SOME ENVIROiJMEHTiiL FACTORS AFFECTIHG THE YIELD AMD THE
QUALITY OP SOFT WHITES WHEATS

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SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE YIELD AND THE
QUALITY OF SOFT WINTER WHEATS

T h e s is

R e s p e c tf u lly s u b m itte d i n p a r t i a l f u lf u llm e n t
f o r th e D e g re e o f D o c to r o f P h ilo s o p h y

at

M ic h ig a n S t a t e

C o lle g e

of
A g r ic u ltu r e an d A p p lie d S c ie n c e

■

G r o v e r F T B ro w n
1934

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
(

T he w r i t e r w is h e s to
in d e b te d n e s s to

th e N a tio n a l M illin g

T o l e d o , O h i o , f o r m a k in g t h i s
p o s s ib le *

He i s

a c k n o w le d g e h i s
C o m p an y ,

s tu d y f i n a n c i a l l y

i n d e b t e d t o P r o f e s s o r s E* E*

Down a n d H* C. B a t h e r a n d t o Mr* H* M« B row n
f o r v a lu a b le

s u g g e s tio n s d u rin g th e

th e e x p e rim e n ts *

A p p re c ia tio n i s

c o u rse o f

d u e D r*

P*

H i b b a r d a n d D r* C* E* M i l l a r f o r t h e i r p e r s o n a l
in te re s ts
m a te ria l*

and s u g g e s tio n s o ffe re d

on th e

th e s is

TABLE OP CONTENTS
Page
I.

INTRODUCTION

II.

SOME EFFECTS OF SHADING ON THE YIELD AND

III.

IV*

V.

1

QUALITY OF WHEAT

3

A*

4

M e th o d o f P r o c e d u r e

B*

R e s u lts and D is c u s s io n

6

C.

D i s c u s s i o n B a s e d o n F o u r Y e a r 's R e s u l t s

11

SOME EFFECTS OF TIME OF HARVEST ON THE
YIELD AND QUALITY OF WHEAT

15

A*

M e th o d o f P r o c e d u r e

16

B*

R e s u lts and D is c u s s io n

17

C*

D i s c u s s io n B a se d o n F o u r Y e a r 's R e s u l t s

20

SOME EFFECTS OF APPLYING VARYING AMOUNTS
OF WATER ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF WHEAT

22

A*

M e th o d o f P r o c e d u r e

27

B*

R e s u lts and D is c u s s io n

29

C*

D i s c u s s i o n B a s e d o n Two Y e a r ' s R e s u l t s

38

SOME CORRELATIONS BETWEEN WEATHER AND THE
YIELD AND QUALITY OF WHEAT

39

A*

M e th o d s E m p lo y e d a n d P r o c e d u r e

43

B*

R e s u lts and D is c u s s io n

46

V I*

SUMMARY

64

V II*

LITERATURE CITED

68

-1 -

SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECT IRC THE YIELD AND THE
QUALITY OF SOFT WINTER WHEATS

INTRODUCTION
T h e r e i s p r o b a b l y n o f a o t o r t h a t h a s a m o re
im p o rta n t b e a r in g on th e y i e l d , q u a l i t y , an d h in d o f
w h e a t w h io h a a n b e p r o d u c e d i n a g i v e n l o c a l i t y ,
t h e e n v iro n m e n t#

th a n

T h e e n v i r o n m e n t m ay b e c o n s i d e r e d a s

b e i n g m ad e u p o f tw o f a c t o r s , t h e c l i m a t e a n d t h e s o i l #
The c l i m a t e , a s c o n s id e r e d i n t h i s

p a r t i c u l a r w o rh , c o n ­

s i s t m a in ly o f s u c h m e a s u ra b le p henom ena a s th e
e ra tu re ;

t h e a m o u n t, d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d n a t u r e

p re c ip ita tio n ;
It

is

p ro d u c e d #

t h a t th e h ig h e r th e r a i n f a l l and

su m m e r, t h e

s o f t e r th e w h e at t h a t i s

As g re a t a v a r ia tio n

m ay o c c u r i n

o f th e

an d th e p e r c e n t s u n s h in e o r c lo u d in e s s #

a g e n e ra l ru le

th e c o o le r th e

te m p ­

in th e

d i f f e r e n t se a s o n s on th e

q u a lity o f w heat
sam e f a r m a s o c c u r s

i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f M ic h ig a n i n a n y o n e s e a s o n #
M i c h i g a n n o r m a l l y g ro w s a b o u t 9 0 0 ,0 0 0 a c r e s o f
w i n t e r w h e a t , m o s t o f w h ic h i s

p ro d u ced in th e c e n t r a l

a n d s o u t h e r n h a l f o f t h e lo w e r p i n i n s u l a #

P ra c tic a lly

th is

e n tire

am ount c o n s i s t s

o f e it h e r s o f t re d w in te r o r

s o f t w h i t e w i n t e r w h e a t#

M o st o f t h i s w h e a t w h ic h r e a c h e s

th e

u sed in & s p e c if ic

e o m m e ric a l m a r k e ts i s

c a u s e m an y m i l l e r s a r e n o t i n t e r e s t e d
w heat b u t w ant w heat s u ita b le
flo u rs ,

tra d e

be­

i n a h ig h p r o t e i n

f o r p a s tr y and c ra c k e r

o r f l o u r s f o r o t h e r p u r p o s e s f o r w h ic h w h e a t

o f m o d e ra te p r o t e i n

c o n te n t i s d e s ire d #

T hey d e s i r e ,

g e n e r a l l y , a p lu m p w h e a t o f g o o d b u s h e l w e i g h t , a s i s
ty p ifie d

b y t h e s o f t w i n t e r w h e a t s p r o d u c e d i n M ic h ig a n #
The p u rp o se o f t h i s

p ro g ra m o f r e s e a r c h w as t o

a c c u m u la te d a ta on th e r e l a t i o n

o f th e v a rio u s f a c t o r s o f

e n v iro n m e n t a n d c u l t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s t o

th e m illin g and

b a k i n g q u a l i t y o f b o t h s t a n d a r d a n d n e w ly d e v e l o p e d v a r ­
ie tie s

o f s o f t w i n t e r w h e a t#

p ro g ra m w as t o

The u l t i m a t e

o b je c t o f th e

d e v e l o p a b a s i s u p o n w h ic h t o e s t & b l i s h a

r a t i o n a l s y s te m o f r e g i o n a l s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f w h e a t
v a r i e t i e s a n d w h e a t q u a l i t y , h a v i n g i n m in d t h e
re q u ire m e n ts o f th e m illin g

s p e c ia l

in d u s try #

T h is s tu d y d e a ls w ith th e

in flu e n c e s

e n v iro n m e n ta l an d c u l t u r a l f a c t o r s on th e
so m e o f M i c h i g a n * s s o f t w i n t e r w h e a t s #

o f v a rio u s

c o m p o s itio n o f

Among t h e m o re

im p o r ta n t o f th e s e e n v iro n m e n ta l and c u l t u r a l f a c t o r s
re p o rte d

upon a r e

q u a l i t y o f w h e a t,

( 1) e f f e c t o f s h a d in g on th e y i e l d

and

( 2) e f f e c t o f t i m e o f h a r v e s t o n t h e

y ie ld

and q u a l i t y o f w h e a t,

o f w a te r a p p lie d to

(3 )

e f f e c t o f v a r y i n g a m o u n ts

t h e g ro w in g w h e a t p l a n t s on t h e y i e l d

and q u a lity o f th e g r a in , and

(4 )

som e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e ­

tw e e n w e a th e r a n d t h e y i e l d a n d q u a l i t y o f w h e a ts #
th is p ap er q u a lity

In

c o n s is ts o f su ch f a c to r s a s p e r c e n t

m o is tu r e , t e a t w e ig h t p e r b u s h e l, p r o t e i n

e o n t e n t , v o lu m e

o f l o a f , w e ig h t p e r k e r n e l , an d e x p a n s io n o f dough*
p e r a c re ta k e s

in to

Y ie ld

c o n s i d e r a ti o n th e am ount o f s h a t t e r i n g

o f t h e g r a i n , an d t h e l o s s e s ^ t h a t m ig h t o c c u r th r o u g h
n a t u r a l a g e n c ie s *
to

A ll p r o te in p e rc e n ta g e s a re

c o rre c te d

13#5 p e r c e n t m o is tu re u n le s s o th e rw is e in d ic a te d *

Some E f f e c t s

o f S h a d i n g o n t h e Y i e l d a n d Q u a l i t y o f W h eat

P l a n t s w h ic h g ro w n o r m a l l y u n d e r f u l l s u n l i g h t
c o n d i t i o n s a r e v e r y d i f f e r e n t w h en p r o d u c e d w i t h o n e f o u r t h o r o n e - h a l f o f th e n o rm a l am ount o f s u n s h in e o r
u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s o f e x tre m e c lo u d in e s s #
o o n d itio n s v a r y fro m th o s e
a re a s in th a t i t

M ic h ig a n c l i m a t i c

o f th e h a rd w h eat p ro d u c in g

h a s g r e a te r p e rio d s o f c lo u d in e s s and

h i g h e r a t m o s p h e r i c h u m i d i t y , b o t h o f w h ic h h a v e t h e
g e n e r a l a f f e c t o f r e d u c i n g t h e s u n l i g h t i n t e n s i t y w h ic h
re a c h e s th e p l a n t s ,

a n d l o w e r i n g t h e m ea n t e m p e r a t u r e *

-4 -

T h re e in d iv id u a l p r o j e c ts d e a lin g w ith th e e f f e c t s
o f s h a d in g o n s m a l l g r a i n s w e re c o n d u c te d b y K och (1 3 )
G e rm a n y , T h a t c h e r ( 2 8 )
(3 2 )

i n O h io *

in

i n W a s h i n g t o n , a n d W e lto n a n d M o r r i s

T h e ir r e s u l t s p o in t v e ry d e f i n i t e l y

to

th e

f a c t t h a t s h a d in g p ro d u c e s g r a i n w ith lo w e r c a rb o h y d ra te
c o n te n t, b u t in c r e a s e d n itro g e n o u s an d m in e ra l m a tte r*
E ach i n v e s t i g a t o r n o tic e d th e

i n c r e a s e d v e g e t a t i v e g ro w th

a n d a m o u n t o f l o d g i n g t h a t t o o k p l a c e w i t h p l a n t s g ro w n
u n d e r shade*
I n 1 9 3 0 , p h y s i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s w e re i n a u g u r a te d
by W ils ie

(3 4 )

re g a rd in g th e

a t th is

In s titu tio n

q u a lita tiv e

to

o b ta in in fo rm a tio n

and q u a n tita tiv e

In flu e n c e s

p ro d u c e d by th e s e

c o n d i t i o n s , a n d b e c a u s e h i s w o rk w a s

th e s t a r t

p ^ h a se o f th e f o u r - y e a r p ro b le m , h i s

o f th is

r e s u lts a re

in c lu d e d in t h i s

s t u d i e s w as t o

d e te rm in e a t

g ro w in g p l a n t * s a c t i v i t y
b ro u g h t ab o u t in

p a p er*

The p u rp o s e o f t h e s e

j u s t w hat tim e d u r in g th e

c o u ld th e g r e a t e s t c h an g e be

th e c o m p o s itio n o f th e g r a i n p ro d u c e d

by th e p l a n t s by re d u c in g th e i n t e n s i t y

o f th e s u n lig h t

r e a c h i n g th e m *
M e th o d o f P r o c e d u r e
T h e s h a d i n g o f t h e p l a n t s w as a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h

one th ic k n e s s o f c h e e s e c lo th s tr e tc h e d
w ooden fra m e s *
and ab o u t fiv e

tig h tly

T h e s e fra m e s w e re a b o u t t h r e e
f e e t h ig h *

over lig h t
f e e t sq u a re

A Mac B e th I l l u m i n o m e t e r r e ­

c o r d e d a b o u t 5 0 p e r c e n t a s m uch s u n l i g h t i n t e n s i t y u n d e r
th e

c a g e s a s o u ts id e *

ic a lly

th e

in s id e *

T h e rm o g ra p h r e c o r d s sho w ed p r a c t ­

sam e t e m p e r a t u r e o u t s i d e t h e

cage a s th e y d id

T h e s e u p r i g h t c a g e s w e re p l a c e d o v e r t h e p l a n t s

g ro w in g u n d e r f i e l d

c o n d itio n s *

The a r e a u n d e r e a c h c ag e

w as h a r v e s t e d a n d w a s k e p t s e p a r a t e
e v e ry o th e r cage*

fro m th e a r e a u n d e r

P r o t e i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e m ade u p o n

th e m a te r ia l, fro m e a c h cag e s e p a r a t e l y
K j e l d a h l m e th o d , a n d t h e
w e re a v e ra g e d *

re s u lts

u s in g th e s ta n d a r d

f o r each s e t o f cages

A re a s e x te n d in g e n t i r e l y

w e re t a k e n a s c h e c k s*

a ro u n d th e c a g e s

T h e re w as a s m a ll am o un t o f s h a d in g

a t d i f f e r e n t tim e s o f th e d ay c a u s e d by th e
th e

sh a d o w f r o m

c a g e , b u t b y t a k i n g a c o m p o s i t e s a m p le f r o m a l l s i d e s

o f th e cag e i t
p e n s a te d

w as th o u g h t t h a t t h i s

fo r*
The p e r i o d s o f s h a d in g v a r i e d

y e a r to

f a c t o r m i g h t b e com ­

a n o th e r*

In 1930 th r e e

s lig h tly

fro m one

p e r i o d s o f s h a d in g w e re

u s e d , v a r y i n g f r o m May 8 u n t i l h a r v e s t , f r o m May 3 u n t i l
Ju n e 1 6 , an d fro m Ju n e 5 u n t i l h a r v e s t*

In 1932 th e

w e r e p l a c e d o v e r t h e g r a i n o n A p r i l 2 5 , May 7 ,
J u n e 4 a n d w e re l e f t

o v e r u n t i l h a rv e s t*

cages

2 1 , and

The 1933 e x p e r i ­

m e n ts v a r i e d
in

som ew hat fro m t h o s e

o f th e p re v io u s y e a rs

t h a t a d d i t i o n a l d a t a w e re g a t h e r e d

on p l a n t s

shaded

f o r tw o , f o u r , a n d s i x w eek p e r i o d s an d th e a llo w e d t o
com e t o m a t u r i t y u n d e r n a t u r a l s u n l i g h t c o n d i t i o n s *

A ll

c a g e s w e re p l a c e d o u t i n th e

th e

fie ld

o n A p r i l 38 w h i l e

p l a n t s w e r e o n l y a fe w i n c h e s t a l l a n d h a d n o t y e t s t a r t e d
a c tiv e

g r o w th *

A t th e

e n d o f tw o w e e k s f o u r o f t h e

cages

w e r e m o v ed o v e r a n d t h e a r e a t h a t h a d b& en c o v e r e d w as
s ta k e d o f f an d th e p l a n t s a llo w e d t o
o u t f u r t h e r tre a tm e n t*

come t o m a t u r i t y w i t h ­

A t t h e e n d o f a n o t h e r tw o w e e k s ,

f o u r m o re c a g e s w e re m o v e d , a n d a t h i r d
w e e k s a f t e r A p r i l 28*

s e t w as m oved s i x

T h e s e t r e a t m e n t s w e re m ade t o b r i n g

o u t a n y d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n p l a n t s

s h a d e d f r o m A p r i l 28

u n t i l May 1 5 , J u n e 1 , a n d J u n e 1 5 r e s p e c t i v e l y , a n d t h e n
a llo w e d to
c o n s is te d
tio n s

r ip e n u n d e r n a tu r a l s u n lig h t*
o f a t l e a s t fo u r cag es to

a llo w

E ach tre a tm e n t
fo r any v a r ia ­

t h a t m ig h t b e i n c o u n t e r e d *

R e s u lts and D is c u s s io n

re s u lts
to

D a ta a r e

p r e s e n te d in T a b le s 1 to 4 g iv in g th e

o b ta in e d

in

1933 in c lu s iv e *

th e

s h a d in g e x p e r im e n ts fro m 1930

The e x a c t p e r io d s o f s h a d in g v a r ie d

s lig h tly

in

th e d i f f e r e n t y e a r s , w ith a d d it i o n a l in fo rm a ­

t i o n b e in g g a in e d

in 1933 on th e

o n e , tw o , an d t h r e e w eek p e r io d s
th e n a llo w in g th e p l a n t s
The v a r i a t i o n s

in p ro te in

in flu e n c e

i n t h e e % rly s p r i n g

1*10 t o

c o n t e n t o f t h e k e r n e l s w e re

th e

per cent if

s h a d in g to o k p la c e

firs t

1*55 i f

0*51 i f

o f Ju n e*

p o in t o u t th e

th e

re s u lts

in c re a s e d

1*27

o b ta in e d in 1933

f a c t t h a t s h a d i n g d u r i n g May a n d t h e

th e p r o te in

check.

th e p r o t e i n c o n te n t th e

ta k e p la c e

s h a d in g

s h a d i n g w as d e l a y e d u n t i l a f t e r

A ls o , th e

2*04 p e r c e n t o v e r th e
ase in

th e

w e e k i n M ay; a n d

p a r t o f J u n e , and th e n a llo w in g th e p l a n t s
f u ll s u n lig h t,

on o r b e fo re

s e c o n d w e e k i n M ay; f r o m 0 * 6 6 t o

s h a d in g b eg an in th e t h i r d

fro m 0*00 t o

I n a lm o s t e v e r y

c o n t e n t , b e in g fro m

f i r s t w e e k i n M ay; f r o m 1 * 1 0 t o

beg an d u rin g th e

th e

th e p r o t e i n

2*28 p e r c e n t i f

and

t o m a tu re u n d e r n o rm a l s u n l i g h t *

q u i t e m ark e d f o r e a c h p e r i o d o f s h a d in g *
c a s e s h a d in g in c r e a s e d

o f s h a d in g f o r

firs t

t o m a tu re u n d e r

c o n te n t fro m 1*44 to

I f th e re

is

to

be any i n c r e ­

s h a d in g m u s t, t h e r e f o r e ,

b e f o r e th e m id d le o f Ju n e*

P la n ts

sh a d ed d u rin g t h i s

sam e p e r i o d o f g r o w t h

p ro d u c e d k e r n e l s o f l i g h t e r w e ig h t a n d lo w e r g e r m in a tin g
a b ility

th a n d id th e

p e r 1 ,0 0 0 k e r n e l s
d iffe re n c e

checks*

The d i f f e r e n c e s

ra n g e d fro m 0*53 t o

in g e rm in a tin g a b i l i t y

i n w e ig h t

5*01 g ram s, w ith a

fro m 0 *00 t o

7*00 p e r

8-

o e n t i n t h e f o u r y e a r s e x p e rim e n ts *
th o s e

oages p u t o u t e a r l ie s t

The p l a n t s

in s id e

i n t h e g ro w in g s e a s o n w e re

fro m 10 to

12 i n c h e s t a l l e r b e f o r e t h e m id d le o f Ju n e t h a n

th e p la n ts

im m e d ia te ly s u r r o u n d in g th e

e r e n c e w as n o t ^ u i t e
h a rv e s te d *

o ag es*

s o p r o n o u n c e d w h e n t h e p l a n t s w e re

T h e r e w as c o n s i d e r a b l e

lo d g in g o f th e

p l a n t s w h i c h w as d u e m o s t l y t o t h e i r i n c r e a s e d
v e g e ta tiv e

g ro w th .

T h is d i f f ­

In 1931 t e s t s

a ls o

sh ad ed

fo lia g e

and

sh o w e d t h a t t h e g r a i n

g ro w n u n d e r s h a d e p r o d u c e d d o u g h o f g r e a t e r e x p a n s i o n ,
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T a b l e 1 - P e r o e n t p r o t e i n o f A m e r ic a n B a n n e r w h e a t k e r n e l s
u n d e r v a r y in g l e n g t h s o f s h a d in g i n 19 3 0 an d 1931*
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U n c o v e r e d p l a t s a r e t h o s e w h ic h w e r e s h a d e d f r o m
A p r i l 2 8 u n t i l d a t e o n w h ic h t h e d a t a a r e g i v e n ,
a n d t h e n w e re a llo w e d t o m a tu re u n d e r n o rm a l s u n l i g h t*
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io n in
its

s u n lig h t i n t e n s i t y h a s a v e ry m a t e r i a l a f f e c t upon

q u a lity .

T h ere i s

a s lig h t d e crea se

b u sh e l b u t a s ig n if ic a n t in c re a s e
th e k e r n e l s , w ith th e d if f e r e n c e
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in th e p r o te in

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•- 1 2 -

u n t i l a f t e r th e
te in

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firs t

w eek i n J u n e d o e s i n c r e a s e

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w h e a t seem s t o

c o n d itio n s o f th e s e

A 50 p e r o e n t r e d u c t io n
in ju re

th e

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c o n te n t o f

b e d e t e r m i n e d b e tw e e n May 1 a n d J u n e 1 5 I n

M ic h ig a n u n d e r t h e

to

th e p ro ­

a b ility

k e rn e ls *

e x p e rim e n ts *

in s u n lig h t in te n s ity

te n d s

o f w h e a t p l a n t s t o p r o d u c e he% vy
w h ic h c a u s e s a l o s s

i n w e ig h t p e r b u s h e l

w i t h t h e k e r n e l s b e i n g s m a l l e r a n d m o re s h r u n k e n t h a n n o r m a l*
S h a d in g a l s o
to

in ju re d

som e e x t e n t *

th e g e r m i n a t i ^ a b i l i t y

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p ro d u c e d i n k e r n e ls u n d e r sh ad e*

o f th e k e r n e ls

b e s t r o n g e r w h en

The v e g e t a t i v e

g ro w th

o f p l a n t s u n d e r s h a d e i s m u ch m o re p r o f u s e t h a n w o u ld b e
u n d e r n o rm al c o n d itio n s *

T he p l a n t s w e r e t a l l e r u n d e r t h e

s h a d e d a n d l o d g e d c o n s i d e r a b l y m o re t h a n t h e c h e c k s *
p l a n t s w e re a b le

to

re g a in t h e i r s tr e n g th o f s tra w

w e re b e t t e r r e s i s t l o d g i n g

if

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and

t h e y w e re n o t s h a d e d a f t e r

th e m id d le o f Ju n e *
It

is

g e n e ra lly

conceded th a t p la n ts u n d e r shade

w i l l a b s o r b m o re n i t r a t e s
e v e n th o u g h th e

th a n p la n ts

o u t in f u l l s u n lig h t

s o i l c o n d itio n s a re th e

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o f th e p la n ts

sam e f o r b o t h *
a p p a r e n t l y w as

n o t a f f e c t e d , b y t h e i r g r o w i n g u n d e r s h a d e , a s sh o w n b y
th e

in c re a s e d v e g e ta tiv e

g ro w th , s u g g e s tin g s u f f i c i e n t

c a r b o h y d r a t e s , w h ic h t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e p r e s e n c e o f n i t r a t e s ,

13

w o u ld r e s u l t

In

in c re a s e d p r o te in

s y n th e s is *

T hese

w h e at p l a n t s h a v in g a p p ro a c h e d t h e i r l i m i t o f v e g e ta tiv e
g r o w th , w e re s t i l l

a h le to

a b s o r b g f i t r a t e s fro m th e

s o il

w h ic h t h e y p r o b a b l y u s e d f o r s e e d d e v e l o p m e n t r a t h e r th e m
fo r f u r th e r v e g e ta tiv e
a g re a t d iffe re n c e

g ro w th b e c a u s e t h e r e

in th e v e g e ta tiv e

u n d e r sh a d e fro m th o s e o u ts id e

w as n o t s u o h

g ro w th o f th e p l a n t s

a t h a r v e s t tim e *

Some E f f e c t s o f T im e o f H a r v e s t o n t h e Y i e l d a n d Q u a l i t y
o f W h eat
When w h e a t i s

h a r v e s t e d w i t h a c o m b in e i t m ay b e

n e c e s s a ry f o r a p a r t o f th e

o ro p to

c o n s i d e r a b l e p e r i o d o f tim e a f t e r i t
th u s h a r v e s te d m u st be r ip e
h a r v e s t, to

i s m a tu r e *

G ra in

e n o u g h ^ , a t th e b e g in n in g o f

th r e s h w e ll and to k e ep in s to r a g e w ith o u t

s e r io u s h e a tin g *
w id e u s e o f t h e
th is

re m a in s t a n d i n g f o r a

p ra o tlc e

The d e la y i n h a r v e s t o c c a s io n e d by
c o m b in e m a k e s a s t u d y o f t h e

on th e

in flu e n c e

of

q u a lity o f d if f e r e n t w heat v a r i e t i e s

o f g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e b e c a u s e c o m b in e u s e r s m u s t know how
th e

v a r i e t y o f w h e a t w h ic h t h e y u s e r e s p o n d s t o

h a rv e st i f

th e y a re

to m a in ta in p r o f ita b le

duce w h eat o f an a c c e p ta b le m a rk e t q u a lity *

d e la y e d

y ie ld s and p ro ­

-1 4 -

B rig g s
in

(2 )

a n e a r l y M i c h ig a n I n v e s t i g a t o r o u t w h e a t

" m ilk y , d o u g h , y e llo w

rip e ,

and dead r ip e " s ta g e s and

fo u n d t h a t th e w e ig h t o f g r a i n

in c r e a s e d w ith e ao h s u c c e ­

s s iv e

s t a g e h u t t h e r e w as a s l i g h t

c u ttin g

d e crea se
a ls o

up to

th e y e llo w

i n y i e l d w h en c u t a t t h e

"dead r ip e " s ta g e *

He

r e p o r te d t h a t th e k e r n e ls r e c e iv e d a d d i t i o n a l w e ig h t

f r o m t h e s t r a w w h i l e t h e g r a i n w as i n t h e s h o o k .
M c D o w ell ( 1 9 )

in N evada, P ie r r e

an d D a v e n p o rt a n d F r a s e r (4 )

in

(2 1 )

Illin o is

a ll

in F ra n c e ,
re p o rte d th a t

w heat in c re a s e d

in y ie ld

lie v e d t h a t th e

d a n g e rs in o u rre d by le a v in g th e g r a in

s ta n d in g u n t i l i t

u p t o m a t u r i t y , b u t M c D o w ell b e ­

w as d e a d r i p e w e re to o g r e a t ,

th e lo s s e s

fro m s h a t t e r i n g , w in d , a n d h a i l b e in g o f g r e a t e r im p o rta n c e
th a n th e
le a v in g

in c re a s e
it

i n d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e g r a i n o b t a i n e d b y

s ta n d in g

u n til i t

w as d e a d r i p e .

O l s o n ( 2 0 ) w o r k i n g i n W a s h in g to n c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e
in c re a s e

i n w e i g h t o f g r a i n w as c o n t i n u o u s u n d e r a l l c o n ­

d i t i o n s u n t i l th e m o is tu re
re d u c e d to

c o n te n t o f th e k e r n e ls h ad b e e n

a b o u t 40 p e r c e n t, w ith no f u r t h e r in c r e a s e

th e re a fte r*
S to a

(2 5 )

fo u n d t h a t , e v e n u n d e r r u s t c o n d itio n s

N o rth D a k o ta , t h e t r a n s l o c a t i o n
n e ls

o f p l a n t fo o d in to

in

th e k e r ­

c o n tin u e d up to m a tu r ity .
B u rn e tt

(3 )

in

Io w a f o u n d t h a t s e v e r a l v a r i e t i e s

of

•1 5 -

w heat in c re a s e d
to

s ta n d

v e s te d .

in y ie ld up to

10 p e r o e n t i f

l o n g e r t h a n t h e p e r i o d w h en t h e y w e re u s u a l l y h a r ­
I n som e p l a t s

t h e t i m e o f h a r v e s t w as e x t e n d e d 1 0

d ay s beyond th e n o rm al p e r io d .

He c o n c l u d e d t h a t p h o t o ­

s y n th e s is an d t r a n s lo o a ti o n o f fo o d to

th e k e r n e l c o n tin u e s

m u ch l o n g e r t h a n w a s f o r m e r l y t h o u g h t t o b e t h e
lo s s e s

a llo w e d

fro m d e la y in g th e

ease*

h a r v e s t o f w h e a t w e r e m uoh l e s s

th a n w ith o th e r g r a in s .
I t w i l l b e n o t e d t h a t m o s t o f t h e p r e v i o u s w o rk o n
tim e o f h a r v e s t o f w h e a t e m p h a s iz e d r e s u l t s

due to

c u ttin g

b e f o r e m a t u r i t y w h ile th e e x p e rim e n ts r e p o r t e d h e r e , a s
w as t h e

c a s e w i t h B u r n e t t * s w o rk i n

v a r i e t a l re sp o n se to

d e la y e d h a r v e s t .

W i l s i e , who s t a r t e d
p o rte d

(3 4 )

Io w a , d e a l s w ith

th e s e p r o je c ts

" In a d ry se a so n lik e

w h eat h ad re a c h e d a m o is tu re

in 1930, r e ­

l a s t y e a r , a f t e r th e

c o n te n t o f 14 p e r c e n t ,

lo n g

d a y s o f 10 t o 12 h o u r s c o u l d b e p u t i n , h a r v e s t i n g w i t h a
c o m b in e , w i t h o u t d a n g e r o f h i g h m o is tu r e w h e a t.
no a p p r e c ia b le lo w e rin g

i n t e a t w e ig h t o r i n m i l l i n g

i n w h e a t h a r v e s t e d tw o w e e k s a f t e r i t
b in d e r h a rv e s t" .

T h e r e w as

w as r i p e

q u a lity

enough f o r

16-

M e th o d o f P r o c e d u r e

M ine r e p l i c a t i o n s w e r e h a r v e s t e d o n t h e sam e d a t e
w ith e a c h r e p l i c a t i o n b e in g a b lo c k o f g r a i n f i v e

d rill

r o w s w i d e , w i t h s e v e n i n c h e s b e tw e e n r o w s , a n d o n e r o d
lo n g .
to

B ach p l a t w as o u t by h a n d w ith g r e a t c a r e b e in g t a k e n

a v o id a n y l o s s fro m s h a t t e r i n g

o p e ra tio n s .

d u rin g

A. c o m p o s i t e s a m p le w as t a k e n f r o m g r a i n

m e d ia te ly a d jo in in g th e h a rv e s te d p la n ts
d e te rm in a tio n s .

im ­

f o r m o is tu re

P r o t e i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e re m ade i n t h e

E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n C h e m ic a l l a b o r a t o r i e s
to

th e h a r v e s tin g

1 3 .5 p e r c e n t m o is tu r e .

and c o r r e c te d

T h e d a t e s u p o n w h ic h t h e

c u t t i n g s w e re m ade v a r i e d f r o m y e a r t o y e a r w i t h a l o n g e r
tim e b e in g a llo w e d t h e
of firs t

and l a s t

la s t

c u ttin g

tw o yes^s b e tw e e n t h e

to b rin g o u t any d if f e r e n c e s

w h ic h m i g h t n o t h a v e b e e n e v i d e n t b e f o r e .
w h e a t w as I n c l u d e d i n t h e
1932 and 1933.

d a te

B a ld H ock

t e s t s w i t h A m e r ic a n B a n n e r i n

-~

B e s u its and D is c u s s io n

T he r e s u l t s

a re

w ith t h e i r d is c u s s io n s

o o n ta in e d in th e fo llo w in g t a b l e s
f o l l o w i n g im m e d ia te ly *

T a b l e 5 - T im e o f h a r v e s t r e s u l t s o n t h e 1 9 3 1 c r o p o f
A m e r ic a n B a n n e r * s h o w in g y i e l d p e r a c r e * m o i s t u r e c o n ­
te n t* and p r o te in c o n te n t w ith th e d i f f e r e n t s ta g e s
o f rip e n e s s *

B a te
of
c u ttin g

Y ie ld in
b u s h e ls
p e r a c re

P er oent
m o is tu re
in k e rn e ls

Per cent
p ro te in
o f k e rn e ls

J u ly 3

2 8 .6

v e ry h ig h

1 1 .2

V e ry s o f t d o u g h

S ta g e o f
rip e n e s s

"

6

2 9 .0

2 1 .9

1 1 .3

S o ft dough

"

9

2 9 .3

1 6 .9

1 1 .2

H a rd d o u g h

"

13

28 . 4

1 6 .1

1 1 .3

R ip e

*

18

2 8 .8

1 2 .4

1 1 .2

B ead r i p e

"

27

2 8 .1

9 .8

1 1 .4

O ver r ip e

18-

T a b le

6 - T im e o f h a r v e s t r e s u l t s

on 1 9 3 2 c r o p o f A m e ric a n

B a n n e r a n d B a l d R o o k w h e a t s , s h o w in g t h e y i e l d
a c r e , m o is tu re

in b u s h e ls p e r

o o n te n t a t h a r v e s t, t e s t w e ig h t, p r o te in

c o n te n t

o f b o t h g r a i n a n d f l o u r , l o a f v o l u m e , a n d w e i g h t p e r 1 ,0 0 0
k e rn e ls

B a te o f
c u ttin g

on th e

d i f f e r e n t d a te s o f c u tt i n g .

Y ie ld in
b u s h e ls
p e r a o re

% M o is ­

tu re a t
h a rv e st

T est
w t* i n
lb s .

P ro te in
W t. p e r
L oaf
G ra in
F l o u r v o lu m e 1 ,0 0 0
k e rn e ls
o
c
.
g ra m s
*
%

A m e r ic a n B a n n e r R e s u l t s
J u ly 7

4 2 ,0

3 5 .7

5 9 .2

8 ,8 8

7 .1 8

4 8 2 .5

3 7 .4

*

14

4 1 ,9

1 3 .1

5 9 .2

8 .8 6

7 .6 4

4 8 2 .5

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*

19

4 2 ,1

1 1 ,3

5 8 .7

9 .0 2

7 ,2 5

4 7 7 .5

3 7 .0

"

25

4 1 ,3

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56 , 4

8 .8 9

7 .4 2

4 7 0 .0

3 8 .3

A ug, 3

4 1 ,7

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5 6 .5

9 .0 5

7 ,4 7

4 8 1 ,7

3 7 .7

4 1 ,5

1 3 .0

5 6 .2

8 .9 7

7 .2 6

4 9 5 .0

3 7 .3

"

11

B a ld R o o k R e s u l t s
J u ly 7

41,5

3 8 .6

6 0 .8

9 .0 5

7 .8 2

5 0 0 .0

3 8 .3

w

14

4 1 ,9

1 4 ,6

6 0 ,8

9 ,3 5

7 .7 1

5 1 0 ,0

3 8 ,3

w

19

4 2 ,0

1 1 .2

6 0 .6

9 .4 1

7 .6 9

5 1 2 .5

3 8 .4

"

25

4 1 ,6

1 2 .5

6 0 .3

9 .3 2

7 .6 1

5 2 5 .0

3 8 .0

A ug, 5

4 2 ,1

1 2 .8

5 8 ,5

9 .1 3

7 .8 3

5 2 7 .5

3 7 .9

4 2 ,0

1 2 .8

6 8 .1

9 .3 0

7 .7 8

5 2 2 .5

3 7 .9

»

11

-1 9 -

T a b l e 7 - T im e o f h a r v e s t r e s u l t s

on th e

1 9 3 3 c r o p o f A m e r ic a n

B a n n e r a n d B a ld B o o k w h e a t s , s h o w in g y i e l d
m o is tu re

c o n te n t a t h a r v e s t , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o t e i n

b o th g r a in

and f l o u r ,

T i e Id i n
b u s h e ls
p e r a o re

c o n te n t o f

l o a f v o lu m e , a n d w e i g h t p e r 1 ,0 0 0 k e r n e l s

on th e d i f f e r e n t d a te s

B a te o f
c u ttin g

in b u s h e ls p e r a c r e ,

o f c u ttin g *

% M o is ­

tu re a t
h a rv e st

T est
wt •
in
lb s

W t. p e r
P ro te in
L oaf
G ra in
F l o u r v o lu m e 1 ,0 0 0
ke r n e ls
g ra m s
C
O
.
%
*

A m e r ic a n B a n n e r B e s u i t s
J u ly 8

35*5

18*5

5 7 .0

1 3 .3 0

1 0 .6 1

505*0

3 1 .6

*

19

36*7

13*6

56*0

1 1 .5 2

1 0 .1 6

5 0 0 .0

3 1 .5

"

31

33*0

1 3 .2

54*9

1 2 .7 9

10*02

5 0 2 .5

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A ug* 5

33*8

16*7

54*8

11*44

1 0 .1 7

5 1 2 .5

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12

32*8

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54*7

11*40

1 0 .0 6

5 8 0 .0

3 1 .8

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19

34*1

1 7 .5

54*1

12*38

9 .8 4

5 5 0 .0

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B a ld B o c k B e s u i t 8
J u ly 8

36*3

25*1

59*7

1 4 .0 8

11*84

4 9 5 .0

3 2 .7

w

19

35*8

13*3

58*5

1 3 .6 2

1 1 .7 9

5 0 7 .5

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"

31

35*3

1 3 .1

5 7 .4

1 3 .7 2

1 1 .6 4

5 3 2 .5

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Aug* 5

38*1

16*6

5 6 .7

1 4 .1 0

1 1 .5 6

5 3 0 .0

3 3 .0

"

12

30# 8

1 6 .2

5 7 .3

13*87

1 1 .3 7

5 1 2 .5

3 3 .5

"

19

31*9

1 7 .1

56*8

1 3 .3 1

1 1 .6 0

5 2 0 .0

3 2 .9

-2 0 -

D is o u s s io n B ased on F o u r T e a rs H e s u its

T h e r e w as no s i g n i f i c a n t d e c r e a s e
t h e A m e ric a n B a n n e r v a r i e t y

in y ie ld

in an y o f th e th r e e y e a r s ,

a l t h o u g h t h e y i e l d o f B a ld H o c k d e c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y
l a s t tw o c u t t i n g s
c le a rly

i n 1933*

th a t e ith e r o f th e s e

in

T h is f a c t i n d i c a t e s

th e

q u ite

v a r i e t i e s m ay s t a n d

jbA

fo r a t

l e a s t a m o n th a f t e r r e g u l a r b i n d e r h a r v e s t i n g d a t e w i t h
o u t any m a te ria lly , lo s s

in y ie ld u n le s s in

case o f v e ry

s e v e r e h a i l o r w in d s t o r m s .
The m o is tu r e
q u ite
it

c o n t e n t a t h a r v e s t tim e d e c r e a s e d

ra p id ly u n til i t

r e a c h e d a b o u t 14 p e r c e n t w h e re

f l u o t u r a t e d w ith a tm o s p h e ric a l c o n d itio n s *

sh o w s t h e r e

is

little

T h is

d a n g e r fro m h ig h m o is tu r e w h e a t

w h en h a r v e s t e d w i t h a c o m b in e a f t e r

th e m o is tu re h as

r e a c h e d a b o u t 14 p e r c e n t*
T h e re w as a m a t e r i a l l y d e c r e a s e

i n t e s t w e ig h t o f

b o th v a r i e t i e s

a f t e r a b o u t th e t h ir d

w eek fro m b i n d e r

h a r v e s t tim e *

T h i s o n e f a c t o r m ay b e g r e a t e n o u g h i n

oases

w h e r e a l o n g d e l a y i s n e c e s s a r y b e tw e e n t h e t i m e o f c u t t i n g
th e f i r s t p a r t o f th e

c ro p and th e l a s t p a r t to

lo w e r t h e

m a r k e t g r a d e o f t h e g r a i n , b u t fe w f a r m e r s h a v e t h i s
an a crea g e

i n M io ig a n .

la rg e

T h e B a ld R o o k v a r i e t y w as h e a v i e r

-

21-

i n t e s t w e i g h t p e r b u s h e l i n e v e r y c a s e t h a n was t h e
A m e ric a n B anner*
T h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s
c o n te n t d u r in g a n y one o f th e t h r e e y e a rs #
d iffe re n c e

fro m one y e a r t o

T h e re was a

a n o t h e r b u t t h e s e m ig h t w e l l

be e x p e c te d as s e a s o n a l v a r i a ti o n s
B a ld B ock w as h i g h e r i n i t s

in p ro te in

in any v a rie ty *

The

p r o t e i n c o n te A t t h a n A m e ric an

B a n n e r i n e v e r y c a s e w h ic h c l a s s e s

it

as a s lig h tly

s t r o n g e r w h e at#
l o a v e s p ro d u c e d fro m g r a i n o u t l a t e r i n th e s e a s o n
w ere s l i g h t l y
e a rlie r#

l a r g e r t h a n th o s e b a k ed fro m w h eat o u t

T hese r e s u l t s , b e in g c o n s is te n t

1933,

in d ic a te

fie ld

in c re a se d s l ig h tly

th a t le a v in g g ra in s ta n d in g uncut in

T h e re w as l i t t l e
k e rn e ls o v er th e e n tir e
1932 o r 1933#

i n b o th 1932 and
th e

th e g lu te n s tr e n g th o f th e k e rn e ls#
v a r i a t i o n i n th e w e ig h t p e r 1 ,0 0 0
ran g e o f h a rv e s tin g d a te s

in e ith e r

T h e r e a r e so m e f l u c t u a t i o n s w h i c h m i g h t b e

e x p e c t e d i n p i c k i n g o u t t h i s m an y s e e d s f r o m a s a m p l e #
It
v a rie tie s

t h e r e f o r e , w o u ld b e p o s s i b l e

o f g r a i n w i t h a c o m b in e u n d e r n o r m a l M i c h i g a n

c o n d itio n s.

P ro m 1 0 t o

12 h o u r s a d a y m ay s a f e l y b e p u t

in h a r v e s tin g w ith o u t s e r io u s
w h e a t, o r l o s s
s ig n ifie d

to h a r v e s t th e s e

o f y ie ld #

by s l i g h t l y

d am ag e f r o m h i g h m o i s t u r e

The q u a l i t y o f th e g r a i n , a s

lo w e r y i e l d s and lo w e r t e s t w e ig h t,

-2 2 -

w h ic h w i l l d e p e n d som ew hat on c l i m a t i c
be s l i g h t l y

c o n d itio n s, w ill

lo w e r f o r g r q in h a rv e s te d l a t e

Some E f f e c t s

in

th e

season#

o f A p p l y i n g V a r y i n g A m o u n ts o f W a t e r o n t h e
Y i e l d a n d Q u a l i t y o f W heat

W a te r a p p l i e d

to w h e a t, e i t h e r in th e

fo rm o f r a i n

or as

irrig a tio n ,

can cau se a c o n s id e ra b le v a r ia tio n

y ie ld

and q u a lity

o f th e c ro p .

The tim e o r s t a g e o f d e v e l o p ­

m en t o f t h e p l a n t s , when r a i n f a l l o r m o i s t u r e
scarce,

is

a ls o

q u a lity th a t is

im p o rta n t in i t s
produced#

in th e

affect

In g e n e ra l,

is

abundant o r

upon th e y i e l d an d
it

is

q u ite w e ll

re c o g n iz e d t h a t a h ig h p e rc e n ta g e o f w a te r in th e s o i l
lo w e rs th e p r o t e i n c o n te n t o f th e g r a in b u t in c r e a s e s th e
t e s t w e ig h t p e r b u sh e l#

A d e fin ite

t h e am ount and th e tim e o f r a i n f a l l ,

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n
and p r o te in c o n te n t

o f w h e a t a n d c h a r a c t e r o f f l o u r s h o u l d m ake p o s s i b l e ,
a b e t t e r b a s i s f o r reco m m e n d atio n o f w h e at v a r i e t i e s
re la te d

to

te n tiv e n e ss

( 1)
as

r a i n f a l l o f a g iv e n a re a and th e m o is tu re r e ­
of s o ils ,

p ro b a b le p r o te in

and

( 2) a d v a n c e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e

c o n te n t o f th e w heat cro p o f th e

a s s o o n a s r a i n f a l l c o n d i t i o n s a r e known#

S ta te

-2 5 -

W id tso e

(3 3 )

in U ta h , re p o r te d t h a t l a t e

irrig a t­

io n s w ere b e n e f i c i a l t o w h e a t, an d t h a t th e y i e l d

and

p r o t e i n c o n te n t i n c r e a s e d a s th e am ount o f w a te r s u p p lie d
to

it

w as i n c r e a s e d

up u n t i l th e

c lu d e d t h a t th e f i r s t

first

o f Ju ly .

He c o n ­

f e w i n c h e s o f w a t e r p o s s e s s e d a m u ch

h ig h e r v a lu e th a n th o s e a p p lie d l a t e r .
F ro m a r e v i e w o f t h e
Lyon (16)
affect

a t C o rn e ll,

lite ra tu re

cam e t o t h e

on t h i s

su b je c t,

c o n c lu sio n t h a t th e

o f a n i n s u f f i c i e n t s u p p l y o f s o i l m o i s t u r e was t o

p re v e n t m a tu ra tio n o f th e g r a in ,

and to

th u s p ro d u ce a

h ig h p e r c e n t o f n itr o g e n in th e k e r n e l.

He f o u n d t h a t

u n d e r som e c o n d i t i o n s t h e r e w a s d o u b t l e s s a g r e a t e r a b ­
s o r p t i o n o f n i t r g g e n b y t h e c r o p when t h e m o i s t u r e s u p p l y
was s m a l l .
T h a tc h e r

(28)

found u n d er c o n d itio n s

t h a t w ith u n ifo rm c o n d itio n s
d is trib u tio n

of so ils,

of annual r a in f a ll,

t o t a l a n n u a l r a i n f a l l th e

c o n te n t o f w heat v a r ie s

fa ll

re c e iv e d .

e le v a tio n ,

C o a s t w h e a ts was b e c a u s e o f t h e

W e lc h ( 3 1 )

in

e t c . , w ith th e

th e a v erag e p ro ­

in v e r s e ly w ith th e

He c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e

in d u c e d a slo w r i p e n i n g

g ro w in g s e a s o n ,

o n ly v a r i a b l e ,

te in

i n W a sh in g to n

in s p ite

to ta l

ra in ­

" so ftn e s s” of P a c ific

c o o l h a r v e s t w e a t h e r , w h ic h
o f t h e lo w m o i s t u r e

I d a h o , a n d K & zer

(1 2 )

r e p o r te d t h a t a p p li c a t io n s o f w a te r a t th e

su p p ly .

in C o lo ra d o ,
tille rin g

and

jo in tin g

s ta g e s gave th e h ig h e s t p r o t e i n c o n te n t o f th e

c ro p , w ith th o se
at

jo in tin g ,

at tille rin g

and th e

b e in g s l i g h t l y

lo w e st p r o te in

w h e n w a t e r w as a p p l i e d a t t h e

h ig h e r th a n

c o n t e n t was o b t a i n e d

fillin g

sta g e *

A p p lic a tio n s

a t h e a d in g and b lo sso m in g p e r io d s gave th e b e s t
of p ro te in

in

th e w h e a t, a n d ,

p o s s i b l e , one a t t h i s
I n g e n era/,
te in

if

q u a lity

o n l y one a p p l i c a t i o n was

p e r i o d w o u ld g i v e t h e b e s t r e s u l t s .

th e e a r l i e r

irrig a tio n s

gave th e h ig h e r p r o ­

c o n t e n t s , b u t t h e k e r n e l s w e r e m o re s h r i v e l e d w i t h

a lo w e r t e s t w e ig h t p e r b u s h e l.
H a rris

( 8) w o rk in g w i t h t h e

a t G r e e n v i l l e Farm , U ta h ,
th e

irrig a tio n

fo u n d t h a t u n d e r th o s e c o n d itio n s

h e a v i e s t k e r n e l s w ere p r o d u c e d on p l a t s

in c h e s

o f w a t e r e a c h a t t h e b lo o m s t a g e ,

p l a n t s w ere i n th e

o f w heat

re c e iv in g fiv e

an d when t h e

dough s t a g e , w h ile h i s l i g h t e s t ,

but

g r e a t e s t n u m b e r o f k e r n e l s p e r h e a d , cam e f r o m p l a n t s w h i c h
re c e iv e d

a fiv e -in c h

and b e fo re

it

irrig a tio n

cam e u p .

a f t e r t h e g r a i n was p l a n t e d

The h e a v i e s t w e i g h t p e r b u s h e l was

p r o d u c e d b y a f i v e - i n c h a p p l i c a t i o n o f w a t e r when t h e p l a n t s
w ere

in th e

dough s t a g e .

J o n e s a n d G o l v e r ( 1 0 & 11)
th e

d iffe re n c e

in

q u a lity

r e p o r t e d fro m Id ah o t h a t

o f w heat p ro d u ced u n d er i r r i g a t i o n

f r o m t h a t p r o d u c e d o n d r y l a n d w a s m uch l e s s
th o u g h t, and th a t

irrig a tio n

t h a n c o m m o n ly

d id n o t o f n e c e s s ity

im p ly

-2 5 -

t h a t t h e w h e a t c r o p w o u ld he s o f t ,
w as grow n on i r r i g a t e d

fie ld s,

nor th a t a ll

s o f t w heat

The p r o t e i n o f t h e k e r n e l s

p r o d u c e d on t h e d r y - f a r m was o n ly one p e r c e n t g r e a t e r ,
and th e p r o te i n
th a n th e

o f t h e i r f l o u r o n l y 0*7 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r ,

av erag e

irrig a te d

sa m p le .

i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e
g a te d

sa m p le

k e rn e ls,

T h e r e was n o s i g n i f ­

av erag e

i n w e ig h t p e r b u s h e l,

i n w e i g h t p e r 1 ,0 0 0

o r in p e rc e n ta g e o f m o is tu re , a s h ,
O l s o n (20$) c o n c l u d e d f r o m h i s

W ash in g to n t h a t v a r i a t i o n
th e

th e

c o n te n t,

or o il.

irrig a tio n

n itro g e n

of p la n ts
in to

B a ile y

o r w e ig h t p e r k e r n e l a f t e r th e m o is­

th e k e r n e l a s th e p l a n t a p p ro ach ed m a t u r it y .
(1)

d raw s th e f o l lo w in g c o n c lu s io n s b a s e d

w ith h ig h r a i n f a l l ,

and a r e l a t i v e l y

nC o o l su m m ers

lo n g g ro w th p e r i o d

i n th e g r a i n o f w heat b e in g h ig h in p e rc e n ta g e

s t a r c h a n d lo w i n p e r c e n t a g e o f p r o t e i n .
on th e

He p l a c e d

i n w a t e r a n d f o u n d t h a t t h e w a t e r m oved

o n workjjf c a r r i e d o n b y h i m s e l f a n d o t h e r s ,

re s u lts

in

t o no a f f e c t on

c o n t e n t h a d b e e n r e d u c e d b e lo w 4 0 p e r c e n t .
ro o ts

te s ts

i n th e am ount o f w a te r u s e d , o r

d i s t a n c e b e tw e e n th e ro w s , h ad l i t t l e

th e p ro te in
tu re

d ry -fa rm e d and i r r i ­

o th e r hand, re s u lt

a h ig h p e rc e n ta g e

H o t, d r y sum m ers,

in th e p r o d u c tio n o f w heat h a v in g

of p ro te in .

In g e n e ra l,

th e am ount o f

r a i n f a l l d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d o f g ro w th w h ic h im m e d ia te ly
p receed s rip e n in g

is

of

re sp o n sib le

f o r th e

ra te

o f sta rc h

-2 6 -

d e p o sitio n
re la tiv e

in th e k e r n e l,

p ro te in

s p o n s ib le

an d , c o n se q u e n tly ,

c o n te n t,

f o r th e

C lim a tic c o n d itio n s a re

fo r g re a te r v a ria tio n s

in th e

re­

c o m p o s itio n o f

w heat th a n a re o th e r f a c t o r s , w ith th e p o s s ib le e x c e p tio n
of irrig a tio n *
ia tio n s
th is

in th e

in tu rn

S in c e v a ry in g r a i n f a l l r e s u l t s
s o i l m o istu re a v a ila b le

in d u c e s v a r i a ti o n s

t h e w h e a t g ro w n on t h e s o i l ,
of irrig a tio n
in p ro te in

w a te r a re

th e y ie ld

th e p l a n t ,

and

in th e p r o te in c o n te n t o f
fo llo w s t h a t a p p lic a tio n s

s im ila r ly re sp o n sib le

c o n te n t o f i r r i g a t e d w h e a t.

i r r i g a t i o n w a te r to
in c re a se

it

to

in v a r­

fo r v a ria tio n s

The a d d i t i o n o f

th e s o i l w i l l , w ith in c e r ta in

lim its ,

o f g r a in p e r a c r e , b u t th e k e r n e l s ,

w h ile h e a v ie r and p lu m p e r, w i l l c o n ta in a lo w e r p e rc e n ta g e
o f p r o t e i n t h a n when no w a t e r i s
t e n t o f th e g r a in v a r ie s

a p p lie d .

T he p r o t e i n c o n ­

in v e r s e ly w ith th e

q u a n tity o f

i r r i g a t i o n w a te r a p p lie d " .
K ra y b ill

(14)

c o n c lu d e d fro m w ork c a r r i e d

In d ia n a th a t a p p lic a tio n s
p e r i o d m ay t e n d t o
to

o f w a te r f u r in g

red u ce th e a v a ila b le

th e p la n t because o f le a c h in g .

th e

on I n

tra n s lo c a tio n

su p p ly o f n i t r a t e s

In t h i s

w ay t h e r e w as

a g r e a t e r p ro d u c tio n o f c a rb o h y d ra te s and a lo w e rin g o f th e
n itr o g e n c o n te n t o f th e k e r n e l s .
S ta rk

(24)

in

Illin o is ,

c o n c lu d e d t h a t

c o o l w e a th e r

-2 7 -

w ith s u f f i c i e n t w e ll d is tr ib u te d
o f h e a d in g to m a tu r ity ,

re ta rd s

ra in fa ll,

fro m th e p e r i o d

r i p e n i n g an d m akes f o r th e

d e v e lo p m e n t o f c a r b o h y d r a te s and t h e i r d e p o s i ti o n I n th e
fo rm o f s t a r c h

In th e k e r n e ls .

Such w heat w i l l c o n ta in

p lu m p f u l l k e r n e l s b u t u s u a l l y o f lo w p r o t e i n c o n t e n t .
H o t , d r y s u m m e rs h a s t e n m a t u r i t y , w h i c h t e n d s t o w a r d t h e
f o r m a tio n o f s m a lle r k e r n e l s h a v in g a h ig h e r p r o t e i n
te n t.

W it h t h e

m a tu rity le s s
n e ls ,
te n t.

con­

f a s t e r d e v e lo p m e n t fro m h e a d in g tim e u n t i l

c a r b o h y d r a t e s c a n be p r o d u c e d , an d t h e k e r ­

t h e r e f o r e , w i l l be h ig h e r in t h e i r
S o i l h a v in g good f e r t i l i t y

c a p a c ity a ff e c ts

th e

cru d e p r o t e i n c o n ­

and h ig h m o is tu re

h o ld in g

o o m p o sito n o f th e g r a i n by p r o lo n g in g

th e v e g e ta tiv e

g r o w th a n d t h u s m ak in g a l o n g e r p e r i o d o f

g ro w th f o r th e

fo rm a tio n o f s ta r c h .

a b le p la n t

H ig h a m o u n ts o f a v a i l ­

fo o d s, e s p e c ia lly n itro g e n ,

u s u a l l y m akes f o r

h ig h p r o t e i n w h e a t.

M e th o d o f P r o c e d u r e
Two v a r i e t i e s

o f w h e at w ere u se d i n t h i s

A m e ric a n B a n n e r a n d Red R o c k .
la id

o u t 23 d r i l l

e x p e rim e n t,

The e x p e r i m e n t a l p l a n t s w ere

r o w s w i d e b y 20 f e e t l o n g , a n d t r i m m e d t o

10 f e e t l o n g a n d 1 9 d r i l l r o w s w i d e a t h a r v e s t t i m e t o a l l o w
f o r b o rd er a f f e c t.

P ik e s

6 in c h e s h ig h su rro u n d ed each p l a t

-2 8 -

to

c o n t r o l t h e w a t e r , w h io h was m e te r e d fro m t h e

th e

la s t

tw o d a y s o f e a c h w e e k .

60 y e a r s w e r e o b t a i n e d

R a in f a ll d a ta f o r th e l a s t

fro m th e l o o a l w e a th e r

io n and used a s a b a s is

c i t y m ain s

b u reau s t a t ­

f o r w a te r a p p lic a t io n s .

T hree d i f ­

f e r e n t am o u n ts o f w a t e r , te rm e d s u r p l u s , a v e r a g e , an d d e f i ­
c i e n t w ere a p p l i e d .

The s u r p l u s am ount e q u a l e d t h e

g re a te st

a m o u n t o f r a i n f a l l f o r t h a t m o n th d u r i n g t h e p f c s t 60 y e a r s ;
t h e a v e r a g e am o u n t o f r a i n f a l l f o r e a c h m o n th was c a l c u l a t e d
fro m th e

60 y e a r s w e a t h e r d a t a ;

co rresp o n d ed

to

and th e

th e l e a s t am ount o f w a te r f a l l i n g

f o r e a o h o f t h e s e m o n th s d u r i n g t h e
w ay t h e

d e f i c i e n t am ount

a p p lic a tio n s

M ic h ig a n c o n d i t i o n s
Ten p l a t s

as ra in

60 y e a r p e r i o d .

In t h i s

o f w a t e r t o t h e p l a t s w ere s i m i l a r t o
d u rin g t h i s

lo n g p e rio d o f y e a r s .

o f A m e ric a n B a n n e r w ere c o v e r e d w i t h a

heavy w a te r p ro o f canvas to

c o n tr o l th e

r a in f a ll in

th e d e­

fic ie n t p la ts

in 1932, b u t because o f heavy l e a f r u s t

fe c tio n

th e se

c a n v a s e s w ere n o t u s e d i n 1 9 3 3 ,

fa llin g

d u r i n g t h e w eek w as d e te r m in e d by a r a i n

th is
th e

A ny r a i n
and

am ount d e d u c te d from th e w a te r m e te re d o u t t o th e p l a t s
l a s t tw o d a y s o f t h e w e e k .

hand s i c k l e ,
p o ss ib le
th e

in ­

to

c u ttin g

th e

H a r v e s t i n g w as d o n e w i t h a

stra w as c lo se

o b ta in ^ a u n ifo rm y i e l d ,

to

th e g ro u n d a s

^ e i g h t s w ere t a k e n o f

sh o c k e d s tr a w an d g r a i n on e a c h p l a t ,

and th e y i e l d

of

29-

g r a i n w as o b t a i n e d a t

t h r e s h i n g tim e *

P r o t e i n c o n t e n t was

d e te rm in e d f o r th e g r a i n and l a t e r f o r th e f l o u r fro m e a c h
p la t*

F lo u r y ie ld ,

a b so rp tio n p e rc e n ta g e ,

t e s t w e ig h t,

w e i g h t p e r 1 ,0 0 0 k e r n e l s , a n d v o lu m e o f l o a f w e r e a l s o
te rm in e d f o r each p l a t ,

de­

and th e n a v e ra g e s f o r each t r e a t ­

m ent w ere fo u n d *

R e s u lts and D is c u s s io n
The r e s u l t s

o b ta in e d

i n 1932 f o r b o th A m e ric an

B a n n e r a n d R ed R o c k w h e a t s a r e
th e

case

c o n ta in e d i n T a b le 8*

o f A m e ric an B a n n er th e y i e l d

on th o s e p l a t s r e c e i v i n g
c re ased q u ite
tre a tm e n t*
w ith f o lia g e

o f s t r a w was l e s s

th e l e a s t am ount o f w a te r and i n ­

s te a d ly and u n ifo rm ly w ith eac h d i f f e r e n t

The s t r a w a p p e a r e d a l i t t l e

m o re h e a v i l y c o v e r e d

a n d w e a k e r , w h ic h c o u ld r e a d i l y a c c o u n t f o r th e

m ore l o d g i n g w h ic h t o o k p l a c e o n p l a t s
e s t a p p lic a tio n s

tr e n d w ith th e

o f g r a i n fo llo w e d i n th e

in c re a s e

in stra w y ie ld *

g r e a te r p o r tio n a l in c re a se
th a n f o r any o th e r 3 .5
w h ic h r e c e i v e d

re c e iv in g th e g r e a t ­

o f w a te r*

The y i e l d

a lly

In

th e

lo w e r i n y i e l d

sam e g e n e r a l

T here i s

in y ie ld f o r th e

first

in c h e s o f w a te r added*

a m u ch
3 .5

The p l a t s

d e f i c i e n t a m o u n ts o f w a t e r w ere m a t e r i ­
of g ra in .

-so -

T a b le

8 - T re a tm e n ts w ith r e s u l t s

i n 1932 on A m e ric an B a n n e r

an d Bed B ock w h e a ts , d a t a a r r a n g e d i n o r d e r o f in c h e s o f w a te r
w h ic h th e p l a t s

r e c e i v e d a f t e r May 1 5 ,

sh o w in g w e i g h t o f s t r a w ,

and g r a i n , w e ig h t o f g r a in a lo n e , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o t e i n
o f b o th g r a in and f l o u r ,
k e rn e ls

v o lu m e o f l o a f ,

c o n te n t

a n d w e i g h p e r 1 ,0 0 0

f o r each tre a tm e n t.

T o ta l in c h e s
o f w a te r
added

W t. O f
stra w
in
lb s.

W t. o f T e s t
g ra in
w t. in
in
lb s.
lb s.

P ro te in
lo a f
W t* p e r
G r a i n F l o u r v o l u m e 1 ,0 0 0
k ern eIs
oc.
G ram s
%
%

A m e ric an B a n n e r R e s u l t s
0 - 3 .6

3 3 .2 5

7 .0 4

58*33

1 3 .0 7

11 .6 6

434

3 2 ,4

4*4 • 6 .3

3 5 .7 0

11*65

5 9 .3 6

1 0 .0 5

8 .9 1

430

3 6 .4

8 - 1 0 #9

39*81

1 1 .1 3

5 9 .5 4

10*44

9 .4 9

419

3 6 .3

14*5 - 1 9 .9

42*65

12*27

59*20

9 .7 7

8*43

418

3 6 .1

B ed R ock R e s u l ts
6 ,8

3 2 ,4 4

1 0 ,6 6

59*38

1 1 ,3 7

1 0 ,6 4

456

36*2

8 ,4 - 1 2 ,4

33*19

1 1 ,0 0

5 9 .8 0

1 1 .8 8

10*98

441

3 7 .7

1 4 ,5

36*35

1 0 .1 3

59*48

11*77

1 1 ,0 4

456

36*6

- 1 9 .9

-3 1

T e a t w e i g h t p e r b u s h e l was lo w e r on t h e g r a i n
^ r o w n w i t h s m a l l e r a m o u n ts o f w a te r*
m ore s h r u n k e n a n d w r i n k l e d .
d if f e r e n c e s n o te d

The k e r n e l s a p p e a r e d

T h e re was no s i g n i f i c a n t

in a p p lic a tio n s

o f w a te r above se v en

in c h e s*

T h e w e i g h t p e r 1 ,0 0 0 k e r n e l s f o l l o w s v e r y c l o s e l y

w ith th e

t e s t w e ig h t,

enness

i n d i c a t i n g m o re d i s t i n c t l y

th e

sh ru n k ­

o f th e k e rn e ls*
T h e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t w as m uch h i g h e r i n t h e g r a i n

grow n w i t h t h e l e a s t am ount o f m o is tu r e *
slig h t

v a ria tio n s

A f te r June 1

i n p r o t e i n w ere fo u n d w it h a p p l i c a t i o n s

o f w a te r above se v en in ch e s*

G r e a t e r v a r i a t i o n s w ere p r o ­

d u c e d when t h e w a t e r was c o n t r o l l e d

in th e e a r ly p a r t o f

th e g ro w in g se aso n *
V olum e o f l o a f w a s n o t s o v a r i a b l e

a s m ig h t be e x ­

p e c te d fro m th e c o rr e s p o n d in g p r o t e i n p e r c e n t a g e s .

The

g r a i n g row n u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s f a v o r a b l e t o h i g h p r o t e i n d i d
p ro d u c e l a r g e r lo a v e s and a s th e s e
a la rg e

re s u lts

are av erag es o f

num ber o f lo a v e s b a k e d , th e d i f f e r e n c e s a re

sig n ific a n t*

T h e r e was q u i t e

a m arked d e c r e a s e

t h e m o re

in siz e

of

l o a v e s m ade f r o m g r a i n g r o w n w i t h m o re t h a n s e v e n i n c h e s
o f w a t e r a p p l i e d a f t e r May 1 5 .
little

sig n ific a n c e

can be a tta c h e d to

t h e Red R o ck

32-

re s u lts

due p ro b a b ly to

T here i s

t h e w e t s e a s o n d u r i n g May a n d J u n e *

h o w e v e r som e i n d i c a t i o n s o f i n c r e a s e d s t r a w y i e l d

w ith in c re a s e d w a te r a p p lic a tio n s *

The l e a s t am o u n t o f

w a t e r r e o e i v e d by a n y p l a t was a lm o s t s e v e n i n c h e s , w h ic h
seem ed t o
p ro te in
n e ls

p ro d u ce

a s m u ch g r a i n h a v i n g a s h i g h t e s t w e i g h t ,

c o n t e n t , v o lu m e o f l o a f ,

as th o se p l a t s

a n d w e i g h t p e r 1 ,0 0 0 k e r ­

r e c e i v i n g m u ch g r e a t e r a m o u n t s o f w a t e r .

E v i d e n t l y s e v e n in c h e s o f w a te r a p p l i e d a f t e r th e m id d le o f
May c r e a t e d a b o u t a s g r e a t a y i e l d a n d a s h i g h a q u a l i t y
g r a i n a s a n y a m o u n t up t o

of

20 i n c h e s w hen c o m in g a t r e g u l a r

in te rv a ls .
G ra p h I show s t h e v a r i a t i o n

in th e p e rc e n ta g e o f

p r o t e i n d u rin g th e d e s ic c a tio n p e rio d *

A s m a l l sa m p le w as

ta k e n fro m p l a t s

a v e ra g e , and d e ­

re c e iv in g

th e s u r p lu s ,

f i c i e n t w a te r a p p lic a tio n s ,
w ere d e te rm in e d f o r each*
June

27 w h e n t h e m o i s t u r e

53 a n d 58 p e r c e n t .
fast
as

and p r o t e i n and m o is tu r e c o n te n t
T he f i r s t

c o n t e n t o f t h e g r a i n was b e tw e e n

At th is

to th e k e rn e l th a t

it

th e k e r n e l s w ere i n th e

tim e t h e g lu m e s w e re s t i l l

so ft

dough s t a g e .

D e te rm in a tio n s

d a y s up u n t i l h a r v e s t t i m e .

of p ro te in

a s th e m o is tu re p e rc e n ta g e

so

w as n e c e s s a r y t o p e e l t h e m o f f

w e r e m ade e v e r y tw o o r t h r e e
The p e r c e n t a g e

sa m p le s w ere t a k e n

sh o w s a g r a d u a l i n c r e a s e

d e c r e a s e s u n t i l on J u l y 3 a h e a v y

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35

ra in

o f 1*8 in c lie s f e l l

i n a fe w h o u r s .

At th is

tim e

m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f t h e g r a i n was a b o u t 44 p e r o e n t .
d ays l a t e r th e p r o te in p e ro e n ta g e
& d is tin c t
sta rtin g
a b le

d ro p .

in a l l th e p l a t s

T h ree

show s

T h is m ig h t he e x p la in e d by th e p l a n t s

n e w a c t i v i t y Ag r o w t h w h i c h w o u l d c a l l f o r a n a v a i l ­

su p p ly o f n itr o g e n .

The h e a v y r a i n u n d o u b te d ly r e ­

m oved a g r e a t d e a l o f t h e a v a i l a b l e
n e c e ssita tin g

th e p la n ts

was m o s t ly s t o r e d i n th e
th e

th e

ra tio

to

n itra te s

tw e en n i t r a t e s

seed%

T h is w o u ld c a u s e a d r o p i n
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o th e r

a f f e c t w o u ld l a s t u n t i l a b a l a n c e b e ­

and th e

A f te r th e m o is tu re

so il

d r a w o n t h e i r own s u p p l y w h i c h

o f th e p e rc e n ta g e o f p r o te in

m a te r ia ls and t h i s

fro m th e

c a r b o h y d r a te s c o u ld be b r o u g h t a b o u t#

c o n t e n t h a d d e c r e a s e d t o a b o u t 22 t o

23

p e r c e n t e v i d e n t l y n o rm a l a c t i v i t y h a d b e e n resum ed an d t h e
l a s t few d a y s

j u s t b e f o r e h a r v e s t sh o w s a n i n c r e a s e

in th e

p r o te in p e rc e n ta g e .
T hose p l a t s

r e c e i v i n g th e l e a s t am ount o f w a te r

show a g r e a t e r p e r c e n t a g e o f p r o t e i n t h a n e i t h e r t h o s e
c e i v i n g a n a v e r a g e o r s u r p l u s am o u n t.

re­

T hose r e c e i v i n g a n

a v e r a g e am o u n t show a s l i g h t l y h i g h e r p r o t e i n p e r o e n t a g e
th a n th e

s u r p l u s b u t due to

t h e w e t p e r i o d d u r i n g May a n d

Ju n e th e am ount o f w a te r f a l l i n g
p ro d u ce

th e

a s r a i n w as t o o g r e a t t o

h i g h e s t p r o t e i n w h e a t.

The r e s u l t s

o b t a i n e d w i t h A m e r i c a n B a n n e r a n d R ed

-3 6 -

T a b l e 9 - T r e a t m e n t s w ith , r e s u l t s
R ook w h e a ts i n 1933*

o n A m e ric a n B a n n e r a n d R ed

R e su lts arran g ed in o rd e r o f t o t a l

i n c h e s o f w a t e r a p p l i e d a f t e r May l f s h o w i n g y i e l d s o f
stra w

and g ra in *

g r a i n a lo n e * t e s t w e ig h t* p r o t e i n

o f b o th g r a in and flo u r*

T o ta l
in c h e s o f
w a te r
a p p lie d

c o n te n t

a n d l o a f v o lu m e f o r e a c h t r e a t m e n t *

Y ie ld in lb s*
S tra w
G ra in
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T est
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in
Its

P ro te in
G ra in F lo u r
%

%

lo a f
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cc.

A m e ric an B an ner R e s u l t s
30*35

7 .5 S

56*90

10*30

8*58

491*55

SO*7 3 1 . 1 8

7*32

56*69

10*08

8.S 8

488*00

7*19 - 8*46
18*54 -

Red R ock R e s u l t s
33*90

8*49

57*10

1 0 .7 0

9*09

580*90

1 8 * 5 4 - SO*7 3 3 * 4 4

8 .5 S

57*30

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9*11

563*50

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-3 7

Rook i n 1932 a re

c o n ta in e d i n T a b le 9 #

i o n s w e r e m ad e a t t h r e e
season.
te s ts

to

d e te rm in a t­

d i f f e r e n t tim e s d u r in g th e g ro w in g

B a c h p l a t w as sa m p le d i n f o u r d i f f e r e n t p l a o e s an d

w ere ru n on th e

c o m p o s ite s a m p le , u s i n g t h e m e th o d o f

d e te r m in a tio n d e v e lo p e d by E r .
su lts

H itra te

o f th e se

te s ts

0 * h . S purw ay ( 2 3 ) .

show ed t h e n i t r a t e

The r e ­

c o n te n t o f th e s o i l

b e lo w a t a l l p e r i o d s d u r i n g t h e g ro w in g s e a s o n .

T h is

i n d i o a t e d t h a t t h e w h e a t p l a n t s w ere u s i n g t h e a v a i l a b l e
n itra te s

a s f a s t a s th e y w ere fo rm e d .
The y i e l d s o f s tr a w and g r a i n o f e i t h e r v a r i e t y d id

n o t v a r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e tw e e n th e lo w e s t an d h i g h e s t a p p l i ­
c a tio n s
slig h tly

o f w a t e r , b u t t h e a v e r a g e t e s t w e ig h t p e r b u s h e l was
g r e a t e r in th o se p l a t s

th a t re c e iv e d le s s

in c h e s o f w a te r th a n in th o s e r e c e iv in g o v e r 8 .5

th a n 8 .5

in c h e s.

T hese d if f e r e n c e s a re n o t v e ry pronounced b u t th e tr e n d
in

th a t d ire c tio n .
T h ere i s

p ro te in

a ls o

c o n te n t o f th e

h ig h e r p ro te in

v ery l i t t l e

d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e

d iffe re n t p la ts .

T h ere

is

a s lig h tly

c o n t e n t i n t h o s e p l a t s w h ic h r e c e i v e d t h e

l e a s t am ount o f m o is tu r e , b u t h e re a g a in ,
n o t g r e a t en o u g h t o be s i g n i f i c a n t .
th e

is

th e

d iffe re n c e

The p r o t e i n

is

c o n te n t o f

f l o u r fo llo w s d i r e c t l y w ith t h a t o f th e g r a i n .

T here i s

38-

no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e

i n t h e l o a f v o lu m e b e t w e e n f l o u r s

p ro d u c e d fro m g r a i n w h ic h r e c e i v e d
d u r i n g May a n d J u n e f r o m t h o s e
In a l l

o ases th e

7 in c h e s o f w a te r

re c e iv in g

o v e r 20 i n c h e s .

l o a v e s m ade f r o m B ed H o c k f l o u r s w e r e

l a r g e r t h a n t h o s e m ade f r o m t h e A m e r i c a n B a n n e r f l o u r s .
The p r o t e i n

c o n te n ts

i n t h e s e tw o f l o u r s

r r o i'

d id ^ v a r y i n

th e

sa m e p r o p o r t i o n a s t h e i r l o a f v o l u m e s , w h i c h w o u l d t e n d t o
in d ic a te

a v a r ie ta l d iffe re n c e

in g lu te n s tre n g th .

D i s c u s s i o n B a s e d on Two Y e a r ’ s R e s u l t s
The r e s u l t s
a p p lie d a f t e r th e
a y ie ld ,
la rg e

te n d to

first

p e rc e n ta g e

in d ic a te t h a t 7 in c h e s o f w a te r

o f May s e e m t o

o f p ro te in ,

cause ab o u t as h ig h

and to p ro d u ce a b o u t as

a l o a f a s 20 i n c h e s a p p l i e d r e g u l a r l y .

av erag e c lim a tic

c o n d i t i o n s p r o d u c e w h e a ts o f lo w p r o t e i n

c o n te n t, and in c re a s in g
in c re a s e

M ic h ig a n

t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s o f w a t e r w o u ld n o t

o r even d e c re a se m a te r ia lly th e p r o te in

Any c h a n g e t h a t

is

c o n te n t.

to be b ro u g h t about in th e s e m easures o f

q u a l i t y m u st be done by lo w e r in g th e a p p l i c a t i o n s o f w a te r
b e l o w 7 i n c h e s d u r i n g t h e m o n t h s o f M ay, J u n e , a n d t h e
p a rt o f Ju ly .

first

39-

Some C o r r e l a t i o n s B e t w e e n l e a t h e r a n d t h e Y i e l d a n d
Q u a l i t y o f W heat

The o b j e c t o f t h i s

p h a s e o f w o rk was t o d e te r m i n e

t h e m o n th s o f t h e y e a r w h ic h h a d t h e m o st i m p o r t a n t a f f e c t
upon w heat y ie ld and q u a lity .

M ic h ig a n p r i m a r i l y i s

s o f t w in te r w heat p ro d u c in g s t a t e

w ith m ost o f th e w heat

b e in g p l a n t e d fro m a b o u t t h e m id d le ^ o f S e p te m b e r
first

p a rt

o f O c to b e r, and b e in g h a rv e s te d

F o u rth o f J u ly .

th e

soon a f t e r th e

The w in te r s a r e u s u a l l y n o t u n d u ly s e v e re

on a d a p te d v a r i e t i e s
to p la n t th e

a

o f w in te r w heat b u t i t

is n ecessary

c ro p e a r l y en o u g h i n th e f a l l so t h a t th e

p l a n t s w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t l y d e v e lo p e d t o w ith s ta n d th e w i n t e r .
It

is

a ls o

F ly f r e e

v e ry n e c e s s a r y to w a it u n t i l a f t e r th e H e ss ia n

d a t e , w h ic h v a r i e s s l i g h t l y

fo re p la n tin g

to

a v o id i n j u r y from t h i s p e s t .

Law es a n d G i l b e r t
w ork c o r r e l a t i n g

sp e c t to

o f s e a s o n s fa v o u ra b le and u n fa v o u r­

U s in g p r i n c i p a l l y R o th am ste d d a t a i n r e ­

ra in fa ll,

was d e s i r a b l e

d i d a n im m e n se a m o u n t o f

gave th e c a r e f u l a c c o u n t o f th e m e te o ro ­

lo g ic a l c h a ra c te ristic s
to w h e a t.

(1 5 )

c lim a tic c o n d itio n s w ith c ro p s , and in

th e ir p u b lic a tio n

a b le

fro m y e a r t o y e a r , b e ­

th e y c o n c lu d e d t h a t c o m p a ra tiv e d ry n e s s

fr o m s e e d i n g tim e i n N ovem ber t o h a r v e s t ,

—4:0 —

e sp e c ia lly
av erag es

In th e w in te r and e a r ly

sp rin g ,

T h e ir ta b le

of

show ed no e x c e p t i o n a l d r y n e s s o f O c to b e r f o r t h e

f a v o u r a b le y e a r s , o r e x c e p tio n a l w e tn e ss in th e u n fa v o u r­
a b le y ears*
ra in p a rtly
to h in d e rin g

T hey a s c r i b e d th e a f f e c t o f w in te r and s p r in g
to

d ra in a g e

c a u sin g lo s s o f n i t r a t e s ,

and p a r t l y

r o o t d e v e lo p m e n t.

Shaw ( 3 2 )

p o in te d o u t a s lo n g ago a s 1 9 0 5 , t h a t ,

i n t h e t w e n t y y e a r s b e t w e e n 1 8 8 5 a n d 1 9 0 5 , w i t h b u t tw o
e x c e p t i o n s , w hen t h e y i e l d o f w h e a t f o r E a s t e r n E n g la n d
w as a b o v e t h e a v e r a g e ,

t h e p r e v i o u s a u tu m n r a i n f a l l w as

b e lo w t h e a v e r a g e a n d v ic e v e rs a *
H o o k e r (91

found h ig h n e g a tiv e

c o rre la tio n s be­

tw e en th e w h eat y i e l d and th e r a i n f a l l f o r th e p e r io d s
c e n te re d
lim its

i n O c t o b e r a n d J a n u a r y , w h i l e b e t w e e n t h e s e tw o

sm a ll p o s itiv e

c o rre la tio n s

o ccu rred .

He a l s o

f o u n d t h a t May r a i n f a l l w a s c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y w i t h y i e l d ,
b e in g h ig h e r th a n th e

c o rre la tio n

in th e f a l l and w in te r*

F ro m h i s w o r k h e c o n c l u d e d t h a t a d r y S e p t e m b e r - O o t o b e r
ran k ed f i r s t

am ong t h e w h e a t ’ s r e q u i r e m e n t s u n d e r t h e

con­

d i t i o n s w i t h w h ic h h e w as w o rk in g i n E n g la n d *
F ish e r

(6)

found t h a t ,

in g e n e ra l,

ra in s

are a s s o ­

c i a t e d w i t h l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s i n s u m m e r, i n w i n t e r w i t h
h ig h e r te m p e ra tu re s and g e n e r a lly w ith d im in ish e d s u n s h in e .

U nder th e

c o n d i t i o n s a t R o th a m ste d he fo u n d t h a t th e

a v e ra g e a f f e c t o f a d d i t i o n a l r a i n f a l l above
is

h a rm fu ll

to th e y ie ld

th e n o rm al

o f w h e a t, w ith th e e x c e p tio n

o f O c t o b e r , w h ic h g av e a p o s i t i v e b e n e f i c i a l a f f e c t f o r
ra in *

He a l s o

f o u n d t h a t e a c h a d d i t i o n a l inch j* o f w i n t e r

r a i n a b o v e th e n o rm a l c o s t fro m one t o
c r o p 1s y i e l d *
p la ts

tw o b u s h e l s i n t h e

T h i s e f f e c t w as f o u n d t o b e m u ch g r e a t e r o n

h e a v i ly s u p p lie d w ith m an u re, i n d i c a t i n g

th a t th e

dam age done

by w i n t e r r a i n s was p r i n c i p a l l y

o c c a s io n e d by

th e w a sh in g

o u t o f n i t r a t e s fro m t h e

He t h o u g h t

th a t a reco rd o f r a in f a ll,
w h ic h i t

in s p ite

so il.

o f t h e m an y p o i n t s

d i d n o t e x p r e s s , w as o f m o re v a l u e

th a n th e r e ­

c o rd o f any o th e r s in g le e le m e n t, in c h a r a c te r is in g

th e

s e a s o n from an e n v iro n m e n ta l s ta n d p o in t in r e l a t i o n

to

w h e a t.
Sw anson (2 6 )
w o rk i n K a n sa s t h a t

drew t h e c o n c lu s d n n b a s e d u p o n h i s
"C ool w e a th e r d u rin g th e

fru itin g

p e r i o d a n d a n am p le s u p p l y o f m o i s t u r e u s u a l l y m eans a
s o f t y e llo w b e rry o r s ta r c h y w h e a t."
w e a t h e r w as l e s s
a b le n itr o g e n ,

s tim u la tin g to

th e p ro d u c tio n o f a v a i l ­

a n d a n a m p le m o i s t u r e

c o n c e n tra tio n o f n i t r a t e s .

He f o u n d t h a t c o o l

T h is ,

s u p p l y m e a n t a lo w

th e v a ry in g o f th e

season

w o u ld v a r y t h e p r o t e i n w i t h i n a g i v e n l o c a l i t y .
M a n g els

( 1 7 ) m ade a v e r y c o m p l e t e s u r v e y o f t h e

p ro te in

c o n te n t o f N o rth D a k o ta w h e a ts a s a f f e c t e d by c l i ­

m a tic and o th e r f a c t o r s .
in

th e p r o te in

ia tio n

in

He f o u n d t h a t t h e v a r i a t i o n s

c o n te n t c o u ld n o t be e x p la in e d by th e v a r ­

ra in fa ll,

b u t th e h ig h e r p e rc e n ta g e s o f p r o te in

w ere p ro d u c e d i n y e a r s w ith th e h i g h e s t te m p e r a tu r e s
June and J u ly .

in

The r a i n f a l l v a r i a t i o n s w ere so s m a ll t h a t

th e y c o u ld n o t e x p la in th e v a r i a ti o n s

in p ro te in c o n te n t,

so he c o n c lu d e d t h a t te m p e ra tu re v a r i a t i o n s
J u ly m ust be th e e x p la n a tio n .

in June and

H ig h t e m p e r a t u r e s i n Ju n e

an d J u l y c a u se d h ig h p r o t e i n and su b n o rm al te m p e ra tu re s
d u r i n g t h e s e m o n th s c a u s e d a lo w p r o t e i n .
te m p e ra tu re s

in c re a se d

a n d th tfs a id e d i n th e
T ip p e tt

(2 9 1

had a stro n g p o s itiv e

th e l e n g t h o f th e g ro w in g s e a s o n
c a rb o h y d ra te fo rm a tio n .

l a E n g la n d c o n c lu d e d t h a t s u n s h in e
a f f e c t in th e

f a l l and w in te r#

(o/9g g e s t e d t h e w i n t e r s u n s h i n e a f f e o t s
p e r a tu r e s and t h i s
th e p la n ts .
had l e s s

The s u b n o rm a l

in tu rn a ffe c ts

S o il te m p e ra tu re

th e

th e

g e n e r a l s o i l te m ­

r o o t d e v e lo p m e n t o f

flu c tu a tio n s

in th e

a f f e c t b ecau se th e av erag e te m p e ra tu re

was r a i s e d .
in th e a id in g

The b e n e f i c i a l in f lu e n c e
o f th e

He

sp rin g

o f th e e a r t h

o f sum m er s e e m e d t o b e

r ip e n in g o f th e g r a i n .

He c o n c l u d e d

t h a t O c t o b e r a n d N ovem ber w e re t h e m o st i m p o r t a n t f a l l m o n th s
so f a r a s s u n s h in e i n f l u e n c i n g w h e at y i e l d s w ere c o n c e r n e d .
He f o u n d t h a t f o r e a c h h o u r o f a d d i t i o n a l f a l l
bove th e n orm al th e y i e l d

su n s h in e a -

o f w h e a t wh e a t w as i n c r e a s e d 0 .0 1

-4 3 -

b u sh e ls .
M a n g els
e ra tu re s

(1 7 )

e x p re sse d th e

o p in io n t h a t h ig h te m p ­

i n N o rth D a k o ta i n c r e a s e d th e p r o t e i n c o n te n t o f

w heat b u t d e c re a se d th e

t e s t w e ig h t*

He f o u n d t h a t t h e

m o s t c r i t i c a l c l i m a t i c p e r i o d w as t h e
h a rv e st o r Ju st b efo re

th e g r a in rea ch e d m a tu rity #

H a l l s t e d an d C o le s

(7 ) w o rk in g i n K a n sa s w i t h t h e

w in te r w h e a ts o f t h a t s e c t i o n ,
b e tw e e n th e m o is tu r e
y ie ld

tw o w e e k s J u s t b e f o r e

in th e

found a p o s i t i v e

c o rre la tio n

s o i l a t s e e d in g tim e an d th e

o f w h e a t t h e n e x t su m m er a t h a r v e s t t i m e #

re s u lts

Erom t h e

s e c u r e d a t H ay s t h e y c o n c l u d e d t h a t a 20 p e r c e n t

m o is tu re

c o n te n t in th e upper th re e

tim e p r a c t i o a l l y p r e c lu d e d a f a i l u r e
t h e i r o p in io n t h a t th e m o is tu re
s e e d i n g t i m e m ay b e o f v a l u e
p o ss ib le

feet of so il at
o f th e

c ro p #

se e d in g
I t was

c o n te n t o f th e s o i l a t

in fo re c a s tin g

th e y i e l d s o r

cro p f a ilu r e s *

M e th o d s E m p lo y ed an d P r o c e d u r e
To o b t a i n d a t a f o r t h i s

t y p e o f s t u d y u s e w as

m ade o f t h e

c o lle g e

w h ic h y i e l d

d a t a c o u l d b e h a d o v e r a 21 y e a r p e r i o d a n d

p ro te in

e x p e rim e n t s t a t i o n

d a t a o v e r a 12 y e a r p e r i o d #

ta in e d

f o r th e

S ta te s

W e a th e r B u re a u l o c a t e d

se rie s p la ts

fro m

l e a t h e r d a t a w ere o b ­

sam e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p e r i o d s f r o m t h e U n i t e d
i n E a s t L a n s i n g a b o u t tw o t o

-4 4 -

f o u r m ile s fro m th e v a r io u s s e r i e s

p la ts#

A l l c o r r e l a t i o n s w e re c a l c u l a t e d by t h e m a c h in e
m eth o d o f c a l c u l a t i o n
(34)
use

o f Iow a S t a t e

a d v o c a te d by W a lla c e an d S n e d e c o r

O o lleg e #

A d j u s t m e n t s w e r e m ade f o r t h e

s m a ll num ber o f v a r i a t e s by th e

v a n c e d by E z e k i e l ( 1 8 ) •

In th e

use o f th e

fo rm u la a d ­

c o r r e l a t io n s on y ie ld

b o t h Red R ock fro m t h e s e r i e s p l a t s

and th e

s ta te

of

y ie ld

of

a l l w h e a t , t h e n u m b e r o f v a r i a t e s w a s o v e r 20#
C o r r e l a t i o n s w ere c a l c u l a t e d b e tw e e n p r o t e i n

o o n te n t

a n d A p r i l , M ay, a n d J u n e r a i n f a l l i n d i v i d u a l l y ; A p r i l a n d
May t o t a l e d
to ta le d

to g e th e r;

to g e th e r;

u a lly and to ta le d

J u l y , and A ugust i n d i v i d u a l l y and

S e p t e m b e r , O c t o b e r , a n d N ovem ber i n d i v i d ­
to g e th e r#

S in g le

c o r r e l a t i o n s w ere a l s o

ru n b e tw e e n p e r c e n t p r o t e i n and th e p e r c e n t p o s s i b l e
sh in e

sun­

f o r e a c h o f t h e m o n t h s i n d i c a t e d a b o v e a n d e a c h com ­

b i n a t i o n o f m o n th s#

C o r r e l a t i o n s w ere r u n b e tw e e n t h e p r o ­

t e a n c o n t e n t o f Red R ock a n d t h e m ean m o n th ly t e m p e r a t u r e s
o f th e

sam e s i n g l e

a n d c o m b i n a t i o n s o f m o n th s a s u s e d i n t h e

r a i n f a l l and su n s h in e

c o m p a riso n s#

M u ltip le

c o rre la tio n s

w ere t h e n c a l c u l a t e d b e tw e e n th e r a i n f a l l a n d s u n s h in e o f
sp rin g ,

J u l y , and f a l l w ith th e p r o t e i n c o n te n t o f a ed R ock,

To d e t e r m i n e

t h e d i f f e r e n c e m ade b y t h e

m ean m o n th ly t e m p e r a t u r e s , m u l t i p l e
r u n b e tw e e n th e

ra in fa ll,

in c lu s io n o f th e

c o r r e l a t i o n s w ere a l s o

s u n s h i n e , a n d m ean m o n th ly t e m p e r ­

-4 6

a tu re s ,

f o r s p r in g , J u ly , and f a l l ,

t e n t o f B e d B o ok*
p ro te in

T h e sam e m o n t h s a n d v a r i a t e s u s e d i n

c a lc u la tio n s w ith th e e x c e p tio n t h a t

w ere u s e d i n s t e a d o f th e
In th e

th e

sta te

y ie ld ,

th e

c o u n tie s o f th e so u th e rn h a l f o f

lo w e r p e n in s u la s o u th o f a g e n e r a l l i n e

fr o m Bay C i t y ,

SI y ears

12 f o r p r o t e i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n s #

c a l c u l a t i o n s m ade o n t h e

y i e l d was t a k e n f o r a l l

e x te n d in g w est

-a b o u t 90 p e r c e n t o f t h e w i n t e r w h e a t p r o ­

duced in th e s t a te

is

w ere o b t a i n e d fro m th e

grow n i s

th is

a re a*

The y i e l d

a n n u a l su m m ary o f t h e

f o r M ic h ig a n f o r th e y e a r s on w h ic h th e
based*

con­

c o n t e n t d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f B ed B o o h w e r e a l s o u s e d

in th e y ie ld

th e

and th e p r o t e i n

The p e r c e n t p o s s i b l e

su n s h in e

fig u re s

C rops R e p o rt

c a l c u l a t i o n s w ere
c o v e rin g t h i s

w as o b t a i n e d fro m th e w e a th e r b u r e a u s t a t i o n s

area

lo c a te d a t

G r a n d R a p i d s , G r a n d H a v e n , L a n s i n g , D e t r o i t , a n d P o r t H u ro n #
T h e r a i n f a l l d a t a wiiSeF' t a k e n f r o m t h e

c lim a to lo g ic a l d a ta

s h e e t i s s u e d m o n th ly by th e w e a th e r b u re a u s t a t i o n l o c a t e d
a t B a s t L a n s in g , w h ic h g i v e s th e a v e r a g e s

in r a i n f a l l fo r

th e c o u n tie s

T h is m e th o d o f

o b ta in in g

th e

used in th e se
d a ta f o r th e

c o rre la tio n s *

c a lc u la tio n o f th e

was a t b e s t r a t h e r u n r e l i a b l e
ta in

th e

su n s h in e p e ro e n ta g e

beoause

c o rre la tio n s

i t was p o s s i b l e

fro m o n ly f i v e

lo c a tio n s,

to

ob­

but

46©

it

was t h o u g h t t h a t t h e

upon w h ic h i t

re s u lts

w o u ld g i v e

w o u ld be a d v i s a b l e

to

some i n d i c a t i o n s a n d l e a d s

do f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h #

R e s u lts and D isc u ss io n
T he r e s u l t s

o f th e

c o rre la tio n s are

g iv e n in th e

fo llo w in g

ta b le s•
T a b l e 1 0 - S h o w in g t h e s i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s
u s e d i n t h e m u l t i p l e o n y i e l d o f R ed R o c k o n t h e E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n
se rie s p la ts .
191 3 -1 9 3 3
S p r i n g ’• 'S p r i n g S p r i n g J u l y
R a in
Sun^f
T e$p.
R a in
Y ie ld
P a ll
Temp*

Ju ly
Temp#

P a ll* * P a ll
R a in
Sun

.5 4 2 5

-.5 6 8 8

#0467 - .3 3 6 4

.2 5 8 1

.0 4 8 5

.0 1 4 7

•0«5 3 - .0 6 2 1

.0 0 4 7 -* 0 0 1 7 - .4 1 7 0

P a l l Sun - *4134
P a l l R a in

Ju ly
Sun

#1066 - . 0 2 6 5

• 5332 -.1 2 5 0

-.0 9 8 0

#0377

.2 2 2 2 - .2 6 1 3
.1 0 7 4

.2 2 4 4 -* 2 9 3 7 - .1 1 6 0 - .5 1 6 0
-.0 5 3 8

* 1811
.2 0 3 0

.1 0 5 8

J u l y Temp . 0 8 5 8

.0 0 8 2

.0 1 3 8 - .1 1 6 6

.2022

.2 8 8 6

.1 2 8 9 - . 6 9 9 9

(R * • 8 0 1 ' . 0 5 }

*0172

(R * . 5 7 1 . 1 0 )

J u ly Sun

J u l y R a in - .0 1 4 7 - .1 3 0 9
S p rin g
*0117 - .3 1 4 1
Temp •
S p rin g
Sun
-#3890

** P a l l w as t a k e n a s t h e m o n th s o f O c to b e r an d H ovem ber
*

S p r i n g w a s t a k e n a s t h e m o n t h s o f A p r i l a n d May

P a ll
Temp#
-.0 1 9 3

-

T a b le 10 g i v e s
th e v a rio u s

th e

47-

c o r r e l a t i o n s o b t a i n e d b e tw e e n

f a c t o r s o f w e a th e r and th e y i e l d

w h e a t a s ta k e n fro m th e s e r i e s p l a t s
s ta tio n

a t E a s t L a n s in g ,

te m p e ra tu re
th e

on th e e x p e rim e n t

T he c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e m ean

o f t h e m o n th s u s e d a n d t h e y i e l d

i n t e r a c t i o n o f te m p e ra tu re w ith th e

to p la y an im p o rta n t p a r t .
b a s e d upon SI y e a r s ,
th is

p e rio d

is

sm a ll, b u t

o th e r fa c to rs

and th e v a r i a t i o n s

seem s

in y ie ld s d u rin g

v ery g r e a t.

su n s h in e h a s ab o u t th e

T h is i n d ic a t e s

is

T hese d a ta and c o r r e l a t i o n s a re

S p rin g r a i n f a l l h as a p o s itiv e
s p rin g

o f Bed Hook

a f f e c t on y i e l d w h ile

sam e a m o u n t o f n e g a t i v e a f f e c t .

t h a t t h e m ore s u n s h i n e

in th e

s p rin g th e l e s s

r a i n f a l l th e r e w i l l be and th e

r a i n f a l l i s m o re i m p o r t a n t i n

se c u rin g a la rg e y ie ld

th e s u n s h in e ,

h a s a n e g a tiv e

th e

f a l l have th e

a ffe c t.

B o th r a i n f a l l a n d s u n s h in e

sam e i n f l u e n c e

on y i e l d , b u t o f l e s s e r

m a g n itu d e , th a n th e y have in th e s p r in g .
t h a t ab u n d an t m o is tu re
are

im p o rta n t to

v e g e ta tiv e

Ju ly r a i n f a l l

a f f e c t on y i e l d , w h ile J u l y s u n s h in e h a s a -

b out an e q u al p o s itiv e
in

th a n i s

T h is i n d ic a t e s

and s u f f i c i e n t su n sh in e

in th e

fa ll

o b t a i n a w e ll d e v e lo p e d r o o t sy s te m and

g ro w th b e fo r e

f r e e z in g w e a th e r,

J u ly s u n s h in e

and r a i n f a l l have an o p p o site a f f e c t to t h a t o f e i t h e r
sp rin g o r f a l l ,

w h ic h m ig h t be e x p la in e d b y th e

d r y sum m er w o u l d n o t a l l o w
b ed and th e p l a n t s ,

fac t th a t a

th e p r e p a r a tio n o f a good se e d

t h e r e f o r e , w o u ld n o t g e t s u c h a good

-4 8

sta rt

in

th e

e a rly egg in g .

T a b le 11 show s t h e a c t u a l y i e l d s
co m pared w i t h t h e
c e n t p o ss ib le

lie

e s tim a te d b a se d upon th e

1933 i n c l u s i v e .

o u tsid e

of e stim a te .

th e

c lo s e

to

lim its

Two y e a r ’ s e s t i m a t e d

s e t up b y t h e

d a t a weS* l o s t

a t h a r v e s t tim e o f

The m a j o r i t y o f t h e e s t i m a t e d v a l u e s a r e

th e

th e y ie ld s

fro m one y e a r t o a n o t h e r .

g re a te r flu c tu a tio n
th a n

is

q u ite

a c tu a l y ie ld s ,

G r a p h XX b r i n g s o u t m o re f o r c e f u l l y
in

sta n d a rd e r r o r

T he c r o p o f 1 9 1 7 w a s n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e

c o r r e l a t i o n b e ca u se th e
th a t y ear.

ra in fa ll, per

s u n s h i n e , a n d m ea n m o n t h l y t e m p e r a t u r e s o f

th e y e a r s 1913 t o
y ie ld s

o f B e d Bools: a s

th e v a r i a t i o n s

T h ere

is

a m uch

i n t h e y i e l d fro m one s e a s o n t o a n o t h e r

fo u n d in th e p r o t e i n c o n se n t o f th e w heat

(T ab le

2 1 ).

T h is f a c t m ig h t be a c c o u n te d f o r by e x c e s s i v e l y h a rd w i n t e r s
t h a t 3 c ill o f f a p a r t o f th e s ta n d and th u s m a t e r i a l l y
down t h e

y ie ld

t h e f o l l o w i n g su m m e r.

out

-4 9 -

T a b l e 1 1 - S h o w in g a c t u a l a n d e s t i m a t e d y i e l d s

in th e

s e r i e s p l a t s b a se d upon th e r a i n f a l l , p e r c e n t p o s s ib le
s u n s h i n e , a n d m ean m o n th ly t e m p e r a t u r e s f o r t h e
m o n th s* , J u l y ,

and th e

sp rin g

f a l l m o n th s* * .

Y ear

A c tu a l y ie ld
in b u sh e ls
p e r acre

E stim a te d y i e l d
in b u sh e ls
p er acre

D iffe re n c e
in b u sh e ls
p e r acre

1913
1914
1915
1916

2 4 .4
4 3 .1
4 0 .6
2 3 .7

2 0 .3 4
3 9 .5 0
3 4 .9 4
2 8 .3 9

- 4 .0 6
• 3 .6 0
- 5 .6 6
4 .6 9

1918
1919
1920
1921
19 22
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933

3 4 .0
5 1 .1
1 0 .1
2 3 .8
2 2 .5
2 3 .5
3 4 .0
7 .3
1 9 .4
4 4 .8
2 7 .4
3 9 .8
4 9 .5
4 0 .4
3 7 .6
3 7 .3

3 2 .8 1
4 7 .5 0
3 3 .8 3
2 6 .2 7
2 8 .0 6
1 5 .7 6
3 1 .0 5
8 . 78
1 8 .0 0
3 9 .5 3
3 2 .3 4
3 8 .7 1
3 6 .2 6
3 6 .7 1
4 2 .0 0
43 . 53

- 1 .1 9
•***■ 3 . 60
2 3 .7 3
2 .4 7
5 .5 6
- 7 .7 4
- 2 .9 5
1 .4 8
- 1 .4 0
• 5 .2 7
4 .9 4
- 1 .0 9
-1 3 .2 4
- 3 .6 9
4 .4 0
6 .2 3

S ta n d a rd E r r o r o f E s tim a te e q u a ls 10#35
*

S p r i n g m o n t h s i n c l u d e s May a n d A p r i l

** P a l l m o n th s i n c l u d e s O c to b e r an d N ovem ber

-

50-

N? M

/7 T <2 / ^ c /

51

T a b le IE - S i n g l e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n th e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s
u s e d i n th e m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n th e r a i n f a l l , an d
p e r c e n t p o s s ib le su n s h in e f o r S p rin g * , J u ly , and F a ll* * ,
a n d t h e S t a t e y i e l d o f w h e a t from 1912 to 1933 i n c l u s i v e #
S p rin g * S p rin g J u ly
B a in
Sun
B a in
Y ie ld

-.3 5 6 4

-.0 5 6 0

F a l l Sun

-.3 3 2 4

-.0 9 5 3

F a l l R a in

.5 8 8 3 - .1 3 9 1

J u l y Sun

• 0539

J u l y B a in

.1 5 2 8

F a ll* * F a ll
B a in
Sun

Ju ly
Sun

-.3 3 1 8

.1 9 7 6 - . 3 1 2 3

.0 4 8 8

.1 3 7 5 - . 0 5 8 4 - . 5 8 3 6
-- . 0 5 6 8

.2 7 3 2

-.1 5 7 2 -.7 5 8 1

(B -

. 5 8 — .1 0 }

(H = *28 ^ . 1 4 )

.0 7 5 2

S p r in g Sun - .5 8 3 5
*

S p r i n g i n c l u d e s t h e m o n t h s o f A p r i l a n d May

**

F a l l i n c l u d e s t h e m o n th s o f O c to b e r a n d N ovem ber
T a b le 12 g i v e s th e

th e ir

re la tio n

in c lu d e d
tio n

to

in th e s e

th e

c l i m a t i c f a c t o r s c o n s id e r e d and

sta te

y ie ld .

c o r r e l a t i o n s b e c a u s e no r e l i a b l e

c o u ld be o b ta in e d , and a s th e v a r i a t i o n

fro m one p a r t o f th e
little

v a lu e

sta te

o v er th e

c o u ld be p l a c e d upon i t .

in te m p e ra tu re

P er cen t p o ss ib le

d iffe re n t lo c a tio n s s c a tte re d

s o u th e rn h a lf o f th e

p o s itio n s

in fo rm a ­

t o a n o t h e r was so g r e a t v e r y

s u n s h in e w as t a k e n fro m f i v e

fiv e

T e m p e ra tu r e was n o t

s ta te .

I t was t h o u g h t t h a t

f r o m w h i c h s u n s h i n e d a t a c o u l d b e h a d w as

n o t enough to g iv e a c c u ra te

i n f o r m a t i o n , b u t i t w as t h e b e s t

-5 3

th a t

o o u ld b e o b t a i n e d a n d t h e k n o w le d g e g a i n e d m ig h t

p o i n t o u t new p o s s i b i l i t i e s .
seem t o b e so i m p o r t a n t i n
y ie ld

S p rin g su n sh in e

its

r e a c tio n w ith th e

a s was fo u n d i n t h e s t a t i o n

r a i n on th e

se rie s p la ts .

f o l l o w i n g y e a r seem s t o p l a y a s

p a r t a s does e i t h e r th e
show s a h i g h n e g a t i v e

s p rin g o r th e

s ta te
Ju ly

im p o rta n t a

fa ll.

2 * a ll r a i n

o o r r e l a t i o n w i t h s p r i n g r a i n w h en

c o n s i d e r e d fro m a s t a t e
f o r any p e rio d

does n o t

av erag e.

S u n sh in e and r a i n f a l l

seem t o be h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d .

T a b le 13 g i v e s t h e a a t u a l y i e l d s a s com pared w i t h
th e

s ta te

sh in e

e s tim a te d y ie ld s b ased upon th e

f o r th e s p r in g ,

J u l y and f a l l m o n th s .

p e r i o d o n w h ic h i n f o r m a t i o n was a v a i l a b l e
o n ly f iv e

y ears la id

e rr o r o f e stim a te .
p o s s ib ilitie s

o u tsid e

e stim a te d y ie ld

th e

lim its

23 y e a r

fo r c o rre la tio n s ,

s e t by th e
q u ite

sta n d a rd

c le a rly

th e

w e a th e r in fo rm a tio n .
th e

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n th e

a s com pared w ith th e a c t u a l *

v a ria tio n s

d iffic u lty

in d ic a te s

Of t h e

t h a t m ig h t be h a d i n th e p r e d i c t i o n o f y i e l d

G raph I I I p i c t u r e s

th e

th e l im i ts

T h is f a c t

o f w heat b a s e d on a v a i la b l e

sid e ra b le

r a i n f a l l and su n ­

con­

i n t h e a c t u a l y i e l d s w h ic h i n d i c a t e s

in e stim a tin g

o f th e

T here i s

th e p ro b a b le y ie ld s w ith in

sta n d a rd e rr o r o f e s tim a te .

-5 3 -

Y a b le 13 - A c t u / a l s t a t e
y ie ld

b a se d upon th e

y ie ld

o f w heat and e s tim a te d

r a i n f a l l f p er cen t p o ss ib le

sun­

s h i n e , a n d m ean m o n th ly t e m p e r a t u r e s f o r t h e s p r i n g
m o n th s* * J u l y * a n d t h e f a l l m o n th s * * f o r t h e y e a r s
1912 to

Y ear

1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933

1933 in c lu s iv e *

A c tu a l y ie ld
in b u sh e ls
p e r acre
1 0 .0 0
1 5 .3 0
1 9 .7 0
2 1 .3 0
1 6 .6 0
1 8 .0 0
1 4 .0 0
2 0 .3 0
1 5 .6 0
1 6 .0 0
1 4 .0 0
1 7 .0 0
2 4 .0 0
1 7 .0 0
1 8 .3 0
2 1 .5 0
1 6 .0 0
1 8 .6 0
2 3 .5 0
2 6 .0 0
2 4 .0 0
1 6 .5 0

E stim a te d y ie ld
in b u sh e ls
p er acre
1 5 .4 6
1 2 .7 2
1 6 .2 0
2 3 .5 5
1 8 .1 5
2 1 .5 0
1 9 .6 0
1 7 .4 6
2 1 .6 7
1 7 .2 5
1 6 .0 7
1 5 .9 6
2 0 .5 1
1 9 .1 8
1 8 .1 0
2 0 .1 4
1 7 .3 8
1 1 .6 1
2 0 .5 2
2 1 .7 6
2 0 .4 7
1 7 .9 3

D iffe re n c e in
b u sh e ls p e r
acre
5 .4 6
- 2 .5 8
- 3 .5 0
2 .2 5
1 .5 5
3 .5 0
5 .6 0
- 2 .6 4
6 .0 7
1 .2 5
2 .0 7
- 1 .0 4
- 3 .4 9
2 .1 8
- 0 .2 0
- 1 .3 6
1 .3 8
- 6 .9 9
- 2 .9 8
- 4 .2 4
- 3 .5 3
1 .4 3

S ta n d a rd E r r o f o f E s tim a te e q u a ls 4 .1 8 b u s h e ls
* S p r i n g m o n t h s i n c l u d e s A p r i l a n d May
**
P a l l m o n th s i n c l u d e s O c to b e r a n d N ovem ber

*54-

6

\

/ /

/

/

/

y

i

/

/

/

*

55

The am ount o f r a i n f a l l i n g
o f A p r i l a n d May h a v e a n e g a t i v e
te in

d u rin g th e

c o r r e l a t i o n w ith th e p r o ­

o o n t e n t o f t h a t y e a r ’ s w h eat cro p *

su n s h in e f o r t h i s
la tio n *

sam e p e r i o d

co rre­

T h e r a i n f a l l a n d s u n s h i n e d u r i n g t h e m o n th o f J u l y

t h a t show n b y t h e

m o n th s .
in

The p e r c e n t a g e o f

in d ic a te s a p o s itiv e

seem t o h a v e a n o p p o s i t e a f f e c t on t h e
cro p to

s p r i n g m o n th s

fo llo w in g y e a r ’s

s p r i n g m o n th s a n d a l s o

th e f a l l

T he r a i n f a l l a n d s u n s h i n e o f t h e f a l l m o n th s a g r e e

t h e i r a f f e c t upon th e p r o te in w ith th e fo llo w in g

m o n th s a l t h o u g h t h e

c o rre la tio n s

a re n o t so s t r o n g .

r a i n f a l l and su n s h in e a re c o r r e l a t e d
th a t

o f th e

F a ll

r a th e r c lo s e ly w ith

fo llo w in g s p rin g .

T h ese d a t a seem t o
p e rc e n ta g e o f su n s h in e
o f r a i n f a l l th e
c e n ta g e

sp rin g

in d ic a te

t h a t th e g r e a te r th e

i n th e f a l l th e lo w e r th e p e rc e n ta g e

fo llo w in g s p r in g , b u t th e h ig h e r th e p e r ­

o f sun in th e

f a l l th e h ig h e r th e p e rc e n ta g e

fo llo w in g

sp rin g .

A w e t f a l l seem s t o

fo llo w in g

sp rin g w ill a ls o

in d ic a te

t h a t th e

sh o w a h i g h a m o u n t o f r a i n f a l l .

The s u n s h i n e a n d r a i n f a l l a r e c o r r e l a t e d
an y one s e a s o n o f th e y e a r .

th e

in d ic a te

th a t

t h e m ore s u n s h i n e d u r i n g a n y one p e r i o d o f t h e y e a r t h e

le ss

ra in fa ll

th e re w ill b e.

They a l s o

s tr o n g ly d u rin g

te n d to

-5 6 -

T a b le 14 - S im p le c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n t h e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s
u sed in th e m u ltip le c o r r e l a tio n f o r th e p r o te in c o n te n t
o f Red R ook o f t h e s e r i e s p l a t s fro m 1922 t o 1933 i n c l u s i v e .
S p rin g * S p rin g
R a in
Sun

Ju ly
R a in

Ju ly
Sun

P ro te in

-.6 9 8 0

.5 0 5 5

.1 9 8 7 - . 5 8 0 4

F a l l Sun

-.5 2 5 3

.5 9 2 1

.0 1 0 0

F a l l R a in

.6 2 3 5 - . 4 5 4 2 - .0 4 5 6

J u l y Sun

.5 1 2 7 - .3 9 3 4 - .6 1 4 8

J u ly R a in

-.1 0 5 8

F a ll* * F a ll
R a in
Sun
-.5 4 6 4

.4 1 7 1

.0 5 6 8 - .6 6 9 0
-.0 3 5 3
.9 0 ± . 0 3 )

(R -

(5 = . 7 6 £ . 0 9 )

-.0 1 1 7

S p r i n g Sun - .6 1 2 1
*

S p r i n g i n c l u d e s t h e m o n t h s o f A p r i l a n d May

** F a l l i n c l u d e s t h e m o n th s o f O c to b e r a n d N ovem ber
T a b le 14 g iv e s th e

s im p le c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n r a i n ­

f a l l a n d s u n s h i n e a n d p r o t e i n o o n t e n t o f R ed R o c k .
r a i n f a l l has th e h ig h e s t n e g a tiv e
u se d , and s p rin g
la tio n

c o rre la tio n

o f any f a c to r s

su n sh in e h a s th e h ig h e s t p o s i t i v e

w ith th e p r o te in c o n te n t.

S p rin g

J u ly su n s h in e

co rre­

seem s t o

have a n e g a tiv e a f f e c t upon th e p r o t e i n

c o n te n t o f th e w heat

th e

c o rre la te d n e g a tiv e ­

fo llo w in g

l y w ith th e
w ith th e

sp rin g .

ra in

s u n s h in e

F a l l su n sh in e i s

co m in g t h e f o l l o w i n g
th e

s p rin g , and p o s i t iv e l y

fo llo w in g s p r in g .

S u n sh in e and r a i n f a l l

57-

o f th e

sam e s e a s o n a r e

show s a p o s i t i v e
a tiv e

c o r r e la te d n e g a tiv e ly *

c o r r e l a t i o n w ith s p rin g

c o r r e l a t io n w ith s p rin g

n e g a tiv e

sun.

ra in ,

Ju ly ra in

J u ly sun
and a n e g ­
show s a lo w

c o r r e l a t i o n w ith t h a t o f th e p ro c e e d in g s p r in g .
T a b l e 15 g i v e s t h e a o t u r a l p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s o f

R ed R ook a s com pared w ith th e e s t i m a t e d p e r c e n t a g e s .
e stim a te d p r o te in

c o n te n ts a r e b a se d o n ly upon th e a f f e c t

o f su n s h in e and r a i n f a l l ,
v a lu e t h a t l i e s
o f e s tim a te .

The

o u tsid e

In th e

an d show s o n l y one e s t i m a t e d

th e l im i ts

o f th e

sta n d a rd e r r o r

f a l l o f 1925 th e p e r c e n t p o s s i b l e

s u n s h in e was h i g h e r t h a n a n y o t h e r s e a s o n and th e

ra in fa ll

w as r a t h e r lo w , w h ic h m ig h t a c c o u n t f o r th e p e r c e n t o f
p ro te in

in

th e g r a in th e f o llw in g y e a r .

G raph 17 p i c t u r e s
te in

th e

tr e n d o f th e e s tim a te d p ro ­

c o n t e n t a s co m p ared w ith th e a c t u a l am o u n t.
T a b le 16 g i v e s th e

fa c to rs,

i n c l u d i n g t h e m ean m o n th ly t e m p e r a t u r e s , a f f e c t i n g

th e p r o te in
tu re s,

c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n th e c l i m a t i c

c o n t e n t o f R ed R o c k .

S p rin g and f a l l te m p e ra ­

a s w e ll a s J u ly te m p e ra tu re s , have a n e g a tiv e a f f e c t

upon th e p r o t e i n
s tro n g n e g a tiv e
p ro te in
p o sitiv e

o o n te n t.

o o n te n t.

J u l y t e m p e r a t u r e s sh o w a v e r y

c o r r e l a t i o n w ith th e fo llo w in g y e a r f s
S p r i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s sh o w a r a t h e r s t r o n g

c o r r e l a t io n w ith Ju ly te m p e ra tu re s .

58-

T a b le 15 - A c tu a l and e s tim a te d p e r o e n t p r o t e i n
o f Red R ook w h e a t b a s e d upon t h e r a i n f a l l an d
s u n s h i n e o f s p r i n g ^ J u l y , an d f 8 1 1 * * 1 9 2 8 - '3 3 .
Y ear

A c tu a l
p e rc e n ta g e

1922

1 0 .7 0

8 .8 4

1923

1 5 .2 7

1 4 .9 2

1924

12*42

1 4 .8 2

2 .4 0

1925

1 7 .7 0

1 6 .4 2

- 1 .2 8

1926

1 3 .9 0

1 4 .4 8

• 58

1927

1 2 .9 0

1 4 .6 8

1 .7 8

1928

1 3 .3 0

1 2 .9 8

-

1929

1 1 .5 0

1 0 .3 9

- 1 .1 1

1930

1 1 .2 0

1 1 .4 7

.2 7

1931

1 4 .8 0

1 5 .1 8

.3 8

1932

9 .5 0

1 1 .1 6

1 .6 6

1933

1 4 .4 8

1 2 .3 3

- 2 .1 5

E stim a te d
p e rc e n ta g e

S ta n d a rd E r r o f o f E stim a te e q u a ls
*

S p rin g in c lu d e s

D iffe re n c e
in p e rc e n ta g e
- 1 .8 6
-

.3 5

.3 2

2*16 p e r o e n t

t h e m o n t h s o f A p r i l a n d May

** P a l l i n c l u d e s t h e m o n t h s o f O c t o b e r a n d N o v e m b e r

-5 9 -

G /- < x ^ > // J j /

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o r / f e e / /Fa c /

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/ / c

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e s ’/ / / ^ r a /<?</

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e T ' e < ? /?

~//// '/7r <z/

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G

c/

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t^

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f s 2 7 2 7 /f * 3& 3 / 32. '33

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*

1

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1

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d

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Qj
-p
o
p-J

•
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B
0
EH

jzl
9
CO

H
H
0

H
0
Ph

d
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0
m
i—i
H
0

•
a&

jd
Eh

J>s

d
d

d
3
to

d

•H

If

EH
tiO

§

to

5>D

d

d

u

d

h

■9 *a

Ha

Pt
CO

f—1
d

PH

CO

03
H
O
.a
tiD
5
d

Sf

the months of October and November

W

*
*
Hd
H *H

r-i
tH
•

includes

H

** Fall

Table 16 - Simple correlations between the various factors used
multiple on protein content of Red Roch wheat 1922-*33.

in the

i

61

The r e s u l t s
if

th e

sp rin g

n o rm a l.

is

from t h e s e

h o t,

J u ly to o

A lso t h a t te m p e ra tu re

d a ta te n d to
is

lia b le

in d ic a te

th a t

to be above th e

d o e s n o t seem t o be a s

s t r o n g l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h r a i n a s m ig h t be e x p e c te d , b u t
J u ly te m p e ra tu re

is

q u ite

s t r o n g l y c o r r e l a t e d w ith J u l y sun#

T a b l e 17 g i v e s t h e a c t u a l p r o t e i n o o n t e n t when
c o m p a red w i t h t h e e s t i m a t e d c o n t e n t b a s e d on a l l n in e
w e a th e r f a c t o r s .

W it h t h e

c o rre la tio n

i s no e s t im a t e d p r o t e i n c o n te n t t h a t l i e s

o u tsid e

th e l i m i t s

T h is te n d s
in th e
its

th e re

in c lu s io n o f te m p e ra tu re

s e t by th e s ta n d a r d e r r o r o f e s t i m a t e .

to in d ic a te

t h a t te m p e ra tu re

d e te rm in a tio n o f th e

d o e s p l a y some p a r t

q u a lity o f w heat a s

ju d g e d by

p ro te in c o n te n t.
G r a p h V s h o w s how m uch c l o s e r t o

c o n te n t th e
th e

in th e

e stim a te d l i e s

c o rre la tio n .

th e a c t u a l p r o t e i n

w hen t e m p e r a t u r e

The d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e

e s t i m a t e d t h a t was so e v i d e n t i n 1924

is

in c lu d e d

a c t u a l and th e

(T a b le 15)

c o m p l e t e l y o b l i t e r a t e d when t h e h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e
o f 1923 i s

ta k e n in to

c o n sid e ra tio n .

in to

is

a lm o st

in th e f a l l

The d i f f e r e n c e

b ro u g h t

o u t i n 1 9 2 7 i s m u c h s m a l l e r w hen t h e e f f e c t p l a y e d b y t e m p e r ­
a tu re

is

b ro u g h t in to

th e

c o rre la tio n .

62

¥ a b l e 1 7 - A oA ual a n d e s t i m a t e d p r o t e i n o o n t e n t o f Red
R o o k w h e a t b a s e d u p o n t h e r a i n f a l l , s u n s h i n e , a n d m ean
te m p e ra tu re o f s p r in g ^ J u ly , and f a l l ? * 1 9 22-*33.
Y ear

A c tu a l
p e rc e n ta g e

E stim a te d
p e rc e n ta g e

D iffe re n c e
p e rc e n ta g e

10*70

1 0 .3 6

-

1923

15*27

1 5 .7 5

1924

1 2 .4 2

1 2 .3 5

1926

1 7 .7 0

1 8 .2 7

.5 7

1926

1 3 .9 0

1 2 .8 1

1 .0 9

1927

1 2 .9 0

1 3 .8 6

• 96

1928

1 3 .3 0

1 3 .6 7

.3 7

1929

1 1 .6 0

1 1 .4 6

1930

1 1 .2 0

1 1 .6 4

1931

1 4 .8 0

1 3 .1 5

1932

9 .5 0

1 0 .0 0

1933

1 4 .4 8

1 4 .3 3

1922

in

.3 4
.4 8

-

-

.0 7

.0 4
.4 4

-1

.6 5
.5 0

-

.1 5

S ta n d a r d E r r o r o f E s tim a te e q u a ls 1*89 p e r o e n t
*

S p rin g in c lu d e s

** F a l l

t h e m o n t h s o f A p r i l a n d May

i n c l u d e s t h e m o n th s o f O c to b e r a n d N ovem ber

/^ e 7 ^

<7

/

/& /-0

/f e

C

/ P o < & sf
/ S / f J

c

o /t> ? y fr a s ~ & G /

& s > /a a v <
2, ^ e < /

1 / ? < z fo : a /

\ j £ ? € /~ c £

7 ^ z & <£>

s / ’a /% ? <z

X
^

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< e a /~ ^s

-6 4 -

SUMMARY
T h is t h e s i s

re p o rts

som e e f f o r t s m ade t o b e t t e r

u n d e rs ta n d th e e n v iro n m e n ta l f a o to r s a f f e c t i n g

th e y i e l d

a n d q u a l i t y o f s o f t w i n t e r w h e a ts p r o d u o e d i n M ic h ig a n *
Some o f t h e s e

e n v iro n m e n ta l f a o to r s

e f f e c t o f s h a d in g on th e

c o n sid e re d a re

q u a li t y o f w h e a t,

tim e o f h a r v e s t on th e y i e l d and q u a l i t y
effect

(Z)

(1)

e ffe c t of

o f w h e a t,

(3)

o f a p p l y i n g v a r y i n g am o u n ts o f w a t e r on th e y i e l d

an d q u a l i t y o f w h e a t, and

(4)

some c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n

w e a t h e r a n d t h e y i e l d a n d q u a l i t y o f w h e at#
Some o f t h e e f f e c t s b r o u g h t o u t b y s h a d i n g a r e
d isc u sse d *

The p r o t e i n

o o n te n t o f w heat can be a f f e c t e d

by g ro w in g th e p l a n t s fro m th e f i r s t
m id d le o f Ju n e u n d e r sh ad e#

T he i n c r e a s e

g r a i n grow n u n d e r sh a d e f o r t h i s
2*28 p e r o e n t o v e r th e
d iffe re n c e
p la c e

t h e m id d le

if

th e

of

p e r i o d w as a s m uch a s

c o n te n t u n le s s

o f June#

th e

sh a d in g to o k

The p l a n t s gro w n u n d e r

s h a d e h a d a m ore p r o f u s e v e g e t a t i v e
d ic a tio n s

in p ro te in

c h e c k s , b u t t h e r e w a s no s i g n i f i c a n t

in th e p ro te in

b efo re

o f May t o a b o u t t h e

g ro w th , and gave i n ­

o f w eaker stra w s w ith c o n s id e ra b le

lo d g in g , but

s h a d i n g w as d i s c o n t i n u e d a f t e r J u n e 1 5 t h e p l a n t s

w ere a b le

to

r e g a i n m uch o f t h e i r

stiffn e ss

o f stra w

and to

*•65

b e tte r

r e s i s t l a t e r lo d g in g *

The^ g e rm in a tio n o f w heat

t h a t w a s s h a d e d f o r a t l e a s t a m o n th i n t h e e a r l y s p r i n g
w as s l i g h t l y

lo w e r th a n t h a t n o t sh ad ed a t a l l .

s h a d e d d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d was a l s o

G ra in

lo w e r in t e s t w e ig h t

p e r b u s h e l , w e ig h t p e r k e r n e l , a n d t h e k e r n e l s w ere
m o re s h r u n k e n t h a n t h o s e n o t s h a d e d a t a l l .
Some e f f e c t s
a fte r

th e

sh o w n b y d e l a y i n g t h e t j l i m e o f h a r v e s t

r e g u la r b in d e r d a te a re b ro u g h t o u t.

no s i g n i f i c a n t d e c re a s e
v a rie ty

in y ie ld

in any o f th e th r e e y e a r s ,

B a ld Rook d e c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y
It

is

in

T h e r e w as

th e A m e ric an B a n n er
a lth o u g h th e y i e l d o f

t h e l a s t tw o c u t t i n g s i n 1 9 3 8 .

show n t h a t t h e r e was a r a p i d d e c r e a s e

in p e rc e n ta g e

o f m o i s t u r e f r o m 4 0 p e r c e n t down t o a b o u t 1 6 p e r c e n t ,
an d a f t e r t h a t th e p e rc e n ta g e m e re ly f l u c t u a t e d w ith o i l *
m a tic c o n d tio n s .

T h e r e was a c o n s i s t e n t d e c r e a s e

in t e s t

w e ig h t p e r b u s h e l in e ac h v a r i e t y a f t e r th e g r a in re a c h e d
th e

dead r ip e

sta g e .

T h e re w as n o t a s i g n i f i c a n t lo w e rin g

o f th e p r o t e i n p e rc e n ta g e even up to
th e r e g u la r b in d e r h a rv e s t d a te .
in d ic a tio n s
out la te r

o f in c re a se d g lu te n

in th e

v o lu m e o f l o a f .

T h e r e w e r e som e
stre n g th

season as re fle c te d
T hese

re s u lts

f i v e w eeks a f t e r

o f th e w heat

in th e

te n d to

in c re a se d

in d ic a te

66

th e p o s s i b i l i t y
sta te

o f h a r v e s t i n g w i t h a co m b in e i n t h e

o f M ic h ig a n #
R e s u l t s fro m v a r y i n g th e a m o u n ts o f w a t e r a p p l i e d

to w heat on i t s
v ery l i t t l e

y ie ld and q u a lity

v a ria tio n s

v o lu m e o f l o a f ,

in d ic a te

th a t th e re

is

in th e y i e l d , p r o te in c o n te n t,

or

b e tw e e n w h e a t p ro d u c e d w i t h 7 in c h e s o f

w a h e r , a n d t h a t p r o d u c e d w i t h 20 i n c h e s a f t e r t h e f i r s t
o f M ay.
is

The n o rm a l am ount o f r a i n f a l l d u r in g t h i s p e r io d

over 7 in c h e s,

so an y m a t e r i a l l y

changes in y ie ld

or

q u a l i t y m ust be a c c o m p lish e d by re d u c in g th e m o is tu re b e ­
lo w t h e n o r m a l r a i n f a l l #
7 in c h e s
y ie ld

W h ea t p r o d u c e d w i t h l e s s t h a n

d o es c o n ta in a h ig h e r p r o t e i n p e rc e n ta g e and lo w e r

t h a n t h a t p ro d u c e d w i t h t h e n o rm a l am ount o f r a i n f a l l .
A s a r e s u l t o f som e c o r r e l a t i o n s

d e te rm in e d b e ­

tw e e n w e a th e r c o n d i t i o n s an d th e y i e l d an d q u a l i t y o f w h e a t,
th e

in d ic a tio n s

a re t h a t c lim a tic v a r ia tio n s p la y a v ery

im p o rta n t p a r t in th e
o f w h e a t.

d e te r m in a tio n s o f y i e l d and q u a li t y

S p rin g r a i n has a p o s itiv e

b u t th e p e r c e n t o f p o s s ib le
has about an e q u a l n e g a tiv e
show ed a n e g a t i v e

c o rre la tio n .

s u n s h i n e f o r t h e sam e p e r i o d
c o rre la tio n .

Ju ly r a i n f a l l

c o r r e l a t io n w ith th e y ie ld

fo llo w in g y e a r, b u t th e
itiv e

c o r r e l a t io n w ith y i e l d ,

s u n s h in e

o f w heat th e

d u r i n g J u l y sh o w e d a p o s ­

3P all r a i n a n d s u n s h i n e a g r e e

in th e ir

-6 7

a f f e c t 'u p o n t h e y i e l d w ith t h a t o f th e s p r i n g m o n th s,
a lth o u g h th e

c o rre la tio n

i s n o t a s stro n g *

A p r i l a n d May sh o w a n e g a t i v e
te in

R a in fa ll in

c o r r e l a t io n w ith th e p ro ­

c o n te n t o f w h e a t, b u t th e p e rc e n ta g e o f su n sh in e

fo r th is

sa m e p e r i o d s h o w s a p o s i t i v e

th e p ro te in

c o n te n t*

c o r r e la tio n w ith

The r t f a i n f a l l and s u n s h in e d u r in g

t h e m o n th o f J u l y seem t o h a v e a n o p p o s i t e a f f e c t on t h e
fo llo w in g y e a r ’s cro p to
f a l l m o n th s *
m o n th s a g r e e

sp rin g *

s p r in g and

The r R a i n f a l l a n d s u n s h in e o f t h e f a l l
In t h e i r a f f e c t upon th e p r o t e i n w ith th e

f o l l o w i n g s p r i n g m o n th s *
c o rre la te d

t h a t sh o w n b y t h e

f a l l r a i n f a l l and su n s h in e a re

r a t h e r c lo s e ly w ith t h a t o f th e fo llo w in g

The s u n s h i n e a n d r a i n f a l l a r e

ly

d u r in g an y one s e a s o n , an d th e

to

in d ic a te

c o rre la te d

stro n g ­

c o rr e la tio n s a ls o te n d

t h a t t h e m ore s u n s h i n e d u r i n g a n y one p e r i o d

o f th e y e a r th e l e s s

r a i n f a l l t h e r e w i l l be*

In y e a r s o f n o rm al r a i n f a l l and c lim a tic c o n d itio n s
c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n w e a th e r and th e y i e l d an d q u a l i t y o f
cro p s a re

o f m uch v a l u e

in e stim a tin g

th e f i n a l r e s u l t s ,

b u t o n e o r tw o w e e k s o f v e r y s e v e r e w e a t h e r d u r i n g t h e
c r i t i c a l p e r i o d m ay s e r v e t o

o f f s e t an e n tir e

year of

fa v o ra b le w e a th d r, and t h e r e f o r e , th e advanced e s tim a tio n
of y ie ld
a c c u ra te *

o r q u a l i t y b a s e d on p a s t c o n d i t i o n s i s n o t a lw a y s

68

LITERATURE CITED
1#

B a i l e y , C* H * , 1 9 2 6 - ®he C h e m i s t r y o f W heat F l o u r *
p p . 84

2*

T h e C h e m i e a l C a t a l o g Co* I n c .

B rig g s, L . J . ,

1 8 9 6 - H a r v e s t i n g W heat a t S u c c e s s i v e

S ta g e s o f R ip e n in g .
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M ic h * A g r* E x p . S t a . B u i . 1 2 6

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D e la y e d H a r v e s t upon Y i e ld o f G ra in *

4.

D a v e n p o rt, E .,

a n d F r a s e r , W* j , t 1 8 9 6 - E x p e r i m e n t s

w i t h W h e a t, 1 8 8 8 - 1 8 9 5 .
5.

111. A g r. Exp. S ta . B u i. 41

E z e k i e l , M o r d e c a i , 1 9 3 0 - M eth o d s o f C o r r e l a t i o n
A n a ly sis.

6.

J o h n W ile y an d S o n s .

F i s h e r , R . A , t 1923 - The I n f l u e n c e
Y i e l d o f W heat a t R o t h a m s t e d .
R oyal S o c ie ty o f London.

7.

Io w a R e s . B u i . 1 3 0

o f R a i n f a l l on t h e

P h i l . S Jrans. o f th e

S e r i e s B, 2 1 3 :8 9 -1 4 2

H a l l s t e d , A# L . a n d C o l e s , E . H .» 1 9 3 0 - A P r e l i m i n a r y
R e p o r t o f t h e R e l a t i o n B e t w e e n Y i e l d o f W i n t e r W heat
and M o istu re

in th e

S o i l a t S e e d in g T im e .

J o u r . A gr.

R e s . 4 1 :4 6 7 -4 7 7
8.

H a rris , F. S .,

1 9 1 6 - The I r r i g a t i o n

o f W heat - U t a h

A g r . E x p . S t a . B u i . 146
9.

H o o k e r, R . H . , 1907 - C o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e W e a th e r an d
C ro p s.

J o u r . R oyal S t a t i s t i c a l S o c ie ty

7 0 :1 -4 2

69-*

10 *

J o n e s , J # S . a n d C o l v e r , G. W ., X916 - D r y - P a n n e d a n d
Irrig a te d

11*

W h ea t*

J o n e s , J* S . ,

I d a h o A g r* E x p . S t a * B u i* 88

a n d C o l v e r , 0 # W*, 1 9 1 8 - P e r f o r m a n c e

R e c o r d s o f Some E a s t e r n W h e a ts i n

Idaho*

Id ah o

A g r . E x p* S t a . B u i . 1 0 3
12*

K e s e r , A l v i n , 1 9 8 6 - E f f e c t o f 3?ime o f I r r i g a t i o n o n
P r o d u c t i o n o f C rude P r o t e i n

i n W h e a t.

C e r e a l Chem*

3 :3 4 0 -3 4 8
13*

K o c h , L u d w i g , 1 8 7 3 - A bno rm e A n d e r u n g e n w a o h s e n d e r
P f la n z e n o r g a n e d u ro h B e se h a ttu n g *

B e rlin

- A b s tra c t

i n J u s t s B o t* J a h r b Bd* 1 : 2 8 3 - 2 8 4 *
14.

K r a y b i l l , H enry B . , 1931 - E f f e c t o f P l a n t n u t r i t i o n
on th e

15.

C o m p o s i t i o n o f W heat*

L a w e s , J* B , a n d G i l b e r t ,
a n d O u r W h eat C r o p s .
Second S e r i e s ,

16*

Lyon, f .
and S o il.

17.

C e r e a l Chem* 9 : 7 1 - 8 2

J# H . , 1 8 80 - O ur C lim a te

Jo u r. R oyal A g ric u ltu ra l S o c ie ty ,

1 6 :1 7 3 -2 1 0

L . , 1 9 1 0 - ®he R e l a t i o n o f W h ea t t o

C lim a te

Agj. S o c * A g r o n . 1 : 1 0 8 - 1 2 5

M a n g e ls , B . C ., 1925 - E f f e c t o f C lim a te and O th e r
F a c t o r s o n t h e P r o t e i n C o n t e n t o f n o r t h D a k o t a W heat*
C e r e a l Chem. 2 : 2 8 8 - 2 9 7

18.

M a n g e l s , E . C . , 1 9 2 7 - P r e - h a r v e s t F a c t o r s W h ic h
A f f e c t W heat Q u a l i t y *

19.

C e r e a l Chem. 4 : 3 7 6 - 3 8 7

M c D o w e l l, R . H * , 1 8 9 5 - W h ea t - C u t t i n g a t D i f f e r e n t
D a te s . H ev. A g r. E xp. S ta .

B u i. 30

70

20*

O ls o n , G eorge A *, 1921 - S tu d y o f F a o t o r s A f f e c t i n g
t h e N i t r o g e n C o n t e n t o f W h eat a n d t h e

C hanges t h a t

O c c u r D u r i n g t h e D e v e lo p m e n t o f W h e a t,
H es.
21*

2 4 :9 3 9 -9 5 3

P ie rre ,

J,

X ., 1866 - R e o h e ro h e s E x p e r im e n ta le s s u r

l e D e v elo p p e m e n t du B le .

P a r i s , D e la g ra v e

(fro m

S h a w , W. N . , 1 9 0 5 - S e a s o n s i n t h e B r i t i s h

Isle s

B u r n e t t a n d Baklce ( 4 )
22,

fro m 1 8 7 8 ,
23*

J o u r , A g r,

)

J o u r , R o y al S t a t i s t i c a l S o c ie ty 6 8 :2 4 7 -3 1 3

S p u r w a y , C . H, 1 9 3 3 - S o i l T e s t i n g ,

M ic h , T e c h n i c a l

B u i. 132
24.

S t a r A , R o b e r t W ., 1 9 3 1 - An I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e
Q u a lity o f I l l i n o i s
S ta * B u i.

25*

26*

27.

Exp.

1924 - The E a r l y H a r v e s t o f R u s te d

J o u r . Am. S o o . A g r o n . 1 6 : 4 1 - 4 7

S w an so n , C.

0 .,

1 9 2 4 - F a c t o r s W hich I n f l u e n c e

Q u a n tity o f

P ro te in

T h a t c h e r R*

W ., 1 9 1 1 - T h e R e l a t i o n o f P r o t e i n

i n W h e a t.

C o n t e n t o f W h eat t o R a i n f a l l .
28*

111. ^ r .

371

S to a , T . E .,
W h e a t.

G row n W h e a t .

C e r e a l Chem. 1 : 2 7 9 - 2 8 8

Am. S o c . A g ro n * 3 : 4 2 - 4 5

T h a t c h e r , R . W ., 1 9 1 3 - A R e p o r t o f t h e
C o n c e rn in g th e
to

th e

In v e s tig a tio n s

C h e m i c a l C o m p o s i t i o n o f W heat f r o m 1 9 0 6

1912 I n c lu s iv e .

W ash. A g r . E x p . S t a .

B u i. I l l

-7 1 -

29•

T ip p e t t * L . H. 0 . ,

1 9 2 6 - On t h e E f f e c t o f S u n s h i n e

o n W h ea t Y i e l d a t R o t h a m s t e d .
30 *

J o u r . A g r . S<*i. 1 6 : 1 6 9 - 1 6 6

W a l l a c e , H . A # a n d S n e d e c o r , C e o r g e W. f - R e v i s e d
b y S n e d e c o r 1 9 3 1 - C o r r e l a t i o n a n d M a c h i n e Ca i o u i a t i o n .
Io w a S t a t e
A m e s,

31.

C o lle g e o f a g r i c u l t u r e

Iow a

W elch , J .

S , # 1914 - I r r i g a t i o n P r a c t i c e , A R e p o rt

o f P our Y ears I n v e s tig a tio n s

32.

C o o d in g S u b s t a t i o n .

78

W e lto n , P . A . an d M o r r i s ,

V. H . , 1 9 3 1 - l o d g i n g

W id tso e ,
1901.

34.

a t th e

Idaho A g r. E x p . S t a . B u i.

O a t s a n d W h e a t.
33.

a n d M e c h a n i c A f c ts ,

O h io A g r .

in

S ta . B u i. 471

J . A ., 1902 - I r r i g a t i o n

In v e s tig a tio n

in

U ta h A g r . Exp* S t a . B u i . 80

W ilsie , C a rro ll P .,

1931 p S t u d i e s on C e r t a i n T e s t s

U s e d t o D e t e r m i n e B a & in g Q u a l i t y i n S o f t W h e a t.
R e p o rt g iv e n to th e T r i - S t a t e
A s so c ia tio n ,

T o l e d o , O h io

S o f t Wheaib I m p r o v e m e n t