THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN SOIL TREATMENTS ON THE COBALTSUPPLYING POWER OF SOME NOVA SCOTIAN SOILS

By
James R« Wright
ur wnp<rw>frf*Tfiiwif»

A THESIS

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Soil Science

1952

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f

ACKNOWLEDGrEI/ENTS

The author gratefully acknowledges the guidance
of Dr. K. Lawton, the constructive criticism of
Dr. L. M. Turk, and the support of the Nova Scotia
Department of Agriculture and Marketing and the Division
of Chemistry, Science Service, Canada Department of
Agriculture.

VITA
James Roderick Wright
candidate for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Dissertation:

The Effect of Certain Soil Treatments on
the Cobalt-Supplying Power of Some Nova
Scotian Soils

Outline of Studies
Major subject: Soil Science
Minor subjects: Chemistry, Mathematics
Biographical Items
Born, July 19, 191&, Riversdale, Nova Scotia
Undergraduate Studies, Nova Scotia Agricultural
College, 1935-37, Me Grill University, 1938-lj.O
Graduate Studies, Michigan State College, 194-7-^8,
cont. 1950“5l
Experience:

Assistant in Soils, Nova Scotia Agricultural
College, 1937-33, Soil Surveyor, Nova Scotia
Agricultural College, 1939-J+O, Member Royal
Canadian Air Force, 19lf.l-^-5, Assistant
Provincial Chemist, Nova Scotia Agricultural
College, 19I+6-5 0 , Agricultural Research
Officer, Canada Department of Agriculture, 1951

Awarded Macdonald College Scholarship, 1938-^0 ,
Agricultural Institute of Canada Scholarship, 19^7
Member of the Society of the Sigma Xi

iii

ABSTRACT
Cobalt-deficient areas are thought to occur in
certain parts of Nova Scotia since ruminants suffering
from nutritional disorders have responded to cobalt
treatment.
Representative samples of 1^ major soils of the
Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia were studied for their
cobalt-supplying potential as affected by certain soil
treatments.
Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted in­
volving the effect of soil applications of cobalt salts and
dolomitic limestone on the yield and cobalt content of oat
and timothy crops.

One soil, a Woodville sandy loam, was

selected for more detailed studies on the effects of gypsum,
copper, and varied rates of application of dolomite, cobalt,
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the yield and cobalt
content of timothy.
Mechanical analyses, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen,
exchange capacity, exchangeable bases and total cobalt deter­
minations were made on the soils.

The cobalt content of the

forage was determined by the ortho-nitrosocresol method.
The texture of these soils ranged from sandy loam to
clay and the reaction from pH Ij-.g to 6.^.

iv

The cobalt content of the soils varied from 3*6 to
21.0 parts per million.
There was a significant negative correlation between
total soil cobalt and per cent, sand, and a positive corre­
lation between cobalt content and base exchange capacity.
No correlation was found between cobalt content and the
organic matter or nitrogen content of the soils.
The cobalt content of the oat crop grown on these
soils was significantly correlated with soil pH and texture
but not with base exchange capacity, per cent, base satura­
tion or organic matter content.
There was no correlation between the cobalt content of
the soils and the cobalt content of the crops grown on them.
Soil applications of cobalt did not significantly
affect the yield of oats or timothy with the exception of
the oat crop on the Middleton and Wolfville soils.

However

there was a marked increase in the cobalt content of the
forage.
Dolomite significantly increased the yield of both
oats and timothy and markedly reduced the uptake of applied
cobalt.

Dolomite had a depressing effect on the plant up­

take of native soil bobalt but the depression was signifi­
cant only on four soils.
The plant uptake of added cobalt was in general less
than 0.5 per cent.

V

A 2-ton-per-acre application of dolomite was Just as
effective as heavier applications in reducing the plant
uptake of applied cobalt.
A 2-ton-per-acre application of gypsum did not affect
the yield of timothy but greatly increased the cobalt con­
tent of the forage both on cobalt treated and untreated
soil.
Applications of copper sulphate at the rate of 20
pounds per acre significantly decreased the yield of timothy.
Where dolomite was not applied the copper treatment increased
the cobalt content of timothy grown on Woodville soil.
Yield of timothy on Woodville soil was significantly
increased by increasing the rate of applied nitrogen but
phosphorus and potassium had no effect.

Varying the rate

of applied nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium did not affect
the cobalt content of the timothy.

vi

TABLE OP CONTENTS
I
II
III

PAGE

INTRODUCTION ..........................................

1

HISTORICAL R E V I E W .......... ............ .............. 2
REGION INVESTIGATED ..................................

12

A* Description of the Area ....... .........

12

1. Location

..... .............

2. Physiography

12

.....

B. Description of the Soils

12
........

13

1. Well-drained Soils on Glacial Clay Till •••.•••• 15
2. Imperfectly-drained Soils on Glacial Clay Till., 17
3. Well-drained Soils on Glacial Sandy Till...

18

i|.. Well-drained Soils on Water-deposited Sandy and
Gravelly Parent Material................

19

5>. Imperfectly-drained Soils on Water-deposited
Clay Parent Material.......

20

6* Immature Soils Developed on Delta and Marine
Deposits

.....

21

7. Soils on Largely Residual Parent Material.
IV

EXPERIMENTAL.......
A. Greenhouse Studies

22
23

........

23

1 • Experiment I

23

2. Experiment II................

25

B • Laboratory Studies
1. Soil Analysis
2. Plant Analysis

.....

28

........
.....

28
••••• 29

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
V

(continued)

PAGE

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...............................
A. Experiment I

....................

33

1, Analysis ofSoils ...........

33

2,

Effect of Cobalt and Dolomite

3,

Effect of Cobalt and Dolomiteon Cobalt Content..

B • Experiment II

33

on Yield

.....

36
44
58

1.

Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium

.... 61

2.

Effect of Copper.............

65

3.

Effect of Gypsum and Dolomite........ .

68

VI S U M M A R Y ............................................... 75
BIBLIOGRAPHY

80

viii

LIST OF TABLES
Table

I

PAGE

Soil Treatments Used in Experiment II on a
Woodville Sandy Loam Soil ...................... 26

Table

II

Physical and Chemical Analysis of Soils •••.•••• 35

Table III

Yield of Oat Plants per Pot ........ •«•••....•• 37

Table

IV

Average Yield of Oat Plants

Table

V

Table

.......

38

Analysis of Variance of the Yield of Oat Plants

40

VI

Yield of Timothy Plants per Pot

.........

41

Table VII

Average Yield of Timothy Plants

........

42

Table VIII Analysis of Variance of the Yield of Timothy

Table

IX

Table

X

Table

XI

Plants ........

43

Cobalt Content of Oat Plants......

45

Average Cobalt Content of Oat Plants..........

46

Analysis of Variance of the Cobalt Content of
Oat Plants

Table XII

........

Cobalt Content of Timothy Plants..............

48
53

Table XIII Average Cobalt Content of Timothy Plants ....... 55
Table XIV

Analysis of Variance of the Cobalt Content of
Timothy Plants..................

Table

XV

The Effect of Various Soil Treatments on the
Reaction of a Woodville Sandy Loam S o i l .......

Table XVI

56

60

Yield of Timothy as Affected by Various Soil
Treatments on a Woodville Sandy Loam Soil...... 62

Table XVII Cobalt Content of Timothy as Affected by Various
Soil Treatments on a Woodville Sandy Loam Soil,. 63

ix

LIST OP TABLES (continued)
Table XVIII

PAGE

Yield and Cobalt Content of Timothy as
Affected by Applications of Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
and Potassium on a Woodville Sandy Loam Soil..64

Table

XIX The Effect of Copper

on the Yield and Cobalt

Content of Timothy Grown on a Woodville Sandy
Loam Soil...... ...................... ........66
Table

XX Analysis of Variance

of the Yield of Timothy

on a Cobalt and Gypsum Treated Woodville Sandy
Loam Soil............................... ...... 69
Table

XXI Analysis of Variance

of the Yield of Timothy

on a Cobalt and Dolomite Treated Woodville
Sandy Loam
Table

Soil......... .................... 70

XXII The Effect of Gypsum, Cobalt and Dolomite
Treatments on the Cobalt Content of Timothy
Grown on aWoodville Sandy Loam Soil..........

72

X

LIST OP FIGURES
Figure

PAGE

1. Sketch Map of Nova Scotia Showing Area of
Survey.

.....

14

Figure

2. Sketch Map Showing Geological Formations .....

Figure

3. Soil Map of Annapolis Valley (in pocket inside
back cover)

Figure

4. A Comparison of the Cobalt Content of 12 Soils

16

with the Cobalt Content of the Oat Crop Grown
on Them.
Figure

.....

49

5. Relationship between the Content of Cobalt in
the Oat Crop and the pH Values of S o i l s .........50

Figure

6. Effect of Soil Treatments on the Cobalt Content
of Oats Grown on 12 Different Soils

Figure

7. Effect of Soil Treatments on the Cobalt Content
of Oats Grown on Nine Different S o i l s

Figure

52

57

8 . Per Cent, of Applied Cobalt Taken Up by the
Oat Crop on 12 Limed and Unlimed Soils ...••.••• 59

Figure

9. Effect of Copper with Other Soil Treatments on
the Yield of T i m o t h y

......••••••..••••••• 67

Figure 10, The Appearance of the Timothy Crop after Eight
Weeks’ Growth on Woodville Soil Receiving
Various Dolomite, Gypsum and Cobalt Treatments •. 7L
Figure 11. Cobalt Content of Timothy Grown on Woodville
Soil at Varied pH Values and Three Levels of
Cobalt .........................................

74

INTRODUCTION
The cobalt content of soils and herbage has assumed
importance in recent years because of the relationship
between cobalt content of herbage and animal nutrition.
Deficiency conditions of animals fed on plant materials low
in cobalt have been reported in many countries, particularly
Australia, New Zealand, and Great Britain.

It is suspected

that certain deficient areas occur in Nova Scotia since ail­
ing cattle In these areas have responded to cobalt treatment.
A study was undertaken in the fall of 19^8 with the in­
tention of evaluating the cobalt status of the major soil
types in the geographical area known as the Annapolis Valley
of Nova Scotia.

Also, in view of the intensive dolomitic

liming program in the region, it seemed particularly desirable
to investigate the effects of soil applications of dolomite
on the plant uptake of cobalt.

One soil was selected for a

more detailed study of the effects of different rates of
application of cobalt, copper, dolomite, gypsum, nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium on the yield and cobalt contents of
oats and timothy plants.

II HISTORICAL REVIEW
The first reported investigations of the cobalt content
of soils used for agricultural purposes appear to be of Euro­
pean origin.

Thus Bertrand and Mokragnatz

(19 22) found 2.8

parts per million of cobalt in a very fertile soil near Bel­
grade, Yugoslavia, and 3*7 parts per million in a soil at
the Pasteur Institute in France.

Later, when it was estab­

lished that cobalt was an essential element in the nutrition
of ruminants, many reports on the cobalt status of soils
appeared in the literature.
In New Zealand, Askew and Maunsell (1937) reported
that the cobalt contents of three pasture soils were 1|1 , 18
and 17 parts per million.

Kidson (1937) examined a large

number of New Zealand soils and reported that the cobalt
soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid varied from 0.3
to 380 parts per million.

Rigg (1937) found that the Glen-

hope, Kaharoa and Taupo soils of New Zealand contained less
than 2 parts per million of cobalt; Taranaki soils averaged
12 parts per million and Morton Mains soils contained ij. to
5 parts per million.

Other investigations by Rigg (1939)

showed that in the Nelson-Collingwood districts of New
Zealand certain soils derived from granite contained approxi­
mately 1 part per million of cobalt.

Soils derived from

limestone, basic rocks and Ordivician slates were much higher

3

in cobalt.

A survey by Stanton and Kidson (1939) indicated

that geological formations considerably influenced the cobalt
contents of derived soils.

They found that soils from Kai-

teriteri granite were low in cobalt.

McNaught and Paul (I9I4.O)

observed that highly calcareous soils of New Zealand contained
only 0.030 to 0.0i|5 parts per million of cobalt.

Rigg (19^0 a)

observed a rather widespread correlation of low cobalt figures
with the granite soils of the Sherry-Wanpapaka district of
Nelson, New Zealand.

He found that recent alluvial soils in

the Grey-Reefton Valley were moderately well supplied with
cobalt but terrace land underlain by gravels had a low
cobalt content.

In some cases the residual soils derived

from limestone contained 26 parts per million of cobalt as
compared with only 0.2 parts per million in the parent lime­
stone.

Rigg (19^0 b) reported that the soils of the Marlbo­

rough district contained 3*8 to 18*8 parts per million of
cobalt.

The low values were found mainly for the hill coun­

try or for river terrace pastures.

He observed that a ser­

pentine derived soil had a cobalt content of 350 parts per
million*
Stewart, Mitchell and Stewart (19lfl) reported that
the cobalt content of all soils examined spectrographically
at the Macaulay Institute in Scotland ranged between 1 and
300 parts per million with a mode of approximately 10 parts
per million.

Mitchell (191*4) stated that soil parent

material and its mode of formation have a great influence

k

on the distribution of trace elements in soils.

When a soil

can be related directly to an igneous rock he believes the
trace constituents of the soil can be foretold with reason­
able accuracy, but the problem is complicated when the soil
is derived from glacial drift from various rocks.

According

to Malyuga (I9I4J4.) various types of soil in Russia did not
vary much from 10 parts per million of cobalt.

He observed

that the chernozen soils, rich in humus, contained somewhat
more than average amounts of cobalt while podzol soils were
below the average.

In a study of the soils of Italy, Cambi

(19^9 ) reported cobalt contents ranging from i|..59

20*00

parts per million.
Reports on the cobalt status of Canadian soils are
meagre.

Wright (I9I1.6 ) found the cobalt contents of six

soils from Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, to range from
5*5 to 12.3 parts per million.

However, the cobalt content

of 12 soils reported in the Nova Scotia Department of Agri­
culture and Marketing Report (1950) were quite low.

These

determinations were made spectrographically and ranged from
1.0 to ip.5 parts per million of cobalt.

Giles (1951) found

the cobalt content of 10 podzol soils of eastern Canada to
range from

3*5 to 1&*5 parts per million.

In studies of

the trace element content of 90 Carleton County, Ontario,
soils, Atkinson, Giles and MacLean (1952) reported a minimum
cobalt content of 2.0 parts per million, and a maximum of
22.8 parts per million, with 30 per cent, being below 5*0
parts per million.

5

Cobalt deficiency conditions in animals are often asso­
ciated with soils of comparatively low total cobalt content*
Grimmett (1937) reported that certain North Auckland, New
Zealand soils associated with cobalt-deficient pastures had
a cobalt content of 10 parts per million*

In Denmark,

Western Australia, where wasting disease is prevalent in
livestock, Harvey (1937) found that surface soils usually
contained less than 3 parts per million of cobalt on the airdry basis.

Surface soils in several healthy localities

ranged from lj..2 to I|.0.0 parts per million of cobalt.

Under­

wood and Harvey (1938) reported that the cobalt content of
22 samples of soil on which enzootic marasmus occurs in gra­
zing sheep and cattle ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 parts per
million on the air-dry basis while 27 samples on adjacent
healthy locations had a cobalt content ranging from 0.2 to
32.0 parts per million.

They found that in adjacent poor

non-agrieultural soils the range was 0.1 to 0.5 parts per
million while 2)4. healthy soils outside the affected area had
a cobalt content ranging from 0.5 to lj.0.0 parts per million.
In England, Patterson (1937) observed a sheep disease
on Dartmoor moorland soils having a cobalt content of 3*9
parts per million while healthy soils had 16.7 parts per
million.

Kidson (1938) reported that soils from the Dart­

moor area, on which sheep suffered from "pining" disease
contained 3 to I4 parts per million of cobalt whereas
healthy soils contained 11 to 30 parts per million.

Stewart,

6

Mitchell and Stewart (19ifl) found that most of the "pining"
soils in Scotland had less than £ parts per million of cobalt*
In the United States, Beeson, Gray, and Hamner (I9I4.8 )
found that cobalt deficiencies in the White Mountains of New
Hampshire and on Gape God were associated with granite
soils.

Several parts of the United States, particularly

in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and in the Northeast are re­
ported by Beeson (19i|-8) to have soils and herbage deficient
in cobalt.

Particularly interesting is his observation

that cobalt deficiency in cattle in a specific area of the
Coastal Plain was not related to soil type.

Instead he

said the age of the soil in terms of total time available
for the soil-forming processes to have operated seemed to
be the most important factor.

Referring to the Northeast

region of the United States, he claimed that the cobalt
deficient areas are those in which the soils are young and
immature.

In Canada, Bowstead and Sackville (1939) were

the first to report a suspected cobalt-deficient area.

They

reported that in Alberta unthrifty ewes responded to cobalt
treatment after feeding on non-leguminous hay of very low
cobalt content.
Since cobalt is of importance primarily in the nutri­
tion of ruminants, most investigations into the cobalt con­
tent of plants have been concerned with forages.

In New

Zealand Askew and Maunsell (1937) made a survey of several

7

pastures in the Nelson district and found the cobalt content
of good pastures ranged between 0«06 and 1.26 parts per
million while the values for cobalt-deficient pastures fell
between 0 «0I4. and 0.25 parts per million.

Stanton

and Kid-

son (1939) reported that good pastures in the Nelson dis­
trict contained 0.03 to 0.21 parts per million of cobalt
while pastures associated with stock ailment contained 0.03
to 0.05 parts per million.

Rigg (19^0 b) found that pas­

tures of the Marlborough district, New Zealand, contained
O.Oif. to 0.l6 parts per million of cobalt.

According to

Underwood and Harvey (1938) healthy pastures at Denmark,
Australia, had an average cobalt content of 0.13 parts per
million while pastures on which animals suffered from cobalt
deficiency had an average cobalt content of O.Olj. parts per
million.
Sutherland and Smith (1950) made spectrographic analy­
sis of 67 hay and pasture samples from various parts of Nova
Scotia, Canada.

Their data would indicate widespread cobalt

deficiency in Nova Scotia since the highest cobalt concen­
tration they obtained was 0.07 parts per million and in 2lj.
samples of forage they were not able to detect any cobalt.
However their results would appear to be low as compared
with similar investigations conducted in other countries.
Although many workers have shown that the cobalt con­
tent of plants can be increased by treatment of soils with
cobalt salts, it appears that yields are not increased.

In

8

some instances reduced yields have been reported due to the
toxic effects of this element.

Thus Young (1935) observed

that cobalt was detrimental to the growth of timothy in a
pot experiment on Merrimae coarse sandy loam.

Askew and

Dixon (1937) observed that in a pot experiment with dogstail, ryegrass and white clover a soil treatment of 200
pounds of cobalt chloride per acre increased the cobalt
content of the dry plant tissue from an average of 0,2 parts
per million to as high as 122,0 parts per million*

However,

such large applications of cobalt chloride were toxic to
many pasture plants, especially white clover.

Riceman and

Donald (1938) in plot tests with I4.8 plant species on cal­
careous dune sands found that

$ pounds

of cobalt chloride

per acre depressed the growth of oats, wheat and barley.
In a pot experiment with peat soils Zelenov (1940) found
that there was no favourable effect of cobalt on the growth
of oats.

Stewart, Mitchell and Stewart (I9I4I) in a field

experiment observed that cobalt dressings up to andinclud­
ing 40 pounds of cobalt chloride per acre had no visible
effect on yield.

However 80 pounds of cobalt chloride per

acre markedly depressed the growth of both grasses and
clovers.

Rossiter, Curnow and Underwood (1948) in a field

experiment with Dwalganup subterranean clover observed no
significant effect of cobalt on yield at either the rosette
or flowering stage, and no interaction with growth stage.

9

Comparatively low rates of soil applications of cobalt
salts are usually sufficient to increase the cobalt content
of forage to the desired level.

Three weeks after an appli­

cation of I}, ounces of cobalt sulphate per acre Askew (I9I4.6 )
found that the cobalt content of a pasture had increased from
0.03 to 0.22 parts per million, then dropped rapidly and was
0.09 parts per million l6 months later.

At this time he

found that the pasture receiving 8 ounces per acre of the
cobalt salt contained 0.12 parts per million of cobalt.
Stewart (19J4.6 ) observed that top-dressing with 2 pounds of
cobalt sulphate per acre on first-year grass was ample to
ensure adequate cobalt in the third-year grass.
Rossiter, Curnow and Underwood (I9I4.8 ) showed that the
plant uptake of applied cobalt was low.

At the rates of

application used, I4. ounces and 8 ounces of cobalt sulphate
per acre, they found that about 1 per cent, of the applied
cobalt was recovered in the clover plants over a two-year
period.

They noted that uptake of cobalt by plants was

approximately proportional to the amount supplied.
The effect of liming on the plant uptake of cobalt is
of particular interest in those regions where the soils are
acid in reaction, and regular applications of liming materials
are highly desirable.

Thus Askew and Dixon (1937) reported

that the use of ground limestone in conjunction with cobalt
resulted in lowering of the cobalt intake by plants.
(I9I4.O a) found that in New Zealand a Southland ground

Rigg

10

limestone containing 5 parts per million of cobalt when
applied at the rate of 3 tons per acre increased the cobalt
content of the pasture to the same extent as Lj. ounces of
cobalt sulphate per acre.

Similarly Askew (19^3) observed

that Southland limestone carrying 5 parts per million of
cobalt caused a slight improvement in the cobalt content of
the pasture but this beneficial effect was of short duration.
However, on plots where Nelson limestone (very low cobalt
content) was applied he observed a depression in the cobalt
content of the grass.

Other work in New Zealand by Ifatson

(19^1-3 ) indicated that the cobalt content of pastures was
not significantly changed with additions of low and high
cobalt content limestone to the soil.

An anonymous (I9I4.3 )

report of investigations at the Cawthron Institute, New
Zealand, claimed that ground limestone used alone continued
to slightly depress the cobalt content of pastures, but
the addition of magnesium carbonate or sulphate to the fer­
tilizer did not affect the cobalt content of the pastures.
Investigations in Scotland by Mitchell (19l|-6) showed
that

tons of ground limestone per acre decreased the up­

take of cobalt by red clover from 0.22 to 0.18 parts per
million and where 2 pounds of cobalt chloride per acre was
applied the limestone decreased the cobalt content of the
plants from O .89 to 0.£3 parts per million.

He concluded

that it has been well demonstrated that lime, principally
through its effect on soil acidity, decreases the plant
uptake of cobalt.

11

In a pot experiment with soybeans on a Norfolk fine
sand Beeson, Gray and Haraner (I9I4.8 ) observed that limestone
reduced the absorption of cobalt by the plant where cobalt
was applied*

However they stated that "no significant effect

occurred with respect to absorption where no cobalt had been
added to the soil"*

They reported that similar to limestone,

high phosphorus levels reduced the uptake of added cobalt
but that there was no significant effect of nitrogen or
potassium on the uptake of cobalt.
Although many investigators have used cobalt chloride
or cobalt sulphate, other cobalt-containing materials also
have been shown to be satisfactory sources of cobalt when
applied to the soil.

Askew (19^3) found that 200 pounds of

cobaltized superphosphate per acre, carrying the equivalent
of l6 ounces of cobalt sulphate, resulted in a marked im­
provement in the cobalt status of pastures.

Maunsell and

Simpson (19^ 4.) demonstrated that the cobalt content of
pasture could be satisfactorily increased by adding the
cobalt sulphate mixed with superphosphate; reverted super­
phosphate (15 per cent. GaO); superphosphate and lime;
lime; serpentine and superphosphate; beach sand; pumice
sand; and a water solution.

Askew and Watson (I9I1-8 ) found

that cobalt applied as the sulphate, hydroxide, carbonate,
and phosphate all effectively increased the cobalt content
of pasture over a period of l6 months.

III. REGION INVESTIGATED
A. Description of the Area
1. Location
The area is located in the northwestern section of
the province of Nova Scotia, on the south side of the Bay
of Fundy.

The area, shown in Figure 1, consists of the

lowlands extending across the northern part of the counties
of Annapolis and Kings known as the Annapolis-Cornwallis
Valley and the Gaspereau Valley.

It lies approximately

between 6I4.0 l £ ! and 6f?° If?1 west longitude and ljlj.0 151 and

k S ° 15' north latitude.

The region is largely that des­

cribed in a soil survey report by Harlow and Whiteside (19^3)*
2. Physiography
Nova Scotia lies within the Acadian Region which con­
stitutes a part of the Atlantic slope of North America as
described by Dawson (1889).

The Annapolis-Cornwallis

valley, one of the largest of the lowland areas in the pro­
vince, is described by Goldthwait (192I4.) as worn out along
the broad belt of Triassic sandstones lying between the
North Mountain trap-sheet and South Mountain granite.
According to Harlow and Whiteside (19^3)> the valley is
underlain throughout its extent by the comparatively soft

13

rock formations of the Triassic periods, consisting of
brick red sandstone, and occasional pebble beds and shales.
These are covered by a comparatively shallow over-burden of
glacial boulder clay and sands; also by tidal marshes and
flats.
The general relief is undulating to gently rolling,
with a general slope north and south from the North and
South Mountains to the Annapolis and Cornwallis Rivers.
The floor of the valley is uneven, commonly reaching an
elevation of l£0 feet in the hills and descending to an
equal depth below sea-level in the basin bottoms.

The ele­

vation of the North and South Mountains approximates 600
feet above sea level.
Among the outstanding features of the area are the
tidal flats or dykelands around Grand Pre and along the
Canard, Annapolis, Cornwallis and Avon Rivers.
A sketch map of the geological formations as given by
Harlow and Whiteside (19^4-3) is reproduced in Figure 2.
B. Description of the Soils
The climatic and biological factors prevailing in the
region have favoured the development of podzol soils.

The

climate is temperate with an annual mean precipitation of
approximately l\. 1 inches well distributed throughout the
year, and a mean temperature of approximately [|40F.

The

natural vegetation was originally forest stands of coni­
ferous and mixed coniferous and hardwood associations.

UJ
CD

CO

u.

15

The soils of the region have been developed from parent
materials deposited either by ice or water.

In some cases

the till was moved considerable distances but to a large
extent it was moved comparatively short distances and has
been influenced by the underlying rock formations and those
of the surrounding uplands.

A soil map of the area is shown

in Figure 3 (inpoeket) and descriptions of the soils selected
for this study are given below.
1. Well-drained Soils on Glacial Clay Till
Pelton series.

These soils are found on the smoothly rol­

ling slopes extending along the base of the North Mountain
escarpment.

These are heavy-textured soils showing the

influence of fine-grained sandstone or clayey shale.

The

parent material, occurring below 30 inches, is a reddish
brown fine loam to clayey loam containing fragments of
partially decomposed shale fragments.

These soils are

strongly acid throughout the profile and have only a fair
organic matter content.

They are considered among the most

productive soils in the region.
Middleton series.

These soils occupy the rolling to

slightly hilly terraces and slopes along the base of the
North Mountain escarpment.

They are derived mainly from

Triassic sandstone and trap rock material.

These are among

the heaviest soils of the region, are fairly well supplied
with organic matter, with a surface soil that is strongly
acid, decreasing with depth to a slightly acid parent

16

17

material.

The parent material consists of a reddish-brown

to a red clay containing greenish and black coloured cobbles
and fragments of weathered trap rock.

The natural fertility

of these soils is considered fair.
2. Imperfectly-drained Soils on Glacial Clay Till
Kentville series. Soils of this series occupy the undulating
to smoothly sloping topography.

These soils are derived from

a fairly heavy till which appears to have been influenced
mainly by the Triassic sandstone and to some extent by trap
rock material from the North Mountain.

The nature of the

subsoil is such as to cause the movement of ground water to
be slow enough to make drainage imperfect.

These soils have

a fair organic matter content and are strongly acid in
reaction.

The parent material is a dark red sandy clay loam,

gritty and quite firm.
Wolfville series. These soils occur on the smoothly rounded
hills south and east of Wolfville; on the smooth slopes of
the terraces south of Colbrook and in the vicinity of
Tremont.

These soils are derived from till deposited over

shale and slate.

The organic matter content of these soils

is comparatively low and the reaction is strongly acid in
the surface becoming medium to slightly acid in the lower
subsoil and parent material.

The parent material is a light

brownish-red to red clay and quite firm to slightly compact.

18

3* Well-drained Soils on Glacial Sandy Till
Somerset series.

Soils of this series are found on level

to undulating topography in the vicinity of Centreville and
farther west in the vicinity of Somerset.

These soils are

similar to the Woodville soils and are generally found asso­
ciated with them.

A fair amount of gravel, consisting

mainly of rounded quartz pebbles, is found throughout the
profile.

The parent material is a brownish-red to reddish

compact gravelly loam.

The profile is strongly acid and

the organic matter content of the surface only fair.
Woodville series. These soils are found on topography that
is undulating to gently rolling.

They are associated with

the Somerset soils and to a large extent lie just south of
the Pelton soils.
sandstone material.

These soils are derived mainly from
They are strongly acid, only fair in

organic matter and the natural fertility is rather low.
These soils are widely used for orcharding.
Berwick series. The soils of this series occur along the
lower slope of the South Mountain.

The topography is undu­

lating to gently rolling terraces or ridges.

These medium-

textured gravelly soils have developed from a slightly
modified till derived mainly from igneous and sedimentary
rock material, presumably of the Triassic and Devonian
periods.

Smoothly rounded and subangular gravel and cobbles

of granite, quartzite and slate with some amygdaloid and

19

sandstone fragments occur throughout the profile.

The par­

ent material is a grayish-brown firm to compact, gravelly
sandy loam.

The profile is strongly acid throughout with

a relatively low organic matter content.
Morristown series.

Soils of this series occupy the more

level terraces at higher elevations, and the adjacent gentle
slopes of the South Mountain.

These till soils have been

influenced mainly by Devonian slate rock material.

Often

the till is thin and the profile shallow, resembling a soil
developed from residual or feebly modified residual parent
material.

The topography is sloping to rolling.

The pro­

file contains angular slate fragments with some sandstone
and amygdaloid particularly in the surface soil.

The

parent material is a brownish sandy loam to clay loam having
a high percentage of coarse slate fragments.

The profile

is strongly acid throughout and the organic matter content
is comparatively high*
I}.* Well-drained Soils on Water-deposited
Sandy and Gravelly Parent Material
Cornwallis series. These soils occupy large areas of the
valley floor along the Cornwallis and Annapolis Rivers.
These light-textured soils have developed on undulating to
gently rolling topography.

They are derived from sandy

parent material of mixed origin, sandstone, trap, granite
and other igneous material deposited by glacial and post

20

glacial rivers and streams.
and low in organic matter.

These soils are strongly acid
The parent material is a light

yellowish-brown sand to sandy loam containing lenses of
fine gravel and coarse sand with stratification becoming
more distinct with depth.
Nictaux series.

These are light-textured soils developed

on level to undulating topography on the valley floor, par­
ticularly along the Annapolis River.

They have developed

from unconsolidated material, mainly derived from granite,
gneiss and other non-calcareous and metamorphic rocks,
deposited by post glacial waters.

The profile is strongly

acid throughout and the organic matter content low.

These

soils are similar to the Cornwallis but quite frequently
have an ortstein development of the B horizon.

The parent

material is a yellowish-grey stratified coarse sand and
gravel.
5>. Imperfectly-drained Soils on Water-deposited
Clay Parent Material
Fash series.

These soils occur on nearly level to undula­

ting topography on the valley floor along the Annapolis
River.

These heavy-textured soils are derived from fine­

grained, water-deposited materials, probably an estuarine
clay.

The surface soils are strongly acid decreasing with

depth to a slightly acid parent material.
matter content is only fair.

The organic

The parent material is a

21

chocolate brown or light reddish stiff clay with a cheesy
consistency and well supplied with bases.

Occasionally

free carbonates are found below a depth of 5 feet.
6 . Immature Soils Developed on
Delta and Marine Deposits
Falmouth Dyke and Canard Dyke. These are the so-called
'Mykeland1* soils that occur along the broad flats in the
estuaries of the Annapolis, Cornwallis, Canard, Gaspereau
and Avon Rivers.

The Falmouth Dyke soil is a representative

sample of the soil that occurs along the Avon River in the
vicinity of Falmouth.

The Canard Dyke soil represents the

soil that occurs along the broad flats of the Canard River.
They are highly productive marine soils that have been
built up by tidal wave action.

These flats have been pro­

tected from further inundation by the building of dykes and
have been under cultivation since the days of the earliest
settlers.

Profile differentiation appears largely related

to mode of deposition and only feebly modified by weathering
processes.

The surface soil is 6 to 10 inches of a choco­

late brown silty clay loam or clay loam underlain by 12 to
30 inches of brown or sometimes light-grey or bluish-grey
silty clay or clay.

Below a depth of 3 to 4 feet the soil

is a silty clay or clay, sticky and plastic and ranging in
colour from grey, greyish-brown to bluish-grey.
drainage is imperfect to fairly good.
content is fair.

Natural

The organic matter

The surface soil is moderately acid

usually becoming neutral at about 15 inches in depth.

22

7* Soils on Largely Residual Parent Material
North Mountain.

This name has been assigned, for the pur­

poses of this study, to soils that lie outside the area
covered by the soil survey.

These soils occur on undula­

ting topography on the North Mountain some 500 to 600 feet
above sea level.

They are medium-textured, well-drained

soils derived mainly from trap rock and amygdaloid material.
The organic matter content is good but the profile is
shallow.

23

IV. EXPERIMENTAL
Representative surface samples of 1I4. soils previously
described were collected for greenhouse and laboratory
studies.

These soils were selected from old hay fields

where information indicated there had been no treatment for
a number of years, particularly with regard to minor elements.
A. Greenhouse Studies
1 . Experiment I.
A pot experiment was set up in the greenhouse at the
Agricultural College, Truro, Nova Scotia, in the fall of
I9I4.8 •

Each soil was screened, mixed, and potted in half­

gallon pots.

The inside of the pots was coated with high-

melting-point (6 o ° - 62°C.) paraffin.

Over the hole in the

bottom of each pot was placed a small amount of coarse
glass wool and a broken piece of clay pot which had been
carefully washed and coated with paraffin.
No attempt was made to maintain any particular moisture
content in the soil except to ensure an adequate supply of
water at all times.

Soil moisture was maintained by sur­

face applications of distilled water.

Every attempt was

made to eliminate leaching through the hole in the bottom
of the pots.

2b

Soil treatments.

The experiment was conducted as a ran­

domized block design with four treatments replicated three
times on each of the lij. soils.

The treatments were:

(1 )

Check

(2)

Cobalt sulphate heptahydrate at 2 pounds per acre

(3)

Ground dolomitic limestone at 2 tons per acre

(!{.)

Treatment (2)

Treatment (3)

After potting, the soils were watered and then
allowed to dry until suitable for cultivation.

The surface

2 inches of soil was cultivated with a plastic fork and a
3-15-6 fertilizer at the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre
applied and worked in as a blanket application to all pots.
The cobalt was applied as a water solution of cobalt sul­
phate heptahydrate at the rate of 2 pounds per acre.

The

ground dolomitic limestone used was a representative sample
of the material as it is made available to the farmers of
the region under

study.

This is

a finely-ground limestone

with a carbonate

contentof approximately 97 per cent, of

which about lj.3 per cent, is magnesium carbonate.
stone was applied at the rate of
porated with the

The lime­

2 tons per acre and incor­

top 2 inches of soil.

Seeding and harvesting.

The normal regional practice of

sowing oats and seeding down with timothy was followed.
Nine oat seeds were sown in each pot and later thinned to
six plants per pot.

A salt shaker was used to sow the

timothy seeds which were later thinned to approximately

25

30 plants per pot.

Seeding was carried out on the eighteenth

of December, 1914.8 , and ten days later when the oat plants
were 3 to Ij. inches high the water solution of cobalt was
applied.
The oat crop was allowed to ripen and was harvested on
the fourth of May, 19U-9•

The pots were then put outside

but growth was slow and in September the timothy was uni­
formly clipped and the pots replaced in the greenhouse.

At

this time the equivalent of 500 pounds per acre of a 3-15-6
fertilizer was applied as a water solution.
harvested in December, 19^9*

The timothy was

Yields of oats and timothy

were recorded on both the air-dry and. moisture-free basis.
2. Experiment II
A quantity of screened and mixed Woodville sandy loam
soil was brought in from Nova Scotia and a pot experiment
set up in the greenhouse at Michigan State College on the
fifteenth of April, 1951*

Oue to a limited quantity of

soil, one-quart glazed crocks were used with 1,025 grams
of soil per crock.
Soil treatments.

Twenty-six soil treatments, as given in

Table I with four replications were used.

The materials for

all treatments were of C.P. quality with the exception of
the dolomitic limestone which was the same material as used
in Experiment I.

26

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The water insoluble materials, dolomitic limestone
and gypsum, were thoroughly mixed with the soil by means of
a mechanical mixer before potting.

The nitrogen, phosphorus,

potassium, cobalt and copper were applied as water solutions
of NBjjSTO-j, Ca(H2P0j+)2 ,H20, KC1, CoC12 .6H20, and CuSO^.5^0,
respectively.

An adequate supply of water was maintained

by applications of distilled water as required.
Seeding and harvesting.

Timothy was seeded on the twenty-

eighth of April and later thinned to approximately 30 plants
per pot.

The crop was harvested on the thirtieth of June.

Yields were taken on both the fresh-weight and moisture-free
basis.
B.

Laboratory Studies
lo

Soil Analysis

Samples of the air dry soil which had passed through
a 2 mm. screen were used for analyses.
The methods of Peech, Alexander, Dean, and Reed (1^7)
were used in determining the pH, exchange capacity, exchange­
able bases and organic matter.

In the determinations of the

exchange capacity the adsorbed ammonia was distilled after
extraction with sodium chloride, and the macromethods were
used for the determination of exchangeable cations.
The total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl
method as given by the Association of Official Agricultural
Chemists (19^5)•

29

The per cent, sand, silt and clay was determined by
the Bouyoucos (1951) hydrometer method.
The cobalt content of the soils was determined by the
method of Holmes (I9I4.5 ) with the exception that since
cobalt was the only minor element being determined, a 0.5
gram sample of soil was used.

In addition all residues

from the perchloric acid digestion were decomposed with
repeated treatments of hydrofluoric acid.
2. Plant Analysis
The dry plant tissue was prepared for chemical analy­
sis by grinding in a small Wiley mill.
Some preliminary work was done comparing the nitrosoR-salt method of Marston and Dewey (19^0) and the nitrosocresol method of Ellis and Thompson (19l|-5)»

It was found

that more consistent results could be obtained by the
nitrosocresol method and also since in some cases as little
as If. grams of plant tissue was available, the more sen­
sitive nitrosocresol method was more satisfactory.
The following three methods of ashing were compared.
(1) Dry ash at 500°C. in silica dishes overnight.

Add

10 ml. of 1 to 1 nitric acid and 1 ml. of purified potas­
sium nitrate solution, evaporate to dryness, and ash again
at 625°0. for 2 hours.
dishes overnight.

(2) Dry ash at 500°C. in platinum

Remove and cool the sample and add 2 ml.

30

of perchloric acid ( 7 0 - 7 2 % )

and 5 ml* of hydrofluoric acid.

Evaporate slowly on a steam bath and finally heat on a sand
bath until fumes of perchloric acid no longer are given off.
Return the sample to the partially-cooled muffle and main­
tain at 500°G. for 1 hour.
dishes overnight.

(3)

Cry ash at 500°C. in silica

Transfer the ash to a platinum crucible,

mix with I), grams of sodium carbonate and fuse for 15 minutes.
Extract the melt with hydrochloric acid.
Since the results showed that all three ashing methods
were equally effective in getting the cobalt in solution,
the method of dry ashing followed by nitric acid and potas­
sium nitrate treatment was adopted.
Some modifications of the nitrosocresol method were
made.

A 6 -gram sample of dry plant tissue was used except

in cases where yields were low and a smaller sample had to
be used.

The ash was dissolved in 10 ml. of 1 to 1 hydro­

chloric acid, filtered and washed until the combined fil­
trate and washings approximated $ 0 ml.
In the dithizone extraction of the solution of the
sample the shaking period was extended from 30 seconds to
10 minutes.
The shaking was done in lots of 12 using a speciallyconstructed rack that held 12 separatory funnels and fitted
on the conventional type of rotary shaker.

31

The 2 ml. of perchloric acid was added to the combined
carbon tetrachloride extracts and refluxed in a covered
beaker on a hot plate until colourless.

The watch glass was

then removed and the perchloric acid evaporated off until
the bottom of the beaker just reached dryness.

Immediately

the beaker was removed from the hot plate and placed in a
muffle furnace at 200°C, until the cessation of white fumes
indicated that the perchloric acid had all evaporated from
the wall of the beaker.

This final evaporation of perchlo­

ric acid was usually complete in a couple of minutes.

It

was found that prolonged heating on the hot plate to remove
the last trace of perchloric acid tended to result in low
values for cobalt.
A spectrophotometer was not available for reading the
ligroin solution of the cobalt-o-nitrosocresol and an
Evelyn photoelectric colorimeter was used with a filter
having transmission limits between 350 mu and Ij.05 mu.
The timothy samples from Experiment II were analyzed
by the nitrosocresol method as modified by Gregory, Morris
and Ellis (1951)*

The Skellysolve solution of cobalt-o-

nitrosocresol was read in a Beckman Du spectrophotometer.
Standard samples of buckwheat flour and timothy containing
0.05 parts per million and O.Olj. parts per million of cobalt^
respectively, were obtained from Dr. Kenneth Beeson, United
States Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Ithaca, New

32

York*

One of these standard samples was included in each

set of samples analyzed.
Due to the low yield of timothy in Experiment II, it
was decided to combine the four replications for each treat
ment Into two replications for the purpose of chemical
analysis*

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Experiment I
1. Analysis of Soils
The soil analysis data are presented in Table II.
According to the classification of Stobbe and Leahey (1948)
these soils fell into five textural classes.
The Somerset, Woodville, Nictaux, Kentville, Cornwalli
and Berwick soils were classed as sandy loams; the North
Mountain, Morristown and Wolfville as loams; the Pash and
Falmouth Dyke as silty clay loams; the Canard Dyke as a
silty clay; and the Pelton and Middleton soils as clays.
The soil map, Figure 5 (in pocket), shows that these lighttextured soils are found at the lower elevations on the
valley floor, while the heavier-textured soils, with the
exception of the marine soils, are in general situated on
the higher slopes and terraces that border the valley and
to a large extent parallel the North and South Mountains.
The cobalt content of these light-textured soils ranged
between 3.6 and 10.8 parts per million.

The heavier-textur

soils on the higher elevations ranged from 9.0 to 21.0 part
per million.

3k

On til© basis of the cobalt content of pining soils in
Scotland, as reported by Stewart, Mitchell and Stewart (191*1),
cobalt deficiencies might be expected to occur on the Corn­
wallis, Woodville, Somerset and Nictaux soils where the
cobalt content was less than 6,0 parts per million.

On the

other hand cobalt deficiency would be less likely to occur
on the other ten soils with a cobalt content ranging from
9.0 to 21.0 parts per million.
A possible source of cobalt in these soils is the
amygdaloid and trap-rock fragments that have been trans­
ported by glaciation from the North Mountain.

Thus the

Morristown soil, with a cobalt content of 21.0 parts per
million, had a noticeable amount of amygdaloid fragments on
and in the surface soil.

The North Mountain soil, developed

largely from trap rock and amygdaloid, was found to have a
cobalt content of 18.2 parts per million.

The Pelton and

Middleton soils, lying adjacent to the North Mountain, con­
tain fragments of amygdaloid and the cobalt content was If?*7
and 16.0 parts per million, respectively.
Goldthwait (192I4-) observed that the holes or bubbles,
formed by imprisoned steam and gases when the lava cooled,
have been filled with mineral deposits.

These "amygdules"

contain fibrous zeolites, green carbonate of copper and in
some places metallic copper.

Similarly many of the cracks

in the columnar trap rock are filled with vein deposits of
red jasper and blue chalcedony.

Thus it is possible that

these amygdules and veins contain cobalt as well.

35

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36

The pH values of these acid soils ranged from Ij.,8 to
6 .If. and are in good agreement with values reported by other
workers.

However, pH and per cent, base saturation of the

Pelton and Middleton soils indicate that these soils have
been limed.
In general the heavier-textured soils were found to
have a higher cobalt content than the light-textured soils.
Thus there was a significant negative correlation (-0.66)
between total soil cobalt and per cent. sand.

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tion between exchange capacity and cobalt content was even
higher, being 0 .8J|; that is, both of these constituents
tended to increase together.
2. Effect of Cobalt and Dolomite on Yield
Oat crop.

Data for the yield of oat plants are presented

in Table III.
The wide range of productivity at least as regards
oats, of these Annapolis Valley soils is shown by the
average yield of three replications as given in Table IV.
Thus the mean yield of oat plants on the check pots varied
between 10.1|3 grams for the relatively fertile Canard Dyke
soil and 3.99 grams for the Woodville soil of naturally
low fertility.

37

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38

TABLE IV
AVERAGE YIELD OF OAT PLANTS
(Mean oven-dry weight in grams of three replications)

Soils

Treatments
Dolomite
Dolomite & Cobalt

Check

Cobalt

Somerset

6.07

6.29

6.99

7.18

North Mountain

7.23

7.52

7.58

7.52

Pelton

9.36

8.^1

9.18

9.22

Middleton

8.87

10.01+

9.81*

948

Nictaux

6.1j.7

6,87

7.20

6.05

Fash

7.65

7.82

8.32

7.89

Morristown

5.79

5.76

6.36

6.67

Falmouth Dyke

8.33

7.7 8

11.10

11.1+7

Wolfville

7.33

5.39

8.1+9

8 .lljL

Kentville

6.39

6 .8)+

7.03

7.92

10.1*3

11.55

13.33

12.39

Cornwallis

6.1*5

6.12

6.5i+

5.65

Berwick

5* l|4

6.02

6.07

6.31

Woodville

3-99

J+-39

5.58

5 .81+

Mean of all soils 7*13

7.20

8,12

7.98

Canard Dyke

L.S.D. (P.05), treatment means for each soil « 1.17
L.S.D. (P.05)* treatment means for all soils = 0.31

39

The effect of liming these acid soils on the dry weight
of oat plants is illustrated by the analysis of variance data
in Table V.

Highly significant increases in the dry-weight

yields were obtained where dolomite was applied.

In agree­

ment with the literature on the effect of cobalt on higher
plants, no significant response was noted from the use of
cobalt on the yield of oat plants in this experiment.
Considering all soils in the experiment, the cobalt
treatment did not significantly affect the yield of oat
plants.

However there was a significant (0.05) increase in

dry-weight yield of oat plants on the Middleton soil and a
highly significant decrease on the Wolfville soil.
Timothy crop.
Table VI.

Yield data for the timothy crop are given in

Unfortunately the timothy crop of the third re­

plicate of the cobalt-dolomite treated Pelton soil was lost.
The missing value was calculated by the method of Yates (1933)•
The mean yield of timothy for the different soils are
shown In Table VII.

There was not such a wide variation in

the yield of timothy between the different soils as occurred
with the oat crop.
The analysis of variance of these yield data is shown
in Table VIII.

Similar to the oat crop there was a highly

significant increase in the yield of timothy due to the
dolomite treatment and no significant difference due to the
cobalt treatment.

to

TA B LE V

ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE OP THE YIELD OF OAT PLANTS

Source
of
Variation

Replications
Soils
Treatments:

Degrees
of
Freedom.

Mean
Square

2

0.7039

1.35

3.08

l*.80

13

1*1.6061

79.95

1.82

2.30

3

II.O968

21.32

2.69

3.96

63.02

3.93

6.88

1.1*109

2.71

1.50

1.77

Cobalt

1

0.0387

Dolomite

1

32.7982

Cobalt x
Dolomite

1

0.1*536

Treatments x
Soils:

Error

P Value
Obtained
Required
P .05 P .01

39

Cobalt x
Soils

13

0.6992

1.34

1.82

2.30

Dolomite x
Soils

13

2.7275

5 .2 k

1.82

2.30

Cobalt x
Dolomite x
Soils

13

0.8062

1.55

1.82

2.30

110

0 .5201*

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42

TA B LE V I I

AVERAGE YIELD OP TIMOTHY PLANTS
(Mean oven-dry weight in grams of three replications)

Soils

Check

Cobalt

Treatments
Dolomite
Dolomite & Cobalt

Somerset

7.11

6.75

6.99

6.90

North Mountain

7*44

7.82

8.86

819

Pelton

6.67

7.27

7.78

7-51).

Middleton

7.20

8.05

8.69

8.35

Nictaux

7.80

7.24

7.61

8.1)6

Pash

6.92

7.03

8.12

9-73

Morristown

6.59

7.46

7.66

7.23

Falmouth Dyke

6.42

6.36

7.08

7.92

Wolfville

6.14

6.30

6.80

7.31

Kentville

6*63

6.79

6.64

6.97

Canard Dyke

5.70

5.89

6.86

6.1j.8

Cornwallis

7.04

6.69

7.34

715

Berwick

6.30

6.26

6.17

5.65

Woodville

6.53

5.69

6.44

5.68

Mean of all soils 6.75

6.83

7.36

7.11

L.S.D.

(P.05), treatment means for each soil a 1*27

L.S.D.

(P.05), treatment means for all soils a 0.34

1*3

TABLE V I I I

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF THE YIELD OF TIMOTHY PLANTS

Source
of
Variation

Degrees
of
Freedom

0,1128

Replications
Soils

Mean
Square

13

Treatments

5.9714

9.62

1.82

2.30

5.3227

8.5s

2.69

3.96

25.29

3.93

6.88

1.12

1.50

1.77

1.67

1.82

2.30

Cobalt

1

0*2728

Dolomite

1

15.695^

Cobalt x
Dolomite

1

0,0000

Treatments x
Soils

39

0.6975

Cobalt x
Soils

13

O.i^.500

Dolomite x
Soils

13

1,0381}.

Cobalt x
Dolomite x
Soils

13

0,60i].0

Error*-

F Value
Required
Obtained
P.05 P .01

109

0.6207

*The number of degrees of freedom has been decreased
by unity due to a missing value*

1*

As with the oat crop, the cobalt treatment gave an in­
crease in yield of timothy over the check on the Middleton
soil but, unlike the oat yields, the increase was not signi­
ficant,

In contrast to the significant decrease in the yield

of oats on the Wolfville soil there was a very slight in­
crease in the yield of timothy on the cobalt-treated as com­
pared to the check pots.

However, additional trials, with

more replications, would be necessary before it could be
conclusively shown that cobalt treatments, as used in this
experiment, significantly affected the yield of oats and
timothy on the Middleton and Wolfville soils.

3 # Effect of Cobalt and Dolomite on Cobalt Content
Oat crop.

Data for the cobalt content of the oat crop are

given in Table IX.

Although yields were obtained on all 1I4.

soils, the chemical analysis was completed on the oat crop
of only 12 of these soils.
The mean value for each treatment on each soil is given
in Table X.

The average cobalt content of the oat crop on

the untreated pots ranged from 0 .0l| parts per million on the
light-textured Berwick soil to 0• I)_5 parts per million on the
heavy-textured Canard Dyke soil.

The application of 2

pounds of cobalt sulphate heptahydrate per acre produced a
three-fold average increase in the cobalt content of the
forage.

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TABLE X

AVERAGE COBALT CONTENT OP OAT PLANTS
(Mean of three replications expressed as parts per million
on a moisture-free basis)

Soils

Treatments
Dolomite Dolomite.& Cobalt

Check

Cobalt

Somerset

0.15

0.83

0.09

0.15

North Mountain

0.07

0.26

0.06

0.11

Pelton

0.06

0.09

0.06

0.07

Middleton

0.15

0.20

0.0I+

0.07

Nictaux

0.07

0.20

0.05

0.10

Fash

0.15

o.6o

0.08

0.15

Morristown

0.07

0.18

0.06

0.09

Falmouth Dyke

0.38

O .69

0.25

0.31+

Wolfville

0.10

0 .1+2

0.09

0.13

Canard Dyke

0.45

1 .1+8

0.26

0.51

Cornwallis

0.06

0.25

0.06

0.11

Berwick

0.01*

0.20

0.01+

0.09

Mean of all soils 0.15

o.i+5

0.10

0.16

L.S.D. (P.05), treatment means for each soil = 0*10
L.S.D. (P.05), treatment means for all soils ** 0*03

47

The application of 2 tons of dolomite per acre along
with the cobalt markedly decreased the cobalt uptake by the
oat plants as compared with the cobalt treatment alone.
The analysis of variance of the cobalt content of the
oat crop is presented in Table XI.

There was a highly sig­

nificant difference in the cobalt content of oat plants
grown on different soils as well as for different soil
treatments.
The dolomite treatment alone significantly depressed
the uptake of native soil cobalt by the oat crop on the
Middleton, Falmouth Dyke and Canard Dyke soils.
There was no correlation between the total cobalt con­
tent of the soils and the cobalt content of the oats grown
on these soils as illustrated in Figure 4 .

However, there

was a relationship between the pH of the soils and the
cobalt content of the oat crop grown on them as expressed
in Figure 5 in which the pH values of the soils are plotted
as ordinates and the cobalt content of the oat crop as
abcissas.

The coefficient of correlation is -0.63 and is

significant at the 5 per cent, level.

Thus the soils hav­

ing the higher pH values tended to produce plants with a
lower cobalt content than did the more acid soils.
There was a significant relationship between soil tex­
ture and the cobalt content of the oat crop.

It was found

that the coefficient of correlation between the cobalt con­
tent of the crop and per cent, sand, silt and clay was

TABLE X I

ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE OP THE COBALT CONTENT OP OAT PLANTS

Source
of
Variation

Degrees
of
Freedom

Replications
Soils
Treatments

Mean
Square

P Value
Obtained
Required
p.05 P .01

2

0.0087

2.56

3.10

4.84

11

0.3873

113.91

I.89

2.45

3

0.931+2

274.76

2.71

4.00

Cobalt

l

1.2638

371.71

3.94

6.92

Dolomite

l

0.9751

286.79

3.94

6.92

Cobalt x
Dolomite

l

0.5638

165.82

3.94

6.92

0.0718

21.12

1.56

1.88

11

0.0865

25.1+4

I .89

2.45

11

0.0879

25.85

I .89

2.45

11

0.0i+10

12.06

I .89

2.45

Treatments x
Soils

33

Cobalt x
Soils
Dolomite
Soils
Cobalt x
Dolomite
Soils
Error

X

X

94

0.0034

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pH of

soils

6.0

x,y Actual Point

5.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0

Cobalt content of oats - p.p.m.
Fig.5.

Relationship between the content of cobalt
in the oat crop and the pH values of soils

51

-0 ,7 k t

0.66 and 0*63* respectively.

However no relationship

was noted between the cobalt content of the oat crop and
the organic matter content, base exchange capacity or per
cent, base saturation of the soils.
The effect of the different soil treatments on the
cobalt content of the oats grown on the various soils is
shown in Figure 6 *

The cobalt content of the plants grown

on the Pelton soil was quite low and remarkably constant
regardless of soil treatment.

This affect is attributed

to the relatively high pH (6.]|) of this soil as compared
with that of the other soils in the experiment.
increase in the pH of this soil, by

A further

the addition of dolo­

mite, did not affect the cobalt concentration in the plants.
Both the Falmouth and Canard dykeland soils supplied
the oat crop with an abundance of cobalt.

Nevertheless, the

addition of cobalt sulphate gave a greater increase in
cobalt concentration in the oat crop on the Canard than on
any other soil.

In contrast, the increase in the cobalt

content of the oats on the medium-textured Morristown and
heavy-textured Middleton soils was very small.

There

would appear to be a great variation in these soils in
their ability to fix cobalt in a form unavailable to plants.
Timothy crop.

Data for the cobalt content of the timothy

crop are given in Table XII.

These data represent the

chemical analysis on the plant tissue grown on nine soils
in the experiment.

in
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O•
o

CO

vQ

-ft NO
o rH
• •
o o

CA

vO
o
•
o

-=t to
o o
• •
o o

CO

O
•
o

CM
•

p

o

o
•
o

o -ft
OJ p
•
•
o o

c—
c
•
o

po
•
o

oo

CO

to

•
o

O

o

•

o

Eh to
P -P

<4
ft ©
O ft
o

o
CO •
01
o

d
o
ft

m

©
ft
©
w
w
©
Fh
ft
K
H

44 +1
O
aj CM
.d O

o

ft
rH
ft

CO

o
•
o

00 po o
• •
ft ft
o o
©

o
•
o

-ft
o
•

o

O•
o

o

H
•
o

O
•
o

P

•
o

d
ft
ft
ft

O

CO

c

-ft o
© s
m
t!
u f
© ft
s
F-i
o O
CO ft

•
o

p
•

o

CA

o
•
o

to
p
•
o

©

©
ft
01

-ft
CM

a
ft
1— 1
©
ft
o

d
o
ft X
© 3
©
1—i
ft ft
ft o
ft f t
s ft

cj
o

ft
03

Am
©

&r

ft

Fh

o
s

>3

p
p
ft
d
o
s
p
©

©

p
p

ft
>
<H
P

O

5k

The mean values for the cobalt content of the timothy
crop for three replications of all treatments are presented
in Table XIII#

The analysis of variance of the cobalt con­

tent is given in Table XEV.
The cobalt content of the timothy, like that of the
oat crop, showed highly significant differences due to
soils and treatments*

However, all nine soils considered,

dolomite did not significantly decrease the cobalt content
of the timothy where cobalt was not applied to the soils.
In view of the fact that the cobalt-treated soils received
an additional application of I4 pounds of cobalt sulphate
per acre after the oat crop was harvested, there was no
marked increase in the cobalt content of the following
timothy crop over that of the oats except on the combined
cobalt-dolomite treatments.

Thus with the oat crop, 2

pounds of cobalt sulphate per acre increased the average
cobalt concentration in the plants from 0#l5 to 0• I4$ parts
per million, while with the timothy, receiving an additional

k pounds of the cobalt salt, the increase was from 0.10 to
00)4.7 parts per million.

However the average cobalt content

of oats on the cobalt-dolomite treated soils was 0#l6 parts
per million while that of the timothy was 0.30 parts per
million.
The similar pattern for the cobalt levels of the oat
and timothy crops grown on the same soil is indicated in a
comparison of Figure 6 and Figure 7> with the exception of

55

TABLE X I I I

AVERAGE COBALT CONTENT OF TIMOTHY PLANTS
(Mean of three replications expressed as parts per million
on a moisture-free basis)

Soils

Treatments
Dolomite Dolomite & Cobalt

Check

Cobalt

Somerset

0.08

0.90

o.oi^

0.30

North Mountain

0.07

0.28

0.03

0.32

Pelton

0 «Oip

0.15

O.Oif

0 .2^

Middleton

0.06

O.ij.1

0.06

0.29

Nictaux

0.05

Oo59

0.11

O.lj.1

Fash

o.i8

o.Jj-7

0.08

0.26

Morristown

0.11

0.31

0.08

0.23

Falmouth Dyke

0.20

0.71

0.13

0.3t

Wolfville

0.13

0 .1|2

0.12

O.3I4-

Mean of all soils Q»10

0 01|7

0.08

0.30

L.S.D. (P.05), treatment means for each soil » 0.09
L.S.D. (P.05), treatment means for all soils * 0.03

56

TA BLE X I V

ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE OP THE COBALT CONTENT OP TIMOTHY PLANTS

Degrees
of
Freedom

Source
of
Variation

Mean
Square

P Value
Obtained
Required
p.05 P.01

Replications

2

0*0001

Soils

8

0.0685

22.83

2.07

2.77

Treatments

3

0 . 93^6

311.53

2.7ip

[|..08

Cobalt

1

2 .1|121

8ol(..03

3.98

7.01

Dolomite

1

0.2523

84.10

3.98

7.01

Cobalt x
Dolomite

1

0*139^

I4.6 .I4.7

3.98

7.01

0.0379

12.63

1.67

2.07

8

0 .01)36

il)..53

2.07

2.77

8

0.0387

12.90

2.07

2.77

8

0.03114-

10.I4.7

2.07

2.77

Treatments x
Soils

2l|-

Cobalt x
Soils
Dolomite
Soils
Cobalt x
Dolomite
Soils
Error#

X

X

69

0*0030

#The number of degrees of freedom has been decreased by
unity due to a missing value*

57

Lli'
D1
□ Uj
Li
LU Q
1

”j\'

>»
XJ
43
o
B

fl

■

Wolfville

Middleton

Niotaux

r

m

(0 CD

O P

°C
D

<D U

Pelton

v

XJ (D
V

M

od

CD CD

•PC
C -H
<D C

S

P G
(B O
(D

.

N
*

□

Morristown

0

North
Mountain

P <M
G *H

o

o

Somerset

g

o CO
,Q

b
V

i_ -

5^
^

1

0)

p

uc

CO

o

<D

1

•d o ?

+J

S

^

S

4-» O
H rH

(D

,0

H

,Q O

.C

O

0(00(00

o o n o

O

G±*

(d

Qj *H

43
rH

O

d <d

C 4->

4->
rH

^

CC *H

43

G

H
P O
B rH rH

0 ( 0 0 ^ 0
CD

X

o

d

J

O

o

rH

O

P

C

p o

o

-HhD
O

•^
0^

CD

Ss

rH C

bO

58

the Pelton, Middleton and to some extent Nictaux soils.

On

these three soils the additional application of cobalt is
reflected in the higher cobalt content of the timothy as
compared with the oat crop.
The plant uptake of the cobalt added

to the

very low, being in general less than 0.5 per
parison of the

cent.

soilwas
A com­

per cent, cobalt uptake by oats on limed and

unlimed soils is illustrated in Figure 8 .

Thus oats on

the

Canard Dyke soil took up much more of the applied cobalt
than did any other soil both on the limed and unlimed series.
Although there was a marked decrease in the uptake of cobalt
when this soil was limed, it nevertheless did not as com­
pletely fix cobalt in a form unavailable to plants as did
the other soils.
It would seem that cobalt deficiency

is not

likely to

occur on these soils of marine origin.
B. Experiment II
The effect of the different soil treatments on the
reaction of the Woodville soil is recorded in Table XV.
The average pH of the unlimed soil (treatment 1) was 5»07«
1/Vhere 2, i|. and

6tons of dolomite per acre were applied

(treatments 2,

3and Ij.) the pH of the soil was increased to

6.20, 6.72 and 6*97> respectively.

Gypsum applied at the

rate of 2 tons per acre (treatment 5) decreased the pH of
the soil to I4..7I.

Corresponding applications of dolomite

59
a
00 CQ

ft

o
h
o
p

CO
<D O

o
CD

p
i>>

p
tS

JCj

ft CO

3 ■H
H

C O
(D 00
Xi
co'd

P CD
P
_ CD

S

P <H

S'S
,o d
o
o xi
c
«d co
CD

•H TJ
H

<D

ftS

ftp

CO rH
•H

<H OJ
O rH
p

e

C O
O
CD

U
CD

ft

00

60

H

ft

OJ

*0
On
•

^
160
•

° ^ °
a^B^dn q.uso aa<j

-=*■

6o

TA B LE XV

THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS SOIL TREATMENTS
ON THE REACTION OF A WOODVILLE SANDY LOAM SOIL
pH Values

Treatment

Replicates
Number
1
1
2

3
k
5
6

7
8

5.05
6.25
6.70
7.05
1|.70
5.15
6.20
6.70

2

5.05
6.15
6.75
6.95
^•75
5.15
5.95
6.75
6.85

6.95
il.65
5.15

I4.60
5.20

6.10

6.15

13

6.75

6.75

ll*.
16

7.00
I4..70
6.10

17

6.05

18

6.15

19

6.00

7.00
!*■•70
6.15
6.15
6.10
6.00

20

6.15
6.10

9
10
11
12

15

6.15

3
5.10

6.25
6.70

6.95
1+.70
5.20

6.05
6.60

6.95
14-65
5.15
6.10
6.80
7.00

4.70
6.15

k
5.10
6.15

5.07

6.75
6.95

6.72
6.97
14.71
5.17

I4.70
5.20
6.15
6.65

6.95
I4.60

5.15
6.15
6.70
7.00
I4-.70

6a 5

6.15
6.10
6.15
6.10

6.10
6.10
6.15
6.00

6.15
5.10

6.05

6.10

5.15

5.10

6.05

6.00

6.15

21*.

6.00
6.20

6.15

25

6.15

6.10

26

6,15

6.15

6.05
6.10
6.00

6.15
6.20
6.10

21
22

23

5.15

Mean*

6.20

6.08

6.67
6.92
I4..62
5.16
6.12

6.75
7.00

14-70
6.1I4
6.11
6.11
6.07
6.10
6.10
5.12
6.05
6.il*.
6.1I4
6.10

tf-Mean hydrogen ion concentration of four replications
expressed as pH.

6i

and gypsum along with 2 pounds and 10 pounds of cobalt
chloride per acre (treatments 6 to 15 inclusive) had an
effect on soil reaction similar to that reported above*
Only those treatments containing

dolomite or gypsum had a

significant effect on the pH of the soil.
The data for the yield of timothy on all pots in the
experiment are presented in Table XVI.

The cobalt content

of the timothy, in parts per million, is given in Table
XVII, where the first replication represents the analyses
of bulked yield replications one and two; and the second
replication the analyses of bulked yield replications three
and four.
In order to facilitate the presentation and interpre­
tation of the data, further discussion of this experiment
is carried out under three separate headings.

1 . Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium
The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on
the yield and cobalt content of timothy are presented in
Table XVIII.

The high level of nitrogen (treatment 17 ) pro­

duced a significant increase in yield while varied rates of
phosphorus and potassium did not significantly affect yield.
As regards cobalt content, there was no significant
effect due to nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium.

These

data are in agreement with the work of Beeson, Gray and
Hamner (I9I4-8K although these workers found that the

62

TABLE X V I

YIELD OP TIMOTHY AS AFFECTED BY VARIOUS
SOIL TREATMENTS ON A WOODVILLE SANDY LOAM SOIL
(Weight in grams on an oven-dry basis)
Treatment
Number

_________ R e p l i c a t e s _______

1

2

1
2
3

2,62
2,35
3.1+8

2.23
2.73
3o60

1+
5
6

3.71
2.53
2.38
2 .6l
3.28
1+.06
2.69
1.92
2.71
3.28
I}..32
2.18

3.90
2.18
2.77
2.73
3.26

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
ll+
15
l6
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
2lj25
26

2.81+
3.61+
3.02
2.91
2.15
2.55
2.07
2.10
3.06
2.1+7
2.79

3-73
2 01+1+
2.58
2 .1+1+
3.65
3.85
2.58
2.61+
3.77
2.78
2.68
2.1+3
2.61
2.30
2.71
3.30
2.91
2.68

~3
2.16
2.96
3.1+1
3.65
2.63
2.17
2.97
3.1+9
3.81].
2.70
2.20
2.95
3.55
k -lk

2,08
2.80
1^.23
2.1+3
3.00
2.29
2.80
2.09
2.89
3.63
2.86
2.87

If
2.72
2.1+7
3.33
1+.26
2,1+3
2.1+3
2.90
3 062
I+.08
2.35
2.15
2.92
3.07
I4-0I9
2 .2I+
2.78
3.82
2.97
3.00
2.97
2.1+1
1.91+
2.1+5
3.29
2.88
2.51+

63

TABLE X V I I
COBALT CO NTENT OF T IM O T H Y AS A F FE C TE D B Y V A R IO U S
S O IL TREATM ENTS ON A W O O D V ILLE SANDY LOAM S O IL

(Expressed as parts per million on a moisture-free basis)
Treatment
Number
1
2
3
k

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Ik

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
2k

25
26

Replicates
2

Mean

0o27
o,i5
0,13
o*i5
o.6o
0.30
0.21
0.19
0.19
0.96

0.19
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.52
0.25
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.88

0.23
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.56
0.28

1.29
0.32
0.29
0.29
2.52
0.16
0ol6
0.18

1.1*
0.33
0.32
0.27
2.63
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.22
0.22
0.19
O.lp.
0.23
0.19
0.18
0.21

1.37
0.33
0.31
0.28
2.58
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.37
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.20

0.17
0.17
0.16
0.32
0.19
0.20
0.19
0.19

0.39
0.18
0.18
0.92

611-

table

X V III

YIELD AMD COBALT CONTENT OP TIMOTHY AS APPECTED BY
APPLICATIONS OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM
ON A WOODVILLE SANDY LOAM SOIL
(Data expressed on a moisture-free basis)
Treatment
Number

7
l6

17
18
19

T r e a t m e n t

Co

4

Dolomite

tt

tt

it

it

it

tt

tt

it

20

tt

tt

21

tt

tt

Yleldl Cobalt2
grams Content
p.p.m.

♦

N

4

P

4'

K

2.77

0.20

■f

is

4

P

4*

K

2.80

0.18

4

lj.N

4

P

4

K

3.87

0.18

4

K

2.80

0.21

4

K

2.90

0.20

♦

N

4

♦

N

♦

4

N

4*

p

4

is

2 .I4.6

0.20

4

N

4

p

4

1|.K 2.59

0.18

iP

Ij-P

Mean

2.88

0.19

L.S.D. (P.05)

0.33

0.05

3-Mean of four replications
^Mean of two replications

65

absorption of added cobalt by soy beans was reduced at high
phosphorus levels,
2. Effect of Copper
Copper had a depressing effect on the yield of timothy
as shown in Table XIX.

The mean yield for all treatments

with copper was 2 .6 9 grams, and without copper 2 .9 2 grams,
with the least significant difference required at the 5 P©**
cent, level being 0,12 grams.

This depressing effect is

less pronounced with the high phosphorus treatment and the
trend is reversed with the high potassium treatment as
shown in Figure 9*
The effect of copper on the cobalt content of the
timothy crop is shown in Table XIX.

Applications of copper

sulphate did not significantly affect the cobalt content of
timothy on the dolomite-treated pots regardless of the other
treatments, but the copper applications did result in a
significant increase in the cobalt content of the plants
where dolomite was not applied.

Thus the addition of the

copper salt appeared to have stimulated the uptake of
cobalt by the plants.

This did not occur where dolomite

was applied, possibly due to a "fixing" action on the copper
ion itself or, a direct "tie up" of the otherwise increased
available cobalt#
On the other hand, the average increase in cobalt con­
tent of the plants from 0.23 to 0.28 parts per million,

66

TA BLE X I X

THE EFFECT OF COPPER ON THE YIELD AND COBALT CONTENT
OF TIMOTHY GROWN ON A WOODVILLE SANDY LOAM SOIL
(Data expressed on a moisture-free basis)

Treatment
Number

T r e a t m e n t

Yieldl Cobalt^ Yield Cobalt
in
content
in content
grams
in
grams
in
p.p.m.
p.p.m.

6

Co

2.1*

0.28

7

Co + Dolomite

2.80

0.20

17

Co + Dolomite ♦ N

3.87

0.19

19

Co 4- Dolomite + P

2.90

0.20

21

Co + Dolomite + K

2.59

0.18

Me sin
22

Co ♦ Cu

2*10

0.37

23

Co

Cu + Dolomite

2.$k

0.21

2k

Co + Cu ♦ Dolomite + N

3.32

0.20

25

Co + Cu + Dolomite + P

2.7 8

0.19

26

Co ♦ Cu * Dolomite ♦ K

2.72

0.20

Mean
L.S.D. (P.05)

1-Mean of four replications
%/[ean of two replications

0.27

0.03

2.92

0.21

2 .6 9

0.23

0 .1 2

0.03

3.0

Grams

of timothy

67

Cobalt"

Dolomite

Cobalt
_____

Dolomite
High N

'Cobalt
_____

Dolomite
High P

/Cobalt
____

Dolomite
High K

Fig.9* Effect of copper with other soil treatments
on the yield of timothy

68

from a 2-pounds-per-acre application of cobalt chloride,
was not as great an increase as might be expected*

That is,

the 0*28 parts per million value may possibly be low, and
the resulting significant increase in cobalt uptake where
copper was added may be more apparent than real.

Further

investigation is warranted to clarify this point.
3.

Effect of Gypsum and Dolomite

The results of the analysis of variance of timothy yields
on the cobalt-gypsum and cobalt-dolomite phases of the experi­
ment are presented in Table XX and Table XXI, respectively.
Neither cobalt chloride nor gypsum had any significant
effect on yield but there was a highly significant increase
in the yield of timothy on the dolomite-treated pots.
The increased growth of timothy on the dolomite-treated
soil is apparent in Figure 10-A.

Although, without appli­

cations of dolomite, cobalt treatments did not significantly
affect yield, the plant growth appeared to be stunted as
shown in Figure 10-B.

However, as shown in Figure 10-C,

there was no observable difference in plant growth due to
cobalt treatments where the soil also received a heavy
application of dolomite.
The effects of gypsum, cobalt and dolomite treatments
on the cobalt content of timothy are shown in the mean
values presented in Table XXII.

Thus, although dolomite

did not significantly decrease the uptake of native soil

69

TABLE XX

ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE OP TEE YIELD OP TIMOTEY ON A
COBALT AND GYPSUM TREATED WOODVILLE SANDY LOAM SOIL

Degrees
of
Freedom

Mean
Square

Replications

3

0,0197

Cobalt

2

0.1386

Gypsum

1

0 .0201).

Cobalt x
Gypsum

2

0 .00l).8

Gypsum x
Replications

3

Cobalt x
Replications
Error

Source of
Variation

^ ^a^ue
Required
Obtained
at P. Of?

3.51)-

5.1l*

0,0611).

1.57

1+.76

6

0.0851).

2.18

I*.28

6

0.0392

70

TABLE X X I

ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE OP THE YIELD OP TIMOTHY ON A COBALT
AND DOLOMITE TREATED WOODVILLE SANDY LOAM SOIL

Source of
Variation

Degrees
of
Freedom

Mean
Square

Replications

3

0.0281

Dolomite

3

6.2162

Cobalt

2

0.0086

Cobalt x
Dolomite

6

0.05ip-

Dolomite x
Replications

9

0.0777

Cobalt x
Replications

6

0.0175

18

0.0552

Error

P Value
Required
at P.05
Obtained

-

126.61

3.16

l.lp.

2.^6

71

A
1.
rj
2.

OC\] Check.
S3
v£> Dolomite - 2 T/A.
OJ

‘T l*

R

T/A.
3- s Dolomite o
K ° Dolomite - 6 T/A.
00
- 2 T/A.
5 . S Gypsum
O
rH

B

6.

Check.

7.

CoC12 .6H2 0-2 lbs/A.

g.

CoCl2 .6H2 0-10 lbs/A.

9.

Check.

©

Check.
10. ■a
o
11. *3 CoCl2 .6^0-2 lbs/A.
p
12.© CoC12 .6h2 0-10 lbs/A.
c
o
■p
VO

Fig. 1 0 . The appearance of the timothy crop after
eight weeks growth on Woodville soil receiving
various dolomite, gypsum and cobalt treatments.

72

TABLE X X I I

THE EFFECT OF GYPSUM, COBALT AND DOLOMITE TREATMENTS
ON THE COBALT CONTENT OF TIMOTHY GROWN ON A
WOODVILLE SANDY LOAM SOIL
(Mean of two replications expressed as parts
per million on a moisture-free basis)

Co C12 *6

h 2o

Applications

0

2 lb./A

Check

0 .2 3

0 .2 8

1.37

Gypsum - 2 tons/A

0 .5 6

0.92

2.58

Dolomite - 2 tons/A

0 .1 6

0 .2 0

0.33

10 lb./A

11

- if tons/A

0.15

0 .1 8

0.31

H

- 6 tons/A

o.i6

0 .1 8

0 .2 8

L.S.D. (P.05)

* 0 .1 5

cobalt by the timothy, the 2 -ton application of gypsum did
significantly increase the cobalt content of the plants*
Where cobalt chloride was applied at the rate of 2
pounds per acre dolomite caused a decrease in the cobalt
content of the plants but the decrease was not significant.
However, with the 1 0 —pound application of cobalt chloride
there was a highly significant decrease in the cobalt up­
take by the plants on the dolomite-treated soils as com­
pared with those receiving cobalt alone.

Both on the

73

cobalt fertilized and unfertilized series the 2 -ton applica­
tion of dolomite was as effective as the ij.-and 6 -ton appli­
cations in reducing cobalt uptake by the plants.

The highly

significant increase in the cobalt content of timothy on the
gypsum-treated soils is apparent in the data given in
Table XXII.
It would appear that the decrease in the cobalt content
of forage, when liming materials are applied, is due to the
increased pH of the soil and not to calcium ion antagonism.
Thus the gypsum treatment supplied an adequate amount of
calcium but increased the acidity of the soil by one-half
a pH unit, and the timothy grown thereon had a much higher
cobalt content as compared with plants gro?«i where the soil
had a higher pH value*
The relationship between pH of the soil and cobalt
content of timothy is illustrated in Figure 11.

As the

acidity of the Woodville soil increased from approximately
pH 6.0 to

7 there was a marked increase in the cobalt

content of the timothy, particularly with increased incre­
ments of applied cobalt.

But from pH 6.0 to 7*0 the cobalt

content of the forage remained almost constant for each
level of soil cobalt.

In the soil pH range 6.0 to 7*0,

the 1 0 -pound application of cobalt chloride caused a signi­
ficant increase in the cobalt content of the timothy over
that grown on the check, but the increase over the 2 -pound
application was not significant*

lh

o .... o No cobalt added
2.5

o-----

a

CoC12 .6H20-2 lbs./A.

2.0

Co content

of timothy

- p.p.m.

x---- x C0CI2.6H2O-IO lbs./A

1.0

X----- -

1

Soil pH
Fig.11. Cobalt content of timothy grown on
Woodville soil at varied pH values and
three levels of cobalt.

75

VI SUMMARY
The work reported in this thesis consisted of green­
house and laboratory investigations of the cobalt-supplying
potential of some soils of the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia*
Representative samples of llj. major soil types were
collected and a greenhouse experiment set up to study the
effect of cobalt and dolomite treatments on the yield and
cobalt content of oats and timothy.

One soil was selected

for a more detailed study of the effects of gypsum, copper,
and varied rates of dolomite, cobalt, nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium on the yield and cobalt content of timothy.
These acid soils ranged in texture from sandy loam to
clay and in cobalt content from 3 *6 to 2 1 .0 parts per mil­
lion.

The heavier-textured soils had, in general, a higher

cobalt content than the light-textured soils.

The cobalt

content of the soils was significantly correlated with
cation exchange capacity but not with organic matter or
nitrogen content.
There was a significant relationship between the cobalt
content of the oat crop and soil pH and texture but not with
cation exchange capacity, per cent, base saturation, or
organic matter content.

There was no correlation between

the cobalt content of the soils and the cobalt content of
the oat and timothy crops grown on them.

76

In general, soil applications of cobalt did not signi­
ficantly affect

the yield of oats or timothy.

However a

significant increase and decrease In the yield of oats was
obtained on the Middleton and Wolfville soils, respectively.
The dolomite treatment significantly increased the
yield of both oats and timothy.
The cobalt treatment produced a three-fold average
increase in the

cobalt content of the oat crop while there

was a five-fold

average increase in the cobalt content of

timothy grown on cobalt treated as compared with untreated
soils.

The increased cobalt content of the timothy over

that of the oat crop is attributed to the additional I4.
pounds per acre of cobalt sulphate applied to the soils
after the oat crop was harvested.
A 2-ton per acre application of dolomite had a depres­
sing effect on the uptake of native soil cobalt on both
crops.

This decreased cobalt uptake by oats was significant

at the 5 per cent, level on the Middleton, Falmouth Dyke
and Canard Dyke soils but not significant on the other nine
soils.

The decreased uptake by timothy was significant

only on the Fash soil although it approached significance
on the Falmouth Dyke soil.

The plant absorption of cobalt

applied to the soil was markedly reduced by the application
of dolomitic limestone.

On the cobalt-treated soils the

cobalt content of the oat crop was reduced from an average

77

of 0 .l|.5 to 0 .1 6 parts per million by the two-ton-per-acre
application of dolomite, while the cobalt content of the
timothy crop was reduced from O.lj.7 to 0 .3 0 parts per million.
The per cent, uptake of added cobalt was in general less
than 0 .f> per* cent.
The 2, [(. and 6 tons per acre applications of dolomite
increased the pH of the Woodville soil from approximately
5.1 to approximately 6.2, 6 .7 and 7.0, respectively.

Gypsum,

applied at the rate of 2 tons per acre, decreased the pH of
the Woodville soil to approximately I|_®7 •
The cobalt and gypsum treatments did not significantly
affect the yield of timothy on the Woodville soil but dolo­
mite produced a significant increase.
Applications of dolomite at 2, I4. and 6 tons per acre
did not significantly decrease the uptake of native soil
cobalt by timothy grown on Woodville soil.

However, cobalt

uptake was markedly decreased by dolomite applications
where cobalt chloride was applied at the rate of 10 pounds
per acre.

The 2-tons application of dolomite was just as

effective as the heavier rates in reducing cobalt uptake.
A 2 -tons-per-acre application of gypsum greatly in­
creased the cobalt content of the timothy grown on both
cobalt-treated and untreated Woodville soil.

The increased

uptake of cobalt where gypsum was applied is attributed to
the increased acidity of the soil.

The availability of

78

cobalt is apparently a function of the pH of the soil rather
than the amount of available calcium.
Increasing the pH of the Woodville soil to approximately
pH 6 resulted in a fairly marked decrease in the cobalt con­
tent of the timothy, but increasing the pH from 6 to 7 had
no significant effect on the cobalt content of the crop.
Copper sulphate applied at the rate of 20 pounds per
acre had a significant depressing effect on the yield of
timothy and, where dolomite was not applied, significantly
increased the cobalt content of the timothy.
A significant increase in the yield of timothy grown
on Woodville soil was obtained by increasing the rate of
nitrogen fertilization but not by increasing the amount of
applied phosphorus or potassium.

Varied rates of applica­

tion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium had no signifi­
cant effect on the cobalt content of the timothy crop.
Admittedly these studies lack the essential confirma­
tion by feeding trials with animals before cobalt sufficiency
or deficiency can be established In the soils or plants
studied.

Nevertheless these greenhouse and laboratory

studies indicate that the marine soils, Falmouth Dyke and
Canard Dyke, have high cobalt-supplying potentials and
cobalt deficiency is not likely to be a problem on these
soils even where a good liming program is followed.

Similar­

ly, but to a lesser degree, the Fash and Wolfville soils

79

would appear to have satisfactory cobalt-supplying power.
On the other hand cobalt deficiency troubles might be expec­
ted to occur in areas where the light-textured soils such
as the Nictaux, Cornwallis and Berwick are found*

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous. (19lj.3)
Mineral Content of pastures - Investigations at the
Cawthron Institute. New Zealand Department of
Scientific and Industrial Research. Ann. Rpt. 17;

10-11.

Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (19l|.5)
Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis, ed 6 .
Washington, D.C.
Askew, H. 0. (19^4-3)
Animal tests with cobalt-containing limestones at
Sherry River, Nelson, New Zealand. New Zeal. Jour.
Sci. and Technol. 2j?A: I5^“l6l
(19 lj-6 )
The effectiveness of small applications of cobalt
sulfate for the control of cobalt deficiency in the
Sherry Valley, Nelson. New Zeal. Jour. Sci. and
Technol. 28A: 37-^3•
and J. K. Dixon. (1937)
Influence of cobalt top-dressing on the cobalt status
of pasture plants. New Zeal. Jour. Sci. and Technol.
l 8 : 6 8 8 -6 9 3 *
and P. W. Maunsell. (1937)
The cobalt content of some Nelson pastures*
Zeal. Jour. Sci. and Technol. 12= 337-31+2.

New

and J. Watson. (191+6)
The effect of various cobalt compounds on the cobalt
content of a Nelson pasture. New Zeal. Jour. Sci.
and Technol. 28A: 170-172.
Atkinson, H. J., G. R. Giles, and A. J. MacLean (1952)
Fertilizer studies on soil types; The physical and
chemical composition of the soils of Carleton County,
Ontario. Unpublished manuscript.
Beeson, K. G. (1950)
Cobalt occurrence in soils and forages in relation
to a nutritional disorder in ruminants. United States
Department of Agriculture, Washington, Agr. Inform.
Bull. No. 1} Iplp pp.

81

Beeson, K. C. (1958)
Soil deficiencies and nutritional troubles in
animals.
Jour. Soil and Water Conserv.
6 l-6 8 .
Louise Gray, and K. C. Hamner. (1958)
The absorption of mineral elements by forage crops.
II The effect of fertilizer elements and liming
materials on the content of mineral nutrients in
soybean leaves. Amer. Soc. Agron. Jour, 50: 553-562.
Bertrand, Gabriel, and M. Mokragnatz. ( 1 9 2 2 )
Sur la presence du cobalt et du nickel dans la
terre arable. Compt. Rend. Acad, des Sci. 175 • 112-115*
Bouyoucos, G. J. (1951)
A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making
mechanical analysis of soils. Agron. Jour. jtis ii.35-ii.38.
Bowstead, J. E., and J. P. Sackville. (1939)
Studies with a deficiency ration for sheep* I Effect
of various supplements. II Effect of a cobalt sup­
plement. Can. Jour. Res. 1?D: 15-28*
Cambi, Giuliano. (1959)
Preliminary report on the cobalt content of Italian
forages. Ann. Sper. Agrar. 3: 963-973* Seen in
abstract only* Chem. Abs. 55s 3630, 1950.
Dawson, Sir. J. William. (1 8 8 9 )
Handbook of Canadian Geology.
Montreal. 25 pp.

Dawson Brothers,

Ellis, G. H*, and J. P. Thompson. (1955)
Determination of cobalt in biological materials with
nitroso-cresol. Ind and Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 1 7 :
255-257.
Giles, G. R. (1951)
Unpublished data.
Goldthwait, J. W. (1 9 2 5 )
Physiography of Nova Scotia. Geological Survey,
Canada Department of Mines, Ottawa, Mem. l50> 179 PP«
Gregory, R. L., C« J. Morris, and G. H. Ellis* (1951)
Some modifications in the ortho-nitrosocresol method
for the determination of cobalt.
Jour. Assoc.
Offic. Agr. Chemists. 35: 710-716.

82

Griramett, R. E. R. (1937)
Report of chemistry section. New Zealand Department
of Agriculture, Ann. Rpt. Jj.7-51.
Harlow, L. C., and G. B. Whiteside. (19i+3)
Soil Survey of the Annapolis Valley Fruit-Growing
Area. Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa,
Tech. Bull. IjJ, 92 pp.
Harvey, R. J. (1 9 3 7 )
The Denmark wasting disease. Cobalt status of some
West Australian soils.
Jour. Dept. Agr. W. Australia.
l|t: 386-392
Holmes, R. S. (I9 I4.5 )
Determination of total copper, zinc, cobalt and lead
in soils and soil solutions. Soil Sci. 22* 77—Sit*
Kidson, E. B. (1937)
Cobalt status of New Zealand soils.
Sci. and Technol. 18: 69 ^4-“707

New Zeal. Jour.

(1 9 3 8 )
Some factors influencing the cobalt content of soils.
Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind.
95~9& T.
Malyuga, D. P. (19i|-l|)
The problem of Co, Ni, and Cu content of soils.
Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.
216-220.
Seen in
abstract only. Chem. Abs. £3.: 1008, 19^5*
Marston, H. R., and D. W. Dewey. (I9I4O)
The estimation of cobalt in plant and animal tissues.
Australian Jour. Exptl. Biol. Med. Sci. 18: 3l|-3“352.
Maunsell, P. W., and J. E. V. Simpson. (19^4)
Investigation to determine suitable methods of apply­
ing cobalt sulphate to pastures during fertilizer
shortage. New Zeal. Jour. Sci. and Technol. 26A ;
IJ4.2 -1 I4.5 .
McNaught, K. J., and G. W. Paul. (194-0)
Cobalt deficiency on limestone soil. New Zeal. Jour
Sci. and Technol. 21A: 3i|3-3M4-*
Mitchell, R. L. (I9 I4J4-)
Distribution of trace elements in soils and grasses.
Proc. Nutrition Soc. (Engl, and Scot.) !L: l83-l89»
(I9 I4.6 )
Applications of spectrographic analysis to soil in­
vestigations* Analyst 24s 3&1- 368.

83

Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Marketing (1950)
Report for the year ended November 30, I9 I+9 , p. 8 3 .
(King’s Printer, Halifax, N.S.)
Patterson, J. B. E. (1937)
Cobalt and sheep diseases.

Nature 1 I4-O; 3 6 3 .

Peech. Michael, L. T. Alexander, L. A.

Dean and J. P. Reed.

(191*7)
Methods of soil analysis for soil-fertility investiga­
tions. United States Department of Agriculture,
Washington, Circ. No. 757.
Riceman, D. S., and C. M. Donald. (1 9 3 8 )
Preliminary investigations on the effect of copper
and other elements on the growth of plants in a
"Coasty" calcareous sand at Robe, South Australia.
Australia Council Sci. Ind. Research, Pamphlet No.
l l : 1-23
Rigg, T. (1937)
Annual report on chemical work at the Cawthron
Institute for the year ending 31st March, 1937. New
Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Re­
search, Wellington, Ann. Rpt. 11_: 69 -7 1 .

(1939)
Mineral content of pastures.
Cobalt investigations
at the Cawthron Institute, period 1938-39* New
Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Re­
search, Wellington, Ann. Rpt. ljj: 60-63»
(igl+Oa)
Mineral content of pastures. Cobalt investigations
at the Cawthron Institute, 1939 -J4.O. New Zealand
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,
Wellington, Ann. Rpt. llj.: Ipl—Iplp.
(19 l^0 b)
Cobalt investigations.
Cawthron Institute, Nelson,
New Zealand, Ann. Rpt. 19l*0j 12-li*.
Rossiter, R. C., D. H. Curnow, and E. J. Underwood. (191*8)
The effect of cobalt sulphate on the cobalt content
of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterranean L.
var. Divalganup) at three stages of growth.
Jour.
Australian Inst. Agr. Sci. llj. No. It 9"l4 *

81*

Stanton, D. J., and E. B. Kidson. (1939)
Cobalt status of soils and pastures in the Sherry and
Wangapeka districts, Nelson. New Zeal. Jour. Sci. and
Technol. 21 B: 65-76.
Stewart, J. (191*6)
Cobalt and pining.

Scot. Jour. Agr. 2<S: 6 -l 8 .

---- R. L. Mitchell, and A. B. Stewart* (I9 I4-I)*
Pining in sheep: Its control by administration of
cobalt and by use of cobalt-rich fertilizers.
Empire Jour. Exptl. Agr. £: 11*5-152.
Sutherland, A. J., and G. R. Smith. (1950)
The cobalt content of some Nova Scotia soils and
the herbage crop. Paper presented before the Soils
Section, Agricultural Institute of Canada at
Charlottetown, June 1950*
Stobbe, P. C., and A. Leahey. (191*8)
Guide for the selection of agricultural soils.
Canada Department of Agriculture Pub. 7^8: 13-15*
Underwood, E. J., and R. J. Harvey. (1938)
Enzootic marasmus: the cobalt content of soils,
pastures and animal organs. Australian Vet. Jour.
lit: I 8 3 -I8 9 .
Watson, Joyce. (19i(-3)
The effect of dressings of cobalt and limestone on
the molybdenum content of some South Island
pastures.
New Zeal. Jour. Sci. and Technol. 25A:
l62-l61*.
Wright, L. E. (191*6)
Unpublished data.
Yates, F. (1933)
The analysis of replicated experiments when the
field results are incomplete. Empire Jour. Exptl.
Agr. 1: 129-ll*2.
Young, R. S. (1935)
Certain rarer elements in soils and fertilizers and
their role in plant growth. New York Agricultural
Experiment Station, Ithaca, Mem. l l h > 70 pp.
Zelenov, V. G. (I9 I4-O)
The action of fertilizers containing copper on peat
soils. Trudy TSKhAj?, No.l: 251-259*
Seen in
abstract only. Chem. Abs.
6 ll, 19M**

S O IL M A P O F A N N A P O L IS V A L L E Y
P R O V IN C E O F N O V A S C O T IA
Scale 1 inch to 1 m ile
0
1

2

Miles

SHEET

2

Burlington

ic lo ria H arbour,

BuckIt
Cor fig
Garland

Viewmount
45°05'
S W rN D E L L
KNOB

-CSomer'sCl
;M r s . r f -

A yle s fo rd

Westop
■Dempsey':
iC orners'

LI/a(■;'

W ilto n C orners

Berwick
T

t'.

X ,

Caribou
<T° Lake

orners

Aylesford
B ISH O P \ M O U N T A IN
.Race
Course

iso rtn ^
K ings tm

Berwick
■■'West

M illville*

45°00h
oiua

Melverh
G re e n w o o d

\S a u a re

factory dale

Kingston

Morristown

N ic h o ls v ille S \

Cns

South'Xireen'wood

Kingston V i/li

•4

S o u th

H a rm o n y

H a l/ m o o n L .
H a rm o n y

W i l m ot

Aylesford
L acy R oad

M eadowvali
’E llio tt

X,aJee

T.remonV

Shallow y
T o rb ro o k M i'n e s

P h a se

V

S o u th
T re m o n t

Uhlmen L.
T o rb ro o k
\ E ast

44°S5
T o rb ro o k

P a lrm
T o rb ro o k IV e st

1> f i / n

River
E ast Branch L

Tom ahaw k

U p p e r P a lm e r L

Cloud Lake
65° 00'

6 5°10'

°'

64 40

Soil survey by D ep artm ent of A gricu ltu re, Nova Scotia, in co-operation w ith the

P repared and draw n at the office of the Surveyor G eneral and C hief, H yd ro graph ic Service, O ttaw a, 1939.

LEGEND

E xperim en tal Farm s Service, D om inion Departm ent of A gricu ltu re.

REFERENCE

S O IL TY P E S

S O IL TYPES

S O IL T Y P E S

S O IL TYPES

M a in ro a d s ........................... —

— —

— —

A v o n p o rt sandy lo a m .........

K e n tv ille sandy lo a m .........

M o rris to w n clay loam,

Torbrook s a n d ..................

O ther ro a d s ...........................=

=

=

B e rw ick sandy lo a m ...........

K e n tv ille lo a m ..................

N ic ta u x sand ............

Torbrook sandy lo a m ..........

T r a ils ................................. ...............

B e rw ick loa m ....................

Law rencetow n lo a m ..........

N ic ta u x sandy loam ....

W olfville lo a m .................. .

Railways .......................................... ............

C an nin g s a n d ..................

Law rencetow n clay loam ....

Pelton lo a m .............

Woodville sandy lo a m ........

M a rs h

C an nin g sandy loam ...........

M id d le to n loam ................

Peltnn clay lo a m .......

M u c k .............................

Soil boundaries........................................... ..... • '

C o rn w a llis s a n d ...............

M id d le to n clay loam ..........

Pereau sand ..................

E ro de d ............. .............

H e ig h t in feet .....................

C o rn w a llis sandy loam

......

M il l a r s a n d .....................

Prospect sandy loam....

Bottom la n d .....................

Fash lo a m .......................

M o rris to w n sandy loam ......

Somerset s a n d ..........

Gravelly phase ..................

Fash c la y ........................

M o rris to w n lo a m .............

Somerset sandy loam ..

Rocky phase ......................... r

..................

C ontours ...........................

=

=

4*----

t>47

Base map made from the B ridgetow n sheet, D epartm ent of Mines and Resources, O ttaw a, and the B erw ick
sheet, Departm ent of N ational D efe n ce , Ottawa.
Published by the E x p e rim e n ta l F a rm s Service, Ottawa.

MorP

S O IL M A P O F A N N A P O L IS V A L L E Y
P R O V IN C E OF N O V A S C O T IA
Scale 1 inch to 1 m ile

^

?

1

2Mllei

SHEET

3

L o w e r Blonftidon'
The H ogsback
'Lyons
.C ove

WHARVES,

Falmouth

^ W IN D S O R

WHARVES

Baxter H arbour

Blomidon

JWHARF

Long Beach1

C am bridqe Flats

S ta rra tt Pt.

V

Halls Harbour

’ U pper

F a lrp o u th

A rlin g to n

e? Paddy Island

East H a ll
'■arbour Road

CONTINUATION OU

"G-lenmont

est G le n m o n t

.CANNING
rRESERVOIR

G lenm ont

Split Rock,

AVON RIVER

W q p d s id s

J o h n s o rv
Cove

LongspeN
Point /

Vernon Mines

\
, Wsl

WhiteHead

\\

w h ar f I

•''Habitant

Cheverie
Point

(

vM ills /- '/
P orte r P oint

■Shef f ieM. M ills
Station

Bootfllsland

Cen trevxITe'

PELTON
M O U N TAIN

L o n g Is la n d H ead
B ill town Sta.
I Wsl

Indian P oint

ABpiOEAtn

T h e fD e v ils
B u rro w
U pper/D yke

Cboioeau

‘fro Otis vfe

LaR-eviiie

\-.-Jfc A ; ' /

(aboioeau

Steam M i l l VS'
'•
Village'.-SsL

.

. I1, H o tton La-fidm-gl

\S s

Q a k \ ^ /l.s la n d
5V; '
v\J l'-'i* ^ ns
d .l .
hJ:
\

WHARF'

%(yyfoMLkisjiX

ABOIDCAUj

&V* BM71.1 vA
rVA vonport
.Wvi Station

G h ip m a n Corner..

Horton B lu ff

Summerville

iHOTEL

Kts F o rt W illi:

Aldershot

WHARF
A boideau

kBOiDEAu

ABOIDEAL

ABOIOEAU

BI422T
ABOIOEAU
[ touriSt

Brooklyn Corner..

yJt/.VERjf
'

Bsl

Por t Williamsfijreenwich P.O.)"'’

ickhart^illie*

Fruit Co. SpurABOIDEAl

•Oak Islar
Spur *

KEN-WO
GOLF
Bounds-

// tSSI //
" OOMIN ION
■WHARVES

"Reservoir .
| experimentahI
i
j! : :

lOEAU

Cambridge Station
i STATION ’

\ W vs

PULP MILL
POWER
WHARF

riteRock.
M ills X

Wvs

Denson

BM47.6-

itc / !
*V

i

•'

M itchener
* Point

HO R T O N
I- R- N o . 35

Power

N ew to iiville
\B ishopville
\ShawBog

w harf!

Tupper Lake

Shaw

,

ShevH.
ABOlDEAUl
ABOlDEl

McGee Lake

L ittle

/
Dimock Point
WHARVES j

^
Soil survey by D ep artm ent of A griculture, N ova Scotia, in co-operation w ith the

Other ro a d s ..........................
T r a ils .................................

H a n ts p o rt loam

A vonport sand.
=

..................

C anning s a n d ..........
C anning sandy loam ....

R a il ways .............................. ................. .

C ornw a llis s a n d .......

M a r s h ................................

C o rn w a llis sa n d y loam.

^

^

"rTl ^

Berwick sandy lo a m ....

S o il boundaries ........................ •
H e ig h t in fe e t .......................
C ontours ..............................
Depression contours ...............

1342

F alm outh sa n d y loam ..
F alm ou th lo a m

Cgs

Cgl

Cns

Cnl

Bsl

Fs

Gaspereau sa n d y lo a m .

K e n tv ille sandy lo a m ....
K e n tv ille lo a m .............

M il l a r s a n d ................
M o rris to w n lo a m .........

Fc

Gs

N ic ta u x sand ..............
Pelton sandy loam .........

Pelton clay lo a m .....

W o o dville sandy loam
Pn c

Prospect sandy loam..

Ktl

Law rencetow n clay loam

M o rris to w n clay loam ....

.........

F alm ou th c la y lo a m ....

H a n ts p o rt clay loam ......

Pereau sand ...........
Somerset s a n d ........

M rs
M nl

M nc

Ns

Pns

Somerset sandy loam
Torbrook sa n d ........
Torbrook sandy loam
W o lfv ille sandy loam .
W o lfv ille loam ....

P ublished by the E xperim en tal F a rm s S ervice , Ottawa.

SOIL T Y P E S

Pelton loam
He

Falmouth-

Base m ap made from the W o lfv ille sheet, D ep artm ent of Mines and Resources, Ottawa, and the B erw ick
sheet, D epartm ent of National D e fe n c e , Ottawa.

S O IL TYPES
M a in roads

»

P re p a re d and drawn at the office o f the S urveyor G eneral and C hief, H ydrographic Service, O ttaw a, 1939,

LEGEND

E xperim en tal Farm s Service, D om inion D epartm ent of A griculture.

^

Pus

Ss

Ssl
Ts

Tl

W vs

W vl

M u c k o r peat

M or P

Bottom land..

B .L .

Dyke la n d

D .L .

E ro d e d
S .M .

S a lt marsh

G ravelly phase............................... *

x

Rocky p h a se ...............

r

r

r

r

WHARVES

•ilfarluTfihuR-rd

W IN D S O R

S O IL M A P O F A N N A P O L IS

VALLEY

P R O V IN C E O F N O V A S C O T IA
Scale 1 inch to 1 m ile

CJumte

Cove,

i/ine

OWE

Hugglea

Lake- *

Ifoiisig

Lcuke'

WcLlk&T'
LaJee

Irte&iaru
W e ll
700'

P.M.
P.M..

44°45'

Annapolis^
R oyal

S o il survey bj>y D e p a rtm e n t of A gricu ltu re, N o \a Scotia, in co-operation with the
E x p e rim e n ta l! F a rm s S e rv ic e , D o m in io n Departm ent of A gricu ltu re.

P r e p a re d a n d drawn at tlh e office o f th e S u rv e y o r G e n e r a l and C h ie f, H y d ro g r a p h ic S e rv ic e , O tta w a , 1139
B ase m a p fr o m B r id g e to w n sheet, D e p a r tm e n t of M in e s a nd Resources.
P u b lis h e d b y th e E x p e r im e n t a l F a r m s S e rv ic e , O tta w a .

S O IL T Y P E S
A nnapolis sandy loam ...

Pereau sand .......... .

REFERENCE

A vonport sandy lo a m ....

Prospect sandy loam..

M a in r o a d s .......................... ..............

B ridg etow n sandy loam.

Torbrook sandy loam

Other roads............... = = = = =

Fash c la y .................. .

Dyke land ...................

T r a i ls ..................

Fash lo a m .................

Bottom la n d ...........

K entville sandy lo a m .....

M uck or peat..............

Law rencetow n clay loam

E ro d e d

M id d le to n loam ...........

G ravelly phase ........................

x

N ic ta u x sandy loa m ....

Rocky p hase ...........................

R

.......

Railways................. .
M a rs h

................................... . ^

,,
^

S o il boundaries ......................
H e ig h t in fe e t .....................

969

M or P

.....
x

x

R

x

R