A STUDY

OF AN E N C E P H A L IT IC

OF

HOG CHOLERA

STRAIN

VIRUS

By
HOWARD W A LT ER DUNNE

A THESIS
S u b m itte d to the
State
in

C ollege

School

of G r a d u a te

of A g r i c u l t u r e

p a r tia l fu lfillm en t
for

the

re q u ire m en ts

of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

D ep artm en t

of A n im a l

1951

of M ic h ig a n

and A p p lied S cie n c e

of the

degree

S tu d ies

P a th o lo g y

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23316 :

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The

a u th o r

F r a n k T horp,
p r o v id e d

J r.,

h is g e n e r o u s

help

the
and

also

tissu e

u n tirin g

h is

in p r o m o tin g

sectio n s,

and to

and

D r.

to D r .

and high i d e a l s

R.

A.

R u n n e ll s

i n v e s t i g a t i o n and in
E.

T.

g r a d u a te

expressed

support m a te r ia ll y

th a n k s

have

in v e s tig a tio n .

D r.

the

e a rly

ap p re cia tio n is

sin cere

endeavor

th ro u g h o u t th is

e n c o u r a g e m e n t in

a d v ic e

express

g r e a t l y in d e b te d to

effo rts

Deep
whose

whose

a guiding f o r c e

He i s

ining

w is h e s to

H a llm a n f o r

for
exam ­

h is

s tu d ie s .

to D r.

H.

a id e d the

J.

S ta f s e th

progress

of the

e x p erim en tatio n .
The
B ryan

a u th o r

and to

in

G ratefu l

L.

R.

M ace,

in the

o btaining

R a n d a ll ,

M.

H a r d in

se c ti o n in g

S.

A rm y,

for

E sth e r

S m ith ,

in fin ite

th e ir

the

la te

th e ir

to

A rm y,

th ro u g h o u t

of t i s s u e s

for

due

S.

rendered

to the

f in a n c i a l a id fo r

V. C. , U.

V. C. , U.

a ssista n c e

C.

than kful

a c k n o w le d g m e n t i s

To M i s s
for

p rofo undly

D ire c to r

and a s s i s t a n c e

Co lonel

is

R.

H in sh a w ,

C olone l

counsel

ap p re cia tio n

is

in v e s t i g a t i o n ,

and in p h o to g ra p h y .

S.

p ro je c t.

W.

and L t.
sound

C.

encouragem ent

the

D r.

Dean

Don

and aid.
expressed

p articu larly

iv
F u rth e r
U.

S.

A rm y

ap p reciatio n

R eserve,

Thanks

also

for

are

and u l t r a c e n t r i f u g a t i o n
la n d and M r .

Irv in g

is

h is

due

to L t .

e f f ic ie n t

e x te n d e d to
of v i r u s

D elappe

D r.

th e ir

C.

B e n b ro o k ,

lab o ra to ry

sam p les

for

S.

aid.

W a lte r M a c k f o r

a d v ic e

and to D r .

Ruh-

H ans

a i d in lan g uage

tra n sla ­

tio n s .
A p p reciatio n is
C lif fo rd
of

D un can in m a k in g

serum

a u th o r

fin an cial

w ishes

assista n c e

B io lo g ic a l L a b o r a t o r i e s ,
F red erick ,

h is
h im

to

the

assista n c e

and p h o s p h o r u s

th ank the

a c q u ired

of D r.

d eterm in atio n s

United S ta te s

th ro u g h

C h e m ic a l

C orps,

the

V. M.

a t C am p

A rm y for
D iv is io n ,

D etrick ,

F u rth e r
for

the

V e t e r i n a r y M e d ic a l A s s o c i a t i o n

R esearch

g ratitu d e

to p r e p a r e

p erio d

A m erican

of the

sin cere

C ollege

c a lc iu m

for

M a r y la n d .

To the
m em bers

expressed

sam p les.

The
the

also

for

for

t h is

C o u n c il the
the

w is h e s

fe llo w sh ip

to

express

which e n a b le d

in v e s tig a tio n .

ap p re cia tio n
sch o larsh ip

of t r a i n i n g .

research

a u th o r

and the

is

expressed

p r o v id e d

to M ic h ig a n State

d u r in g

the

p re p a ra to ry

The

a u th o r

U nited S ta te s
serum
D r.

W.

in d e b te d

D ep artm en t

u s e d in

R.

is

te stin g

Luecke,

M ic h ig a n State

to

the

B ureau

of A g r i c u l t u r e ,

for

v arian t

for

re actio n s

of A n im a l I n d u s t r y ,
the

of the

D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r a l

C o lle g e ,

ex p erim en tal
v iru s,

and to

C h em istry ,

for

the

au reo m y cin used

Kupsky ,

and

s tu d e n t a s s i s t a n t s

in

the

first

e x p erim en t.
To
D o ris

Lyo n,

th a n k s

fo r
Too

e ro u sly
my

C h arles

deep

and

th e ir
a ll

Joe

N ic h o ls ,

conscien tio u s
of m y

co n trib u ted

o th er

tim e

ap p re cia tio n .

the

a u th o r

effo rts

frien d s

and

to

and

e f f o r t to

e x te n d s

Joh n N o rto n ,
h is

facilitate
cow orkers

th is

the

h eartfelt
research .

who

so g e n ­

in v estig atio n I te n d e r

H o w a rd W a lt e r
c a n d id a te

for

D o c to r

F in al

e x a m in a tio n ,

D isse rta tio n :

the

Dunne
degree

of

of P h ilo s o p h y

O c to b e r

30,

1951.

A Study of an E n c e p h a liti c

S train

of Hog

C h o le r a

V ir u s
Outline

of S tu d ies

M a jo r

subjec.t:

A n im a l

P a th o lo g y

M in o r

su b jects:

B io lo g ic a l

and P h y s i o l o g i c a l

C h e m istry ,

P h y s io lo g y
B io g rap h ical
B o rn ,

Item s

M arch

U n d erg rad u ate
G rad u ate

19,

S tu d ie s ,

S tu d ie s ,

E x p e rie n ce :

1913,

O m ah a,

N ebraska

Iowa S tate

M ic h ig a n S tate

P riv a te

C o rn S ta te s

of B io lo g ic a l

M ic h ig a n S tate

with the

the S t a t e s

D iv is io n

V e te r­
F e llo w ,

of A n im a l

C o lleg e,

1948-50;

o b ta in e d to a c c e p t

to i n v e s t i g a t e

of the

1942-44; P r o ­

R esearch

U nited S t a t e s

of

A ssista n t P r o ­

1944—
46; A m e r i c a n

A ssista n t P r o fe s s o r

of A b s e n c e

In d u stry

in

1941-42;

M e d ic a l A s s o c i a t i o n

P a th o lo g y ,
m ent

1946-51

S e r u m C om pany,

d uction M a n a g e r ,

Leave

C o lle g e ,

and Iowa,

d u ctio n M a n a g e r

1946-48;

1937-41

V e te rin ary P r a c tic e

W a sh ington

in a ry

C o lle g e ,

B ureau

a p p o in t­
of A n im a l

foot and m o u th

d ise a se

vii
in E u r o p e

and M e x ico ,

P rofessor

in

M ic h ig a n S tate
M em ber

of P h i

Z eta,

C o ll e g e ,

G a m m a S ig m a

S o c ie ty of the

1948-49;

B acterio lo g y

H e a lth ,

1950-51.

D e lta ,

S ig m a Xi,

A sso ciate

and P u b l i c

Phi

Kappa P h i ,

A m e ric an

V eterin ary

M e d ic a l A s s o c i a t i o n ,

M ich ig a n

V e te rin ary

M e d ic a l A s s o c i a t i o n ,

R esearch

W orkers

A n im a l

D iseases

in N o r t h A m e r i c a ,

S o c iety

of B a c t e r i o l o g i s t s .

in

M ich ig a n

A STUDY

OF AN E N C E P H A L IT IC

OF

HOG

CHOLERA

STRAIN

VIRUS

By
H o w a rd W a lte r

Dunne

AN ABSTRACT
S u b m itte d to
S tate

the

C olleg e

in p a r t i a l

School

of G r a d u a t e

of A g r i c u l t u r e
f u lf illm e n t
fo r

the

DOCTOR OF

D ep artm en t

roved

1951

of M ich ig an
S cience

re q u ire m en ts

of

PHILOSOPHY

of A n im a l

Y ear

and A pplied

of the

degree

S tudies

P a th o lo g y

1
HOWARD W A L T E R DUNNE

An a ty p ic a l
from

strain

ABSTRACT

of hog

a pig

in fected

as

the

an d p a s s e d

through

16

se ria l

out lo s in g
a b il i t y

to

p erio d ,

its

aty p ical

cause

of

100

The

p assiv e

tive

v a lu e

to

for

p ro tect

u s e d in

oth er

a g a i n s t the

u lc e rs
the

e n d o th e li a l

g astric

co n cen tratio n
ap p earin g
in the

the

v iru s

tissu e

cuffing

th a la m u s

of the

had the

d eath s,

in m o r e

and

th a n

in o c u la te d

40
p ig s .

with known p r o t e c ­

stra in s

stra in .

w as

The

and

d em o n strated
was

shown to

by i n f a r c t i o n

of c r a n i a l

of m i c r o g l i a l

le sio n s

w ith ­

in su fficien t

serum

was

doses.

an d i n t e s t i n a l m u c o s a e .

th at p e r iv a s c u la r

passages

s h o r t in c u b a ti o n

p e ra cu te

serum

v iru s

i s o l a t e d f ie ld

and b u tto n u l c e r s

by a

and i n t r a c r a n i a l l y

ch o lera

iso la te d

v iru s

appeared

p r o v id e d by a

test

P ath o lo g ically,

frequent

C o n v u ls io n s

hog

w as

swine

T h is

ch a racte riz e d

s u b c u ta n e o u s ly

e stab lish ed

v a sc u la r

in tra c ran ia l

sy m p to m s,

i m m u n ity

v iru s

of a f ie ld v a c c in a tio n f a i l u r e

c h a rac te ristic s.

100 p e r c e n t m o r t a l i t y .
p ercent

re su lt

a d isease

en cep h alitic

ch o lera

c e lls

b rain ,

of the

B rain

the

an d w e r e

a ffin ity f o r

cause

sectio n s

m ost

of

in d icated

and the

two m o s t

oblon g a ta.

g a stric

blood v e s s e l s

bloo d v e s s e l s

w ere

and in the m e d u l l a

an

focal

freq u en tly

c o n s ta n tly

found

2
HOWARD W A L T E R

A ttem p ts
by

sim u ltan eo u s

i n a tio n

to

DUNNE

ABSTRACT

e nhance

fu rth e r

i n o c u la tio n s

of the f i l t r a t i o n

the

v iru le n c e

w ith w h e a t

process

germ

oil

of the
or

v iru s

by e l i m ­

did not m e e t with g r e a t

suc­

cess.
Pseudom onas
hog

ch o lera

In o c u la ti o n
presence
sectio n s
d isease.

aeru g in o sa

in f e c t e d

p ig s .

of r a b b i t s

hav e

of A u j e s z k y 's
as

w ell

as

No

iso la te d fro m

oth er

p a th o g e n s

elim in a te d

d isease.

clin ieal

w as

the

w ere

p o ssib ility

E x a m in a tio n

s y m p to m s

five

have

of

100

iso la te d .
of the

of h i s t o l o g i c a l

elim in a te d

T e s c h e n 's

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Page
I N T R O D U C T I O N ....................................................................................................................

1

L I T E R A T U R E ................................................................................

4

M A T E R I A L S ............................................................................................................................

25

M E T H O D S .....................................................................................................................................

29

REVIEW

OF

V iru s

P r e p a r a t i o n ..................................................................................................

29

Swine

I n o c u l a t i o n s ..................................................................................................

31

H i s t o l o g i c a l M e th o d s

38

B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l E x a m i n a t i o n .......................................................................

39

R E S U L T S .....................................................................................................................................

41

E n c e p h alitic
T em p eratu re
E ffect

S y m p t o m s ...............................................................................

41

R e a c t i o n s ................................................................................

54

of V i r u s

on

T . W . B . C .......................................................................

56

.........................................................................................

60

P i g s ..............................................................

61

Im m u n it y

R eactio n s

E xposure

of V a c c in a te d

E xposure

of a R e c o v e r e d

E nhancem ent

of V i r u s

P i g ..............................................................

62

P r o p a g a t i o n .............................................

63

G ro ss

and M i c r o s c o p i c

P a t h o l o g y .............................................

B ra in

P a t h o l o g y ...........................................................................................................

66
67

ix
Page
D ig e s tiv e
R ick ets

S y s te m

P a t h o l o g y .......................................................................

A sso ciated

C h o l e r a ..........................................

107

T i s s u e s .............................................................................

110

T e s t s ..........................................................................................................................

123

D I S C U S S I O N ..................................................................................................................................

129

SUMMARY AND C O N C L U S I O N S .....................................................................

141

B I B L I O G R A P H Y ..........................................................................................................................

144

A PPEN D IX

154

P a th o lo g y
P u rity

of O th e r

With Hog

77

..................................................................................................................................

INTRODUCTION

The
at

a n n u a l n a tio n a l

a p p ro x im ately

em p h asizes

the

two b illio n

im p o rtan ce

w ith hog

ch o lera,

k ille r

swine

of

p r o d u c tio n

the

d o llars
of

d isease

in the

of 5 7 m i l l i o n

v a lu e d

(A g ricu ltu ral S ta tis tic s

solving

the

which i s

U nited

swine

p ro b lem s

still

the

1949)

a sso ciated

num ber

one

S ta te s .

The f i r s t r e c o r d e d c a s e s of hog c h o l e r a a p p e a r e d in th is coun
t r y in Ohio in 1833 (M o o re , 1916) a f t e r which the d i s e a s e s p r e a d
slow ly o v e r the n a tio n .
w ere re p o rte d .

B e tw e e n 1846 and 1855 only 93 o u t b r e a k s

It p r o v e d , h o w e v e r , to be a cy c lic p lag ue c a u sin g

g r e a t o u t b r e a k s in 1887, 1896, 1913, and 1926 (Quin, 1950).
A th e r to n

(1923-24)

an im als

alone f r o m

K in s le y

(1933)

be

20 m i l l i o n

d o llars.

at

have

decreased

of
per

1887,

30 to

and

1,000

d ecreased

1914-24 to

estim a te d

lo ss

130 p e r

d u r in g
from

the

annual

d o llars.

1,000

1,000 in

a

lo ss

ch o lera

from

due

swine

1916).

d u rin g

lo ss

415 m i l l i o n
hog

a p p ro x im ated

sim ila r

1913 —
16 ( H a rin g ,
1,000

hog

D ea th s

120 p e r

51 p e r

the

ap p ro x im ate

Quin (1950)

40 m i l l i o n
from

e stim a te d

the

The

1917—
20 to

in

d e a th

to

an n u a l
ch o lera

g reat

o u tb r e a k

d o llars.

ch o lera

to hog

in the

in

o u tb reak

1897 to
ra te

39 p e r

72

fu rth e r

1,000

2
d u rin g

192 1-24,

d u r in g

1929—
31

pro b lem

serum

bers

of

w ere

perhaps

th e

in

swine

d irect

th ere

sta te d

of the

in the

in hog

the y e a r s

of

som e

of hog

ch o lera

tion u s e d

in v a c c i n a t i o n
u n s ta b le

th e re

1923-24)
use

of
for

of hog

R iv er.

and in the

in creased

1949—
50

of th e s e
v iru s
(Dale

v arian t

g re a te st num ­

a decrease

ch o lera

a sso ciated

a n im a ls,

p rev alen ce

a

In

th e re

lo st

serum
five
c h o le ra

states

was

a ls o

an

d isa ste rs.

i m p o r t a n t w ith the

th is

after

of p o s t v a c c i n a t i o n l o s s e s ,

a v a ria n t

ta in in g

th a t

1,000

rem ain s

freq u en tly

(A th erto n ,

M ississip p i

an i n c r e a s e

in v o lv e d in

are

still

A lthough the

25 p e r c e n t

18 p e r

th e re

of v a c c in a tio n following the

w est

s u b je c t

d u r in g

facto r

as

an i n c r e a s e

was

and

am ong n o n v a c c in a te d

(1950)

w as

which

v a c c in a tio n .

at p ro fe ssio n a l m e e tin g s

ev e n m o r e
tio n s

resu lt

1925-28,

H o w e v e r,

lo sses

in p o s t v a c c i n a t i o n

The
cussed

the

m any

states

th e re

in crease

as

d u r in g

1933).

lo s t w ere

Ray

several

w here

(K in sley ,

an d v i r u s

and v i r u s .
years,

1,000

of d e c r e a s i n g

with

as

23 p e r

in

lite ra tu re,

lo sse s

(USDA,
lo sses

freq u en tly

BAI,

has

e t a l. ,
serial

becam e

from

v accin a­

1950).

The

been

p r e s e n t in the

d is­

d escrib ed

v iru s

as

p repara­

1950).

D ifficulty in m a i n ­

an im al

passage

e x p la in e d

3
the

lack

of p r o t e c t i o n

low p o ten c y

a g a i n s t the

In view
rep o rted
of hog

of the

in t h i s

c h o le ra

the m o r e

given by

paper

v iru s,

ty p ic a l

c h a rac te ristic s

in

sera

which l a t e r

d e m o n stra te d

v arian t.

a b o v e - m e n tio n e d
was
to

stra in s
serial

in stig a te d

d eterm in e
and,

facto rs,
to

study

how t h is

i n v e s tig a tio n

an a t y p i c a l

v iru s

how to m a i n t a i n

passage.

the

d iffers

th e s e

stra in
from

a ty p ic a l

REVIEW OF L IT E R A T U R E

Since
M c B ry d e

of a n ti

w as

the

mum

hog

in

h e a tin g

te m p e ra tu re

These
serum

of

clear

60

°

in

the

the

(D o rset,

by d e c r e a s i n g
°

C.

as

the

produc­

advances

p recip itatio n

59

and

of

red

1916),
the

m a x i-

re su lt

of

(1930).

g reatly
serum

p la g u e d by an

to

N ile s

am ong

serum

sh o c k f a c t o r
from

but

been m ade

e x tra ct

and H offm an

and v i r u s

of D o r s e t ,

N otab le

bean

im p ro v em en ts

c o n tin u e d to be
n a tio n

of the

of the

by Munce

have

serum .

p r o d u c tio n

elim in atio n

research

usin g

the

research

advances

c h o lera

d e v e lo p m e n t

c e lls

and the

o u ts ta n d in g

(1908) m a n y

tio n

blood

the

red u ced

producers

ex c e ssiv e

the

h azards

and

num ber

of

p rac titio n ers
of p o s t v a c c i ­

lo sse s.
V ario u s

v accin atio n
e x p lain in g

of

swine

the

sim u ltan eo u s

fa c to rs,

m ost

of which w e r e

a g a i n s t hog

u n tim e ly
in jectio n s

c h o le ra,

d e a th s

of h e a lth y

of anti

hog

i m p o r t a n t in

w ere
p ig s

c h o le ra

stre sse d
follow ing

serum

the
in

the

and hog

ch o lera v iru s .
Of t h e s e
m a ls

had b een

fa c to rs,
the

m ost

b a c te ria l
c o m m o n ly

in f e c tio n s

in v a c c i n a t e d

re co g n ized

causes

of

a n i­

5
v a c c in a tio n f a i l u r e s .
1889) w ith the
stre sse d
found

bacillu s

as

the

for

o g n iz e d u n ti l the
a v iru s

to be

an i m p o r t a n t p a r t

Its

w as

im p o rtan ce

D orset

(1921),

of De

cau sativ e

N e v e rth ele ss,

o rg an ism

w as

in

(1885-

given S a l m o n 's

nam e,

c h o leraesu is

in f e c t i o n s .

Sch w einitz

The

also ,

p a th o g e n ic it y

and i t s
ch o lera

and D o r s e t

w as

im p o r­
was

rec­

(1903)

proved

facto r.

S a lm o n e ll a
exp lain in g

em p h asized

C a h ill

and S m it h

a g e n t in hog

c h o leraesu is

(1923),

c o n tin u e d

v a c c in a tio n f a i l u r e s

freq uen tly is o la te d
w as

w as

in d icated

etio lo g ical

w o rk

the

ch o lera

swine

p rim a ry

of S a lm o n

w ith which S a lm o n e lla

w ith hog

o rg an ism

w o rk

which l a t e r

frequency

a sso ciated

of t h is
ta n c e

the

The

from

by

s ic k

or

su ch m e n

Van E s

to p la y

w h e re

the

dead a n im a ls .

as

and Olney

H o s k in s
(1944),

(1915),

and

Ray

(1948).
H u ty r a

^t

a l.

(1946)

regarded

B acteriu m

(S a lm o n e lla

c h o l e r a e s u i s ) and p o s s i b l y

p a r a ty p h o id

group,

B acteriu m
the

upon the

B acteriu m

( S a lm o n e lla ) m u r i u m

patho g en esis

c h o lera

su ch a s

in f e c t e d
v iru s

of hog
swine

ch o lera
and

in f e c tio n

as

oth er m e m b e r s
(S a lm o n e ll a )

playing

p re se n t.

of the

e n te ritid is

an i m p o r t a n t

by inducing

su p erim p o sin g

alread y

su ip e stife r

a

sep ticem ia

b ac te ria l

part

and
in

in hog

in f e c tio n s

6
A c c o rd in g
when

s u s c e p tib le

filterab le

v iru s

to D o r s e t
p ig s

w ere

of hog

to

to

cause

seven days.

ch o lera

a n d Olney

c e n t d e a th l o s s

follow ing

fed S a lm o n e ll a
two m o n th s
to

p rio r

in

th a t the

te ria

hog

of

blood

titie s

serum

eith er

lo ss

w as

The

and w e r e

v iru s.

b a c te ria

and v i r u s

hog

C a h ill
ch o lera

gas

form ers

c h o le ra

g as

to

so m e

Doyle

with

the

ta k e s

d e a th s

f if te e n d ays

to p r o d u c e
v a c c in a tio n
p erio d s

w as

form ers

im m u n e

v iru s

fa c to r

or

of a n i m a l s
of one

no m o r e

to

was

b acterial
d e a th s

oth er

s im u lta n e o u s

rab b its.

and

th a n b a c ­

gas

H o w e v e r,

propor­

p ro d u c in g
p a ra ty p h o sa
hog

ch o lera

h a r m f u l th a n hog

when i n j e c t e d

h o g s.

70 p e r ­

(1923), h o w e v e r ,

p r o v e d to be S a lm o n e lla
to

a

(1920) found a l a r g e

having

highly f a t a l

blood without

into hog

able

i n f e c te d fe e d f o r

due

c h o lera—
in f e c t e d h o g s

containing

ch o lera

ensued

g e n erally

w ith

of S a lm o n e lla

p r o p o r t i o n of p o s tv a c c in a tio n

ch o lera

b a c te rie m ia s.
A and B

alone

to v a c c in a tio n .

a larg e

b e lie v e d

tion

cu ltu res

d isease

(1944) w e r e

c h o l e r a e s u is

d em o n strate

i n f e c ti o n s

or

V iru s

showed th a t

s i m u lta n e o u s ly

and live

a c u te

tria ls

d ea th .

Van E s

unable

re p eated

in jected

cholerae s u i s , a m uch m o re
in five

(1921)

in

larg e

q u an ­

7
For

y ears

P a ste u re lla

unproved

etio lo g ical

po rtan ce

has

d im m e d ,

d e sc rib e d

by H u ty r a

rise

rap id fa ta l

hog

to

a

c h o le ra.

te riu m

They

in

it has

et

a l.

swine

(1946) a s

se p ticem ia
also

with hog

o rg a n ism s

c h o le ra,

having no

etio lo g ical

m a lig n i

c o m p lic a tio n s

was
in

and th e n b e ing

c re d ited

c a rried

to the

alread y

b lood

of

by p e n e t r a t i n g

it

w as

th a t gave

in f e c t e d

with

co li, C orynebac-

swine

a d v e n ti ti o u s

in f e c t e d
o rg an ism s

(C l o s t r i d i u m ) o e d e ­

a u th o rs

m u sc le s

as

im ­

(P s e u d o m o n a s

B a cillu s

by t h e s e

fever

o rg an ism

pyocyaneum

as

though

A ltho u gh i t s

E sc h e rich ia

e x is tin g

s ig n if ic a n c e .

swine

an

found in the

a p p aren tly

a p o p u la r

c o m p le te ly

in p ig s

d escrib ed

w as

d ise a se .

n o t fa d e d

p y o g e n e s , and B a c t e r i u m

a e ru g in o sa) as

m a tis

facto r

m u lto cid a

as
the

w here

p r o d u c in g
sto m ach

gas

severe

w a ll,

p r o d u c tio n

too k p l a c e .
B o tu li n u s ,
was
in

A,

d is c u s s e d by G rah a m

16 p e r c e n t

sc rib e d
the

type

of

sp ecific

re sista n c e

a sso ciatio n
(1921),

c o m m e rcia l
b o tu li n u s

of the

a l a t e n t low g r a d e

who found the

an ti-h o g -ch o lera

an d p e r m i t t e d

ch o lera.

the

lo sses

o rg an ism

pro d ucts

i n to x ic a tio n w hich he

an im al

hog

w ith v a c c i n a t i o n

b eliev ed

present

and

de­

lo w ered

d e v e lo p m e n t

of

8
S im u lt a n e o u s
hog

ch o lera

ucts

has

v iru s

also

from

when the
w as

v iru s

into

lesio n s

the

swine

(1950) h a s
stra in s

stra in s,

s im u lta n e o u s

hog

iso la te d

ch o lera

swine

and v i r u s

m e th o d w as

in fe c ti o n ,

of in flu e n z a v i r u s

resu ltin g

in the

prod­

in f lu e n z a
ch o lera

used.

re su ltin g

and

He

from

from

the

d e v e lo p m e n t

of

procedure

has

and

an im als

surgery,

th a t

swine

m ig h t be

of h u m a n in flu e n z a v i r u s

in d ic a ti n g

h and ling

a ls o

o th e rs
in

su c h

in tra p e rito n ea l

been
have

a drove,

and the

e lim in atio n

s u g g e s te d

a

still

w id e r

scope

as

w e ll

suscep­
as

to

of p o s s i b l e

in f e c tio n s .

Im p rop er

a ll

(1943)

ch o lera

stre a m

of anti

v iru s

of both d i s e a s e s .

to m a n y

(1948),

serum

with, in flu e n z a

v a c c i n a t i o n a g a i n s t hog

cau sed m o b ilizatio n

Young
tib le

S cott

th a t hog

the blood

swine

m ed iu m

dying follow ing

opinion

v a c c in a tio n ,

of

the

shown.

sim u ltan eo u s

of the

lungs

th r o u g h

been

p ig s

in f e c t i o n s

of a n i m a l s
c o n d em n e d .

a g a i n s t the

as

as

the

w ell
of

serum

in testin e

vaccin atio n .

or

the

R ey n o ld s

w arned

in je c tio n
as

d u rin g

the

the

(1912),

fa ilu re

p ractice

into

v accin atio n

one

to v a c c i n a t e

of u n c le a n

of the

u rin a ry

Ray

sy stem s

b lad d er

in

of

S erum
est
in

sin g le

facto r

an im als

d o sa g e
the

m ay

u p w a rd

e v id e n ce

s in c e

1912.

Suckling

s y r in g e

pigs

lo sse s

failu re

or

in

p articu larly
serum
of

1915).

shown a

chart

r e c o m m e n d e d by the

and a p p r o x i m a t e l y

g re a t­

u n d erestim atio n

hav e

following

the

I n s u ff ic ie n t

1912; H o s k in s ,

The

of R eynolds

perhaps

h e a lt h .

1951, w as i n c r e a s e d

re co m m en d atio n s

as

v a c c in a tio n

reco m m en d atio n s

d o sa g e

reco m m en d atio ns

reco g n ized

of p o o r

(R eynolds,

dosa ge

serum

been

c o n tr o ll in g

w eigh t

of A n im a l I n d u s t r y
1949

has

re s u lt fro m

S erum

m in im u m

in

showing

a n im a l's

tren d

d o sa g e

show s

F ed eral

25 p e r c e n t

ste a d y
th a t

B ureau

over

100 p e r c e n t

the

th eir

over

the

1912.

R ey nolds

BAI

BAI

(1912)

1949

1951

10 cc

16 cc

20

cc

P ig s

20 to

40 lb s .

15 cc

24 cc

30

cc

P ig s

40 to

90 lb s .

20

cc

28 cc

35

cc

P ig s

90 to

120 lb s .

25

cc

36 cc

45

cc

Hogs

120 to

150 l b s .

30 cc

44 cc

55

cc

H ogs

150 to

180 lb s.

35

52

cc

65

cc

Hogs

180 lb s .

60

cc

75

cc

and

over

cc

40-60

cc

10
The
doses

w as

strated
serum
best

th a t

2 cc

doses

of hog

of 0. 43

cc

in p i g s .

w eight w as
show the

of u n d e s i r a b l e

e x p l o r e d by Van E s

g a in s

serum

p o ssib ility

given ,

g a in s

per

of tw enty

(15%)

i n d ic a tin g

the

0 .2

cc

of

of hog

c h o le ra

died

of hog

in ad v isab ility

It w a s
serum

per

in t h i s

fro m

g ro u p

A num ber

to

sta b ility

of hog

(1 933—
34) t e s t e d

U nited S t a t e s ,
and

first

g iven w ith

serum

used,

to note

a

A r g e n tin a ,

alive

stra in s

c o n c lu d e d t h a t p l u r a l i t y

ch o lera

1. 72 cc

the

an d t h r e e

serum

th a t when

as

little

g ive n,

o th er
the

out

e x p e rim en t,
of

One

of

out of f if te e n

doses

as

only fo u r

an im al

to t a l

with

lo ss

died
five .

b u t u n th r if ty .

v iru s

in t e r m s

of v i r u l e n c e

of m u c h

s p e c u la tio n .

su b ject
of hog

and Spain

hog

pound of body

When

se c o n d

c a u s e , m a k in g

the

a n ti

per

two

la rg e

ch o lera.

been

dem on­

good h e a l t h but did not

g ro u p .

in

of u s in g

ch o lera

serum

who

ex p erim en t

c h o lera

re m ain ed

an tig en icity has

Hupbauer

o rig in

hog

an o th er

of a n i m a l s

The

(1944)

pound of body w eight w as

d ie d f r o m

as

of

in one

in te re stin g

out of f if te e n

or

cc

r e m a i n e d in

in the

of l a r g e

of body w eig h t p e r m i t t e d

pound of body w eight w as

d ied

v iru s.

anim als

v iru s

pound

When .0.86

observed

( 1 3 .3 3 % )

th is

and Olney

ch o lera
per

e f f e c ts

ch o lera

a g ain st
of ty p e s

serum
does

v iru s

from

of G e r m a n
not

e x i s t in

the

11
the

sense

serum

th a t ty p e s

dose

w as

g en erally

When only 3 cc
was

used,

d e a th s

the

to

of

re su lts

c h r o n ic

hog

ch o lera

ra th e r

the

a m o u n t of the

a q u e s tio n

K e rn k a m p
hog

cu rrin g

of

(1947),

was

ch o lera

re p o rte d

and by De

d u c e d by t h i s

w ith the

as

the

fro m

v iru s

had

a

the

average

a m ild

w ith a ll

w ith no

used.

to p r o d u c e
and

of an

c it e d

c o n c lu d e d

f ie ld

of v i r u s
with

sam e

in c u b a ti o n

The

p attern
fo rm s

p erio d .

from

the

of

a n ti g e n ic
E a s t A f­

d ise a se

pro ­

of s y m p t o m s
of the

to f o u r

tim e

and

d ise a se

A frican

of 36 h o u r s

cases

droves.

d ifferen t

South A f r i c a .

d ays

th a t

p erio d s o c ­

(1921) in B r i t i s h

an d A m e r i c a n

a b o u t two

chro n ic

and a s s o c i a t e d

s p e c if ic

en tire ly

M o n tg o m e ry

follow ed the

a

of a type

a s n o n v a c c in a te d

in c u b a tio n p e r i o d

b eing

strain s

v iru s

weight.

of body w eight

17 day c o n ta c t in c u b a tio n

(1940) in

of the

of body

re a ctio n

able

The

of v i r u s .

how ever,

v iru s

E uropean

short

d ose

a s w ell

by

Kock

e x c e p ti o n

era

10 k i l o g r a m s

reduced v iru le n c e,

w ith

in v a c c i n a t e d

le sio n s

each

w as no t the m a n i f e s t a t i o n

in fe c tin g

c h o le ra

A hog

rica

v a rie d

10 k i l o g r a m s

c h o l e r a by d ilu tio n of the

bu t

n atu re

for

per

and S c h m id t (1934) w e r e

of hog

c h r o n ic

serum

5 cc

a 40 p e r c e n t m o r t a l i t y

Kobe
type

e x i s t in foot and m o u th d i s e a s e .

hog

c h o l­

days

with

of in je c tio n .

12
The
ti g a tio n s

v a c c in a tio n

by

of a v a r i a n t
in t h e i r

against

p les

of t h e s e

(Pounds)

et

nature

w o rk w a s

te c t

Weight

Dale

al.

(1951)

of the
the

certain
te sts

d isa ste rs

v iru se s
are

as

who

v iru s

failu re

of

of

1949-50
showed

is o la te d

from

Serum

Serum

30

90-100

30-36

50-60

35

i n d ic a tio n s

f ie ld

sera

cases.

to p r o ­
Exam ­

follow s:

Kind of

60-80

in i n v e s ­

Of f o r e m o s t i n t e r e s t

co m m ercial

A m oun t of
(cc)

de finite

inv olved.
som e

re su lte d

D eath o r
S evere

C o m m ercial
11

8 /8
4 /7

r i

BAI E x p .

R e a c ti o n

3 /3
1

2 /2

58

5

32

5

11

2 /2

81

15

11

3 /3

41

15

11

1 /4

67

15

11

4 /4

82

15

11

15/15

74

30

r i

3 /3

46

30

i I

0 /2

76

30

11

2 /4

82

30

11

11/15

57

45

t i

0 /2

51

45

i i

0 /2

97

45

i i

0 /4

13
Inasm uch
when u s e d

to

c h o lera

n e u tralized

re g u la r

by hog

v iru ses,

v a r i a n t hog

th ey

ch o lera

No m e n tio n
m e n tio n e d p a p e r
a num ber
(1951)
in

of

sta te d

swine

ch o lera

v iru s

in

ch o lera

p ig s ,

an tisera

and

pigs

s in c e

e f f e c ts

it

p ro­

but failed

that p ro te c te d

conc lu d e d th a t th e y w e r e

to

ag ain st

w ork ing

with a

v iru s.
d iso rd e rs

v a c c in a tio n

"o u tb reak s
rep o rted

occur

thing

was m a d e

such has

in the

been

"breaks. "

p ra c titio n ers

Quin

(1950)

An e d i t o r ' s

in p e r a c u t e

ab out hog

cases,

ch o lera

is

and

note

d iso rd e rs

in w idely

concurred

afore­

co m m o n in

of u n id e n tif ie d n e r v o u s
by

co rn b elt. "

c o n v u ls io n s

p r o d u c e d no i l l

c h o le ra-su sce p tib le

of n e r v o u s

been

the m o s t ty p i c a l

tested

alth o u g h a p p a r e n t l y

that

in the

th ey

ch o lera-im m u n e

so -called

have

l o c a tio n s

the

c h a lle n g e

d u c e d t y p ic a l
be

as

sep arated

that

sp o rad ic

sta te d

th a t

th a t i t f r e q u e n t l y i s

a ty p ic a l.
The
c h o lera
served
th e n
a

is

d e v e lo p m e n t
not a

th a t an

to the

c lo s in g

w ith the

of the

o b serv atio n .

an im al m ay

le f t,

"cram p. "

recen t

of c o n v u ls io n s

ru n in

s u b s e q u e n tl y

first

th ro w in g i t s e l f

draw

itse lf

m o u th .

D ila te d p u p il s ,

e x te n d e d w e r e

a f f e c te d

B ru n sch w iler

c irc les

It would

fro n t leg s

in p ig s

a ls o

(1925)

to the

down and

b a c k w a r d with

an

with hog
ob­

r i g h t and
going

into

opening

and

and pushing m o v e m e n t s

observed.

14
S e ifrie d
39 c a s e s
changes
w ere

A lso

in the

b rain .

He

not

se ria l

in

the

swine

N ervous

did not m a k e

s y m p to m s

i t w as

th ro u g h

rep o rted

of e n c e p h a l i t i s

seen.

nervous

(1931)

w ere

ce rtain

severe

et

c o m p u ls iv e
the

h ow ever,

c le ar,

of

by h i s t o l o g i c a l

of v a r y i n g

how ever,

enough to be

w h e th e r

al.

(1946)

degrees

w h e th e r

called

he had m a i n t a i n e d

stated

E xcep tio n ally th e re
d eliriu m

ch a rac te riz ed

sy m p to m s

it

produ ctio n

th e s e

c o n v u ls io n s .
such activ ity

an im al p a s s a g e s .

H u ty r a

tw e e n

ex p e rim en ta l

m o v em en ts

a ls o

or

occur

c o n v u ls io n s

with m a r k e d

occurred

m e n in g e s

th a t
and v a r i o u s

le t h a r g y .

A tta c k s

c o n c u r r e n t w ith h e m o r r h a g e s
into

h isto lo g ically

the

b rain

dem o n strab le

s u b s ta n c e .

of

be­

(U su a lly ,

en cep h alo m y elitis

is

sy m p to m le ss. )
E n cep h alitic
of

swine

involvin g

observed

s y m p to m s
a num ber

In s u c h

in v o lv e m e n t.

so m etim es

c irc le s

tim e s

in

s te p p e d

or

m o tio n .

re se m b le d

oth er

Such

a c u te

in
in

a num ber

These

a im le ssly

high with the

d istre sse d

s y m p to m s

o u tb reak s,

v e lo p e d b r a i n

re p o rte d

of a n i m a l s

ex ag g erated nervous

stre p to c o c ci.

w ere

an im als

w ith o t h e r

a drove.
swine
of

in f e c t e d

w alke d

showed no

se p ticem ic

d ise a se s

w ith
de­

They

som e­

in a p e c u l i a r

d ia g n o s ti c
of

have

(1945)

c o n tin u o u sly ,

pen.

f o r e f e e t w hich r e s u l t e d

cases

Ray

swine

ab out in the

d ise a se s

sw ine.

lesio n s

but

15
H o ffe rd
in

c h o lera

(1944)

in f e c t i o n s ,

in c lu d in g

d ietary

re fe rrin g

here

K aplan
of

swine

stated that
b ut

to

calciu m

(1948)

th irty —
one

days.
nervous

trem o rs,

c o n v u ls io n s ,

The

p a ra ly tic

of t h e i r
ging

hind le g s

of the

an im als

rear

d ie d

n o n p araly zed
an im als

cam e

q u a rte rs.
the

an im als

rem ain ed

th a t the

clin ical

and th e n

"d og

c ite d in v o lv e d the

sittin g "

which b r o u g h t

one to

or

was

T e s c h e n 's

of t h r e e
a ta x ia

to

d e v e l­

chewing

on t h e i r
reg ain

an im als

two w e e k s.

c lassified

d it io n s

the

A p p r o x im a te ly

in

a u th o r

reactio n s

of te e th ,

reco v er,

occurred

c o n d itio n s

g n a sh in g

would fa ll

a

d ise a se s

follow ed m u s c u l a r

an im als

first

m en tal

and m i l d

P a ra ly sis

p a ra ly z e d for

(1938)

of o t h e r

e n c e p h alo m y elitis"

g r a d u a lly ,

e x h ib ite d

d u rin g

F in d la y

The

e x h ib ite d

te ta n y .

e n c e p h a litic

s a li v a tio n ,

c o n v u ls io n s ,
sta g e

p o s s ib le

d ep ressio n ,

ex citem en t.

c irc lin g .

a num ber

showed in c u b a ti o n p e r i o d s

L assitu d e,

oped into

go into

d e fic ie n c y

"p o rc in e

Such a n i m a l s

s q u e a l,

It i s

d escrib ed

in f e c t e d with

and

s e e n in

deficien cies.

d ise a se .

b edd ing ,

are

c o n v u ls io n s m a y be

p o stu re

f e e t.

co n tro l

and a d r a g ­

50 p e r c e n t
E a rly

sid es,

th e ir

lo sin g

of

of a ff e c te d

re c o v erie s

in

two w e e k s.

Some

a c c o r d in g

en v iro n ­

w eeks.
v a ria n ts

about t h e i r

passage

of v i r u s e s

to

changes.
th ro u g h

The
(a)

con­

d ifferen t

16
tissu e s

in

of m i c e ;

a d ifferen t

(b) d i f f e r e n t t i s s u e s

n eu ro tro p ic
rhesus

sue

in

stra in s

m onkeys;

v accin ia

by b r a i n

(c) the

produced f r o m

v itro , e . g . ,

c h ic k e n

sp ecies,

or

m ouse

of dev elo ping

as

the

re su lt

c o n d iti o n s ,

viru s

v accin ia
by

S erial
by A n d re w s
m ato ry

passage

(1936)

reactio n
The

en cep h alitis

and W e s t e r n

s u g g e s t e d by H a m m o n
m ite s.

of a

T h is

agent

equine

(1948)

was

for

37. 5

tis­

o

carcin o m a,

rhesus

m onkeys

of p h y s i c a l

C. ; and

e.g.,

p a th ­

a c ti v e

(h) t r e a t ­
fib ro m a

produced m y x o m ato sis.

fib ro m a v iru s

in d o m e s t i c

p r o d u c tio n

fib ro m a-lik e
stem

e.g.,

m em brane

of in flu e n z a

(g) a l t e r a t i o n

myxoma v iru s

com mon

e m b r y o n ic

(f) m o u s e

k ille d v i r u s ,

of the

sp ecies,

c h o r io a l l a n t o i c

at

in

in T y r o d e - s e r u m -

tissu e s;

in the

(d)

decrease

pro p ag ated

re su lte d

e x isten ce

e.g.,

passage;

of the

in p la c e

skin;

b ra in s

dev elop ing

but d ifferen t

c a lf

(e)

in the

e. g. , yellow f e v e r

lo s t v iru le n c e

an o th er

and he a t - i n a c t i v a t e d

sp ecies,

ye llow f e v e r

in t h e s e

of p r o lo n g e d

v iru s

in

tissu e;

y e llo w f e v e r

e.g.,

m e n t of one

v ario la

yellow f e v e r

sam e

tissu e ,

em bryo,

o g e n ic ity by p r o p a g a tio n
e - g* » p a n tr o p ic

of the

sam e

em bryo

as

passage,

pantro p ic

c h ic k e n

such

of an a c u te

for

encep h alo m y elitis
an

m o d if ie d by p a s s a g e s

in fla m ­

g ro w th .

v iru s

who i s o l a t e d

rab b its

St.

L o u is

v iru ses

agent f r o m
in

differen t

w as
chick
sp ecies

17
u n til i t
litis

d e v e lo p e d into

v iru s

in m i c e ,

c h ic k e n e m b r y o .
tio n s"

w ith St.

occurred

sage

s to c k

He

W e s te r n

co n sid ered

L o u is

(1949)

em b ry o n ated

It w a s

th u s

enco u n tered

the

stra in

as

resu lt

c e iv e d m u c h
the

pert

(1936)

a ble

to

c o in c id e n ta l

and equine

stra in

in the

in

"m ix e d in fe c ­

en cep h alo m y elitis,

change

as

the

presence

th a t the

su b jects

of p r e v i o u s

in o c u la ti o n s

a t t e n t i o n in the
p a th o g e n ic it y

in je c te d

dem o n strate
In an

y ello w f e v e r
b ra lly

encepha­

re su lt

the
of p a s ­

of im m u n e

n atu ral

w h e re

from

passage

a n tib o d ie s

in f e c tio n s m ig h t

of
are

give

rise

d e v ia tio n .

In tra c ere b ra l

stratin g

L o u is

c o in c id e n c e .

co n c e iv a b le

th r o u g h h u m an

St.

e n c e p h a lo m y e litis

an a n tig e n ic

eg gs

in flu e n z a v i r u s

to

th a t

e n cep h alitis

observed

n a m e ly ,

equine

of an in f lu e n z a v i r u s

th r o u g h

serum .

and

too f r e q u e n t l y f o r m e r e

T ay lo r
parent

d istin c t types,

a ttem p t

guinea

score

N e im a n and W oo l-

of t u b e r c u l o s i s

while by a ll

w ere

o th e r

an im al

and w e r e

o rg an ism s.
s u ita b le

s u s c e p tib le

ro u tes

re­

In d e m o n ­

(1930) in j e c t e d m i c e

ro d en ts

has

in tra c e re b ra lly

to find a l a b o r a t o r y
T heiler

a g e n ts

of y e a r s .

v a c c in e ,

pig f e t u s e s

m u ltip licatio n

research ,

r o u te

la st

of B . C . G .

and found t h a t t h e s e

la tio n by t h i s

of in f e c tio u s

fo r

in tra c ere ­
to i n o c u ­

of in o c u la tio n

the y

18
w ere

re sista n t

th a n

to in f e c tio n .

The

s e v e n ty b r a i n - t o - b r a i n

w as

highly n e u r o t r o p i c

of v i r u l e n c e

for

passages.
th ese

tis su e

t h a t y e llo w f e v e r ,

tru e

possessed

m ore

th eless,

he

c a rried

for

m ore

estab lish ed v iru s

but m a n i f e s t e d

l i m i t e d to

v iru se s

all

equine
w ere

cellu la r

w hereas

the

co n sid ered

of v i r u s e s ,

lo u p in g -ill,

m u ltip le

w ith y ello w f e v e r ,

w ere

T h is

a n im a ls

affin ities

and A f r i c a n h o r s e —
sick n ess
t h a t th e y

w as

a lo ss

m onkeys.

In d i s c u s s i n g
sta te d

for

stra in

p a n tr o p ic

affinities.

re tic u lo -e n d o th e lia l
as

(1936)

e n cep h alo m y elitis
in the

T h is

w ith lo u p in g - ill

of t h e m

G allow ay

sense

w as m o s t

th ese

affin ities

sy ste m .

N ever­

p o ssessin g

n eu ro tro p ic

p o te n tia litie s.
L am m ert
cu ltu re -g ro w n
by

se ria l

a litic

in

and M o u s s a tc h e

yellow f e v e r

b ra in -to —
b rain
the

v iru s

(1943) w e r e
in

passages.

ch ic k b u t w as

sev erely

ab le

to

o n e —to f o u r —
day
The

v iru s

adapt tissu e
old

c h ic k s

w as n o t e n c e p h -

e n c e p h a litic

when i n j e c t e d

into m o n k e y s .
R e ic h e l
ch o lera
passed
w as

v iru s

(1913)
in

th r o u g h

o b ta in e d .

c o m p a r e d the

se ria l
se ria l

passages

an im al

in c re a s e

to fix ed

passage

of v i r u l e n c e

rab ies

u n ti l

v iru s

a m ax im u m

of hog

which w as
v iru le n c e

19
W rig h t
P a ste u r

fix ed

g e n ic ity ,

ra b ie s

th e ir

nized m ic e ,
or

le sio n s

as

a b ility

of th e

type

a id

c e lls

per

has

in

in fo rm ation

tio n

cu.

mm.

d u r a tio n

of

an ti­

in i m m u ­
of

s y m p to m s

th e y p r o d u c e d .

the

the

d e te rm in atio n
referred

m ost

course

of 40 n o r m a l

average

19,982

w ith a

swine

w ith a

swine

the

range

g iv e n on m e th o d s

day a f t e r

in t h e i r

i m m u n ity

of blood ,

following

20 a n i m a l s

was

id e n t i c a l

ra b ie s

ab ou t the

In c h o l e r a - i n f e c t e d

15,515

v iru s,

of d i s e a s e

sub s t r a i n s

of to t a l

to h e r e a f t e r

sa tisfa c to ry

la b o r­

of in fe c ti o n in hog

sw ine.

and W ilso n (1910) to

was

overcom e

T .W . B . C . T
s

39,296.

n eith er

in c u b a tio n p e r i o d s ,

for

c h o l e r a i n o c u la te d

to

w ere

rem ain ed

a v a ila b le

The

d e m o n s t r a t e d th a t

th a n body t e m p e r a t u r e ,

T .W .B .C .,

atory

to

in the

blood

(1948)

v iru s

nor

O th e r
white

an d H ab el

of

w ere
range

fro m

average
7,200 to

s a m p le

was

10,070

T .W .B .G .

of in o c u la tio n ,

i n o c u la tio n t h a t the

found by King

23,600.

a m o u n ts
ta k e n ,

No
of

or

dura­

of i l l n e s s .
Dinwiddie

7,800

(s u c k lin g

d ecreased
2,000

from

on the

(1914)

pig)

to

8,500

s ix th

day

c ite d

norm al

17,600.

He

on the

first

of i l l n e s s .

T .W . B . C . fs

observed

th a t

day of i l l n e s s
Of the

p ig s

r a n g in g

from

T . W . B . C . 's
to

a low of

s tu d ie d ,

the

20
ra n g e
The

on th e

la tte r

w ith a
in

six th

an im al

(1928-29)

range

of

exceed

2,200

la te d

or

the

cases

to

an im als.

as

in jected

of hog

hog

S ta te s
Iowa,

H ew itt

c h o lera

from

in f e c t e d
In stitu te

the

average

17,489

s ix th
norm al

average

p ig s

rep o rted

averaged
to

the

dropped

tw e lfth

in

a fte r

was

p ig s

com p a n y

the

U nited

at A m es,

sa m p le s

V e te rin ary

sam p les
v iru s

T .W .B .C .

serum

fro m

blood

C ollege

swine

ch o lera-in fe c te d

600

T .W . B . C . *s of

sou rces.

w hereas

Blood

51

count

7,700.

sam p les

Iowa State

of

to

4,400

T .W . B . C .

E x p e r i m e n t S tatio n

d ays

to

of a n i m a l s i n o c u ­

co m m ercial

th a t

17,178.

T .W . B . C . 's

of 53 hog

a

T .W . B . C . ,
of the

to be

v a ria tio n

from

13,600

m e n tio n e d .

d ifferen t

of A n im a l I n d u s t r y

averaged

search

the

4,609.

B ureau

c h o lera

from

with v i r u s e s

c h o l e r a - i n f e c t e d p ig s

averaged

num ber

at

did the

(1930) found a n a v e r a g e

H e w itt (1932) found a wide
swine

T .W . B . C .

not

15,300.

a d ro p

At no t i m e

to t a l

w as

to

T .W . B . C .

He o b s e r v e d

d e a th

do se

2,000

32 d a y s .

v iru s.

The

and G rah am

d ia g n o s e d

from

th an

16,600.

p rio r

i n o c u la tio n

T h o rp
of 27

to

c o m m ercial

Just

in two

w as

rep o rte d n o rm al

10,300

u sin g

5,100.

of i l l n e s s

liv e d f o r m o r e

C ah ill

24 h o u r s

and

day

w ere

w as

Re­

o b ta in e d

in o c u la ti o n .
21,524,

from

The

w hereas

10,422.

21
A co m p reh en siv e
in f e c te d

swine

study of the

w as m a d e

by L e w is

co m m ercial v iru s ,

in trap erito n eal

d r a w n on the

day

d isease
tio n.

was

10

a fter

th re e

-5

L ittle

T .W . B . C .

la tte r

day.

The

4,250

sm aller

also

th a n

reached

w as

on the

a p p aren tly
m in atio n s

Cole
in crease
before
la te r

in

.

The

w as

of

on the

cc

the

T .W . B .C .

w as

in

37 d ay s

on th o s e

p eriod

as

s in c e

low

d ecrease

8,550

of the

of v i r u s .

se v e n th

A m arked

course

n ot i n ­

cc

on the

16,505 to

w as

g re a ter

T .W . B . C .

and

11,880

d ise a se

T .W . B . C .

d e te r­

d a y s.
of p ig s

of 25 pigs f r o m
to

incuba­

e f f e c t on

and 4 . 5

day.

The

passages,

d ays

was

a

with blood

dilu tio n w as

reach ed

re su lte d

day.

in the m o r n i n g

fe e d in g .

tite r

of v i r u s

se v e n th

10 to

se v e n

in c u b a ti o n

v iru s

a v e r a g in g

second

te rm in a ted

the

Using

m ade

shown b e tw e e n the

0.00 1

do se

(1929).

w ere

to

la tte r

(1932) found th a t feed in g

fe e d in g
after

—
6

of c h o l e r a

In e a r l i e r

fo u r

passages,

n o rm als

ranged fro m
w ere

10

v iru s

fro m

observed

in o c u la tio n .

a low of 2,840

in T .W . B . C .

passages

The in fe c tiv e

differen ce

case

and Shope

in d u c ed a f t e r

several

from, d o s e s

In the

a fter

days.

but l e s s

fectiv e.

as

re g u la rly

L a te r,

re g u la rly
th a n

fifth

T. W. B. C.

22,893

In v a c c in a tio n t e s t s

one

caused

a m arked

an a v e r a g e
and

p ig s

of

17,742

o n e - h a lf h o u r s

weighing

65 to

80

22
pounds
All

w ere

treated

an im als

rem ain ed

a norm al

of

the

day to a

th ird

reached

m en tal

16,171

a g a in

The

in n u m b e r s

reached

with

from

an

7,400

on the

develop

day,

of

s u f f e r in g
a low
hog

19,229

search

ch o lera

p ro m p ted

fix a ti o n

te st

by

Connoway and

of

12,225

u n ti l

to

an

on
w ere

slow

on the

e x p e ri­
d ecrease

se c o n d

a low of 5,862

(1939)

v iru s

14,200

in jected

55

was
swine

and found a m a r k e d

drop

10,700

on the

first

day to

and a low of 5,280

on the

s ix th

day.

a rtific ially

in f e c t e d

with p n e u m o n ia

u n ti l the

s ix th

w ith hog

often

day a f t e r

did

in o cu la­

v iru s.

la b o ra to ry

in v estig atio n s

(1915).

a id s

into

su c h i n v e s t i g a t o r s

D urant

from

N o rm als

receiv in g

relativ ely

K ernkam p

ch o lera

T .W . B . C .

fo r

fifth day.

to

change

com p licatio n s

ch o lera

of v i r u s .

s e c o n d day and 8,320

15 p ig s

(1948) found th a t pig s

tio n w ith the
The

norm al

se c o n d

and

li t t l e

with hog

2 cc

T .W . B . C . rs d r o p p e d

show ed a

from

e ig h th day.

average

Dunne

not

drop

and

day.

a lo n e

c o m p arativ ely
on the

serum

on the

T .W . B . C .

a

of

on the

7,206

te n th

of v i r u s

in tra m u sc u la rly

ch o lera

13,106

low of

average

cc

w ell b u t the

to

on the

stra in

day w ith

w ith 20

the

as

Both

in the
u se

H ealy

g ro u p s

d ia g n o s is
of the

e t a l.

of hog

c o m p le m e n t
(1915)

b e lie v e d th a t

and
they

23
had

d e v e lo p e d a

satisfacto ry

was

n o t c o n f i r m e d by o t h e r s .
C e ll i n c l u s i o n

by H i m m e l b e r g e r
der

a f ie ld

d ia g n o s tic
G ro w th

p o rted

al.

of v i r u s

in an unknown

c h o lera
(1946)

of the

by

Z ic h is

s ta n d p o in t.

cells

of g a l l - b l a d ­

(1945) p r o v id e d hope fo r

v iru s
th a t

al.

(1948),

was

and

by T e n b r o e c k

ex p erim en tal

a id in te s t i n g

lab o ra to ry
Jacato t

ten

an im als

(1937)

how ever,

serial

(1946)
in

to the

cu ltu re

re­

on c h o r i o ­
(1941).

f ie ld

th ese

for

the

presen ce

hog

ch o lera

s a m p le .

(1939),

th ro u g h

how ever,

c o n ju n c tiv a

on t i s s u e

and Boynton e t

im m e d ia te

to u s e

and K o p ro w sk i

passage
s lig h t,

little

purposes

v iru s

v iru s

c o n tr ib u tio n s

o ffered

success.

of the

cells

of c h ic k e n e m b r y o s

sy stem s

no

how ever,

e n d o th e li a l

and S ippel

c h o lera

(1932)

A lthough i m p o r t a n t

d ia g n o s ti c

and in the

in

success,

aid.

m em branes

A ttem p ts

T h eir

observed

(1941)

of hog

by H ecke

a lla n to ic

b o d ie s

(1916)

by Boynton e t

sy stem .

w ere

ra b b its.

and M u ir
w as

passages
able

fo r

to

C lin ic a l

able
in

(1943) m e t
to

pass

sh eep

s y m p to m s

th e y p r o v id e d no a id f r o m

a

the

while

d e m o n stra te

with
hog

Baker

se ria l

w ere

so

d ia g n o s tic

24
The
a p o ssib le
use

of

in tra d e rm al
fie ld

swine

te st

fo r

the

test

as

K ernkam p
tra liz atio n
i te d

of hog

skin t e s t
hog

c h o le ra

bu t does

(1934)

s u g g e s te d

not elim in ate

the

a n im a l.

an d Roepke
ch o lera

(1942) d e m o n s t r a t e d

serum

in v i t r o

neu­

as

a la b o rato ry

aid with l i m ­

as

a d ia g n o s ti c

aid h a s

p o ssib ilitie s.
The

s tu d ie d by

u se

of b r a i n

such m e n

as

and Kobe

s e c tio n s

B ru n sch w iler

R b hrer

(1934),

su lts.

H e lm b o lt

cuffing

and m i c r o g l i a l foci

w ere

of S a rn o w ie c

(1950),

found p r i m a r i l y

percent

of the

cases.

(1934)

with

h o w e v e r,

in the

som ew hat

from

stem

hog

(1931),

co nflic ting

d em o n strated

re su ltin g
b rain

(1925), S e i f r i e d

been

re­

th a t p e r i v a s c u l a r

ch o lera

and in m o r e

in f e c ti o n s

than

90

MATERIALS

The

v iru s

pig follow ing
tio n

of t h i s

to i t s

usage

in w e ig h t,

and

and the

re ceiv ed
w as

a u to p s y ,
v u ls iv e
a lfa lf a

had

of the

m eal,

w as

an d a

corn

L esio n s,

m ild focal

of the

and

of i t s

C o lleg e

p n e u m o n ia ,

k id n e y s

of

serum

s ic k

of

hind

also

an im als

p erip h e ral
of the

sho w ed

som e

p re se n te d

fo r

of c o n ­

stag g erin g

T .W . B . C .

su b m itted

L ab o rato ry ,

b lad d er

in fa rc tio n .

not p r e v ­

of

F.

hem orrhage

kidney,

A

on .a hig h p r o t e i n ,

had a

a n im a l

A n im a l P a th o lo g y

back­

p n e u m o n ia

w as

pig w as

degrees

of the

one

p rio r

of v i r u s .

Severe

w e re

T h is

a

75 pounds

No h i s t o r y

q u a rte rs,

106.0

a bout

D iarrh ea
the

v iru s

an i n t e r e s t i n g

and 3 cc

with p e n ic i l l i n .

ra tio n .

of the

averaged

p ig s .

from

following d e s c r i p ­

herd.

in cluding

upon n e c r o p s y

petech ial h e m o r r h a g e s
The

p ig s

The

o a ts

offers

The
cc

an im als,

te m p e ratu re

M ic h ig a n S ta te

passage

s u f f e r e d in t h is

given .

with w eaving m o ti o n
8,000

48

been in je c te d

a c tio n

The

iso la te d

subsequent tr e a tm e n t

e x p e rim en t.

lo ss

Some

e x p e r i m e n t was

v a c c in a tio n f a i l u r e .

e v id e n t in m a n y

a le n t.

in t h is

in i n t r a c r a n i a l

th is

50 p e r c e n t
w as

f ie ld

case

g ro u n d f o r

used

of the
and

T here

to the

in c lu d e d
ly m p h n o d e s ,

g a ll-b lad d er.
was

severe

26
e a rly

bu tton u l c e r

e ra te

u lceratio n
A

fo rm atio n

of the

in

the

of the

in te stin e

w as

g ro u n d w ith

ste rile

q u artz

E -K

filte r.
passage

th r o u g h

swine

in tra c ran ia l

u la te d

with the i n t e s t i n a l f i l t r a t e
in jected

ta n e o u s ly .
two w a s

p la c e d

blood

gro u p

g e n e rally

g ro u p not

cell

lo w e r

course

th a n

tre a te d

a n im a ls

in the

the

re su lts

an

in o c u la tio n

the

ran

of the

v iru s.

(T ab le

Two

subcu-

groups

of

of p u r if ie d
co n tro l

te m p e ra tu re s
I),

te m p e ratu re
a

in o c ­

w as

a u r e o m y c in .

of d a ily

e a rlier

showed

resp ectiv e

A vaccin ated

receiv in g

w ere

and two

10 g r a m s

of fe e d .

did the n o n - a u r e o m y c i n
pig

Six p ig s

v iru s

following m a n n e r :

of the

containing

a S eitz

w ith t h i s

a tt e m p t e d .

each

T . W . B . C . , but

one

and. m o d ­

u lceratio n

th r o u g h

was m a d e

d eterm in atio n s

d e v e lo p e d

severe

two i n t r a d e r m a l l y

100 pounds

su m m a riz in g

w as

fro m

on a fe e d

per

w ith the

to t a l w hite

after

an im al

p la c e d

In

tre ated

in tra n a sa lly ,

One

au reo m y cin

passage

showing

and f i l t e r e d

before

w ere

cecum ,

s to m a c h .

sectio n

One

colon and

the

au reo m y cin

rise ,

so m ew hat m o r e

gro u p .

c o n v u ls io n s

In the
on the

and

and a
c h r o n ic

au reo m y cin
11th day

27
P o st m o rtem
d ifferen t f ro m

th o s e

o b ta in e d .

H o w e v e r,

tro l

d e v e lo p e d

gro u p
Hog

le g e

herd

by

c e n tral
im a ls

an a t t e m p t
and age

the

to

v a rie d

d e sire d .

which the

w ere

ro u tin ely

areas

c h o le ra

it w as

of 30

th is

near
is

or

w ith the
m ore

la b o rato ry .

easy

co l­

serum

purchased

s o m e w h a t,
D u rin g

alth o u g h

the

w in t e r

t w o -w e e k

q u aran tin e

p e r i o d w as

u t i l i z e d in
or

in the

Since

vac­
in

ch o lera.
at

one

an­
When

tim e

re sista n c e .

m o n th s ,

p ig s

1 2 - to

at

p ig s

1 4 -w ee k old

D uring the s p r i n g m o n t h s ,

w ere

o nce,

e a rlie r

in

Size

eig ht w e e k - o ld w eanling

observed,

ex p erim en ts
m o re

in

o b ta in e d

su scep tib le

of hog

c o n t r o l in d iv id u a l v a r i a t i o n s

75 poun ds

con­

the

e x te n s iv e ly

to find

v iru s

w ere

old w eanling

to

w as

the

w ith

e x p e rim e n t w ere

the

relativ ely

eig h t-w eek

grew

nor

v a c c in a te d

not p r a c tic e d

h ow ever,

w ere

seed v iru s

o b ta in e d f r o m

p ig s w e r e the y o u n g e s t a n i m a l s a v a i l a b l e .

p ig s

not m a r k e d l y

a u r e o m y c i n gro u p

p ig s

u s e d in

e x p e rim en tatio n
groups

from

w e re

v e te rin aria n s.

ru ral

M ic h ig a n ,

p o ssib le ,

w ere

in

pigs

en teritis.

pig s

a g a i n s t hog

for

n eith er

c o lle g e

farm ers

c in a tio n

of a n i m a l s

th e y had b e e n

S u s c e p tib le
from

in t h e s e

c h o lera-v accin ated

w here

and v i r u s

lesio n s

o b ta in e d .

and

s in c e

so m e
groups

Since
not

of the

a ll

a
the

a n im a ls

before

th e y

28
w ere

used.

th em

u n d esirab le

a t te n tio n

w as

e x c e p tio n s
g ro u p
p ig s
w as

The

a ll w ere

from

in e v ita b le

w hite

from

b e ltin g .

of handling

breed

crossbred

C h e ste r
m ore

these

an e x p e r i m e n t a l

g iv e n to the

of O. I. C.

cam e

p ro b le m

or

th a t m a n y

p ig s .

W hites.
le ss

of p ig s

larg er

stan d p o in t.
purchased.

The

of the

H am p sh ire

should d is p la y

L ittle
With few

e x c e p tio n w a s

Since m o s t

rem o te

pig s m a d e

one

crossbred

lin e a g e ,

a b la c k h a i r

it

c o a t with

METHODS

V ir u s

The b r a i n s
deep f r e e z e

at

from

—
20

C.

to be m a d e .

W h ere

m en tal

passage

first

se ria l

an im al

The

first

to

die

fered

c o n v u ls io n s .

e a rly

d e a th

and

The

was

w eig h ed

q u artz

sand.

o

used

w as

resum ed

trifu g e d
in

an

as

at

the

p o ssib le,
w as

die

one
la st

w as

T hu s

w as

C.

day b e f o r e

the

b rain

m a i n t a i n e d in a

in o c u la tio n s

selected for

th a t h a d b e e n

selectio n

one

of th o se

w as m a d e

w ere

the

e x p e ri­

rem oved fro m

c o m p le te d p a s s a g e

u s u a lly

rem oved

A portio n ,

accu rately

after

3,000

to

In te rn a tio n al

never

the

of the

on the

the

se rie s.

which h a d
b asis

for

th re e
4,000

a

su f­
of

sh o rt p erio d

r.p .m .

re frig era te d

fo r

T h is

was

w ith

but the

su ff ic ie n t

tissu e.
u se

s u s p e n s io n

Saline

of b r o t h
w as

of 20 to

and f i l t e r e d

b rain ,

ste rile

add ed in

of the

p erio d s

c e n tr if u g e

and allo w e d

than h a lf of the

a m o rta r

s u s p e n s io n

passages.

deep f r e e z e

m ore

in fu sio n b r o t h

a 20 p e r c e n t

a v e h ic le

from

and g ro u n d in

B ra in —
heart

q u a n tity to m a k e
w as

u n til

w ere

c o n v u ls io n s .

b rain

to tha w a t 42

infected, a n i m a l s

in the

a n i m a l to

P rep a ra tio n

cen­

30 m i n u t e s
th r o u g h

a

30
S e itz

E—
K filte r

facilitated

to

tem p t

w as

Thus,

to

w as

it

w as

the

to

co n tro l

w as

pad

b a cterial

100

cc

used

0 .5

and in c u b a tin g

d u rin g

e lim in ate

in

cc
at

th ro u g h i n t r a v e n o u s ,

w ere

p erio d

v ary in g

in o c u la te d

te sts

o

filtratio n

f i l t r a t i o n by the

of v i r u s

process,
u se

an a t ­

of a n t i b i o t i c s .

5,000 u n it s

in b r o t h

of the

f in is h e d

m a te rial

C.

for

of p e n ic illin

s u s p e n s io n .

T h is

the

into

a tube

in c lu d e d the

0. 3 cc
yolk

product w ere

m ade

by

of n u t r i e n t b r o t h

48 h o u r s .

s u b c u ta n e o u s

from
in

quan tities

only two p a s s a g e s .

of the
37

the

c o n ta m in a ti o n ,

A n im a l i n o c u la tio n s

a m o u n ts

s p e e d and lo n g e r

e x cessiv e

of the b r a i n

B a c te rio lo g ic
in o c u la ti n g

h ig h e r

b e l i e v e d th a t

filte r

m ade

ad d e d to

m e th o d

The

filtratio n .

Sinc e
adhered

pad.

to

of r a b b i t s

and i n t r a c r a n i a l

3 .0

sac,

i n je c tio n

cc.

C hicken

c h o r io a lla n to i c

ro u tes

with

em bryos

m em brane

and

cerebrum .
U ltra c e n trifu g e d

j e c tin g
to

30

cc

of f i l t e r e d

c e n trifu g atio n

at

u ltracen trifu g e.

in

cc

of the

m a te rial

b rain

42,000

Spinco
1 .0

v iru s

w as

s u s p e n s io n ,

prepared

as

r . p . m . , a v e r a g in g

The

re su ltin g

s u p e r n a t a n t flu id

d escrib ed
144,500

p e l l e t w as

and i n j e c t e d

by

sub­

above,

g. ,

in

a

r e su s p e n d e d

su b c u ta n e o u s ly

31
into

a

m ent

ch o le ra
w as

su sceptib le

o b ta in e d f r o m

with p h e n o li z e d

pig.

hog

Swine

yards

from

the

m a i n t a i n e d in

pens

pens

to have

c o n ta c t w ith the
or

the

m a in tain ed

under

ex p erim en tal

fe c ted p r e m i s e s ,

ch o lera

p rem ise s.

needed for
no

u s e d in

th is

ex p eri«

s u b c u ta n e o u s ly

v iru s.

In o c u la tio n s

w e re

i n f e c te d

th ese

v iru s

an a n i m a l in o c u la te d

c o m m e rcia l

Q u a r a n tin e

The

S u s c e p ti b le

stric t

purposes.
hog

a p p ro x im ately

q u a r a n tin e

The

ch o lera

lab o ra to ry

a n im als
u n til

c a reta k e r
in f e c te d

in w hich the

1,000
w ere

th ey w e r e

was

a llow ed

p ig s ,

the

v iru s

w as

in™

hand le d .
The
c u ted ,

iso latio n

w ere

stru c tu re .
and w e r e
of the

The

en tran ce

all v iru s
percent

larg e

p ro v id ed

b ru sh ,

in which

of two t y p e s ,

with

free,
s o d iu m

an

In t h i s

paper

both

pens

v estib u le

c e n t r a l h a llw a y .
scrub

pens,

an d an

o u ts id e

en tran ce

sep arated
en tran ce

for

the

deep

w ere

sin g le

vestib u le.
i n f e c te d

v e s tib u le

boot

a

windows

th e rm o m e te rs,

e ig h t in c h

h y d ro x id e

in o c u la ti o n s

co n ta in e d in

had

to w e lin g ,

the

w as

for
Two

c e m e n t b lo c k
v e n tila tio n
s o lid

pen f r o m
a

sin k ,

co v e ralls,

foot b a th

d is in f e c tio n .

exe™

the
soap,

b o o ts ,

con tain in g
A

doors

five

ste riliz e d

32
feed

c an w ith f e e d ,

w ithin the
the

to

v estib u le.

ex p erim en t.

g iv en to

and a

su rp lu s,

a n im als.

c o n v e n ie n tly

The

pens

or

ta b l e
door

sm a lle r

p o ssib ly

h e ig h t in
w hich

of the

la rg e r

ce n tral

of t h e s e

m ain ed

u n its.

in the

O p e r a tin g
a

change

room

an

T h is

into
pen

was

la st

and

before

in

each

e n te r in g

d is in f e c tin g

the

e x p e c te d .

w a ll s

The

te rm in a tio n

p ro v id e d

and f lo o r

of the
and

n e c e ssa rily

can.

sp a c e

slid ing

pen w as

m a i n t a i n e d in

p ig s ,

was

s u f f ic ie n tl y

to the

vestib u le

featu re

th r o u g h

larg e

of the

m esh

a n im a l.
p rev io u sly

sin k ,

w ith the

o b ta in e d th r o u g h
lim ited

refuse

at

w ir e

e a c h u n it f o r

sm a ll

for

co n stru c te d

to th a t

all b u t one

u n til the

w ere

the

of

the

la st

s m a l l p ig s .

access

sim ila r

a d isp o sal

w hich w e r e

ex p erim en t,

to p e r m i t

was

w ere

c o v eralls

C le a n s in g
d ifficu lties

w ere

to p ro v id e

A cage

in c lu d in g

H oes

gowns
of

e ig h t

arranged

p ig s .

ra ise d

pen,

hall.

fecal m a te r ia l

pens

to

m ain tain ed

i n f e c te d

e a c h pen w ith a f o u r foot wide

e x c e p tio n t h a t v e n t i l a t i o n
the

w e re

sm a ll

could be

C o n stru ctio n
d e sc rib e d

two

s ix

a ls o

p r o v id e d to

not fe d to the
These

acco m m o d ate

one

bucket w ere

S u fficien t f e e d w as

Any

recovered

d is p e n s in g

the

usage

scrap in g

co n tain er

re­

exp erim en t.
unit to

elim in ate

e a c h pen.
c o n ta m in a te d p e n s

Follow ing
of the

the

p r o v id e d

term in a tio n

pen w ith i t s

of

resid u e,

33
bed ding

in

w ith five

so m e

cases,

percent

s o d iu m

for

a p erio d

the

p en th o r o u g h ly

had

drain ed ,

a five

percent

a llo w e d to

c e il in g

so lu tio n

sp ray

a d d it io n a l

and tr o u g h s

d r o x id e

spray,
C o n tr o ls

the

hog

pens,

ch o lera

th e y

th e re

procedure
s p r a y in g

w as

of tim e

It a p p e a r e d
th is
was

48-hour

steam

th a t

the

d u rin g

d e sire d

a llo w the
one

end.

s o d iu m

four

hy­

hours.

course

of the
of a ll

w a lls

the

u se

of th e s e

u n o c c u p ie d f o r

too

c ircu m v en t

co n clu d ed by allow ing
the

the

resid u al

week was
To

the

hose,

a c c o m p lis h e d .

re m ain

and th e n p a in tin g

p e n then

e lirriina tion

a llo w e d

to

rep eated

rubber

tre a tm e n t for

p en s

so a k ed with

w as

s u b je c te d not only to the
a

w ater

a th ree—
gallo n

and the

B u c k e ts ,

sta n d

and

su rp lu s

u sin g

process

p erio d

a week.

rem oved

th o ro u g h ly

nee d f o r

that

d e sire d

w ere

soake d

allow ed to

When the

a p re ssin g

to

th o ro u g h ly

th en

h y d ro x id e

h a d not b e e n

could not be

a c c o m p lish

to

e v id e n c e

v iru s

s u f f ic ie n t le n g th
stro y ed .

a

w ere

was

s p r a y in g

p la c e d in th e s e

gave

Since

so dium

for

but a ls o

d eb ris

and h o se d .

The

over

id le

sh o v e ls

ex p erim en ts

of

w e re

solu tion and

and f lo o r

unit.

tim es

re m a in

The

scrubbed

w alls,

and tr o u g h s

h y d ro x id e

of 24 h o u r s .

h an d pu m p e d
two

fe e d ,

v iru s
short
th is

room

and f l o o r s

to

to be

a
de­

a p erio d

to

o b stacle,

the

dry

the

with

after

" T e x to n e ,"

34
a

w ater

doors
with

so lu b le

w ere

a lk a li n e

tre a te d

a lu m in u m

to

the

for

from
five

purpose.

an d
the

and then

the

V ia ls

c o n tain in g

siu m

o x a la te

lite r)

w ere

a d e q u a te
before
an d a

d ried

for

five

the

how ever,

cc

gram s

of blood.
w ere

d e scrip tio n
the

i n o c u la te d
d istrib u tio n

was

solu tion

fo r

i n o c u la tio n

3 .2 0
the

the

g ram s,
blood

w et with

and m a r k i n g s

pens.

d e la y e d m o r e

w e re
vena

and p o t a s ­

co n ta in e rs.
w ere

backs

pen.

T h is

a n im a ls

before

S o m etim es

th a n

no

was

ste riliz e d

of the
n ote d

per

of a few m i n u t e s

Under

cover­

an im als

re sp e ctiv ely ,

A ll i n s t r u m e n t s

se x

the

only

sy rin g e s.

of a m m o n iu m

e x p erim en tal

the

cc

pens

used

ste riliz e d

a n te rio r

and five

w ithin a m a t t e r
in

tra ile r

which was

c lip p e d on the
of

q u a r a n tin e

rem oved

b le d v ia

p a in te d

satisfacto ry .

pigs* t e m p e r a t u r e s

n eed les

and

and u s e d
cc

c le a n

w e a rin g

h a llw a y

the

w ere

of a

s u b j e c t into

w ere

th e ir

cen tral

18 gauge

N um bers

c o m p le te

an im als
lowing

( 4 .8 0

use.

p la c in g

0 .5

from

c l e a n s e d b o o ts

an im als

c a v a w ith f o u r - i n c h

of a

w orkers

so d iu m h y d r o x id e ,

Wooden
w ere

p r o v e d to be

tra n sp o rte d

free

In the

type p a in t.

oil and m e t a l p a r t s

b a r n by m e a n s
V ir u s

tra ile r.

p lastic

procedure

w ere

s o d iu m h y d ro x id e

p ercent

taken

T h is

swine

e x p erim en tal

th is

alls

w ith l i n s e e d

p a in t.

S u s c e p tib le

re sista n t

the
fo l­

c irc u m sta n ce s,

24 h o u r s .

35
In tra c ra n ia l
a n esth e sia .
lu tio n

or

five

q u ic k ,
be

in je c te d

pounds

fu rth e r

was

in

an im als

h a ir

with io d in e .
the

to

w eight.

the

The

the

lo n g e r .

of the

le f t eye

to

case

w as

one

cc

le f t

the b a s e

blad es,

p ro v id e d

ten

a

could

a p p ro x im ately

te n
No

could be

D u r a ti o n

of

to f if te e n m i n ­

observed

c lip p e d
or

and no

on the m e d i a l
line

c l o s e ly

w ith a

with a lc o h o l

crosses
of the

solution

a n esth etic.

scrubbed

ear

qu ick

c o n scio u sn ess.

from

so­

vena

of a n i m a l s

m anner.

fo re h e a d was

an im a g in a ry

of the

and in o c u la ti o n s

w as

under

a queous

m e th o d i n s u r e d

lo se

w as

was m a d e

a n im a l

a n te rio r

l a t t e r m e th o d

to

of the

su rg ical

1:25

the

and a n u m b e r

a n im a l

use

u sin g

An i n c i s i o n

base

The

No to x ic it y

p ig 's

area

in a

With t h is m e th o d ,

in e i t h e r

p o in t w h e re

the

form er

th e n n e c e s s a r y

on the

with the

Davis)

e ff ic ie n t and h u m a n e

clip p e r,

sc isso rs.

made

a p p ro x im ately

d ied following the

an e le c tr ic

from

w as

an e sth e sia

The

eye

The

of i n je c tio n ,

allow e d f o r

o ccasio n ally

above

(P arke

su ccessio n .

a q u ick ,

su rg ical

of

of a n i m a l

han dling

w ere

i n t r a v e n o u s l y v ia

u sin g

e a s y m e th o d

m in u tes

u tes,

e ith er

an e sth e sia

i n j e c t e d in

m ade

so d iu m

in tra p e rito n e a lly .

c o m p le te
to

S u rital

w as

cava

in o c u la tio n s

rig h t

sim ila r
ear.

p air

and p a in te d
line

draw n fro m
a

sharp

with

the

line
The

s lig h tly
rig h t

d ra w n
skin

of

36
the

foreh ead

w as

th e n p u lle d to one

side

ap p ro x im ately

one—
h a lf a n in c h l a t e r a l

th is

sk u ll w as

p o in t the

in

an e l e c t r i c

a

o n e—
q u a rte r

(Handi
in c h

pin f a s h io n e d f r o m

chuck and a
a

T h is

p r o v id e d

l/l6

of an in c h wide

deeper

jected .
cc

dose
was

stain less

5 /l6

in c h ,
at

p e n e tratio n .

in c h n e e d le

1 .0

a

was

The

was

the

When the

am o u n t w as

0 .5

u n til

resu m ed .

rem oved

the

A fter

and the

skin

into

the

i n j e c t e d into
decrease
w h ea t

the

le ft

the

ax illary

rig h t

a n im a l's

p o in te d p ro b e
and with

the

cerebrum

cc in

the

of the

s lid

the

swine

space.

and the

re sistan ce,
rig h t

had

w as

ax illary

v iru s

1 .0

oil into

the

w heat g e rm

oil w as

not g iven to a n i m a l s

v iru s

space.

in ­

passages

the

and

0 .5

cc

n ee d le

opening.
cc

V it a m in E ,

germ

a one—
half

of v i r u s

when given,

in j e c t e d

pin.

to p r e v e n t

when the

c ran ial

S erum ,

space.

bone

ap p ro x im ately

f i r s t five

in je c ti o n
over

sh a p e d

p ierced ,

fo u rteen th p a ssa g e

a x illary

eq uipped with

s h o u ld e r s

w as

At

d e n ta l b u r r

pointed wedge

c ra n iu m

S u b c u ta n e o u sly i n o c u la te d
je c te d

a handle

i n c is io n
lin e .

one m m .

steel in tra m e d u lla ry

base

into

a

or

sharp

sharp

in se rte d

th e re a fte r

d rill,

the

to the m e d i a l

t r e p h i n e d u sin g

g rin d er)

b rin g in g

w as

when given

in the

form

H o w e v e r,

r e c e iv in g

in ­

the

serum .

of

to

37
In m o s t
for

d rin k in g

ratio n

of the

p en s

purposes.

c o n siste d

c o n s ta n t

F e e d in g

ru nning

w as

done

corn

60 p a r t s

G ro u n d

o a ts

13 p a r t s

scraps

10 p a r t s

oil m e a l

3 p a rts

Irra d iated
(V ita m in

yeast

en terin g

and blood
b le e d in g

scrubbed

pen.

fro m

d ried

m ade

with a

scalp el.

blood

c e ll p ip e tt e

cell

a

sm all

counts

w ere

donned,

the

The
ear

or

with a p ie c e
The

m ade

w ere

the

w as

ta il.

with N /lO

of g e n ti a n v io le t.
late r

in

soap

ta k e n ,

w as

the

C o v eralls

s c r u b b e d in lye
and w a t e r
a c tio n s

s o lu ­
b efore

observed,

a c c o m p l i s h e d by
The

of g a u z e ,

s a m p le

and d ilu te d

am ount

b o o ts

la tte r

100

e a c h m o r n in g .

th o ro u g h ly w ith

ta k e n .

w ith a lc o h o l,

t a in in g

m ade

T e m p e ratu re s

sam p les

e ith er

per

w ere

e a c h pen w e r e

the

120,000

D2)

D a ily o b s e r v a t i o n s

an d h a n d s

The

14 p a r t s

M in eral

tion

p ro v id e d

daily.

G ro u n d

Soybean

in

once

w as

of:

M eat

p r o v id e d

w a te r

area

and a

c o lle c te d

la b o ra to ry .

c le a n e d

sm all in cisio n
with a white

h y d ro ch lo ric
The

w as

to ta l

a c id
white

con­
blood

38
When
secure

c o n v u ls io n s

o ccu rred,

attem p ts

K o d a c h r o m e m o tio n p i c t u r e s ,

p ic tu re s

of the

reactin g

N ecropsy
d iv id u a ls

in

t h a t w as in

the

a tta in in g

w ere

d estro y ed
on the

dam pened.

ex p erim en t.

th is

sta te ,

T h o se

and on the
w ere

dead

to
still

tail.

r o u tin e ly

s u b je c t w as

a n im als

an im als

u sin g

o r m o r ib u n d in ­

d e sire d

but f r e q u e n t l y

by e l e c t r o c u t i o n ,

T issu es

b la c k and white

upon a ll

The m o s t

c ondition.

ear

m ade

a n im als.

perform ed

a m o rib u n d

afte r

c la m p e d

w as

or

w ere

found

110 v o lts

Both

sites

saved fro m

d ie d

one

sh o rtly

M
in e x t r e m i s "

with t e r m i n a l s
w ere

first

a ll a n i m a l s

d issected .

H is to lo g ic a l M ethods

O rgans
in c lu d e d
from

from

w hich t i s s u e s

cerebrum ,

c e reb ellu m ,

co sto ch ro n d ral

g a ll-b la d d er,

w ere

b rain

ta k e n f o r

stem ,

colon,

rib

h e a rt,

kidney,

ju n c tio n ,

a u ricle

of the

b la d d e r,

to n sil,

s to m a c h ,

u rin a ry

se c tio n in g

s p le e n

s e c tio n s
liv e r,

and ly m ph

node.
A ll t i s s u e s ,
fix a ti v e

(L illie,

fo rm o l-sa lin e

except b ra in

1949).

and the

The
bone

and bone,

b rain

w e re

w a s fixe d in

sectio n s

fix ed in B o u i n ’s
10 p e r c e n t

in P e t r u n k e v i t c h

(1933)

39
so lu tio n .

The

sectio n s

w ere

c e n t a lc o h o l f o r

24 h o u r s .

tra te d

to

acco rd in g

Johnson

e t a l.

the

two

They w e r e

bu tyl

ch a n g e s

d e h y d r a te d

of

70 p e r ­

and i n f i l ­

a l c o h o l - p a r a f f i n m u s h m e th o d

of

(1943).

M ic ro sc o p ic

sectio n s

h em ato x y lin —
e o s in .
(G o ld n e r ,

w ash e d in

Some

w ere

s e c tio n s

1938) t r i c h r o m e

c ut a t

7u and

s ta in e d w ith

w ere

s ta in e d

w ith M a s s o n ' s

s ta in .

B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l E x a m in a tio n

A b acte rio lo g ic a l
by

c u ltu r in g

A loopful
T hree
s y r in g e
tion

the

of b r a i n

to five
w as

cc

w as

b ro th base

tissu e

the

was

into

m ed iu m .

swine

b ra in

cu ltu red
d ra w n

a tube

p re fe ra b ly

d isse c te d

agar.

on a ll

of h e a r t blood

of a loopful of t h i s
M a cC o n k e y

blood,

i n o c u la te d

of i n t e s t i n e ,

en te ritis,

heart

che c k

and the

asep tically

d is p la y in g

P ic k e d

w as

24-hour
m ade

co lo n ie s

w ere

a tube

w as

m ade

in te stin e .

upon blood a g a r

and p la c e d into

m a te rial

la rg e

of b e e f h e a r t

a p o rtio n

Fo llo w in g

n ecro p sied

with

sla n ts.
a

sterile

b r o th .

A

a le sio n

sec­

of

of t e t r a t h i o n a t e

in c u b a tio n ,
to SS a g a r

a tra n sfe r
and to

in o c u la te d into

K lig le r 's

i r o n m e d i u m and th o s e c u l t u r e s showing ev en r e m o t e p o s s i b i l i t i e s

40
of b e ing
a c tio n s

sa lm o n e lla
in

sugar

w ere

tubes.

fu rth e r

M o tility m e d i a

No a t t e m p t w a s m a d e
lu n g s

showing

from

sto m ach s

e v id e n c e

c h e c k e d fo r

to

w ere

c h ec k the

of p n e u m o n ia

showing u l c e r a t i o n .

or

fe rm e n tatio n
a ls o

b acterial

to i s o l a t e

re­

used.
flo ra

of

b a c te ria

RESULTS

E ncep h alitic

The
by t h i s
in

v iru s

sw ine,

b e tw e e n
the

the

or

from

day,

activ ity

the

tre m o r
1 and

for
2).

The
to two

a ff e c te d

at

th is

w as m o r e

eyes

su b ject

ch o lera,

as

rem ain ed

the

the

The

In

was

becam e

ti g h tly ,

and the

in th is

p o s itio n ,

le g s

w as

e x h a u s te d

h e a d w as
e x te n d ed

exh ibiting
sec o n d s

sh o rte r
ev i­
and

c o m m o n ly f o l­

a p erio d

of te n

T h is

follow ed i m m e d i a t e l y by an

w as

to f if te e n

the

of the

a c tiv ity

q uite

to two

v aried

so m e

c o n v u lsio n s

stif fe n ed ,

on the

of one

seizu res

c o nv ulsiv e

a n im a l

s y m p to m s

in o c u la tio n of

se iz u re s

in terv als

caused

observed

n o tic e d f i r s t

hours.

continu ou s

an im al

co m m o n ly

b e tw e e n

or m o re

d ise a se

of n e r v o u s

w ere

c o nvulsiv e

in terv al

f e e b le .

The

c lo s e d

as

an im als,

tim e

of the

day following the

sy m p to m s

startin g

u n ti l a l m o s t

U s u a ll y

ba c k ,

th e s e

in d u r a tio n .

low ed a p a t t e r n .

The

an d e le v e n th

U s u a lly

sh o rte r

of hog

d e v ia tio n

an i n c r e a s e d m a n i f e s t a t i o n

se v e re ly

dent.

s y m p to m a ti c
th a t

a few m i n u t e s

m ore
and

from

th ird

six th

m in u tes

its

was

v iru s.

fifth

p rim ary

S y m p to m s

th ro w n

r ig id ly .

a m u sc u la r

(P la te

I,

e a s in g

F ig u re s
of

PLATE I

F ig u re

1.

T he
ing

F ig u re

2.

A

in itia l
itse lf

stag e

fe w m o m e n t s

ag a in st
M ost
th is

of

a

con v u lsio n

w ith

th e

p ig

th ro w ­

b ack w ard s.

the

a n im a ls
sta g e .

la te r

w a ll b u t
do n o t

the
still

an im a l
in

re ta in

a
an

cam e

state

of

to

a

s to p

co n v u lsio n .

u p rig h t p o sitio n

at

43
PLATE

I

F ig u re

1

F ig u re

2

44
m u sc u la r

ten sio n ,

while

an im al

the

2).

Loud

m e n ts

re m sin e d

sq u e a li n g

which l a s t e d

on d s.

With the

re lax ed

eyes

satio n

of

stern u m

for

c o n v u ls io n s

tion

Any a t t e m p t to

p la c e

stru g g le

in

a fu rio u s

attain ed

would th e n

lie

se iz u re s

Many t i m e s

th e re

to m s.

an im al

The

on i t s

eral

days.

lowing

feet

c o n v u ls iv e

the

(P la te

the

III,

lie

F ig u re

o p p o site

w as

so f a r

n o u rish m e n t,
m ore

the

ces­

on i t s
2).

w as

side

m et

The

an im al

o rig in al p o s i­

too w eak.

The

conv u lsio n .

precede

reco very

a n im a l

on one

side

U s u a ll y

surv iv ed for

seiz u res.

the

sec­

a wild look

pig would lie

a n im a l

ev e n r e c o v e r e d

an im al

to f o r t y

o r i g i n a l p o s iti o n .

did not a lw a y s

to ta k e

m ove­

e x h a u s te d upon

q u ie tly u n ti l the n e x t

c o m p le te

running

would f r e q u e n t l y

on the

the

the

and d is p la y e d

m anner.

u n le ss

w as

a g a in ,

One

reg ain

1 and

a c ti o n ,

a tt it u d e

p ro stra te ,

The

up

an im al

F ig u re s

c o n v u lsiv e

If quite

a c tio n

II,

th irty

1).

it

( P la te

of p e r h a p s

h e a v il y

Upon b e c o m in g

to

side

of the

with a d e p r e s s e d

would be

an im al

the

of extended, ru nning

a c c o m p a n ie d

a p erio d

III, F i g u r e

w ith v io le n t e f f o r t s
would

so m etim es

cessatio n

(P late

a burst

on i t s

slo w ly but b r e a t h e d

in i t s

only.

p e rm ittin g

an

from
as

early

de ath .

nervous

to be

and to

sym p­

able

live

for

to

get

sev­

than a m o n th f o l ­

P L A T E II

F ig u re

1

The

two

se iz u re .

p ro stra te
The

co n v u lsio n s
F ig u re

2

The
to
th e

th e

in

a m om ent

ru n n in g

b lu r

pig

pig s

are

th e

ex ten d ed

fo re fee t.

far

th e

late

stag es

b ack ground

of

a

w e n t in to

la te r.

m o v em en ts
p ic tu re .

in

of t h i s

N o te

th e

pig
arc

w ere
in

th e

so

ra p id

as

saw d u st by

46
PLATE

.b-

W

II

T-.

Figure

2

PLATE

F ig u re

1. In th e

la st

s t a g e s of

m o v e m e n ts
F ig u re

2. F o l l o w i n g
stre n g th
h au sted .
several

and

III

se iz u re

a w il d

lo o k

sev eral se iz u re s

in
an

a s s u m e s an u p rig h t
U su a lly a n im a ls
co n v u lsio n s.

th e

a n im a l

its

slo w e r

eye.

a n im a l

p o sitio n

re m a in

had

w ith
and

on t h e i r

su fficien t
ap p ears
sid e

ex­

a fte r

48
PLATE

III

F ig u re

1

Figure

2

49
M o re
days
no t

a fte r

c o m m o n ly ,

the

a lw a y s

onset

d e a th

occurred

of n e r v o u s

c ontinu e

to

within two o r

s y m p to m s .

show t h e s e

The

sy m p to m s

th ree

an im al

u n til

the

did

ti m e

of

de a t h .

T ab les

I and II

w as

not re la te d

a ll y

i n o c u la te d

severe

nervous

ulated

a n im a ls

T here

seem ed

of

c o n v u ls iv e

p ig s
no

of

so m e

to

the

r o u te

an im als,

or

52 .2
a

a c ti v i t y

in

T ab le

I as

the

or

p ain.

activ ity
te n

p a ssin g

leg s,
Since ,

h ad b e e n

hours

from

th r o u g h

reactin g

Of 52 i n t r a c r a n i -

42. 3 p e r c e n t

11 of 21

re a cte d

sim ila r

v ariatio n

se rie s

100 p e r c e n t

d is p la y e d

su b c u ta n e o u s

in a

c y c li c

(le ss

ino c­

m anner.

in the

of p a s s a g e s ,
and o t h e r s

or

These
w in c e d

in

a

few

observed

th e ir
the

th an te n p e r c e n t )

ha ving n e r v o u s

c o n v u ls io n s .

b ral

percent

or

of c o n v u ls io n s

in c id e n c e
with the
showing

s y m p to m s .

bonafide
head

w hereas

th ro u g h o u t the

A sm all num ber
liste d

of in o c u la ti o n .

som ewhat

passages

occurrence

22 in d iv id u a ls

s y m p to m s

to be

e n c e p h a litic

show th a t the

showed

to

end of a

occur

an im als

did not

ex h ib it

ch o rea-lik e

sp asm o d ically
cases,

o n set,

sy m p to m s

of the

the

as

if

ce ssa tio n

m o v em en ts
in s e v e r e

th a t

co n v u ls io n

th e s e

p e r io d .

cere­

of con v u lsiv e

w ithin a p e r i o d

i t m a y be

of

of eig h t to

few c a s e s
S h iv e rin g

w e re
and

50
TA BLE
THE

R ELA TIO N

I

OF NERVOUS REACTIONS

COURSE OF

THE

DISEASE

TO THE

IN SERIAL

INTRACRANIAL SWINE PASSAGES

No.

with

S e v e re
Passage

N ervous

No.

S ym ptom s
over

No.

Day N e r v o u s

Day of

A verage

Sy m p to m s

F irst

Days

O bserved

D eath

S u r v iv a l

of

I n je c te d

1

2 /3

2

0 /2

3

2 /3

4

3 /3

5

0/1

6

2 /2

7

0 /3

8

2 /2

9

3 /3

10

0 /2

11

0 /4

12

2 /6

13

2 /6

14

0 /6

15

3 /4

16

1/2

* One

an im al

6,

8

8

15. 7

4

9. 5

6

25. 0*

6

7. 7

8

8. 0

6

15. 5

21

26. 7

10

12. 0

4

8. 3

-

9

10. 0

-

8

9. 0

5

4

11. 3

11

9

12. 2

10

12. 0

7

10. 5

5

7 .0

6,
4,

7

5,

6

6,

8

9,
3,

10
5,

3,
8,

6

7,

7,

9

4

showing no

c o n v u ls io n s

s u r v iv e d

48

days.

51
TA BLE
THE RELA TION
COURSE

OF

OF

THE

II

NERVOUS REACTIONS

TO THE

DISEASE IN SUBCUTANEOUS

INOCULATED SWINE

No.
V irus

of

w ith

Severe

In tra c ra n ia l

N ervous

Passage

S y m p to m s

No.

over

No.

Day N e rv o u s

Day of

S y m p to m s

F irst

D ays

O bserved

D eath

S u r v iv a l

A verage

Injected

9

10. 3

5

«

10. 7

o /i

-

14

14

6

1/2

8

6

7

8

2/2

8,

9

8

9

9

2 /3

5,

6

7

8. 7

10

2 /7

7,

13

13

13. 6

3

3 /3

4

1/3

5

6,

8,

8

of

52
nervous

m o v em en ts

w ere

w ere

not in c lu d e d in

m ade

m ore

c lo se r

and the

would have

been

One

w ith i t s

fo releg s,

its

hind l e g s
In

w as

16

sages

passages

with v i r u s

1' A M and

15 and

day.

but
the

It w as

rem ain in g

in tra c ran ia l

decreased

14 a s

shown in

16 a g a in

T a b le

percent

at p assag e

9 to

in tra c ere b ra lly

w e ll

as

up to

in te re stin g

la te r

4 2 .3

w ere

of i t s

in

percent

T a b le

resu lt

su rv iv al
of the

p e r io d .

in

p ig s

th e re
pas­

in

a c tiv ity .

d ro p p e d f r o m

of a l l

passage

I th at

w ith

v iru s

s y m p to m s

co n vulsiv e

Although m a n y
the

a ro u n d

H o w e v e r,

sy m p to m s

and including

to note

e a rly ' death s.
d e a th s

I.

show ed m a r k e d

6 3 .6

as

rep o rted

to d r a g i t s e l f

e n c e p h a li tic

of n e r v o u s

w ith

with

se v e n th day fo l­

swine p a s s a g e s

occurrence

a sso ciated

th a t

develo p ed a p o s t e r i o r

two w e e k s

o v e r-a ll

It i s

not u s u a lly

only fe e b le m o v e m e n t s

The

u lated

but

b e tw e e n the

cases

on the

able

could p ro v id e

to w a r d

10 th ro u g h

w e re

It m a y be

of c o nvulsion

c o n v u ls io n s

se ria l

a te n d e n c y

anim als

d is ta n c e

q u a rte rs.

suffered

te n th

for

O b s e r v a tio n s

due to the

num ber

dying

g re a te r.

in o c u la ti o n
on the

a day

the

a n im al

p a re sis

ta b le .

q u aran tin e

o b serv atio n

lowing

the

th a n tw ice

la b o ra to ry

co m m o n in m o s t

an im als

in o c­

15.

c o n v u ls io n s
of the

early

of e l e c t r o c u t i o n ,

w ere
death s,

a ll

53
an im als
appear
the

d estro y ed
stro n g

first

gro u p s
l a tio n .
a c u te

course

th ere
of the

C o n v u ls io n s
da y a f t e r
th at

n in th

s u f f e r in g

to be

a

and the

o c c u rred fro m

of a l l

c o n v u ls io n s

day a f t e r

c o n v u ls io n s

day

in je c tio n

occurred

average

first

occurrence
th ird

of c o n v u ls io n s .
th irteen th

It w as

on the

v iru s.
average

6. 3 d ays

p o s tin o c u —

o c c u r r e d b e tw e en

of the

of

b e tw e e n the

to the

6. 7 d a y s .

day

d ea th in

te n days

c o rrelatio n

the

and did not

occurred

of the

occurred

in o c u la ti o n but a v e r a g e d

80 p e r c e n t

an d the

c o n v u ls io n s

d isease

The

c o n v u ls io n s

average

appeared

condition ,

24 h o u r s .

showing

The

e x h ib itin g

T hus

a m o rib u n d

s u r v iv e

groups

in o c u la ti o n .

not

in

enough to

d e a th in

follow ing

w ere

observed
the

D ea th

fifth

of pigs

of 9 . 6

da ys

fo l­

lowing in o c u la tio n .
G oose —
step p in g
b ility
p erio d

of p a n to th e n ic

w as

a c id

of a n o r e x i a

w as

an im a l m ig h t have

had.

c o n tain in g

co n stitu en ts

P e rv e rsio n
preferen ce
a weakened

n o ti c e d in

d e f ic ie n c y

ex isted

su ff ic ie n t to d e p le te
The

for

d ie t p ro v id e d

h e a lth y

of a p p e t i t e s ,

to p a l a t a b l e

several

fe e d ,

c o n d itio n would

only if the
any

P o ssi­
p r o lo n g e d

reserve

ad e q u a te

the

B v ita m in -

p ig s.

in the

w as

animals..

a ls o

so m e tim e s

form

of ea tin g

observed.

stra w

A n im a ls

gnaw on the

in
in

troughs,

the

w a ll s

and

feed

or

nore

both.

ev en

the

d r in k in g
At

b lin d in the

w ater

stu m b lin g

a ll y

from

y e llo w in

d ig ested

the

pens,

sick
so

co lo r

the

or

cases

did n o t o c c u r

e a rly

ex udate

The

had

g ested

hig h v i r u l e n c e .

tio n s
in

on the

e a rlier

first

'*AM denoted

and

passages.

c a u s e d by v i r u s

"A "

In l a t e r
second
P la te
as

The

feces

b la c k f r o m

a lm o st

w ere

usu­

d e f e c a te d .

p r o v id e d

n o strils

plugged

great

m a ny

p artially

blood w as

on the

ex u date

in

of the

p ig s ,

the n o s t r i l s

diffic u lty in b r e a t h i n g .

la te r

ex p e rim en ts.

R e a c ti o n s

body t e m p e r a t u r e

w ith V i r u s

to be

c o m m o n in

when h e a t w as

d ried

anim als

was

w ere

so f r e q u e n t l y in

u la tio n

good

would o fte n i g ­

would a p p e a r

u n a lte red

T em p eratu re

The

if p la c e d w h e re

pigs

d ea th .

m o n th s ,

lo n g e r .

the

the

c o n s ti p a ti o n ,

but f r e q u e n t l y

c o ld e r

th a t f r e q u e n t l y

T h is

pigs

Y et,

m o v em en ts.

In a few

d ay s

availab le,

e ig h th day until

the m u c o u s

seven

b o o ts .

the

following

the

blood.

D u rin g

w as

su c h t i m e s

D ia rrh e a,
an im als

a t t e n d a n t 's

a

rise

in

the

te m p e ratu re

appeared m o re

IV shows

com pared

following

s h o r t in c u b a ti o n p e r i o d

passages

da ys

swine

to

the

and

sug

reac­

freq u en tly

te m p e ratu re

re a ctio n s

in o c­

than

reactio n s

observed

by

V

AFTER

VIRUS

DAYS

AND

TEMPERATURE

REACTIONS

PROOUCEO

BY

VI RUSES

OF

KOBE

ANO

OORSET

55

O’SOI J O S 3 W n i V W 3 d W 3 1

9 NJAVH

83H0I H a o
0 3 L D 3 r N I SI Vt Nf N? T V i O i

JO U. N33«3d

56
D orset
d a ily

(1922)

and

Kobe

te m p e ra tu re s

curve.

P late

in o c u la ti o n

w ere

with v i r u s
of

c e n t and

9 7 .4

ap p eared

the

pared

K o b e 's

percent

ti o n s

on the

the

one

pig

fo u rth

fin d in g s

a fter

th re e

a

p ercen t,
on the

v iru s

rise

d a y s.

in

first,

is

and

over

' 'A ' 1

4 0 .5

and t h i r d

te m p e ratu re

I o b ta in e d lo c a lly

per­

com ­

o b se rv a tio n s

in o c u la tio n a r e

of t e m p e r a t u r e

7 9 .5

T h is

second

D o r s e t's

show ed

w ith v i r u s

14 p e r c e n t

28. 0 p e r c e n t

follow ing

ch o lera

in o c u la te d

"A "

a ls o

of

reac­
com pared.

and i n o c u la te d
105.0

o

F.

on

day.

The

to ta l

s h o r t in c u b a tio n

on the

and

v iru s

day following

R e a c tio n s

re sp ectiv e

in o c u la ti o n .

days

caused

h ig h er.

of 4 . 5

first

upon which

p e r c e n t of 39 a n i m a l s

an im als

reactio n s

E ffect

of d a il y

or

of the

2. 25 p e r c e n t

C o m m e r c i a l hog
into

F.

anim als

in c lu d e d in the

th a t on the

s e c o n d and t h i r d

re sp ectiv ely

0 p e rc en t,

ta k e n w e r e

" A , 11 3 5 .5

105.0

p ercen t te m p e ratu re
d ay s

Only th o se

IV d e m o n s t r a t e s

a te m p e ratu re

to

(1934).

white
p e r io d .

T.W.B.C.

first

and

of V ir u s

blood

on T . W . B . C .

c e ll

A curve

on 53 a n i m a l s

second

days

counts

a ls o

in d i c a t e d

c o nstru cted f r o m
( P la te

following

V) shows

the
a

a

m e d ia n

rap id

drop

in o c u la tio n w ith v i r u s

THE

EFFECT

VIRUS

"A"

AND

COMMERCIAL

VIRUS R

ON

T.W.B.C.

xn

DAYS

OF

57

o>

oc

in

58
A .M
based

T h is
on the

i n d ic a tio n

15

of

passages

as

as

UA M a n i m a l s
than

passages

th e re

by the

curves
com m er­

shows

th a t of the

re p re sen te d

the
in

swine

so m e

,!A M i s
to

a m uch

two

In v a r i o u s
is

of the

ev i­

com m er­
w as

no

to v i r u s
average

m ore

15

T.W.B.C.
serial

s u b c u ta n e o u s ly in o c u la te d

e x p erim en ts

rap id

d aily

13 of the

in

the

v iru s

e x p e rim en ts.

the

d ro p

I (Table
e a sily

T.W.B.C.

It

sh o rt incuba­

rap id

III and XXV) it i s

of T. W.

XXV)

and

n oted th a t

dro p

than

v iru se s.

ex p erim en tal

in f e c ti o n .

d e ta ile d

im m u n ity

reflected

co m m ercial

as

of

co m m ercial

(T ab le

used

the

th r o u g h

T.W.B.C.

t h a t th ro u g h o u t the

' ' A 11 e f fe c ts

v iru s

with

II i s

v iru s

the

in je c te d

response

II

T.W.B.C.

with

le u c o p e n ic

in o c u la te d

When c o m p a r e d

the

reactio n

XIII th ro u g h XXII give

of v i r u s

of the

v iru s

chart

in the

c o m m e rcia l v iru s

e ith e r

of a n i m a l s

in tra c ran ia l

v iru s

and of a n i m a l s

p erio d

sam e

six a n i m a l s .

w ell

w ill be n o te d

on the

of the

a c u te

se ria l

C o m m ercial

of i n t r a c r a n i a l l y

B.C.

c u rv e

of a d e c r e a s e

T ab les

tio n

T.W.B.C.

The

In

T.W.B.C.

swine

com pared

of a m u c h m o r e

c ia l v ir u s .

''A."

is

d a il y

II.

c ia l v iru s
den ce

c u rv e

phases

a m eans

rep o rted

of following

In co n ju n c tio n with the u se

in th is
the

paper

course

of body

of

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I—*

r%

M0
i— i

r\

9S

A T .W .B .C .

O

*<
-

CO
GO
‘ fX
CO

m

nJ
Q

No deaths

o

9%

m
CM
r•N

Pigs bled
for virus
production

O

ni

■i-«

i

CM

in
(M
m

m

MO

r-H

o
o

1 pig

C
M

died

pq >

i—i

00

100
percent
mortality

COMPARISON OF VIRUS "A" WITH COMMERCIAL
ALONE AND IN THE PRESENCE OF SERUM

VIRUS

t/3 co
3
WH
J_|

0 0

<M
•— i
•»

0 0

4 pigs

m

died

59

60
te m p e ra tu re s,
stu dying hog

tlie

T. W. B. C.

ch o lera

is

an e ffe ctiv e

la b o ra to ry

a id fo r

v iru s.

Im m u n it y R e a c tio n s

The
im e n ta l
in

a

effectiven ess

serum

se rie s

No,

of B u r e a u

1 and

of i m m u n ity

of a

of A n im a l I n d u s t r y

co m m ercial

ex p erim en ts.

Table

the

re su lts

of e x p e r i m e n t s

with BAI

its

rela tiv e

in e ffe ctiv e n e ss

in n e u t r a l i z i n g

w e ig h t p ig s

(35-40

lb s . ),

s u b c u ta n e o u s ly

w ith

w ith

15 cc

the

cent

of t h e s e died.

e n e d but
tra liz e

of

did n o t

the
The

into

60 pound

d ose

for

is

BAI

die

anim als

of the

serum .

One

Four

30

cc

35 to

of

te sted

su m m arizes

and d e m o n s t r a t e s

v iru s

becam e

v iru s

of t h r e e

when

c o m m e rcia l

c o m p le te ly

serum

Z. 0 cc

serum

II

was

"A ."

In light

s i c k w hen in j e c t e d

and i n t r a m u s c u l a r l y
out of s e v e n

or

57. 1p e r ­

40 pound a n i m a l s

serum

was

used

sic k ­

to n e u ­

v iru s.

n ot

of

a ll

serum

E x p er­

e f fe ctiv e
swine

sm all,

t h is s iz e

as
it is

pig

in

serum

was

when

15 cc

shown in
the

m uch m ore
a m o u n ts

T a b le

III.

w ere

but

in j e c t e d

Although th is

F e d e r a l BAI (1949)

co m m e rcia l seru m

e ffe c tiv e

r e g u la tio n

p ro d u c tio n .

do se
te st

61
Two

ro u te s

s u b c u ta n e o u s
Of the
for

two,

of v i r u s

ro u tes,

the

T h is

v iru s

s u b c u ta n e o u s

u s e d in the

in tra c e re b ra l

n eu tralizatio n .

in tra c e re b ra l

w ere

v iru s

dose

P ig

No.

to the

T.W.B.C.
the

v iru s,

rose

from

the

19,550

pig s

to

w ere

te m p e ra tu re
the

c o n ta c t

(T able

a m ore

a g a in

the

cc

to

le a st
due

1 .0

serum

to

cc,

in 2„ 0 cc

ap p ro x im ately
serum

c o n tr o l,

F.

the

sm aller

while

the

a m o u n ts .

to

rose
to

to

the

to the
to

1*A11 v i r u s .

two m o n th s

and v i r u s

p rio r

and was

pig had a n o r m a l

On the

Both

norm al

rose

T.W.B.C.

0 .5

and

ex p erim en ts.

e x p o se d to the

dropped

a g a in

day and

re q u ire d

XXIII).

1 0 4 .0 °

dropped

th irte e n th

T h e reafter,

to

im m u n it y

m ade

co m m ercial

T.W.B.C.

1 0 2 .4 °

T.W.B.C.

a

in tra c ere b ra l

of V a c c in a te d P i g s

c o n ta c t e x p o s u r e

the

retu rn e d

on the
The

of

As

a n im a l's

"A "

a tu re

w ere

4 had b e e n v a c c i n a t e d

e x p e r i m e n t with

the

at le a s t p a rtially

which was

in j e c t i o n s

vaccin ated

i n good h e a lth .

ing

r o u te

was

E xposure

Four

in o c u la tio n ,

e ig h th day follow ­

o r ig in a l f ie ld

case

12,250 and t e m p e r a t u r e
T.W.B.C.

range

for

th re e

and t e m p e r ­
d a y s.

Then

11,600

on the

tw elfth day,

9,600

on the

f o u r te e n th

104. 0

on the

and t e m p e r a t u r e

fou rteen th

retu rn ed

8,500

day.
day.

to n o r m a l ,

62
but the
h ad

a

an im al
severe

R ecovery

d e v e lo p e d

ex u d a tiv e

w as

a y e llo w is h

d ia rrh e a,

c o n ju n c ti v it is

u ne ventfu l

after

lo st its

a p p e ti te ,

and l o s t m u c h weight.

appro x im ately

ten

days

of i l l ­

ness.

T hree

a d d it io n a l

XXIII),

v accin ated

m a te ly

two m o n th s

s u b c u ta n e o u s ly
of b r a i n
B.C.

in

w ith

w ith

0 .5

fou rth

day in

day in

the

one

to
cc

The

of the

th re e

pig,

o th er.

th is
of

to

104. 8

o

A ll t h r e e
follow ing

the

v iru s
the
A

No.

4,

20 p e r c e n t
s li g h t

d ro p in

and v i r u s
w ere

a m ark ed

24,100

20,350

.

.

109

to

in j e c t e d
s u s p e n s io n

d ro p

10,400

to 8,950

(Table

a p p ro x i­

(20 p e r c e n t

s u b s e q u e n tly

v iru s

in

T . W.

on the

on the

th ird

on the

eighth

enjoyed an une ventful
of

104. 4

o

.

in je c tio n .

of a R e c o v e r e d P ig

recovered

p rev io u sly ,

s u s p e n s io n

and

d e v e lo p e d a d i a r r h e a

c o m p le te ly

,fA M two m o n th s

108,

showed body t e m p e r a t u r e s

E xposure

P ig

w as

from

and f r o m

p ig s

serum

M
A M v iru s

pigs

Both p ig s

107,

experim ent,

re a ctio n

da y following i n o c u la tio n but
recovery.

num bers

co m m ercial

p rio r

b ro th ) .

in two

p ig s,

of v i r u s

T. IV. B. C.

was
M
A"

w as n o ted ,

from

h is

exposure

in je c te d with

3 cc

in fe c te d b r a i n
from

19,850 to

to

of

in b r o th .
16,400

63
on the

th ird

day

20,000

on the

th e re a fte r.
rise

to

w ith a

f if th

The

104. 0

re tu rn

day.

No

to

18,750

follow ing

the

of th is

v iru s

E n h a n c e m e n t of V ir u s

T hree
v iru le n c e
hog

v iru s.

sim u ltan eo u s
lin in p la c e

These

u ltracen trifu g e

7. 4 and e a c h

At

w ere

a

I w as
at

reactio n s
the

h o w e v e r,

in b r o th

into

a

E,

and the

u se

e ac h

for

v iru s.

of v i r u s

fo u r

’'A 1'

of a Spinco

hours.

The

in b r a i n h e a r t in fu sio n b r o t h ,

s u s c e p tib le

c o m m ercial

T.W.B.C.

of

of p e n i c i l ­

a b ac te ria -fre e

r.p.m.

sim ila r

the

s u s p e n s io n

c o n c e n t r a t e d by m e a n s

42,000

did

in c lu d e d u l t r a c e n t r i f u g a t i o n ,

s a m p le

resu sp en d ed

in je c te d

48 h o u r s

cc

a n im a l,

no ted

P ro p ag atio n

obtaining

30

u ltracen trifu g ed

an d t e m p e r a t u r e
”A .”

v iru s

tu r n in g

p ellets

The

m e th o d s

of f i l t r a t i o n f o r

w as

an a tt e m p t to i n c r e a s e

w ith v i t a m i n

u ltracen trifu g atio n ,

re su ltin g

u s e d in

day and

in je c ti o n .

20 p e r c e n t b r a i n

in jectio n s

an d c o m m e r c i a l

pH

w ere

of a f i l t e r e d ,

c h o lera

For

m eth o d s

f o u r th

s ig n if ic a n t v a r i a t i o n

body t e m p e r a t u r e

F.

on the

to

pig.

v iru s

th o se

I caused

T.W.B.C.

e sta b lish e d for

had d ro p p e d below

6,000

v iru s
and

o
the

a n i m a l ’s

on the

te n th

te m p e ra tu re

day.

had

risen

to

105. 0

F.

D eath o c c u r r e d

64
TA BLE
IMMUNITY

E X P E R IM E N T S

IV

USING BUREAU

OF ANIMAL

INDUSTRY E X P E R IM E N T A L SERUM

Route

W eight

Am ount

of

of

of

In o c u ­

P ig s

S erum

la tio n

No.

No.

Sick

Died

No.

No.

I n je c te d

I n je c te d

35-4 0

lb s .

IC

10 cc

3 /3

1/3

35-4 0

lbs.

S

15 cc

7 /7

4 /7

35-4 0

lbs.

S

30 cc

1/3

0 /3

TABLE
IMMUNITY

E X PE R IM E N T S

Route

W eight

USING

Amount

of

of

of

Inocu­

P ig s

V

Serum

la ti o n

COMMERCIAL SERUM

No.

No.

Sick

Died

No.

No.

In je c te d

In je c te d

5 cc

2 /2

2 /2

S

15 cc

2 /2

1/2

60 lb.

IC

15

cc

1/2

0 /2

35 lb.

s

15 cc

3/4

0 /4

80 lb.

IC

60 lb.

V iru s
A n im als

and

Dose
0 .5

w as

cc

to

2 .0
1 .0

A n im a l s .
IC

-

In tra c ra n ia l

S

-

S u b c u tan e o u s

cc in S ub cu ta n e o u sly
cc

in I n t r a c r a n i a l l y

In o cu la te d

In o c u lated

65
V iru s

A * reacted, v e r y

trifu g atio n .
rise n
the

to

for

104.8

th ird

from.

On the

day

6,500

but the

on the

to

of the

v iru len ce

of the

cen trifu g atio n ,
"A ."

T h is

11A 1’ i s

T.W.B.C.

c o m m e rcia l

to

seem ed

v iru s

of v i r u l e n c e

T h is
to

to in d ic a te

could be

th a t the

v ariatio n

ra th e r

liv e d
th is

por­

th a t the

e n h a n ced by u l t r a -

so m ew h a t
p attern

course

a n im a l

c o m p le te

had

F rom

an undulating

done

r e a c t in a m a n n e r

m i g h t i n d ic a te

one

pursued

re su lts

u ltracen —

re m ain ed n o rm a l.

w o rk will be

The

following

a n i m a l ’s t e m p e r a t u r e

and down to 2,600.

F u rth e r

study.

day the

T.W.B.C.

52,000

22 d a y s .

tio n

sec o n d

erra tic a lly

sim ila r

to v i r u s

p u r s u e d by v i r u s

than a n tig e n ic

v a ria ­

tio n.
The
w as
m ice

based

use

on w o rk

fed high

lowing

th is

cu larly

in

germ

th a n

a v iru len ce

by Young

(1950)

m ore

s u s c e p tib le

to in flu e n z a in f e c ti o n s .

5 cc

w heat

a m o u n ts
(two

into

germ
pigs

se ria l

passages)

n o t i n je c te d .

tim e

sh o rter

F o l­

in tra m u s­

of v i r u s

in je c te d

th a t

with v i t a m i n s

oil was in je c te d

showed a te n d e n c y to w a r d

a n im a ls

conjunction

a t the

ag ent

which in d ic a te d

E

s u g g e s tio n ,

in

enhancing

of v ita m in

Six a n i m a l s
oil

done

as

le v e ls

A and D w e r e

tion.

of v i t a m i n E

in o c u la ­

with the

w heat

in c u b a tio n p e r i o d s

66
R e a s o n in g
filtra tio n
be

th a t m u c h v i r u s

process,

it

w as

o b ta in e d by u s in g

P en icillin
50,000

w as

u n its

passages)
sam e

m anner

as

t r e a t m e n t in

cc

v iru s

of s u s p e n s io n .

anim als

of fe e d f o r

and f o r

as

to

any

have

u n less

long

two

as

th ey

it

e f f e c ts

c h o lera

tite r

m ig h t

free

v iru s.

rate

of

(two

se ria l

re a cte d

in the

v iru s.

No a d ­

a c h ie v e d by the

c a n be

rate

c a u s e d by v i r u s

of

to v i r u s

course

of the

v iru s

by

a n ti b io ti c

s a id

th a t

the

use

q u ite
’’A "

the

w as

100

,TA lf in o c u la ti o n
in o c u la tio n

d isease

v iru s

fa il e d

(T ab le

the

XII)

in c u b a tio n

s u f f e r e d no

of a u r e o m y c i n in the

d e fin ite ly

c h a rac te riz e d

10 gm p e r

s h o r te n in g

and M i c r o s c o p i c

sta te d

e n d o th e lia l t i s s u e s ,

a t the

p rio r

can be

from

G ro ss

It

v iru s

would e a t following

a id e d the

At l e a s t i t

d e le te rio u s

days

e f fe c t upon the

perhaps

p e r io d .

v iru s

l i e u of f i l t r a t i o n .

A u r e o m y c i n fed to p ig s
pounds

the

Six a n i m a l s

tre a ted

to be

durin g

a t the

in j e c t e d w ith f i l t e r e d

b e lie v e d

lo st

a b a c te ria l

s u s p e n s io n

with p e n ic illin

d iti o n a l b e n e f it w as

a h ig h e r

p e n i c i l l i n to m a k e

100

in je c te d

p ro b a b ly

thought th a t

ad ded to the

per

w as

fe e d .

P a th o lo g y

th a t the

e sse n tia lly
by h y d ro p ic

type

of hog

a d ise a se

of

d e g e n e ra tio n ,

67
e n d o th e lia l

p ro life ratio n ,

hem orrhage.

With few

o b s e r v e d in hog
generating

or

V ir u s
of l e s i o n s
o rrhages
the

ch o lera

of the

" A 11 i n f e c te d
g ro ssly

th a t the

w eeks

le s io n s

app aren tly

and

a n im a ls,

re su lte d

anim als

w as

but q uite

from

de­

tissu e s.

p a rtic u larly

of the

c o n g e s tio n

areas

s y m p to m s

c h a r a c t e r i z e d by the

u lceratio n

in v i r u s

of d a y s ,

the

the

kidney and lym ph n o d e s , n u m e r o u s

e x te n s iv e

so n o t i c e a b l e

cuffing and in m a n y

e n d o th e li a l

1’A ** in f e c tio n was

and p r o n o u n c e d

th re e

in f e c ti o n s

p ro liferatin g

testin e,

m a tte r

e x c e p tio n s ,

p r o d u c e d in the

s p le e n ,

o bvious

p e riv asc u lar

sev erity
severe

in farcts

s to m a c h and l a r g e

of the

b rain .

severe

a cute

A lso

rach itic

condition h a d b e e n

and w as

m o s t e v id e n t in

developing

anim als

of

in ­

o ccu rrin g

ric k e ts,

e v id e n t h i s to lo g ic a lly .

hem ­

not

I t was
only a

living

two to

follow ing in o c u la ti o n .

B r a i n P a th o lo g y

The

m ost

ch a rac te ristic

c o n g e s ti o n w h ich w as
sied

as

shown in

follow ing

g estio n

a

of the

p r e s e n t in

T a b le

c o n v u lsiv e

b rain .

gross

VIII.

se iz u re ,

change

in the

72 p e r c e n t of the

A n im a ls

destro y ed

in v a ria b ly

showed

b rain
cases

d u rin g
severe

was
necrop-

or

sh o rtly

con­

68
M icro sco p ically ,
cereb ru m
changes

w ere

w ere

e n d o th e lia l
o c c lu s io n
w ere

e x a m in e d fo r

p e riv a sc u lar

p ro liferatio n

of th e

observed

in

T able

by b o th the
lu la r

num ber

in filtratio n ,

s io n s .
had

VI,

S e c ti o n s

d em o n strated
The

while
hog

one

ch o lera

the

v iru s

a ti v e

for

VI

from

is

to

w ere

20 m e d u l l a
The
from

and

12

shows

c o n sid er

of m i c r o g l i a

s e c ti o n s

( P la te

VII).

stu d ied .

le sio n s,

as

in d ic a te d

amount

occurrence
stud ied .

of c e l ­

of conv ul­

T en

of th e s e

and te n had not.
in

s e c tio n s
cerebrum

100 p e r c e n t

did not
was

only m i l d

th a t the m o s t
and th a l a m u s .

the

changes.

reactio n s

Although t h e r e

a n im als

of

being n e g ­

cerebral

and

cases,

l e a s t a ff e c te d by

sig n ific a n t

c o n v u ls io n s

th a t not a ll

of the

show e vidence

two of twenty a n i m a l s

showing

b e tw e e n

and

co m p le te

Foci

s e c ti o n s

of b r a i n

showed l e s i o n s

in the m e d u l l a

w e ll

in a few

sig n if ic a n t

or

in v o lv e d and the

20 a n i m a l s

c o n v u ls io n s

If'k'tig c o r r e l a t i o n
it

areas

and

ly m p h o c y te s ,

VII).

c o m p a r e d with the

sectio n s

le sio n s

VI and

se v erity

in f e c tio n .

w ith

T a b le
cu rred

of

s m a ll

subsequent p a rtia l

of v e s s e l s

w as

t h a la m u s

The m o s t

o b s e r v e d in the

the

th alam u s

out

le sio n s.

(P lates

scattered
w as

of m e d u lla ,

cuffing with

with

v e sse ls

No n e u r o n o p h a g ia
In

sectio n s

seem s

sev erity

su ffe rin g

oc­
to

of l e s i o n s ,

from

PLATE
M ed u lla
cuffing
eo sin

o b lo n g ata,
w ith

X 800.

p a rtia l

pig

221.

o cclu sio n

VI

V iru s

MA M i n f e c t e d .

of th e

vessel

lu m en .

P e riv a sc u la r
H em ato x y lin

70

P L A T E VI

- i

%

r *

j

,99k. A

"

9

PLATE
T h a la m u s,
tra tio n s;
v e sse ls.

pig

202.

V iru s

B* p e r i v a s c u l a r
H em ato x y lin

" A I! i n f e c t e d .

cuffing

eo sin

VII

X

w ith
160.

A,

p a rtia l

g lia

c e ll

o cclu sio n

concen­
of th e

P L A T E VII

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Y ll

Thalamus, pig 202.
Yirua 'A** infected.
A, glia cell
trationsj 1 , per i v ascular crtffiag with, partial ©e<slusi@a t>£ .$ & ■
v e s s e ls .
H em atoxylin e o sin X 1 6 0 .
A

A

A

P L A T E VII

72

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•

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73
T A B L E VI
COMPARISON B E TW EE N SEVERITY
OCCURRENCE

OF

OF

LESIONS,

CONVULSIONS AND AREAS

OF PATHOLOGY

IN THE

BRAINS OF

20 ANIMALS A F F E C T E D

S ev erity

of L e s i o n s

in N u m b e r s

of A n im a ls A ffected
N egative

Mild

M o d e r a te

Severe

C erebrum
C o n v u ls io n s

0

5

3

2

No

2

7

1

0

2

12

4

2

C o n v u ls io n s

0

3

4

3

No

0

1

4

5

0

4

8

8

C o n v u ls io n s

0

3

2

4

No

1

3

3

4

c o n v u ls io n s

T o ta l No.
with l e s i o n s

T halam u s

T o ta l

c o n v u ls io n s
No.

with l e s i o n s

M ed u lla

T o ta l

c o n v u ls io n s
No.

w ith

le sio n s

1

74
c o n v u ls io n s
T a b le
be

d ie d

VII i n d i c a t e s

g re a te st

fou rteen th

d u rin g

days.

e ra lly

show l e s s

of the

b ra in

p a rts
sib le

or

for

th a t
a

k il le d

relativ ely

severe

e n c e p h a litic

short

le sio n s.

s tu d ie d .

OF

OF

betw ee n
a fter

se iz u re s.
tissu e

the

th is

areas

rtA "

IN F E C T E D

Day

Range
in Days

10 -14

M o d e r a te

14. 4

10-21

M ild

12. 4

7-33

d ila tio n

how ever,

of l a r g e r

c o n g e s ti o n

c ran ial

th a t the

p a rtia l

arte rio le s

p e rip h e ral v e sse ls

of the

OF

SWINE

of Death

sm a lle r

of the

resp o n ­

TO DAY

12. 0

of the

s e c tio n s

e x a m in a ti o n

s p e c ific

gen­

VII

A v e ra g e

ap p ears,

te n th and

only t h r e e

c o m p le te

m ay

p eriod

S e v e re

It

q u en t

in b r a i n

L ik e w is e

re v ealed

of

reactio n s.

VIRUS

L esio n s

a

or

perio d

BRAIN LESIONS IN RELATION

DEATH

sio n

tim e

A m ore

TABLE
SEVERITY

the

of l e s i o n s

ta k e n b e f o r e

b r a i n m ig h t have

the

d u rin g

sev erity

S e c tio n s

w ere

of the

w ere

or

m a y be
( P la te

m e n in g ia l v e s s e l s .

c o m p le te

o cclu ­

resp o n sib le
VIII) with

It is

fo r

subse­

reaso n ab le

to

PLATE
M ed u lla
la r

o b lo n g ata,

cu ffing

som ew hat

of

a

pig

202.

p e rip h e ra l

d isten d ed .

VIII

V iru s
v e sse l.

H em ato x y lin

l,A 11 i n f e c t e d .
T his
eo sin

vessel
X

300.

F e riv a su ap p ears

to

be

P L A T E VIII

76

* *

v-1

/

/

,

/

.« T

• i f

9r

• *

•*

'i

if

yf

% .

*

i

A J

■

i t

#

*

"

VI
,

■

.

**
✓

'

V*

* .
*

J-

:/•
x.'
•

V
a
*

4.

V
i
' »

'.
'

. /

/ i .

.

,

/ I

. v -?

„ .t

>
.>*’ • • ♦
^

-

•

A

J

*J

-.*•

• / %
-

* * '

/

^

*•

|
V

. I• -' J

-*'

•.jiv-. v" ..v - ^ .j
#

9

• •

« : v ; ' •• •. ■

..Vi i :.•
i‘

4

•

*

•

1*

* £ • .*

*% > r f

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c .j

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< •

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,

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l

77
assum e
the

th a t

a

p artially

would

o c c lu d e d v e s s e l s

r e s u l t in p e r i p h e r a l

severe
sive

sud den i n c r e a s e

c ran ial

pain.

d urin g

a rte ria l

Such p ain

a p e r io d

pum ped th ro u g h

of e x c ite m e n t

c o n g e stio n and

su b s e q u e n t

could be m a n i f e s t e d

by

convul­

se iz u re s.
S e c tio n s

V irus
little

ta k e n f r o m

an a n im a l in j e c t e d

I show ed a n a l m o s t n e g lig ib le
or

no

e n d o th e lia l

d is p la y e d no

p ro life ratio n

c o n v u ls io n s

S y s te m

With few e x c e p tio n s ,
sy stem

w ere

lim ited

u lc eratio n

of the

e x c e p tio n s

the

tion of the

liv e r.

u lceratio n
mm.
fundic

to

(P late

o n e -th ird

p o rtio n

and w a s
X,

of the

( P la te

C o m m ercial

cuffing,

IX).

T h is

and

a n im a l

P a th o lo g y

gross

lesio n s

of the

h em orrhage,

su p p u ra tiv e

in

4 5 .2

1).

to t a l

In the

to n sillitis

and

g a stric
the

r a n g e d in

m ucosal
area

conges­

necrop-

d egrees
s iz e

surface.

u s u a ll y

and

two

p e r c e n t of 84 a n i m a l s

U lcers

s to m a c h w as

d ig e s tiv e

n e c ro sis

c h a r a c t e r i z e d by v a r y in g

F ig u re

of the

p e riv a sc u lar

and i n t e s t i n a l m u c o s a .

w ere

occurred

VIII)

the

c o n g e stio n ,

g a stric

lesio n s

G a stritis
(T a b le

to

with

a t any tim e .

Dige stiv e

s ie d

in blood volum e

of

from
The

involved.

1

P L A T E IX
M ed u lla
L ittle

or

o b lo n g ata,
no

H em ato x y lin

pig

182.

p e riv a sc u lar
eo sin

X

730.

C o m m e rc ia l

c u ffin g

w as

v iru s

ev id en t

in

N o.
th is

I in fe c te d .
sectio n .

79

P L A T E IX

P

t

PLATE X

F ig u re

F ig u re

1

2

S evere

u lceratio n

in fe c ted

p ig .

S ectio n

of th e

B u tto n

u lc e r

of th e

c o lo n

of

fo rm a tio n

sto m a c h

a v iru s
is

acu te

of

a v iru s

f,A ir i n f e c t e d
and

severe.

n A tf

p ig .

81
PLATE

X

F ig u re

1

Figure

2

82
L ittle

in g e sta

w ere

In 8. 3 p e r c e n t
w ere

of the

observed.

1'p a in t b r u s h "
o ccurred

found, in the
cases

In t h r e e

in

a

in testin e

relativ ely

the

cases,

occurred

ca ta rrh a l

and

diffuse

16. 8 p e r c e n t .
acu te.

d e v e lo p m e n t

lesio n s

(P late

w ere

c h a rac te riz e d
by m u c o u s
1 0 .7

X,

a d d it io n a l

ti n a l

lu m e n .

15.5

of the

as

in the

th e re

serosa.

m ucosa

w ere

p etech ial

G a stric

i n f la m m a tio n

p e r c e n t of the

c o li t i s

was

cases,

o b s e r v e d in

c o litis

e n te ritis

of the

edem a

of the
but was

w ere

F ig u re

c ecitis

cases

w ere

g e n e r a l l y in an

quite

p la q u e s

in stan ces

showed

th e re

was

colonic

lesio n s

w ere

m ucosa

(1949).

into

of

e n te ritis

p e te c h ia tio n .

hem orrhage

p er­

1 and 2).

in te stin a l

et a l.

sub­

s ta g e

F ig u re s

The

to the

to

2 0 .2

early

of

s e e n in

a c u te

N u tr itio n a l

cases.

d e s c r i b e d by Dunne

a n im als

XI,

a c u te .

adhered

w ere

e v id e n t in

2, and P l a t e

w ere

2 1 .4 p e rc e n t

and

colon w as

o b s e r v e d in t h r e e

by f e c a l

th ree

g a stric

c a ta rrh a l

n e cro tic

th ey

stra n d s

percent

a cute

U lcers

In a few i n s t a n c e s
type

of the

All n e c r o t i c

cases.

(3. 6 p e r c e n t )

of n e c r o p s y .

le s io n .

B u tto n u l c e r a t i o n

c e n t of the

cases

in

u n im p o rtan t

A c u te ,

tim e

84 c a s e s .

M ild to m o d e r a t e ,
sm all

a t the

p e te c h ia l h e m o r r h a g e s

hem orrhages

only tw ic e

s to m a c h

the

Only
In an
in te s­

P L A T E XI

F ig u re

1

Sam e

in te stin e

co n g estio n
th e
F ig u re

2

u lc e r

V ery
cecum

as

of th e

in

P la te

c o lo n ic

X,

F ig u re

m ucosa

th at

2,

sh ow ing

a c c o m p an ied

fo rm atio n .

acu te
w it h

g e n e raliz e d
m ark ed

n e c ro tic

c o n g e stio n .

the

e n te ritis

of

th e

84

Figure

Z

85
M ic ro sc o p ic a lly
te rized

by

cellu la r

e n d o th e lia l

in filtratio n .

w ere

secured

for

th ese

le sio n s

w ere

sm all m ucosal
in v a d in g

w ere

m assed

in

a line

an i n f a r c t .

T h is

as

the

th is

re su lt

is

the

of the
in

in tim a

of the

c lu s io n
a few

only in the

r e c o g n iz e d ..

at its

the

h e a lth y t i s s u e

necrosed

p erip h ery

would

v e sse ls.

of g a s t r i c
very

a c u te

appear

oc clude d

to

F u rth e r

area

occlude

(P lates

XIX,

s ta g e

(P la te s

of u l c e r a t i o n

the

the

a ls o

XX and XXI).
could the

of

colonic

v e sse ls

at the

p ro m o tes
w e re

form ed

d e g e n e r a tio n

Lieucocytic m a r g i n a t i o n

u lceratio n

was

in

and h y d ro p ic

o b s e r v a tio n s

was

e vidence

a rte rie s

XXI) a ls o

of

but w e r e

th a t the

c o m p le te ly

of a

f a c t th a t

XIX).

These

and

by a line

The

tissu e

in d ic a te d

in f a r c t i o n .

of p a r t i a l l y

( P la te

m ucosa

s u g g e s t th a t the button u l c e r

in testin al

cells

of the

ch arac­

developing bu tton u l c e r s

VII th ro u g h XVI).

absent fro m

v e sse ls

of the

cases

(P lates

w ere

c o a g u la tio n n e c r o s i s

E n d o th e lia l p r o l i f e r a t i o n

cases

le s i o n s

When o b s e r v e d m i c r o s c o p i c a l l y

se p a ra ted from

p resen ce

e n d o th e li a l

so m e

s e c tio n .

sm all

c h a r a c t e r i z e d by

of the

subm ucosa.

tra c t

d e g e n e r a tio n , n e c r o s i s

tissu e

le u c o c y t e s

d ig e s tiv e

S everal v ery

area

le u c o c y te s

the

the

oc­

m ade

in

Again,

in fa rc t

be

P L A T E X II
B u tto n
area

of

health y
th e

u lc e r

of

c o lo n

co ag u latio n
tissu e s

fo rm atio n

by
of

a

in

an

early

n e c ro sis
w ide

in

d ark

an i n f a r c t .

stage
th e

band

of f o r m a t i o n .

m ucosa
of

se p a ra ted

le u c o c y tes,

H em ato x y lin

N o te

eo sin

X

the

from

su g g e stin g
100.

P L A T E XII

87

P L A T E X III
H ig h e r

m a g n ific atio n

XII i l l u s t r a t i n g
h ealth y

tissu e

H em ato x y lin

of th e

in m o r e
se p a ra te d

eo sin

edge

d e ta il
by

X 300.

of th e

th e

a band

u lc e r

c o a g u la tio n

sh ow n

in

n e c ro sis

of i n f i l t r a t i n g

P la te
and

le u c o c y tes.

the

P L A T E XIII

89

P L A T E X IV
B u tto n

u lc e r

of

c o lo n

m ark ed

in filtra tio n

fa rc ted

area.

at

a

slig h tly

of l e u c o c y t e s

H em ato x y lin

eo sin

la te r

at
X

th e

stag e

sh o w in g

p e rip h e ry

100.

of

a m ore

th e

in —

P L A T E XIV

91

P L A T E XV
H ig h m a g n i f i c a t i o n
cosa
and

of a n

sh o w n i n P l a t e
th e

absence

how ever,
n u c le a r

area

in

p h ag o cy tes.

th e

XIV i l l u s t r a t i n g

of l e u c o c y t e s

abounds

at
in

n e u tro p h ile s,
H em ato x y lin

th e

base
th e

of th e

in d e fin ite

m ucosa.

ly m p h o cy tes
eo sin

in fa rc ted

X

700.

The
and

c e ll

m u­

stru c tu re

subm ucosa,
som e

m ono­

P L A T E XV

93

?•

V

■

PL A T E XVI
B u tto n
is
th e

u lc e r

of

c o lo n

fo rced

upw ard

fain t

ou tlin es

cosa

w ith

th e

th e

area

th e

m u sc u la ris

b lo o d

at

c lu d e d .

th e

advanced
m ass

of i n t e s t i n a l

d ark

1' B . M

v e sse ls.

by

in

li n e

a lso

m ucosa.

At

H e m a to x y lin

v illi
at

at

e o sin

nC ,"

X

v e sse ls
100.

necro sed

nA M in
th e

th e

u pw ard
th e

appear

m ucosa

le u c o c y te s.

leu co cy tes

1,D M o b s e r v e

sm a lle r

The

of i n f i l t r a t i n g

of p h a g o c y t i c

N ote

M any

stag e.

Note

s lo u g h in g
at

th e

c u rv a tu re

p a rtia lly

m u­

base

of
of

o cclu d ed

c o m p le te ly

oc­

P L A T E XVI

95

P3L A *m 3CTI
Button ulcer of colon in. adyasceA' singe.
Tke
is forced upward by tke m ass of infiltrating leueocytes„ .Ife-ie.
ike faint outline s of intestinal yilli at flA!* in tke slougkinjr
cosa witk tke dark line of pkagocytic leucocytes at tke ba'ae -$S
(E
.,
tke area at. MB.11 Note also at tTC,m tke upward encryature e£
tke 0LUscularis mucosa.
At ftl ^ observe tke partially ocikl|3lsl#d
blood vessels.
Many sm aller v es s e ^ appear completely Ose-eluded.
Hematoxylin eosin 3£ 100.

P L A T E XV I

95

P L A T E X V II
U lceratin g
of th e

stag e

m ucosa,

f a r c ted
v isib le .

tissu e

of

a

c o lo n ic

in fa rc tio n

C o ag u latio n n e c r o s i s
and

th e

H em ato x y lin

lin e
eo sin

f o llo w in g

of a

of i n f i l t r a t i n g
X

100.

th e

p o rtio n

leu co cy tes

slo u g h in g

of th e
is

in -

still

P L A T E X VII

97

P L A T E X V III
A la te

s ta g e

of u l c e r a t i o n

sho w ing

in testin a l b a c te ria

fo llo w in g

m ato x y lin

100.

eo sin

X

th e

tissu e

s lo u g h in g

rea c tio n
of th e

to

in v a d in g

m ucosa,

He

P L A T E XVIII

99

P L A T E X IX
An

a lm o st

of th e
e ra tio n

c o m p letely

in fa rc t
of th e

le u co cy tes

o cclu d ed

sh ow n i n P l a t e
en d o th e lia l

p re se n t.

a rte rio le

XVI.

ce lls

N o te

and

H em ato x y lin

o b serv ed

th e

eo sin

th e

at

h y d ro p ic

m a rg in a tio n
X 800.

the

base

degen­

of th e

fe w

P L A T E XIX

101

PL A T E XX
P re u lc e ratio n

s ta g e

c y tes

b o rd e rin g

e o sin

X

100.

an

of a
area

g a stric
of

in fa rc t

co agu latio n

show ing
n e c ro sis.

a

lin e

of l e u c o ­

H em ato x y lin

P L A T E XX

103

P L A T E XXI
V enu le

at

h y d ro p ic
tio n

the

base

of the

d e g en eratio n

of l e u c o c y t e s .

in fa rc t

of th e

show n

en d o th elial

H em ato x y lin

eo sin

in

P la te

c e lls
X 850.

and

XX.
th e

N ote

the

m a rg in a ­

105

P L A T E XXI

¥■

'
5S
. * §
« :•

♦

i

106
The
(Pl^-tc XII)
m u latio n
(P la te s

c o a g u la ti o n n e c r o s i s
appeared, to be

of le u c o c y t e s

XIV and XV).

follow ed v e r y

a t the

p e rip h ery

L a te r

stag es

of a c c u m u la tin g

l e u c o c y te s

en tire

area

necrosed

XVI).

The

necrosed

c aseatio n n e c ro s is
XVII).

The

e x te n d e d into
abscess.
u lcer

the

W ell

to be

m ore

how ever,

s u lt

ly m p h o id t i s s u e
The
sta n c e s

w as

in

m ass

so m e

with the

h e a lin g

from

button u l c e r s

by the

accu­

in fa rc te d

area

showed a m a s s
fo rcin g

in testin e
o ld e r
was

cases

le sio n s

and

( P la te

ap p eared

to ha ve

e ff e c t of p ro d u c in g
the

the

(P late

e v id e n t

p erip h ery

of the

of one

d istrib u ted
or

of the

ly m p h a tic

of the m i n u t e l y
th ro u g h o u t

diffuse

c h a rac te riz ed

appeared

of lym ph oid t i s s u e .

th a t in view

presence

general

of the

sloughed in

n e c ro sis

n o d u le s

of h y p e r p l a s i a

of the

in fa rc tio n

an

of the

in p r o g r e s s .

over

the

w as

sh o rtly

n eu tro p h iles

lu m e n

le u c o c y ti c

cases

been form ed

serv atio n s,

area

estab lish ed

li k e ly ,

the

from, the

observed

p rim a rily

subm ucosa

In o t h e r

seem ed

into

of the

c a seatio n

resu ltin g

n ecro tic

at f ir s t

to have

It l a t e r

seem ed

a fo re -m e n tio n e d

ob­

no d u les

re­

sm all

was

islan d s

the i n t e s t i n a l
e n te ritis

by the h is to l o g i c a l

the
of

w all.

in a few in ­

appearance

of

107
b a c te ria l
iso lated

in f e c tio n
from

(P late

the

rib s

was

A sso ciated

a de fin ite

The

e p ip h y s e a l

line

broadened

and i r r e g u l a r ,

d ecreased.

C lin i c a l l y ,

m arked

k nu ck ling

sta n c e s.
the

One

in itia l

several

of the

an im al,

stag es,

days

w ere

before

in

the

of the

while

of the

the
the

front

le g s

am o u n t of r e d

bony m a t r i x
la te

stag es

w as

developing

of the
bone

an im al

of the

severe

dragged

m ar­

appeared

appeared

n o ti c e d in

d e v e lo p e d a p o s t e r i o r

d e a th the

e nds

c o s t o c h o n d r a l ju n c tio n

d u rin g

after

la te r

With Hog C h o le r a

en larg em en t

and an a p p a r e n t i n c r e a s e

row .

s a lm o n e lla e

le sio n s.

R ic k e t s

T here

XXII) alth o u g h no

to have

d isease,

som e

knu ck ling
p a re sis.

in ­
d u rin g
For

ab ou t by the

fro n t legs.
C a lc iu m
v e a le d t h a t
mgm .

and p h o s p h o r u s

calciu m

p e r c e n t in two

5, 13 m g m .

wide

from

hog

ep ip h y seal

one

of the b lo o d

a t an a v e r a g e

and p h o s p h o ru s

level
at

re­

of 9 . 9

a le v e l

of

an im al.

o b serv atio n s

c h o lera
line

present

a n im a ls

p e r c e n t in

M ic ro sc o p ic
ferin g

w as

d e te rm in atio n s

verified

of bone
the

and a d e c r e a s e d

lesio n s

gross

of a n i m a l s

o b serv atio n s

c a lc ifie d m a t r i x .

suf­

of a
The

P L A T E X X II
A rea

of a c u te

co litis

c o n c e n tra tio n
of the
ten d ed

m ucosa
v ein s

a ttrib u te d

of b a c t e r i a
and

and

th e

ly m p h

and

to

b a c te ria l

ce llu la r

accu m u latio n
v e sse ls.

in fe c tio n .

ele m en ts

on

of n e u t r o p h i l e s

H e m a to x y lin

N ote

th e

eo sin

in
X

the

surface
the

d is­

100.

P L A T E XXII

109

110
m ost

pronounced

g e n e rated

change

m a tu re

tio n

cartilag e

re la tiv ely

wide

im m a tu re

c a rtilag e

cell

of m a t u r e

cartilag e

cells

irre g u la r
G ro ssly ,

w hite
the

e ig h t

c e lls

f ic a tio n

in

are

line

norm al

m ic ro sc o p ic ally

the

c e lls

area
area

m any

the

w hite

line

is

the bone

XXXII).

m a trix

of the

The

bone
and

c e ll

lay er

The

fine

of u n d e ­

of c a l c i f i c a ­

m arrow

g ro ssly

narrow

XXIV).

in the

absence

m an ifested

ju n c tio n

le sio n s

th a n to

la rg e

num ber

by a wide

and

cartilag e.

stra ig h t,
is

only

spicu les

below the

and the

and
six

to

of o s s i ­

e p ip h y s e a l

line

of

of O th e r

of m o s t

of the

stre ss

of the

d isease,

the

T issu e s

organs

little

sev erity

conform ed

w ill be

of l e s i o n s

s a id

to

ab out

observed

in

cases.
The

v ary in g
cases

( P la te

a t the

width ( P l a t e

d escrip tio n s

o th er

and the

num ber

s e c tio n .

Since

them

in c re ased

b e tw e en

was

P a th o lo g y

tex tb o o k

the

n o rm al m atu re

e v id e n t

the n o r m a l

was

ly m p h n o d es

degrees

s tu d ie d .

and m o r e

w ere

of h e m o r r h a g e
H em orrhage

c o m m o n ly

diffuse

c o n g e s te d
in m o r e

g e n erally

or

showed

than

was

e v id e n c e

9b p e r c e n t

m o d erate

th a n p e r i p h e r a l .

to

Both ty p e s

of

of the
severe,
of

P L A T E X X III
A c u te
rib .

ric k e tic
N ote

co lu m n s
w hite

the

le sio n

th e

irre g u la rity

of m a t u r e

lin e

at

o bserved

ca rtilag e
g ro ssly .

c o sto c h o n d ra l
of the
c e lls

ju n ctio n

e p ip h y seal
w h ic h

give

H em ato x ylin

lin e

of th e
and

g reat

sta in

X

the

w id th
175.

e ig h th
long
to

the

P L A T E XXIII

112

P L A T E X X IY
A norm al
O bserve

se c tio n

th e

tu re

c a rtila g e

b one

in

th e

fro m

re g u la r
ce lls.

area

co sto c h o n d ra l

th in

lin e

N o te

b e lo w

th e

form ed

a lso

th e

ju n ctio n .

ju n c tio n
by

fin e

short

of th e

eig h th

co lu m n s

sp icu les

H e m a to x y lin

rib

of m a ­

of m a t u r e
e o sin

X 200

P L A T E X X IV

1

J

b

* '*

*

114

*|

WL v tsVL -r ->3
* £ • 1 1

115
rhage
such

w ere

cases,

nodes

the

d is p l a y e d

a sso ciated

diffuse

It was

of h e m o r r h a g e

percent

c e rv ical,

w as

(T a b le

t h is

resp ect,

of the

how ever,

the m a j o r i t y

of the

T o n sillitis
p ercen t)
stra w
was

over

M y o card ial
cases

upon

n e c ro sis

th o s e

gross

w as

of the

In

lym ph

m e se n te ric

and

showed p e r i p h e r a l
t h a t the

percent

diffuse

of the

observed

in

type

cases,

only 47. 6

observed.

show ed d efinite

a

w as

given

su rp risin g ly

p a rtia lly

s h o rt p erio d
barbed

due

of tim e

L ess

ery th em a.
to

the

f a c t th a t

sk in s.

high n u m b e r

to the

u se

when o th e r

w he at b e a r d s

In

(38. 1

of w heat
bedding

produced pronounced

tissu e .

d eg en eratio n
e x a m in a ti o n .

a u ricles.

w as

the

in o c u la te d h a d b la c k

w as

to n silar

observed

7 1 .4

c o n sid eratio n

The

in the

w hereas

to note

a n im a l.

su b m ax illary

not too f r e q u e n tly

an im als

a

sam e

VIII).

an im als

T h is

not a v a i l a b l e .

a b sc e ssa tio n

in

o c c u r r e d in

of c a s e s .

bedding

w as

and

freq u en tly

in terestin g

Skin e r y t h e m a
30 p e r c e n t

m ore

hem orrhage

cases

th a n

pharyngeal

recorded

p e rip h e ral
of the

o b s e r v e d in the

h em orrhage

ly m p h n o d e s

h em o rrhag e.

w hereas

freq u en tly

a p p e a r e d in

35. 7 p e r c e n t

M icro sco p ically ,

in m y o c a r d i a l f i b e r s ,

of the

c o a g u latio n

p a rtic u larly

in

116
B ro n c h o p n e u m o n ia
n ec ro p sie d

an im als.

w ere

m i l d in

w ere

of a

la terally
one

A reas

c o m p le te ly

ly sed

aw ay
the

(P late

t a n t p a r t in th e
was

th a n h a lf

H em orrhages
severe

co rtex

the

p y ram id s

c o rtex
rhage

of the

would
of the

( P la te
show

p y ram id s

2).

p e te c h ia tio n

(P la te

In

w as
w ere

sloughe d

iso lated fro m

p la y e d an i m p o r ­
P u lm o n ary

ecchy-

and m o r e

so m e

XXVII,

of the

m ore

spec­

in f e c te d with v i r u s

severe

XXVII, F i g u r e
severe

u n i­

in n a t u r e .

in stan ces

w ith

and

of the n e c r o p s i e s

c o rte x v a rie d fro m

asso ciated

w as

in d i a m e t e r

w as

le sio n s.

o b s e r v e d in a n i m a l s

so m e

lung

cases

of p n e u m o n ia .

cm .

a e ru g in o sa

kidney p r o v id e d

In

the

of lo c a l n e c r o s i s

and m a y have

severe

of th is n u m b e r

had b e e n n e c r o t i c

15. 7 p e r c e n t

w ere

of th e

w as

a n im al

in

ecch y m o sis.

the

area

d e v e lo p m e n t of the

of t h e s e

changes

type

of the

49 p n e u m o n ia

type

lung two to fo u r

if the

of t h i s

of the

a h y p o s ta ti c
a c u te

percent

th re e -fifth s

seven

Psudom onas

observed

L esio n s
ta c u la r

as

XXVI).

h e a r t bloo d

m o sis

severe

of the

5 8 .3

In m a n y i n s t a n c e s ,

in d ic a ti n g

a very

o bserved.

Only

n a tu re.

a f f e c te d ,

o b s e r v e d in

A p p r o x im a te ly

ch a ra c te r.

severe

in sta n c e

w as

flA . u

m ild p e te c h ia tio n

to

m i l d p e te c h ia tio n

of

diffuse

hem orrhage

In o th e r
with l e s s

F ig u re

1).

cases
severe

of

the
hem or­

The m o s t

P L A T E XXV
A c u te
c lo u d y

m y o card ial
sw ellin g

m ato x y lin

eo sin

in

d e g e n e ra tio n
th e

X 465.

li g h t

of

an

stain in g

a u ric u la r
band

area.

of h e a r t

N o te

m u sc le .

the
H e­

P L A T E XXV

118

*

' '

*

4

v

\

'

X

I*

. W
P&i
4

.

l. kV ■• VV H \

.

1^

ueav
\

\

■

lisp * " * "%\

* k *

v

*

V

H

3c

v .

*

« * •

P L A T E XXVI
T he

lung

of

a e ru g in o sa
been

ly se d .

a v iru s
was

11A 11 i n f e c t e d

iso la te d .

N ote

p ig ,

fro m

cav itie s

w h ic h P s e u d o m o n a s

fro m

w h ic h

tissu e

had

120
P L A T E XXVI

P L A T E X X V II

F ig u re

1.

S evere

p e te c h iatio n

in fe c ted

k id n e y

w it h

of th e
o n ly

c o rte x
m ild

of

a v iru s

hem orrhage

" A 11
of

th e

m e d u lla .
F ig u re

2.

M ild

c o rtic al

hem o rrh ag e.

p etech iatio n

w it h

severe

m e d u lla ry

122

PLATE

XXVII

F ig u re

Figure

1

2

123
pronounced
m o tic
and

lesio n s

"tu rk e y

diffuse

in th o s e

egg** l e s i o n s

hem orrhage

XXVIII,

F ig u re

in

percent

28 .6

w ere

1).

app eared

w as

in which

in

the

p r e s e n t in the

H em orrhage

of the

cases

of the

p o stm o rtem

was

e x te n s iv e
the

not und ertak en ,

hem orrhage

tu b u le s

k ary o ly sis

w ere

in n a t u r e .
on the

e v id e n t

in fa rc tio n

M u ltip le

b orders

U sin g the
lo g ic a l
b ra in ,
from
g iven

te ch n ics

ex am in atio n s
or

in testin al

b ra in s
to

of the

th o s e

anim als

was

observed

of kidney

e x a m in e d

tissu e.

The
with

rev ealed
cells

of

som e

the

r u le

(P late

severe

o ccu rrin g
XXVIII,

both

F ig u re

2).

T ests

d e scrib ed

tissu es.

(P la te

c o m m o n and r a t h e r

w ere

r e v e a l e d no S.

an im als

s e c tio n s

parenchym a

P u rity

kidney

XXIX).

quite

in farctio n s

an d in the

p y ram id s

c o a g u la tio n n e c r o s i s

w as

of the

e x a m in a ti o n

in te rstitia l

(P late

ecchy-

e x a m in a tio n s .

the few

the

u n d e rg o in g

alre ad y

S plenic

into

co rte x

py ram id s

Althou gh a th o ro u g h m i c r o s c o p i c
sectio n s

severe

No

under

’’M e t h o d s "

c h o leraesu is

strep to co cci

w hich h a d

shown

in h e a r t bloo d,

w ere

ev e n though p a r t i c u l a r

b ac te rio ­

iso lated
a tt e n ti o n

c o n v u ls io n s.

was

P L A T E X X V III

F ig u re

1

S evere
k id n e y

F ig u re

2

c o rtic al
from

and m e d u lla r y

a v iru s

M u ltip le

in fa rc tio n

in fe c ted

p ig.

hem orrhage

" A 11 i n f e c t e d

of th e

of the

p ig .

sp leen fr o m

a

v iru s

frA fI

125
PLATE

XXVIII

F ig u re

1

Figure

2

P L A T E X X IX
The

in n er

severe
tu b u les.

zo n e

of th e

in te rstitia l

m e d u lla

hem orrhage

H e m a to x y lin

eo sin

X

of

an

and
300.

in fe c ted

k id n ey

d e g e n e ra tiv e

sh o w in g

changes

of th e

P L A T E X X IX

127

128
Pseudom onas

aeru g in o sa

an d i n t e s t i n e

of one

No o t h e r

p a th o g e n s

an im al
w ere

S u b c u ta n e o u s
sion in to
the

rab b its

p o ssib ility

sym p to m s,
exam in atio n

of T e s c h e n ' s
n eg ativ e.

of the

of the

iso la te d

and f r o m

fro m
the

in te s tin e

to

of i n f e c te d

e ffe c t any

blood

of fo u r

p resen ce

th u s

o th ers.

b rain

e x clu d ed the
C hicken

rate,

possib ility
e m b ry o

suspen­

e lim in a tin g

of A u j e s z k y ’s d i s e a s e

d isease, m o rta lity

v iru s.

swine b r a i n

re actio n ,

of the

d isease

the b r a i n ,

is o l a t e d .

in o c u la tio n s

f a ile d

course

w as

v iru s.

The

and h is to lo g ic a l
of the

presence

in o c u la ti o n s

w ere

DISCUSSION

The two m a i n o b j e c t i v e s in th is in v e s tig a tio n w e r e to study
the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a v a r i a n t s t r a i n of v i r u s i s o l a t e d f r o m pigs
dying a s the r e s u l t of a fie ld v a c c in a tio n f a i l u r e and to m a in ta in
t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o v e r a n u m b e r of s e r i a l p a s s a g e s .
The o u ts ta n d in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of th is v i r u s , r e f e r r e d to a s
V iru s

,fA , " ha ve b e e n i t s a b ility to p r o d u c e a d i s e a s e with e n c e p h -

a l i t i c s y m p t o m s , s h o r t in c u b a tio n p e r i o d , a s h o r t c o u r s e and s e v e r e
lesio n s.

I t d o e s not n e c e s s a r i l y m e a n th a t e n c e p h a li ti c s y m p to m s

m a n i f e s t e d by c o n v u ls iv e s e i z u r e s i d e n tif ie s th is v i r u s a s one of
the v a r i a n t ty p e s o b s e r v e d d u rin g the 1949-50 p e r i o d of i n c r e a s e d
v a c c in a tio n f a i l u r e s .

It i s , h o w e v e r, p e r h a p s sig n if ic a n t th a t d u rin g

t h i s p e r i o d the e d i t o r of V e te r in a y M edicine (1951) c o m m e n te d
th a t ’’o u t b r e a k s of u n id e n tif ie d n e r v o u s d i s o r d e r s in swine have
b e e n r e p o r t e d by p r a c t i t i o n e r s in w idely s e p a r a t e d l o c a l i t i e s in the
c o rn b e lt.”

An e x c e l l e n t d e s c r i p t i o n of convulsive a c tiv ity in hog

c h o l e r a in f e c t e d p ig s w a s given by B r u n s c h w i l e r (1925).

The c o n ­

v u l s i o n s d e s c r i b e d w e r e of the s a m e n a tu r e a s th o se o b s e r v e d in
v iru s

’’A ” i n f e c te d a n i m a l s .

The o b s e r v a t i o n of Quin (1950) th a t

c o n v u ls io n s o c c u r in p e r a c u t e hog c h o l e r a c a s e s lik e w is e can be
s a i d to be t r u e of v i r u s

" A ” in f e c te d a n i m a l s .

H u ty ra e t a l. (1946)

130
acknow ledge th a t in hog c h o l e r a c a s e s ,

1’e x c e p tio n a lly t h e r e o c c u r

c o n v u ls io n s an d v a r i o u s c o m p u ls iv e m o v e m e n ts with m a r k e d l e t h ­
argy. "

T h is h e l p s to c o n f i r m the a s s o c i a t i o n s of conv u lsio n s with

hog c h o l e r a in f e c tio n s b u t f u r t h e r a c c e n t u a t e s the f a c t th a t f r e q u e n t
o b serv atio n
m als,
ship

is

of

s u c h a phen o m e n o n a s

u n u s u a l.

of d i e t a r y

d e f ic ie n c y

to m e a n

p o ssib ly

calciu m

g lu c o n a te

n o t p r e v e n t the
R ay

(1945)

H o f f e r d ’s

calciu m

sw ine,

anim als

re v ealed

no

b rain

swine

as

and
The

w e ll

cord,

as

The

b e tw e e n

e n c e p h a litic
of the

stre p to c o c ci
in j e c t i o n s

d isease.
the

or

of r a b b i t s

The

s h o r t in c u b a ti o n

r a p i d body t e m p e r a t u r e

B .C .

A c o m p a riso n

of the

rise

rap id

in te rp re ted

of

of 25

cc

se iz u re s

of
did

la te r.

stre p to c o c cic

of v i r u s

M
A"

in f e c te d

p a th o g e n s.

with b r a i n

s u s p e n s io n
the

and m o r t a l i t y

of h is to lo g ic a l

T e s c h e n 's

by the

was

and e lim in a te d

course

of v i r u s

re la tio n ­

s e v e ra l m in u tes

o th er

an i­

of the

in je c ti o n

reactio n

reactio n

M
A M in fe c te d

c onv ulsive

b ra in s

e x a m in a ti o n

e lim in ated

seizu re

of c o n v u ls io n s

p r o d u c e d no

of A u j e s z k y ’s

in fe c ti o n

d e fic ie n c y .

but c u ltu re s

S u b cu ta n e o u s

b ili ty

the

s u g g e stio n

co nvulsive

in trav en o u sly

d iscu ssed

of in f e c te d

to

recu rren ce

i n f e c te d

(1948)

in v i r u s

p o ssi­

of the

s e c tio n s

of

disease.
rfA M in fe c tio n s

and the

rise

quick

was

drop

of t e m p e r a t u r e

shown

of T .W .
in v i r u s

131
"A "

in fected

v iru ses
m uch

by o t h e r

sh o rter

(1922),
th a t

p ig s

with

in v estig ato rs

(1929)

sca rc ely

and

m o re

than

of body t e m p e r a t u r e
In d u stry

showing v i s i b l e
the

p ro d u ctio n

m a ls

show ed

se c o n d
th e s e

day

p eriod

one-fo u rth

of i l l n e s s

alm o st

w ere

v is ib ly

of the

day.
the

u se

on o r

to

w as

r e d u c e d to

a

seven

th re e

s h o r t in c u b a ti o n

had a

the

th ird

th ird

In l a t e r
d ay s.
and

an i­

M o st

of

day.
following

re g u la r

passages

course

in c u b a tio n

the

In c o n t r a s t ,

rap id

day fo r

on the

day.

in v i r u l e n c e
the

of

which a r e

nA n in f e c te d

th ird

rise

B ureau

hig h t e m p e r a t u r e s

At f i r s t

d ays.

swine

b e f o re

in creased

passage.

w ork in d ic a te d

F ederal

of

V ir u s

of o th e r

M
A M had a

a n im a ls

The

s ic k on the

(1929) v i r u s

u se

stu d ie d by D o r s e t

D o r s e t's

100 p e r c e n t on the

fo u r

dem o n strated

th ird

(1949) p r o h i b i t s

in tra p e rito n ea l

tion p e r i o d

(1934).

79. 5 p e r c e n t to have

a n im a ls

w as

than v i r u s e s

of in o c u la tio n v i r u s .

and

the

showed th a t v i r u s

Kobe

on the

s ig n s

S h o p e 's
se ria l

obtain ed f r o m

in c u b a tio n p e r i o d

Shope

A n im a l

re su lts

in c u b a ­

v iru s

"A "

im m ed iately

upon f i e l d is o l a t i o n ..
The
no ticeab ly
in je c te d

T .W .B .C .

of v i r u s

d iffe ren t fro m

w ith v i r u l e n t

the

v iru se s

"A "

in f e c te d pigs

determ in atio n s
by Shope

made

was

not

on the

pigs

(1929) and K ern k am p

132
(1939).

T here

effects

of v i r u s

m ercial
rap id

drop

d e a th s .

for

all

course

s im u lta n e o u s

T h is

al.

a p p eared
w ill be

The
or

of BAI

serum
w as

afforded

by the

th an
th a t

days

m o rtality

becom e

p ig s

ra re ly

rise

a t five

have

sur­

100 p e r c e n t ,
and take

b e e n no

stra in

ex p erim en tal

recov­

in e ffe ctiv e

serum

doses.

p ig s

of v i r u s

serum

in e ffe c tiv e

in

No.

the

with

1 in

15 to 20

when u s e d
While

cc

sim u ltan e­
percent

of

a g a i n s t the M ich igan v i r u s

a g a i n s t the v a r i a n t

from

v iru se s.

b ee n

to

have

a v a rian t

(35 to

M ic h ig a n e x p e r i m e n t th a n in the

(1950) in w hich

m ore

serum .

sim ila r

lig h te r

a far

anim als

has

unable

T here

to be

a ls o

some

com­

by f r e q u e n t a cu te

and l e s s

H o w ev e r,

d estro y ed .

' ' A 11 in

observed

th ree

(1950) t e s t e d

serum

g re a ter

as

was

of two

’’A ’1 c a u s e d

m arked

receiv in g

in j e c t i o n

w ith v i r u s

p ro tectio n

in the

et

V ir u s

b e tw ee n the

e f fe c ts

d isease

d ie d

not

and the

c o m m ercial

48 d a y s.

and w e r e

d iffe re n c e

th a n did the

occurred.

and found the

doses.
o u sly

e a rly

have

a n im a ls

D ale

swine

as

an im als

in

of the

as

have

long

n o u rish m en t
e rie s

of blood o r ig in .

D e a th s

as

a m arked

on T . W . B . C .

of T . W . B . C .

six d a y s

v iv e d

how ever,

"A "

v iru ses

The

and

was,

40 th ro u g h

stra in

of D ale,

40 pounds)

ex p erim en t

w ere

it
used

of Dale

150 pounds w e re

a t al.

u se d .

133
C o m m ercial
e ff e c ti v e
the

th a n

the

BAI

M ic h ig a n v i r u s

D if f e r e n c e
sid e re d in

all

serum

tested

serum

been

o r ig in .

W ithout e x c e p ti o n ,

o r ig in .

H o w e v e r,

20 p e r c e n t

sin c e

the

c o m p le te ly n e u t r a l i z e

Without

c o m p a r e d have

v iru s

MA n h a s

been

th r o u g h o u t the

s u s p e n s i o n in

bro th

or

m ore

d ilu te

v iru s

it

seem s

to

have

the

con­

v iru se s

b e e n of blood

used

to m a k e

m u s t be

ex c ep tio n ,

w as

would a p p e a r

p ro v e d m o r e

cases.

tests.

HA11 h a s

it

m anner

of in o c u la tin g m a t e r i a l s

c o m p arativ e

w ith w hich v i r u s

but did not

nA ,;l in a l l

in ty p e s

in a like

of b r a i n

tissu e

e x p e r i m e n t in

s a lin e . T h e o r e t i c a l l y th is
than v i r u s

an affin ity f o r

of blood o r ig in

v a sc u la r

e n d o th e lia l

tissu e .
In the
as
a

to

the

serum

sib le
v iru s.

absence

fu n d a m e n ta l

of t i t r a t i o n

of the

re a s o n for

la c k

of known p o te n c y .

are

d iffe ren c e s

In v ie w

a n ti g e n ic

eith er

of the

v ariatio n

lack

of v i r u s

of the

im m u n o l o g i c a l

on the

b a sis

i t is

of p r o t e c t i o n

or

' ' A 1* i t m u s t be

v iru len ce.

clear

a f fo r d e d by
resp o n ­

v iru len ce

s u ff ic ie n t ev ide nce

observed

not

th a t m a y be

in a n ti g e n ic it y

d ifferen ces

of i n c r e a s e d

v iru s

Two f a c t o r s

of

a

of the

in d ic a tin g

r e c o g n iz e d

could be

th a t

all

e x p la in ed

134
T h is
g ested

th a t

v iru s.
v iru s

facto r
g reat

He

v ariatio n s

overcom e

stu d y of the

i n f e c t e d w ith v i r u s
and Bueno
w as

(1944),

a d ise a se

the

b rain

e f f e c ts

and

as

p ro m o te
seem s
v essels
the

stre a m

o cclu sio n

in

fo rm atio n

occlu sio n

of

and
et

areas

v essel.

ch o lera

o b s e r v e d in a n i m a l s
of S e if r ie d

convinced th a t
sy stem .

fu rth er

e n d o th e li a l

of v a s c u l a r

the

lu m e n

of

of the

c o n tr ib u te

a l.

(1949).

c e lls.

(P late

vessel

le u c o c y te s

XXI).

With the

The

the

the
h y d ro p ic
as

con­

ca p illa rie s

lu m e n would

sludging

sludging

to the

first

of

c e lls

to the

ac tio n

would in t u r n

sin c e

th e re

p erip h ery

T h is m i g r a t i o n ,

m ig h t be

fever

L esio n s

involved

The

swine

e n d o th e lia l

to the

(1932)

d em o n strated

co n stricted v e s s e ls ,

of the

of a t h r o m b u s ,

of the

of hog

c o n tr ib u te d m a r k e d l y

of tig h tly

a m ig ratio n

these

ch an g es

have

c o n stric tio n

by B e a m e r

to be

sy stem

cuffing

The

who s u g ­

v iru s.

re tic u lo -en d o th e lia l

o c c lu s io n

bloo d

v ir u le n c e

the fin dings

' ’A 11 on v a s c u l a r

an d a r t e r i o l e s .

d escrib ed

s tr o n g

and p r o l i f e r a t i o n

and

slow the

by a

both of whom w e r e

d ig e s tiv e

(1930),

an i m m u n ity b r o u g h t about by a weak

’’A 11 v e r i f i e d

p e riv asc u lar

strictio n

e x i s t in the

p a th o lo g ic a l

of the

of v i r u s

d e g en eratio n
w ell

e m p h a s i z e d by R u p p e r t

b e lie v e d t h a t

co uld be
A

w as

s ta g e

o c c lu s io n of the

of

ty p ic a l in
in the

vessel

it

135
w as

re la tiv ely

d escrib ed

in

v e lo p m e n t

easy

the

of u l c e r s

be

iso la te d

lowing
fro m

co lifo rm

re su lts

u lc e rs

an a tta c k

of hog

c h o lera.

field

cases

of e n t e r i t i s

su scep tib le

e n teritis

of the

of hog

h ib ite d by the

nervous

bu tto n u l c e r

type

a ls o

p o ssib le

sw ine

to

in th is

type

of pig w as

early

s ta g e

relativ ely

a c ti o n .

ex citem en t.

followed lo g ic a lly

ch o lera v iru s

pigs

42 to

could

72 da ys f o l ­

(1946) fe d v i s c e r a
s u s c e p tib le

en teritis

in

fin d in g s

help

and g e n e r a l

and hog

only the hog
iden tify n e c r o t i c

type

with the

of the

heart

the

sent

d ire c t

d is­

d ise a se .

in the
a

At th is

and p r o b a b ly
m o r n in g

sudden flow

a c tio n

ex­

re su lt

of

occurred

a r o u s e d in the m o r n in g

e x c it e d ,

When a r o u s e d
The

as

convu lsive

M o st con v u lsio n s

first

e a sily

e x p la in the

ex p erim en t

of b lo o d v e s s e l s .

p arativ ely
still

These

de­

w ork.

Doyle
c h o lera

The

su b se q u e n tly in f e c te d

th a t hog

and o b tain e d

g ro u p .

in testin e.

b acteria

of r u n ty

to

of i n f a r c t s

ch o lera.

It w as

o c c lu s io n

p ig s

area

of th is

d em o n strated

f o r m a tio n

larg e

in fa rc te d

b utton

ch o lera

h eart

of the

fro m

im m u n e

w as

the

(1933)

ch o lera

ease

in the

p ath o g e n ic

d e m o n s t r a t e d in
G ibb s

c o n c e iv e

s t o m a c h and in the

with f a c u l t a t i v e
as

to

s ta g e

when a

in a
the

s t i l l had

th e re

was

of blo od,

com ­

a n im a l
s tro n g

sudden

th a t m o s t

136
l ik e ly
an

w as

a c u te

alread y

a ttack

could have
w ith the

of the

resu lte d

pain

which

With t h i s
as

an

tissu e

re su lt

of e i t h e r

selectiv ity ,

ric k e ts

part

d o es

th r o u g h

idea

w ith the

little

on the
or

a

in m in d ,

v a sc u la r
of c e l l s

we

has

and c o n se q u e n t

seizu re.

p resen ted

h o w e v e r,

as

viru s
e nd o­

the

tissu e

d em o n strated

lo w e r e d blood
f a c t th a t
or

no fe e d f r o m

the
th ird

or

t h a t the

resu lted
supply.

hog

an

One

o c c lu s io n

should

v iru s.

in o cu la tio n

of

of the

couple

in fe c te d pigs

de ath.

to the

supply to the

in m a l n u t r i t i o n

ch o lera

u n til

due

blood

a p artial

day following

th a t tim e

as

ev id en t th a t acute

in d ire c tly

d is t u r b e d ,

have

r e c o g n iz e d

by an a n im a l in fe c te d

quite

d irectly

ju n c tio n w as

se c o n d

v a sc u la r

v iru len ce,

not p r e v i o u s l y b e e n

and i s

not

classify

and i n t e s t i n e s

in a n tig e n ic it y ,

p ic tu re
It i s ,

occur

lu m e n

a ffinity.

ric k e ts
of the

T h is

in the n a r r o w e d

could p ro b a b ly

b rain

oc cluded by

e ndothelium .

h y p erem ia

convulsiv e

in the

a v ariatio n

co uld e a s i l y

area

tite

id e a

tissu e

w as

costo ch o n d ral
a rte rio le s

passive

stim u lated

ch o lera.

A ltho ug h i t

packing

severe

p a rtic u larly

or

A cu te

with hog

on the

n early

a g e n t w ith a p ro n o u n c e d affinity f o r

th e lia l

in te g ra l

th r o u g h v e s s e l s

v iru s

in the

subsequent

in ten se

''A "

slu d g e d ,

th is

lo st

ap p e­

and co n su m e d

Add to t h e s e

points

137
the

fact

t h a t the

d u ratio n
v iru s

very

of r i c k e t s

in f e c tio n .

of v i t a m i n

D (1,200

fe d to

m ore

all

th a n
In

but q u ite

th a t

a part

w ith hog

k id n e y s

in a w ay ,

the

set

d e sc rib e d

(1904)

m o n in

m ix tu re

to the

ric k e ts

a c u te

found p e t e c h i a l

supply

su ff ic ie n t

w eek and to

so m e

for

in o c u la tio n .

a very

a c u te

p ictu re

severe

seem s

p o s s ib le

but d efin ite

presen ted

s ta g e

by a n i ­

e c c h y m o ti c
seen

m ed u llary h e m o rrh ag es

llA n in f e c te d

of l e s i o n s

s e ld o m

and

and a

the

of the

th a t an a dequate

i t not only

p a th o lo g ic a l

of v i r u s

cases.

v iru s

in

course

th a t

(3 p e r c e n t of to ta l feed)

one

item s

in d ic a te

c h o lera.

se v e rity

being

than the

a ls o

at least

th e s e

le s i o n s

pound of feed)

so m e w h a t f r e q u e n t

in th e

as

for

of the

re c all

per

m in e ra l

an im als

l o g ic a l

in fected

p e lv is

u n it s

of the

sh o rte r

should

su m m a riz in g

The
seen

been

a m o n th p r i o r

should be
m als

has

One

a m o u n t of c o m p le te
w as

acu te n ess

in

S eifried
e c c h y m o ti c

an im als,

p ro d u c e d by th is
hem orrhages

c h r o n ic
and

Cain

hog

and

e x e m p lif ie d
v iru s.

c lo ts

D or­

in the

c h o l e r a but

com ­

(1932), h o w e v e r,

hem orrhages

in the

ra re ly

m e d u lla

and

p e lv is.
The

general

ia n t p ro b le m

seem s

te n d e n c y
to

have

in the

present

cen tered

a tta c k

about the

on the

rem oval

v ar­
of the

138
v a ria n t

from

p rev en tio n
tra st

to

These

co m m ercial

of the

the

in a ti o n

stra in s

su b stitu tio n

c an n o t be

hog

ch o lera

the

sam e

v iru s

as

In d u stry ,

g e n ic a lly

and in
If we

e nce

does

a tte m p tin g
p ro d u cts
assurance

the

are

ex ist,
to

as
is

over

in d i r e c t

the

slow but

e lim ­

p ro d u c tio n
T h is

c learly

ev id en t

p a s t few y e a r s .
v a ria tio n

in th is

lab o rato ry

tested

by the

observed
is

of A n im a l

resp o n se

(1950) d e s c r i p t i o n

widely

to

c lo s e ly .

point th a t the v i r u s
of v i r u s

in the

a n tig e n ic a lly

B ureau

im m u n o lo g ic a l

stra in s

con­

v iru s.

to the

stra in s.

th a t the

a t th is

to a s s u m e ,
one m a y

fin a l

there

iso lated

the

e t a l.

the

is

a n ti­

s tu d ie d in

United S ta te s .

elim in ate

the

is

u s e d in v ac c in e

re cen tly

th a t the

ce rtain

different fro m

v iru s

v iru se s

Dale fs

T his

or

(1950) on in flu e n z a

c o u n t e r a c t the

a lth o u g h we f e e l

ca n we be

E urope

of the

c e rtain

t h a t of the

e t al„

p r o d u c ts

c o n s i d e r a t i o n be given

m ain tain ed

T,A M fo llow s

N e ith e r

th a t

of in f lu e n z a v i r u s

We

v iru s

to

v iru s

appearance.

of m o r e

s u g g e s tio n w as m a d e
v ariatio n

ch o lera

of H ille m a n

propose

of o l d e r

and the

v a r ia n t* s

v ie w s

au th o rs

hog

how ever,

w o nder if t h e r e

the

v a rian t v iru s

so lu tio n to the

th a t

th a t an a n tig e n ic

the

o r ig in

is

d iffer­

a ju s tif i c a t i o n

from

the

fo r

im m u n iz in g

v a c c in a ti o n p r o b l e m .

of t h is v a r i a n t v i r u s

lie s

What
in

139
the

m an ip u latio n

and i s

th u s

field

p ig s

as

used

b ility

in

r e ly in g

an

as

in

in

a m eans

giv en

n a tu r a l l y

of the

ch o lera

would one be

serum

of c o m b atin g

or

th a t

e x i s t in

and find i t s

a d v a n ta g e s

in fe c tio n ,

it possib le

way into

of v i r u s ?

c o n tr o l of hog

seem ed

q u e s tio n s

dosage

f ie ld

u se

is

of

its

ra th e r

serum

re lia ­

ju s t i f i e d

exposure

the

v a ria n t v iru s

se rio u s

V iru s

have b e e n

to in d ic a te

d e v e lo p m e n t of a

r e p r o d u c in g
a

Is

stra in

p ro d u c ti o n

esta b lish m e n t

in

than

serum

when v a c ­

such a r e a s ?

The

to p o s e

serum

tech n ic?

d istin ct

upon i n c r e a s e d

A lthough t h e s e
answ ers

the

the

v ariatio n

forem ost

of a c ti v e

en tirely

c in a tin g

of the

tre a tm e n t
areas

th is

co m m e rcia l

one

within

careful

an tig en ically

in the

sp ecificity

by

m i g h t u n d e rg o

Since
an d v i r u s

v iru s

co n tro llab le

a fie ld v i r u s
the

of th is

a degree

re lia b le
in

asked

the

of u n c e r t a i n t y .

m eans

se ria l

by m a n y ,

of

su ccessfu lly

a n im a l p a s s a g e

seem ed

p ro b lem .

" A 11 r e p r o d u c e d in the e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n d e s c r i b e d in

t h i s p a p e r , h a s m a i n t a i n e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s which a t th is tim e m u s t
be c o n s i d e r e d a s b eing th o s e of a v a r i a n t in e i t h e r v i r u l e n c e o r
a n tig e n ic ity .
th r o u g h o u t

S erial

passage

16 i n t r a c r a n i a l

of v i r u s

swine

"A ”

passages

has

b e e n m a in ta in e d

without an i n c r e a s e

140
in e i t h e r

the

w itho ut lo s in g

in c u b a tio n p e r i o d ,
its

in o c u la ti o n w ith
needed
et a 1.

to

retain

(1950.

e n c e p h a litic

sm all
th e s e

doses

the

course

t e n d e n c ie s .

of a nti

hog

c h aracte ristic s

as

of the
No

d isease

or

sim u lta n e o u s

c h o le r a

serum

was

su g g e ste d by Dale

SUMMARY AND

1.

An e n c e p h a litic

CONCLUSIONS

stra in

isolated, and m a i n t a i n e d

th r o u g h

in p ig s

of a b ility

to m s

w ithout the

or

o th er

2.
in

lo ss

E n cep h alitic

T h is

v iru s,

s h o r t i n c u b a tio n p e r i o d
atu re

of i n o c u la te d

hours

following

4.

A

rap id

follow ing

six te e n i n t r a c r a n i a l
to p ro d u c e

sy m p to m s

occurred

swine

as

was

passages

e n c e p h a litic

ju st

as

sym p­

fr e q u e n tly

in i n t r a c r a n i a l l y

pigs

d e s ig n a te d
as

as

v iru s

in o c u ­

to

105. 0

in o c u la tio n

of the

of to t a l

r,A , n p ro d u c e d

a

in d ic a te d by i n c r e a s e d body t e m p e r ­
F.

or

h ig h e r

white

24 h o u r s

to 72

v iru s.

s h o r t in c u b a tio n p e r i o d was

d ro p

blood

fu rth er

c e ll n u m b e r s

in d ic a te d by
24 to

72 h o u rs

in o c u la ti o n .

5.
s h o r t w ith

lowing

v iru s

o n e s.

3.

the

c h o le r a

c h a rac te ristic s.

s u b c u ta n e o u s ly in o c u la te d

lated

of hog

The

course

d e a th s

in o c u la ti o n .

of d i s e a s e

o ccu rrin g

as

c a u se d by v i r u s

early

as

th r e e

1' A M was

to five

days

f o l­

142
6.
All

In

a n im als

d ie d

or

100 a n i m a l s
w ere

■ I n c o m p le te
v id e d by F e d e r a l
No.

C o m m ercial

reg u latio n

9.
w ere

serum

P ig s

p ro tected

showed

so m e

10.

no

re c o v erie s.

when d e s tr o y e d .

a g a in s t v i r u s

of A n im a l I n d u s t r y

of the

te st

ag ain st

**A11 was

pro _

ex p erim en tal

serum

did not

give

c o m p lete

p ro tectio n

doses.

with

a 2 cc

co m m ercial

c h allen g e

serum

dose

and v i r u s

of v i r u s

"A "

but

reactio n .

to i n c r e a s e

in p la c e

in o c u lu m ,

11.

serum

im m u n i z e d

E ffo rts

of p e n i c i l l i n
free

w ere

1.

8.
in

m o r ib u n d

p ro tectio n

B ureau

in o c u la te d t h e r e

an im als

use
to

v ir u le n c e

of f i l t r a t i o n f o r

a p p aren tly

The

the

w ere

of v ita m in

the

v iru s

p re p a ratio n

without

E

of the

by u se

of a b a c t e r i a -

success.

to i n c r e a s e

in f e c ti o n

v iru s

the

a p p e a re d

suscep tib ility

to be

s lig h tly

S u c c e s s f u l.

12.
cases

T h alam ic

s tu d ie d .

dying b e tw e e n

lesio n s

S ev erity

the

te n th

w e re

of l e s i o n s

ev iden t in
appeared

and f o u r te e n th

d ay s.

100 p e r c e n t
g re a test

in

of a l l
a n im a ls

143
13.
no

lesio n s

A c o m m e rcia l
of the

14.
c u lar

H y d ro p ic

changes
re su lt

of the

deg en eratio n

of the
b ra in

in testin e

appear

w ith h e m o r r h a g e s

of t h e s e

15.

p ro d u c e d

and p r o l i f e r a t i o n
and p e r i v a s c u l a r

to be

and o th e r

the

p rim ary

le s io n s

of the

vas­

in filtratio n

p a th o lo g ic a l

secondary

or

the

changes.

G astric

shown to be

t e s t e d in pigs

b rain .

e n d o th e li u m

of v e s s e l s

v iru s

due

to

u lc e rs

and

in farctio n

colonic

as

a

button u l c e r s

re su lt

have been

of blood v e s s e l

dam ­

age.

16.
f e c te d p ig s

17.
a e ru g in o sa
T h is

R ic k e t s

has

m ain tain ed

b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d in hog

on a dequate

No p a th o g en ic
w as

o rg an ism

b a c te ria

iso lated fro m
w as

iso la te d

the

from

c h o lera i n ­

ratio n s.

o th e r

b rain ,
five

than P s e u d o m o n a s
blood o r

cases.

in testin e.

alm o st

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M.

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Jr.

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2 9 (p a rt

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237 —

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1950 o u tb r e a k of in flu e n za.

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1932.

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143-249 ,

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2 9 4 -3 0 0 ,

of

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som e

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d ise a se s.

C o rn e ll

1944.

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47:

c h o le r a

46-5 6,

P lu ra lita t

1934.

J.

1916.

des

I n f e k tio n s k r a n k h . , P a r a s i t a r e
45:

Bakt.

A.

C ertain
4:

Z e n tra lb l.

S c h e in e p e s tv ir u s m i t t e l s

1932.

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E.

des

and the

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1915.

S c h v ein ep estv iru s.
K rank h.

u.

Hyg.

Z e itsc h r.

H au stiere

149
H u ty r a ,

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M arek

S p e c ia l p a th o lo g y
do m estic
2 8 6 -3 1 2 ,
Jacato t,

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A le x a n d e r

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Chicago,

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Ed.

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H.
Su r

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J o h n so n ,

d o m ain e
A ca d .

E u n ic e ,

The

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D.

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282-28 3,

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10:

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1937.

S hrew sbury

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33 0 -3 4 1 ,

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M e d .,

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C. H.

blood p i c t u r e

A s s o c .,
K ernkam p,

F.

M. , and

ic a l

K ernkam p,

Vet.

J . A n im a l

P o rc in e
43:

zoologique

p rep aratio n

study.
K aplan,

and

an im als.
1946.

and Rudolph M anninger

95:

H.

in hog

5 2 5 -5 29,

C. H. , and

in v itro

ch o lera

cholera.

A m er.

Vet.

Med.

1939.

M. H.

n e u tra liza tio n

a n tise ru m .

J.

Roepke
of hog

A m er.

J.

ch o lera

Vet.

v iru s

R e s.,

3:

with hog
300—
303,

1942.
K ernkam p,

H.

C. H. , and

S u b ty p ical hog
U.
King,

S.

ch o lera.

L ivestock

San.

P ro c.

A sso c .,

F i f t y - f i r s t Ann.
96-99,

S tate

K in s le y , A. T.
A cen tu ry
83:

A g r.

Col.

of hog

4 4 9 -4 6 3 ,

E xp.

Sta.

ch o lera.

J.

fe rk e lg rip p e .

145-148 ,

tre a tm en t.

171:

A m er.

139 —
195,

Vet.

Med.

Kan­
1910.

A s s o c .,

1933.

K. , and
W.
S c h m id t
D if f e r e n t i a l d i a g n o s e z w is c h e n

und

Bui.

M eeting

1947.

W a l t e r E . , and R o b e r t H. W ilson
S tu d ie s on hog c h o l e r a and p r e v e n tiv e
sas

Kobe,

R. F e n s t e r m a c h e r

1934.

D eutsc he

ch ro n isch er
T ierarztl.

sc h w e in e p e s t

W c h n sc h r.

42:

150
K o p ro w s k i,

H ilary ,

T erence

P ro p ag atio n

of hog

Soc.

B io l,

L a m m e rt,

E x p tl.

H.

W. , J r . ,

A d a p ta tio n

P.

R.

to b r a i n

P ress,

M o n tg o m e r y ,

R.

A frica
34:

183-187,

P roc.

1946.

M o u s s a tc h e
v iru s

passage.

to young
J.

Inf.

c h ic k e n s by

D is, , 72:

228-

Shope
ch o lera.

J.

E x p tl.

Med. , 50:

719-

p.

City,

3 6 -3 7 ,
N.

1948.

The

C o u n try

Y.

of

(Kenya

swine

fever

Colony).

o ccu rrin g

J.

Comp.

in B r i t i s h

P ath,

and

E ast

T herap. ,

1921.

A.

H isto ry
A m er.
R.

te c h n ic ,

G arden

159-191,

V.

an d d i s t r i b u t i o n
Yet.

M ed.

of hog

A s s o c .,

ch o lera

48:

in A m e r i c a .

2 08-212,

J.

1916.

O.

A

search

for

v a rie ty

of

tio n

swine

J.

of

C om p.

T.

S .,

N.

A.

s u s p e n s io n s

T h e ra p eu tic s,

V e t.,
C.

a d m in istra ­

by d i f f e r e n t
237-243 ,

ro u tes.

1943.

and

P a t h . , 12:

11:

(an ti-ch o lera

37-4 9 ,

serum

1930.

W o o lp e rt

in o cu latio n

C alm ette-G u erin

53:

after

in a

H offman

A m er.

and O r a m

J.

tissu e

and

and l e s i o n s

an im als

sh o ck in young pigs

In tracereb ral
A m er.

s y m p to m s

ex p e rim en ta l

fever

P ath ,

W. , an d H.

shock).
I.

d ia g n o s tic

sm all

V a c c in a tio n

N e im a n ,

rab b its.

E u sta c e

On a f o r m

M unce ,

63:

Cox

D.

H is to p a th o lo g ic

M u ir,

in

R.

1929.

L if e

M oore,

and H.

and H e r a ld

v iru s

and M e d . ,

blood in hog

736,

L illie ,

ch o lera

A. , and R f E .

The

Jam es

of yellow f e v e r

s e ria l b ra in
231, 1943.
L ew is,

R.

the

of fe ta l
H37

153—
164,

g uinea

strain
1936.

pigs

w ith

of tu b e r c le

b acille

b acillu s.

151
P e tru n k ev itch ,

Quin,

New

v ixing

118,

1933.

A.

The

J.

fluids

for

general

purposes.

S ci. ,

77:

117-

H.
past

V et.
R ay,

A le x a n d e r

and f u tu r e

Med.

of hog

A sS o c .,

116:

c h o lera

4 1 1-4 15 ,

c o n tr o l.

J.

A m er.

1950.

D.
E n te ritis
40:

and m ix e d

4 8 -5 4 ,

swine.

Vet.

Med. ,

ch o lera

p ro b lem s.

Vet.

Med. ,

43:

236-

1948.

In f e c tio u s
R e ic h e l,

in

1945.

C u r r e n t hog
237,

in fe c ti o n s

d ise a se s

of

sw ine.

Vet.

Med. , 45:

15,

1950.

Jo h n

F i x e d hog

c h o lera

v iru s.

J.

Inf.

D is. ,

12:

106-110,

1913.
R e y n o ld s,

M.

Hog

H.

ch o lera

serum

d isa p p o in tm en ts.
5 1 9 -5 2 7 ,
R ohrer,

B edeutung

ch ro n isc h e n
6 3 7 -6 4 3 ,

des

"selb stan d ig en
die

Med.

to

A s s o c .,

e n cep h alitisch en

h is to lo g is c h e

S c h w e in e p e st.

p.

D e utsc he

D iagnose

tie ra rz l.

Sym p-

der

W chnschr.

1934.

R u p p e r t, F r i t z
U b e r V ir u le n z s c h w a n k u n g e n
M ie ssn e r-F e stsc h rift,
1930.

references

Vet.

G raf

t o m e n k o m p l e x e s 11 f u r
42:

sp ecial

A m er.

1912.

H. , an d A.
Die

w o r k with

P roc.

F ritz

d es

V ir u s

E b e rle in ,

der

S c h w e in e p e st.

H annover,

167-173,

152
S a lm o n ,

D.

E.

Hog

ch o lera:

its

h isto ry ,

t e r m i n e d by the

n a tu re

in q u iries

e a u of A n im a l I n d u s tr y .
197 p p . , 1889.
S a rn o w ie c ,

and. t r e a t m e n t

and i n v e s tig a tio n s
Gov.

P rin t.

as

de­

of the

Office,

B u r­

W ashington,

W.

Au

sujet

peste

de

la n o u v elle m e th o d e

du p o r e .

B u ll.

A c ad .

de

Vet.

d ia g n o s tic

F rance,

7:

de

la

20 1-204,

1934.
Scott,

Joseph
Swine
J.

S ^ jf r ie d ,

P.
in flu e n z a

B a c t. , 45:
O. , and

C.

H isto lo g ical
cen tral

a sso ciated

303,
B.

ch o lera.

An a b s t r a c t .

Cain

s tu d ie s

nervous

with hog

1943.

on hog

sy stem .

ch o lera.

J.

E x p tl.

I.

L esions

Med. , 53:

in the

277-28 8,

1931.

H is t o l o g i c a l
v ascu lar

H isto lo g ical
vario u s
Sippel,

s tu d ie s

sy stem .

on hog
J.

s tu d ie s

organs.

on hog

J.

C o rn ell

Vet. , 35:

Anon ym ous
A g ric u ltu ra l S tatistics.
G overnm ent P rin tin g

T a y lo r,

R. M.
S tu d ie s on

s u r v iv a l

a n d a n ti g e n ic
H e a lth

39:

M e d .,

sm ear

II.
56:

U.

1949-

L e s io n s

351—
362,

d iagnosin g

of the
1932.

in the

1932.

hog

chol­

1945.

S.

Dept,

p.

362,

of in flu e n z a v i r u s
of the

L esio ns
3 4 5-3 5 1,

III.

56:

for

147-151,

Office,

v a ria n ts

171-178,

M e d .,

ch o lera.

E x p tl .

W. L.
The Boynton g a ll b l a d d e r
era.

ch o lera.

E x p tl .

v iru s.

of A g r . ,

U.

S.

1949.

betw e en
A m er.

J.

e p id e m ic
Pub.

153
Tenbroeck,

C arl

C u ltiv a ti o n
74:
T h eiler,
of

A

on the

T rop.

F rank

L. , and

F.

35 p p . ,

Jo h n

E x p tl.

M e d .,

in m ic e .

249-272,

A nnals

1930.

J.

G eorge

A.

A s s o c .,

pertain in g

of A g ri..,

A g r i.

30:

198—
203,

1930.

to hog

E xper.

ch o lera.

Sta.

R es.

Uni.
Bui.

H abel

of a n tig e n ic ity
of

s ix

swine.

Vet.

c o m m u n ic a ti o n .

on hog

ch o lera

A s s o c . , 2 7 2 -2 7 7 ,

1939.

and

c e rtain

su b strain s

of Im m unology ,

In flu e n z a in

P ersonal

Med.

in the blood of d i s e a s e d

Olney

T. , and K a r l

v iru s.

c h a n g es

1944.

c h a rac te ristic s

J.
S tu d ie s

Vet.

o b serv atio n s

C olleg e

A co m p ariso n

Z ich is,

J.

of yellow f e v e r

le u c o c y te

A m er.
J.

C o lle c te d

Young,

v iru s.

and P a r a si t. , 24:

of the
J.

N ebr.

W rig h t,

ch o lera

J r . , and R o b e r t G r a h a m

stu dy

135:

a c ti o n

Med.

sw ine.
Van E s ,

hog

1941.

M.

S tu d ie s

Thorp,

of the

4 2 7 -4 3 2 ,

60:

b io lo g ic a l

of P a s t e u r

503-515 ,

fixed

1948.

M e d .,

45:

141 —
146,

Nov.

27,

1950.

v iru s.

J.

A m er.

ra b ies

Vet.

1950.

Med.

APPEN D IX

155
T A B L E VIII
SUMMARY

OF

M EN TALLY

THE

GROSS LESIONS OF

IN F E C T E D HOG

L esio n

Mild

84 E X P E R I ­

CHOLERA PIGS

M od­

Se­

e rate

v ere

T otal

% of
T otal

Conjunct! v iti s

10

24

25

59

70. 2

E ry th em a

11

9

5

25

29. 8

1

1

2

2. 4

17

15

8

40

47. 6

12

33

15

60

7 1 .4

11

13

8

32

38. 1

13

5

2

20

23. 8

H ydr otho r a x

5

9

0

14

16.8

H e m o th o r a x

2

3

0

5

6 .0

H y d ro p erito n eu m

2

6

1

9

10. 7

Thymus

-

-

1

1

1. 2

H y d ro p e ric ard iu m

6

3

1

10

11. 9

E p ic a rd ial

2

5

4

11

13. 1

19

9

2

30

35. 7

1

2

0

3

3. 6

S ubcutaneous
h em orrhage
L y m p h a tic

p e rip h e ral

h em o r r hage
L y m p h a tic

diffuse

hem orrhage
T o n sillitis
E p i g lo tis

-

p e te c h i a t i o n

— p etech iatio n

p e te c h i a t i o n

M y o card ial
C oronary

d eg en eratio n

o c c lu s io n

156
T A B L E VIII (C onti n u ed )

L,e sio n

F ib rin o u s

Mod­

Se­

e rate

vere

0

3

1

4

4. 8

0

2

0

2

2. 8

30

12

7

49

58. 3

M ild

p eric ard itis

P le u ritis
B ro n c h o p n e u m o n ia

T otal

°Jo

of

T otal

P n e u m o n ic

ecch y m o sis

1

5

7

13

15. 7

In te rstitia l

edem a

0

0

1

1

1.9

A te le c tasi s

3

2

0

5

6. 0

P e rito n itis

1

2

0

3

3. 6

16

13

9

38

45. 2

1

1

0

2

2, 4

0

2

1

3

3. 6

1

4

2

7

8. 3

9

3

1

13

15. 5

0

1

0

1

1. 2

6

5

3

14

16. 8

0

0

1

1

1. 2

7

5

5

17

20. 2

G a stritis
G a stric

edem a

G a stric

p e te c h iatio n -

s e r o sa
G astric

petech iatio n —

m ucosa
E n teritis

-

sm all

inte stin e
S.

in test,

m ucosal

C o litis,
d iffu se
A cute

serosal

and

p e te c h i a t i o n

c e c itis,
n e c ro tic

c o lic

u lceratio n

157
T A B L E VIII (C on ti n u ed )

Le sion

C olonic

p etech iatio n

N u tritio n al
A cute

en te ritis

ca ta rrh a l

H em o rrh a g ic
Sp lenic

M ild

co litis

co litis

in fa rc tio n

Renal

cloudy

sw ellin g

Renal

p etech iatio n

ec c h y m o sis-

S e­

e rate

vere

T o tal

% of
Total

1

4

4

9

10. 7

3

0

0

3

3. 6

9

7

1

18

21. 4

1

-

2

3

3. 6

5

13

5

23

27. 4

9

3

2

14

16. 8

25

19

10

54

64. 3

3

0

10

13

15. 5

8

7

9

24

28. 6

0

2

0

2

2. 4

0

6

0

6

7. 1

2

1

0

3

3. 6

3

3

3

9

10. 7

2

2

1

5

6. 0

2

14

4

20

23..8

c o rte x
Renal

Mod­

c o rtex
R enal

ecch y m o sis—

p y ram id s
N e p h r iti s
H e p atic

f a tty

m etam o rp h o si s
C h o le c y s tic

c o n g e s ti o n

C h o le c y s tic
p etech iatio n
C h o le c y s tic
H e p a ti c

e c h y m o sis

scars

158
T A B L E VIII (C o n tin u ed )

L esio n

A sc a ria sis
C y s tic

p etech iatio n

C erebral
Acute

c o n g e s ti o n

ric k e ts

P etech iatio n
o m e n tu m

and

m e sse n te ry

M ild

Mod­

Se­

e rate

vere

T otal

% of
Total

2

6

3

11

13. 1

40

22

4

66

78. 6

15

31

15

61

72. 6

27

12

2

41

46. 4

0

0

1

1

1. 2

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177

SIMULTANEOUS SERUM AND VIRUS IMMUNITY EXPERIMENTS
BAI EXPERIMENTAL SERUM NO. 1 AND VIRUS "A "

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164
T A B L E XII
THE E F F E C T

OF AUREOMYCIN ON THE

" A M IN SIX A RTIFICIA LLY

COURSE OF

IN F E C T E D SWINE

A u re o m y c in

No

10 gm.

A u r e o m y c in

Days

VIRUS

100 lbs!

per
Feed*

A fter
Inoc.

A v e ra g e

Av.

W .B .C .

Tem p.

A v e ra g e

Av.

W .B .C .

T em p.

(3 pigs)

(3 pigs)

102. 3

_

-

106. 1

-

106. 5

-

106. 5

-

4

107. 2

8,733

106. 9

7,117

5

106. 9

10,917

106. 3

7,217

6

106. 9

7,783

108. 2

6,817

7

107. 3

6,417

107. 0

4,333

8

105. 6

6,100

105. 7

4,933

9

106. 1

6,233

105. 4

6,333

10

103. 5

7,325

104. 6

5,566

1

103. 3

2

104. 6

3

D e a th s

o ccurred

12th and
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15th,

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by

D e ath s

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k ille d

on 9th day

* A n im a l No,

2 1 st and

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18th

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v u ls io n s

latter

on the

con­
11th

day.

ble ed in g )

su c c e e d in g

o ccurred

465 which p ro v id e d the v i r u s

in tra c ra n ia l

passages

was

in th is

group.

fo r

the

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168
TABLE
SERIAL PASSAGE

In tra c ra n ia l

XIV
OF

Passage

"A "

No.

VIRUS

3,

V iru s

No.

104

Day;
113

Afte

114

115

Inoc
T emp..

N

102. 6

W.
B. C.

20,200

T em p.

W.
B. C.

T emp.

W.
B. C.

103. 0

21,600

102. 2

22,450

103. 0

-

103. 4

-

1

103. 8

2

105. 0

-

104. 8

-

105. 8

-

3

105. 8

7,300

105. 6

10,100

105. 6

-

4

106. 2

3,650

106. 0

4,700

105. 8

4,350

5

105. 6

6,750

105. 4

6,800

104. 7

6,250

6

106. 0

8,100

106. 2

8,250

106. 0

11,800
Died

7

106. 0

107. 2

—

6th
day

8

105. 6

5,550

D estro y ed
21st

day

105. 4

7,500

D e s tr o y e d
48th day

169
T A B L E X IV (C on tin u ed )
S u b c u tan eo u sly
Days

In oculated

110

A f te r
Inoc.

Tem p.

C o n tr o ls

111
W.
B. C.

T emp,

112
W.
B. C.

Tem p.

W.
B. C.

102. 4

18,700

102. 6

20,250

102. 6

23,250

1

104. 4

-

103. 6

-

103. 4

-

2

105. 2

-

105. 4

_

105. 2

-

3

106. 6

6,800

105. 4

8,900

106. 0

9,900

4

106. 8

5,900

105. 6

9,400

105. 8

7,600

5

104. 8

10,700

105. 6

19,250

105. 4

6,600

6

105. 4

8,200

106. 2

20,000

104. 6

16,200

7

103. 6

8

106. 2

N

Died

105. 1

106. 0
9,400
8th day

104. 8
Died

11,350
11 th day

102. 0
Died

16,650
11th day

U n d e r l i n e d n u m b e r s in d ic a t e c o n v u l s i o n s on that
day.

170
TA BLE XV
SERIAL PASSAGE

In tra c ra n ia l
Days

OF

P a s sage

116

A f te r
Inoc.

Tem p.

"A "

No.

VIRUS

4, V ir u s No.

118

117
W.
B. C.

T em p .

115

W.
B. C.

T emp.

W.
B .C .

104. 2

16,050

103. 8

14,600

104. 2

15,750

1

104. 1

-

104. 0

-

104. 4

-

2

104. 8

8,650

106. 8

5,100

106. 4

3,650

3

105.. 6

-

106. 0

-

106. 4

-

4

104. 9

8,900

105. 0

9,200

106. 4

7,200

5

106. 2

105. 2

_

105. 2

—*

6

104. 8

9,800

104. 6

7,100

7

-

-

8

-

11,150

N

Died

6th day

Died

6th day

171
T A B L E X V (C o n tin u ed )
S u b c u tan eo u sly In o c u lated
Days

120

119

A f te r
Inoc.

Tem p.

C o n tr o ls

W.
B. C.

T emp.

121
W.
B. C.

T em p.

W.
B. C.

104. 6

13,900

103. 6

14,250

103. 8

13,800

1

104. 0

-

104. 4

-

104. 2

-

2

105. 8

7,400

106. 4

9,300

106. 0

6,200

3

106. 6

-

106. 5

-

106. 6

-

4

107. 0

10,150

106. 0

12,050

107. 0

11,300

5

106. 2

-

108. 6

-

108. 2

-

6

104. 2

-

107. 6

10,250

107. 4

11,450

7

Died

-

-

-

-

-

6,200

-

6,250

N

8

7th day

De s tr o y e d

D e s tr o y e d

14th day

11th day

U nderlined n um bers indicate

convulsions.

172
T A B L E XVI
IN T R A C R A N IA L S E R IA L P A S S A G E O F " A " VIRUS
P a s s a g e No.
V iru s

No.

5,

P a s s a g e No.

117

V ir u s

No.

6,
122

D ays
A f te r

122

128

129

Inoc.
Tem p.

W.
B .C .

T em p .

W.
B. C.

Tem p,

W.
B. C.

104. 0

17,850

103. 6

19,150

102. 2

17,200

1

105. 0

-

-

-

-

-

2

103. 6

-

107. 4

6,600

107, 0

7,800

3

105. 6

7,300

106. 0

6,500

104. 5

6,450

4

105. 4

7,650

106. 0

9,850

104. 0

11,000

5

106. 6

7,100

-

-

-

-

6

107. 2

10,100

103. 5

5,450

102. 6

4,750

7

106. 4

8,300

105. 0

Died

N

De s tr o y e d

104. 6

6th day
8

104. 0

6,800

8th day
Died

25th day

173
T A B L E X V I (C o n tin u ed )
Passage

No.

7,

V ir u s No.

128

Days
137

A f te r

138

139

In o c.
Tem p.

W.
B. C.

Tem p.

W.
B .C .

T emp.

W.
B. C.

-

16,250

-

15,300

-

14,850

1

105. 0

-

105. 2

-

105. 4

-

2

104. 8

11,100

104. 4

8,900

104. 4

10,100

3

105. 4

10,100

105. 4

8,750

102. 8

10,050

4

106. 4

6,700

106. 0

10,900

106. 6

8,700

5

-

-

-

-

-

-

6

107. 0

4,300

107. 0

5,200

107. 2

5,350

7

105. 6

-

107. 4

-

106. 8

-

8

104. 0

10,200

105. 8

11,100

106. 4

10,050

N

D estro y ed

Died

2 1 st day

36th day

Z3rd day

Underlined n u m b e rs

D e s tr o y e d

indicate

convulsions.

174
T A B L E XVII
S E R I A L IN T R A C R A N IA L P A S S A G E OF " A " VIRUS
Passage

No.

8,

V ir u s

No.

128

D ays
A fter

147

148

Inoc.
T em p.

W. B. C.

103. 2

16,950

103. 4

15,800

3

104. 2

-

106. 0

-

5

105. 8

-

107. 4

-

7

106. 6

21,000

107. 6

6,300

106. 8

22,350

N

Te m p .

W. B. C.

8
10

D estro y ed

D e s tr o y e d

10th day

S u b cu tan e o u sly

Days

Inoculated

14th day

C o ntro l

A f te r
150

149

Inoc.

N

103. 8

17,100

103. 2

16,850

3

107. 6

-

106. 0

-

5

107. 4

-

107. 0

-

7

107. 8

9,700

106. 6

9,100

8

106. 8

5,600

10

Died

U n d e r lin e d n u m b e r s
day.

Died

10th day

in d ic a te

13th day

convulsion

on th a t

175
T A B L E XVIII
S E R IA L IN T R A C R A N IA L P A S S A G E O F
Passage

No.

9,

D ay s
Inoc.
Tem p.

W.
B. C.

T em p.
*

104. 0

17,250

104.1

3

106. 0

-

100.8

4

106. 4

8,750

5

107. 6

-

N

No.

147

160

159

A f te r

V ir u s

nA " VIRUS

9 9 .6

161

w.
B. C.

15,100

6,450

D e s tr o y e d

T emp.

W.
B. C.

103. 4

18,600

106. 0

-

104. 0

11,050

105. 0

Severe

4th day
6

105. 8

4,250

104. 0

18,000

7

102. 0

7,500

105. 0

-

105. 4

9,575

100. 0

8,800

11

D estro y ed
7th

14

day

De s tr o y e d
14th day

176
T A B L E XVIII (C o n tin u ed )
S u b cu ta n e o u sly In oculated
D ays

162

A f te r
Inoc.

Tem p.

163
W.
B. C.

Te m p ,
1

N

103. 6

11,300

103.8

3

106. 8

-

104.8

4

105. 6

5,950

105.2

5

106. 6

-

10 5 .4

6

106. 4

3,500

105.9

7

Died

11

6th day

164
W
B .C .

15,750

12,950

105.0

U n d e r lin e d n u m b e r s

Tem p.

6,500

W.
B. C.

103. 6

18,100

106. 2

-

106. 4

8,750

107. 6

100. 8
Died

105.0

Died

day.

Control

V ery
S e v e re
44,000
6th day

4,350
11th day

in d ic a te

co nv ulsio ns

on th a t

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180
T A B L E X XI
SERIAL

INTRACRANIAL PASSAGE

P E N IC IL L IN

COMPARISON B ETW EEN

TREA TED AND F IL T E R E D

Passage

No.

12,

190 and

191,

V iru s

No.

VIRUS

188,

189,

With P e n i c i l l i n

Days
A f te r

198

200

199

Inoc.
T em p

W.
B. C.

T em p

W.
B .C .

Tem p.

W.
B. C.

105. 2

11,900

104. 2

12,250

103. 4

11,800

2

103. 4

9,600

102. 8

12,100

104. 0

7,400

3

106. 6

10,000

107. 8

10,100

104. 4

5,700

4

107. 2

5,350

106. 4

13,300

102. 0

40,800

5

106. 6

7,200

107. 4

8,600

N
1

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4th day

6

105. 4

12,100

105. 2

5,600

7

105. 6

4,850

106. 0

16,400

day

Died

Died

17 th

15th day

181
T A B L E XXI (C o n tin u ed )
Passage

No.

12,

V iru s

190 and

191

No.

188,

189,

F ilte re d

D ays
A fter

201

202

203

Inoc.
Temp

W.
B .C .,

N
1

T em p.

W.
B. C.

105. 2

12,700

104. 0

12,300

-

-

-

-

W.

T em p.

B. C.

11,950

104. 2

-

_

2

104. 0

7,900

101. 6

10,300

102. 8

10,250

3

107. 0

7,300

106. 2

7,600

105. 2

8,400

4

106. 0

6,950

106. 4

6,250

104. 6

4,500

5

106. 8

12,200

107. 2

6,900

104. 8

4,200

6

105. 9

17,000

105. 0

6,900

105. 0

4,500

7

104. 2

50,000

104. 4

14,800

103. 8

19,700

8

D estro y ed
7th

day

De s t r o y e d

Died

15th day

10th day

I n d ic a t e c o n v u l s i o n s o c c u r r i n g on th at d ay.

182
TA BLE XXII
SERIAL

INTRACRANIAL PASSAGE

Passage

No.
P lu s

13,

V ir u s

5 cc

Vit.

No.

200

and 201,

E Subcut

D ay s
Afte r

218

220

219

In o c.
Tem p.

W.
B. C..

T emp.

W.
B. C.

T em p.

W.
B. C.

102. 8

17,900

102. 8

19,250

102. 0

16,000

1

1.04. 8

-

105. 0

-

105. 0

-

2

105. 6

7,950

105. 0

25,400

104. 4

6,300

3

106. 4

5,250

105.. 4

12,500

106. 4

5,600

4

107. 4

3,500

104. 8

11,400

106. 6

3,250

5

107. 4

2,850

105. 6

6,250

104. 6

3,200

6

105. 2

5,300

105. 4

6,500

106. 6

3,400

7

104. 6

4,600

105. 0

8,200

107. 0

3,100

8

105. 8

-

104. 2

-

102. 0

Convul

N

D e stro y ed
13th day

Died

13th day

De s t r o y e d
9th day

183
T A B L E XXII (C o n tin u ed )
Passage

No.

13,

V iru s

No Vit.

No.

200

and

201,

E

Days
A fter

221

222

223

In o c.
T em p.

W.
B. C.

T em p .

W.
B. C.

Tem p.

W.
B. C.

102. 0

19,150

102. 8

16,800

103. 6

18,650

1

105. 2

-

104. 0

-

103. 2

-

2

105. 0

9,300

104. 4

18,000

104. 0

10,300

3

105. 8

11,500

106. 0

7,500

105. 8

6,300

4

104. 4

6,600

106. 0

6,600

106.

6

6,200

5

104. 2

6,350

104. 6

13,850

105. 8

6,000

6

105. 0

13,100

104. 4

4,400

105. 2

5,450

7

103. 4

15,200

104. 0

3,400

103. 0

3,600

8

103. 8

-

104. 0

-

105. 0

-

N

C o n v u ls io n s
11th day
De s t r o y e d

De s t r o y e d

De s t r o y e d

1 1th day

14th day

13th day

184
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187
TA BLE XXV
THE

EFFECT

OF

CHOLERA

ULTRACENTRIFUGATION
VIRUS WITH R E F E R E N C E

INCUBATION PE RIO D AND
OF

Com .
2 cc

THE

V iru s

OF HOG
TO

COURSE

DISEASE

F irst

I

No.

Subcut.

Pass.

182 U l t r a c e n t .

Sub cut.

Days

V ir u s
1 cc

A fter
182

Inoc.

W.

W.

Tem p'

B. C.

Tem p‘

B. C.

104. 2

15,850

103. 8

17,100

1

-

-

103. 4

22,600

2

104. 4

32,000

105. 0

5,900

3

104. 0

15,900

104. 4

7,000

4

105. 6

15,600

105. 6

5,600

5

105. 0

8,400

106. 2

3,350

6

106. 4

9,150

105. 6

4,600

7

105. 6

6,700

105. 8

00
u
I—
*
o
o

^

211

8

105. 6

4,100

104. 8

-

9

105. 0

6,750

105. 0

26,200

10

104. 0

8,300

103. 8

10,800

N

11

Died

10th day

De s t r o y e d

10th day

188
T A B L E X X V (C o n tin u e d )
Days

C o m m e rc ia l P h en o lized

V iru s

II 2 cc Sub cut.

A fter
Inoc.

68

78

79

90

92

95

N

24,150

19,250

26,100

44,400

24,250

34,050

1

25,200

16,900

23,250

16,700

17,200

20,600

2

23,250

10,600

12,500

10,300

30,500

18,400

3

11,000

17,900

15,700

8,350

7,950

4,900

4

17,500

7,850

14,900

7,150

11,475

10,150

5

18,850

7,150

11,400

5,950

12,400

8,030

6

9,850

5,350

11,250

6,780

7,550

7,250

A ll

an im als

b le d f o r

v iru s

p r o d u c tio n

on

6th day.