N U T R IT IO N A L CONDITIONS OF M ICHIGAN BLUEBERRY PL A N T A TIO N S By W A L T E R E L M E R BALLINGER AN ABSTRACT S u b m itte d to th e School f o r A d v a n c e d G r a d u a t e S tu d ie s o f M ic h ig a n S ta te U n i v e r s i t y of A g r i c u l t u r e a n d A p p lie d S c ie n c e in p a r t i a l f u lf illm e n t of th e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r th e d e g r e e of D O CTO R OF PHILOSOPHY D e p a rtm e n t of H o rtic u ltu re 1957 A pproved ' >- ^ ProQuest Number: 10008254 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10008254 Published by ProQuest LLC (2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 -1346 W A L T E R B A LLIN G ER ABSTRA CT T h e h ig h b u s h b l u e b e r r y d e v ia t e s q u ite m a r k e d l y f r o m o t h e r fr u it c r o p s in it s s o il a n d n u t r i t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . W hen g ro w n on th e p r o p e r so il, it is r e l a t i v e l y f r e e of n u t r i t i o n a l d i s o r d e r s e x p r e s s e d a s d e f ic ie n c y s y m p to m s . R e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a il a b le c o n c e r n i n g th e n u t r i t i o n a l r e q u i r e ­ m e n t s of th e b l u e b e r r y . S in ce i t s s o il r e q u i r e m e n t s d if f e r f r o m th o s e of o t h e r f r u i t c r o p s , th e in f o r m a t io n a v a il a b le f o r th e o t h e r f r u i t c r o p s m a y n ot b e a p ­ p l i c a b l e to th e b l u e b e r r y . A s u r v e y w a s m a d e in 1955 an d 1956 to in i t i a t e a m o r e e x te n s iv e stu d y of th e b l u e b e r r y in M ic h ig a n u tiliz in g s o m e of the m o r e r e c e n t r e s e a r c h to o ls , s u c h a s s p e c t r o g r a p h i c l e a f a n a l y s i s a n d s o il e x c h a n g e a n a l y s e s . A p p r o x im a te ly 55 b l u e b e r r y p la n tin g s w e r e u s e d f o r th e s u r v e y . Soil s a m p l e s w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity , e x c h a n g e a b le c a lc iu m , m a g n e s iu m a n d p o t a s s i u m , a n d pH. i m a t e l y 33 of t h e s e p l a n tin g s . d u r i n g 1955 a n d 1956. Y ie ld r e c o r d s w e r e c o m p le te d f o r a p p r o x ­ A n a ly s e s w e r e m a d e of f r u i t i n g - s h o o t le a v e s A d d itio n a l s a m p l e s of b l u e b e r r y f r u i t a n d s u c k e r - s h o o t l e a v e s w e r e a n a ly z e d in 1956. F e r t i l i z e r t r i a l s w e r e i n i t i a t e d in 1956 on s e v e r a l p la n tin g s w h o se 1955 n u t r i e n t - e l e m e n t b a la n c e c h a r t s i n d ic a te d a n u tr i tio n a l u n b a la n c e . s e s w e r e o b ta in e d c o n c u r r e n t l y w ith th e s u r v e y s a m p l e s . L eaf a n aly ­ T h e s u r v e y r e v e a l e d th a t e c o lo g i c a l c o n d itio n s s u c h a s e x c e s s i v e o r d e f ic ie n t q u a n t i t i e s of s o il m o i s t u r e , f r o s t , a n d a b n o r m a l t e m p e r a t u r e s m a y s e r i o u s l y in flu e n c e p r o d u c tio n . N itro g e n , a s p e r c e n t d r y w e ig h t of th e f r u i t i n g - s h o o t l e a v e s , w a s d i ­ r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l to y ie ld u n til a m a x im u m le v e l of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2. 10 p e rc e n t was re a c h e d . Y ie ld d e c r e a s e d w hen n itr o g e n e x c e e d e d 2. 10 p e r c e n t . T h e p e r c e n t of th e s o il c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity o c c u p ie d by c a lc iu m a p p e a r e d to a ffe c t th e v i g o r o f the b l u e b e r r y p la n t. Q u a n titie s ab o v e a p p r o x ­ i m a t e l y e ig h t p e r c e n t w e r e r e l a t e d to e x t r e m e l y p o o r g ro w th . F o r th o s e b u s h e s w h e r e c a lc iu m on the s o il e x c h a n g e w a s b e lo w e ig h t p e r c e n t , n itr o g e n w a s a p p a r e n t l y m o r e in f lu e n tia l. T h e r e w e r e s o m e in d ic a tio n s th a t th e m a g n e s iu m c o n te n t ( p e r c e n t d r y w eight) o f th e f r u i t i n g - s h o o t l e a v e s w a s r e l a t e d to f r u i t y ie ld . L i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n a n y two of th e t h r e e t i s s u e s a n a ly z e d ( f r u i t i n g - s h o o t l e a v e s , s u c k e r - s h o o t le a v e s , a n d b l u e b e r r y fr u it) a n d m u l ­ tip le c o r r e l a t i o n s s u g g e s t e d th a t m a n g a n e s e w a s highly m o b ile in t h is p la n t. C o n s e q u e n tly , a n y one of t h e s e t i s s u e s m a y be u s e d a s a n in d e x of m a n g a n e s e c o n te n t. N itro g e n , p o t a s s i u m , c a lc iu m a n d ir o n d id not a p p e a r to be a s m o b ile . C o p p e r a n d z in c s e e m e d to be h ig h ly im m o b ile . l e a v e s a p p e a r to b e th e d e s i r a b l e t i s s u e fo r a n a l y s i s . F o r th e se n u trie n ts By c o m p u tin g to ta l n u t r i e n t s r e m o v e d f r o m th e s o il by b l u e b e r r y f r u i t a n d l e a v e s , a f e r t i l i z e r r a t i o of 4 - 1 - 2 w a s e v o lv e d . If t h is r a t i o is m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e , th e e x c e s s i v e p o t a s s i u m in th e 1 1 -1 1 - 1 1 r a t i o b e in g u s e d m a y e x p la in th e o c c u r r e n c e of m a g n e s iu m d e f ic ie n c y s y m p to m s in s c a t t e r e d b l u e b e r r y p la n ta tio n s . D e fic ie n c y r a n g e s f o r m a g n e s iu m , m a n g a n e s e a n d ir o n in th e l e a v e s a p p e a r e d to be l e s s th an 0. 11, 0. 0031 a n d 0. 006 p e r c e n t r e s p e c ­ tiv e ly . S o lub le s o lid s r e a d i n g s w e r e ta k e n in 1955, but no r e l a t i o n s h i p to o t h e r d a ta w a s n o te d . Soil m o i s t u r e a n d a m u l t i p l i c i t y of o t h e r f a c t o r s a p p a r e n t l y p r e c l u d e th e u s e of s o lu b le s o lid s r e a d i n g s on b l u e b e r r y f r u i t a s a n in d e x of n u t r i t i o n a l c o n d itio n s . T h e fa c t th a t th e b l u e b e r r y p la n t i s s h a l l o w - r o o t e d w a r r a n t s th e e m p lo y m e n t of s o il c a tio n e x c h a n g e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a s w e ll a s le a f a n a l y s e s in d e t e r m i n i n g th e n u tr i t i o n a l s t a t u s of th is c r o p . T h e s o il a n ­ a l y s i s w o u ld in d ic a te th e p r e s e n c e of e x c e s s i v e s u p p lie s of c a lc iu m a n d w o u ld be u s e f u l a s a p r e - p l a n t i n g d ia g n o s i s . L e a f a n a l y s i s w o u ld in d ic a te th e n u t r i t i o n a l n e e d s of th e e s t a b l i s h e d b u s h e s . N U TR IT IO N A L CONDITIONS O F M ICHIGAN BLUEBERRY PLA N T A TIO N S By W A L T E R E L M E R BALLINGER A THESIS S u b m itte d to th e School f o r A d v a n c e d G r a d u a t e S tu d ie s of M ic h ig a n S ta te U n i v e r s i t y of A g r i c u l t u r e a n d A p p lie d S c ie n c e in p a r t i a l fu lf illm e n t of th e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r th e d e g r e e of D O C T O R O F PHILOSOPHY D e p a r t m e n t of H o r t i c u l t u r e 1957 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T h e a u th o r w is h e s to e x p r e s s h is s i n c e r e th a n k s a n d a p p r e c i a t i o n to D r s . A. L. K e n w o rth y a n d D. H. D ew ey f o r t h e i r c o n s ta n t a s s i s t a n c e a n d i n s p i r a t i o n ; to D r s . H. K. Bell a n d R. P. L a r s e n f o r t h e i r help in c o m ­ p l e t i n g th e f ie ld w o rk ; to D r. E. J. Benne, M r. S. T. B ass, a n d s ta f f fo r c a r r y i n g out th e c h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s of th e l e a f a n d f r u i t s a m p l e s ; a n d to D r s . K. L a w to n a n d G. P. S te in b a u e r f o r t h e i r g u id a n c e a n d e d itin g of th e m an u scrip t. S p e c ia l a c k n o w le d g e m e n t is due M r. John N e ls o n fo r h is p e r s o n a l i n t e r e s t a n d in v a lu a b le he lp th ro u g h o u t th e p r o b l e m ; to th e M ic h ig a n B lu e­ b e r r y G r o w e r s A s s o c ia tio n f o r p r o v id i n g the f in a n c ia l g r a n t; a n d la s t , but not l e a s t , to th e m a n y g r o w e r s who g r e a t l y a s s i s t e d by p r o v id i n g p la n ts , f r u it, a n d h a r v e s t i n g l a b o r . have been p o s sib le . W ithout t h e i r help, th is s u r v e y w ould not TABLE OF CONTENTS P age IN T R O D U C T IO N .............................................................................................................. R E V IE W OF L I T E R A T U R E ............................................................................. I 3 E X P E R IM E N T A L P R O C E D U R E ........................................................................... 15 S u r v e y .............................................................................................................. 15 T i s s u e A n a l y s i s ......................................................................................... 19 Soil A n a l y s i s ................................................................................................ 19 F e r t i l i z e r T r e a t m e n t s .................................................................... 20 R E S U L T S .......................................................................................................................... 22 G e n e r a l F i e l d O b s e r v a t i o n s ................................................................. 22 S u r v e y ..................................................................................................... 24 F e r t i l i z e r T r i a l s ...................................................................................... 37 D e fic ie n c y L e v e l s ...................................................................................... 41 D IS C U S S IO N .................................................................................................................... 47 S U M M A R Y ........................................................................................................................ 62 L IT E R A T U R E C I T E D ............................................................................................... 64 A P P E N D IX ........................................................................................................................ 69 IN TRO D U C TIO N M ic h ig a n is o ne of th e le a d in g S ta te s in th e p r o d u c tio n of th e h ig h ­ b u s h b l u e b e r r y (V a c c in iu m c o r y m b o s u m L. , o r V. a u s t r a l e , S m a ll). A c u r r e n t e s t i m a t e of th e State*s a n n u a l y ie ld e x c e e d s tw e lv e m illi o n p in ts . A s s u m i n g a c o n s e r v a t i v e r e t a i l p r i c e to th e c o n s u m e r of tw e n ty - n in e c e n ts p e r p in t, th e v a lu e of th is c r o p w ould be a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e a n d o n e - h a l f m illio n d o lla rs p e r y e a r. T h is v a lu e c o m p a r e s c l o s e l y to th a t of th e g r a p e , w h ic h i s v a lu e d a t a b o u t f o u r m illi o n d o l l a r s p e r y e a r ( L a r s e n , 1955). F e r t i l i z e r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r M ic h ig a n p l a n t a t i o n s in c lu d e the u s e o f a c o m p le te f e r t i l i z e r . A 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 r a t i o f e r t i l i z e r i s u t i l i z e d f o r m in e r a l so ils and 5 -1 0 -1 5 fo r o rg an ic so ils. T h e f e r t i l i z e r f o r th e m a j o r ­ ity of th e g r o w e r s i s p u r c h a s e d th ro u g h the M ic h ig a n B lu e b e r r y G r o w e r s A s s o c ia tio n , w h ic h is c o n d u c iv e to a s o m e w h a t s t a n d a r d n u tr i tio n a l p r o ­ g ram . T h e m e th o d of p la c e m e n t, a s w e ll a s the r a t e a n d tim e of a p p lic a tio n , h o w e v e r, a r e v a r i a b l e . S in c e th e b l u e b e r r y , a s w e ll a s o t h e r m e m b e r s of th e E r i c a c e a e fa m ily , d e v i a t e s q u ite m a r k e d l y in i t s s o il a n d n u tr i t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f r o m o t h e r f r u i t c r o p s , a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l b a c k lo g of in f o r m a t io n c o n c e r n ­ in g i t s n u t r i t i o n is a v a il a b le . R e s e a r c h in M ic h ig a n h a s b e e n l i m i t e d to but a few w o r k e r s , s u c h a s Johnston, H a r m e r , a n d M e r r i l l . 2 T h e p u r p o s e of th is in v e s t ig a ti o n w as to in itia te a m o r e e x te n s iv e s tu d y of th e b l u e b e r r y in M ic h ig a n u tiliz in g l e a f a n d s o il a n a l y s e s to p r o ­ v id e b a s i c in f o r m a t io n a n d d a ta upon w h ic h f u tu r e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s an d s t u d i e s c a n be b a s e d . R E V IE W OF L IT E R A T U R E J o h n s to n (1951) s t a t e d th a t " th e b l u e b e r r y i s m o r e A m e r i c a n th a n t u r k e y f o r T h a n k s g iv in g , f o r it w a s in th is c o u n tr y in g r e a t a b u n d a n c e a n d w a s h ig h ly p r i z e d by th e In d ia n s b e f o r e th e w h ite s e t t l e r s a r r i v e d " . For n e a r l y 300 y e a r s a f t e r th e p i l g r i m s la n d e d v e ry li t t l e i m p r o v e m e n t too k p l a c e u n til 1906, w hen th e la te D r. F . V. C o v ille i n i t i a t e d in v e s t ig a ti o n s on s o il r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d in b r e e d i n g of the b l u e b e r r y . C o v i l l e 's w o r k w a s th e b e g in n in g of th e d e v e lo p m e n t of the c u ltiv a te d b l u e b e r r y i n d u s t r y . C red it m u s t a l s o be g iv e n to M i s s E l iz a b e th W hite of W h itesb o g , N ew J e r s e y , who, in c o o p e r a t i o n w ith D r. C o v ille , e s t a b l i s h e d th e f i r s t c o m m e r c i a l p la n tin g s of h y b r id b l u e b e r r i e s . One of M i s s W h ite 's s e le c tio n s , R ubel, i s to d a y one of th e le a d in g v a r i e t i e s g ro w n c o m m e r c i a l l y in M ich ig an . C o m p a r a t i v e l y li t t l e in f o r m a tio n is a v a il a b le on th e n u t r i t i o n of th e b l u e b e r r y . H itz a n d Scott (1953) c o n f ir m th a t r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s a r e too m e a g e r a n d too c o n f lic tin g to a llo w a v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y u n d e r s t a n d i n g of th e n u t r i t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h i s c r o p . C o v ille w a s one of th e f i r s t to show th a t th e b l u e b e r r y p la n t is v e r y s e n s i t i v e to s o il c o n d itio n s (Johnston, 1934). B eckw ith a n d C o v ille (1931) s t a t e d th a t th e b e s t s o il f o r b l u e b e r r i e s w a s a m i x t u r e of p e a t a n d c o a r s e s a n d f o r th e to p s o il, w ith a s a n d s u b s o il 4 u n d e r l a i n w ith a h a r d p a n u s u a ll y w ith in t h r e e o r f o u r f e e t of th e s u r f a c e . V e a tc h a n d P a r t r i d g e (1934) d e s c r i b e a s o il found in the B e r r i e n C ounty a r e a of M ic h ig a n a s a " S a u g a tu c k - ty p e s o i l M. It is c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a " r u s t y - c o lo r e d , s a n d y h a r d p a n u n d e r l a i d by w a t e r - l o g g e d san d . W h e re th e h a r d - p a n h a s a c o n s i d e r a b l e th i c k n e s s , it i n t e r f e r e s w ith th e m o v e m e n t of m o i s t u r e t h r o u g h th e so il, a n d in s o m e i n s t a n c e s a p p e a r s to be i m p e n e ­ t r a b l e to th e r o o t s . T h e s e s a n d y s o ils a r e a l s o g e n e r a l l y a c id " . J o h n sto n (1942) d e s c r i b e d th e s o il m o s t c o m m o n ly u s e d f o r c o m ­ m e r c i a l p r o d u c tio n of b l u e b e r r i e s in M ic h ig a n a s a s a n d y so il, v e r y a c id in r e a c tio n , a n d w e ll s u p p lie d w ith m o i s t u r e , e x c e p t d u r i n g v e r y d ry p e rio d s. T h e s u r f a c e i s c o m p o s e d of a d a r k - g r e y s a n d of 2 to 10 in c h th ic k n e ss. T h e s o il is a lig h t g re y , n e a r l y w hite s a n d b e n e a th the s u r f a c e . He a l s o c o n f i r m e d t h is s o il a s a S a u g a tu c k type, w h ic h u s u a lly h a s a h a r d p a n of r u s t y - b r o w n o r c o ffe e c o l o r e d s a n d found a t a d e p th of 3 to 12 in c h e s . B ailey e t a l (1939) w e r e of th e op in io n th a t a n id e a l b l u e b e r r y s o il sh o u ld be f e r t i l e , h a v e a p le n tif u l a n d c o n tin u o u s w a t e r sup ply , w e ll d r a i n e d a n d a e r a t e d , w e ll s u p p lie d w ith o r g a n i c m a t t e r , a n d a c id . S o ils th a t d r y out, e v e n f o r s h o r t p e r i o d s of tim e , w e r e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y . C o n v e r s e ly , e x ­ c e s s i v e w a t e r d u r in g the g ro w in g s e a s o n w a s a l s o d e t r i m e n t a l , a lth o u g h b l u e b e r r i e s w ill t o l e r a t e s ta n d in g w a t e r in M a s s a c h u s e t t s f r o m N o v e m b e r to th e f i r s t of A p r il. T h e w a t e r ta b le m u s t be a t l e a s t 14 in c h e s b elow th e s u r f a c e . J o h n sto n (1934, 1948) p a r t i c u l a r l y s t r e s s e d th a t s o il m o i s t u r e s h o u ld be o p tim u m d u r in g th e m o n th s o f A p ril, M a y a n d June to a v o id s e r i o u s e f f e c t s upon g r o w th a n d r e p r o d u c t i o n . M an y w o r k e r s r e p o r t th a t th e b l u e b e r r y n e e d s a n a c i d so il. Jo h n sto n (1934) g r e w b l u e b e r r y p l a n t s in s o i l s r a n g i n g in pH f r o m 3. 4 to 6. 8. Best g ro w th o c c u r r e d a t pH 4. 4. H a r m e r (1944) l a t e r e s t a b l i s h e d th e o p t i ­ m u m p H r a n g e fo r good g ro w th a n d p r o d u c tio n a t 4. 5 to 4. 8 on o r g a n i c s o i l s . As a r e s u lt of such o b serv atio n s, m any re c o m m e n d a tio n s fo r b lu e b e rry c u l­ t u r e s p r a c t i c a l l y i n s i s t th a t th e p la n tin g s be m a d e on s o i l s w hich h a v e an i n itia l o r a d j u s t e d pH r a n g e of b e tw e e n 4. 3 a n d 4. 8 (H itz a n d Scott, 1953). B o ile r (1951), h o w e v e r, w a s of th e o p in io n th a t pH i s not th e only i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r to c o n s i d e r . M any o t h e r f a c t o r s m a y be m o r e i m p o r ta n t, such a s m o is tu re , a eratio n , and fe rtility . T h e s e m a y be d u p lic a te d by a r t i f i c i a l m e a n s , e . g . , i r r i g a t i o n , u s e of s a w d u s t, a n d l i b e r a l a p p lic a tio n o f a m m o n iu m s u lfa te . B l u e b e r r i e s c a n be g ro w n on c la y s o ils , a s r e p o r t e d by Jo h n sto n (1951). S u ffic ie n t o r g a n i c m a t t e r m u s t be added, h o w e v e r. S u b s o ils u n d e r ­ ly in g th e S o u th w e s te r n M ic h ig a n b l u e b e r r y a r e a s o fte n c r o p out, r e s u l t i n g in p o o r g ro w th a n d r e d u c e d y ie ld of th e in v o lv e d b l u e b e r r y p la n t. J o h n sto n s u g g e s t e d th a t by i n c r e a s i n g th e o r g a n i c m a t t e r of t h e s e a r e a s by g ro w th of c o v e r c r o p s , a n d th e h a u l i n g - i n of p e a t, the g ro w th of th e p l a n t s c o u ld be 6 im p r o v e d . G ro w th w a s g e n e r a l l y p r o p o r t i o n a l to th e a m o u n t of o r g a n i c m a t t e r . In s o m e c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i m e n t s , Jo h n sto n found th a t pH r a t h e r th a n p e r c e n t c l a y w a s th e d e t e r m i n i n g f a c t o r (Joh nsto n 1942). S te n e (1939) d o u b te d th a t b l u e b e r r i e s in a ll c a s e s r e q u i r e a d is t i n c t l y a c i d s o il. d itio n s . T h e y m ig h t g ro w w e ll w ith in a w ide r a n g e of p H u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n ­ G r o w th w a s d e p e n d e n t upon the a v a il a b ili ty of v a r i o u s n u t r i e n t s u n d e r a g iv e n c o n d itio n . M e r r i l l (1939) found th a t a s o il m a y be too a c id . He r e p o r t e d th a t p l a n t s g r o w in g in s o il w ith a pH 3. 2 w e r e of p o o r g ro w th a n d dying. T h e so il, c o m p a r e d to s o il f r o m n o r m a l p la n ts , d if f e r e d only in pH, c a lc iu m a n d p o t ­ a ssiu m . T r e a t m e n t s s e t up in p o ts w h e r e li m e s t o n e w a s w ith h e ld h a d l e a f b u rn in g , b e g in n in g at th e tip s of t e r m i n a l l e a v e s a n d p r o g r e s s i n g s u b s e q u e n tly a c r o s s th e e n t i r e le a f. T h i s c o n tin u e d down into th e o l d e r l e a v e s u ntil, in la te A u gu st, th e p l a n t s w e r e p r a c t i c a l l y d e fo lia te d . A p p lic a tio n s of lim e to r a i s e th e pH to 3. 4 to 3. 8 p r e v e n t e d l e a f s c o r c h a n d r e s u l t e d in n o r m a l g ro w th . C h a n d l e r (1938), c o n c u r r e n t l y , found th a t th e a d d itio n of lim e m a y i n c r e a s e y ie ld . A s m u c h a s 18 to n s of l i m e p e r a c r e a d d e d in t h r e e a p p l i ­ c a ti o n s w a s no t d e t r i m e n t a l . M in to n e t a l (1951) d e s c r i b e s y m p to m s of c a lc iu m d e f ic ie n c y on l e a v e s of th e r a b b i t ey e b l u e b e r r y a s follo w s: " b o th o ld a n d new l e a v e s a r e s c o r c h e d a t th e t ip s . L a t e r , th e l e a v e s a r e c u p ped . L e a v e s a r e of m e d iu m s iz e ; p l a n t s m a k e m o d e r a t e g r o w th ” . 7 A h ig h c a lc iu m c o n te n t of th e s o il m a y a ffe c t th e u p ta k e of v a r i o u s o t h e r n u t r i e n t s f r o m th e s o il. R e e v e a n d Shive (1944) s u g g e s t e d th a t a s th e p o t a s s i u m of th e s u b s t r a t e i n c r e a s e d , t h e r e w a s a c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n c r e a s e in b o r o n c o n te n t of th e p la n t. in j u s t th e o p p o s ite e ffe c t. An i n c r e a s e in th e s u b s t r a t e c a lc iu m r e s u l t e d High c a lc iu m in th e s u b s t r a t e in h ib ite d b o ro n u p ta k e by th e p la n t. H ill (1956) w a s of th e o p in io n th a t th e o p tim u m pH f o r b l u e b e r r y s o il s h o u ld be a b o u t 4. 8. H o w e v e r, b l u e b e r r i e s c o u ld be p r o d u c e d on m a n y s o i l s w ith a h i g h e r pH if a tte n tio n w a s g iv e n to th e n e e d s of th e p la n t. For th is he r e c o m m e n d e d a t h r e e - to f o u r - i n c h l a y e r of s a w d u s t to be a p p lie d each year. On u p la n d s o i l s o f a n o r m a l l y h ig h e r pH b l u e b e r r i e s a r e q u ite s u s c e p t i b l e to i r o n c h l o r o s i s . d u c tiv e . T h e p l a n t s a r e w eak, d w a r f e d a n d u n p r o ­ H ill c o r r e c t e d th e c h l o r o s i s by th e a d d itio n of 100 g r a m s p e r p la n t of c h e l a t e d i r o n c o m p o u n d s, w h ic h w e r e e v e n ly s p r e a d a n d w o r k e d into the s o il a b o u t th e b a s e of a f o u r - y e a r - o l d p la n t. c h l o r o s i s b e g a n to d i s a p p e a r . W ithin 30 d ay s, th e T h e t r e a t e d b u s h e s sh o w e d v ig o r o u s sh o o t g ro w th a n d n o r m a l f o lia g e d u r in g th e fo llo w in g s e a s o n . T h e s o ils a p p a r ­ e n tly w e r e low in a v a i l a b l e iro n , s in c e S te w a r t a n d L e o n a r d (1954) found th a t a c h l o r o s i s of th e g r o w in g p o in t is a u n i v e r s a l s y m p to m in a ll ir o n d e f ic ie n t p l a n t s . d e K o c k (1955) w o r k e d w ith m u s t a r d p l a n t s grown in n u t r i e n t s o l u ­ tio n a t pH 7. 8 w ith i r o n s u p p lie d a s c h lo r id e , V e r s e n a t e , V e r s e n - o l , a n d V e rse n e d io l. He h y p o th e s i z e d th a t th e hig h p h o s p h o r u s c o n te n t of c h l o r o t i c p l a n t s p r o b a b l y r e s u l t e d f r o m a m e ta b o lic u n b a la n c e in th e c e ll, due to a d e f ic ie n c y of ir o n . s t a t u s of p l a n t s . T h e i r o n - p h o s p h o r u s r a t i o m a y be an in dex of th e ir o n T h e h i g h e r th e index, th e m o r e c h l o r o s i s a p p e a r e d on th e leaves. L i n d n e r a n d H a r l e y (1944) s tu d ie d lim e in d u c e d c h l o r o s i s ; th e y a n a l y z e d g r e e n a n d c h l o r o t i c le a v e s of p e a r , a p p le , p e a c h , a n d c h e r r y t r e e s g r o w in g on high l i m e s o ils . T h e ir o n c o n te n t w a s fo un d to be no lo w e r in c h l o r o t i c th a n in g r e e n l e a v e s . P e r h a p s th e e x c e s s p o t a s s i u m a b s o r b e d in h ig h l i m e s o ils m a y be th e c a u s e a n d not th e r e s u l t of ir o n c h l o r o s i s . P o t a s s i u m , a c c o r d i n g to t h e s e w o r k e r s , m a y d is p la c e i r o n fr o m e n z y m e s in v o lv e d in c h lo r o p h y ll f o r m a tio n . C h a p m a n (1945), w o r k in g w ith c i t r u s , a n d u s in g c u l t u r e s o lu tio n s h a v in g a m p l e s o lu b le iro n , found th a t i r o n c h l o r o s i s w a s b ro u g h t on by m a n y c o n d itio n s . of th e le a v e s . A p o t a s s i u m d e fic ie n c y b ro u g h t on ty p ic a l i r o n c h l o r o s i s P r o lo n g e d m a g n e s iu m d e fic ie n c y u n d e r s i m i l a r c o n d itio n s a l s o p r o d u c e d i r o n c h l o r o t i c le a v e s . Slight e x c e s s e s of c o p p e r a n d z in c in th e n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n r e s u l t e d in i r o n c h l o r o s i s . In g e n e r a l, C h a p m a n r e p o r t e d th a t n u t r i t i o n a l d i s t u r b a n c e s of m a n y kin d s m a y in flu e n c e ir o n av ailab ility . S h e a r _et a l (1946) le n d s u p p o r t to C h a p m a n 's t h e o r y on n u t r i e n t u n b a la n c e . D e f ic ie n c y s y m p to m s , a c c o r d i n g to t h e s e a u t h o r s , a r e m e r e l y a n e x p r e s s i o n of a n u n b a la n c e . C a lc iu m m a y do the s a m e th ing . An e x ­ c e s s of p h o s p h o r u s , z in c , c o p p e r , m a n g a n e s e , o r too l i t t l e p o t a s s i u m , m a g n e s i u m o r c a lc iu m , a s w e ll a s a la c k of a v a il a b ili ty of iro n , m a y c a u s e a n i r o n d e fic ie n c y . M a n g a n e s e d e fic ie n c y s y m p to m s m a y be due to a n e x c e s s i v e a c ­ c u m u la tio n of any one of th e t h r e e m a j o r b a s e s , a n d is m o s t s e v e r e w hen a ll t h r e e a r e h igh in p r o p o r t i o n to m a n g a n e s e , a c c o r d i n g to S h e a r e t al (1946). T h e d e f ic ie n c y a n d to x ic ity of b o ro n is a s s o c i a t e d w ith an u n b a l­ a n c e d r a t i o b e tw e e n b o ro n a n d a ll t h r e e m a j o r b a s e s , c a lc iu m , m a g n e s iu m and p o ta ss iu m . Low l e v e l s of th e b a s e s in r e l a t i o n to b o ro n a r e c o n d u c iv e to a b o r o n to x ic ity . H igh l e v e l s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w ith b o ro n d e fic ie n c y (Shea e t a l. , 1946). S h e a r e t a l (1946) in d ic a te d th a t a m a g n e s iu m " d e f ic i e n c y ” m a y r e s u l t f r o m e x c e s s p o t a s s i u m a c c u m u la tio n in th e le a v e s . M ik k e ls e n an d D o e h l e r t (1950) fo u n d th a t m a g n e s iu m d e fic ie n c y w a s m o r e p r e v a l e n t in sa n d y s o i l s w ith low o r g a n i c m a t t e r . S y m p to m s w e r e e x p r e s s e d a s : " C o n ­ s p ic u o u s m a r g i n a l a n d i n t e r v e i n a l c o lo r a tio n , w hich a p p e a r f i r s t in b a s a l l e a v e s of v i g o r o u s s h o o ts . C h lo r o tic a r e a s a r e p a l e g r e e n when th e f r u i t 10 b e g in s to r ip e n , th e n a y e llo w is h o liv e g r e e n , fo llo w e d by v iv id o r a n g e a n d r e d in s e v e r e c a s e s a s th e s e a s o n p r o g r e s s e s " . E a c h s p r i n g th e b l u e b e r r y f o lia g e on d e f ic ie n t p l a n t s d e v e lo p s in a n o r m a l m a n n e r . S y m p to m s a p p e a r o nly w hen th e f r u i t b e g in s to r ip e n . M ik k e l s e n a n d D o e h le r t (1950) a p p lie d 70 a n d 200 p o u n d s of MgO p e r a c r e a s E p s o m s a l t s , o r 300 p o u n d s p e r a c r e a s h y d r a t e d lim e , in a f a ll a p p lic a tio n . D e fic ie n c y s y m p to m s f a ile d to a p p e a r th e fo llo w in g s e a s o n . R a p id f o l i a r t e s t s in d ic a te d a m a g n e s iu m c o n te n t of 350 p p m in n o r m a l le a v e s , a n d o n ly 30 p p m in c h l o r o t i c le a v e s . T h e to ta l m i n e r a l c o m p o s i ­ tio n of l e a v e s t r e a t e d w a s not c h a n g e d e x c e p t in m a g n e s iu m c o n te n t. The i n c r e a s e in m a g n e s iu m w a s not a c c o m p a n ie d by a n e q u iv a le n t r e c i p r o c a l r e p l a c e m e n t of p o t a s s i u m o r c a lc iu m . T h e p h o s p h o r u s , iro n , a n d m a n g a n e s e c o m p o s i tio n w a s not c h a n g e d a p p r e c ia b ly . S h e a r_ e t al_(1946), h o w e v e r, m a in ta in e d th a t th e e lim in a tio n of v i s i b l e s y m p t o m s d o e s no t m e a n th a t the n u tr i e n t b a la n c e a n d in te n s ity in t h e p la n t h a s r e t u r n e d to an o p tim u m f o r m a x im u m g ro w th a n d p r o d u c tio n . T h e y s u m m e d up n u t r i e n t b a la n c e a n d in te n s ity a s fo llo w s: "A ll o t h e r f a c t ­ o r s b e in g c o n s ta n t, p la n t g ro w th i s a fu n c tio n of two v a r i a b l e s of n u tritio n , in te n s ity , a n d b a la n c e , a s th e y a r e r e f l e c t e d in th e c o m p o s i tio n of l e a v e s w h e n th e p l a n t s a r e in th e s a m e s t a g e s of g ro w th o r d e v e lo p m e n t. At any g iv e n l e v e l of n u t r i t i o n a l i n te n s ity (to ta l e q u iv a le n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n of a ll 11 fu n c tio n a l n u t r i e n t e l e m e n t s in the le a f) a m u l t i p l i c i t y of r a t i o s m a y e x is t b e tw e e n t h e s e e l e m e n t s . M a x im u m g ro w th a n d y ie ld o c c u r only upon the c o in c i d e n c e of o p tim u m i n te n s ity a n d b a la n c e " . F e r t i l i z e r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s v a r y a n d a r e o fte n c o n flic tin g . V a ria ­ tio n s in s o il ty p e s a n d c o n d itio n s fro m one p r o d u c t i o n a r e a to a n o t h e r a r e u n d o u b te d ly a f a c t o r . C o m p le te f e r t i l i z e r s h av e not c o n s i s t e n t l y b e e n b e t t e r th a n n itr o g e n a lo n e f o r b l u e b e r r y p r o d u c tio n in M a in e . Dow e t al (1950) r e p o r t e d b e s t p r o f i t s by a p p lic a tio n of n itr o g e n a lo n e . J o h n s to n (1951) r e c o m m e n d e d th e u s e of a c o m p le te f e r t i l i z e r , i . e . a n 8 - 8 - 8 f o r s a n d y s o ils , a n d a 3 - 9 - 1 8 f o r m u c k s o i l s . P o ta s h sh o u ld be d e r i v e d f r o m s u lf a te of p o ta s h . B ailey ^ ^ J _ ( 1 9 5 0 ) r e p o r t e d th a t s e v e r a l f e r t i l i z e r m i x t u r e s h av e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l in M a s s a c h u s e t t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y 7 - 7 - 7 . On s o i l s w h e r e n i t r o ­ g en w a s lo s t e a s i l y by l e a c h in g o r by a b s o r p t i o n by w e e d s a n d on m u c k , s p lit a p p l i c a t i o n s s e e m e d a d v is a b le . B l u e b e r r i e s sh o u ld not be g ro w n on s o ils w ith a pH a b o v e 5. 5, but w h e r e a l r e a d y e s ta b lis h e d , th e a c id ity c an be i n ­ c r e a s e d by u s in g a m m o n iu m s u lfa te . p r o v i d e d by a 0 - 1 4 - 1 4 f e r t i l i z e r . T hen, p h o s p h o r u s a n d p o ta s h c a n be Bailey_et_al (1951) r e c o m m e n d e d th a t h a lf th e a m m o n iu m s u lf a te a n d a ll th e 0 - 1 4 - 1 4 be a p p lie d in a f i r s t a p p lic a tio n a n d th e o t h e r h a lf of the a m m o n iu m in a l a t e r a p p lic a tio n . 12 L a t i m e r a n d S m ith (1938) r e c o m m e n d e d th a t m a n u r e o r l i m e n e v e r be a p p lie d . F o r New H a m p s h i r e , th e fo llo w in g f e r t i l i z e r m i x t u r e w a s r e c o m ­ m ended: Sodium n i t r a t e ....................................... 640 p o u n d s C o n ce n tra te d ta n k a g e 640 p o u n d s A c id p h o s p h a t e ...................................... 300 p o u n d s S u lfate of p o t a s h .................................. 420 p o u n d s T h i s m i x t u r e w a s to be a p p lie d a t th e r a t e of 500 to 600 p o u n d s p e r a c r e ( o n e - h a l f p o u n d p e r p la n t). In New Y o rk , S la te a n d C o llis o n (1942) r e p o r t e d th a t c o m p a r a t i v e l y l i t t l e e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k h a d b e e n done on f e r t i l i z e r s f o r b l u e b e r r y . H o w e v e r, a s a f e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n f o r b e a r i n g p la n ta tio n s sh o u ld be 300 to 400 p o u n d s of s u p e r p h o s p h a t e a n d 150 to 200 p o u n d s of so d iu m n i t r a t e o r a li t t l e l e s s a m m o n ­ ium s u lf a te p e r a c r e . A f e r t i l i z e r s u c h a s 5 - 1 0 - 5 m a y be u s e d ; h o w e v e r, S la te a n d C o llis o n (1942) a g r e e d w ith B ailey e t a l (1950) in th a t a tte n tio n sh o u ld b e g iv e n to th e a c i d o r a lk a l in e r e a c t i o n of th e f e r t i l i z e r ; if the s o il w a s not to o a c id , a m m o n iu m s u lfa te , a m m o n iu m n i t r a t e , o r u r e a w e r e a d ­ v is e d . M i x t u r e s c o n ta in in g li m e s t o n e a s a f i l l e r w e r e to be a v o id e d . S la te a n d C o llis o n (1942) found th a t m u r i a t e of p o t a s h m a y s e v e r e l y i n j u r e o r e v e n k ill b l u e b e r r y b u s h e s . T h e y a s s u m e d th a t th e c h l o r i d e w a s r e s p o n s i b l e ; th e g r o w e r sh o u ld a s c e r t a i n th e a b s e n c e of c h l o r i d e s in the f e r t i l i z e r e m p lo y e d . 13 In C a n a d a , E a to n e t a l (1950) r e p o r t e d th a t a s p e c i a l 4 - 8 - 7 f e r t i ­ l i z e r w a s u s e d n e a r th e K e n tv ille a r e a ; a 5 - 1 0 - 5 m i x t u r e w a s u s e d l a t e r . T h e s e a p p l i c a t i o n s w e r e o fte n a u g m e n t e d by a p p l i c a t i o n s of n itr o g e n . D ur­ in g W o r ld W a r II, th e s t a n d a r d b r a n d of 9 - 5 - 7 r e c o m m e n d e d f o r a p p le s w a s used. T h i s g a v e s t r o n g g ro w th of tw ig s a n d fo lia g e a n d l a r g e y ie ld s o f fru it. S in c e th e b l u e b e r r y f r u i t i s p r o d u c e d on w ood of th e p r e v i o u s y e a r , E a to n _ e t _al (1950) s t r e s s e d th e i m p o r t a n c e of m a in ta in in g v ig o r o u s a n n u a l g r o w th to m a i n t a i n p r o d u c tio n . D o e h l e r t (1944) p r e s e n t e d a f i e l d - t e s t e d b l u e b e r r y f e r t i l i z e r w h ic h w a s v e r y goo d f o r N ew J e r s e y c o n d itio n s . It c o n s i s t e d of th e follow ing: Sodium n i t r a t e ................................................ 300 p o u n d s C a lc iu m n i t r a t e ........................................... 300 p o u n d s T a n k a g e (7 % N ) ........................................... 650 p o u n d s R o c k p h o s p h a t e ........................................... 450 p o u n d s S u lfate of p o t a s h ....................................... 300 p o u n d s U n d e r w a r t i m e c o n d itio n s , h o w e v e r, a 7 - 7 - 7 r a t i o w a s s u b s t i t u t e d a n d p r o v e d s a t i s f a c t o r y ; a 5 - 1 0 - 1 0 w a s not r e c o m m e n d e d s in c e it c o u ld in d u c e a m a g n e s iu m d e f ic ie n c y . B e a r (1948) in d ic a te d th a t m a g n e s iu m a d d e d to th e f e r t i l i z e r w o u ld do no h a r m . D o e h le r t (1953) l a t e r r e c o m m e n d e d th a t b e a r i n g b u s h e s r e c e i v e f o u r to fiv e h u n d r e d p o u n d s p e r a c r e of a n 8 - 8 - 8 f e r t i l i z e r c o n ta i n in g two p e r c e n t MgO. 14 D a rro w _ e t a l (1951) r e c o m m e n d e d a n a p p lic a tio n of 400 to 600 p o u n d s p e r a c r e of a 5 - 1 0 - 5 m i x t u r e a t th e t i m e of bu d s t a r t in s p r in g , fo llo w e d by 150 p o u n d s of s o d iu m n i t r a t e o r c a lc iu m n i t r a t e s ix w e e k s l a t e r if th e s o il w a s v e r y a c id . F o r s o ils not v e r y a cid , 110 p o u n d s p e r a c r e of a m m o n iu m s u lf a te sh o u ld be s u b s titu te d , fo llo w e d by one o r two s i m i l a r a p p l i c a t i o n s a t i n t e r v a l s of s ix w e e k s . T h e y s t r o n g l y s u g g e s te d th a t a m m o n iu m s u lf a te be u s e d i n s t e a d of sod ium n i t r a t e , if th e fo lia g e sh o w s c h l o r o s i s o r yellow ing . C a in (1952) s u g g e s te d th a t a m m o n iu m n i t r o g e n w a s p r e f e r a b l e to th e n i t r a t e f o r m , a n d m a y be a s s o c i a t e d w ith ir o n n u tr i tio n . m a y e v e n be d e t r i m e n t a l to th e p la n t. N itra te s C o n d itio n s w e r e f a v o r a b le f o r the g ro w th of n itr if y in g o r g a n i s m s in m a r g i n a l , h ig h pH s o ils ; c o n s e q u e n tly , th e o r g a n i s m s m a y e f f e c t a high c o n c e n t r a t i o n of n i t r a t e t h e r e i n . Am­ m o n iu m n i t r o g e n is q u ic k ly c o n v e r t e d to n i t r a t e s u n d e r su c h c o n d itio n s . C o n v e r s e ly , d e n itr if y in g b a c t e r i a t h r i v e in a hig h ly a c i d s o il an d r e a d i l y c o n v e r t n i t r a t e s to th e a m m o n iu m f o r m . 15 E X P E R IM E N T A L P R O C E D U R E Survey Soil a n d l e a f s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m 55 b l u e b e r r y s i t e s in 21 p l a n t a t i o n s in S o u th w e s te r n M ic h ig a n . T h ese re p re se n te d a c ro s s - s e c t i o n o f th e m a j o r b l u e b e r r y a r e a of th e S ta te , in c lu d in g , t h e r e b y , a v a r i e t y of e c o lo g i c a l c o n d itio n s of c l i m a t e , m o i s t u r e a n d s o il. The fo l­ lo w in g c o u n tie s w e r e in c lu d e d : M u sk eg o n , O ttaw a, A lle g a n , a n d V a n B uren. T h e s i t e s w e r e s e l e c t e d to p r o v i d e p l a n t s of v a r y i n g v i g o r a n d p r o d u c tio n ; F i g u r e 1 sh o w s a c o m p a r i s o n of p l a n t s a r b i t r a r i l y ju d g e d a s "g o o d ” a n d "poor". F r o m s i x to t e n b u s h e s w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r s a m p l i n g in e a c h of th e 55 p l o t s . L e a f s a m p l e s w e r e ta k e n f r o m s h o o ts o n e - h a l f to one fo o t long, w h ic h a r o s e f r o m a b r a n c h c o n ta in in g b l u e b e r r y f r u i t c l u s t e r s . Tw o l e a v e s w e r e t a k e n f r o m e a c h of a n u m b e r of t h e s e s h o o ts to p r o v i d e a b o u t 200 l e a v e s p e r p l o t ( s e e F i g u r e 2). E a c h y e a r th e d a te of s a m p l in g w a s s e l e c t e d to c o in c id e w ith th e p h y s io lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e f r u i t . S a m p le s w e r e c o l l e c t e d w h en th e e a r l i e s t f r u i t h a d fu lly d e v e lo p e d p r i o r to a d e v e lo p m e n t of a n th o c y a n in in th e f r u i t . T h i s o c c u r r e d g e n e r a l l y d u r in g th e f i r s t o r s e c o n d w e e k in July. L e a v e s w e r e ta k e n f r o m th e s o u th o r w e s t s id e of th e b u s h e s , d e p e n d in g u po n th e d i r e c t i o n of r o w p la n tin g . 16 A d d itio n a l l e a f s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d a t th e s a m e ti m e d u r in g th e s e c o n d y e a r , 1956, f r o m b a s a l " s u c k e r " s h o o ts . T h e se leav es w ere l a r g e in a r e a , c o m p a r e d to th e o t h e r f r u i t i n g - s h o o t le a v e s , a n d not q u ite as m a tu re . Soil s a m p l e s w e r e ta k e n on the w e s t o r s o u th s id e of th e b u s h e s , a s w e r e th e l e a f s a m p l e s . M any s o il c o r e s w e r e ta k e n w ith a s o il tu b e w h ic h w a s p u s h e d s ix to s e v e n in c h e s into the s o il. T h e s e w e r e th o ro u g h ly m i x e d a n d a o n e - h a l f p in t c a r d b o a r d c o n t a i n e r w a s f il le d f r o m th e m i x t u r e . T h e s a m p l e s w e r e r e t u r n e d to th e l a b o r a t o r y , a n d th e c o n t a i n e r lid o p e n e d a c r a c k to a llo w d r y i n g o f th e s o il u n til l a t e r a n a l y s i s w a s a c c o m p lis h e d . Y ie ld r e c o r d s w e r e o b ta in e d on a l l p l o t s . H o w e v e r, due to f r o s t in ju r y , d r y s o il e f f e c t s a n d o t h e r e x t e r n a l f a c t o r s , only t h i r t y - t h r e e p l o t s p r o v i d e d t w o - y e a r y ie ld d a ta w hich w e r e e x p r e s s e d a s p o u n d s p e r b ush . T h e l e a f a n d s o il a n a l y s e s d a ta f o r t h e s e 33 p lo ts w e r e a v e r a g e d a n d c o r r e ­ l a t e d w ith y ie ld . F u r t h e r , n in e of th e h ig h e s t y ie ld in g p l o t s w e r e u s e d in th e p r e p a r a t i o n of le a f a n d s o il s t a n d a r d s . B lu e b e r r y f r u i t w a s c o l l e c t e d f o r a n a l y s i s d u r in g th e s e c o n d y e a r of th e s u r v e y . A o n e - p in t c a r d b o a r d c o n t a i n e r w a s fille d w ith f r u i t p ic k e d a t th e p e a k of th e h a r v e s t , a n d f r o z e n a t - 1 0 ° F f o r s t o r a g e u n til a n a l y s i s a t a l a t e r d a te . F i g u r e 1. A c o m p a r i s o n of b l u e b e r r y b u s h e s a r b i t r a r i l y d e s i g n a t e d a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e s u r v e y a s good, i. e . , of v ig o r o u s , h e a lth y g ro w th ( u p p e r p h o to g r a p h ) ; a n d p o o r , la c k i n g in v ig o r , a n d a b n o r m a l l y s m a l l in s iz e ( lo w e r p h o to g r a p h ) . F i g u r e 2. P o s itio n of th e f r u i t i n g - s h o o t l e a v e s on th e b l u e ­ b e r r y b u s h w hich w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r l e a f a n a l y s i s . L e a v e s w e r e on s h o o ts o n e - h a lf to one foot long, w h ic h a r o s e f r o m a b r a n c h c o n ta in in g b l u e b e r r y f r u i t c l u s t e r s . 19 T i s s u e A n a ly s is T h e l e a f a n d f r u i t s a m p l e s w e r e w a s h e d to r e m o v e d u st, i n s e c t i ­ c id e a n d o t h e r d e p o s it s . T h e y w e r e th e n d r i e d a n d g ro u n d . The D ep artm en t of A g r i c u l t u r a l C h e m i s t r y m a d e a n a l y s e s s p e c t r o g r a p h i c a l l y f o r p h o s p h o r u s , c a lc iu m , m a g n e s i u m , m a n g a n e s e , ir o n , c o p p e r , b o ro n , a n d z in c . w a s d e t e r m i n e d by th e s t a n d a r d 'K j e l d a h l p r o c e d u r e . N itro g e n P o tassiu m a n aly sis e n t a i l e d th e u s e of a f la m e p h o t o m e t e r . Soil A n a ly s is T h e s o il s a m p l e s w e r e t e s t e d f o r pH u s in g a B ec k m a n pH m e t e r . T h e t e s t s w e r e m a d e by th e E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n Soil T e s t i n g L a b o r a t o r y . D e t e r m i n a t i o n of th e t h r e e m a in s o il c a tio n s ( c a lc iu m , m a g n e s iu m a n d p o t a s s i u m ) w a s m a d e u s in g a n o r m a l, n e u t r a l s o lu tio n of a m m o n iu m a c e ta te. T h e le a c h a t e w a s d r i e d u n d e r h e a t la m p s , f i r e d in a f u r n a c e at 400°‘C, d i s s o l v e d in one p e r c e n t h y d r o c h l o r i c a cid , f il t e r e d , a n d c o l l e c t e d f o r q u a n tita tiv e a n a l y s i s . m e te r. P o ta s s iu m w a s d e t e r m i n e d u s in g a fla m e p h o t o ­ C a lc iu m a n d m a g n e s i u m w e r e d e t e r m i n e d t i t r a t o m e t r i c a l l y u s in g a s t a n d a r d i z e d v e r s e n a t e s o lu tio n , m u r e x id e , a n d E r i o c h r o m e b l a c k T (F 241), d e v e lo p e d by K u a n g L u C h en g a n d R o g e r H. B ray (1951). C a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y w a s d e t e r m i n e d by r e - l e a c h i n g th e s a m e s o il s a m p l e w ith 95 p e r c e n t e th y l a lc o h o l, s a t u r a t i n g th e e x c h a n g e c o m p le x 20 w ith s o d iu m f r o m a 10 p e r c e n t so d iu m c h l o r i d e s o lu tio n , a n d th e n le a c h in g th e e x c h a n g e a b le s o d iu m u s in g th e n e u t r a l n o r m a l a m m o n iu m a c e t a t e . The e x c h a n g e a b le s o d iu m th u s o b ta in e d w a s then d e t e r m i n e d u s in g a f la m e p h o t o ­ m e te r. T h e e x c h a n g e a b le c a lc iu m , m a g n e s iu m , p o t a s s i u m , a n d c a tio n e x ­ c h a n g e c a p a c i t y w e r e c a l c u l a t e d a s m i l l i - e q u i v a l e n t s p e r 100 g r a m d r y s o il. T h e s a t u r a t i o n of th e c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity of the t h r e e s o il c a ­ tio n s w a s c a l c u l a t e d on a p e r c e n t b a s i s . F e rtiliz e r T rea tm e n ts D u r in g th e l a s t w e e k of A p ril, 1956 f e r t i l i z e r t r e a t m e n t s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d in s e v e r a l p la n ta tio n s w hich, a s in d ic a te d by the p r e v i o u s s e a s o n ’s l e a f a n a l y s i s , p o r t r a y e d in d ic a tio n s of a n u tr i tio n a l u n b a la n c e of th e p l a n t s . T h e p lo ts w e r e l o c a t e d a s c lo s e ly a s p o s s i b l e to the s u r v e y p lo t f o r c o m p a r i s o n . (1) T h e t r e a t m e n t s p e r b u s h w e r e a s follow s: 1 o z. MnSO^ 1 /2 lb. 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 f e r t i l i z e r 5 gm . b o r a x (2) 4 oz. M g S 0 4 5 gm . b o r a x (3) 0. 5 lb. h y d r a t e d d o lo m itic lim e 5 gm . b o r a x 21 L e a f s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m th e t e s t p lo ts a t th e t i m e of th e r e g u l a r l e a f s a m p l e c o l l e c t i o n s in e a r l y July. D u r in g th e h a r v e s t s e a s o n , y ie ld r e c o r d s w e r e ta k e n on th o s e t r i a l p l o t s w h o se c o m p a r i s o n s u r v e y p l o t s p r o v i d e d t w o - y e a r y ie ld r e c o r d s . So lu b le s o l i d s d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e m a d e on th e b e r r i e s d u r ­ in g th e 1955 s e a s o n . S a m p le s of 10 to 15 b e r r i e s w e r e ta k e n a t ra n d o m f r o m th e p ic k in g c o n t a i n e r s a f t e r w e ig h in g f o r y ie ld r e c o r d s . The b e r r i e s w e r e p l a c e d on a s i x - i n c h d i a m e t e r m i l k f i l t e r p ad , w hich w as th e n fo ld e d a n d t w i s t e d u n til th e b e r r i e s w e r e w e ll s q u e e z e d a n d m ix e d . A s m a l l q u a n tity of th e ju ic e w a s th e n f o r c e d th ro u g h th e f i l t e r p a d onto a Z e i s s - O p t o n h a n d r e f r a c t o m e t e r f o r te s t in g . T h r e e to fiv e s a m p l e s w e r e t e s t e d a n d a v e r a g e d fr o m e a c h h a r v e s t p e r i o d . D eterm in atio n s w e r e r e a d d i r e c t l y in p e r c e n t s o lu b le s o lid s , w hich w a s p r i m a r i l y sugar. RESULTS G e n e ra l F ie ld O b serv atio n s T h e p r e s e n c e of s ta n d in g w a t e r in m a n y of th e p la n tin g s w a s o b ­ s e r v e d d u r i n g a p r e l i m i n a r y t r i p on June 15, 1955. A r e a s of m o r e s e v e r e flo o d in g s w ith in a g iv e n p la n tin g w e r e g e n e r a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w ith p o o r v ig o r of th e b u s h e s a s ju d g e d by r e l a t i v e b u s h s i z e . D r a in a g e is one of th e m o r e s e r i o u s p r o b l e m s w ith w h ich th e g r o w e r m u s t c o n te n t (Johnston, 1948). T h e w et s p r i n g in 1955 w a s a s s o c i a t e d w ith a s e v e r e f r o s t in M ay (E llio tt, 1955) t h a t k ille d m a n y of th e e a r l y b l o s s o m s w h ic h n o r m a l l y w e r e th e f i r s t to m a t u r e . L a t e r , th e s e a s o n b e c a m e d r y due to an e x t r e m e l y a b n o r m a l la c k of r a i n f a l l in c o n ju n c tio n w ith a b o v e - n o r m a l t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h e h ig h t e m ­ p e r a t u r e s c a u s e d e a r l y a n d r a p i d r i p e n i n g of f r u it, w ith m a n y b e r r i e s c h a n g in g r a p i d l y f r o m a g r e e n to b lu e c o l o r i n s t e a d of g r a d u a lly t u r n i n g f r o m a g r e e n to r e d to deep b lu e . A s an e x a m p le of th e t e m p e r a t u r e e ffe ct, th e v a r i e t y R u b el u s u a ll y r i p e n s b e f o r e th e J e r s e y v a r i e t y . H o w e v e r, in 1955, th e J e r s e y v a r i e t y b e g a n to r i p e n b e f o r e th e h a r v e s t of R u b e ls c o u ld be c o m p le te d . W e a th e r c o n d itio n s d u r in g th e fo llo w in g y e a r , 1956, w e r e q u ite d i f f e r e n t. T h e s p r i n g w a s q u ite la te a n d co ol. S ta n d in g w a t e r w a s not 23 m u ch of a p ro b le m . J o h n s to n (1957) r e p o r t e d th a t a p e r i o d of h e a t a n d d ro u g h t in 1956 i n j u r e d th e d e v e lo p in g y o u n g f r u i t s ; th e p r e v i o u s s e a s o n s r e c o r d h e a t a n d d ro u g h t e f f e c t s a u g m e n t e d th e e x te n t of d a m a g e . F r o s t d a m a g e w a s v e r y s lig h t in 1956; d r y w e a t h e r d id not b e ­ c o m e a p r o b l e m u n til l a t e r in th e h a r v e s t s e a s o n . A ugust a n d S e p tem b er w e r e u n u s u a ll y d ry ; h o w e v e r, d u r in g th e t i m e of s a m p l e c o lle c tio n in e a r l y July, s e a s o n a l c o n d itio n s w e r e n e a r n o r m a l . V e g e ta tiv e g ro w th s e e m e d to be f a v o r e d o v e r r e p r o d u c t i v e g ro w th d u r i n g t h i s s e c o n d y e a r , 1956. M a n y a r e a s th a t a p p e a r e d to be p o o r in v i g o r d u r i n g th e f i r s t y e a r r e c o v e r e d d u r in g th e s e c o n d y e a r . C o n v e r s e ly , y i e l d s w e r e , in g e n e r a l , r e d u c e d a s c o m p a r e d to th e p r e v i o u s y e a r , a s p r e v i o u s l y e x p la i n e d by Jo h n sto n (1957). T h u s, w e a t h e r w a s a f a c t o r to be c o n s i d e r e d in th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of th is s u r v e y . P r u n in g w a s n o t b e in g p r a c t i c e d e x te n s iv e ly a n d m u c h a p p e a r s to be d e s i r e d in i t s p r o p e r p r o c e d u r e , p a r t i c u l a r l y in th e c a s e of S ta n le y v a rie ty . A few g r o w e r s le ft th e b u s h - p r u n i n g s in th e f ie ld a n d m a c h i n e s h r e d d e d th e m in o r d e r to m a i n t a i n th e o r g a n ic m a t t e r c o n te n t of th e s o il. M any, h o w e v e r, r e m o v e d th e b r u s h f o r b u rn in g . p l e t e th e n u t r i e n t c o n te n t of th e s o il. in c o v e r c r o p s e a c h fa ll. T h i s p r a c t i c e w o u ld d e ­ M an y o f th e p la n ta tio n s w e r e sow n 24 A c o m p l e t e f e r t i l i z e r , a t th e r a t e of o n e - h a l f to t h r e e - q u a r t e r s p o u n d p e r b u sh , w a s a p p lie d by m o s t g r o w e r s in A p r il. T he f e r til iz e r fo rm u la c o n s i s t e d of a 1 1 -1 1 - 1 1 f o r m i n e r a l s o ils , a n d 5 - 1 0 - 1 5 f o r s i t e s of p e a t . T he s u lf a te f o r m of n i t r o g e n a n d p o t a s s i u m w a s i n c o r p o r a t e d in the f e r t i l i z e r . A p p lic a t io n s w e r e m a d e by h a n d o r a t r a c t o r - m o u n t e d s p r e a d e r . A c o o p e r a t i v e i n s e c t c o n tr o l p r o g r a m by a i r p l a n e w a s u s e d by m o s t g ro w ers. It c o n s i s t e d of (1) 5% m e th o x y c h lo r a t th e r a t e of 40 p o u n d s p e r a c r e , a p p l i e d in tw o a p p lic a tio n s , June 1 a n d June 20; (2) 4% M a la th io n a t th e r a t e of 20 p o u n d s p e r a c r e , a p p lie d June 10; a n d (3) 2 1/2% ro te n o n e a t th e r a t e of 20 p o u n d s p e r a c r e , a p p lie d in two a p p lic a tio n s , July 4 a n d July 14. S u rv e y T h e l e a f c o m p o s i tio n f o r th e nin e h ig h e s t y ie ld in g p lo ts w e r e c o m ­ p i l e d to o b ta in a s t a n d a r d w ith w h ic h th e in d iv id u a l y e a r s f r u i t i n g - s h o o t l e a v e s c o u ld be c o m p a r e d . T a b le 1 sh o w s th a t a m a j o r i t y of th e n u t r i e n t s w e r e h i g h e r in 1955 th a n in 1956. T h e p o t a s s i u m c o n te n t of th e l e a v e s did n ot v a r y s ig n if ic a n tly f r o m th e f i r s t to th e s e c o n d y e a r of the s u r v e y . c iu m a n d c o p p e r w e r e h i g h e r d u r in g th e s e c o n d y e a r . C al­ T h e two s e a s o n s s t a n d a r d s w e r e a v e r a g e d to p r o v i d e a te n ta tiv e b l u e b e r r y le a f s t a n d a r d f o r u s e in f u tu r e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s of th e n u tr i t i o n a l s ta t u s of b l u e b e r r y p l a n t ­ in g s . T h e s o il a n a l y s e s f r o m th e s a m e n in e h i g h e s t - y i e l d i n g p l o t s show n in T a b l e 1 w e r e c o m p i l e d (T a b le 1) to p r o v i d e s o i l s s t a n d a r d s . T h ere w as l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e in pH o r c a ti o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity f r o m th e f i r s t to th e s e c ­ ond y e a r . M i l l i e q u i v a l e n t s of c a lc iu m a n d p o t a s s i u m p e r 100 g r a m s o f s o il w e r e h i g h e r in 1955 th a n 1956. C o n v e r s e ly , m a g n e s iu m w a s h ig h e r in 1956. S in c e th e c a ti o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y c h a n g e d v e r y l i t t l e fr o m y e a r to y e a r , th e p e r c e n t a g e of th e c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity o c c u p ie d by t h e s e t h r e e c a tio n s fo llo w e d th e s a m e p a t t e r n . T h e r e w e r e g r e a t e r a m o u n ts of th e d iv a le n t c a ­ tio n s c a lc iu m a n d m a g n e s iu m on th e s o il c a tio n e x c h a n g e c o m p le x th a n the m o n o v a le n t p o t a s s i u m . T h e s a m e n in e m o s t p r o d u c tiv e p lo ts , on a two y e a r a v e r a g e - y i e l d b a s i s , w e r e u s e d f o r th e c o m p ila tio n of te n ta tiv e s t a n d a r d s f o r s u c c u le n t s u c k e r le a v e s and b lu e b e rry fru it. A n a ly s e s f o r two y e a r s , 1955 a n d 1956, w e r e a v e r a g e d to p r o v i d e th e f r u i t i n g - s h o o t s t a n d a r d . A n a ly s e s of s u c k e r - l e a v e s a n d b l u e b e r r y f r u i t w e r e a v a il a b le f o r only one y e a r , 1956. T h e s e s t a n d a r d s a r e p r e s e n t e d in T a b le 2. T h e n i t r o g e n c o n te n t of b o th ty p e s of l e a v e s w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y the s a m e , n a m e ly , 1. 98 p e r c e n t f o r f r u i t i n g - s h o o t l e a v e s , a n d 1. 94 p e r c e n t f o r th e s u c k e r le a v e s . The n i t r o g e n c o n te n t of th e f r u i t w a s a b o u t o n e - t h i r d th a t of th e le a v e s , e. g . , 0. 617 p e r c e n t . T h e p h o s p h o r u s c o n te n t of th e le a v e s w a s a b o u t th e s a m e in b o th c a s e s , i. e. , .15 a n d .16 p e r c e n t ; w h e r e a s , th e f r u i t h a d a b o u t o n e - h a l f Table 1. Fruiting-Shoot Leaf and Soil Standards Prepared for the 1955 Season Compared to Those of the 1956 Season. Compiled from Averages of the Analyses of the Nine Highest-Yielding Blueberry Plantings. 26 G N CO r'-i o o o CM o o • * o ON ON vO O O CO Mi CM CM O O CM G u o o • o o ON i— H o o ♦ ON r~ « CO LO LO 1—1 rNO CM NO CM CM CO i—4 NO o CM t".— 1 OO LO NO LO I— 1 ON NO OO o CM co o o NO o CM LO o rCM i—4 o ON o OO OO • ri—4 * co LO • NO ON CM CM o ro CM — H CM X a o M o » Ml o Ml 5-1 LO LO ON 1— NO LO ON i—4 > < X a S o u o o bo G cd X cj X lO '-4 o o bo 4— 1 C bo o 0 X! CO 1 bo c 3 5 PC. h 0) e i-H o CO 2 NO o •— H NO •—1 o co co CO CM OO M< r~ OO oj i— 4 CJ o CM CO s T3 cd a rvO o OO Ml r- Jh •3 g 03 4—1 ' CO [■'CM CO bO, G 2 CM CO lO i— 4 CM LO o LO cd CO CJ ■ CO r— i— H CO 2 i-H Ml i-H Ml OO 3 CO G 40 \ CO jQ 5h cd cd nO o CM CM , lO i-H LO LO ON NO LO ON OO . OO ON 1— 4 CM T3 NO I-H i-H Ml o OO cu O Gbo cd fG >V xX -Q o ^ Cd G ^ o cd CJ i— H . CD > < cd CD >< rOO CD 27 t h i s a m o u n t, 0. 07 p e r c e n t . P o t a s s i u m c o n te n t w a s h ig h e r in th e v ig o r o u s ly g r o w in g s u c k e r l e a v e s th a n in th e m o r e m a t u r e f r u i t i n g - s h o o t l e a v e s . P o ta s­ s iu m c o n te n t o f th e b l u e b e r r y f r u i t w a s n e a r th a t of th e f r u i t i n g - s h o o t l e a v e s . A s w a s th e c a s e w ith p h o s p h o r u s , th e c a lc iu m c o n te n t of th e two ty p e s of l e a v e s v a r i e d li t t l e , w h e r e a s th e c a lc iu m c o n te n t of the b l u e b e r r y f r u i t w a s o n ly o n e - h a l f a s g r e a t a s th a t of th e le a v e s . Of th e r e m a i n i n g n u t r i e n t s , z in c w a s h i g h e r in th e f r u i t th a n in e i t h e r of th e two l e a f ty p e s . T he o th e r e l e m e n t s , m a g n e s i u m , m a n g a n e s e , iro n , c o p p e r a n d b o ro n , w e r e m u c h h i g h e r in th e l e a v e s th a n in th e f r u it. T a b le 2 a l s o p r e s e n t s th e c o e f f ic ie n ts of v a r i a t i o n c a l c u l a t e d f o r u s e in th e n u t r i e n t - e l e m e n t b a la n c e c h a r t d e v e lo p e d by K e n w o rth y (1949). The v a l u e s f o r n i t r o g e n a n d p o t a s s i u m v a r i e d but li t t l e in any of th e t h r e e t i s s u e s sam pled. M a n g a n e s e , on th e o t h e r hand, v a r i e d e x c e s s i v e l y w ith a c o e f f i­ c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n o f 34. 3 in th e f r u i t i n g - s h o o t le a v e s , 67. 5 in th e s u c k e r le a v e s , a n d 48. 8 in th e b l u e b e r r y f r u i t . Boron in th e b l u e b e r r y f r u i t s a m p l e s h a d a low c o e f f ic ie n t of v a r i a t i o n (10. 6), but w a s m o r e v a r i a b l e in th e l e a f sam p les. Z i n c in th e b l u e b e r r y f r u i t s a m p l e s v a r i e d g r e a tly , w ith a c o ­ e f f ic ie n t of v a r i a t i o n of 58. 04. C o e f fic ie n ts of 40 o r lo w e r a r e s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r u s e in n u t r i e n t - e l e m e n t b a la n c e c h a r t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . T a b l e 3 sh o w s th e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n th e tw o ty p e s of l e a v e s a n d b l u e b e r r y f r u i t in r e s p e c t to n u t r i e n t c o n te n t. M a n g a n e s e w a s th e only T a b l e 2. S t a n d a r d V a lu e s f o r F r u i t a n d L e a f C o m p o s itio n . B l u e b e r r y P la n ta tio n s , 1955 a n d 1956. N u trie n t * F r u i t i n g Shoot L e a v e s (T w o y e a r a v e r a g e ) % Com ­ C oeff. V a ria ­ p o sitio n tio n **Sucker L eav es (1956 A n a ly s is ) % C o m ­ C oeff. p o sitio n V a r ia ­ tio n S u rv ey of ***B lu eb erry F r u it (1956 A n a l y s i s Coeff. % Com ­ V a ria ­ p o sitio n tio n N itro g en 1. 98 9 .0 1 .9 4 7. 1 0 .6 1 7 9 .9 P hosp h o ru s 0. 16 1 7 .0 0. 15 12. 7 0. 070 21. 4 P o ta ssiu m 0. 527 0 .8 0 5 5. 0 0. 526 10. 3 C a lc iu m 0. 74 29. 1 0. 66 29. 3 0. 32 43. 7 M a g n e s iu m 0. 28 2 5 .4 0. 19 2 5 .6 0. 036 1 7 .3 M anganese 0 .0 1 6 8 34. 3 0 .0 1 1 0 67. 5 0. 0017 4 8 .8 Iron 0 .0 1 5 21. 1 0. 010 3 5 .0 0. 0025 16. 7 C opper 0. 0015 3 6 .5 0 .0 0 1 7 14. 7 0. 00061 2 6 .6 B oro n 0. 0049 44. 3 0. 0031 2 3 .4 0 .0 0 0 6 7 1 0 .6 Z in c 0. 0020 27. 0 0 .0 0 2 1 2 5 .0 0. 0046 5 8 .0 4 9. 1 * L e a v e s c o l l e c t e d in m id - J u ly f r o m m i d - p o s i t i o n of f r u i t i n g s h o o ts of g oo d v i g o r a n d p r o d u c tio n . * * L e a v e s c o l l e c t e d in m id - J u ly f r o m m i d - p o s i t i o n of lo w e r, v ig o r o u s l y g r o w in g " s u c k e r ” s h o o ts . * * * F r u i t c o l l e c t e d in e a r l y A u g u s t a t p e a k of h a r v e s t s e a s o n f r o m b u s h e s o f g o o d v i g o r a n d p r o d u c tio n . 29 3 r—*4 u u LO LO *—H • o O <4-1 CD CD O a o 2 a OO i-H CO . f“H i-H • «• OO CN vO . O 4 o 4 * x- * * * Ov CO cn o vO CO o v O CO i-H • CO 0 O ro 4 o 4 o 4 o 4 o 4 * V. * # CN * * O N o CO o 0 o 4 0 o o o f t o 4 ■3C * rOO CO * o 4 p .2 CO a> > cd CD -Ii Pi Q 3 5h 5h (X , CD 4* o CN i-H CO m O 4 r- vO LO ■ o 4 o 4 o r *- . 0 • o 4 V. O 4 o 4 co '4 . o 4 CO ro 0 o 4 CN -xOv Ov LO f-H o m m o o 4 4 CO 3 CO oCD 4 -4 4 -1 « ■ cd * ■■ i cd 2 2 5h 5-t O U 3 CN Ov CO 0 O 4 vO CO i-H 0 o 4 . * -* * Ov i-H X - CO LO vO CN 0 0 0 o 4 o 4 * * r- -X- lO CN LO O LO . * i-H vO lO . o 4 o 4 * ■S * -sOO •4 ro i-H o . 0 o o 4 4 CN OO -4 lO CN 0 O 4 cd S CO o o 43 cd C OCO 1 C D b o> 3 3 • iH 4 J CD • r H 3 5-t > ed CD 5h cd M o 3 Pi * lO CO OO o 4 vO CO i-H 0 o 4 i-H LO . o 4 o CO co f t o 4 * -X vO Ov 4 1 • o 4 rrr• o 4 LO • o 4 t" lO o • o 1 LO CO o • o 1 -V. .Y. o vO ft o 4 CO co 3 a ) •iH 5-4 3 z 3 SPo b O 5-t 3 5h O 43 C l, go 0 43 01 B 3 B 3 co •fH co CD CO 43-> o a, 3 U S, 3 CD W CD 3 3 bO 3 3 u CD 3 O U D< 8* o O 3 •H IS! 3 O 5h O CQ Significant at 1% level. 4 -1 o o 4 3 C O i CCO b 0 >D 3 ■ i— ,> 3 4 — • * — , CD 3 U tc O 3 O • fH Significant at 5% level. Table 3. Summary of Correlation Determinations for Fruiting-Shoot Leaves, Sucker Leaves, and Fruit of the Blueberry. cd 30 e l e m e n t to sh o w a h ig h ly s ig n if ic a n t m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n a m o n g th e t h r e e tissu e s. T h e b o r o n m u l t i p l e - c o r r e l a t i o n r a t i o w a s s ig n ific a n t o n ly a t th e 5 p e rc e n t lev el. None o f th e m u ltip l e c o r r e l a t i o n r a t i o s of th e o t h e r e ig h t n u t r i e n t s w e r e s ig n if ic a n t. T h e c o r r e l a t i o n of p o t a s s i u m , m a n g a n e s e a n d ir o n b e tw e e n f r u itin g s h o o t l e a v e s a n d th e s u c k e r le a v e s , o r th e fr u it; a n d b e tw e e n th e s u c k e r le a v e s a n d th e f r u it, w e r e h ig h ly s ig n if ic a n t. N itr o g e n a n d c a lc iu m s h o w e d s i g n i ­ f ic a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s a m o n g th e t h r e e p la n t s a m p l e s . no c o r r e l a t i o n a m o n g any of th e t i s s u e s t e s t e d . C o p p e r a n d z in c sh o w e d P h o s p h o r u s sh o w e d a c o r ­ r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n s u c k e r l e a v e s a n d f r u it. T h e s o lu b le s o lid s r e a d i n g s ta k e n d u r in g th e h a r v e s t s of 1955 a r e r e ­ c o r d e d in T a b le 4. T h e s o lu b le s o lid s r e a d i n g s p r e s e n t e d r e p r e s e n t th e a v e r ­ a g e of th e s e v e r a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n s m a d e d u r in g th e v a r i o u s h a r v e s t s of a g iv e n p lo t. R e a d in g s w e r e not m a d e on f r u it of p l o t s w h e r e y ie ld r e c o r d s w e r e no t ta k e n due to f r o s t in ju r y , d r y w e a t h e r e f f e c t s a n d o th e r m i s c e l l a n e o u s a b n o rm a litie s. T h i s a c c o u n ts f o r th e m i s s i n g p lo t n u m b e r s . The av erag e s o lu b le s o lid s v a lu e s r a n g e d f r o m 1 0 .6 6 to 1 7 .2 7 p e r c e n t s u g a r . T h ere a p ­ p e a r e d to be no r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw ee n s o lu b le s o lid s r e a d i n g s a n d y ie ld . A bout 35 o f th e o r i g i n a l 55 b l u e b e r r y p lo ts p r o v i d e d y ie ld r e c o r d s f o r th e t w o - y e a r p e r i o d ; th e d a ta f o r e a c h of t h e s e s i t e s w e r e a v e r a g e d f o r th e tw o y e a r s , 1955 a n d 1956, in o r d e r to r e d u c e the e f f e c t s of s e a s o n a l a n d c u l- 31 T a b le 4. A C o m p a r i s o n of Y ie ld in P o u n d s of B l u e b e r r i e s p e r Bush w ith the 1955 S e a s o n a l A v e r a g e s of P e r c e n t S oluble S o lids D e t e r m i n a t i o n s on B lu e b e r r y F r u i t . P lo t No. Y ie ld (lb s . /b u s h ) S o lu b le S o lid s (%) 3 20. 96 12. 98 35 12. 45 13. 56 4 1 2 .4 6 15. 07 36 18. 82 13. 48 5 16. 01 13. 56 37 1. 19 17. 27 6 18. 36 14. 19 38 5. 94 15. 63 7 15. 54 11. 87 39 10. 07 14. 78 10 12. 77 10. 66 40 2 0 .6 4 14. 23 11 3. 47 13. 03 41 22. 14 13. 78 13 6. 70 12. 62 42 13. 02 14. 00 14 19. 67 1 2 .4 0 43 10. 55 13. 52 16 10. 60 12. 91 44 23. 27 1 2 .2 8 17 2 4 .4 3 13. 22 45 6. 70 12. 60 18 18. 79 1 4 .2 2 47 14. 95 14. 02 19 24. 34 12. 76 48 13. 56 14. 33 20 3. 31 14. 01 49 1 5 .8 7 12. 85 21 5. 99 14. 74 50 8. 13 15. 53 26 7. 92 15. 07 51 20. 03 13. 75 27 15. 33 14. 54 52 12. 79 13. 50 Plot No. Y ie ld (lb s . /b u s h ) S o lub le S o lid s (%) 32 tu ra l v a ria tio n s. T h e s e d a ta a r e p r e s e n t e d in to to in T a b l e s 1 a n d 2 of the A p p e n d ix . T h e d e g r e e s of c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n th e two y e a r a v e r a g e s of y ie ld a n d n u t r i e n t - e l e m e n t s of th e f r u i t i n g - s h o o t l e a v e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d . T h ere w a s a h ig h ly s ig n if ic a n t c o r r e l a t i o n , 0. 717, b e tw e e n y ie ld in p o u n d s of b e r r i e s p e r b u s h a n d p e r c e n t d r y w e ig h t of n i t r o g e n in th e f r u i t i n g - s h o o t l e a v e s ; w hen l e a f n i t r o g e n w a s ab o v e 2. 10 p e r c e n t th e c o r r e l a t i o n w a s n e g a tiv e r a t h e r th a n p o sitiv e . A s show n in F i g u r e 3, a n itr o g e n c o n te n t e x c e e d in g a n o p tim u m of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2. 10 p e r c e n t r e s u l t e d in a m a r k e d d e c r e a s e in y ie ld . V a lu e s f o r in d iv id u a l p l o t s i n d i c a t e d th a t 60. 1 p e r c e n t of the p lo ts h a d below o p tim u m a n d 16. 7 p e r c e n t h a d ab o v e o p tim u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of n itr o g e n in th e f r u itin g shoot le av e s. T h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n y ie ld a n d m a g n e s iu m c o n te n t of th e f r u itin g s h o o t l e a v e s , 0. 339, w a s s ig n if ic a n t a t th e five p e r c e n t le v e l. S c a tte red d i a g r a m s s h o w e d no a p p a r e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n y ie ld a n d le a f c o m p o s itio n f o r th e fo llo w in g n u t r i e n t - e l e m e n t s ; m anganese, p o ta ssiu m , phosp h o ru s, c a lc iu m , z in c , c o p p e r , b o r o n a n d ir o n . T h e p e r c e n t a g e s of th e c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity of th e s o il in t h e s e 35 p l o t s o c c u p ie d by c a lc iu m , m a g n e s iu m a n d p o t a s s i u m w e r e g r o u p e d into f o u r c a t e g o r i e s b a s e d on to ta l c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity , e. g. 0 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 20, a n d 20 to 50 m i l l i e q u i v a l e n t s p e r 100 g r a m s of s o il. F i g u r e 4 sh o w s F i g u r e 3. A c o m p a r i s o n of th e n i t r o g e n c o n te n t of f r u itin g s h o o t l e a v e s w ith th e y i e l d in p o u n d s of b l u e b e r r i e s h a r v e s t e d p e r b u sh . 33 15 10 YIELD IN POUNDS BLUEBERRIES PER BUSH 20 1. 5 0 - 1.65 1. 6 5 - 1.80 1. 8 0 - 1.95 1. 9 5 - 2.10 PERCENT NITROGEN IN FRUITING-SHOOT LEAVES (% DRY WEIGHT) . 10 - 2 .2 5 F i g u r e 4. T h e e f f e c t of th e p e r c e n t of th e s o il c a ti o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y o c c u p ie d by c a l c i u m , m a g n e s i u m a n d p o t a s s i u m on th e g e n e r a l v i g o r of th e b l u e b e r r y p la n t. The a v e r­ a g e s of b u s h e s d e s i g n a t e d a s " g o o d " in v i g o r a r e c o m p a r e d to th o s e of " p o o r " v i g o r a t e a c h of fiv e s o il c a ti o n e x ch an g e c ap a c ity ra n g e s. SOIL E X C H A N G E CAPACITY RANGES ( m . e . / 1 0 0 gm. soil Desi r ed level for % Cal ciu m GOOD 20-50 PLANTS m. e. POOR P L A N T S GOOD 10 - 20 m. e . POOR GOOD 5-10 m. e. POOR GOOD m.e. POOR 20 10 0 P E R C E N T OF S O I L POTASSIUM 10 EXCHANGE MAG N E S I U M 20 30 CAPACITY CALCIUM 35 a c o m p a r i s o n of th e b u s h e s d e s ig n a te d a t th e b e g in n in g of th e s u r v e y a s goo d (of v ig o r o u s , h e a lth y g ro w th ) a n d p o o r (la c k in g in v ig o r , a b n o r m a l l y s m a l l in s iz e ) in r e l a t i o n to s o il a n a l y s i s . T h e p e r c e n t of th e to ta l c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y o c c u p ie d by c a lc iu m w a s h ig h e r f o r th e p o o r b u s h e s th a n f o r the good b u s h e s . In a d d itio n , th e p e r c e n t p o t a s s i u m a n d m a g n e s iu m sh o w e d no d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e p o o r a n d th e good c a t e g o r i e s in e a c h of th e e x c h a n g e c ap a c ity gro u p s. T h e to ta l of th e t h r e e c a tio n p e r c e n t a g e s w a s g r e a t e r fo r th e p o o r p l a n t s th a n f o r th e good. T h e f o r m a t i o n of a s c a t t e r d ia g r a m sh o w e d no d e f in ite r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n pH a n d p e r c e n t c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity o c ­ c u p ie d by c a l c i u m . L ik e w is e , no a p p a r e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t e d b e tw ee n th e to ta l p e r c e n t a g e of c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity o c c u p ie d by th e t h r e e m a j o r c a t i o n s a n d th e pH of the so il. T h e a v e r a g e p e r c e n t m a g n e s iu m a n d p o ta s s iu m b e tw e e n p o o r a n d g o od b u s h e s d id not v a r y a p p r e c ia b ly . F i g u r e 5 sh o w s th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n p e r c e n t c a lc iu m of th e s o il c a tio n e x c h a n g e s y s t e m , p e r c e n t d r y w e ig ht n itr o g e n in th e f r u i t i n g - s h o o t le a v e s , a n d y ie ld in p o u n d s of b l u e b e r r i e s p e r b u sh . A s th e p e r c e n t of th e c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y o c c u p ie d by c a lc iu m i n c r e a s e d ab o v e e ig h t to te n p e r c e n t , a n a b n o r m a l l y low y ie ld r e s u l t e d , i. e . , l e s s th a n te n p o u n d s p e r bush. T h e y ie ld of b u s h e s g ro w in g in a s o il of l e s s th a n e ig h t to te n p e r c e n t c a lc iu m on th e s o il e x c h a n g e w a s a p p a r e n t l y lim ite d , m a in ly by a lo w - n it r o g e n c o n te n t. H o w e v e r, b u s h e s w ith a y ie ld of five to te n p o u n d s e a c h w e r e F i g u r e 5. T h e p e r c e n t of th e s o il c a ti o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y o c c u p ie d by c a lc iu m c o m p a r e d to th e n i t r o g e n c o n te n t ( p e r c e n t d r y w eigh t) of th e f r u i t i n g - s h o o t le a v e s ; a v e r ­ a g e s a r e p r e s e n t e d a c c o r d i n g to r a n g e s of y ie ld in p o u n d s of b l u e b e r r i e s p e r b u s h . 36 25 * - WEIGHT) CALCIUM 20 (% DRY OCCUPIED 10 1.9 % SOIL CATION 2. 0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 0-5 5-10 POUNDS 10-15 BLUEBERRIES 15-20 PER 20-25 BUSH IN FRUITING-SHOOT 2.1 LEAVES 15 NITROGEN CALCIUM "m 2.2 BY EXCHANGE CAPACITY NI TROGEN 37 a f f e c te d b o th by a low n itr o g e n c o n te n t a n d a h ig h p e r c e n t c a lc iu m on th e so il e x c h a n g e s y s te m . B u sh e s w ith th e lo w e s t y ie ld s w e r e m a in ly a ffe c te d by a n e x c e s s iv e ly h ig h s o il c a lc iu m ; th e n itr o g e n c o n te n t of le a v e s fro m th e s e b u s h e s w a s q u ite v a r ia b le . F e r tiliz e r T ria ls C e r ta in p lo ts w e r e s e le c te d f o r f e r t i l i z e r t r i a l s to stu d y th e in flu ­ e n c e of s u p p ly in g m a n g a n e s e , b o ro n a n d m a g n e s iu m w h e re th e 1955 a n a ly s e s in d ic a te d a s h o r ta g e of an y of th e s e e le m e n ts . T r e a tm e n t (1) w h ich c o n s is te d o f o n e o u n ce of m a n g a n e s e s u lfa te , e ig h t o u n c e s of a 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 b lu e b e r r y f e r t i l i z e r , p lu s fiv e g r a m s of b o ra x p e r b u sh , c a u s e d m a r k e d r e s p o n s e s . G r e e n le a f c o lo r w as in te n s ifie d a s a r e ­ s u lt of tr e a tm e n t, but new sh o o t g ro w th w as not a p p r e c ia b ly a ffe c te d . A n a ly s e s o f f r u itin g - s h o o t a n d s u c k e r le a v e s a r e p r e s e n te d in T a b le 5, to g e th e r w ith f r u i t y ie ld s . M a n g a n e s e a n d b o ro n c o n te n ts in b o th ty p e s o f le a v e s w e re in ­ c r e a s e d m a r k e d ly . F r u i t a n a ly s e s of th e t r e a t e d b u s h e s w e re n o t o b ta in e d . H o w e v e r, th e f r u i t of th e u n tr e a te d p la n ts c o n ta in e d on ly 0. 0005 p e r c e n t m a n ­ g a n e s e a s c o m p a r e d to a s ta n d a r d v a lu e o f 0. 0017 p e r c e n t. T he b o ro n c o n ­ te n t of th e f r u i t fro m th e u n tr e a te d b u s h e s w as n e a r ly id e n tic a l to th a t of the f r u i t s ta n d a r d v a lu e . T h e m o s t im p o r ta n t r e s p o n s e o b s e r v e d w as a n in c r e a s e in y ie ld . T h e in itia l y ie ld , ta k e n on A u g u st 2, w a s in c r e a s e d 96 p e r c e n t, an d th a t of 38 T a b le 5. R e s u lts of th e A p p lic a tio n o f O ne O unce o f M n S 0 4> F iv e G r a m s of B orax, a n d E ig h t O u n c es of 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 B lu e b e rry F e r t i l i z e r to the Soil of N in e - Y e a r - O ld B lu e b e rry B u sh es ( T r e a tm e n t No. 1). A n a ly s is of F r u itin g -S h o o t L e a v e s (% D ry W eight) N u trie n t E le m e n t F r u itin g - S h o o t L e a v e s U n tr e a te d T r e a te d Sucker L eaves U n tre a te d T r e a te d N 1 . 68 1. 68 1. 66 1 .8 3 P . 15 . 14 . 12 . 14 K . 476 . 470 1 .0 4 . 794 Mg . 27 . 23 .2 0 . 19 Ca . 55 . 72 1 .0 3 . 91 Fe .0 0 9 . 011 . 007 . 010 Mn . 0056 . 0110 . 0063 . 0117 Cu . 0013 . 0014 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 1 8 B . 0027 . 0080 . 0035 . 0085 Zn .0 0 1 9 . 0015 .0 0 2 5 . 0027 Y ie ld in P o u n d s P e r Bush D ate of H a r v e s t A u g u st 2 A u g u st 14 S e p te m b e r 3 T o ta l U n tr e a te d 1. 96 3. 44 2. 38 7. 78 T re a te d 3 .8 4 4 .0 4 2. 13 10. 01 39 th e s e c o n d h a r v e s t, on A u g u st 14, w a s in c r e a s e d 1 7 .5 p e r c e n t; y ie ld a t the t h i r d h a r v e s t of S e p te m b e r 3, 1956 w a s not in c r e a s e d . T h e to ta l y ie ld w as in c r e a s e d fro m 7. 78 on th e u n tr e a te d p la n ts to 10. 01 p o u n d s p e r b u sh on th e tre a te d o n es. T h is g a v e a n e t in c r e a s e of 2. 23 p o u n d s of b l u e b e r r ie s p e r b u sh o r a n in c r e a s e of m o r e th a n one to n p e r a c r e w hen c a lc u la te d on a b a s is of 1000 b u s h e s p e r a c r e . S o il tr e a t m e n t s w ith fiv e g r a m s of b o ra x p e r b u sh a ls o in c r e a s e d , a p p r e c ia b ly , th e le a f c o n te n t of b o ro n in o th e r b u s h e s . T r e a tm e n t (2), in w h ich fiv e g r a m s of b o ra x a n d fo u r o u n c e s of m a g n e s iu m s u lfa te w e re a p ­ p lie d to th e s o il, in c r e a s e d th e f r u itin g - s h o o t le a f c o n te n t of b o ro n fro m . 0029 to . 0251 p e r c e n t d ry w e ig h t. T h e m a g n e s iu m c o n te n t w a s in c r e a s e d fro m . 14 to .2 3 p e r c e n t (T a b le 6). Y ie ld , h o w e v e r, w as not i n c r e a s e d W ith tr e a t m e n t (3), in w h ich o n e -h a lf p o u n d of h y d ra te d d o lo m itic lim e s to n e w as a p p lie d in c o n ju n c tio n w ith fiv e g r a m s of b o ra x to th e so il, th e b o ro n c o n te n t of th e f r u itin g - s h o o t le a v e s w as in c r e a s e d fro m . 0029 to . 0138 p e r c e n t d ry w e ig h t (T a b le 6). fro m . 14 to . 18 p e r c e n t. T h e m a g n e s iu m c o n te n t w as in c r e a s e d In th is t e s t th e p r e s e n c e of c a lc iu m in th e lim e m a y h a v e r e d u c e d th e u p ta k e of b o ro n a n d m a g n e s iu m a s c o m p a r e d to t r e a t ­ m e n t (2) w h e re th e s o u r c e of m a g n e s iu m w as E p so m s a lt s . V is ib le le a f s y m p to m s of a m a g n e s iu m d e fic ie n c y w e re n o t n o te d a t th e tim e of s a m p lin g in e a r l y Ju ly on e i t h e r th e t r e a t e d o r u n tr e a te d p lo ts . by th is tr e a tm e n t. Y ie ld w a s n o t in c r e a s e d 40 T a b le 6. A C o m p a r is o n of th e L e a f A n a ly s is o f U n tr e a te d B u sh es (C h eck ) w ith th o s e W h o se S o ils w e r e T r e a t e d w ith M a g n e siu m in th e F o r m o f H y d r a te d D o lo m itic L im e , P lu s B orax; a n d M a g n e siu m in th e F o r m of E p s o m S a lts (M gSQ4 * 7 ^ 0 ) , P lu s B o rax . __________ F r u it- S h o o t L e a f C o m p o sitio n (% D ry W eight) N u tr ie n t C heck 150 lb s . M g O /a c r e 70 l b s .M g O /a c r e (a s h y d r. D o lo -lim e ) (a s MgSC^* 7 ^ 0 ) a n d 5 g m . b o r a x /b u s h a n d 5 g m . b o r a x /b u s h ( T r e a tm e n t 3) N itro g e n ( T r e a tm e n t 2) 1 . 83 1. 78 1. 81 P h o s p h o ru s . 13 . 14 . 15 P o ta s s iu m . 561 . 567 .5 8 0 1. 08 . 91 .8 8 M a g n e s iu m . 14 . 18 .2 3 M a n g a n e se .0 1 7 1 . 0132 .0 1 2 2 Iro n .0 1 4 . 010 .0 1 2 C opper .0 0 1 5 .0 0 1 4 .0 0 1 3 B oron . 0029 .0 1 3 8 .0 2 5 1 Z in c .0 0 1 5 .0 0 1 6 .0 0 1 6 C a lc iu m 41 D e fic ie n c y L e v e ls D u rin g th e ro u tin e s a m p lin g in th e p r e s e n t s u rv e y , b u s h e s in s e v e r a l a r e a s w e r e o b s e r v e d to h a v e d e fic ie n c y s y m p to m s on th e le a v e s . S om e of th e s e le a v e s w e r e c o lle c te d f o r a n a ly s is to p o s s ib ly p ro v id e s o m e in fo r m a tio n c o n c e r n in g d e fic ie n t le v e ls of n u tr ie n ts in th e f r u itin g - s h o o t le a v e s . The d a ta in d ic a te d th a t s y m p to m s m a y be a l t e r e d by s h o r ta g e s of m o re th a n one n u tr i e n t- e le m e n t. F ig u r e 6 sh o w s a p ic tu r e o f c h lo r o tic le a v e s on b u s h e s g ro w n on a n u p la n d s o il of pH 5. 2 th a t h a d 48. 41 p e r c e n t c a lc iu m on th e s o il c a tio n e x c h a n g e s y s te m . I n te r v e in a l c h lo r o s i s a s w e ll a s c o m p le te y e llo w in g of so m e le a v e s w a s a p p a r e n t. C o m p le te y e llo w in g of th e le a v e s w a s an a d ­ v a n c e d s ta g e of th e d e fic ie n c y s y m p to m . T h e a c c o m p a n y in g n u tr ie n t b a la n c e c h a r t (K e n w o rth y , 1949) sh o w s th a t iro n , m a n g a n e s e a n d m a g n e s iu m w e re e x c e s s iv e ly low . T h e le a f c o n ta in e d . 006 p e r c e n t iro n , . 0031 p e r c e n t m a n ­ g a n e s e , a n d 0. 11 p e r c e n t m a g n e s iu m . T h is s a m p le , th e r e f o r e , g iv e s p o s ­ s ib le d e fic ie n c y le v e ls of th e s e th r e e e le m e n ts . F ig u r e 7 sh o w s s y m p to m s n o t a s a d v a n c e d a s th o s e of F ig u r e 6. T h e s e le a v e s c a m e fro m b u s h e s g ro w n on h ig h ly a c id s o il of pH 3. 6; th e p e r c e n t c a lc iu m on th e s o il e x c h a n g e w a s 2. 38 p e r c e n t. The accom pany­ in g n u tr i e n t- e le m e n t b a la n c e c h a r t sh o w s th a t th e m a n g a n e s e c o n te n t w as F ig u r e 6. A n u tr ie n t- e le m e n t b a la n c e c h a r t (K en w o rth y , 1949) c o n ­ s tr u c te d fro m th e a n a ly s e s of f r u itin g - s h o o t le a v e s of a b lu e ­ b e r r y b u sh show n in th e a c c o m p a n y in g p h o to g ra p h . T h e u p lan d s o il on w hich it w as g ro w n h ad a pH of 5. 2, w ith 48. 41 p e r c e n t c a lc iu m on th e s o il c a tio n e x c h a n g e s y s te m . NUTRIENT-ELEMENT aci or t h i s BALANCE CHART C opper P h o sp h o ru s P o ta s s iu m C o lc iu m M a g n e s iu m - r.v % la Lmtm M anganese Chart la*i 1.83 93 f-tir*—■ . 12 Calcium .6 6 0 . 52 79 123 Iron 79 ZUc S •* Lm««s Chart lidii .0031 .0 0 6 .0017 47 S3 108 .0026 74 100 .0 0 2 0 Department «l HoefKalllane, Michigan Slate Uni.en.fr X o 0 U a (i. c CO CO cd £ CD CO CD 0 CO o x4-> CO cd bo cd cd cd E cd T3 0) CJ Cd cd 'O cd co cd 4— 1 cd x 4—' o X X cd cd E dj CO X 6) CO cd +-J E V-4 cd cd jd Id X CO cd o u 0 £ E 0 5-t cd £ o X o O h cd CO o cd co 4o— > T“— I CD cd o 5-1 CJ 4 -J cd O CO r0 > 0 CD bo cd X X X E CD r0 CD > cd Q> 5-i U CD X 0) dd m dd cd bo cd >4 cd •i—( 5-i 5) •f—I U-I o 3 V-i 3= o cd On E p O cd 0 a X H 0 > 0 £ o CO o o 0 0 E 5-i 0 cd 1 £ 0 CO cd 5h (DO cd cd X X cd 0 co 0 5-1 a BALANCE CHART NUTRIENT-ELEMENT 44 d a n g e r o u s ly low (.0 0 2 8 p e r c e n t) . B e lo w -n o rm a l le v e ls of iro n , m a g n e s iu m a n d b o ro n m a y h a v e in flu e n c e d th e sy m p to m e x p r e s s io n , h o w e v e r. A n o th e r d e fic ie n c y s y m p to m m a y be s e e n in F ig u r e 8. T h e le a v e s c o n ta in e d o n ly . 0023 p e r c e n t m a n g a n e s e , a n d th e n u tr ie n t- e le m e n t b a la n c e c h a r t sh o w s th is le v e l to be d a n g e r o u s ly low. F ig u r e 9 sh o w s lo w e r le a v e s of a b a s a l sh o o t e x h ib itin g ty p ic a l m a g n e s iu m d e fic ie n c y s y m p to m s a s d e s c r ib e d by M ik k e lso n a n d D o e h le rt (1950). T h is p h o to g ra p h w a s ta k e n in e a r l y S e p te m b e r. The acco m p an y ­ in g n u tr i e n t- e le m e n t b a la n c e c h a r t sh o w s an e x c e e d in g ly low c o n te n t of m a g n e s iu m . w e ig h t b a s is . T h e s e le a v e s c o n ta in e d . 04 p e r c e n t m a g n e s iu m on a d ry F ig u r e 8. B lu e b e rry le a v e s e x h ib itin g s y m p to m s so m e w h a t ty p ic a l of m a n g a n e s e d e fic ie n c y . T h e le a v e s c o n ta in e d o n ly . 0023 p e r ­ c e n t m a n g a n e s e , a n d th e n u tr i e n t- e le m e n t b a la n c e c h a r t show s th is le v e l to be d a n g e ro u s ly low. NUTRIENT-ELEMENT BALANCE CHART C opper P h o sp h o ru s P o to ssiu n C a lc iu m M a g n e s iu m NaMaal* %u Hitract 1 .7 7 M anganese C*«rt laita *322 90 Um j . h h .0 0 2 3 Ira* .0 3 2 189 Cattar .0 0 2 0 121 . 11 74 1 .0 4 188 1. 14 . 138 97 .2 7 % la laara* . 0055 Zl~ . 0021 Ckart laAai 44 106 104 . Mrthiaaa Start Uanrrwrt >N X -4—> 5- ( £ =3 CO 0> O £ P CD & U4 cd X cd P cd o 0 CD CD P bo c X x jcd Id X 4—1 P CD x CD x CO p X e i-CDH . P U CD X a> p x cd o 4~> o o Xcn Jh (D X P P bO > v E O o CD P o o cd cd £ o CD X CO E o > p D -tC — i CO CD E p cd cd co 6 cd P P O CD •i-H CD «+-t co ■»-< "bb p t3 a) CD CD X 0 a E > > p cd cd CO co CD > > £ o CD P p Ex X On ENT-ELEMENT BALANCE CHART 0 47 DISCUSSION V a r ia tio n s in w e a th e r a n d o th e r g ro w in g c o n d itio n s a r e p e r tin e n t f a c t o r s to be c o n s id e r e d in th e p ro d u c tio n o f b l u e b e r r i e s a n d m u s t be ta k e n in to c o n s id e r a tio n w hen in t e r p r e t a t i n g d a ta c o lle c te d d u rin g a s u rv e y . The tw o s e a s o n s r e p r e s e n t e d in th is s u r v e y sh o w e d s e v e r a l e x tr e m e s in c lim a te . A v e ra g in g th e d a ta f o r tw o y e a r s w o u ld te n d to m in im iz e v a r ia tio n s due to c lim a tic f a c t o r s , s u c h a s r a in f a ll a n d te m p e r a t u r e s . N itro g e n p la y e d a n im p o r ta n t r o le in th e p r o d u c tio n of b lu e b e r r i e s . It w a s th e o n ly e le m e n t know n to be d e fic ie n t in b lu e b e r r y p la n tin g s on m in e r a l s o ils in O re g o n (B o ile r, 1951). B ailey (1956) c o n d u c te d a n u tr itio n a l s u r v e y of b l u e b e r r i e s in M a s s a c h u s e tts , a n d r e p o r t e d th a t o n ly n itr o g e n w as o u ts ta n d in g ly d e fic ie n t. T h e r e s u l t s o f th e p r e s e n t s u r v e y r e v e a le d a s i m i l a r tr e n d . The n itr o g e n c o n te n t o f le a v e s w a s foun d to be p r o p o r tio n a l to y ie ld u n til a n o p ti­ m u m c o n c e n tr a tio n o f a b o u t 2. 10 p e r c e n t w a s re a c h e d . A m a jo r ity o f th e p la n tin g s s a m p le d w e r e a p p a r e n tly r e c e iv in g s u b -o p tim a l a m o u n ts of n itr o g e n . It i s g e n e r a lly know n th a t n itr o g e n i s one of th e f i r s t n u tr ie n ts to b e c o m e d e f ic ie n t in a s o il w hich h a s b e e n in p ro d u c tio n f o r a n u m b e r of y e a r s a n d th a t n a tiv e b l u e b e r r i e s a r e found in a s o il th a t is h ig h in o rg a n ic 48 m a t t e r a n d r i c h in n itr o g e n . C le a r in g o f s u c h la n d a n d s u b s e q u e n t c le a n c u ltiv a tio n a r e c o n d u c iv e to a n in c r e a s e d o x id a tio n a n d d e p le tio n of o rg a n ic m a t t e r a n d a d e c r e a s e in n itr o g e n . M a r g in a l s o il ty p e s , s u c h a s th e lig h t, s a n d y ty p e s u tiliz e d f o r s o m e b lu e b e r r y p la n tin g s , w e r e o r ig i n a lly low in o rg a n ic m a t t e r a n d n itr o g e n . R o m a in e (1940) r e p o r t e d th a t r e a s o n s f o r s o il d e p le tio n sh o u ld in c lu d e th e r e m o v a l o f p la n t fo o d by c r o p s . R e d u c e d y ie ld a n d q u a lity of c r o p s h a v e b e e n id e n tif ie d a s n u tr ie n t d e fic ie n c y s y m p to m s , w hich is a n in d ic a tio n th a t th e s o ils a r e b e c o m in g d e p le te d of t h e i r f e r t il ity . G e n e ra lly , R o m a in e s ta t e d th a t " th e lo n g e r s o ils a r e f a rm e d , a n d th e lig h te r th e so il, th e m o r e f e r t i l i z e r u s a g e te n d s to a p p ro a c h th e c ro p c o n te n t o f a ll th r e e m a in n u tr i e n ts . In E u ro p e , f e r t i l i z e r u s a g e i s o fte n b a s e d e n tir e ly on th e p la n t fo o d s c o n ta in e d in th e c r o p " . A c c o rd in g ly , th e q u a n tity o f n u tr ie n ts r e m o v e d by b lu e b e r r y f r u it s h o u ld a f f o r d a c lu e a s to th e q u a n tity re m o v e d fro m th e s o il w ith v a r io u s y ie ld s . T h e s iz e o f y ie ld s , n a tu r a lly , w ill in flu e n c e th e a m o u n t o f n u tr ie n ts r e m o v e d fro m th e s o ils . T a b le 7 sh o w s th e p o u n d s o f n itro g e n , p h o s p h o ru s a n d p o ta s s iu m re m o v e d on a n a c r e b a s is by v a r io u s y ie ld s o f f r u it, u s in g th e s ta n d a r d v a lu e s in T a b le 2 f o r f r u i t a n a ly s is . Pounds of f e r tiliz e r c a r r i e r n eed ed f o r th e r e p la c e m e n t o f th e s e n u tr ie n ts a r e a ls o show n. T a b le 7 in d ic a te s O CN *4 i * i-H i-H 0) 5-1 ' O u ^ ’—i m -h • OO oo CN OO r- ■ r. o r- i-H OO m • oo O N m cn oo OO CN N O m no ^d) in O 0 •U tH 5-1 3. y a* cd 5-1 ft ® XJ 1=1 i-H ON 155 Table 7. Nutrients Removed by Blueberry Fruit per Acre, and the Pounds of Carrier of 11-11-11 F erti­ lizer Required to Replace Them, Assuming a One Hundred Percent Recovery from Soil Applications. 49 a) 5-< (U 0 N g 3 O CN Ph On o o CN OO o i-H i— H m ON • ON CN oo NO m ON oo • ON XJ m 0 1—^ *rH a. O O oo co P h *vh » On CN OO P , -'t1 in m r- o ON co o OO m o oo O N oo E o o f- o CN T3 5h cn CN ■3 9 X) 0 O CN 0 3 a 5h 0 0 E 0 5-1 o 5-1 cd cd i—H CJ Oh 0 in ■i-H o CN a, OO CN • O i-H • i-H m in • OO oo I- H ■ CN in inm CN •-H oo CN • CO i-H i-H OO oo • i-H r-H CN m in CO • m « NO NO 3 5-1 # <4H in >1 CN 5-c Jh CO m 0 X 0 * 3 NO XI 5h OO ■ §« 3 i-H * XJ O 0 m co oo • Ph OO m • CN i-H o r- • NO i-H OO OO • o CN bO in o * in ■3 nH cn 3 CN *i-H 0 5-i in m ■ oo 0 O XJ 0 ^ * ° * S ^ oo Ph 4-1 3 0 • O i-H o m O r-H N-Ji r- CN ■ Is- in On CO i— H o ON O o r-H ft r-H OO m oo * oo oo in • o Is- • £ CN • Is• i-H OO CO o OO f t r-H CN in oo CN ft CN oo oo■ o in o ft m • 5h 0 O 5-f 0 •tH Ph cn 0 3 u O o 4-> 3 u u 5h 0 X! a 0 0 Jb PQ 0 ou 3 5-1 0 O cn 0 •q a 3 0 x! XJ cn cn XJ 3 f-H X CN i-H • NO r-H CN CN ON CN *-H CN i-H i-H CN m t '- O i-H I-H CN X! i-H in o CN in CNT O CO 0 Ph ■ N * H 0 xj cn 3 O o o o T3 0 CO cS in 0 XJ 3 m 3 CJ 5h 3 £ bo 3 • rH s3 cn cn **< 50 th a t a 4 - 1 - 4 r a t i o w o u ld b e r e q u i r e d if o n ly th e n u tr i e n ts re m o v e d by th e h a r v e s t e d f r u i t w e r e r e p le n is h e d . T h e le a v e s of th e b u s h e s a ls o c o n ta in e le m e n ts w h ich m a y not be c o m p le te ly r e t u r n e d to th e s o il. W inds m a y t r a n s p o r t th e m fro m th e p la n ta ­ tio n ; th e y m a y be r a k e d o u t w ith p r u n in g - b r u s h . It w o u ld s e e m lo g ic a l to d o n a te th e le a v e s to r e p la c e s o m e of th e o rg a n ic m a t t e r a n d n u tr ie n ts w h ich a r e lo s t a n n u a lly fr o m th e s o il by le a c h in g a n d o x id a tio n . T a b le 8 p r o v id e s d a ta on th e q u a n tity o f n u tr i e n ts r e m o v e d by th e le a v e s of b lu e b e r r y p la n ts . T h e s e d a ta w e re c a lc u la te d u s in g th e s ta n d a r d v a lu e s f o r f r u itin g - s h o o t le a v e s p r e s e n te d in T a b le 2. It is a p p a r e n t th a t th e n u tr i e n ts , on a f e r t i l i z e r c a r r i e r b a s is , a r e no lo n g e r in th e r a t io of 4 - 1 - 4 a s w a s th e c a s e w ith th e f r u it. T h e r a t io is now a b o u t 6 - 1 - 2 . T h is r a tio m a y e x p la in th e p h e n o m e n o n th a t m a n y b lu e b e r r y p la n tin g s a r e b e c o m in g d e fic ie n t in n itr o g e n . S in c e r e l a t i v e l y m o r e n itr o g e n i s b e in g re m o v e d p e r a c r e by le a v e s a n d f r u i t s th a n p h o s p h o ru s o r p o ta s s iu m , it is lo g ic a l th a t n itr o g e n is m o r e a p t to b e th e f i r s t n u tr ie n t to b e c o m e lim itin g . A s s u m in g th a t a h ig h y ie ld o f tw e n ty p o u n d s of b e r r i e s is h a r v e s te d p e r b u sh , a n d th e b u s h e s , b e in g of m e d iu m siz e , c o n ta in e ig h t p o u n d s of le a v e s , th e n a c c o r d in g to T a b le s 7 a n d 8, 64. 2 p o u n d s of n itro g e n , 1 3 .2 p o u n d s o f P 90 , a n d 32. 3 p o u n d s o f K 0 w ill be n e e d e d to r e p la c e th e n itro g e n , p h o s " j 2t p h o r u s a n d p o ta s s iu m re m o v e d . T h is w o u ld r e q u i r e 584 p o u n d s of 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 51 Table 8. Nutrients Removed by Blueberry Leaves per Acre, and the Pounds of Carrier of 11*11-11 Ferti lizer Required to Replace Them, Assuming a One Hundred Percent Recovery from Soil Applications. u 0) N U rt CD CD O • pH rt o a i-H tn XJ XJ CD C XJ 3 CD O CD 3 U CD o •p H u rt 4—> 3 CD 3 O h cn XJ XJ CD 3 > 3 o o Oh o • a i" H i—1 a p-H vO a co CM OO oo • CM VO « up CO a ft CM UP i— ( i- H oo • co CM UP a t" '=f O OO ft rt Jh (L) O a Os UP -* cn a> ?o-i a) rt a £ n o E- i—l Oh c/a O o r- H O a CM O . CO o • ™ cn § Oh i—i Oh O ft UP a cn CD xl cn 3 Xi o o o I—H a o XJ CD cn & Xi ^c < ^U 43 O rt ^ a> u Jh CM so oo f e r t i l i z e r p e r a c r e to r e p la c e th e n itro g e n , o n ly 119. 5 p o u n d s to r e p la c e th e p h o s p h o r u s , a n d 293. 97 p o u n d s to r e p la c e th e p o ta s s iu m . a p p lie s a b o u t 500 p o u n d s of 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 f e r t i l i z e r . T h e a v e r a g e g ro w e r T h is m a y su p p ly s u ffic ie n t n itr o g e n , b u t a n e x c e s s of p h o s p h o ru s an d p o ta s s iu m . A f e r t i l i z e r r a tio a p p ro a c h in g 4 - 1 - 2 w o u ld be m o r e in lin e w ith p la n t r e q u ir e m e n ts a n d sh o u ld b e m o r e e c o n o m ic a l in t e r m s of f e r t i l i z e r m a t e r i a l s a s w e ll a s g ro w e r c o s ts . In a d d itio n , n u tr ie n ts a r e a ls o s to r e d in th e w ood of th e b u sh . Som e n u tr i e n ts a r e r e m o v e d a s p r u n in g b ru s h , t r a n s p o r te d aw ay fro m th e p la n tin g , a n d th e r e b y c o n s titu te a d ir e c t lo s s . T h e s e n u tr i e n ts m a y be r e tu r n e d fo r a c tiv e u s a g e by th e p la n t o n ly if c o r r e c t p ru n in g is p r a c tic e d an d th e b ru s h c h ip p e d o r c h o p p e d a n d r e tu r n e d to th e s o il. If s u c h is th e c a s e , th e r a tio of f e r t i l i z e r a s p r e v io u s ly c a lc u la te d , 4 :1 :2 , w ould s t i l l be a v a lid one. In c o n firm a tio n , D o e h le r t a n d Shive (1936) found th a t th e b e s t r e s p o n s e of b lu e ­ b e r r i e s in s a n d c u ltu r e e x p e r im e n ts w as fro m a c u ltu r e s o lu tio n high in n itr o g e n a n d low in p h o s p h o ru s a n d p o ta s s iu m . T h e e x c e s s p o ta s s iu m a d d e d in th e 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 f e r t i l i z e r b e in g u s e d m a y c o n tr ib u te to th e low m a g n e s iu m w h ich w as in d ic a te d by th e s ig n ific a n t c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n m a g n e s iu m c o n te n t of th e le a v e s an d y ie ld . o f f e r e d th is e x p la n a tio n to th e New J e r s e y g r o w e r s . B ea r (1948) T h e c o n tin u e d u s e of la r g e q u a n titie s of p o ta s s iu m on o th e r c r o p s h a s o ften r e s u lte d in th e a p p e a r ­ a n c e o f m a g n e s iu m d e fic ie n c y . In a d d itio n , th e fa c t th a t p o ta s s iu m d e fic ie n c y 53 u n d e r f ie ld c o n d itio n s h a s no t b e e n r e p o r t e d f o r b lu e b e r r i e s w ould q u e stio n th e v a lid ity of a 1 -1 -1 r a t i o f e r t i l i z e r . T h e s o ils of m a n y of th e p la n tin g s a r e low in c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a ­ c ity ; t h e i r a b ility to " h o ld ” c a tio n s in th e s o il a t an y one g iv e n tim e , t h e r e ­ fo r e , is lim ite d . C o n s id e rin g th e la r g e q u a n tity of f e r t i l i z e r p r e v io u s ly c a l ­ c u la te d a s e s s e n t i a l f o r m a in ta in in g a m o d e r a te ly v ig o ro u s a n d p ro d u c tiv e bu sh , g r o w e r s p o s s e s s i n g s u c h s o ils m a y p r o f it by a p p ly in g f e r t i l i z e r in m o r e th a n one a p p lic a tio n . T h e u s e of s m a l l e r a p p lic a tio n s a t d e s i r e d in ­ t e r v a l s w o u ld r e d u c e lo s s e s due to le a c h in g a n d p ro v id e a m o re c o n tin u o u s su p p ly of n u tr i e n ts . D o e h le r t (1948), in th e New J e r s y A g r ic u ltu r a l E x p e r ­ im e n t S ta tio n ’s 16th A nn u al B lu e b e rry O pen H o u se r e p o r t, s ta te d th a t he h a s b e c o m e c o n v in c e d th a t tw o a p p lic a tio n s of f e r t i l i z e r s in th e s p r in g a r e b e tte r th a n on ly o n e . T h r e e a p p lic a tio n s in th e s p rin g , h o w e v er, show no a d v a n ­ ta g e o v e r tw o. H e s ta t e d th a t p la n ts not in a th r if ty c o n d itio n sh o u ld b e n e fit fro m a th ir d a p p lic a tio n in th e fa ll, c o n s is tin g of o n e - th ir d of th e y e a r ly r e q u ir e m e n t. S o ils w ith m o r e th a n e ig h t p e r c e n t c a lc iu m on th e c a tio n e x ch a n g e w e re a s s o c i a t e d w ith r e d u c e d b lu e b e r r y p ro d u c tio n . F ig u r e 4 sh o w ed th a t w h e n e v e r th e p e r c e n t c a lc iu m e x c e e d e d th is fig u re , p o o r g ro w th o c c u r r e d . C o n c u r r e n tly , th e to ta l of th e th r e e m a in c a tio n s (in p e r c e n ta g e s a tu r a tio n ) on th e s o il e x c h a n g e w a s a ls o m u c h h ig h e r fo r p o o r - v ig o r p la n ts . T h is 54 i n f o r m a tio n s h o u ld be q u ite h e lp fu l in s e le c tin g s o il lo c a tio n s f o r th e e s t a b ­ lis h m e n t o f new p la n ta tio n s . P la n ta tio n s a lr e a d y e s ta b lis h e d on s u c h h ig h c a lc iu m s o i l s m a y b e m o d ifie d , p e r h a p s , to g iv e b e t te r g ro w th a n d v ig o r to p la n ts th e r e o n . B o ile r (1951) h a s found m u lc h in g to be h ig h ly b e n e f ic ia l on s o ils n o t id e a l f o r b lu e b e r r y g ro w in g . T h e p o o r e r th e s o il, th e g r e a t e r w a s th e b e n e fit. M u lc h in g m a t e r i a l , p r e f e r a b l y w e a th e r e d sa w d u s t, o r e v e n p e a t, im p r o v e s s o il m o is tu r e c o n d itio n s , a llo w s f o r a n im p r o v e d g ro w th of f ib r o u s r o o ts , a n d i n c r e a s e s th e o rg a n ic m a t t e r c o n te n t of th e s o il. The la tte r a t t r i b u t e s e e m s to be one of th e m o s t im p o r ta n t, s in c e it i n c r e a s e s , th e re b y , th e c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity of th e s o il. S in ce th e q u a n tity o f c a lc iu m r e ­ m a in s s o m e w h a t c o n s ta n t, th e p e r c e n t c a lc iu m o f th e to ta l c a tio n e x c h a n g e w o u ld b e r e d u c e d . T h e a b ility of th e s o il to r e t a i n n u tr ie n ts a p p lie d in f e r t i l i z e r w o u ld a ls o be im p ro v e d . Jo h n sto n (1951) r e p o r t e d th a t b l u e b e r r i e s c o u ld b e g ro w n on c la y s o il if s u ffic ie n t o rg a n ic m a t t e r i s a d d ed . T h e s e m a r g in a l s o ils m a y a ls o be im p r o v e d by th e a p p lic a tio n o f s u lf u r , if th e s o il pH i s a b o v e 5. 1. S o il b a c t e r i a o x id iz e th e s u lf u r to fo rm s u lf a te w h ic h c o m b in e s w ith th e c a lc iu m , fo rm in g c a lc iu m s u lfa te . S in ce c a lc iu m s u lf a te is r e la tiv e ly in s o lu b le , th e q u a n tity of a c tiv e c a lc iu m w ould be re d u c e d . C a in (1952) r e c o m m e n d s th a t th e a m m o n ia fo rm of n itr o g e n b e a p p lie d to m a r g in a l s o i l s . N itr a te s m a y a c tu a lly be h a r m f u l. T h e a d d itio n 55 o f a m m o n iu m s u lfa te w ill te n d to d e c r e a s e th e s o il pH , th u s re d u c in g th e p o p u la tio n of n itr if y in g s o il b a c t e r i a w h ic h c o n v e r t a m m o n iu m to n itr a t e . E x t r a a m m o n iu m s u lfa te s h o u ld be a p p lie d to s a w d u s t m u lc h e s (B o ile r, 1951) f o r u s e by b a c t e r i a w h ic h a r e slo w ly c o n v e r tin g th e s a w d u s t to h u m u s. T h e to ta l b a s e c o n te n t of th e r o o t m e d iu m o f a n o th e r E r ic a c e o u s p la n t, A z a le a , w a s fo u n d to be in v e r s e ly p r o p o r tio n a l to good g ro w th a n d fo lia g e c o lo r by C o lg ro v e a n d R o b e r ts (1956). B est g ro w th an d fo lia g e c o lo r o c c u r r e d w hen th e to ta l b a s e c o n te n t of th e n u tr i e n t s o lu tio n s w as r e d u c e d to a low le v e l. T h e s a m e p h e n o m e n o n w a s o b s e r v e d by A m lin g (1957) d u rin g s a n d c u ltu r e s tu d ie s w ith b l u e b e r r i e s . O n e -h a lf th e c o n c e n tra tio n of a t r i a l c u ltu r e - s o lu tio n r e s u l t e d in a m a r k e d r e s p o n s e o f i n c r e a s e d v ig o r. K r a m e r a n d S c h r o e d e r (1945) c o n d u c te d e x p e r im e n ts w ith b lu e ­ b e r r i e s in w h ic h th e y in d ic a te d th a t th is p la n t h a s e x a c tin g m o is tu r e a n d o x y g en r e q u ir e m e n ts , b u t m o r e im p o r ta n t, a h ig h a n io n a n d low c a tio n r e ­ q u ir e m e n t. T h e y s ta t e th a t th e b lu e b e r r y h a s a sh a llo w r o o t s y s te m an d g ro w s i n a " . . . h ig h s o il a c id ity w h e re o x id a tio n r a t h e r th a n re d u c tio n p r o ­ c e ss p re v a ils . S in c e su c h s o ils a r e low in c a lc iu m an d o th e r e x c h a n g e a b le b a s e s , a low c a tio n r e q u ir e m e n t is n e c e s s a r y fo r p la n ts to e x is t in su c h an e n v ir o n m e n t ". A c c o rd in g ly , a s show n in F ig u r e 4, su ch c o n d itio n s m a y b e c a u s in g r e d u c e d g ro w th in s o m e M ic h ig a n b lu e b e r r y s o ils , w h ich a r e low in o r g a n ic m a t t e r a n d r e la tiv e ly d ry . T h is w o u ld s u p p o rt th e s u g g e s tio n 56 m a d e p r e v io u s ly th a t s e v e r a l in te g r a l a p p lic a tio n s o f f e r t i l i z e r sh o u ld be m a d e in s te a d o f a s in g le a p p lic a tio n . T h is m e th o d r e d u c e s th e p o s s ib ility o f g e t ­ tin g to o g r e a t a c o n c e n tr a tio n o'f b a s e s in th e s o il a t an y o n e tim e . R e la tiv e ly few , if any, c a s e s o f p o ta s s iu m d e fic ie n c y s y m p to m s of b lu e b e r r y u n d e r f ie ld c o n d itio n s h av e b e e n r e p o r t e d in th e l i t e r a t u r e , a lth o u g h it is p o s s ib le to in d u c e th e m in s a n d c u ltu r e s , a s r e p o r te d by K r a m e r a n d S c h r o e d e r (1942). M a r g in a l s c o r c h in g a n d n e c r o tic s p o ts o v e r th e e n tir e s u r f a c e o f th e le a f a p p e a r e d on th e o ld e r le a v e s w h ile in te r v e in a l c h lo r o s is a p p e a r e d on new a x illa r y - b u d g ro w th . T h is m a y be r e l a t e d to th e p o s tu ­ la tio n s of M e h lic h a n d D ra k e (1955), a n d D ra k e e t a l (1951) th a t th e e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity o f r o o t c o llo id s in flu e n c e s th e a b s o r p tio n of m o n o - o r d iv a le n t c a tio n s a t low le v e ls of s o il f e r til ity . S in c e th e b lu e b e r r y i s a d a p te d to a r e la tiv e ly lo w - f e r t ility s o il, th is p h e n o m e n o n m a y b e of im p o r ta n c e in a d is c u s s io n of i t s c a tio n a b s o r p tio n . A c c o rd in g to D unham (1954), p la n ts w ith a low r o o t e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity a r e a b le to a c c u m u la te m o r e p o ta s s iu m fro m low p o ta s s iu m in a n u tr ie n t s o l ­ u tio n th a n th o s e of a h ig h e r r o o t e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity . D ra k e £ t a l (1951) found th a t p la n ts p o s s e s s i n g a low ro o t c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity h av e d iffic u lty a b s o r b in g d iv a le n t c a tio n s s u c h a s m a g n e s iu m a n d c a lc iu m . S in ce a c u te d e f i c i e n c i e s of p o ta s s iu m h a v e n ot b e e n o b s e r v e d in b lu e b e r r ie s , th e b lu e ­ b e r r y p la n t r o o ts m a y h a v e low c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity . F u r t h e r , s in c e 57 m a g n e s iu m d e f ic ie n c ie s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d in n u m e ro u s p la n ta tio n s , M ik k e ls o n a n d D o e h le r t (1950) a n d B ailey a n d D ra k e (1954), th e d iv a le n t c a tio n s m a y be m o r e d iffic u ltly a b s o r b e d by th e r o o ts . B lu e b e r r ie s h av e su c h a s m a l l c a lc iu m r e q u ir e m e n t th a t c a lc iu m is se ld o m a lim itin g fa c to r. H o w e v e r, it m a y p ro d u c e a n ta g o n is tic e ffe c ts on th e u p ta k e of th e o th e r m a jo r d iv a le n t c a tio n s in th e s o il, i. e . m a g n e s iu m . T h e e ffe c t of e x c e s s iv e s o il c a lc iu m on th e e x c h a n g e c o m p le x m a y a ls o be one w h ic h in flu e n c e s th e a n io n - c a tio n r e la tio n s h ip . K r a m e r an d S c h r o e d e r (1945) h y p o th e s iz e th a t th e d if f e r e n tia l a b s o r p tio n o f a n io n s m a y be e x p la in e d by th e fa c t th a t a m p h o te r ic p r o te in s in b lu e b e r r y le a v e s a c t a s c a tio n s . T h e a n a ly s e s of f r u itin g - s h o o t le a v e s , p r e s e n t e d in T a b le 2 a s s ta n d a r d s , c o m p a r e v e r y c lo s e ly to th o s e g iv e n by B ailey e t a l (1949) fo r M a s s a c h u s e tts p la n tin g s e x c e p t fo r th e c a lc iu m le v e l. T h e M a s s a c h u s e tts p la n tin g s sh o w e d a d e s ir a b le c a lc iu m r a n g e of 0 . 25 to 0. 38 p e r c e n t d ry w e ig h t in le a v e s , a s c o m p a r e d to 0. 74 p e r c e n t r e p o r te d in T a b le 2. C ain a n d G a lle tta (1954) s u m m a r iz e d th e a v a ila b le l i t e r a t u r e an d p r e s e n t e d e s ti m a te d d e fic ie n c y r a n g e s fo r s e v e r a l n u tr ie n ts . lis h e d c a lc iu m a t 0. 30 p e r c e n t in le a v e s . T h ey e s t a b ­ T h e c a lc iu m v a lu e in T a b le 2 fo r M ic h ig a n wQ-s 0. 74 p e r c e n t, o r m o re th a n do u b le th a t r e p o r te d e l s e ­ w h e re . 58 F r o m d a ta in F ig u r e s 6 a n d 7, d e fic ie n c y s y m p to m s m a y a p p e a r w hen m a n g a n e s e is l e s s th a n . 0031 p e r c e n t; ir o n is below . 0060 p e r c e n t; a n d m a g ­ n e s iu m is l e s s th a n . 11 p e r c e n t. T h e s e v a lu e s a r e in c lo s e a g r e e m e n t w ith th o s e s u g g e s te d by C ain a n d G a lle tta (1954). P a r u p s (1 9 5 5 ),w o rk in g w ith M o n tm o re n c y c h e r r y t r e e s , found th a t c a lc iu m a b s o r p tio n w a s d e p r e s s e d s ig n ific a n tly by th e p r e s e n c e o f la r g e q u a n titie s of s u lf a te . T h e a b s o r p tio n of m a g n e s iu m w a s d e p r e s s e d by in ­ c r e a s i n g a m o u n ts of s u lf a te s . It w as in te r e s t i n g to n o te th a t th e su p p ly of th is a n io n a ls o s e e m e d to re d u c e th e in flu e n c e of p o ta s s iu m a n d c a lc iu m upon th e a b s o r p tio n of m a g n e s iu m . D ille y (1957), w o rk in g w ith c h e r r y , a p p le , p e a c h an d g ra p e p la n ts , r e p o r t e d r e s u l t s s i m i l a r to th o s e of P a ru p s (1955). C a lc iu m w as d e c r e a s e d in c h e r r y , a p p le a n d p e a c h by h ig h e r le v e ls of s u lfa te in th e n u tr ie n t s o lu ­ tio n s . A lso , h ig h le v e ls of c h lo rid e d e c r e a s e d th e u p ta k e of p o ta s s iu m . M ik k e ls o n a n d D o e h le r t (1950), h o w e v e r, found no e q u iv a le n t r e c ip r o c a l re p la c e m e n t of p o ta s s iu m o r c a lc iu m by th e b lu e b e r r y w hen m a g n e s iu m s u lfa te w a s a p p lie d to th e s o il, a lth o u g h th e le a v e s te n d e d to a c c u m u la te m o re o f a ll th e c a tio n s w hen th e m a g n e s iu m s u lfa te w a s a p p lie d . In th e c u r r e n t stu d y , m a g n e s iu m a d d e d to th e s o il in th e fo rm of e i t h e r d o lo m itic lim e s to n e o r E p so m s a l t s d id not i n c r e a s e th e to ta l o f c a l ­ c iu m , m a g n e s iu m a n d p o ta s s iu m in th e le a v e s (s e e T a b le 6). H o w ev er, 59 m a g n e s iu m s u lf a te p lu s b o r a x r e d u c e d le a f c a lc iu m m o r e th a n d o m o m itic lim e p lu s b o ra x . L e a f m a g n e s iu m w as not i n c r e a s e d a s m u c h a s le a f c a lc iu m w a s re d u c e d . T h e s u lfa te fo r m , h o w e v e r, w a s a c c o m p a n ie d by th e g r e a t e r i n c r e a s e in m a g n e s iu m . C u r r e n t f e r t i l i z e r r e c o m m e n d a tio n fo r b l u e b e r r ie s c o n ta in p o t a s ­ s iu m in th e s u lf a te f o r m . M u ria te of p o ta s h is not re c o m m e n d e d . It is i n t e r e s t i n g to c o m p a r e th is f i e l d - t e s t e d r e s p o n s e of th e b lu e b e r r y to th e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d b y P a r u p s (1955) a n d D ille y (1957). T h is in d ic a te s th a t th e b lu e b e r r y w ill t o l e r a t e v e r y li t t l e c h lo rid e a n io n a n d th a t th e s u lfa te a n io n m a y be r e q u i r e d to r e g u la te e x c e s s iv e a b s o r p tio n of c a lc iu m . A f u r t h e r stu d y o f th e e f f e c ts of th e s e tw o a n io n s on b lu e b e r r ie s w ould be w e ll w a r r a n te d . L i ttle in f o r m a tio n is a v a ila b le c o n c e rn in g th e n u tr ie n t c o n te n t of b lu e b e r r y f r u it. C h a n d le r (1944) r e p o r t e d th a t th is f r u it c o n ta in s m o re m a n g a n e s e th a n 120 o th e r fo o d s e x c e p t w h e a t- b ra n , a f a i r a m o u n t of c a lc iu m , a n d a r e la tiv e ly la r g e a m o u n t of iro n . C h a n d le r p r e s e n te d th e a n a ly s e s on a f r e s h w e ig h t b a s is ; h o w e v e r, th e p e r c e n t m o is tu r e w a s a ls o g iv e n . F ro m th e s e f ig u r e s , th e p e r c e n t d ry w e ig h ts w e re c a lc u la te d an d c o m p a r e d to th e s ta n d a r d v a lu e s d e te r m in e d in th e p r e s e n t s u rv e y on a p e r c e n t d ry w eig h t b a s is : 60 S o u rce C h a n d le r N u trie n t - e le m e n t (%; K Ca N P 0. 600 . 135 . 721 .1 7 . 102 .0 0 6 8 . 617 .0 7 0 .5 2 6 .3 2 .0 3 6 .0 0 1 7 Mn Mg It is a p p a r e n t th a t th e r e is a f a i r l y c lo s e a g r e e m e n t b e tw e e n th e tw o a n a ly s e s w ith n itr o g e n , p o ta s s iu m , c a lc iu m , a n d m a g n e s iu m . A n a ly s e s o f p h o s p h o r u s , a n d m a n g a n e s e a r e n o t in a g r e e m e n t. T a b le 3, in w h ich l i n e a r c o r r e l a tio n c o e f fic ie n ts a r e g iv en , in d ic a te s th a t m a n g a n e s e is a p p a r e n tly h ig h ly m o b ile in th e b lu e b e r r y p la n t, s in c e t h e r e w a s a h ig h ly s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r r e la ti o n f o r th is e le m e n t in e a c h of th e tw o ty p e s o f le a v e s a n d th e f r u it. T h is in d ic a te s th a t an a n a ly s is of an y of t h e s e th r e e t i s s u e s s tu d ie d w o u ld p ro v id e a n in d e x of th e m a n g a n e s e c o n te n t o f a g iv e n b lu e b e r r y b u s h . T h e lo w e r c o e ffic ie n t of v a r ia tio n fo r f r u itin g - s h o o t le a v e s s u g g e s ts th a t th e y m a y b e p r e f e r r e d . N itro g e n , p o ta s s iu m , c a lc iu m a n d ir o n d id n o t a p p e a r to b e a s m o b ile a s m a n g a n e s e ; c o p p e r a n d z in c s e e m e d to be h ig h ly im m o b ile in th e b lu e b e r r y p la n t s in c e th e r e w a s p r a c t i c a l l y a z e r o c o r r e la tio n b e tw e e n an y tw o o f th e t h r e e t i s s u e s a n a ly z e d . L a r s e n (1955) found no c o n s is te n t p a t t e r n w ith c o p p e r in a s i m i l a r s u r v e y of th e C o n c o rd g ra p e in M ich ig an . In m a n y c a s e s , d r y w e a th e r a n d la c k of m o is tu r e in th e s o il in 6 1 1955 r e s u l t e d in th e d e v e lo p m e n t of s m a ll b e r r i e s th a t w e re r a t h e r h a r d and f ir m . In s u c h c a s e s , th is s m a ll s iz e w as a c c o m p a n ie d by a so lu b le s o lid s r e a d in g of 16 to 18 p e r c e n t s u g a r, w hich w as m u c h above n o rm a l. In th o se p la n ta tio n s s u p p lie d w ith ir r ig a t io n , th e b e r r i e s g e n e r a lly a tta in e d a f a ir s iz e , b ut e x c e s s iv e h e a t s e e m e d to r ip e n th em p r e m a tu r e ly . T hese p r e ­ m a tu r e ly r ip e n e d b e r r i e s , upon ta s tin g , w e re r a t h e r b la n d a n d la c k in g in fla v o r, a p p a r e n tly due to a c u r ta ile d o r a b n o rm a l d e v e lo p m e n t of a c id s , ta n n in s o r s o m e o th e r o rg a n ic c o n s titu e n t. T h e s e e x tr e m e v a r ia tio n s , a lth o u g h e x c e e d in g ly a b n o rm a l d u rin g th e s e a s o n , in d ic a te d th a t th e r e is a m u ltip lic ity of f a c to r s in flu e n c in g th e so lu b le s o lid s c o n te n t of th e b lu e ­ b e r r y f r u i t w h ich deny it s ig n ific a n c e . 62 SUMMARY A s u r v e y of M ic h ig a n b lu e b e r r y p la n ta tio n s c o n d u c te d in 1955 a n d 1956 r e v e a l e d th a t s o il m o is tu r e , e i t h e r a s s ta n d in g w a te r in th e s p r in g o r a s a d e fic ie n c y o f m o is tu r e l a t e r in th e g ro w in g s e a s o n , w a s one of th e m o r e im p o r ta n t f a c t o r s in flu e n c in g th e v ig o r of th e p la n ts . In a la r g e n u m b e r of p la n ta tio n s v ig o r w a s a ls o b e in g c u r ta ile d by a la c k of p r o p e r p ru n in g p r a c ­ tic e s . N itro g e n , a s p e r c e n t d r y w e ig h t o f th e f r u itin g - s h o o t le a v e s , w as d i r e c t l y p r o p o r tio n a l to y ie ld up to a m a x im u m o f a p p ro x im a te ly 2. 10 p e r ­ c e n t, a b o v e w h ic h th e y ie ld d e c r e a s e d . T h e p e r c e n t of th e s o il c a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity o c c u p ie d by c a lc iu m a p p e a r e d to a f f e c t th e v ig o r of th e b lu e b e r r y p la n t. Q u a n titie s ab o v e a p p r o x ­ im a te ly 8 p e r c e n t w e r e r e l a t e d to e x tr e m e ly p o o r g ro w th . F o r th o s e b u s h e s w ith q u a n titie s o f c a lc iu m on th e s o il e x ch a n g e b elo w 8 p e r c e n t, n itr o g e n w as a p p a r e n tly th e lim it in g f a c to r . T h e r e w e r e s o m e in d ic a tio n s th a t th e m a g n e s iu m c o n te n t (p e rc e n t d r y w e ig h t) o f th e f r u itin g - s h o o t le a v e s w a s r e l a t e d to y ie ld . H o w ev e r, few in s ta n c e s of m a g n e s iu m d e fic ie n c y w e re found. By c o m p u tin g to ta l n u tr i e n ts r e m o v e d fro m th e s o il by b lu e b e r r y f r u i t a n d le a v e s , a f e r t i l i z e r r a t i o of 4 - 1 - 2 w a s e v o lv e d . If it is a s s u m e d 63 th a t th is is a n a p p r o p r ia te r a tio , th e n th e e x c e s s iv e p o ta s s iu m in th e 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 f e r t i l i z e r r a t i o b e in g u s e d to d a y m a y e x p la in th e o c c u r r e n c e of m a g n e s iu m d e fic ie n c y s y m p to m s in c e r t a i n b lu e b e r r y p la n ta tio n s . T h is p r o p o s e d r a tio a ls o in d ic a te s th e n e e d f o r a l a r g e r su p p ly o f n itr o g e n w h ich w as r e f le c te d in th e a p p a r e n tly s u b - o p tim a l c o n te n t o f n itr o g e n in th e le a v e s o f m a n y of th e b lu e b e r r y p la n tin g s . M a g n e s iu m , m a n g a n e s e a n d ir o n d e f ic ie n c ie s w e re a s s o c i a t e d w ith a le a f c o m p o s itio n of l e s s th a n 0 .1 1 , 0. 0031, a n d 0. 006 p e r c e n t r e s p e c tiv e ly . S o il m o is tu r e a n d a m u ltip lic ity o f o th e r f a c t o r s a p p a r e n tly p r e ­ c lu d e th e u s e of s o lu b le s o lid s r e a d in g s on b lu e b e r r y f r u it in i n te r p r e t a tio n s . T h e f a c t th a t th e b lu e b e r r y p la n t i s s h a llo w - r o o te d w a r r a n t s th e e m p lo y m e n t of s o il c a tio n e x c h a n g e d e te r m in a tio n s , a s w e ll a s le a f a n a ly s is , in d e te r m in in g th e n u tr itio n a l s ta tu s o f th is c r o p . S o il a n a ly s is w o u ld be p r i m a r i l y u s e f u l to d e te r m in e e x c h a n g e a b le c a lc iu m a n d le a f a n a ly s is u s e ­ fu l to d e te r m in e th e su p p ly o f o th e r n u tr i e n ts . A n a ly s e s of a d d itio n a l ti s s u e s , e . g . s u c k e r - s h o o t le a v e s a n d b lu e ­ b e r r y f r u it, w e r e m a d e in 1956. L i n e a r c o r r e la ti o n s b e tw e e n an y tw o t i s s u e s a n d m u ltip le c o r r e l a t i o n s s u g g e s te d th a t m a n g a n e s e i s h ig h ly m o b ile in th is p la n t. N itro g e n , p o ta s s iu m , c a lc iu m a n d ir o n d id n o t a p p e a r to be a s m o b ile a s m a n g a n e s e ; c o p p e r a n d z in c s e e m e d to b e h ig h ly im m o b ile . 64 L IT E R A T U R E C IT E D A m lin g , H. J. 1957. P e rso n a l c o rre sp o n d e n c e . B ailey, J. S. 1936. A c h lo r o s is of th e c u ltiv a te d b lu e b e r r y . S oc. H o rt. S c i. 34: 3 9 5 -3 9 6 . P ro c . A m e r. _____________ • 1949. T h e n u tr itio n a l s ta tu s of th e c u ltiv a te d b lu e b e r r y . A m e r. Soc. H o rt. S c i. 54: 2 0 5 -2 0 8 . P ro c . _____________ • 1956. R e p o r t a t A. I. B. S. M e e tin g s a t U n iv e rs ity of C o n n e c tic u t, S t o r r s , C onn. _____________ a n d M . D ra k e . 1954. C o r r e c tin g m a g n e s iu m d e fic ie n c y in c u l­ tiv a te d b l u e b e r r i e s a n d i t s e ffe c t on le a f p o ta s s iu m , c a lc iu m , an d n itr o g e n . P r o c . A m e r. Soc. H o rt. S ci. 63: 9 5 -1 0 0 . ______________ , H. J. F r a n k lin a n d J. L . K e lle y . 1950. B lu e b e rry c u ltu r e in M a s s a c h u s e tts . M a s s . A g r. E xp. S ta. Bui. 358. B ear, F . E . 1948. F e r t i l i z e r p r o b le m s in sa n d y s o ils . H o u se . N. J. A g r. E x p . S ta . 1 2 -1 4 . B eckw ith, C. S. a n d S. C o v ille . S ta. C ir c . 229. B o ile r, C. A. 1951. Bui. 499. 1931. 16th A nn. B lu e b e rry O pen B lu e b e rry c u ltu r e . G ro w in g b lu e b e r r i e s in O re g o n . N. J. A g r. E xp. O re . A g r. E xp. Sta. C ain , J. C. 1952. A c o m p a r is o n of a m m o n iu m an d n i t r a t e n itr o g e n f o r b lu e ­ b e r r i e s . P r o c . A m e r. Soc. H o rt. S c i. 59: 1 6 1 -1 6 6 . . 1954. B lu e b e rr y c h lo r o s is in r e la tio n to le a f pH an d m in e r a l c o m p o s itio n . P r o c . A m e r. Soc. H o rt. S ci. 64: 6 1 -7 0 . ____________ a n d G . J. G a lle tta . 1954. B lu e b e rry a n d C r a n b e r r y . Ch. 3. F r u it N u tritio n , N. F . C h ild e r s , E d ito r: H o r tic u ltu r a l Publ. , R u tg e rs U niv. , N ew B ru n sw ic k , N. J. 65 C a r o lu s , R . L . 1938. E f fe c t of c e r t a i n io n s, u s e d s in g ly a n d in c o m b in a tio n , o n th e g ro w th a n d p o ta s s iu m , c a lc iu m , a n d m a g n e s iu m a b s o r p tio n o f th e b e a n p la n t. P la n t P h y s io l. 131: 3 4 9 -3 6 3 . C h a n d le r, F . B. 1938. T h e e ffe c t of lim e on th e lo w -b u s h b lu e b e r r y . A m e r . S oc. H o rt. S ci. 36: 377. ________________ . 1944. C o m p o sitio n a n d u s e of b l u e b e r r ie s . S ta . Bui. 428. P ro c. M ain e A g r. E xp. C heng, K u a n g L u a n d R. H. B ray . 1951. D e te r m in a tio n of c a lc iu m an d m a g ­ n e s iu m in s o il a n d p la n t m a t e r i a l . S oil S c ie n c e 72: 4 4 9 -4 5 7 . C h ap m an , H. D. 7 0 9 -7 3 2 . 1945. M in e r a l n u tr itio n of p la n ts . A nn. R ev. B iochem . 14: C o lg ro v e , M . S. J r . a n d A. N. R o b e r ts . 1956. G ro w th of a z a le a a s in flu ­ e n c e d b y a m m o n iu m a n d n it r a te n itr o g e n . P ro c . A m e r. Soc. H o rt. S c i. 68: 5 2 2 -5 3 6 . D a rro w , G . M . , R . B. W ilco x a n d C. S. B eckw ith. U. S. D ep t. A g r. F a r m e r s Bui. 1951. deK ock, P. C . 1955. 1 6 7 -1 7 5 . 1951. Iro n n u tr itio n of p la n ts a t h ig h pH . B lu e b e rry g ro w in g . S o il S c ie n c e 79: D ille y , D. R. 1957. G ro w th a n d le a f c o m p o s itio n in r e la tio n to th e su p p ly of c h lo r id e a n d s u lfa te a n io n s to c h e r r y , a p p le , p e a c h a n d g ra p e p la n ts . M a s t e r o f S c ie n c e T h e s is . M ic h ig a n S ta te U n iv e rs ity , E a s t L a n sin g , M ic h ig a n . D o e h le rt, C. A . Jersey . , 1944. F e r t i l i z i n g c o m m e r c ia l b lu e b e r r y fie ld s in New N. J. A g r . E xp . S ta . C ir c . 483. .1953. F a c t s a b o u t f e r til iz in g b l u e b e r r ie s . S ta . C ir c . 550. N. J. A g r. E xp. _________________ a n d j . W . S h iv e . 1936. N u tritio n o f th e b lu e b e r r y (V a cc in iu m c o ry m b o s u m L . ) in s a n d c u ltu r e . S oil S c ie n c e 4 1 : 3 4 1 -3 5 0 . . 1948. 13. 16th A n n u al B lu e b e rr y O pen H o u se . N. J. A g r. E xp. S ta. 66 Dow, e t a l. 1950. Bui. 479. P ro d u c in g b l u e b e r r i e s in M a in e . M ain e A g r. E x p . S ta. D ra k e , M . , J. V e n g ris a n d W. G. C olby. 1951. C a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c ity of p la n t r o o ts . Soil S c ie n c e 72: 1 3 9 -1 4 7 . D u n h am , C. W. 1954. S tu d ie s of c a tio n a b s o r p tio n by so m e f lo r ic u l tu r e c r o p s . D o c to r of P h ilo so p h y T h e s is . M ic h ig a n S ta te C o lle g e , E a s t L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n . E a to n , E . L . , C. W. M ax w e ll, A. D. P ic k e tt a n d J. F . H o ck ey . B lu e b e rr y . U. S. D ep t. A g r. F a r m e r s ' Bui. 120. E llio tt, A . 1956. B lu e b e rry c ro p dow n. 1950. The A m e r. F r u i t G ro w e r 76: 21. (Ja n .) H a r m e r , P. M. 1944. T h e e ffe c t of v a r y in g th e r e a c tio n of o rg a n ic s o il on th e g ro w th a n d p ro d u c tio n of th e d o m e s tic a te d b lu e b e r r y . S o il Sci. Soc. A m e r. P ro c . 9: 1 3 3 -1 4 1 . H ill, R. G . J r . 1956. Iro n c h e la te s h e lp in g c o r r e c t c h lo r o s i s in b lu e b e r r i e s . O hio F a r m a n d H om e R e s e a r c h . 41_ (299): 23, 31. ( M a r - A p r .) H itz , C. W. a n d L . E . S c o tt. 1953. F e r t i l i z a t i o n of b l u e b e r r i e s on th e E a s t e r n s h o r e . T r a n s , o f P e n in s u la H o rt. Soc. 43 (5): 4 2 -4 5 . Jo h n sto n , S. 1934. T h e c u ltiv a tio n of th e h ig h b u s h b lu e b e r r y . E xp. S ta . S p ec. Bui. 252. M ich . A g r. 1942. T h e in flu e n c e o f v a r io u s s o ils on th e g ro w th a n d p r o d u c ­ tiv ity of th e h ig h b u s h b lu e b e r r y . M ich . A g r. E xp. S ta. Q u a rt. Bui. 24 (4): 3 0 7 -3 1 0 . . 1948. T h e b e h a v io r o f h ig h b u sh a n d lo w b u sh b lu e b e r r y s e le c tio n s a n d t h e i r h y b r id s g ro w in g on v a r io u s s o ils lo c a te d a t d if f e r e n t le v e ls . M ic h . A g r. E x p . S ta. T e c h . BuL 205. 1951. E s s e n t i a l s of b lu e b e r r y c u ltu r e . C ir c . Bui. 188. 1957. ( J a n .) B lu e b e rry c ro p h it by h e a t. M ic h . A g r. Exp. Sta. A m e r. F r u i t G ro w e r 77: 17. 67 K e n w o rth y , A. L. 1949. A n u tr ie n t- e le m e n t b a la n c e c h a r t. E x p . S ta. Q u a rt. Bui. 33: 1 7 -1 9 . M ich. A g r. K r a m e r , A. a n d A. L . S c h r a d e r . 1945. S ig n ific a n c e of th e pH of b lu e b e r r y le a v e s . P la n t P h y s io l. 20: 3 0 -3 6 . L a r s e n , R. P. 1955. N u tritio n a l c o n d itio n s of C o n c o rd v in e y a r d s in M ic h ig a n . D o c to r o f P h ilo so p h y T h e s is , M ic h ig a n S ta te U n iv e rs ity , E a s t L a n sin g , M ic h ig a n . L a tim e r , L . P. a n d W. W. S m ith . s h i r e E x t. C ir c . 215. 1938. Im p ro v e d b l u e b e r r ie s . N ew H a m p ­ L in d n e r, R . C. a n d C. P. H a rle y . 1944. P la n t P h y s io l. _19: 4 2 0 -4 3 9 . M e h lic h , A. a n d M . D ra k e . Soil c h e m i s tr y a n d p la n t n u tr itio n . C h e m is tr y o f th e S o il. F . E . B ear, E d ito r . R e in h o ld P ubl. C o . , N. Y. 28 6 327. 1955. M e r r i l l , T . A . 1939. A c id to le r a n c e o f th e h ig h b u sh b lu e b e r r y . Bui. 22: 1 1 2 -1 1 6 . M ich . Q u a rt. M ik k e ls e n , D. S. a n d C. A. D o e h le r t. 1950. M a g n e s iu m d e fic ie n c y in b lu e ­ b e r r i e s . P ro c . A m e r. Soc. H o rt. S ci. S5: 2 8 9 -2 9 2 . M in to n , N. A ., T . B. H a g le r a n d W. T . B rig h tw e ll. 1951. N u trie n t e le m e n t d e fic ie n c y s y m p to m s of th e R a b b ite y e b lu e b e r r y . P r o c . A m e r. Soc. H o rt. S c i. 58: 1 1 5 -1 1 9 . P a ru p s , E . V. 1955. G ro w th a n d c o m p o s itio n of le a v e s a n d r o o ts in r e la tio n to th e su p p ly of c e r t a i n a n io n s to M o n tm o re n c y c h e r r y t r e e s . D o c to r of P h ilo so p h y T h e s is , M ic h ig a n S ta te U n iv e rs ity , E a s t L a n sin g , M ic h ig a n . R e e v e , e . a n d J. W. S hive. 1944. P o ta s s iu m - b o r o n a n d c a lc iu m - b o r o n r e l a ­ tio n s h ip s in p la n t n u tritio n . Soil S c ie n c e 57: 1 -1 4 . R o m a in e , J. D. 1940. C o n s id e r p la n t-fo o d c o n te n t of c r o p s . fr o m B e tte r C ro p s W ith P la n t Food. R e p r in t F - 3 - 4 0 S h e a r, C. B ., H. L . C ra n e a n d A. T . M y e r s . 1946. N u tr ie n t- e le m e n t b a la n c e . A fu n d a m e n ta l c o n c e p t in p la n t n u tr itio n . P r o c . A m e r. Soc. H o rt. S ci. 47: 2 3 9 -2 4 8 . S la te , G. L . a n d R . C. C o llis o n . 1942. T h e b lu e b e r r y in New Y o rk . N. Y . A g r. E x p . S ta . C ir c . 189. S ten e, A. E . 1939. Som e o b s e r v a tio n s on b l u e b e r r y n u tr itio n b a s e d on g re e n h o u s e c u ltu r e . P r o c . A m e r. Soc. H o rt. S ci. 37: 6 2 0 -6 2 2 . S te w a rt, I. a n d C. D. L e o n a rd . 1954. C h e la te d m e ta ls f o r g ro w in g p la n ts Ch. 16, F r u i t N u tritio n , N. F . C h ild e r s , E d ito r . H o rt. P u b l ., R u tg e r s U n iv ., New B ru n sw ick , N ew J e r s e y : 7 7 5 -8 0 9 . V e a tc h , J. O. a n d N. L . P a r tr id g e . 1934. U tiliz a tio n of la n d ty p e s f o r f r u i t p ro d u c tio n , B e r r ie n C ounty, M ic h ig a n . M ic h . A g r. E x p . S ta . S p ec. Bui. 257. 69 A P P E N D IX Appendix Table 1. ANALYSES OF SOILS FROM BLUEBERRY PLANTINGS FROM WHICH TWO YEAR YIELD DATA WERE AVAILABLE. 70 CJn OO H cs M • • • O O O b0 OO OO CO H OO lO • * • o o o o o o o o NO i-H *“H *"Hr-H o oo id m o cm a\ \o ^ H ^ NO CD CD CD O CD CD ’—i CN tsID P ft ft ft CO NO NO 1—I Tf T— O I CSJ • ■ ft • ft • On CO lO H i—I. 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NO — I ON co CO o o o ON CN ON r- • • m in • *—1 CO CN m CO CN On oo On ^ vo m o d d H i-H NO ON CN ■ CN i • o in —1 Is- CN ON t—i CN CO • o o o co CO oo CN CN m • o o o CN a CN O n »—i CN m * O r- t> t" no o o o ON NO NO H CN CN CN r> - QO O ^ Is- in ■—r ^ co • m in 9 o o CO co o o o co m ^ o rO co <—i o o CD a i ed U m ■rH X! o X 4-> I—< CD ■i-H o cd H-J c cd Oh E-H "■*-> cd cd CJ U o o K Oh T3 CN NO ON CN ON # « OO CN CN m m co r- ON CN i-H ♦ # NO CO CO o i—l 1—f —4 * ON ON * CO « CO ON a c o CN oo O # Is- a 1—t m d i— < i— i—i ct— 4i • CO rH CN CN O ON in m 0) 3 d « NO 00 o cn o o o * • o o Is- m N O a ■ • i—4 m oo m cd i—1 CN m NO • O On OO CN O n • • • NO NO NO CN CN CN O 0 a rnO r a in OO « rfl co m •— I • a CN N O —( i— l I CO O n OO i-H • o o ON NO » NO CO * CO NO • O n •— ( • O Is - CNI c n h m a o OO 1—1 O n s o OO CO CO CO o OO H ON cd ^ ed i— i m CO OO On ^ # >—i * « » CO NO • • • CN H CN co CN CN t''- NCNO • • O n OO •— ( NO ■— 4 CO O a CO a i—i CN r- CO •—I r— t • • • 'dV ^ — 4 r- CO OO CN ON ft ON CO a r- c5 o o 0) I—H JQ o cti 0) Jx i n v- o in m ON ON & bo cd U CD > < m m ON i—l NO m ON i-H a> bO cd ^4 CD a> bO i n NO i n LO ON ON i—l cd Jh a> > < CD 0) m no m m O n ON bo cd u CD > < m no m m On On bO cd Jh CD > < S P bO m no ?* in in w ON ON -H —I > < £ X -3 e CD O h § *o .y tri o3 o§ *4 2: c n co ON H O) o O o o U i-—H H oo r- O © ft i-H cd < O CO O o O o OO i-H m CO ON i - H cd GO CN c o CO • • * c o CM oo ^ o r- bo I o NO NO i-H NO ( ON H N H o o m o m CO O N co CN r— • ft • c o CN CN ON o ao i—i m '—I CO CN • • o o o CO ON OO m t"- NO O I- H r - T— f o o o o ■—I O © ro CO CN r - CO O « ft ft m CN CO co r - in m m ft T—H f- H o o o ft o CO ON LO o oO o o r - on on c n m « rCN ■ 0.73 0.46 r- H • o o NO i— l • CO o CD N "1 CN o CO Is- CO ON ft NO ft CO CO CN ON • CN OO ft in oo i- H • -H 0.17 0.24 co o 0.24 0.26 72 d) r —H ed a 4 -1 o o U R ed o cd 9- lO i—i 'O • r- oo oo NO CN NO . NO i-H ON o ft i- H NO m • CO i- I m oo NO O n CN CO O n O ■ « r«- O CN CO ft ON CN NO O n m ON ON ft ft ft r - CO o I—l I—1 o . . Is- r'- ft 4.02 3.66 • *C3 O X! Appendix Table 1 - continued a 2 • x 75 ” w •i-H rM 3 ^ C ,n jh cd cu «N « j- H O CO O . CO i- H *3 z i-H . CN * ON ON ft in in . O m ft in CN . CN ON ft O « ft in m CN in • CN CN CN ft NO m oo ft co co m m c bo m m \o m O n On M CD CN NO CN CO ft t- Is- i- H . ON NO ft i n no in m ed Jh m i- H CN i- H m no CD CD bo ON ON • o *-> cd O CN CD > bO uo uo J-i CD ON O n r— > < < CN cd in co m m ON 7.65 13.24 ft 1956 Average t— ( 4.0 3.8 U NO co 73 I— l M’' I- H CM oo i-H Is- sO CM 1—1 CM CM o o o o LO o bO oo o o o O o o o O r- IsCM sO CD i-H LO CO i-H i-H i-H * • LO o r- O O o o Is- sO o oo Is- oo CM CM CM ♦ Oo O M1 sO O s i-H CO OO O O o sO o o O LO co f-H i-H i-H O o © ’—i ^ co O o I- H • I-H • I- H • o o o O sO O LO uo CM i-H CO SO O o o o O M1 co CO OO sO OO o OO i —H o Oo < • ■ # • i-H >* ^D .§2 < ■ *-’ -d ed c Od O d oo t SO oa Is- O m IsO sO o 0 i-H lO so lO LO OS O s * • i-H s"frl • • Os OO OO Os sO Is- OO O a 00 co a Os co OO CM CM ■ co oo r 0 • CM ■ sO CO so LO Os cd aj bo lO s o LO IO Os Os • Is- o o0 CO OS O i-H CM i-H • co CO i-H cd Jh < i-H o CD > < CM LO a t— sO ■—i to r-H a CM i-H '"f i-H • Is- o Os o • • a co o CM H t-H i-H CM CM 0 CM CM m H to so oo sO ■ oo i— H • co Os r- CO co « CM O LO LO Os OO r— oo Is- CO ■ • ■ CO co CO CM bo > < a i-H a) cd !-i a> I—CO i-H CO • • O s sO CM CM U ° d CO oo cd bo bo LO OS IO Os ed Jh a> > < LO SO LO LO OS O s CM ed u CD > < 74 oo co [N- r • NO • ■ o o o bO r•“H O lo CM •GO ^H CO >1 rH cd U cd c < CM o i- H o • OO i- H NO • r-H NO o • • NO O O On CM Is• O o CO i- H • i- H m Tt1 O N O O O CO ON NO o o o o o o d d o o o i- H NO in CM IN ON a • ■ a CM i- H 0 0 r- o CM o • • 1— H • i- H NO a o o o NO t-H oo » i- H • i—1 ON l> • f“ W l- H co O n ON a odd m NO a o Oo CM QO • CO IN B O i- H ^ H OO r— ( CM •“I OO CM • • -H o m m o o ON m NO On I"- cn H QO l/) o o f-H Is- ^ i-H oo B o O o m oo i-H CM i“H O O O O ' o o in on cm ON NO OO o o o o cn X! O x ^ Id O B 2 ^ xT *1D — I f»Q ^w c o u n ( —aH> XI ed H X a a> a a cd CD >< £ *2 td o O hJ oo r- H ON NO NO CM VO ri-H O0 B CO ON o o • • • CO m B in i-H OO in o B [N-B i-H o o i-H t— H [N- OO OO CMB B oo CO OO O CM i- H CM O i - H NO Is- CM ON B NO fN- NO r- ■ B i> o X T3 OO m INNO 00 rNr- co in i-H CM CM CM r- i-H in m in Vh « -S g 3 2 a co B • B i-H £P bO d m no c jh in in C on ON D <; CO ^t* a a * m in no 9 bo cd Ov O CD m n jh > < • • « r- NO m » m in t a no m ON O n < CD bO d in no c h m m J ON ON CD > C ON i> ON r - OO m « a « a ’'f a a f" H a bo cd ON ON CD in NO Jh > o O n 0:1 -2 CD £ cd cd u X Appendix Table 1 - continued • 22 ( 3 LO NO NO o o o o lO oo CO CO CO o CO NO " ''f 0 • 3cn I »*t4 ^ 3 OO CO • • • cd CD o CD u XJ CJ P c O P X 2 • 2 ■ roo o NO t a LO uo CO r~ 0 m i- H * oo CO CN co i—i a ■ NO r- t—H LO LO O a OO a CO X) LO ON ON bO bO cd 5-1 (D > < co UO N1 LO IO NO LO cd ON ON > < o LO 5h CD lO co a 0 • CO CO CO ON CN i—H i— 1 • a a a O n r— a XF a o CN CN NO CN LO i—H t—H i—H LO LO ON NO LO ON LO LO ON NO UO ON cd 5h ON O —H CD CD 5h r - Q CO Cl 2cd NO < CN LO CD > OO cd tSl DQ CO 0 > cd 0 a U H O o -JH co bo 4—1 r- »-H i— H OO ■— H o o o o o o o o o [L, o Jh Cjzi cd 'f-H cd 0 O O CD oi— o H CN o o o o o o H O *-H CN o O o o o o LO i— H o o o r- LO •— H o o o o Cd o CO o [— CN LO r-H CO CN o O o o CD o co H »"H CN o o o o o o CD o NO 4—1 NO o o O o O O <-H NO O n r- H lO o o o o o o o o o co 0 CN co t" nO O h- r H l LO T'f-H o o o LO H LO i— H i— H o O o o o o t—h CO oo CN o o LO CN CO O H o CO o CD CD OO H i—( o O CN O o o o CD CD o ON CN CO CN ■ — H --- t NO c o CN CN co o o O o O o CN CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CN CN O O CO CN O O o o CN CN CO O O CN O o o o *—H LO o o o o oo H O CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD H 1 OO NO H i— H o o o o o o o CD CD OO CO o i-H o o O o o O r- t 'i— H CO o OO o o o o o o CO CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD >—i LO r- NO O LO CO O t- H H •— H CN o o o CD On oo CN O CO CO O O o i— H h o o co co O O r- o CN CO o o o o O NO O O NO O o O O »— H NO i— H LO o o o o o o H1 o CN H O On On O ' CN CN CN O O O CN O CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD H ON CN CN H NO oo O CN O O ri-H OCO co CO O co OO '— 1 CO CO O CD ON H CN i-H oo O O ON r - o o o o o o CD CD CD CD CD CN LO CN CO CN CO O CD CD CD O o O LO t-H o t- H O CD CD CD £ 0 sr bO cd 0) 2 cd U 4 -> bo O r~- LO CN CO O CN ON CN OO CN On CN o CD o o O CD CD o CD LO LO NO NO r- ■—H NO ON NO NO NO CN LO ON LO o CD CD H NO o o o o CD CD CD CD £ oo NO HI u Q H ON CN ON O n o H LO LO OO ON NO H 1 LO H ON O LO OO CN NO H O LO H CN CD O n NO rCN H i CN CO CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD rLO O NO O n OO LO LO CD CD CD NO NO LO NO LO r - H ON LO OO LO CN r - lO ON LTD CD CD CD O CN H r- Hi CO Hi o o o CD CD CD CD CD o CD CD CD CD CD CD ON NO i—H o O rH H i—H CO >—i CN LO LO CO NO On LO CD CD CD oo O O LO H LO rH o n CD CD CD 4—' cd 0 o 0 Ph Jh OO OO i——( H r— H H H i-H oo o CD CD CD CD CO oo CO CN CN OO O CO i—H f-H i-H 2 CN CN CN LO NO H1 CN <— i CD CD CD O CD CD CD CD CD CD o lO CO On rOn CO CN NO CN lO CN CN »“ H >• 2O *-> a o H Cd Jh U 0 X) c cd 2 c 0 0 0 bO bO LO lO Jh 0 On On > co CN LO LO O n NO LO O n bO cd Jh 0 > < LO LO ON NO LO ON 0 bO cd Jh 0 > < lO oo 0 0 bo cd Jh 0 On O > < no bo lO lO ON ON cd Jh 0 > < r - kf CO CN NO ON O O o oo O CD o N kfO co o o o o o o 03 0) > d QJ J *—■ O o 6 bo d o o o o kf o o o O oo o CN i-H O o oCN O o o o CD o o oo o o o o CD o ro o o kf >—1 o o o o V QJ Cl, 3 5k kf oo H CN i— o o o o o o o o o o o o ON CO o o o On CN NO NO kf UO o o o o o o CD o o kr kf o o o r- NO CN CO O CD o O o O CN CN O O CD kf —< O O O oo r— , uo o o o o o o CD o o oo o NO CN o o o o o o CD o CD CN o o CD On CO NO 1-H O O o o o o oo kf NO o CD O o o O kf CO kf O o o CD O o o CN NO CN o o o O O O O CN O O kf CN oo ON N O CN o *— o o o o o o NO CN ON oo ro o o o o o oo oo o o o N O i-H o o ON o o CO CN coH O o o o o o NO o O O r- OO ro o o o o o NO o CN o o kf ON N co CN C CO o o o CO r- UO co CN O o o o CO rco CN CN o o O ON NO co CO CN CO o o O NO u o NO kf CN CO o o o On CN O CN o H NO NO NO o o O ON oo r- LO NO o o o ON r- CO NO u o NO o o O a ON r"- oo uo U O UO o O o OO o kf r- u o NO O O o CN a CO NO O r- NO CN kf co kf o o O oo ON ON LO co kf LO LO UO o o o o o CN kf UO kf o o o oo kf o NO o co H co On i— NO LO NO O O o On CN NO UO UO uo UO uo u o O o o UO UO NO O u o oo CN — i O O O r- o kf On kf H O O O O kf CN —1 _ O o o On o o o UO CO kf r-k o o O UO oo oo On a • • CN i— H o ON ON o CN • • • CN CN oo i-H O On OO On ft * • i-H kf OO ON N O oo » H • t— • H i-k i“ k • CN O O O t- H i-H • • r*H » t- H « • i- H t- H i-H 1 r-H T-H r-H a a a o o o o o o o o o i-H t- H i—H i—H i-H a a _ ^H a a a i-H a 0.0014 0.0018 CO r- CN NO LO oNO o o o o o o o o o ON CN i-H H CN CN •— Oo o o o o o o o 0.0017 0.0015 r- r- CN CN »-H C N Oo O o o o o o o CN 0.014 0.017 -k o o o OON CN L H <—1 CN i— N o CN CN Oo o o o o d 0.0025 0.0021 77 J— > c d 2 cu E 0) 3 bo £ CO H H i-H i-H —k - k t- H co kf o o - k *-H * t- H i-H — i—H ^H i“ H 0.16 0.23 d •—i 0.0257 0.0232 I-L, U a * n-> d O) o 5-1 QJ Ok O h X3 QJ d 2 C * a i- H > a a a CN OO O NO r~a a i—H t- H r-~ a a i-H a a • • i- k a • i- H • *— H i—H k i— « a *—H • * i—H • a a f-k a a a a i- H a a i-H a i— a »-H a a a . a a i—H « a | a i— a O a t- H o a NO o • CN 0.640 0.648 d) £ • 0.12 0.16 § ■ — • 2.19 2.13 cd u j— i 0.60 0.66 d 2 a o o CN OJ Iq d H x ■3 d 0) C L CLi < j-i d QJ >* g QJVH -d i ^ rt O o J X dP d 2 UO UO ON QJ QJ bJO d 5k QJ > < vO d UO ON 5 k UO NO QJ uo uo ON On > < CN kf QJ bO QJ bO UO no UO ON UO ON r- bO d 5k QJ > < UO NO uo uo ON ON d 5k QJ > < QJ be UO NO d5k uo to ON ON >QJ On IO uo ON 1956 Average 4—» o CN o CN o o o co rr*H o o o o o o NO 3 1 CN UO rCN r-H CN o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o i— 4 o CJ o o o o o o o o oI—l ON UO I—l o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o i-H r-H r~ - 3 < I—1 I— l r- o P—H i“ H 3 1 uo NO uo I -H •-H O n NO oo I— l NO i" H 3< 3 1 co CN o o o o o o o uo o o o O n r— CO OO 3< oO CN DQ I — l i- H NO I — l ■-H o o o o o o o o o CN CO CN o o CN o o o o o o CO UO CN CO CN CN O O CN CN I—l CN CN CN o o o o o o o o o oo CN o co CN CO o O o o o o o o o o CN o o o o t-H CN o o o o o o O . 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