : s -ine;

blu e-p . reen

S t ' t e t e r k 16 J u n e 15 50

This

s n -~

c ell s s n er i c ^ l

C r.e g t e r : in sori

b.

'so,

to

v.
t

2]

5 u ; V’ P-

W hu.
e in ChicV*--£r.v:

VN3F.
& Flo'-.

sect

(Cei t l e r f ) (Pre scott

on I n t r i c .
=
•tr- of the penus,

see N.. cr r n e u m .
Filaments
tinct

compactly

near colony

spheric* 1;

surface,

neto- ocysts

o r b arrel - sre p e d ; wall
Cells

L 3.5-4u;

N

contorted,

spheric

c rectos

dis­

decree o e d s> .ericr.l or

1 or o v a l ; scores

s m o o t h bftcondnp d r r k e n e d

3. 5-4u.

S p o r e s L 7 — 6 u ; W 6-7u.

cells

er.tsn pled,

H e t e r o c y s t s L 5-Qu;

i o n t ^ o n e r y : field

sr-’ erics 1
w i t h s.pe.

W 5-6u.

pond * t L e r l w e t h e r

18 ;.o,r.o- 1 9 5 0 #8097.
6.

N o s t o c m a c r o s norum Mene*:h.
This

spe c i e s belorups

to

(C-eitler) (Tilden

f)

s e c t i o n P run if o r n l a , i n c l u d i n g

f)

617.

v

l g. .

r

vc t e r r e s t r l '6 -•••••

:• .

surr'ii.rulec. o/

F 11 :-meats
e.o

t

often

loosely

ic 1,

lie t e ;

i-

n u. C i f 1 I '*T ■■I

1 os f o e

:>r -e res» =e.,

\ ?.

v.a

.in,

icuo

;y ed

sr.o o t

h e t e r o c ' p ’.u L 7-lCu;

C ' i-C ^ i*tr0

.uic. o s c o

c - u t

>r ;

;.11 . no

ir

3; ve 1 ■: _-,-Jv l J. > .• ( r/f.r )tfC 1 f 1..
7.

w.ic::

eiVCf; n .1t o , curved or p o i r r l l i n c ,

0-•.iJ.s L e~yuj

J ■>Li •

colonies

-**1 rm outer 'ne:nbrrne.

C \ • T •::o t , y •••11 '- i <- .
!}tjO J

J '

i. .i

tic

C t.r r ,.

V,' 9-

3nr: 11 S'rell

N.
( d e i t I t r ) ( P i> .

c

f) (S tiff.)

i .
Tnl c i- 1

cr.u!

>n Frunl

o-icru-.e!
• :lr"
r

c e l Ip

1 c- —

L ••-su;

c

:

O O P el

fr;l J

"-1 f a •> •

lee , p -.<=> ~ s mey ee distinct,
nor*'

.1 1

1 ; v ] 1 ‘■■to

c ; j T >0 c

"ef eroccp t s L ? u ; IV 7u.
■>■■■■rely 1 at.

01 1*^ ’I6*'*

jf174 7 - Sevier:

Lit v.le Hivor

n.

=:.c t:e •'!; n e t e r o c y s t s

Color:Ip:: s e ll,

fee (f .C . ) : or I y •!
.-rj . 1749

:;U:

.a r-1 c '• 1

'.V o-6u.

'V 7-11 u .

o:

• c y>/~\" - t>i-1

.

£P ■

oral:

moist

Snore-? L 6-7u ;

in uirtffer.

'1'Vc £00:

:p

1

4

■f (ICC 1 ft.)

sil? ce:v.i

GS-orne celov; 111 lemon t 3 Sept.

C:.ero-

19^1 -^IS ' - F e n ­

t r e s s : r- t. .er dry l e c 0 e by '.nvy Tenn. F.8 ne: r Pall '.all 15
July

1950 7/-14SS-4 - Coloert (jilp. ) : on soil

near S h e f f ield b Sept.

1949

by S or inn Creel"

(Pall)#1958 - I.out e o e r y : w i t h

61

1 i

on

el-

..1...e t o e out crons

el -April 1 ?jLC &■' 3 6 3 .

I-' n n o

muecoru..

P. 1 r species

.

cou '1 of V.’o o cn :von

.

C

Ion’ C

VPSG-K.

( leitier f ) (Prescott ^ ) (1 \ 1 t '

,,el on :

o. Hir.l

)

~f

11' ■'1 ~ 1 - g Q o foru.'ri.
- J

r:encft.i.

.L L

entrn_

o -on or c,. 1 tniric 1;
•;vs 1 s .sp'-on.-ic ^
-

-. .r-. .- ■ -. ,.

. Ic

: ooycts

-O-I.

or

to

1v

L

C - ? u ; ./ >

... c-; ..— ,

> >-

ole:

■■ , *r ,

ced;
1
-L 1
1.

o;.

(i:

(o..oro )ffS •*■!?' x -

W f

rie: : ...el: o f

„ o ..try: pot:, in
ville

1c

. '.'os toc

s

19-. i.

i..

3-11

-■,' c ■
..

---.)
r.-~ ..>’
) n~
-

v

.11 • : s
.

4u.

L oe s..-re

t he5-?o of

31 - r’e

VI
) ( F i t s c-'-f )

tecfjon

ent-n. Iff,

Intricrtf

cello

1 1 : ... er T o n ...ro ■ o'; h e ^ i o c y e t s

: c*

• ' -11 ‘;-vDeo:.

of

e = cou£,

O'- XT, e'u ...

O'iCiioititt loot-ly

.

1 n 'V■

(flrGc-o - font-

-1 g c ir.• 1 r K u e t o . (lei tie:

'• f:

u.

'■} rf-l'r-.0 - D- *rius ?:i: small

..s o) . t 6.1

:el

o

'■ff~t .. L :..:oon

'non:.

nor -

( 31

L ~— 7 u ; I

L o - -r ] fi — ~ t li.

3e n t t ?

:x- ->

.oic c ecie

*

s

Ge t .

.

'•0 '0c

«•

S o or ►
t e?

no- r j u n c n 1 ^ joocf 1 oepi.
.onvory

"voce .
*

r vrel-s

-n

of c-o

up

c~•:

eric.- 1;

in sfries

...onto, '.r.ftry: ■-ood?

one1 n

spi eric 1 or ollon..;;

of sever? 1;

liet^rocyst d i a m e t e r 4.f-6u.

coop

cell

6 i •'r.e t e r . o o u t

Snores L 6-7u;

U . S . el

Just

W 6-7u.

south of Puthrie,

o] Q.

y . 1." :^rc', 1 ? 5 0
10.

Nostoc

#2099,

SK.

°;,:.c.erlcuu Vaueh.

(3-eitier- f ) (Prescott f )

Tni-:s ••eo 1 er belongs to section Communia of toe menus,
:c-: J.

eor.m u n e .

Trici'0 -;:es densely

entangled,

:; j , or berrel-En.qped;

heterocvs'

■/unJ £ t ..xC •,
o '"ne y s f s
s

eric

n, orov;ni

cu;

rA.

brcvS

cells

Cell s L 4-Su; ’A’ 4-fu.
L 7u; V, c

.. t neco T'ln. ■ fo1 t

1 . r i':rs

Li ncoln : -*t 1 ic.e IT ">:1r
(o . c m ) j . ? - :

-

tCT'^n f: 1'1

li'X I

i.■,e v. ••

Jr.v L'iso-.;

"

:>■

.-.c .1- nl City ‘-0 rv.v....• 11,9 #1
/ Sori::- ■ 3'-eel

compressed spheri-

"O.flvrllo no-'r

1 ;c=rt (Ala . ) : on r-oil

refflei 0 v S ^ o t . 19-P (KO.l )ylPfe.

;
-«.PhILIOPbIS Frits :•

T TL.

•n * Rle"- 1923

•.a--, i•Ii o. ris eurv t jo Fritsc c a r.ic.

(Frf-s V'- II f )(3ml t'c +“)

H
L
1X c-s,• *1is •

f**1

e

Trie., j ,es c urvea or
Ox- i c

1

c 3 11 £ , l o n r ta.cored t o

0*113 L 10 u.; .7 l-;u.

l

1?
:.a

so a r c

species uni••■ue am

,11 i - si .r -t<
ends ;

c vl in-

s ■ores i r.t er-csl: r y .

...o.it^omery: on stick in flume of Rinr-

oii ...ill 11 ..arcn 1930 #2064.

6 c y t o n e ;na f c,c e o e
-iUL05Ir-n. liirenner- 1876
rtul o s 1 ra 1 ...l e x c. B o m .
PI.

53,

Fix. s. 1 — 3.

& Flan.

(Geitler f) (Doily 45 f)

Jr-ic -to.- e a ■
:v..1
tr,

p

r,

e o. o>* c 1

cell r c.

e ross

. ■1 1

; — t

W n d e r :: 1 1 Un i v e r s i t y
£'-nt 1 1

Oc".

- neo.
•1,

i. .

iccor-? i

. no T V n i t::

O Vary e l i l

F

',Y c - l C - u .

s bs r

S'vo.

cc FI : V .

r: re ,e a , ;.:i t ,_.r ;vin: ride

1 c-

i,

eiolosin... two

me..!,

l

._ ie

er ...ulti,.le;

or .sc. e trie

.7 9-10u.

.\ ft; •„•.

.

of

Bold

f)(3n:Ut

~0:

f)

3-rp 14 sut.

70-N

ei t t Tiler
alon

,?1391 - isury:

rest

Parson's

0^

side

.7

t

c :e V i :

t.

1941

s :elvir. t 1 i:r.ectnt. e of

"rV..r:. s repeat: V y
i t o? e'er file-

:ro s £ w i l e ;

>r •.V r e V ; s. :i"-r

.o ~t i r r-oV

0 v er

r.ery:

C

colorless

,;y 1

.00

Colo.Vet

Sevier:

oelo'v I n d i a n

rp^n n ;:e

(lei tier

isci: o v . : o . r t r i : t ^ a

c 1 i .v 1 2 , ci «. It

L

n0t

/— ..jU

-i.

•!:<=* \t E f cel 3
07

v • ; :v

1149

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:1.1s el"

■r-.lon. , ■'■etveen

Dr.’r5 d : o n :
-

or o'■1 •• ,

1.-49.

^ W . B e r / l ^ y
ji-.:

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•o - ,:c "** *~\iiv
i ;i*
_.

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file-

r-'otv. r f f ' 1 in:

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c. <
—.
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'■•.■-Vy or .to ed in v ‘.un

1

.etero1

•r

or yellowish,

ctVurre.

9 ‘- U s

:.r 1

s or t V t s

(£000

ft.) P.or cl P r o r y

- '.Viis on:

creek

in

r u n n i t ::

M 1.•:'tvi 11 e dr s 1 n .
•.1o n 7 hv:y U . S .

Leo.-:non 11 July 1949 yldl? - I.iont-

0 ve

br^ n c 1 near Or.ve 14 J u l y 1949

c o a t i n g r o c k u n d e r sheet

of vnter in Barr

•<"'1

Cre

j It

nr..r x„i-. ,’h ; 0 e y 1 £ f:.rnj 1

DIfLJGuLu:>: ” c.e^eli

June 19 4S ,fh' ° b .

1 -c 9

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cler oo;r£t:

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ti*.n 1 J u l v

r>v»/“)-c

*r>^ "■» — .I-

:o £ i s 11 o r:t j 7 ■:t p ro c v s r e

£ ■, £

: in s t u m p s

c cn f l u -

T't]

.ro.

■'■i:\Cr: z e

c '3 re'>i’tes £ c d

v,i -

cn.

i:r >i v i - u n i

.all s ; cel i s

C ell e L

)(S: it.

11

v.it '-in.

■nee of

■

.

vrllSl

i/'eloni 1956
•fhi*- is

.le kJcnu 2 vv. J c . no

in .rost fa. .oilier
or

- cl ;cat i -r >: until

rue

.enerE

//it.. the

or: n c n

;rises

nest

.•>r - farr.ili.:
there.

f :1 s e

ret ontlv*
in.

to a n e t e r o c y s t , as

T o l y p o t hrt.x, a n d dreads

-iowever,

in F r e m y e l l a

■ n d rre usu- 1 c r.r3iti:n of

?-.sent wit.

r rnc

e n listr o ;;.c ____________
1 ct’oc ir.s tc

char.--, e ter,
is

dr.sal h e t e r o c y s t .

the

case

is

one

v ;-;ere

the

in t^e

t i r o u "r t ,_c s h e a t h

tie f ila.nent

observe t ion

It

usually

brerhs

is as an ur.brnnched

o o

^r-'.ny el J a t.n o r m

(T'^ur. )DeToni .

1croc .'"Pte t e n e m

(Pr-rcott

Tnur. ) (S;ni t k. 50 f)

PI.

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z

tc r— p

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to - v

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ouadr:: t e ; b e t e r o c y c t g

a'*.-:' tr thin,

^

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c o l o r,l e s s .

hwy U . S . 73

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,
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side;torix,

this

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but

in c e r t a i n

s .o T.v S c y t o nexr -11 ke
t. e a ' X ' a a s
.e 1 .0

non

••-.hie a

r

zz-y'i

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. . . ...
7—1hu.
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r a n .

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hi,

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~i_ . 7.

•—

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C'\* n e Ira u c u - l l y
1

£

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y

l

i

rm-r.t,

a" s m x a i .
Sevier:

7

Q

a

-

1

^

ran': lo>-

an les,
-ririny

-7 •*-1 <=»■
Op *3

Cells L ••-0u; '.V
mint

siliceous

.-orne be lot- £ l > rrnt c Sept.

quartz boulder (1500 ft.)

in Silva and Sharp,

- e r t u t.oly

(t-e-itler f r n 0 Smith. ' s

Is --ly

*'t. ) L i t t l e R i v e r

yhiie-1 - ox

e ?•

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fr

in T o l y •>0 -

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o

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rec o^ni zrajj e in r r a c ‘ lce,

( f ere. ) rk. f s.

"CL.

- n e 3 f l on.

- a r ■ rot f n ^

Filn;e:it£ 1 0 - 1 cu brood.
(1700

1

nr

t u f t e d effect,
fx

n 1'

f el re

nr

t^

:P e t

*:een in ?1 uced

on s

non le

Triel.o nes •: :une ••r.tly
^

gu

often

colj

r ~,ly;; n :hrf a c y a oic.en

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ir

n 2 n 1 1 oe t v -• , • m

r<-\ aa : r

r-nsn Ilia

genus

1344

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don

(b hr. rp ) /fA

-a:i ;o.i;v. Id A u L . Idol

?•:' r -o c e c o r

^ - Kn o

(lO-dQ ‘"'t. ) re' > Cl;o^ron b.ndxrd

1 J. n.

: or r v
194.3

r ,j'rvrior < :-t-a .

(is

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£ o / rone:;r. o s
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four a;- in Sc'.ir.ot: r i x .

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s • •* t ’xes

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i n text

or r. i ~o

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s f r; 1 1 f i e ■ tl o n .............................................
I.

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r i^ic - r i ■)r...................................
4
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ire

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3.

Ceils

nue.drefe

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t . ■n bror d

rd oiddl e re... i o n s .............

1 Re orted in S3 Ivr

rnd Sorrp,

S. core tile P o n t . *

1944

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11

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brood.

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I P 49

#1757 - Davidson;
City 20 Aug.

ravine north of Nashville near Ash la nd

1949 #1832 - Cheatham;

A s h l an d City 20 Aug.

1949 #1849.

4 * Scytonema guyanense

by hwy Tenn.49 near

VNSFKM.

(Mont.)Born.

(Geitler f)(Smith)

This species belongs to section Euscytonema of the
genus,

see S. cinclnnatum.

Trichomes falsely branched into long flexuous strands,
forming vertical tufts;

cells quadrate or longer than wide;

sheaths firm, parallel stratified,
10-16u broad.
Sevier;

Cells

Filaments 15-21u broad.

moist siliceous bluff (1700 f t . ) Little River Gorge

below Elkmont 8 Sept.

1941

(S h a r p )#4119.1

Scytonema Hofmannll Ag.
This species
genus,

yellowish-brown.

see

VNSF.

(Geltler f ) ( P r e s c o t t )(Smith)

belongs to the section Euscytonema of the

cinclnnatum.

Trichomes falsely branching with their bases fused for
some distance above the point of branching,
curly tufts;
wide;

cells of varying lengths,

heterocysts usually oblong;

unstratlfled.

forming erect

often longer than

sheaths firm, hyaline,

Cells 5-10u broad.

Filaments 7-12u,

rarely

15u broad.
Knox; moist limestone around spring at Carter's Mill 2 Aug.
1949 #1630 - wet sand in Univ. Tenn.
Sept.

1950 #2346 - Davidson;

botany greenhouse 1

ravine north of Nashville near

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp,

1944

J 1.- V

1

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■

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- £ Kuetz.

( 't p i 1 1 er- ?) ( P r e s c o t t

f)

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T.'wj
£?

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rCL£--QTrHI£

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44.

RHODOPHYTA
Rhodophyceae
Protoflorldeae

Banglales
Erythrotrichaceae
COMPSOPOGON Montagne 1850
Compaopogon ooeruleua
Brancned,

(Babla)Mont.

PI. 42, Fig. 4.

green-violet colored filaments of macroscopic

size (about 1.5 mm in diameter)
more in length;

(Smith f)

forming tanglea a foot or

all except apical portions or small branches

are composed of a brick-work of cells;

reproduction is said

to be by means of large and small neutral spores which may
arise froir any surface cell.
This plant has appeared in huge quantites on more than
one occasion in two places along the southern part of the
Tennessee Valley Authority Lake system,

near Sheffield, Ala­

bama in the headwaters of Pickwick Lake and in Hamilton
county (Tenn.): Just above Hales Bar Dam 19 Sept. 1949 (Hall)
#1900 - Dr. T. E. Hall of T. V. A. has made both of the
mentioned collections.

Porphyridiaceae
P0RPH1RIDIUM Naegell 1849
Porphyrldlum cruentum Naeg.

(Pae
645.

*r, Schiller & Migula f )

(Prescott f )(Smith f)

PI. 42, Fig.

Plants unicellular,

terrestrial,

red layer on damp surfaces;
drical;
noid,

3.
forming a gelatinous

cells spherical to short cylin­

containing stellate chromatophore with central pyre-

or several

Irregular cnromatophores with pyrenoids;

dividing cells sometimes attacned by gelatinous strand or
stalk.

Diameter 5-24u.

Knox: wet sand of Univ.

of Tenn.

greenhouse at Knoxville 7 May 1947 #694.

Florideae

Nemalionales
Chantranslaceae
A UDOUINELLA Bory 1823
In this genus are found simple branched filaments of
elongated cylindrical cells,

and there is little reduction

in size of the cells from main branches to the ultimate
ends.

(PI. 42, Fig.

red-violet,

5)

The color of the filaments may be

or possibly blue-green,

and there are generally

several discoid chromoplasts in each cell.
Reproduction in Audoulnella is identical with that of
Batrachospermum and L e m a n e a , although their vegetative struc­
ture is altogether different.

Round,

asexual monospores

are formed in bunches on short lateral branches.

1 Reported in Silva and Sharp, 1944

In sexual

reproduction,
cbogynes,

lateral carpogonee terminate in typical trl-

and antheridia are produced in bunches on short

lateral branches.

The zygote develops into a cystocarp

with carpospores.
It is difficult to distinguish the genus from Chantranslal stages of Batrachospermum or Lemanea unless sexual
organs can actually be observed.
While two samples of the genus have been collected
from Sevier county,

neither sample has been in condition

for satisfactory identification to species.

Batrachospermaceae
BATRACHOSPERMUM Roth 1797
Although several collections of members of this genus
have now been made,
find''.

So far,

it still may be considered as a "good

it has been discovered only in the clear

cold running waters of springs or fast streams.
As in the case with most of the complex red algae,
pronounced polymorphy is apparent in the life cycle.
is a branched,

filamentous

There

Juvenile or Chantransial stage

which may reproduce itself by asexual spores, and a mature
sexual stage which is composed of a central axis branched
in whorls at Intervals (PI. 43, Fig.

3).

Some of the

branches may corticate the central axis but most form a
bushy tuft around their point of origin.

In unusual cases

all branches may be Involved In a firm cortication.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ahlstrora, E. H.
1935*

The algal genus Scenedesmus.

Abstracts Doctors*

Dissertations, Ohio State University, 17: 1-13.
1937.

Studies on variability In the genus Dlnobryon
(Mastlgophora).

Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., 56:

39-156.
Ahlstrom, E. H. and Tiffany, L. H.
1934.

The algal genus Tetrastrum.
Bot.,

Allen,

The Amer. Jour.

21: 449-507.

T. F.

1880.

The

Characeae of America.

1

&2.

1888-1896.The Characeae of America.
Anonymous (J.
1949.

Boston.

1 & 2.

New York.

S. Dendy and C. J. Chance)

Good land - good
June, 1949.

fishing.

Report of progress

Tennessee Valley Authority,

for

Division

of Forestry Relations.
Atkinson, G. F.
1890.

Monograph of the Lemaneaceae of the United States.
Ann. Bot., 4: 177-229.

1931.

Notes on the genus Lemanea In North America.
Bot. Gaz. , 92: 225-343.

660*

Bold, H. C.
1931.

The life history and cell structure of Chlorocoocum lnfuslonum.

Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 57:

577-604.
1933.

The life history and cytology of Protosiphon
botryoldes.

Ibid., 60: 241-299.

Borge, 0. and Pascher, A.
1913.

Zygnemales.

In Pascher, Die Suesswasserflora

Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz.
9.

Jena.

Bornet, E. and Flahault, Ch.
1886.

Revision des Nostocace'es heterocyste'es etc.

1886a. Ibid. Part

II, 4(Ser. 7): 343-373.

1887.

Ibid. Part

III, 5(Ser. 7): 51-129.

1888.

Ibid. Part

IV, 7(Ser. 7): 177-262.

Boyer, C. S.
1927.

Synopsis of the North American Diatomaceae.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phlla.

Part 1, 78

(Suppl.): 1-228.
Ibid., Part 2, 79(Suppl.):

229-583.

Brand, F.
1909.

Zur Morphologie und Blologie des Grenzgebietes
zwlschen den Algen-gattungen Rhlzoclonlum und
Cladophora.

Kedwigia, 48: 45-74.

Brannon, M. A.
1945.

Factors affecting growth and distribution of
Myxophyceae in Florida.
Acad.

Quart. Jour. Florida

Sci., 8: 296-303.

Braun, A.
1883.

Fragmente einer Monographle der Characeen.
Nach den hinterlassen Manuscripten A. Braun*s
herausgeben von Dr. Otto Nordstedt.
Akad. Wis8.

Brown,

Abh.

K.

Berlin.

Helen Jean.

1929.

The algal family Vaucheriaceae.
Micros.

1930.

Trans. Amer.

Soc., 48: 86-117.

The desmids of the southeastern coastal plain
region of the United States.

Ibid., 49:

86-104.
Brown, V. E.
1930.

The cytology and binary fission of Peranema.
Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. Nova Scotia,
73: 403-419.

Chodat, R.
1896.

Sur la structure et la biologle de deux algues
pelagiques.

1919.

Jour, de Bot., 10: 333-349, 405-408.

Sur un Cxlaucocystle et sa position systematlque.
Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve., 11: 42-49.

1926.

Scenedesmus.

Etude de g^ne'tique, et syst^matique

experimentale et d*hydrobiologie.

Review d*Hydro-

biologie, 3: 71-258.
Cleve, P. T.
1894.

Synopsis of the navlculoid diatoms.

Kgl. Svensk.

Vetensk. Ak. Handl., 26: 1-194.
1895.

Ibid.,

27: 1-219.

Conn, H. W.
1905.

A preliminary report on the protozoa of the fresh
waters of Connecticut.

Conn. State Geol. and

Nat. Hist. Survey Bull., 10: 1-78.
Collins, F. S.
1909.

The green algae of North America.
Studies.

Tufts College

Scientific Series, 2: 79-480.

1912.

Ibid.

(supplementary paper), 3: 69-109.

1918.

Ibid.

(second supplementary paper), 4: 1-106.

Collins, F. S., Holden, I. and Setchell, W. A.
1895-1919.

Phycotheca Boreali-Americana.

Czurda, V.
1932.

Zygnemales.
Mittleuropas..

In Pascher, Die Suesswasserflora
19.

Jena.

Daily, F. K.
1944.

The Characeae of Nebraska.
Stud.,

1946.

Butler Univ. Bot.

6: 149-171.

Species of Tolypella in Nebraska.
113-117.

Ibid.,

8:

Deflandre, G-.
1926.

Monographie du genre Traohelomonae Ehr.

Nemours

DeToni, G-. B.
1889.

Sylloge algarum omnia hucusque cognltarum.

I.

Padua.
1907.

Ibid.

V.

Padua.

DeToni, G-.
1936.

Noterelle de nomenclature algologlca.
elence dl Mlssofice omonlme.

Terzo

Brecla.

Drouet, F.
1942.

Studies In Myxophyceae.
Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1943.

Bot. Ser. Field

20s 126-141.

Myxophyceae of Eastern California and Western
Nevada.

1943.

I.

Ibid., 20: 145-176.

New species of Osclllatorlaoeae.

Amer. Mid.

Nat., 29: 51-54.
1943.

New species and transfers In Myxophyceae.

Ibid,

30: 671-674.
Drouet, F. and Dally, W.
1939.

The planktonlc freshwater species of Microcystis
Bot. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 20: 67-83.

1948.

Nomenclatural changes among coccold algae.
Lloydla, 12: 77-79.

Drouet, F. and Habeeb, H.
1948.

A list of freshwater algae from New Brunswick.
Rhodora, 50: 67-71.

664

Eddy, S.
1930.

The plankton of Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee.

Trans.

Amer. Micros. Soc., 49: 246-251.
1930.

The freshwater armored or thecate Dlnoflagellates.
Ibid., 49: 277-286.

Elenkln, A. A.
1938.

Monographia algarum Cyanophycearum aquidulcium
et terrestrlum lnflnlbus U.S.S.R.

I, G-eneralis.

Paris.
Fenneman, N. M.
1938.
Flint, L.
1946.

1947.

Physiography of Eastern United States. New York.
H.
Some freshwater red algae ofLousiana.

Amer.

Jour. Bot., 33(Suppl.): 20s-21s.

1946.

Studies in freshwater red algae.

Ibid., 34:

125-131.
1948.

Ibid.

II, 35: 428-433.

1949.

Ibid.

Ill, 36: 549-552.

Fremy, P.
1925.

Les Scytonemace'es de la France.
de France, Cyanophyce'es.

Flora Algologique

Revue Algologique, 2:

258-297.
1926.

Ibid., 3: 55-98.

Frltsch, F. E.
1935.

Structure and reproduction of the algae.
London*

I.

1945.

Ibid.

II.

London.

G-ard, M.
1922.

Reoherches sur une nouvelle espec d fEuglena
(Euglena llmosa nov. sp.).

Bull. Soc. Bot.

France, 69: 184-196.
G-ay, F.
1886.

Sur la formation des kystes chez lee Chlorophyceae.

Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 33: 51-60.

*Geltler, L.
1925.

Cyanophyceae.

In Pascher, Die Suesswasserflora

Deutschlands, Oesterrelchs und der Schweiz.

12.

Jena.
1930.

Cyanophyceae (Liefrung 1).

In Rabenhorst,

Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschlands, Oesterrelch
und der Schweiz, 14: 1-288.
1931.

Ibid.

(Liefrung 2), 14: 289-464.

G-omont, M
1892.

Monographle des Osclllarle/es (Nostocaceae'es
homocystees.

I.

Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., 15(Ser. 7):

263-368.
1892.

Ibid.

II.

16(Ser. 7): 91-264.

Hamilton, J. M.
1948.

Sexual reproduction In the genus Baslcladla.
Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 67: 201-205.

* (Geltler) In descriptive section of this writing, refers
to either of the two works cited above, unless the date
is specifically stated.

Harlot, P
1890.

Notes sur le genra Trentepohlla

Jour, de Bot.

4: 50-53, 85-92, 178-180, 192-197.
Hazen, T. E.
1899.

The life history of Sohaerella lacustrls (Haematococous pluvlatllls).

Mem. Torrey Bot. Club,

6: 211-244.
1902.

The Ulotrloaceae and Chaetophoraceae of the
United States.

Ibid., 11: 135-250.

Heerlng, W.
1914.

Ulotricales, Microsporales, Oedogonialee.

In

Pascner, Die Suesswasserflora Deutschlands,
Oeeterrelchs und der Schweiz.
3.
1921.

6.

Chlorophyceae

J ena.

Siphonocladiales, Siphonales.
phyceae

4.

Ibid.

7.

Chloro­

Jena.

Hoppaugh, Kathrine
1930.

The genus Vaucherla.

Amer. Jour. Bot., 17: 329-

347.
Hudson, Gr. D., Gibson, J. S.
1936.

&

Guyol, N. B.

Atlas of the Tennessee Valley Region.
Natural Series.

I.

The

Tennessee Valley Authority,

Knoxville.
Hustedt, F.
1927.

Die Kieselalgen

(Liefrung 1).

In Rabenhorst,

Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschlands, Oesterreiehs,
und der Schweiz, 7: 1-272.

1928.

Ibid.

(Liefrung 2), 7: 273-464.

1929.

Ibid.

(Liefrung 3), 7: 465-606.

Irene'e-Marie, Fr.
1939.

Flora desmidale de la region de Montreal.
LaPrairie.

J ao , C . 0 •
1935.

Studies on the freshwater algae of China.
Sinensia, 6: 551-645.

Johnson, L. P.
1944.

Euglenae of Iowa.

Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc.,

63: 97-135.
Korshikov, A. A.
1927.

On the validity of the genus Schlzomerls Kuetz.
Arch. ^U8 8. Protistol., 6: 71-82.

Krieger, W.
1932.

Untersuchten ueber Plankton-Chrysomonaden.

Die

Gattungen Mallomonas und Dlnobryon in monographischer Bearbeitung.
1933-1939.

Die Desmidiaceen.

Bot. Arch., 29: 257-329
In Rabenhorst, Die Krypto

gamen-Flora von Deutschlands, Oesterrelch und
der Schweiz.

13.

Leipzig.

Lackey, J. B.
1929.

The cytology of Entoslphon sulcatum (DuJ.)Stein.
Arch. Protistenk., 66: 175-200.

1933.

Studies in tne life history of Euglenida III.
The morphology of Peranema trlohophora Ehr.
with special reference to Its kinetic elements
and the classification of the Heteronemidae.
Bio. Bull., 65: 238-248.

1936.

Some freshwater Protozoa with blue chromatophores.
Ibid., 71; 492-497.

1938.

Scioto River forms of Chrysococcus.

Amer. Mid.

Nat., 25: 619-623.
1939.

Notes on plankton flagellates from the Scioto
River.

1942.

Lloydia, 3: 128-143.

The plankton algae and Protozoa of two Tennessee
Rivers.

Amer. Mid. Nat., 26: 191-202.

Lemmermann, E . , Brunnthaler, J. and Pascher, A.
1915.

Tetrasporales, Protococcales, Einzellige Gattungen
unsichler Stellung.

In Pascher, die Suesswasser-

flora Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz.
5.

Chlorophyceae

2.

Jena.

Livingston, B. E. and Shreve, F.
1921.

The distribution of vegetation in the United
States, as related to climatic conditions.
Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Pub. 284.

Washington.
Mclnteer, B. B.
1930.

Preliminary report of the algae of Kentucky.
Ohio Jour. Scl., 30: 131-142.

1933.

A survey of the algae of Kentucky.

Abstracts

Doctors* Dissertations Ohio State Univ., 10:
216-222.
1938.

Distribution of the algae of Kentucky In relation
to soli regions.

1939.

Castanea, 3: 32-35.

A check list of the algae of Kentucky.

Ibid.,

4i 27-37.
1941.

Algae of Kentucky: additions to the check list of
March, 1939.

Ibid., 6: 6-8.

1943.

Ibid.

II, 8: 65-66.

1944.

Algae on wet rocks at Cumberland Falls State Park.
Ibid., 9: 115-116.

McNeil, E. M.
1948.

A contribution to the knowledge of West Virginia
algae.

Castanea, 13: 1-53.

Melnzer, 0. E.
1923.

The occurrence of ground water In the United
States.

U.S. Geol. Surv. water-supply paper

number 489.

Washington.

Millar, C. E. and Turk, L. M.
1943.

Fundamentals of soli science.

New York.

Nordstedt, 0.
1896.

Index Desmldlacearum.

Lund.

1908.

Index Desmldlacearum-supplementum.

Lund.

670.

Palmer,
1941.

. M.
A study of Lemanea In Indiana with notes on Its
distribution In North Americp.

Butler Univ.

Stud., 5: 1-25.
1943.

Distribution by altitude of two species of Lemanea
in Tennessee.

Proc. Indiana Acad. Scl.,

52: 69-70.

Pascher, A.
1927.

Volvocales - Phytomonadinae.

In Pascher, Die

Suesswasserflora Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und
der Schweiz.
1.
Pascher, A.
1913.

Flagellatae 4.

Chlorophyceae

Jena.
and Lemmermann, £•

Chrysoraonadlnae,

Cryptomonadinae, Euglenlnae,

Chloromonadlnae,

und gefarbte Flagellaten

unsichler Stellung.

In Pascher,

Die Suesswasser­

flora Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz.
2.

Flagellatae 2.

Jena.

Pascher, A., Schiller, J. and Migula W.
1925.

Heterokonte, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta,

Charophyta.

In Pascher, Die Suesswasserflora Deutschlands,
Oesterreichs und der Schweiz.

11.

Jena.

Philson, P. J.
1939.

Freshwater algae of North and South Carolina I,
Cyanophyceae.
55: 83-116.

Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.

Phlnney, Grace S.
1947•

Summaries of Doctors* Dissertations Northwestern
University,

15: 235-237*

Phlnney, H. K*
1945.

The freshwater Cladophoraceae.

Summaries of

Doctors* Dissertations Northwestern Univ., 8:
90-94.
Playfair,
1916.

G. I.
The genus Trachelomonas.

Proc. Linn. Soc. New

So. Wales, 40: 1-41.
Pochman, A.
1942.

Synopsis der Gattung Phacus.

Arch. f. Protistenk.

95: 81-252.
Pond, W. F.
1933.

Geologic Map of Tennessee.

State of Tennessee,

Department of Education, Division of Geology,
Nashville.
Prescott, G. W.
1927.

The motile algae of Iowa.

Univ. Iowa Studies,

12: 1-40.
1931.
*1951.

Iowa algae.

Ibid., 13: 1-235.

Algae of the Central Great Lakes Region.

Ann

Arbor, Mich.

*

(Prescott) refers to this work and (Prescott I) to the
desmid iconograph of Prescott, the other publication are
identified by their year of publication.

672

Prescott,

Gr. W.

1942.

and Scott, A. M.

The fresh-water algae of Southern United States.
I, Desralds from Mississippi.

Trans. Amer. Micros.

S o c . , 61: 1— 29.
1942.

The desraid genus Mlcrasterlas Agardh in South­
eastern United States.
Arts and Letters,

1945.

Papers Mich. Acad.

Scl.

28: 67-82.

The fresh-water algae of Southern United States.
Ill, the desmid genus Euastrum.

Amer. Mid. Nat.,

34: 231-257.
Prescott,
1949.

Gr.

W. , Silva,

and Wade, W. E.

Some new or Interesting algae from the United
States.

Pringsheim,
1942.

H.

Hydroblologia,

2: 84-93.

E. Q-.

Contributions to our knowledge of saprophytic
algae and flagellata.

Ill, Astasia, Dlstlgma,

Me noldlum, and Rhabdomonas.

New Phytol., 41:

171-205.
1946.
Printz,
1913.

Pure cultures of algae.

London.

H.
Eine Systematische Uebersicht der G-attung Oocystls
Naegeli.

Nyt. Mag. Naturvidensk., 51: 165-203.

Quarterman, Elsie
1950.

Tennessee cedar glade plant communites.
31: 234-254.

Ecology,

Robinson,
1916*

0# B.
The Characeae of North America.

Bull. N. Y. Bot.

Gard. , 4: 1-244.
Salisbury, R. K.
1936.

The desmids of Florida.

Ohio Jour. Sci., 36:

55-62.
Schaeffer, A. A.
1918.

A new and remarkable diatom-eating flagellate,
Jennlngsla dlatomophaga nov gen., nov.
Trans. Amer. Micros.

spec.

Soc., 37: 177-182.

Schilling, A. J.
1913.

Dinoflagellatae (Perldineae).

In Pascher,

Suesswasserflora Deutschlands,

Oesterreichs und

der Schweiz.

3.

Die

Jena.

Schmidt, A.
1874-1926.
Schoenfeldt,
1913.

Atlas der Diatomaceen-Kuende.

Leipzig.

H. V.

Baclllarlales (Dlatomeae).

In Pascher, Die

Suesswasserflora Deutschijands, Oesterreichs und
der Schweiz.

10.

Jena.

Schwarz, A. J.
1933.

The cryptogamous plants of Reelfoot Lake.
Jour.

Shantz,
1924.

Tenn. Acad. Sci., 8: 37-42.

H. L. and Zon, R.
Atlas of American Agriculture.

Natural vegeta­

tion.

Washington.

U.S. Dept. Agriculture.

674.

Shoup, C. S.
1950.

Field examination of the waters In Tennessee
streams.

Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 25: 56-65.

Silva, H.
1948.

A review of freshwater phycological research in
Southeastern United States.

1949.

Castanea, 13: 133-141.

Additions to the algae of Southeastern United
States.

Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 65:

90-109.
Silva, H. and Sharp, A. J.
1944.

Some algae of tne southern Appalachians.

Jour.

Tenn. Acad. Sci., 19: 337-347.
Slrodot,
1884.

I*

Les Batrachospermes.

Organisation, fonctlons,

developpement, classification.
Skvortzow
1925.

Paris.

B. B.
The Euglenaceengattung Trachelomonas Ehrenberg.
Eine Systematische Uebersicht.

Trudi Sungari-

lskol Rechiol Blologlscheskol Stansu (Proc.
Sungari River Biol. Stat.), 1: 1-101.
1928.

Die Euglenaceengattung Phacus Dujardln.

Ber.

Deutsch. Bot. Ges., 46: 105-125.
Smith, F. B.
1944.

The occurrence and distribution of algae in
soils.

Proc. Florida Acad. Sci., 7: 44-49.

A

Smith,

F. B. and Ellis,

1943.

H. R.

Preliminary report of tne algal flora of some
Florida soils.

Smith,

FlCrlda Acad.

Sol.,

6: 59-65.

G-. M.

1916.

A monograph of the algal genus Scenedesmus,
based upon pure culture studies.
Wisconsin Acad.,

1918.

18: 422-530.

A second list of algae found In Wisconsin lakes.
Ibid.,

1920.

Trans.

19: 614-654.

Phytoplankton of the Inland lakes of Wisconsin.
Bull. Wisconsin Geol. and Nat.

Hist. S u r v . , 57:

1-243.
1924.

Ibid.,

*1933-1950.

57: 1-227.
Freshwater Algae of the United States.

New

lork and London.
193Q.

Cryptogamic Botany.

1950.

(Editor) Manuel of Phycology.

Smith,

I, Algae and Fungi.

New York.

Waltham,

Mass.

diatoms.

Amer.

H. L.

1878.

Description of new species of
Quart. Micros. Jour., 1: 12-18.

Soil Associations of Tennessee (Map).
1949.

*

Tennessee Valley Authority.

Knoxville.

(Smith f) refers to the second edition (1950) unless the
specific edition is dated, (Smith) refers to the 1933
edition, in which some species were discussed but not
figured.

676

Soil Association Areas of Tennessee,
1949*

(Manuscript).
Dept,

Descriptions of

Division of Soil Survey, U.S.

of Agriculture.

Washington.

Soils and Men.
1938.

Yearbook of Agriculture.

U.S.

Dept. Agriculture

Washington.
Strickland,
1940.

J. C.

The Osclllatoriaceae of Virginia.
Bot.,

Amer.

Jour.

27; 628-633.

Str/rfm, K. M.
1924.

Studies in ecology and geographical distribution
of freshwater algae and plankton.
glque,

1926.

Revue Algolo-

1: 127-156.

Norwegian mountain algae.
Vldenskabs.-Akademi 1 Oslo.

Skrifter Norske
I.

Matem-Naturv.

Klaese.
Thompson, R. H.
1947.

The fresh-water dlnoflagellates of Maryland.
Chesapeake Biol. Lab. Pub.

67.

Solomons Island,

Maryland.
1949.

Immobile Dlnophyceae.
species.

Amer. Jour.

I, New Records and a new
Bot.

36: 301-308.

Tiffany, L. H.
1930.

The Oedogoniaceae (Monograph).

1934.

The Oedogoniaceae.
one.

Columbus,

Ohio.

Supplementary paper number

Ohio Jour. S c i . , 34:

323— 326.

1937,

Oedogonlales.

Oedogoniaceae.

Flora 11, part 1.
1944.

North American

New York Botanical Gardens.

The Oedogonlales of Florida.

Amer. Mid. Nat.,

32: 98-136.
Tiffany, L. H. and Ahlstrom, E. H.
1931.

New and Interesting plankton algae from Lake Erie.
Ohio Jour. Sci.,

31: 455-467.

Tilden, Josephine E.
1894-1909.
1910.

American Algae,

Minnesota algae.

centuries I-VII.

I. Minneapolis.

Tolman, C. F.
1937.

Ground Water.

New York.

Transeau, E. N.
1926.
1951.

The genus Mougeotla. Ohio Jour. Sci., 26:311-331.
Keys to Mougeotla, Spirogyra, and Zygnema (manu­
script).

Van Huerck, H.
1880-1885.

Synopsis des Diatomees de Belgique.

Antwerp.

Walton, L. B.
1915.

A review of the described species of the order
Euglenoldlna Bloch.

Ohio State Univ. Bull.,

19: 343-459.
Watson, Jeanette B.
1930.

and Tilden, Josephine E.

The algal genus Schlzomerls and theoccurrence
Schlzomerls Lelblelnll Kuetzing in Minnesota.
Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., 49: 160-167.

of

678

Welch, P. S.
1935.

Limnology.

New York.

West, W. and West, G-. S.
1904-1923.
I-V.

(and Carter,

Nellie,

for vol. V.)

A monograph of the British Desmidiaceae.
London.

Whitford, L. A.
1943.

The fresh-water algae of North Carolina.

Jour.

Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., 59: 131-170.
Wolle, F.
1884-1892.
1887.

Desmlds of the United States.

Bethlehem, Pa.

The fresh-water algae of the United States.
Bethlehem, Pa.

1894.

Diatomaceae of North America.

Bethlehem, Pa.

Wood, R. D.
1947.

Characeae of Put-in-Bay region of Lake Erie (Ohio).
Ohio Jour. Sci., 47: 240-258.

1948.

A review of the genus Nltella (Characeae)
North America.

Wright,
1931.

Farlowia,

of

3: 331-398.

F. B.
Some algae of the Nashville (Tenn.) region.
published M.S. thesis.
for Teachers.

Yearbook of Agriculture

Un­

George Peabody College

Nashville.
(see Soils and Men)

IND E X TO GENERA

Acanthosphaera........

154

B a t r a c h o s p e r m u m . .......

647

Achnanthes............

530

B i n u c l e a r i a .............

117

Actinastrum...........

208

B o h l l n l a ..............

180

Amphlthrix............

636

B o t r y d l u m ...............

504

Ampho r a...............

533

B o t r y o c o c c u s ............

179

Anabaena..............

607

B u l b o c h a e t e .............

231

Anacystls.............

552

Anlsonema.............

461

C a l o n e i s .................

539

Ankistrodesmus........

177

C a l o t h r l x . ..............

637

Aphanlzomenon.........

610

C a r t e r l a .................

83

Aphanocapsa...........

552

C e n t r l t r a c t u s ...........

499

Aphanochaete..........

135

C e r a t l u m .................

491

Arthrodesmus..........

298

C e r a t o n e i s * . ............

524

Arthrosplra..........

569

C h a e t o p h o r a . ..........

135

Astasia.

.............

463

C h a e t o s p h a e r l d l u m ........ 149

Asterlonella..........

523

C h a r a . ........

392

Asterococcus

107

C h a r a c l o p s l 8 ............

497

Attheya...............

521

C h a r a c i u m ...............

159

Audoulnella...........

646

C h l a m y d o m o n a s ...........

Auloslra..............

619

C h l o r e l l a ................ 181

83

C h l o r o b o t r y s ..............496

Baslcladia.........

263

C h l o r o c o c c u m . ...........

679.

155

Chlorogonium.........

87

C y l l n d r o c a p s a ...........

134

Chlorotyllum........

139

Cyllndrocyst I s ...........

293

Chodotella..........

183

C y l l n d rospermum..........

610

Chromullna..........

509

Cymatopleura

Chroococcus.........

559

C y m b e l l a ......

533

Chrysamoeba.........

518

C y s t o d l n i u m ..............

483

Chrysococcus........

510

Cladophora..........

264

D e n t i c u l a .................

Clastldlum..........

568

Desmat r a c t u m ............

158

De s m l d i u m ................

342

CI ob terlopsle......

184

......

649

546

Closterlum..........

299

Desroonema.................

620

Coocochlorls........

553

Dichothrlx...............

640

Coccomyxa...........

112

Dichotomosiphon. .......

Cocconels...........

531

Dictyosphaeriura..........

274
185

Coelaetrum..........

174

DimorphococcuB..........

Coelosphaerlum......

556

Dinaatrldium..............

Coleoch&ete.........

150

Dlnobryon................

Collodlctyon.......

81

Dlplocolon................

Compsopogon.........

645

Diplocystis.............

656

Cosclnodiecus.......

520

Draparnaldia.............

140

Cosmarlum...........

316

Dyeraorphococcus*

Crucigenla..........

210

.......

185
484
616
621

91

Cryptochryels........ 481

Elakatothrlx..............

112

Oryptoglena.........

398

Entophysalls..............

566

Cryptomonas.........

481

E n t O B l p h o n ..................

464

Cyclotella..........

520

Epithemia..................

547

681.

Eremosphaera..........

186

G o n l u m ...................

99

Errerella..............

212

G o n y a u l a x ...............

491

Euastrum...............

346

G y m n o d i n i u m .........

485

Eudorlna................
Euglena................

98

Gyro s i g m a ................ 539

398

Euglenomorpha.......... 465

H a e m a t o o o o c u s ...........

106

Euglenopsls............

465

H a n t z s c h i a ..............

547

Eunotla................

528

H a p a l o s l p h o n ............

632

H a s s a l l l a ...............

622

H e m i d i n l u m ..............

488

H e t e r o m a s t l x ............

82

Excentrosphaera.......

Flscherella............

186

631

Fragilaria............

524

H e t e r o n e m a ..............

467

Franoela..............

187

H o l o p e d l u m ..............

563

H o r m l d l u m ...............

119

H y a l o t h e c a ..............

350

H y d r o d i o t y o n ............

165

J e n n i n g s i a ..............

470

K i r c h n e r l e l l a ...........

188

Fremyella.............
Furclllla.............

621
88

Geminella.............

118

G-laucocystls..........

558

Glenodinlum...........

488

Gloeocapsa.............
Gloeocystie...........
Gloeotrlchia...........
Golenkinia.. .........

559
107
642
157

L a g e r h e i m i a ...............183
L a g y n l o n .................

519

Gomphonema.............

536

L e man e a ..........

654

Goraphosphaeria........

562

L e p o c i n c l i s .............

420

Gonatozygon............

294

L o b o m o n a e ...............

89

682.

Loefgrenla............

633

N l t s c h i a .................

5 48

Lyngbya................

569

N o d u l a r l a ................

612

N o s t o c ...................

612

Mallomonas.

..........

513

Melosira...............

520

O d o n t i d i u m ................

523

Menoidlum.............. 471

O e d o g o n i u m ...............

Merldlon...............

522

O n y c h o n e m a . .............

Merismopedia..........

564

O o c y s t i s ..................

Mesotaenlum...........

294

O p h i o c y t i u m .............

Mlcractlnlum..........

212

O s c i l l a t o r l a .............

Micrasterias..........

352

O u r o c o c c u s ...............

Microehaete...........

621

Microcoleus...........

577

P a n d o r i n a .................

Microcrocis...........

563

P e d i a s t r u m ...............

Microcystis...........

556

P e d i n o m o n a s .............

82

Mlcrospora............

129

P e d i n o p e r a ..............

92

Microthamnlon.........

142

P e n l u m ....................

363

Monomastlx............

473

P e r a n e m a ..................

474

Mougeotla............

276

P e r i d i n i u m ...............

492

P e t a l o m o n a s .............

475

2 32
361
191
4 99
579
113

101
166

Nannochlorls..........

113

P h a c o t u s .................

92

Navicula. ............

540

P h a c u e . ...................

4 22

Neldium................

543

P h o r m i d i u m ...............

5 88

...... 190

P h y l l o s i p h o n .............

275

Nephrocytlum...

Netrium................

295

P l n n u l a r l a ...............

544

Nitella................

396

P l t h o p h o r a ...............

267

663

planktosphaerla.......

195

Platydorina........... 102

Scenedesmus............

213

Scherffelia............

91

90

Schizogonlum........... 154

Plectonema*...........

596

Schlzomerls............ 122

Pleodorina............

103

Schlzothrlx............

Pleuroslgma...........

545

Schroederla...........

Pleurotaenium.........

364

Scytomonas............. 478

Platymonas.............

Polyedrlopsls........

196

Scytonema..............

599
163

623

Porphyridium..........

645

Selenastrum......

Porphyroslphon........

599

Slrogonlum.............

Protococcus...........

148

Sorastrum........

Protosiphon...........

164

Sphaerella............. 106

Pteromonas............

94

Sphaerellopsls........

91

Pyramlmonas...........

62

Sphaerocystls..........

109

197
280
173

Sphaeroplea............ 273
Quadrlgula............ 196

Sphenomonas..........

480

Splrogyra..............

281
604

Haphldlopsls..........

619

Splrullna..............

Hhlzochrysis..........

519

Staurastrum............ 369

Rhizoclonlum..........

269

Stauronels. . ..........

545

Rhlzosolenla..........

521

Stephanodiscus.........

521

Rhodomonas............

483

Stlchococcus...........

122

Stlchoslphon* . •. ......

568

Stlgloclonlum..........

143

Rhopalodia...........
Rivularia.............
Roya..................

547
643
298

Stlgonema*............. 633
Surlrella...........

Sacherla..............

657

Symploca...............

550
605

684.

Syncrypta.............

515

Ulothrlx...............

Synechococcus.........

565

Urococcus.............. 109

Syne&ra...............

525

Uroglena...............

Synura................. 516

123

517

Uroglenopsls..........

518

Uronema................

129

Tabellarla............

522

Tetraedron............

205

Vanhuerckla............

545

Tetraspora............

110

Vaucherla.

..........

504

Tetrastrum............

230

Volvox.

Tetrallantos..........

229

Thoracomonas..........

97

Westella...............

207

Tolypella.............

397

Wislouchiella.........

97

Tolypothrlx...........

629
Xanthidlum.............

387

Trachelomonas........
Trebouxla.............
Trentepohlla.........
Treubaria.............
Trlbonema............

430

...........

104

167
152
205
501

Troohl8cia............

206

Tuomeya...............

652

Zoochlorella..........

182

Zygnema*................ 291
Zygogonlum.............

292

Area repres aiitor in

mirvo*,’

u

w'

Uutaw-Tuscaloosa Sand & Gravel

1. The Blue Eidge Province
2. The Eidge and Valley Province

7. The Cretaceous Belt

3 .The

fl. The

Cumberland Plateau
a. the plateau proper
b. the Sequatchie Valley

k.

The Hi^iland Him
a. eastern valley fills
b. Kentucky Barrens extension
e* general rim surface

9.

Eocene Belt

The Pleistocene Loess Eelt

10. The fiecent Alluvial Area

5. The Sashville Basin
a. inner basin
b. Maury-Miaosa-Stony Land soil ring
o* B&xter-Dellrose-Mioosa soil ring

Map

2

Hatural Subdivisions in Tennessee

(1) Cyprees-Tupelo-Red Gum
it) prairie remnant

(3) northeastern hardwoods
(4) 3nruce-Fir

b. Forest *reas Differing From Over-all Hardwood Cover

(5) Oay-rir.e

Plate 1.

1gs

1-3.

(scale 1000:1)

Col!1odictyon triclllatum Carter (Fig.
ehowing rhlzopodia,

2,

not to scale)

ig. 4.

Heteromastlx angulata Korsh.

igs

5, 6.

Pedinornonas minor Korsh.

igs

7, 8.

Pyramlraonas tetrahynchus Schmarda

(after Pascher)
(Fig. 7

not to scale)
lg. 9.

Carterla globosa Korsh.

1 &• 10.

Chlamydomonns globosa Snow

1 g.

11.

(after Pascher)

Crilamydomonas nasuta Korsh.

^■6* 12.

Chlorogonlum tetragamum Bohlln

ifc* 13.

Furcllla rotunda sp. nov.

1gS

14, 15.

Lobomonas rostrata Hazen (Fig. 15 not to
scale)

1: S

15, 17.

Platymonas elllptlca G-. 11. Smith (after
Smith)

Plate 2. (sc-le 1000:1)

Figs. 1,

2.

Scherffella phacus Pasch.

(Fig. 1 not to

scale)

Fig. 3.

Sphaerellopels fluvlatlll6 (Stein)Pasch.

Fig. 4.

Dysmorpaococcus Fritschll Takeda

Figs.

5, 6.

Pedinopera 6ranulosa Pasch. X 500

Figs.

7, 6.

Pteromonas aculeata Lemm.

(Fig. 8

not to

scale)
Figs.

9, 10.

Phecotus subglobosus Pasch.

Figs.

11, 12.

Pteromonas angulosa Lemm.

Figs.

I.7, 14.

Thoracomonas phacotold.es 0. L. Smith

Figs.

15, 16.

Wislouc.iiella planetonlca Skvor.

•0

Plpte 3.

(so'•1 e 1000:1)

Sudorlna elegans Ehr.
Gronium formulosum Fasch.
Oonium soclale

(DuJ.)Warm.

Penaorlna morum Bory
Platydorlna caudats Kofold
Ploeodorlna callfornica Shaw

Plate 4.

Fi ^9 . 1-3.
Figs . 4,

(scale 1000:1)

Volvox tertius Lleyer (Fig.
5.

Volvox perglobator Powers

3 not to scale)
(Fig.

5 not to

scr 1 e )
FifeS . 6,

7.

Haematococcus lacustris

(G-lrod. )Rostaf.

Fig.

8.

Asterococcus llmneticus G-. IL. Smith

Flu;.

9.

G-loeocystis confluens

Fife. 10.

(Kuetz.)Richt.

Sphaerocystis Schroeterl Chod.

Fig.

11.

Coccomyxa dispar Schxn.

Fig.

12.

Nannochloris hacillarls Naum.

PI rite 5

Fla.

1.

Tetraspora cylindrlca (’V&hlb. )Ag. X 1

Fig.

rp.
m

Tetraspora ^elatinosa (Vaucli. )De?v. X 1

Flo.

Tetraspora lubrica (Rotk)Ag. X 1

Fig. 4.

Tetraspora spp.

cell arr ■ngerr.ent In matrix

Fig.

5.

Zlaktothrix vlrldis

Fig.

6.

Ourococcus

Fig.

7.

Blnuclearia tatrana Wlttr. X 1000

Fia.

6.

Uronema confervlcola Lag. X 1000

(Snow)Printz X 1000

olcaudatus G-robety X 1000

Plate 6.

(scale 1000:1)

Schizomerls Leiclelnli Kuetz.

(FI

3 X 250)
Stichococcus bacillaris Naeg'.
G-eminella hormlnioldes
Hormldiura subtile

so. nov.

(Kuetz.)Heerlng

Ulotnrix tenerrima Kuetz.
Ulothrlx tenuissima Kuetz.
Ulothrix variabills Kuetz.

I

Plate ?.

Fig. 1.

(scple 1000:1)

Microspora aaioena (Kuetz. )Lag.

Fig.

o•

Microspora ’’/ittrockli Lag.

Fig.

3.

Micrcsoora pachyderms

Fig. 4.
Fig.

5.

(v;ille)Lag

Cylindrocapsa geminella Wolle
Aphanochaete repens A. Braun

a.

m
O'

Chaetophora incrassata (Kuds. )Kazen X 1
Chaetop. .ora aisciformis Ag. X 1
Chlorotylium cataractarum Kuetz. X 1000
Microth&mnlon Kuetzinglanum Naeg. X 1000
Chaetophora spp.
elegans (Roth)Ag.

(C. r>lself orrais A g . , C.
or C. attenuata Hazen) X 1

Plate 9.

Fig.

1.

(scale 1000:1)

Drapernaldia acuta

(Ag;. )Kuetz.

(b.

not to

BC'.de)

Fig.

2.

St 1geoclonium lubrlcum (Dlllw. )Kuetz.
not to scale)

Fig.

3.

Stlgeoclonlum attenuatum (Hazen)Col.

(b.

:/vr.

Plate 10.

(sc a1 e 1000:1)

Protococcus vlrldis Ag.
Chaetosphaerldium globosum (Nordst.)Kleb.
Trentepohlla abletina (Flotow)Hansg.
Trentepohlia aurea (L.)Martius
Coleochaete scutata Breb. X 100
Goleochaete Irregularis Priags. X 100

1

A

'

Plate 11.

(scale 1000:1)

Fig.

1.

Schizogonium murale Kuetz.

Fig.

2.

Protosiphon eotryoides

Figs.

3, 4.

Hydrodictyon retlculatum (L.)Lag.

(Kuetz.)Kleos

4X1)
Fig.

5.

Pediastrum angulosum

(Ehr.)Menegh.

Fig.

6.

Pe&iastrum simplex (Meyen)Lemm.

(FI

Plate 12.

(scale 1000:1)

Acantaosphaeria Zacharlasi Lemm.
Chlorococcum humicola (Naeg.)Rab.
Trebouxia Cladonlae (Chod. )G. l/l. Smith
Golenkinis. raaiata Chod.
G-olenkinia radiata v. brevispina Tiff. &
Ahl.
Desmatractum bipyramldaturn (Chod.)Pasch.
Characium amblguum Hermann
Characium Braunii Bruegger
Characium stipitatum (Bach)Wille
Characium limneticum Lemm.
Schroederia setigera (Schroed.)Lemm. X 2000
Schroederia ancora G. M. Smith

b

Plate 13.

(sc^le 1000:1)

Sorastrum spinulosum (Ehr. )Menegh.
Coelastrum cambrlcum Arch.
Coelastrum cublcum N^eg.
Ankistrodesmus spiralis (Turn.)Lemm.
Ankistrodesmus falcatus

(Corda)Breb.

Chlorella vulgaris Beyer.
Chlorella pyrenoidoss Chick.
Zoochlorella parasitica Brandt (b. about
X 2500)
Bohlinla echidna (3ohlin)Lemm.
Botryococcus Braunii Kuetz.
Dictyosphaerium pulchellum Wood
Dlmorphococcus lunatus A. Braun
Closteriopsis lon.dssiraa Lemm.

Plate 14.

P 1g . 1 .

(scale 1000:1)

Eremosphaera vlrldls DeBary X 100

Fig.

2.

Excentrosphaera vlrldls G-. T. Moore X 100

Fig.

3.

Franceia Droescherl

Fig. 4.

(Lemm.

)G r.

Klrchneriella subsolltarla G-.

M. Smith
Smith

Fig.

5.

Klrchnerlella lunarls (Kirch.)Moeb.

Fig.

6.

Chodatella

Fig.

7.

Polyedrlopsls soinosa Schm.

Fig.

8.

Quadrigula Chodatli (Tanner-Fullman)G-. M.

subsalsa Lemm.

Smith
Fig. 9.

Tetraedron graclle (Relnsch)Hansg.

Fig. 10

Tetraedron regulare Kuetz.
scale)

(b. not to

2>4>

u

8

9

10

Plrte 15.

(scale 1000:1)

Fig.

1.

Fig.

2.

Oocystis brevisoina sp. nov.

Fig.

3.

Oocystis rupestrls Kirch.

Fig. 4.

Nephrocytium ecdysiscepanum West & West

Oocystis crassa Wittr.

Fig.

5.

Planktosphaerla gelatlnosa G. M. Smith

Fig.

6.

Selenastrum Bibrlanum Relnsch

Fig.

7.

Treubaria tripendlculata Bernard

Fig-

8.

Trochlseia reticularis (Reinsch)Hansg.
(after Prescott)

Fig. 9.

Westella botryoides

Fig. 10.

Errerella Bornhlemlensls Conrad

Fisr. 11.

I/.icractinlum Dusillum Fres.

(W. West)DeWlld.

Plate 16.

(scsle 1000:1)

Fig. 1.

Actinastrum gracilimum G-. M. Smith

Fig.

2.

Actinastrum Hantzschli Lag.

Fig.

3.

Tetrallantos La_.erheirali Teil.

Fig.

4.

Crucigenle apiculata (Lemm.)Schm.

Fig. 5.

Crucigenia Lauterbornii Schm.

Fig.

Tetrastrum staurogeniaeforme (Schm.)Leram.

6.

Fig. 7.

Scenedesmus

acuminatus

(Lag.)Chod.

Fig. 3.

Scenedesmus

abundsns

Fig. 9.

Scenedesmus

acutiformis Schroed.

Fig. 10.

Scenedesmus

denticulatus Lag.

(Kirch.)0hod.

Fig. 11.

Scenedesmus dimorphus (Turp.)Kuetz.

Fig. 12.

Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.)Kuetz.

Fig. 13.

Scenedesmus opoliensis P. Richt.

Fig. 14.

Scenedesmus arcuatus v. platydiscus
Smith

Fig. 15.

Scenedesmus arcuatus Lemm.

G-. M.

t'l
"J L

o-xP
CODLi

c.

Plate 17.

(SO' le 1000:1)

Bulba chrete py^m&eum Prln^’3
Oedoj-oniurn cardiacum (Hass. )'Vlttr.
OedOo'onium arral^erura Kirn
Oedo^oniur. crenulatocostatu.u v. cyltn.dricum
(Hlrn)Tiff.
Oedoponlum hians Nordst.

& Kirn

Oedo^onluni sphaerlco-lnconspicuum sp. nov.

GOOD
D

i

Plate 16.

(sc-le 250:1)

Fig.

1.

Oedogonlum

Kurzil v. ovoldum sp. nov.

Fig.

2.

Basicladia

chelonum (Col.)Koff.

Fig.

3.

Rhizoelonium fontanum Kuetz.

("o.

scale)
Fig.

4.

Cladophorr

aegagropila Kuetz.

Fig.

5.

Cladophora

crippatp

Fig.

6.

Cladophora

glomerata (L.)Kuetz.

(Roth)Kuetz.

& Tild.
not to

Plate 19.

(scale 125:1)

Fig. 1.

Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum (Ag.)Kuetz

Fig.

2.

Rhizocloniura gig&nteum sp. nov.

Fig.

3.

Pithophora Kev.ensis Wlttr.

Fig. 4.

Fithoohora oedogonia (Mont.)Wittr.

Fig.

Sphaeroples annulina (Roth)Ag.

5.

f

i

T ‘

r

,._T_.

...

Ir

-j-

1

1

1

I „ '; .x z

. _

•?.*.' cv-': * ■■;•■v » .*•>
.1

°0,

•o
Q•

E

*

f
c
-

*£

§

?

£

& * $

*

^

i«

«

ra§2

i

Plate 20.

(scnle 250:1)

P h y l l o e i p h o n A r l s e r i Kuehn
Fig.

(Fig.

1. X

2. X 250)

D l c h o t o m o s l p h o n tuberosus
Vau c h e r l a gezninata

(A.

Braun)Ernst

(Vauch. )DeC.

Plate ?1.

(scele °50:1)

Fig.

1.

Vaucheria

Fl.j.

r_■?•

Vaucheria terrestris Lyngh.

Fig.
Fig.

4.

hamata

(Vauch.)DeC.

Va ucheria

sessilis

Vaucheria

spp.,

sexual b r e n c h

(Vauch.)DeC.

proli f er a ti o n of

OO

PlUte

Fig.

1.

Uougeotia

Figs.

2,

Fig.

4.

Zygnema

Fig.

5.

Zyt-ogonium

3.

22.

(scale 1000:1)

gracilima.

L o u g e o t i a ventricosa.
lnsigne

(Hass. )Wittr.
(Wlttr. )Gol.

(Hass.)Kuetz.

e r i c e t o r u m Kuetz.

Plate 23.

(scale 500:1)

F 1gS ■ If 2*

S p l r o g y r a S p r e e i a n a Rab.

Figs.

S p i r o g y r a f l u v i a t i l i s Hll se

Fig.

3, 4.
5•

Siro-onium

st l cticum Kuetz.

0.0 * * '
o ^ Q«
'

e

•

©

°a°

0

t

A

Plate 24.

CyllndrocystIs

(scale 1000:1)

e m e r i c a n a West & W e s t

G-onatozygon a c u l e a t u m Ha s t i n g s
M e s o t a e n i u m macrococcuin
Penium
Netrium

(Kuetz. )Hoy

splrostrlolatum Barker
1n t e r r u p t u m

R o y a obtusa. v.
N e t r i u m digitus

(Breb.)Lutkem.

montana
v.

G-utw.

Naegelll

(Breb.)Krl

Plate 25.

Fig.

1.

(scale 1000:1)

Clot?teriuai D i a n a e Ehr.
Closterium Leioleini

X 500

Kuetz.

Fife.

•

Fig.

3.

Closteriurr u l n a F o c k e

Fig.

4.

Pleurotaeniura m i n u t u m

Fig.

5.

Pleurotaenium

Fig.

6.

Desmidium

Fig.

?.

Hyalotneca

n e g l e c t a Racib.

Fig.

6.

Onychonema

l a e v e ko rdet.

Fig.

9.

Arthrodesmus

(Ralfs)Delp.

trabeculum

(Ehr.)Naeg,

S w r r t z i i Ag.

incus v.

e x t e n s u s Ande:

O O,

n

<?

j

o

Plate 26.

(scrle 1000:1)

Fig.

1.

Cosmariurn a t t e n u a t u m Breb.

Fig.

Qm

Cosine rium b i r e t u m Breb.
Cosmariurn M e a z y r z e c e n s e

Fig.

v.

monamazum

Fig.

4.

Cosmariurn c i r c u i t r e

Fig.

t,•
o
'

Cosine r i u m

Fig.

6.

Cosmariurn v i r l d e

Fig.

7.

Eue s t rum u i n n a t u m R a l f s X. 500

Fig.

8.

Euastrum binale

Fig.

9.

Euastrum

Relnsch

rectangulum Relnsch
(Corda)Josh.

(Turp)Ehr.

tribulbosura sp.

nov.

Plate 27.

(scale 500:1)

Fig.

1.

M i c r a s t e:-is s e m e r i c a n a

Fig.

2. .

Fig.

3.

Micrasterias

Fig.

4.

Staurastrum arctiscon

(Ehr.)Lund.

Fig.

5.

Staurastrum alternans

Breb.

Figs.

6,

Micr&sterias muricata

7.

(Ehr. )Ralfs
(Bail.)Ralfs

r a d i a t a Hass.

Staurastrum minnesotense

Wolle

■ f?

Plate 28.

(scale 1000:1)

Staurastrum

c u s p i d a t u m Breb.

Staurastrum

f u r c l g e r u m Breb.

S t a u r a s t r u m m u t l c u m Breb.
Staurastrum

s e t i g e r u m Cleve

Xanthidium armatum

(Breb.)Rab.

X 500

X a n t h l d i u m p s e u d o b e n g a l l c u m G-roenb. X 500

Plate 29.

Figs.

1-3.

Chara c o ro n at e

Ziz.

(Fig.

1X1,

Figs.

2,

3 X 10)
Fig.

4.

Chara s , p . , i l l u s t r a t i n g

monostichous

cortication
Fig.

5.

Chara s p p . , i l l u s t r a t i n g

di p lo s t i c h o u s

corticat ion
Fig.

6.

Chara s p p . , i l l u s t r a t i n g

t r lp l os t lc h ou s

cort i c ation
Fig.

7.

N lt e l l a a c u m i n a t a
(a. X 1, b.
c.

Fig.

8.

subs,

g l om e r a t a A.

Braun

(oogon la and antheridiura) X 10,

(oosnore) X 10)

Tolypella

i n tr i c a t a Leonh.

(a. X 1, b.

(oogonia end an t ne r id i um ) X 2,
X 15)

c.

(oogonium)

I

Plate 30.

(scale 1000:1)

Fig.

1.

C r y p t o g l e n a p l g r a Ehr.

Fig.

2.

E u g l e n a pisciform.ls K l e b s

Fig.

3.

Euglena.raorpha Heg-neri W e n r i c h

Fig.

4.

Euglena

sociabilis

Euglena

fusca Klebs

Figs.

5,

6.

Dang.
(c.

greatly

enlarged beyond
antefosse

Fig.

7.

Euglena

Fig.

8.

Lepocinclis

ovum

Fig.

9.

Lepocinclis

texta

Fig.

10.

Phacus

pleuronectee

Fig.

11.

Phacus

cylmdrus

-A-lcn

n r o c e s ses

g e neral

sc- l e )

Johns.
(Ehr.) Le m m.
( D u J . )Lemra.
(0.

Poch.

F. M .) DuJ.

r\

OOo
° o0
o0

o ..'0.

///

[
<°
i0>
*1
»«?*

f
^6t
0:
*

6«OO

11
10

Plate 31.

(scale 1000:1)

Fig.

1.

Tracheloinona s a b r u p t a Swlr.

Fife.

2.

Tracheloraonas a c a n t h o s t o m a

Fig.

3.

Tre.cnelomona s. a c a n t h o s t o m a v.

(Stokes)Defl.
nanklnensis

Skvor.
Fig.

4.

T r a c n e lo m on r e

Fig.

5.

Tr&cn el o mo n e s a.rapullformls Defl.

Fig.

6.

T ra c h e l o m o n a s

Fig.

7.

Tracnelomonr s a to m ar i a v.

Fig.

8.

Tr;. ehelom onas

a rmata

Fig.

9.

T r ac h e l o m o n a s

bac l ll if e ra

Fig.

10.

Tracheloraonas B e r n a r d l n e n s i s V i e c h e r

Fig.

11.

T ra c h e l o m o n a s

bulla

Fig.

12.

T ra c n e l o m o n s s

caudate

Fig.

13.

Trachelomonas

G h a r k o w l e n s l s Swlr.

Fig.

14.

T r a c h e lo m on a s

c onlca Playf.

Fig.

15.

T ra c h e l o m o n a s

c y l l n d r l c a v.

Fig.

16.

T ra c h e l o m o n a s

c y l i n d rl c a Ehr.

Fig.

17.

Tracheloraonas D a n g e a r d l i Defl.

Fig.

18.

T r a c h e l om o na s

dubla

Fig.

19.

Trachelomonas

e ns i fe r a

Fig.

20.

T ra c h e l o m o n a s

e ns lfera v.

splcata. var.

Fig.

21.

Trachelomonas

ens ifera v.

d e p r e s s a var.

Fig.

22.

T r a c h e lo m on a s

eurystoraa v.

Fig.

23.

T r a c h e lo m on a s h e x a n g u l a r e Defl.

allie

Drez.

atomarle

Skvor.
elegans

Skvor.

( E h r . )Stein
Playf.

(Stein)Defl.
( E h r . )S t ei n

d e c o l l e t a Playf.

(Swlr.)Defl.
(Daday)Defl.
nov.
nov.

Kl e bs i i Playf.

Fig.

24.

Tracnelomonas

h i s o i d a v.

crenulatocollis

d u p l e x Defl.

(Mask.)Skvor.
Fig.

25.

Trachelomonas

h i s p i d a v.

Fig.

26.

Trachelomonas

i n t e r m e d i a Dang,

Fig.

27.

Trachelomonas

v a r i a n s Defl.

Fig.

28.

Tracnelomonas

l i s m o r e n s i s Playf.

Fig.

29.

Tracnelomonas

ovalis

Fig.

30.

Tracnelomonas

u r c e o l a t a S t ok e s

Daday

Plate 32.

Fig.
Figs.

1.

A s t a s i a la g e n u l a

2, 3.

(scale 1000:1)

(Schew.)Lemm.

A n l s o n e m a varlablle Klebs

Fig.

4.

Entosiphon

sulcatum

(DuJ.)Steln

Fig.

5.

E u g l e n op s ls m in o r sp.

nov.

Fig.

6.

He t er o ne m a b lf u rcata sp.

Fig.

7.

He t er o n e m a longiovalis

Fig.

8.

J e n n i n g s i a spp.

X 2000

nov.

sp.

nov.

or P e r a n e m a spp.

(con­

tain ing i ng ested diatoms)
Fig.
Figs.
Fig.
Fig.

9.
10,
12.
13.

Menoidium peilucidum Perty
11

H e te r o n e m a ne bu l og l ab r a sp.

nov.

i'/ionomastix o pi st h os t ig m a Scher ff e l
P e r a n e m a t richophora

(Ehr.)Steln

(b. dlvisl
(b.,

c. end

types)
Fig.

14.

P e t a l o mo n as an gusta

(Klebs)Leram.

Fig.

15.

Scytomonas stene sp.

nov.

Fig.

16.

Scytomonas ovale sp.

nov.

Fig.

17.

Sphen o mo n as qu adrangularis St e in

(b. not to

scale)
Fig.

18.

Cryptom o na s ovata Ehr.

Fig.

19.

Cr y pt o ch r ys i s commutata Pasch.

Fig.

20.

R ho d om o na 8 lacustrls Pasch.

& Rutt.

o

<

3-

10

11

o
&Q4

13

14

12
O
15

16
17

18

19

Plate 33.

(scale 1000:1)

Fig.

1.

Cyetodinium bataviense

Fig.

2.

Dinastridlum

Fig.

3.

G-ymnodinlum n e g l e c t u m

Fig.

4.

H e m i d i n i u m nasutura S t e i n

Fig.

5.

G-lenodiniura o c u l a t u m S te i n

Fig.

6.

Perldinium Willei

Fig.

7.

Klebs

s e x a n g u l a r e Pasch.
(Schlll. )Lind.

Huitf.-Kass

G-iendodinlum a u a d r i d e n s

Fig.

8.

Gonyaulax palustris

FIs.

9,

Ceratium hlrundlnella

(S t e i n )Schlll.

Lernm.
(0.

F. U . )DuJ.

Plate 34.

(scale 1000:1)

Fig.

1.

Chlorobotrys neglects Pasch.

Fig.

2.

Characiopsls glbba Borzl

Fig.

3.

Characiopsls pyriformls Borzl

Fig.

4.

Characiopsls teres Pasch.

Fig.

R•
w

O phlocytlum a r bu s cu l um (A.

Fig.

6.

O phiocytium capltetura W o l l e

Fig.

7.

Ophl ocytlum cocleare A.

Fig.

8.

O o h l o c y t i u m pa r vu l um

Fig.

9.

Centritractus belanophorus

Fig.

10 .

Trioonema b ombyclnum (Ag. )Derb. <Sc Sol.

Fig.

11 .

Trlbonema minus

Fig.

12.

Lagynl on Sche rffelii Pasch.

Fig.

13.

Mallomonas

alplna Pasch.

Fig.

14.

Dinobryon

sertularia Ehr.

Fig.

15.

Cnromulina

Fig.

16.

Chrysococcus asper Lack.

Fig.

17.

Ghrysococcus cyllndrlca Lack. X 2000

Figs . 18
Fig.

20 .

Fig • 21.
Fig.

22.

& G-eit.

Braun)Rab.

Braun

(Perty)A.

Braun

(Scrim. )Lemm.

(Wille)Hazen

& Rutt.

ovalls Klebs

Chrysococcus hemlsp ha e rl c a Lack.
Chrysococcus maj or Lack.
Chrysococcus ovalls Lack.
Chrysococcus rufescens Klebs

X 2000

Plate 35.

(scale 1000:1)

Fig.

1.

Botrydlum grrnulatum

(L.)G-rev.

Fig.

2.

S y n c r y p t a v o l v o x Ehr.

Fig.

3.

S y n u r a u v e l l a Ehr.

Fig.

4.

Uroglenopsis

Fig.

5.

U r o g l e n a v o l v o x Ehr.

Fig.

6.

Chrysaraoeba r a di a ns

Fig.

7.

Rhizochrysis

amerlcena

spp.

X 50

(C a l k i n s ) L e m m

Klebs

000

\

J

Plate 36.

(scale 1000:1)

Fig. 1.

Anacystis mrrginata Menegh.

Fi^,. 2.

Coccochloris peniocystis (Kuetz. )Drou.
& Dail.

Fig.

3.

Dinloc.ystis aeruginosa (Kuetz. )Trev.
b. about X 100

Fig. 4.

Gloeocapsa alp i col a (Lyngb. )3orn.

Fig. 5.

Gloeocapsa membranina (Menegh.)Drou. &

Fig. 6.

Microcrocis geminata (Lag. )Geit.

Fig. 7.

Synecnococcus aeruginosus Naeg.

Fig. 8.

Merismopedia thermalis Kuetz.

Fig. 9.

Coelospbaerium Kuetzingianum Naeg.

Fig. 10.

Entophysalis Breblssonii (Menegh.)Drou,
& Dail.

Fig. 11.

G-laucocystis nostochinearum Itzig.

Fig.

12.

Gomphosphaeria lacustris Chod.

Fig.

13.

Clastidium setigerum Kirch.

Fig.

14.

Stichosiphon filamentosue (Ghose)Geit.

Fig.

15.

Loefgrenia anomala Gom.

Dail.

o OoCO
° 0 0 <b°

Plate 37.

(sc^le 1000:1)

Fig.

1.

Arthrospira

Jennerl

Fig.

2.

Lyngbya

Fig.

3.

Microcoleus

paludosus

Fig.

4.

Schizothrix

Frlesll

Fig.

5.

Oscillatoris

brevis

( K u e t z . )Gom.

Fig.

6.

Osclllatorla

llraosa

Ag.

Fig.

7.

Oscillatorla

tenuis

Ag.

Fig.

8.

Phormldlum

Retzii

Fig.

9.

Phormidlum

unclnatum

Fig.

10 .

Plectonema

nostocorum

Fig.

11 .

Plectonema

Wollel

Fig.

12 .

Porphyrosiphon

aestuarll

Gom.

(Mert.)Lieb.
(Kuetz.)Gom.

(Ag. )Gom.

Gom.
(Ag.)Gom.
Born.

Farl.

Notarisli

(Menegh.)Kuetz,

CP

M

'D

Plate 38.

(scale 1000:1)

Fig.

1.

S p ir u li n a m a j o r Kuetz.

Fig.

2.

Spirulina prlnceps

Figs.

3, 4.

(West & West)G-.

S y m p l o c a m u r a l i s Kuetz.

(Fig.

5.

Anabaena flos-aquae

Fig.

6.

Aphanizomenon

(Lyngb.)Breb.

Fig.

7.

C y l i n d r o s p e r m u m c a t e n a t u m Ralfs

Fig.

8.

Nodularia

Fig.

9.

N ostoe c s r n e u m Ag.

Fig.

10.

N ostoc c om m un e Vauch.

Fig.

11.

N ostoc m i c r o s c o p i c u m Carm. '(b. X 1)

Fig.

12.

Raohidiopsis

flos-aquae

(L. )Ralfs

s p h a e r o c a r p a Born.

&

(b . X 250)

Flah.

(b. X 1)

c u rvatus F r i t s c h & R i c h

not to scale)

West

3 X 1 )

Fig.

(b.

S.

1

cc

T~1

8

i

Plate 39.

(scale 1000:1)

A u l o s l r a implexa Born.
Desraonema Wrange l il

& Flah.

Forn.

& Flah.

Dip l oc o lo n Heppli Naeg.
F re m y e l l a

tenera

(Thur.) De T on l

Hassallia b ys s ol d ea

(Berk.)Hass.

<3

R

''

i

f s m r

\

i r~r

Plate 40*

(scale 1000:1)

Fig.

1.

S cy t on e ma

a l at u m

(Carm. ) Bo r zi

Fig.

2.

Scytonema

cincinnatum

Fig.

3.

Sc ytonema

figur at u m Ag.

Fig.

4•

T o l y p o t h r l x d is torta Kuetz.

Fig.

5.

S t i g o n e m a hormoides

Fig.

6.

S t ig o n e m a

mamillosum

(Kuetz.}Thur.

(Kuetz. )Born.
(Lyngb.)Ag.

8c

Flah.

amxB3Xcnxi:

2

11 irmo;
%
• rS ■
-Os
0 Q - - - O ^

OOtfOOOoQ^'

Plate 41.

(scr-le 1000:1)

F i s c h e r e l l a arrbigua
Hapalosiphon
A-mphlthrix

Intricatus

Janthina

Calothrlx Juliana
(b.

not

to

Calotbrlx
Dichothrix

(Born.
W.

8c Flah. )G-om.

West

(Liont. )Born.

(L/Lenegh. )3orn.

&

8c F l a h

sc ale )
parietlna
Baueriana

(Naeg.)Thur.
Born.

Fish

& Flah.

Plate 42

Fig.

1.

G-loeotrlcnia

isum (Ag. )Thur.

Fig.

2.

R lv u i a r i a dura R ot h

Fig.

3.

P o r p h y r i d i u m cruenrurn Naeg.

X 1000

(a. not scaled,

b.

X 1000)

(a. X 500,

b. <Sc c. X 1000)
Fig.

4.

Compsopogon

coeruleus

b. & c. aoout X 400)
Fig.

5.

A u d o u l n e l l a spp. X 500

( B a b i s )LIont.

(a.

X 2,

XDHED

Plate 43.

Fige

1,

2.

Batrachospermura

B o r y a n u m Sir.

(1.

male,

2. female) X 1
Fig.

3.

Batrachospermum

s p p . , showing cprDogone and

s i mp l i f i e d detail

of b r a n c h whorl

( not

to scale)
Fig.

4.

Batrachospermum

t ri c ho g yn e tyr-es a.

or elliptic,

b. inverted, conical,

cylindrical,

d. ur c eo l at e

Fig.

5.

Tuoraeya f l u v i at i ii s

Fig.

6.

Lemanea

spp.

Fig.

7.

Lemanea

p l e o c a r p a ( A t k . )Silva,

o void

c. clavate,

H arvey

sh owing g rowth habit

X

^

showing

young sexual b r a n c n ar ising from chantransial

stage X 125

Fig.

8.

Lemanea

au s tr a l i s Atk.

X 1

Fig.

9.

Lemanea

p l e o c a r p a (Atk.)Sllva X 1

Fig.

10.

S a ch e r i a f uc i n a

Fig.

11.

Lemanea pleocarpa

(Bory)Sir. X 1
(Atk.)Silva,

gramat ic i l l u s t r a t i o n of axial
Fig.

12.

S ac h er i a fu c i n a

(Bory)Slr. X 25

serai-diastr ucture X 25