AN ETYMOLOGICAL GLOSSARY OF THE EAST YORKSHIRE DIALECT BY Albert Lyon Hoy A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of English 1952 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTmCT The compilation of an etymological glossary of the East Yorkshire dialect is important, because of the need of preserving in written form the vocabulary of one of the most interesting types of Northumbrian folk speech. Due to the social reverberations of two world wars, the dialect has been seriously affected, and now is being gradually discarded in Yorkshire. Since it is likely to disappear in a few decades, a descriptive treatment of it is timely. Previous treatments of the East Yorkshire dialect consist mainly of word lists with scanty references to cognates in other languages. The only glossaries extant do not clearly identify the significant differences of the Northern, Eastern, and Western dialects of Yorkshire. The glossarists were well-intentioned men who had no fluency themselves in the folk speech of East Yorkshire. Their diversified spellings, pronunciations, and meanings make this further study of the dialect feasible. The work of compilation and etymological classification in this glossary has been done by a former resident of East Yorkshire, who has spoken the dialect regularly for more than twenty years. Before entering the United States in 1926, he lived in the villages of Yorkshire, and identified himself completely with the speakers of the dialect. In connection with linguistic studies on the dialect, he made a visit to England in 1951, and spent several weeks there recording the speech forms of the Yorkshire people. In the preparation of the etymological glossary, the method of Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. procedure was first to examine the extant Yorkshire glossaries, and collect from them all the words which could be identified as belonging to East Yorkshire folk speech. These results were then checked for reliability during the time which the compiler spent among the Yorkshire people in 1951. The historic influences upon the dialect were then considered, and a number of foreign language dictionaries were freely used to determine the etymons of dialectal words. In this aspect of the work, the more extensively used lexicons were Bosworth's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Cleasby’s Icelandic-English Dictionary, HoIthausen's Altenglisches Etymologisches Wdrterbuch. Molbech's Dansk Ordbog, Skeat’s Etymological Dictionary, and Torp’s Nynorsk EtymologLsk Qrdbok. As the etymons of the dialectal words were identified, investigation was made in twenty— seven Middle English 'v/ritings (mostly northern) to obtain illustrations of the forms from which dialectal words were derived. Many such illustrations appear in the glossairy. Under each entry an illustration of the use of the word in East Yorkshire folk speech is given. The particular value in this work lies in the light which it throws upon the significant correspondences between the dialect and its Old English, Scandinavian, and Celtic sources. Assistance may be obtained from it in determining some of the historical influences of invasion and conquest in the north of England. It may also be helpful in identifying the vicinities from which some northern Middle English writings originated, and its surviving forms of Old English and Old Norse should be of some value in the study of the English language. Q,.C, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VITA Albert Lyon Hoy candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Final examination Dissertation: An Etymological Glossary of the East Yorkshire Dialect, Outline of Studies Major subjects: English linguistics. Minor subjects: English and American literature. Biographical Items B o m , Nov. 6, 1902 . Hull, Yorkshire, England. Undergraduate Studies Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, Texas, 1926-1928. North Texas State Teachers’ College, Denton, Texas, 1930-1931» Graduate Studies Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, 1931-1932. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1948-1949. Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan, 1949-1952. Experience: Instructor, North Texas State Teachers' College, Denton, Texfts, 1931-1933* Instructor, Central Bible Institute, Springfield, I'iissouri, 1935-1937* Active as a clergyman in Youngstown, Ohio, and in Battle Creek, Michigan, 19371952. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AGmmLSD(Mmn In the preparation of this glossary, I wish to acknowledge nçr very great indebtedness to Dr Anders Orbeck of the Department of English of Michigan State College for affording me the benefit of his years of experience in the teaching of linguistic subjects. He has spent many hours with me in the revision of this work, and has given a large number of practical suggestions, which I have been glad to accept, and which have contributed greatly to the form in which the glossary now appears. I am grateful also for the assistance given to me by ny brother, Ernest Hoy, of Hull, England. During the last two years he has helped to solve many of my dialectal problems by investigating the speech forms current in the villages of Yorkshire. To my vri.fe, Frances Palmer Hoy, I am especially indebted for much help in research, typing, and other activities too numerous to mention, not the least of which was her work of constant encouragement. A. L. H. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Volume I List of Abbreviations Introduction Volume II V ix Glossary (A-F. incl.) 1 Glossary (G-Z, incl,) 20U Bibliography U6l Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABBREVIÀTIŒ\I8 USED IN THE GLOSSARY Anc. Rivf. Ancren Riwle Anglo-Sax. Gosp. Anglo-Saxon Gospels ASD Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Bosworth-ToUer) Atk. Wh. Gl« Whitby Glossary (Atkinson) Atk. Moarr. Parish Forty Years in a Moorland Parish (Atkinson) Bret Breton Brockett, Nth. Cty. Wds, A Glossary of North Country Words (Brockett) Gath. Angl. Catholicon Anglo m m Compl, Scot, Complaynt of Scotlande Com Cornish Curs. Mun. Cursor Mundi Da Danish DaD Danish dialect Du Dutch E Standard English E. E. Allit. P, Early English Alliterative Poems EY East Yorkshire dialect F French Flor. & Blanc. Floris and Blancheflor Fris Frisian Gael Gaelic Gaw. & Gr. K. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vi Gen. & Ex. The Story of Genesis and Exodus Ger German Gk Greek Go Gothic Cow, Gower Hal. Meid, Hall Meidenhad Hall., DAPW Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words (HalHwell) Ramp. P.T. The Prose Treatises of Richard Rolle of Hampole Hav. The Lay of Havelok the Dane Hold. Gl. A Glossary of Words used in Holdemesi (Ross, Stead, and Holdemess) lED An Icelandic-English Dictionary (Cleasby and Vigfussen) Ir Irish Ital Italian Jam., SD' . Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary L Latin Langl. Langland Lay. Layamon’s Brut Leg. Hoi, Rd. Legend of the Holy Rood LG Low German Low L Low Ia.tin MDa Middle Danish I'IDu IMiddle Dutch Middle English Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vii Mer. Merlin, A Prose Romance MHG Middle High German MLG Middle Low German Mo rrd.s , Yks. Fk—Tk . Yorkshire Folk-Talk (Morris) Morte Art. Morte Arthure N Norwegian ND Norwegian dialect NED A N ew English Dictionary- on Historical Principles (Murray) NichoIson, Fk—Sp. The Folk Speech of East Yorkshire (Nicholson) NY North Yorkshire dialect OE Old En.glish O.E.Hom. Old English Homilies OF Old French OFrank Old FranldLsh OFris Old Frisian OHG Old High German m Old Norse Orm. Ormulum OS Old Saxon OSw Old Swedish Owl & N i ^ t . Owl and the Nightingale Port. Portuguese Pr. Cons. Pricke of Conscience Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VXll Prom. Parv. PixDmptorinm Parvulorum Prov Provencal Ray, Nth. Cty. Wds. A Collection of North Country Words (Ray) Rel. Pieces Religious Pieces in Prose and Verse Robinson, Wid—Yks. Gl. Mid—Yorkshire Glossary (Robinson) Sc Scottish Sc and S candinavian Shake. Shakespeare Sir Egla. Sir Eglamore 5 .Jut .D Danish South Jutland dialect Skt Sanscrit Sp Spanish St. Mar. Seinte Marharete Sw Swedish SwD Swedish dialect Tovm. PI. Towneley Plays W Welsh Wright DD Pkglish Dialect Dictionary (Wright) WY West Yorkshire dialect W y c H f , Bib. Bible (Wyclif) Wyclif, >/ks. The English Works of John Wyclif Yk. PI. York Plays Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iX INTRODUCTION V.Tien I became interested in linguistic studies some years ago, I conceived the idea of making a closer investigation of British dialects than had hitherto been possible for me. Great Britain is particularly rich in dialectal forms of speech, and the northern counties of England are unusually replete with provincialisms. In the county of York there are three dialects, which pertain more or less to the three Ridings, and which may be generally identified as North, West, and East Yorkshire types of speech. How long these dialects have been in use is a matter of conjecture. It is apparent that a number of Yorkshire provincialisms were in use in the kiddle English period, for they occur in such works as Ancren Riwle (c, 1280), Cursor Mundi (c. 1250-13^0), Pricke of Conscience (c. 1340), and Tov/neley Plays (c. 1450) . The many survivals of Old Norse and Old English forms in Yorkshire speech also indicate that the dialects have been established for a considerable time. Due to early Danish influence in the coastal region of the county, the North and East Yorkshire dialects resemble one another quite closely, but the West Yorkshire dialect reveals more definite correspondences with Old English sources. The Danish settlements in the north of England during the ninth and tenth centuries were by far more extensive in Yorkshire and LincoDnshire than in any other Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. X part of the co-untry. F lorn states that a study of the 1400 Scandinavian place-names in England reveals the fact that the typically Norse names are found most abundantly in northwestern England, while distinctively Danish names are confined to the east and central counties} The general conclusion is that the Danes settled in the east and the north, while the Norse settlement seems to have been in Cumberland and Westmoreland. The Yorkshire settlement apparently was mixed, the West Riding undoubtedly being affected by strong Norse and English influences, and the North and East Ridings by Danish provenience. It is the dialect of East Yorkshire, naturally, that most concerns me, for I have used it for a quarter of a century. I was born in the city of Hull on the Humber, spent the early years of my H f e in the towns and villages of the East Ridi'ng, and, with the facility which attends childhood, readily acquired the folk-speech of the people by frequent association with village yam (= home) and country garth (— farmyard). It is a source of great satisfaction to me now that I identified myself with the speakers of the dialect, for the experience with the sounds and subtle meanings of many dialectal expressions has proved invaluable in the prosecution of the present study. The decision to compile a glossary of East Yorkshire words, together with some investigation of their sources, involved several considerations. The social reverberations of two world wars 1 George T. Plom, 'The Dlalsotloal Provenience of Scandinavian Loanwords in English with Special Reference to Lowland Scotch.* , Vol. XV, p. 77» Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XI have had profound influences on the dialect. Young men from Yorkshire villages were drafted into military service, and were stationed in other parts of the country where their folk speech was not current. Under such conditions their use of dialect was impaired, since the requirements of military life necessitated understandable English. Precautions for national defense required frequent communication between the people of the Yorkshire villages and the inhabitants of the large industrial centers. Persons who had been accustomed to farm work were required by the government to take up employment in factories, where, obviously, conversation was conducted in standard English, (standard English throughout this study refers to the type of English which has come to be used in speaking and writing on a national scale, both in this country and in England, without reference to any of the many varieties of it). Naturally, the British state of emergency caused dialectal forms to be neglected, especially as the Yorkshire villagers entered into a wider sphere of social communication. Increased facilities for transportation in Britain during the last twenty or thirty years have also contributed to the abandonment of dialectal forms. Railway travel is incredibly inexpensive in Britain, and special excursion trains run every week-end, taking villagers as well as townspeople to sports events and to coastal resorts. Even the smallest hamlets are accessible by bus, and it is now a common practice for the people who live in rural communities to shop v/ith regularity in near-by towns. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. xii The instructive prograins of the British Broadcasting Company have also played a great part in persuading the Yorkshireman to accept the London development of English speech. IVhile in England in 1951, I listened to broadcasts of lessons in English grammar and pronunciation, and I was given to understand that these programs were enthusiastically received by many Yorkshire residents. It is not strange, therefore, that under these circumstances the East Yorkshire dialect is rapidly dying, and, indeed, with such siviftness, that its usage at the present time seems to be restricted to persons past middle life. It is timely, therefore, to undertake descriptive work on the dialect, for it seems that in a few decades its vocabulary will disappear from serious communication, and it will merge itself into other forms of English as Cornish has done. My disposition to record East Yorkshire forms of speech has received further impetus from an examination of a number of Yorkshire dialect glossaries. Works of this type which have come to my hand commend themselves as having been produced by men of some scholarship, some of them, indeed, Anglican clergymen. A careful investigation of their work reveals that these men had no fluency themselves in the dialects, but that they relied for their information on the impressions which they received from the conversations of the Yorkshire people. As m a y be expected, diversified spellings, pronunciations, and meanings are to be found in abundance in these glossaries. It seems to me that the greatest problem presented by Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Xlll such treatments is that little effort has been made to separate East Yorkshire speech from the dialects of the North and East Ridings. Had these glossarists lived for a number of years in the homes of the Yorkshire people, and learned to converse with them in their ovm folk-speech, they would have acquired a familiarity with the dialects, which, undoubtedly, would have made for greater accuracy. It may be well to list here a number of the glossaries which I have examined in the preparation of this thesis, and to acknowledge the assistance which I have received from them. They are listed below according to their authors in alphabetical order. Atkinson, John Christopher. A Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect. London: J. P. Smith, 1868. Atkinson was an Anglican clergyman whose religious duties brought him in touch with the people of the North Riding for more than fifteen years. His glossary reveals a certain breadth of scholarship, and shows that he has done a good deal of research on Yorkshire folk-speech. This v/ork has been helpful, despite the fact that occasionally East and West Yorkshire forms of speech are ascribed to the North Riding. Atkinson, John Christopher. A Glossary of Words Used in the Neighbourhood of Whitby. London: Tnibner and Co., 1876. This work has been of great assistance to me, and is frequently quoted in the thesis. It seems to be a careful revision of the preceding glossary by Atkinson, and is noteworthy for its precise Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XXV rendering of the meanings of dialectal expressions, Brockett, John Trotter. A Glosssiry of North Country Wo r d s . 3rd ed., 2 vols. Newcastle: S. G h a m l e y , 1846. This is a compilation of a large number of words from Northumbrian dialects. Yorkshire expressions are not particularly identified, and in some cases are not satisfactorily defined. However, the unusually large number of citations has made the glossary a valuable reference work in the production of this thesis. Carr, William. The Dialect of Graven in the West Riding of the County of Yorkshire. 2nd ed., 2 vols. London: W. Crofts, 1828. I have used Carr's glossary for checking purposes. As stated in the title, most of the citations pertain to West Yorkshire dialect, but some satisfactory definitions of East Yorkshire expressions are to be found also. The references to etymology are scanty. Cooper, Arthur Nevile. Across the Broad Acres. Newcastle: Walter Scott Publishing Company, 1900. Cooper was an Anglican clergyman who obtained his M.A. at Cambridge. His book is ostensibly a collection of humorous sketches of Yorkshire life and character, but a considerable number of East Yorkshire words appear in its pages. On occasion Cooper undertakes to explain dialectal usages, and for the most part he does so acceptably. Cowling, George Herbert. The Dialect of Hackness. Cambridge U.P., 1915. Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XV Hackness is in north-east Yorkshire, and this work by Cow]jLng proposes to give specimens of East Yorkshire speech. However, it seems that the author has not had a great deal of contact with the villagers, for a considerable number of current dialectal words are omitted from his word-list at the end of the book, and very few idiomatic usages are recorded. Dyer, Samuel. The Dialect of t he West Riding of Yorkshire. Brighouse; J. Hartley, 1891. The scholarly point of view is absent in this book; nevertheless, the author seems to have some fluency in West Yorkshire speech, and I consider his spellings of dialectal words quite acceptable. The book also gives a short history of Leeds and other towns. Easther, Alfred. A Glossary of the Dialect of Almondburv and Huddersfield. ed. Thomas Lee. London : Trubner and C o ., 1883. One of the best West Yorksliire glossaries. Numerous illustrations of the uses of words are given. Some of the alternate pronunciations given by the author apply to words of the North and East Yorkshire dialects, but such relationships are not stated. Halliwell, James Orchard. A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words. 7th edition. London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd., 1924. A noteworthy collection of words used in British dialects. The author, a philologist of some reputation, has listed the words of Yorkshire folk-speech with thoroughness and accuracy. I have quoted this dictionary frequently in the glossary, because from a semantic Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. xvi standpoint, Halliwell affords the East Yorkshire dialect adequate treatment. Harland, John. A Glossary of Words Used in Swaledale. Yorkshire. London: Trubner and Co., 1873» This work shows scholarly treatment, and contains more idiomatic expressions than most of the glossaries which I have examned. Once again, however, it is apparent that this listing of words has been obtained through the author's inpressions of dialectal communication in which he himself had no fluency. Hunter, Joseph. The Hallamshire Glossary. London; William Pickering, 1829. This glossary, a copy of which I secured some time ago from London, has repeatedly been of great assistance. Hunter was a Fellow of the British Society of Antiquaries, and recorded the words current in his day in south-west Yorkshire. A number of these words are now obsolete, but this circumstance indicates the great value of Hunter's work to one who may be inclined to attempt a historical treatmait of Yorkshire speech. Occasionally the author gives illustrations of Yorkshire words as used in Chaucer, Spenser, and Shakespeare. Etymological suggestions are rare. Moorman, Frederic William. Yorkshire Dialect Poems (1673-1915). 2nd edition. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, Ltd., 1917« A very interesting book of verse, and important because of many dialectal expressions, now obsolete, in the lines. The small glossary Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XVXl at the end of the book has been useful to me for checking purposes. Morris, Mannaduke Charles Frederick. Yorkshire Folk Talk. 2nd edition. London: Arthur BroTvn and Sons, Ltd., 1911. This book is written by an Anglican clergyman, an Oxford M.\., who has evidently done some work in linguistics. In my opinion it is one of the best presentations of East Yorkshire speech available, even though the author has a tendency to restrict the dialect to Danish etymons. I have quoted this work frequently in my glossary. Nicholson, John. The Folk Speech of East Yorkshire. London; Arthur Broivn and Sons, Ltd., 1889. Nicholson was a resident of Hull, Yorkshire, and, consequently, was acquainted ivith the East Yorkshire dialect. His book contains a number of amusing stories in the dialect, but no etymology, and only a small glossary. However, the spellings which he has adopted represent the sounds of the dialect adequately. I have occasionally quoted excerpts from this book. Ray, John. A Collection of English Words not Generally Used. First edition l67Aj ed. Walter William Skeat. London: English Dialect Society, No. 6, Series B. Trubner and Co., 1874. I regret greatly that I have not had tliis valuable work in my possession. Nevertheless, I have given quotations from it on the authority of references made to it, which I have found in other sources. The New English Dictionary and Skeat's Etymological Dictionary of the English Language refer frequently to this work Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. xvii: by Ray, and I have used a number of their quotations in this thesis. The chief value of Ray's glossary is that it records provincial!sms which were used in England from 1674 to 1691 in the northern part of the country. Although Yorkshire words are not distinguished from those of other Northumbrian counties in the glossary, they are not difficult to identify, and in several cases Ray's spelling shows how such words have developed phonetically from their original sources. Robinson, C. Clough. A Glossary of Words Pertaining to the Dialect of Mid-Yorkshire. London: Trubner and Co., 1876. This book has been very helpful in my work, and it will be noted that I have referred to it frequently in the glossary. The speech area which Robinson undertakes to describe is located in the center of the county around the city of York, and includes a number of villages in all three Ridings. Upon examination, however, I discovered that Robinson had listed more East Yorkshire words than those from the other dialects. His treatment is scholarly, and semantically his work seems very sound. Robinson, C. Clou^. The Dialect of Leeds and Its Neighbourhood. London: John Russell Smith, I86l. This is an earlier work by Robinson, and seems to lack some of the scholarship which is evident in the Mid-Yorkshire Glossary. Half of the book is a dialectal account of the amusing experiences of a linen-draper and a village blacksmith; the remaining pages Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XXX contain a good West Yorkshire glossary, and several allusions to native customs and folklore. Ross, Frederick; Stead, Richard; and Holdemess, Thomas. A Glossary of Words Used in Holdemess in the East Riding of Yorkshire. London: English Dialect Society, No. 16. Trubner and Co., 1877. This glossary has proved valuable to me, and I have referred to it frequently in the thesis. It is remarkably free from North and West Riding words, there being less than forty of these listed, so far as I have observed. The etymological treatment leaves something to be desired, but the spellings of words are rather good representations of the dialectal sounds, and the examples of the uses of the words are admirable. Smith, John Russell. The Yorkshire Dialect. London: John Russell Smith, 1839. This book proposes to give a general description of Yorkshire speech, and seems to have originated from a number of written reports. It has a small glossary, which I have used for checking purposes. Thompson, Thomas. Researches into the History of Welton and Its Neighbourhood. Hull: Leng and Co., 1870. Thompson not only deals with East Yorkshire history, but with the dialect also. His discussion of Danish settlements is very illuminating, and he suggests that the dialect is more indebted to Danish etymons than to those of Old English or Old Norse. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XX Willartj Robert. A Tnst of Ancient Words at Present Used in the Motmta-innns District of the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1811. ed. Walter William Skeat. English Dialect Society, Wo, 14. London; Trubner and Co., 1673. The words listed in this glossary were collected by Willan from 1790 to 1610. They reveal the historical development of the West Yorkshire dialect, particularly through Middle English forms. Skeat has added some valuable etymological notes to Willan*s findings, thus enhancing the value of the glossary as a work of reference for this thesis. Wright, Joseph. The English Dialect Dictionary. 6 vols. Oxford U.P., 1898-1905. This is an outstanding treatment of the dialects of Britain. The listed pronunciations of East Yorkshire words are very satisfactory, and the copious illustrations of dialectal expressions are extremely helpful. However, the etymological allusions in this splendid work are rare. After examining these glossaries, I determined to collect all the current words of the three Yorkshire dialects, and classify them as Worth, East, and West Yorkshire types of speech. I engaged in this task for several months, and placed in my files more than four thousand cards, each containing a dialectal word with its English meaning and phonetic pronunciation. However, as I proceeded, I recognized the need of corroborative evidence for many dialectal Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XX i expressions, not from literature, but from the lips of the Yorkshire people themselves. Since I vras conversant with the East Yorkshire dialect, it seemed better to confine my research to this type of speech only, and, accordingly, I revised my findings for the purpose of selecting East Yorkshire words exclusively. It now became necessary to devise some method of checking my results with the speech of the Yorkshire people. I visited England for this puorpose in the summer of 1951, and spent some time in the Yorkshire villages, conversing with the people, and noting their dialectal expressions. In this type of work it was not always easy to persuade the villagers to express themselves naturally, for it must be remembered that they know how to use standard English on occasions to which they attach more or less importance, and there were a number of times when the stilted language of my conversants was disappointing. However, there were some residents of rural communities who assisted me greatly. I chatted with farmers, tradesmen, proprietors of small stores, postal workers, and inn-keepers, and managed either to scribble phonetic symbols on a pad during these conversations, or immediately after them. In every case I endeavored to introduce particular topics into the conversation. I made enquiries concerning terms relating to the home, its furnishings, the family, states of health or illness, the farm and its buildings, the names of animals on the farm, types of work done on the farm, names of crops and of the machinery used Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. X X K ... in cultivating them, topographical names, allusions to the weather, states of emotion, such as joy, sorrow, affection, and hatred, references to children, to old people, to the social structure of the community, and to religion. As a result of these enquiries, I was able to fill two large notebooks with phonetic and semantic material, and on my return to the United States, I checked this work with the research on the East Yorkshire dialect which I had already done. Where divergence of opinion was found in the Yorkshire glossaries, I considered it feasible to resolve the problem by reference to these notebooks, for by so doing I was assured that there could be no higher authority for exactitude than the actual speech of the Yorkshire people. Where a word has been represented by more than one group of phonetic symbols, I have checked my notes to see if I recorded it while in England, and if so, I have represented the word by my own phonetics in the glossary. One of the great benefits of my research in Yorkshire was the negative type of response which I occasionally received from the villagers concerning their familiarity with certain words. They assured me on occasion more frankly than any glossary could have done that certain expressions were not a part of their dialect, and that such words might be heard in the north or west. These statements assisted me considerab3y in determining the words which ought to be included in the East Yorkshire dialect, I must confess Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XXllX that I have been greatly influenced in my selection of East Yorkshire words by such responses to my questioning. It should be added, however, that as I assembled my material in final form, I had recourse on many occasions to my own personal recollection of the East Yorkshire dialect. After speaking it for twenty-five years, it is only natural that I should retain a rather comprehensive knowledge of the sounds of its words and of their meanings. IVhat is perhaps even more important is that I am able to recollect many idiomatic usages which are rarely found in the glossaries. For example, "shut t* deearl" can be determined by glossarial help to mean "shut the door I" But no glossary can 2 elucidate "put wood i' th* ooil," which is precisely the same request. To "flig ti t* hawks" may be interpreted as meaning "to fly to the beams," but any East Yorkshire villager knows that it means "to go to bed," The statement,"Ah's queer," does not imply that the speaker has a peculiar disposition, but simply that he is ill. "T* caud *ez clapped ma," literally, "the cold has struck me," is the Yorkshire way of saying "I have a bad cold," A person unfamiliar with Yorkshire idiom would find it very difficult to understand "tha freeames wi ' sthraw sheean," literally, "you make an attempt vdth straw shoes," However, the statement simply means "you are working indolently." Ky acquaintance with such idiomatic usage has helped me in detecting the familiarity of the glossary writers with the dialect. 2 Literally, 'put the wood In the h o l e . ' Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. X X iv It is reasonable to believe that a compiler of a glossary, who has any fluency in dialectal communication, will occasionally exemplify idioms in his illustrations. Indeed, in defining certain words, he will consider it important to state their function in idiomatic expressions. Where there is no treatment of idioms in a glossary, it is probable that some errors will be found in the semantic content. In the preceding paragraphs I have stated the reasons which prompted me to take up the task of compiling this glossary. I have also indicated the methods by which I collected material, and I have directed attention to the way in which the material was evaluated. It occurred to me that it would be advantageous to ascertain the etymons of the words which I had collected, so that historic influences on the dialect could be brought to view. The statement has already been made that most of the glossaries are sadly remiss in etymological treatment, and, so far as my observation has gone, no etymological glossary of the East Yorkshire dialect has hitherto been produced. This is certainly a regrettable fact when one considers the rich linguistic heritage which the dialect possesses. For many years it has been evident that the East Yorkshire dialect contains a preponderance of words taken from Scandinavian sources, a fact which is quite understandable in view of the Danish settlements in Yorkshire during the second part of the ninth century. Nevertheless, there are powerful Old English influences which have Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XXT also operated upon the dialect, and this interplay of Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian elements calls for some evaluation of the historical background of the Yorkshire people. According to historians, the earliest settlements in Yorkshire were those of the Angles, who began their invasions on the north­ eastern coast of England in the first half of the fifth century. It is significant that the Saxon and Jutish invasions commenced in the east-central and south-eastern parts of the countary at approximately the same time. The disintegration of Roman power and the growing military influence of the Franks on the continent seem to have furnished the motivation for such incursions. In describing the invaders, Bede states: They came from three very powerful nations of the Germans; that is, fromthe Saxones, Angli, and lutae. Of the stock of the lutae are theGantuarii and Uictuarii; that is, the race which holds the Isle of Wight, and the race in the country of the West Saxons which is still called lutarum natio, established over against the Isle of Wight. From the Saxons; that is, from the countr^r now called the land of the Old Saxons, came the East Saxons, South Saxons, and West Saxons. From the Angli; that is, from the country called Angulus, which is said to have lain deserted from that time to this between the countries of the lutae and Saxones, are sprung the East Angles, kd-ddle Angles, the whole Northumbrian race - that is, the people living to the north of the river Humber - and the other peoples of the Angli Tacitus, the Roman historian, also furnishes assistance in determining the origin of the Angles. He suggests that they were a maritime people, and that they formed a part of the great confederation of tribes known in his day as the Suevi. There is good reason to believe that they were located on the Jutland peninsula in territory 3 Bede, Historla Ecolesias'blca. i. 1 5 « Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XXVI which adjoined that of the Danes, a fact which may be inferred from the following lines of the Old English poem Widsith. Of fa weold Ongle, Alewih Denum; se w æ s |)ara manna modgast ealra, no hwae ()re he ofer Of fan eorlscype fremede, ac Of fa geslog aerest monna, cnihtwesende, cynerica masst. Naenig ofeneald him eorlscipe niaran on orette. Ane sweorde merce gemaerde wi^ Myrgingum bi Fifeldore; heoldon ford si^^an ^ Engle ond Swaefe, swa hit Offa geslog. In this extract it seems clear that the territory of Offa, king of the Angles, adjoined that of Alewih, ruler of the Danes, and that Offa established a boundary between his people and the Myrgingas, which the Angles and Swaefs preserved from that time. Although the Angles began to settle in Northumbria by the year 149, they had no more than a precarious existence in a few coastal areas until the beginning of the sixth century. The Celtic kingdoms along the Clyde and Forth, and also the Northumbrian Britons of the west, strongly resisted the invaders, and for a number of years contended with them on equal terms. The archaeological evidences of Anglian occupation are much more abundant in North-east Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland than in the western Northumbrian counties. There seem to be no such evidences of Anglian settlement before 600 in Westmoreland and Cumberland, a fact which may be suggestive of the strong Celtic resistance which the invaders encountered. Translation! Offa ruled Ongle, Alewih the Danes, who of those men was haughtiest of all, yet not over Offa he supremacy affected, for Offa wo n earliest of men, being a youth, of kingdoms greatest. No one of like age with him dominion greater had in contest gained. With his single sword his marches he enlarged to the llyrgings by Pifel-dor; continued thenceforth Engles and Swaefs, as Offa it had won. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. X X V 11 Stenton states that the archaeological investigations of Anglian biirials are among the most reliable sources of information concerning the settlement of these people They practiced cremation up to the close of the seventh century, a custom which was abandoned by the Saxons in the fifth century, and which was not observed by the Britons. Cruciform brooches and metal sleeve clasps, characteristically Anglian, have been found in burial urns on the banks of the Humber, near the Yorkshire coastal towns of Hornsea, Scarborough, and Flamborough, and as far inland as Howden, Skipwith, and Heslington. The peculiar construction of many of these relics makes it possible to identify them with the Angles of the sixth century, and provides valuable infoimiation on early Anglian influence in Yorkshire. The Anglian settlements gradually strengthened north of the Humber, and history relates that by the end of the sixth century there were two separate Anglian IdLngdoms in Northumbria. The ld_ngdom of the Bernice included the territory which lay between the English Tyne and the Scottish Clyde, while the kingdom of the Dere included the central and the eastern portions of Yorkshire. The first settlements of the Dere seem to have been on the banks of the Humber a few years before 500. Their expansion to the west was long delayed by the Britons of Elmet, and it has not been definitely established that the western 5 F. lie Stenton, Anglo-Saxon E n g l a n d . Oxford: The Clarendon Presa, 1^4%. p. 13* Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XXVIXX border of Deira, as Yorkshire was formerly called, ever reached the m o d e m boiandary of Lancashire. For two hundred years the Idjigdoms of B e m i c i a and Deira were in continual conflict with one another, and with their neighbors south of the Humber. Gradually the Bernice assumed the ascendancy, and b y 759 the royal family of Deira had disappeared, leaving the Bernician king Aldfrith securely established as the ruler of Northumbria. In the second half of the eighth century the influence of Offa, king of Mercia, began to be felt in the Northumbrian kingdom, and the independence of the latter was threatened. With the death of Offa in 796 , the danger of invasion was temporarily averted, but in 829 Egbert, king of Wessex and Mercia, conçielled Oswiu of Northumbria to submit, and the independence of the northern kingdom was at an end. Unfortunately, no information has been obtained regarding the influence of the Angles upon the East Yorkshire dialect. It is an exceedingly difficult task to identify the early characteristics of the dialect in the Old English period. It can be stated with certainty that many similarities must have existed in Lowland Scottish and in East Yorkshire speech even as early as the seventh and ei^ith centuries. This much is clear from a consideration of the Northern dialect of Middle English. However, I am aware that the exact nature of such correspondences can only be a matter of conjecture, therefore I have not attempted to define the characteristics of East Yorkshire Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XXIX speech in the Old aiglish period. Toward the end of the eighth century the Scandinavian invasions of :*lngland began, bringing with them new linguistic influences upon the folk-speech of the Northumbrians. The first Invaders undoubtedly came from Norway, and landed on the southern English coast in 7^6 6 at Portland. They had no desire for t he acquisition of territory, but plundered the town and withdrew. Other raids followed, some on the south-eastern coast, some on eastern Northumbria, and some on the west coast of England, which the Norwegian adventurers reached by sailing round the north coast of Scotland. On all such occasions piracy, rather than settlement, was the Viking plan. Indeed, it was not until the tenth century that any considerable Norwegian settlements were established in England, and even these were the result of a secondary migration from Norse colonies previously established in Ireland. The first Danish raiders who came to England reached Sheppey in 7 S35. In 850 a large Danish army landed on the south-east coast, harried the countryside, and took up winter quarters at Thanet. It is knovm that by 844 Northumbria was subjected to Danish attacks, and by 865 the whole fabric of English society was threatened by a large Danish army which landed in East Anglia, and which apparently was intent on the complete exploitation of all the resources of the country. In the autumn of 866 this army moved to York, and occupied the city for four months before being attacked by the Northumbrians. G Stanton, 7 Ibid, p. ££. alt., p. 237» 241. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XXX The latter were completely defeated, and after the survivors bought peace, the Danes established Egbert as tributary king of Northumbria. The Danish army now turned its attention to the occupation of Mercia and Wessex, a circumstance which brought King Ethelred and the noted Alfred, his brother, into the conflict. After a series of defeats the West Saxon a n y defeated the Danes at Ashdown, and forced them back to their camp at Reading in 870, In 871 the Danish army received reinforcements, and the struggle for supremacy was continued. - It is not my purpose to proceed further with an account of the warfare between Viking and Anglo-Saxon, because at this point the first signs of Danish settlement appear in Yorkshire, and this fact is particularly germane to my thesis. The most prominent figure among the Danish invaders was Half dan, whom they acknowledged at this time as their ruler. In 876 he made the first division of English soil for the purpose of Scandinavian settlement, and established his followers in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Later a Danish IcLngdom was set up with York as the capital, and though information concerning it is scanty, history relates that Guthfrith ruled as its king in 890, During the ninth and tenth centuries Danish settlements increased in Northumbria, particularly in the coastal regions, and by the close of the tenth century the invaders had become the ruling class in the principal towns. As a result of these settlements a great number of places changed Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. xxxi their names, and were designated after their new Danish lords with the characteristic Danish ending -by, as, for example, the substitution of the Scandinavian Whitby for the Old English Streoneshalh. This ending has been of great help in determining the extent of actual Danish settlement in Northumbria and East Anglia, because in the latter territory, although it was undoubtedly conquered by the Danes, its local nomenclature was not changed in the same way. In Yorkshire the towns and villages ;vith the -by ending stretch from Ifhitby on the east to A U o n b y and Kirkby on the west, and it may be added that place-names terminating in -by are also found south of the Humber in Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, and even in Warwickshire where they appear to die out at Rugby (see map on page 24). It must be stated, however, that not all the Scandinavian influence in Yorkshire has been Danish. In the middle of the tenth century a strong force of Norwegian adventurers landed on the Yorkshire coast for the purpose of conquest and settlement. Their leader was Eric •Bloodaxe', who had succeeded his father, Harold Fairhair, as king of Norway, but who had been driven from the throne by a general uprising because of his ruthless character. The Danes, who had been considerably weakened by intermittent conflict with the people of Mercia and Wessex, welcomed Eric, and in 947 he established himself as king of York. From this time until 954 Norwegian settlers flocked to Yorkshire, and one obtains an impression of the king reigning at York in great prosperity, granting estates to his supporters, and Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XXXIX MAP OF ENGLAND Showing the Middle English dialects and the Ridings of Yorkshire. N o rthumb rt-land rCum^rland rhajn onby Riding IRISH SEA NORTH SEA Lanes rnsby WEST )MIDLAND EAST MIDLAND Rugby . y KENTISH OUTH WESTERN O HMOLISH CHANNEL 0 20 40 6o 80 100 miles Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XXX ill meting out extremely cruel treatment to those who had offended him. A significant memorial of his reign is the complimentary poem written by Egil Skallagrimsson, one of his enemies. This man was shipwrecked in the Humber, and was taken into custody by Eric’s followers. Knowing that he was in danger of losing his head, he wrote a poem full of traditional metaphors and heathen imagery in praise of Eric. When brought before the king, he recited his composition, and Eric, bound by custom to reward such a eulogist, granted the poet his life. The merging of the earlier Danish settlers in Yorkshire with the Norwegian adventurers who came with Eric brought a host of Scandinavian words into northern English, and some of these have persisted down to the present time, and have become established in standard English speech. However, the northern dialects are even more indebted to Scandinavian influence, and there are many cases where an Old Morse or Danish word is practically identical with a Northumbrian dialectal expression in form and meaning. To me it is very significant that of the 1387 words recorded in this glossary, 39^ are Scandinavian in origin, 2?% are of Old English derivation, 23^ may have been derived from Scandinavian or Old English, and 11^ may be traced to Old French, Celtic, and other sources. The Yorkshire glossaries which I have examined all assume the importance of Scandinavian influence upon the North, East, and West Yorkshire dialects, but none has shown to what extent this influence has been exerted. Since a proper understanding of a dialect Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XXXIV is not possible -without a knowledge of its historic background, it seemed important to me to identify the etymons of the East Yorkshire words which I had ILsted. In this work I made constant use of the following dictionaries. Aasen, Ivar Andreas. Norsk Ordbog med Dansk Forklarlng. Kristiania: A. Gammermeyer, 1900, This is a good Norwegian dictionary containing explanations in Danish of Norse terms. Bosworth, Joseph. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, ed. T. Northcote Toller. Oxford; The Clarendon Press, 1098. I have used this dictionary constantly in my investigation of Old English words. It is especially valuable for the listing of variant forms and examples of usage. Brynildsen, Johannes. Engelsk-Dansk-Norsk Ordbog. 2 vols. Kjobenha-vn: Gyldendal, 1902-1907. I consider this a fine Dano-Norwegian dictionary. Its Danisms are supervised by Johannes Magnussen, and its English pronunciations by Otto Jespersen. Cleasby, Richard. An Icelandic-English Dictionary, ed. Gudbrand Vigfusson. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1874. I have had frequent recourse to this outstanding collection of Old Norse words. I have used it as the final authority in determining Old Norse etymons in the East Yorkshire dialect. Craigie, William A., and Hulbert, James R. A Dictionary of Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XXXV American English on Historical Principles, k vols. Chicage, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1938. The examples of usage in this fine work are very helpful. However, as the title implies, English dialectal words are rarely listed. Dalin, Anders Predrik. Ordbok ofver Evenska Spraket. Stockholm; J. Beckman, 1850. The Swedish speech forms current in the nineteenth century are found in this dictionary. Some Swedish dialectal words are included. Dewar, John, and McLeod, Robert. A Dictionary of the Gaelic Language. Glasgow: J. Patterson, 1839. In tracing Gaelic etymons, I have found this book of greah benefit, The compilers have given the meanings of words with great clarity, and have used an abundance of illustrative material. Hall, John R. Clark. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Cambridge: University Press, 1931* Hall's dictionary does not profess the exhaustive character of Bosworth's work, but it is a reliable book, and I have used it constantly for checking purposes. HoIthausan, Friedrich. Altenglisches Etymologisches Worterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, Universitatsverlag, 1934. I consider Holthausen's book to be of great value in etymological research on Germanic forms. Each Old English citation is illustrated va.th references to cognates in Old Morse, Old High German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Dutch, and English languages. In some cases Latin Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XXXV1 and Greek etymons are listed, Jamieson, John. A. Dictionary of the Scottish Language. First edition 1818. ed. William Longmiair. Paisley, Scotland: A. Gardner, 192?. The book lists a number of Lowland Scottish words, and in some cases the compiler has endeavored to identify their sources. I have found Jamieson’s etymology provocative of thought and helpful, but not always reliable. Karre, Karl, Lindkvist, Haraid, Njod, Ruben, and Redin, Mats. Engelsk-Svensk Ordbok. Stockholm: Svenska Bokforlaget, P. A. Norstedt and Soner, 1938. I have used this dictionary in identifying Swedish etymons. Kilian, Charles. Old Dutch Dictionary. Utrecht: H. P. Cremer, 1877. Low German and Middle Dutch words are listed in this dictionary. I have used it for checking purposes. Metivier, Georges. Dictionnaire Franco-Normand. London: Henry Frowde, 1870. A work which is especially valuable for the identification of Old French etymons. Molbech, Christian. Dansk Ordbog. Kiobenhavn: Gyldendalske Bo ghand lin g, 1833 • This dictionary has been very vs.luable in my work. In addition to its listing of words used in the standard Danish of the nineteenth century, it contains many examples of Danish dialectal forms. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. X X X vil All the references to Danish dialect in my glossary have been obtained from this book, and in certain places I have considered it advisable to add some of I^olbech' s dialectal examples of speech, so that the striking correspondence between the Danish and Yorkshire dialects may be observed to better advantage. Murray, James A. H. A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. 10 vols, and supplement. Oxford; The Clarendon Press, 1P8A-1933. I have used this dictionary constantly, and have derived much assistance from its recording of many English dialectal words. It gives a phonetic pronunciation for each entry, and also a brief discussion of the etymology of the word. In addition it shows how a word has been used in English literature from the time of its first appearance to the present. Pughe, William Owen. A Dictionary of the Welsh Language. Denbigh, Wales: Thomas Gee, 1332. The book is merely a listing of Welsh words without any attempt at etymology. I have used it for checking Celtic forms. Rietz, Johan Ernst. Svenskt Dialekt Lexikon. Malmo: B. A. Cronholm, 1867. A number of the Swedish dialectal words recorded in this dictionary are closely associated with words of the East Yorkshire dialect, and have been listed in my glossary. Rietz has included some etymological treatment in a number of entries, and I have found this Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. K K x v m ~ xxxix of particular value. Skeat, Walter William. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 3rd edition. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1898. Skeat‘s dictionary has been of great assistance to me. Although it does not list dialectal words, its etymologLcal treatment of standard English forms often reveals how dialectal expressions have developed. It also contains occasional discussions of vowel and consonantal changes from one language to another, which information has been especially helpful to me. Skeat, Walter William. A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1911. This work is not merely an abridgment of the preceding. It is also a revision of the larger dictionary in the l i ^ t of further research, and, consequently, it contains added information of some importance, Stratmann, Francis Henry. A Middle Engli sh Dictionary. Oxford; The Clarendon Press, 1891. The many Middle English expressions which are closely associated with East Yorkshire words have made it necessary for me to use this dictionary frequently. In recording a Middle English word, Stratmann gives its variant forms, its meaning, and one or more references to Middle English writings where the word has been employed, Such references have saved me many hours of searching for illustrative forms in literature written from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. Torp, Alf. Nvnorsk Etymologisk Ordbok. Kristiania: H. Aschehoug Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. x l and Co., 1919• In dealing with the etymological backgro-unds of Norwegian words, Torp gives some valuable associations with other Germanic forms. In his citations one finds references to Old Norse, Old English, Old and Middle High German, standard English, Scandinavian dialectal expressions. Gothic, Latin, Greek, and Sanscrit. Of great assistance are his listings of northern English dialect, which, though usually not ascribed to any Northumbrian county, have frequently furnished clues to East Yorkshire speech etymons. Wedgwood, Hensleigh. A Dictionary of English E t m o l o g y . 2nd edition. London: Truimer and Co., 1872. I have used this dictionary occasionally, but it does not seem to approach in value the work by Skeat. No dialectal words are listed, Weekley, Ernest, A Concise Etymological Dictionary of M o d e m English. New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1924. The etymological references in the citations are brief. Few cognates are given, and the discussions of sound and consonant shifts are not too greatly in evidence. Nevertheless, it has provided me with helpful information as I have consulted it from time to time, Wright, Joseph. The English Dialect Dictionary. 6 vols. Oxford U.P., 1898-1905. Most of the dialectal words in my glossary are found in this book. For the most part Wright's pronunciations, placed immediately after the words, are adequate, but only rarely does he give any Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. xli etymological treatment, and even wheh he does so, he cites a single etymon without any intermediary or cognate forms. The work, however, is of great value for its exhaustive listing of British dialectal expressions. Wyld, Henry Cecil. The Universal Dictionary of the English Language. London: Herbert Joseph, Ltd., 1936. Wyld has devoted a good deal of space in his dictionary to the identification of the sources of words. I have frequently found that his material was an excellent supplementation to that provided by Skeat. Few dialectal words are found in this dictionary, but when they occur they are adequately treated etymologically and semanti ca lly. The task of identifying the etymons of East Yorkshire words has been considerable, and it should be stated that not all the words in the glossary can be thus classified with certainty. On occasion such authorities as Skeat and Murray, Wyld or Torp, disagree on the etymological treatment of a word, and in some cases I have recorded these differences of opinion in the glossary, so that every possible source of a word may be considered. However, a great number of East Yorksliire words are not recorded in any of the etymological dictionaries, and when investigation failed to discover them, it became necessary for me to trace their sources in the foreigr language dictionaries which were at my disposal. Though this work took a great deal of time, I found it quite Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. xlii stimulating, and by addressing myself to it, it became possible for me to assign some etymon to every word in the glossary. During this part of my work I obtained much help from the study of the forms of words in Middle English writings. Through consultation with Stratmann's dictionary, I had become aware that expressions in Saddle English were frequently very close in form and meaning to the words of East Yorkshire folk-speech. I was also aware that Scandinavian elements were very prominent in northern Middle English literature. Flom states that the Ormulum, written in Lincolnshire about 1200, contains about 190 loanwords from the Scandinavian, 8 the general character of which is Danish. Accordingly, when I identified the source of an East Yorkshire word in Old English or Old Norse, I ascertained the form into which it had developed in Middle English, and then sought for an illustration of it in early English literature. By so doing, I was able to discover that some dialectal words were simply modifications of Middle English forms, for example. East Yorkshire fellon, an abscess, is a slightly modified form of feloun, a sore, found in line 2994 of Hampole's Pricke of Conscience; East Yorkshire dod, to clip, is the same word as dodde, to clip, in Wyclif's Bible. Lev, xix. 27; East Yorkshire eldin, fuel, is almost the same in form and has the same meaning as elding, fuel, in line 3164 of Gursa Mundi, The study of such closely related words not only indicates the direction of their etymological treatment, but also shows how forms have survived 8 George T. Flom, 'The Dialeottcal Provenience of Scandinavian Loanwords in English r/lth Special Reference to Lowland Scotch.' PMLA (l^OO) Vol. XV, p. 77* Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. xlüi developed to becor.e established as dialectal expressions. At this point I consider it desirable to ]d.st a number of I-üddle Zhiglish -.-rritings from which I have taken quotations to illustrate the similarity between M d d l e Siiglish forms and v/ords of the East Yorkshire dialect. I have obtained material from some of these works by studying them in their entirety; others I have consulted only occasionally when I have come upon references to them in the etymological dictionaries. It seems sufficient merely to give a brief description of these w i t i n g s here. Their complete designation is found in the bibliography. Ancren PJLwle. A treatise on the rules and duties of monastic life, Written in Dorsetshire about 1225. The Bruce, or the book of the most excellent and noble prince, Robert de Broyss, king of Scots. Written in H 8 7 by John Barbour, The Book of the luiiaht of La Tour-Landry. Written about 1450. Gatholicon Anglicum. An Snglish-Latin wordbook dated 1483. The Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer. Written about 1386. The Complaynt of Scotlande, wyth ane exortatione to the thre estaits to be vigilante in the deffens of their public veil. Written about 1549. Cursor Mundi. A Northumbrian poem written about 1250—1340, Early English Alliterative Poems in the West Midland Dialect of the Fourteenth Century, Written in Lancashire about 1360. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. xliv Floriz and Blauncheflur. Written about 1275. The Works of John Gower♦ Written about 1325-1408. H a H Meidenhad. An alliterative homily of the thirteenth century. Written about 1230. TCa-rl-v English Prose Treatises of Richard Rolle de Hampole. Written in Yorkshire about 1335• Pricke of Conscience. Written by Richard Rolle de Hampole in Yorkshire about 1340. Lancelot of the Laik. A Scottish metrical romance. Written about 1490-1500. Vision of William Langland concerning Piers the Plowman. Three texts written as follows; A text in 1362, B in 1377, and G in 1393. Layamon*s Brut. Written about 1205. Lay of Havelok the Dane. Written about 1280. Merlin. A prose romance. Written about 1/^40. Morte Arthure. Written in Yorkshire about 1440. Ormulum. Written in Lincolnshire about 1200. Oivl and the Nightingale. Written in Dorsetshire, Wiltshire, or Hampshire about 1225. Fromptorium Parvulorum. The first English-Latin dictionary. Written about 1440. Relipious Pieces in Prose and Verse. Written about 1440, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. xlv Romance of Sir Eglamour of Artois, Written ear3;jr in the fifteenth century. Seinte Marharete, The maiden and martyr. Written about 1200. Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight. An alliterative romance poem. Written in Lancashire about I36O, Story of Genesis and Exodus. An early English song. Written in Norfolk or Suffolk about 1250, To\meley Plays. Written in Yorkshire about l/(.50, English Works of John Wyclif. Written in Yorkshire about 1384* The Holy Bible in the Earliest Versions made by John Wyclif and His Followers. Completed in 1384. York Plays. The plays performed by the Grafts or Mysteries of York on the Day of Corpus Christi in the Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Centuries. Written about 1378, All the above Middle Ehglish works are quoted with more or less frequency in the glossary, and the citations which are taken from them indicate the influences which operated upon the East Yorkshire dialect over a considerable period of time. The fact should be emphasized that in compiling the glossary, I have endeavored to record only the words which are commonly used in the East Yorkshire dialect. Since there are three dialects in Yorkshire, it is inevitable that northern expressions will sometimes be heard in the east, and eastern words on occasion in the west. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. x lv i Without exception, all the glossaries which I have consulted record northern and western words occasionally as part of the East Yorkshireman's vocabulary. The error is very easy to commit, for the boundaries of the Ridings cannot be regarded as lines of demarcation for the dialects, and it must be admitted that some words are common to two or all of the dialects. As has been previously stated, the northern and eastern dialects of the county resemble one another closely, but each has its own characteristic phonetic developments and its peculiar grammatical usages. For example, the word yam Pjaem] home, is understood throughout Yorkshire, and is frequently heard in all the Ridings, but the natives of the county know very well that the north Yorkshireman customarily uses yem Qgrn] , his neighbor in the east, yam [jaem^ , while the resident of the West Riding is accustomed to say ooam [usm] . The eastern ah'm gannin yam £ a m ganin jaem] is reproduced in the north by ah*m ga-in yem {om gain i £ m ^ , and in the west by ah's baan ooam [az bon u a m ] . A gimme 1 £gimal£| narrow passage, in the east is a gimma [gimeTj in the north, and a snicket Σsntkîtj in the west. When a native of the East Riding stares, he gloors [gluBZ ] ,whereas the northerner glaars [gldz ] , and t|ce westerner glims [glimz] . Such examples of Yorkshire speech indicate distinctions which should be made in dealing with the dialects, and reflect the infinite care which needs to be taken in assigning a word to one of the three Yorkshire forms of speech. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. xlvii However, although only East Yorkshire words are recorded in this glossary, one must bear in mind that the East Riding resident uses a great many additional words. He employs a large number of forms from standard English, but pronounces them according to prescribed phonetic developments, as, for example, meeak jmlek] make, neet [nltj night, and smahl [smol] smile. Words from standard English which are heard in Yorkshire speech are not included in the glossary, because they are modified only by dialectal pronunciation, and their meanings remain the same. However, East Yorkshire words which are used in the other Yorkshire dialects are listed in the glossary, because it is difficult to determine in which Riding they originated. It ïvill be noted in the glossary that some citations are listed only in the plural, for example, rands, the borders of a field, hames, the curved pieces of metal fastened to the collar of a draught horse, housen, houses, property, and licks, a beating. The reason for the absence of the singular form of these words lies in the fact that it is never used. This is one of the peculiarities of the East Yorkshire dialect, but after all it is no more unusual than the standard American use of woods for British woo d , a tract of land covered with trees. Certain words which one might expect to find in the dialect are missing. For example. East Yorkshire chap is a verb signifying to knock, and it would seem that a substantive form meaning a knock could readily be used. But chap as a substantive in the dialect means Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. xlviii a dealer, a customer, and is never associated with the idea of knocking. The dialectal dess is a noun meaning a stack of straw or bricks, and it is logical to assume that a verbal form dessing would imply the placing of material on a stack. However, such a verb does not exist in East Yorkshire speech. In the dialect the word grip is a verb meaning to grasp, but vdien used as a substantive it signifies a trench. The East Yorkshire trade designates street traffic, and conveys no suggestion of commercial activity. It is possible that such missing forms may have been present at an earlier period in the dialect, or it may be that they never developed. An investigation of northern English words listed in the glossaries of Brockett, Halliwell, and Ray reveals a number of terms which do not appear in the East Yorkshire dialect, but this should not be taken as evidence of the recording of Yorkshire expressions now obsolescent in speech. These glossarists have undertaken to record words common to all the Northumbrian dialects; hence it is difficult to determine whether an unfamiliar word listed by them was formerly used in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, Northumberland, or Durham folk-speech. Nevertheless, it will be shown in the glossary that a considerable number of current East Yorkshire words have assumed their present form by means of very interesting historical development. In order to illustrate this statement, it may be helpful to cite here several Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. xlix dialectal words which have been treated etyniologically in the glossary. The East Yorkshire expression gallac-handed, left-handed, awkward, seems upon preliminary examination to be associated with Danish wrong, awkward. Both Morris and Jyiolbeoh give this connection, the latter quoting the corresponding Danish form galhandet, awkward, left-handed. It was evident, however, that this derivation did not explain the final _c of gallac, and I speculated as to whether the word might be identified with French gauche, left, awkward. This led to further investigation concerning the possibility of deriving the French form from a Germanic origin. I subsequently discovered that French gauche is identified with Old Frankish ^ a l k i . weak, which appears in Old French as waucher, left, weak. The Old Frankish form also appears in Old High German as w e l h . soft, damp, and as welchen, to fade, decay, rot. The Middle High German form is w e l k , withered, faded, and one also finds Middle English welken. to fade, decay, rot. My conclusion, therefore, is that the East Yorkshire word shows the French _g and the Middle High German survival of I k . The semantic change from weak to left-handed is paralleled in many other instances. Another interesting East Yorkshire word is h a g , a white mist resulting from frost. According to the New English Dictionary, this word is a shortened form of Old English hasgtesse, a fury, witch, hag, but since no further information was given, it was difficult to ascertain valid reasons for the development of the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. dialectal expression. However, an examination of Old English haegtesse, shows that it is a compound form representing Old English haeg, a hedge, and Syrs, a giant, demon, witch. A hæg^yrs, then, meant a witch or supernatural being who lived in the hedge, a superstition which is well established in northern England. In the course of time, the Old English compound came to be reduced to the first element, and while the standard English word means a witch, the East Yorkshire expression signifies the mist which arises in the evening from hedges. An interesting survival of an Old English form is found in East Yorkshire clame, to smear. This word has been lost in standard English, even though it jj^ad a good deal of currency in Old and Middle English. The Old English form clsêman developed into Middle English clamen, and the corresponding form in Old Morse is kleima. It seems clear that the loss of this word in standard English, and its preservation in the East Yorkshire dia,leot^ must be ascribed to the Scandinavian influence which was much stronger in the north of England than in the soutlj. The word and its meaning both survive in m o d e m Icelandic, Swedish, and Norv/egian, a fact which demonstrates the persistence of the form in an essentially Scandinavian environment. A word like East Yorkshire row, to work hard, does not easily admit of etymological treatment. An obvious connection with Old English rowan, to row, is not reasonable, because Old English 5 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. li usually appears in the dialect as FLs] . One may then consider the possibility that the word may be the standard English row, an uproar, used with an extended meaning, and probably representing an earlier rouse, with the loss of final s from Old Norse rtis, a drinking bout. However, the Old Morse û does not usually break into a diphthong in the dialect, but tends to remain long. Another possibility remains, namely, that the dialectal word may be a northern form of standard English roll, to move round and round, vâth the 1 vocalized. Standard English roll developed from an earlier Old French form in 6 (rol), but East Yorkshire row apparently developed from a later Old French form id.th ü (roule), which has broken into the dialectal diphthong (auQ . The word weean, a vroman, is a very common expression in the dialect. The Old English cwen, a woman, is a satisfactory etymon, if one wishes to account for the East Yorkshire breaking, but the difficulty that presents itself here is finding an explanation for the loss of the initial consonant. Since an Old English initial k does not tend to disappear in the dialect, it is reasonable to suppose that both the dialectal word and its etymon had an initial w. I suggest that the original word was probably Old English wifman, a woman, and that through stress on the first vowel, and the loss of the medial consonants, the form became East Yorkshire weean. I have given the above citations to show the types of etymological problems which I have encountered, and the methods I have used in Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lii dealin.o; with them. Throughout the glossary in all cases, I have endeavored to ascertain the earliest forms and uses of the dialectal words, and I have tried to observe the phonetic laws which have to do with the relation of consonants in the Indo-European languages, and also those laws which deal with the development of vowel sounds from Germanic and Romance forms into standard English, In cases where one word in Germanic and another in Romance resembled each other more closely than the applicable phonetic laws would allow, I have always concluded that one form was a borrowing from the other. This is the procedure which I have followed in all the etymological content of the glossary. The spelling of the words in the glossary is based on the conventional spellings of the Yorkshire word-lists which I consulted. In my opinion some ofthese spellings do not adequately represent the sounds of the words, nevertheless I have retained them because most of the glossarists have used them. In a few cases I have changed the conventional spellings, but only when I was positive that the form which I advocated was used in writing by the present inhabitants of Yorkshire. Although the phonetic development of the East Yorkshire dialect does not come within the scope of this dissertation - for such a study would necessarily be an extended one, and I am deferring it until some future time - I m i ^ t make a few statements here regarding the development of sounds in the dialect. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. liii The short vowels in Old Norse and Old English tend to remain short in the dialect. 1. Short vowels. OE last tu [isetu] > EY latt [ l æ t ] ON gaddr fgaedr] > E T .gad [ ^ d ] ON bekkr Cbskr] a lath. a whip. and OE becc ET beck [bek] ON li6'r£lr<5r]and OE l±b {ll©l > ET lith 'CltSU ON foss J[f3s] > ET foss [f os] munu OE rudu [rvdu] a human limb. a waterfall. OE cloccian Qclokjan] %> ET clock fjlok] ON a stream. to cluck. Qnwiu] > E T mun jjnun] must. > E T rud £rud"] a red dye. The long vowels in Old Norse and Old English either break into diphthongs or remain unchanged in the dialect. 2. Long vowels. ON krakr £]kral^] > ET crake [krEak] OS man Jjnan] > E T mean jjalen] a crow. worthless. From the above examples it will be seen that the regular development of ON and OE â is j^6a] or ]]9] in ET. ON and OE ê becomes ET or [la] ^ as may be noted in the following examples: OE reocan [reoken] > ET reek j^rlk] ON le [le] > ET lae IJlLejl to smoke. a scythe. ON œ , which is the i mutation of o_j regularly becomes ë in ME and £le] in ET, e.g. ON toema jjbjme] ;>NE temen [temen] J > E T team [tlôra] to empty out. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. liv on and OE i breaks into the EY diphthong [dl] : ON rifa [rife] ^ E Y rive Q m v ^ , N Y rive (Iraiv] to tear away. The EY pronunciation was undoubtedly similar to that of the word in N Y at an earlier period, but the second element of the EY diphthong has disappeared. However in some instances the diphthong remains in EY, as in OE bitan [bltan] > EY bite [bait] to bite. ON and OE 6. tends to become EY [blek] : OE boc [ b o k ] > EY book book. ON krokr £krokr] > EY crook [jcriekj ON and OE û remains [ù] in EY: ON hus [hus] ^ EY hoose [ h u s ] [mus] a house. ON mus [mus] hook. and OE hüs Qius] and OE mus j^mus] EY moose a mouse. So far as the ON and OE diphthongs are concerned, their developments do not seem to follow a regular pattern in EY speech. Those which tend to develop with some degree of regularity are as follows: OE ea tends to become EY [la] , as in OE beacon [beakan] > EY beacon [blekan] a hill. OE heap [[heap] ;> EY heap [hlap^ a quarter of a peck. ON ^ tends to become EY [ka] > E Y flay [fl£a] or , as in ON fley.ja {]"le%jaj to frighten. ON leita [letta[] to seek. ON sleikja [[sletkja^ > EY slake [ s l W k ] [[gretnj > EY grain [gr Lan] EY lait pL£at^ to lick. ON grain a branch. ON au remains [au] in EY, as in ON hlaupa [hlaupa] Z> EY loup [laup] to leap. ON frau^ [frau5J >• BY frowth [frauB] froth. Admittedly, this is a very brief description of the sound Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Iv developments in the East Yorkshire dialect, but it would not be practical to attempt a thorough study of phonetic relationships here. Since working upon the glossary I have discovered a number of exceptions to the above sound patterns, and it becomes necessary to explain these exceptions in terms of the influence of one language upon another, or of the survival of primitive forms, or of speech characteristics which affect sounds through consonantal modification. An investigation of this sort is essentially a special study in itself. Two consonants in the dialect have developments which should be noted. There is a marked tendency for medial 1 to disappear in a number of words, e.g. E hold jjioldQ'>EY hod [jtDdJ[ to hold; E cold [koId2 > E Y caud [kod] cold. It should be noted that in spite of the difference in spelling in the EY words, the sounds of the vowels are the same. Both medial and final r are dropped in certain words, but are sounded in others. When r is pronounced in EY speech, it is always of retroflex quality. The following examples illustrate the tendencies of r in the dialect. Dropped: EY carl [kdl] a country fellow. EY gar [go.] to make. EY gimmer [gimejj a female lamb. Retroflex: EY skirl [skorl^ EY thorp [Garp] to scream. a village. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ivi EY gerse [garsJ grass, It should be observed that EY retroflex r invariably affects the vowel immediately preceding it, and always changes it to [o J , no matter what the original position of the vowel may have been. In this respect the East Yorkshire dialect seems to differ from other types of Northumbrian folk speech, which, though possessing the retroflex r, do not admit of the EY vowel modification before it. To illustrate the phonetic descriptions which I have given above, I have considered it helpful to give at this point a story in the East Yorkshire dialect. The selection is presented in three parts; 1. the dialectal story written with conventional spelling, 2. the translation of the story into standard English, and 3- the phonetic transcription of the selection. Yah daay ah vmr gannin doon t ' rooad ti th* Umber wi Bill, a n ’ Bill wur gannin vd ma, an’ seea wa beeath on uz wur gannin wi yan anuther. It wur a varry wahrm daay, an’ efthur a bit wa cum tiv a public-hoose. Seea Bill ses ti ma, "Wilta cum in, mi lad, an’ git a glass o ’ summat?" "Wheea,” ah ses, "it’s varry wahrm, an’ a h ’s thry. Ah cud tak summat fur fettlin." An' seea wa beeath on uz gans in ti t ’ public-hoose. A n ’ as wa was set suppin wer yal, a n ’ ’oddin a bit o' pross wi yan anuther, ah seed a gurt collus chap set in t ’ langsettle ower anenst uz. 9 This dialectal story, though representative of East Yoricshire speech, contains a few iJorth Yorkshire words, e.g. throppel, throat. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ivii Noo ah seed *im all t* tahm gloorin despert ’ard at uz, an' efthur a bit ah ses tiv 'im, "Noo, mi lad, wat's ta gloorin at si 'ard fur?" "Wheea," ses 'e, "wen tha 'ezn't nowt ti sup thissen, nobbut next best thing ti deea is ti leeak at 'em 'at 'ez." Wa laffed, an' ah ses, "Wheea, bud wa can seean sneck 'at. Wat wilta tak?" "Aw," ses 'e, "ah's nowt perticla." "Wheea, bud thoo mun gLe it a neeam," ah ses. "Aw reet," ses 'e, "ah'11 tak a quahrt o' yal." "A quahrt I " ah ses. "Wadn't a pahnt samre tha?" "Ah deean't think it wad," ses 'e. "Tha sees ah's gltten sikken a gurt throppel, 'at a pahnt nobbut wets ma sahd," Seea ah tells t ' gammer, an' sha fetches 'im a quahrt o' yal. Noo t' carl 'ed gltten sikken a mooth as ah ni w e r seed. It wur a mooth. It wur a reglar frunt deear; an* 'e oppens 'is mooth, an' 'e sups t ' quahrt o' yal at yah slowp. Noo ah seed 'im dee it, an' Bill seed 'im an' all, Wa beeath on uz seed 'im; an', sither, wat ah's tellin tha's reet. He sets t ' mug doon, an' ah leeaks at 'im, an' ah ses tiv 'im, "Noo, mi lad, dusta think tha cud deea that ageean?" '".Vheea," ses 'e, "ah thinks ah mebbe mud," "Then thoo sal," ah ses. Seea ah gans missen, an* ah fetches 'im anuther quahrt o' yal. An' as ah wur cumin thruff t ' deear-steead. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ivüi ah seed a deead moose settin aback o ’ t ’ deear. It w u m ' t a varry big moose, it wur just a middlinish sahzed sooart o ’ moose. Seea ah taks it up, an' pops it inti t' jug, an' teeams t ' yal inti t' mug, an' storrs it weel up, an' ah gies it ti t' carl. An' sither, 'e taks mug intiv ’is 'and, an' oppens 'is mooth noo ah seed 'im, an' Bill seed ’im an' all. Wa beeath on uz seed 'im; an' wat ah's tellin tha's reet - ay, *e oppens 'is mooth, an' sups off t ’ yal, moose an' all, at yah slowp. An' 'en all leeaks at 'im, a n ’ ah ses tiv 'im, "Noo, mi lad, 'oo didsta laik 'at yal?" "Aw," 'e ses. ”T ’ yal aals nowt. 'T wur varry good yal, bud ah laay theer wur a bit o ’ 'ops i ’ that last." Translation One day I was going down the road to the Humber with Bill, and Bill was going with me, and so (we) both of us were going with one another. It was a very warm day, and after a while we came to a tavern. So Bill says to me, "Will you come in, ny lad, and get a glass of something?" "Well," I says, "it's very warm, and I'm dry. I could take something to put myself in good condition. And so (we) both of us go into the tavern. And as we were seated drinking our ale, and (holding) having a little friendly conversation with one another, I saw a great, coarse fellow seated on the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lix high-backed bench which was opposite to us. Now I saw him all the time staring very hard at us, and after a while I say to him, "Now, my lad, (what are you staring at so hard for) why are you staring so hard?" "Well," says he, (when thou hast not nothing to drink thyself, nothing but the next best thing to do is to look at those that have) "when one hasn*t anything to drink oneself, to look at those who have is only the next best thing to do," We laughed, and I say, "Well, but we can soon put an end to that. What will you take?" "Oh," says he, "I'm (nothing) not particular." "Well, but you must give it a name," I say, "All right," says he, "I'll take a quart of ale," "A quart I " I say. "Wouldn't a pint (serve) be sufficient for you?" "I don't think it would," says he. "You see. I've got such a large throat, that a pint (nothing but) only wets (ny) one side," So I tell the proprietress, and she brings him a quart of ale. Now this rustic fellow had (got) such a mouth as I never saw. It was a mouth indeed. It was a veritable front door; and he opens his mouth, and he drinks the quart of ale at one gulp. Now I saw him do it, and Bill saw him also. We both (of us) saw him; and, mark what I'm telling you is right. He sets the mug down, and I look at him, and Isay to him, "Now, my lad, do you think you could do that again?" Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. you, Ix "Well,” he says, "I think (I maybe might) perhaps I m i ^ t "Then you shall," I say. So I go myself, and I bring him another quart of ale. And as I was coming t h r o n g the doorway, I saw a dead mouse lying behind the door. It wasn’t a very big mouse, it was just a medium-sized sort of mouse. So I take it up, and slip it into the jug, and pour the ale into the mug, and stir it up well, and give it to the rustic fellow. And, mark you, he takes the mug into his hand, and opens his mouth - now I saw him, and Bill saw him also. We both (of us) saw him; and what I ’m telling you is right - yes, he opens his mouth, and drinks off the ale, mouse and all, at one gulp. And then I look at him, and I say to him, "Now, my lad, how did you like that ale?” "Oh," he says. (The ale ails nothing) "There is nothing wrong with the ale, but I believe there was ( a little hops) a stronger flavor of hops in that last drink.” Phonetic Transcription Jo dea a wj gænin dunt ru9d tt 0umbe wi bil, en btl w 3 gaentn wt ms, an sLe w-a bla@ bn vz wa gænin wi jaen ônu6ô. It wa a vart worn d£.a, en efGe B bit wa kvm tiv 9 pvbltk-us. SLO bll s£z ti ma, "wilts kum in, mt laed, en get 9 glass ë sumat?" "wle," a sgz, " its vari worn, en az 6rai. a kud task somat fa f&tlln.” Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ijci en s Le wa ble© en -cz gaenz in tit publik-us. an az w9 vrbz sè.t s’ ./pin w? jasl, an bdtn e bit e prb s wi jaai anuÊB, a sid e ggt ktri'3s t j æ p set int laei)S£tl ave anenst \rz. nu a sLdim al torn glurin despet ad et \jz, an efGe e bit a sez ttv im, "nu, mi læd, wl>ts te glurin aet si ad fa?" "wCe," s£z L, "vren é'ô £znt naut tr sup c^isen, npbet nekst best Oin ti die iz ta ilek at em et ez," wa læft, an a sez, "wLe, bud wa k m sien snek aet. wbt wilte tæk?" sez L, "dz na\rb p e t r k l s ." "wLe, bud c^u mun g l t t e n le m ," a s e z . "d rit," sez L, "al t æ k e kwat e jael" "a kwatI" a s&z. "wpdent a pont sccv 6'a?" "a dlent 0iT)k it wbd," sez l. "fa slz az gatan sikan a gat Qrppl, et a pc(nt npbat wets ma sdd." sla û telz ta gæma, an /ê f&t/ez im a kwdt 9 jæl. nu ta kal ad gaten sikan a mu0 az d nive sid. tt wg 0 muô. •il régla frunt die; en i bpenz iz irai©, an L sups takwat ja slaup. nu a sid tm di tt, an btl sid Im en al. wa bia0 tt w 3 e jæl et bn uz sid im; an, sife, wbt az telin fez rit. l sets te nnjg dun, en a llaks et im, en læd, dustô 0iT}k fe kud die fæt a sez ttv tm,"nu, mi egien?" "wLe," sez L, "a Sî-t^ks a mebt mud," "&.n fu sæl, " a sez. sia a gænz misen, an a fet/az im anu0a Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ixii kwat r j æ l . -an ez O kumin 0 r v f t e d C a - s t le d , a sLd a d ie d mus Si t i n ebaek e t d i e . t t -want e v a r t b i g mus, t t vra d^njst e m i d l i n l / sazd s u et e mus. s le a tasks te j æ l i t -up, an pbps t t i n t i t en tle m z i n t î t mug, an s tp r s i t w L l u p , en a g i z t t t ô t kcSl. en, s l& e , L tasks mug i n t i v t z an d , an ppenz t z muG - nu a s id im , an b i l s id tm an o l . vra b l a 0 pn u z s id im ; an vipt a z t E l l n &az r t t - a i., i bpsnz I z mu0, an sups p f t a j æ l , mus en a l , an en a l l e k s e t tm , en a sez t i v tm , "n u , mt l æ d , at ja s la u p . u d id s ta l a t k aet j æ l ? " " 3 ," i sez. " te j æ l f i e W3 a b i t 0 pps i g a lz n a u t . t K 3 v a r i gud j æ l , bud a l& a M E ik, i . Cf. ON ek, E eg. Da and Go sing. I. .leg,Sw j a g . Du i k ,Ger ich, ME ^ became diphthongal and was changed to jjei ] in the I6th century. Subsequently it became [Ja% ] , and in EY, ijust as in the southern United States, stress on the first element of the diphthong has caused the second element to disappear. •As ic hard say.* Barbour, Bruce, i. 3^4. •But ik am oold, me list no pley for age. • Frol., 13. •A wish a*d been theer* : A NED jja] vb. regards Chaucer, Reeve•s I wish I*d been there. EY. Used for has, have. this word as a shortened form of E have, just as is a reduced form of L habet. Cf. ME hauen < OE habban, ON hafa, Sw hafva. Da have. Du hebben, Ger haben, and Go haban, to have. •I might a had husbands afore now.* •Noo a a tha*: ^ C a ] prep. Bunyan, Pil. Prog., ii. S4« now I have you. BY. On, in. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F a This word is a weakened form of OE on. NED states that in compounds and comnmn phrases, OE on became century OE on began to as in OE abut a n . In the 11th be reduced before from its tonelessness soon sank to a Du aan, Ger • Of. ON a, Sw a. Da an, and Go a n a , on, in* •And not to faste a Friday.* *Wa seed *im a Settherda *: Aback consonants to o,which [jebaekl adv. Langl., P. Plow., A. i. 99. we saw him on Saturday. E Y . Behind. Derived from OE on baec* in the rear, backward. The prep, and sb. were formerly written separately, but later were treated as one, as in I4E abak, backward. Cf. ŒT abak, OS abak, and OFiis abek, backtrard. ’0 ye right noble knyghtes which ben comen to the victorye and now goo abacke.* Gaxton, Gold. Leg., 117. 'Upstairs aback o* bed, Sike a riot as ni w e r was led. * Nicholson, Fk-Sp., 40. *Tha mun get aback on *im* : Abear [abLô] vb. ME aberen < OS aberan, you must get behind him. EY. To bear, endure. to bear. Of. ON abera, OHG aberan,Go abairan; Ir berim; L ferre, to bear. •I couldn* abfear to see i t . ’ Tennyson, N t h . Farmer, 64* •Sha *11 niw e r abeear yon chap *: that man. EY. she’ll never endure (put up v/ith) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abide [ebdd] vb. To endure. OE abidanj to remain on. Cf. Go us-beidan, to remain. ^Myne owne -wyfe may not abyde my breth.' Job, xix. 17 . «Thoo mun abahd it wi' ma*: Able i^aeblQ adj. Coverdale, Bib., you must endure it with me. EY, Competent in ability or physical strength. ME able, hable < 0 F habile, able< L h a b i H s , easy to handle, active, Cf. OE abal, ON afl, CSw a f l , afwel, ability, power of body, ON afU.a, to produce, and N a f l , production. The meaning of E Y able majr have been influenced by OE or ON forms. 'Thou shalt disceaue him, and shalt be able.' I Kings, xxii. 22. 'He wur a yabble sooart o' chap': Ablins £æbltnz3 adv. Coverdale, Bib., he was an able kind of man. EY. Perhaps, possibly. NED defines the form of the word as a conçound of E able -f-lings; hence the derivation is the same as EY able. 'Ablins, possibly.* Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Ah deean't knooa, bud ah ablins mud': I might. EY. Aboon me £ebonJ prep. I don't know, but perhaps Above. abufen < OE abufan, above. Cf. Du boven, above. According to NED OE abufan did not appear till the 12th century, and was evidently a northern formation, being rarely found out of northern or Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. north-eastern "vrriters before the end of the 13th century when it generally replaced OE bufan. ‘Bathe fra aboven and fra benethe.* P r . Cons., 6l2. •So eche bar other to the erthe, and theire horse a-bouen hem. ‘ Her., 134" •Sha's aboon in t* bawks’: house. EY. Abrede [ebrted] adv. she's above in the upper part of the In breadth. D erived from OE on brede. in breadth. WED gives the form as abreid. ‘Spread abreed thy weel-fill'd brisket. ‘ ‘T ‘ mere is ommust a mahl abreead.‘ in breadth, EY. Accom [jaekren] sb. B u m s , W k s .. iii. 143» the lake is almost a mile Acom. ME a c o m < OE a e c e m , fruit, from OE aecer, a field. Cf. ON akarn. Da agern. W aakorn. Du aker, OHG ackeran, and Go akran, fruit. The original sense of OE a e c e m u was simply ‘fruits of the field.* E acorn has not developed from E oak f c o m as has been incorrectly supposed. ‘Accorne, or archade, frute of the oke.‘ ‘T ‘ yakrens wur all ower t* garth*: the yard. EY. Acog ME M ]]ôk53zj[ conj. Prom. Parv., 11. the acorns were all over Because. cause < 0 F cause < L causa, a cause. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. »Acoz, because,' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 266. *Th' OSS weean*t gan cot acoz o' t' dog': because of the dog. EY. Addle [jedlQ vb. the horse won't go out To earn by labor. According to NED this word is not derived from OE edlean. reward, requital, but from ON o A a , to acquire. In OE edlean the ed- is a prefix meaning back, return^ hence the word is a con^und, and the accent falls on the second element. However, EY addle and ON oc^la are both accented on the first syllable. 'To adylle, comraereri, promereri, mereri, adipisci, adquirere.' Gath. Angl., 13. 'Addle, to earn. ' Hold. G l ., s.v. 'He addles a vast o' brass': Addlins j^edlinz] sb. he earns a good deal of money. EY. Earnings. Addle, s.v. 'An addyllynge, meritum, gracia. ' 'Addlins, earnings, wages.' 'Them's a u U ma addlins'; Aether Gath. Angl., 13. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 266. those are all m y earnings. EY. Either. ME either, eyther< OE aegbor, a contracted form of æ g h w æ b e r , one of two. The stressed vowel of the OE word has become short in EY aether. An OE ^ 1 usually breaks in EY to but in this case it Joseph Wright, Ehgllsh Dialect Dlotlonary. Oxford U.P., 18g8. addle, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. has been raised to _£. OE aeg y e z y f . Of, Dn ieder, OHG eowedar, HHG ieweder, and Ger jeder, either. ’Aether, either.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. ’He'll gie it tiv aether on us'; Afear'd h e ’ll give it to either of us. EY. [efiedj past part, used as adj. Afraid. ME afaeren <0E a faeran, to frighten. ’Afear’d, afraid.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 266. 'He's despert afeeard aboot it': Afore [efuej prep. he is very worried about it, EY. Before. ME aforen < OE aetforan, a f o m , in front of. OS aetf oran survived to 1300, and in the 14th century afo m . afore became common^ It should be noted that OE short ^ + r has become EY u 8 . 'Afom, ante, apud.' 'Afore, before.' Prom. Parv.« 15. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 266. 'Ah'11 see 'im afooar neet'; Again j^^gLen] adv. I'll see him before toni^t. EY. Again, prep. Against, near to. ME an?en < 0 E ongegn. direct, straight. Cf. ON igegn. Sw igen. Da igien, OHG ingagan. and ODu ange gin, again. 'Again, again, also against.' 'Ah seed it ageean': Hold. Gl.. s.v. I saw it again. EY. 'Just ageean t ' pleeace wer ah wur bred': I lived as a child. EY. 2 just near the place where James A. H. Ifcirray, New Bigllsh Dlotlonary. Oxford Ü.P., 1888. afore, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A^ait adj. and adv. Astir, on the move. The word is formed from the prefix a, on, in t gait, way, path. E gait is of Scand origin, and is derived from ON gata. street, path. Of. Sw gata and Da gade, street, path, »Agatè, just going, as I am agate.* Ray, Nth. Cty. •Ah*11 be ageeat afooar lang’: ‘Get ageeat I *: Agjf W d s ., 12. 1*11 be up and around soon. EY. move on! EY. [ggif J conj. As if. This word is probably a contraction of ME -f OE gif, if. The first element weakens and wears down to a because of the accent on the second element, 'It was twenty year last Cannlemas, bud Ah mind it like agj.f it was nobbut yisthada.* Nicholson, Fk-Sp., 96. ‘He leeaked agif *e wur queer': Ahint [ahint ] he looked as if he were ill, EY, adv. and prep. Behind, ME ast-hinden < 0 E aet-hindan, at the back of. The vowel in the EY word is short as in the OE form, 'Ahint, behind.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 26?• *Tha'11 fan it ahint t ' uther* : 'He wur cumin on ahint': Ai ger [gge] sb. you'll find it behind the other. EY. he was coming along behind. EY. Tidal wave. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ô E eagre, tidal wave in a river, evidently is derived from OF aiggere, a flood, which is allied with Low L aquaria, a conduit. EY ai ger is undoubtedly derived from OF aiguere, because the u following the _g indicates that the ^ does not vocalize as in the OE and ŒT forms. Cf. OE eagor and CW aegir,sea, ocean. •But like an eagre rode in triumph o*er the tide.* Threnod. August., 135• Dryden, •Aiger, the tidal wave; the *bore* of the South of England,' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 26?. 'Best get off t* strand afooar th' egger cums'; the shore before the tidal wave comes. EY. Aim ME eimen, [earn] vb. To intend. To suppose. to intend < OF aesmer, toaim at < L aestimare, to estimate. The diphthong in ME is suggested by the ^ 'Amin, æstimo.' 'He eeams ti be theer bi neet': 'Ah eeam yon's t ' pleeace': Qsrm~j spelling in EY. Prom. Parv., 190. 'Aim, to suppose, to intend.* Airm better get off sb. Atk., Wh. 0 1 ., s.v. he intends to be there by night. EY, I suppose that is the place. EY. Ann. Probably a survival of OE earm, arm. Of. OFris erm, OHG arm, LG arm, ON armr, and Go arms, arm. 'Airm, the arm.' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Lap it roon thi airm': wrap it around your arm. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Aim [êamj sb. Iron. OE Iren, iron, represents a metathesis of ON l a m , iron. Since EY a i m does not follow the OE metathetic form, it is undoubtedly derived from the ON. Of. OSw i e m , iron. Skeat suggests that the Germanic forms were borrowed from Ir iam, iron. •Aim, iron. Seldom used now, but with some old people the word is still familiar.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 267•He's worrked a vast wiv e e a m ’: iron. EY. Airt [ert] sb. h e ’s worked a good deal with Quarter of the heavens, point of the compass, Apparently derived from Gael aird. I r ard, a h e i ^ t , top, point, also quarter of the compass. The vrord has been used by Scottish writers from the 15th to the ISth centuries, and is also found in several English northern dialects. Cf. ON att and OSw att, quarter of the heavens, district, country. •Of a* the airts the wind can blaw. ’ •Airt, a point of the compass.' ’It cum fra yon ert’: Airt le B u m s , Of A ’ the Airt s . 1. Hold. G l ., s.v. it came from that direction. EY. pertl~| vb. To intend to proceed in a given direction. Airt, s.v. •Airtle, to go in a certain direction.’ •Sha’s ertlin* t ’ skeeal—hoose’; school—house. EY. Hold. Gl., s.v. she is intending to go to the 3 Walter William Skeat, A Oonoiae Etymologloal Dlotlonary of the &igllsh Language, Oxford U.P., 1 5 1 1 . Iron, s.v. 4 iftirray, op. olt.. airt, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 10 Ak [ak] sb. Oak. Derived from OE a c . oak. G f . ON eik, Sw SwD eik. Da eeg. Du eiche. and Ger eiche, oak, »Ak, the oak.* Hold. 0 1 .. s.v. •Sit doon under t h ’aud ak*: Akwert [pkat] adj. sit down under the old oak. EY. Perverse, The word is derived from Scand and E sources. The prefix is ME auk, awk, contrary, perverse, wrong, which is a contraction of ON ofug, after the manner of the development of E hawk from OE hafoc. The suffix —wert is E —ward < OE weard, The meaning perverse was formerly attached to E awkward, but is now obsolete, •Awkely, or wrawely, perverse, contrarie, bilose.* *AIcwert, stubborn.* Hold. 0 1 ., s.v, •Hod still wi* tha, an* deean*t be akwert *: and don*t be rebellious. BY, Akwertness Prom. Parv,, 16, £bkstnssj| sb. hold still with you, Perverseness, obstinacy, Akwert, s ,v. •Akwertness, obstinacy, * Atk,, Wh, 0 1 ., s.v, *Tom*s a reglar capper fur akwertness*: A1 [jael%) sb. Tom is notable for obstinacy. EY, Ale, The pronunciation of the EY word suggests a derivation from OE ealu. ale. It should also be noted that Anglian alu is a northern form Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 11 of OE ealu. Cf. CM •Al, ale.* OSw and Da ol, ale. Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Ah ni w a r seed sik wothluss yal* : Al-dra-per [jael-driepe] sb. I never saw such worthless ale. EY. An ale-house keeper, publican. Al, s.v. + draper < OF draper, to make cloth< Low L drappus, cloth. In EY the original sense of the term has been changed into the idea of a retailer. 'Ale-draper, an ale-house keeper, or publican. * 'Jim dows reet champion as a yal-dreeaper': well as a publican. EY. Al-hoos [jael—v s ] sb. Atk., Wh. 0 1 ., s.v. Jim prospers very- Ale-house, ta verb. Al, s.v. -f OE h u s , house. Of. CM h u s , S\t hus. Da huu s , Du huis, Ger haus, and Go h u s , house. •Al-hoos, an ale-house, a public house.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 26?. 'Ah seed 'im 'angin' roon yallus at backend o' t *week* : Isaw liim hanging aix>und the tavern at the end of the week. EY. All [ o l ] adj. Only. ME ^ 1 < 0 E eal, e-very one. Of. CM allr, Sw all. Da al. Du al, OHG a l , and Go alls, every o n e . 'All, only. * Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Jack's all t ' brother 'at ah ev': Jack is the only brother I have. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 12 Alleear [allgs] sb. Vinegar. Apparently the ;vord is a combination of OE ealu, ale + ME egre < OF aigre, keen, $ »Ke has gone awaay aw—to-novrb ‘: he has wasted away to a mere shadow. EY. All-out jTol-ut] adv. Altogether, utterly. All, s.v. -f* ME ute < OE u t e . utan, out, ivithout. MED defines the EY word as entirely, completely, quite. ’î'e rauwen sitten vort ... from Laudate al ut.* 'All out, beyond comparison.* 'It’s t * best *oss all oot*: Ally [aelij sb. Anc. R i w ., 22. Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. i t ’s altogether the best horse, EY. A playing marble. MED suggests that the word is a clipped form of E alabaster. ME alàbastre< OF alabastre < L alabaster, a kind of soft marble. 'Ally, a marble.’ Hold. G l ., s.v. ’Ah teeak fower allies frav ’im* : Almous Dmus 1 sb. I took four marbles from him, EY, Alms, A small gift, Any small amount, ME almesse < OE ælmaesse < OF almosne < Low L eleemosyna, pity, alms. Of, OM olrtmsa, OSw almusa. Da almisse, OFris ielmisse, OS alamosna, OHO alamuosan, MHO alamuosen, and Ger almosen, alms. An interesting fact is that EY almous is frequently used to signify a small, quantity of anything. This same sense is also found in the ON cognate, and may indicate that the EY term was influenced by, if not directly derived from, the Scand, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 14 •Almous, alms, money given in charity** •Gaffer gied ma sik an onnnus*: amount. EY. Along of Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 267. the master gave me such a small ^elasi^-jovj prep. In consequence of, oiving to. ME along < 0 5 anlang, adj., continuous, entire; also prep., along, by the side of. It should be noted that EY along of has lost the original meaning of the OS adj. and prep. Of. ON endlang, OS antlang, and Ger entlang. along. •I forthynk sore of hir dede, Bot et is long of yoivth^hede.* Toim. P l ., 94/300 . •Along of, in consequence of.* Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. *It*s alang of ’at meeat ah felt queer*: that I felt ill. EY. Amaist j^mvst] adv. i t ’s due to that meat Almost. This is a direct development from OE ealmasst [ a ^ , nearly, while the standard E form almost is an analogical form based on E more. MED identifies amaist [ameist] as Scottish. •Amaist, almost.* Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 267. •Ah wur omnrust flayed ti deead*: Amaks £pmaeks]] sb. I was almost scared to death. EY, All kinds, all makes. All, s.v. •+ ME maken< OE macian, to make. The word never occurs in the singular form amak. Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 15 l A ’malcs, all sorts,* Atk., Gl., s.v. »Gif thoo gans theer thoo *11 see awmaks o * fooaks ': y o u * U see all kinds of people. EY. Araang []ôinaep]^ prep. if you go there Among. This expression was originally a prepositional phrase: ME amonge < OE onmang = on + mang = in + mixture, croifd. Also MS gemang. imang < OE gemang, crowd, assembly. Cf. LG gijnang and MHG gemane, mixture. •And for ^at it wounte to be thus in manges mene,* Rel. Pieces, 45* •Araang, Northumbrian form of among.* Atk., IVh. Gl., s.v. •Theer* s nobbut fahve bob araang uz*: among us. EY. there is only five shillings Amell [emel] prep. Between, among. Sources given in NED are ON amilli, amid, OSw imaelli , and Da imellum, between. One night also add the DaD form araelle, between. There can be no question of the Scand source of EY amell. •Ye have a manner of men That make great mastres us emelle.• Tovm. P l ., 65/34 * •Amell, between.• Ray, Nth. Gty. W d s ., 2, •Amen, betwixt, in the midst.• Hold. Gl., s.v. •He cum amell fower a n ’ fahve o ’clock*: five o ’clock. EY. Amen-door [amel-di^ sb. he came between four and A door in the interior of a building as distinguished from an outer door. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 16 Amell, s.v. *f ME dure < OE duru. door. Cf. ON dyrr. Sw dorr. Da d or. OS dor, Du deur; Ir dorus and W drws, door. In view of the Gk door, it seems that the Celtic forms are borrowings from the Germanic. •Amell-doors, inner doors.* Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. ISoonds laik an ame 11-deear ’at *s ban gin *: door that’s banging. EY. An I all, [en o l j adv. it sounds like an inner As well, also, besides, indeed. OS and + all, s.v. ’An' all, as well, indeed, truly. This is an abbreviation of and all. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 26?. ’Ah did an' all': Ance [jens J I did indeed. EY. adv. Once, It does not seem that EY ance derives directly from OE ânes, once, which develops regularly as follows: OE ânes > o n > 5 > u > ü u > w/\n. The EY word may show some influence 'Ance, once.’ Hold. Gl.. s.v. ’Yance 'e wur blahnd': Ancle-band from DaD .jens.once. once he was [ai;kl—band] sb. A blind. EY. leather lacefor a shoe. Î1E anclowe< OE ancleow. ancle + ME band < ON band, a fastening. ’Ancle-bands, leathern straps for the shoes.’ Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. ’Ankle-bands, straps passing round the ankles to fasten low shows or sandals.' N E D , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 17 ’Asta brok thi ancle—band?•: Ane Qen ] adj. have you broken your shoe-lace? ET. One. EY ane seems to be allied more closely with DaD jen. one, than with OE one. According to Skeat the standard E pronunciation of one arose in the West of England, and was in use by 1701 in Shropshire and some parts of Wales^, Of, ON einn. OSw an. Da een. S w Gael aon, W ‘Ane, one.* toi, and L u nus. o n e . Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 268. ‘Thoo wur yan on *em‘; Anenst Go ains; ^^nenst] you were one of them. EY. prep. Against, opposite to. The glossaries cite several probable sources of this word. Some time ago Jamieson seemed to prefer a derivation from Gk êivavrI . opposite, but this form cannot be the etymon of the EY word. It should also be pointed out that OE neah, near, is not a likely source. However, there is reason to believe that EY anenst is a corrupted form of OE foran ongean, opposite, which shortens to for ongean. and subsequently to for— a—n e n . The genitive case adds — e s , and if an excrescent —t be further added, the Sc form fore— anenst appears. Apparently the EY word is a shortened form of the Sc. ‘Anenst, near, opposite.* Robinson, I'iLd-Yks. G l ., s.v. ‘.ih seed *im set anenst uz*: 5 I saw him sitting opposite to us. EY. Walter William Skeat, A Concise Etynologloal Dictionary of tha Sigllah Langiage, Oxford U.P., 1 911 . one, s.v. Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 18 Angry fjaev^rij adj. Inflamed, irritable, painful. The pronun elation of this word reflects Scand influence. Apparently derived from ŒJ angr, grief, sorrow. Of. Da anger, compunction, regret, and Sw anger, compunction, regret; L angpr, bodily torture. The word is seldom used in the EY dialect in the conventional E sense. •Jesu Criste |)at tholede for me Paynes and angers bitter and felle, t Rel. Pieces, 72. •Angry, inflamed (of a sore or wound), and consequently painful.• Morris, Y k s . Fk—T k ., 268. •T* sodger•s wound wur despert sair an* angry’: the soldier's wound was very deep and painful. EY. Anonsker [anpnsl^]] adj. Eager, very desirous. The source is apparently Scand. Da onske, to wish, OSw onska, to be very desirous, and OM oska, to pray for a thing. The derivation is more lilcely from the Da or OSw form rather than from the ON because of the n. E wish < OE wyscan, ultimately from the same root, is also used in EY speech. •Anonsker, keen, desirous.* Hold. 0 1 ., s.v, •They’ve set t • lad anonsker aboot gannin ti the lad eager to go to sea. EY. Anotherkins [anuiSakinz] adj. sea’: they have made Of a different kind. NED states that EY anotherkins was originally the genitive case E another kind^ OE an -f o^er + cynd, another kind. 6 Iftirray, op, oit», anothericins, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. of 19 'Anotherkins, different, of another anould.* 'Them’s anotherkins sooart o' taters*: of potatoes. EY. Anthers [æn8az] conj. Atk., G l ., s.v. those are a different kind In case, lest. ^33 aventure < 0 F aventure. adventure, occurrence < L aduentura. about to happen. Cf. ME paraunter. perhaps. 'Aunters, peradventure, in case, if it chance.' 'Anthers, in case, lest, peradventure.’ 'Tak thi cooat anthers it gets caud': gets cold. EY. Any HhnlJ adv. Ray, Nth. Gty. Wds.. 4. Hold. Gl., s.v. take your coat in case it At all. ME aenig. æ n i . ani. o n l . eni < 0 E aenig, any. Of. OFris enich, enig, LG enag. Du eenig, OHG enig, Ger einiger, and Go ainaha, any, 'Any, at all.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 268. 'It didn't raan onny': App £aepj] vb. it didn't rain at all. EY. Tc try. To attempt. The word is probably a form of E apt, which had the meaning, now obsolete, to prepare for something. E apt came into use in the 14th century, and is derived from OF apte, f i t < L aptus, past part, of 7 apisci. to reach, get. Cf. L apere, to fit, to join together. 'App, to make ani'attempt.’ Hold. Gl., s.v. 'VJhen 'e apps owt 'e awlus diz champion': he always does splendidly. EY. 7 w%ien he attempts anything liîurray, _0£. oit», app. s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 20 Aquart [akwat] adv. In a state of variance, in opposition. The deri\'ution seems to be from OK |)verr. athwart, transverse. The adj. form is ^ver, but the adv. form is j^vei-t. The EY k is merely a substitution for ON Cf. OE bweorh, perverse, Da tvaert, across, Sw tvar. adverse, Du dwar, across, Ger zwerch, across, and Go thwairhs. angry. ‘Aquart, in a state of mutual opposition.* ‘Jim an* me*s gitten aquart*: Arf [of] adj. Atk., V/h. Gl., s.v. Jim and I are in a state of variance. EY, Fearful. Reluctant. This >rord could be either a development of OE earg, timid, or ON a r ^ , cowardly. The substitution of EY f for is parallel to many developments in E, e.g. enough, rough, laugh. *Arwe, or ferefulle, timidus, pavidus.* From. Parv., If,. ‘Arf, afraid .* Ray, Nth. Gty. Wds., 5» ‘Arf, afraid, reluctant.' Robinson, lyHLd—Yks. Gl., s.v. ’Ah wur arf in t * dark* : I was afraid in the dark. EY. Argufy ^dggfai] vb. To argue. I'-E arguen, to argue < OF arguer is world {)are we won yhit War noght bot als a myddyng-pytt.• Pr. Cons., 8770. ’ A ss-m idden, a heap o f a s h e s .’ ’ Chuck i t on t h ’ a s s -m id d e n ’ : Ass-riddling H o ld . G l . , s . v , th ro w i t [aes-rtdlin] sb. on th e a s h -h e a p . E Y . The sifting of ashes. Ass, s.v. + SY riddling< QE hriddel, a vessel for tvinnowing c o m . Cf. OHG ritera, a sieve; Gael rideal, Bret ridel, W rhidyll, and L cribrum, a sieve. The OE and OHG forms agree, according to Grimm’s law,Tfith L cribrum, except for the medial consonant, a Germanic dental against a L bilabial. Curiously, the Celtic forms seem to have taken the Germanic d rather than the L b . ’As whete is smyten in a rydil. ' Wyclif, Bib., Amos, ix. 9* 'Rydyl, of c o m clensynge (ridil for v/ynviyn of c o m e ) , cribrum, capisterium, ventilabi’um. ’ Prom. Par v ., 433 • ’Ass-riddling, riddling or sifting of ashes.’ Atk., I'Jh. G l ., s.v. %Be seear and pick oot all t ’ lumps o ’ cooak when tha diz thi ass—riddlin’: be sure and pick out all the lumps of coke when you do your ash-riddling. EY. Aswint [aswint] prep. Across. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 29 There is a total absence in OE and ON of any related words to the EY form. It seems reasonable to suppose that the initial EY sw is a simplification of an earlier skw, which raises the possibility of a combination of the prefix _a with Du schuinte, slope, slant. Skeat believes that the final jb of the EY word stands for an older 4 k, so that the original form would be swink. However, the origin of EY aswint is still obscure. 'Auh winckecS o6ere half, and biholde& o luft and asquint.' Anc. Riw., 212. 'Aswin, obliquely.' •Aswint, across.' Hall., DAPW., 102. Hold. G l ., s.v. •Th' ak ligged aswint t ' rooad*: At l^aetj] To. the oak lay across the road. EY. Used in this sense only before the infinitive. The usage is paralleled in the Scand. Cf. ON gefa at eta, to give one to eat, and Da de gave mi g eddike at drikke, they gave me vinegar to drink. The same usage may be noted in F c'est à dire, literally, that is at say. G f . Œ L at, Sw Da Go at; to. 'pus sal he com doun at sitte pare.' Pr. Cons.. 5234. •At, used before the infinitive instead of jW. ' •Wat's at 'ap gif ah deean't?': At 4 OHG [ast^ rel. pro. Atk., W h . Gl., s.v. what will happen if I don't? EY. That, which. Skeat, op. oit. , squint, a.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 30 This word is undoubtedly a reduction of the general Germanic ^j?at, the neuter form of the far demonstrative definite article used as a relative pronoun. Jamieson states that ^ in the EY sense appeared in the northern dialects from the earliest times, and was used in 5 exactly the same way as the ON relative pronoun The sense of ON hvar er sa at gat? closely approaches that of the EY where's 'im at gat it ? Cf. OE |?æt, that, which. 'Bot if we make assethe in (jat {>at we may. ' Rel. Pieces, 6, 'At, rel. pron. Who, which, that. This is probably not a corruption of that, but the ON at.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 269. 'Them at feels queer mun gan fost': first. EY. At [ast]] conj. That. ON at, OSw att, Sw and Da 'At, conj. That. ' those who feel ill must go that. Atk«, lAfh. G l ., s.v. 'Ah deean't knooa at i w e r ah seed 'im': I saw him. EY. At QaelQ prep. I don't know that ever To, of, from, with. OS aet , at, in the sense of in a place. The original meaning of the OE prep, was presumably but in m o d e m renderings of early writings the other forms are customarily given. Cf. ON at, to, from, with, Sw to, at, with; L 'Ge ne comon aet me. ' 5 at, to. Anglo-Sax:. Gosp., Matt. xxv. 43» John Jamieson, Diotionary of the Scottish La n g u a g e , Paisleys A. Gardner, 1527» a-t. rel. pro., s.i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 31 'Leomlacy aet me,* Anglo-Sax. Gosp., Matt, xi, 29* *My leyf at the I take.’ Toivn. P I ., 90/15I, *Thowe moste spede at the spurs. * Morte Art., 449. ’Wat hez sha deean at t * bayn?*: what has she done ’Ah deean’t want nowt at *im’: him. EY. ’Tak this at I don’t want anything of (to do ivith) m e ’: take this from me. EY. ’Thoo wur at Tom ageean yistherda*: yesterday. EY. At—after to the child? EY. [æt-gfGa] At, prep., s.v. — after you were with Tom again adv. Afterwards. Da or Sw efter.behind, after. Cf. OE aefter. behind, ON aptan, aptr, aftr, backvrards, OHG aftar, behind, and Go aftra, backwards. ’At after soper fille they in tretee.’ Chaucer, Frankl. T .. 492. ’Gome to me Tirrel soone, at after supper.’ IV. iii. 31 . ’At after, afterwards.’ Hold. Gl., s.v. ’Wa mun ploo fost a n ’ sow at efther’: afterwards. EY. Ath Ca0j sb. Shaks., Rich. III. we must plough first and sow Earth. The word is also pronounced j[jaG] . Either pronunciation can be explained as a development from OE eorte. earth. EY ath can be explained as follows: OE e o > M E e + r t c o n s o n a n t e . g . OE steorre> MS sterre > E star. The r must have been sounded to the ME period. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 32 EY yath can be explained as follows: OE eo > eo > One assumes vocalic influence from the first form (ath to yath). ON Jor£, earth, may have had some influence on EY yath. Cf. OS ertha, Go airta, Sw and Da nord, earth. 'Vnto ts-t erth f>ou was of tan.’ 'A litel hus to maken of erthe.’ 'Ath, earth.’ Hay., 740. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 404. ’He greeaved it oot o ’ t h ’ ath’: Afhout Curs. M u n ., 928. [ 5O u t ] prep. he dug it out of the earth. EY. Without. The word is a development of E without, and finds its source in OE wi(^utan, without. The w has disappeared through stress on the second syllable, and the final consonant of the first syllable has become the first element of the second syllable through stress. Initial prefixes are commonly reduced, e.g. OE genoh> E enough. ’pe 0(fer riwle is al wicSuten and riwlecf |je licorne and licomliche deden.’ Anc. R i w ., 4* ’Athout, without.’ Hold. Gl ., s.v. ’He did it athoot a grummal’: Atter [aete] sb. he did it without a grumble. EY. Poison. The matter which is discharged from an ulcer or sore. Derived from OE atter, poison, pus, or.ON ata, a cancer or malignant sore. The OE long à was shortened even in the OE or ME period, which Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 33 produced the form, OE atter, a fronting resembling the EY pronunciation, However, it may be stated that the influence of the ON is seen in the shortened EY vowel, and also in its quality. Cf. OSw etter. Da edder, Du eyter, OHG eitar, and Ger eiter, poison, pus. •And alle ]^e o^er ... enuenyme^ |jor^ his attere. • P. Plow., B. xii. 256 . Langl., •Habbeé wlatxmge of jae mo5e J>et speowed ut atter. • Anc. Riw., 80, •Atter, corrupt matter issuing from an ulcer.' Hall., BAPv^., IO 7 . •Atter, the matter of a sore, or an excreted appearance of any M.nd.• Robinson, Hid—Yks. G l . , s.v. •A vast of atter cum frav *is •and': his hand, EY, Atter-cop [asta-kbp] sb. a good deal of pus came from Spider. This expression developed directly from OE attor— coppa, a spider. Cf. Da edderkop, Ger spinnekopp, spider; W coppin, spider. It is interesting to note that in Ger spinnekopp the second element of the word means spider in itself, •Wat etestu .,. Bute attercoppe and fule vli^e?* •The webbis of an attercop. • •Attircoppe, aranea.• Wyclif, Bib., Isa. lix. 5» Prom. Parv,. 16. •Addircop, spinner's web, • Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ,, 139. •But hatters, I can find no flesh.' •Attercop, a spider.• Owl & N i g h t ,. 6 00, Town. P l . , 133/543. Morris, Yks. Fk—T k ,, 270. •Ah joggled it an' oot cum th' attercop'; the spider, BY. I shook it and out came Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3U _A^ [sdj] adj. Old. ME esJd, aid < OE eald, a i d , old. Cf. LG a i d , OH G a l t , Ger alt, Du o u d . Go altheis; L altus, old. The corresponding Scand nouns are ON alldr, Sw alder, and Da alder, age, but there seems to be no Scand adj. from the same root. It should be noted that 1 in an Id combination tends to vocalize in EY speech, e.g. hol d > h o d , cold> caud. *Paer Hro^gar saet eald ond anhar. ’ •Aud, old.’ Beowulf, 355, 356. Hold. Gl ., s.v. *Th' aud chap wur liggin on t ' gerse': grass. ET. Aud-farrand [,*3d-farend3 adj. the old man was lying on the Sagacious, as the result of experience. As applied to children it means unduly wise. Aud, s.v. + EY farrand < OE far a n , to travel. The d in EY farrand seems to be excrescent. Cf. Da erfaren, past part., having been informed through travel, experienced, OHG faran, to gain experience, to become accustomed to a thing, and Du ervaren, experienced. ’Children are said to be aud-farrand when they are witty or wise beyond their years.' Hall., DAPW., 110. 'Aud-f ar rand, old-fashioned.' Robinson, Mid—Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Sha's an aud-farrand lahtle lass': Aud-lad Cod-lsed] sb. she's a wise H t t l e gLrl. EY. The devil. Aud. s.v. -f- lad < ME ladde, a youth. Apparently the primary sense of ME ladde was one led, a follower, a dependent. But this etymology does not seem entirely satisfactory. There may be some connection Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 35 between EY lad and Sc laird < OE hlaford« lord. This suggestion is strengthened by the fact that Aud Harry is another EY name for the devil, e. term apparently derived from ON herra, lord. If ŒI herra is the source of Harry, then it is strongly probable that OE hlaford is the word from which lad in the preceding EY sense is derived. Old lord night be a term connected vith Scand pagan practices before the coming of Christianity. ’Aud-lad, a name for the devil,' Atk., W h . 0 1 ., s.v. 'He leeaked laik th* aud lad 'issen': himself. EY. Aud-like CDd-laik3 Aud, s.v. t like adj. he looked like the devil Old in appearance. ME lyk. lik < OE lie, a form, body. Of. Da H g , Sw lik, MHG gelich, Ger gleich, and Go galeiks, like. 'Aud-like, old-looking.' Hold. G l ., s.v. 'He's storrtin ti leeak varry aud-laik': very old. EY. Aught [aut] sb. he is beginning to look Anything. ME aiviht < 0 E aviht, auht, aht, a whit, anything. The ME diphthong survives in EY pronunciation. According to M E D , ME awiht was contracted through several stages to aht, whence regularly came ME oht, oght, the usual form in English writers from 1300 to 1550, 6 after which E ought developed. In Shakespeare, Milton, and Pope ought and aught occur indiscriminately. Cf. OHG eoiviht, OFris awet, 6 Murray, _ojg, cit., a u g h t , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 36 and Du let, anything. ’Er f>an hi ham a^t yeue.’ Anc. Riw., 194. ’To gets au^t bi l e e s y n ^ s . ’ ’7,if heo wes awiht hende.’ Wyclif, Bib., Prov. x. 4. L a y . « 7027. ’If we may find here aught to sell.’ ’Aught, ought, anything. ’ Curs. Hun . , 4636. Robinson, lüd-Yks. G l ., s.v. ’IGif i w e r tha diz owt fur noirtr, dee it fur thissen*: do anything for nothing, do it for yourself, EY. Attnd [ondj if ever you adj. Fated, destined, ordained, Wright gives ON aucSna, to be ordained by fate, surviving in NO as 7 aud an, ordained, as the source of this ivord. Cf. ON au^r, fate, destiny. Semantically there is complete agreement between the EY form and the ON. The equivalent form in OE should be ea^e, but OE ea^'e does not semantically answer to the ON, Furthermore, the EY form has a nasal after the initial vowel, which is entirely lacking in the ON and OE forms. Presumably EY aund is ori^n a l l y a past part., derived from ON past part. au&ia6r. and now only used as an adj. ’Nu sket shall Godess Sune Grist Himm awwnenn her onn eorjpe.’ Orm., 9607 . ’Aund, fated.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl.. s.v. ’Leeaked laik ah wur aund ti get t ’ job’: it looked was destined to get the job. SY. 7 as though I J^oseph Vfrlght, English Dialect Dictionary, 6 v., Oxford U.P., I 8 7 8 . a und, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 37 Auntersome [ontGsvm] adj. Bold, adventurous. El aunter is derived from IZE aventure < OF aventure. adventure, occurrence, < L aduentura, about to happen. The suffix some is derived from OE sum. 'Auntersome, adventurous, bold, rash, Auntre is used by Chaucer in the same sense.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 270, •Deean't be ower auntersome': don't be too bold. E T . Avey [avi] sb. Qat-grass. Apparently derived from ON havri. oats. The r disappears, as it does so frequently in EY, still leaving two syllables. Of. N havre, Sw hafre, Da havre, OS havoro, Du haver, and Ger hafer, oats. 'Avey, oat-grass, which was commonly called vrLld avey. ' Yks. Fk-Tk., AOA. 'Theer wur a lot of avey amang it': among it. EY. Awanting {[awaenttn ] adj. Morris, there was a lot of oat-grass Needed. The prefix a ma.y be OE on used vd.th participial nouns, e.g. E a-hunting. ME want < ON vant, neut. of vanr, adj. lacking, deficient. The vowel [ æ j| instead of the conventional [d] presumably represents the earlier front vowel. 'Awanting, needed, required. ' Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. 'Theer's awlus aboot fower 'ands awantin fur th' arvest': there are always about four workers needed for t h e harvest. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 38 Awarrant [a war ent ] vb. To certify. warant < OF warant, guarantee < OHG we rent, stem of the pres. part, of weren, to certify. The prefix a may possibly represent OF a from L ad. 'Awarrant, to confirm.' Hrll., DAPW., 120. 'Awarrant, to certify.' Hold. Gl., s.v. 'Jim' 11 loise 'is brass, ah'11 awarrant tha': money. I'll certify that to you. EY. Awe 1^0 ^ vb. Jim will lose his To possess. LÏS azen, awen, owen, to possess < 0 E âgnian, to have, possess. OE agnian is derived from OE a gen. Cf. OH eiga, Sw aga. Da e.je, OHG eigan, Du eigenen, and Go aigan, to have, possess. 'Ffor Qodd awe vs to lufe hally wicS* herte.' 'Awe, to own, to possess.* 'Wheea awes t* box?*: Awebund [obun^ Atk., % . Rel. Pieces, 7. Gl., s.v. who ovms the box? EY. adj. Submissive to authority. The sense in which this word is used in EY argues against its derivation from E awe and bound in the sense of restrained through fear. No usage exists of awebind as a verb. The EY word is probably derived from ON haband, a tether attached to the leg of an animal to prevent it from straying. The second element in EY awebund probably represents an earlier past participial form. However, while the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 39 second e le m e n t o f ON haband seems t o be t i e d up iv ith ŒT b iiid a , to bind (OE b in d a n ) , t h e r e i s d i f f i c u l t y i n e x p la in in g th e developm ent o f th e \TCwel. C f . Sc aweband, t e t h e r . ' Awebun, o r d e r l y , o r u n d e r a u t h o r i t y . ’ R o b in s o n , E id - Y k s . G l . , 'Ah'm r e e t g la d ah ivur awe-bun a t y a m ': o b e d ie n t a t home. EIY. A w f, [ o f J sb. I'm v e r y g la d t h a t I s .v . was An e l f . A f o o l ( o a f ) . A ccording to NED, a w f, a u f i s d e r iv e d fro m ON a l f r , a c h a n g e lin g l e f t bv th e f a i r i e s . C f . Da and Sw a l f , NE e l f OE s e l f , OHG a l p , and Ger e l f , a c h a n g e lin g . ' Awf, an e l f o r f a i r y . ' H o ld . G l . , s . v . •Avrf, an e l f . A s i l l y o r h a l f - w i t t e d p e r s o n .’ A tk ., % . G l. , s .v . 'He l a a y ’ d ’ a t an aud aw f popped o o t o ' t ’ beeacon a n ’ f la a y e d he m a in ta in e d t h a t an o ld e l f jumped o u t o f th e h i l l and f r ig h t e n e d h im . ETf. 'H a t a r t a d e e in , th o o g u r t a w f ? ': f o o l? EY. Awfi sh [o fI y j a d j. ’ im ’ : w hat a re you d o in g , you g r e a t S t u p id . Awf. s . v . 'A w v is h , s i l l y , d u ll, c lo w n is h , m is c h ie v o u s .’ 'He le e a k s a b i t a w f is h ' : A w f-s h o t [o f-y b t] sb. W r ig h t , DD. , s .v . he lo o k s a b i t s t u p id . E Y . A p r e h i s t o r i c a rro w -h e a d o f f l i n t , or any p e c u lia r ly -s h a p e d s to n e , b e lie v e d , a c c o rd in g t o s u p e r s t i t i o n , 8 llurray, ££. c i t ., a u f . s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 40 to have been used as a m i s s i l e b y e lv e s . Awf, s . v . 4 s c h o t < 0 E s c o t , a s h o t. C f . ON s k o t , Du s c h o t, and Ger schuss, a s h o t. *A w f-s h o t, a m is s i le used b y th e f a i r i e s , b e lie f.' H o ld . G l . , s . v . a c c o rd in g t o 'O or coo deed l a i k i t 'e d g o tte n an a w f - s h o t ': though i t had r e c e iv e d an e l f - s h o t . E Y. A w h ile j^ehwcHj p re p . s u p e r s t it io u s o u r cow d ie d as U n til. OE on h w i l e , a t a t i m e . C f . ON h v i l a , OHG h w i l a , and Go h w e il a , a space o f tim e . 'A w h ile , u n t i l , w h i l s t . ' H a l l . , DAR'f. , 1 2 2 . 'A w h ile , w h i l e , u n t i l . Sometimes th e i n i t i a l l e t t e r o f t h i s word i s o m itt e d , b u t g e n e r a l ly i t i s h e a r d .' M o r r is , Y ks . F k - T k ., 27 0. 'He lig g e d i ' bed aw h ah l d in n e r ta h m ': t im e . E Y . Awm [o m ] sb. he l a y i n bed u n t i l d in n e r The e lm . A p p a re n tly d e r iv e d fro m ON a lm r , th e e lm . C f . Sw a im , and Da a im , th e e lm . 'Aum, th e e lm . ' R o b in s o n , M id -Y k s . G l . , s . v . 'Ah c u t t h ' aud awm doon a t b a c k -e n d o ' t ' w e e k ': dovjn a t th e end o f th e w ee k. EY. Awns sb. I c u t th e o ld elm B eard s o f c o m . ME agune < ON b g n , c h a f f , a h u s k . The EY word was o r i g i n a l l y i n ON Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 41 a feminine noim, but it has taken the plural ending of the masculine a stems. 'Avene of c o m , arista. ' 'Awns, husks of grain.' From. Parv., 18. Hold. Gl., s.v. 'Ah mahnd t ' cooan vri.' its bonny awns': its pretty husks. EY. Ax [JæksJ vb. I remember the c o m with To ask. KE axien < OE acsian, to request. In OE both acsian, and ascian existed, one a metathetic form of the other. G f . Sw æ s k a , Da aeske, OHG eiscon, MHG eischen, Ger heischen, and Du eischen, to ask. 'And Sa he ana waes, hine axedon Saet bigspell Se twelfe vh. 0 1 . , s . v . *0or l a d ’ s g an n in t i Danby t i s k e e a l . ’ ’ Ay s e e a r? *: going to Danby to s c h o o l. I s t h a t so? SY. Ayont [a jh n t] p re p . o u r boy i s Beyond. 1-3 be.-^’onde < OE begeondan, beyond. The b i l a b i a l i n th e f i r s t s y l la b le o f th e EY word has d is a p p e a re d , as i n a f o r e and a h i n t . The v o ic e d p o in t - a lv e o la r _d has become th e v o ic e le s s _t i n th e second s y l l a b l e , a change o f fr e q u e n t o c c u rre n c e i n th e d i a l e c t . NED s t a te s t h a t ayont i s b o th a Sc and n o r th e r n E d i a l e c t a l fo rm } ’ A yont, b e yo n d .* H o ld . G l . , s .v . ’ I t vmr a w fu l p r o s s , a y o n t owt ah i w e r e e r d ’ : g o s s ip , beyond a n y th in g I e v e r h e a rd . EY. 1 it was t e r r i b l e lâurray, _o£. olt., ac/ont, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 43 B Babbish [baeb:^Jj adj. and adv. Childish, Apparently derived from ME babe < Gael baban. a child. Cf. W, Ir, Com, and Manx baban. a child. •The actors herein have been counted babish Christians.’ I'/ks.. 72 . ’ B ab bish , childish, puerile,' Atk., IVh. C l .. s.v. 'It's a babbish thing ti deea': it's a childish thing to do. SY. 'Wat arta taald.n si babbish fur?': for? EY. Babble jjbaeb^ sb. Bunyan, what are you talking so childishly Idle chatter, gossip. KE babelen. to prate < ON babbla, to babble. Theword is not known in OE. Cf. LG babbelen. Da bable. Ger bappeln, to babble, OSw babbel. idle chatter; F babiller, to chatter. 'Bablyn, or waveryn, librillo. ' From. Parv.. 20. 'Babble, empty speech, foolish gossip.' 'Ah pay no mahnd ti sik babble': Back [bak^l vb. To retard, FiE bak < OS baec , or ON b a k , part Hold. G l .. s.v. I pay no attention tosuch gossip. EY, to keep doivn. of the body. 'Back, to retard, to keep doivn or under.' Atk., W h .G l .. s.v. 'Docthur did wat 'e could ti back th' inflammation, bud t ' w u m ' t neea use'; the doctor did what he could tokeep do^vn the inflammation, but it wasn't any use. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 44 3ack-bearaway jjaak-blarewes] sb. The bat. This word is a developed form. ME bakke < D a bakke, bat, used in the compound aftenbakke, evening-bat. E bat is a modified form of ME bakke. The k has been changed to t, as in the case of mate< l’ ^îE make. The OE word is hrere-mus. There seems to be no logical explanation for EY bearaway. •Backbearaway, the bat,' Robinson, Mid-Yks. 01 .. s.v, 'Tha can see a vast o' backbearaways in t ' glooamin': a great many bats in the twilight. EY. Back-burthen |[bak-bor6an]] sb. you can see A load borne on the back. Back, s.v. + EY burthen < MS birt?ene < OE byr^en, a load. Gf. ON byrS'r. Sw borda. Da byrde, OHG burdi, Ger burde, and Go baurthei, a load. 'Back-burden, a load or burden borne on the back.' 'Yon's a gurt back—borthen fur a bayn': a child to carry on his back. EY. Back-cast jjDakest]2 sb. Atk,, Wh. Gl., s.v. that's a great load for A loss, failure. A relapse in health. Back, s.v. + ME kesten < ON kasta, to throw. Cf. Sw kasta and Da kaste. to throw. 'Back-cast, the failure in an effort.' Hall., DAPVf., 131. 'Back—kest, a cast backt'fards; a sudden retrograde movement, or relapse.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'He had a sair backest when they teeak 'is kye': when they took his cows. EY. he had a sore loss Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Back-end Qb-ak-EndJ sb. The letter part T n — ^ y e .g . o f a d a y , a vreek, a m onth, o r a y e a r . Back, s . v . + ende < 03 e n d e , U r d t , t e r r c in a t i o n . C f . OT e n d ! , Sif a n d e , Da e n d e , Du e in d e , G er e n d e , and Go a n d e ls , t e r m in a t io n . 'Back-end, autumn, or the latter end of a month, week, etc.* H a ll., D . ^ . , 131. 'B a c k -e n d , th e l a t t e r p a r t o f th e y e a r fro m a f t e r h a r v e s t . The l a t t e r p a r t o f o t h e r p e rio d s o f t i n e . ' M o r r i s , Y k s . F k -T k . , 'Ah w ent f u r t ' beeas a t b a c k -e n d o ' t * y e a r ': c a t t l e i n th e l a t t e r p a r t o f th e y e a r . ZY. B acken dish [b a k & n d iy [j adj . I 27 1 , w ent f o r t h e Bough and i v i n t r y . (A p p lie d to th e w e a th e r). B ac k-e n d , s . v . 'B a c k e n d is h , s to rm y , in c le m e n t . D e s c r ip t iv e o f t h e H o ld . G l . , s . v . 'L i g a t yam, cos i t ' s g i t t i n b a c k e n d is h ': w e a th e r i s g e t t i n g ro u g h . Z Y . Bad [^ b a d ] The source i s a d j. Ill, w e a t h e r .' s t a y a t home, because th e s ic k . b a d d e , e v i l , p r o b a b ly fro m G a e l b ao d h , f o o l i s h , a c c o rd in g to S k e a t, v/ho a d m its t h a t th e d e r i v a t i o n i s 2 d iffic u lt. The word was n o t used i n IBS much e a r l i e r th a n C h a u c e r's t im e . The P e rs ia n b a d , w ic k e d , i s v e r y s i m i l a r to th e M3 fo rm , b u t i t be d i f f i c u l t to e ;c p la in how i t 'B ad, p o o r ly , in d is p o s e d , i l l 'S h a 's d e s p e r t bad i v 2 w ould became knovm to î-IE w r i t e r s . o r s ic k .' 'e r t u t h ': A t k . , IvTi. G l . , s .v . she has a s e v e re t o o t h - a c h e . EY. Skeat, 0£. olt.. bad, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Bad re r [[bad %e J sb . IZ b a d g e r, s d e a le r i n  c o u n try h u c k s te r . c o m < OF b l a d i e r , c o m -n e r c h a n t Low L b la d a r iu s , a s e l l e r o f c o m . A lth o u g h I'lED s t a te s t h a t th e developm ent o f b a d -e r fro m OF b l a d i e r i s p h o n e tic a lly - im p o s s ib le , i t should be p o in te d o u t t h a t th e change o f p o in t - a l\n s o la r to b la d e —f r o n t (d to e .g . b e fo r e an u n s tre s s e d _i i s f r e q u e n t i n n o r th e r n B b g lis h , s o ld ie r > s o d g e r. The p o s it io n o f I\S3 i s th a t i t i s most i n accordance '.d.th th e f a c t s to ta k e b a d g e r as th e a g e n t noun fro m badge. T h is , h o w ever, supposes t h a t th e b a d g er was a lic e n s e d p e d la r , which i s n o t a l o g i c a l c o n c lu s io n i n \d.ew o f th e f a c t t h a t th e c a l l i n g o f b adg er must have been fo llo w e d lo n g b e fo r e lic e n s e s were is s u e d . ’ B adger, such as buy c o m o r o t h e r com m od ities i n one p la c e and c a r r y them to a n o t h e r . ’ R ay, N t h . C ty . t/d s . , 1 5 . ’ B u t te r . . . i s bought up by th e b a d g ers who go around th e p a r i s h . ’ A t k , , K o o r. P a r is h . 1 0 , ’ B adger, a m i l l e r ; a ls o , a h u c k s t e r . ’ R o b in s o n , î> ü d -Y k s. 5 1 . , ’ Ah co u ld l e t t ’ b a d g e r ’ ev fo w e r duzoen e g g s ’ : h u c k s te r have f o u r dozen eg g s. EY. Badger [^ b a d ^ s j vb. I s .v . c o u ld l e t th e To b a r g a in . The v e rb has th e same d e r iv a t i o n as th e p r e c e d in g s u b s t a n t iv e , and u n d o u b te d ly r e f e r s to th e h u c k s t e r ’ s method o f d o in g b u s in e s s . ’ B adger, to b e a t dovm. th e p r ic e o f an a r t i c l e i n t h e p ro cess o f b a r g a i n i n g . ’ A t k . , W h_j_G l., s . v . 'Hod t h i b a d g e r in ’ a n ’ g ie ma w a t ah w ant ’ : g iv e me w hat I w a n t. EY. 3 lîurraof, 22" sto p y o u r b a r g a in in g and cit., b a d g e r , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L7 Badness [badnas% | sb. W icke d n ess . Bad, s.v. '['e beivte o f h i r body i n badnesse she d is p e n d e d .’ P . P lo w . , B . x L i . 4 9 . 'Badness, m is c h ie v o u s e v i l , o r a c t i v e v.dckedness. ' Y ks. F k -T k . . 2 7 2 . 'They wur g i 'e n t i v a'm a ks o ' b a d n e s s ': k in d s o f vric k e d n e s s . S Y. B af founded [b a e f u n d e d ] ProbabljT th e w ord i s a d j. L a n g l., M o r r is , th e y w ere g iv e n t o a l l B e w ild e r e d . r e a l l y -»b e -fe o n d e d . b e - d e v i l e d . A n o th e r p o s s i b i l i t y i s a d e r iv a t i o n fro m KE fo rm e d , p a s t p a r t , o f LS fo n n e n , to a c t as a f o o l , v i t h ME _o fro m OF 2 becom ing Û , as ME f o l > S f o o l . T h ere may be some c o n n e c tio n between th e f i r s t e le m e n t o f th e EY word and OSw b a f f , a f o o l . 'B a ffo u n d e d , s tu n n e d , p e r p le x e d .' R o b in so n , K id - Y k s . 0 1 . . s .v . 'T ' bayn wur f a i r b a ffo o n d e d w i ' g i t t i n ' l o s t i n t ' c lo o a s ': th e c h ild was c o m p le te ly b e w ild e re d when he g o t l o s t i n th e f i e l d . E Y. _Bain |% £ ô n j a d j . and a d v . S tr a ig h t, d ir e c t , KE bayn, n e a r , d i r e c t < ON b e in n , s t r a i g h t , d i r e c t . G f . Da b e n , s t r a i g h t , OSw b a n e , good, e v e n , s t r a i g h t . 'He s a id e a l l e s h a H e be s la y n b o t o o n e ly w e, O ure b a m es t h a t a r b ayn , and t h a r e w if e s t h r e . ' Town. P l . , 3 2 /3 0 8 . 'So bayn w er |>ay bo^e tiv o , h is bone f o r t o w y r k , ' E. S. A llit . P., c. 136. ' To b a ta y le be y e b a y n e . ' M o i'te A r t . , 104. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Æ 48 «BejTi o r p l 3^ x m t e , f l e x i b i l i s . * 'B a in , ^ f i l l i n g , 'B a in , n e a r , fo n -r a r d . ' s tr a ig h t.' •T ' beean w aay i s R a y , N t h . C t y . Wds. , 17. H o ld . G l . , s . v . ow er t» B a ir n Prom . P a r v . , 2 9 , b r ig '; th e d i r e c t w ay i s s b . A c h i l d . The te rm i s o v e r t h e b r id g e . EY, o f t e n a p p lie d t o an a d u lt by an o l d e r p e rs o n . The EY w ord can be d e r iv e d e i t h e r fro m ON o r OE. The Scand so urce 3/ i e ld s ON b a m , c h i l d > I-IE b a m > ban > b æ n > b g e n . The d e velo p m en t o f th e E n g lis h s o u rc e i s OE b e a m , c h i l d > b & m > b g e n . C f . O F r is b e m . Da b a m , Sw b a m , and Go b a m , c h i l d . 'Herode k in g l e t sla en pa. l i t t l e 'Pawky bayns ah c a n 't a b i d e . ' 'B a im , c h ild . ' b a r m e s s ,' Orm. , 8039» N ic h o ls o n , F k -S p . , 5 1 . H o ld . G l . , s . v . 'D e e a n 't fa s h t h i s s e n , b a y n . Thoo ' s aw r e e f : d o n 't be w o r i i e d , c h i l d . Y o u 'r e a l l r i g h t . EY’. ( T h is s ta te m e n t was made b y an o ld Y o r k s h ir e fa r m e r t o a man o v e r f o r t y y e a r s o f a g e . ) B a im -b e d B a im . [2b e9n -b & d ] sb. The womb. s . v . -f JIE bedde < OE b e d d , a co u ch . C f . ON b e ^ r , OHG p e t t i , and Go b a d i , a b e d . *Ane vomans b a y m is b e d .' C om pl. S c o t . , 'B a im - b e d , th e womb, u t e r u s , m a t r i x . ' 'A svrellin' o' t ' bayn-bed': 6?» A t k . , >Jh. G l . , s . v . a tumour of the uterus. SY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 49 Baim-heid. [b6@n-hIfd] sb. Infancy, childhood. Baim. s.v. -{- OS h a d , state, quality. OE à appears in EY as Cla J, e.g. SY steean [stienj < OE stan, stone. However, in the first quotation below -hede represents the OE variant form h æ d . •Kani a dede |>at iesu did in his bamhede,' 'Baim-heid, childhood,’ C urs. K u n ., 166. Hold. G l .. s.v. ’T ’ poor aud h a h n ’s gooan back tiv ’is bayn-heead’: the poor old farm laborer has gone back (mentally) into his childhood. EY. Baimish H'b£ent/_J adj. Childish. B a i m , s ,v. ’ B a im is h , childish, puerile. ’ Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v. 'Sha's a skoor cum fost o ’ March, bud sha's varry baynish yit ': she’ll be twenty years of age on the first of March, but she’s verqr childish yet. EY. 3aim-Ia.kings (jb£9n-l£ekrnz3 sb. Children's toys, playthings. Baim. s.v. + EY lakinfes < ME laiken, to pla y < OH leika, to play, to make sport. Skeat derives ME lak and lok. sport, from OE lacan. to play, but states that ME laik is derived from the Scand Cf. OSw leka. Da lege, OFris leechen. MHG leichen. to play, and Go laikan. to sldp for joy. 'Baim-laikins, playthings. ' Robinson, lid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Theer wur nobbut an aud woman wiv a 'andful o' bayn-leealdns'; there was only an old woman with a handful of children's toys. EY, Skeat, o p . cit.. larit. s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 50 B a im -te a m fb c -e n -tlo n Q sb. A la r g e f a m i l y . B a lm . s . v . + ME tern, te e m , a f a m i l y < 0 E te a m , a f a m i l y . C f . Du to o m , a r e in o r b r i d l e , CM ta u m r , a r e i n . Da tomme, and Sw to m , a r e i n . ' I n b rea d es wone b re d e t i b a m te a m . ’ 'C hore was is b e m te a m . ' G en . & E x . , 3747» '^ e f i r s t e H a l . M e id . , 31. (? e r -o f j>is f o u l e b a m e -ty m e h ig h t e E n v y e . ' 'B a im - t e a m s , tr o o p s o f c h i l d r e n . ' R e l . P ie c e s , 5 7 , A t k . , Wh. G l . , s . v . ' B i l l a n ' Meg a n ' t h e i r b a y n -te e a m a r e cumin t i sup v jiv u z ' : B ill and Meg and t h e i r f a m i l y a r e coining t o have a m e a l w i t h u s . E Y . B ake-h ouse [b a e k u s ] ME baken < OE b a c a n . t o sb. A b u i l d i n g w here b re a d i s baked. cook b y h e a t . O f . ON b a k a , Sw b a k a . Da b a g e . Du baldcen, OHG p a c h e n . MHG b a c h e n , and G er b a c k e n , t o r o a s t . MS hous < OE h u s , h o u s e . O f . ON h u s . Sw h u e . Da h u u s , Du h u i s , OHG hu s, G er h a u s , and Go h u s , h o u s e . 'Bakhowse, o r bakynge how se, p i s t r i n a . ' 'Bakhouse, a northern term. ' Prom . P a r v . . 2 1 . H a l l . , DAFW. , 134. 'B a k e -h o u s e , a b a k e r 's o v e n , o r r a t h e r th e b u i l d i n g c o n t a in in g i t . ' A t k . , Wh. G l . , s . v . 'A h '1 1 j a c k e t t h a g i f t h a d e e a n 't gan t i t ' bakus vriL t h a t b r e e a d ': I'll punish you if you don't go to the bake-house with that b re a d , EY. B a k in g { ^ b L e k ln ] sb. The q u a n t i t y o f c o m s e n t b y a fa r m e r to th e m i l l to be ground i n t o m e a l f o r h i s f a m i l y ' s u s e . ME baken. < OE b a c a n , t o cook b y h e a t . C f . ON b a k a , Sw b a k a . Da b a g e , Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 51 Du b a l& e n , OKG p a c h a n , I-InG b a c h e n , and. Ger b a c k e n , to r o a s t . 'Bar^oigs, o r bah.che, p i s t u r a . ' From . P a r v . . 2 1 , •B ak in g , th e c o m w h ich a fa rm e r sends to th e m i l l to be ground f o r h is o v r u s e . ’ H o ld . G l . , s . v . ’ T h e e r'1 1 be a b e e a k in f u r t ’ m i l l o ' T h o rs d a ’ : t h e r e ' l l be a q u a n t it y o f c o m f o r th e m i l l on T h u rs d a y . EY. B akstan j^ b æ k s te n ^ ] sb. An ir o n p l a t e on w h ich cakes a re baked. HEO g iv e s th e fo rm b a k e s to n e , s u g g e s tin g t h a t th e second e le m e n t o f th e EY word i s OS s t a n , stoneC H ow ever, OS s ta n becomes s te e a n j s t ie n j in EY. M o re o v e r, a Y o r k s h ir e b a k s ta n i s n e v e r a s to n e , b u t an p la t e vdiich i s hung o v e r th e fir e ir o n f o r b a k in g cakes o n . The EY wo I'd i s a p p a r e n tly ON b a k s t j a m , bake—i r o n , ta k e n i n t o th e d i a l e c t vri.th s l i g h t m o d i f ic a t io n . 'B a k s ta n , a p l a t e o f i r o n , hung by an i r o n bow, t o bake cakes u p o n .' R o b inson, M id -Y k s . G l . , s . v . 'Hod t h i p r o s s , a n ' g e t them keeaks o f f b a k s ta n a f o o a r th e y b o n ': sto p y o u r c h a t t e r , and ta k e th o s e cakes o f f th e b a k s ta n b e fo r e th e y b u m . EY. B a k s te r [b æ k s ta j sb. A b a k e r. D e riv e d fro m OE b a e c e s t r e , fern, o f b a c e r e , a b a k e r . The w ord was a p p lie d to women as l a t e as th e l 6 t h c e n tu r y , b u t i t OE a ls o o f men, and i n IŒ o f b o th s e x e s . I t was used i n a p p lie s to b o th sexes i n EY. 'B a k e r, o r b a x t e r , b a k s t a r . P i s t o r , p a n ic iu s , p a n i f e x . ' 5 Murray, _0£. ol t . , bakestone, s.v. 6 Murray, _0£, olt.. bakster, s.v. Prom . P am /. . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 21. 52 'Baxsteres a nd b r e w e s t e r e s , a n d bo cher es nianye,’ Langl., P. Plow., B. Prol. 218. 'Bakster, a b a k e r . ’ Atk., tfh. G l .. s.v. 'He v.oir a bakster, an* efther ’at *e druv a rully* : end after that he drove a lorry. EY. Balk 0 3 ok] sb, he was a baker, A beam. The ridge of land between two furrows. The first meaning of this EY word is associated i^rith ME balke, a beam <0H balkr, a beam, partition. Cf. Sw balk. Da bjaslke, a beam, Ger balken, a beam, rafter, and Du balk, a rafter, bar. The second meaning of EY balk is connected ivith OE balca, a heap. Gf. Gael bale, a boundary, a ridge of earth, which is apparently a borrovhLng from the OE. '^e balk |>at mast t>e werk suld bind ^ai soght, and no^er-quar cuth find.' Curs. M u n ., 8783 . 'Balke of a howse, trabs.* Cath. Angl., 19. 'Balke, trabs; balke, of a lond eryd, porca.' Prom. Parv., 22. 'Balk, a. beam. A strip of land, whether in the field or by the side of the road.* Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 2?2. *T' rattens *ev sadly chavelled yon balk': beam badly. E Y . 'Thoo ploos vd. narrer balks': Balks 0bcks2j sb. the rats have gnawed that you leave narrow ridges when you plough. EY. A rough chamber in an outhouse. ME balke, a beam < ON balkr, a beam, partition. Cf. Sw balk. Da b.jaelke, a beam, Ger balken, a beam, rafter, and Du balk, a rafter, bar. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 53 'Balks, the h a y - l o f t , K a l i . , DAPW. , t h e he n - r o o s t , ' I 36. 'B a lk s , a vrord e s p e c i a l l y a p p lie d to t h a t p a r t o f a house in m ie d ia te ly u n der th e r o o f , and w h ich i s u s u a l ly e n te r e d by a man-hol e . T h is p a r t o f any b u ild i n g g ets th e name, as a b a m - l o f t . ' R o b in s o n , M id -Y Ics. G l . , s . v . 'O or 'e n s 'e v gooan t ' b a lk s f u r t ' n e e t ' : th e outhouse f o r t h e n i g h t . E Y. B a ll [ } b o l2 sb. o u r hens have gone i n t o The palm o f th e h a n d . The s o le o f th e f o o t . IlE b a l , a b a l l < OK b b l l r , a b a l l , g lo b e . C f . Sw b a l l . Da b a ld e , OKG ba]JLo, and MHG b a l l e , a b a l l . The Scand usage i s e x p re s s io n b a ld e i seen i n th e Da h a a n d e n , b a l l o f th e h and , and b a ld e u n d e r fo d e n , b a l l o f th e f o o t . ASD does n o t re c o rd any OE r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f ME b a l . ' B a l l , palm o f th e h a n d .' H a l l . , DAPW. , I 36. ' B a l l , th e palm o f th e hand , th e s o le o f th e f o o t , ' 'J im g ie d 'im a c lo o t w i t ' b a l l o f >n.th th e palm o f h is h and . EY. B a lly - b l e e z e [b a e ll-b llz ] sb. 'is 'a n d '; H o ld . G l . , s . v , Jim gave him a s la p A b o n fir e . A lth oug h th e Scand lan g u ag e s g iv e e q u iv a le n ts f o r b o th p a r t s o f t h i s compound w o rd , th e d e r iv a t i o n seems t o be fro m OE b æ l - b l æ s e , a b r ig h t l i g h t . One can f i n d ON b a l , a f la m e , and ON b l y s , a t o r c h , bu t th e s e words do n o t o c c u r i n 'B a l l y - b l e e z e , a b o n f i r e . ' c o n ju n c tio n . A t k . , >/h. G l . , s .v . 'T ' la d s s e t a b a l l y - b l e e z e ' a t bonned up g a f f e r ' s c o a t s ': th e la d s l i t a b o n f ir e t h a t burned up th e m a s te r 's o a t s , EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5h Balraæ [bælraeg] vb* To abuse ivâth violence. IfSD gives bullyrag, also ballyrag, to overawe, to intimidate, to 7 assail with abusive language. Apparently there are two elements in the 3Y word. Bal may represent bully or bally< Du boel, a lover of either sex, a brother. Cf. MHG buole and Ger buhle, a lover. By extension the word probably came to mean fine fellow, gallant, ruffian. The form bully was frequently used as an adj., as in the illustrations from Shakespeare and Brockett below. Rag is probably derived from OK ragna, to curse. ’VJhat says my bully-rook?’ Shaks., Merry W i v . W i n ., I. ill. 2. ’Bully, now generally used among keelmen and pitmen to designate their brothers, as bully Jack, bully Bob, etc.’ Brockett, Nth. Cty. I'fds., 32. ’He sadly balragged t ’ chap’; Balter £bot©3 vb. he poured invective on the man. EY. To trample. Probably the word is derived from Da baltre, to wallow, welter, tumble. But there may be a possible association vjith OSw pallta, to hobble, to walk with faltering steps. Cf. L pultare, to beat, to strike heavily. ’^ay ben bo^e blynde and balterande cruppelez.’ B. 103. E . S. Allit. P ., ’He baltyrde, he bleryde.’ Morte A r t ., 66. ’Bauter, to tread in a clovnaish manner, as an ox does the grass. ’ Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. ’He cum bawterin doon them steers': stairs. EY. 7 he came trampling down those yhirr&y, _og. olt.. bullyrag, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 55 Baltionm [ batjoronQ sb. Boisterous merry-making. Skeat, Wright TO, and NSD have not offered any suggestion concerning the etymology of t h i s word. The first syllable bait might imply some relationship to EY baiter. The word occurs only in EY speech. ’ B a ltio r u m , r i o t o u s p r o c e e d in g s . ^ Atk . , VJh. G l ., s . v . •T’ bayns brok sum o^ t ’ fonitcher vri.’ thur bawtyorrum': the children broke some of the furniture vd.th their boisterousness. EY. Bam [baeuQ vb. To play a trick upon. MED suggests that this vrord is an abbreviation of E bamboozle, which 8 appeared about 1700. Skeat offers the opinion that EY bam is connected vrnth a Gipsy expression bene bouse, good drink. Hence, E bamboozle may show assimilation of nb to n^, and the shortened form bam may have m eant th e t r e a t i n g o f a. p r o s p e c t iv e v i c t i m t o a good d r i n k . 'But sir, I perceive this is to you all bamboozling.' 'Her ladyship was plaguily bamb'd.' Tatler, No. 31. Sivift, W o r k s , xi. 21A. 'Pray, Sir, what is't you do understand? Sound: Bite, Bam, and the best of the Lay, old Boy. ' Double Gallant, I. ii. 1 9 « 'Bam, to take in or delude.' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'He vrur fair bammed an' lost all 'is brass': tricked and lost all his money. EY. Bam [baem%) sb. Cibber, he was completely A trick, a deception. Bam, v b . , s . v . 'Bam, a deception, a trick or imposition.' 8 Murray, op. olt.. bam, s.v. 9 Skeat, _0£. o l t . , b s m b o o z l o , s.v. Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 56 'It's novrt bud a bam': Bamsey ^^basmsij sb. it's nothing but a trick. EY. A fat woman. T h o u ^ this word is frequently heard in the EY dialect, it is not found in NED or Skeat. Probably it has some connection with SwD bambâ, a bulky woman. 'Bamsey, a fat, red-faced female.* Atk., Wh. Gl.. s.v. 'Yon bamsey's a champion wi' a pasty': at making pasties. EY. Ban j^banj vb. that fat woman is an expert To curse, to use profanity. ME bannen< OE abannan, to prohibit, to order out. Cf. OKG bannan, to summon, Du bannen, to exile, ON banna, to chide, and Da bande, to curse. 'To teche him ... not to bann.' Curs. M u n ., 12050. 'll/hen |)ou bannes any man. In wham |>ou fyndes na gilt to ban. ' Pr. Cons., 3485. 'For this trespas, we wille nawther ban ne flyte. ' 'Banne, annathematizare.' 'Ban, to curse.' Cath. Angl., 20. Robinson, I-Iid—Y k s . G l ., s.v. 'Yon fooaks wakkened ma wi ' their bannin': with their cursing. EY. Ban £banj sb. Town. P l . , 136/625 those people wakened me A curse. ME ban < OS gebann, a proclamation, a declaration of a prohibition, the latter being the meaning which the EY word still retains. Cf. OSw bann. ON bann, and Da band, a prohibition. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 57 'With blasphemous bannes.* Spenser, F. Q ., III. vii. 39. * In e v e ry b a n . The m in d -fo r g e d m an acles I h e a r .* Songs o f E îc p e rie n c e , London, i . ? . *Ban, a curse.* H o ld . G l . , s.v. ’ D e e a n 't gan i n ; t h e e r 's a ban on ’ a t p le e a c e * : a c u rs e on t h a t p la c e . EY. Band f bandj B la k e , sb. don’ t go i n ; t h e r e 's String, twine. ME band < 0 N band, a fastening. Cf. Sw band. Da baand, Ger band, and Go bandi, a binding, a fetter. 'Her arms infold him like a band. * 'Band, a rope or string. * & A d ., 38. Atk., V/h. G l ., s.v. 'He tied it wiv a bit o* band': Band Q b a n d s b . Shaks., Ven. he tied it with a piece of string. EY. The hinge of a door. Band, s.v. 'Bande of a dure, vertebra.* ' Cath. Angl., 19* prisun dors left als he fand, MoiJjer he brak ne barr ne band. ’ Curs. M u n ., 19306. *I saide that he shuld breke youre barres and bandes by name.’ Town. P l ., 299/190 . 'Band, a hinge. ' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. 'Ah thowt fur a minit ’at deear ’ed cum off it bands': a moment that the door had come off its hinges. EY. Bank £ batjkJ sb. I thought for A hill-side. A road on a hill-side. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5Ô HE bsLnke < 0 W bakki, earlier forms -K^banke, *baiikl, a ridge, a bank of a river. There seems to be no support for the development of the form from OE b a n c . NED states that the senses of ME banke, as ■well as its first appearance in the northern dialect, point to a Scand source. Cf. OSw baenk, a word which applies to rising ground. •Whaerse iss all unnsme^e get |>urrh bankess and j)urrh graefess. * O r m ., 9210 . 'On mony bonkkes ful brode Bretayn he settez,* 'I know a banke where the wilde time blowes.' II. i. % 9 . •Bank, a hill-side.• Caw. & Gr. K . , U+. Shaks., M i d . Night.. Hold. G l ., s.v. •It wur varry caud when ah got ti bank-•eead•: it was very cold when I reached the road at the top of the hill. ET. Bannock p b a n a k ^ sb. A flat cake. Probably derived from Gael bonnach, a cake. Cf. L panicium< panis, bread. •Bannok, focacius, panis subcinericius.• Cath. A n g l ., 20. •Thar cakes, the same with Bannocks, viz. cakes made of oatmeal ... without yeast or leaven. • Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s .. 5* •Bannock, a kind of cake.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 273» •No-wt laik a 'ot bannock -wi • drippin•: hot cake with bacon grease. EY. Bar HE bar 1 [|bdj adj . there is nothing like a Bare. OE baer, bare, naked. Cf. ON berr, OHG p a r , Du baar. Da and Murray, _0£« oit., bank, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 59 Sw ba r , bare, naked, 'His heued it was all bar for eild.' 'On hir bare knees adoun they falle.' Curs, M n n ., 5165. Chaucer, Knight's T ., 9CX). 'To bett his body bar I haste withoutten hoyne.' 'Bar, bare.' Town. P l ., 247/132. Atk., Wh. C l ., s.v. 'Efthur t ' fahr theer wur nobbut bar steeans an' bont wood': the fire there were only bare stones and burnt wood. EY. Barfam. [[bofem^ sb. after A horse-collar. The derivation appears to be OE beor?an, to protect f OE h a m , a 2 3 covering. This derivation sustained by NED and Wright, DD seems more satisfactory than Jamieson's allusion to Gael braigh, the neck, 4 and Gael aidaln, a collar. 'Bargham, Barwam, epiphiura. ’ 'Barfam, a horse-collar,' Cath. Angl., 20. Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Th'oss deean't want 'at barfam': horse-collar. EY. Bar guest [^bag£st^ sb. the horse doesn't want that An apparition in the form of an animal. In Yorkshire folklore such an apparition is supposed to appear in the vicinity of a church, and is a harbinger of death to those who see it. Apparently the correct meaning of the EY word is bier-ghost, and, therefore, must be connected with Ger bahre, bier, and Ger geist, ghost. NED suggests two other possibilities: berg— geist, a mountain 2 Murray, 3 4 Joseph Wright, The S i g li s h D i a l e c t D i c t i o n a r y . Oxford: Clarendon Press, I 8 9 8 . b a r f am, s.v. John Jamieson, A D i c t i o n a r y of the Sc o t t i s h Langueuge. Paisley: A. Gardner, 1327» b a r f a m , s.v. olt., barfam, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 60 demon, and bar-geist, bear-ghost! But it is clear that the EY word has the significance of the Sw kirke-grim, and Da kirke-vare. domestic animal apparitions (dog, pig, donkey, cow) which announced impending death to the passer-by, 'He needed not to care for ghaist or bar^aist, devil or dobbie. ' Scott, Rob R o y , i . 223. 'The village had its barguest, or bar-ghost.' Hall, 359. 'Barghast, a ^ o s t , spectre.' Irving, Bracebridge Addy, SheffieId 0 1 ., s.v. 'Fred weean't tak another drop sen 'e seed t ' bargest': Fred won't take another drop of liquor since he saw the ghost. EY. Barm sb. Yeast. ME berme < 0 E beorma, yeast. Cf. Da b^rme, Sw barma. Fris berme, Du berm, and Ger barme, yeast. 'Heofena rice is ^elic beorman.' 'Barme, spuma.' 'Barm, yeast.' Anglo-Sax. Gosp., Matt, xiii. 33> Gath. Angl., 22. Hunter, Hallamshire Gl., s.v. 'Gif it 'ezzen't barm eneeaf, it raun be sad': enough yeast, it is bound to be heavy. EY. Bass j^baes] sb. if it doesn't have Matting made from the inner bark of the lime tree. A carpenter's flexible basket made of such matting. The derivation seems to be from ME bast < 0 E baest, a lime-tree. Of. ON, Sw, Da, MHG, and Du bast, the inner bark of the lime or linden tree. The final t has been dropped in the EY word^ as in 5 Murray, o p . ol t ., ba-rguaat, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 61 EY beas for E beast. •Hi^ Sa hine ^ebundon mid twaim bæstenum rapum,’ Judg., xLii. Aelfric, 15. •Bass, matting; sometimes also applied to material made of straw. A joiner's basket is termed a bass, and a hassock is sometimes called a knee-bass.* Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 273. •Ah sez thoo teeak t • me11 oot o • mi bass*: the hammer out of my basket. EY. Bat []^baet_>| sb. I say that you took A blow. EE batte < OF battre < L batuere, to beat. Cf. Ir bata, a staff, and Bret bataraz, a club. Skeat states that OE b a t , a staff, was merely 6 borrowed from the Celtic. •Bat, a blow, a stroke.• Hold. G l ., s.v. •Ah *evn't stinicken a bat sen Martimas*: since Martinmas. EY. Batch Qbæt/^ sb. I have not done any tmrk A group of people. A clique of associates. Apparently the connection is with ME bache < 0 E ••^baecce < bacan, to bake. Skeat observes that a batch is vrtiat is baked at once, hence, 7 a quantity, a collection. The word is formed in the same fashion as E watch < w a k e , and match < m ake. •Bahche, or bakynge, pistura.* •Batch, a set company, a sect.* Prom. Parv., 21. Robinson, Mid-Yks. Cl., s.v. •Ella has nowt ti deea w i * yon batch of 'ussies*: to do with that clique of hussies. EY. 6 7 Ella has nothing Skeat, ££. olt., b a t , s.v. Ibid, batoh, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 62 Batten bsetn] sb. A spar of wood, five or six incheswide, two or three inches thick, and indefinite in length. It seems that the source is ME bat en < OF bas ton, a rod, cudgel < Low L basto, a stick. •Battin, a spar of wood.* Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 274. •Noo, tha fastens it up wi* battens': spars of wood. EY. Batter Qbaetr^ vb. now, you fasten it up vri.th To beat. To pelt with stones. Apparently derived from OF battre < L batere, to beat. •Symbales and sonetez sware the noyse and bougounz busch batered so jjikke.' E. E. Alllt. P .. B. 1416. 'Batter, to beat, to pelt with stones,' Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. 'T' bayns wur batterin' aud deeam's deear wi' steeans': were pelting the old lady's door with stones. EY. Beacon j^biskdn^ sb. the children A high hill. ME bekene < OE beacen, a sign, signal, standard. Cf. OHG pauhan, and MHG bouchen, a sigi. The word was undoubtedly applied to the hill on the summit of which the beacon-fire was lighted as a sign of enemy invasion. 'Beacon, a high hill. ' Hold. Gl.. s.v. 'Ah wur fit ti drop efthur clawerin' up Spoot Beeacon': I was completely exhausted after climbing up Spout Hill. EY. Bead-house bled-us^ sb. An almshouse. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 63 î-3 bede, a perforated ball used for counting prayers < 0 E b ed, a prayer + î-ÎE hous < OE b u s , a dwelling-place. C f , Du bede, an entreaty, OHG beta, MKG bete, and Ger gebet, a prayer. Du huis, ON b us. Da huus, Sw bus, and Go b u s , a dwelling-place. >î-iin bus ys ^ebed—bus,* Anglo-Sax. Gosp., Matt. xxL. 13. *Bede-bouse, an hospital or alms-bouse.' ’Beadus or Beadbouse, an almsbouse.' Wrigbt, O D ., s.v. Atk., % . 'It cum ti ma *at aud T o m ’s in t ’ beeadus': tbat old Tom is in tbe almsbouse. EY. Beadsman Qbladzman~| sb. G l ., s.v. tbe news came to me Tbe inmate of an almsbouse. ME bede, a perforated ball used for counting prayers < 0 E bed, a prayer + I'lS m a n < 0 E m a n n , m o n , a buman being. •Bedman, orator, supplicator, exorator.' Prom. Parv., 29. ’Tbe very Beads-men l e a m e to bend tbeir Bowes.* III. ii. 116. 'Beadsman, tbe inmate of a bead-bouse.' Sbaks., Ricb. II. Atk., Vlh, G l ., s.v. ’Ab la ay tbey’ll mak ma a beadsman afooar a b ’m sahded’: I ’ll warrant tbey’ll make me a poor-hous inmate before I'm buried. EY. Beaker [_bieka~] sb. A large tumbler or beer-glass. ME byker < ON bikarr, a cup < Low L bicarium, a wine— cup. Cf. OS bikeri, Du baker. Gar becber, Sw bagare, and Da bæger, 'Byker, cuppe, cimbium.’ a goblet. Prom. Parv., 35- 'Tbe prince a silver beaker cbose.’ Pope, Odyss., xiv. 117. 'Beaker, an old-fashioned tumbler.' Hold. G l ., s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. u ’ He dDoned t ' b e e a k e r o ' j a l vcnahl n i back w-iir to n n e d ': down th e g lass o f a le w h ile nn- back was t i i m e d . S I . B eal l^ b L e lJ vb. he drank To b e llo w , vvright g iv e s ON b e l j a , to b e llo w , as th e source o f ST b e a l ." C f. Sw bo l a , N b a n la , Da b a e lla . OS b e l l a n , OKC- p e l l a n , and Ger be H e n , to b e llo w . 'B e lly n , o r lowyn as n e t t e , k n g io . ' P ro n . P a r\r. , 34. 'Ah \cas ornnast f l a y ' d o o t o ' nd w i t s , -when awd b u l l b e e a l'd o o t a t n a . ' N ic h o ls o n , F k . S o . , 5 2 . 'B e a l, to b e llo w -.' R o b in s o n , H id -Y k s . G l . , s . v . 'Wat gars yon coo b e e a l s ik a n a g a i t ? ': i n such a fa s h io n ? EY. B ear ^ b ie ] sb . wrhat makes t h a t cow b e llo w B a r le y . D e riv e d from OS b e r e , b a r le y . C f. IvDPris b e r r e , ON b a r r , and SwD b o r , b a r le y . 'Tua fis c h e s and f i u e la n e s o b e r e . ' 'B e a r , a v a r i e t y o f b a r l e y . ' j^bLôs”j sb. 13506. A t k . , Wh. G l . . s . v . ' T ' b e ear d e e a n 't le e a k up t i n o w t': p ro m is in g . EY. Beas C u rs . K nn. . th e b a r le y d o e s n 't lo o k An a n im a l o f th e ox k in d . I S b e s te < OF b e s te < L b e s t i a , an a n im a l. The _t has been dropped fi'om th e EY w o rd . The p l u r a l form i s beas. ' J i f e n i u n w rie p u t w e re , and b e s t f e o l l e p e r i n n e . ' Anc. R iw . , 5 8 . Wright, _o£. c i t ., beeJL, s. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 65 'Ta ;>'Our beistes wit yow bun. ' Gurs. M m i ., 6137. •T h e rin n e i s many a w ild e b e s t . ' C h a u ce r, C . T . , 1945. 'B e e a s t, a b e a s t o f th e o x k in d . The t f i n a l i s seldom h e a rd i n th e s in g u la r num ber, and n e v e r i n th e p l u r a l . ' M o r r is , Y k s . F k - T k . . 2 ? 5 , 'S h a 's a good b e e a s , a n ' i n i n f i n e c o n d it io n . EY. Beb ^ b £ b \ vb. fa h n f e t t l e ' ; s h e 's a good b e a s t , and To drink for a long time. Possibly an adaptation of ME bibben, to tipple, or from OE bebr, a cup. The derivation is ultimately from L bibere, to drink. 'A boster on benche bibbes {>er-of.' E. B. A l ü t . P ., B. 1499. 'This >dllere hath so wisely bebbed ale.' 'Beb, to be constantly imbibing.' Chaucer, Reeve's T ., 242, Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'He sits bebbin' yonder astead o' gannin aboot 'is business': he sits drinking yonder instead of going about his business. EY. Beck [^b£k]| sb. A stream. ME bek er 5e schulen iseon berien ham mit tes deofles bettles,* Anc. R iw . , 188. 'Bery, to thresche,’ 'Berry, to thrash.' Cath. Angl., 29. Atk., W h . G l .. s.v. 'Ah'm flayd mi fayther wad berri ma': would chastise me, EY. Bid j^btd^ vb. To ME bede < 0 E beodan, to I'm afraid that my father invite. command. Cf. OWbjo&a. Sw bjuda, N bjoda. Da byde, and OHG biudan, to bid, offer. In form the EY word is close to Da byde, but in meaning it approximates ME bede. •Sampson was to |je bridal bedd.' 'To byd to mete, invitare.' Curs. M u n ., 7250. Cath. Angl., 31* 'Sir, a bargain bede I you; By it if ye wille. ' Town. P l ., 210/208, 'Bid, to invite to a feast, as at a wedding or funeral.' Yks. Fk-Tk., 277. •Ah mahnd when mi fayther bid uz ti meeat': father invited us to table. EY. Bidder btdaj sb. The persondeputed Morris, I remember when my to invite neighbors to a wedding or a funeral. In the villages of East Yorkshire it is customary to give oral invitations to weddings and funerals. A relative of the bride or groom, or of the deceased, calls at the homes of friends, and invites them to be present at the service. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 69 Bid, s.v, DaD bydsven. bidder, is the exact equivalent of the EY ivord. The functions of the bydsven were similar to those of the EY bidder. •Bidder, the person deputed to ’bid to a burying. • s.v. Atk., Ylh. Gl., •Theer mun be summat wrang gin t • bidder n i w e r cum tiv oor ’oose': there must be something wrong if the bidder never came to our house. EY. Bide l^bddj vb. ON biéa, to stay, to To bear, to endure. endure. Cf. OSw bida. Da bie, and OE bidan, to wait. •}îani^e éor sor^e on line bead.’Gen. & E x ., 3105. •Thou shuld have bide til thou were cald.•Town. P l ., U / 6 l. •There is no woman•s sides Can bide the beating of so strong a passion.' Shaks., Twel. Night, II. iv. 304. •Bide, to abide or endure. • Robinson, lüd-Yks. Gl., s.v. •He can still bahd a vast, thof ’e ’s bodden a deal iv •is daay^ : he can still bear a great deal, though he's borne much in his day. EY. Big l^btg] vb. To build. ON byggja, to settle in a place. Da bygge, to build, Sw bygga, to dwell, and OE byegan, to build. All these forms are likely sources for the EY word, and it is difficult to tell whether the dialect is indebted in this case to the OE or the Scand. •We must have bigged he lie more, the warld is so warid. • 372/180. Town. P l ., Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 70 *V/hen erthe appone erthe has bigged vp his bourris.' 95. 'Byggyn, or bildyn, edifice,' 'Big, to build.' Prom. Parv.. 35 . Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 277 . ' M aud man »ed a 'and i' biggin it*: building it. EY. Bigg Ctilgj Rel. Pieces. sb. my husband had a share in Barley. ON bygg, barley. Of. OSw bjug, SwD bygg, and Da b y g , barley. This word is certainly of Scand origin. 'Bigg, barley having four rows of ears on each stalk. ' Yks. Fk-Tk.. 277. 'Hit wur aboot tahm t* bigg wur yarrin up'; the barley was ripening. EY. Biggin j^blgln] sb. Morris, it was about the time A building. Big, s.v. *|>o was non biging of al egipte lichles.* 'Byggynge, edificium.' 'Biggin, a building. ' Prom. Parv., 35. Hold. Gl., s.v. •It w a m ' t mich o' a biggin, onny a bahr': building, only a cow b a m . EY. Bike j^bctik^ sb. Gen. & E x ., 718. it wasn't much of a Nest of the wild bee. The etymology of this word is difficult. The origin is probably native E. Jamieson gives a clue when he connects the word with ON biikar. 2 wkiich, however, does not appear in l E D . There was in OE a form biocere, 2 John Jamieson, A Dictionary of the Scottish Lan g u a g e . Paisleys A. Gardner, I 92 7 . b ike, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 71 a bee-keeper (listed by Holthausen and Hall), cognate apparently with OS, MHG, and LG bikar, a be e-hive. Low Du bijkar, a bee-hive. Of. Ir bech, beach, L fûcus < Indo-European bhoik- . All these forms go back to an Indo-European form meaning to tremble, quiver, to be afraid. The word has also been connected with ON byggja, to build, and OE bye gan, to b u y < O E buan, to dwell, but this derivation seems less likely. The vowel of the EY word is, however, probably from the Scand rather than from the OE. In the EY dialect bee-bike is the term for a nest of wild bees, while bee-skep designates the artificial hive on the farm. ’Suetter ... j)on hony o bike. ' Curs. Mun., 76. •Wormes shalle in you brede as bees dos in the byke. ' 325/126 . Town. P l . , ’Bike, the nest of the wild bee.' Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 277. 'Ah's fun yan o' them bee-bikes': bees' nests. EY. I've found one of those wild Billy T b i U ^ sb. A companion. A familiar friend. The word may be a development of E bully. Of. M billing, a twin brother, which is another probable source, and, as Jamieson suggests, may tie up with Ger and Scand b i l U g , denoting those who are equal 3 in age, rank, and affection. The original force of the bi- was the notion two. 'IVhen chapman billies leave the street.’ B u m s , Tam 0 Shanter, 1. 'Billy, a comrade, a familiar acquaintance.' 3 Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. Jamieson, _0£. ci t ., b i l l y , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 72 nVheer awaay, billy boy ? *: Eirk j^b3rk~j sb. where are you going, my friend? EY. The birch-tree. The source appears to be ON bjork. a birch-tree. Cf. OE beorc, Sw b.jork, SwD bork. Da b i r k , Du bork, and Ger birke, a birch-tree. 'Shadows of the silver birk Sweep the green that folds thy grave,' Tennyson, Dirge, 1. 'Birk, the birch.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'T' bayn wur sair tewd efthur 'e clum t ' birk': the child was very fatigued after he climbed the birch-tree. EY. Birr ^ b o r ^ sb. A strong motion or inpulse. This word may be derived from Sw b o r , a favorable wind, a strong impulse. Cf. Da b o r , a fair wind, and ON byrja, to begin, which in N develops the meaning to proceed with force, a close association with the current EY meaning. 'Such a burre my^t make myn herte blunt.' E.E. Allit. P ., A. 176. 'With all be bur in his body he ber it on lofte.' 2261. 'Beer, Birre, Bears, force, might. ' Gaw. & Gr. K . , Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 5* 'Into ship with a byr therfor wille I h y . ' Town. P l ., 34/371* 'Birre, impetus. The word appears to have its origin in the sound made by bodies passing swiftly through the air.’ Hunter, Hallamshire G l ., s.v. 'Hoss an' trap wisht past ma iv a borr': the horse and rushed past me with a strong rapid motion. EY. cart Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 73 Bis she 1 ["bl/l"] sb. Bushel. ME buyschel < 0 F b u i s s i e K L bustellus, a little box. In some parts of Yorkshire the pronunciation bweeshel is heard, which approximates the sound of the OF form, and preserves the w sound before a front vowel, 'Mynge to gidre thre half buysshells of clene floure,’ Bib., Gen. xviii. 6 . >A Buschelle; batulus liquidorum est, bacus,» 'Bisshel, bushel.' vb. Cath. A n g l ,, 49. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 278. •Fahve bisshel o ’ wats is all wa w a n t ’: all we want. EY. Bite Qbdlt"! Wyclif, fivebushels of oats are To partake of food. ME biten < 0 E bitan, to bite, seems a probable source. But it should be noted that ON bita, to cut, has also the sense of eating into a substance. ON sverdit bitr sua, the sword bites (eats) so, shows this secondary meaning; hence the EY word may be indebted to the ON as well as to the OE. 6 f . Sw bita. Da bid e , OHG pizan, Ger beissen, and Go beitan, to bite. 'Ne moste he nauere biten mete.’ Lay., 15340. ’Her at this alestake I wil both drynke and biten on a cake.’ Chaucer, Pard. Frol., 36. 'Bite, to partake of food.’ Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Ah’ve n i w e r sae mich as bitten sen yestreen’: at all since yesterday evening. EY. I havetaken Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. no food 74 Bite l^bciTtJ sb. A morsel of food. ME bite < 0 E bita, a morsel. The same meaning is found in ON biti, Sw bit. Da b i d , Du beet, and Ger biss. 'Bite, a morsel, anything to eat,' Atk., VJh. G l ., s.v. 'Ah 'evn't 'ed novrther sup nor bait sen mooan': drink nor food since this morning. EY. Blair [^blt0~| vb. I have had neither To bellow. To weep noisily. Skeat asserts that ME blaren was taken from the older form bias en, 4 used by Chaucer, signifying to trumpet. However, OE blasen seems to be cognate with ON blasa, to blow, while EY blair does not have the same meaning. It seems more probable that the EY word has some connection with MDu blaren, to bellow. Cf. MHG bier en, to bleat. 'Bieren, or wepyn, ploro, fleo.' Prom. Parv., 40. 'Blaring oft. With one consent a l l dance their dams around.' Odyss., X . 499. 'Blair, to bellow as a bull; to cry as a child.' . Cowper, Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 278 'Wat's ta bleearin aboot?': Blate l^bliôtn adj. what are you crying about ? EY. Shy, timid. Probably from OE bleaë, soft, weak, timid. Cf. ON blautr, weak, timid, Sw bl#t, Da blod, and Ger blode, soft, weak, bashful. 'Blate, bashful.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. ‘Tak thi fill, lad, an' deean't be bleeat': and don't be bashful. EY. eat all you want, lad, Skeat, 0£. o l t .. blare, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 75 Bleck [^blÊJcJ sb. Axle-grease. ME blek < OE blek, ink, or OE blaec, as a sb., ink. Cf. ON blek, Sw black, and Da blaek, ink. OE b l æ c , as an adj., meant black, although as a noun it is attested in the sense of i nk. 'Blek, attramen, attramentum. ' Cath. Angl., 34* 'Black, the dirty-looking oil or grease at the axle of a cart-wheel.' Atk., Wli. G l ., s.v. •Oor Liz 'ez getten 'ersen cleeamed ivi' bleck': our Elizabeth has got herself smeared over with axle-grease. EY. Blotch ^blbt/^ vb. To blot. It would seem that it should be possible to trace this word back to some such OE vb. as ~»~blæcian , or ^blacian, to besmear, neither recorded, from OS blaec, or blac, dark. But there are difficulties in deriving the j^aj vowel in the m o d e m form from ~^blæcian , and the [^t/^ from ^blacian, unless the m o d e m form is a blend of the two. Skeat suggests a derivation from OE bloche, a tumour/ and Wyld points out that blotch first comes into use in the 17th century/ •Blotch, to blot.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 279. 'V/hen sha sahned 'er neeam sha blotched it': name she blotted i t . E Y . Boggle [^bbgl^ sb. when she signed her A goblin. A ghost. The origin of this word evidently is found in W b w g , a goblin; W bwgwl, terror. E bogey and Sc bogle are other forms of the word. 5 6 Skeat, 0£. £lt., blo t c h , s.v. Henry Cecil Wyld, The Universal Dictionary of the E nglish Lan^_age. London: Herbert Joseph Ltd., 1536 . b l o t c h , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 76 Cf. Gael bocan, an apparition, and L fugare, to put to flight. GJhiles glowering round wi* prudent cares. Lest bogles catch him unawares,’ B u m s , Tam 0 Shanter, 2?. 'A sort of sentimental bogle. Which sits for ever upon memory’s crupper.’ Byron, Don Juan, xi. 72. ’For Warwick was a bug that feared us all.’ VI. V. 2. ’Boggle, a hobgoblin.’ Shaks., Henry III. Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. ’Jim wadn’t gan by t ’ kirk at neetj h e ’s flayd o ’ boggles': Jim wouldn't go past the church at night; h e ’s afraid of ghosts. EY. Bolder bayddj sb. A loud noise. Associated with Da bulder, crash, uproar. Of. ON by 1.1a , to roar, Sw bullra, to make a noise, and Ger p o l t e m , to create a disturbance. ’Bolder, a loud, resonant noise, or report.' ’Ah ’eerd a bowder at deear’: Bonny [^bbnl^ adj. Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. I heard a loud noise at the door. EY. Fair, fine, pleasing. Derived from F bonne < L bonus, good. Cf. SwD bonnt, high-spirited, jolly. ’And be you blithe and bonny.’ Shaks., Much A d o ., II. iii. 69. 'Bonny, in good health. Also handsome, as applied to a young girl.’ Hunter, Hallamshire Gl., s.v. ’H e ’s a bonny lad seear eneeaf: Boun l^bun^ adj. h e ’s a fine boy sure enough. EY. Ready, prepared. ON buinn, past part, of b ua, to make ready, to equip. ME boun. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 77 bowne, ready to go, is found in Chaucer and in Town. P I , The EY word preserves the original form without excrescent d, and the original meaning. •Luke thou be bowne.’ Town. P l ., 44/129. •The maister schipman made him Gonf. A m . , iii. 322. bo une And goth him out.• •Boun, ready, going, or on the Yks. Fk-Tk., 281. point of doing anything.• Morris, •Sha feels badly, bud sha isn^t boon ti dee’: she isn't ready to die. EY. Brae [brL^ sb. Gow., she feels ill, but The brink of a river. A high bank. ON bra, the human brow. Cf. OE bru, eye-brow, OSw bra, brow, Du braauw, and Go brahw, used in the compound eye-brow. •Flow gently sweet Afton among thy green braes. • 'Brae, the brink of a river.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 281. •Wa cum on a plover's nest up breea*: up the bank. EY. Brant j_brant J adj. Burns, Sweet Afton. 1. we came on a plover’s nest Steep, smooth. OE brant, steep. Cf. Sw brant, ON brattr, N bratt, and Da brat, steep. •Your bonie brow was brent.' 'Brant, steep.' B u m s , John Anderson, My J o , 4« Hold. Gl., s.v. •As brant as a hoose-sahd': as steep as a house— side, EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 78 Brash brae/Q sb. The acrid liquid which rises into the mouth from a disordered stomach. Jamieson connects this word with ME brekec^OE brecan, to break, and at least so far as meaning is concerned, this seems satisfactory 7 enough. Cf. Du braken, to vomit, and Du brak, brackish,briny. It is interesting to note that Prom. Parv. records OE brakyn. to vomit. But it is difficult to explain the final consonant of the EY form in terms of earlier k (guttural or palatal), which would normally appear in standard E as k or It would seem that EY brash presupposes an earlier form OE * b r æ c - i s c . Standard E brackish would then represent an unsyncopated form, or perhaps a later derivative, 'Brakyn, or castyn, or spewe. Vomo, evomo.' Prom. Parv., 47. 'Brash, a rising of acrid liquid into the mouth.' Atk., Wh. 0 1 .. s.v. 'It mun be t ' pasty gied ma t ' brash': it must be the pasty that caused my stomach to be disordered. EY. Brass J^bræs J ME bras <.0E braes, sb. Money. a mixed m e t a l ^ O N brasa, to harden by fire. Of. Sw brasa, to flame. Da brase, to fry; Gael prais, Ir pras, and W pres, brass; all loans from the Germanic. It is singular that the ON provides the verb from which brass is derived, yet lacks the substantive. The EY word really applies to copper coins, and not to silver or sterling notes. 'Bras, aes, aeris metallum. ’ 7 Prom. Parv., 47. John Jamieson, A Dictionary of the Scottish Language. Paisley: A. Gardner, 1527- Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 79 ’Brass, money.' Addy, Sheffield G l ., s.v, 'Addle thi brass, lad, an' be a s\-/ank thissen': lad, and be well-dressed yourself. EY. Brat j^braet] sb. earn your money, A child's bib or pinafore. Derived either from Gael, W, or from Old Northumbrian bratt, a mantle, itself a borrowing from the Celtic. Cf. Ir brat, a cloak. It is interesting to note that the EY form has preserved the earlier Celtic meaning. 'And a brat to walken inne by daylyght. ' 'Bratt, a pinafore.' Chaucer, Can. Yeo. T ., 8Ô1, Hunter, Hallamshire Gl., s.v. 'Sha awlus muckies 'er brat afooar neet': pinafore before evening. EY. Brockle brJakl"] ad j . she always soils her Brittle, fragile. This is apparently a parallel form to brickie. It seems to be associated with ME b r o k e K OE brucol, brittle. Cf. Sw b r o k e K OSw bracklig, brittle, obviously from one of the roots of OE brecan, to break. The original ^ vowel of the past part, has already been replaced analogically by o. Cf. Ger brdeklig, brittle. 'Brokylle, ubi brysille.' Cath. Angl., 44. 'Brockle, easy to be broken, frail, brittle.' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Watch oot fur them pots; they's despert brockle': those dishes; they're very fragile. EY. Brully j^bnruj sb. be careful with A disturbance. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 80 The word is a northern form of E broil. NED suggests a derivation from F brouiller, to jumble, disorder, and cites Ital brogliare, 8 to stir, as a cognate. Cf. OSw brylla, to disturb, Gael broighleadh, confusion, and W broch, tumult. •Brully, a broil, squabble, disturbance.• •Ah •eerd a gurt brully oot in t • clooas•: disturbance out in the field. EY. Budge ^budj"! vb. Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. I heard a great To move. To lower a price asked. NED connects the word with F bouger, to stir, and cites as cognate 5 Prov bolegar, to disturb oneself. But the meaning of EY budge is to lower the price by bargaining. •I thought th* hadst scorn’d to budge a step.’ I. iii. 201. Butler, Hudibras, •Budge, to move or be moved, asa nail in a wall; to lower in a demand or price asked.' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. •Ah weean’t budge. A shillin or noivt': A shilling or nothing. EY. Byre b d r ] sb. or abate I'll not lower my price. A building in which cows are kept. Apparently the connection is with ON b u r , a storehouse. Cf Old Icelandic b æ r , ON boer, ODa byr, a dwelling-place, all from the Old Icelandic root bua, to dwell, to live (OE buan, to dwell). C f . also OE b u r , cottage, E bower, OSw bur, an apartment, Sw bur, and Da buur, a cage. 8 iîurray, 0£. ci t ., b r o i l , s.v. 9 Ibid, budge, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ô1 'From byre or field the kine were brought.’ Wordsworth, Prel., viii. 169 . 'Byre, a cow-house; a shed for cows.» 'Atta flayd o' gannin intiv bahr?'; the cow-house? EY. Addy, Sheffield Gl., s.v. are you afraid of going into Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 82 Caddie [Tcædl^ sb. Probably derived from Confusion, disorder. cad, battle, tumult. C f . Gael c o i l i ^ movement, noise. NED records the word -without etymological analysis, and makes it synonymous vri.th disturbance.^ ‘Caddie, a dispute, noise, contention, confusion.’ 182. ‘Caddie, confusion, disarray, disorder.’ ‘I'/hen Tom got theer, ‘e gied ’em caddie’: threw them into confusion. EY. Cadge £icaed^2] vb. Hall., DAPW.. Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v. when Tom got there, he To carry from place to place. The word may be a variant of E catch, as may be illustrated in the case of botch - bodge. NED suggests that OF cacher, to hide, is a likely source, but the meaning differs considerably from that of the 2 EY word. It does not seem that KE caggen, cage, is the etymon. The most probable derivation seems to be from OSw kiagga, to move as one does with a burden. ’Cadge, to carry. ’ Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 12, ‘Kisse me now comly, and I shal each he^en.’ Gaw. & G r . K ., 1792. ‘Cadge, to pick up and convey something portable; as c o m to the mill, parcels to their destination, etc.’ A-bk., W h . G l ., s.v. ’He’ll tak t ’ box, cos ‘e cadges fra Welton tiv Elliker’: h e ’ll take the box, because he carries goods from Welton to Ellerker. EY, Cadger £kæd^e]J sb. 1 l^rray, _0£. olt.. oaddle. s.v. 2 Murray, ££. o lt. , cadge, s.v. One who carries articles from place to Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 83 place for a fee. The Yorkshire cadger, or common carrier, is usually a small farmer who augments his income by delivering packages and household goods in the neighboring villages. Cadge, s.v. •Cadger, a carrier to a country mill, or collector of the c o m to grind.• Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. •Ah’11 n i w e r fergit ’ow flummoxed Jenny wur when t • cadger gied •er t ’ new kittle•: I ’ll never forget how astonished Jenny was when the cadger gave her the new kettle. EY. Caff [kæl ] sb. ME caf < OE ceaf, Chaff. the husk of grain. Cf. Du kaf, and Ger kaff. the husk of grain. •haet ceaf he forbaernj?. • Anglo-Sax. Gosp., Luke iii. 17. •I^e caf he cast o c o m sumquile In the flum [yat hait l>e nile.' Curs. M u n ., 4751. •Caffe, aeus, palea.’ •Caff, chaff.' Cath. Angl., 4S. Hold. G l .. s.v. •Wa slept on bags o ’ ca f f ; Caggy j^kaegi] adj. we slept on bags of chaff. EY. Ill-tempered. This word may be derived from SwD kagg, a man of evil disposition. •Caggy, ill-natured. • Atk., V7h.Gl., s.v. •Sum fooaks is awlus dowly a n ’ caggy i bad weather’: some people are always depressed and irritable in bad weather. EY. Cake pkL9k^ vb. To cackle as geese do. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ou In the etymological treatment MED gives ME cakelen from the earlier 3 ODu kakelen, to cackle. C f . LG kâkeln, to emit a high-pitched cry, •j?e hen hwon heo haue5 ileid, ne con buten kakelen.’ •Gakelyn of hennys, gracillo,’ (Cake, to cackle.’ Prom. P arv., 58 . Robinson, Mld-Yks. G l ., s.v. ’VJheea's makkin them geese ti keeak?’: to cackle? EY. Pallet j^kolstj Anc. R i w ., 66 . sb. w h o ’s causing those geese An impertinent woman. This word is probably derived from F caillette, a fool, diminutive of F caille, a quail, esteemed a foolish bird. Cf. Gael caile, a loose woman; Finnish kallottaa, to scold loudly, ’Than Elynour sayde, ye callettes, I shall breake your pallettes,' Skelton, El. Rummyng, 347* ’A callat of boundlesse tongue,’ Shaks., Vfint. T .. II. iii. II3 . ’Pallet, a scold, a drab. Often a term of the greatest contempt. Palleting housewife, a regular confirmed scold.' Hall,, DAFVJ., 227. ’Pallet, a scold.’ Hold. G l ,, s.v, 'IVhen Tom wed ’er 'e fun sha vnir a reglar callet’: her he found she was a real shrew, EY. Cam ([^kaem] sb. when Tom married An earthen mound. A bank. ME csmb< 0 5 camb, a comb, a crest. However, a Scand source is just as feasible, as may be noted in ON kambr, Sw kam, and Da kam, a mound, a ridge. Indeed, the Da expression dige—k a m , dyke-cam, is well Imov/n in Yorkshire, since a dyke— cam is an earthen bank 3 Murray, _0£. c i t ., c a k e , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 85 throv^n up for purposes of enclosure. 'If cS'at folc hem vrulde deren Se dikes comb hem sulde weren.' Gen. & Ebc., 2564 . 'Kaim, kame, a low ridge,’ Jam,, 'Cam, a ridge, or old earthen mound. ' ’Gam, a rise of hedge-ground, ’ ’Get them cajns fettled’: Cambrel [kaembral] , s.v, Hall., D A P W ., 228, Robinson, Kid-Yks. G l ,. s.v, get those banks repaired. EY. sb. A notched piece of wood used by butchers to suspend slaughtered animals. The only connection seems to be v/ith W cambren, a butcher’s stick. G f . Bret k a m m , and F cambre, crooked. ’Camrel, cammeril, a crooked piece of wood passing through the ancles of a sheep, or other carcase, by means of which it is suspended.’ Jajn., SB ., s.v, ’Carabril, or caum’ril, a notched piece of wood used by butchers on which to hang a slaughtered animal by the hind legs.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 286. 'He laay’d ’e ’d ’ev it oot o ’ t ’ slovrbher—hoos a n ’ on t ’ cambrel in t h ’ e f t h e m e e a n ’: he promised he would have it out of the slaughter-house and on the cambrel in the afternoon. EY. Canny [TcaeniJ adj. Shrewd, skilful, cautious. This EY word is analogous to Sw kunnig, clever. Other closely related forms are ON kunnugr, SwD konnu, and Da k^nndig, all having the idea of intelligence and skill. SY canny is apparently a word of comparatively recent development. It does not appear in Hampole, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 86 the Toivneley Plays, or in Early English Alliterative Poems. Its 4 earliest use quoted by Jamieson dates from 1?15• •Some tentie rin A cannie errand to a neebor toim. • Cotter•s S a t . N . , 30, 31. Bums, •Canny, knoiving, intelligent, skilful, cautious, careful.’ Yks. Fk-Tk., 286. •Thoo’ll a ti be a bit canny wiy ’i m ’: cautious vn.th him. EY. Canty jjcaentl^ adj. Morris, y o u ’ll have to be a little Lively, cheerful. NED suggests LG kantig. lively, as the source ^ There seems to be no other vrord which can be collated except DaD kanter, fresh, brisk. •Canty, merrj'", cheerful.’ •Canty, brisk, lively.’ Hall., DAPIV.. 230. Hold. G l ., s.v. •Sha’s a canty aud deeam fur ’er years’; for her years. EY. Cap [kaep] vb. she’s a lively old woman To surpass, to excel. The word is undoubtedly derived from the Scand. The most logical source is ON keppa, to strive, to contend. DaD kappi. champion, applies to one who outdoes his competitors. Cf. OE cempa, champion. •I vd.ll cap that prouerbe with. There is flatterie in friendship.’ Shaks., Henry V ., II. v i i . 124» •Cap, to complete, to finish, to overcome in argument, to excel, to puzsle any one.’ Hall., D APW., 230. •Cap, to exceed, excel, astonish.’ ’It caps oivt ah i w e r seed’: Hold. G l ., s.v. it surpasses anything I ever saw, EY. 4 John Jamieson, Dictionary of the Soottiah L a n g u a g e , Paisleys A. Gardner, 1927* canny, s.v. 5 Murray, ££. c i t ., ca n t y , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 87 Gaping [^kLôp n^j sb. The uppermost course of stones in a dry wall. ME cape < OE caeppe. a cloak, hood. Cf. OM Ie contrare kark and combraunce huge.' E. E. Allit. P ., B, 4. 'j>an f>ai "ware carked in )>at land. ' Curs. M u n ., 5654. 'Carking, anxious, apprehensive, discontented.' Atk., Wh. Gl.. s.v. •Dusta think gaffer's gettin a carkLn spell aboot uz?': the master is getting anxious about us? EY. Carl [kalj sb. do you think A country fellow. A farm-hand. ON karl, man, freeman. Cf. Sw, Da, and MHO karl. man, freeman. In English the vrard appears as OE carl, but only from the time of the Danish kings. 'The Mellere was a stout carl for the nones.' Frol., 545. 'Carle or chorle, rusticus.' Chaucer, C. T. Prom. Parv., 62, 'Carl, an opprobrious epithet, generally applied to one of weak intellect.' Morris, Yks. Fk—T k ., 28?. 'Noo t ' carl 'ed gitten sikan a mooth as ah n i w e r seed'; now the country fellow had got such a mou^h as I never saw. EY. C a rry ^ k a r i] sb. A fa rm wagon " w ith o u t s id e s . ME carre < 0 F carre < L o w L carra, a parallel form to L carrus, a two-wheeled wagon. According to Skeat, the L word was derived from Gael car, a cart or raft for carrying things on, a vehicle which 6 Caesar first saw in Gaul. Cf. OM kerra, Da carre. Sw karra. and 6 Skeat, ££. oit«, o a r , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 89 Ger karre, a cart. ‘His foure horsid carres.‘ Wyclif, Bib., Isa. Ixvi. 16. ‘0arre, carte, carrus, currus.' Prom. Parv.. 62. ‘Carry, a kind of waggon with solid floor but unplanked sides.’ Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. ‘Theer sud be a looad o ‘ steean fur t ‘ carry’: load of stone for the wagon. EY. Cast £TcaestJ sb. there should be a A twist, a distortion, a deception. This is one of the most characteristic of the Scand words in EY. EY cast has developed through the verb, ME casten < ON kasta. to cast, throw. Cf. Sw kasta and Da kaste, to throw. The OE word is weorpan, to throw. ‘Ydell and swykil kastes about erthly thynge.’ Ps. Ixxjcix. 10. ‘The derke tresoun and the castes olde,' ‘Cast, a deception.‘ Chaucer, Khts, T . , 1610. Hold. 0 1 ., s.v, ‘Be thoo ware, mi lad! I t ’s nobbut a cast’: I t ’s nothing but a deception. EY. Cess l^s&s^ sb. Hamp., P. T . be careful, my lad! A tax. The word is a shortened form of E assess, and finds its source in L assessus, past part, of L assidere, to sit beside, to be assessor to a judge. It may be that OF cencer. to assess, to tax, a shortened form of OF acencer, has been influential in the shortening of the EY term. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 90 •The poore lade is :frung in the tvithers, out of all cesse.’ Shaks., I Henry I V ., II. i, Ô. ‘Cess, a parochial cr municipal rate.’ Hold. G l . , s.v. ’Wa paays oor cess gif wa mun batten o' treeakl': we pay our taxes even if it means that we must live on treacle. EY. Chaff l^t/æf] vb. To banter. To use irritating language. This word is undoubtedly derived from ME chaef 1 < OE ceafl, jowl, cheek. ‘Chaff, to tease or worry.‘ Hall., D A P W ., 23S. ‘Chaff, to chafe, or gall,' Robinson, liid—Y k s . G l .. s.v. ‘Deean't fash thissen n o o . Ah wur onny chaffin t h a ‘: yourself now, I was only teasing you. EY. Chaffer j^tyaefe^J vb. don't worry To use mutually provoking language. Probably derived from OE #ceapfaru, a compound form composed of OE ceap, bargain, sale + OE faru, faring, going. Assimilation of £f to ^ produced ME chaff are, a bargaining. EY chaffer seems to have the extended meaning of the haggling which accompanied bargaining. ‘He never staid to greete. Me chaffar words, prowd corage to provoke.' Spenser, F. Q . , II. v. 3‘Chaffer, to interchange testy or irritating remarks.' VJh. 0 1 ., s.v. Atk., ‘Ah chaffered fur nigh an 'oor wi jaîn cheeky bisen’: I argued hotly for almost an hour with that impudent female. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 91 Chaffs Jjt/^æfsJ sb. The Jaws. In MB there are two forms of this word, chafts, and chaffs. The earliest ME forms had the t, ivhioh argues for an ON rather than an OE source. Presumably later the t was assimilated to f . Atkinson (IÔ76 ) actually records the word vrith and ivithout the t. The etymon is ON kjaftr, the jaw. Cf. Sw kaft. and Da kjaeft. the jaw. ’And scok t>am be )je berdes sua t>at i |)air chafftes raue in tua. ' Curs. M u n ., 7510. 'A chafte, maxilla.’ Cath. Angl., 57. ’Chafts, or chaffs, the jaws,’ Atk,, VJh. G l ., s.v. ’In a minnit t ’ cat ’ed t ’ moose iv ’er chaffs’: had the mouse in her jaws. EY. Chap £ t y æ p Q vb. in a moment the cat To knock. There appears to be a close relation between the EY ;vord and Da k j æ p p e , to strike. Cf. ON keppr. a cudgel, and MHG kaupatian. to inflict strokes. NED suggests ME chappen as a source, but this word means to chop, and is related to Du kappen, Sw kappa, and Da kappe, 7 to cut. ’Chap, to knock,’ ’Vfheea cums Chap 7 chappin atma deear?’: yâep]] The word is customer Hold. G l ., s.v. who comes knocking at ny door? EY. sb, A dealer. A customer. apparently an abbreviation of ME chapman, a dealer, a OE ceap, barter + OE mann, man. Although lED lists ON kaupi, Murray, _0£. c i t ., chap, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 92 a buyer, purchaser, the palatalization makes the OE form conclusive. ON kaupma^r signifies a dealer rather than a customer, while OE ceapman applies to both, Gf. OHG choufman, Du koopman, and Ger kaufmann, a merchant. ’Chap, a purchaser. Fairs in some parts of the country are called chap-falrs.’ Hall., DAF/J., 240. ’Chap, a dealer, a purchaser.' Atk., VJh. G l . , s.v. *Hoo couldsta ton doon yan o' thi ovjn chaps?': do>m one of your ovai customers? EY. Char how could you turn chide, to complain. Two possible sources may be noted. ME charr < OE ceorian, to creak, to complain, and Icelandic karra < ON kurra, to grumble, Gf. SwD korra, and Da kurre, sounds made by birds and animals to express displeasure. 'Char, to chide, to bark a t , ’ Atk., % . 'Hark aud dog charrin anenst hawks’: beside the outhouse. EY. Ghats jjt/aets] sb. G l .. s.v. listen to the dog barking Pine-cones. In view of the fact that this word is used for E catkins, it is not difficult to ascertain its etymology. The most likely association is with OF chats, flowers of walnut, hazel, or vd.llow. F chatons, kittens, became a subsequent development because of the downy appearance of the blossoms. G f . Du kattekens, the blossoms of the spikes of nuts Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 93 and hazels. ’Chats, keys of trees, as ashchats.’ ’Chats, the cones of the fir-tree.’ Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 14. Atk., VJh. G l ., s.v. ’He traipsed aboot getherin a vast o ’ chats’; he wandered about gathering a great number of pine-cones. EY. Ghave 1 ^ t / a e v l ] vb. To chew. I® chavel< OE ceafl, jowl, cheek. Cf. Da kjaeve, mouth; OE ceovan, to chew. ’I4id chavling and mid chatere.’ ’Heo grint greot pe cheofle#.’ ’C h a w l e , to chew imperfectly,’ Owl & Night., 284. Anc. R i w ., 70. Hold. G l ., s.v. ’Ma chaffs are sae sair, it werrits ma ti chavel’: sore, it worries me to chew. EY. Chet ,£tyfetj sb. my jaws are so Soft food prepared for infants. The word is not found in Skeat, N E D , or DAPW. The only probable connection is SwD kâta, to mince food, which may have influenced the EY word by its form and reference to the preparation of nourishment for small children. ’Chet, breastmilk.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v, ’A carl sik as thoo deean’t want me eat ; tha wants c h e f ; a simple fellow such as you doesn’t need meat; you need infant food. EY. Ghilder ]jt/tl5©3 sb. The EY plural of child. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 9U Derived from OE ciI d , a descendant. The OE plural was normally cildru, but in late OE the word was partly assimilated to the neuter a stems \d-th a plural in cildra. The regular form cildru, cildra, developed into Î'ÎE childre, and then into childer. tPreise ^ee childer, the lord,’ ’Alle hire childres.’ Wyclif, Bib,, P s . cxii. 1, L a y ., 546$. ’Welcome, brother, to kyn and kyt|re, Thi wife and childre that comes the with,' Town. P l ., 55/125. 'Ka childer ’evn’t cum y a m ’: Chip (jtyip] vb. my cliildren haven't come home. EY. To trip. Probably from II ld.ppa, to overturn. Cf. SwD klppa, to totter. ’Chip, to trip, or cause to stumble.’ ’It vmr Fred 'at chipped m a ’: Chisel j[t/izl] sb. Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. it was Fred who tripped me, EY. Bran. The form chesil, gravel, is recorded in M E D . The application is also to bran because of its gritty character. The ;vord seems to be from OE cisil, gravel, sand. C f , OHG chi si 1 , MHG Idsel, and Ger kiesel, gravel. ’()e z;etimbrode hys hus ofer sand-ceosel. ’ Matt. vii. 26. 'Chisel, bran, coarse flour,’ 'Chizzel, bran. ’ Anglo-8 ax. Gosp,, Hall., DAFW., 247. Robinson, Mid-YIcs. G l ,, s.v, 'Ah want tweea bags o ’ chisel': I want two bags of bran. EY, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. derived 95 Ghucky [t^kl ] sb. A chicken. A hen. Probably connected vd.th ON k,iuklingr. a chicken. The celebrated Dr. Johnson stated in his dictionarjr that this EY word is another form of E chick, chicken < PIE chi ken < OE cicen. ’For it was day, and eke the hennis all. And vd.tha chucke he hem for to call.' Chaucer, C . T . , B. 4363. 'Chucky, a chicken.* Atk., P/h. 0 1 ., s.v. *Ey-op, baynî Get oot o' t ' rooad o' t * chuckles': Get out of the vray of the chickens. EY. Chunter gan [t_/un8 ôj[ vb. move, childl To complain. To mutter to oneself. This is a very difficult word to trace. ASP and lED reveal no likely associations. The only possibility that has come to hand is DaD kjande, to work the jaws. If the EY word has developed from this form, chunter would imply the motion of the jaws in muttering, discontented persons. 'Chunter, to complain, to grumble, to mutter.* Hall., DAP W ., 2A-9. 'Chunter, to complain. A chuntering bout, a fit of sulIdLness v/ith impertinence.' Atk., \'Ih, G l ., s.v. 'He's awlus chuntherin at summat*: something. EY, Churlish [tylbles] adj. he's alv/ays complaining about Rude, unsophisticated, unfriendly. The source is OE cierlisc, c h m ’lish, characteristic of the laboring class of people. Cognate ivith OE ceorl, countryman, are Fris tzerl. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 96 ON Icarl, Sw,, karl. Da karl? OHG charl, and Du kerel, man, fellow. •To the churlische werk ... and to the erthe tilieris, that wrouzten the erthe.’ Wyclif, Bib., I Chron. xxrvii. 26. ’Cherlyche, or charlysche, r u s t i c a H s . ’ Prom. Parv., 72, 'Churlish, ill-natured, rough, cold in manner.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 288, 'A chollus sooart o' chap sat in t ' lang-settle’: of fellow sat on the long bench. EY. Churr vb. a churlish sort To make a whirring sound. Apparently derived from ON kurra, to make a low, whirring noise. Gf. SwD korra, and K kurra, to murmur as a dove; OE ceorian, to murmur, to complain. The form is given as chirr in N E D . 'Not a cricket chirr'd.' Tennyson, In Memoriam, occv. 2. 'Churr, the noise made by a partridge in rising.’ 'Churr, to make a whirring sound. ' 'A lahk chorred up reet anenst ma': near to me. EY. Clag Qclaeg] vb. Hall., DAPVf,, 250. Hold. Gl., s.v, a lark whirred upwards quite To stick to, as thick mud to the boots. The word is of Scand origin, and cannot be traced earlier than a the 15th century. Da klaeg < 0 N kleggj, sticky mud. C f .OE clæg, 'Clag, to adhere, as paste,' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Tha can't greeave it neeaways; it clags t ' jobber dig it at all; it sticks to the spade so. EY. Clam S jlklaem] vb. clay. sae*: you can't To pinch, to compress. Murray, jo£. olt., o l a g . s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 97 The source appears to be ON klemma, to compress. C f . Da klemme. and SwD klamma, to press together, Ger klemmen, to squeeze. No corresponding form, such as •^^climman, *clemman, or ^clumman exists in OE, although ASD records OE clam, clom, bondage, probably derived from the Scand. ’Clara, to grope or grasp, as in the dark.’ Jam., 8D., s.v. ’Clara, to pinch. ’ Hall., DAFv7., 251. ’Clara, to pinch, to suffer hunger or thirst.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 288. ’Ma insahd's fair clammed’: ray stomach is reallypinched Clarae [kliam] vb. with hunger. EY. To smear, to daub over. 5 This EY word first occurs between the l/+th and 15th centuries. The source is OE clæman, to smear < OE clara + jan, which apparently survives in northern ME clâraen, to smear. VJhether we trace the current EY diphthong to the older southern or to the northern a, the vowel development in EY would yield |ie j . The meaning to smear, which apparently was the only meaning of the OE word, has disappeared from E, while the meaning and the word both survive in Icelandic, Sw and N. Cf. ON kleima, to smear. ’Crist ... claramyde cley on his eyen. ’ Wyclif, W k s ., II. 93. 'Clarae, to cover over with a sticky substance,' Hold. Gl., s.v. 'Sha cleearaed t ’ fahr-steead fra top ti boddum wi wahtnin': she daubed the fire-place from top to bottom m t h whitewash. EY. Clampers 9 £]klampez]J sb. Fangs, claws. The fingers. Murray, ££. olt. , oianie, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 98 Du klampen, to grapple, seems to be the nearest corresponding form, Cf. ON kldmbr, a smith’s t/ice. Da klamme, a cleat, and Ger klamg, a clamp. All these forms are due to the root seen in MHG klimpfan, to press together. ’Clampers, a sort of pincers used for castrating bulls and other quadrupeds,’ Jam,, S D ,, s.v, ’Clampers, claws, pincers,’ Atk,, Wh. G l ,, s,v, ’Jist let ma get ma clampers on ’is thrapple’: fingers on his throat, EY. Clan [klæn] sb. just let me get my A considerable number of people or articles. The source of this word is Gael clann, familjr^ stock, race. Cf. Ir eland, children, descendants, ’They around the flag of each his faction, in their several clans.’ Milton, Par. L , , ii. 901. ’The inward man and outward, like a clan and clan. Have always been at daggers-drawing,’ Butler, Hudibras, II. i i . 78. ’Clan, a great number,’ Hold. G l ,, s.v. ’As ah vmr watchin, a clan o ’ fooaks teeamed oot’: a crowd of people poured out. EY. Clap [klaep] vb. as I was watching, To pat. To apply a quick, sharp blow. It is difficult to say whether EY clap is derived from OE clappian, to clap, beat, or from ON klappa, to stroke, pat, strike, but in meaning the EY word seems to reflect the ON rather than the OE. C f . SwD klappa, to stroke, pat. Da klappe, to pat, throb, Du klappen, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 99 to smack, prate, blab, and OHG chlafon, to strike together, prate. •He clapte him on pe crune. • •Clappyn, or knokkyn, pulso.* H av., 1814. Prom. Parv.. 79. •Clap, to give a gentle blow, to pat.’ •He clapped ma on t ’ rig’: Clapperclaw Hold. G l ., s.v. he patted me on the back. EY. [klaepaklo ] vb. To slap and scratch. The word is compounded of clap and claw. From ON klappa. to strike + ON klora, to scratch with the nails. •He will clapper-claw thee tightly. • Shaks., Merry W . . II. iii, 67. •C la p p e r -c la w ’ d , pawed w it h th e open hand , claw ed and b e la b o u r e d .’ Atk., Ifh. G l ., s.v. •Aud deeam spangs either ’im ti gie 'im a clapperclawin': woman leaps after him to slap and scratch him. EY. Clart [kldt] vb. the old To smear. To fHatter. N13) states that the origin of this word is unknown. However, it must have been long in spoken use, for ME beclarte n , to smear, occurs in I the literature of the 13th century. •Clart, to smear. Also, figuratively, for deceit, or hollow talking.• Robinson, Mid-Yks., G l ., s.v. •Deean’t clart this sen all ower i-n. muck' : over with dirt. EY. don't smear yourself all •Ah d a r t e d ’im, bud it w u m ' t neea u s e ’: wasn’t any use. EY. I flattered him, but it 1 Murray, _og. olt., olavt, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lu ü Clarty Qclatl~| adj. Sticky. C la r tj s .v . 'Clarty, uiictuous as honey, smeary. ' Atk., Wh. Gl.. s.v. 'Sik goody gies t ' bayns clarty ’ands*: sticky hands. EY. Clash such candy gives the children [[kla^J vb. To throw. To shut a door with violence. 2 EY clash appears about 1500, but its origin is not known. EFris klatsen. to crack a ;vhip, may correspond to Da kladske. to clash, which with the loss of the d might be the source of the EY word. C f . Du kletsen, to clash, 'With kene clobber of t>at clos t>ay clat? on b® wowe%. ' B. 839. 'Clash, to bang a door or shut it with violence.’ Jam., SD., s.v. 'Clash, to throw anything carelessly, or bang it about.' DAFV'/.. 252. 'Clash, to throw down with violence.' 'He clashed t ' deear ahint 'im' : Clash [klas/■J sb. E. E. Allit. P., Hall., Hold. Gl., s.v, he banged the door behind him. EY. A considerable quantity or number. It seems that this word is associated with W clasg, a heap, a collection. Cf. W clasgw, to collect. The word is not recorded in NED or DAFVJ. 'Clash, a large collection of articles or persons.' 'A reglar clash o' sheep cum lowpin ower t ' clooas': of sheep came leaping over the field. EY. 2 Hold. Gl.. s.v. a great number Murray, 0£. olt. , clash, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 101 G la t £ k læ t2 vb. To c h a t t e r , to p r a t e . Presum ably fro m OE * c l a t r i a n . to c l a t t e r . I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t SwD k lâ d r a , t o p r a t t l e , may have had some in f lu e n c e on th e EY w ord. * C la t , to t a t t l e . * H a l l . , PARV. . 2 5 2 . 'C l a t , to p r a t e n o i s i l y . * R o b inson, liid - Y k s . G l . . *Sha gans c l a t t i n amang neeb o rs a l l tahm* : among th e n e ig h b o rs a l l th e t im e . E Y. C la tte r It jT c læ tô J vb. seems t h a t th e word i s s .v . she goes c h a t t e r in g To b e a t o r c h a s t is e . a s s o c ia te d v /ith MS c l a t e r e n . to make a r a t t l i n g n o is e . G f . OE c la t r u n g . a r a t t l e , Du k l a t e r e n , E F r is k l a t e m , and Ger k l a t t e m . , t o r a t t l e , c l a t t e r . ’ C l a t t e r , to b e a t so as to r a t t l e . * H a l l . , DARf. , ' C l a t t e r , to b e a t v /ith th e open h a n d s .* R ob inson, M id -Y k s . G l . , s . v . *Yan o ' t ' la d s c l a t t e r e d *im on t h ' e e a d * : b e a t him on th e h e a d . EY. C la u t Q c lc t] vb. 252. one o f th e la d s To c la w ; C oncerning t h i s w ord NED s t a te s t h a t i t may r e p r e s e n t an OS * jc la w e t, 3 from OE c la w a n , to c la w . However, i t m ig h t be e x p la in e d as c la u fro m OE c la w ia n . to c la w + t from th e EY d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e . I n EY th e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e th e i s reduced to _t b e fo re co nso nants, and to j @ | b e fo re v o v /e ls . U s u a lly th e reduced d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e ap pears a f f i x e d to th e f o llo w in g noun by means o f an a p o s tro p h e . I n th e case o f SY c la u . th e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e v/as a f f i x e d to th e v e rb p r e c e d in g . 3 Murrai', ££. olt. . olairt. s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 102 with the result that at present there is no discernible definite article preceding the object of the vb. claut. •To claut, to scratch, to claw. • Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s «. It.. •Claifb, to scratch with the nails,’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 289. '’Leeak t ’ cat ’at it deean’t clawt tha’: so that it doesn’t claw jnau. EY. Clawer [klaeva] sb. be careful vâth the cat A inob. A disorderly assemblage. The identity of this BY word is uncertain. There may be a connection vlth a root which appears in Du kleverig, sticky, SwD klebbig, cohesive, and Ger kleben, to adhere, which night be descriptive of the motivation responsible for the cohesion of individuals in a mob. The notion of sticking seems to lie at the root of OB clifian, to c3irab, also OE climban, to climb, and ON k U f a , to climb; all cognate vlth Low L glus, glue. There is also ON klifa, to repeat, to wrangle. ’Gla\rver, a rabble-like heap of people,’ Robinson, Mld-Yks. Gl., s.v, ’Gif tha gans thruff toon i ’ them cleeas, tha’ll ’ev a cl a w e r ahint tha’: if ^ncu go through the tovjn in those clothes, you’ll have a mob behind you. EY, Clawer [^klævôj vb. To climb. This word first occurs in English literature after the 13th century, 4 and corresponds to OE climban, to climb. It is closely associated vriLth Da klavre, to climb. G f . ON klifra, SwD klaiva, and Du klaveren, to climb. 4 Murray, o£, o l t .. c l a w e r , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 103 *Hwe<^er be c a t o f he l i e c la u re d e e u e r to w a rd h i r e , and c a u h te , raid n i 8 c l e a f r e s , h i r e h e o r te h e a u e d ,' A n c. R iw . , 1 0 2 . 'Two Iqm ges w are clyrobande and c la v e ra n d e one h e g h e. ' 3325. ' C l a w e r , t o c la m b e r .' R o b in s o n , M id -Y k s . 0 1 . , 'C l a w e r up on t h i yam’ s k n e e ': Cled M o rte A r t . , s .v . c lim b up on 3/0 u r u n c le 's k n e e . EY. ["kledji adj. Clothed, ME cled < 0 W Klaeddr, past part, of klae&a, to clothe. Gf. Da klasde , to clothe, and S clad, of vdiich cled is the northern pronunciation. 'For |>aire Imaues ware cledde in clethyng fulJL d e n e . ' 92 . Town. P l ., 15 6/600. 'A l^rbter redy cled,' 'Cled, clad, clothed.» 'Cled, clad,' Rel. Pieces, Hall., DARf., 253. Atk,, Wh. G l ,, s.v. 'Tha'd a thovrt sha wur cled i ' silks an' satins': ^/ouwould have thought that she was clothed in silks and satins. EY. Cleeas QklLezj sb. Clothes, }iE clothes < OE clâ<5as, clothes. OE a > M E 5 >]CY j i9 |• Cf. Du kleeden, OH klae&a, Da klaede, Sw klada, and Ger kleiden, to clothe, 'Sum J>an kest {jair clothes dune. ' Curs.M u n ., 15025. 'If thou gif me mete and foode And close to body.'Town. P l ., 'Gleaz, clothes.' Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Them cleeas wan.ts we shin' : those clothes need washing, EY, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 53/48. loli C le g C ^l£g 1] sb. A h o r s e -fly . U n d o u b ted ly fro m ON k l e g g i . a h o r s e - f l y . C f . N k le g g , and SwD k l^ g g , a h o r s e -fly . 'C le g s , th e la r g e g re y f l i e s w h ic h to rm e n t h o rs e s and c a t t l e i n summer.* A tk ., G l. , s .v . • I s ' t c le g s ' a t ' s p la a g in t * g a llo w a ? * : to rm e n tin g th e g a llo w a y h o rs e ? E T . Cleik [kiiak] sb. is i t c le g s t h a t a re A hook on which articles are hung. The etymology of this word seems obscure. The connection may be with KS cleche, a c a t c h < O E clyccan, to hold fast, to clutch. Cf. DaD klaekke, to hold fast. The final consonant of EY cleik seems to suggest a Scand form, but the vowel in the EY word is undoubtedly long, and presumably represents a vowel which was historically long, as the first citation below indicates. 'A n I cleke yowe, I schall felle yow. ' Yk. P l ., x x x . 2 4 0 . 'That thus cle]ere he kneles and caliez and clepes after help.' B. 1345. 'Clepe the workmen, and zelde to hem her hire.' Matt. XX. Ô. 'Clep, to call, name, designate.' S. E . Allit. P . , Wyclif, Bib., Atk., V/h. 0 1 ., s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 105 »Wat vri-lta clep t ' bayn?*: G letch |2kl6tyQ sb. what vd.ll you call 'the child? EY. A brood of young birds. A setting of eggs. The derivation of this word is obscure. It is hardly probable that it is connected vd_th ME cloche, a claw. But ON klekja,to hatch, develops into Da klaekke, to hatch, and the latter may be a possible etymon. The palatalisation of the final consonant in EY cletch may be due to the influence of OE clyccan, to seize, C f . Svr klacka, to hatch. •Cletch, a brood, as a cletch of chickens,’ •Cletch, a brood, as of chickens,’ Ray, Nth, Cty. W d s ., Robinson, iSLd-Yks. Cl,, s.v, •Yon aud ’en gans aroon leeakin fur a cletch’: around looking for a setting of eggs. EY. Cleugh [ k luf] sb. 16. that old hen goes A ravine. It seems that EY cleugh developed from a verbal form vd.thout the •t suffix, e.g. SwD klov, a breach, Du kloof, a rift, as against forms in —t, as ON kluft, a cleft, and Da kidft, a crevice, all from the Germanic stem seen in OE cleofan, to cleave. The substantive with -t occurs, however, in OE clyfte, geclyft, from which E cleft is derived. In its vowel EY cleugh [u]J seems closer to ON, SvjD, and Du vowels in the above forms, Cf, OHG klâh, a cleft, •|>ir caitif luus sent into clinttes and into clous to seke iesu,’ Curs. M u n ,, 17590. •Glyff, clyft, or ryfte, scissura, rima,• Prom. Parv,, 81, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 106 ‘Gleugh, a narrow rocky pass, or glen.' Robinson, b'iid-Yks. G l ., s.v, 'VJhen ah got theer, lamb 'ed fell intiv a d u f f : the lamb had fallen into a ravine. EY. Clinch jjcla’n / ] vb. when I got there, To clutch. To grasp luith the hand. The word is a development of E clench, which became clinch in the 5 north after I 5OO- The etymology, therefore, must be EE clenchen < OE clencean. to tie. Cf. MHG klenken, Da klinke, Sw klinka, Du, EP.is, and LG kllnken, to tie. The final stem consonant after the front vowel is palatalized. 'The cros was brede, whon Crist for us theron was cleynt,' Leg. Hoi. E d ., I3 Ô. 'Clinch, to grasp.' Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Dick clinched 'im, an' 'e wur 'odden fast': he was held fast. EY. Clip [klTp] vb. Dick grasped him, and To compress. I-E clippen < OE clyppan. to embrace, seems to be closer to the EY word than ON klypa. to squeeze, pinch, G f . OFris kleppa. to pinch, and OHG chluppa, tongs. 'Powere hem failleth to clucche or to clawe, to clyppe or to holde.' Langl., P. Plow., B. xvii. 18S. 'Clip, to hold close together.' Atk., V\Th. G l ., s.v. 'Clip th' a i m doon weel on t' cleeas': upon the clothes. EY. Clip 5 liirray, [kltp] vb. press the iron doivn well To shear. cit., clinch, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lu 7 KE clippen, to cut off< ON kllppa, to shear off. Cf. Sw klippa, N kllppa, Da kllppe, and NFris kleppen. to shear, ’Laban was goon to the sheep that shulden be clippid.' Bib., Gen. xxxi. 19. ’Clip, to shear sheep.* ’Clip, to cut short, as wool from a sheep.’ Hall., DAPW., 255» Hold.G l ., s.v. 'John’s gannin ti toon ti get 'is eead clipped*: toivn to get his hair cut. ET. G loam [jkluam] vb. Wyclif, John is going to To clutch with both hands. Probably derived from ON klombrur, a vice. G f . N Iclambr, Sw klamma, and Da klammer, a vice. NED strangely associates the ET word i^rith OE clam, mud, and gives as cognates ON kleima, and OHG chleimen, 6 to daub. 'Clom, to clutch. ' Hall., DAPW., 256. ’G loam, to pull or make tug.ging efforts v/ith both hands engaged, as in pulling a sack.' Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v. 'He clooamed top od wall laik 'e wur flayd ti fall': he clutched the top of the vrall as if he were afraid to fall. ET. Clock J^kHJokjl vb. To cluck as a hen does. iiE clokken < OE cloccian, to cluck as a hen. Cf. SwD klokka. Da klukke, Du klokken; L glocire, to cluck as a hen. ’GlolJord is obscure.® SifD klakk, a lump, and LG klak, a block, are possible sources of the EY ivord. Cf. Da klods, Sw klots, and Ger klota, a block, 'Clogge, truncus.' Prom. Parv., 83. 'I am trusted viith a mussell, and enfranchisde wûth a clog. ' Shaks., Much A d o ., I. iii. 35 « 'Clog, a log of wood. ' Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Put clog abacko deear': Clot [ k lbt] sb. put the block of wood behind the door. EY. A lump of earth, dodder, s.v. '0 clai jjai kest at him j)e d o t e . ' C u r s . M u n ., 24026. 'That cursyd clott of Cazgys kyn Forsoth was I,' 'Clot, a clod of earth.' Toim.. P I ., 294/17. Hold. G l ., s.v. 'A gurt steean an' a vast o' clots tummel'd doon t ' beeacon': a great rock and many lumps of earth rolled doivn the hill. EY. Clout jjclut] sb. A piece of cloth used as a duster. A rag. Î3 d u t < OE clut, a piece, patch. NED states that Ir clud, a rag. i.;urray, _0 £. o l t ., o l o g , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. j 10 Gael clud, a patch, and W cli-rb, a piece, patch, are all derived from the OE. Cf. CM klutr, a kerchief, Sw klut, a shred, and N and Da kind, a rag. The ON and Sw forms are as close as any to the EY word in form and meaning. hTiile Sc clout might suggest an unbroken development from OE clut, the meaning of the EY vrord is more closely that of the Scand cognates, 'Clowte of clothe, scruturn.^ *Sche rent it al to cloutes.’ Prom. Par v ., 84. Chaucer, Merch. T . , 709. 'Clout, a piece of cloth used for any purpose.* 29Ô. Morris, Y k s . Fk—T k ., 'Rub thi shoon ower wi* a cloot afooar tha gans o o f : shoes over with a rag before 3m)u go out. EY. [klut 2) vb. Clout rub s'our To patch. Clout, s.v. NFris klüt.ja n , to patch, is very closely associated with the EY verb. 'A carl ... hadde bought a payre lether to clot'Tte hem with.* of stronge shone, and also K e r . , ii. 33» 'Clout disshes, pottes, pannes, crusto,' stronge Prom. P a r v ., 84. 'Yei, Noe, go cloute thi shone, the better ville thai last.' Town. P l .. 33 /353 . 'Clout, to patch, to mend a hole or ragged place in a garment.* A tk ., hh . G l. , s .v . 'Cloot it afooar it teers w u s s ': Clow [clauU vb. patch it before it tears worse. EY. To v/ork laboriously. The word night be related, to OE clawan, t o claw, or to OE cleofan, 5 Murray, ££. c i t ., c l o u t , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I l l to split, or to ON kljtrTa, to split, NM) records the vrord, and states that it means to drag or rake with a dung-fork, but this interpretation 1 is unlcnovm in Yorkshire. 'Clow, to vrork hard.’ Hall., DAPW., 257. 'Glow, to vrork at a pressure, toiling v/ith the hand.* lid-Ylcs. G l ., s.v. Robinson, *Ah wur fit ti drap efther clovln all efthemeean as a banster’: I vjas completely exhausted after laboring all afternoon as a sheaf-binder. E Y . Cloy [kloi 2 sb. Nausea. NED finds a similarity between this word and E clog, and suggests 2 OF cloyer, to nail, as the source of EY cloy. But attention should be dravm. to ON kligja, to feel nausea, W klia, to feel nausea, and possibly to SvD klo, heartburn, the latter form being identical in meaning with the EY word, for heartburn is invariably called cloy in the dialect. Torp gives a Sw development IcLdjes, and kloy.jas, 3 from the Da cognate of which he derives EY cloy. 'Often preaching cloyeth the people.' II. ii. 241. 'Cloy, nausea.' Shaks., A n t . and Gleo., Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Ah get a feelin o' cloy efther eeatin onion pasty': of nausea after eating onion pasty. E Y . Clue sb. I get a feeling A ball of thread or string. NE clewe < OE cleowen, a ball. E cl is equivalent to L g l , hence 1 Murray, _on. oit., c l o w , s.v. 2 Murray, _0£* oit. , c l o y , s.v. 3 Alf Torp, Nynorsk Etymologl sk O r d b o k . Krlstiatiia: H. Aschehoug and Co., l^l?. klia, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 12 the L cognate is gluere, to draw together. Cf. OHG kliuvfa, MiG Mjniwe, and Du kluwen, a ball. ’Glowchjni, or clowe, clewe. GloirruSj globus.’ ’And spin thy future vd.th a whiter clue.’ ’Clue, a ball of string.’ From. Parv., Gl. Pope, Odyss., xx. 250. Robinson, Ln.d-Yks. G l .. s.v. ’Cat vair laakin w i ’ t ’ clue whahl sha wur knittin’: the cat was playing with the ball of thread while she was knitting. EY. Clung LklvoU adj. Tough, unj’-ielding. MS clingen, to adhere < 0 S clingan, to shrivel up by contraction, to dry up. The idea of tenacious cohesion is found also in Da klynge, a cluster, a knot. Cf. EFris klingen, to adhere. ’Clung, closed up or stopped, spoken of hens when they lay not: it is usually said of any thing that is shrivelled or shrunk up.’ Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., l 6 . ’i^ai war so clungun, dri, and tame,’ ’Clung, heavy, tenacious.’ Curs ♦ M u n ., 15 Si. Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. ’Yon bawk’s sae clung, tha can’t saw i t ’: 7/ou can’t saw it. EY. Clunter [klunGs] vb. that beam is so tough, To tread heavily. Probably connected v/ith Da Iclunte, to plod along, or with EFris k l u n t e m , to go clumsily and noisily. Both these forms are probable sources, inasmuch as they resemble the EY word in form and meaning. Cf. Du kluntet. awkvrard. ’Clunter, to walk clumsily. ’ Hall., DAPW. , 258. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 113 « O lv jite r, to stamp vrLth th e f e e t . » A t k . , VJh. G l . . s . v . «They c liin th e r e d d e s p e r t ly i v i ' t h e e r f e e a t i ' t » g a r th l a s t n e e t» : th e y stam ped a good d e a l w it h t h e i r f e e t i n th e y a r d l a s t n i g h t . E T. Cobble [k^bl] sb. A round stone of moderate size, such as may be used for paving. okeat describes the word as a diminutive of 1‘K cob, a knob, a head, a person, and states that the source of the KE word is W copa. top 4 tuft, crest, crovmi of the head. It certainly seems that the word is of Celtic origin due to its similarity to the Gk knSn, a head. Cf. L caput, Du kop, and Ger kopf, head. «Cobble, a pebble. » Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s . , 17. «Cobble, a round stone.» «Cobble, a paving— stone.» Hall., DAPW., 259. Hold. G l ., s.v. »T' young raggil picked up a cobble ti cast at geslins»: the young rascal picked up a round stone to throw at the goslings. EY. Cobby Qdbbl] adj. Brisk, lively, in good health. There seems to be nothing suitable in OE as a source for this ivord. However, ON kapp, zeal, eagerness, and SvÆ) kopugur, vigorous, may be related to the EY expression. ’Cobby, stout, hearty, brisk. » Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 1?. 'Cobby, brisk, lively, proud, tyrannical, headstrong.» Hall., DAPW., 259. 'Cobby, healthy and cheerful; in good spirits.» s.v. 4 Robinson, Mid—Y k s . G l ., '«alter Yfllliam Skeat, A Concise Etymolof^iaal Dictionary of the English Language, Oxford U.P., 1511. cobble, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lia «Ah feels as cobby as ovrfc ’: Gobie [kuabl] sb. I feel as lively as can be. EY. A fiai—bottomed fishing-boat. This \Tord is of Celtic origin. The source is W ceubal, a skiff, from which developed OE cuople, a small ship. Of. ¥ ceuo, to excavate, to hollow out, which has bearing on the fact that boats were ori.!^nally made of hollowed trees. Note also Bret caubc.l. a small boat. *He asta? in lytlum scipe vel in cuople.' M a t t . v i i i . 23• Anglo—S a x . Go s p .. 'Coble, a peculiar kind of a boat, very sharp in the bow, and flat bottomed, and square at the s t e m , navigated with a lug sail.' Hall., D A F ¥ ., 260. 'Coble, a fishing— boat of peculiar build, and in ordinary use on the Yorkshire coast.' Morris, Y k s . Pk— T k ,, 291» 'He browt a champion ketch o' mackrill yam iv 'is cooable': he brought a fine catch of mackerel home in his fishing— boat. EY. Gockly [idakll ] adj . ¥avering, unsteady. According to NED the word is related to E coggle, which came into 5 use after the li|.th century. It may be that the root is •^kug— v/ith the sense rounded l u m p . If this is so, there are several probable sources in the Germanic languages. Du kogel and Ger kugel signify having rounded protuberances, hence unsteady from having rounded bases. But attention must also be dravai to ¥ gogi, to shake, Gael goic, a tossing of the head, and Ir gogach, reeling, wavering. 5 Murray, o£. o l t . , o o c k l y , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 11$ The m eaning o f t h e C e l t i c fo rm s seems t o be more c l o s e l y r e f l e c t e d i n th e EY w o rd . P o s s ib ly t h e G erm an ic and C e l t i c fo rm s r e p r e s e n t t h e same r o o t . 'C o g g lie , m o vin g fro m s id e t o s i d e , -u n s te a d y be o v e r s e t , ’ J a m ., , s .v . as to p o s i t i o n , a p t ’ C o c k e lty and c o c k le y , u n s t e a d y . ’ G l. , s .v , 'Thoo mun ’ od ’ im up cos h e 's u n s te a d y . E T . Cod [kjbd] sb. A t k . , W h. ’ e ’ s c o c k ly ’ : to yo u m ust h o ld h im up becau se A bag. A pod. KE cod < 0 E c odd, a bag. Cf. ON koddi, a pillow, Sw kudde, a cushion; W cwd, a sack, and Bret k o d . a pocket. 'Ne codd on w e ^ e . ’ Anglo-Sax. Gosp., I-iatt. x. 10. ’’/hen I nap on m y cod, for care that has ben e , ’ ’Codde of frute or pesecodde, siliqua.' ’Pea cod, pea shell.’ Prom. P a r v ., 85. A t k . , Tfih. G l . , s.v, ’Wa tak t ’ peeas, bud wa gie t ’ cods t ’ p i g s ’: but we give -the pods to the p i g s . E Y . Coif jjksif] sb. Tcwn. F I ., 101/22. v ie take the peas, A w o m a n ’s hat. I-ffi coif < OF coif e < Low L cuffia, a cap. Cf. Prov cofa, 3p cofia, Ital cuff i a , OHG chuppha, and M HG kupfe, a cap. Note also ON queif, a hood. 'She wolde make a coyf for hir suster,’ ’It shall be vpon the coyif. ’ H e r ., xxvii. 507* Wyclif, B i b ., Ex. xxviii. 37. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lié tCojrfe, cappe, tena ... Cappe, or hure, for clerkj’^, tena. ' From . P a r v . , 8 6 . ’Goif, a w o m a n ’s c a p . ’ Robinson, Mid-Y k s . G l .. s.v. ’If tha’ll put on thi coif, lass, we'll gan oot': on }70ur hat, girl, w e ’ll go out. EY. Co H o p [kblsp] sb. if ;^'ou’ll put A slice of meat. Undoubtedly connected with Sw kalops < OSw ko H o p s . slices of stewed beef. Cf. Ger k l o p s , a dish made of beaten steak. ’I have no salt bacon. Me no cokeneyes, bi Crist colopus to ma k e n . ’ Langl., F . F l o w ., A. v i i . 2 7 2 . ’GoHoppe, frixittira, in frigo, as sa., carbonacium, carbonella. ’ From. F s r v .. 88, ’ F r ix a , a c o lo p , o r a p ece o f f l e s c h . * ’C o H o p , a slice of m e a t . ’ Hold. G l ., s.v. ’ G ie ma a c o l l o p o ’ b e e a c o n ’ : Commother jjîjbmu^ôj C a t h . A n g l. , 7 2 . sb. g iv e me a s l i c e o f bacon. EY. A godmother. This word seems to be formed from L cum, vn.th + OE m o 6 u r , mother. Cf. F commère, and L commêter, a godmother. The EY expression is a name for the relationship of a godmother to the actual parents of a child. 'My commodrys and my cosynes bathe.’ ’Commother, a godmother.’ Yk. P l ., ix;. 143. Hall,, D A F W . , 265* ’Co-mother, a godmother, or co-helper in the religious training of the child.’ Atk., >7h. G l . , s.v. 'Ah wur J e n n y ’s commother when sha wur chrissen’d ’: godmother when she was christened. EY. I was Je n n y ’s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 117 Gonny [l0ni ] adj . Pretty, neat. MSP finds the source of this word in Sw kunnip;, knovdng, leading to the conclusion that the EY word is indebted to the fundamental meanings of ON kenna and OE cunnan, to know, to search intof However, EY conny, pretty, neat, is not to be confused v/ith EY canny, shrewd, knoi-iing. The EY conny is apparently derived from DaP kdn, neat, pretty, or perhaps from S^Æ) konn, handsome, pleasant. It should further be pointed out that Da k.jende, to know, is cognate with ON kenna andOE cunnan, while Da kjon, fair, handsome, is cognate with OE cene, bold, wise, itself in turn a development of OE cunnan. EY canny has reference to mental ability, EY conny to physical. 'Conny, seemly: she's conny beeath te feeace an te follow.' Atk., Nh. 0 1 ., s.v. 'Conny, pretty.' Hold. 01., s.v, 'Thoo's seear nahce an' conny': Goom {jcum~[ sb. you are surely nice and pretty. EY. Dust, soot, sawdust. Î'E colm, soot< ON kam, grime. Gf. SwD kâm, rust, Du kaam, particles of mould on beer or vinegar, and Ger kahm, mould. 'Gulme of smeke, fullgo.' Prom. Parv., 108. 'Goom, soot: if coom hang from the bars of a grate like shreds of silk, it is viewed by the superstitious as foretokening the arrival of strangers.' Jam., S D ., s.v. 'Goom, dust, particles of refuse: most frequently appüied to saw—dust. C Murray, _0£. olt., eonny, b.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 118 c a lle d saw—coom^ and th e r e fu s e o f m s .lt^ w hich i s ma I t - curas. ’ M o r r is , Yl±io repairs shoes. MS cordwaner < OF c o r d o n n ie r , a shoem aker< Low L cordoanum. Cordovan l e a t h e r . The word o r i g i n a l l y meant a w o rk e r i n cordw ane, * i . e . th e l e a t h e r o f C ordo va. I n th e EY v i l l a g e s a c o b b le r i s c u s to m a rily r e f e r r e d to as a cordv^rainer, and th e word i s o c c a s io n a lly used f o r s a d d le r . C f . MHO k u rd iw a e n e r, MDu k o rd e w a n ie r, and I t a l c o rd o v a n ie re , shoem aker. ’ Cordwener, a l u t a r i u s . ’ Prom. P a r v . , 92. 'T h is poor c o rd w a in e r, as we s a id , v.ras a m a n .' S a r t. R e s a rt. , I I I . i . 12 8 . 'C o rd w a in e r, a s h o em ak er.' A t k ., Id i. G l. , C a r ly le , s .v . 'Can t i t ' c o r d in e r a n ' see g i f ma shoon a r e mended’ : c o b b le r and see i f my shoes a re r e p a ir e d . EY. Com pcom j sb. go to th e A s in g le g r a in o r p a r t i c l e o f any su b stan c e, e . g . , w h e a t, sand, s a l t , e tc . I'S com < 0 E c o m , g r a in , th e o r i g i n a l s ig n if ic a n c e b e in g t h a t w hich is ground. Da k o m , g r a in , i s i d e n t i c a l w it h th e m eaning o f t h e EY te rm , i n t h a t i t a p p lie s to an^^ihing s m a ll and ro u n d . N o te th e Da e x p re s s io n : G u ld e t fin d e s u n d e rtid e n i met w it h i n k o m , g o ld may be o c c a s io n a lly c o rn s . C f . O F ris k o m , OS c o m , Du k o re n , OHG c h o m . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 19 ON k o m , and Go k a u m , a grain, a seed. 'Com of v/hete i-runac? ana bnton hyt fealle on eor^an and sy dead.' Ch/clif, B i b ., John xii. 2i-.. 'Com, a grain or particle: a c o m of tobacco, a c o m of powder, a c o m of rice,' do bin son, I'iid-Yks. G l . , s.v. 'Ah feeaver a few corns o' saut i ' ma crowdy' : grains of salt in my porridge. EY. Corye Qcorv] sb. I like a few A large basket. It is usually strapped to the back of the person who carries it. The derivation of this vrord is found in ON korf > Da kurv, a basket. Cf. KHG corf, Du korf, and Ger kerb, a basket. The word appears in E after 1400. NED describes the corve as a large basket used in mining, and states that it was placed on a sledge, tram, or barrow, for conveyance from the working place to the shaft, up which it 7 was hoisted by a rope to the surface. But on the Yorkshire coast corves are used to carry catches of fish, while on the docks, fish are sold by the corve to fishmongers. 'Corve, a large basket made of strong hazel-rods.* 'Hoc much wilt a gie ma fur yon corrve of 'addock?': you give me for that basket of haddock? EY. Cot [kbt] sb, Hold. Gl., s.v. how much will A bachelor or widower who does his own housekeeping. Apparently this EY v^ord is a contraction of ME cotquean, a laborer's wife. But it might be well not to overlook ON kotungr, a poor 7 iiurray, jog. olt. , corve, e.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 120 cottager, who would naturally be obliged to do everything for himself, whether woman’s work or not. •Cot, a man who interferes in the kitchen.’ Hall., DAP W ., 2?2. •Cot, a man who does those offices for himself which are usually done by a female in a house.’ Atk., IVh. Gl., s.v. •Tom's been a cot sin ’is missus vair sahded': Tom has done his own housekeeping since his vjife was buried. EY. Cote [kuat] sb. A building or shed in which poultry or animals are housed. The word is a parallel form to 1ÎE kot < OE côte, asmalldwelling, a den. Cf. Du kot, DaD kâd, MHG kote, SwD kâta,NFris kate, and Skt kota, a small house. It is significant to note the presence of cote in the EY dialect, even though, as Skeat affirms, cot is the a northern, and cote the southern form of OE côte. •Goote, Ijrtylle howse, casa.’ From. Parv., 91. •V/here shepherds pen their flocks at eeve In hurdl'd cotes amid the field secure.' Milton, P. L ., iv. 186. 'Cote, a shed for small cattle or fowls.' Robinson, Id.d—Yks. Gl., s.v. 'Be seear ti shut deear when *ens are in t ’ cooat': be sure to shut the door when the hens are in the cote. EY. Cotter [kjo&a] vb. To become entangled. To be matted together. Perhaps this word is related to ME cot < OF cot, matted wool. Cf. OP coutisses, the clotted locks of wool near the tail of a sheepj F cotteron, hard and matted wool used for mattresses. 3 Skeat, _0£. olt., cote, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 121 cotted, entangled, matted together.' Hcs . G~l#, s.v. 'Guttered, Willan, W. Hiding 'C o th e r-u p , t o become s h ru n k e n , w it h e r e d , o r d r ie d u p . ’ Hold. G l ., s .V, ' f i l l them b i t s o ' band a r e c o tth e r e d t h e g i t h e r ' : o f s t r i n g a r e ta n g le d t o g e t h e r , S Y . Goul [kul] sb. a l l th o s e p ie c e s A lump or swelling on the body. Apparently associated ^vith ŒT kula, a knob. Cf. SwD k ul, a lump. 'Goul, a swelling or abcess.' Hall., DAPW., 273* 'Goul, a swelling on the body, especially when caused by a blow. ' Mo rris, Yks. Fk-Tk ., 293• 'It's risen a gurt cool atop o ’ ma 'eead': on the of head. EY. Coums [kumz] sb. a great lump has risen Hollows in rolling country. The connection seems to be vd-th W ci-mi, a hoIlow between tvro hills. Cf. Ir cumar, OE cumb, OF combe, and Prov comba, a small valley. All the preceding forms are derived from Old Celtic '^kumbos, hollow. EY coums is heard only occasionally in the dialect, and, strangely enough, is never used in the singular. 'Coums, hoIlow— lying up to the moor.' places recessed among thehills Atk., Ifh. G l ., s.v. or banksrunning 'Efther it teeams doon, theer's a lot o' watther in them cooms': after it rains hard, there's a lot of water inthose hollows. Coup [kup3 vb. To trade, to bargain. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. EY. 122 ON kaupa, to barter, to bargain, developed into KS coupen , to bargain, v;hich has been retained in the EY dialect. The OE word is ceapian, to barter, which develops into E cheap. G f . OS copôn, OHG chonfôn, and Go kaupon, to trade. ‘No,' quodh on, *}>at shaltou coupe,* Hav., 1Ô00. ‘Coup, to exchange or swap. * ‘Coup, to exchange.* And bigan til him to loupe,* Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., IS. Hold. G l . , s.v. 1*11 trade 3^)U that spade ‘Ah’11 coup tha yon jobber fur thi leea*: for your scythe. EY. Gouther Qku5eJ vb. To comfort by the aid of refreshment and warmth. NED suggests that couth, adj, derived from couther, is associated 5 ivith OE cue, past part, of cunnan, to know, to be able. According to ASP, OE CU& has a gradation of meanings: knovm, familiar, affable, and comfortable. Of. OS cuth, OHG kund, Ger kund, and Go kunds, knovm. ‘Gouther, to comfort.' Hall., DAFW., 274. ‘Gouther, to recover, to reinvigprate.‘ Robinson, Mid—Y ks. G l ., s.v. ‘Poor aud carll Ah wisht ah cud coother ‘i m ‘: poor old country fellowi I wish I could give him food and shelter. EY. Gow Ijku3 vb. To subdue. To bend or twist. The connection seems to be ivith ON kuga, to tyrannise over; Da kue, 5 Murray, _og. o i t ., couther, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 123 to bend, subduej Sw kufva, to curb, suppress. Although the ON is the earliest of the preceding Scand forms, the Da word is closest to the EY ;vord in meaning. •Accursed be that tongue that tells me so. For it hath cowed my better part of man.' Shaks., Macb., V. viii. 18. •Cow, to walk with the feet sideways.' •He cood toes 'is teeas innard as •e went doon trod': he twisted his inward as he went down the path. EY. Gowdy [kudi J Robinson, Mid-Yks.G l .. s.v. Frisky, frolic s o m e . adj. Da kaad, lively, may be reasonably associated ivith this EY word. Da kaade dr en g is the Da equivalent of EY a cowdy lad. Cf. ON katr, merry, and SwD kat. frolicsome. •Cowdy, pert, frolicsome.' Hall., DAFW., 275* •Cowdy, frisky, frolicsome, pert.' Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. •T' bayns are coody cos they knooa yam's cumin ti see 'em': the children are lively because they know their uncle is coming to see them. EY. Cower [kuB] vb. To crouch down. To stoop low. ME couren, to crouch< ON kura, to doze, to lie quiet. Cf. Sw kura, to roost. Da kure, to squat, and Ger k a u e m , to cower. Skeat suggests that W cwrian, to squat, was borrowed from E, because there is no 1 trace of a similar word in other Celtic tongues. •Cow'ring and quaking at a conqueror's sword.' Achit.. 515* 1 Dryden, Abs. and Skeat, ^£. cit. , cower, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 12 U 'But here my muse her iving maun cour.* B u m s , Tam 0 Shanter. 179. 'Cower, to stoop low by bending the knees, or sitting on one's heels,' Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v. 'Gif tha cooers, tha weean't get sae caud': you won't get so cold. EY. Crack [kræk^f vb. if you crouch down, To boast. Î-IE craken, to boast < OE cracian, to make a sharp sound in breaking. Cf. OHG krachon, MHG krachen, Ger krachen, and Du kraken, to crack. 'He crakked boost, and svror it was nat so.' Chaucer, Reeve 's T .. 81. 'Siche wryers and vrragers gose to and fro For to crak. ' Town. Pl., 102/59. 'Crack, to brag, to talk boastfully.' Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 293. 'It's nowt ti crack on': Crafty ][kræftl%] it's nothing to boast about. EY. adj. Ingenious, skilful. MS crafty< OE craeftig, ingenious, skilful. Gf. OS craftag, OHG chreftig, Ger kraftig, Du krachtig, and ON kroptugr, strong, skilful, powerful. It should be stated that the EY word is derived from the OE, and not from a Scand source, because the original significance of OE craefti g is skilful, while the Scand cognates have the meaning of strong, mighty. 'Sua im.s neuer nan. Ne crafteer in were of hand.' 8753. 'This discipline and this crafty science.' G. 1253. Curs. M u n ., Chaucer, C a n . Yeom. T ., Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 125 «Crafty, skilful. Ingenious,» Hold. G l .. s.v. «He mun a been a crafty chap «at fost fun oot t « telefooan*: he must have been an ingenious man who invented the telephone. EY. Crake pcrfiak^ sb. A crow. ON kraka. a crow. Cf. Sw kraka. Da krage, MHG krâ. and OE crâwe. a crow. «Crake, c o mix, c o m u s . ' «Crake, a crow. « Cath. Angl.. 80. Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s .. 18. «Crake, a crow, or rook. « Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l .. s.v. «Tom's in t « clooas flayin' creeaks'; scaring away crows. EY. Crake [krEak] vb. Tom is in the field To caw, as the crow, NED reasons that if E croak goes back to an OE -««-cracian. crake may 2 be the northern form, pronounced [kieak jin EY. If E croak is related to Skt kruc, it is a loan word, not a cognate. Cf. OS kria. Bret kria, and Skt kruc, to croak. OS kria, Bret kria, and E cry are apparently developments of L quilitare, to ciy, shriek. «Whil that he song; so chaunteth he and craketh.' 606. «Bot begin s^e to crok. « Town. P l ., 118/69» «Crake, to cry, as the crow.« Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. 'Yon bods werrit ma wl« theer creeakin': with their cawing. EY. 2 Chaucer, Merch. T ., those birds worry me Murray, _0£. o i t . , croak, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 126 C ramble [^kraml^ vb. To hobble along. This EY word may be associated with Sw krympling. a cripple, or with SwD krummel, crooked. NED suggests a connection with Ger krammeln, to grope about, and cites EFris krimmeln, to crawl, as a cognate. However, since the EY word has the implication of physical affliction, it seems that the Sw forms should be preferred. Cf. ON krypplingr. a cripple. 'G ramble, to hobble or creep.' Hall., DAFW., 277. •Crammle, to walk feebly or lamely. ' 'Ah’s 'ard set ti craramel aboot': Cg^^^ £}cramlj sb. Hold. G l ., s.v. I find it hard to hobble about. EY. A large, crooked bough of a tree. Probably connected with SwD krummel, crooked. Cf. SwD krumma, to bend, and SwD krammel, a pole used in keeping hay from shaldLng off the load. 'Crambles, large boughs of trees.' Hall., DAPW., 277. 'Grambles, the large knotted b o u ^ s of trees.' 'Theer's a queer-leeakin crammel in 'at yak': looking bough in that oak. EY. Cranch [kran/2^ vb. Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. there’s a strange- To crush any substance with a cracking sound. 4 This word appeared in E literature after 1600. In early use it varied with scranch. Hence, it probably has connection with Du schranzen. 3 Mur raj, _0£. o l t . , e ramble, s.v. 4 Murray, oranoh, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 127 to split, break, or with Du schransen. to eat voraciously. Cf. MHG schranz, split, crack, rent, and EFris schrantsen. to eat greedily. Another p o s s i b l e e t y m o l o g y is t h a t cranch m a y b e a d e r i v a t i v e f r o m crash, the n having been inserted to express the resonant action more effectively. The following quotation from Prom. Parv. should indicate that this hypothesis cannot be dismissed lightly. •Graschyn, as tethe. Fremo, frondeo, strideo.' Prom. Parv., 100. 'Cranch, to grind anything with the teeth, by which the sound of the grinding is heard.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 294. 'T' bayn wur makkin a gurt row cran chin goodies': the child was making a great noise crushing sweets with his teeth. EY. Cranky [krapki^f adj. Sick. Related to ON krankr, weak. C f , OSw kranker, Da, N, Du, and Ger krank, sick. 'Cranky, ill able to move, whether from debility originating in sickness, or from stiffness the result of an injury.' Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. 'IVhen caud weather cums, ma back gets despert cranky': cold weather comes, ray back gets very painful. ET. Crans [kraeps^j sb. when the The shreds which remain after rendering the fat of pigs into lard. It is possible that this word may be derived from SwD krapp, shrunk, or from Da skrab. scrapings. NED associates the word with Du krappen, 5 to pluck off, or with OF crappe. siftings. But it is probable that EY craps is simply a variant of E scraps, and if so, the derivation 5 Murray, _0£. olt. , o r a p g . s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 128 would lead to ON skrap, trifles < ON skrapa, to scrape. The form crawke in Prom. P arv. may suggest cracklings. which have come to be used in the same sense as EY craps and E scraps. •Crawke or crappe, cremium. • Prom. Parv., 101, •Grappins or craps, the shreds from pig^s fat, after the lard is melted out.^ Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. •Ah deean’t knooa nowt better *n craps at teea-tahml: I don^t know of anything better than pork scraps at tea-time. EY. Craw j^kro^l vb. NE crawen < OE crawan, To caw or croak. to crow. Craw is a northern form of the E verb crow. Cf. Du kraai.1 e n , OHG chrâian, and Ger krahe^i, to crow. •Aer t>am jj^e se coce crawe.’ Anglo-Sax. Gosp., Matt. xxvi.. 75* •|>an bigan |je cok to crau. • Curs. M u n ., 15945. •Craw, to caw like a crow. • Hold. G l .. s.v. •It wur yan o' them ruks crawin• aboot summat•: those rooks croaking about something. EY. Cree [kri] vb. it was one of To soak rice or wheat, causingit to swell and soften in preparation for boiling. The most reasonable connection is F crever, to burst, split. Note the F phrase: faire crever le riz, to cause rice to swell with boiling water or steam. However, one should also mention SvÆ) krava. to ferment, a word which implies the influences ofmoisture and warmth. Note the SwD phrase: iola kravar seg, theearth is Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 129 becoming creed, i.e. subjected to the influences of spring. It is also interesting to note that both the F and SwD forms support Atkinson's creave, with a v as part of the stem. 'To cree wheat or barley, to boil it soft.' 18. Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s .. 'Creave or cree, to pre—boil rice or wheat so as to soften it for cookery purposes.' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Sha would be seear ti saay 'at rahce w u m ' t fair creed': she would be sure to say that the rice was not properly softened. EY. Creel [kril^j sb. A basket for fish or vegetables. Perhaps from Gael criol, chest, coffer. Cf. OF crei1< L craticula, fine hurdlework. ON kid.la, to weave, plait, may be related to Gael criol. 'Crelle, baskett or lepe, cartallus, sporta.' 'Creel, a basket or pannier.' Prom. Parv., 101. Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Afooar 'e cums yam 'e'll a t ' creel full o' fish': before he comes home he'll have the creel full of fish. EY. Crewel [kruljl sb. Fine worsted of various colors used in fancy needlework. NED suggests a derivation from Du krul, a curl; Du krullen, to curl. Perhaps reference should also be made to N krulla, to curl, to blend. 'Crules, worsted of all colours for fancy needle-work.' Wh. Gl., s.v. é Atk., Murray, _o£. clt . , crewel, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 130 >tîa missus diz champion worrk wi» crool» : my wife does excellent work with fine worsted. ET. Cricket [kr±kitj[ sb, A small stool. Probably associated with N krakk, a little stool, and SwD krakk, a stool. Gf. LG kruk, a stool; Finnish krenkku, a bench. According to N E D , cricket and its parallel form cracket first appeared in 7 E literature in the l?th century. 'Cricket, a low stool with four legs, generally with a hole in the centre for lifting it.» Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 294* »Noo, bayn, set thi doon on t » crickit an' mahnd ma»; now, child, sit down on the little stool and pay attention to me. EY. Crob [krbb] vb. To revile. To bully. The source of this word is difficult to identify. There may be some connection with MDu crabben, to scratch. G f . Du kribbig. vexatious. 'To crobe, crocitare vel crocare, coruorum est.» 'Crob, to rebuke in a short, rough manner.' s.v. Cath. Angl., 83. Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., 'He ups and gans oot on »er, cos sha crobbed 'and runnin': he gets up and leaves her, because she reviled without ceasing. BY. Crook £kriuk3 sb. A nook or comer. ME crok< ON krokr. a c o mer, a crook. Cf. SwD krok. a comer, angle, Du kreuk. a bend, and Da krog. a hook. 'Yee, hangyd be thou on a cruke. ' 7 Town. P l ., 300/216. Murray, _og. oit. . o r l oket. s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 131 ’Crook, a bend or curvature. ' 'Crook, a c o m e r . ’ Hall., DAR f .. 281. Hold. G l .. s.v. ’Coor doon in t ’ creeuk an' neeabody'll see tha': the c o m e r and nobody will see you. EY. Crook [ k r i u k ] vb. crouch down in To bend. To make crooked. Perhaps related to OSw kroka. to make crooked; Du kreuken. to bend. 'The! n^rche crookeden m y soule. ' Wyclif, Bib., Ps. Ivi. 7. 'For I can nawthere crowke ne knele. ' Town. P l .. 193/228, 'And crooke the pregnant hindges of the knee.' ’III. ii. 66. 'Crook, to become or to make crooked.' Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. 'Ma eoaks an' peeans weean't let ma creeuk': won't let me bend. EY. Crop l^krpp^ sb. Shaks.. Ham., nçr aches and pains A joint cut from the ribs of an ox. A spare rib. ON kroppr, trunk of the body, is closer to the EY word than OE crop, which signifies something which protrudes. Cf, Sw kropp, the body, and Da krog, a swelling under the throat. Du krog, OHG chropf. and Ger kropf have the meaning of a swollen protuberance or bunch. 'Crop, the spare rib.' 'Crop, a joint of beef.' Hall., DAFW.. 281. Hold. G l .. s.v. 'Ah bid 'im cum an* eeat crop wi' uz a Sundi' : I invited him to come and eat spare ribs with us on Sunday. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 132 C rowdy [jcraudij sb. Oat-meal porridge. The word is apparently derived from ON grautr. porridge. There is certainly a connection also with ME grut < 0 E grut, coarse meal, the m o d e m form of which is E grout. However, ON grautr is preferred to OE grut as the etymon, because the EY dialect tends to preserve OE Û. C f . Du g rut, coarse meal. Da grod, porridge, Sw grot, thick pap, Ger gratae, coarse meal, and Lithuanian grudas, c o m . All the loan words in are apparently from Low L g r u t e H u m , a diminutive of L gruturn, meal. The initial _c in EY c rowdy might be explained either as the unvoicing of the initial consonant of the loan word, or less likely as the consonant of a cognate of the L form. 'Crowdy, a mass of oatmeal generally mixed ivith milk.’ D A R f ., 283. Hall., ’G rowdy, oatmeal and water boiled to a paste and eaten ifith salt, or thinned with milk and sweetened. ’ Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. ’Jim wur as sthrang a lad as i w e r wur browt up on crowdy’; Jim was as strong a lad as ever was brought up on porridge. EY, C m w ^ ^kraup%| vb. To croak. To grumble. A word identical with Sc roup, an outcry. Both Sc and EY forms are from ON hrop.ja, to call, shout, cry. The EY word shows how the hr combination in Scand was either changed to r, or stopped to k r : e.g. Da omkring, ON helmskringla. Gf. L crepare, to crackle. 'Crowp, to grunt or grumble. ’ Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. ’Thoo’11 crowp a vast when t hoo’s a u d ’: when y o u ’re old. EY. y o u ’ll grumble a great deal Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 133 Crunk pkr’xjTjkJ sb. A hoarse cry. A croak. ON k n m k a , to croak, as a raven. C f . Lithuanian kranti. to snort, croak. Halliwell gives the WY form crunkle. which has the same meaning as EY crunk. 'Crunkle, to creak like a crane.' Hall., DAPW.. 284. 'Crunk, the hoarse cry or croak of the raven or carrion crow. ' Atk,, IVh. G-1., s.v. 'It's 'ard ti get a bit o' rest wi' them tooads crunkin all neet': it's hard to get a little rest when those toads are croaking all the night. EY. Crunkle jjkruijkl]} vb. To rumple linen, sc as to cause it to form creases. ON hrokkinn, wrinkled, may be regarded as the source of the EY word when the following phonetic changes are taken into consideration. The h of the ON word changes into k, which is not unusual before an r, and the first of the two medial k's is nasalized, also a regular development. The first of the two medial k's in ON hrokkinn was originally a nasal. The unassimilated form is seen in Da rynke. to wrinkle. Sw krokli. wrinkled, shows the development of ON h to k. NED suggests that EY crunkle is a parallel form to E crinkle, and indicates ME crenkle< OE crincan, to wind, twist, as thecorrect 8 etymology. Hall. , DAPW., 284. 'Crunkle, to rumple. ' 'Crunkle, to rumple linen.' 8 Hold. 0 1 ., s.v. Murray, _o£. olt., crinkle, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 13U Cumber [kuma] sb. Care, trouble, inconvenience. Probably connected with Da kummer, affliction. Cf. Du kommer, that which burdens, OS kymber. grief, MHG kumber. and Ger kummer, care. The word is presumably cognate with L gemo, to sigh, and quite distinct from E cumber, to encumber. •Of other prefatory matter ... the reader shall be spared the cumber.• Ruskin, Stones of Venice, i. Preface, 6. •Cumber, care, danger, or inconvenience.’ •Cumber, trouble, difficulty.• Hold. G l ., s.v. •Thoo’s got a lot o' cummer w i v ’at *oss’: inconvenience with that horse. EY. Cutter [kutal vb. Hall., DAPW., 286 you have a lot of To speak in a low voice. To whisper. Apparently associated with SwD kuttra, to talk secretly. Cf. Ger k u t t e m , to coo like a dove, Sw kvittra, to chirp, ON kvitta. to rumour, and Du koeteren. to talk slang. •Cutter, to speak low, to whisper. • •Guttering, talking low. • Hall., D A W , , 288. Atk., VJh. G l .. s.v. •Noo, stop thi cutterin, an' oot wiv it': and out with it, EY. now, stop your whispering, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 135 Da city jjdæsttl ^ sb. Capacity, energy, fitness. This seems to be an aphetic form of E audacity, and, hence, is derived from L audax. bold, daring. •Dacity, fitness, capacity, suitable address in a matter.* Vlh. Gl., s.v, ’Thoo’ll get worrk, ma lad, gif thoo *ez dassity’: work, my lad, if you have fitness. EY. Daddle [jdaedl] vb. Atk., you’ll get To saunter. To walk listlessly. The etymology of this word is obscure. The Sc form is daidle, which corresponds to the E dawdle. There may be some connection with ON da(9lauss. sluggish, and with DaD dadla. shiftless. Cf. N dalla, to walk aimlessly, which may be associated with E dilly-dally. Drayton uses dade in the sense of to walk in thefollowingquotation, a form and meaning vtiich may be related to N dada, to guide a child learning to walk. ’No sooner taught to dade, but from their mother trip.* Poly-olb.. i. 8. 'Daddle, to trifle.’ Drayton, Hall., DAFW.. 289. ’Daddle, to move lazily or saunteringly. ’ Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. 'Wat asta ti saay, cumin daddlin yam at sik a tahm o ’ neet?'i what do you have to say in explanation of your coming sauntering home at this time of night? EY. Daff 5 (^daef] sb. A simpleton. A coward. John Jamieson, Dictionary of the Scottish Language, Paisley: A. Gardner, 1927. daidle, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 136 This word seems to be related to ON daufr. deaf, dull. Cf. dov. powerless, MHG divan, to become feeble, ON dofi, inertness, and Skt div. to be sluggish. In the ON and its cognates the implication is that of loss of physical energy, but in the EÏ word the loss of moral vigor and intellect is implied. '^ou dotest daffe, ’ qua^ h e o . ‘Dulle are |>i vriLttes.’ P. Plow., A. i. 129. Langl., •Daffe, or dastard, or he }>at spekythe not yn tyme.• Prom. Parv., 111. •Daff, a dastard or coward.' Hall., DAFW., 289. •Daff, a coward, a dastard, a fool.' Atk., W h . 0 1 .. s.v. •When 'e gets full o' yal 'e's nobbut a d a f f : ale he's nothing but a simpleton. EY. Eia^ [daeftQ adj. when he's full of Simple, stupid, thoughtless. I4E daff te < OE g e d æ f t e , mild, gentle, meek. Of. ON daufr, deaf, dull, Sw dov, powerless, MHO divan, to become feeble, ON dofi, inertness, and Skt d i v . to be sluggish. EY daff implies slo^vness of intellect, whereas EY daft simply means a lapse of intellect. •Nu (?in cyning pe cyn^ to ^e -zedaefte . ' Anglo-Sax. Gosp.. Matt. xxl. 5, •Daft, stupid, blockish, daunted. ' •Daft, dull, stupid.' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s . . 18. Hold. G l ., s.v. •Sha's sae daft, sha weean't mahnd *er ain neeam lang at this geeat': she's so stupid, she won't remember her own name long at this rate. EY. Dag [d^æg] vb. To sprinkle. To drizzle. A Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 137 ON doggva, to bedew, sprinkle; Sw dagga, to bedew. Cf. Da d u g , dew. 'Wjrth theyr heles dagged.’ •Dag, to Skelton, El. Runmiyng, 123. sprinkle. •H o l d . G l ., s.v. •Post it dagged, a n ’ 'en fair teeamed doon w i • raan’:first it drizzled, and then really poured down with rain. EY. Dale [dial ] sb. A valley, ON dalr; S w and Da d a l , a valley. Cf. MS dale < OS dael,avalley, OS d a l , OFris d e l , O H G t a l , Ger t h a l , and Go d a l ,valley. to N E D , M E According dale appears to have been reinforced from Norse, for it is in the north of England that the word is a living geographical namet Apparently OE dael is indebted to the Scand, for the more common word in O E is demt > ME d ene, a valley. 'By dale and eek by doune.' Sir Thopas,Ô 5 . 'Dale or vale, vail is. ' Chaucer, Prom. P a r v ., 112. 'Dale, a valley. Around Whitby all the valleys are dales.' Wh. G l ., s.v. 'They didn't mak Welton Deeal till teea—tahm' : Welton Valley until tea-time. EY. Pall [dpi] vb. Atk., they didn't reach To become tired or depressed. There may be some connection with SwD dal a , to become weary. Cf. OHG twelan, to be overpowered with sleep. Perhaps the EY word is associated with ON dvala, to delay, hence, to become or make weary through delay. The meaning of the OE cognate dwellan is to lead or 1 Murray, ££. olt.. dale, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 136 go astray, a meaning which is foreign to the EY term. 'Daul’d, wearied, or tired out.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 295. ‘Ah dawl w i ’ all this thravellin by t ’ reeal’: all this travelling by rail. ET. Dander jjdanéV^ vb. I become tired with To tremble, to shake. Probably derived from SwD dandra, to tremble. Cf. CW datta. to throb, N dundra, to resound, and N dadra, to shake, tremble. ’Dander, to tremble, as a house seems to do from the inside when a carriage passes heavily in the street.’ Atk,, Wh. Gl.. s.v. ’Hoo wa got thruff deear-steead, ah deean’t knooa; ’e wur dantherin sae much’: how we got through the door-way, I don’t know; he was trembling so much. BY. Based jjdlezd] adj. Astounded, stupefied. Numbed from the effects of the weather. ME dasen < ON dasast, to become exhausted. Of. SwD dasa, to be lazy, Du daesen. to be beside oneself, and OE dwaes. dull, stupid. 'I dase and I dedir For ferd of that taylle.’ Town. P l ., 32/314. ’Por-()i fsat jjai ... Brynned ay here in (?e calde ofmalice. ay was dased in charité.’Pr. Cons., 6647. And ’But shewd by outward signes that dread her sense did daze.’ Spenser, F. Q . . III. vii. 7. ’To dayse, to be callde.’ Gath. Angl., 90. ’Dased, struck with amazement or terror. Suffering from the effects of cold.’ Atk., Wh. 01., s.v. ’Ah wur deeazed when ah heerd i t ’: I was astounded when I heard it. EY, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 139 •Maist o* t h ’ eggs deeazed vri* th' and ‘en bein' off sae lang* : most of the eggs got cold vd.th the hen being off so long. EY. Dauby jjdobi] adj. Slovenly, untidy. There may be some connection "with SwD dabba. to make dirty. NED suggests OF dauber < L dealbare. to plaster, as the source, but the 2 Scand seems much closer to the EY word. ‘Dauby, untidy, dirty. ‘ Hold. G l .. s.v. ‘It's siknin ti live wi' dauby fooaks': with slovenly people. EY. Daum [dom] vb. it's nauseating to live To deal out. To allot. Sw domma, to judge, decide < ON doema, to give judgment. Cf. Da domme. Go gadomjan, OHG tuomen, MHG tuemen. and M E demen < 0 E dëman. to judge. It should be noted that demys in Town. P I . is used in the Scand sense of divide. 'For David demys ever ilk deylle. And thus he says of chylder ying. ' Town. P l ., I 89/Ô 5 . 'Daum, to deal out sparingly.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l .. s.v. 'l-Then they got th' addock all daumed oot, theer wur onny fower apiece': when they got the haddock all shared out, there were only four for each of us. EY. Davtal f d & a t a l ] adj . By the day. This word refers to the payment of a farm laborer who works by the day. Admittedly, the word may be divided into OE daeg, day, and OE talu. 2 Murray, olt. . dauby, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lU O a nxomber. But it seems clear that EY daytal vras formed analogically on the basis of CW dagatal, a day-book or register. ’Dajtaleman, a day man, one not regularly employed.» 294. «Da^-tal, by the day. ' Hall., DAPW. ---- Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 295. »Ma fayther »ez nowt stiddy; he »ez nobbut deeatal worrk': my father has nothing steady; he has only work by the day. EY. Dead l^dledj sb. Death. ME ded, death, is a Scand form, according to Skeat, and has been 3 influenced by Da and Sw dod. death. OS dea# is responsible for ME deeth, deth, from which E death has developed. G f . CM dauat beist man sal stan. ' Curs. Mun., 6711. 'He walde be-come mane, and for vs suffre ^e dede in J>at swete manhed.' Rel. Pieces, 41. 'Dead, death.' Hold. Gl., s.v. 'Deean't tha see? T' chap's ommust flayed ti deead*: see? The man is almost scared to death. EY. Deafly Qdlefll] adj. don't you Lonely, solitary. In assigning a source for this word, NED suggests a derivation from 4 OE deâf or ON daufr, deaf. It seems, however, that the first syllable of the EY word undoubtedly represents OE deâf rather than ON daufr, but EY deafly may have been suggested analogically by ON daufligr. lonely. Note the ON phrase: einum }?ikkir daufligt saxnan, a lonely 3 Walter William Skeat, A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Oxford U.P., 1911. death, s.v. 4 Iviurray, 0£. oit., deavely, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lUi life is a sad life. Cf. N dauvleg. lonely, 'Deafely, lonely, solitary, far from neighbours.» 14. ‘Deafly, lonely, solitary.‘ ‘Deafly, lonely. ‘ Ray, Nth. Cty. Wds.. Hall., DAPW.. 294. Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl.. s.v. _’They live a mahl aback o ‘ Welwick in a deafly sooart o ‘ pleeace *: they live a mile further inland from Welwick in a lonely sort of place. EY. Deave [dlëv] vb. To deafen. OE dëafian, to become deaf; ON deyfa, to make deaf. Cf. Da dove, to deafen, Sw dofva, to deafen, and N doyva, to stun, stupefy, OHG touben, Ger tauben, and Go daub.jan, to deafen. ‘pe dunte |?at schulde hym deue. ‘ 'Deave, to deafen.' Gaw. & Gr. K ., 1286. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 296. *T ' bayns wur makkin a din fit ti deeave yan *: t%re children were making a noise loud enough to deafen one. EY. Deedless [^dLdles^ adj. Helpless, inefficient. ON da^laus, spiritless, is to be preferred to an OE form,because OE d æ d , deed, develops into d æ d l ï c , deedlike, active,but not into dædleâs, Cf. SwD dâdlÜs, spiritless, and Da daadlig, active. •Speaking in deedes, and deedelesse in his tongue.' Troil. and C r . . IV. v. 96. ‘What art thou, who, deedless, look'st around?' V. 796. 'Deedless, spiritless, inactive.' Shaks., Pope, Iliad, Hold. G l ., s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ih2 'They did nowt till ah brung ma ‘oss and pulled t ’ carry oot o ’ t ' mud; they wur sae deedless': they did nothing till I brought my horse and pulled the cart out of the mud; they were so helpless. EY. Deft [deft^} adj. Neat, pretty, clever. A doublet of E daft, stupid, according to N E D , which connects the EY word with OE g e d æ f t e , mild, gentle But ASP records OE dsefte with the meaning of convenient, and this seems to be the form from which EY deft is derived. ’Deft, little and pretty, or neat.’ ’Deft, neat, clever.’ Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. ’Ay, t ’ lass wur a deft seet’: Delve Qdelv^l Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 20, vb. yes, the girl was a pretty sight. EY. To dig. To labor hard. ME deluen < 0 E delfan, to dig. Cf. OFris delva, Du delven, OHG bidelban, and MHG telben, to dig. The form is not known in Norse or in Gothic. ’First he did his graf to deluen.’ ’Delve, to dig. ’ Curs. M u n ., 21063. Hold. Gl., s.v. ’He's awlus delvin, gan when tha will’: no matter when you visit him. EY. Dess [desj sb. he is always working hard A stack, as of straw or bricks. ON des, a hay-stack. NED suggests that the word may be identical with OF deis, a raised platform.^ Cf. SwD dosse, a stack of hay or straw. 5 Wurray, 0£. olt., deft, s.v. 6 Murray, op. oit., dess, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1Ù3 The Scand forms may have been borrowed from Gael dais, hay-stack, from the Indo-European root dhe, to place. 'He semys fulle we H e to sybt on des.' Toivn. P l ., 5/121. 'He'd getten a haill dess o' shaffs ... and was rife for another dess.' Atk., Moor. Parish, 55» 'Dess, a pile of materials that are heaped or built up by degrees.' Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Theer wur a dess o' brick H g g i n in t ' clooas': of bricks lying in the field. EY. Didder (jitiîôJ there was a stack shiver from the effects of cold or fear. Probably the word is connected with ON datta, to palpitate, or with ON titra, to shiver. The theory is tenable when one considers that didder is simply another form of dither, dadder, and dodder. All 7 these forms appear in E literature in the 14th century. 'My flesshe dyderis and daris for doute of my dede.' xxviii. 2. 'I dase and I dedir. For ferd of that taylle.' 'Dyderynge for cold, frigitus.' 'Didder, to tremble.' Yk. P l ., Town. P l ., 32/314. Prom. Parv., 121. Robinson, Mid—Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Sha dithered an* shook laik ti tummel i' bits': she shivered and shook as though she would fall to pieces. EY. Dike [dalk%| sb. A ditch, a channel for carrying off water. A long earthen mound. This word is deilved from ON diki, a ditch. Cf. Sw dike, Da dige, 7 Murray, op. cit., ditbor, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lUU Du dink, a ditch, OFris dik, a mound, MHG tich. a pond, and Ger teich, a pond. OE die, a trench, develops into E ditch, not into EY H-i 'If blynde lede ^e blynde bo^e fallen in |De dyke.' Bib., Matt. xv. 14. 'Tvren heuone hil and he H e dik. ' Gen. & E x ., 281. 'Dike, a ditch; in North Holdemess, a pond. ' 'Send a bayn ti laat *im doon at dike': there by the ditch. EY. Dill {jitll vb. WycHf, Hold. Gl., s.v. send a child to call him To soothe. To give ease. Apparently derived from ON dilla. to lull or soothe. 'Who may my doyllys dylle?' Town. P l ., I63/SO. 'Dill, to soothe, to still, to calm. ' Hall., DARif., 303- 'Dill, to lessen or take away pain; to deaden pain temporarily.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 297. 'T' doether gav ma summat ti dill t ' paan': something to ease the pain. EY. Ding [dll)] vb. the doctor gave me To hurl downwards with force. To batter. ON dengja, to beat, hammer. Cf. Sw danga, to thuaqp, N dangje. Da daenge. MHG tengen, and Skt tung, to beat. NED states that ding is frequent in E literature from the end of the 13th century, and 8 that the word is not recorded in OE. '^e gleytnen on j)e tabour dinge. ' 'With his tayl the erth he dang.' Hav. , 2329. Ywaine & Gaw., 3167. 'Down dyng of youre knees Alle that hym seys.' 8 Town. P l ., 168/60. Murray, 0£. oit., dins, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1U5 •To d in g , to beat.' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 14. •Ding, to throw to the ground with violence; to pound mercilessly.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. •Sha dinged the cup on t ' fleear': she hurled the cup on the floor. EY, •He dinged t • deear off t • creeaks’: he battered the door off its hinges. EY. Dingle [dli)!] vb. To thrill, to tingle. Perhaps from Da dingle, to swing to and fro, or from SwD ding#l, to vibrate. Cf. ME tin glen, and Du tintelen. to tingle, which are presumably borrowings from OHG- tint elan. to tingle. •Dingle, to tingle.• Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 297. •Ma eead storrts ti din gel an' feels queer': throb and feels strange. EY. Dint l^dtnt] sb. my head begins to The greater part of anything. ME dint < OE dynt. a blow. It seems that the EY word takes on an extended meaning from the original sense. A blow is the exercise of force, hence, a dint of folk represents the possibility of the exercise of power. Cf. ON dyntr, and OSw dunt, a stroke. •Dint, a stroke. By dint of, i.e. by force of, a common expression.' Hall., DAPW.. 304. 'Dint, the greater part or proportion.' 'T' dint o' t ' fooaks left t ’ kirk' : left the church. EY. Dizzy [dt zi ] adj. Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. the majority of the people Simple, half—vitted. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1U6 ME dysy < OE dysig, foolish, stupid. Gf. OFris dusig. OHG tusig. foolish, vreak. Da dysse. to lull asleep, and Du duizelen. to grow faint. •Nolde me tellen him alre monne dusigest.* 'Dusi luve ne last noht longe.’ ’Dizzy, half-witted.’ [d)3d ] vb. Owl & Wight., 1466. Hold. G l ., s«v. ’Them as diz ’at is dizzy’: Dod Anc. Rivr.. 182, those who do that are half-witted. EY. To clip the hair of a person. To deprive an animal of its horns. To lop branches from a tree. ME dodden. to clip the hair. Apparently there is no likely word in ON or OE to select as the source of ME dodden. Perhaps there is some relationship with Fris dodd. top, lump, bunch. 'Ne j.e shulen in rownde dodde heer, ne shave beerde.’ Wyclif, Bib.. Lev. xix. 27. ’Doddyd, withowtyn h o m y s j doddyd, as trees. Decomatus, mutilus. ’ Prom. Parv., 125. ’Dod, to clip off anything shortly is to dod.’ Gl.. s.v. ’Dod ma croon an' sheeave ma feeace’: shave. E Y . ’A h ’11 ’ev ti dod yon beeas’: [db5e] vb. give me a hair-cut and a I'll have to dehorn that animal. EY. 'Sum o ’ them crammels sud be dodded’: should be lopped off. EY. Dodder Robinson, Mid-Yks some of those large boughs To tremble. 9 NED identifies this word as a variant of dadder and dither. Hence, 9 Murray, _0£. olt. . dodder, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1U7 the derivation seems to be from ON datta, to palpitate, or from ON titra, to shiver. Cf. N dadra, to tremble, and Sw darra, to shake. ’Dodder, to shake or tremble. Doddered, confused, shattered, infirm.’ Hall., DAPW., 308. •Dodder, to tremble, to shake violently.' 'He dothers summat despert sen 'e got aud': since he got old. EY. Doff [d^f] vb. Hold. Gl., s.v. he trembles very much To take off. This is a coalesced form of E do off. E ^ < 0 E don, to do. Cf. OFris dua, OS d6n , Du doen, OHG ton, and Ger thun, to do. 'He him of dyde i s e m —byman.' 'To doffe, exuere.' Beowulf, 1346. Cath. Angl., 103. 'Doffed his furred gown, and sable hood.' 'Doff, to divest, or do off.' Hold. Gl., s.v. 'Doff thi 'at, lad. It's parson': minister. EY. Doit [doit] sb. Scott, Marmion, vi. 11. take off jTDur hat, lad. It's the A jot. An atom. Da doit, a jot, is exactly equivalent to the EY word. Note the Da expression: jeg bryder mig ikke en doit derom, I don't care a jot about it. NED identifies the EY word with ON t>veiti, a small silver 1 coin. Cf. Du duit, a small Dutch coin. 'He does not care a doit for your person.' iii. 5 . Congreve, leve for love, 'Doit, expressive of extreme littleness.' Robinson, Mid—Yks. Gl.« s.v. 1 Murray, ££. olt., d o l t , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Hi8 'It deean’t werrit m a a doit*: Dole [duôlj sb. it doesn't worry Me a jot. ST. A distribution of m o n e y or food to the poor* ME d o l e < OE d a l . a portion. Cf. OE d æ l a n . ON d e i l a . and O S w de l a . to divide. ’For thi saulle, without lese, shuld I dele pen n y doylle. ’ T o w n . F I . . 34 /3 9 0 . 'Ifhon 3e ^iuen doles.* Langl., P. P l o w . , A. iii. 6 3 . 'Dole, money, bread, etc. distributed to the p o o r . * 309 . Ha l l . , D A F W .. 'Dole, a distribution of mo ney or food at a burial to the p o o r . ' Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. *Theer *s aud chap cumin ti bahk deear fur 'is dooal* : old man coming to the back door for his alms. EY. Dollop j^dplap] sb. there's the A large, clumsy-looking portion of food. The origin of this w o r d is obscure. However, it is possible that it may be a combination of E dole and E l u m p , with the significance of a large division, or helping- E lump means a shapeless mass, and, according to Skeat, is a nasalized form from a Scand base *luE, 2 to be slow or heavy. The addition of SwD l u p , heavy, to EY d o l e , a portion, gives E Y d o l l o p , a heavy portion. 'Dollop, a large quantity, either of things or persons.' Yks. F k - T k .. 297. •Weel, t h a ’s getten a fairish dollop* : sized helping. EY. Morris, well, you have got a good- Skeat, o p . o l t . . lump, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Iii9 Don [dbn] adj. Clever, dexterous. The logical association for this word seems to be Da danne. to cultivate, to civilize, to polish. Cf. Da mand daimet.a cultured man. 'Don, clever, skilful, especially in manual labour.' Yks. Fk-Tk.. 298. 'Sha's a don 'and at knit tin ': Don [d^n] vb. To put This is a coalesced form of she's a clever hand at knitting. EY. on clothing. E do o n . Doff, s.v. 'Then up he rose, and don'd his clothes.' 'Don, to dress, or do on.' [dpYikJ adj . Shaks., Ham.. IV. v. 52. Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l .. s.v. 'Get thi cleeas and don thisen': Donk Morris, get your clothes and dress. EY. Moist, damp. A variant of E dank, but not another form of E damp, due to its Scand origin. It seems to have developed from SvÆ) d&ika,to make damp, or from DaD donke, to moisten. Cf. ON dokk, a pit, pool, Sw dank, a marshy spot, and Gter dunken, to dampen. 'The drops of the fresche deu, quhilk of befor hed maid ande dailis verray done.' Compl. Scot., vi. 38. 'Donk, damp, moist, humid.' 'Donk, damp.' Hall., D APW., 310* Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Oor hoose wur as donk as a kirk entry': as a church vestibule. EY. Doory dikis [dusrt] adj. our house was as damp Diminutive, puny. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 150 The etymon seems to be ON dvergr, a dwarf. The vocalization of ON £ and V produces EY doory. Cf. OE dvreorg. a divarf. 'Doory, very little, diminutive.’ 'Doory, very small.’ Hall., DAP W ., 311 Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Liggin aback o ’ t ’ deear-steead wur a doory moose’: the door-post was a tiny mouse. EY. Dordum £dordômJ sb. lying behind Uproar. Riotous pro codings. This \ford is apparently from a Germanic root ^dudra— , which appears in OE as dydrian, to shake, and which becomes dodder and didder in later E. The word appears in ON as dudra, to shake, and subsequently becomes durra by assimilation. This latter form undergoes metathesis, and appears in EY as durd or dord. Cf. Gael diardan, anger, and W (h-rrdd. noise, which are apparently loan words 'And se ^at no durdan be done.’ ’Durdom, noise.’ Yk. P l ., xxxi. 41. Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s .. 129. 'Durdum, riotous confusion.’ Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. ’T ’ bayns is kickin up a dorrdum’: uproar. EY. Dotteril 1 from the Germanic. [dfitrtl] sb. the children are making an A foolish old man. A dotard. ME do ten < MDu doten, to be silly. ASP shows no trace of a source of ME doten in OE. Cf. Du dutten, to take a nap, MHG totzen. to fall into slumber, and ON dotta, to nod from sleep. The —rill is the common E suffix —rel, as in E cockerel. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 151 »Dotrelle ... idem quod dotarde.* 'A dottrelle, desipa.' Prom. Parv.. 128. Cath. Angl.. 104. ’Dotterill, a bird said to be foolishly fond of imitation, as to be easily caught. Hence, a stupid fellow, an old doating fool.' Hall., D A F W ., 312. 'Dotteril, a doter.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. 0 1 ., s.v. 'Sha telt 'im not ti be an old dotard. EY. Douk (jiukJ vb. an aud dottril': she told him not to be To dive or plunge under water. This word, a variant of E duck, has either an OE or LG origin. ME douken, to dive, corresponds to an OE ^dûcan, to dive. The EY form may have developed from OE ~?^dûcan, or from Du duiken, to stoop. Da dukke, to dive, plunge, is presumably a weak formation from the root of the strong OE •^dûcan. 'He J>at douke^ ones (jer doun. ' Curs. M u n ., 23203. 'Douk, to bathe or plunge under water.' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'He knooad gif 'e thrunk, wa would dook 'im in t ' beck': he knew that if he became intoxicated, we would plunge him in the beck. EY. Doun [dupj sb. The buttocks. A lazy, corpulent person. Doup, in the same meaning, occurs also in Sc, and the form d6*f, the rump of an animal, occurs in ON, developing into N dov, in the same meaning. But the relationship between EY doup and ON dof is uncertain. 'Doup, the buttocks.' Hall., DAFW., 313* Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 152 •Doup, an indolent person.’ Robinson, lüd-Yks♦ G l .. s.v. •Thoo’ll grow intiv a gurt doop’: Dour [dur] adj. you’ll grow into a big, fat loafer. ET, Stern, sullen, morose. Undoubtedly derived from F dur < L duras, hard. •He wes dour and stout.' Barbour, Bruce, x. 1?0. 'The dour, merciless intensity of a northern moorland ... storm.' Atk., Moor. Parish. 261. 'Dour, sullen, gloomy, sour-looking.’ 'Ah let sik door fooaks b e ’: Dove [duav] vb. Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. I leave such sullen people alone. ET. To doze. To become sleepy. Perhaps associated with ON dofha, to become benumbed; OSw dofwa, to have one’s senses dulled. Cf. ON dofi, torpidity. Da doven, slothful, OE deaf, deaf. Go daubnan, to become heavy, and Skt div, to be sleepy. •Dove, to doze.' Hold. Gl., s.v. 'V/hahl wa pressed, 'e dooaved': Dow [dau] vb. while we chatted, he became sleepy. EY. To thrive. To prosper. Apparently associated with OE dugan, to avail, to be strong, to profit. ON duga has practically the same significance, to help, to be strong enough. The original OE inflection dea? of the singular present tense was in the 14th century supplanted by dow from the 3 plural, the third singular being sometimes made dows. Gf. OS dugan, OFris duga, Du deugen, OHG tugan, Ger taugen, and Go dugan, to be 3 Murray, ££. olt. , d o v , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 153 strong, to thrive. •Dmwale ^at was dui^ende mon.' Lay.. 4123• •To daw or dow: to thrive. He'll never dow, i.e. hewill never good. ' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 13. 'Dow, to improve in health.' 'He nowther dees nor dows': Dowly jjdavill] adj. be Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 298. he neither dies nor gets any better, EY. Melancholy, gloomy, depressed. ON daliga, wretched; Da daarlig, ill; Sw dalig, hapless. 'Now es the wedir bright and shynand. And now waxes it all douiland. ' Pr. Cons., 1442 . 'Dowly, sorrowful, dull, low-spirited, melancholy, gloomy, poorly, depressing. This expressive and much—used word is applied to persons, things, places, and conditions in any of the above senses.' Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 299. 'Ah feels varry dowly widoot 'er': I feel very depressed without her. EY. Draf [draef] sb. Dregs, rubbish. Food for pigs. ON and OSw draf, husks. The EY word has a secondary sense, similar to E swill, food for pigs, and signifies the grains wfiich are mixed with water to become food for swine. This secondary meaning is apparent in SwD drav, a mixture made with meal for swine or fowls. Of. N drav, and Ger traber, grains, refuse. 'Draf, dregs, dirt, refuse, brewer's grains.' Hall., DAPW., 315* 'Draff, brewer's grains, refuse.' Hold. Gl., s.v. 'This draf 'ez ti be gied ti pigs': the pigs. EY. this swill has to be given to Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 15U Drape Qdrcspl adj. It is possible that OS Dry. The word applies to a cow not in milk, drepen. tofail, may be connected with the EY word. But a stronger probability exists in an association with ON dr.jupa« to fall in drops, which suggests that the milk comes in smaller quantities until finally only a few drops are obtained. Of. OE dreopan, to drop, and Da draabe, a drop. 'Drape, a barren cow or ewe.' 'Drape, a farrow cow. ' Robinson,MLd-Yks. G l .. s.v. 'Niwer a dreeap amang animals. E Y . Drasil Hall., DAPW., 315» yon beos*: there isn't a dry cow among those [^drbzl] sb. A slovenly female. SwD drosla, a slovenly female; DaD draasel, a stupid, lazy person. 'Drazel, a dirty slut.’ Hall., DAPW., 316. 'Drasil, an untidy woman. ' Hold. 01., s.v. 'Sha \-Tore 'er cleeas laik sha wur a drozzel': as though she were a slovenly woman. EY. Dree []drLj adj. she wore her clothes Tedious, wearisome. DaD droi, tedious, has exactly the same meaning as the EY word. Gf. ON drjugr. lasting, Sw dryg, long, and Go drig. tedious. 'Dree, long and trouble some, tedious.' Morris, Yks. Fk—T k ., 299. 'Efther an 'oor parson finished 'is dree sarmun': the minister finished his tedious sermon. EY. Dree l^dri] vb. after an hour To chant or speak in a slow, droning fashion. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1^5 Dree, adj., s.v. 'Dree, to deliver in tedious fashion.' Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. 'He dreed oot a lang teeal aboot loisin 'is brass': a long tale about losing his money. EY. Drith jjirleGJ sb. he droned out Endurance. Perhaps connected ;^th OE dreogan. to bear, suffer. Note this form as a verb in Town. F I . 'Welle is me that I shalle dre Tylle I have sene hym with myn ee.' Town. P l .. IÔ4 /Ô8 . 'Drith, endurance, substantiality.’ Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. 'Ill-gotten gear carries nae drith iv i t ’: does not last long. EY. Drouk [drauk] vb. ill-gotten equipment To drench. To soak. The word is probably associated with ON drekkja, to submerge under water. There is also ON drukna. to be drowned, and a number of Scand words which have been developed from it. Cf. Sw drànka. Da drukne. SwD drukkan, DaD drsekne, and OE drencan, to immerse, drench. 'Drouk, to drench, to soak.' Hall., DAPW., 320. 'Drouk, to saturate with water.' Hold. 01., s.v. 'It's sair drowked wiv all this wet': this water. EY. Dwalm [dwcLoT] sb. it's greatly soaked with all A swoon. Da dvale, a trance, and Sw dvala, lethargy, are both possible sources. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1S6 Cf. ON dvala. delay, OE dwela. dwala. difola, error, OHG twè'lan. to be torpid, OS dwalm. error, and Ger tvalm. a svroon. «Dwam, a fit of fainting.’ Robinson, Mid-Yl Du els, an awl. Cf. OHG alansa, an awl. It should be noted that the Germanic word was 6 John Jamieson, A Diotionary of the Scottish Language, Paisley; A. Gardner, 1927« elmother, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 161 adopted into the Romance languages, as may be indicated by Sp alesna, Ital lesina, F alêne, and Prov alena, an awl. •Elsyn, sibula.* Prom. Parv.. 138. 'Elsin, an awl.' Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. 'Elsen, a shoemaker's awl.' Hall., DAPW.. 331» 'Mahnd tha deean't tramp on 'at elsin': on that awl. ET. EndianK watch that you don't step [Êndlae^]] adv. Along the length of an object. CH endilangr, from one end to the other; Da endelangs. along the side of. Cf. OE andlang, the whole length of. Hunter declares that the meaning of end Ian g is v/ithout intermission, but he is evidently mistaken, for no other Yorkshire glossary gives this meaning, and in twenty years of observation I have never heard the word used with 7 such significance. 'He save you and me overthwart and endian g That hang on a tre,' Town. P l .. 102/48. 'Ffor the devels sal, ay, on {jam gang To and fra, overthewrt and endlang.' Pr. Cons., 8$8l. 'Endelong, along, lengthwise.' Hall., DAPW., 334. 'Endlong, in a line forward from end to end. ' 01., s.v. Robinson, Mid-Yks. 'Leeak at yon lad ban gin 'is stick endlang oor paalins': look at that lad striking his stick along the whole length of our fence. EY. Biough 7 l^nlef] adv. Enougi. «Joseph Hunter, The Hallajnsliire Glossary, London: William Pickering, 182$. endlong, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 162 ME enopji < 0 E genoh, enough. Cf. ON gnogr. Da nok, Svr n o k , Du genoeg. OFris enoch, OS ginog. OHG ginuog. MHG genuog. Ger genug. and Go ganohs. enough, sufficient. ’Ano^ adden he §anne drinc.’ Gen. & E x .. 3365. 'Then notes noble in—noj^e Are herde in wod so wlonk. ' Gr. K . . 514 . 'Eneeaf, enough, sufficient.' Hold. G l .. s.v. 'See if 'at meeat's done eneeaf ': Ehow [0nu2 adv. Gaw. & see if that meat is cooked enough. EY. Presently. This word may be a contraction of E even n o w . Occasionally one hears the pronunciation etnoo (£tnu J , which raises the probability that Da i-et-nu. presently, is responsible for the EY word. Cf. Sw i detta n u . and Ger im n u , presently, directly. 'Enow, by and by, presently,' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. 'Gan tha, bayn, an' tell 'im a h '11 be on enoo*: go along, child, and tell him I'll be with him presently. EY. Ept [apt] adj. Ready, handy. EY ept is simply a variant of E apt. and, therefore, is derived from F apte < L aptus, fitted. 'No man that ... loketh backe is apte to the kyngdora of God.' Tindale, B i b .. Luke, ix. 62. 'I shall not finde my selfe so apt to dye. ' III. i. 160 . 'Ept, apt.' Shaks., J u l . C ., Hold. G l ., s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 163 ’He's ept wiv a jobber': Ettle CetlJ vb. he's handy with a spade. EY. To intend. To attempt. ON aetla, to think, to purpose. Cf. OE eaht, OHG ahta. and Ger acht, consideration, attention. The Sc word is atrt-le, and shows only a slight difference from the EY form. 'j^e whilk he luved specially And eghtild to mak hir qwene of worships.' Pr. Cons.. 5780. 'Ettle, to prepare, to set in order, to intend, to try, to attempt, to earn, to design, to linger, or delay.' Hall., DAPW., 341. 'Ettle, to aim at, intend, attempt.' Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. 'Wat arta ettlin at noo?': you intending 'Ettle ti dee it onnywaays': Even CivenJ vb. what are to do now? EY. try to do it anyway. EY. To compare. To liken. I4E euen< OE efnan. to H k e n , to make equal. Cf. ON jafna. OHG ebanon, Ger ebenen, and Go ga-ibnjan, to make equal. 'Auh fje treowe ancren we efneS to briddles. ' 'Even, to compare.' Hall., DAPW., 341. 'Even, to compare.' Hold. Gl .. s.v. Anc. Riw.. 132. 'Tha can even t ' pleeace tiv a mad-hoose':you can liken to a lunatic asylum. EY. E!ye [(,] sb. the place An eye. An open hole, as a pit mouth. A sprout. ME eye < 0 B eage. the organ of sight. Cf. ON auga. Da oie. Sw oga. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 16U OFris age, OS oga, Du cog, OHG ouga, MHG ouge, Ger auge, and Go augo, eye. •Als douues eie hir lok es suete.’ Curs. Mun., 9361. 'Sire, |)us ich pleide, o^er spec ine chirche: eode oSe pleoxiwe ine churcheie.' Anc. Riw., 31&. 'Eye, an eye. The mouth of a pit. ' Hall., DAPW., 342. 'Eye, an eye, an open hole, a bud or sprout. ' Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. 'Ah've got summat in ma ee': I've got something in my eye. EY. 'At last ah seed an ee in t ' scar': the cliff. EY. 'Them tatties are full of ees': at last I saw an opening in those potatoes are full of sprouts. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 16$ Fadge QCsed:^] sb. A bulky bundle. A corpulent person. This vrord is related to N fagg, a burden, a short, heavy awkward person. Cf. N fag&a, to gather together, to waddle along, and Sw fagga, to burden. The ultimate Indo-European root seems to be a form like *pak, to add to, to bind. Torp actually gives north E fadge 8 as a loan word from N fagg. However, the |d^ | in the EY word seems to suggest some E influence. •Fadge, a bundle of sticks.* Jam., S D ., s.v. •Fadge, one who is short and fat in appearance.* Mid-Yks. Gl.. s.v. Robinson, •Ah leeaked an* seed a chap i • black w i * a fadge on *is bahk*: I looked and saw a man in black with a bundle on his back. EY. Faff t2faef~| vb. To blow in puffs. NED gives the form as fuff, which is a WY pronunciation. Stratmann records ME puffen. to blow, but the word is not found in OE. The source of the EY word may be Da puffe. to pop, Sw puffa. to push, or Ger puffen, to puff. It appears from these forms that the initial consonant was originally jo. The change of the £ to f in EY and WY may be through the influence of the final consonant. W pwffio. to come in puffs, is probably a loan word from Germanic. All the above forms have the vowel as [y] , and I have come upon nothing that will explain the EY [ ae] 8 sound. Air Torp, Nynorsk Stymologistc Ordbok, Kristlania» H. Aachehoug and Co., l^lg. fagg, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 166 'Faff, to snore violently.' Hall., DAPW., 344, 'Faff, to puff as a breeze does.' Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. 'Tweea tahms *e faffed up fahr wi' t* bellus'; up the fire with the bellows. EY. Fain [f lgn%) adj. twice he blew Ready, disposed, very willing. ME fayn <0E faegen, glad. Cf. OS fagan. (M feginn, glad, Sw f&gna, to be joyful. 'Apon land here anone that we were, fayn I tiroId,' 39 526 / . Tovm. Pl., 'Fain, glad, earnestly desirous, to be willing or ready, to be obliged, or compelled to do anything. ' Hall., DAPW., 345. 'Fain, glad, gladly.' Hold. Gl., s.v. 'Sha's feean ti be wiv 'er nruther ageean': her mother again. EY. Fair [jfea] adv. she's ready to be with Utterly, entirely. It seems conclusive that the DaD faer. greatly, remarkably, is responsible for this expression in the EY dialect. ME fair< OE fseger. fair, pleasing, must be disregarded, because, though the form is similar, the meaning cannot be reconciled with that of the EY word. Note the DaD sentence: hun var faere smykket, she was remarkably pretty, which is the counterpart of EY sha wur fair bonny. 'Fair, evidently, manifestly.' Hall., DAPW., 345* 'Fair, entirely, wholly, altogether.' 'They acted fair capped ti see uz*: to see u s . E Y . Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 302. they seemed utterly astonished Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 167 Fairish QfCeny^J ME fair< 0 E fæger, adj. Acceptable, fairly good, fair, pleasing. Of, (B fagr. Da feir, and Sw fager, fair, fine, Ulfilas employs Go fagrs in the sense of E fit in the Gospel of Ltike, xiv. 35» •Fairish, tolerably good.• Hall., DAPW,, 345. •Fairish, passable, pretty good,• Atk,, Wh, Gl,, s,v. •Thoo'd •ev a fairish crop, gin t • swedes cum up laik gerse': you would have a fairly good crop, if the turnips come up like grass, EY. Fall [^fo] vb. To happen. Apparently from ON falla, to befall. OE feallan has the significance of to drop down, and requires the prefix ^ to correspond with the EY meaning. Da falde and Sw falla both have the secondary sense of to happen, probably due to the influence of the ON, •Fall, to befall, to happen, to belong,’ •Fall, to happen, to betide,’ Hold, Gl., s,v, •Ah deean't knooa wat daay it fau'd’: happened, EY, Fantickle £fantlklj sb, Hall., DAPW., 3A6, I don’t know what day it A freckle on the skin. The word is given as ferntickle in N E D , aind described as a freckle on the skin resembling the seed of fern. The termination is apparently a diminutive of E tick, which means to touch lightly, as a verb, and a light mark, as a substantive. In Sc the word occurs as 5 Murray, op, ott,, femtl o k l e , s,v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 168 fairniticle, a f e m - f r e c k l e . The derivation is from OE f e a m , a fern. •F a m t i k y l l e , lenticula. * 'Pantickles, freckles,' Gath. Angl., 123 . Hall., DAPW.. 346. 'Fanticles, freckles on the skin, usually on the face.' Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Tha can pick 'im oot bi t ' fantickles on 'is feeace': pick him out by the freckles on his face. EY. Far adj. Robinson, you can Further, more distant. The OE comparative adverb fierra, further, is apparently the source of EY far. The ON also has a corresponding comparative form in firr. The OE positive feor and the comparative fierr should have had different developments, but the regular development of far from feor came to be used also as the development from fierre or firr. 'pu steorest te sea stream and hit fleden ne mot fir pan pu markedest.' St. M a r ., 10. 'Far, further, more remote or distant.' Atk., W h . Gl., s.v. 'Theer's t ' lad, at t ' far sahd o' yon clooas': at the more remote side of that field. EY. Farantlv [farentH] there's the lad, adj. Decent, well-behaved, respectable. NED suggests that the word is derived from farand. the northern I present participle of OE faran, to travel. The implication seems to be that one who has seen the world knows how to behave, and has learned to be polite. If this idea has developed the EY word, it might be fitting to cite ON farandi, a traveller, which could also 1 Murray, ££. ci t ., farantly, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 169 be regarded as a possible origin. However^ a check of the meanings of ON fara in l E D . and of OE faran in ASP fails to reveal the use of either form in the secondary sense of good conduct. But this extended meaning is found in Da erf a r e , to l e a m by experience; hence the EY expression may have partaken of Da influence. Cf. Gael farranta. stout, brave, a word which is similar in form, but different in meaning. 'Farandely on a felde he fetteleg hym to bide.* C . 435. 'Farantly, handsome.' E. E. Allit. P ., Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 17. 'Farantly. This adjective describes a plain man who to honour and integrity joins a kind and conciliatory, and somewhat of a jocose temper. It is sometimes, but rarely, applied to a superior, and then it means one who is condescending, and converses familiarly with his inferiors.* Hunter, Hallamshire G l .. s.v. 'Farantly, well-behaved, orderly.' Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 303. 'Oor parson's a guid an' farantly body'; and respectable person. EY. Fare [fci] vb. our minister is a good To approach. To succeed. ON and S w f a r a ; Da f are; OE faran, to go, to proceed. Cf. OFris fara, OS faran, Du v a r e n , OHG faran, Ger fahren, and Go faran, to go, to proceed. 't>e rauen rajrke'5 hym forth [>at reckes ful lyttel How alle fode^ fare, elle 5 he fynde mete.' E . E. Allit. P . , B. 4 64 . *I am a man farand jje way. * C u r s . M u n . , 3295» 'Fare, to go on, to approach, to draw near, to succeed.' Yks. Fk - T k .. 303. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Morris, 170 'T' coo fares o ’ cauvin': ’He deean't fare in nowt'; Fare [fo] sb. the cow approaches the time of calving. SY, he doesn't succeed in anything. EY. Chance. That which happens. Fare, vb., s.v. ’SucTc^en he t u m d e his fare.’ L a y ., 4092. ’Fare, a journey, course, or path.' ’Fare, chance or lot.’ Hold. G l ., s.v. 'They mun tak their fare': Far lies [faliz] sb. Hall., DAPW.. 347. they must take whatever happens. EY. Peculiarities of conduct or character. In WY speech this word signifies anything strange or unusual in inanimate objects, animals, or persons. In the EY dialect its application is to persons only. Perhaps it is derived from OE fasrlice, startling, frightful, or from ON ferligr, monstrous, hideous. However, ODa farlos, sudden, unforseen, may come even closer to the EY expression in meaning, and is not dissimilar in form. 'If he ^an haf drede, it es na ferly.' Pr. Cons., 2955. 'For |>er a ferly bifel |>at fele folk se^en.' B. 1529 . 'Fairlies, wonders, strange things.’ E. E. Allit. P ., Hall., DAPW.. 347. 'Farlies, failings, foibles, weaknesses, or faults.' s.v. Atk., Wh. Gl.. 'He's a spyer oot of ither fooaks farlies': he is an observer of other people's wealmesses: a censorious person. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 171 Fash ]%fae/2 vb. To take trouble, to worry. To annoy. . 2 NED suggests a connection with OF fascher > F fâcher, to offend. This etymology seems questionable in view of the fact that EY fash is a northern word, and is not current in England south of Lincolnshire. It is improbable that Norman-French influence should be manifest in one region to the exclusion of others. It seems that DaD fasse, to seek with trouble, presents a closer analogy to the EY word. Cf. Sw fiaesa, to make useless trouble, and Sw fus, hasty. 'Fash, to create worry and anxiety (generally about small matters) either to oneself or others.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 303. 'Deean't fash anent it': don't worry about it. EY, 'He fashed ma till ah could a clooted 'im': could have slapped him. EY Fast he annoyed me until I [fast2] adj. At a standstill. ON fastr, held to the spot. Of. Da faste, Sw fast, Du vast, OHG vast, and Ger fest, firm, steadfast. 'Fast or festyd, be clevynge to, or naylynge, fixus, confixus.* Prom. Parv., 1$1. 'Fast, at a standstill, especially in work, from any cause.' Yks. Fk-Tk., 303. 'Ah's nivver fast fur a job': Father [fgaâ^ vb. Morris, I am never unable to get a job. EY. To impute. The source may be identified as OE faeder, a father. It should be noted that the EY breaking can be developed from the short ae sound 2 Murray, op. clt., fash, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 172 in OE, and that the substitution of the spirant for the stop was also an early development in E. Of. ON fe&r. Da and Sw fader, Du vader, Ger vater, and Go fader, a father. 'To fadyr, genitare.' Gath. Angl.. 120. •Father, to ascribe to or charge with.• Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. •Gaffer laaked 'augment wi' Tom, cos Fred faythered t' brokken winda tiv 'im': the master gave Tom a good talking to, because Fred charged him with the broken window. E Y . Faugh ffoj sb. Fallow land. Perhaps from OE fealu, pale yellow, the color of an untilled field. But more probably from ON folr, pale. Cf. DaD falg, fallow land, Du vaal, OHG valo, MHG val, and Ger fahl, pale, faded. 'Faugh, fallow land.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 303. 'Yon clooas'11 be ti fau for t ' year’; fallow for the year. EY. Fearful jjTisfu^ adv. that field will be left Very, exceedingly. The word is derived from OE feeran, to terrify, but the EY meaning may be traced to a Scand source, DaD farlig and SwD farliga, fearful, both have the meaning of very when used as augmentative s. Note the DaD expression: en fa H e god dreng, a fearful good lad. 'Fearful, tremendous.' Hall., DAPW., 330. 'Fearful, very, exceedingly.' Hold. Gl., s.v. 'Ah 'ed a fearfu good tahm last Kessmas'; last Christmas. EY. I had a very good time Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 173 Featly [flatll] adv. Dexterously, appropriately. The association seems to be vrlth OF faict> F fait, a deed, feat, DaD feit, neat, handsome, should also be cited, and perhaps LG fatt, ready, handy, but it is possible that the latter was borrowed from F fait. 'He ^at fetly in face fettled all eres.' 'Fetly hym kissed. ' B. E. Allit. P .. B. 585. Gaw. & Gr. K . . 1758. 'Never master had a page ... so feate.' 'Featly, neatly, dexterously, properly. ' Shaks., Gymb., V. v. 88. Atk., liHi. Gl., s.v. 'GLf thoo can't dee it feeatly, deean't dee it at all': can't do it properly, don't do it at all. BY. Feck JZffk^l sb. if you This word has two distinct meanings- In IVY the significance is that of power, activity. In EY the term applies to that which is acquired by power and activity, namely, a possession, EY feck may possibly be derived from DaD fikke, a purse, pouch, which may be referred to MDu vicke. a pocket, probably taken from OHG ficken, to fasten< Low L *figlcare, to fasten. E fix is a borrowing fixom these forms. 'Feck, might, activity, zeal, abundance.' 'Feck, a large number.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl.. s.v. 'He's a chap o' gurt feck': Feed [fLe(^ vb. Willan, W. Rid. Gl., s.v. he's a man of great means. EY. To fatten. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 17h There are several possible sources. Da fede, to fatten, to make fat, ON feita, to fatten, SwD fejta. to become fat, and OE fâêtan, to become fat; all based on an adj., and not related to OE fëdan, or ON fos&a, to feed. Hall., DAPW., 35O. «Feed, to fatten.» 'Feed, to fatten, as a beast or pig.« «Wilta feed t« geeas bi Kessmas?»: by Christmas? EY. Feft QfÉftJ vb. Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. will you fatten up the goose To endow. To secure property legally. lŒ feffen, to endow in a legal manner. It is customary to refer ME feffen to OF fieuffer, to endow in a legal manner. OF fief, also spelled fied, is derived from Low L feudum, which is probably taken from OHG fihu, property. Of. OE feoh, cattle, property. Skeat explains the final f as influenced by the ^ in ON fe-o&al, property held in 3 fee to the king. The final t in the EY word is probably excrescent. EY feft retains the original short vowel. «Every script and bond. By which that sche was feoffed in his lond.« Chaucer, Merch. T ., 454« «Feft, to endow. » Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. «Seear eneeaf, Tom slung 'is eeak, an« noo «e fefts »is missus wi« tweea quid a month «: sure enough, Tom went his way, and now he supports his wife with two pounds a month. EY. Feg [ffig^ sb. Withered grass. The word may be from a Scand source. Torp lists N fogg and ND f.iagg. 3 V/altaP William Skeat, A Conoise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Oxford U.P., Ipll. fief, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 17b fjo£g, tall, coarse, lifeless grass. W also has fwg. dry grass. ‘He fares forth on all faure, fogge wat;; his mete,» B. 1683. ‘Feg, rough, dead grass. ‘ ‘Peg, dead grass.‘ Hall., DAPW.. 35I. Hold. G l ., s.v. ‘T ‘ bayn's getten ‘is penny lost i ‘ t ‘ feg‘: penny in the dry grass. EX. Fell [fgl] vb. E. E. Allit. P., the child has lost his To knock down. This word may be derived either from ON fella, to fell, to make fall, or from OE fellan, to cause to fall. Cf. Sw falla, to fell timber, and Da faside, to drop. ‘Fell, to knock down or prostrate.‘ ‘He felled ‘im as ‘e wad an ox'; an ox. EX. Fell [fEl] sb. Atk., Wh. 01., s.v. he knocked him dovm as he would The skin of an animal with the hair on it. An undressed hide. M fe l < 0 E fel, a skin. Of. ON fell, Du vel, MHG vel. Go fill; Da and Sw pels, and L pellis, a skin. ‘Sio wass orjjoncum eall gegyiwed ... dracan fellum. » ‘pat wat^ furred ful fyne with felle:^. ‘ ‘Fell, the skin of an animal. ‘ Beowulf, 2088. Gaw. & Gr. K ., 1736. Hold. Gl., s.v. 'Theer weean't be muckle brass i ‘ yon fell»: money in that skin. EX. there won't be much Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 176 Fell [jCEl] sb. A bleak, barren hill. Apparently from ON f.jall, a hill. Cf. Da f.jeld, and Sw f.jall. a hill. ‘Fell, a hill or mountain.‘ Hall., DAPW., 351* •Fell, a hill, or piece of abruptly high ground.‘ Mid-Yks. 0 1 ., s.v. •T‘ fell’s fearfu sleeap when i t ’s raanin’: slippery when i t ’s raining. EY. Fellon [felSn] sb. Robinson, the hill is very An abscess on the body. Probably derived from ME fel< O E fel, fierce, dire. The OE form is equated by OF fel, cruel, furious, perverse, a form which Skeat 4 thinks is borrowed from ODu fel, wrathful, cruel, bad. ’Felone, soore.’ Prom. Parv., 151. 'Som, for envy, sal haf in jjair lyms Als kylles and felouns and apostyms.’ Pr. Cons., 2994. ’Fellon, a disease common with cattle, especially cows.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 304. •A gurt fellon riz up on ’is airm’: arm, EY. Felly [IfEll]] vb. a great abscess rose up on his To break up fallow land. Probably associated with DaD faelge, to break up fallowland. Cf. SwD falla, to break up sward. ’Felly, to break up a fallow. ’ Hall., DAPW.,352. 'Felly, to break up fallow land: this is done by means ofdragging, plowing, and harrowing.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 304. 4 Skeat, _0£. elt., fell, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 177 •Noo t ' grund’s thry, a n ’ ah expect wa can storrt ti felly’: now the ground is dry, and I believe we can begin to break up the land. ET. Falter Qfelôe]} vb. To entangle. To ,cause to become matted. Derived from OE felt, cloth made by matting wool together. Cf. OHG filz, N felt. Sw filt. Da filt, Du vilt. and Ger felz. felt; all cognates with L pellere. to beat, press, throw. The OF felterer. to mat together, is a borrowing from Germanic. ’His fax and foretoppe Was filterede to-geders.’ ’With a hede lyke a clowde falterd his here.’ ’Felter, to clot.’ [[feme] Town. P l ., 102/65. Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. ’He sadly faltered all t ’ bits o' band’: the pieces of string. EY. Femmer Morte Art.. IO7Ô. adj. he badly entangled all Slender, weak, frail. Although this word seems to have much in common with F femme < L femina, a woman, it seems more fitting to connect it with ON fimr, nimble, agile. Cf. ON fimast, to hurry, N fim,quick. DaD fimmer. and SwD femmer. dexterous, light. The extended sense of the Scand forms would produce the meaning of EY femmer. ’Femer, slightly made, slender.’ Hall., DAPW.. 352. ’Femmer, slender, slightly made, weak.’ Atk., Wh. Gl.. s.v. ’His airms wur femmer laik tentin-sticks’: like shepherds’ staffs. EY. his arms were slender Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 178 Fend [fendvb. To strive. To work. To argue. This EY word seems to have been influenced by both Scand and OF forms. In the sense of striving or working, there is clearly a connection with DaD faente, to acquire with care and toil. Of, N faengte, and SvÆ) fangta, to strive for sustenance; all the preceding forms being identified with the root of OE fon, to take. But in the sense of arguing, the word seems to derive significance from OF defendre < L defenders, to defend. The phrase fending and proving is frequently heard in the description of EY controversies. ‘Almus ... fenddes his saul fra (>e feond.’ Curs. Mun.. 28851. ’Fending and proving, arguing and defending. ’ Atk., Wh. 01., s.v. ’He’ll varry seean a ti fend fur ’issen': work for himself. EY. h e ’ll verj'- soon have to ’They wur fendin’ w i ’ yan another all neet’: with one another all the n i ^ t . EY. Fent [fgnt^ sb. they were arguing The binding of the edge of a home-made garment. This binding is a narrow strip of material sewed on to the edge in question for the purpose of protection. The derivation is obscure. There may be some connection with F fente. a slit in a piece of cloth < 1 findere. to split, since a fent binds the cloth where it has been cut. However, DaD finte. a strip, should also be noted. ’Fente of a clothe, fibulatorium.’ Prom. Parv.. 156. ’Fent, a remnant; applied to woven fabrics.’ s.v. Robinson, MLd—Yks. Gl., Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 179 «Theer*s onny t* fent ti soo*: edge to sew. EY. Fetch vb. there’s only the binding of the To carry. To give, as a blow. To draw the breath painfully. ME fecchen < 0 E fetian, to bring. Cf. OHG fazzon. MIG fazzen. Ger fassen, to grasp, seize. Da fatte. and Du vatten.to catch, take. ’And se Se ys uppan hys huse, ne ga henyâer Saet heæ n i g on his huse fecce.’ Anglo-Sax. Gosp., Matt. xxiv. 17. ^ing ’Fetch, to fetch in, to seize; to fetch up, to overtake; to fetch a walk, to walk. ' Hall., DAFfrJ..354. ’Fetch, to fetch painfully, to draw Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. ’He fetched ma a leeaf o ’ breead’: in the breath -with difficulty. ’ he brought me a loaf of bread. EY. ’Ah fetched ’i m a cloot on t ’ feeace': face. EY. I gave him a slap on the ’He -wur f et chin’ a n ’ si f fin all tahm’: and sighing all the time. EY. he was breathing painfully Fettle [fetl] vb. To prepare. To repair. The fundamental idea in the etymology is that of binding materials together. Possible sources are OE fetel. a girdle, ON fetill, a strap, and Sw faetill, a thong. Of. OHG fezzil. MHG vezzil. and Ger fessel. a chain, band. Ger fessel has evidently produced Ger dialect fisseln. to polish, to trim up. It is also likely that OE fetel has been similarly changed in the northern dialects. ’Thai ar euer in were if thai be tender, yll fetyld.’ 372/165. Town. P l ., Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 180 'Vfhen hit watj fettled and forged and to J>e fulle grayted. ' E. E. Allit. P ., B. 343. 'Fettle, to dress, to prepare, to put in order, to repair.' Hall., D A P W .. 355. •Fettle, to wash and dress, so as to put o n e ’s-self in good condition and appearance.' Hunter, Hallamshire G l ., s.v. 'Fettle thissen fur a grand sup o' yal': good drink of ale. EY. prepare yourself for a 'Wa mun fettle up wer hoose afooar t ' backend': house before the v/inter. EY. Few [ fjn J sb. we must repair our A quantity or number. ME fewe < OE feâ, both sing, and plur., feawe, plur. only. The OE meaning signifies of small number. Cf. OFris ON far, Sw OS fâh, OHG fao. Da faa, and Go fawai, not many. 'Loue all, tnist a few. Doe wrong to none.' I. i. 73. Shaks., All's W e l l ., 'Few, a number, amount. The application of this word is peculiar, being used as an adjective in the ordinary sense, and as a substantive, in which latter case it is preceded by a qualifying adjective, generally good; but others, such as middlinish, gay, poorish, etc., are not uncommon qualifications.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 305. 'Ah deean't knooa zactly, bud ah've a middlin few': exactly, but I have a pretty good number. EY. Fey [^fei ] vb. I don't know To cleanse. According to NED the source of this word is ON faegja, to cleanse, 5 polish. Cf. D u vegen, MHG vegen, and Ger fegen, to clean, polish. 5 Murray, c i t . . f a y , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lôl >He feyed his fysnamye vn.th bis foule hondez,* 'Feigh, to empty, as a pond of its mud. ' s.v. 'Fey, to clear.' [fLk] Hunter, Hallamshire G l ., Robinson, Mid—Yks. G l .. s.v. 'Fey th' ans oot in t ' hawks': Fike Morte A r t ., 1114. vb. clean out the chicken—house. EY. To move the feet restlessly. ON fikja, to move briskly; OSw fikja, to be restless or eager. The direct source of the EY word, however, seems to be DaD fike, to hurry. Cf. SwD fika, to bustle, and ON fikenn, eager. 'Nawber fyked I, ne flaze, freke, quen ^ou myntest.' 2274. Gaw. & G r . K ., 'The kynge Boors redressed hym in his sadelle and ficched hym so in his steropes so haixie that the iren bente. ' Mer., 328. 'Fick, to move the feet with a somewhat rapid motion, as an animal does when under restraint in a recumbent posture; to struggle with the feet in order to get free. The motion implied by Ticking is quite distinct from kicking, although a kick may be inadvertently given during the Ticking. The word Tick is rarely used except when some kind of restraint and consequent struggle accompanies the action.' Morris, Y k s . Fk—T k ., 305* 'Wheea's Tickin' unther t ' teeable?': restlessly under the table? E Y . Fire-fanged [for-faeipd] adj. who is moving his feet Burnt by the fire in cooking. The first element of this compound could be either OE fÿr or ON fyr, fire. The second is obviously Scand, and may be related to Da f æ n g e , to catch fire, Sw fanga, and N fengja, to take fire, cognates of OE T o n , to take. If the meaning of these Scand forms Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 182 were to take fire, the sense of the expression is redmdant. If this meaning had not yet developed, the sense was probably something like taken by fire. ‘Fire-fanged, fire-bitten.‘ Hall., DAPW., 357. ‘Fire-fanged: Cheese is said to be firefangit when it is swelled and cracked, and has received a peculiar taste in consequence of being exposed to much heat before it has been dried.* Jam., s.v. ‘Fire-fanged, caught, or charred by the fire.* Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. *T‘ pasty’s nobbut a bit fahr-fanged’: burnt. E Y . Fit j^fit] adj. the pasty is only a little Ready, inclined to. NED states that fit as an adj. is first recorded about 1440, and evidently precedes the form as a vb. It is possible that the adj. was influenced in meaning by E feat, fitting, suitable< OF fait < L factus, made. But it seems just as probable that ME fyt was influenced by ON fitj a . to knit together. ‘Fyt, or mete, congruus. ‘ Prom. Parv., 163. ’Fit, disposed to any given course or proceeding; likely to adopt it, or to be led into it.’ Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. ‘They wur fit ti murther ma ’: Fizzle [fizl] vb. they were ready to murder m e . E Y . To be restless, to fidget. This word is probably of Scand origin. It may be connected with ND fisla, to wander aimlessly, or SwD fissla, to twist up. 6 Murray, op. cl t ., fit, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 163 »Fislin a-bovrbe yn ydllnesse, vagor.’ From. Parv,, 162, •Fizzle, to be in a state of bodily restlessness,’ •Tha •11 nivver stop a bayn fra fizzlin’: child from fidgeting. EY, Flacker [flaek^ vb. Hold, Gl,, s.v, you will never stop a To flutter. The etymon seems to be ME flackeren, to palpitate, derived either from MDu vlacken, to flutter, or from ON flokra, to flutter. G f , Sw flakkra, to flutter, to wave in the wind. •Foies in foler flakerande bitwene.• •Forth flakred the Séraphins.• E, E, A l U t , P ., B. 1410, Coverdale, Bib., Isa, vi. 2. •Flacker, to flutter heavily, as a wounded bird beats with its wings, or as the heart palpitates under excitement.’ Robinson, Mid—YIcs, G l . , s.v. •Wat maks yon cann’l flacker seea?’: so? EY, Flag £flaegj sb, what makes that candle flutter A flake, as of snow, A flat stone for paving. The word is undoubtedly connected with a Scand origin. Perhaps the source is SwD flag, a flake, as of rust which forms upon an iron surface. Of, ON flaga, a chip. Da flage, a snow-flake. Da flag^torv, a flat sod ofjtiïTf pèèled off the surface of grassy land, and Sw flacka, to split. •Flagge of pe erthe ... terricidium,• •Flag, a flake, especially of snow.• •They wur gurt flags o' sneea't Prom, Parv., 16. Morris, Yks, Fk-Tk., 306. they were great flakes of snow. EY, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lüL Flam [flæm] sb. Flattery. The word is probably a variant of film, as in E flim-flam. These forms are in turn variants of flum, which, according to Skeat, is to be referred to W U y m r u , sour oatmeal boiled and jellied, or to W llymu, to sharpen, whet, which comes by extension to mean an 7 empty compliment. Skeat also points out that W 11- corresponds to E fl-, e.g. W llawr : OE flor, W U y m s i : E flimsy. But it may also be possible to refer the form flim to a Germanic root fli-, as in ON flim, a lampoon, a libel in verse, C®î fltm—beri. a lampooner, ON flimska, mockery, and ON flimta, to lampoon, satirize; ND fleima, to make oneself agreeable, to flatter; all from the same root as ND flira, to laugh, jeer. North E fleer, to sneer; ND and SwD flisa, to laugh scornfully; ND flina, to laugh openly and to show the teeth; SwD flam, a jest, SvD flams, noisy chatter, and DaD flamsk, given to foul language. 'Flam, a falsehood.’ 'Flam, to flatter.' Hall., DAPW., 359. Robinson, Mid-Yks. G1., s.v. 'Deean't gie ma neean o' thi flam': flattery. EY. Flan [][flaenj vb. don't give me any of your To slope or expand more widely towards the top, as in a vase which is narrow at the bottom and wide at the top. In NED the word is associated with F flanier, slightly concave. 8 There may be OF influence in the BY form, but it is very probable 7 Skeat, ££. elt .. flummery, s.v. 8 îfcirray, eg. c i t ., flan, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 105 that the term is derived from DaD flane. to expand towards the top. ‘Flan, to spread out at the top.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 306. ‘Flan, to spread. A flowei^vase flans out at the top.’ Mid-Yks. 01., s.v. Robinson, ‘Deean’t flan oot t h ’ edge when tha shears i t ’: don’t cut the hedge so that it is wider at the top than the bottom. EY. Flappy Qflæpt] adj. Wild, unsteady. Full of levity. The form is found in ME as flappen, to flap, but does not occur in OE. Since the word came into ME with a 2, it would seem that the etymon is Du or Ger. One finds Du flappen. to flap, and Ger flaopen, to applaud. However, some Scand influence may have been exerted on the EY word, probably from such forms as DaD flab, a silly girl, and SwD flabba, a slut. ‘Flappy, wild, ‘harum-scarum’; also light and frivolous.’ Yks. Fk-Tk., 306. Morris, ‘Sha’s a flappy body’: she’s a frivolous person. EY. FIatcb l^flaety*^} sb. One who wheedles or flatters, NED records fleech [fllt/Q to flatter, which is a Sc form, and is occasionally used as a verb by Bums, but which is referred by 9 Holthausen to OE flæc, a variant of OE flæsc, flesh. This form with early m o d e m E shortening of the vowel could explain EY flatch, but it seems a little difficult to associate Sc fleech with OE flæc. Another possibility might be offered in SwD fleka, to fawn. 5 Friedrich Holthausen, Altengllsches Etymologisohas ffSrterbuoh, Heidelberg; Carl Winter, 1534. flââc, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 186 Cf. OSw flikra. N flikra. to flatter, DaD fleura. to flatter, to beseech; also OE flicorian, to flatter, and E flicker. These forms all go back to the general Germanic root fli-, to show the teeth in laughing. •Duncan fleech'd, and Duncan pray'd. • B u m s , Duncan Grey. 2. 'Flatch, one who tries to gain his ends by the art of flattery.' Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. 'An aud flatch lalk Jim knooas 'oo ti get 'is meeat': an old flatterer like Jim knows how to make his living. EY. Flaumy Qfl^mi J adj. Ostentatious in dress. With the purpose of making a connection with E flaunt, NED calls attention to SwD flankt, loosely, flutteringly, and to Ger flandem . 1 to flaunt. This EY word, however, may have been taken from SwD flammig, pride of dress, which is in turn borrowed from L flamma. a flame, fiery color. 'Flaumy, vulgarly fine in dress.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. 'Ah can't bahd them flaunçr fooaks i' toon': I can't bear the sight of those .gaudily dressed people in town. EY. Flaun [flon] sb. A custard baked in paste. OF flaon, a pancake> F flan, a custard, probably derived from lew L fladonem, a honeycomb. Cf. OHG flado, a flat cake, MHG vlade, Ger fladen, and Du vlade, a pancake. 'Pastees and flaunes.' 1 Murray, Hav. , 644• op. c i t ., flaumy, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 167 ’Flaun, a custard,’ Hold. Gl., s.v. ’Gaffer can eeat tvreea o ’ them flauns fur ’is teea’: the master can eat two of those custard pies for his evening meal. EY. Flaun [flop] sb. Perhaps from Œ Silly talk. fleipr. babble, or from SvÆ) flapa. to talk fooHshiy. Cf. Da flab, the jaw. ’Flaup, flippancy of speech.* Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. ’Hod thi flaup til thi fayther gets oot o ’ th’ oose’: stop your foolish talk until your father gets out of the house. EY. Flawter [flote] vb. To alarm. To put into a state of trepidation. The logical connection seems to be ON fjyta, to hasten, from which is derived SvÆ) flita, to be in a hurry. The ON also }d.elds N flyta, to urge to haste. 'FDowter’d,affrighted. * Atk., VJh. Gl., s.v. ’He war sadly flawter’d efther gaffer giv ’im a leeacin’; he was very much alarmed after the master gave him a scolding. EY. Flay [flga] vb. To frighten. To terrify. ON fleyja, to put to flight, to terrify; SwD flâ. to drive forth. Of. OHG flaugen, and Go flaugjan. to put to flight. 'Bot wymmen flayed vus foule with wordez )>at )5ai saide.’Curs. Mun.. 17288. ’Flay, to scare away. ’ Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 188 'Poor Billy was oinmast flaid oot ov his wits. ' Fk-Sp., 33. •T’ lahtle lass war flayd ti gan wiv 'ersen*; afraid to go by herself. EX, Flecked [^flÊkt^. adj. Nicholson^ the little girl was Spotted. ON flekkr, a fleck, spot, stain. Of. ON flekkottr. flecked, spotted, Sw flack, ODa flække, OHG fleech, MHG vlec, and Ger fleck, a speck, spot. IHe was ... ful of largon as a flekked pye,' 604. •Fleck, a spot.' Hold. Gl ., s.v. •Y o n •s noan oor dog, cos it's flecked': it's spotted. EX. Flick [fItk^ Chaucer, Kerch. T .. sb. that isn't our dog, because A flitch. A side of bacon. ON flikki, the side of an animal, yields EY flick, while OE flicce. a flitch, becomes E flitch.Cf. ODa flykke, a flitch. 'Seo& ^e cat at |)e fliche. ' H a l . Meid., 37. 'FUck, a flitch of bacon.' Hall., DAFW. , 363 . 'Flick, a flitch of bacon.' Morris, Yks. Fk—T k ., 307. 'Wa mun fettle fur backend wi a flick': winter with a side of bacon. EY. FUg [fltg] we ought to prepare for vb. To fly. ON fliuga, to fly, seems to be the original source. Cf. Sw flyga, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 169 Da flyve, OE flêogan, OFris fliaga. Du vliegen. OHG fllogan. MHG vliegen, and Ger fliegen, to fly, »Ther fleig to me oon of the serafyu.' Wyclif, B i b ., Isa. vi. 6. *Flig, to fly. ' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 307, »A creeak fligged ower t ’ wa'i Flig £fllgj sb. a crow flew over the wall. EY. A fledgling. A young bird sufficiently feathered to be on the point of flying. Da flyg. ready to fly, is an adj., which resembles the EY word in form, sense, and sound. The original source is ON fleygr, able to fly. Of. MDu vlugge. I-IHG vlucke. OHG flue chi, and Ger flugge, a young bird, a fledgling. 'Flygnesse, maturitas.’ Prom. Parv., 16?. ’Fligs, fledglings in the nest, as preparing to fly.’ VJh. Gl., s.v. Atk., ’Seear eneeaf, in ’at nest wur a robin wi fower fligs ’: sure enough, in that nest there was a robin with four fledglings, EY, Flipe QfllpJ sb. The brim of a hat. Perhaps the word is derived from Da flip, the tip or c o m e r of a thing. Cf. SwD flabb, the extremity of a garment, and ON fli pi, the under-lip of a horse. NED suggests a connection of the word with 2 Du flep, a forehead-cloth worn by women. ’Flipe, the brim of a hat or cap.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 307. ’T ’ lad touched ’is flipe ti t ’ gaffer’: cap to the master. BY. 2 the boy touched his Murray, _0£. cit., flipe, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 190 Flxre [flLe] To sneer. To manifest a look of contempt. The connection may be with N f U r a , to titter, and with DaD flire, to laugh mocld-ngly. Cf. SvÆ) flira, to ridicule. •All the people of the hall did fleer and laugh upon him.’ Diary, March S, 166?• ’Fleer, to laugh, to grin, to sneer.’ Pepys, Hall., DAFW., 36I. ’Flire, to show scornful ridicule \>rLthout actually l a u d i n g out,’ Atk,, Wh. G l ,. s.v, ’He fleered i mi feeace, bud ah leeaked reet at ’i m ’: in my face, but I looked right at him. EY. Flisk jjriTskjl sb, he sneered A slight blow. A tap. NED suggests that the EY word represents the sound of a blade waved through the air, and indicates a connection vri.th flick, flip, and 3 similar words which are imitative of t he sound of a H ^ t blow. Of, SwD fliska, to bustle about, and ME flyschen, to slash, ’With flyschande speris.’ Morte Art., 2U+1. ’Flisk, a flick, as with a whip,’ 'Flisk, a fillip,’ j^fllt^ vb. DAPW,,363 , Hold. G l ., s.v, ’Sha gie ma a flisk on t ’ n e b ’: Flit Hall,, she gave me a tap on the nose. EY. To remove one’s household furniture to a new home. ME flatten< ON flyt.ja, to remove from one placeto another. Of. Sw flytta, and Da flytte, to remove. 3 Murray, _0£. c i t ., fllak, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 191 •To fllttenn men til heffness serd Ut off {je defless walde.’ Orm., 15640 , •But, or thay flytt oght far us fro. We shall them bond twyse as fast.’ To~wn. P l ., 74/319. •God ... that may not chaunge and flltte.• •FUt, to change house.’ Hunter, Hallamshire Gl.. s.v, •liihen arta boun ti flit?’: furniture? BY. Flite [fldilQ vb. Chaucer, Pars. T .. 29$. when ivill you be ready to move your To scold. To quarrel. OE flitan, to strive, contend, quarrel. Of. OHG flizan, to strive. •Hwilum flitende fealwe straete mearum maeton. • •He |?us bigan on him to flite.’ •Flite, to scold in a high key. • Beowulf. 916. Curs. Mun.. 75$6. Robinson, Püd-Yks. Gl., s.v. •Theer’s sik a fiait gannin on atween ’em’: there's such a quarrel going on between them. EY. (Use of flite as sb. is rare.) •They fiait ivry neet •: Flourish £fluri_/J they quarrel every night. EY. sb. The blossom on fruit-trees. Probably derived from OF floriss, a blossom, a lengthened stem of OF florir, to blossom. Cf. ON flur, flower, F fleurir. and Ital fiorire. to blossom; all from L florere, to blossom. •The borial blastis ... hed chaissit the fragrant flureise of euyrie frute tree far athourt the feildis.* Gompl. Scot., vi. 38 . •Flourish, a blossom.• Hall., DAPW.. 365 . •Flourish, blossoms, blooms.• Hold. G l .. s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 192 *T* flourish vmr nipped in t ’ mooanin efther th' ag*: the fruit blossom was nipped in the morning after the frosty mist. EY. Fluffy [flufi] adj. Covered with down or soft feathers. Skeat suggests that E flue and fluff are variant forms of E flock, 4 a lock of wool, which is derived from L floe eus, a lock of wool. Cf. LG flug, feathers, down. 'Fluffy. This word is applied to any powdery substance that can be easily put in motion or blown away. ' Jam., ^ . , s.v. 'Fluffy, applied to anything of a downy or filmy nature. ' IVh. Gl., s.v. Atk., 'Yan o* t* cupboard neeaks is gettin despert fluffy'; one of the cupboard shelves is becoming covered with downy dust. EY. Foist leftist J adj. Musty, damp, mouldy. Perhaps from OF fust, a cask< L fustem, a cudgel. Another possibility y is a derivation from Du vijst, flatus ventris. Cf. ON fisa. to break wind. 'Foist, musty. ' Hold. Gl. , s.v. 'Oor lath needs a f e t t H n . It's as foist as an aud toon kirk' : our b a m needs setting in order. It's as musty as an old town church. EY. Folk [[fuak] sb. People. The EY breaking suggests a derivation from ON folk, people. Cf. OE folc. Da folk, Sw folk, OFris folk, OS folc, Du volk, OHG folc, MHG vole, and Ger volk, people. 4 Walter William Skeat, An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 3rd edition. Oxford; The Clarendon Press, 1838. flue, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 193 *He ... sloh ... folces Denigea fyftyne men.' Beownlf. 1^82, •Romayns schulen come and schulen take our place and cure folk.’ Wyclif, Bib,, John xi. 46. ’Folk, people, persons.’ ’Sum fooaks says seea’: Fond [f)[)nd2| adj. Atk., Wh. Gl.. s.v. some people say so. EY. Foolish, simple. Weak in intellect. ME fonned. past part, of vb. fonnen, toact foolishly. Cf.Sw fine, a fool. Da fante, a fool, and Gael faoin, vain, foolish, ’Thou art vrastid with a fonned trauel. ’ Wyclif, Bib., Ex. xviii. 18, ’Fonde, arepticius, astrosus.’ ’Fond, foolish.’ Gath. Angl., 137. Hold. Gl.. s.v. ’Ah n i w e r ’eeard tell o ’ sikan a fond of such a foolish trick. EY. Fondy £ fb n d i^ sb. Perhaps t h i s w ord i s thrick’;I never heard A f o o l , a s im p le to n . a s s o c ia te d w it h SwD f j a n t i g , f o o l i s h . ’Certes, walkyd aboute lyke a fon.’ Town. P l ., 96/353. ’Fondy, a simpleton, one half-witted.’ Morris, Yks. Fk—Tk«. 308. ’Deean’t fash thissen wi yon pack o ’ fondies’: yourself with that group of fools. EY. Footy £fLetl] tell don't trouble adj. Musty. Smelling of dampness. The source seems to be Da fugbig or Sw fuktig. both terms signifying damp, decaying from dampness. Cf. OE füht, and Ger feucht. damp; Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 19li ON fukl, and SwD fukt, a stench, and OHG fuhtjan, to emit a damp smell. •Footy, damp, with a bad smell such as follows from being long damp.• Atk., Wh. Gl.. s.v. •Efthur bein toom fur fahve muns, th* oose wur reet feeaty* : after being empty for five months, the house was very musty. EY. Fooze [^ftaz] vb. To clip the wool of a sheep so as to make it even. The derivation is apparently from OF forcer, to shear w o o K L forfices, clipping-shears. The OF source makes it impossible for the word to be associated with E feaze, to unravel. Note the F phrase; forcer de la laine, to force wool, i.e. to cut off the upper part of it. •Forcyn, or clyppyn, tondeo.’ Prom. Parv., 170. •Fooze, to clip the projecting ends of wool on the fleece of a sheep.* Atk., Wh. Gl ., s.v. •A good few o ’ them sheep’ll a ti be feeazed’: a considerable ntunber of those sheep will have to be clipped. EY. For by [f arbi J prep, and adv. Besides, moreover. Da forbi. besides, is used as both prep, and adv., and, therefore, is closer to the EY form than Sw forbi, in addition to, which is used only as a prep. Cf. Du voorbig. and Ger vorbei, past, besides. •Hu soft it es her for to mend forbi |jat pine vit—uten end. • Curs. M u n ., 27365. •|>e fyrst fyue |jat I finde j>at |je frek vsed Wat^ fraunchyse and fela^schyp for—bi al ^yng. • Gaw. & Gr. K. , 651. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 195 •Forby, besides, over-and-above.’ Atk., Wh. G-1.. s.v. •Thoo'll get addlins forby thi meeat'; your food. El. you'll receive wages besides 'Ah deean't want ti leeak at 'is 'oose, an', forby, ah've summat agen 'im' : I don't want to look at his house, and, besides, I have something against him. EY. Fore-end [fuer-endj sb. The beginning of a period, a year, month, or week. Apparently this word is associated with Da forende, the foremost part of a thing. 'Fore-end, the early or fore part of anything.' 'Fore-end, be^nning.* Hall., DAPW., 370. Hold. Gl., s.v. 'It wur yah neet at fore-end o' t ' year' : it was one night in the spring. EY. Forwoden £forwbdnJ adj. In a state of disorder and waste caused by neglect, or by the ravages of vermin. The source of this word seems to be OE forworden. past part, of OE forweor^an, to perish. 'Forwoden, infested or over—run.' Atk., Wh. 01., s.v. 'T' bawks is fair forwodden wi rattens an' meyce': the upper part of the house is completely over—run with rats and mice. EY. Foss £f|3s ] sb. A waterfall. The word is taken without modification from the Scand. ON foss, a Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 196 waterfall. Cf. Da fos, N foss, SwD foss, and Sw fors, a waterfall. There seems to be no connection with F fosse < L fossa, a canal, a ditch. 'Foss, a waterfall, or ‘force.* Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. 'Ah'11 gan wi t' lads ti Dring's foss': to Dring's falls. EY. Font Qfaut^j sb. I'll go vjith the lads A stupid lout. Probably from ON fauti, a silly person. Cf. ON fautalegr. insipid. The ON word is probably from OF f a u t e a fault, which is taken over also in ME faute ; but the ON form is given as the source rather than the ME, because the ON applies to a person, and not merely to a fault. Another explanation of the source of EY fout is that it may be a development of the root mentioned in the following entry. 'Fout, a fool. Mam's fout, the pet or spoiled child of the family.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. 'Didsta i w e r see sikan a fowt?'; Fouty [favti] adj. did you ever see such a fool? EY. Unseemly, misfitting, ill-made. The suggestion is given in NED that this word may be a northern 5 form of E faulty. But EY fauty | fott [, not listed in this glossary because it does not differ from E faulty in meaning, is, nevertheless, current in the dialect, and differs in pronunciation from EY fouty Ifauti I . The EY fouty may be a development of the preceding EY fout. 5 Murrajf, ££. oit», fouty, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 197 or it may represent another root, which appears in Sw futtig. miserable, paltry. Cf. DaD fottig, miserable, ND fjott, a rag, SwD f.jutta, a fool, and DaD f.jotter, soiled. •Fouty, misfitted, as a garment out of proportion.* s.v. ‘Ah mud kest mi fovrtiy coif awaay* : hat away. EY. Fra FfrsJ Atk., Wh. Gl., I might throw my ill-fitting prep. From. Before a word commencing with a vowel the form is frav. Apparently associated with Da fra, from. Of. ON fra, ODa fraa, SwD fra, OHG and MHG fra, from. The final v in EY frav is merely a glide consonant, which is added to prepositions ending in a vowel before an initial vowel in the following word. 'Fra ^iss da^^ |su sha lit ben dumb. * Orm., 211. 'Lucifer ... fell For his pride fra heuen to hell.' 478. Curs. Mun., 'Fra, from. Fra is generally used before a consonant, frav and frev before a vowel. ' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.« 310. 'Wa'll tak nowt frav 'im': Fraby [frabi] we'll take nothing from him. EY. prep, and adv. Beyond, above. It may be that this word is derived from DaD frambi, beyond. NED defines the expression as a variant of EY forby, which seems logical enough in view of the fact that fraby is often used in lieu of 6 forby by those who speak the dialect. 6 Murray, _0£. olt.. fraby, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 198 *To petre ... For-bi all his o^er feris. Mast priuelege he gaf.* Curs. Mun.. 13314. »Fra by, beynnd, compared-with, in proportion to,* Yle -vox is ec a wrecche vrech best, and fret swuSe vrel mid alle.' Anc. Rivf.. 128. 'To bidd hast now es nansa frek.' 'Frack, forward, eager.' 'Frack, forward, bold.' Curs. Mun.. 3198. Hall., DAFIV..377. Atk., VJTi. Gl..s.v. 'Gaffer gled *im t * sack cos 'e vrar sae frack': the him because he was so impudent. EY. Frag j^frasgj vb. masterdischarged To cram. A possible origin may be Da fragte, to freight, or Ger frachten, to load. Cf. Sw frakt. l^IDu -vracht, and OHG freht. freight, cargo. It is interesting to note that E fraught is used by Shakespeare in the same sense as EY frag. 'If after this command thou fraught the court with thy unworthiness, thou dyest.' Shaks., Cymb., I. i. 126. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 199 'Frag, to stow closely so as to fill.' Atk., IVh. Gl., s.v. 'Let t ' binthers gan back ti worrk gif their kites is weel fragged*: let the sheaf binders go back to work if their stomachs are well filled. EY. Frame Qfreamjj vb. To set to work upon anything. To make an attempt. OE framian, to be helpful, to make progress; ON frama, to advance. Cf. OSw fraemja, to move forward. Da fremme, to forward, and SwD frama, to accomplish. 'Inch jje mai suggen: |>e soa cvrom Wealh|>eo for& gan under gyldnum bea^e.' 'Gan, to go.' Beowulf, 1163« Hold. Cl.. s.v. 'Cum, mi lad, be sharp, sneck t ' yat, an' gan thi waays yam'; come, my lad, get busy, fasten the gate, and go along home. EY. Gang Qgaev) J sb. A way or road. ON gangr, or OE gang, a way, a means of going. Of particular interest is DaD gaenge, a narrow road, a village lane, a meaning identical vrî-th that of the EY v/ord. Of. Da gang, OFris gong, OS gang,Du gang, OHG gang, Ger gang, and Go gaggs, a way. 'Gang, a term synonymous with road, often used with a specific or descriptive prefix, as by gang. ' Atk., >/h. Gl.,s.v. 'Tak t ' lahtle gang doon bi t ' sahn—pooast ': down by the sign-post. BY. Ganger tgaeijôjj sb. take the littleroad A good riding horse. The Scand etymology is clear. Da ganger never applies to a person. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 lu but to a horse, and in a particular sense to a riding horse. NED seeks a connection \cLth Du ganger and Ger ganger, one who travels on foot, but the EY expression is not derived from these words. ’Ganger, a goer (applied to a horse).’ Hall., DAPkf., 391. ’Ganger, a goer, usually, if not exclusively, applied to a horse,' Atk., Wu_Gl., s.v. 'As guid a ganger as i w e r spanged on fower feeat': as good a riding horse as ever sped forward on four feet. EY. Gant |_gaent J adj. Small, thin, puny. Skeat identifies the word as Scand, and cites as possible origins 3 N gand, a thin pointed stick, and Sv-rD gank, a lean horse. EY gant is a northern form of E gaunt, and perhaps it is well to note that all other words in -aunt are of F origin. ’Gavmt or lene, maciolentus. ’ ’Gant, small, thin, poor.’ Prom. Parv., 189• Hold. G l ., s.v. ’Them as eeats nowt seean gets gant’; get thin. EY. Gap tgaep]] sb. those who eat nothing soon An opening or pathway through the top of a bank. OK gap, an opening; N gap, and SwD gap, an open place. Cf. Da gab, the open mouth. Probably this sb. is related to ON and Sw gapa, to gape. 'They stonde not in the gappes, nether make they an hedge for the house of Israel.’ Goverdale, B ib . , Ezek. x i i i . 5» ’ Gap, any k in d o f an o p e n in g .’ 3 R o b inson, M id -Y k s . G l . , s . v . Skeat, ££. oit. , ga u n t , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 211 «He coonted t ’ sheep as i l k yan cam t h r u f f t * g a p *: th e sheep as each one came th ro u g h th e gap. E Ï . Gape [gLap] vb. he co-anted To shout loudly. To bawl. This word finds its source in a secondary meaning of ON gapa. to open the mouth wide. It should be noted that both SwD gapa. and Da gabe mean to talk loudly as well as to gape. Cf. Du gap a n . MIG gaffen, and Ger gaff e n , to gape. No form of this %vord is found in Go, «He gapede, he groned faste,* Morte A r t ., 1076. 'Gape, to gape. Also to bawl or shout loudly. * *He geeaps laik a ploo-lad iv a clooas*: in a field. EY. Gar [gü] vb. Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. he shouts like a ploughboy To cause. To make. OH gora, to make; Sw gora, and Da gjore, to make, to do. Of. OE gierwan, to prepare, OHG garawan. MHG garwen, and Ger garben. to make, to put together. *Bere we hym furthe unto the kyrke. To the tombe that I gard wyrk, Sen fulle many a yere.* Town. F I ., 276/659. *Pharaon, }jat all his will can gar be don.* Curs. M u n ., 4670. *The actis that ^our prudens garris daly be exsecut,* Scot., 2. *Gar, to cause, or make. * ’It gars ma despert queer*: Garth [ga@J sb. Gompl. Hold. G l .. s.v. it makes me very ill. EY. An enclosure. Usually the enclosure round Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 212 a farm-house. Derived from ON gar<9r, an enclosed space, a yard. Cf. Da gaard, a yard, Sw gard, a yard, a fence, OE geard, Du gaard, a yard, OHG garto, MHG garte, and Ger garten, a garden. i>e kale f>at he says not ere of garthis hot of gressis.* P. T ., Ps. xxxvi. 2. *A garthe, sepes.* Ham p ., Gath. A n g l ., 151. •Garth, an enclosure, generally of small dimensions, as round a church or fam>-house.’ Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 313» •Wa vmr flayd ti deead when t • bull cum brus tin intiv garth’: we were scared to death when the bull came bursting into the yard. SY. Gauby j^g^bl] sb. A simpleton. 4 NED states that the etymology of this word is unknown. However, it is logical to assume that the word is connected with ON and Sw gapa, to stare with open mouth. SwD gapuger, undoubtedly derived from the vb., signifies a stupid lout. Da gabenar, a gaping person, may have assisted in the development of the EY word. ’Gauby, a lout, or clown.’ Hall., D A F W ., 394. ’Gauvy, a half-witted person.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 314. •Hoss would n i w e r a takken off gif tha ’edn't been sik a gawby’: the horse would never have run away if you hadn’t been such a simpleton. EY. Gaufer [gcfej| sb. A square tea-cake made of batter. The word is derived from F gaufre, a thin cake < OF goffre, waufre, 4 Murray, ££. cit ., g a b y , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 213 a wafer, from which ME wafre, a wafer, is apparently derived. The OF form is associated with MDu waf e l , a wafer, supposedly allied to the root of OE wefan, to weave. The EY gaufer is made like an American waffle. 'Gofer, a species of tea-cake of an oblong form, made of flour, milk, eggs, and currants,' Hall., DAFW., 407. 'Gaufer, a description of tea-cake made of very light paste, with an abundance of currants added,' Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Theer’s nowt neeaweea laik mi mut|rer's gawfers': anywhere like m y mother’s tea-cakes. EY. Gauk (^g3k] sb. there's nothing An awkward fool. The word also denotes a cuckoo, in the sense of a person attempting to impress others by his dress and conduct. ON gaukr, a cuckoo, which is in turn probably derived from OF waucher< Old Frankish •'htfalki, weak, left-handed, awkward. Of. Sw gack, foolish, OE gêac, OHG gouh, MHG gouch, and Ger gauch, a fool, a cuckoo. 'A goke, cuculus.' Gath. A ngl., l6l, 'A lord may be a gowk, Wi' ribbon, star, and a' that.' A Man's a M a n ., 4. 'Gauk, an oaf, a stupid person.' Bums, Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Thoo mud a brass, bud it deean't cheeange tha frav a gawk': you might have money, but it doesn't change you from a fool. EY. Gaum vb. To pay attention. To comprehend. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 21ii ON gairnir, care, heed. Cf. N Raum, attention. Da ppme, heed, OS gr^ma, OHG /gpuma, and I4HG go\ime, to take notice of. It might also be advisable to add Sw ppmma, to take care of, to lay up, as a form which could have influenced the EY expression. 'Nu birrj) ^e nimenn mikell gom Off t>iss |>att I ^e shaewe .' Orm., $086. 'Gawm, sense, wit, tact,’ Hold. Gl.. s.v. ’Woo, gaum ti w a t ’s gannin o n ’: on. EY. 'Ah deean't gaum tha': Gaup vb. now, pay attention to what's going I don’t understand you. EY. To stare vacantly. WED declares that the form agrees with OS galpon. to boast, and that the cognates are OE gielpan. to boast, and ON gjalpa, to yelp. But it seems that this EY word is derived from ON gapa, to gape. The dialectal expression does not suggest utterance, but openmouthed astonishment5 hence, ON gapa appears to be the logical source. 'Gaup, to gape, or stare.' Hall., DAFVI,, 394. ’Gauve, to stare vacantly. This word is equivalent to gaup, which is used commonly, especially of women.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 314. 'T' fooaks fra toon gauped at ma agif ah wur a fuzzock': the people from town stared at me as if I were a donkey. EY. Gave lock [[gaevlpk] sb. A crow-bar. OE gafeluc originally meant a barbed arrow. Later it came to signify 5 Murray, oj^. cit.. gaup. s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 215 a forked crowbar. But the word may have come into the dialect from the ON, for ON gaflak, javelin, can also be construed as a bar or lever. Cf. W gaflach, a bearded arrow, and Ir gabhla, a lance, ‘C-avelock, a crow-bar of any size; a bar of iron. ' Yks. Fk-Tk.. 314. Morris, «Stop laakin aroon, a n ’ get ti worrk wi thi gavelock’: around, and get to work with jnour ci'ow-bar. SY. Gear [gle] sb. stop idling Equipment, property. ME gere < OE gearwa, tackle, apparel. There was apparently in ME a disposition to reduce iw to r after a stressed palatal vowel. Of. ON gorvi, OS garuwi, OHG garawi, and MHG garwe, gear, equipment. «I’at we gon gay in oure gere.’ E. E. Allit. «On ich wulle mid mine guere . ’ Lay., 13679. P ., B. ’Now my gere wille I fang and thederward draw. « 1811, Town. P I ., 30/245» «Gear, possessions, or belongings of any kind, as household goods, property, riches, or personal apparel.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Put t « gear in t h ’ oose': Gee [d$lj vb. put the furniture in the house. EY. The word of command to ahorse,signifying that it should turn to the right. This word has probably developed from [d^ ] E git u p , the [d^] E get u p , provincial representing the initial consonant, rather than an abbreviation of the first element. The EY word used to turn a horse left is halt. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 216 >Gee the word of command given to a horse to turn it to the right hand.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 314» IGif tha says *gee, ' boss'll t o r m thruff t* yat'; if you say 'gee,' the horse will turn through the gate. EY. Geld tlg£ldj adj. Barren. Applied to an animal which does not produce young at the usual or expected season. ON geldr, barren, dry; OSw galder, barren; DaD gield, barren. It should be noted that ME gelden is derived from ON gelda, to castrate. Cf. Da gold. OHG gait, and Ger gelt, barren, dry. 'Giff ha ne mei nawt teamen, ha is iclepet gealde. ' 'For i am geld ^at es me wa. ' Hal. Meid.. 33. Curs. Mun.. 2600. 'Geld, barren. Applied to an animal.' Hold. G l .. s.v. •Ah gev a lot o' brass fur 'at coo, an' 'en ah fun it wur geld': I gave a lot of money for that cow, and then I found that it was barren. EY. Gen (%ggn ] vb. To grin. To snarl. ME grennen < OE grennian. to grin, to mutter. EY gen is formed by metathesis (g e m , g i m also occur) and assimilation. Cf. ON gren.1 a . to howl, OHG grennan. to mutter, MHG grennan, to grin, Sw grina, to grimace, and Da grine. to simper. 'The catte ... grenned with his teth, and coveited the throte of the kynge,' Mer. . 667 . 'And ilk ane gryn on other and cry. ' Pr. Cons.. 7411. 'Gen, to grin, to show the teeth, to cry as a child. This ivord may Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 217 also be written g i m « though always pronounced gen. * Yks. Fk-Tk., 3 U . 'Gum, doggie, gen fur uz': Gep [gCPJ vb. Morris, come, doggie, show your teeth for us. EY. To try to gain knowledge secretly by eave sdroppin g . Possibly a form similar to E gape. A person listening intently is apt to do so with his lips parted, hence the connection. The derivation, then, would be from ON gapa, to open the mouth, or from the causative derivative of ON gapa, to cause the mouth to open. Cf. ND geipa, and Sw gepa, to cause the mouth to open. 'Gep, to seek intelligence by listening or eavesdropping.' \-ih. Gl ., s.v. Atk., 'They wur geppin ti get t ' wod gif they could ': they were eavesdropping toget the information if they could. EY. Gerse [^gors] sb. Grass. The word is pronounced like Sc gorse with a retroflex r. From OE gaers, grass. Cf. OFris gers, grass. 'I past to the greene hoilsum feildis ... to resaue the sueit fragrant smel of tender gyrssis.' Gompl. Scot., vi. 37» 'Gers, grass.' Hold. Gl ., s.v, '%en ah wur a lad, ah laiked ti lig in t 'gerse at fooar—end o' t ' year': when I was a boy, I liked to lie in the grassin the spring. EY, Get [g&t ] sb. Offspring. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 218 QîyT ^eta, to obtain, to beget. Cf. Sw gltta. Da gide, to be able, and OE gietan. to get; ON getnafr, offspring. It is interesting to note that Wyclif used the word as a verb. »He shal serue to them that geeten hym.’ Wyclif, B i b ., Eccl. iii. 8. ’To Abraham I am in dett To safe hym and his gette.’ 87/42. 'Get, stock, breed, income.* Tovm. P l ., Hall., DAPW., 39B. 'Get, breed, offspring, species, kind.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l .. s.v, 'Wa deean’t want Tom an* all *is get cumin doon ’ere’; we don’t want Tom and all his children to come down here. EY. Gew-gow (2gu-gau] sb. Most of the north E glossaries give the meaning of this word as J e w *s-harp, but in EY the term applies to any home-made musical instrument, e.g. a fiddle, or a flute. The favorite gew-gow of SY rustics is a fiddle which has a sound-box made of thin ply wood. ME giuegoue. a plaything< OE geafe, a ^ f t . Skeat’s support of the preceding etymology is to be respected; nevertheless, attention should be drawn to ON gig.]a, Sw giga, and Da gjge. a fiddle. The meaning of these words corresponds exactly with EY gew— gow. 'Worldes weole, and wunne, giuegouen.’ Anc. R i w ., and wurschipe, and o&er swuche 196. ’Flovjte, pype ... Pastor sub caula bene cantat cum calamaula, the scheperd -rndyr ^e folde syngythe well wythe his gwgawe {je pype.’ Prom. Parv., l6S. 'Of the spiritual law They made but a gewgaw. ’ the Hauke. 157. è Skelton, Ware Skeat, 0£, cit., gew g a w , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 219 «Geivgow, a Jew’s-harp. In this glossary, the word has also the meaning of any nick-nack or trifle.’ Robinson, iXUd-Yks. G l ., s.v. ’Ah omnrust brust ma sahds when eeam screeaped on ’is goo-gow’: I almost burst my sides with laughter when uncle scraped on his home-made fiddle. EY. Gib [ g i b ] sb. A hook. Usually applied to the hook on a walking-stick. Perhaps the derivation is from Du gijpen, to turn suddenljr. Cf. OF re giber, to v/ince, to turn back, and Sw gipa, to tvrnst the mouth. The EY word is not given in M E D . 'Gib, a band or hook, as in a stick.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 315» ’Ah caught ’im roon th ’ owse vriL t ’ gib ’: I caught him round the neck with the hook of the walking-stick. EY. Gif [gif] ME _ ^ < 0 E conj. If. if. OFris i®f, OS ef, ON ef, OHG if. Concerning this word, NED states that gif has not been traced beyond the 15th century, and that it was probably due to the influence of give, in which a form with a stop took the place of an earlier 7 fonn with a continuant. 'Gif, if. A casual form, mostly heard in Nidderdale.’ Mid-Yks. G l .. s.v. 'Tha'11 get a leeacin gif t ’ gaffer sees tha': reprimand if the master sees you. EY. Giglet 7 [ gigl0t] sb. Robinson, you'll get a A frolicsome girl. Murrajp', op. olt«, fit f, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ^20 The 14th century form glgelot seems to point to an old Celtic, or OF origin. Skeat suggests a connection vd.th ON gikkr, a pert person, 8 and identifies the ending as F. Other forms which may be noted are OF gigues, an active girl, and OF giguer, to run, leap. ’Here he praysis him of his wife ^at is na gigelot.’ Ps. xliv. 7. 'Away with those giglets too,' Hamp., P. T ., Shaks., Meas. for Meas., V. i. 352, 'Giglet, a giddy, romping girl. ' 'Giglet, a giddy, laughing girl. ' Hall., DAFW., 399. Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Sen sha mended, sha's got ti be a regia giglet': since she got well, she has become quite a fro H e some girl. El. Gilder j^gllSsJ sb. A snare for catching small birds, ON glldra, snare, trap. G f . ODa gilder, and Sw giller, a snare. 'Falsehede or okyr, or o^er gelery. ' Rel. Pieces, 12, 'Go dis luf and go dis word ,,, sal kepe him fra ^e f)e deuele,' Hamp,, P. T ., Ps, xxxvi. 33'Gilder, a snare for catching birds.' Hold, G l ., s.v. 'IVhen wa wur lads wa meead gilthers of 'oss'air': boys, we made bird-traps of horse-hair. EY. Gilevât [golfat] gildire of sb. The tub in which ale is when we were put to ferment, N gLl, ale in a state of fermentation, + OE fast, a cask. Cf. Du ghijlen, to effervesce, W ^ 1 , fermentation, and SwD gel, brisk, excited. 'A gilefatte, acroraellarium. ' 8 Cath. Angl,, 155. Skeat, o£, elt,, giglet, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 221 'The galle or guile-fat, the vat in which the beer is wrought up.* Ray, Nth. Gty. W d s ., 39. •Gilefat, the tub in which ale is put in order to ferment. * ■ Yks. Fk-Tk., 315. Morris, 'Neeabody wanted onny mair ti sup, efther they seed a deead moose in t' gahlfat': nobody wanted any more to drink after they saw a dead mouse in the ale—tub. EY. Gill [gilj sb. A narrow valley \in.th rocky banks. ON gLl, a ravine. Gf. N gil, a deep glen, Sv/D gill a , a glen, MHG giel, a mountain pass. •I wandered where the huddling rill Brightens with water-breaks the hollow ghyll. ' Wordsworth, Evening W a l k , 54. 'Gill, a ravine, a narrow valley.' 'Gill, a woody glen.' Hall., DAFW., 400. Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Yan o' t * lambs *ed got doon intiv gill* : got doivn into the ravine. EY. Gilt Ugllt^j sb. one of the lambs had A young female pig. When a mother, she becomes a sow. ON gylta, a young sow. Of. SwD gyllta, DaD gyIt, OE gilte, and OHG galza, a young sow which has not yet borne pigs. 'A gilte, sue11a.' Cath. Angl., 156. 'Gilt, a young female pig. ' Morris, YIcs. Fk-Tk., 315* 'Get *at gilt oot o* t ' stee '; Gimmal £_gtmlj sb. get that young pig out of the sty. EY. A narrow passage between two houses. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 222 ON gima, an opening, gap. Gf, SvÆ) glma, the mouth of an oven. The NT word is gimma, which is even closer to the ON than the EY expression. ’Gimmal, an alley between buildings,’ Hold. Gl,, s,v, ’Gif tha leeaks sharp, tha'11 get 'im in t ’ gimmal afooar 'e gets ti t ’ yat’: if you are quick, you’ll catch up with him in the alley before he reaches the gate. EY. Gimmer [gims] sb, A female lamb, from the time of its birth to that of its first bearing young. ON gymbr, a ewe lamb. Of, SwD gimber, a young sheep that has not had a lamb, N glmbr, and DaD gimmer, a ewe lamb, 'A gelt-gimmer, a barren ew, ’ Ray, Nth, Gty, W d s , , 31, ’Gimmer, a female sheep from first clipping to bearing young, ’ Hall., DAPW.. 400. ’Gimmer, a young ewe, ’ Robinson, Mid-Yks, G l ,, s,v, ’Theer’s a vast o ’ glmmers amang 'em’: lambs among them, BY, Gin [g&n] conj. there are a good many female If, in case, even if, although. Probably associated with ON en, if, and Sw an, if. If ON ^f appears in the EY dialect as gif, it seems reasonable that ON ^ should appear as EY gin. Skeat stamps as erroneous the notion that gjf or gin is the imperative mood of OE gifa n , to give, because such an 9 idea fails to explain the Pris, ON, Ger, and Go forms, 'Gin, gif: In the old Saxon is gif, from whence the word if is 9 Skeat, 0£. oit. . i f , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 223 made.» Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 21. «Gin, if, in case, even if, although.» «Gin, though.» Hall., DAFW.. 400. Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l .. s.v. »Ah weean't press wiv »im gin ah sees »im«; even if I see him. EY. Glazzen [glazn] vb. I won't chat vd.th him To glaze. To put glass into ivindows. ME glasen, to glaze, is presumably derived from an OE -^glaesan. to glaze. Cf. MHG glasen, to glaze. Da glasere, to glaze, and OE g l æ s , glass. «Glasyn i-jythe glas se, vitro, vel vitrio.» Prom. Parv., 196, «Woldustow glase the gable and graue therinne the nome.» P. Plow., A. iii. 50. «Glazzen, to glaze; hence glazzener, a glazier.' Fk-Tk., 316. »Ax Tom ti cum an » get winda glazzened': the glass into the window. EY. Glease [gHasJ] vb. Langl., Morris, Yks. ask Tom to come and put To run rapiddy. To flit swiftly from place to place. NED states that this word is derived from OF glacer, to glide L 1 glacicare. to s U p , slide. «Suche gladande glory con to me glace.» E . E . Allit. P ., A. 171. 'Glacynge, or wronge glydynge of boltys or aroivys, de vola tus.» Prom. Parv.. 197. 'Glease, to run rapidly in sport or frolic.» 1 Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. Murray, _0£. e l t . , glease, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 22h >T* bayns wur gleeasin aboot efthur skeeal’: running swiftly about after school, EY. Gleasing j^gll^stnj sb, the children were A sharp pursuit. Loss or damage, particularly- that incurred by a suit at law. Glease, vb,, s,v, *I have skapyd, Jelott, oft as hard a glase.’ 'Gleasing, loss or damage,* Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. 'He ivur in a gleeasin o' t * lad'; boy, EY, he was in a sharp pursuit of the 'They got a bonny gleeasin an all’: in a lawsuit, EY. Glent f^glentj sb. Town, P l ., 126/316. they had to pay heavy damages A glimpse, SwD giant a , to s U d e , is a probable origin. The original sense is that of quick motion, but SwD glanta also conveys the idea of a flash of light, hence, to give a quick glance. Gf, W ysglentio, to slide. Da glente, a IcLte, and OHG glanz, bright, clear. 'So w e m his glentez gloryous glade.’ E, E, Allit. P ., A, 1143. 'Miche watz Jje gyld gere j>a-t glent Iper alofte.* 569 . 'Glent, a glimpse, a look in passing.' Morris, Yks. Fk—T k ., 316. 'He gives a glent intiv i w r y yan’s neuk* : everybody’s business, EY, Glift fgitft3 sb. Gaw. & G r , K ., he interferes in A hasty glance. Probably connected with this word are Da glippe, to wink, and Du Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 225 ^lippen, to glance aside. Gf. N gleppa. to glance. Note the use of glift as a verb in Gaw. & Gr. K , IBot Gawayn on |>at g L s e m e glyfte hym bysyde.’ IThy glyfftyng is so grymly xjcvi. 158 . gars my harte growe. ' 'GUft, a slight look, or glance.’ ’Ah nobbut got a glift on i t ’: of it. EY. Glisk QgllskJ vb. Gaw. & Gr. K ., 2265 Yk. P l .. Hold. G l ., s.v. I only caught a passing glance To glisten, to glitter. Apparently derived from ON glitask< glita. to shimmer, glisten; DaD glisk, to shine, glitter. Of. OE glitenian, OHG glioinon, MHG glitzen, LG glitan, ON glyssa, SwD glisa, and ND glisa, to glitter, to shine. ’Glisk, to glitter.’ Hall., DAPV7., 404, ’Glisk, to glisten.’ Hold. Gl,, s.v. 'Yon’s ’is leea gliskin in t ’ sun’: in the sun. EY. Gloaming f gluemtn 1 sb. that is his scythe glistening Twilight. OE glomung, twilight, from glom, gloom. NED has pointed out that OE glomung should develop phonetically into glooming, and it is interesting to note that this suggested pronunciation is closer to 2 , the EY sound than to Sc gloaming. Gf. ON gloa, to glow, DaD glomme, to glow, as coals beneath ashes, and SwD glo, to shine. There seems to be some connection also with gloumbe in E. E. Allit. P, 2 Murray, ££. elt., gloaming, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 226 IOure syre syttes, he says, on sege so hy^e In his glwande glory, and gloumbe 5 ful lyttel. ’ E. E. A l H t . P ., C. 94. ’An' darker gloaming brought the night. ' ’Gloaming, twilight. ' Hall., DAFW.. 404. ’Gloaming, twilight. ' Hold. G l ..s.v. ’Ah mun get yam whahl t ' glooamin bahds*: tmlight lasts, ET, Gloor rglus 1 vb. B u m s , Twa D o g s , 232. I must get home while the To stare. To gaze intently. The original word is undoubtedly ON glora, to gleam, glare, as the eyes of a cat. But the meaning of EY gloor is approached more closely by N glora, to stare, and SwD glora, to gazeintently. NED gives the form as glo r e , and connects the word with ME glo re n . a possible derivative of Du gloren. to glow. 'Thane glopnede jbe glo tone and glorede un—faire.' ’Gloor, to stare hard,' Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 316. 'Noo, mi lad, wat's ta gloorin at?': staring at? EY. Glop pglbPvb. Morte A r t .. 1074. now, my lad, what are you To stare in astonishment. It seems that this word is derived from ON glupna, to become downcast, for lED associates this ON form ifith north E gloppen, to 3 gape. Cf. OSw glupa. to gape, to swallow, and N gloype, to gape. 'Pe god man glyfte with {>at glam and gloped for noyse.' E. E. Allit. P .. B. 849. 'My hart is lysand now in a glope.' 3 Town, P l ., 174/264. Richard Cleasby, and Gudbrand Vlgfusson, An Icelandlc-Enslish Dictionary. Oxford; Tha Clarendon Press, 1874. glupna, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 227 'Glop, to stare with the mouth open** Hold. G l ,, s.v, 'He onny glopped, an* leeaked doon at fleear*: he merely stared in astonishment, and looked down at the floor. EY. Glor [glor2| sb. Soft fat. It may be fitting to associate this word with ON gollr, the accumulation of fat about the kidneys of a sheep. A metathetic change would produce the EY expression. Cf. ON gollurr. the pericardium. 'Glor, tremulous. Always used in relation to some fatty substance,* Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v, 'Sha's all glor frav *eead ti feeat*: foot. EY. Glut (IgliftJ she's all fat from head to sb. A wooden wedge for splitting timber. A most difficult word to trace. There seems on the surfacea suggestive association with ON glott. an opening, ON glotta, to show the teeth, ODa glut, an opening, N glott, glytt, a rift, as in the clouds, and N glytta, to make a peek-hole; but Torp associates these words with a Germanic root with a nasal ( -tt representing 4 assimilation from -nt). If the word is to be associated with OE cleat, cleot. E cleat, and further possibly with OE cleofan, clifian, there are difficulties with the initial and final consonants, and vri-th the length of the vowel. 'Gluts, two wedges used in tempering the plough. The end of the beam 4 A1P Torp, Nynorak Etymologlsk Ordbok. Krls^tiatiia: H. Asohehoug, 1919* slytt, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. s.v. 228 b9in.'=; movable in the stilt into which it was inserted, these wedges were anciently employed in raising or depressing it.* Jam., ?D., s.v. 'Glut, a large quarry-wedge for splitting stones.’ Atk., 'jVh. G l .. s .V. 'Put in thi glut seea ah can get th* ak oot*: that I can get the pick-axe out. EY. Gnag [genaeg] vb. put in your wedge so To reproach, to chide. E nag is current in a number of dialects, but EY gnag is recorded here because of its distinctive pronunciation, in which the initial £ is clearly sounded. ON gnaga, to gnaw, Sw gnaga, and OE gnagan, to gnaw, are logical sources. Of. Da nage, OHG nagan, and Du knagen. to gnaw, annoy. *Gnag, to assail pertinaciously with reproaches or remarks tending to irritate, but all of a petty nature.* Atk., Gl., s.v. *Aud deeam gnags *im fra moo an ti neet*: him from morning till night. EY. Gnarl j^ndl]] vb. the old woman chides To gnaw, as a mouse does. Probably connected with OK gnollra, to make a noise. Of. DaD gnalde, to nibble. The idea seems to be that in chewing, a mouse makes a noise. ’Gnarl, to gnaw.' Robinson. Pîid-Yks. Gl., s.v. 'Dusta *eer *at moose gnarlin in t * bawks *: gnavdng upstairs. EY. Gnarr jn u | vb. do you hear tha.t mouse To growl, to snarl. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 229 The etjTixjlogy given by Skeat cites the principal sources as Du 5 knorren, to grumble, snarl, and Da knurre, to growl, snarl. The kn- form occurs also in Sw knarra, to grumble, snarl, and in Ger lonurren, to growl, snarl, but there were in most of the Germanic dialects parallel forms in gn-. as in N gnarra, to growl, >ïSw gnarra. 3wD gnarra, to growl, Ger and EFris gnarren, to growl, snarl. 'For and this curre do gnar.* 297. Skelton, I'Jhv Gome Ye nat to Courte. 'A thousand wants Gnarr at the heels of men.' 98. •Qaarr, to growl, as a dog.' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Gie dog a bunch gif *e gnarrs': Gob [gjbb J Tennyson, In M e m ., give the dog a kick if he growls. EY, sb. The mouth. Gael gob, the beak of a bird, ludicrously applied to the mouth. Ir gob, mouth, beak, snout. Cf. ¥ gwp, the head and neck of a bird, and Da gab, mouth. 'Gob, the mouth.' Hold. Gl., s.v. 'Hod thi gob thoo aud feeal': God-shild hold your tongue, you old fool. EY. [g)3d-yald] inter j . God averti God forbid! OE god -f scildan, to shield. 'Fra whilk payne and so row God us shilde ! ' 'God schilde hise sowle fro helle bale.' 'God sheld the, son, from syn and shame.' 5 Skeat, Pr. Cons., 9469. Gen.. & E x ., 72. Town. P l ., 51/68. elt ., g n a r l , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 230 iQbd-shild, God defend, or God protect! ‘ Atk., V/h. G l . , s.v. •God shahld 'at onny o' ml bayns sud cum tiv it': any of my children should come to it. EY. God' s-penny God forbid that Earnest money given to a servant at the conclusion of the hiring compact. ODa gudspenning, eamest-money given on completion of a bargain. Cf. Du godspenning, OSw gudspaning, and Ger gottespfennig, e a m e s t money. •In both which places at the making of all contracts and bargains, they give so much, which they call God's penny. ' Pepys, Diary, Sept., 23, 1662. •Godspenny, earnest money, given at the statute-hirings.' kid-Yks. Gl ., s.v. Robinson, 'Teeak thi godspenny, an' be glad thoo 'as worrk': take your earnest money, and be glad that you have work. EY. Goodlike [gudlalk[j adj. Pretty, well-favored. ON gO(^leikr, goodness; SwD godlik, goodly, excellent, •Goodlike, handsome. Goodlike naught, handsome but worthless.' Hall., DAPW.. 409. 'Goodlike, good-looking. ' Hold. G l ., s.v. •Ah mun saay 'at sha's goodlaik': Goody jjgudt2 sb. I must say that she's pretty. EY. A sugar sweetmeat. Candy. Perhaps this word is associated with SwD guttar, sweetmeats. Cf. SwD godte. raisins. It is interesting to note that raisins, dates. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 231 and figs are classed as goodies throughout Yorkshire. r[bodies, sugar sweetmeats for children.’ Atk., VJh. G l ., s.v. 'Iwrybody ’eerd Tom cran chin goodies in t ’ IcLrk’: heard Tom crunching sweets in the church. EY. Gotherly [^gjo^elî J everybody adj . Affable, warm-hearted. Several likely forms may be compared with this EY expression. It possibly represents ON *gae&ir-leikr. benevolent, generous, which, however, is unrecorded in l E D . This form is derived from ON gse^ir, an endower ON gaeda, ( from go&a ), to endow, to bestow a boon upon, + leikr. But we also have OE g æ d e ü n g , a companion. Fris gadelik, suitable, MHG getelik. agreeable, and N gade. an equal, a mate. OE gedlynges, which should be understood as comrades, is probably related to the EY word as well as OE gaedeling» ’Gedlynges I am a fulle grete w a t . ’ ’Gotherly, kind-hearted.’ Town. P l ., lO/lA. Morris, Yks. Fk—T k .. 317. ’Neeabody sud saay owt agin a gotherly body laik J i m ’; nobody should say anything against an affable person like Jim. EY. Goupen Ugaupen^j sb. The hollow of the hand. A handful. ON gaupnir. the two hands placed together so as to form a bowl. Of. SwD gapn, the hollow hand when the fingers are half closed, and DaD gobn, the two hands laid together and partly closed, OHG goufana, and MHG goufen, the single hand hollowed. To these forms is allied OE geap, open, wide. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 232 «Gopingfull, as much as you can hold in your fist.' Wds., 32 . Ray, Nth. Cty. 'Goupen, the hollow or 'ball* of the hand, a handful, especially when both hands are placed together.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 317. 'It ligged in 'is gowpen’: it lay in the hollow of his hand. EY. 'He ga ma a gowpen o' cherries': Gowland. [gauland] sb. he gave me a handful of cherries. EY. The c o m marigold. The SwD name for the same flower is gulle-blommor. A connection may be found in ON gullinn, golden, or in Da gul, yellow, 'Goulans, or goldins, c o m marigolds. ' Ray, Nth. Gty. W d s .. 32. 'Gowland, the com-marigold, also applied to the yellow water-lily, called water gowland. ' Morris, Yks. Fk—Tk. . 317. 'VJhen ah fun t ' lahtle lass, sha 'ed 'er airms full o' gowlans': when I found the little girl, she had her arms full of marigolds. EY. Graft QgraefiQ sb. The depth of a spade in digging. ON grafa, and OE grafan, to dig. ON groftr, SwD groft, and Da groft, that which is dug. Cf. Du graven, Ger graben, and Go graban, to dig. 'Graft, the depth reached by one act of digging. ' 'It's nobbut aboot a graft doon': Grain [grCsnj) sb. Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. it's only about a spade—depth, EY. A branch of a tree. ON grein. a branch of a tree; Sw gren, and Da green, a bough. There is a strong sense of bifurcation in the EY word, and this approaches the meaning of ON grelna, to divide into parts. Note also that Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 233 SwD %ren is the angle which two branches of a tree, springing from the same point, form with each other. 'Grain, the prong of a fork. The Scots call the branches of a tree the grains. ' Hunter, Hallamshire G l ., s.v. 'Cansta see t' creeak’s nest on t ' greeanT: crow's nest on the branch? EY. Graith [^grleQ] vb. can you see the To furnish. To fit, to prepare. ON grei(Ta, to arrange, to get ready. Cf. N greida, and SwD greda. to prepare. 'He wollde shaewenn Whatt gate he wollde gre^^jjenn uss To winnenn eche blisse.' O r m .. 11087. 't’e king lette ... graeiden heore iweden. ' Lay., 8058. 'I shall grayth thi gate. And fulle welie ordeyn thi state.' Town. P l .. 55/103 . 'Graithe, to prepare, to make ready. ' Hall., DAFW. . 413. 'Graithed, equipped, or furnished after any manner.' Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Ah greeathed th' oose wi some good gear' : in the house. EY. Robinson, I put some good furniture 'He's an aud carl fur seear, bud 'e's fair greeathed fur t ' job': he's an old rustic, to be sure, but he's perfectly fitted for the job. EY. Graithing £grle6inj sb. Equipment, f U m i t u r e , clothing. K greide. and SwD greja, goods, chattels. Cf. Da geraad, Du gereide, and Ger gerat, goods, equipment. '&OU grayth (>e mete of t>aim, for swa is t>e graythynge of it.' Hamp., P. T . , Ps. IxLv. 10. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 23h 'Graithing, m a t e r i a l b e l o n g i n g s o f a n y description.' Fdd-Yl<5. G l . , s.v. • Thoo m an n 't s e l l t h ' oose a n ' a l l t ' g r e e a t h i n ': th e house and a l l th e f u r n i t u r e . E T . Graithly £grLe01xJ adv. R o b inson, you m u s tn 't s e l l Decently, in order. Graith, vb., s.v. 'B e h a ld e ,' he says, 'g r a y t h e ly and loke. ' Pr. Cons., 644. 'Bi vche grome at his degre gray]>ely watj serued.' 1005 . 'Graithly, decently, fitly. ' Hold. Gl.. s.v. 'Gif tha freeams ti dee it, dee it graithly': do it, do it decently. EY. Grane [grEBn] vb. Gaw. & Gr. K .. if you attempt to To groan. To grumble. OS grânian, to groan, lament, develops regularly into E groan, and, by reason of the long vowel, becomes EY grane £gr£9n3 * I t should be noted that in current BY speech, the first element of the diphthong has been lowered to the sound of e in E y et. Cf. ON grenja, to howl, bellow, and SwD grâna, to emit a dull sound from within. 'W it t)is gaue Ysaac a grane.' Curs. Mun., 3731. 'He is ofte seke and ay granand.' Pr. Cons., 798. 'Grain, to groan, to grumble, to complain. ' Morris, Yks. Fk—Tk., 317 . 'T' gaffer's awlus graanin aboot suramat': grumbling about something. EY. the master is always Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 3$ Grave fgrlôvj vb. To dig. grauen < OE grafan, to dig, engrave; ON grafa, to dig. Cf. OSw grafa, S-w grafva, SwD grava. Da grave, Du graven, Ger graben, and Go graban, to dig. 'To grave, cespitare, fodere.' Gath. Angl., 163« 'And next the shryne a pit thann doth she grave.' Leg. G. Worn. , 6?0. 'Maya the springes off waters be grauen awaye.' J er. xviii. 14. 'Grave, to dig with a spade.' (jgrlt] vb. Coverdale, Bib., Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Ah'11 get t ' garth greeaved ower bi Thorrsda': dug over by Thursday. EY. Greet Chaucer, I'll get the garden To weep. It seems that this EY word has been taken from the pret. of ON grata, or OE g r æ t a n , to weep. In both the ON and OE forms the pret. is grêt. Cf. OS gratan, Sw grata. Da graede, and Go grêtan, to weep. 'Pe^ne mone^um se |>e æ f t e r sinc-gyfan on sefan greote)),' Beowulf, 1342 . 'So e gret ^xle hise wlite wurc^ teres wet. ' 'Greet, to weep.' Hold. G l . , s.v. 'Thoo munna greet, mi bayn': Griff l^grtfj G e n . & E x . , 2341. sb, you mustn't cry, my child. EY. A deep, narrow valley. This word may have some c o n n e c tio n vriLth CBw g i i p t > S w g r i f t , a g r a v e . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 236 an excavation in the earth. Cf. ON grof. a pit, and Da ^roft. a ditch. The word appears in several place-names in Yorkshire, e.g. Falsgriff, Nun griff. •Grdff, a deep narrow glen or valley, a ravine.’ s.v. Atk,, W h . 0 1 ., ’One of the small tributary becks ... comes into the open air again in a vri-ld little griff.’ Atk., Moor. Parish, 3A4. ’Ah laay yan o ’ t h ’ osses ’ez got intiv ’at griff’: one of the horses has got into that ravine. EY. Grime [gram] vb. I believe that To blacken. To daub v/ith soot. 6 Skeat declares that the word is of Scand origin. The derivation is from ODa grime, to bla.cken. Cf. SwD grima, a smut on the face, ON grima, a mask or cowl, and ODu gri.jmsel, soot. NED associates 7 the word with MFlem gri.jmen, and Fris griemje n , to blacken. ’To grime, fus care, f u H g i n a r e .’ Cath. Angl., 165. ’My face I ’ll grime with filth.’ Shaks., K . Lear, II. iii. 9. ’Grime, to blacken.’ Hold. G l ., s.v. ’Leeak noo, thoo’ve grahmed thi ’ands’: blackened your hands. EY. Grip [grip] vb. look, now, you’ve To grasp. To seize quickly and strongly. To grab. ON gripa, to grasp; OE gripan, to seize. The vowel was long in ON and OE. According to Skeat, OF took over this form and shortened o Vfalter ’Willlain Skeat, An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 3rd edition. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1898. grime, s.v. 7 James A. H. Marrai', A Ne w English Dictionary on Historical Prinoiples. 10 vols. Oxford; The Clarendon Press, I9OI. grime, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. & suppl. 237 the vowel, as in OF gripper, and this shortened vowel form was 8 introduced into E to become E grip. The EY form, as the current Scand forms, which incidentally preserved the long vowel, can be used to mean to make a grab f o r, as well as to seize or grasp. Of. N gripa, Sw gripa, and Da gribe, to seize, grasp, grab. 'Gauan gripped to his ax and gederes hit on hyjt.’ Gaw. & Gr. K », 421. 'Grip, to grasp or clutch.' 'Grip thi bat *ard, lad': Hold. Gl., s.v. grasp your bat firmly, lad. EY. 'He gripped it oot o' mi 'and': Grip |[grip2] sb. he snatched it out of my hand. EY. A trench. A channel or small ditch to carry water off from a field. ME grip < O E grypa , a ditch, drain. Cf. OSw grip, an excavation made by dig,ging, SwD grip, a ditch, channel. Da grube, and >IDu greppe, a ditch. 'Summe in gripes bi the her Drawen ware, and laten ther.' Hav., 1924 . 'An 'e H g s on 'is back i ' the grip, vd.' no an to lend 'im a s h u w . ' Tennyson, N . Farmer, ii. 8. 'Grip, a small trench or narrow ditch very common in clay districts, vrfnere, before the days of draining, narrow rig and furrow were in vogue, and when cross trenches or grips were cut at intervals to carry off the furrow water to the side ditches of a field.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 318. 'Theer's no an eneeaf grips in t ' clooas fur threeanin': not enough ditches in the field for draining. EY. there are Skeat, ££, c i t .. R r l p . s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2^6 G ripe |_ g r p ip ] sb. A t h r e e o r fo u r -p r o n g e d f o r k f o r d ig g in g purposes. In form th e EY word p r o b a b ly r e p r e s e n ts OE grupan > E g r ip e Q g ra ip J to g rasp , a s s o c ia te d w it h EY g r i p , to g r a s p . B ut i n m eaning th e vrard re p re s e n ts th e f o llo w i n g Scand fo rm s : Sw g r e p e , SivD g r e p , and Da g re b , a f o r k f o r d ig g in g . C f . OHG g r e i f a , a tw o -p ro n g e d f o r k . 'G r ip e , a d u n g -fo r k . ' R o b in s o n , M id -Y k s . G l . , s . v . 'T ak t h i g r a ip an* w o rrk i n th e b a r n . EY. Grob [g rp b ] vb. t * la th e * : ta k e y o u r f o r k and w o rk i n To s e a rc h f o r by f e e l i n g w it h th e h an d s. This ivord may u l t i m a t e l y b e , as S k e a t s u g g e s ts , a v a r i a n t o f E grope from OE g r a p ia n , to use th e hands i n seems to be ME g ro b b e n , grub ben, to f e e l i n g . The im m e d ia te o r i g i n s e a rc h i n th e e a r t h w it h th e hands. The MS w ord may have d e v e lo p e d fro m OE g r a p ia n . O f. Sw g ra b b a , to ta k e w it h th e h a n d > E g r a b . * Grob, to g ro p e , t o f e e l f o r w it h th e h and , w here th e s i t u a t i o n i s one im p ed in g o r c o n fin in g s e a r c h . ’ R o b in s o n , M id -Y k s . G l . , s . v . ’ Stop g ro b b in a b o o t, a n ’ s t r a h k a l e e t ’ : s t r ik e a H g jh t . E Y. Grob |~grpb sb. s to p g ro p in g ab ou t and A s m a ll and u n im p o s in g p e rs o n . Perhaps a l l i e d iv it h Germ anic ^ g ru b a , c o a rs e , ro u g h , uneven to th e to u c h , h e a v y , u n r e f in e d . T o rp g iv e s N g r o v , Sw g r o f , and Da g r o v , a l l in th is 9 s e n s e , and assumes a lo a n fro m MDu g r o f , l a r g e , plum p. Skeat, ££. o l t ., R r o p e , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2j9 strongt SY grob has come to mean, however, a small, undersized, perhaps heavy-set person, and is invariably applied derisively, 'G ro b , a derisive term f o r a puny, undersized, in signifie antlooking person.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 318. •Didsta i w e r see sik a lahtle grob I ’: did you ever see such a little in significant-looking person! EY. Grossy [gruesi^ adj. Grovri.ng rapidly and vigorously. Perhaps from Du groese. vigor, growth. Cf. OHG gras, Ger gras, and ON gras, grass, are all from the root of grow; OE growan, ON groa; ON gro($r, and Da grode, growth. E gross and Ger gros are borrowings from Low L grossus, thick. ’Grossy ... green and vigorous (applied to vegetation); stout (applied to persons),’ Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Tonnups is grossy bi noo': vigorously just now. EY. Grouty J^gruti^ adj. turnips are growing rapidly and Soiled, begrimed. There is a connection here with E grout, coarse meal, the plural form meaning grounds, dregs. ME grutten, grouty< OE grut, coarse meal. Related forms are EY crowdy and E grits. Other forms which are worthy of attention are Du gruete, dregs, Du gruyten, to clean mud from canals, and N grut, dregs. The implication of mud or dirt through the idea of sediment is not difficult to recognize. ’Grouty, full of sediment.’ Atk., Wh. G l . , s.v. ’Hoc did ’at cup get sae grooty?’: 1 how did that cup get so dirty? EY, Alf Torp, N y n o r s k Etyrnologisk Crdbok. Kristlania: H. Asoliehoug, 1915» ferov, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ^ho Grue [gru2 adj. Grim, morose. Perhaps associated with Da gru, horror, and Da grue, to shudder at, Cf. OE gryre, horror, OE agrisan, to quake, fear, N gruv, fear, N grufva, to fear, and ON gryla, an ogre. Note the use of the ;vord as a verb in G a w . & G r . K . •So agreued for greme he gryed with—inne. ' •Grue, grim, severe-lookLng, dark. • Gaw. & Gr. K ., 2370, Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 318. •He leeaked grue eneeaf settin theer on t • lang-settle•: he looked grim e n o u ^ sitting there on the long bench. EY. Gruff [jgrijfJ vb. To express discontent. Perhaps this word is to be associated vrLth SwD groffa. to grunt. •Gruff, to snore in a short, noisy manner; to grunt.• Mid-xks. G l . . s.v. Robinson, •T' fooaks gruffed agin deein owt o • t • sooart•: the people expressed disagreement concerning doing anything of the IdLnd. E Y . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2U1 H Hack Qiaek] sb. A kind of pickaxe. A mattock. Probably from Da hakke, a pickaxe, mattock. Cf. Sw hacka, a hoe, Du hak, Ger hacks. a hoe, mattock, OE haccian, and OE h æ c c a n , to hack. *He lened him ^an a—pon his hak. Wit seth his sun ^jus— gat he spak.' Curs. Mun., 1241. 'A hacc, bidens.’ Cath. Angl., 169. 'Hack, a strong pick-axe, or hoe; a mattock. ' Hall., DAJgV., 426. 'Hack, a kind of pickaxe or mattock, without the blade end.’ Robinson, I^üd-Yks. Gl . , s.v. 'Thoo ’ez ti ’ev a sthrang back ti worrk wi this ’ack’: to have a strong back to work with this hack. EY. Hackle jjiaskl^j vb. you have To trim. To make neat. The "vrord isnot recorded in OE, but ME hake 11, an instrument for dressing flax, points to OE *hacule, a flax— comb. However, EY hackle has probably been derived from Sw hakla, or Du hekel, to dress, trim. Cf. Da hegle, to dress flax. ’Hackle, to dress, totrim up,’ Hall., DAFW., 42?. ’Hackle, to s.v. dress, to trim, to make neat or smart.’ 'Ah’11 cum when ah finish 'acklin th' oss’: grooming the horse. EY. Hackle |h æ k ^ [ sb. Atk., W h . Gl., I'll come when I finish A covering, clothes, feathers, wool, hair, etc, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2U2 OE hacele, a cloak, mantle. Cf. ON hokull, a priest's cope, OHG hachul, MHG hachel, and Go hakuls, a cloak, ’Vch hi H e hade a hatte, a mysthakel huge.' Gaw. & Gr. K . , 2081, 'Hackle, the natural covering of any animal,' 319 Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. . 'T' chap 'ez a good 'ackle on 'is back': coat on his back. EY, Raffle [|haefl^ vb. the fellow has a good To stammer. Two sources seem acceptable: Du haperen, to stammer, to hesitate, and Sif happla, to stammer, 'Raffle, to stammer, to prevaricate; to falter, ' 427. 'Raffle, to speak confusedly, ' Hold. Gl,, s.v, 'He 'affled cos 'e wur fair capped': greatly surprised. EY, Hag [hægj sb, Hall., DAFW,, he stammered because he was A white mist which occurs at the time of frost. This word is described in NED as a shortened form of OE haegtesse, 2 fury, witch, hag. MED gives one citation with hegge from the early 13th century, one with hagge from the 14th century, and then no more until the 16th century. Both hegge and hagge in these citations are used in the sense of a white mist. The OE form haegtesse , a \'H.tch, represents probably OE hecg, hasg, a hedge + OS &yrs. a giant, demon, witch. A hægtS^yrs « then, meant a witch or supernatural being that lived in the hedge, reflecting an old belief. In the course 2 Jamas A. H, Murray, A New English DlotionaJ'y on HlstorleaU Principles. Oxford; The Clarendon Press, I3OI. h a g , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2L3 of time, as indicated by N E D , the compotind came to be reduced to the first element, and the meaning witch came to be used for the mist that arose in the evening from hedges. 'Hag, a white mist; phosphoric light at night-time.' Hall., DAFW., 42Ô. 'Hag, a mist or haze.* Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Wa mun gan thruff a caud 'ag tineet ': mist tonight, EY. Hag [^haegj sb, we must go t h r o u ^ a cold A low, bushy vraod. A woodland. Probably from ON hagi, a pasture, a field for grazing. The vowel in ON was short, as is the EY vowel. The meaning of the root was originally to mark o f f , to fence i n , to enclose, then a hedge, a fence, then something enclosed, as a grassy field, a woodland. Note OE haga, which becomes E h a w , a hedge, enclosure, brushwood, also OS haeg, hecg. which becomes E hedge, enclosure, woodland. Cf. N hage, fenced—in garden, and Sw hage. grassy field. 'Hag, a coppice; any locality growing stout underwood.' Mid-Yks. G l .. s.v. 'Nae doot, t ' lads 'ez gone ti th' ag': gone to the woods. EY. Hag-do g [haeg -klb g 2 sb. Robinson, no doubt, the lads have A block of wood on which firewood is chopped. Probably from ON hoggva, to chop, hew -f ME klogge. a block of wood. Gf. Sw hugga. SwD hagga. N hogga. ND hogge. and Da hugge, to hew; Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2nh Ger hack-clotz, a chopping-block. The earliest citation of the vrord 3 in NED is for 1596. •Hag-clog, a chopping-block. A part of a tree-stern.’ s.v. Atk., Wh. G l ., •Wa’s gannin ti t h ’ -ag-clog ti dee a vast o' choppin’: we are going to the chopping-block to do a considerable amoxont of chopping. EY, Haggle j_haeglj vb. To hail. ON hagla, to hail. There are two OE types, ha go I an, and haegelan, to hail, the former developing into hawel, hawl, and.the latter into haeil, hayl, in ME. According to N E D . it is ON hagla, and not 4 the OE types, which is responsible for EY haggle. Cf. Sw hagla.Da hagle, MHG ha glen, Ger hage I n , and Du hagelen, to hail. ’Ha^el and raein |>er araes . ’ ’It haggles: it hails. ' ’Haggle, to hail. ’ Ray, Nth. Gty. W d s ., 23. Hold. G l ., s.v. ’It haggles sair t ’ mooan’: Hagworm Lay. , 11975» [haegworm] sb. it is hailing heavily this morning. EY, An adder. Derived from ON hoggva, to strike + OE wynti, a snake. ON orm is cognate with E w o r m . Before an o or u the Scand drops an initial w, therefore the second element of EY hagurorm represents OE wyrm. Gf. ON hoggormr, Sw huggorm, and Da hugorm, a viper. 'An hagworme, jacuius.’ 3 Murray, ££. 4 I bid. . h a ggle , s.v. Gath. Angl., 169. olt., hag - o l o g , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2U5 •I could account for the presence of the hag-worm three or four feet below the surface of the hone.’ Atk., Moor. Parish, 313. ‘Hafi^-worm, applied to all kinds of snakes, which are rarely found out of woods. ’ Robinson, Mid—Y k s . G l ., s.v. ’Mebbe ’at ivur a ’agworrm ’at slithered theer’: an adder that slid there. SY. Hait {Jîattj vb. perhaps that was The command to a horse to turn left. To turn left. SwD ha.1t, -hither, is exactly equivalent in sense, and almost equivalent in form to the EY word. Gf. N heta. to drive, or hurry on, from which one obtains the imperative heit, used as an interjection, to drive, or hurry people or cattle. ’The cartere smoot and cryde as he were wood, Hayt, Brok, hayt, Scot, what spare ye for the stones?’ Chaucer, Friar *s T . , 245» ’Harrer, M o r e H e , io furthe, hyte. And let the ploghe stand.’ Toim. P l ., 11/55. ’Hait, the word of command to horses in a team to turn to the driver, or to the left.’ Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. ’Hait thi ’oss, cos wa ton ’ere’; because we turn here. EY. Hake [hlekj sb. command your horse to turn left, A greedy and persistent beggar. No etymology for this word is found in Skeat or N E D . Perhaps it has some connection with ON h akr, a powerful, coarse fellow. Cf. ON haki. a sea—king, and SwD hake, an energetic man. ’Hake, a grasping, discontented person.’ Atk., V/h. G l ., s.v. ’Can awaay wi tha! Thoo’s a regia heeak’: be off vrLth you! You are really a greedy and persistent beggar. E Y . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2U6 Hake [hlak] vb. To p e r s e c u t e w i t h e n q u i r i e s . To annoy. MID sug,chests a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h D u h a k e n , to long, w h i c h p r e s u m a b l y is related to ON h a k r , a p o w e r f u l , c o a r s e fe l l o w . ’Hake, to f o l l o w w i t h e n q u i r i e s , Morris, Ylcs. F k - T k . , 319. to a n noy, ’Thoo y o u a n n o y me w i t h y o u r words. ’eeaks m a w i t h i w o r r d s ’: Hale [hlel] vb. to p e s t e r ; to h u r r y o n . ’ SY. To empty out. To flow down. This w^ord should not be associated xvith S hale, to draw< hIS halen < F haler, to haul a boat, originally meant to tilt a but rather ivith Scand forms, which vessel, to be tilted, to pour out, or to be poured out. The derivation is from ON halla, to incline, slope, or from OS\f halla., to incline a vessel, as in pouring out liquid, G f . Da helde, to pour out, identified in meaning ivLth SY hale. The root also appears in the various Scand dialects as a noun meaning a slope, a hill, and as an adj . meaning sloping. ’Doun after a strem ]?at dry^ly hale^. ’ E. E. Allit. P ., ft. 125. 'I wept and I way led. The tearys downe hayled.’ P. Sparowe, 22. ’Hale, to pour. ’ Skelton, Hold. Gl., s.v. ’Heeal ma a quaht o ’ y a l ’: pour me a quart of ale. EY. ’Ah seed a bonny saik heealin do on t ’ beeacon’; I saw a pretty little stream flowing down the hill. EY. Hale 5 [jiLslJ sb. The h a n d l e o f a plough. Murray, o p . c i t ., hake, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2k7 A p p a r e n t l y from ON haHJL, a t a i l . Cf. OSw liali, SwD, and Da hale, a tail. ON haell, a derivative ON form, actually means a handle, and survives in Sw h a l , a wooden peg, and in N hasl, a peg for te t h e r i n g animals. Celtic h o e l , a peg, is a borrowing, nialle, a plough handle.’ Hall., D A F W ., A30. ’Hales, the handles of a plough; the left-hand one being called the Steer-tree: also used for the handles of a wheelbarrow. ’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 320. ’Ah wur atvjixt t h ’ eeals when ah ivur n a h n ’: I was nine. EY. Hallock Qhalek] vb. I was ploughing when To idle. To wander about in desultoiy fashion. Perhaps this word is ultimately from ON hal-leikr, slipperiness ON h all, slippery -f leikr, like. Cf. OS h æ l i g . unstable, unreliable The original meaning of the root was, apparently, frozen, and hence, slippery. Cf. Sw h a l . ODa h a l , and N h a l , slippery; N h â l a , to glide on something slippery, N halka, to glide, SwD h ala, to glide, and Sw halka, to glide. ’Hallo ck, to wander idly from place to place without any definite aim. ’ Morris, Yks. Fk— T k ., 320. ’He diz noivt bud 'allock all t a h m ’: about idly all the time. EY. Hames [hlêmz] sb. he does nothing but wander The curved pieces of metal fastened to the collar of a draught horse. 6 There is no record of this word before 1300. It seems to be of LG Murray, 0£, elt., hame, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2U8 origin, and apparently has association i,vith Flemish h a e m , a horsecollar. Cf. MHG h a m e , and Du haam, a horse-collar. Wyld suggests that Du haam ma,y be cognate with OE hama, and ON h a m r , dress, 7 appearance. The word appears in Town. P I . as a verb, and probably means to force to labor. 'We are so hamyd. For—taxed and ramyd,' *A hame of a horse, helcium.' Town. P l ., 117/15. Gath. Ang l ., 172. 'Hames, pieces of wood on the collar of the horse to which traces are fixed. ' Hall. , D A F W . , 430. 'Karnes, the fittings attached to a barfam or horse-collar, to which the traces are fixed by a hook.' Morins, Yks. Fk—T k . , 320, 'Fred's 'oss brak yan o ’ t h ’ eeams wi chuckLn ’er ’eead’: Fred's horse broke one of the collar fittings with tossing her head. EY, Hamp Qiamp3 sb. A man *s under—vest. Nothing appears in ASP to suggest a likely origin, DaD hempe, a farmer's jacket, or OSw hamber, a smock, may be the source of this SY expression. Cf. ON hamr. skin, and NFris h a m , a covering. The word heme in Gaw. & Gr. K. may be a variant of an earlier form of EY hamp. ’Heme wel haled, hose of {>at same grene. ’ G a w . & Gr. K ., 157. 'Hamp, an article of clothing which may have been worn next the skin.’ Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. ‘Ah'd ginner we ear a ’ardin 'amp': linen shirt. EY. Hamper 7 [hamps] vb. I'd rather wear a coarse, To hinder. To harass, Henry Oscll Vïyld, The Universal Plo'tlonaLTy of the 2n,gllsh L a n g u a g e . Londons H. Joseph, Ltd., 1936. hame, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2k9 The vb. hamper occurs about 1350 in northern \vx-iters. In assigning the source as ME hamperen, to impede, Skeat mentions that the 2 is probably excrescent, which suggests an older form hameren. equivalent to Me hamelen, to mutilate. This is derived from OE h a m elian, to 8 mutilate. However, NED indicates an etymology from ON h e m j a , to restrain. In giving m y opinion, I would draw attention to Sc h a m p . to limp in walking, which is conceivably a nasal pronunciation of Du haperen. to hesitate, to stick fast. It is probable that ME hamperen is a nasalized form of D u haperen. •Wyth a lie f>e v m m e n t e s of ^at hous he hamppred togeder.' S. E. Allit. P ., B. 1284. 'That proude hertid Narcisus ... Might on a day ben hampred so for love.’ Chaucer, Rom. R o s e . 1493. ’Hamper, to burden. ’ Robinson, M i d - Y k s . G l ., s.v. ’They’re sair hampered fur b r a s s ’: for lack of money. EY. ’Ah feel ’ampered ti d e e a d ’: Handle [handl%| vb. they are very greatly hindered I feel harassed to death. EY. To deal with. To treat. ME handlen < OE handlian, to treat. ON hondla has the significance of dealing with a person severely, a not uncommon usage of the EY word. Of. OHG hantalon, to take or feel with the hands, and Da handle. to treat, use. ’Quen |5ai to j?eir brewer j>are Had tald hu {3ai handeld war. ’ Curs. M u n ., 19206. B V/altar William Skeat, An Etymologioal Dictionary of the Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1898. hamper, s.v. 9 Murray, _0£, cit., hamper, s.v. English Language. 3rd edition. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 250 *I wil handle him euen as he hath dealte with me,* Bib., Prov. xxiv. 29. ’Handle, to deal w i t h . ’ Hold. G l ., s.v. *Ah can handle t ’ chap*: Handsel J^hanslJ Coverdale, vb. I can deal with the fellow. E Y . To use for the first time. According to Skeat, it is difficult to tell whether this word has 1 come into the dialect from OE or ON. The primary meaning is that of a first instalment or earnest of a bargain. In making bargains, it was formerly usual to pay a small part of the price at once, to conclude the bargain, and as an earnest of the rest. The derivation of the E Y ivord may be from K B hansele, a hand-gift < 0 E handselen, a delivery into the hand, or it may be from ON handsal. the transaction of a bargain by joining hands. Whether the OE or ON is responsible for the form of B Y handsel, it is apparent that the meaning has b e e n taken from the Scand. The significance of ON handsal is further extended in Da handsel, which m ay be understood as the first money tak e n by a salesman in the morning; hence the E Y extension, the first use of anything. ’To hanselle, strenare, arrare.’ Gath. A n g l . , 174» ’Hansel, the first use of anything; the first money received in the morning for the sale of goods.' Hall., D A F W ., 433* ’Handsel, to use for the first time.’ Morris, Y k s . Fk—T k . , 320. ’Aw reet, tha can ’ansel thi new cleeas a Sunda’: all r i ^ t , you can wear your new clothes for the first time on Sunday. EY. 1 Skeat, _0£. c i t ., h a n d s e l , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 251 Handy [handl] adj. Dexterous, clever, convenient. The word which approximates the EY expression in form and meaning is SwD hand!g , easy to use with the hand, suitable. Cf. ON hentu.gr, convenient, and Da behaendig , dexterous. An important consideration, which proves that EY handy is derived from the Scand, and not from the OE, lies in the fact that the EY word has the two meanings of SwD handlg. In OE these two meanings are expressed by two different words, even though they are from the same source, OE hendig, dexterous, and OE gehende, convenient. 'Vpon men and vpon catell, yee and vpon all handy laboure.' Coverdale, B i b ., Haggai i. 11. •Handy, dexterous, ingenious, clever with one's hands; suitable, well adapted, convenient. • Atk,, l\fh. C l ., s.v. •He's a 'andy chap, an' 'andy ti 'ev aroon•: he's a clever fellow, and it's convenient to have him close by. EY. Hank [hae^k] sb. A loop of a rope. The word seems to be derived directly from ON h5nk, a loop, ring; the genitive form hankar indicates the original vowel, which corresponds to the ^ sound in EY. ME hanken, to fetter, is rare, and is derived from ON hanki, the clasp of a chest. Cf. Sw hank, string, rope. 'An hank, glomus. ' Cath. A n g l ., 173» •Hank, a skein of thread, or worsted; a rope or latch for fastening a gate.' Hall., D A F ¥ ., 432. 'Hank, a loop of any description.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2S2 IShut yat, an* thrap th* *ank ower t* pooast’; drop the rope loop over the post. EY. Hank Qiaepk] vb. shut the gate, and To fasten a horse by the loop of a rope, or by the bridle. Probably from ON hanka, to coil a rope, to fasten with a rope. *Dedely synnes gastely slaa ilke manes and womanss saule J>at es haunkede in alle or in any of thayme. * Eel. Pieces, 11. •Ful herd |jai did him hanc. And bonden broght him forth as thef. * Curs. M u n ., 16044. *Hank, to loop.* Hold. 0 1 ., s.v. ’Hank thi *oss an* cum in*: Hap ]jiaepj[ vb. tie up your horse and come in. EY. To cover over. There may be a connection between this word and ON hyp.ja. to huddle the clothes on. Cf. N hypja, to dress. 'Lord what these wederes are cold, and I am ylle happyd.* Town. P I ., 116/ 1 . 'He has nou^er on bac nor bedd clath to hap him.* *To happe: to cover for warmth.* *Hap, to wrap. * l^haep^ Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 23. Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Hap this sen vrL yon blanket *: Hap Curs. M u n .. 6802. sb. cover yourself over with that blanket. EY, Chance, fortune, luck. MS hap< ON h a p p , success, luck. Cf. OS h a p p , chance, and SwD happ, fortunate occurrence. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2^3 IHis hap wes j)a warse.' L a y ., 3Ô57. whilk ^er clerkes noght elles calles Bot happe or chatmce ^at sodanli fallss.’ Pr. C ons., 1282. >He sought them both, but wished his hap might find Eve separate,* Milton, P. L . . ix, 421. ’Hap, chance, fortune, luck.' Atk., ’He's flayd o' some ill 'ap': h e ’s afraid of some bad luck. EY. Harbour jjiclbe]] sb. G l .. s.v. A shelter, a home. ME herberwe < ON herbergi, an inn, a lodging-place. Cf. Sw harberge, an inn. Cf. Da herberg, lodgings, a temporary home. 'If jhe raizte taken herberje for hire f rendes sake.’ 1392. Gen. & E x .. 'Go my e m d e To ^e hez lorde of ))is hous herber to crave.' Gaw. & Gr. K .. 811. 'Harbour, shelter, lodging, a home.' Atk., lYh. G l ., s.v. 'Yon gurt carl 'ud eeat uz oot o' 'arbour': eat everything we have in the house. EY. ^Ha^ JThctdJ a d j . that great lout would Sour, as applied to beer or ale. Probably from SwD h ârd, sour. Cf. ON har6r, Da haard, Du h ard, OE heard. and Go hardus, strong, severe, firm. 'Hard, sour, said of ale.' 'Hard, sour.' Hall., D A P W ,, 434. Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Wat asta been deein ti mak t ’ yal si 'ard?': doing to make the ale so sour? EY. what have you been Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 sa Hask Qiaesk] adj. Dry, rough, harsh. Apparently this word is a variant of harsk, a northern form of harsh. The connection is with Da harsk, and Sw harsk. rancid; Gar harsch, rough, austere, •Harske, or haske, as sundry frutys, stipticus, poriticus.' Prom. Parv., 228. 'Hask, over-dry.* Robinson, M d - Y k s . Gl., s.v. *T* breead*s despert *ask‘: Haugoed jjiogsdj| adj. the bread is very dry. EY. Tainted, The word applies to meat that has been kept too long. There is undoubtedly a connection here id.th F haut-goût, high flavor . *Wor is there ever left any unsavoury hautgout from the holt.' Congreve, Juvenal, S a t ., xi. 224. 'Haugoed, tainted, beginning to be offensive, as meat or game which has been too long kept.' Atk., Vfh. G l . , s.v. 'This mutton's sae 'awged, ah can't eeat it': tainted, I can't eat it. EY. Haunt l^hontj this mutton is so sb. A habit, a custom. From F hanter, to frequent. NED indicates that it is not clear in F and E whether the earliest sense was to practise an action 2 habitually, or to frequent a place habitually. Gf. Bret hent, a path. 'Of clothe-makyng she hadde such a haunt She passed hem of Ypres and of Gaunt.' Chaucer, Prol. to 0. T ., 447. 2 :v:urray, _0£. cit ., h a u n t , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 255 'Haunt ^ a habit.* Robinson, ^îid-Yks. G l ., s.v. *He *ez a sad ‘avrnt on i t ’: Hanse [h o s ] sb. he has a fixed habit of doing so. EY. The throat or neck. ON hals, and OE heals, h als, the neck. Cf. OSw, Da, and Du h a l s , the neck. The L cognate is collum < collus < colsus, the neck. ’Side and halls and haefedd . ’ O r m . . 4777. ’Hals, or haIce, throte, guttur.’ ’Hause, the throat. * Prom. Parv.. 224. Hold. G l ., s.v. ’Lap up thi *awse gif tha deean’t want ti tak caud *: neck if you d o n ’t want to take cold. EY. Hays [heez] sb. v/rap up your Fences for enclosing land. Associated with OE haeg. a fence. C f , OE hec g , a hedge, ON hagi, a fence, an enclosed piece of ground, LG hag a , a hedge, N and Da h a g e , a fence, or a garden ; all from the Germanic ^haga. The Old Frankish haga was taken over by Norman—French hai a , a hedge, and appears in F as haie, a hedge. ’The vox kan crope bi the heie. ’ Owl & N i g h t ., Ô17. ’Haies, ridges of land as district boundaries. ’ Atk., W h .G l ., s.v. ’When tha can’t ploo, tha can at best mend t h ’ 'ays': when you can’t plough, you can at least mend the fences. EY. Hazel fjiezl^ vb. To beat with a stick. The word seems to be from ON hesli, hazel-wood, ON hasl, hazel. ON hasla, as a sb. means a pole of hazel-wood, and as a vb. it means Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 256 to set up poles to mark out the lists for duels; hence to challenge to a duel. The EY meaning is an easy extension. The cognate OE form is h æ s e l , hazel shrub, but the notion of striking, definitely a part of the meaning in EY, is associated vjith the Scand. 'Hazel, to chastise with a stick.' Morris, Y k s . Fk— T k ., 322. 'Gif ah get a 'od on tha, ah' 11 'ezzle tha': chastise you. EY. Hazy [hsazi] sb. if I catch you. I'll Abusive language. A scolding. V/yld refers E haze to OF baser, to irritate, vex, and it is possible 3 that SY hazy is a nominal extension. Reference might, however, be made to N kvaesa ( from earlier hvaesa ♦ Cf. OE hwesan, hwaesan > E wheeze; L querl) , which may mean to talk angrily as well as wheeze. 'Hazy, a scolding imparted; a cloud of abuse.' 'Sha gied 'im a bonny 'eeazy': Head-stall [hlad— stol] sb. Atk . , IVh. 0 1 . , s.v. she gave him a real scolding. EY. The halter of a horse. ON hofud. head -f Oil stallr, a pedestal; OE heafod. head + OE steall. a standing—place. The word was possibly applied first, as in finger-stall, to a closed place, or to a case made to contain a part. Thence it was extended to the open casing of a head— stall. 'The reins and headstalls were of crimson silk. ' Dec., 17, 1684. 'And fixed their headstalls to his chariot side.' viii. 676 . 'Head-stall, a halter.' 3 Evelyn, Diary, Pope, Iliad, Morris, Y k s . Fk— T k ., 322. Wyld, o p . c i t ., h a z e , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 257 iTh' ‘oss wants fettlin wiv another •eead-stall•: equipping with another head-stall. EY. Heap [hlepj sb. the horse needs A quarter of a peck in measure. I'lE heap < OE h e a p , a crowd, multitude. G f . D u h o o p . ON hop r , Da h o b , and Sw h o p , crowd. It should be noted that Da hob has a special meaning of a definite quantity: it is a collection of six sheaves set up together in the harvest field. 'Heap, a quarter of a peck measure. The term is not unusually applied to both half-peck and peck measures also,' Robinson, MLd-Ylcs. G l .. s.v. 'Yon 'eeap's a bit short': bit short. EY. Hebble QhtblJ sb. that quarter of a peck measure is a A hand-rail. DaD handvo 1 , hand—pole, is a combination of ON hand -(• ON voir, a staff for the hand. If the v in DaD handvol is changed into its cognate b, the result is handbol. which by assimilation becomes hambol, hâbble. and finally hebble with the fronting of the vowel. 'Hebble, the wooden hand-rail of a plank—bridge over a brook. ' Atk., Wh. G l . , s.v. 'Tak 'od of 'ebble whan tha gans ower beck': handrail when you go over the stream. EY. Heck QiekJ sb. take hold of the An inner door which leads from an entry into living quarters. The upper half of a stable door. Probably derived from Da haek, a rack. The cognate in OE is haecc, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2Sü a hatch. NED states that hatch or hetch is southern, and that heck 4 is the northern development of the Scand, Cf. Du h e k , fence, gate, •Good ■w^f, open the hek. Seys thou not what I bryng?’ 126/3 0 5 . ’Heck, hek, or hetche, or a dore.’ 'The heck, the door.' 'Chap on t h ’ ’eck ageean'; QilôzJ vb. Prom. P a r v ., 231. Ray, Nth. Gty. W d s ., 3 6 . ’Heck, a half — door or hatch-door.’ Heeze Town. P I .. Atk., Wh. 0 1 .. s.v. knock on the inner door again. EY, To breathe with a wheezing sound. There are two possible explanations of EY heeze. 1. It may represent a form without w: N haesa, to breathe heavily, to be short of breath, also N h æ s . h a a s , hoarse. Cf. ON hass, Da haes, and Sw has, has, hoarse. This root without w does not occur in OE, but 5 Torp traces it back to Indo-European. 2. It m ay represent a form vri-th original w: ON hvaesa, to hiss, Sw hvasa, to breathe with difficulty, and N kvaesa < hvaesa, to wheeze. The Indo-European root appears in L queri. 'Heeze, to breathe thickly or hoarsely.’ Morris, Yks. Fk—T k ., 323. ’Ah 'eeard 'im thruff t ’ neet ’eeazin despert ’a r d ’: through the n i ^ t wheezing a great deal. EY. Heft QheftJ I heard him sb. A handle. An excuse or pretence. Da hefte, the hilt of a sword, a handle; OE haeft, a handle. 4 5 Murray, _0£. olt., h ook, s.v. Alf Torp, Nynorsk Etyrnologisk Ordbok. Kristi aril a: H. Aschehoug, I915» haesa, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 259 Cf. Ger heft, a handle, hilt, portion of a book, ON hepti, a haft, and Go hafts, joined together. •An hefte, manubrium, manutentum, ’ Gath. A n g l ., 179. •Heft, a handle, as of a knife. A pretext or excuse: thence, pretence, dissimulation, deceit,' A t k ., % . G l .. s.v. •Ah' 11 put an 'eft on yon 'ammer': hammer. E Y . •It's novvt bud a lot of 'eft': Hein [hin] adv. I'll put a handle on that it's nothing but a lot of pretence. EY, Hence, away. Be offl Perhaps associated with OE heonan, hence, which Skeat considers to 6 have been earlier hinan. ME records h e n , hence, and NED gives hyne 7 as a northern dialectal form of ME h e n . Cf. Da h e n , DaD herme, ON hefan, and Sw hadan, hence, •Welle is me that I shalle dre Tylle I have sene hym vo.th rryn ee. And no longer hyne, ' Town. P l ., 184/90. 'Naked we come hider, and bare And pure, swa sal we he then fare.' Pr. Cons., 508, •Lede we her heyne. • 'Hine. Be offl' Yk. P l .. xxxvi. 272. Hold. G l ., s,v, 'Kin, afooar ah cloot tha': Helder £heldr] adv. be off, before I strike you. EY. Rather, preferably. This is an ON word which has been taken without change into the EY dialect. ON heldr, more, rather. Cf. Sw heller, and Da heller, rather. 6 Skeat, _0£. cit., hence, s.v. 7 Murrey, jO£. c i t ., h e n c e , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 260 ’And naw|>er faltered ne fel pe freke neuer Jje helder.’ Gaw. & Or. K ., 430. ’Heldar, rather, before.’ 'Helder, rather.’ Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 25, Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Sha’d 'elder gan ti toon ’en stop aroon ’e r e ’: she go to to-wn than stay around here. EY. Helm QielmJ sb. -would rather A shed in the field built toshelter cattle. The word which approximates the ET expression in form and meaning is Da h.jelm. a helmet, also a movable roof on posts to keep c o m dry. SwD h.jelm has a similar meaning. Of. ON hjalmr, a helmet, a covering. OE h e l m , a protector, Du hel m , Ger h e l m , and Go hi 1 m s , a helmet, a protector, ’An helm, a hovel.’ Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 36. ’Helm, a shed, generally roughly built, in the fields or elsewhere for cattle; a hovel.’ Morris, Yks. Fk—T k ., 323. ’They lowped intiv yan o ’ t h ’ ’elms til raan gied o w e r ’: they leaped into one of the cattle sheds until the rain stopped. ET. Heron sew QisransuT) sb. The heron. Concerning this word NED states that ME heronsew, a heron, is derived from OF heronceau, the earlier form of which was heroncel, diminutive of heron. The ending — sew for F — ceau has in some dialects come down as sue, sey, ser; but it also passed in the l6th century B into shaw. ’I wol nat tellen ... of hir swannes nor of hir heronsewes.’ Chaucer, Squire’s T ., 60. 8 Murray, op. olt., heronshaw, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 261 'Keronsew, the heron.* Hold. G l ., s.v. ’He leeaked as lanky as a ‘eronsoo’: heron. E Y . He^ Qiesp]] he looked as lanky as a sb. A fastening for a gate, door, or window. Apparently derived from OE h æ s p , a bolt or lock. Of. ON he spa, a fastening, Sw ha spa, a latch. Da hasp, a bolt, liHG hespe. a reel, hinge, Ger haspe. clamp, hinge, hook, and hasps. the fastening of a door. 'To the chambre dore he gan hyme dresse ... And by the haspe (Lansdowne I'/IS, hespe) he haaf it of atones.’ Chaucer, Miller's T . . 2ÔA. 'Hesp, a latch. The term is also applied to that form of iron catch which secures by being dropped into a staple.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l .. s.v. ’Didsta put *esp in t ’ deear?’: Hi g [hig ] did you bolt the door? EY. sb. Petulance. Sulkiness. Perhaps this word is derived from SwD hig a . to strive to obtain. Cf. N hika. Da hige. Du hi.jgen, and OE higian. to strive. An extended meaning is seen in DaD hèg. an insufferable person. 'Hig, a state of petulance, an offended state,' Mid—Yks. G l ., s.v. ’Next daay sha teeak t h ’ig': sulkiness. EY. Hing [htip2 "vb. Robinson, the next day she had a fit of To hang. Probably connected with ON hengja, to suspend, a weak causative vb. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 262 Cf. OH G hen gan, Ger ban gen, and Go hah a n ; all derived from the root of the strong verb, OE h o n , to hang. *If yee glue dome, |>an sal |?ai hing.* Curs. M u n ., 4946. •Of whilk t?e rotes J>at of it springes, Er Jj© hares ^at on t?e heved hynges,* Pr. Cons., 672. •To hynge, pendere.’ Cath. A ngl., 186. •Hing, to hang, to cling to, especially as an ailment.’ Yks. Fk-Tk., 324. •Hing up thi ’at, lad, an* set tha doon* : and sit doi-jn. EY. Hipe QidtpJ vb. Morris, hang up your hat, lad, To push with the horns as cattle do. To censure, There may be some association with SwD hypa, to strike, to inflict a blow. Cf. SwD h y p , a heavy blow. There seems to be no such word in ON or OE. •And some gas hypand als a ka.* Pr. Con s ., 1537. •Hipe, to push -with the horns (said of cattle); also used metaphorically — to attack or assail with accusations as to character or conduct.• Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 324. •It’s nobbut tweea coos haipin yan another’: pushing one another with their horns. EY. •They dee nowt bud char an* h aip’: censure. EY. Hippie [hipl] sb. i t ’s only two cows they do nothing but scold and A small heap of hay. kSD regards this word as a diminutive of E hea p . It may be associated with OE hypel, a small heap, or with SvÆ) hypla, to set clover in heaps. Cf. MHG hiufel, and Ger haufel, a little heap. 9 Murray, 0£. olt., hippie, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 263 «l'/hy the heepils schulden so lyen.’ ’Darnasch shal ... be as an hypil.* Wyclif, B i b ., 2 Chron. xxxL, 9. Wyclif, B i b ., Isa. xrvii. 1. ’Hinple, a small hay-cock, or rather a small heap of half-made hay, the drying process being not as yet quite completed.' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Unther th'ipples thoo'll fahnd a vast o* clocks': under the small heaps of hay, you'll find a good many beetles. EY, Hirsle [hpsl] vb. To move about restlessly. It is probable that this word is derived from an e arlier hristle. and, if so, it could be associated vrlth ON hrista, to shake. Another possible source may be OE hristle, a rattle, related to OE hrisian, hrissan, to shake. Jamieson's opinion is that the word is derived from Flemish aarzelen, to go backwards, and he defines the expression 1 as denoting sliding down a hill in a sitting position. This, however, becomes remote from the EY significance. 'Hirsel, to move restlessly.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 324. 'Be quiet, bayn, an' deean't 'ossle': move about restlessly. EY. Hitch Hhit/’J vb. be quiet, child, and don't To hop. To move by jerks. ME hicchen. to move by jerks, is equivalent in sense to northern hatch. No related word appears in OE, although Skeat suggests that MS hicchen can only be a weakened form from an older hil-dcen. used 2 to denote convulsive movement. If Skeat is correct, it may be well 1 John Jamieson, A Dictionary of the S c o t t i s h L a n g u a g e . Paisley; A. Gardner. I 5 2 7 . h i r s l e , s.v. 2 Skeat, op. olt., hitch, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. to cite Du hlkken^ to hiccough, as a possible connection. Cf. Bavarian hutschen. to move along in jerks, Du hutsen, to shake, and Swiss hotschen, to hiccough, •Hytchyn, hychyn, hytchen, or remevyn, amoveo, moveo, removeo,’ Prom. P arv., 239* 'Hitch, to hop.» Hold. G l .. s.v. 'Let's 'itch ti yon y a t ': Hoast {2huastsb. let's hop to that gate. EY. A cough. According to NED, OE hwosta, a cough, is not known to have survived in ME. The extant northern word from the lAth century, ME host, 3 was apparently derived from ON hosti, a cough. Cf. Da hoste. and Du hoeste, a c o u ^ . 'Hoose, or coughe; host, boost, tussis.' 'Als aand with host in brest is spred.» 'Hoast, a cough.' Prom. Par v ., 24Ô. Cur s . Mlun., $34. Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v. 'He n i w e r 'ad sikkan a bad 'ooast afooar': bad cough before. E Y . Hofe Qilef] sb. he never had such a A residence. A temporary home. ON hof, a temple, dwelling; OE hof, a temple, dwelling, den. Either the ON or OE form could explain the EY expression. The ON form, however, seems to have acquired a wider use, and came, perhaps, to be applied more generally to an ordinary dvrelling. Cf. Da, Sw, and C-er hof, a yard, house. 3 Murray, o_g. clt., hoast, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 26$ 'Heeaf, an abode. Also an habitual haunt.' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v, 'Ah v/eean't dee 'at tiv a chap in 'is own 'eeaf : that to a man in his own home. EY. Hofe [h l a f ] vb. I won't do To lodge or live. Hofe, sb., s.v. 'Heeaf, to take shelter; to run into port. Also to lodge.' VIh. G l ., s.v. 'John'11 'eeaf at 'is fayther's pleeace this backend'; live at his father's place this winter. EY. Hog [hog ] sb. Atk., John will A one-year old sheep. This word was first exemplified about 1340, but the derivative 4 hoggaster occurs about 1175* NED states that the origin is unknovm.. Skeat suggests a Celtic origin for OE h og g , a h o g < W h w c h , a sow, 5 cognate vriLth OE sugu, a sow. If EY hog stems from OE hog g , there has been a curious change in meaning, unless the older word signified an animal in general. The form hoggaster, a young sheep, seems to be a diminutive, surviving in hogget, a variant, according to Morris, of EY hog, a young sheep. '^ouis and lammis ... and raony herueist hog. ' v i . 66. Compl. S c o t ., 'A hog, a sheep of a year old; also used in Northamptmn and Leicester shires, where they call it a hoggrel.' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 3Ô. 'Hog or hogget, a young sheep from the time of its being weaned to that of first shearing. Hogs are of two kinds, wether-hogs and gimmer-hogs, so called according to sex; after shearing 4 Murray, c i t ., h o g , s.v. 5 Skeat, eg. o l t . , h o g , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 266 they are all called shearlings.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 325. 'Cum a forrtnith a h '11 'ev fowerty bonny 'ogs fur cCippin': weeks I'll have forty fine young sheep for shearing. EY. Hoit l^hoit] vb. in two To play the fool. Sw ho.jta, to shout boisterously, seems to be the source of this word. SwD ho.ita, to shout to cattle in order to collect them, is also closely associated with the EY expression. 'Then would hoyting wanton to a tribe Of loues ray body haue abandoned.' Carew, Tasso, 8?. 'Hoit, to play the fool,' Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 325. 'He awlus 'oits when 'e sups 'is yal': when he drinks his ale. EY. Ho 11 Ifhol^j adj. he always plays the fool Deep, in the sense of 'depth of vfinter.' Apparently from OE h o i , hollow. Cf. OFris, OS, OHG, JÎHG, and Du hoi, Ger ho h i , OM h o i r , Sw h o i , and Da h uul, hollow, concave. The idea of depth may have been derived from SwD hal, concave, deep, e.g. hal-skog, a deep forest. 'Dere brother I wille fayre On feld ther our bestes ar. To look if thay be holgh or fulle,' Town. P l ., 18/310. 'Hoi, as pypys or percyd thyngys, cavus. ' Prom. Parv., 242. 'Hole, hollow, deep.' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 37. 'Roll, hollow, deep.' Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. 'He wur iv a 'oil sleep': he was in a deep sleep. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 267 Ho11 [hoi] sb. A depression in the surface of land, ho 11 < OE h o i , a hoIlow. Du hul has precisely the same meaning as the EY word. Cf. OSw h o i , Sw h a l , and ON ho l a , a hollow. In Sc ho11 has regularly become h o w . »|>e fox i {ïan ho lie wende&. ' L a y ., 20664- 'Roll, a hollow, or ravine.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. G-1., s.v. ’Thoo’ll see a fair ’oil reet in t ’ middle o ’ t ’ clooas*: y o u ’ll see a considerable depression right in the middle of the field. EY. Hollln [hj5lln] sb. Holly. ME ho U n < OE holen, holly. Apparently the EY term is the ME word unchanged. Since OE h corresponds to Celtic _c, it may be interesting to cite as cognates W celyn. C o m ce U n , Bret kelen, Gael cuilionn, and Ir cuileann, holly. Cf. OHG hulis, Ger and D u hulst, holly. ’In his hande he hade a holyn bobbe.’ ’An holyn bery, hussmum.’ ’Hollin, the holly. ’ G a w . & G r . K ., 206. Cath. Ang l ., 187. Hunter, Hallamshire G l . , s.v. ’¥a n i w e r fergit tiv 'ing up t h ’ollin at Kessmas’: forget to hang up the holly at Christmas. EY. Holm £huam ] sb. we never Low-lying land by the side of a. river, which in time of flood may become more or less insular. ON holmr, island; Da holme, a small island. Cf. N hol m , a spot distinguished from the surrounding land, Sw holme, a small island, and Ger holm, a hill, island, wharf. There is also ME hol m < O E holm. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 268 open sea, billow, mound, almost identical in meaning with the ON form, but the ON form seems a more likely etymon to me because of its long vowel, the vowel of the EY form presupposing an earlier long vowel. ’Holm, place besydone a water, hulmus.’ Prom. Parv., 243» ’Holm, land which at times is, or has been, liable to be surrounded or partly surrounded by water.’ Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 325• ’He wur doon at ^ooarn anenst beck, seea gammer sent a lahtle lad ti laat ’i m ’: he was down at the low-lying land beside the stream, so the mistress sent a little boy to fetch him. EY. Hotter 01^5t r j vb. To shake up. This word has an iterative ending, as in batter, stagger, and is perhaps related to MDu hotten, to shake up, or to Flemish hotteren, to shake up, to cluster together. There is also SwD huttra, to shake ivith cold, DaD huddre, to shiver, and ON hossa, to shake violently, but these are not as close to the EY word in form and meaning as the LG correlatives. ’To hotter, to crowd together, expressive of individual motion.’ Jam., s.v. ’Hotter, to jumble or jolt.’ Robinson, Mid—Y k s . G l ., s.v. ’Th'aud carry ’ottered uz sair’: Hou jjou] sb. the old cart shook us up greatly. EY, -A mound. A barrow. ON haugr. a mound, a sepulchral mound. Cf. OSw haugr, N haug. Da hd.i. DaD h o g , and Sw h o g , a mound, a sepulchral mound. There is also Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 269 OE hôh, a projecting ridge of land, but this should develop into S hough [hau] • Tlie EY word agrees vri.th the Scand semantically in associating with the hou or haugr all sorts of supernatural beings, •Houe, a sepulchral tumulus, or barrow. ' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. •Ah *eerd •at sum on them leeared chaps ’ev been greeavin in yon ’o o ’: I heard that some of those learned fellows have been digging in that mound. EY. Housen Qhusn^ sb. Houses. Property, The EY word is a survival of OE h ü s , a house. The OE long ü survives unchanged in the north, and EY has analogically formed the plural in n. Cf. ON h u s . Da huus, and Sw hue, a dwelling-place, •And after that com a water so sharply, that drof down the howsynge and a grete parte of the peple.^ Mer., 153 » •Housen, houses.’ Hold. G l ., s.v, •Gaffer ’ez a vast o ’ brass a n ’ ’oo sen •: money and property. EY. Hout [hut^j interj. the master has a lot of An expression of incredulity or dissent. Certainly notî Impossible! Perhaps connected with N h u t , a cry of dissent requesting silence on the part of the other person. Cf. Sw h u t , begone! The Celtic forms ¥ h w t , off with it! away! and Ir out! pshaw! are probably loan words from Germanic, •Hoot, hout, howts ... equivalent to E fy. Hoot— toot of the same meaning, but stronger, and expressing greater dissatisfaction, contempt, or disbelief,’ Jam., , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 270 •Hout, an expression denoting incredulity on hearing some statement, and corresponding to ’nonsense,' ’surely n o t . ’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk. , 326 . •Houtî Tha n i w e r put thi feeat in t ’ deearsteead’: You never put your foot in the door. EY. Hover [huve] vb. impossible! To wait. To take time. There is a question as to whether ME h o u e n , to hang over, has developed from an OE form, or from W h o f i a n , to suspend. OE -*-hofian does not appear in A S P , but OFris h o v i a , to receive into o n e ’s house, antedates the ME form; hence the latter might have been a development from OE h o f , a house. If so, one could suppose that W hofian was borrowed from the E. 'f>e b u m e bode on bonk, {jat on blonk h o u e d . • ’It may not help to hover ne hon e . ’ Town. P I ., 75/763- ’Hover, to stay from motion, to desist,’ Robinson, Mid—Y k s . G l .. s.v. •Thoo mun ’u w e r a bit fur a bite an' s u p ’: some refreshments. EY. Howk [havkvb. G a w . & Or. K ., 785. you must vmit for To dig out. To scoop out. The form given in NED is h o i k , which is identical with MS h olken, to scoop out. Cf. OE h o l e , a hollow, N h o l e , a vessel of wood, Sw halka, to excavate, and L G ho l k e n , to hollow, 'He holkked out his auen yjen heterly b o ^ e . ' B. 1222. 'To hoIke, palare.' E. E. Allit. P ., Cath. A ng l ., 187* 'Howk, to dig out, to scoop,’ Hold. G l ., s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 271 •He's 1-d.v 'is fayther 'owkln teeaties’: digging up potatoes. EY. Huff QaufJ vb. he's vri.th his father To become swollen and poffy. Probably related to N hovna. to puff up, and to Da hoven, swollen. Cf. SwD hâvna, to puff up, to become swollen. Less likely is the statement of NED that h uff, which appeared late in the l6th century, 6 is imitative of the sound of a blast of air through an orifice. •Huff, to become swollen and puffy, as the flesh where a blow has been received.' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. •Her 'ee 'uffed up sharp eneeaf ': quickly. S Y . Huff le [hvfl] sb. her eye became swollen very A finger-stall. Probably associated with ON h u f a , a hood. G f . N h u v a , a head— covering, SwD h u v , a covering, OE h ufe, a covering for the head. Sc how, a covering, and OS huver, a thatch, roof. 'Huffil, a finger— sheath. It is usually a leather article.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. 0 1 ., s.v. 'Get tha a 'uffle fur thi finger': finger. EY. Hug Lhvg3 vb. get a finger-stall for your To carry. Da huge, to sit with bowed back, has also an extension of meaning implying to walk with bowed back, as one does in carrying a burden. While Ger ho cken means to squat, Ger ho eke In means to take upon one's back. Of. ON h u k a , N hukje, and SwD h uka, to squat, to sit with 6 Murray, 0£. cit., huff, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 272 cui'ved back and knees. •Hug, to carry. This word is whether e.g. carrying out article, like a stick; it to embrace.* Morris, Yks. used to express every kind of carrying, for burial, or holding any light is never used in the ordinary sense, Fk-Tk., 327. IAh *s brussen vriLv *uggin o ’ i t ’: it. EY. Hul-:e [hLakJ sb. I ’m out of breath ivith carrying The hip. This word is also related to ON huka, to squat, but other correlatives which may be cited are Da h u k , a c o m e r or projecting angle, SwD hukk, a projecting point of land, and Du hoek, a small promontory. Cf. Sw huka, Du huk e n , and Ger hocken, to crouch. NED first records 7 the compound huek—bone as appearing in E literature in 1440. ’Huke, the hip. ’ Hold. G l ., s.v. ’Ah’ve n i w e r creeaked ma ’eealc tidaay’: today. EY. Huker [hlska] vb. I haven’t sat down To trade. To huckster. The etymology seems to be LG. Apparently there is a connection with Du hoecker, a small dealer in victuals; Ger hoker, a hawker, and Bavarian hugker, a retailer. The form appears in all the Scand languages also, and goes back to the root in ON huk a , to crouch or bend under a burden, seen in the two preceding entries. ’To merchaunt and huk, auccionor.’ ’Huker, to barter, huckster.’ 7 Prom. Parv., 252. Atk., W h . Gl., s.v. Murray, 0£. cit.-, huok, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 273 'He's a deeatal chap, an' *e 'ukkers when *e's leeas': he's a man who is hired by the day, and he peddles goods when he is not hired. EY. Hut ter £hvtôj vb. To stammer. Perhaps a relationship exists here with MDu hotten, and Flemish hotteren, to shake up. However, Du hoddebek, a stammerer, should also be cited, a word which combines houden, to hold, and bek, the mouth. Houden is applied to hesitancy of speech in Du, and may have developed into the EY word by the change of voiced d to voiceless t. Gf. N hutra, SwD huttra. and Da hudre, to shake. 'Hutter, to stammer.' Atk,, Wh. Gl., s.v. 'Talk slow, an' tha weean't 'utter sae sair': and you won't stammer so badly. EY. speak slowly, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 27U I fî] prep. In. ON, Sw, and Da i, in. This is not a weakened form of OE as 8 NED suggests, but Scand i adopted by the dialect. Before a vowel V- is generally added for euphony. ’I, in. ^ Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v. *He‘s i t h ’oose': he's in the house. EY. «Ah can't see owt iv it': Ickle £”ikl] sb. I can't see anything in it. EY. Icicle. Stalactite. It seems that SivD ikkel, icicle, stalactite, most closely approximates the î5Y word. The k sound in the EY form points to an origin in the Scand where the consonant is still a stop. ASD records OE gjcel as signifying an icicle without the prefix i ses, but the OE form does not apply to a rock development by the action of water. Gf. DaD egel, ON .jokull, and ND Jukel, icicle. 'Ikyl, stiria.' Promt. Parv., 259. 'Ickles, icicles.' 'Ickle, an icicle.' Hall., D APW., 172. Hunter, Hallamshire 0 1 ., s.v. 'Thoo'll see a lot o' gurt watter ickles i yon ceeave': see a lot of large stalactites in that cave. E Y . Ilk [ilk] adj. Each, every. This word is never used in Ef as a pronoun. 8 you'll Murray, o p . c i t .. I n , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 275 OE sel e , e l c , y l c , each. Ilk is a northern form, and prevails from Lincolnshire to the Lowlands of Scotland. It is occasionally interchangeable ivith i lka, though it should be noted that ilka is the customarjr expression in Sc, and ilk in EY, *Ilk man that here lyves, mare and lesse.* 'Iche or ylke, guilibet.’ •Ilk, each, every. • Prom. P a r v ., 258. Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v. •T' lad cums ’ere ilk mooanin’: 111 E l l D adj. Pr. Con s ., 89. the lad comes here every morning. EY, Bad, evil. kE ill < OH i l l r , bad, evil. Apparently there is no relation between ON illr and OE y f e l , evil. Of. 03\i il d e r , Sw i l i a , Da i l d , N ill, and OS i l d e , bad, evil. •Qui did pu |)us, pu ille womman?’ C u r s . M u n ., 886. •pe ,gude sal be sette on his right hand. And pe ille on his lefte syde sal stand. • Pr. C o n s ., Cllpl. •Thou art an y lie que Ip for angres. • •111, bad.» Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 328. •Theer wur summat ill aboot »im’: liini. E Y . Illify Toivn. P I ., 113/425» [ilifaijj vb. there was something evil about To defame. To slander. Perhaps this word is related to OSw ili a , to slander. Cf. OM ill-yr(Sa, to speak ill of a person. •Illify, to reproach, to defame. • Hall., DAPM., 473. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 276 ijlllfy, to speak evil of people behind their backs; to take away a person's character.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 328. 'Novrb's vrrang ifi chap, bud sha illified 'im all ower toon': there's nothing wrong with the man, but she slandered him all over the toivn. EY. Imp {[imp] sb. An added ring of straw or other material inserted at the base of a beehive to increase its size. MS imp, a graft on a tree, the extended meaning of which is simply 5 an insertion. NED connects this word with OE impian, to graft, a 1 form which Skeat incorrectly declares unauthorised. It is quite possible that L impetus. a graft, came into OE through the Celtic, since ¥ i m p , a tivig, a graft, is derived from the L source. Other forms which are indebted to the L are Sw y m p a , OHG imphon, Ger impfen, and Bret embouda, to graft. 'Imps, additions to a bee—hive by adding more straw rims to the bottom.' Atk., W h . G l . , s.v. 'Tha'11 'ev ti put an imp or tweea on yon bee— skep': put an imp or two on that bee—hive. EY, Inear [tnCeJ sb. you'll have to The kidney. Associated with ON n y r a , and OE n e r e , the kidney. Cf. Sw n.jure. and Da nyre, the kidney. These forms represent the second element in E kidney. The first element is seen in ON kvié^r, and OE c w ^ , womb, but neither lED nor ASD gives the compound form. The initial i in the EY word is a puzzle, unless it represents the prefix ge-. 9 Murray, op . o l t .. I m p , s.v. 1 Walter Willia m Skeat, An Etymological Dictionary of th e E n g lish L a n g u a g e . 3 r d edition. Oxfords The Clarendon Press, 1898. I m p , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2Y7 ‘Innear, a kidney. In Ilid—Yorks. near and nears are also common. Innear is a mere corruption. The real word is n e a r , IS ner e , Ger niere.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l .. s.v. 'Summat's ivnang wiv ’is ineea, seea ’e ’ed ti gan ti docther fur snm stuff ti dill t ’ paan ’: something is %-rrong with his kidney, so he had to go to the doctor for some medicine to ease the pain. S Y . Ing Q it) J sb. Low-lying meadow land. The original of this EY i-zord is probably Da eng, which not only means a meadow, but also applies to low-lying land too moist for ordinary tillage. Cf. ON eng, Sv/ &ig, OHG an gar, and MHG anger. meadow, grass land. The word is not recorded in OH. ’Enge, ubi a medew. ’ Cath. Angl., 11$. ’Ings, low pasture lands. The term is usually applied to land by a river-side, and rarely used but in the plural, though the reference be only to one field. With some people, however, it is compounded vith pasture itself, and is then used in the singular. At these times, the word accommodates itself with a meaning, being a substitute for river-side.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Ah laay Fred’11 be doon t h ’ing wi t ’ sheeap’: I believe that Fred will be down in the pasture with the sheep. EY. Ingate fingletj sb. An entrance to a house or building. The word is a combination of E and gate, the latter element being derived from ON gata, an opening, path, way. ’The lady Drede is portere and so speres |)e gatis ... ^at none evylle hafe none in gate to |>e herte.' Rel. Pieces, 53» ’Ingate, a way of entrance. If applied to a pathway, a short, more or less enclosed one, is indicated. Of the outlets of divergent Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 278 paths t'ri-thin a wood, it will be said, 'There is only one ingate ; all the rest are ontgates.' Robinson, ^üd-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Beeath on 'em war prossin at th'ingeeat': chatting at the entrance. EY, Ingle []tï)gl] sb. both of the m were Fire. V/hen used with the definite article, it becomes equivalent to fireside. Gael aingeal. fire, light, is undoubtedly the etymon of the EY word. Cf. L ignis, and Skt agni, fire. 'Ingle, fire, a blaze or flame.' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 26. 'His wee bit ingle, blinkin boni lie. ' 23. 'Ingle, fire, flame.' B u m s , Cotter's Sat. Ni g h t , Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Sen 'e got aud, 'e sets bi t h 'ingle all tahm': he sits by the fire all the time. EY. Inkle jjHlkl] sb. since he got old, A kind of linen tape. It seems that this word has developed from L linum, flax, through F lignol, linen thread, which by metathetic change became E lingel, shoe-maker's thread. The loss of the initial 1 vrauld convert lingel into ingle or inkle. Cf. F linge, ON l in, and Ger lein, linen. MED suggests that the EY word is associated vrith Du enkel, single, 2 which might be applied to narrow tape. 'Lyn37olf or inniolf, threde to sow with schone or botys. Indula, liciniura, ' From. P arv.. 306. 'Hee hath ribbons of all the colours i ' th' rainebow; points ... incles, caddysses, cambrickes, lai^nes.' Shaks,, Winter 's T .. IV. iv. 208. 2 Murray, o p . o l t .. Inkle, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 279 'Inkle, a tape used for apron strings and shoe ties,’ Md*~Yks « Gl », s •V • 'Ah nrun get some inkle fur t ' lass's pinny': tape for the girl's pinalore. EY. Inoo [%nu] adv. Robinson, I must get some linen Presently, just now. Probably the derivation is from Da endnu, yet, even now. Note the Da expression: du ma a ei komme endnu, you must not come at once. 'Inow, shortly, soon, presently.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 328. 'Ah' 11 get it fur tha inoo': Intak Qintaek] sb. I'll get it for you presently. EY. A piece of land taken from the common, and enclosed for the purposes of cultivation. This word is derived from OSw intaka, common land vihich is enclosed for the purposes of cultivation. Cf. Sw intaga, and SwD intaka, with the same meaning. 'When horses in the sunburnt intake stood.' W a l k , 49. Wordsworth, Evening 'Intak, a piece of ground taken in from the moor or waste for cultivation. A benty intak is one of those enclosures where the grass at first grows coarse or rush— like,' Atk., W h . G l ., s.v, 'He's worrkin at 'is intak, an' deein reet champion w i v it*: he's working at his plot of ground, and doing splendidly with it. EY. Intiv [jntiv] prep. Into, Intiv is the EY form of the prep, i n t o , and is used before a vowel or a silent h. Before a consonant EY inti is used, but the form with Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 28ü excrescent v has been gaining grotmd even before consonants. 'Inti, intiv. Into. Inti is used before a consonant, and intiv before a vowel.* Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 329. 'Pop tanner intiv *is 'and*: Inwards £insdzj sb. put the sixpence into his hand. EY. The entrails. The bowels. MB inward < 0 E inneweard, internal, an adj. form, which evidentlydeveloped into the plural sb. inwards. 'Suae Jonas w æ s in c9aes huales inna^.* Matt. xLi. 40 . Anglo—Sax. Gosp», 'Then ... laid The inwards and their fat, with incense strewed, on the cleft wood.* Milton, P. L . , xi. 439» 'Inwards, entrails, bowels.* Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'He wur despert sair in *is innads': bowels. SY. he had great pain in his Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 251 Jannock Qi^aenek] adj. Even, level, fair, equitable. P r o b a b l y from N .jaimoka, equal. The assimilates to rm in EY. Gf. ON ,iafnokL, an equal, Svr .jamka, and SwD j ânka, even, level. 'Jannak, fit, proper, good; fair and honourable; smart or fine.' Hall., D A F W .~, 482. 'Jannock, fair, equitable.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'That weean't be jannock': that won't be fair. SY. Jaup Qi?op"2 vb.To shake a liquid violently in a This word appeared in the early l6th century, and its ^ vessel. spelling 3 suggests an original j a l p ,as in the case of haud from hal d . The only possible origin seems to be ON gjalfra, to dash against, which by phonetic change could be modified to gialp, and then to the SY word. 'Auld Scotland wants nae skinking ware That jaups in luggies,' Burns, To a Haggis, 8, 'Jaup, to splash; to make a splashing noise,' Hall,, D A P W ., 483, 'Jaup, to agitate water or other fluid sharply in a vessel, so as to cause it to dash against the sides,' Atk., ^Vh, G l ,, s,v. 'Deean't jawp t ' mLolk i ' t ' skeeal': the pail, EY. Jawer [d^aeva] sb. don't shake the milk in Flippant talk. SY j a w e r is apparently a weakened form of E jabber, to chatter. 3 Murrepr, _0E» c i t ., Jaap, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 282 Cf. Du gabbere n , to chatter. Note also DaD hiabre, to chatter without thought, which is not far removed in form from the EY word. •Jawer, idle, silly talk. • Hall., DAR'f., 483. •Jawer, bold, assuming talk. • •Sik j a w e r as tha n i w e r heard. EY. Jealous ] adj. Robinson, ]NiLd-Yks. G l ., s.v. •eerd’: such foolish talk as you never Apprehensive. ME jalous < 0 F jalous, suspicious of rivalry < Low L zelosus, full of zeal. In assigning a reason for the specific meaning of the EY word, it should be understood that there is a very short transition from suspicion to apprehension. •Let not the iealous daie behold that face.^ •Jealous, apprehensive, afraid lest.* •Ah' s jealous *e weean't cum* : Jimp tji^imp] adj. Shaks., Lucr.. 800. Morris, Y k s . Fk—T k ., 329. I'm afraid he won*t come. EY. Neat, elegant. 4 This T^rord has been known in the north since I 5OO. Its etymology" is obscure, but it has probably some connection with ON skam, short, scanty. •I see thee dancing o*er the green. Thy waist sae jimp, thy limbs sae clean. • B u m s , 0 Were I on Parnassus* Hil l . 2. •Jimp, slight, small, scanty, elegant.• ‘Sha's a jimp lahtle lass fur seear': little girl. EY. 4 Murray, Atk., W h . 0 1 .. s.v. she's certainly a neat o p . o l t ., jimp, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 203 Jobber sb. A small spade for digging up roots. Probably connected \fith MS jobben, to peck, which in turn may have some association with Gael gob, the beak of a bird. There are no correlative forms in ON or OE. However, it may be interesting to note Polish daiobai. to peck. •ByHen or jobbyn as bryddys, jobbyn with the byl. Rostro.’ Prom. Parv., 36. •Jobber, an iron implement between a probe and a spade, for the garden.’ Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. •Get them thistles oot wi thi jobber’: v/ith 2/0 ur small spade. E Y . Jodder ^djb^s] sb. get those thistles out A state of quivering. It is probable that the word is a variant of E j o g ,tojolt. If so, there may be a connection with SwD jukka, to bounce up and dovm, and v/ith DaD jykke, to bounce about, as on a horse.Cf. Sw jucka, to be in a state of shaking motion. Torp suggests that SwD (also K) jukka may possibly be a loan from Low Du, where, however, jukken means to itch^ Cf. OE gyccan, to itch. •Jodder, to be tremulous, like jelly when shaken.’Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v, •then ah got off t • bus, ah wur all iv a jother’: vhen I got the bus, I v/as definitely in a trembling condition. SY. _Jo^^m^ (^d^blmant] sb. off A pitcher— full. It is difficult to tell whether this word is derived from F jalle, a bowl, or Du j o H e k e n . a trough. Possibly the F form is the more 5 Alf Torp, Nynorsk Etyaologisk Ordbok. Krlstlanla: H. Aschehoug, I919. Jukka, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Æ 28a likely origin, due to the -ment ending of the ET expression, a suffix which is clearly F and not Du. Cf. N jolla, a trough. fJolment, a large pitcher-full. But in Mid-Yorks, the word means a large quantity of ansrbhing. ’ Robinson, MLd-Yks. C l .. s.v. ’Wa set roon teeable wi a joliment o' yal': table with a pitcher of ale. EY. Jollous (d^bles]J a d j . we sat round the Hearty, jolly-looking. In NED the form is given as jollux, fat, fleshy. It is possible that the word may have some connection with E j o w l , the fleshy appendages of the jaw in a fat person, but it seems more probable that it is associated with E j o l l y < M E i ol i < O F jolif, gay, fine, gallant. 'Jollus, fat.' Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. 'Sha's a jollus sooart o' body': of person. EY. Jowl [jd^ul] sb. she's a hearty, cheerful sort The jaw. OS ceafl, the jaw. The OE word regularly gave ME chavel, whence chawl, chaul, chol, j ô l , j o i e , jowl. Cf. Flemish kavel, jaw, Du kevel. gum, MHG kivel, ON kjaptr, and Sw kaft, jaw. '|)air chauelis cleue in twa. ' 'A chawylle ubi a chafte.' 'Jowl, the jaw. ' Cur s . M u n ., 7510» Cath. A n g l . , 60. Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Sfthur ah get them teeath oot, ma jool weean't be sae sair': after I get those teeth out, m y jaw will not be so sore. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 85 .Tnntous {[d^untesj adj. Ill-tempered, sullen. .ill association icLth E shunt, to turn aside, seems apparent. KE shunten, to turn aside, possibly from OE scunian, to refuse, to reject. Cf. ON skunda, to speed, flee, and 3 w skynda, to hasten. ’And he schunt for pe scharp, and schulde haf arered.' 1900. ’Juntus, captious, or easily offended.’ Gaw. & Gr. K . . Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. ’Sha’s sae juntous, tha can't dee owt wi t ’ lass’: she is so ill-tempered, you can't do anything with the girl. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 286 K Kale []kl0lj sb. Porridge, broth. This is a northern form of cole, formerly ivith the northern spelling, cale, or Sc kail. The derivation is from Gael cal, cabbage. Cf. Ir cal, Manx kail. C o m caul, W cawl, Bret kaol, and L caulis, cabbage. Other forms are Ital cavalo, Prov coul, Sp col, OF chol, F chou; ON kal, Sw kal. Da kaal, OH G chôl, M HG k o l , and Ger kohl, cabbage. The primary meaning of all these words has been cabbage in general, but in Sw and Da the term included other sorts of garden herbs. *He sent him to |>e yerd ... for to gedir {>am sum cale.’ 12523 . ’As kale of gressis seen sail ^ai fall.’ ’Gale, olus.’ Hamp., P. T . , Ps. xxxvi. 2. Cath. Ang l ., 51» ’Kale, water—porridge.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. ’Ma mither gied uz keeal iwi-y mooan’: every morning. EY. Kame C u r s . M u n ., £klem] sb. m y mother gave us porridge A comb. Probably from OE camb, a comb. The breaking in the EY word is explained by the lengthening of OE short a before the mb combination. Cf. ON kambr, OS camb, MDu cam, Du k a m , OHG chamb, MHG k am, Ger kamm, S w and Da k a m , a comb, crest, ridge. ’Wi|>|iutenn cnif and shæj^e and camb.’ O r m ., 6340. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 287 'Craftely isrith a cambe cho kembede HQme heuede,’ Morte Art., 3351» •Kame, a comb.' Hold. Gl., s.v, *V/at dusta want wi a keeam onnyweeays?’: comb anyway? EY. Kaye £klevj vb. what do you want with a To rake. To paw the ground restlessly, as a horse does. ON kafa, to turn over, from which is developed N kava, to use a rake, to turn over. Svi) kava and DaD kaute both imply restless action of the hands or feet, and approach the secondary meaning of the EY word. The form given in NED is chave, with an accompanying statement that it is derived from S chaff in the same way that halve is obtained from half. However, there are phonetic difficulties in such an ascription. 'Keeave, to rake the short straws and ears from the wheat on the b a m floor with the keeaving-rake. ' Atk,, W h . Gl., s.v. 'Noo, t* next job is ti keeave all yon ’ay ower’: job is to rake over all that hay. EY. now, the next ’Ah seed t h ’oss keeavin afooar ’e Idcked’; I saw the horse paiving the ground restlessly before he kicked. EY. Keck £k % k ] vb. To make a sound something between coughing and choldng. To decline with disgust. The first meaning of the word is associated with Sw kikna, and N kikje, to gasp, pant, cough. Cf. Du kichen, and Ger keuchen with the same meaning. The secondary significance may have some connection Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 288 ;d.th ODa kLekken, squeamish. 'Till 1 made her olde wesen to answers again, kecke.' G-ammer Gurton's Needle, iv. 2. •Keck, to lift, to heave; hence to retch, to choke.’ DAPW., 489. Hall., •Keck, to make the effect produced by somethingbetweena cough and a choke.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 330. •Bud when it cums ti that, ah keck’: I decline with disgust. EY. Keckle £keklj vb. but when it comesto that, To laugh boisterously. This is probably a variant of E cackle, hence is derived from ME cakelen, a word of LG origin. The source of the ME form may be Du kakelen, to chatter, to laugh loudly. Noteworthy is the fact that ASP records the use of OE ceahhetan. to laugh loudly, by Bede. Cf. Sw kackla, Da kagle. to cackle, chatter, Ger k i c k e m , to titter, and L cachinnari, to laugh immoderately. •Zif hit nere icakeled.’ Anc. Riw., 66. •Quliilk gart the hennis kekkyl. • •Keckle, to laugh violently.• Gompl. Scot., vi. 39. Hall., DAFW.. 489. •Keckle, to laugh boisterously or loudly. • Atk., Wh. Gl..s.v. •Tha cud ’eer ’im keckle oot intiv garth•: you could hear him laugh boisterously outside in the yard. EY. Kedge j^k^d^ ^ To stuff oneself with food. The relationship here seems to be with ON kaggl, a cask, with the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 89 implication that a cask has some resemblance to the human stomach. The filling of a cask, suggestive of filling the stomach %vith food, seems to be the notion responsible for the EY word. Cf. Svf kagge, and N kaggje, a keg, cask. ‘Kedge, to fill; generally applied to eating and drinking.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 330. 'T' bayns fair kedged their insahds wi pasty': filled their stomachs %vith pasty. EY. Keeans jfklenz J sb. the children really The white scum which forms in mille when it is turning sour. This word in the dialect is possibly due to Gael cean, a head, which applies to the froth on liquor, and by extension to the thickening of milk. 'Keeans, the scum of ale.' Hall., DAPW.. A69. 'Caned, acidus; canynge of ale, acor,' Cath. Angl., 53» 'Keeans, floating particles on the surface of a fermentation.' Atk., IrJh. Gl., s.v. 'Ah'm afeerd t ' thunner'll fetch keeans i ' t ' miolk': the thunder will cause the milk to turn sour. EY. Keek [^kikj vb. I'm afraid To raise up. To prop up. ON keikja has the meaning of to bend backwards, but when this applies to a person, it also denotes that his head is upraised. The BY word is frequently used with reference to the lifting of the head, or to the propping up of the head upon the elbow and hand. Cf. N kjeik, bent backwards, N kjeika, to bend back or to one side, Sw kack. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 290 energetic, and Da klaek, brave, resolute. 'Keek, to raise perpendicularly; to tilt up a cart, or partially so, in order that it may be the more readily loaded.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 330. ’He keeked up ’is ’eead iv a canty sooart o ’ w a a y ’: back his head in a cheerful sort of way. EY. Keen [kin] adj. he threw Eager, energetic, active. MS kene < OB cine, eager, acute. Skeat holds that the J in OE cene comes from an older £, and that the original sense is knowing, m s e , 6 able. Cf. ON kaenn, wise, Du ko en, daring, OHG chuoni, MHG kuene, and Ger kiihn, bold. ’Godess bodeword ... to kijjenn forjj, Biforenn kafe and kene.’ Orm., 19962. ’|)ough he crye to cryst ^anne with kene wille. ’ B. 3d-i. 252 . 'Kene kyng, kayser of vrj>e.’ E. E. Allit. P ., B. 1593. 'Keen, eager, strongly desirous.’ Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. ’T ’ lad’s varry keen o ’ gannin ti skeeal’: to go to school. EY. Keld [k&ld] sb. Langl., P. Plow., the lad is very eager A spring of water. A fountain. ON kelda. a spring, a well; OSw kaelda, a spring. Cf. Sw kalla. Da kilde, and DaD kel, a spring. The word is frequent in placenames in Yorkshire, e.g. Gunner—keld, Threlkeld. 'Keld, often used of a brook or spring.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. 'A very remarkable spring or fountain, or keld it was. ’ Atk., Moor. Parish, 203. 6 Yfalter William Skeat, An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 3 rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898. k e e n , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 291 ’V/hen w a get d o o n beeac o n , w a can sup at t ’ keld*: dovm the hill, we can d r i n k at the spring. EY. Kelk [k&lkj) sb. when we get A blow with the clenched fist. This word is apparently from ON kjalkl, jaw-bone. Cf. N kjelke, and Sw kjallce, jaw-bone. The meaning was originally throat, and the original form was -^^kelu, as in MIG kehle. throat. This form was influenced by the Scand form kjake, cheek, and OE ceole, neck. 'Kelk, a punch with the fist.' Atk., IVh. G l ..s.v. 'He gev 'im sikan a kelk on th'eead': the head. EY. Kelp jjkglpj sb. he gave him such a blow on An iron pot-hook which hangs from an iron bar in the chimney. Perhaps derived from ON kilpr.the handle kjelp, the handle of a bucket, of a vessel. Cf. SwD and Scclip, an instrument for lifting a pot by its ears. 'A kylpe ( a kelpe) of a caldron, perpendiculum. ' 203 . 'Kilps, pot-hooks.' Gath. Angl., Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 40. 'Kelp, a crook for pot or kettle to hang it over a fire.' Hall., DAFW., 490. 'Kelps, chimney pothooks of iron.' Hold. Gl., s.v. 'Put kittle on t ' kelp, mither, an' let's 'ev a cup o' teea': put the kettle on the pot-hook, mother, and let's have a cup of tea. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 292 Kelter [k€lt@j sb. Condition, state. The derivation is from N kjeltra, to run fast, from earlier *tjeltra corresponding to OE tealtrian, to waver. The meaning apparently came to be to travel at a steady gait, of horses, to go at a steady trot, to be in fit condition. •Kelter or Id.Iter, frame, order.’ Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 69. 'Kelter, condition, state, case, especially when applied to an animal. The word has also sometimes the meaning of money. ’ M o r r is , Y ks. Fk—Tk ., 331. 'Fred’s ’oss is i ’ fahn kelter’: Kemp QkempJ vb. Fred’s horse is in fine condition. EY. To strive to surpass another person. SvÆ) kampa is used in exactly the same sense as the EY word. ME kempen, and MDu kempen signify to fight rather than to compete. C f. Sw kampa. Da kaempe , OE campian, OHG chemfan, MHG kempfen, Ger kampfen, and ON keppa, to fight. ’ There is no kynge un dire Criste may kempe with hym one,’ M orte A r t . , 2 6 3 4 . ’Kemp, to strive for superiority.’ Hall., DAFW., 491. 'Kemp, to strive in order to outdo a competitor.' Atk., VJh. Gl., s.v. 'It’s nowt bud a few lads kempin at lowpin ower t ' beck': it's nothing but a few boys contending with one another at jumping across the stream. EY. Ken [_kEn] vb. To know. To recognize. To be acquainted with. 7 Skeat declares that this word is not E, but Scand. MIE kennen, to know, is derived from ON kenna, to know. According to NED the form 7 Skeat, 0 £. ci t ., k e n , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 293 is properly c a u s a tiv e , to cause to know, and was r e s t r i c t e d to t h i s 8 use in Go karm jan and OE cennan. The c a u s a tiv e v e rb in a l l th e Teutonic languages w a s der i v e d f r o m a s t r o n g verb, as, for example, OS cunnan. However, a t an e a r l y p e r io d i n T e u to n ic , th e v e rb a ls o ac q u ired th e sense to know. I n E t h i s may have been ta k e n from N orse, in w hich b o th senses w ere i n e a r l y u s e . C f . Sw k a n n a . Da k.iende, OE cennan, F r i s ke n n a, OS and Go k a n n ja n , to cause to know, to know. ’Gen t>ec raid c r a e fte Beowulf, 1219. k e n n ia n ,Dukennen,Ger kennen, and |>yssum cnyhtum wes l a r a l i & e . ' 'Q u ils moyses h e i l d vp h is bend I t was w e l i n C u rs . Mun. , 6 /|.l8 . |>at b a t e i l k e n d .’ ’ Ken, to know, to p e rc e iv e o r u n d e rs ta n d , t o s e e .' K id -Y k s . G l. . s . v . ’ Ah ken t ’ chap w e e l e n e e a f’ : Ken |%k6n] vb. ON k i m a . a c h u m . I R obinson, know th e man w e l l enough. EY. To c h u m . Sw k a m a . Ger k e m e n . and Da k j e m e . to ch u m ; OE c i e m . a c h u m . ’ Ken, to c h u m .’ A t k . , Wh. G l. , s . v . ’ Thoo mun g e t t h i k e n n in done, la s s , a fo o a r th a gans t i to o n ’ : you must g e t y o u r c h u rn in g done, g i r l , b e fo re you go to tow n. EY. Kenspack £k£nzpekj a d j. E a s i ly r e c o g n iz a b le , conspicuous. Th is EY word i s aliriost i d e n t i c a l i n fo rm and m eaning w it h ON k e n n is p e c k i. power o f r e c o g n it io n . C f . N k je n n e s p a k , q u ic k a t 8 James A. H. Murray, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Oxford; The Clarendon Press, I 5 OI. ken, a.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 29h recognizing persons or things, Sw kstnspak, and Da kjendespag, quick to recognize others. •Kenspack, easy to be distinguished or recognized. This is no doubt the right form of this old word, though kensmak may be sometimes used.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 331* •Gif tha we ears them cleeas i' t • kirk, tha'll be as kenspack as an aud creeak in a clan o' pluver': if jnau wear those clothes in church, you'll be as conspicuous as an old crow in a flock of plover. E Y . Kep [kepj vb. To catch anything that is thrown. ON kLppa, to snatch; SwD and N kippa, to snatch, to catch hastily. Cf. Da klppe, to snatch; W cip, a sudden snatch. The opinion is offered in NED that EY kep is a differentiated form of E keep, the short vowel of the pret. kept halving been carried into the 9 present and infinitive. But E keep is derived from OE cepan, to seek after, store up, retain, while EY kep has the significance of snatching at something that is throi-m.. It seems that the Scand etymology is valid in this case. •Swyfte srwaynes ful swythe swepen jjer^tylle, Kyppe kowpes in honde, kynge^ to serue.' E. E. A l H t . P ., B. 1509. 'To kep a ball is to catch it; to keep it from falling.' Nth. Cty. Wds., 40. Ray, 'Kep, to catch, or receive in falling. ' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v, 'T' ball's cumin thi waay. Kep iti: Catch it I EY. Kest 9 |jc£stJ vb. the ball's coming your way. To cast. Murray, og. o l t ., k e p . s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 295 ME casten < 0 N kasta, to cast, throw. This is one of the most characteristic of the Scand words in E. In ME it took the place of OE weorpan, but has now in turn been largely superseded in ordinary language by E throw. Cf. Sw kasta, and Da kaste, to cast, IPan kest behynd pi bake all my synnys.» xxjcviii. 17. Hamp., P. T . , Isa. 'Helise seyde, kast an arowej and he kest.* 2 Kings 3d.ii. 1?. Wyclif, Bib., *Kest, to cast, to throw off, the past part, being kess*n.This word is commonly applied to throwing off any ailment, e.g. a severe cold.* Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 331. 'It's ower caud ti kest war gurt coits yit*: aside our heavy coats yet. ET. Ket (^kgtJ sb. it'stoo cold to lay Tainted meat. ON k.jc)t, meat, flesh. Cf. Sw kStt. and Da kjod, meat, flesh. 'Ket, kett, carrion, the flesh of animals, especially sheep, that have died of disease or from accident.' Jam., S D ., s.v. 'Ket, said of carrion, and inferior or tainted meat, but also applied very generally to unsavoury messes, offal food, or anything not fit to be eaten.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Cl., s.v, 'Dusta think ah wad eeat sik ket?': such tainted meat? ET. Kevel [k&vl] sb. do you think I would eat A kind of hammer for rough-hewing stone. The question to be determined here is whether the word is a variant of E gavel. or whether it is a development of ON kefli, a wooden cylinder, a strong pole. When one considers that the EY kevel is a large hammer like a sledge, it seems that ON kefli is the source Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 296 to be preferred, since it applies to a staff that is -wielded by both hands. Probably the instrument has derived its name from its handle or staff. Cf. ODa kavle, the handle of a sword, and Sc kevll, a pole, a long staff. >Kavel-mell, a sledge-hammer, a hammer of a large size used for breaking stones,* Jam., SD., s.v. ’Kevel, a large hammer used in quarrying.* ’Gie it another cloot vn. t * kevel, JimI ’: ■with the large hammer, JimI EY. Kimlin [ktmltn] sb. Hold. G l ., s.v. give it another blow A large tub for the making of dough. The derivation seems to be from ME kLmelin, a wooden vessel in which dough is made, apparently related to OE cumb, a -vat. It is also possible that the word may have connection v/ith SwD kimma, a tub, a wooden vessel in which meal or butter is kept. Cf. low L cimilLne, a basin for washing the hands. •Anon go gete vs ... A knedyyng trogh or ellis a kymelyn. * Chaucer, Miller* s T .. 362. ’Kimnel, any kind of tub for household purposes. * Hall., DAPV/., 494. *K i m H n , a. large tub, a p p H e d to bread-making among other purposes.’ Atk., Vfh. Cl.. s.v. ’Leeak in t ’ kimlin, a n ’ see gif wa gat anither leeaf o * breead’: look in the large tub, and see if we have another loaf of bread. EY, Kin QcnJ vb. Kind, kindred. ÎŒ kin < OE cynn. kin, kindred, tribe. Cf. OFris kin, OS kunni, Da kunne, OHG chunni, MHG kunne, ON kyn, Sw and Da kbn, and Go kuni, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 297 ]d.n, IcLndred, tribe. »(>is writte was gett fra kin to kin.' 'Some one perhaps of gentle kin.' 'Kin, kind or sort. ' [kin] vb. Spenser, Teares Muses, 345» Hold. G l .. s.v. 'Yon chap's an ill kin': Kin Curs. M u n ., II4OI. that man is a bad sort. EY. To chap or crack, as a person's hands do in cold weather. SwD kina, to crack. Of. LG klnan, to crack, OE cinan, to split or crack. 'Kin, to chap or crack, as one's hands do when ill— dried after washing in cold weather. ' Atk., Wh. Gl.,s.v. 'Thi 'ands'll kin in 'at caud watter': that cold water. EY. Kind jjcdindJ adj. your hands will chap in Friendly, intimate. It does not seem that this word is derived from OE gecynde, nature, but from ODa kynd, acquainted, or from DaD kynne, to make acquainted. Of. N kj end, well acquainted with a person or thing. 'his moyses was dere and kynde to god.' Curs. M u n ., 6509* 'Kind, on very friendly or intimate terms.' 'Gaffer an' me's varry kind': terms. EY. Kink Qcrr^kjl vb. Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. the master and I are on very friendly To laugh so as to BY kink is probably a nasalized form of gasp for breath. kik,hence it may be derived Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 298 from Sw kikna or N klk.1e, to gasp, pant. The Sw expression: kikna af skratt, to gasp with laughter, shows an equivalent use of EY kink. Cf. MIG- lichen, and Ger keichen. to gasp. fPeasse, I pray the, be stille, I laghe that I IcLnke.* 372/152 . Town. P l .. •To kink ... spoken of children when their breath is long stopped through eager crying or coughing.’ Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s .. 41. 'Kink, to laugh hysterically or convulsively. To labour for breath through such laughing. • Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. •He wur fair kinkin’ fur aboot an ’oor': with laughing for about an hour. ET. Kipper QctpôJ adj. he was really gasping Nimble, lively. Perhaps connected with ON kippa, to snatch, to draw quickly. N kj apt, briskly, is closer in meaning to the EY word. Cf. D u kippen, to catch; W cipgar, rapacious. •Kipper, lively, nimble, gay, light-footed.’ •Kipper, nimble. • Hold. 0 1 . , s.v. •Thoo leeaks as kipper as a young fuzzack': a young donkey. EY. Kirk [k^rkjj Hall., DAPW., 495. sb. you look as lively as A church. kirke, a church, developed from ON kirk j a or OE ci rice, a church. Cf. Sw kyrka, and Da kirke, a church. •Hall^hedd inn hiss kirrke.• O r m ., 3533* 'In Ityrcgarth, chape 11 or kyrk. • •Kirk, church.• Curs. M u n ., 27198. Hold. C l ., s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 299 •Tha'11 be gannin ti kirk a Sunda, nae doot': church oij Sunday, no doubt. EY. Kist [k i s t ] sb, you'll be going to A chest. A coffin. There seems to be Norse influence in the form of this word. ON kista is a likely etymon, since it signifies both a chest and a coffin. Cf. Sw kista. Da kiste, Du kist, OE cyst, Ger kiste, and ¥ cist, a chest, box, coffer. L cista, a chest, box, precedes all the above forms. 'A1 |?at he milhen fynde Of hise, in arke or in kiste.' 'Sifcen was his bodi ... laid in kist o marbil stan,' 21018. 'Kist, a chest.' (2k%tjj sb. Curs. M u n .. Hold. Gl ., s.v. 'Theer's sum aud cleeas in t ' kist': in the chest. EY. Kit Hav., 2018. there are some old clothes A small tub. A milking pail. The word is evidently of LG origin. MDu kitte, a wooden vessel made of hooped staves; Du kit, a wooden tub. Cf. SwD katte, a little space shut off by a partition, OSw kaetta, to enclose, and OE cyte, a cell. 'A kit, or milking pail, with two ears and a cover.' Wds., 27. Ray, Nth. Cty. 'Kit, a small pail for milking, and having a perpendicular handle. Sometimes the kit was carried on the head. The word is also used for a small kind of tub of similar shape, e.g. a saut-kit, a kit for keeping salt in.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 332. 'Afooar ah could ton roon, t* moose *ed lowped in t* kit o' watter': before I could turn round, the mouse had jumped into the pail of water. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 300 Kite QkattJ sb. The belly. According to N E D , th e su g g e s tio n o f Jamieson, repeated by later dictionaries, that northern E kyte represents OE cwl^, ON kv±8, 1 the womb, is inadmissible. Perhaps the source of the EY word is MDu cuyte, any fleshy part of the body. Cf. Du kuit. calf of the leg, and LG kut, a fleshy part of the body, the entrails. 'A kite, a belly.* Ray, Nth. Cty. W ds., 27. 'Till a* their weel-swall'd kytes belyve Are bent H k e drums. * Bums, To a Haggis, 24. 'Kite, stomach.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl.. s.v. 'Thoo'11 get thi8sen sahded, fillin' thi kite sae mickle*: kill yourself by filling your stomach with so much. EY. Kitling (^kttlinj sb. you'll A IcLtten. ON ketlingr, a kitten. Cf. N k.jetlLng. kitten, diminutive of kottr, a cat, SwD kittsla, and Da katteldlUng. IcLtten. 'Dan, keetlyng of a lyon. * Wyclif, Bib., Deut. xxxiii. 22. 'Kitlings, kittens, or cat's whelps. ' Atk., V/h. Gl., s.v. 'Missiz Broon'll gie tha yan o' t ' kitHns' : one of the kittens. EY. Kittle l^kitlj vb. Mrs Broivn will give you To tickle. Due to the fact that this verb is not found before the date of the Cath. Angl. (1483), there is a strong probability that it is of Norse origin. The source may be ON Id.tla, to tickle. Cf. ME kytylle. probably derived from OE kitelian, to tickle, OS kitilon. Du kittelen. 1 Murray, ££, olt.. k y t e , c.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 301 OHG chigziIon, MHG kitzeln, and Ger kitzeln, to tickle, ’To kytylle, tutillare.' ’Kittle, to tickle.’ Gath. Angl., 204. Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. ’Mither, mak Tom gie ower. He's kittlin ma': stop. He's tickling me. EY. Kizzen (jclzn ] vb. mother, mslce Tom To parch, to dry up. This word is not recorded in N E D , and is missing from most northern glossaries. It probably has some connection with SwD kysa, to suffocate, choke, and Da kyse. to dry linen before the fire. Cf. M kjusna, to dry a little, from N t.jusna, tusna, to dry, cognate of ON j>urr, OE byrre. Go baurus. dry, Germanic stem -M-|)urzu-. 'Kizzen, to parch or half b u m by drying.' Atk., V/h. G l ., s.v. 'Ah mun kizzen thi sark afooar tha dons it': I must dry the moisture out of jnsur shirt before you put it on. EY. Knack j^nsek] vb. To talk affectedly. Evidently this word is a form of Sw knacka, and Da knsekke. to crack, to break with a sharp noise. Cf. Du knakken, MHG knacken. and N knekkia. to break, snap. 'Knack, to speak finely. And it is used of such as do speak in the Southern dialect.' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 42. 'Knack, to talk affectedly.' Hold. Gl., s.v. 'Woo, thoo 's knackin ’ aboot laik a parson': finely like a clergyman. EY. now, you are speaking Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. jÜ2 linap [næpj vb. To knock, to strike, to break. Skeat points out that this word is not found earlier than 1550, and 2 has probably been borrowed from Du knappen, to crack, snap, catch. However, G-ael'cnap means to loiock, and SwD knapp means to strike smartly ivith the- fingers, both words apparently being closer to EY knap in meaning than the Du form suggested by Skeat. Cf. Dad knep, to break in pieces by striking, a significance which is often associated vjith the EY expression. 'He hath knapped the speare in sonder.' Ps. xlvi. 9. Goverdale, Bib., 'Tis but silke that bindeth thee. Knap the thread and thou art free,' Herrick, Bracelet to Julia, 10. 'Knap, to give a short but quick blow, especially with a stick; to knock, also to crack anything into pieces which is brittle, as a grain of c o m between the teeth, a stone, etc.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 333. 'Aud John sets bi rooad-sahd knappin' steeans': by the road-side breaking stones. EY. Knap j^aep] vb. old John sits To cheat. Although it is tempting to associate the verb knap :-d.th ON knapi, a servant, rogue, or OE cnapa, a boy, servant, as well it may be ultimately, it seems more likely that it is connected ivith an adj . form, which appears in N and Da knapp, scant, short. Cf. ON hneppr, scant. It should further be stated that the most frequent use of EY knap conveys the idea of cheating by giving short measure in trade; hence an implication of stinginess is associated with the Skeat, ££. c l t . , k n a p , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 30 3 •ord. The fact is most interesting that this precise significance is oresent when the word is used in Tovn. P I . ’Bot riche and ille-dsdy, Gederand and gredy, Sor napand and needy Yonre godes forto spare.’ Tov/n. P l ., 3^5/575. ’Knan, to overreach in a bargain.' Atk., IVh. G l .. s.v. '.ih got knapped i ' yon steean o' teeaties': stone of -potatoes. SY. Knar [nor ] sb. I was cheated in that A small ball of hard wood used in plajd-ng the Yorksliire gane of Knar and Spell. Si-Æ) knurr, ?. knot, knob, seems to be the etymon in this case. Of, CXT knottr, a ball, Da knorre, and Ger knort, N knurp, a knob, Du knor, MHG knorre, a knot, knob, swelling on the flesh. 'Knar, a knot or small piece of wood for playing the game of knar and spell, called more commonly in the North Hiding dab and spell, dab being the short blow or knap requisite toraise the knar, and spell being properly not the trap,but the act of playing.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 333• 'Jim clooted t 'knar tweea yahds ayont t ' mark': ball of wood two yards beyond the mark. EY. Knarl [norl] vb. Jim struck the To ÿwist or entangle such materials as tI'd.ne or thread. This vrord may have been derived from Sw knorla, to curl, to tvri.st up. Cf. DaD Imoile, a knotty excrescence on the finger. 'Knarl, to knot or entangle.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Cat dossn't leeak at gammer sen it knarled 'er knittin': the cat durst not look at the house-wife since it tangled up her knitting. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3oa Knep fp^P J . To crop grass, as a horse does. The form is Iair lyms, Als kylles and felouns and apostyms.' Pr. Cons., 2995* 'A Ityle, vlcus, vlcerosus. ' 'Kyles, boils on the flesh.' Cath. Angl., 202. Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Yen's t* chap wi t ' kahl on 'is neb': carbuncle on his nose. EY. that's the man with the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 306 Laan sb. A loan. ON l.an or OE l æ n , a loan. Cf. Da laan, Sif Ian, Du leen, OHG lehan. MHG lehen, and Ger lehn, a loan. It seems that OE l æ n did not survive into ME, for ME lone would normally develop from OE • ^ lan. Hence ICE lanen, to loan, is apparently a development of ON Ian, and it is probable that the ON word is the etymon of the EY form. The word appears in ME northern writings as a verb, but in the EY dialect it is used only as a substantive. •Tua men ... asked him penis to Ian.' Curs. M u n ., I4 O36 . 'If thou vyuest money to loone to my pore puple.' ¥yclif. Bib., Ex. XXIi. 25 . 'Laan, a lending, loan.'Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. 'Wilta gie ma a laan o' a quid ti Setherda?': will you giveme a loan of a pound sterling until Saturday? EY. Labber ' i~laebr I vb. — 0—* To dabble about in water. The word seems to be connected with using the hand. Of the several feasible sources which may be found, perhaps SwD labba, to take vjith the hand, is the most significant, N labba. to wallc with hasty steps, might have application to wading in water. Cf. ON lamr, a hand. Da lab, the paw of a beast; Gael lamb, Ir lam, and W llawf, the palm of the hand. 'Labber, to splash about in water or mud.' Morris,Yks.Fk—T k ., Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 333' 307 >T* bayns w u r * e w i n a gurt t a h m labberin' a b o o t i n t' w a t t e r * : the cliildren w e r e h a v i n g a gr e a t t i m e d a b b l i n g a b o u t i n the water. H Y . Lae [iLaj sb, A scythe. ON Liar and OSw 3e, a scythe. G f . Sw lie,Da 1^, N Ija. and NFris lee, a scythe. *Lae, a scythe. This word is most common in the East Riding at the present time. Another form of the v/ord was lye ;this was used in the Northallerton district, and may beso still.’Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 334. 'Get anither leea, an* mow sum gerse wi thi fayther* : scythe and mow some grass ivith your father. EY. Lafter [^laefta%| sb. get another The entire number of eggs laid by a bird before she sits. This word may be associated vd.th OE lecgan, to lay. G f . Sw ligg-tid, the time during vrtiich a hen continues laying, N legde, young that are b o m or hatched at the same time. The EY form shows an f vdiich frequently replaces an earlier voiceless guttural spirant, but there is no such guttural spirant in any of the forms of OE lecgan, or for that matter, in the forms of any of the Scand cognates. 'Lafter, a sitting of eggs, i.e. the whole number on which a hen sits at one time. Sometimes also the word is applied jestingly to a large family of children. V/hen the hen has laid the last egg before sitting, she is said to have laid her lafter; hence some have called that egg only the lafter, but generally it is applied to the entire number.* Morris, Y k s . Fk—T k ., 334. 'Ah put fower *ens on lafters, seea ah sud get summat frav ’em*: I put four hens on sittings of eggs, therefore I should get something from them. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 308 Lait Ql&at] vb. To seek. ON leita, to seek, search. Cf. OQ vt laita, Sw leta, SvrD lait, N lei t a . Da lede, to seek, search; OS wlatlan, to stare. •Oirang ^ir puple sal j)ou latt A stalvrax*th man ^at saul haitt.’ Curs. K u n ., 7323» •Late, to seek for what is lost.’ Atk,, VJh. G l ., s.v. •Gaffer w u m ' t theer, seea gammer sent a bayn ti laat 'im': the master wasn't there, so the mistress sent a child to search for him. EY. Lake £ l eekj vb. To play. ON leika, to play, to amuse oneself. The word seems in ME to have been re-adopted in the Scand form. Its currency is almost entirely northern. Cf. Sw leka, SwD laika. Da lege, OE lacan, Fris leechen, MIG lei chen, end Go laikan, to play. OE lacan should normally develop into a form with o; hence ME laik must be-derived from a Scand form. 'The children ... with him leykeden here fille.' H a v ., 950. 'Layke^ wyth hem as yow lyst and letez my gestes one,' E. E. Allit. P ., B. 872. 'To lake, to play; a word common to Nth. Cty'. W d s ., 28, 'Laik, to play, ' all the North country.' Hold. G l ,, s.v, 'He laaked fur an 'oor afooar 'e storrtedworrk': an hour before he started work. EY. Lalder Ray, QlaldaJ^ vb. he idled for To lounge or loiter about. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 309 Probably the r e is a c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n this word a nd StvO l a l l a , to wander about idly. Halliwell gives lall, which is the V7Y fomi. 'Lall, to lounge or loiter.* •Lalder, to lounge idly. * Hall., DAFW., 502. Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Ilk neet tha’ll see ’im lalderin* bi t * public-*00 se *: night you’ll see him loitering by the saloon. EY. balling i^lalii)J sb. every Loud and lively singing. This may be a variant of S lull, and if so, it may have been derived from ME lullen, or from OK lalla, to sing low. But although these forms are similar to EY lalUng, there is a considerable difference in the meanings. Consequently, it may be necessary to examiine the characteristics of E lollard, the name given to a 13th century religious reformer. The Lollards were noted for their spirited singing, and it may be that lalling is a term descriptive of their method of worsliip. 'Under colour of suiche lollynge. To shape sudeyn surreccioun Agaynst oure liege lord kynge.* Wright, Pol. Songs & P ., ii. 247 . 'Lyk a l e ^ m e pors lullede his chekes.' Langl., P . Plow., A. v. 110. ’bailing, loud, lively or spirited singing.’ Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. ’Bud ah n i w e r ’eerd onny lallin' i ’ trenches'; any spirited singing in the trenches. EY. Land [landvb. OSw lænda, but I never heard To reach a destination. to bring a matter to a conclusion, seems to be a ü k e ] y Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 310 source. Cf. SiÆ) landa, to bring a venture to an end, ’llie cost appliede or londide at the coostis of hem.* Bib., I Macc. iii. 42. 'Behold him landed, careless and asleep.' 'Land, to reach one's destination.* TlandlaupeJ sb. Pope, Odyss., xiii. I 56 , Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 334- *T' lad landed yam fra toon last neet': town last night. EY. Landlouper V/yclif, the boy arrived home from One who leaves home to escape his debtors. There is a definite association here with ON land-hlaupari, a vagabond. Cf. Da landlober, Du landlooper, MHG lantloufaere, and Ger landlaufer, a vagrant. 'My land-loTvper-like stravaguin.' June 1, 1787 . B u m s , Letter to W. Nicol, 'Landlouper, an adventurer; one who gains the confidence of the community, and then elopes without paying his debts.* Atk., I-Jh. Gl., s.v. 'Neea landloi^per laik *im*ll get a laan fra thi fayther *: no evader of his debts like him id.ll get a loan from your father. EY. Lan g some Qlæi) sum] adj. Tedious, wearisome. OE langsum, or ON langsamr, wearisome. Of. OSw langsamer, Sw langsam, Da langsom, OS langsam. Du langzaam. MHG lancsam. and Ger langsam, tedious, wearisome. 'Wæs jîaet ^ewin to strang laj and longsum. ' Beowulf, 134. 'I haue balden quen i was sett langsum setes at my mete.* 28471. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Curs. M u n ., 311 ’Langsome, long and tedious.* Morris, Yks. Fk— T k .. 334* *It wur langsome waatin' fur *im ti cum»: for him to come. E Y . Lantered Qlaented J adj. it was wearisome waiting Delayed, belated. There is nothing resembling this word in OE or ON, for the n in the SY word causes difficulty in making comparisons. If, however, the n has been added to produce a nasalized pronunciation, it is quite possible that EY lantered is a nasalized form of E la t e d . or belated. The derivation would then be from OE last, slow, late. Of. OFris let, OS l a t . and Du laat, slow. The uses of E lated in the folloiving examples are exactly similar to EY uses of lantered. •Now spurs the lated traveller apace.» S h a k s ., Macb., Ill- iii. 6. •Ne vacant space for lated vjight is found. • i. 72. •Lantered, delayed, made late.» •He mun a been lantered’: Lap [j^læpj vb. Byron, Childe E a r ., Atk., ».fh. G-1., s.v. he must have been delayed. E Y . To vrrap. Stratmann records l'ÎE lappen, to vxrap, fold, but a corresponding vb. does not appear in OE. However, ASP records OE lappa, laeppa, the flap of the ear. C f , ON leppr, a piece of cloth, and SwD lappa, to patch with a piece of cloth. •They bawmede J)aire honourliche le folk soght eft as ar To sett iesu to werld lar.' Curs. M u n ., 12416. »AI lorde of lyffe, lere me m y layre.' 'Lare, lore, learning.' Yk. P l ., xi. 181. Atk., V/h. G l ., s.v. 'Hoo's t ' lad gerrin ' on w i v 'is leear?': on with his education? EY. Lared [lied] adj. how is the lad getting Learned, instructed, educated. OS laeran, to teach. Cf. ON laera , Sw lara, and Da laere , to teach. 'bliarfor ilk man, bathe lered and lewed, Suld thynk on ’j>at love |>at he man shewed.' Pr. C o n s ., 117. 'bear'd, learned.' Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v. 'They do saay 'at 'e's a leerd chap': m a n . EY. Larock [larek] sb. they say that he's an educated The slay 'v/yth lyf w e m laste and lade,' E. E. Allit, P ,, A, 1144. 'Lasty, durable, especially of wearing apparel, or indeed of any fabric or material,' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 335» 'It's a bit o' good la sty stuff: material, EY, Lathe [[laQjl sb, it's a bit of good durable A bam, ON hlac^a, a storehouse, b a m , C f , OSvf la^a, Sw lada, N lode, and Da lade, a granary, b a m . 'To maken la5"es and gaderen coren,' Gen. & E x ,, 2134. 'hid win and c o m , fless and mele. And jjai fild |je lathes here and fjar. ' Curs. Mun,, 4681. 'Lathe, a b a m . An old word, ' Hall., DAFW., 507* Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3ia 'lathe, a b a m , ’ Addy, Sheffield G l ., s.v, 'Re'll be cumin in fra t ' la.th inoo ’: b a m presently. EY. Latt [laeiQ sb. h e ’ll be coming in from the A lath. RE latte< OE laettu, a thin slip of wood, Skeat suspects that the 4 OE word was borrowed from W H a t h , a rod. tJhether this is so or not, it does seem that the substitution of for _t in E lath may have been due to the influence of the W form. C f . Du latte, S>r lackte, Ger latte, and F latte, a lath. 'A lath is also called a lat in the northern dialect.' Nth. Cty. W d s ,, 29, 'Lat, a lath.’ Ray, Hunter, Hallamshire Gl,, s.v, 'IiVa ivum ’t able ti put up t ’ bed cos wa ’ed neea. lats': we were not able to put the bed together because we had no laths. EY. Lead ME leden [iWd] vb. To convey goods on a cart or vraggon. OE laedan, to conduct, guide. ON lei&a should also be considered as a possible source, because among its other senses it means to carry forth a dead body for burial, and, therefore, is close to the significance of the EY word. Of. OFris leda, OS ledjan, Du leiden, Ger leiten, Sw leda, and Da lede, to conduct. 'To laeden Jjis garisume to leuene mine fadre,' 'Silver and gold |3ai wit ^)am ledd.’ 'Lead, to cart c o m , ’ Curs. Mun., 5129, Hall,, DAFW., 510. ’Lead, to cart, as to cart coals,' 4 Lay., 3548. Addy, Sheffield Gl,, s.v. ï'tlllani Walter Skeat, An Etymological Dlotlonary of the English Language. 3rd ed. Oxfords Clarendon Press, 1838. lath, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 315 «Fred storrts leeadin 'is toiinups ti mooan': his turnips tomorrow. E Y . Learn vb. Fred starts carting To separate nuts from the husk. There seem to be two possible sources for this word, namely, OE leoma, a ray of light, and OE lim, a branch of a tree, or a fragment from a tree. NED accepts OE lim as the probable origin by stating that it includes the husk of a nut as an extended meaning? C f , ON lim, foliage, small branches. 'Learn, to separate or fall out, as ripe nuts from the husk.' Atk., Vfh. Gl., s.v. 'Yon nuts are sae rahp, they leeam thersels oot': those nuts are so ripe, they separate themselves from the husk. EY. Lease [lies] vb. OE lesan, to gather, la sa. Da læse, To pick out. To glean. glean, or ON lesa, to gather,glean. Of. Sw OS lesan, Du le sen, and Go llsan, to gather. 'VJho so helpeth me to erie ... Shal haue leue to le se here in heruest.' Langl., P. Plow., B. vi. 68. 'Lese, to gather, to select.* Hall., DAPW., 514. 'Lease, to pick out, 336. to gather by picking.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 'In th'efthemeean wa leeased bits o' peeaper fra skeeal— garth': in the afternoon we picked up pieces of paper in the school­ yard. EY. Leathe 5 [llaoj vb. To soften. James A. H. Murray, A Nevf English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Oxfords Clarendon Press, I 9OI. learn, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 316 Apparently derived from OE li^ian, to soften, mitigate. C f . OS li(5e, lithe, tender, mild, N lindre, to ease pain, and OK lina, to ease. MED gives the form leath. and associates it with le bien, to ease. 'Leo#e vre benden.' Lay., 21922. 'Suffraunce may asvragend hem and jj® swelme lebe.' E . S . Allit. P ., c. 13. •Leathe, to ease or rest.’ Hall., D A W . , $10. •Leathe, to soften a rigid part Atk., VJh. Crl., s.v. of the body with a liniment.’ ’Leeath t ’ bahl v/iv ’ot watter, the boil X'ith hot water, and a n ’ thoo’ll get it oot’: soften you’ll get it out. EY. Leave lang [llevlaei) ] adj. Oblong. This EY word seems to be a development of SwD avelang, oblong, simpler by the insertion of an initial 1. C f . EY inkle, a development of E lingel, where the 1 is lost instead of assumed. C f . ON aflangr. Sw aflang. and Da aflang, oblong. •Auelonge, awelonge, avelonge, obliquus.’ •Leavelang, oblong.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. 01., s.v. •It xvTum’t roon, bud sooart o ’ leeavlang’: sort of oblong. EY. Leek l^lgk] vb. Prom. Parv., 18. it wasn’t round, but To sprinkle. OK leka, to fall in drops, to drip, from which ME leken, to leak, is obtained. The form occurs in northern E about 1420, and. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 317 é according to Skeat, is not indebted to OE leccan, to moisten. C f , Sv;- laka, Da laskke, to leak; OHG lechen. MHG and Ger lechen, to run, trickle out, and MDu leken, to let water through. 'Leek on, poure on more.' Ray, Nth. Cty. ¥ d s ., 29. 'To lek, leek, to pour water over bark or other substance in order to obtain a decoction; to strain off.' Jam., S O ., s.v. 'Leek, to leak; also to cause to drop or sprinkle.' Yks. Fk-Tk., 336. Morris, 'Ka missus wur leckLn' t ' cleeas afooar yarnin' 'em': sprinkling the clothes before ironing them. EY. Leef [llf j adj. and adv. my wife was Willing. Willingly. ILE leef < OE leof, dear, beloved, pleasing. Cf. ON l.jufr, OP a 1.1u f , Sw jjuf, OFris leef, OS liob, OHG liub, MHG lieb, Ger lieb, and Go liufs, dear, beloved, pleasing. '^ara war lever be depe in helle ^an, ()an com byfor ^at domesman. ' Pr. Cons., 5050 . 'Alle wommen lievest wolde Be soverein of mannes love.' Gonf. A m . , i. 96. 'Nay yit were I leyffer my child were dede.' 'lief, soon, in the sense of vdLllingly. ' 'When ah axed Tom 'e wur leef: [[loistsj Toivn. P I ., 42/84. Addy, Sheffield G l ., s.v. when I asked Tom, he v/as willing. EY. 'Gif mi mither’s theer, ah'll gan l e e f : I'll go willingly. EY. Leister Gower, if my mother is there. sb, A fish-spear. There seems to be a definite connection here >ri.th ON Ijostr, a 6 Skeat, _0£, olt.« leak, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 318 s a l m o n - spear. In Yorkshire the leister is used not only for catching fish in the rivers, but also for spearing fish in the sea at night by the aid of DAghts. Cf. N Ajostr, Sw Ajuster, SwD lystre, and Da lyster, a salmon-spear. •Leister, a kind of barbed trident used for striking salmon with. • Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. •Yon chap worrked vd. a leister thruff t h ’efthumeean, bud 'e cowt nowt •: that man worked vjith a salmon-spear throughout the afternoon, but he caugjit nothing. EY. Len [l&n jl sb. A loan. A share. MED suggests that this word is derived from E lend < ME len en < OE 7 lâânan, to let for hire. However, it seems that the EY expression coincides %fith the form and meaning of ON len, a grant, a share of a person’s possessions. A Yorkshire boy who asks his friend for a len of apples or candy, is not requesting a loan, but a share of the other's possessions. •Len, a, loan.* Atk., VJh. G l ., s.v. •He gied ma a len of ’is dinner•: dinner. E Y . Tib [itb] vb. he gave me a share of his To castrate animals. 8 According to N'SD this word represents an OE "W-lybban, to castrate. If this is the case, it can be asserted that the OE 2 stands for an earlier u, and further research reveals MDu lubben, to castrate, Cf . DaD live, to geld. 7 Murray, 0£. olt., len, s.v. B Ibid., lib, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 319 'Lib, to castrate,' Hall,, D APW., 517. 'Lib, to castrate, libber, a castrator.' Atk,, Wh. G l ,, s,v, 'Theer'11 be thorty lambs ti lib iv a fortnith': thirty lambs to castrate in two weeks, EY, T.-iblab Qlîblæb ] sb. there will be Any jelly-like material. The derivation of this word is obscure. It may have an association vdth ON hloypa, to curdle, or vdth DaD lubber, a term for anything which has a jelly-like appearance. One should also note Gael laib, mud, which is a source as likely as the others, 'Lopyrde, as mylke; concretus,' Gath, Angl., 220. 'As my Ik in pe kynd is fayre and clere, bot in lopirynge it waocLs soure,' Hamp,, P. T , , Ps, cxviii. 70, 'liblab, the result of much beating or whipping, in the case of cream, or trifle,' Atk., iJh, G l ., s.v. *T' stuff wur slaap an' thick laik liblab': an>’^, thick like jelly. EY, lich-gate {[^llt/^jaet] sb. the stuff was slippery The gate which leads into the church-yard, The word is a combination of OE lie, a body -f OE geat, a gate, opening. C f . ON lik, a, living body or a corpse, Sw lik. Da lig, Du lijk, and Go leik, a body, a corpse. 'Yet to the lychgate, where his chariot stood,' Aylmer's F ,, 82k. Tennyson, 'Lich-gate, the roofed gateway into the churchyard.' Wh. G l ,, s.v. Atk., Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 320 IAh wur in kirk-garth, an^ seed ’em fetch aud Ben thruff t ’ litchyat’; I was in the church-yard, and saw them bring the body of old Ben through the gate of the church-yard. EY. Licks [itks] Despite the final sb, A beating. this word is a singular form. It may be associated X'jith W llach, a slap. Cf. W llachio, to slap, beat, and ViT llachbren, a cudgel. There is, to be sure, another sense in which the word could be derived from OE liccian, to ]j.ck, but a considerable extension of meaning would be needed here. ’Licks, a beating. This formation of the substantive by the addition of s to the verb is a noticeable feature in most of the Yorkshire varieties.' Robinson, hid—Y k s . G l ., s.v. ’They do saay ’at ’e got t ’ licks of 'is lahf’: got the beating of Iiis life. EY. Lig ^Itgjf vb. they say that he To lie down. To be situate. There is no difficulty in tracing the development from ON liggja, to lie down, because of the stop value of the last consonant in -EY lig. OE lecgan, to lay, has been lost in EY, for EY lig is used for lie and also lay. It is the originally intransitive verb which has survived, and has taken over the function of the transitive verb. Cf. OFris liga, OS liggian, OHG and MHG liggen, Ger lie gen, Sw ligga. Da ligge, and Go ligan, to lie dovn. 'Lete hyne licgean, jjær he longe w æ s , ’ 'f>er he seal liggen.’ Beowudi, 3062. Lay,., 22636. 'Lig, to lie, to lie dovm in sleep, to be situate; also in a transitive Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 321 sense, to lay d d m , especially to half cut a. hedge.’ Yks. Fk-Tk., 337'lig on thi rig fur awhahl': lie on your back for awhile. EY. 'It ligs fower mahl ower theer': direction. EY. Li le I^IcCLJ adj. Morris, it is situated four irdles in that Little. The possibility of the disappearance of t in the pronunciation of E little, as in the southern United States, must not be discounted here. Uevertheless, it is more probable that this dialectal word has direct association >ri.th DaD lille, little. The development i-jould be DaD lille > lail > lal. Cf. Sw lilla, little, and DaD U l l i n g , childhood. 'Lile, little. I am inclined to think that lahl is the commoner pronunciation, although leel more nearly approaches the Danish lille from wlrich this comes, the Danish sound of the word, being as nearly as possible leela. Leel is a pronunciation seldom if ever heard in the East Riding. The usual equivalent is lahtle, which is heard all the district through more or less, t h o u ^ the form laitle is also used.' Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 337* 'T' lahl lass wur greetin': L i m low [liltlau] sb. the little girl was sobbing. EY. A small flame. The light of a match aptly illustrates the meaning of the w o r d . This is a combination of EY lile (vjith Da pronunciation), little, and Da lue, a flame. The Da lue [^uJ >- EY j_avj , which is a regular E development, e.g. OE hûs > E house. Morris suggests a combination of Da ild and lue, but this is simply a reduplication of the meaning Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 322 fire, and does not convey the idea, of srr.allness, ^hich is essential to the correct understanding of the SY vrord. 'A lilly-low ... a comfortable blaze.' 'Lillilo, a bright flame.' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., ly. Hall., DAF.'I,, 520. 'Lilli.low, a flame, a blaze, the light as from a candle. It is possible this word may be a combination of ild and l u e .' Morris, Yks. rk— T k ., 3 3 V • 'Iv all t ' vd.nthers at Kessmas fooaks 'ed lillilows': in all the v/indows at Christmas, the people had little lights. EY. Tdirber [limbe] adj. Flexible, pliant. Skeat suggests that this word is connected I'/ith E limp, a form which does not occur in S literature before 1706. But it seems to me that '7 ]j.mber should be associated viith ON limr, a ü m b . 'Those waved their limber fans For v dn g s . ' 'A little child, a limber elf.' 'limber, flexible, pliant.' Milton, P . L . v i i . 476. Coleridge, Christabel, i i . 1. Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Yah stick's ower limber, an' t'uther's ower stunt'; too flexible, and the other is too stiff. EY. lirmner ^l^mSJ sb. one stick is The shaft of a cart or carriage. The word may have been derived from ON limi, a branch of a tree, from which DaD liem, a broom—handle, a shaft, is doubtless taken. However, SY liinmer could also be an easy development of F limonière, the shafts and connected framework of a vehicle, through a shift in accent. 9 Skeat, 0£. cit., limber, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 323 'Limer, the shaft of a vehicle.' Robinson, ILLd-Yks. G-1.. s.v. 'Hoss pulled sae strang sha brak t ' Hmmers*: so strongly that she broke the shafts. EY. %in [im] sb. the horse pulled Flax. Linen. LS li n < O S U n < L linum, flax. The vowel in EY has been shortened as it has been in standard E. C f . ON U n . Sw lin. Da liin, and Ger lain, flax. 'The bondes ... weren of ful strong line. ' 'He ... wered no^er wol ne line.' Hav., 539. Curs. M u n ., 11112. 'little he was, and euer wore a breastplate made of linne.' Chapman, Iliad, ii. 459. 'lin, linen.’ Robinson, lid—Yks. G l .. s.v, 'It vmr a coif 'at vmr mees.de o' lin': of linen. EY. Ling sb. it was a cap that was made The purple heather found on the Yorkshire moors. OK lyng. heather. C f . Da lyng, and Sw Ijung, heather. 'Lynge of the hethe, bruera.' Prom. Parv.. 305. 'Ling, heather: hence ling watther, i.e. water from off the moors, easily distinguished by its yello-wish brown colour.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 337. 'It leeaked reet champion wi t ' ling spreadin' all aroon uz': it looked very wonderful vith the heather spreading all around us. EY. lisk [lYskJ sb. The groin of the human body. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3^h The ori ein is Scand according to M S P , which cites MSw liuske, the 1 f^roin, as the probable source. Cf. Da Ifyske, SwD ljuske, and MDu liesche, the groin. 'Leske, or flanke, inguen.‘ 'A le ske, ypo condria. ’ Prom. P a r v ., 298. Oath, . ^ g l ., 2 U + . 'Lende and lesske, and shulldre and bace.’ •Lisk, the flank, the groin.' O r m . , 4776. Atk., ^fh. G l ., s.v. 'Ma limbs worrked reet fra mi lisk ti mi teeas': right from my groin to m y toes. EY. Lite p-ultjj vb. my limbs ached To rely on. This is definitely an ON word in the dialect. ON hlita, to rely on, to trust. The development of ON fll into standard E [axj is a regular one. Cf. DaD lide, to look for, to expect. 'Quen t>ai sagh loth be to litand -t>ai tok him-self bi (je hand. ' Curs. M u n ., 2821. 'Lytn, or longe taryyn, moror.' 'To U t e on, to rely on.' Prom. P arv. , 308. Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 30. 'Lite, to rely upon, to wait for.' Morris, Y k s . Fk— T k ., 338. 'Tha's bammed ma, an' ah thowt ah could lait on tha': you have deceived me, and I thought I could rely on you. EY. Lith [llOj] sb. A human limb. ON li6'r or OS lit), a joint of the body. C f . OFris lith, OS l i & , Du lid, OHG l i d , Sw and Da l ed, and Go li|>us,a joint, a member the human body. The expression 'lith 1 MurrsLy, £g. and Ijnn' in Town. P I . is a olt. , l i s k , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. of 325 d u p l i c a t i o n of terms, as in the familiar phrase 'kith and IdLn.' M n d hele you lith and lym. * Toi'm. P l ., 293/211. '{>us, lo fie articles, jjet beo6', ase f?augh me seide, Jje li(5es of ure bileave onont Godes m o n h e a d e .' Anc. R i w ., 262. 'lAth, a limb. ' Hold. G l . , s.v. ''Then 'is llths gev oot 'e imr bedfast ': he was bedfast. EY. Tdthe jTldl^^jl vb. when his legs gave out To thicken broth or gravy b y adding flour or oatmeal. In Jamieson's opinion the word is derived from OE li & L a n , to mitigate One might also add OE litSewaecan, to become mellow, which has bearing on the thickened and smooth consistency of gravy treated m t h a flour paste. C f . W l lythw, to render soft. 'lithe the pot, i.e. put oatmeal into it.' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 30. 'Lithe, to thicken broth with oatmeal paste, called the lithing. The word is in general use, and is employed when any ld.nd of liquid (milk, gruel, etc.) is, while simmering over the fire, made thick with meal of any description.' Robinson, M i d - Y k s . Gl., s.v. 'hither's laithin' t ' greeavy noo, an' i v a minnit w a '11 'ev a baht an' a sup': mother is thickening the gravy now, and in a minute we'll have something to eat. EY. lits [llts j| sb. A spring. The source of a stream or river. This is another example of a singular EY sb. ending in _s. No light is thrown on the etymology of the word by any of the dictionaries which I have consulted. The association is probably with OE lit>an. 2 John Jamieson, A Dictlona.ry of the Scottish Leinguaga. Paisleys A. Gardner, I927 . lithe, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 326 to flow. Cf. M 1 1 y d , an effusion, and W 111 (pi. l U t ) , a stream, 'Lits, a spring, or source of a stream.' Atk., G l . , s.v. 'T' bayn went all t ' w a a y bi 'issen ti lits o' th'Owse': the child went all the w a y b y himself to the source of the Ouse. EY. Logging Pll^grnJ sb. A bundle of straw weighing about fourteen pounds. It seems that this w ord comes from DaD l o g e , a lock, a handful or bundle. Halliwell shows the true connection b y interpreting the word as a bundle or l ock. Hall., DAF.V. , 5 2 6 . 'Loggin, a bundle or lock.' 'Loggin, a bundle of long straw.* Robinson, M i d - Y k s .G l ., s.v. 'Gan up ti Gaffer Broon's, an' fetch m a fower loggins': go to Master Brown's, and bring me four bundles of straw. EY. Lone [jLuSn j|sb. A lane. An alley. ME lone < OE l o n e ,a lane. Cf. OFris I o n a , D u l a a n , and DaD laa n e , a lane, alley; ON I o n , a lagoon, inlet. The EY form with a high vowel can be explained on the basis of ON I o n , vn.th a long rounded vowel, or on the basis of the OE variant l o n e , with a lengthened vowel. 'Ly^ere ... Lurkede ^orw l o nes.' Langl., P . P l o w . A. ii. 192, 'F>e ^ates stoken wat? neuer zet, Bot euer more vpen at vche a lone.' 3. E. Allât. P .. A. 106/4.. 'Loan, lane or passage. ' 'Lone, a lane.' H a l l . , D A P W ., 525. Addy, Sheffield G l . , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 327 1-itha, dusta see yon looan?': Loof [inaf] sb. look, do ;^/ou see that lane? EY. The open hand. Similar forms of this word are foimd in both Scand and Celtic. ON lofi, the hollow of the hand, the palm, and V7 1 l.awf. the palm of the hand, are probable sources. The cognates, however, suggest that the word is Teutonic, hence the W m a y be a borrowed form. Of. OHG laffa, the blade of an oar, LG lof a , a hand, SvÆ) labb, an open hand. Da and N l a b , a paw, and Go l o f a , a paw, •V/yth lyjt loue 5 vplyfte jjay loued hym swy|)e.’ ‘ b . 987. E. E. A l l i t . P . , 'Auld baudrons by the ingle sits. An' i\d. ' her loof her face a—washin.' B u m s , W i l U e 's W i f e , 22. 'Loof, the open hand or palm.' Atk., W h . G l . , s.v. 'Skeeal-gaffer gied ma a H c k s on ma looaf v/i t ' w a n g ' : the school—master gave me a beating on m y hand with the strap. EY. Loosing [_ll3sinj pr. ppl. Moving idly about from place to place. The EY pronunciation seems to presuppose a MS form 1 5 s , loose, with an open rather than a close sound, either from OB lea s , loose, \\rith a rising diphthong, or from ON lau s s , loose. The EY |la | does not seem to develop regula.rly from OE long ëa, a falling diphthong. C f . Sw Ids, and Da 1 6 s , unbound. 'loosing, going about idly from place to p lace.' 338. Morris, Y k s . Fk—T k ., 'He's awlus leeasin, an' n i w e r diz nowt': he is always wandering idly from place to place, and never does anything. E Y . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 320 Lopp f sb. A flea. DaD loppe, a flea, from ON hlaupa. to leap. A3D gives OE loppe. a silkivorm. C f . Sw loppa, a flea. •Crete loppys over alle this land thay fly. And where thay byte thay make grete blowre.• Town. P l ., 74/306. •Lops and H c e , fleas and lice. • •Loppe, a flea.’ Ray, Nth. Cty. 7Jds., 31. Addy, Sheffield G l ., s.v. •Ah be back i • t ’ crackin' o ’ a lopp’: Loppered I'll be back immediately. EY. [jl^pedj adj. Coagulated, curdled. The word seems to be connected vdLth ND loper, Sw iSpe, or Da lobe, rennet, a calf’s stomach prepared to produce coagulation of milk. Perhaps ON hlaupa, to run together, to coagulate, should also be men^ri-oned. •He had na other fode Bot wlatsom glet and loper biode.• 459. Pr. Cons., •Lopyrde, as myLke, concretus. Lopyrde mylke, iunetata.• Angl.. 220 Cath. •Lopper'd, curdled.• Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. •Ah weean't eeat sik loppered stuff: stuff. EY. Lound [lund] adj. I won •t eat such curdled Still, calm. ON logn, calm. C f . Sw lugn, and Da luun, calm, quiet. A final d has been added to the EY word probably through the influence of the nasal. The form is given in NED as lovm. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 329 'Lound, used of the weather, when, with a touch of warmth, it is bright, and almost breezeless.' Robinson, I^lid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'It’s varry loond this e f t h umeean': afternoon. E Y . Lounder ^.lundej vb. it's very calm this To beat severely. Probably the connection is with ON hl u n n r , a roller for launching ships, also a staff. One should also note M l u n n , and SwD luna. a staff. Cf. SwD lunnar, thick round pieces of wood used as rollers in launching a boat, 'To lend his loving vri.fe a loundering lick. ' i. 2. 'Inun, to beat, to t hrash. ' Hall., D A F U . , 531* 'Lounder, to beat.' H o l d . G l ., s.v. 'Loonder 'is lugs': box his ears. SY. Loup Ijlaup^j vb. Ramsay, Gentle S h e p h ., To leap, to jump. Definitely from the Scand. ON hlaupa, to leap, jump. Cf. Svf lop a . Da idbe, OE hleapan, OFris h l â p a , OS h l o p a n , D u loopen,OHG lauffan, MHG loufen, and Ger lauf e n , to leap, jump. 'iVnd it that won dir lawch w er ere, Mon lowp on loft in the contrere.' Barbour, Br u c e , xiii. 652. 'Lope, to leap.' Hunter, Hallamshire G l ., s.v, 'Lots o' fish wur lov/pin up oot o' t ' beck': many out of the stream. EY. low [ lav] sb. fish were leaping A flame . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 330 ori lo/T, or Da lue, a flame. C f . OSw lo/^a, Sw la^a. and Ger lohe, a flame. 'Al-so heje Gen « &■ lowe sal gon. So flod flet Se dimes on.’ Ex. , 6Zj-3 « •Him thoght brennamd he sagh a tre Als it wit lou war al vm-laid.' Curs. M u n ., 5739. •T^w, a flame, blaze, glow.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 338. 'It brak inti? a low just as ah got theer’; just as I got there. EY. Lowse [laus] vb. it burst into flame To loose, to unfasten. ON leysa, to loose, is the origin of Da lo s e , to loose, from which the E Y word is apparently taken. Another possibility is that EY lowse may have come directly from ON lauss, loose. The sounds of the two words are identical. Cf. Sw losa, Ger losen, and OE liesan. to loose. ’Lazar in ivinding clath ... was won den ... ’Louses him nu, ’ he said.' Curs. M u n ., Ut-35^ . ’They founds the foale tyed by the dore ... and lowsed i t . ’ Coverdale, B i b ., Mark x i . 4'Lowse, to make loose, untie.’ ’Noo, lowse thi end o' t ’ band': string. EY. Lug [i n g ^ sb. &tk., VJh. G l ., s.v. now, unfasten ;^Tour end of the The ear of a person or animal. The ear or handle of a pitcher, iron pot, or the like. Perhaps the word is derived from S w lugg, the forelock. The term Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 331 seems to have a general sense of something that can be pulled, or L^id hold of. As a sjaionym of ear, it first appears early in the léth century, and in colloquial Sc use has entirely superseded the older word. Cf. ON logg, a groove in the staves of a cask by which the cask may be lifted, and Sv-/ lugga, to pull one by the hair. ’Kyng ni das gat tua asse luggis on his hede be cause of his auereis.’ Compl. S c o t ., v i . 64. 'Lug, the ear. The loop-handle of a pitcher.' IIt gans i ' y an lug an' oot o' t'uther': out of the other. EY. 'Ke brak t ' lug off t ' pot'; Atk., W h . 0 1 ., s.v. it goes in one ear and he broke the handle off the p o t . EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. J32 M ICaddle [maedl] vb. To confuse, to beivilder. Apparently a derivative from E m a d , to be beside oneself. KE m a d < OE ^e-maed, insane, foolish. Cf. Ger D maden, to chatter, OS ^e-med, foolish, OHG gl-meit, vain, and Go ^a-maids, bruised, maimed. The added 1 in the Ef word shows Scand influence, and denotes continuous action. 'To maddle, to be fond. She maddles of this fellow; she is fond of him. ' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 47. 'Kaddle, to cause distraction of thought, confusion of mind, as by long continued and loud talking.' Hunter, Hallamshire G l ., s.v. 'Maddle, to be fond of to the extent of losing one's vfits. ' Atk., V/h. G l ., s.v. 'They vjur fairly maddled >/i sikan a clatter': confused by such a noise. SY. Mafted (jnaeftedJ adj. they were badly Stifled. Oppressed with heat, or for want of air. Du maf, sultry, seems to be the only association for this word. A connection with E muffle is doubtful, since this would lead to an origin in OF mofle, a winter glove, or muff. 'Mafted, oppressed vri.th heat, stifled.' Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 339. 'Ah vrur that mafted, ah ivur fit ti soond awaay'; I was ready to faint away. EY. Mainswear £mL-enswlôJ vb. I was so stifled, To perjure oneself. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 333 0^ rggji-swerian, to forswear. C f . OM meinsvari, a perjurer, Sw svarja, to forsvrear, and Da meensvoren, forsworn. 'Ne mai neuere mon sware mon-scipe longe a gen.' L a y ., 4149. 'Either they ... prophecie lyes, or lyue vngodly, or els lightly mansweare them selues.' Coverdale, Bib., W i s d . od.v. 28. 'Ke meeansT.-reead 'issen at cooart, an' noo they're efthur 'im': he perjured himself at court, and now they are after him. EY. Mair |[mee J comp. adj. More. ON meiri, or OE mâra, more, greater. C f . OFris m ara, OS mero, Sw mera. Da mere, OHG mero, NIHG m e r e , Ger mehr, and Go maiza, more. 'Kani contre ^ar-in es And dughti cites mare and lesse.' Mun., 2112. 'Mair, more. The superlative is maist or meeast.' 339. 'Mair heeast less speead': Maist [mlestJl sup. adj. Curs. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., more haste less speed. EY. Most. OE m æ s t , mast, most, greatest. C f . ON mestr, OFris m æ s t , OS mest, Du me est, Ger mei st, Sw and Da mes t , and Go maist, most, greatest. 'Sot^lLce f^anne hyt vrexa^ hyt ys a Ire wyrte m æ s t .' Matt. xiii. 32. 'Scheomie is fje meste del ... of ure penitence.' 'Maist, most. ' [mtskj Anc. Riw., 330. Atk., l'üi. G l ., s.v. 'Ke vmr meeast gotherly ti ma': Make Anglo-Sax. Gosp., sb. he was most kind to me. EY. A companion. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3ih ÛN iraka, a female mate, or OS maca, an equal, are associated vd.th the EY word. Both ON and OE vowels after the initial consonants develop into kiE _a > E e i > E Y _L9. G f . OS gimaco » and OHG pjciahho, fellow, companion, Î'IHG ^emach, appertaining, belonging, Ger gemach, easy, comfortable, MDu gemac, agreeable, quiet, calm, and Da mage, an equal. 10 preching had he na mak, • iTlii ivife, that is thy make.' 'Make, a mate or companion.' Ours. Mun., I 9656 . Tovm. P l ., 2?/l39. Robinson, Mid-Yks. G 1 ., s.v. 'Ke wur cowt wi tweea maeaks i ' yon cloo as ': two companions in that field. E Y . hang [maeT)] sb. he was caught with A mixture of such ingredients as bran, c o m , end potato peelings used to feed pigs. This EY word is identical in meaning with DaD mâng, a mixture of chaff, bran, c o m , and wa.ter, used for feeding si-/ine. Apparently there was a short a vowel in the etymon, which was subsequently fronted in EY. G f . OE mengean, ON menga, Gif manga, and Ger men gen. to mix. 'pis mon g wore^ so j^e eien of |)e heorte |jet heo ne mei iknowen God,’ Anc. Riw., 384 . 'Kung, a mixed food for horses.' Addy, Sheffield G l ., s.v. 'Storr up t ' mang afooar tha te earns it inti t ' trough ': the mixture before you pour it into the trough. EY. Hg-r (2mCl] sb. stir up A mere. A small lake. ODa maer, a low-lying, water-logged place. Cf. ON m a r . Da m a r , the sea, OE mere, a lake, pool, marsh, OS meri, Du mee r , OHG meri. Go marl; Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 335 Ir muir, W m o r , and L m a r e , water in general, the sea. >riis ^ æ t 1362 . feor heonon mil^emearces ^aet se mere stande^. ’ weah |?e on syloes mere.* 'Mar, a small lake.» Anglo-Sax. Gosp., John ix. 7* Hall., DAPW., 541. »Mar, a mere or small lake,' Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v. 'Hornsea Mar leeaked champion in t ' glooamin': wonderful in the twilight. EY. Harrish [marl/'] Beot'Tulf, sb. Hornsea Lake looked A marsh. OE meri sc, a marsh, from which B marsh has developed as a contracted formi. Cf. M)u mersch, and Ger marsch, a marsh. 'Wenestu that haveck bo the worse, Thog crowe bi— grede him bi the mershe.' Owl & Might.. 304. 'Seuen oxen ... the which in the pasture of mershe the grene lesvris cheseden.' Wyclif, B i b ., Gen. xli. 18. 'Marrish, a marsh. ' Hold. G l . , s.v. 'Deean't tha see th'osses gannin intiv marrish?': the horses going into the marsh? ET. Marrow [ m are] sb. don't you see A fellow. A match to another person or thing. The etymology of this word is difficult to trace. Jamieson suggests a relationship to Suio-Gothic ma ger, a kinsman, but the connection 3 does not seem too promising. Other possible origins are ON margr, friendly, communicative, and F marié, a husband. For the moment it seems to me that ON margr is the most likely etymon of the three. 3 John Jamieson, A Dietlona.ry of the Soottlah L a n g u a g e . Paisley: A. Gardner, 1J27. m a r r o w , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 336 0I'[ margr > marw > marrovj-. Cf. OE sor^e> B sorrow; OE folgen^ E follow. 'Fican-ze or felawe yn trauayle, socius.' Prom. Parv. , 327. 'A pair of gloves or shooes are not marrows, i.e. fellows.’ Nth. Cty. W d s ., 31* 'Harrows, pairs to m a tch; fellows or e q u a l s . ’ Ray, Atk., VJh. G l ., s.v. 'Tha thinks theer's neean laik it, bud t h a '11 cum across it marrer yan o' these daays ': you think there's none like it, but you'll meet its duplicate one of these days. EY. Mask [msesk] vb. To infuse. To draw out the strength of tea by pouring hot water upon it. The same sound, form, and meaning are found in Da maeske, to draw the strength out of malt, or c o m , by pouring hot water upon it. Cf. Sw m&ska, OS maschyn, Ger meischen, and L miscere, to infuse. 'Maschyn yn breivynge, misceo. ' ’Mask, to infuse.' Prom. Parv., 328. Hall., DAPW. , 'Mask, to mash or infuse.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. 'Set tha doon, lad, an' Bess'll mask sum teea': and Bess vrill brew some tea. EY. Maugh Qniif J sb. sit down, lad, A near relative. A partner in business. OK magr, son-in-law, brother-in-law, father-in-law; OE maeg, a relation by blood, a neighbor. Hie pronunciation of this EY word is another instance of the dialectal development of the guttural gh into f, e.g. E through > EY thruff. Gf. Sw m a g , M m aag, son-in-law, OFris mech, OS m a g , Du maag, kinsman, OHG m a g , and Go megs, sonin-law . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 337 •Kin IH03 , min neue and fela^e.' Gen. & E x ., I76I. •Loth went and til his manes spak,' Cui's. Mun., 2811. •Kauf, the u s u a l d e s i g n a t i o n o f a c o m p a n i o n o r an associate.* Robinson, M d - Y k s . G l ., s.v, •T • chap did saay *at •e vmr a mavrf o ’ Fred ’: he was one of Fred’s relatives. EY. ’He’s gannin ti be mi mavxf’: business. EY. Maund (jnondJ sb. the man said that h e ’s going to be my partner in A large open basket. Apparently from F mande. an open basket. Cf. NFris maujnn, Du man d , and Cter D mande, a chest, basket, ’Mavmd, sl-cype, sportula,’ Prom. Parv., 330. 'A thousand favours from a maund she drew Of amber, crystal, and of beaded jet.’ Shaks., Lover’s Gompl., 3 6 . ’haund, a large open hand-basket. ' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. ’^ha ’ed sae mich fish in t ’ mawnd, sha could ’ardlins get ti t ’ deear’; she had so much fish in the basket, she could scarcely get to the door, EY. Maun 5ell [jiiDnselJ sb. A fat, slovenly woman. It seems that the only possible explanation of the source of this word is that it is a dialectal development of F mademoiselle. a 30un g lady. If this is the case, the expression would be ironical. ’Maunsel. A dirty or slattemnl]/' fat woman usually gets this name.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. ’Sha leeaks a maunsell i ’ them cleeas’: clothes. EY. she looks a sloven in those Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MYlawk IjnokJ sb. A maggot. î; irakk <0N maékr, a worm, maggot. Another possibility is that the 15th century form, MS maked, may be a metathetic alteration of I-lrv maf'ek, a maggot. Cf. Da madike, and Sw mas k , a maggot. 'bake, mathe, v/yrm yn |?e flesche.' 'hawk, a maggot. ' Prom. Parv., 321. Hold, G l . , s.v. 'Vlnen ah went ti t ' pantry ah seed t ' mawks 'ed got ti t ' meeat': when I went to the pantry I saw that the maggots had got into the meat. K'f. bean jlnienj adj. Of worthless character. Reprehensible in conduct. OE man, sinful, vMcked. Of. ON m e i n , injury. Da me e n , a fault, Sw men, damage, pain, OS m e n , and OHG m ein, hurt, harm. 'hær abidan sceal ma^a mane fah miclan domes,* Beowulf, 978. 't'att tu (>e loke wel fra man Inn a{>en and i vsLttness,* O i m ., 4478. 'bean. This word is not only used in the ordinary sense, but also to express worthlessness of character or conduct,' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 341 . 'He cums yam as meean as’muck': Me 11 he comes home as worthless as dirt. EY", [mElJi vb. To meddle. OF mesler < L miscere, to mix. Of. F mêler, Sp mezclar, Ital mischiare, and Port mesclar, to mix. 'bien god me lies so row, an guys, and trauaile till his flescly lyltynge. ' Hamp., P. T . , P s . ix. 9. 'He is coupable t>at entremettith him or mellith him vjith such j)ing Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 539 as aperteynef) not lonto him,' Chancer, Me lib., 575. 'Hell, to meddle; always followed by on instead of wit h .' Yks . Fk—T k ., 341. 'Thoo maun't mell on 'em*: Mel 1 (Jmel] sb. Morris, you mustn't meddle with them. EY. A wooden mallet. This word is derived from OF mal < L ma Ileum, a hammer. Cf. F mai l , Cp mallo, and Ital maglio, a mallet, hammer. •f>aa dint es arful fers and fell. Herder |>an es here irinn mell. ' Curs. M u n ., 23240. ’(>ar for f>e devels salle stryk ^am ^are, i-jith hevy me lies ay. ' Fr. Cons., 7046. 'Mell, the wooden mallet used by masons; also, any wooden mallet or beetle.' Atk., Vfh. G l . , s.v. 'Tak t ' mell tiv it a n ’ cloot it oot ': l E Y a s s , ash. Of. Sw menniska, la menneske, and OHG menniska, human, 'A mayden of menske ful debonere, ’ B. E. Allit. P ., A . I 6 3 . 't'enne ^e lorde of pe lode loute^ fro his chambre. For to mete %vyth mensks j>e mon on |)e flor, ' Gaw, & G r . K ., S3 I, ’Mense, decency, becomingness, manners. ’ 'He has novrbher mense nor sense’; inte111gent. EY, Mere ]sb, Robinson, Mid—Ylcs.Gl, , s.v, he is neither well-behaved nor A stone set up to mark a boundary. ON m æ r i , or OE me a r e , a boundary. The ultimate source is probably L raurus, a wall, in which case the Teutonic forms would be borrov/ings, Of. OFris m a r e , and Du m ee r e , a border, limit. Several mere— stones, which remain from the times of the Danish invasions, are still to be Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3U1 seen in Yorkshire. 'Locrines maer eode and east foriS',* L a y ., 2133. •Hi b æ d o n t?æt he of hyra i^emaerum fore,' Kark v . 17. 'here, a b o m d a r y mark or stone.' Atk., An/^lo-Sax. Gosp., G l ., s.v, *C-if tha wants ti laat t ' bayn, thoo mun gan ti t ' mere doon bi t ' daik': if yon want to look for the child, you should go to the boundary stone down by the ditch. EY. Let Q n^t] sb. Measure. A quantity of two bushels. Probably associated ivith OM m e t a , to estimate. Cf. Sw m a t t , and Da maade, a bushel measure. 'And all jjair schapp was turned nei-f. Of man-ldnd had ^ai Jje met t . ' Curs. M u n ., 8123. '"he bad Elynour ... fyll in good met.' Skelton, B. Rummyng. 333. 'Met, tvro bushels measure, or five stone weight. Originally no doubt this was a measure only, but novr the word is applied to things bought by weight, e.g. coals, as well as those by measure. A met—poke was the name given to a narrow bag holding two bushels.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 342. 'Thoo sud ax 'im wat sooart o' a met 'e calls it': him what sort of a measure he calls it, EY. Mich adj. you should ask Much. ME miche < 0 E mi c e l , great in quantity. 'Fyrst a tule tapit ty^t ouer pe flet. And miche w a t 7 jje gyld gere j>at glent ^er alofte.' G a w . & G r . K . , 566 . 'Manye synnes ben fornoun to hire, for sche hath loued myche.' v'/ycHf, B i b ., Luke vii. 47. 'Mich, much.' Addy, Sheffield G l., s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3k2 f'rich fash aboot noirt’: fickle Qmrkell adj. much ado about nothing, ST. Large, OH inil-d.ll, or OE micel, great. It is interesting to note that Sc mickle means much, as an adj. or sb, but ST nd.cKLè has only the adjectival meaning of large. Cf. OS milcLl, OHG mihhil, MHG michel. Su mycket, and Da me get, great, *.'\nd sagh j>ar stand a raikel tre,’ Curs. Mun., 1320. •Set the meiklest peat-stack in a lovr. • •fickle, large.• Atk., bh. Gl., s.v, •He •ed a mickle carry*: I'iddin Ramsay, Gentle oheph., ii. 1. jjntdinJ sb. he had a large cart. EY. A manure heap. A place for garbage. The word is of Scand origin. ME myddyng, a manure heap, given by Stratmann, is probably derived from OH ihnyki—dyngja, a manure heap, but Qti d^^ngja in the sense of heap has not been found. But there are other Scand forms from which the EY word may have been taken. Cf. Da molding, OSw mock-dynga, and W mokdyngje, a dunghill. •A fouler myddjmg saw thow never nane,• P r . Cons., 628. •Hidden, a heap of manure or an ash-pit. • Addy, Sheffield Gl., s.v. •It's onny fit ti be chucked oot on t • middin•: be thrown out on the garbage heap, EY. Midge [mtd^] sb. it is only fit to A gnat. ASP gives OE mycg, mygge, and rnicge, a small fly. Cf. Du mug, Sw Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3U3 niyf7g. Da m y g , ON my, OS muggia, OHG- nmcca, IffiG mucke, and Ger mucke, a gnat. Perhaps the word was orlginally derived from the buzzing sound ma.de by the insect’s wings, and, consequently, may have some connection v/ith L mugire, to sound. ’He sayd and hundfle come and mydge in all fjaire endis. ’ P. T. , Ps. civ, 29 . 'i'ldge, anything very small. Also a small fly. ’ Gl,, s.v, IT’ midges’ll be cumin oot aboot noo ': out about now. EY, in.g Fmig ] sb. Hamp,, Addy, Sheffield the midges ivill be coming Liquid manure from a manure-heap, cow-house, or stable. I mig, urine. Of. ON m xga, OE migan, and DaD mig e , to make water. All the preceding forms are cognate vrith L mingere, to make water. ’And tet ne mei noting bute migge, and sond, and eisil, ase me sei^i acwenchen, ’ Anc. R i w ,, 402. ’I'lg, the drainings of a manure-heap. .Any IdLnd of liquid manure, ’ Norris, Ylcs. Fk-Tk., 342. ’TI mig in t ’ coo manner is better fur t ’ land’: cow manure is better for the land, EY. Mint CmintJ| vb. the urine in the To intend. To pretend. OE myntan, to propose, appoint. G f . OE myn e , thought, ’Nynte se manscai'a manna cynnes surnne besyxn^ran in sele ^am hean,’ Beovmlf, 712 . 'Kir to haf had he noght mint. If he moght anigat it stint,’ Curs. M u n ,, 10759• Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3Uii ’Maw|ier fyked I, ne fla^e, freke, quen J>ou myntest.* Gaw. & G r . K ., 'Flint, to suggest obscurely, to intimate by gesture,' Fld-Yks. Gl ., s.v. 'Sha mints ti gan ti mooan': she intends to go tomorrow, EY. 'They didn't dee it, bud they minted at it': they pretended to. EY. 1-n.rk £mork J adj. Robinson, they didn't do it, but Very dark. Although ASP records OE mirce, it is clear that EY mirk comes from ON myi-’lcr, dark, and not from the OE form. OE mirce would regularly develop into mirch. G f . Sw m ork. Da mork, and OS mirki, dark. 'On the mirke nith to shine.' Hav., AO4 . 'I did spaceir vp ande doune but sleipe, the maist part of the myrk nycht.' Com.pl. Scot.. vi. 3Ô. 'Fdrk, very dark, or U g h t l e s s .' 'Tak care, cos it's mork t ' neet'r dark tonight. EY. Fis ken (^nnskenj vb. Atk., hJh. G l ., s.v. take care, because it's very To make a mistake in the recognition of a person. OM miskenna, not to recognize a person. Of. Sw miskanna, and Da miskiende. to misjudge, to have a mistaken idea about a person. 'Fisken, to misunderstand, or misconceive; to mistake,' îid-Yks. G l .. s.v. Robinson, 'Thai va Id haue clair myskend it, be rasone that it was sa meld.1 altrit.' Compl. Scot., v i i . 70. 'Oeea it's thoo. Ah mun a miskent tha': failed to recognize you. EY. so it's you. I must have Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3L5 i-dstall [m%zlJ sb. A cow-house. There are two possible origins for this word. One is N mjdstol, a resting-place near a farm; the other is a combination of OE meox, myx, dung -f- OE stasll, stall. Due to the pertinence of its meaning, the OE origin is to be preferred. •hissel, a cow-house.' Hall., DAPW., 556. 'Mstal, a cow-house.'Morris, Ylcs. Fk-Tk., 343. 'Ah'11 be ower iv a minnit when ah tak t ' miolk oot o' t ' mizzle': I'll be over in a minute when I take the milk out of the cow—house. EY. I^istetch Qmtst£,'^3 sb. A bad habit acquired through injudicious training. Evidently a combination of mis teach. ME techen < OE taecan, to teach, to show. 'But the tale ne of hym deviseth no more here saf only of a tecche that he hadde, that when he aroos he hadde the force and mgrght of the beste knyght.' M e r ., 182. 'I'istecht: that hath got an ill habit, property, or custom,' Ray, Nth. Cty, W d s .. 49'ristetch, a bad instruction, a mis-teaching.' Craven G l ., s.v. 'Gif 'e runs wi yon lot, 'e'll seean get a mistetch': if he goes in the company of that group, he'll soon acquire a bad habit. EY. Moit j_m3lt J sb. A particle. A very small piece. The etymology of this word is problematical. Mite, an insect, is from OE myte, and mite, a coin, is from OF mite, something very small. There is also OE mot, which develops into E mote, a small particle. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3L6 Phonetically EY moit seems to be a development of a long [ t ] form. The forms given in T o v m . P I . and Lan gland seem, to support the development from an earlier long than from long [~oJ . This EY development is parallel to the development in Irish and Cockney. •Haylle, so as I can, haylle, praty mytyngl Tovjn. P l ., 115/477. •Surgerye ne fisyke May noujte a myte auaille to medle ajein elde.* L a ngl., P. P l o w ., B. xx. 17B. •Moit, a m o t e . ’ Addy, Sheffield G l ., s.v. •Wilta gie ma a moit o' breead?’: Koither []mote mor as heo Id, fen and faesten . ’ 4 Beowulf, 103. James A. H. Murraj^, A New English Dictionary on Hlstorioal Prlnolples. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1901. molder, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3k7 'He brake [je stane in |)e more,’ Hamp,, P . T ., Ps. Ixxvii. 18. 'Poor, a heath, common or waste land,’ 'Iloors, uncultivated lands, ’ Hall,, D A P W ,, 56 O. Addy, Sheffield G l ,, s.v, 'It fair teeamed doon vd. raan when ah vmr crossin’ t ’ m o o r ’: it really poured doim ivith rain vfhen I was crossing the moor. EY. Plounge jjHund^]] vb. To work the jaws excessively in chewing, liie similarity of this word to OF mangier > F manger. to eat, evident. The L etymon is manducare, to chew. is The EY word hasno phonetic connection with E munch. ’^ei han I-maunget ouur muche ^at make^ hem grone ofte,’ P ♦ Plow,, A. ix. 245 . ’I'ounge, to munch, to chev;. ’ Atk,, ’He sets in t h ’ingle moongin on 'is c o m e r chewing on his tobacco. HY. Mout £mut3 vb. Langl., IVh. G l ,, s.v, bacca’: he sitsin the chimney To break into holes, as cloth that is worn thin, PE mout en < OB bemutian, to change. Cf. MDu mut en , Du muiten, to moult, change, N m u t a , to slip av/ay, and L mutare, to change. ’His haire moutes, his eghen rynnes,’ Pr, Cons,, 781. 'Iiovrtyn, as fowlys, plumeo, ' Prom, Parv, , 347» ’pjout, to break into holes,' Atk,, W h , G l ., s.v, ’Tha'11 want anither coit cos th'aud yan's mootin' oot': y o u ’ll need another coat because the old one is breald.ng into holes. EY. Moy [_m3i J adj. Uncommunicative, unsocial. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3^8 5 Jand.e son connects this EY vrord vn-th P mou < L mollis, soft, gentle. It seems to me, however, that EY moy may be related to Da muggen, sullen, reserved, because the latter word becomes DaD mou e n , sullen, •Moy, demure, close, or unsocial.’ Atk,, VJh. G l ., s.v. •ITeeabody can get noivt oot o • yon moy chap’: nobody can get any conversation out of that uncommunicative person. EY. Muck [_mvk3 sb. Dirt, filth, mud. FiE muck < ON m y k i , dung. The word is of Scand origin, and has no association vrith OE m e o x , dung. G f . OSw mock, M mok. Da m5*g, and Dad mog, dung. ’Summe he deden ... Muc and fen ut of buries beren (5us bitterlike he gun hem deren.’ Gen. & E x . , 2557. ’kuk, or duste, pulvis. ' Prom. Par v ., 348. •Muck, dirt in its moist state.’ Hunter, Hallamshire G l ., s.v, •Ah mun tak a cloot ti t • muck i ' this pleeace': duster to the dirt in this place. EY. Muggy [pugi] adj. I must take a Thick, cloudy, damp, humid. Used of the weather. ON mugga, drizzling mist. Cf. Da muggan, musty, moldy; L mucus, secretion, and W mwygl, tepid, sultry. Muggy. Mug.gy weather is misty, thick, foggy weather. ’ Hallamsliire G l . , s.v. •A muggy daay as i w e r ah seed’: 5 Hunter, as cloudy a day as I ever saw. EY. John Jamieson, A Dictionary of the Sc o t t i s h L a n g u a g e . Paisley: A. Gardner, I 9 2 7 . moy, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. îl-ump [mumpj vb. To strike a person on the face vri.th the fist. OK m-umpa, to take i-ri-thin the cheeks. Cf. ON mumpuskaelur, the distortion of the face called wry-inouth, Sxviss mtmipfeln, to eat vri-th a full mouth, and Bavarian mumpfen, to chew. 'hump, to strike the face vri.th the closed fist. The nearer the blow is to the mouth, the more applicable the term.' Robinson, hid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'He gev 'im a mump': Mun [mun3 he struck him on the face ivith his fist. EY. Must. The term is used both simply and intensively. OM munu, must, a preterito-present verb used to denote what is probable or pretty certain. Cf. OSw mun a , must. Jamieson remarks that Sc and EY mun is more forcible than ON m unu. The latter appears to respect the certainty of something futurej the former denotes 6 not only its futurity, but its certainty. 'I wene that we deye mone For hunger, Jjis dere is so strong.' Hav., B40 . 'An' if I mun doy, I mun doy. ' 17 . 'Mun, must,' Hunter, Hallamshire G l ., s.v. 'Gan thoo mun': I'url Tennyson, North. Farmer, (Old Style) [m^rl] go you must. EY. vb. To crumble into small pieces. The L etymon marlare, to crumble, is not difficult to find. But it is not easy to determine the forms which directly precede the EY expression. MDu marlen, to crumble, Ger mer gel, marl, and W mwrl. ^ Jafnleson, _0£. o l t .. m u n , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 350 a crumbling stone, are probably associated with the L. But there can also be considered Sw m o r , tender, friable, and DaD mulje,tocrumble, Consequently, although the L origin is beyond question, it is not certain whether the EY word is indebted directly to LG, Scand, or Celtic. »To murl, to crumble.* Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 50. 'hurl, to crumble, in a dry or decayed state.* Gl., s.v. Robinson, Mid-Yks. 'Seat thi breead, an* deean *t morl it in thi *ands*: bread, and don*t crumble it in your hands. EY. Mush sb. The powdery residue of decayed eat your wood. N musk, povrder, dust. There may also be some connection with DaD muske, to drizzle, if one considers the dust—like size of the raindrop's. 'Mush, dusty refuse, anything decayed into small fragments, e.g. rotten wood.' Morris, Ylcs . Fk—T k . , 'As seean as ah tetched it, it alJL fell awaay inti mush *: as I touched it, it all fell away into dust. EY. as soon Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 351 N Nab (_næb%j sb. A rocky headland, whether on the coast or inland. ON nabbr, nabbi, a projecting peak. Cf. ND n a b b , S w n a b b , SwD nabbe, promontory. Da naeb, a point, OE n e b b , a beak. 'Soaring hill and deepening dale, abrupt nab-end and craggy wood.' Atk., i-oor. Parish , 42. 'Nab, a rocky projection from the land into the sea, as Saltwick Nab.' Atk., Wh. 01., s.v. 'T ' lad c l a w e r e d up t ' nab, bud couldn't freeatn hoo ti got doon': the boy climbed up the rocl'cy cliff, but didn't know how to get doivn. E Y . Naff jj^naefj sb. The nave, or central part of a wheel. OS nafu, n a f a , a navel; ON nafli, a. navel. Apparently the OE vowel had not lengthened in the EY word, as it does in southern speech in open syllables. Cf. Sw naf. Da n a v , Du naa f , OHG nap a , and Ger nabe, a. navel. 'The spokys and the felijs and the naue, alle roten.' Dib., I icings vii. 33» 'A naffe of a qyxele, meditulium, modiolus. ' Wyclif, Gath. Angl.. 248. 'Naff, the nave or central block of a wheel.' s.v. Morris, Yks. Fk—T k .. 'Yan o' t ' speeaks 'ed brak oot o' t ' n a f f : one of the spokes had broken out of the central part of the wheel. EY. Naf fie [^naeflj vb. To idle away the time. This seems to be another form of nifle, an obsolete E word given in Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3$2 I'ZDj ?nd signifying a trifle. E nifle has been in dialectal use since 1775^ and it is possible that the vowel has siraply been lowered 7 to form the ET word. The etjanon may be Low L nichil, nothing. 'Ke seiwed hem vrith nyfles and vrith fablis.* 52. Chaucer, Sompn. T., 'I am yet ... as full of tryfyls, Nil, nihilum, nihil, snglice nyfyls.’ SkeIton, Magnyf., 1157 • 'Naffie, to idle under pretence of vror!d.ng; to 'potter' and get notliing done,' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 345* 'He gans nafflin aboot': Nar Qno.] adj. he goes about idling away his time. EY. Near. ON na (in compounds), near, ON naerri, near, and Da naer, near. It does not seem that OS nearra, comparative of neah, nigh, has influenced the EY word. An interesting fact is that ME nerrer, nearer, and KE nerrest, nearest, have been formed on nerre as if it were a positive form. Of. OSw naer. and Si^r nara, near. 'For l^att tejj waerenn off hiss kinn and taerj?urrh nerre bre^re.' Orm., 15691. 'For my son may bo slayn no nar.' Town. P l ., 43/119. 'Narside, the near side, i.e. the left hand side of a horse, or that nearest to him who directs the animal.' Morris, Yks. Fk—Tk., 345'Nar, near.' Addy, Sheffield Gl., s.v. 'Deean't let 'at 'oss cum nar ma': me. EY. Natter 7 [nætô^ vb. don't let that horse come near To complain about trifles. Murray, _o£. c l t ., nlf 1 a, a.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Svj- ^gnata, to grumble, or Da gnaddre, to grumble, seems to be the source of this word. G f . DaD gnaddrig , fretful, and Sw gnatu, peevish. ’Natter, to scold, to speak in a querulous or peevish manner.’ Brockett, Nth. Cty. W d s ., s.v. ’Gnatter, to grumble, to complain, to be peevish or querulous.' âdd3r, Sheffield Gl., s.v. ’batsa natterin’ aboot noo?’: Mattie [naetlj sb. what are you grumbling about now? EY. A morsel. Apparently associated i-rith DaD gnat, gnatting, a morsel, a crumb. Gf. SwD gneta, gnatta, a morsel. DaD en gnatting smor is equivalent to EY a nattle o' butter. ’Mattie, a gland or kernel in the fat of meat.' Gl., s.v. 'Nattle, a morsel.’ Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Noo, watch yon creeak tak a nattle': a crumb. EY. Maup [naup] vb. Robinson, Mid-Yks. now, watch that crow take To inflict a blow on the head. The derivation may be from ON n o p , the head, or from Gael cnap, to strike. 'Map, a stroke, a blow.' Hall., DAPW., 570. 'Maup, to Imock on the head with the end of a stick.’ V/h. Gl., s.v. 'Mahnd this sen, or a h '11 naup tha': strike you on the head. EY. Atk., watch your conduct, or I'll Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 .5 U N a zs y a d j. D ru n k , i n t o x i c a t e d . The only likely etymon for this word is Ger n a s s , wet, moist. There are several idioms in Ger in wliich nass is used to denote intoxicants, e.g. ein nasser bruder, a tippler, and sein geld an nasse waare le gen, to lay out one's money on wet wares. Cf. OE hnesc. moist. 'Nasy, intoxicated. ' Hall., DAFlr/. , 572. 'Nazzy, stupefied through drink. ' Robinson, ]^ïid—Y k s . G l .. s.v. ' M aud man wur n i w e r nazzy iv 'is lahf ' : intoxicated in his life. E Y . Heaf [nLef] sb. m y husband was never The clenched hand. A fist. HE neve, nefe <0N hnefi, a clenched hand. Of. ND n e v e , Sw na f v e , and Da nasve, a fist. 'So longe haueden he but and bet With neues under h e m e s set.' H a v . 1917. 'Dose noddil on hym with neffes That he noght nappe,' xxix. 369 . 'Ther is noght in thi nefe, or els thi hart falys.' 'A neive or neiffe, a fist.' 'Meaf, the fist,' Toim.. P I ., 241/407- Ray, N t h . C t y . Wd s . , 35* Morris, Y k s . Fk—T k ., 346# 'He up v/iv 'is neeaf an' knocked 'im ower': and knocked him over. EY. Meaf-ful Yk. P l . , [nleful_j sb. he brought up his fist A handful. Da’nàevefuld. and S w nafve-full, a handful. 'Their worthless nievefu' of a soul. May in some future carcase howl.' Burns, Second Epistle to J. Lapraik, 17. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 'Î.Teaf-ful, a handful of anything. ' Atk., VJh. G l ., s.v. 'Sha rahved th'eear bi neeafuls frav 'is 'eead': hair by handfuls from his head. EY. H ear fn le j KE n e r e , th e sb. she pulled the The k id n e y . k id n e y , i s p r o b a b ly ta k e n fr o m K D u n i e r e , t h e IcLdney. Cf. Du n i e r e , OHG n i e r o , G er n i e r e , ON n y r a , M n y r e , an d Sw n .1 ttre , th e IcLdney. 'W ith th e f a t n e s s e o f n e e r e s o f th e w e t h e r s . ' I s a . xjodLv. 6 . 'M eere o f a b e e s t , r e n . ' 'W ee r, th e ld .d n e y , ' ' Sunm at' s t-frang w i N ear jJn Le] Da n s e r i g , eager in P rom . P a r v . , 352. A d d y, S h e f f i e l d 'is a d j. s tin g y , i s n e e d s ': P a r s im o n io u s , used t o one who i s G l. , s .v . s o m e th in g i s vrrong w i t h h i s k id n e y s . EY, s tin g y . d e s ig n a t e a p e rs o n who i s s e e k in g h i s fo o d , a n d , i n a p p lic a t io n t o C o v e r d a le , B i b . , its g r e e d ily e%dended m e a n in g , i t has c o v e to u s f o r w e a l t h . C f . Svr n a r i g , ON h n o g g r. and OE h n eaw , n i g g a r d l y . NED a s s o c ia t e s th e EY ivord w i t h OM n a e r, 8 n e a r. ' I a lw ays th o u g h t he l i v e d No. 402, 1712, p. 4. 'W ea r, c l o s e - f i s t e d , 346. in s tin g y , a n e a r m a n n e r .' e x tra 'H e 's sae n e a r , t h a '1 1 g e t n o w t' : n o t h in g . E Y . 8 c a r e fu l.' he i s S te e le , S p e c t. , M o r r i s , Y k s . Fk—T k . , so s t i n g y t h a t y o u ' 11 g e t Murray, _0£. cit., near, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 356 K e a v ll { ^ n le v ô l^ vb. To pummel vriLth th e f i s t . N:D g iv e s n e v e l , and s u g g ests t h a t th e EY w ord i s from N n e v l a , t o k n ead . I t seems more l i k e l y ^ d e r iv e d d i r e c t l y however^ t h a t th e etymon i s DaD k n o v le , t o o v e rp o w e r. A p p a r e n t ly b o th th e N and DaD words a re c o n n e c te d vriLth ON h n e f i , a f i s t , b u t t h e DaD fo rm i s c lo s e r to th e EY e x p re s s io n i n m ean in g . • N e a v i l l ’ d o r ne v i l i e d , pum m elled w it h t h e f i s t , ’ A t k . , TaI i . G l . , s .v . ’ Post th e y bunched yan a n i t h e r , bud e f t h u r a w h a h l t h e y s t o r r t e d t i n e e a v L l’ : f i r s t th e y k ic k e d a t one a n o th e r , b u t a f t e r a w h ile th e y s t a r t e d t o f i g h t w it h t h e i r f i s t s . E Y. Neb (^n£b"} sb. The b e a k o f a b i r d . The human n o s e . OE n e b b , a b e a k , b i l l o f a b i r d , n o s e . C f . ON n e f , N n e v , n e b b , Sw n a f , n a b b , Da n æ b , and Du n e b b e , b e a k , n o s e . ’ She had b ro k e n o f a l e a f o f an o ly n e t r e , C o v e rd a le , B ib . , Gen. v i i i . 1 1 . ’ The n e b b is o f a ly o n th e y make to t r e t e S p. P a r r o t , 4 1 8 . and b a re i t and t r e m b y l l . ’ 'N eb, a b i l l o r b e a k . A p p lie d a ls o t o th e n o s e . ’ I 'i d - Y k s . C l . , s . v . 'D e ean ’ t pooak t h i neb i ’ ma ’ o o s e ': N e e d fu l [n le d fu l] liE need < OE n ÿ d , need a d j. don’ t i n h i r n e b b .’ S k e lt o n , R o b in s o n , come i n t o my h o u s e . E Y . Needy. fu l. 'S o r i and n e d f u l men s u le n i s 'L ad y scho i s o f le d e s a l l Curs. M u n .. 103. ... s e n .’ Gen. & E x . , 2 1 3 0 . To n e d e f u l l n e i s t on to c a l l . ’ Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 35T t f je e d fu lj n e e d y , n e c e s s it o u s ; o f p e rs o n s and t h i n g s . » ' 7/h. G l . , s . v . th e old country fe l l o w i s 'Th'aud c a r l ' s v a r r y n e e d f u l ' : ne edy. E Y . Meest [nlst] adj. and adv. OE niehst > E n e x t , but the A tk ., very Next. has been lost in EY, hence ne est instead of n e x t . Of. OFris n e e s t , Du naast, OS nâhist, OHG nahist, M G nahest, Ger nachst, ON n ^ s t r , S w nast, and Da naest, nighest, next. 'Ne gisce <îu nog 5in nestes iSing. » Gen. & E x ., 3515. 'pe neist men of his oxspring Did |?ai |?an be— for J?am bring. ' Curs. M u n ., 13590. 'Neest, next.' Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 347. 'Neest chap 'ed nowb ti saay': thenext 'Tha n i w e r kens w a t '11 'ap neest': next,. E Y . Neeze [nlaz] vb. man had nothing to say. EY. you never lA1 ^at he ^er-fore tok, Mith-held he nouth a ferriages n o k . ’ Hav., #20. ‘Neuk, a c o m e r of anything. ' •17a leeaked in i w r y neuk^ : Nicker |jiik0_J vb. Morris, YIcs. F k - T k .. 347. we looked in every c o m e r . EY. To neigh. Probably derived from DaD gnegge, to whinny. Cf. ON gneggja, N neggja, Sw gnagga, OE h n egan, MDu n e y e n , and M-IG n y h e n , to n e i ^ . •Nicker, to neigh. • Robinson, l'üd—Y k s . 0 1 . , s.v, •As seean as and 'oss ‘eeard ma cumin vn. • t • proven, sha ups a n • nickers’: as soon as the old horse heard me coming vrith food, she began to neigh. EY. Niffer [nifa] vb. To haggle. To bargain vehemently. Perhaps from ON nirfill, a stingy man. ON nirfla has the sense of scraping small things together carefully. Another possibility is a connection vrith ON hne f i, a fist, •Niffer, to haggle, to bargain in a tenacious or hard, spirit.* Atk.., V7h. 0 1 . , s.v. •Efthur ’e niffered a vast, •e selt ma t • coo*: 3. great deal, he sold m,e the covr. EY. Nim [^nimj vb. after he haggled To pick up quickly. To snatch, as a thief. OE niman and ON n e m a , to take, to hold, to possess. Cf. OFris n i m a , Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 360 O': niman, OH G n e m e n , Ger nehmen, IVDa n e m m e , KStat n i m a , and Go nim a n , to hold, to take, to possess. MED states that dialectal nim corresponds to venions senses of the later Scand t a k e , and remained in common use dovai to the 15th century. After 1600 it reappears as a colloquial word in the sense of to steal, and is very common in this 1 use throughout the 17th century. 'They’ll question Mars, and b y his look Detect who 'twaa that nimm'd a cloke.' Butler, Hudibras, I. i. 596. 'Him, to take, also to steal.' Hall., DAPIV., 577. 'Him, to pick up hastily, or sna,tch; to steal i-,d.th a quick movement.' Robinson, Mid—Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Yon lad nimmed a peear oot o' t ' pooak': out of the sack. EY. Nip Fn i p J vb. that boy snatched a pear To slip aiva^r. To remove oneself quickly. nippen, to pinch, to pinch off, is probably the eturmon of this EY word. The form, is not found in OE, and seems to have come into E through MDu knijpen, to snap off, to entrap. Cf. Du knippe n , 3vr knipa, Da knibe, and Ger knei pen, to pinch, twitch. '!)a hit w e 5 uppen non, {)a sunne gon to nipen.' L a y ., 276. 'If the flok be skard, yit sha lie I nyp nere.' Tovm. P l ., 125/289. 'Hip, to run or waUc quickly; generally used in such expressions as nip o f f , i.e. non away; nip acix>ss, i.e. step quickly across.' Morris, Yks. F k - T k ., 347• 'He nipped awaay afooar ah could saay o w t ': could say anything. EY. 1 he ran off before I Murray, 0£. c i t ., n i m , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 361 Nobbut []n)Db0t^ adv. Nothing but, only, simply. This word is a combination of ME naught -f bute, nothing -f except. The unification of the words, together with the disappearance of the , guttural spirant in iiC naught, produces EY nobbut. Chaucer occasionally uses the complete form noght but. 'Ye, blessed be alwey a lewed man That noght but oonly his bileve kanl ' Chaucer, C ♦ T ., I.A. 3456. *No-bot wasch hir ... in wyn as ho askes.' E.E . Allit. P., B. 1127. 'He resceyuede not ony man to sue him, no but Petre and James.' Wyclif, B ^ . , Mark v. 37. 'Nobbut, only, nought but.' 'It's nobbut a lahtle bayn': Wodder jjihdoj vb. Hold. G l .,s.v. it's only a little child.EY. To tremble. It seems clear that this word does not come from OE. NED suggests 2 a connection vrith lîHG notten, and Ger D notteln, to shake, wag. Skeat believes that there may be some association with ON hnjocSa, to 3 hammer. There seems to be no connection between the EY word and L nuere, to nod. The word nod used by Pope has the same significance as EY nodder. 'Heaven's whole foundations to their centre n od.' i. 255. Pope, Essay on M an. 'Nodder, to be in a visible state of tremor, from the head downwards.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. 'Seean wa storrted ti nodder wi ' t ' caud': with the cold. .EY. soon we began to tremble 2 Murray, 0£. c l t . , n o d d e r , s.v. 3 '.falter Vfilliam Skeat, A n Etymological Dictionary' of the English L a n g u a g e . 3rd ed. OxTord: Clarendon Press, I8 9 8 . nod, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 362 Nos^in QnJ&ginJ sb. A mu g containing a quarter of a pint. Gael noigean, a wooden cup; Ir n oigin, a quarter of a pint. •Noagin, a mug or pot of earth vd.th a large belly and narrower mouth.» Hall., DAFlf., 579. •Hoggin, a small vessel, which ,is also used as a quarter of a pint measure.» Robinson, hüd—Y k s . G l ., s.v. •He leeaked at ma, an» supped »is noggin o » yal» : and drank his mug of ale, EY. Hor QnorJ he looked at me, conj. Than. OS ra, from OE -f â, not -f ever, has developed into Sc na, nor, than. But EY n o r , pronounced with the retroflex r, is a contraction of hS nother, neither. •The lest party of thame twa, Wes starkar fer na he.» Bruce, vi. 53S. •Nor, than.' Addy, Sheffield 0 1 . , s.v. »It was bigger nor that»: Noift Barbour, [napt 2 sb. it was bigger than that. EY. Cattle. ON naut, neat, cattle. Of. N n a u t , Sw n o t , Da n o d , and OE n e a t , cattle. •He fand i |>e temmple (5aer Well fele raenn }?att saldenn |)aerinne ba^e nowwt and shep.» O r m ., 15558. •Novrt, cattle. The word is used in composition for an individual of the ld.nd, as a noivt— beast. » Jam., S D . , s.v. •Novrt, cattle, especially h o m e d cattle.» •Fetch nowt inti t » garth»: Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 348. bring the cattle into the enclosure. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 363 Nowther |_nav<îa J conj. Neither. ON novfjj'er, neither, a contracted form of OE nohwaetSer . neither. G f . OFris n o u d e r , neither. 'Auk toten vt i^n.^uten vuel ne mei nouder of o u . ’ ’Ther ha Ip him nowther swei*d ne scheld. ' 'Nowther, neither.’ [nvdl] Gower, C o n f . A m . , i. 125 Hold. G l . , s.v. 'It’s nowther yan o ’ t w e e a ’: Nuddle A n c . R i w .. 52, vb. i t ’s neither one of the two. EY. To huddle up. To squeeze together. Perhaps from Ger n u d e l n , to press. ’Nuddle, to press wheat into the earth with a roller.' Sheffield Gl . , s.v. Addy, 'Huddled, as a parcel carried in the hand is apt to be squeezed out of shape.’ Atk., Vfh. G l ., s.v. 'Nuddle thegither an' ye'll not be sae caud': and y o u ’ll not be so cold. EY. huddle up together Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 36L Offaldy F Jofôldi jj adj. Worthless, vile. Undoubtedly connected ivith E offal. I-IE offal is apparently derived from MDu afval, refuse. Cf. Da affaid, a decline, refuse, and Ger abfall, rubbish. •Offaldy, refuse-like, worthless, vile; of both persons and things.’ Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v. •Ah weean’t *ev ovrb ti deea vd.' yon offaldy chap': anything to do with that worthless man. EY. Ommust jjDmustJ adv. I w o n ’t have At all, altogether, almost. Although this word has occasionally the significance of S almost, it should not be considered a dialectal form of the latter, but rather an EY variation of OE _on -#• màést, at -f most. ’Ommast, almost.’ Addy, Sheffield Gl., s.v. ’Asta onny brass ommust vn.’ tha?': you? EY. ’Theer %vur fewer on ’em ommust’: ’He ommust brast': On fbn 7 adv. have you any money at all ivith there were four of them altogether. EY, he almost burst. EY. Present, here. ME o n < O E on, upon, at near. It is significant that ON on, is identical in meaning with EY o n . 'On, here,* Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 349- 'He’ll be on efthur a bit’: h e ’ll be here after a while. EY, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 365 On [bnJ prep. Of. Used before words beginning vd-th a vowel. Before words beginning vd.th a consonant, o is used. I'-IB of < 0 E of, of. The development of the E y form seems to have resulted from the loss of the labia-dental f, as in EY _o^ before a consonant, and the addition of a nasal n for the sake of euphonic convenience before a vowel. •On, prep, o f . ’ Atk., VJh. G l ., s.v. 'Ton’s yan on ’e m ’: Orf OS [orf 1 t h a t ’s one of them. EY. sb, A descendant. A member of a family, o r f , possession, especially of cattle. In OE the word applies to a m a n ’s substance so far as cattle is concerned, but an extended meaning would probably include human belongings, members of the family also. It is well known that among the Romans and the Northmen there was recognition of the father's right of property in his children, Gf. ON a r f a , an heiress. 'Ilk kinnes erf, and wrim, and der Was mad of er^e on werlde h er.’ Gen. & E x ., 6 . 'Heo nomen orf, heo nomen c o m . ’ 'Thu bodest cualra of or e v e . ’ L a y . , 15316. Owl & N i g h t ., 1155. 'Orf, a descendant, one of the progeny, or, of the family. ’ Atk., \er, whether. OE àêghwaeber, one of two. •For ovrt.her I ^vill all gete or all lese.' M e r ., 366 . •ilnO whene |)OU heres Haly Wryte ow^er in sermon e or in priue col.lacyone, ' Rel. Pieces, 22. •Ovrbher, either.' H o l d . G l . , s.v. •Tha muic o w th e r t a k i t le a v e i t . E Y. Oxler ksla ] sb. o r le e a v e i t ' : you m ust e i t h e r ta k e i t or The arm-pit. Related to ON 6 x 1 , the shoulder. Cf. Da and Sw axel, OHO uohsana, hllO uohse, Oer achsel, Du oks el, the shoulder; Ir o x a l , and L azdLlla, the shoulder. •An oxler, an armpit, axilla. • •Older, the arm-pit.' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 35- Hold. 0 1 ., s.v. •T' paan iv mi oxler fair tews ma': tires me out. EY. the pain in my arm-pit really Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 370 Paddle [paedl] vb. To walk with short steps. The origin may be F or Ger. The E y word may have developed from OF patouiller, to dabble v/ith the feet in mud, or from Ger paddeln. to go about ivlth pattering steps. It is obvious that the OF vb. is a derivative of OF p a t t e , the foot. *He paidles out and he paidles in. An he paidles late and early.’ B u m s , The D e u k ’s Dang o ’er m y P a d d l e , 6. ’Paddle, to walk, especially slowly or with some difficulty.’ Morris, Yks. Fk - T k ., 350. ’Ah seed t h ’aud chap paddlin doon t ’ rooad an 'oor s e n ’: I saw the old man walld.ng vfith short steps down the road an hour ago. EY. Pan Q)asn^ vb. To fit in or correspond vjith. To suit a place. It is possible that this word m a y come from DaD p a n n , a patch, a piece of cloth inserted into another. Gf. DaD pannivaerk, patchwork, and DaD pon.1 e . to work vhLth the hands. ’Pan, to close, joyn together, agree.’ Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 36. ’Jack and his wife d i d n ’t seem to pan togither at fost, but noo they get alang pratty w e e l . ' H o I d . G l ., 97* ’Pan, to unite, fit, settle.’ 'He pans weel wi ’ t ’ new j o b ’: Parlous [jpalesj] adj. Addy, Sheffield G l ,, s.v. he fits in well with the new job. EY. Perilous, dangerous. 5 states that this word is a syncopa,ted form of E perilous. However, E perilous is derived from ME p e r i l < OF peril-en he gave him thrin, |>e qui Ik a ^e appe tre he nam, ’ Curs. M u n ., 1366. ’Psnpyne, of vyne, or grape. Acinus. ’ Prom. Par v ., 401, ’Pippin, the pip or seed of the apple and like fruits.’Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. •Sum o ’ t h ’apples wur full o ’ pippins’: full of pippins. EY. Pisle [pazlJ vb. some of the apples were To walk about lazily or heavily. Apparently the derivation is from SwD pisla, to walk heavily. Cf. SwD pislig. unwell, and OE pislic, heavy. The EY word has the significance of indolence rather than that of infirmity. ’Pisle, to walk about in a lazy manner.’ 6 Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk.. 353' Skoat, op. olt.. pippin, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 379 ’Parzling, sauntering and prying about as an indolent person,» Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Sha gans parzlin' aboot': Plain jjplidnJ vb. she walks lazily about. EY. To complain. ME playne < OF plaipqare, to lament, complain < L plangere. to beat the breast, lament. »^enne pe fyrst bygonne to pleny and sayden |>at ^ay hade travayled sore.» E. E. Allit. P ., A. 540. »1>ai hadden no more nede to plene hem of j)is ordenaunce -Jjan hadden ^e o&er two statis of his chirche.» Wyclif, W k s ., »Go pleyn thee to Sir Cayphas, and byd hym do the right. » 225/682. 'Plain, to complain. ' Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 354. 'Let's gan ti gaffer an' pleean on t ' chap': and complain about the fellow. EY. Plash [plae/j[ vb. Town. Pl., let's go to the master To splash. This word develops either from OE plaesc, a pool, or from LG plassen. to splash. It is also possible that EY plash has been influenced by Da pladske, to splash, or by Sw plaska. to pour as rain. 'Par below him plashed the waters. ' 'Plash, to splash. ' Longfellow, Hiawatha, xvi. 245* Hold. G l ., s.v, 'Jim we east ed 'is tahm plashin ' t'uthers': splashing the others. EY. Please [^pltezj vb. Jim wasted his time To pay for. To return the value of anything. The word also has the conventional E meaning. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 CO I-ÎE pies e n , to satisfy, delight < OF p l e s i r < L placere. to please. The EY word retains the significance of to satisfy from the ME form; hence to please a person is to give a satisfactory return for a favor which he has shown. This, naturally, suggests a payment, and it is very interesting to note in M E literatujre that the usage of pay was often in the sense of p l e a s e , as m a y be seen in the following extracts. *î>u seist |jat muche confort haue6^ wif of hire were jjat beo^ w e l igedered and ei^er is allés weis paied of o<9er. ' H a l . M e i d . , 27. »Ich am wel ipaied euerichon sigge ...' Anc. R i w .. kh. *A maal with out en wemme he shal offre ... to pie se to hym the Lord.' Wyclif, B i b . , Lev. i. 3* 'Please, to give an equivalent or make a return for a kindness received, or something of a like nature.' Morris, Y k s . Fk— T k ., 354. 'Mi ndther axed gif sha mud 'ev a cup o' sugar, an' s h a '11 pleease tha fur it': m y mother asked if she might have a cup of sugar, and she'll p a y you for it, EY. Pload Ppl u e d J vb. To wade laboriously through mud. To exert oneself strenuously in a task. It is probable that this B Y word is derived from Gael p l o d , a pool of standing water. The vowel in the Celtic form is long, and would develop into the EY diphthong. Of. DaD plut t e , to splash about in water, and D a pladdre, to w a l k with difficulty. 'Plooad, to w alk in the mire. ' Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. 'Daik w u m ' t thry, bud ah plooaded thruff it': but I waded through it. EY. the ditch wasn't dry, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 361 Float jj5luôt_J vb. To strip off. The word seems phonetically to be derived from Du ploten. to pluck off, a loan word from Low L pilucare. to pluck, with the substitution of t for k. One also notes the loss of the L ± with the consequent lengthening of u. Cf. ON pitla and pilka, to pick. However, it may be that EY ploat is merely a variant of E pluck from OE ploccian. to pluck. 'Flote, to pluck, to chide vehemently. Broekett, Nth. Cty. W d s ., s.v. ’See how she plotes him. ’ ‘Flooat, to pluck the feathers from a bird. To plunder.’ W h . G l ., s.v. Atk., ‘They plooated ’is cleeas a n ’ left ’im ommust dee a d ’: they off his clothes and left him almost dead. EY. Plook [pli^kTj sb. stripped A pintle, a scab. Jamieson states that Gael p l u c , plucan, a lump, pimple, tumour, is 7 the origin of this word. But a connection with S w p lo c k , anything small and trifling, is conceivable. A third possibility is that the EY expression m a y be a loan word from L pilucare, to pluck. Cf. Da pletter, pimples. •A plowke, pluscula, plusculetus. ’ ‘Fluke, a spot or pimple,’ Cath. A n g l ., 264. Morris, Y k s . F k - T k ., 355* ’T ’ chap ’ed a gurt pleeak on ’is n e b ’: on his nose. EY. Flother Uplp^^] sb. the man had a great pimple Ground in a muddy condition. The connection here is with Da pladder, mire, mud. Cf. DaD plutte. 7 Jamieson, £ £ . o i t . , p l o o k , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 382 to splash about in water, and Ger p l a d d e m . to dabble in mud. 'Pluther, sludge and dirt in a semi-liquid state,* Yks. Fk-Tk.. 355. *Ah can’t ploo sik pluther’: Pluf [pluf] sb. Morris, I c a n ’t plough such muddy ground. EY. A plou^. The meaning is Scand, for the true OE word for plough is sulh, which, strangely enough, survives in EY sul-pluf. a double-bladed plough. OE plog, a plough. Cf. ON plogr, ODa ploug. Da plov. Sw p log. OFris ploch, Du ploeg, OHG pfluog, MHG pfluoc, and Ger pflug. a p l o u ^ . ’His pilgrym atte plou^.’ Langl., P. P l o w .. A. vii. 95. ’hatt all swa suram ^e no^vwt i ploh Orm., 15902. ’Pluf, p l o u ^ . ’ t u r m e n n erfee and tawwenn. ’ Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. ’Tha*s worrked despert *ard wi' t ’ pluf tideea’: very hard at the plough today. EY. Plugger [plvgdj sb. you have worked Anything large of its kind. This word is phonetically connected with E p l u g , a stopper. Du plug simply denotes a wooden peg, but Gael ploc also signifies a block of wood, a stump of a tree, or a considerable lump of anything. 'Plugger, applied to anything very large.* *T' fish 'e cowt i ' beck wur a plugger ': in the stream was a big one. EY. Poat £jmetj sb. Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. the fish that he c a u ^ t A poker. EY poat is probably a development of OE potian, to push, which appears Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 383 in B put. Wedgwood suggests that it is another form of E poke, and 8 lists Sw pâta in the sense to turn up the ground. But OE had both potian, to push, and pucian. to poke. »Mi plouh-pote schal be m y pyk, and posshen atte rootes. ' P. P low., A. vii, 96. ’Pout, polt, a poker.' ’Poat, a poker.' Jam., S D . , s.v. Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. ’Storr up fahr wi' t ' pooat': Podge Langl., [ppd^] sb. stir up the fire with the poker. EY. A short, fat person. There may be a connection here with DaD p o g . a log of wood, or with DaD prog, a buxom person. NED suggests that the word is a variant of E pudge, and points out that dialectal podge was unknown before 5 the 19th century. 'Podge, a fat dirty person. This is a common meaning, but, as an epithet, the term is as freely bestowed, in a good-natured manner, upon children of a fleshy appearance, as upon the particular object indicated. 'Come hither, thou old podge, and I'll be the kissing of thee to deathl' Robinson, Mid—Y k s . G l ., s.v. ’Ah ken 'im fur a regia podge': fat person. EY. Poke Q>udkJ sb. I know him to be a typical short, A narrow sack. Presumably phonetically developed from ŒT poki, MDu pok i , or Flemish poki, a sack, related to OE pocca, a sack, which, however, had a short vowelj all presumably cognate with L bucca, an inflated cheek. There are fonns in Gael poca, a bag, Ir poc, OF poque, and F poche, a 8 Wedgwood, _0£. clt., poat, s.v. 9 Murray, 0£. oit. , podge, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 38U pocket, a sack. Are these jg forms derived from the Gemnanic? »{>an shulde pees be in pe chirche vrijj out en strif of doggis in a poke.' Wyclif, Wks., ii. 35S. 'Pooke, or poket, or walette, sacculus,' 'Poke, a bag.' Prom. Parv.. AO7 . Hunter, Hallamshire Gl.. s.v. 'Did 'e onny gie tha a poke o' goodies fur a tanner?*: give you a sack of candy for a sixpence? ET. Porringer [pbrtnd^a] sb. did he only A round-shaped metal pot used for heating food. The word is derived from an earlier form pottanger with intrusive n for pottager <0F potager, a soup basin. Note the intrusive n in E messenger and passenger, which have been formed from E message and passage. E porridge is presumably from pottage. influenced by porree < OF porree Low L porrata, broth made with leeks. 'Why, this was moulded on a porringer.' 64. Shaks., Tam. Shr., IV. iii. 'Porringer, a mug bellied like a pitcher, and made of coarse ware; formerly it was commonly used by children at meal times. No doubt this word is derived from porridge,' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 355. 'Gif tha wants owt t'eeat, leeak in t ' porringer': something to eat, look in the pot. EÏ. Poss l^pbs^ vb. if you want To agitate anything vigorously in water. ME possen. to thrust against< OF pousser< L pulsare, to thrust. 'A cat ... pleyde wij? hem perilouslych and possed hem aboute.' Langl., P. Plow.. B, Prol. I5I. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 «5 •Posson, presson, or schowe togedur. Trudo.’ »Poss, to dash about.' Prom. Parv.. 410. Hall., DAFW., 639. 'Poss, to mix; to agitate or dash about, as with a pestle, or staff.' Robinson, Mid—Yks . Gl., s.v. 'Sha's weshin' summat, cos ah *eer 'er possin cleeas': she's washing something, because I hear her agitating clothes in water. EY. Potsker |j_pptskeJ sb. A broken piece of crockery or pottery. This is a vain.ant of E potsherd. a combination of pot + OE sceard. a fragment. Da potte—skaar. a potsherd, is almost identical in form and sound with the EY word, and may be its etymon. Cf. ON sker&a. to destroy the entireness of a thing. 'Pot—skar, a potsherd. ' Graven Gl.. s.v. 'Gansta fettle mi bowl? Ah've got all t ' potskers 'ere': can you repair my bowl? I've got all the broken pieces here. EY. Potter [jppteJ vb. To do anything in a fumbling, awkward way. Wedgwood suggests that EY potter is derived from Sw pata, to poke 1 with a stick. Bret pouta, to push lightly, cited by Stratmann, may 2 also be considered as a possible etymon. •Potter, to go about doing nothing, to saunter idly, to work badly, to do anything inefficiently.' Hall., DAPW., 640. 'Potter. A pottering person is one of exertion, but inefficient.' Hunter, Hallamshire Cl., s.v. 'T' lad's done newt bud potter all t ' daay'; the lad has done nothing but fumble around all the day. EY. 1 2 Wedgwood, _ogi. cit.. potter, s.v. H e n r y F r a n c i s S t r a t m a n n , A M i d d l e - E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y . O x f o r d : C l a r e n d o n Press, p u t t e n . s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I 8 5 I. 386 F q -w CpairJ sb. The head o f a h u man being. Derived from OE poll, the head. The 1 has disappeared, as is often the case in northern developments, and the vowel has broken into a diphthong. •Boils up their livers in a warlock's pow.• Ramsay, Gentle Sheph.. II. ii. 21. •Pow, the poll or Hall., DAPW., head.' 641. •Pow, the head, familiarly. • Robinson, Püd-Yks. Gl., s.v. •Gaffer's pow is mootin' noo': now. EY. Princod j^pnnkad] sb. the master's head is losing its hair A pincushion. OE preon -f codd, pin f sack; ON pr.jonn + koddi, pin -f pillow. 't>e vikelare ablent ÿene mon and put him preon in eien.' Anc. Riw., 84. •Cod, a pillow; pin-cod, a pin cushion.' •Princod, a pincushion.' Ray, Nth. Gty. Wds., 21. Robinson, MLd-Yks. Gl., s.v. •Ah laffed fit ti brast wjten *e set doon on t ' princod': I laughed almost to the bursting point when he sat down on the pin-cushion. EY, Prod [prp(^ sb. A skewer. Apparently derived from ON broddr. a spike. Cf. Sw brodd, a spike, and Da brod, the sting of an insect. •Prod, a prick, a skewer.• Brockett, Nth. Gty. Wds., s.v. •Prod, a pin of wood. • Jam., , s.v. •Prod, an object with a sharp point; a skewer, a stick with an iron spike, a stick with one end sharpened.' Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 387 ’Sha’ll want tweea prods ti laay oot t' duck*: she’ll need two skewers in making the duck ready for the oven. EY. Proffer £ prhfa^ vb. To make offer. ME profren, to offer <0F proférer, to produce < L proferre, to bring forward. ’Scho ... proferd him hir muth to kiss.* Curs. Mun., 435Ô. •To hire he profreth his servi se.’ Gower, Conf. Am., iii. 74. ‘Now wylle ye se what I profer.* Town. Pl., 124/249‘Proffer, to make an offer. The word offer is seldom used in this sense.‘ Morris, Yks. Fk—Tk., 356. ‘Ah proffered *im a rahd, bud *e wadn't cum in wi* ma’: I offered him a ride, but he wouldn’t come in with me. EY. Press [jprjssJ sb. Friendly conversation. Gossip. It seems that this word is derived from SvÆ) prassa, to jest, to speak flippantly. There may be a connection with DaD pros, haughty, but the SwD word is closer in meaning to the EY expression. Morris believes that EY pross is derived from DaD praase, to froth, as beer; to raise the dust. ‘Press, talk, conversation.' Hall., DAFW., 646. ‘Pross, to gossip, to talk in a familiar manner; also used as a noun. Jutl. D, At praase (to froth, as beer; to raise the dust). *¥a wur ‘oddin a bit o ‘ pross wi’ yan anuther’: we were having a little conversation with one another. EY. Proven |_prt5vn[] sb. Provisions, food. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 388 >îE provende <0F provende, dry food for animais erabel in a res, ry^t at his heleg.f Gaw. & Gr. K .. 1897. •Wee miller ... orthodoxy raibles,’ Bums, Holy Fair, •Rabble, to gabble in reading.* 17. Robinson, küd-Yks. Gl.. s.v. •He rabbled sae wa couldn’t ken a wod': he spoke so hastily and indistinctly that we couldn’t understand a word. EY. Rack [raek] sb. Thin vapoury clouds driven by the wind. The connection appears to be with ON reka, to drive. Of. ON rek, drift, motion, SwD rak, Sw vrak, and Da vrag. wreckage. •What may gome trawe, Bot he Jjat rules Jje rak may rvre on pose oper.’ E. E. Allit. P.. C. 176. •The rakke of -(je rede skye fullè rappely I ridde.• Yk. PI..xvi. 7. •Rack, thin, light, vapoury clouds; the clouds generally.' DAPW... 661. Hall., •Rack. 'As wet as rack’ is a common proverbial expression, in allusion to the rack, or broken vapourous clouds of the sky. ’ Robinson, Hid-Yks. Gl., s.v. ’It’ll teeam seean bi t ’ leeak o ’ t ’ rack’: the look of the thin, vapoury clouds. EY. itwill rain soon Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. by 391 Raddle [^rædl^ vb. To beat with a stick. Atkinson is of the opinion that this word is a derivative of OE wraetSian , to wreathe, which suggests that he associates EY raddle 4 with E wattle, a flexible rod. But it seems more probable to me that the EY word finds its source in Norman F reidele or OF reddaiie, a stick, pole, rail of a cart. •Raddle, to beat soundly with a stick.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 357. •Thi fayther’H raddle tha when tha gets yam’: your father will beat you vri.th a stick when you get home. EY. Ragel [raegl] sb. A dissolute fellow. A good-for-nothing. There are several possible origins for this word. NED suggests a 5 connection with E rake-hell, a dissolute person. Another consideration is F racaille, a rascal, riff-raff. But a source which seems to me more feasible than the two preceding is OSw raekel. a worthless fellow. Cf. Sw rakel, a rascal, and Da raekel, an upstart. •Amid their rakehell bands. They spide a lady.• Spenser, F. Q.. V. xi. A4. •Raggel, a rascal, a blackguard.• Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 357. •Deean•t ’ev owt ti deea w i • yon aud ragel’: don’t have anything to do with that old rascal. EY. Raitch £rlat/J sb. A white line down a horse's face. The etymology of this word is obscure. There may be some connection with OE ræcan, to reach, or with Sw racka, a row. It is possible 4 John Chi*lstophar Atkinson, A Glossary of Words used in the Neighbourhood of W h i t b y . London: Trubnar azid Co., 1876. rad d l e , s.v. 5 Murray, op . c i t ., ragel. s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 392 that D u r e c k e n , to stretch, m a y h a v e i n f l u e n c e d t h e EY word. NKD gives the f o r m a s r a c h e . 'Raitch, a w h i t e line d o w n a h o r s e ' s face. ' Atk., VJh. G l . . s.v. 'Raitch, a l i n e o r l i s t o f w h i t e d o w n t h e f a c e o f a horse.' D A P W . , 664. 'Yon *oss 'ez a b o n n y r a i t c h o n i t s w h i t e l i n e o n i t s head. EY. Raite [ r L e t ] vb. 'e e a d ': Hall., that horse has a nice T o i n j u r e b y e x p o s u r e to t h e w e a t h e r . Perhaps f r o m N r o y t a , t o d e c a y , to b e c o m e rotten. Cf. O E r o t i a n , to rot, O N r o t n a , to decay, S w r o t a , a n d D a r o d e , to r ot t h r o u g h steeping. In c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e O E a n d O N f o rms, i t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e y should le a v e s o m e k i n d of h i g h b a c k d i p h t h o n g i n EY. 'Rettyn t ymbyr, h e mpe, o r of>er lyke, rigo, i n f u n d o . ' 'Rate; q u i c k l i m e r a t e s t he sods i n a com p o s t h e a p . ' Nth. Gty. W d s . , s.v. Prom. P a r v ., 431« Brockett, 'Rait, to d i s s i p a t e t h e sap o f v e g e t a b l e s b y e x p o s i n g t h e m a b r o a d to the w e a t h e r . H a y i s said to be r a i t e d w h e n i t h a s b e e n m u c h e x p o s e d to a n a l t e r n a c y o f w e t a n d d r y w e a t h e r . ' H a l l . , D A P W . , 664. 'Raited, i n f l u e n c e d o r d a m a g e d b y e x p o s u r e to the w e a t h e r . ' Yks. F k - T k . , 357. M orris, 'Efthur a y e a r a h fun t h'ack, b u d i t w u r r e e a t e d f a i r p r o p e r ': a f t e r a y e a r I f o u n d the m a t t o c k , b u t i t w a s v e r y b a d l y i n j u r e d b y exposure to t h e w e a t h e r . EY. Ram |j?amJ adj. Fetid, offensive in smell, ON r a m m r , bit t e r , i s t h e l o g i c a l e t y m o n f or t h i s w o r d . Cf. D a r a m , offensive i n smell, O E h r a m s a , S w r a m s l o k , a n d G a e l c r e a m h , w i l d garlic. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 393 •Ram, acrid, fetid. ' Hall., DAFtff.. 665. 'Ram, rancid, or rank.' Robinson, MLd-Yks. Gl.. s.v. 'T' kippers 'e gev ma vmr despert ram': the smoked herrings which he gave me were very offensive in smell. EY. Randan [^randsrj sb. Riotous conduct. The source seems to be OF randon, violence, from OF randir. to run fast. 'The dragon ... caste oute of his throte so grete raundon of fiere into the aire ... that it semed all reade.' Mer,. 219. 'Randone, or long renge of wurdys, or other thyngys. Haringga.' Prom. Parv., 423. 'Randan, unsteady and riotous conduct persevered in for some continuance.' Atk., Wh. Gl.. s.v. 'All t ' bayns wur 'ewin* sik a randan ': the children were engaging in such riotous conduct. EY. Randle-balk [ randl-bok] sb. A cross-beam in the chimney on which pot-hooks are hung. NED gives rannel—tree. a term which is never used in any of the Ridings of Yorkshire. Consequently, the suggestion of N randa—tre, a beam under the roof, by NED is not as close to the EY word as DaD raan, raande. a space below the roof. Molbech declares that the latter word has two significations, the one of the space just below the roof of a house, and the other of a stake or perch in the upper part of a building. He also points out that in some parts of Denmark, raande is a pole hung in the chimney to facilitate the smolcLng of meat, 6 Christian Molbech, Dansk O r d b o g . Klobenhavn: Gyldendalske Boghandllng, I8 3 3 . raan, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 39k This significance is definitely associated -with the BY word. A difficulty remains, however, in seeking an explanation for the 1, which has somehow crept into the dialectal expression. •Randle-balk, the cross piece of wood in a chimney, upon which the pot hooks are hung. • Hall., DAPW.. 666. •Randle-balk, a beam or bar across the upper part of a fire-place, from which are hung the reckons. The old randle-balks were always of wood, and so should they always be, as the name implies. • Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 358. •Th•eeuk cum lowse fra randle-bawk, an* t* pot tummeld inti fahrs • the hook came loose from the cross-beam in the chimney, and the pot fell into the fire. EY. Rands ON rônd, [rienz J sb. The unploughed bordersaround a field. a border, rim. Cf. OE rand. Sw and Da rand, rim, border, OFris rand, margin, OH G rant, a shield-boss, Ger and Du rand, bank, beach, field-border. This EY word is never heard in the singular. The vowel, originally short, has been lengthened to produce the current "vowel in EY. •Aras &a bi ronde rof oretta.• Beowulf, 2538. •At |>e last bi a littel dich he lepez ouer stilly by a strothe rande.• Gaw. & Gr. a spenne Stelez out ful K., 1710. •Rands, the borders round fields left unplou^ed and producing rough grass. • Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. •Theer•s a vast o ’gerse ont • reeans o ’ t • clooas•: of grass on the borders of the field. EY. Ranged [jriôndjd^ past part. there’s a lot Striped. Perhaps from OF ranger, to set in a row, a term which first occurs in Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 395 the 12th century. Another possible source exists in ON rong. the rib of a ship, concerning which it hardly needs to be mentioned that the ribs of a ship are ranged in parallel order. A similar idea is evident in the rungs of a ladder. •Thai stude than ran git all on raw. • Barbour, Bruce, xL. 431. •Ranged, striped, waled, as the flesh is after the infliction of sharp blows with a cane or stiff whip. • Atk., Wh. G l .,s.v. •They saay •at reeanged beeas is a tahger•: animal is a tiger. EY. Rank [rœ^k J adj. they say thatstriped Close or thick together. The word applies to persons'or plants. OE ranc, strong, proud, forward. Cf. ON rakkr, erect, Sw rank, slender. Da rank, erect, upright, LG rank, and Du rank, tall and slender. NED states that the root idea in E is that of growing up, but in LG and ON it is restricted to height or length without corresponding 7 breadth. •On an busk rank and wel tidi. • Gen. & E x . , 2105. •Blossumez bolne to blowe, Bi rawez rych and ronk. ’ 513. •Rank, close together.• Hunter, Hallamshire G l ., s.v. •T^ flees leeak despert rank on t • tonnups•: thick on the turnips. EY. Ranty Præntt J adj. Gaw. & Gr. K . . the bugs look very Excited, angry This word may be associated with Du ranten, to rave. Cf. Ger ranzen. 7 Murray, o£. o l t ., r a n k , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. to spring about, and Dad rante, a gay party. «■Wiiich I ranted at him for when he came in,' Pepys, Diary. Feb. 5, 1664. 'Ranty, heated with passion, excited, angry.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 35Ô. 'Ah ni w a r seed 'im sae ranty': Rap j[raepj vb. I never saw him so angry. EY. To snatch. To take by force. Skeat believes that this word is of Scand origin, and quotes OW hrapa. 8 to hasten, as the etymon. The EY word, however, probably comes from Sw rappa, to seize, snatch. Cf. OE hrypan, to tear quickly, and Ger rappen, to snatch. 'Contributing all that we could rap and rend of men, or amunition.' Marvell, Growth of Popery. 23. 'Rap, to snatch, seize, take by force, rob or plunder.' Wh. G l ., s.v. Atk., 'He rapped it oot o' mi neeaf afooar ah could saay a wod' : he snatched it out of m y hand before I could say a word. EY. Ratten jj^aetn J sb. A rat. OF raton, a r a t < Low L rato, ratonis, a rat. '¥if> ^at ran fjere a iroute of rat ones ... And smale rays with hem. * Langl., P. Plow., B. Prol. I 46 . 'Ratun, or raton, rato, sorex.' 'Ratton, a rat. ' Prom. Parv., 424. Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Theer mun be a vast o' rattons i' t ' garch': great number of rats in the b a m —yard. EY. 8 there must be a Walter William Skeat, A n Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898. r a p , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 391 Rairn [^rCemJ vb. To shout. ON hreimr, a scream, cry, or OE bream, a clamour. Cf. OE In^man, to cry out, Sw r&na. to bellow, OHO ruamen. and Du roemen. to shout. •And romyes as a rad rybh ^at rore:^ for drede,* B. 1543. »Raum, to raise the voice unduly, to shout.* 359. •Deean’t tha reeam i ' mi lug* : Rax j^ræksj vb. E. E- Allit. P.. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., don’t shout in my ear. EY. To stretch, to strain. 9 NED gives OE raxan, to stretch, as the source of this word, 'Bot quen I raxed vp ... I ne wist bot walaway. ' 'He raxed and rored and rut te at te laste. ' V. Curs. Mun.. 24351. Langl., P. Plow., B. 398. 'Rax, to stretch or wrench.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. 0 1 .. s.v. 'He raxed 'issen tiv 'is full 'eight': his full height. EY. Rear J adj. he stretched himself to Not sufficiently cooked. Underdone. The word is a variant of E rare, and is derived from OE hrër, underdone. Cf. ON hrar, raw. 'New laid eggs which Baucis busie care turned by a gentle fire, and roasted rear.' Dryden, Ovid's M e t : Baucis & Phil., 98. 'Rear, half— cooked (of meat), underdone. It is noteworthy that this old word is commonly used in the same sense in the United States.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 359. 'Ah deean't laik mi me eat 'at re ear ': 3 I don't like my meat so rare. BY lîurray, 0£. olt., rax, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 398 Reave [rlevJ vb. To tear away. To plunder. OE rëafian, to rob. Cf. OFris ravia. Du rooven, OHG roubon, MHG rouben, and Ger rauben. to rob, plunder. In the sense of robbing or plundering, the word is wanting in ON. •|)enden reafode rinc o ^ e m e , nam on Ongen<5io i r e n b y m a n . ’ . Beowulf, 2986 •Ge sulen cumen ... And reuen egipte at prisoun.’ Curs. M u n ., 23314. •Renderynge, reddicio. • Prom. Pamr.. 429* •Render, to melt or dissolve; applied to fat which is rendered by heat.* Hunter, Hallamshire G l .. s.v. •Wa mun render doon a bit o ’ beeacon ti get dip’: a piece of bacon to get grease. EY. Renky [rezikiJ adj. we must melt down Tall, manly, athletic. It is clear that this word is associated with OE ranc, noble, grown, mature. Cf. OH rekkr, a warrior, and Da rank, tall, well-grown. •Then raf>es hym |je renk, and ryses to Jîe masse.’ 1558. Caw. & Cr. K .. •Renty, handsome, well-shaped, spoken of horses, cows, etc.’ Nth. Cty. W d s .. 58. •Renky, tall and somewhat thin. ’ Morris, Y k s . Fk— T k .. 360. ’Cor Fred’s gerrin' ti be a reet renky chap’: to be a fine manly fellow. EY. Rick [ilk] sb. Ray, our Fred is getting A stack of hay. It seems that the word has developed from OE hréac, a stack. EY rick exhibits a shortening of the original vowel, as may be noted in some northern dialects, e.g. Durham dialect ship for OE sceap« sheep. Cf. OFris reak. Du rook, ON hraukr. N rauk, Sw rok, and Da rog, a stack. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. aüi 'If fyer ... cacche the rakes of c o m , or the c o m stondynge in feeldis,* Wyclif, Bib., Ex. xxii, 6 . 'Reek, or golf, arconius, acervus.* 'Rick, a stack of h ay.' 'Rick, a stack.’ Prom. Parv.. 426. Hall., DAPW., 682. Hold. G l .. s.v. 'T' beos 'ev c h a w e l l e d awaay t ' bottom o' t ’ rick': have eaten away the bottom of the hay-stack. EY. Ridding [ridfn] sb. the cattle A clearing. An open space in a wood. Probably connected with ON ry^.ja. to fell trees, to make a clearing in a forest. Cf. N ryd.ja. Sw rodja, and Da rydde, to clear land of trees. 'We have made rydyng thrugh oute Jure.' Town. P I .. 178/417• 'I fell to the ridding away of a great deal of business.' Diary. Aug. 16, 1666. 'Ridding, an open space in a properly a clearance in a is very commonly applied, through a wood, and it is though the latter is more wood, especially a road through a wood; wood made by felling trees. This word especially in the E. Riding, to a road probably riding rather than ridding, correct.' Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk.. 360. 'Efthur tha gans a mahl, t h a '11 cum tiv a riddin': mile, you'll come to a clearing. EY. Riddle j^rtdlj sb. Pepys, after you go a A large sieve for sifting cinders. OE hriddel, a sieve for winnowing corn. The word is established in Celtic also, and appears as W rhidyll. Gael rideal. and Bret ridel. a sieve. In QM the only connection seems to be through ri(?a. to tremble, applicable perhaps to the shaking of the sieve. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. h02 >As whete is smyten in a I'ydil. ' Wyclif, B ib.. Amos ix. 9. 'Rydyl, of c o m clensynge ... cribrum. ' Prom. Parv.. 433 . 'Bidder, a large coarse sieve used for sifting wheat in a b a m . ' Hall., DAP W .. 682. •Riddle, a wire-sieve. • Hunter, Hallamshire G l ., s.v. •Put t • steeans thruff t' riddle, a n ’ chuck t' big uns o ot’: put the stones through the sieve, and throw the big ones away. EY. Rife [^raif J adj. Ready, apt, quick to l e a m . The word may be associated with ON rifr. good, acceptable. NED gives 2 OE lÿfe, abundant, but Skeat regards this form as very scarce, and 3 believes the etymology is Scand. G f . OSw rif, N r iv, OFris rju. and Ger reif. acceptable, abundant, ripe. •For-lji he hight |>am giftes rijf. • Curs. M u n .. 7695. •When round the ingle-edge young sprouts are rife.* Gentle Sheph.. I. ii. 17. •Rife, ready, inclined for.• Morris, Yks. Fk—T k ., 36 O. •He's a champion lad, an' varry raif ': very quick to l e a m . EY, ^^f^ [rtft j| vb. Ramsay, he's an excellent boy, and To belch. Apparently from ON rypta, to belch. G f . MSw rapta. Sw rapa. and Da r æ b e . to belch. 'As he that is ful of wickLdnes riftis an ill word. • Ps. xliv. 1. 'Rift, to belch.' Hamp., P. T . , Hall., DAPW.. 684. 'Rift, to belch, to eructate.’ 2 Murray, ££. o l t ., r i f e , s.v. 3 Skeat, ££. cit. , r ife, s.v. Addy, Sheffield G l .. s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. h03 'Sudden laik a gurt low rifted oot o' chdmney': flame belched out of the chimney. EY. Rigg Frigl sb, suddenly a great A ridge. The back of a person or animal. The roof of a house. This is the northern form of E ridge. The derivation is from CffiJ hryggr. a ridge, a backbone. Of, O E hrycg, a ridge, a backbone, OFris hreg. Du r u g , O H G h r u c c i , M H G r u c k e , Ger micken, D a r y g , N and S w i^rgg, a ridge. 'Sende ic ,., of er waeteres hrycg ealde madmas.* 'Sholde no curious e clo|>e come on hus rygge,’ C . x x i i . 2 87 . Beowul f , 471« Langl., P. P l o w ,, 'Rigg, the back of either man or beast; also the ridge of anything, as of a hill, the roof of a building, or the rows in which turnips grow. ' Morris, Yks, F k - T k ,. 360. 'It's ower t ' rigg o' yon beeacon': hill. EY. it's over the ridge of that 'Lig on thi rigg an' rest thissen': yourself. E Y . lie on your back and rest 'Leeaks laik t ' waiter's cumin thruff t ' rigg':it looks as the water is coming through the roof. EY. Ripple ^ r tpl] vb. though To scratch. To cut corn with a sickle. In assigning a source for this word, NED gives N ripla, to scratch, 4 to cut. Cf. ŒJ h r i f a , to scratch, and S w repa, to scratch, cut off. 'Ripple, to cut c o m , especially beans, with a long—handled sickle. By this process the strokes were short and quick, and the sheaf was gathered into the left arm. In this w a y the work was more quickly done than by the ordinary process, ' Morris, Yks. Fk—T k , , 361. 4 Murray, _o£. olt., ripple, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. hOh 'Ripple, to scratch gently, as 'with a pin, or to gore slightly,' Carr, Craven G l ., s.v, 'T' lahtle bod cum r i p p U n ' at winder': scratching at the window. EY. 'Yon lad ripples champion in t ' clooas': very well in the field. EY. Rise trOLzJ vb. the little bird came that fellow cuts grain To raise. To cause to rise. ON reisa, to raise, to stir up. This is a very interesting form, and may serve to prove thatE rise and raise are not used indiscriminately in the EY dialect, as are lie and lay in other localities. It should be pointed out that EY rise is almost invariably used transitively. Other words are used to signify a person's assuming a standing position. Cf. Sw re s a . Da re.j se. Go raisjan. and OE r æ r a n , to cause to rise. 'Ech man whos spirit God reiside for to stie to bilde temple of the Lord.' Wyclif, Bib., Ezra i. 5» 'I am wak'd with it when I sleepe, rais'd with it when I sit.' Shaks., Com. Errors. IV. iv. 36. 'Rise, to raise, cause to rise, flush or cause to leave a state of rest, and fly, as a bird.' Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. 'Cansta rahse 'at mickle brass?': 'Watch t ' dog rahse yon bod': Rive [rov] vb. can you raise that much money? EY. watch the dog make that bird rise. To tear asunder. To tug vehemently. / ON rif a, to tear asunder. Cf. N riva, OSw rifwa, Sw rif va,, and Da rive, to tear asunder. The pret. of this EY vb. is rave, and the past part, is r o w e n . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. EY. kos «Thair mycht men se men rif thar hare.* ’Wormes sal ryve hym in sondre.» Barbour, Bruce, xx. 255 . Pr. Cons.. 88Ô. 'Rive, to tear in two; to tear, to pull, to split, especially when considerable force is requisite.* Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 36I. *Leeak sharp, afooar t* band is rowen*: is t o m asunder. EY. •Ah seed *im rahve at it *: Roil [roil] hurry up, before the rope I saw him tug vehemently at it. EY. vb. To play boisterously, NED suggests that this word is derived from OF roillier, to roll, and 5 also draws attention to OF ruiler. to mix up mortar. Another possible source, however, may be ON ruglan. disturbance, which is certainly similar in form and meaning to the EY expression. •Holde the in one place all stylle and walke not ne roylle not aboute in the contree.* Gaxton, Gold. L e g ., 11$. 'Roil, to romp, disturb, trouble, vex, perplex, fatigue.' DAPW.. 690. Hall., 'Roil, to romp or play boisterously, to make a petty disturbance by riotous play. * Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. 'Tell t ' bayns not ti roil at frunt deear': tell the children not to play boisterously at the front door. EY. Roke [ruekj sb. Thick fog. Apparently derived from DaD rak, a thick m i s t < O N rakr, damp, moist. Cf. CN reykr. smoke, Sw rok, and Da rog, smoke, mist. *To~ward so dome he sa% Se roke. And Se brinfires stinkLn smoke.* Gen. & Ex., II 63 . 5 Murray, _0£. olt., r o i l , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Uü6 ’Spectacles are a bother in a thick mist or roke,’ Parish, 363. Atk., Moor. •Roke, a fog, especially a mist or fog off the sea.’ Yks. Fk-Tk., 361. ’Theer’s a sair rooak cumin ower t ’ moor’: over the moor. EY. Rook [ rlek] sb. Morris, there’s a bad fog coining A heap. N ruka, to heap together, seems to be the etymon of this word. The ON word is hrygja, to heap together. Cf. ON hraukr, a heap of fuel, OSw rage, Sw rok, DaD roge, a heap, and OE hreac, a rick, heap. Halliwell and NED give the form as ruck. ’f>e ^i scare ... fare<^ abut en asken and bisiliche stureiî him uorte rukelen muchele and monie ruken togedere and blowecf ^erinne. ’ Anc. R i w .. 21A. 'The spate may bear away Prae off the howms your dainty rucks of hay. ’ Ramsay, Gentle Sheph., I. ii. 125. ’Rook, a bundle, as applied to clover. ’ ’All them steeans gan on yan reeak’: heap. EY. Rook [riak2 vb. Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl.. s.v. all those stones go on one To sit, as a bird upon eggs. To incubate. 6 NED gives ND ruka, to crouch, as the origin of the word. But the EY meaning is more definitely found in Da ruge, to sit as a hen, to incubate. Cf. Sw ruga, and Du hurken, to crouch. 'î>'ai sal for threst |?e hevedes souke Of Jje nedders jjat on |>am sal rouke.’ Pr. Cons., 6764 . 'Rukkun, or cowre down, incurvo. ’ Prom. Parv., 439. Murray, _0£. o l t ., rook, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U 07 'Rook, to sit, as a bird upon her eggs, to incubate.* Wh. G l ., s.v. laik yon *en*s gannin ti reeak': hen is going to sit on eggs. EY. Roundy j^rundîj adj. Atk., it looks as though that Good-sized. This term seems to apply only to coal. There is no semantic connection between EY roundy and E round, a l thou^ the two forms are phonetically the same. The EY word appears to have derived its meaning from Da rund. liberal, abundant. Of. Sw rund. liberal. 'Rownde gobet, of what so hyt be, largus.* Prom. Parv.. 438, 'Roundy, of good size, free from small refuse coal: applied to the coal of the district when obtained in masses instead of in an almost pulverised state. Applied also to separate lumps or pieces,' Atk,, Wh. G l ,, s.v, 'T' last looad wur good roondy cooal': in fair-sized pieces. EY. Roup Frup] sb. the last load was good coal An auction. A public sale, ON hrop. and OE hrop, an outcry, are definitely associated with this word. The sense seems to be that of a canting or outcry to call the public to a sale of goods. Cf. MSw ropa. to shout, 'Roup, rowp, rope, to cry, to shout; thence to expose to sale by auction, ' Jam., SD., s.v. 'Roup, public sale or auction.' Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Ah expect ah' 11 gan ti t ' roop at Smedley’s farm' : go to the auction at Smedley's farm. EY. I suppose I'll Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rout |_rut] vb. To bellow. The derivation is probably from OE hrutan. to snore. Cf. ON ryba. to grunt, to squeal as a pig, N r.jota. Svr ryta. SwD rota, and DaD ryde, to roar, to bellow. 'He is all in silence bifor god, j>of he rowt and rare all day. ' Hamp., P. T ., Ps. Ixxvi. 1. •To rote, to rowt, sicut bos, boare, mvgire.' 'To rowt or rawt, to lowe like an ox.» Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s .. 39, 'Rote, rowt, or rawt, to roar, to bellow.' 'Dusta »eer sum o' t* kye rootin?*: bellowing? EY. Row l^rau^ vb. Cath. Angl.. 313. Addy, Sheffield G l .. s.v. do you hear some of the cows To work hard. A difficult word to trace. It does not seem to come from OE rowan, to row, because generally OE o appears in EY as [la %. It might be the standard E row [^rauj , an uproar, with extended meaning, which probably represents an earlier rouse, with the loss of final s from ON rus, a drinking bout. Or it might be a northern form of E roll, to move round and round, with 1 vocalized, the standard E roll developing from the earlier OF form in 5 (rol), the northern form a later OF form with û (roule), which then breaks into the diphthong Ijauj in EY. 'Row, to work hard, especially if the work be of a rough nature. ' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 362. 'Ah've been rowin' amang t ' tonnups': the turnips. EY. I've been working hard among Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. k09 Rownd [jrtcadJ sb. The roe o r spa w n of fish. Definitely- a derivative from the Scand. ON hrogn. roe, spawn. The final d is excrescent in the EY form. The loss of the n in E roe is probably due to the misinterpretation of the form rown as a consonantal plural. Gf. N and Da rogn. Sw ram, OHG rogan. and Ger rogen, roe, spawn. ‘Rowne of a fysche, llguamen.' Prom, Parv.. 43Ô. ‘A rowne of a fysche, lactis.’ Gath. Angl.. 311. ’Rownd, the roe of a fish.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. 0 1 .. s.v. ’Jim laiks a dollop o' cod fur teea, bud ’e weean’t eeat t ’ roond’: Jim likes a good helping of cod for tea, but he won't eat the roe. ET. Rowty jjrutl] adj. Thick or luxuriant in growth. NED lists E rowet, coarse grass, and implies that itrepresents row, a dialectal development of rough, plus the suffix -et,aparallel y form of roughet, coarse grass; cf. rough, uncut grass on a golf course. The EY form, then, is rowet plus the adjectival suffix. It might possibly be that EY rowty derives from DaD rut, liberal, lavish. 'Rowty, over-rank and strong: spoken of c o m or grass.' Nth. Cty. W d s ., 39. 'Routy, rank and coarse, as applied to grass.' s.v. Ray, Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl.. 'Tha mun fettle thi teeaties seean, cos t ' weeds are gettin' rooty': you must work with your potatoes soon, because the weeds are getting thick. EY. Rud 7 [rvjdJ sb. A red dye used in marking sheep. lîurray, ££. cit., rowty, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ulo OE rudu, redness, a word applied to the color of the himan complexion. Cf. ŒT roi^i. N rode, and W rhwd, redness. •p’s rude of roonnes nebbe {>et sei# ariht his sunnen. ' Anc. Riw.. 330, 'Rud, a soldi of blood-stone used in marking sheep; from the red colour.’ Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 136, ’Rud, red ochre, used for colouring floors, etc.' Yks. Fk-Tk.. 362. 'Ifheea’s put a cloot o' rud on thi feeace?': red dye on your face? EY, Ruffle IQrufl^ vb. Morris, who has put a streak of To raise the skin by abrasion. The derivation may be from ON hrufla, to scratch. For E ruffle, NED suggests an association with LG ruffelen, to crumple, and Du roffelen, to work roughly, but the ON form as well as the EY has the meaning 8 of Du rijffeln, to scrape, rub. 'Ruffle your brow like a new boot. ' I. ii. 36. 'Ruffle, to scratch up the skin.' ’He ruffled 'is 'and on t ’ deear'i Rumbustical [[rumbustikl^ adj. Jonson, Every 2*ïan out of Hum., Hold. G l ., s.v. he scraped his hand on thedoor. EY, Boisterous, noisy. The etymology of this word is somewhat obscure. NED suggests that it is a form of E robustical, evidently derived from L robustus, 5 strong. Shakespeare uses robustious in the sense of boisterous in Hamlet. Wyld suggests that the m is intrusive, in part suggested by 1 Romany rom, fine, gallant. Cf. E rum, indisposed. 8 Murray, _o£. ol-fc., ruffle, s.v. 5 I b i d , rumbustical, s.v, 1 Henry Cecil Wyld, The Universal Dictionary of the English Lan g u a g e . Londons H. Joseph, Ltd., 1 9 3 6 . r u m b ustical, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. hl0 Runty [^r\jnttjl adj. Short and thick-set. Wedgwood associates this EY word with Cc runt, an old cow, an old withered woman, the dead stump of a tree ( in E, an undersized 2 animal). NED refers E runt to jSBu runt> Du rund, a small ox? But the ultimate source of these forms is not clear. 'Runt, person of a strong t h o u ^ low stature.' Carr, Graven G l .. s.v. 'Runty, short and thick-set; applied either to people or animals.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 362. 'Sha's a stoot runty lass, an' sha can deea omraust owt': she is a strong, thick-set girl, and she can do almost anything. EY. Ruttle |_rutlj vb. To breat&e with a rattling noise, as a person does when suffering from asthma. 4 According to N E D , the word is associated with LG rutelen. to rattle. But EY ruttle may be another form of Sc ruckle. to rattle in the throat, and if so, the etymon would seem to be Ger rockeln. to rattle in the throat. Cf. ON h r æ k j a . to expectorate, N rukla.to rattle in the throat, OE hrâca. a cough; and OF racier, to rattle in the throat. 'Ruttle, a rattle in the throat. Persons are said to have the 'death rattle' or 'ruttle' in their dying moments.' Robinson, Leeds G l .. s.v. 'Ruttle, to rattle, usually applied to throat sounds, and particularly to the noise heard from a dying person, to weak to make the effort to breathe.' Robinson, Mid—Yks. Gl.. s.v. 'Efthur ah storrted ti mend, ah wur nobbut ruttlin' a bit': began to get well, I was only wheezing a little. EY. 2 Henslelgh Wedgwood, A Dictionary of English Etymology. 2nd ed. London: Trubnar and Co., 1872. r unt , s.v. 3 Murray, ££• c i t ., runt, s.v. 4 Ibi d , ruttle, s.v. after I Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Iil2 Sad f s æ d j adj . Hea-vy. The word usually applies to dough which has not risen properly. OE saed, sated, weary, from which developed ME sad, serious, sober, heavy. Cf. ON saddr, OS sad, Du zat, OHG and MHG sat, Ger satt, and Go sajbs, sated. ’Forsothe thi Ike auter was not sad but holowe. ’ Wyclif, Bib., Ex. xxxviii. 7. 'Sad, or hard, solidus.' Prom. Parv., 440. 'Sad, heavy, as bread is when improperly leavened.* Gl., s.v. 'Sha left oot t ' barm, an' noo t ' breead's sad’: yeast, and now the bread is heavy. EY. Sae f s ô j ME ^ has ^ OFris adv. Addy, Sheffield she left out the So. as a northern form, both of which are from OE swa. Cf. MDu soo, Du goo, OS so, OHG _so, MHG N and Da saa, Sw Ger £ 0 , ON sva, and Go swa, thus, in such a manner or degree. 'Swa he selfa baed.' Beowulf, 29. 't>ou was getyne of sa vile matere and sa gret fylthe. ' 'Sae, adv., so.' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Ah'm sae queer, a h '11 'ev ti gan ti t* hawks': unwell. I'll have to go to bed. EY. Saim Eel. Pieces, 16, [^seem] sb. I am feeling so Lard. Grease for cooking purposes. Parallel forms are found in W saim, grease, and in OF saim, lard. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. hl3 The L form is sagina, fatness. Gf. Prov sains, Catalan sagln. Sp sain, and Ital saime, grease. Due to the prevalence of the word in the Romance languages, it is apparent that W saim was derived from the L. 'l>er in saym and in sorze J>at savoured as helle, ^er was bylded his hour.' E. E. Allit. P .. C. 275'Shall the proud lord. That bastes his arrogance with his owne seame ... Shall he be worshipti' Shaks., Tr. & O r .. II. iii. 195, 'Saim, lard, fat.' Addy, Sheffield Gl,, s.v. 'He 'ed nowt bud a bit o' seeam tiv 'is breead': but a little lard on his bread. EY. Sair adv. he had nothing Sorely, extremely. This EY word represents the northern developnent of OE sar, painful. Cf. Œ sarr, sore, aching. Da saar, sore, Sw sar, OHG ser, wounded, painful, and Ger sehr, sorely, extremely, very. 'Sair-tems, hard labour attended with discouraging circumstances.' Hall., D APW., 702. 'Sair, sore.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 'They wur putten aboot sair': Sam ^saem] vb. they 363. were sorely inconvenienced.EY. To cause to coagulate. To compress. To collect together. This word seems to be derived from OE samnian, to collect, assemble. Gf. ON samna, to collect, gather; Da sam and Sw sam, together. 'Sam, to curdle milk. ' Hall., DAFt*/., 704. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iilil 'Sam, to collect together. This word is used in a variety of wqys, sometimes in gathering of c o m or other farm produce, or in the house in tidying or 'siding' up things that are scattered about.' Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 363. 'T' miolk leeaks laik it mud sam' : curdle. E Y . 'He sammed it atwixt 'is 'ands'i the milk looks as though it rai^t he squeezed it between his hands. EY. 'Tha mun sam thi cleeas an' mak t ' pleeace leeak r e e f : you must gather up your clothes and make the room look as it should. EY. Sark j_sqkj sb. A shirt. ON serkr, a shirt. Of. Sw sark. Da saerk. and OE serce. sirce, a shirt. 'For-sak j>i sere o silk and line. ' Curs. M u n .. 17243» 'She shulde vnsowen hir serke and sette jjere an heyre To affaiten hire flesshe.' Langl., P. Plow., B. v. 66. 'Sark, a shirt, or shift.' Hall., DAPW., 705. 'Sark, a shirt.' Mid—Yks. Gl., s.v. Robinson, 'He 'edn't a sark tiv 'is rigg': back. EY. Scar l^skq] sb. he did not have a shirt to his The face of a precipitous rock. Probably derived from ON skar&, a mountain pass. Of. Da skjaer, and Sw skar, a reef; Gael sgeir, a rock in the sea. 'Scarris brokun bifore. ' Wyclif, B ib., I Sam. xiv. 4. '0 sweet and far from cliff and scar The h o m s ofElf land faintly blowing.' Tennyson, Princess, iv. 'Scar, a bare and broken place on the side of a high bank of a river.' Hall., DAPW., 709. mountain, or in the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. kls 'Scar, the face of a rock bare of vegetation.' Gl., s.v. Hunter. Hallamshire 'T ' bayn f reeamed laik 'e wur gannin ti c l a w e r up t ' scar ': the child made as though he was going to climb up the cliff. EÏ. Sconce [^skpns]] sb. A metal screen for the kitchen fire. It seems that ON skans, a bulwark, cited in Z ED, is the etymon for this EY word. Cf. Sw skans. Da skandse. and Ger schantze, a rampart. All these forms are derived ultimately from OF esconcer. to hide. 'Sconce, a short partition near the fire, upon which all the bright utensils in a cottage are suspended.' Brockett, Nth. Cty. W d s ., s.v. 'Sconce, a screen or partition.' Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. 'Tha mun bunch t ' sconce fra t ' fahr gif tha's caud': you should push the screen away from the fire if you are cold. EY. Scrat 1^skraetj vb. To scratch. To labor hard for small returns. Skeat states that the wox*d is rather Scand than E, and suggests association with Da skrade, to creak, Sw skratta. to laugh loudly, N skratla, to rattle, and SwD skrata, to frighten away animals; all 5 such words being applicable to sharp, grating sounds. NED gives ME scratten, to scratch, and indicates that further etymological 6 development is difficult. 'And nis Jjet child folitowen |?et schepeéi scratte# a^ean and bit upon j>e ^.erde?' Anc. R i w ., 186. 'A peryllous thynge to cast a cat Vpon a naked man, and yf she scrat.' Skelton, Magnyf., 1314. 'Scrat, to scratch; also to save money with difficulty and by hard toil.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 364» 5 Waiter V/illlam Skeat, An Stymologloal Dictionary of tha Kngllsh L a n g u e ^ . 3rd ed. Oxford* Clarendon Press, 1898» soratoh. s.v. 6 Murray, _og. oit., soratoh, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U16 'Ah scratted mi 'and wiv a neeal» : I scratched my hand with a nail. EY, •He scratted ti buy yon carry' : he worked hard and saved from his small wages to buy that cart. EY. Screed j^skrledj sb. An edge or border of any material. Probably derived from OE screade. a piece, strip. The vb. is OE screadian, to shred, from which ME shredden. to shred, is derived. Cf. ON skrjoj'r, a shred, and Ger schrot. a piece. 'Screed, a long shred, or border, of paper, or any similar material.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl.. s.v. 'Tak off a bit o' t ' screead, an' it'll be lang eneeaf ': piece of the border, and it will be long enough. EY. Scrike jj^skrlkj vb. take off a To shriek. The probable sources of this word are N skrika and Da skrige, to shriek. Of. ON s k r æ k j a , to screech. ¥ ysgrech, to screech, is probably a borrowing from the Scand. '()e devils ay omang on Jyam salle stryke. And |?e synfulle j)are-with ay cry and skryke.' Pr. Cons., 7347. 'The ü t l e babe did loudly scrike and squall.' VI. iv. 18. 'Screik, to shriek, to scream.' Hunter, Hallamshire Gl., s.v. 'Sha gied a skreek an' tumrael'd ower'î down. EY. Scrog |TskrbgJ sb. A Spenser, F. Q . , she gave a shriek and fell s t u n t e d bush. According to Skeat, the word is connected with N skrokken, wrinkled. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ■^17 7 uneven, and with SwD skraka, a dry tree. Cf. Da skrog. a shrivelled dried-up carcase, and DaD skra#, a stunted branch. 'A scroge, a buske.’ Oath. Angl., 326. ‘Scrogs, stunted shrubs; the hazel for instance.• 364 Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. •Ah’s nowt pertikla gif tha cuts doon yon scrog’: you cut down that stunted bush. EY. I don’t mind if * Scry j~skrl]J vb. To observe. It seems that the word is a shortened form of E descry, and as such is derived from ME descryen, to espy< OF descrire, to describea sat A gag {ye king inne his h æ h s æ t t e l e .• Lay., I6646 . •&air set les ^at {jai in car\, sete He kest {yam dun. • •Settle. This is also sometimes used for a seat.’ Hallamshire G l ., s.v. •Theer •e wur settin’ in t • lang-settle’: the high-backed chair. EY. Shackle 9 [/æklj sb. Curs. Mun., 14734. Hunter, there he was sitting in The wrist. Skeat, 0£. o i t » , since, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UdO OE sceacul, a bond. Cf. ON skokull. the pole of a carriage, Sw skakel. the loose shaft of a carriage, and Da skagle, a trace for a carriage. The essential meaning in a l l these terms waa apparently a link in a chain. 'Shackle, the ivrist. The term shackle-end is applied to the thin end of any club-shaped article.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl.. s.v. 'He*3 liggin' i' bed wi* a brokken shackle': a broken wrist. EY. Shear vb. he's lying in bed with To cut grain vri_th a sickle. ME sheren < 0 E sceran, to cut, to clip. G f . ON skera, Sw skara, and Da skaere, to cut. This EY word is never applied to removing wool from sheep; the word for this is clip. 'Of j)e whilk he shal not fille his hand |>at shal shere.' P. T . , Ps. cxxviii. 6. 'Shear, to cut c o m with the sickle.' Morris, Y k s . Fk-Tk., 366. 'A sad few o' lads wur shearin' i ' Jack's clooas': number of men were reaping in Jack's field. EY. Shed l^y^d J vb. Hamp., a very small To divide. To comb the hair. ME scheden < OE sceadan, to separate. Gf. Da skede, SwD skeda, and Ger scheiden, to divide. 'And the sonne to schede day fra f>e nygjit.' 'Sche schedide the heer of hir heed.' Rel. Pieces, 60. Wyclif, Bib.. Judith x. 3» 'Shed, to part, divide; of the hair of one's head.' 'Thoo 'ezn't shed thi 'air street, bayn': hair properly, child. EY. Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. you have not combed your Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. )421 Shift ME Shi [jlft J vb . To change. ft en < Q E scyftan. to divide. Cf. CM skLpta, to divide. Da skifte. to exchange, and Sw skifta, to exchange, to alternate. Molbech illustrates the use of Da skifte in the following sentence: du skal give mig din daatter. eller skifte dine lande med m i g : you shall give me your daughter, or else divide your lands with me.^ 'Ten si(fes &us binnen vi ^er Shiftede iacob hirdenesse hir. ' Gen, & E x ., 1732. •Slriift, to change places, also to change clothes.* 367. 'Stop a bit whahl ah shift missen': my clothes. EY. Shill [yilj adj. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. wait a minute while I change Shrill, whistling. A word descriptive of a cold, penetrating wind. NED gives ME schille, piercing, as the etymon for the EY word, and 2 suggests OE *scielle, piercing, as a probable source. Gf. ON skjalla, shrill, N skjelle, to give a shrill sound, and Du schelie, sonorous. OE sciell, sonorous, is listed by Hall and Holthausen. 'Heo song so lude and so scharpe, Ryht so me grulde schille harpe.* Owl & Night.. 1A2. 'Certes, he ... ne made neuere shoutes half so shille.' Nun Pr. T ., 575. 'Shill, shrill in sound.' Chaucer, Hall., DAPW., 732. 'Shill. This word is commonly applied to a high wind. Some think it merely another pronunciation of chill; its meaning, however, is clearly 'noisy,* 'shrill.' Morris, Yks. Pk—T k ., 367» 1 Christian Molbech, Dansk Ord b p g . Klobenhavns Gyldendalske Boghandling, I 833. 2 v. skifte, s.v. 2 Murray, _o£. cit., shill, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. »T* wind wur shill all aroon beeacon when ah wur theer»: the wind was whistling all around the hill when I was there. EY. Shive IQ/dv J sb. A slice of anything, as a loaf or an apple. It seems reasonable to refer LîE schîve, a small piece, to ON skxfa. a slice. Cf. Da skive, Sw skLfva, MDu schlve, Du schi.jf. OHG scîba. MHG schÊbe, and Ger scheibe, a slice. Skeat considers E shiver in the sense of a splinter, as a diminutive of ME schive. and gives provincial E sheave, a pulley, as a variant. »G5.f heo mei sparien eni poure schivel, sende ham al demelic he ut of hire woanes.» Anc. R i w ., Al6. 'Shive, a slice of anything edible, generally bread.» 'Shive, a slice.» Hall., DAPW., 734, Addy, Sheffield G l ., s.v, 'Sha seed ah'd »ed novrt., seea sha sheead tweea shahves off t ' leeaf fur ma*: she saw that I had had nothing to eat, so she cut two slices from the loaf for me. EY. Shog [ybg] vb. To shake with a jolting motion. To jog along. In the 1896 edition of his Etymological Dictionary, Skeat describes this word as a derivative of ¥ ysgogi, to shake, to stir, to which is also traceable E jog. Subsequently, in the 1911 edition, he agrees essentially with the position of NED that ME schoggen, to jog, and ME schokken, to shock, jolt, are variants of a form related to OHG scoc, 4 oscillation, EFris schokken, Du schokken, and LG schokken, to jolt. At first Skeat thought OE sceacan, to shake, was related to W ysgogi, 5 but Torp regards this relationship as very obscure. 3 Walter William Skeat, A n Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 3rd ed. Oxford: 4 Walter William Skeat, A Conoise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898. s h o g , s.v. Clarendon Press, 1911. shog, s.v. 5 Torp, 0£. c i t ., skokla, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ’The boot ... vras schoggid with wawis.' «Shog hym welle and let us lyfte. ’ ’Will you shog off?’ Wyclif, Bib., Matt. xiv. 24. Toivn. P l .. 265/23O. Shaks., Henry V . II. i. 47 . ’Shog, to jog; to shake or jolt in motion; to proceed at aslow pace in driving, something between a walk and a fadge.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 367 . ’Ah wur fair shogged ti bits afooar ah got theer’: jolted to pieces before I got there. EY. ‘A h '11 just shog doon t ’ rooad': Sie (jsleJ vb. I was really I ’ll just jog along down the road. EY. To stain by the dropping of liquid. To fall in drops, This word is derived from ON sxa or OE sxgan, to filter, strain, sink, fall in drops. Cf. N sile, Ger seihen. to filter, and Da sie, to pass through a strainer. ’Sie, to fall in drops.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 36S. ’T ’ sark wur sied all ower w i ’ y a l ’: with ale. EY. the shirt was stained all over ’T ’ watter sied thruff th'oil in t ’ rigg’: through the hole in the roof. EY. Siff []slf2 vb. the vrater fell in drops To s i ^ . This is essentially the same word as E sigh, the ^ replaced by EY having been in the same way that E through becomes EY thruff. The connection seems to be with ME sigh e n , siken < 0 E sxcan, to sigh. ’Siff, to sigh, to draw breath, or inhale by suction, as when the teeth are closed.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. ’Sha siffed a n ’ said nowt': she sighed and said nothing. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. k2h Sik [sikj adj. and adv. Such. Sik is used before words beginning with a consonant. Before words beginning with a vowel the usual form is sikan. EY sik is a p p a r e n t l y derived from ME swich or swilc OE swylc. such. However, the final consonant in the EY word probably shows influence of the Scand forms, ON slikr. Da slig, Sw and N s H k , such. •Sike, such.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 368. ’Sik, sike, such.' Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. 'Noo, t ’ carl 'ed gLtten sikan a mooth as ah n i w e r seed': now, the country fellow had a mouth such as I had never seen. EY. Sile J^sal"! vb. To pass liquid through a strainer in order to eliminate impurities. Sw sila, to strain liquid, coincides exactly with the meaningof the EY word. N sila, to strain liquid, to drip, is also a probablesource of EY sile. 'To sile milk, to cleanse it.' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 44. 'Sile, to strain, or separate by filtration.' s.v. Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., 'Thoo'11 sahl t ' miolk, an' a h '11 sahd t ' childer' : milk, and I'll take care of the children. EY. Silly £stnj adj. you strain the In delicate or poor health. This word has been subject to several changes of meaning. According to Skeat, it first signified timely, then lucky, happy, blessed, innocent, simple, foolish, and by a further dialectal extension of Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ü2S é meaning became applicable to an invalid. The derivation is from ME s elyç O B s&lig, gesæli^g, happy, prosperous, fortunate. Cf. ON sae la, happiness, Sw sail, OHG salik. Ger s e U g , and Go sels, blest, happy. •&u stondes sell stede up-on.’ Gen. & E x .. 79. •We sely shepardes that walkys on the moore. ’ 'Silly, in a poor state of health.’ Town. P l .. 116/lO. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 369 . ’M. missus is silly, an' 'ez been of a good bit’: and has been for a long time. EY. Skeel j^klSl] sb. w y wife is ill, A imLlk-pail. Jamieson refers this word to ON skal, a bowl, but undoubtedly a better 7 association is with ON skjola, a pail. Cf. SwD skjula, a milk-pail. ’Skeel, a large wooden pail into which the milk was put at milking time and carried home on the head. A piggin was used for milking into, and the milk was poured from the piggin into the skeel.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 370. 'Leeak sharp, a n ’ get yon skeeal oot o ’ t ’ lath’: that pail out of the b a m . EY. Skeely j^sktôlî ] adj. hurry up, and get Full of knowledge or experience. This word seems to be connected with ON skilja, to separate. By extension the notion of separation has become difference, distinction, discernment, and ultimately intellectual ability. Cf. N skil, Sw skal, and Da skjel, distinction, difference. ’Skeely, experienced. The doctress of a country village is skeely. ’ Brockett, Nth. Cty. W d s ., s.v. 6 Walter William Skeat, An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 3rd ed. Oxfords Clarendon Press, 1898. silly, s.v. 7 John Jamieson, A Dictionary of the Scottish Language. Paisleys A. Gardner, I927 . skeel. s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U26 •Skeely, skilful.’ Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. •Neeabody i' Tibthrup wur as skeealy as aud John’: Tibthorp was as sagacious as old John. ET. Skelp £skglpj[ vb. nobody in To strike with the open palm. Jamieson suggests that the word is associated with ON skelfa. to 8 frighten, to deter. However, Gael sgeilp. a stroke, is closer to the EY word in form and meaning, and is probably the etymon. ’Skelpe hym with scourges and with skathes hym s c o m e . ’ xxxiii. 338. ’Skelp, to beat with the palm of the hand.' 370. ’He skelped t ’ bayn despert ’ard’: Skep ^skfip^ sb. Yk. P l ., Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., he struck the child with force. EY, A basket made of rushes. The derivation is probably from ON skeppa, a measure of about a peck. Of. N skjeppa, Sw skappa, and Da skjaeppe, a basket measure. ASP records OS seep, sciop, a basket, tub, but the Scand is to be preferred as the source of the EY word. ’Len vs sumquat o pi sede ... Len vs sumquat wit pi seep.’ Curs. Mun., 4741. ’Skeppe, corbio.’ Prom. Parv., 457. ’A skepe, canistrum cofinus.’ Path. Angl., 341. ’Skep, a basket made of rushes of straw.’Hall., DAPW., 748. ’Skep, a basket made of willow. A small wicker basket in which horse-com is carried to the manger.’ Addy, Sheffield G l ., s.v. 8 Jamieson, _0£. cit., skelp, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. h27 'Ah'd leefer 'a nowt 'an a full skep an' he silly»: have nothing than wealth with ill health. EY. Skew [sktu] vb. I would rather To twist, to wrench. Skeat believes that this word is of LG origin, and cites LG schouen. to avoid. He gives as other closely related forms OHG sciuhen. MHG schiuhen, to get out of the way, and Ger scheuen. to shun. Scand forms which may have some association with the EY word are ON skeifr, oblique, Sw skef. Da skjev, askew, and Da skj eve. to twist, 'Skew, to throw violently. ' Hall., DAPW., 748. 'Skew, to propel, or cast obliquely; to twist, or wrench.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v, 'He skewed t ' coif reet oot of 'is 'and': out of his hand. EY. Skill QskilJ vb. he wrenched the cap right To discriminate. To comprehend, ME skilien, to distinguish, is apparently derived from ON skilja. to separate. Cf. N skil, Sw skal, and Da skjel, distinction. The use of DaD skjelle, to discriminate, is very similar to that of EY skill, as may be seen in the following illustration: de ere hinanden saa lige, at jeg kan ikke skjelle dem, they are so like one another, I can't skill them. '7iff j>u fullxhesst skill and shasd and witt^; gode j>aewess.' O m . , 1210. 'Skyl, racio,' 9 Prom. Parv., 457• Skeat, 0£. o l t ., s kew, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U28 'Skill, to distinguish, to make out.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 370. 'T' lad’s :\TOth nowt cos ’e can’t skill tonnups fra teeaties': the fellow isn't worth anything because he doesn’t understand the difference between turnips and potatoes. EY. Skime [^skcgn] vb. To peer from underneath lowering brows. ON skima, to look all around, is more probable as a likely source t^an OE scimian, to darken, due to the fact that the OE word would regularly develop into Gf. ND skimla., to squint. 'To skime, to look asquint.’ Ray, Nth. Gty. W d s .. 63 . ’SkLme, to glance with distorted vision, as in frowning a person down, or displaying malignant feeling. ’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl.. s.v. ’He wur chuntherin’ tiv ’issen an' skahmin at uz': he was muttering to himself and peering at us under lowered brows. EY. Skirl [skorl] vb. To scream. Skeat associates this word with N skryla. skraela, to cry shrilly, and SwD skrala, to cry loudly. G f . OE scralletan, to resound loudly. 'He screw’d the pipes and gart them skirl. Till roof and rafters a ’ did dirl. ' B u m s , Tam O' Shanter, 123. 'Skirl, to scream.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 371* 'He skirls laik a pig iv a y a t ’: Slabber [slaebaj vb. he screams like a pig in a gate. EY. To moisten thread with saliva in the process of sewing. 2 NED identifies the source of this word as a LG form. The etymon seems 1 Skeat, 0£. c i t ., skirl, s.v. 2 Murray, op. c i t ., slabber, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ii29 to be LG s l a b b e m , to let the saliva fall from the mouth. Cf. Du slabberen, and Ger s c h l a b b e m . to slaver. The Scand forms are N slabb a , to dabble, to spill. Da slabre, and DaD slabber, to to slaver. The word is not found in OE, but Stratmann records îiE bislaberen, to slaver. ’Eating of sack posset, and slabbering themselves.’ March 26, 1668, 'Slabber, to wet thread with saliva. ’ Pepys, Diary. Atk., IVh. G l .. s.v. 'Tha mun slabber t' threead afooar tha freeams ti put it thruff needle': you must moisten the thread before you try to put it through the needle. EY, Slack [^slækj sb. A hollow. A place where the surface of the land is more depressed than the surrounding area. lED records ON slakkL. low ground, which seems to be the etymon of the EY word. Cf. N slakkje, a slack place in a tissue where the surface tends to sink dovai. Da slag, a hollow in a road, and DaD slaag. a hollow in a sandbank. 'Till the hill thai tuk the way. In a slak thame enbuschit thai.' Barbour, Bruce, xiv. 536. 'A series of short blankets, hillocks, mounds, and peaks with intertwining gullies, slacks, and hollows.' Atk., Moor. Parish. 186. 'Slack, the hollow part of an undulation in the ground. A slack scarcely amounts to what would be called a valley: a good specimen, among many, of a slack, is on the road from Driffield to Nafferton, which always goes by the name of The Slack.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 371. 'VJhen 'oss cum ti t ' slack it wadn't gan ni forthur': when the horse came to the hollow it wouldn't go any further. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U30 Slake LslL-Sk^ vb. To lick. Apparently derived from ON sleikja. to lick. Cf. MSw slekia, and Da slikke, to lick. ’Slake, to lick. Plates or dishes badly washed and not well dried are slaked over.' Hall., D APW., 752. 'Slake, to lick with the tongue.' Atk., Wh. G l .. *1' yan niuk theer wur a cat sleeakin' up miolk': there was a cat licking up milk. EY. Slape £sl65 p j adj. s.v. in onec o m e r Slippery, smooth. ON sleipr. slippery. Cf. N sleip. DaD slabber, slippery,and Da slibe. to polish anything so as to make it smooth. 'Slape, slippery. ' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s .. 65 . 'Slape, soft, slippery, smooth; hence metaphorically crafty.' Hall., DAPW.. 753 . 'Slape, slippery.' Hunter, Hallamshire 01., s.v. *T' rooads is varry slaap': Sleek vb. the roads are very slippery. EY. To quench fire or thirst. The etymon seems to be ME slekken, to quench, extinguish < 0 N slokva, to extinguish. Cf. Da slukke, and Sw slockna, to extinguish that wliich is burning. E slake is derived from OE sleaoian, to slacken. '!>e water sleckede ^e chi Ides list.' Gen. & E x .. 1230. 'All hiss hunngerr & hiss prisst Shall ben Jjurrh Drihhtin sleckedd.' O m . , 5689 . 'Sleek, to quench, to assuage, to extinguish.' Hall., DAPW., 754. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ii31 «Sleek, to abate the violence of fire by throwing water upon it; sometimes to extinguish a fire by water. To sleek one's thirst is to slake it.' Hunter, Hallamshire G l .. s.v. •A pahnt o' yal awlus sleeks ma': mv thirst. E Y . Slidder £sltd0_J vb. a pint of ale always quenches To slide. To walk in a listless way. Probably from OE slidiian, to slip, slide, which apparently is closely related to Du slidderen, to wriggle along the ground. Cf. ON slo&ra, to drag oneself along, and DaD sludre, to walk with a shuffling gait. It is possible that the ON and DaD forms are from the same root as OE slidrian, but it is also possible that they represent a different root. 'I mai it not trowe ^at he ne schulde slideren {jeron so was (it) ^red bare.' Langl., P. Plow., A. v. 113. 'Slyderyn, labo vel labor. ' 'Slidder, to slide.' Prom. Parv., 459. Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. 'Tha leeaks laik a daft carl when tha slidders sae fond': you look like a silly rustic when you shuffle along so foolishly. EY. Slight [slitj adj. Smooth, sleek, glossy. In commenting on E slight, Skeat states that the word was once used in the sense of to make smooth, and in proof of this he cites ODu slichten, to make even or plain. He identifies the origin of EY 3 s l i ^ t as LG slicht, even, plain. Cf. MDu slecht, MLG slicht, OHG sleht, Du slecht, Ger schlecht, flat, even, smooth; ON slettr, Sw slat, and Da slet, flat, even, smooth. ASD indicates that OE *sliht 3 Skeat, 0£. _olt., s l l ^ , s.^ Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U32 is fotond only in the compound eorc^slihtes. •Me thoght ... |)at i com in a medu slight.* •A sleght stone, lamina, licinitorinm.' •Slight, smooth, glossy.’ Gath. Ang l .. 344. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 372. •Watter on t* mere wur bonny an' sleet•: beautiful and smooth. EY. Slot £sljDtQ sb. Gurs. Mun.. 4562 . the water on the lake was The bolt or fastening of a door. NED states that this word is derived from LG slot, a flat, wooden 4 bar which was used as the bolt of a door. G f . Du sluiten. OHG sliozan, to bolt, Ger schliessen, Sw sluta, to shut, and DaD slud, a thick bar. •He forgnod yhates ... And slottes irened brake he jjare.' P. T . , Ps. cvi. 16 . 'Slot, or schytyl of a dore, claustrum, pessulus.’ 'Slot, the clasp or fastening of a door.' •Slot, a bolt.’ Hamp., Prom. Parv., 460. Hall., DAPW., 759. Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. •He bunched sae ’ard ’at 'e brak slot in t • deear’: he kicked so hard that he broke the fastening of the door. EY. Sly j[]slal] adj. G lever, ingenious. This EY word is never used in the sense of w ily. The etymon of this word is probably ON sloegr, sly, cunning, dexterous. G f . Sw slug, N slog, and Da slug, slu, sly, cunning, dexterous. •Als clerkes says, j?at er wise and sleghe.' 4 P r . Gons., 7570. Mui-ray, ££. olt., slot, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U33 *f)’arfor me {)ynk he es m s l e ^ e ])at mas hym noght redy to de^e.* Pr, Cons., 1939. 'Sly, clever, ingenious,' Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. 'He wur a despert sly chap wheea fost thowt o' them talkin picters* he was a very clever man who first thought of those talking pictures, EY. SmallT [[smelt] a d j . Thin, puny. This word comes directly from OE smealic. slender, thin. Cf. NFris smel, Sw and Da smal, narrow, thin, Ger schmal. s H m , and Go anals, little. 'Smally, minutim. ' Gath. Angl., 346. 'Smally, puny, slight, thin.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 372. 'Sha's been smally sin sha wur a bayn': she was a child. EY. Smiddy [[smidi] sb. she has been puny since A blacksmith's shop. The source of the word is ON smicSja or OE smi(^i j?at smi^is smitis in {>air smit>i.' Curs. Mun., 23238. 'Smythy, fabricia.' Prom. Parv., 461. 'Smiddy, a blacksmith's shop.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 372. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. u3h »Thoo sud laat »im in t ‘ smiddy* : blacksmith’s shop, EY. Sndt [ smit] sb. you should look for him in the Infection. The c o n n e c t i o n s e e m s to be w i t h O E s m i t t e , a smear. Of. O B s m i t t i a n . Da s m i t t e , S w a n d N s m i t t a , O H G s m i z z a n . M H G s m i t z e n . a n d G e r s c h m i t z e n , to b e s m e a r , i n f e c t . I n r e f e r r i n g a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y to disease, E T e m i t s e e m s c l o s e r to t h e D a s m i t t e a n d N s m i t t a i n t h e sense o f i n f e c t i o n . T h e c i t a t i o n f r o m W y c l i f a p t l y i l l u s t r a t e s the meaning of the O E word. 'He w a s n o t s m y t t i d wifj p r y d e n e wi}j coveityse.' 'Smit, c o n t a g i o n o r in f e c t i o n . ' M o r r i s , Y k s . Fk-Tk. . 373* *Gif t h a gans n a i h 'im t h o o ’l l get t ’ smit an' h i m y o u ' l l get t he i n f e c t i o n too. EY. Smock Qsmpk] sb. W y c l i f , W k s . , I. I 9Ô, all': i f y o u go n e a r A l o n g coat o f c o tton m a t e r i a l w o r n b y w o r k m e n . In Y o r k s h i r e t h i s w o r d no l o n g e r d e s i g n a t e s a w o m a n ' s garment. O E s m o c , a smock, a shift. Of. O N s m o k k r , a s h i r t w i t h o u t arms, O S w s m o g , a r o u n d h o l e f o r t he head, O H G s m o c c h o , a nd N F r i s s m o k , a w o m a n 's s h i f t . 'Whit w a s h i r smok, a n d b r o w d i d a l b y f o r e A n d e e k b y h y n d e o n h i r c o l e r a b o u t e .' Chaucer, M i l l e r ' s T ., $2. 'Smock, a chemise. T he w o r d is n o w c o m m o n l y a p p l i e d to the short fustian or other kind of jacket tied b y a band w i t h button round th e w a i s t a n d w o r n o u t s i d e t he o t h e r garments.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 373. 'Put o n thi s m o c k a f o o a r t h a gans ti t ' lath': b e f o r e y o u go to t h e b a m . EY. put on your smock Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 435 Snape [snLapJ vb* To check. To restrain. There may be an association between this word and ON sneypa, to disgrace, N snctypa. to withdraw, to draw in, MSw and Sw snopa, to castrate, C f . Da snibbe, to check, to put down, and E snip, snap, snub. •To snape, corripere.* Gath. Angl., 346. •To snape, or sheapt to check.' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 6Ô. •Snape, to check objectionable behaviour by retort.' I&d-Yks. G l ., s.v. Robinson, •Sha storrted on sum gab, bud ah seean sneeaped 'er': she started to engage in idle chatter, but I soon checked her. EY. Snever (jsn&va]a d j . Apparently derived Slender, slight. from ON snaefr, tight, narrow.Cf. N snaev, MSw snafr, Sw snsif, and Da snever,tight, narrow. •A snever-spawt, a slender stripling.' •Snewer, slender.* Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. Ray, Nth.Cty. W d s ., 43» •Deean't raak use of owt sae snever, cos it'll brak': don't make use of anything so slender, because it will break. EY. Snig [snig] vb. To drag slowly. OE snican, to creep, to sneak along. Cf. ON snikja, to hanker after. Da snige, to sneak, slink, N snikja, to sneak, and SwD sniga, to creep. The EY verb snig is apparently derived from the past part, of the OE verb snican; cf. from the same stem OE snegl , snae^, snail, ON snigill, snail, Sw snigel. Da snegl, snail. OE snaca, snake, is Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U d e r i v e d f r o m t h e prêt. sing, 36 stem of O E s n i c a n . »Snig, to d r a g h e a v y s u b s t a n c e s a l o n g the Hall., D A P W ., 766. g r o u n d w i t h o u t a sledge.* 'Snig, as a f a r m i n g term, i s a p p l i e d to t h e p r o c e s s o f r e m o v i n g w i t h rope a n d h o r s e s t o h i g h e r g r o u n d a w h o l e h a y - p i k e as i t stands in a l o w - l y i n g h a r v e s t field, o n o c c a s i o n s w h e n the r i v e r ris e s suddenly, a n d l e a v e s n o t i m e f o r p i e c e m e a l labour. » Ro b i n s o n , M i d - Y k s . G l . , s.v. 'He's o w e r i n t ' c l o o a s s n i g g i n ' s t umps w i ' th'oss': he i s o v e r i n the f i e l d d r a g g i n g a w a y t r e e stumps w i t h t h e h o r s e . EY. Snite [snait] vb. To b l o w t h e nose. ON snyta o r O E s n y t a n , to b l o w t h e nose. Cf. N a n d S w s n y b a . D a s n y d e . O H G s n u z a n , M H G snutz e n , G e r s c h n e u z e n , a n d D u s n u i t e n , to b l o w the nose. 'Snite, to b l o w t he nose; e i t h e r w i t h o r w i t h o u t a p p l y i n g a handkerchief.' Mo r r i s , Yks. F k - T k . , 374. 'Snait t h i ' n e b , Snod [snpd bayn': adj . b low your nose, child. EY. Smooth. The c o n n e c t i o n m a y be w i t h ON snoi^inn, bald, smooth. Cf. N snoydd, 5 smooth, bare. N E D d e r i v e s E Y s n o d f r o m N 'Snod, nea t , handsome, smooth. ' 'Snod, smooth, d e m u r e .' 'Snod, smooth, even, tr i m . ' s n o d e n , bare. Ray, N t h . Cty. W d s ., 66. Hall., D A F W . , 767. At k . , W h . G l . , s.v. 'Theer w u r n o b b u t a s n o d - f e e a c e d l a d at yam': f a c e d b o y a t home. EY. 5 there w a s only a smooth­ ilupray, _og. oi t .« s n o d , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. i37 Snoke j^snuôk]] vb. To sniff with an audible inspiration of the breath. NED suggests that the origin is probably Scand, and connects the 6 word v/ith ND sndka, to snuff, smell. Cf. ON snaka, to snuff about, DaD snokke, to smell out, and Du snicken, to sniff. ’Snokyn or smellyn, nicto.* ’W i ’ social nose (the dogs) Twa D ogs, 39. 'Snork, to sniff noisily.' Prom. Parv., 462. whyles snuff'd an' snowket.' B u m s , Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl.. s.v. 'Efthur snooakLn' a whahl 'e said t* breead wur bonnin': after sniffing a while he said that the bread was burning. EY. Snub jjsnubJ vb. To chide. To reprimand. 7 Snape, s.v. NED derives EY snub from ON snubba. to chide. Cf. Da snubbe, to curtail, SwD snubba, to c U p , Fris snubbe, and DaD snyppe, to snub. 'They sal snube (jaim and will not be converted.' Ps. Iviii. 17 . 'To snubbe, chyden.' Hamp., P. T . , Cath. A ngl., 347• 'Snub, to check; to rebuke; to treat with contempt.' Hall., DAPW., 767 . 'Snub, to check or correct with impertinence and sauciness.' Hunter, Hallamshire Gl., s.v. 'He wur aboot ti chunter, bud 'is fayther snubbed 'im': to complain, but his father reprimanded him. EY. Sough [_svf] vb. he was about To sob. To sigh, as the wind. 6 Murray, op. oit., snoke, s.v. 7 Ibid, snub, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ü38 According to N E D , the etymon is OE svrSgan, to sound, roar, howlf Skeat, however, identifies the source as Scand, and derives the word from ON sugr, a rushing sound! Cf. OS swogan. to move with a rushing sound, and Go ufswogjan, to murmur, rustle. '|>e see soured ful sore gret selly to here,' C. 140. E- E. Allit. P., 'From dede to lyfe thou rasyd Lazare, Sen stallai draf him forth wit staf and stong. ' Cur s . M u n .. 24029* 'Stang, a piece of wood on which the carcases of beasts are suspended.' Hall., D A P W .. 797. 'Stang, a po l e . ' Addy, Sheffield G l .. s.v. 'Ah sud 'ev a stang aboot ten foot lang': about ten feet long. EY. Stark [stok] adj. I ought to have a pole Stiff, rigid. OE stearc. stiff, rigid. Cf. ON sterkr. strong, NFris stark, firm, OS stark, OHG starach, MHG stark. Ger stark, and Da sterk. strong, sturdy, stout. 'Itt bakenn wass full harrd and starrc inn ofne. ' 'Strong mon wes Fro lie and sterc mon on mode.' O r m .. 999* L a y ., 23678 . 'Stark, stiff, rigid. Used for the state of the body after excessive fatigue.' Hunter, Hallamshire G l .. s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ■'iU2 >Th'aud chap "wur stark frav »is llsk tiv 'is teeas'; was stiff from his waist to his toes. EY. Staup [Jstop] vb. the old man To walk heavily and awkwardly. The connection may be with ON stappa, to stamp with the feet. Cf. N stappa, to stuff, stamp down. Da stoppe, to stamp. ASD lists OE steppan, to step, go, and describes OE stapan as a variant. Skeat mentions that the original meaning of the OS word was to set the foot doTO firmly; hence OE stapan (past p. stop) may also be connected 1 ifith EY staup. •Staup, a long awkward step,’ Jam,, , s,v, •Stawp, to stamp and stride widely in walking. • Gl,, s,v, •Wheea’s yon cumin staupin thruff deear?': a heavy tread through the doorway? EY. Stead [JstLadJ sb. Robinson, Mid-Yks, who is that coming with A fixed place. This X'vord is mostly used in compounds, e.g, deear-steead, doorway. 2 NED states that the derivation is from OE stede, site, place. Cf. ON sta&r, a place, spot, Sw stad, a town. Da sted, a place, OFris stede, OS stad, MDu stede, Du stad, OHG stat, MHG stete, and Ger stadt, a place, town, •pe stede o dome quar all sal mete,' Curs. Mun., 22963» •Great God it planted in that blessed sted With his alraightie hand.’ Spenser, F . Q . , I, x i . 46. •Stead, a place, a spot, a farmhouse,’ 1 Skeat, ££. o i t ,, step, s.v, 2 Murray, 22» o i t ., s t e a d , s.v. Hall,, DAPW,, 600, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UU3 'Stead, a set place; the true or peculiar place for a thing.' Atk., Wh. G-1., s.v. 'As ah wur passin thruff deear— steead ah seed a deead moose liggin aback o' t ' deear': as I was passing through the doorway I saw a dead mouse lying behind the door. EY. Steck [stckj vb. To shut, to close, as a door. It seems clear that the word is associated with ME steken, to pierce, fix, as listed by Stratmann. The form in OE was probably *stecan, concerning which Skeat states that it is a strong verb, and must 3 once have existed to produce ME steken. The EY word cannot be derived from OS stician, to stick, which is a weak verb. In view of the second and fourth citations below, it is reasonable to suppose that the earlier meaning of EY steck was to bar, to put a bar into place, and thus secure a door or gate. Note particularly the EY idiom below: 'Steck wood i ' th'ooil. ' 'Louerd Grist, ase men wolden steken veste eve rich |)url. ' Anc. Riw., 62 . 'Summe ... vndurstonden bodily keyjes, by whiche heven ?ates shulden be openid and stokune.' Wyclif, W k s ., 341» 'Steck, to close. 'Steck the door and come in.' 'Steck wood i ' th'ooil': in the hole. EY Stee sb. Carr, Craven G l ., s.v. shut the door. Literally, close the wood A ladder. A stile. OE stigan, to rise, mount, scale. E stile goes back to OE stigel. Cf. m 3 stig, the step of a ladder. Da stige. a ladder, DaD sti. Skeat, _0£. oit. , stick, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UUU stairs, Sw stee, steps, OFris steghe. OHG stega. KHG stege. and Ger steige. a step. 'In slepe he sagh stand vp a sti. Fra his heved right to )>e ski. ' Curs. M u n ., 3779. 'A stee: a ladder.’ Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 153. 'Stee, a ladder, a stile.’ 'Stee or sty, a stile,' Hall., DAPW.. 801, Hunter, Hallamshire Gl.. s.v. 'Yon aud stee w eean’t deea fur t ' worrk': do for the work. EY. Steg [^stegj sb, that old ladder w o n ’t A gander. A stupid person. Definitely from ON steggi, a male bird. Cf. N stegg, a male bird, and OE stagga, a hart. 'A stegge, ancer.’ Gath. A ngl., 361. 'A steg; a gander,' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 153. 'Steg, a gander. Applied also to one who is clownish in gait, and of a staring manner.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Thoo gurt stegl Wat arta pros sin aboot?': you chattering about? EY. Stewen [^sttvn^ vb. you big gander! What are To shout at the top of one's voice. ON stefna, to call together; OE stefnian, to summon. Cf. Da staevne, to call, cite. 'To stein or steven; to bespeak a thing. ’ ’Stewen, to shout, to roar. ’ Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 154. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 379. ’Hod up, lad. Tha m aun’t s t e w e n at sik a tahm o' neet': You mustn't shout at such a time of night. EY. hush, lad. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Stithy [ stIe pouer |)e but stottes,' Curs. Mun., 10386. •Stot, a bullock of more than a year old. • Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 380. •Gif tha gans thruff yon clooas stot •11 be efthur tha •: through that field the bull will be after you. EY. Stowen [stbvn] if you go sb. The stump of a tree that has been cut down. ON stofh, the stump of a cut tree; OE stofn, the trunk of a tree. Cf. DaD stoun, the stump of a tree. •Quen all was closed a-boute pat tre, A silver cerole sonnaild he, ^at was f>e stoven for to stringbh. • Curs. M u n ., 8243* •Stoven, the stump of a tree.' Hold. Gl., s.v. •Tak yon aud s t o w e n oot o • t • grund •: the ground. E Y . Strand OE strand, strant, Du j^strand] take that old stump out of sb. The s e a s h o r e . sea-shore; ON strSnd, coast, shore. Cf. NFris stron, LG strand, Sw and Da strand, border, edge, coast. •And moyses druz him to Se strond. And stalle he dalf him Se sond.' Gen. & E x . , 2717* •f'er heo nomen hauene ... scipen eoden a |>at strond, cnihtes eoden a |)at lond. • L a y ., 17586. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. hhl ‘Strand, the sea-coast, the beach.’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 381. 'Ah seed a lad wi' a skep on t ' strand': on the sea-shore. EY. Strek [str&k^ vb. I saw a boy with a basket To stretch. The word is derived from N strekka, to stretch. The OE form is streecan, which develops into E stretch. Cf. Du strekken. Da s t r æ k k e . Sw stracka. and Ger strecken. to stretch. Gen. & Ex:., AÔ1. 'Cairn ...Grusnede and strekede and starf wicf-^an.' '^iay I be ... strekkit out to bleach In i-dnter snaw. ' To William Creech, 11. 'Streck, to stretch, to lay out. ' 'Strek thi band aquart t ' bawk': Stunt [ stunt ] adj . Bums, Robinson, liLd-Yks. G l .. s.v. stretch your string across the beam. EY. Obstinate. OE stunt, stupid, foolish. Cf. ON stuttr. short, the form of stuntr by assimilation, MHG stunz, OSw stunt, and DaD stutt, short. 'Stunt, stubborn, fierce, angry.' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 157- 'Do'ant be stunt: taake time; I knaws what raaakes tha sa mad . ' Tennyson, N . Farmer, New Style, 5* 'Stunt, unyielding, obstinate.' Atk., ^iTh. G l ., s.v. 'Tha '11 n i w e r dee nowt wiv 'im when 'e 's stunt ': anything with him when he's obstinate. EY. Sup {[sup] vb. you '11 never do To drink. NED states that there were three types of formation on the Germanic root sup-. 1. OE süpan, a strong verb, 2. OE *suppan, a form occurring Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. aii8 in North-umbriaji, and 3. OE ^supian, a weak verb occurring in 4 Northumbrian. ET sup has a short vowel, and goes back immediately to the second of these forms, though ultimately to OE supan. Corresponding short copiâtes are OHG supphan. and MHG supfen, to drink. •And banne to sitten and soupen til slepe hem assaille,’ P. Plow., B. ii. 96. Langl., ’A bousing can. Of which he supt sooft, that on his seat His dronken corse he scarse upholden can.' Spenser, F. Q .,I. iv, 22. 'Sup, to drink. ’ Addy, Sheffield G l ., s.v. ’Theer wur nowt ti sup’: Swart [swut] there was nothing to drink. EY. adj. Dirty. ON svartr and OE sweart, black. Cf. N svart, black, dirty, Sw svart. Da sort, OFris swart, MDu swart, Du zwart, OHG and MHG swarz, and Ger schwarz, black. ’Swurken vnder sunnen sweorte weolchem,’ Lay., 11974* ’To be swelled swyftly wyth f>e swart er^e.’ E. E. Allit. P ., C. 363. ’Swart, black, dark, swarthy.' Hall., DAPW., 834. 'Swart, dusky-looking, black.' Atk., V/h. G l ., s.v. ’Thoo’8 getten thissen despert swart': dirty. EY. Swelt [sweltj[ vb. you have made yourself very To faint.To collapsefrom heat. ME s w e l t e n OS sweltan, to die, perish; ON svelta, to starve, to cause to starve, hence to put to death. Cf. OS sweltan, to die, MDu swelten. 4 Murray, ££. o i t ., su p , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Uk9 to faint, die, OHG svreltzan, MHG swelzan, to b u m away, languish, Sw svalta, and Da suite, to die of hunger. 'His olde wo, {>at made his herte to swelte. ' iii. 347. Chaucer, Troylus, 'Her deare hart nigh swelt,' Spenser, F. Q ., IV. vii. 9. 'Swelt, to broil with heat,' Hall., DAPW,, Ô37. 'Swelt, to over-heat,' Addy, Sheffield G l ., s.v. 'Sither, t ' lass is aboot ti swelt': faint, HÏ. SWither [^swl^ô"] vb. look, the girl is about to To tingle or smart, as from a wound or bum. The connection seems to be with ON sv±<$a, a burning. Cf. ON svi&ia, to be singed, MSw swidha, to singe, Sw svida, to smart, and Da svide, to singe. 'Swither, to b u m or smart, in a quickly pulsating manner. ' Robinson, M d - Y k s . G l ,, s.v, 'Thi fayther'11 cloot tha an' mak tha swither': punish you and make you smart. EY. Syke [scHik] sb. your father will A small stream. ON sik, a ditch, trench, is to be preferred as an etymon over OE sic, a small stream, because the OE form regularly becomes sitch. Cf. N sik, a small, slowly trickling stream, a rill, OSw sike, a ditch, OHG gesich, a bog, and DaD sige, a low place where water collects. 'Syke, a rill or thread of water in a boggy situation.' Vrh. G l ., s.v. Atk,, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U 50 'Efthur t ' raan theer wur tweea saiks in t ' clooas*: there were two small streams in the field. EY. a f t e r the r a i n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. hSl Tang sb. The tongue of a buckle. The p r o n g of a knife, i.e. the part which is fixed in the handle. N"ED states that this woixi has been known in literature from the 14th 5 century, but that it was in much earlier use in n o r t h e m E. The derivation seems to be from ON tangL, the part of a knife which is fixed in the handle. Cf. N and Da tange, the part of a knife which is fixed in the handle, Sw tâng. a spit or tongue of land, OE tong, tongs, and OE tingan, to press against. •Tongge of a knyfe, pirasmus.» Prom. Parv., 496. • T a n g , teng, the prong of a fork.' •Tang, the tongue of a buckle.' Graven G l ., s.v. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 386. 'Ah seed a tang wur brokken off th'eeames•: a buckle was broken off the harness. EY. I saw that the prong of 'He raived it sae mich 'at tang cum oot o' th'eft': he wrenched it so much that the prong came out of the handle. EY. Tam [^tdn] sb. A large pond. 6 Skeat identifies the word as coming from a Scand source. ME terne < 0 N t.jom, a small lake. G f . SwD tjârn, a pool without inlet or outlet, N tjorn, and Da t.jem, a pool. '&er ar tres by ^at tem e of traytoures.' E. S. Allit. P ., B. 1041. 'A tarn, a lake or meer-pool, a usual word in the north.' Nth. Gty. W d s ., 160. Ray, •A silent tarn below.' Wordsworth, Fidelity, 20. 5 6 Murray, o£, o i t ., tang, s.v. Walter William Skeat, A n Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 3rd ed. Oxfords Clarendon Press, ISJS. t a m , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. üS2 'Tam, a largish sheet of water, a lake; properly an upland lake or large pond.' Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. 'Tan o' t' lads fell in t ' tarn': Team. [tLam] vb. one of the boys fell in the pond. EY. To empty out. To rain heavily. Apparently from ON tcema, to empty. Sw tomma. and Da tomme. toempty, 'Team, to pour, to empty. ' Robinson, Mid-Yks. 01., s.v. 'Ah teeamed t ' yal inti t ' mug': I poured the ale into the mug. EY, 'It fair teeamed doon wi' raan': Tell [tel] vb. it rained very heavily. EY. To count. ME telien < OE tellan, to count, narrate. Cf. ON telja, Sw tali a . Da taelle, Du tellen, and Ger zahlen, to count. 'Ic wile ri^t tellen if ic can, Adam, Seth, Enos.' 'And herbes koude I telle eek many oon.' and T . , 24-6. 'Tell, to sum up. ' Chaucer, Can. Y e o . Prol. Atk., Wh. G l .. s.v. 'Tell t' coos i' yon clooas fur ma': for me, EY. Temse Gen. & E x ., 497. sb. count the cows in that field A flour sieve. Probably from OE temesian, to sift< Low L tamisium, a sieve. Cf. F tamis. MDu terns, Du teems, NFris terns, SwD tamms, and DaD terns, a sieve. 'Temze, slve, setarium.' Prom. Parv., 488. 'A tempse, a taratantorium.' Gath. Angl., 379- Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. •Temse, a coarse hair-sieve used in dressing flour.• Robinson, Mid-Yks. G-1., s.v. •Sha wad mak breead wioot a temse•: a flour sieve. EY. Tent [ tent j| vb. she would make bread without To watch over cattle in a field. This word seems to be a shortened form of E attend. to wait upon, to heed. The derivation is from OF atendre. to wait think upon, to give heed to. L attendere. to To judge from the first two citations below, the unvoicing of the final consonant must have occurred early in the medieval period. •}?is ilke wyj pa.t wendez with oure lorde. For to tent hym with tale and teche hym |?e gate.’ E. E. Allit. P ., B. .676 . •I lof the alle alon. That vowches safe that I be oone To tent that chyld so ying.' Town. P l ., 96/340. •Tent, to tend, or look after.' Addy, Sheffield G l ., s.v. •Tha mun tent t • coo t • mooan': tomo rrow. E Y . you must watch over the cow Tew [tju] vb. To overtax one's strength. To wear out, harass. ME tewen, to prepare leather<0E tawian. to prepare, cultivate, harass, afflict. Cf. Du touwen. to curry leather, ON tyja, to avail, help, OHG zawjan, to make, prepare, and Go taujan, to do, to bring about. •Seo deoful eow tawode. • 0. E. Horn., ii. 466. 'Tewyn leather, frunio, corrodio.’ •Tue, to fatigue. 'He tues himself.• Prom. Parv., 490. Brockett, Nth, Gty. W d s ., s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. u^h 'Tew, to harass, to fatigue, to oppress with over-work of a profitless kind.* Addy, Sheffield G-1., s.v. 'Tha m aun't tew thissen wi' t' job': strength with the job. EY. 'Thoo tews ma wi ' thi gab ': Tharf i^0cd*J adj. you mustn't overtax your you wear me out with your idle talk. E Y . Reluctant. This word is derived either from OE &earf or ON ^orf. necessity, want. The meaning has apparently been extended to include the cautious attitude which is attendant upon a condition of privation. G f . OSw tharfwa, SvÆ) tarva. Da tarve. OE ^urfan, OHG durfan, and Ger darben, to need. 'Tharf, stark, stiff; metaphorically, backward, unwilling.' Graven G l ., s.v. •Tharf, diffident, unwilling, reluctant, tardy. ' Gl., s.v. 'He wur tharf an' all': Thill [oil] sb. Carr, Robinson, Mid-Yks♦ he was very reluctant. EY. The shaft of a cart. NED states that ME tûlle, the draught-tree of a cart, appeared in the y lAth century, and is derived from OE &ille, a thin board, plank. G f . ON bilja, a plank, OHG dilla, and MHG dille. a board. 'Thylle of a cart, temo.' 'Thills, shafts of a cart.' Prom. Parv., 491. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 38?. 'Ah'll get th'oss oot o' thills enoo': the shafts presently. EY. 7 Murray, o p . oit. , thill, I'll get the horse out of .. b v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Thof [Ojbf J conj. and adv. Though, however. Wyld gives ME thogh < 0 N |>o. even if, though! The development of such forms into f terminations is regular in EY, as in ME {surgh to EY thruff, through. Cf. 03 thoh, MDa and Go thauh, even if, though. The OE cognate hêah would produce -*they or -^ h y in E, and survives as thei in ME. •And t>of a smitt m o ^ t he not se.‘ 'Thoffe I be a wrech and vnworthi.' •Thoff, thou^.' Curs. M u n .. 19648. Hamp., P. T ., 21. Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 38?. ’Sit doon, thof ah knooa t h a '11 be gannin seean': though I know you'll be going soon. BY. 'Ah mahnd, thof, wat 'e said last neet': he said last n i ^ t . EY. Thole (^QuôlJ vb. sit down, even I remember, though, what To endure, to suffer. ME 6olien < 0 E |?olian, to endure, suffer. Cf. ON (x)la, OS tholian, Da taale, Sw tala, OHG tholen, MHG dolen, and Go thulan, to endure. The L etymon is tolerare, to bear. 'Bed he aght to thole.' Curs. M u n ., 9636. 'Feill anoyis thoill ^he sail.' 'Thole, to bear, suffer.' Barbour, Bruce, iv. 659. Hall., DAPW., 865 . 'Thole, to bear, endure, undergo.' 'Sha's 'ed a vast ti thooal': Thorp 8 (20orpj| sb. Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. she has had to suffer greatly. EY. A village. Henry Ceoil Wyld, The Universal Dictionary of the English Language. London; Herbert Joseph Ltd., 1936. t h o u ^ , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ü56 ON |x>rp or OE (Torp, a village. Cf. OFris thorp,OS thorp, Du dorp, OHG, MHG, Ger dorf, a village, N torp, Sw torp,a cottage, little farm. Da torp, farmstead, hamlet, and Go 'He wast wyth werre ^e wones of ^orpes.* 'Thorpe, thrope, lytylle towne.' 'Thorp, a hamlet,' [^Ôriôpj E. E. Allit. P ., B. 117B, Prom. Parv., 492. Hold. G l ., s.v. 'He lived in t' thorrp forrty year*: forty years. EY. Threap t>aurp, a field. vb. he lived in the village for To insist pertinaciously. Apparently derived from OE (Çreapian, to reprove, correct. 'Sol gold is and luna silver we threpe.' and T ., 273. Chaucer, Can. Yeom. Prol. 'Threap, to insist or maintain obstinately, to force down by argument.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 368. 'He threeaped 'at 'e wadn't dee it': he wouldn't do it. EY. Throstle [Qrosl] sb. he stubbornly insisted that The thrush. ME trostel< 0 E <5rostle, a thrush. Cf. ON brostr, OHG throscela, MHG trostel, Ger and Da drossel, a thrush. 'A throstelle, maviscus.' Cath. Angl., 386. 'Throstel, the thrush.' Hall., DAFW., 870. 'Throstle, the thrush.' Hunter, Hallamshire Gl., s.v. 'Ah seed a throssel flig thruff winda': the window. EY. I saw a thrush fly through Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. hSl Tike [talk] sb, A dog. A churlish person. Skeat identifies the word as Scandf ME tike < ON tik. a bitch. Gf. OSw t i k , a bitch, SwD t i k , a hound, a senseless lout, M tik, and DaD tiig, a female hound, 'Now ar ^ei lowe cher U s . As wyde as ()e worlde is, wonyeth Jjere none But vnder tribut and taillage as tykes and cherlis.* Langl., P. Plow,. B. 3d.x. 37. 'Tike, a common sort of dog. ' Hall,, DAPW,, 874» 'Tyke, a low character, a mean fellow; commonly used as a term of disdain,’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 391. 'His bun chin’ an' chuntherin ’ 'ev meeade 'im a regia taik': his kicking and complaining have made him a really churlish person. EY. Tite [ tpit ] adv. Soon, willingly. ON titt, frequently, quickly. Cf. OSw t id, SwD tidt, N tidt, quickly. There may also be an association between EY tite and OE tid, time. 'And whene (joii heres Haly Wryte ... take kepe als tyte if pou here oghte |?at m ay aval le ^e till edyfycacyone. ' Rel. Pieces, 22. 'Tite, soon.' Hall,, DAPW., 877» 'Tite, soon.' Hold. 0 1 ., s.v, 'Ah wad as tait gan as stop': Titter jjtlte] comp. adv. I would as soon go as stay. EY. Sooner, more willingly. Tite, s.v, 'Titer sal tai rin on grund j)an firs lauht dos quen it es stund. ' Curs. M u n ,, 22481. 'He watz no tytter out tulde ()at tempest ne sessed,' C. 231. 9 E. E. Allit. P ., Skeat, ££. cit., tike, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. :58 'Titter, sooner, earlier.* Hall., DAPW.. 877. 'Titter, sooner, rather, more -willingly.' 'T' peas cum titter’n t ' tonnups': turnips. E Y . Titterest. [_titristj Atk., hTi. G l ., s.v. the peas come earlier than the sup. adj. Quickest, nearest. Tite, s.v. 'Titterest, soonest.’ Robinson, Mid—Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Yon is t ' titrist rooad': Tiv [^tivj prep. To. that is the quickest road. EY. Tiv is used before words beginning with h or a vowel, ^i is used before consonants. EY and tiv are dialectal forms of ME ^ < 0 E 'Tiv, prep., to. ' Atk., VJh. G l ., s.v. 'Ah's gannin tiv Hull t ' mooan': Toom [^tum] to. adj. I'm going to Hull tomorrow, EY. Ehipty. Accoiding to Skeat, this word is derived from ME toom < ON tomr, 1 empty. Cf. OS tomber, Sw and Da tom, and OHG zomi, empty. Although OE tom, free from, is recorded in A S D , Skeat states that the form is rare, and is apparently borrowed from the Scand. 'Toom, empty.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Lots o' bayns an' a toom panthry': pantry. EY. 1 lots of children and an empty Skee-t, o£. oit., toom, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ^59 Trade £^"brtôdj[ sb. Traffic. The passing backwards and forwards of men and animals. Skeat indicates that this word is connected with the notion of the path which is trodden in the recurring habit and manner of human 2 life and occupation. Consequently, the etymon is ME tred, a footmark, < OS tredan, to tread. Cf. ON troja, to tread, ON trac?k, a trodden spot, OS trada, OHO trata, WHO trate, a track, Ger treten, Du treden« to tread. Da traede, Sw trâda. and Go trudan, to step, tread. 'lie be burved in the King's high-way. Some way of sommon Trade, where Subjects feet may howrely trample on their Soueraignes Head.' Shaks., Rich. I I », III. iii. I 56 . 'Trade, traffic.' Atk., Wh. Gl.. s.v. 'Theer's a vast o' rabbits i ' this pleeace, as onybody can see bi t ' treead': there are many rabbits in this place, as anybody can see by their passing backwards and forwards. EÏ. Trallops ^trbl 0psj| sb. An untidy, indolent person. ME trollen, to r o l K O F troller, to run hither and thither < L G drulen, to roll. A final -op has been added to ME troll to form EY trallops. A similar combination may be noted in E gallop. wallop. 'To troll, trollup; to walk, work, or dress in a slovenly manner.' Jam., SD,, s.v. 'Trallops, a dirty slattern.' Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. 'Sha leeaks laik a trollups' : she looks like a lazy, untidy person. EY. Trash [Jtrae/^ vb. To trudge wearily. This word is probably derived from N traske, Sw traska, or Da traske, 2 Skaat, op. cit., trade, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. '460 to trudge, to walk heavily. Cf. Swiss 'Trash, to tramp about with 'Trash, to trample.* tratschen.to walk heavily. fatigue.* Brockett, Nth. Cty. Wds., s.v. Addy, Sheffield G l ., s.v. *Thoo*s fit ti drop efthur trashin* aboot t * moor*: after trudging about the moor. EY. Trig [ t rig] vb. you are exhausted To fill with food, to stuff. Skeat and NED suggest no etymology for this woixi. It is possible, however, that it may beconnected with ON tryggja, to ms.ke firm, and with extended meaning, to make comfortable by feeding, or to keep or make fit by feeding. Cf. ON tryggr. Da tryg, and Sw trygg, safe, secure. *Trig, to fill, to stuff.' Brockett, Nth. Cty. W d s ., s.v. 'Trig, to feed plentifully, to cram. * Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l .. s.v. 'Cum tiv oor *oose, an* wa'll trig tha': feed you well. EY. Trod [trjod] sb. come to our house, and we'll A foot-path. OE trod, a track, or ON troé*, a lane leading to ahomestead. Cf. Da traad, marks left by treading, and SwD trad, a pathway. *i5e dunes underuo& |?e trodes of him suluen. ' Anc. Riw., 380. 'He chaunst to come, far from all peoples troad.' VI. X. Spenser, F . Q . , 5. 'Trod, a footpath through a field.' 'Trod, a footpath.' Brockett, Nth. Cty. W d s ., s.v. Robinson, Mid—Y ks. G l ., s.v. 'T* lads wur laakin wi* yan anuther on t* trod»: the boys were playing with one another on the foot-path. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U 61 Troll [trbl] vb. To roll, to trundle. The root of this word is obviously to be associated -with Sw trilla. Da trille, and N trilla, and probably also with Siviss trallen, to turn, roll. Cf. ON trxtla, to turn, roll. The vowel of the EY ivord may derive from a doublet form seen in N trulla, to roll. •And ^us hath he trolled forth )>is two and thretty wynter,’ P. Plow., B. xviii. 296 . •Tryllyn or trollyn, volvo. • Prom. Parv., 502. •Troll, to roll, especially down a slope.• Morris, Yks. Fk—T k ., 391. •Wa couldn•t lift t • barl, seea wa trolled i t ’: the barrel, so we rolled it. EY. Truss [trus] sb. Langl., we couldn’t lift A large bundle. 3 NED derives the vrard from OF trusser, to pack, bind. The earlier OF torser answers to Low L *tortiare, to tvd.st together, formed from L tortus, past p. of torquere, to twist. Cf. Prov trossa, Sp troxa, and Port trouxa, a bundle. •Noble men and gentile ... ne vare& nout itrussed mid trusses, ne mid purses. • Anc. R i w ., 168. •Truss, baggage.’ Hall., DAPW., 893. •Truss, a large bundle.• Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. •(a.e ma t ’ pooak, an ' tha can ’ev truss •: you can have the large bundle. EY. Twisty l^twtstl^l adj. give me the small sack, and Quarrelsome, The EY word is identical with Da tvistig, quarrelsome. Cf. (M tvistra. 3 Murray, op. cit.. truss, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ü62 to separate, scatter. Da tviste, to strive, Sw tvista, and Du twisten, to quarrel. The original meaning of the root twi- was of two minds, doubtful. Cf. OE t w a . two, ON tvil, doubt, E t w i l i ^ t . ’Twisty, ill-natured.’ Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. ’Neeabody can get on w i ’ yon twisty chap’: with that quarrelsome man. EY. nobody can get along Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ^463 U Umbethink vb. To recollect.. Derived from OE ymb(^encan, ymbe8encain, to consider, remember. Cf. OM lantienkia, to reflect, OS bithenk.1an, OHG bidenchan. Ger bedenken. and Go bibagk.ian, to call to mind. 'For I me vm-bithoght Tee war men j)at godd duted noght.' 2999. Cnrs. M u n .. 'Unbethynke ^e nowe how |jou has done gret synns and many. * Rel. Pieces, 16. •To nmbethynke, recogitare.’ Gath. Angl.. 403. •Unbethink, to think over again and find out a mistake. To call to mind, to recollect.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 392. •Umbethink wat tha 'eerd gif tha can': if you can. EY. Unheppen (jjn&pin] adj. call to mind what you heard Clumsy, awkward. U n . negative prefix + ON heppinn. lucky, fortunate, may serve to explain the EY word. There seems to be a close connection with SwD vanhappen, unfortunate. Cf. N heppin. lucky. 'An' Lucy wur laame o' one leg ... Straange an' unheppen Miss Lucyl ' Tennyson, Village W ife, 16. 'Unheppen, unbecoming, uncomfortable, indecent, untidy.' s.v. 'Didsta i w e r see sik uneppin carls!': country fellows 1 EY. Unkud fdnkudjj adj. Craven G l .. did you ever see such clumsy Strange, unknown. Apparently from OE uncuS, unknown, strange, unusual. Skeat states that Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U6U OE uncû^ is the same word as Prov E tmked or unkid, strange, unusual, oddt In the EY word the stress has been shifted from the second to the first syllable, and the second vowel has been shortened. 'ünkard, uncouth or awkward, in the sense of not yet being accustomed to a pursuit.’ Atk., Wh. Gl., s.v. ’Yon fooaks is unkud tiv u z ’: Up ]_vp J vb. those people are unknown to us. EY. To break into words suddenly. I do not think that this word represents merely an abnormal use of the E prep. 3^ . Molbech records obe in DaD, and states that it is used in the same sense in the South Jutland dialect. To illustrate the 5 usage he gives e kok ober, the cock breaks into sound (crows). DaD (Sbe undoubtedly goes back to ON oepa, to shout out. Cf. OE wepan. Go wopjan, to cry aloud, ON a shout, a shouting, and OE w o p , a shouting, with w lost in ON before a back vowel. The EY verb could likewise be a development of ON oepa , with a shortened vowel, in the sense of to break into speech. That such a verb existed in ME seems attested by the form iupped, disclosed, past part, of ME uppen, to declare, in A n c . R i w . (to be sure, a southern text). Wyld gives the meaning of MS uppen as to bring u p , to disclose, and traces thi.s ME form to OE yppan, which could mean among other things, to utter, from earlier ^ p p j a n ^ In provincial language generally, the word can be used to mean the beginning of an action, as in he ups and leaves, but in EY it is used only in reference to speaking, and seems to be a synonym of the verb to speak. 4 Skeat, op. olt., uncouth, s.v. 5 ChristilS 6 Wyld, ££» Pit., u p , s.v. M T T b e o h T P^irik Ordbcg. Klobenhavn; Gyldendalske doghandling, 1833- 0£, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. s.v, i6 5 '?;are hit is (?et ich vaiste herof; neuer more been iupped.' Anc. axih |ja\ih, jjxirhme Riw.. 88. >Up, to exclaim.' s.v. Atk., . G-1., 'Then 'e ups an' saays': says. E Y . then he U w e r - UuvaJ adj. ne schulde hit suddenly breaksinto words and Upper, higher. Probably derived from Sw ofver, upper. Cf. ON ofri. upper. 'Uwer, upper. U w e r U p , the top lip. ' 'Sneck t h ' u w e r deear o' t ' lath': b a m . EY. Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. fasten the upper door of the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ii66 Vast [vast]^ sb. A great quantity or number. Apparently derived from OF vaste < L uastum, of large extent. ’Vast, a large number; commonly used as a noun of multitude. ’ Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk.. 392. ’Vast, a great quantity,’ Hall., DAPW., 907* •Theer wur a gurt vast o' fooak at Jim’s sahdin’: there was an exceptionally large number of people at Jim's burial. EY. Viewly [VtullJ adj. Handsome. The source of this word seems to be ME veue, a glance < 0 F veoir, to see < L uidere, to see. 'Viewly, pleasant to the sight, striking to the eye, handsome.’ Brockett, N t h . C t y . W d s ., s.v. 'Viewly, comely or good-looking. Applied to persons and things.’ Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl .. s.v. 'It’s as viewly a pig as onnybody could see': pig as anybody could see, EY. i t ’s as handsome a Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. •U67 W Waffle [ w æ f l]] vb. To waver. To be undecided. The etymon seems to be OE wafian, to wave, fluctuate. ASP collates EY waffle with this word, and also records wafol, a doubting. The cognate in ON is veifa, to wave, swing. •Waffle, to wave, fluctuate.• Hall,, DAPW., 912. •Waffle, to waver with the wind. To hesitate.’ •He waffled a Iang tahm afooar ’e storrted’: long time before he started. EY. Wain [^€ôn J sb. Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v. he was undecided a A waggon. ME wain < 0 E w æ m , a waggon, cart. Of. ON and Sw vagn. OSw wagn. Da vogn, OHG wagan, Ger wagen, and Du wagen, a waggon, cart. •Four ar ^ai tald wange listes ^at draues ^e wain pat es cristes.’ Curs. M u n ., 21264• •See now jje secunde wheel in |>is develis wayn. • •Wain, waggon. ’ Hall., DAPW. , 913* •Wain, a waggon. • Robinson, Mid-Yks . G l .. s.v. •He lowped off t • waan when 'e seed m a ’: when he saw me. EY. Walsh [wal/^ Wyclif, VJks.. 258. adj. he jumped off the waggon Insipid, watery. NED states that the word is a contraction of Prov E wallowish. 7 tasteless, insipid. Hence the source must be identified as OE wealwian, to roll round. Cf. Go walwjan, and L uoluere, to roll. 7 Murrey, £ 2 » cit., walsh, s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L68 'Walsh^ insipid, waterish.' Ray, Nth. Cty. W d s ., 78. 'Welsh, insipid ... Broth and water, pottage without salt are wallow or welsh.' Brockett, Nth. Cty. W d s .. s.v. 'Walsh, lacking in flavour, watery; also sour.' 394. 'It teeasts varry walsh': Wang-tooth jwaei)— tuesj Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., it tastes very watery, EY. sb. A molar tooth or grinder. OE wangto^, a molar. Associated with the first element of the compound are ON vangl, the upper part of the cheek, OSw wang, Du wang, OHG uuanga, and Ger wange, the cheek. 'Swa werkes ay the wanges in his head.' 'Wang-tooath, a molar tooth or grinder.' Chaucer, Reeve *s T ., 110. Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v. 'When ah got t ' wang-tooath oot, ah storrted ti mend': got the molar out, I began to get well. EY. Wankle [waeijkl^ adj. when I Unstable, unsettled, changeable. OE wan col, unstable, unsteady. Of. OS wankol, MDu wankel, OHG wanchal, hîHG wankel, unstable, Ger wanken, to waver, and ON vakka, to stray, hover. 'Wankle, limber, flaccid, ticklish, fickle, wavering.' Cty. W d s ., 79. Ray, N t h . 'Wankle, unsteady, wavering, unsettled; especially of weather, e.g. showery.* Morris, Yks. Fk—T k ., 394. 'Wa mun leeak fur wankle weather at fooar-end o * t ' year ': we must expect unsettled weather at the beginning of the year. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. -U69 Ware pwarj vb. To expend or spend. The connection is probably with ON ver.ja. to lay out, expend. The corresponding word in OE is werian. to clothe, wear, but ON ver.ja has a meaning which is closer to the EY word. Of. ON vara, wares, Sw vara. Da vare, and Ger w a r e , article of commerce. 'Ne'er grudge ilk year to ware some stanes of cheese. To gain these silent friends that ever please.' Ramsay, Gent. Sheph., iv. 2. 'I grabb'd the nrunny she maade, and I wear'd it o' liquor, I did. ' Tennyson, Northern Cobbler, 5* 'Ware, to spend, to bestow,' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'He wur worrln' Jim's brass all t ' tahm*: money all the time. EY. Wark Pwork]] vb. he was spending Jim's To ache. OE w æ r c a n , to be in pain. Cf. ON verkja, to feel pain, Sw vaerka, and Da verke, to ache, 'Leste hor heaved warche.' Anc. Riw., 368. 'Werkyn and akyn, as a score lymme, doleo, indoleo.' 'Wark, to ache.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. 'Mi beeans worrked reet fra mi lisk ti mi teeas': right from my waist to m y toes. EY. Warp Pworp~| Prom. Parv., 523, sb. m y bones ached Deposit or sediment left by flowing water. It seems that OE wearp, pret. of weorpan, to throw, is a likely source of this word, but ON verpa (pret. varp) is equally feasible, with its extended meaning of to throw together so as to form an Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 'i70 accumulation. Note Zoega's illustration of the ON word: &eir urpu 8 haug eptir Gunnar, they raised a mound over Gunnar. Cf. OHG warphen, and Ger werfen, to throw. »V/arpynge of the see, or o^er water, alluvium. ' 'Warp, the deposit left by a river.' Prom. Parv.. 520. Hall., DAPW., 917. 'Warp, an accumulation of sand or other matter, obstructing the flow of water.* Robinson, liLd-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Efthur t ' watter 'ed gone doon, theer wur a vast o' warp*: after the water had gone dotim, there was a lot of sediment. EY. Wath j^wae©^ sb. The name given to a number of stepping-stones placed in a stream, to make a crossing possible. OE wae& or ON va&. a ford. Of. Sw vad, ODa wath, Da vad, OHG w a t , and Du w a d , a ford; all the preceding forms having been borrowed from L uadum, a ford. 'A wathe, vadum flustrum. ' 'Wath, warth, a water ford.' Gath. Angl., 410. Brockett, Nth. Cty. W d s ., s.v. 'Wath, a f o r d a c ross a s t r e a m . ' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 395. 'Gan ower t ' wath, an' tha weean't get thi feeat wet': go over the stepping-stones, and you won't get your feet wet. EY. Wauf [^wsf^ adj. Weak, tasteless. 9 NED derives this word from OE wealg, nauseous. Cf. MDu walghe, N valg, tasteless, DaD vaag, weak, and M o d e m Icelandic velgja, to nauseate. The 1 of OE wealg vocalized, and the £, voiceless because of its position, was replaced in EY by _f; e.g. E through^EIY thruff. a Gelr T. Zoega, A Concise Dlotlonary of Old Icelandic. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1926. verpa, s.v. 9 Murray, _0£. olt., w a u f , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. hll 'Walhwe, n e t h e r b y t t e r n o r swete.' From» P a r v . , 515♦ 'Wauf, f a i n t . A l s o a n y t h i n g fad.nt o r f e e b l e to t h e t a s t e , ' M i d - Y k s . G l ., s.v. 'Ah f e e l s a b i t w a u f ' : Wax [jwaeks]] vb. I feel a bit weak. To i n c r e a s e i n OE weaxan a nd ON v a x a , to gro w . Cf. Robinson, EY. size. OFris w a x a , OS w a h s a n , M D u w a s s a n , O H G w a h s a n , M H G a n d G e r w a c h s e n , S w v a x a . D a v o k s e , a n d Go w a h s j a n , to grow. 'f>a c h i l d r e n w u x e n a n d w e l i ^ o ^ e n . ' L a y . , 30073» 'Als seo w e x o n h i r licatne, S u a w e x h i r l o u e w o r d a n d h i s C u r s . M u n ., I O 6 I 3 . 'W ax , t o t h r i v e , i n c r e a s e . ' 'Wax, 'T' to grow, Hall., DAPW., 919. often used redundantly.' lad's w a x e d a v a s t sen last year': d e a l since last year. EY. Weasand PwLezand~| sb. The f a me.' Morris, Yks. the b o y has F k - T k ., 395» grown a good gullet, windpipe. Undoubtedly derived from OE w a s e n d , the gullet, windpipe, which is o b v i o u s l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h O E h w æ s a n , to b r e a t h e w i t h difficulty. Cf. OS w a s e n d , O F r i s w a s a n d e , O H G w e i s a n t , M H G w e i s e n , throat, windpipe, O N hvaesa, a n d S w D h w a s a , to hiss, wheeze. Skeat mentions 1 that the f o r m is evidently that of a present participle. initial h has been lost, so t h a t E Y w e a s a n d i s literally the wheezing thing. 1 Perhaps an Skeat, _o£. o l t ., w e a s a n d , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U72 '1>ay grjrped togargulton and gray()ely departed pe vresatmt fro j>e wynt~hole.’ Gsw. & Gr. I(., 1336. •Wesaimnt, of a beestys throte, ysofagus.' •Weasand, the throat.• *I4i weazand vrarks*: Weean [^vrtdn~| Prom. Parv., 523. Hall., DAPW., 920. I have a sore throat. EY. sb. A woman. It would be simple to suggest that this EY word is derived from OE cwen, a woman. Although the long OE vowel would explain the EY breaking, there is difficulty in accounting for the loss of the OE initial consonant. Since an initial k tends to remain in the dialect, it is probable that the initial consonant of the etymon was w. Gould EY weean represent the earlier OS wifman, a woman, with the loss of the medial consonants t h r o u ^ stress on the first vowel? •Weean, wench, woman. • Atk., Wh. 0 1 ., s.v. •A weean cum ti t • deear’: Welt j~w£lt 7 vb. a woman came to the door. EY. To tumble, to roll over. Probably derived from ON velta, to roll, to tumble over. Cf. OSw walta, Sw valta, N velta. Da vaelte, Ger walzen, and OE wealtan, to roll round. •Hit was a wenying vn—war ^at welt in his mynde. • 0. 115. •To welt or wo It, overturn cart or wain. • s.v. •Doon ’e went a n ’ welted in t • geeat’: over in the street. E Y . E. E . Allit. P ., Hunter, Hallamshire Gl., down he went and rolled Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. kl3 Wer Poss. a d j . Our. It Is very likely that EY w e r is derived from ON v a r , our. Cf. OSw w a r , S w v a r , and Da v o r , our. •Wer, poss. pron., our. ON varr as distinct from the OE form ü r e .^ Atk., IVh. G l ., s.v. *T o n ’s w e r M a r y ’: Wh a n g t h a t ’s our Mary. EY. sb. A strap. NED describes this word as a variant of OE <^wang, a thong, strap? Cf. ON ^vengr, and OS t w a n g e , a thong, strap. ’V/hang, a long strip of leather. The word is now generally used for the tough white leather made of horse—hide, commonly employed for uniting the ends of machine straps, or for the end of a lash. ’ Morris, Y k s . F k - T k ., 397» 'Gin tha deean't mahnd, a h ’11 tak w a n g ti tha': attention. I ’ll take the strap to you. EY. Wheea and interr. pro. if you don't pay Who. OE h w â , w h o , regularly becomes hweea [liWLdJ in EY, but the spirant has been voiced. The form with a voiceless spirant is used at the beginning of a sentence, but if the word occurs subsequently it is voiced. 'Wheea, who. ' A t k . , Wh. G l . , s.v. 'VJheea owes t ' dog?': Wheea |~wLe J who o^vns the dog? EY. inter j . Why, well! _ 3 Skeat states that E w h y is the instrumental case of OE h w a , who. 2 M u r r a y , _o£. o l t ., wha n g , 3 Skeat, s.v. o p . o l t ., w h y , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Consequently this EY word may be a survival of OE hwi, the instrumental form of h w a . •V/hya, welll at the beginning of a remark; also very well, in assenting to anything.' Morris,'Y k s . Fk—T k ., 397* HVheea, ah deean’t ken t ’ chap’; Whidder |_wtdaj vb. why, I d on’t know the man. EY. To move with force, as a strong wind. According to N E D , this word is to be associated with ON *hvi6ra, and N kvidra, to go to and fro with short, quick movements. Of. ON hvi^a. a squall of wind, and OE hwi^a, air, breeze. ’The stane ... flaw out quhedirand.’ Barbour, Bruce, xvii. 6B4- ’VJhither, to whirl rapidly with a booming sound. ’ Jam., ^ . , s.v. ’VJhidder, to move with impetus sufficient to make solidly—fixed things shake.’ Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. ’It whiddered thruff t h ’oose, a n ’ brak a vast o* pots': it moved with force through the house, and broke a good many dishes. EY. Whisk r w l s k l vb. To move quickly and lightly. The -sk in this word points to a Scand origin, which appears to be Da viske, to wipe, or Sw viska, to wipe, rub, sponge. G f . ON visk, a wisp, N viska, to bundle up straw, OHG wisken,MHG and Ger wischen, to wipe briskly. Fris wisken, to go fast, and OE wiscian, to wipe. ’You ... whiske about by sea and by lande to get pelfe.’ Coverdale, B i b ., Jas. iv. 13» ’Whisk, to whirl past.’ Atk., W h . G l ., s.v. IT’ lass whisked doon t ’ geeat laik an awf ’: the girl flitted down the street like a fairy. EY. 4 Murray^ op» clt*, whldderj s.v* Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. his IVhittle sb. A large butcher's knife. Apparently the source is ME thwitel. a knife < 0 E |)wïtan, to cut. Since the ME period the form has lost an initial consonant, and the w in E unvoiced (in America and northern E), as in the derived verb whittle. Gf. ON t>veitr > E thwaite, a clearing, ON bveita, to hurl, fling. Da doit, a farthing (a small piece cut off). '>/hittle, any kind of knife from a carver to a pocket-knife gets this name. ' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. 'He cut a bit off t ' flick wi' t ' wittle': he cut a bit off the flitch of bacon with the butcher knife. EY. Wike [wdlk] sb. A small inlet or bay. Skeat identifies this word as Scand, and gives ON vik, inlet, bay, as the etymon. Cf. OE w i c , dwelling-place, bay, creek, OSw w i k , Sw vik. Da vig, cove, creek. Fris w i k , and MDu wijck, bay. 'Wik, wyck, or wyke, a crook or comer, as in a river or sea shore.' Brockett, Nth. Cty. W d s ., s.v. 'Wyke, a bay, a recess of the coast, as Runswick.' 'Ah seed 'is booat cum intiv waik an 'oor sen': into the bay an hour ago. EY. Winch l^win^ vb. Atk., Wh. 01., s.v. I saw his boat come To threaten to kick. Skeat derives this word from ME winchen < 0 F *winchir, an older form of OF guinchir, to writhe! Of. OHG wankon, and MHG wenchen, to wince, to start aside. 'Wyncyn, calcitro, recalcitro; smytyn with the fote as hors.' Prom. Parv., 528. 5 Skeat, _0£. o l t ., wlok, s.v. é Ibi d . w l n o e , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U76 *To •wynche, calcitrare.’ Gath. Angl,, 420. 'Let se who that dare She the mockysshe mare: They make her wynche and keke.' Skelton, Col. Cloute, 182. •Wlnge, to threaten or begin to kick, to show signs of kicking, especially of a horse.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 398. 'Sither, th'oss is winchin': to kick! EY. Wite QwattJ vb. look out, the horse is threatening To reproach. To blame. OE witan, to accuse, reproach, blame; OE æ t - w î t a n , to censure, taunt > E twit. Cf. ON vita, to impose a penalty, OS witan, MDu wxten, Du wij ten, OHG wizan, MHG wizen, Ger verweissen, to reproach. Go weitan in fraweitan, to avenge, OSw w ita, to lay to one's charge, and Sw forvita, to reproach. 'Wharefore I am mare j>an Judas to wyte. ' 'Schal he his mishap wite me?' Rel. Pieces, 6?. Owl & Night., 1249. 'Allas Fortune ... Thy false wheel my wo al may I wyte. ' Monk's T ., 436 . Chaucer, 'Wite, to reproach or cast up to, to blame or impute culpability. ' Atk., Vfh. G l ., s.v. 'Tha maun 't wait ma wi ' that ': Wi [^wt^ prep. you mustn 't reproach me with that. E Y . With. Before a vowel or h mute the form is w i v . ME with < 0 E w i 8 , by, near, among. 'Wheea's wi' t ' lad?': who is with the boy? EY. 'Wiv, with, by. Only used before a vowel or h. ' 398. •He's stannin' wiv 'issen': Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., he's standing all alone. EY. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. U77 Wode [wLed] adj. Furious, mad. Undoubtedly derived from OE w o d , raging, mad, senseless. Gf. ON o5r, OHG wuot, MHG and Ger wuot, and Go w o d . rage, fury. 'When the kynge Rion saugh the damage that thei hadde hym don he was nygh wode for ire.’ Mer., 324. ’When neebors anger at a plea. A n ’ just as wud can be.' Sc. Drink, 13. 'Wode, furious, outrageous, mad,' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Deean't gan tiv 'im gin 'e's weead': furious. EY. Won [w u n ] vb. Bums, don’t go to him if he's To dwell, to abide. Apparently from OE wunian, to inhabit, dwell, abide. Cf. ON una, to dwell, to be content in a place, OFris wunia, OS wun8n, MDu won en, OHG women, l^üHG women, Ger wohnen, to remain, dwell. 'pou and pi childer it sal bigin And pat wons pi house wit in.’ Curs. M u n ., 2678. 'Wun, to abide.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. Gl., s.v. 'Wa wun at th'aud pleeace yit': Wringe J^rtn^J vb. we live at the old place still. EY. To twist. OS wringan. to wring, twist. Cf. ME wringen. to twist. Da vrænge. Sw vranga, and NFris wrenge, to twist. The final consonant in the EY pronunciation represents a development from that in standard E sing and wing on the one hand, and from that in standard E singe and hinge on the other. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. n 78 'Some gase -wrynchand to and fra And some gas hypand als a ka.' P r . Cons., 1536 . 'Wrings, to t-wist or compress.' Hold. Gl.. s.v. 'He set theer vnringin' 'is coif iv 'is 'ands': his cap in his hands. EY. he sat there twisting Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L79 Yam Ijæmj sb. Home. Da hjem, home, is very close to EY yam in form and meaning. It is apparent that this EY word is of Scand origin. Gf. ON heimr, an abode, Sw h e m , Ger heim, OE h a m , home, dwelling, and Go haims, a village. The NY form is yem ij&m j, also a development of the Scand, and the WY is ooam juam |, a development of OE hâm, home. 'Yam, home,' Hall., DAPW., 943» 'Yam, home.' Morris, Yks. Fk-Tk., 399* 'Ah i^nir at yam all tahm '; Yare |_ja] adj . I was at home all the time. E Y . Ready, prepared. The word is apparently derived from OE gearo, prepared, equipped, ready. G f . OS garu, Du gaar, OHG garo, MHG gara, ready, prepared, complete, and ON gorr, set in order. 'Weoren alle pa. cnihtes ^aerewe to bon fihte.' L a y ., 9457• 'On athir syd thus war thai yhar. And till ensemble all redy war. ' Barbour, Bruce, ii. 346. 'Yare, ready.' Hall., DAPW., 943. 'Yare, ready, disposed to.' Atk., Wh. G l ., s.v. 'Ah's yare fur summat t'eeat': Yat f jaetj sb. I am ready for something to eat. EY. A gate. Derived from OE geat, a gate. Gf. OFris gat, a hole, opening, OS gat. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. aso the eye of a needle, ON gat and Du gat, a gap, hole. NED states 7 that the word is wanting in OHG and Go. 'Gate, or ^ate, porta.' Prom. Parv., 188. 'For when j)e dede is at ^e yhate Than is he warned over late. ' Pr. Cons., 2001. IYat, a gate.' Hold. G l ., s.v. 'Sneck t'yat': fasten the gate. EY. Yowden | jauddnj vb. To submit. To render obedience. This word may be associated with OE gieldan, to yield, serve. NED indicates that the Anglian form of OE gieldan was gelden, with 8 golden as the past participle. However, there are, to be sure, some problems in obtaining EY yowden from the latter. G f . OFris gelda, OS geldan, Du gelden,OHG gelt a n , MHG and Gergelten, and ONgjalda, to give back, render, submit. Ite luus was j)ann |?air vnder-lute, Sampson bund en t>ai yald for dute. ' Curs. Mun., 7164. 'And suretee wol I han, er that thou pace. Thy body for to yelden in this place.' Chaucer, Wife of Bath'c T ., 56. 'Yowden, to yield.' Robinson, Mid-Yks. G l ., s.v. 'Ah'11 mak obey me tha yowden afooar ah'm thruff wi'tha': I'll make before I'm through with you. EY. 7 Murray, ci t ., gate, s.v. 8 Ibid. y o w d e n , s.v. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. you i8 l BIBLIOGRAPHY Aasen, Ivar Andreas. Norsk Ordbog nied Dansk Forklaring. Kristiania: A. Gamniermeyer, 1900. Addy, Samuel 0. Glossary of Words used in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield. London: Trubner and Co., 1S90, A l f r e d . Boethius: De Consolatione Philosophiae: ed. Mark Science. London: Early English Text Society, 1927. iteIf ri c • The Old English Version of the Heptateuch ; ed. S. J . Crawford. London: Early English Text Society, 1922. Allen, Hope Eiïdly. English Writings of Richard Rolle. Hermit of Hampole. Oxford: University Press, 1931. Ancren R i w l e ; ed. James Morton. London: Camden Society, No. 57^ 1853. Quoted by p a g e . Anecdota LLteraria; ed. Thomas Wright. A collection of short poems in English, Latin, and French, illustrative of the literature and history of England in the 13th century. London: J. R. Smith, 1844. Ascham, Roger. 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A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words. 7th ed. London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd., 1924. Harland, John. A Glossary of Words used in Swaledale, Yorkshire. London: English Dialect Society, No. 3. Trubner and Co., 1873. Herrick, Robert. The Poetical Works of Robert Herrick; ed. F. W. Moorman. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1915. Holdemess, Thomas. Some Place-names of the East Riding of Yorkshire; with specimens of the dialect. Driffield: Printed at the office of the Driffield Observer, 1899. Holthausen, Friedrich, Aliens]!sches Etvrnologrisches Worterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, Universitatsverlag, 1934. Huchon, René. Histoire de la Langue Anglaise. Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1923. Hunter, Joseph. The Hallamshire Glossary. London: William Pickering, 1829. Irving, Washington. The Works of Washington Irvins. New York: Peter Fenelon Collier, 1897. 3 vols. Jamieson, John. Dictionary of the Scottish Language; ed. J. Johnstone and W. Longmuir. Paisley: A. Gardner, 1927. 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