CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION IN THE YOUNG CALF

I.

Nutritive Value of Glucose, Corn Syrup and

Lactose as Carbohydrate Sources In Synthetic Mill

II.

The Nutritive Value of Starch and. the Effect
Lactose on the Nutritive Values of Starch
and Corn Syrup in Synthetic Milk.

CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION IN THE YOUNG CALF.

I.

Nutritive Value of Glucose, Corn Syrup and.

Lactose as Carbohydrate Sources in Synthetic Milk.
II.

The Nutritive Value of Starch and the Effect of
Lactose on the Nutritive Values of Starch
and Corn Syrup In Synthetic Milk.

by
Robert J. Flipse

A THESIS

submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and. Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Department of Dairy Husbandry
1950

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to express his sincere appre­
ciation to Doctor Earl Weaver, Professor of Dairy Husban­
dry, for making this study possible; to Doctor C. P. Huff­
man, Research Professor of Dairy Husbandry, for invalua­
ble guidance in conducting these investigations and for
his advice and criticisms in the preparation of this manu­
script .
Gratitude is also expressed to Doctor H. D. Web­
ster, Instructor of Animal Pathology, for his performance
of the post mortem examinations; and to Mr. G. W. Duncan,
Research Associate in Agricultural Chemistry, for the chem­
ical analyses used In this report.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ............

a

REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................
PART I.

'..........

1

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF GLUCOSE, CORN SYRUP
AND LACTOSE AS CARBOHYDRATE SOURCES IN
SYNTHETIC MILK . ..

7

OBJECT .....................................

7

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ...........................

7

Selection of Animals .........................

7

Feeding and Management .........

8

Preparation of Feed ..................

12

Criteria for Evaluation of Response ............

13

Health and general appearance ................

13

Growth and efficiency of feed utilization ..... 13
Blood analysis
Rumen population

......
....

Post mortem examinations .....
RESULTS ........

14
1^
14
15

Health and. General Appearance ................. • 15
Growth and Feed Utilization .................... 15
Blood Analysis ................................

16

Rumen Population ..............................

18

Post Mortem Examinations ....................... 18
DISCUSSION ....................................... 19
Post Mortem Examinations ....................... 19

2
Blood Constituents ............................

19

Mode of Action of .Lactose -...................... 20
SUMMARY

......

22

PART XI. THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OB STARCH AND THE
EFFECT OF LACTOSE ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUES
OF STARCH AND CORN SYRUP IN,SYNTHETIC MILK

24

OBJECT............

24

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ...........................

24

RESULTS ..

29

Health and. General Appearance .................. 29
Growth and. Feed Utilization .................... 29
Blood Analysis
DISCUSSION

...............................

'... ........

Post Mortem Examinations ...........

30
33
33

Significance of Blood.Sugar .................... 3^
Effect of Lactose on.Starch and.Corn.Syrup. Utilization ..
SUMMARY

.............................

35

......................................... 38

REFERENCES .....

39

APPENDIX

43

............

INTRODUCTION

The problem of a satisfactory milk replacement
for the raising of calves is a matter of utmost economic
importance to the dairyman.

Many calf starters have been

developed but, in general, success appears, to depend, upon
the use of at least 3 0 0 pounds of whole, milk and the. In­
clusion of dried, milk products In,the starter. .Synthetic
milks in themselves are far from being the answer, to the
economic problem in that the cost of purified components
is much greater than, the cost of whole milk.

Yet funda­

mental problems, can, be approached through this.means.which
can not be studied with calves, on. natural feeds.

Early

attempts to raise calves on purified diets., were unsuccess­
ful and It Is only recently that a synthetic diet has been
formulated that is satisfactory for the nutrition of the
young calf.
In this investigation an attempt was made to
determine the relative efficiency of certain carbohydrates
incorporated, in synthetic milks for calves.

Since glucose

has been used successfully, this sugar was selected for use
as the control.

Lactose, the natural carbohydrate source

of the neonatal mammal, and Karo corn syrup, frequently
used in formulae for infants, were selected for comparison
with glucose.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

For a comprehensive review of the literature on
the general subject of purified diets, the reader is re­
ferred to a previous publication (7).

Of the references

covered in that report, only those with specific applica­
tions to the problem will be reconsidered here.
An indication of the Importanceof carbohydrate
In the nutrition of the young calf was presented by Shaw
and associates (32).

They found that calves four to seven

days of age were able to digest only about 20 per cent of
the quantity of starch consumed.

At two weeks of age the

amount of starch digested had doubled, and at four to five
weeks calves were able to digest over 90 per cent of the
ingested starch.
The source ofstarch Is often an Important

fac­

tor, for Langworthy and Merrill (l6) have shown that while
pure raw starch from corn, wheat or rice was completely
digested, the starch In graham flour was 97 per cent diges­
tible and raw potato starch varied In digestibility from
49 to 100 per cent.
Ward et al. (37) fed. corn sugar as an Ingredient
in the grain mixture of calves, and reported that calves
fed the corn sugar ration ate the grain mix at an earlier
age and averaged 24 pounds heavier at six months than did
the controls.

Sugar has since been used as the primary

- 2 carbohydrate source in synthetic rations for calves (7, 1 3 *
40).

Cornell workers (13) used a milk substitute containing

casein, lactalbumin, sugar, butter or lard, minerals and
water In attempting to study the growth requirements of
calves.

Poor food consumption and periodic digestive up­

sets were believed responsible for the slow growth obtained,
when this ration was fed.

Although these workers reported

that the calf does not need thiamin or riboflavin, contra­
dictory reports have been published by Johnson et_ aJL. (10,
41) and Warner and Sutton (3o)• Warner and Sutton destroyed
the riboflavin In milk by photolysis and were able to pro­
duce deficiency symptoms in calves fed. the treated milk in
two to four weeks.

Johnson et_ _al. produced both ribofla­

vin deficiency (4l) and thiamine deficiency (10) by using
a synthetic milk developed b3^ these workers (40).

In addi­

tion to these two vitamins, the Illinois workers have found
that the calf requires blotin (42), pantothenic acid (11),
and pyridoxine (12).

The;'synthetic milk used consisted of

cerelose, casein, lard, minerals, vitamins and water.
Casein was brought Into solution loy adjusting the pH with
sodium bicarbonate, the minerals and cerelose added and
finally the lard homogenised into the mix.
Somewhat contradictory claims are presented In
the literature in regard'to the value of lactose.

Robinson

et _al. (3 0 ) found that the feeding of lactose elevated the
serum calcium and Inorganic phosphorus.

They suggested

that lactose or the lactate ion exerted, a specific action
In facilitating the passage of calcium into the blood.
Mills ejt _al. (21) likewise have reported that lactose favors
the retention of calcium.

Kline e^t afL. (15) fed lactose

to young chicks and found that It not -only favored cal­
cium absorption but also helped maintain acidity In the
digestive tract.

However,

lactose without vitamin D result­

ed in subnormal growth.
Whittier et al. (39) found that rats grew more
rapidly when lactose was the carbohydrate than they did
when sucrose was used.

The feeding of excess lactose caused

diarrhea for a short time, after which the feces became
normal.

These authors felt that the growth obtained on lac­

tose was not due to stimulation of acidophilic organisms
in the lower intestine since dextrin does not have the same
Influence as lactose.

Outhouse et_ al.

(26) reported that,

the Ingestion of lactose caused a greater quantity of cal­
cium, phosphorus and magnesium to be stored than was found
in litter mates on starch and sucrose rations.
Mitchell and associates (22) compared several
carbohydrates in feeding rats and. found that, as compared
to glucose,

lactose caused the greatest Impairment of di­

gestibility of organic matter, fructose next and sucrose
the least Impairment.

Rojas ejb _al. (31) studied the utilization of lac­
tose as fed to calves In natural milk and in milk plus

-

added lactose.

4

-

It appeared that under ordinary conditions

the calf made efficient utilization of lactose.

However,

when the lactose content of milk was doubled, diarrhea
occurred and efficiency of utilization declined.

Johnson

(l4) compared several sugars In the purified diets of pigs
and obtained only fair results with lactose.

Lactose-fed

pigs tended to develop chronic diarrhea and grew more slow­
ly than did pigs receiving glucose.
Handler (8) attempted to determine the cause for
the poor growth of rats on diets high in lactose or gal­
actose.

Histologically, the only lesions found were those

attributed to simple Inanition.

Although diarrhea and

diuresis occurred, deaths apparently were not due to de­
hydration or acidosis.

Serum calcium was not elevated suf­

ficiently to have been an etiologic factor.

However, blood

galactose levels were very high and serum inorganic phos­
phorus levels rather low.

The conclusion reached was that

death was due to a disturbance In carbohydrate metabolism
whose exact nature has not been defined clearly.
Richter (2 9 ) has reported, an Interrelationship
between galactose and fat which may be an Important link
in the action of lactose.

Orla-Jensen et al. (2 5 ) have

revived the old contention that lactose acts through Its
effect upon .the intestinal flora, a view which is also
supported by Brody and Sadhu (3)•

The effects of lactose

upon Intestinal motility have been reviewed rather critically

- 5 by Fischer and Sutton (6), and they need not be reconsidered
here.
The economic value, first of whole milk and more
recently

of skim milk, has been the cause of a long series

of attempts to use. substitutes In; place of milk for young
calves.

In spite of many so-called successes at formu­

lating milk

substitutes, almost all of these substitutes

contain milk or a milk product.

Williams and. Bechdel (44)

reported that calves fed on a starter containing milk pow­
der responded much better than those receiving blood flour.
McIntyre (19) advocated a starter for use with calves; this,
however, contained, condensed, whey powder.
Hathaway ejt _al. (9) used a mixture of dried whey,
32

parts, and blood meal, 10 parts, as a substitute for li­

quid skim milk In the feeding of calves.

Wise (45) has

used dried whey, at the rate of one-half to one pound per
one hundred pounds of body weight per day, for the treat­
ment of chronic diarrhea.

He cautioned, however, that ex­

cessive amounts of whey were laxative.
Cornell workers' (24) have made an extensive study
of calf starters.

Although they have developed many satis­

factory starters, the more successful ones invariably con­
tain a dried milk product.

Even’in the recent works of

Williams and Knodt (43) and Wallace et_ al. (38), which in­
dicate definite advances In the formulation of milk replace-

- 6 ments, the use of both dried skim milk and dried whey are
advocated.
With all of the interest which has developed in
the use of milk substitutes, there is no indication as to
whether the favorable responses obtained with milk products
are due to the lactose content, the protein, the minerals
or the' vitamins .

CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION IN THE YOUNG CALF

I.

Nutritive Value of Glucose, Corn Syrup and

Lactose as Carbohydrate Sources In Synthetic Mill-

OBJECT

The object of this experiment is to determine
the comparative nutritive values of glucose* corn syrup
and lactose when fed as carbohydrate constituents of syn­
thetic milks for young calves.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Selection of Animals
The composition of the three experimental groups
is indicated in table 1.

All of the 18 experimental calves

were males with the exception of one female in group G.
The system used in assigning calves to the groups and sub­
groups consisted of random allotment as the calves were
born in the College experimental herd.

The only prerequi­

site to assignment was normal health and appearance.

Calves

were placed on experiment 2^to 3 days after birth and re­
tained for a 3 1 -d.ay feeding trial since the first month
is the critical period with respect to carbohydrate utili­
zation in the calf (32).

Following the feeding trial*

autopsy was performed on most of the animals although a
few were returned to the College experimental herd for sub­
sequent research.

-

8

-

TABLE 1
Composition of the experimental groups

Subgroup

Group

No. of
calves

Breed
distribution

Av.
starting wt.
(ib.)

G (glucose)

K (corn syrup)

L (lactose)

--

6

5 Holstein,
1 Ayrshire

9^-3

10

2
2
2

Jersey,
Brown Swiss
Holstein
Jersey
Brown Swiss

8 2 .0

30
45

1
1
2
1
1

5

2

10

2
2

1
1
2
1
1

Holstein,
Jersey
Holstein
Holstein,
Jersey

30

96 .5

75-5

67 .0
8 1 .5

69.5

Feeding and Management
Of necessity, calves were started on the expertment in all seasons of the year.

Possible differences due

to prenatal nutrition were minimized since the dams were
stall-fed throughout the year.

Calves were permitted to

remain with their dams for 12 hours following parturition.
Subsequently each calf was placed in an individual pen,

- 9 starved,
diet.

to 2k hours, and started on the synthetic milk

Feed was given twice daily via nipple pail at a

rate calculated to meet the recommended nutrient allowances
of the national Research Council (IT)The constituents of each of the rations fed are
listed in table 2, and the chemical analyses of these r a ­
tions are presented in table 3-

In addition to the compo­

nents listed, each calf received (a) at the time it was
placed on experiment and at weekly intervals thereafter, a
capsule containing 70^000 I. U. of vitamin A (shark liver
oil) and. 10,000 I. U. of vitamin D (viosterol), and. (b)
a daily dosage of 20 mg. thiamin hydrochloride,
riboflavin, 20 mg. calcium pantothenate,

20 mg.

20 mg. nicotinic

acid, 20 mg. para-aminobenzoic acid, 5 tng* pyridoxine hy­
drochloride,

10 mg. vitamin K, 1 mg. biotln,

ositol and 3 g- choline chloride.

200 mg. in­

These water soluble vit­

amins were prepared, in stock solution, stored in amber
glass under refrigeration, and added to the synthetic mill:
at the time of the morning feeding.
The carbohydrate content of the rations was var­
ied. in the different groups.

In the G group, which was

used as the control, glucose was the carbohydrate source,
various amounts of glucose were replaced with corn syrup
in the K group, and various amounts of glucose were replaced,
with lactose in the L group, as shorn in table 2.

- 10 -

TABLE 2
Ingredients of the rations fed

Ration
Group

G

Subgroup
Glucose

60

Corn syrup

K

L

10

30

45

5

10

30

50

30

15

55

50

30

10

30

45

-

--

--

5

10

30

-

Lactose

-

-

__

__

Casein

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

Lard

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

Salts*

*Salt mixture composed of 10 calcium carbonate, 20 calc.ium
phosphate (secondary), 20 magnesium phosphate (tertiary),
10 potassium phosphate (secondary), 5 sodium chloride, 5
potassium chloride, I.9 B ferric citrate, 0,0k manganese
sulfate, 0.04 copper sulfate and 0.04 cobalt sulfate.

11 -

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- 12 Calf pens were bedded. with wood shavings.

No

hay was fed and in order to minimize consumption of shavings
each calf received daily one ounce of a mixture containing
10 per cent cellulose., 57 per cent glucose, 2h per cent
casein, 5 per cent salts and ^ per cent diluted corn syr­
up.

With few exceptions calves ate this dry mix readily

and showed slight inclination to consume shavings.

Preparation of Feed
The synthetic milk was prepared by a modification
of the procedure of Wiese ert a_l. (40) . Due to the limited,
refrigeration facilities available at the experimental barn,
the synthetic milk was prepared once or twice weekly and
stored as a liquid concentrate.

The frequency of prepara­

tion depended upon the number of calves on trial at any par­
ticular time.
lows:

The liquid concentrate was prepared as fol­

Pour ounces of sodium bicarbonate were dissolved in

^3 pounds of water at 60° C.

A heavy duty electric stirrer

was used and five pounds of casein were added slowly with
constant agitation.

Stirring was continued 20 to 30 minutes

to insure complete dissolution of the casein.

Near the end

of the agitation period two pounds of lard (So° C.) were
thoroughly mixed with the casein solution.

The casein-lard

solution was homogenized, at 3^000 pounds pressure.

The re­

maining components of the ration (carbohydrate (s) and salts,,

- 13 table 2) were mixed dry and 12.5 pounds of this dry mix
were blended with the 50 pounds of the homogenized solution.
The synthetic milk liquid concentrate, thus pre­
pared, contained 33-3 pez* cent dry matter and was stored
under refrigeration in this form.

At feeding time one part

of the concentrate was added to two parts of hot water, the
vitamin solution added (mornings only), and the product fed
at 85 to 93° F.

Criteria for Evaluation of Response

Evaluation of the response to the experimental
rations was based upon (l) observations on the health and
general appearance, (2) growth and efficiency of feed uti­
lization, (3) blood analyses, (4) rumen population and (5 )
post-mortem examinations.
(1) Health and general appearance.

Observations

and recordings were made at least once daily with regard

to general condition, appetite and general reactions of the
animals, and the consistency of the feces.
(2) Growth and efficiency of feed utilization. An
accurate tabulation of feed consumption and refusal was main­
tained.

Each calf was weighed-prior to the morning feeding

on the day it was placed on the experiment and on the 4th,
7th, 11th, 14th, 1 8 th, 21st, 25th, 28th and 3 1 st days of the
trial.

- 14 (3) Blood analysis. Blood samples were collected
from the jugular vein of each calf at weekly intervals.

De­

terminations of hemoglobin and hematocrit were made on whole
blood.

The plasma was analyzed for calcium, inorganic phos­

phorus, magnesium and ascorbic acid.
(4) Rumen
tents were obtained
vals.

population. Samples of the rumen con­
from most of the calves at weekly inter­

A

few calves objected to the passage of the stomach

tube and

no attempt was made toforce collection from such

calves.

The collections were made at 4 hours after the morn­

ing feeding.

The samples were preserved in an aqueous so­

lution of formaldehyde and counts were made of iodophilic
organisms and total bacteria per ml. of rumen contents.
(5) Post-mortem examinations. Animals which died
during the trial or were killed at the end of the experi­
mental period were subjected to gross post-mortem examina­
tions.

Histological sections were made of selected organs

from representative animals and of any organ or tissue which
appeared abnormal in the gross inspection.

- 13 RESULTS
Health and General Appearance
Within two to four days after being placed on the
experiment, feces from calves of the G (glucose) and K (corn
syrup) groups invariably would.become quite soft and in many
cases semiliquid..

The K group was much more, severely afflic­

ted than was the G group.

On the.other hand, L calves (lac­

tose), even at the 5 pe^ cent level, maintained normal con­
sistency of feces throughout the trial.

The L calves in

general possessed smoother hair coats and showed more alert­
ness than animals in the other groups.

Calves on corn syr­

up, though their weight gains compared favorably with those
of calves on glucose, characteristically had much duller
hair coats than the latter.
milk readily.

All calves drank the synthetic

Bloat occurred in two glucose calves, and one

calf receiving the 10 per cent level of lactose died of acute bloat of the abomasum.

Growth and Feed. Utilization
The gain in body weight and the efficiency of feed
utilization of each of the experimental groups and subgroups
is indicated in table 4.

In view of the extensive variation

in the starting weight, gains are represented both as pounds
and as percentage increase over the starting weight.

- 16 TABLE 4
Growth and feed utilization

Group

Sub­
group

G

Av .

K

10
30
45
Av.

L

5
10
30
Av .

Gain per
lb. DM cons ume d

Average gain
(ib.)

(*)

9-33 + 1 .5 8 *

8.13

15.50

18.90

14.50
-4.00

15.03
-5.30

8.66 + 5•68

10.23

16.00
20.50
19.50

23.88

1 8.66

0.234

0 .2^0
0.231

-0.044
0.142 + 0 . 0 9 2
0.306
0.508
0.338

25.15
28.06

+ 2 .7 3

25.92

+ 0.0 5 5

0.384

+ 0.050

^Standard error of the mean.

Blood Analysis
The average values for hematocrit* hemoglobin
and plasma calcium* inorganic phosphorus* magnesium and as .corbic acid for each group are presented graphically in fig­
ure 1.

These values appear to be within the normal range

for calves of this age (2* 46).

There is little apparent

BLOOD
-PLASMA

' ' Vol. RBC

Vol. RBC

GM Hb
MG Ca
_i

GP
<r
UJ
a.

MG M

MG VIT C

MG VIT C

CORN SYRUP

10

20

DAYS ON EXPERIMENT

MG Mg

MG VIT C

- 18 difference between groups in any of the constituents, al­
though the plasma ascorbic acid tends to be slightly lower
in the corn syrup-fed calves than in the other groups.

Rumen Population
A total of 38 rumen samples were collected from
the three groups.

The average iodophil count (millions per

ml.) was 2,800, ^,222 and 2,^00 for the G, K and L groups,
respectively.

However, the variation obtained between calves

within groups and between samples from the same calf on
different dates was so great that no significance can be
attached to the means.

The individual counts of iodophils

and total bacteria are presented in tables 20 and 21.

Post-Mortem Examination
Ten of the 18 experimental calves were subjected
to post-mortem examination either during the experimental
period or as in the case of one calf within 10 days after
completion of the trial.

Two of the lactose calves and ^

from each of the remaining groups were autopsied during this
period.

Congestion and consolidation of lung tissue was the

most common finding, although white spotted kidneys were
also prevalent.

White spotted kidneys occurred irrespective

of the dietary regime.

Congestion and consolidation of lung

tissue occurred with equal frequency in the glucose and corn

- 19 syrup groups, but only one of the lactose calves had a
"cold” during the experimental period, and it was success­
fully treated with sulfathiazole. Ulceration of the pylorus,
petechial hemorrhages of the abomasum, and patchy congestion
of the intestinal tract.occurred frequently in the corn syr­
up and glucose groups, but less frequently and less severely
in the lactose group.

The previously mentioned lethal

bloat in one lactose calf resulted in rupture of the abomasal wall.

DISCUSSION

Although growth responses were satisfactory in at
least one of the groups, the reaction of calves to the syn­
thetic milk can hardly be considered normal.

The high in­

cidence of respiratory disturbances, as evidenced by visi­
ble symptoms as well as post-mortem findings, Indicate that
the ability of the calves to resist Infection was low.

The

incidence of white spotted kidneys was also high, but the
etiology of this condition Is vague. Moore and Hallman (2 3 )
found it associated with low vitamin A Intake In young calves,
while Smith (33) reported the deprivation of colostrum as a
predisposing factor.
The blood data Indicate that sufficient calcium,
phosphorus and magnesium were absorbed to maintain the levels
of these elements in the plasma.

The reported rise In plasma

- 20 Inorganic phosphorus during the first three weeks of life
(2 7 j 46) was not apparent in these experimental animals.
Likewise the normal decline in hemoglobin concentration and
in hematocrit (46) was not evident in these trials.

Such

a decline possibly was prevented by the inclusion of iron
and trace elements in the synthetic milk., although David­
son and Leitch (4) report that the reduction in hemoglobin
and hematocrit following birth is independent of iron reserves
and of dietary intake.

This does not preclude the possibil­

ity that one or more of the trace elements included in the
ration may have prevented the decline.
Corn syrup, a food substance widely used in for­
mulae for Infants, was selected as a promising carbohydrate
for the neonatal calf.
expectations.

The results refuted pre-experimental

Although growth at the 10 and 30 per cent

levels- compared favorably with other groups, the feces were
of foul odor and of semiliquid consistency.

Apparently

the taxation produced b3^ corn syrup offset any beneficial
nutritive value it may have possessed.

Chemical analyses

(table 3) indicated that corn syrup was high in ash.

It is

possible that this ash contained some element(s) which
caused the taxation and thus prevented the animals from
utilizing properly the feed consumed.
The beneficial effect of lactose on the intesti­
nal tract, as evidenced by the consistency of feces, was
striking, and results of this benefit are reflected in the
growth response and in the efficiency of feed utilisation.

- 21 Much of the beneficial action of lactose may be credited
to its stability and low solubility which permits it to pass
unchanged into the intestine.

In the intestine it promotes

the growth of beneficial lactic acid-producing bacteria and
inhibits scatologic putrefaction (3, 25) . Although this
view is not universally accepted (3 0 , 3 9 ), it has much in
its favor and must be considered until a more satisfactory
explanation is advanced.
Rumen bacterial samples were collected for study
as a .possible index to the time at which the rumen commences
to function but these samples revealed little difference
among the groups.

However, the intestinal flora are probably

of much greater importance in controlling gastro-Intestinal
motility than are those of the rumen.

Also, the samples were

examined for characteristic rumen microorganisms, not for
acid-producing bacteria.

A recent review (6 ) adequately

discusses the effect of lactose on gastro-i.ntestinal motility
and indicates that there Is more evidence supporting the
contention that lactose tends to cause diarrhea than there
Is evidence to the contrary.

Within the bovine species,

Wise (45) has used dried, whey In treating chronic diarrhea
in calves and Rojas ejfc a_l. (31) have indicated that under
normal feeding conditions lactose was utilized effectively
by calves.

It was only when the lactose content of milk was

doubled that diarrhea and unthriftiness occurred and the
efficiency of utilization was decreased markedly.

The results

-

22

-

of feeding lactose in synthetic milk are In harmony with
the report of Rojas et al., since in all cases, the lactose
content of synthetic milk was below the level contained In
normal cow’s milk.
Whatever the mode of action of lactose, the quan­
tity required by the calf is small, because five per cent
produced almost as satisfactory growth response as did 30
per cent.

Although the difference was small, the greatest

efficiency of .feed utilization was obtained at the 10 per
cent level of lactose.

Whether the decrease in efficiency

at the 30 per cent as compared to the 10 per cent level is
due to too high a proportion of lactose or to biological
variation Is open to speculation.

SUMMARY

Eighteen neonatal calves were allotted to three
experimental groups and fed rations consisting of synthet­
ic milks which varied only in the source of carbohydrate.
The average gain in weight for the 31-day experi­
mental period was 9-33 pounds for glucose-fed. calves (G),
8 .6 6

pounds for corn syrup-fed calves (K) and 1 8 . 6 6 pounds

for lactose-fed calves (L). The efficiency of feed utiliza­
tion, expressed as the average of gain per pound of dry
matter consumed, was 0.234, 0.142 and 0.384 for the G, K

- 23 and. L groups, respectively.
30

Within the subgroups, 10 and

per cent corn syrup produced fair results while 45 per

cent was unsatisfactory.

There was little difference in

weight gains in response to lactose at the 5 , 10 and. 30 per
cent levels.
Analysis of blood, at weekly intervals for hema­
tocrit, hemoglobin and plasma calcium, inorganic phosphorus,
magnesium and ascorbic acid showed no apparent departure
from the normal.
Examination of rumen samples for microorganisms
revealed that individual differences were greater than dif­
ferences between groups.
On post-mortem examination, congestion of the duo­
denum and rectum, abomasal petechial hemorrhages and ulcera­
tion about the pylorus were observed less frequently in the
L than In G and K groups, while colds, pneumonia and white
spotted kidney occurred indiscriminately In all groups.

CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION IN THE YOUNG CALL

The Nutritive Value of Starch and the Effect
Lactose on the Nutritive Values of Starch
and Corn Syrup in Synthetic Milk.

- 24 OBJECT

The object of this experiment is to determine
the nutritive value of starch in comparison to the carbo­
hydrates already tested, and to determine the effect of
lactose on the nutritive values of starch and corn syrup.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Neonatal calves were randomized to the three ex­
perimental groups listed in table 5 - As in the previous
investigation, calves were started on the experiment as
they were born In the College experimental herd.

Details

regarding the selection, feeding and management of animals
and the preparation of feed, have been described previously
(part I).

The present study was initiated near the close

of the forementioned investigation and, in regard to methods,
was merely a continuation of it.

Various amounts of carbo­

hydrates were incorporated in the rations as shown in table
6

. The KL group received glucose, corn syrup and lactose

as the carbohydrate sources, the SL group received glucose,
lactose and starch, and the S group received glucose and
starch.
Composition and the chemical analyses of the ra­
tions fed are presented In tables 6 and 7 respectively.

TABLE 5
Composition of the experimental groups

Group

No. of
calves

Breed
distribution

Av.
starting wt.
(lb.)

KL
(Corn syrup
+ lactose)

3

2 Holstein
1 Jersey

6 9 .0

SL
(Starch
4- lactose)

3

1 Holstein
1 Ayrshire
1 Jersey

77.0

S
(Starch)

3

3 Holstein

95-0

-

26

-

TABLE 6
Ingredients of the rations fed.

Ration
Group.
Glucose

KL

SL

s

5

5

15
__

Corn syrup

45

Lactose

10

10

--

Starch

_ _

45

45

Casein

25

25

25

Lard

10

10

10

5

5

5

Salts*

*Salt mixture composed of 10 calcium carbonate* 20 calcium
phosphate (secondary), 20 magnesium phosphate (tertiary),,
10 potassium phosphate (secondary), 5 sodium chloride, 5
potassium chloride, 1 . 9 8 ferric citrate, 0.04 manganese
sulfate, 0.04 copper sulfate and 0.04 cohalt sulfate.

- 27 TABLE 7
Chemical analysis of the rations fed

Ration
Group

KL

SL

S

Moisture W )
Prote in Wo)
Ash (;ft
Crude fiber W, ),
Ether ext. W°)
1\T. P. E. Wo)

12.52

7-36

21.25

21.57
5.63
0.07

7.90
21.57

Ca W )
P W)
Mg W )
K Wo)
Ee W )
Cu (p .p.m.)
Mn <p .p.m.)
Co (p .p.m.)

6.06
o;o5
10.15

. 10.61

5.62
0.08
10.61

49-97

54.76

54.22

0.67

0.65

0.78
0.38
0.65
0.0023

0.34
0.52

0.65
0.73
0.33
0.52

4.9
0.07

0.0022
2.2

0.0021
2.1

0.07

0.127

0.78

0.118

0.07

0.115

Criteria for the evaluation of response were altered from those of the previous Investigation in that no
samples of rumen contents were collected and only one post­
mortem examination was conducted.

The single autopsy was

performed on a member of the S group to check for lesions
previously produced on a starch-containing synthetic milk
(7 ).
In search of a possible explanation for varying
responses to the carbohydrates fed, a test meal containing

- 28 a single carbohydrate source (e.g., glucose, lactose, starch
or corn syrup) was fed to an animal and the blood sugar con­
centration determined at intervals over an 8 -hour postpran­
dial period.

The test was repeated until a curve for each

carbohydrate was obtained on three different calves. The
test meal consisted of 25 per cent casein, 10 per cent lard,
5

per cent salts and 60 per cent of the carbohydrate being

tested.

This meal was prepared and fed in the same manner

as the usual experimental ration.

On the day on which the

test was conducted, blood was collected prior to the morning
feeding.

The test meal was fed and subsequent blood samples

were taken at 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours postprandially.

All blood samples were collected by jugular

venipuncture with minimal disturbance to the animal.

To

facilitate rapid, efficient collection of blood, the neck
was clipped closely a day or two prior to collection.
Potassium oxalate was used as the anticoagulant.
Filtrates were prepared within 30 minutes after the collec­
tion of blood and the amount of blood sugar was determined
by the Somogyi procedure (34).

Transmission was determined

by a Cenco-Sheard spectrophotometer at 520 mu.

- 29 RESULTS

Health and General Appearance
The feces of calves in group S became very soft
in consistency within 2 to 4 days after the animals were
placed on experiment.

The amount of feces voided was quite

large, and the feces appeared to contain considerable un­
digested material.

Calves of the SL group also voided ex­

cessive quantities of feces of semiliquid consistency, al­
though in general the diarrhea in this group was not as se­
vere as that in the S group.

Diarrhea occurred infrequently

in the KL group, in marked contrast to group K of the pre­
vious trial.

Calves of the S group showed moderate emacia­

tion and dehydration during the first 2 weeks of the trial
whereas those of groups SL and KL were relatively thrifty
throughout the trial.

Growth and Feed Utilization
Gains in body weight for the 31-day period and the
efficiency of feed utilization for each group,are indicated
in table 8.

Calves of groups KL and SL gained in weight uni­

formly throughout the trial, whereas, those in group S
gained little or none during the first 2 weeks but they did
increase in weight rapidly late in the experimental period.

- 30 TABLE 8
Growth and feed utilization

Group

Gain per
lb. DM consumed

Average gain
w

(lb.)

(lb.)

KL

28.33 + 5.85*

41.06

0 .4 8 7

SL

24.67 + 2.94

32.03

0.412 + 0 . 0 7 2

S

i4.oo + 3 . 0 6

14.74

0.204 + 0.046

+ 0 .0 5 8

^Standard error of the mean.

Blood Analysis
Average weekly levels of hemoglobin and cell vol­
ume (hematocrit) and each of four plasma constituents are
indicated in figure 2.

These average values agree reasonably

well with the normal levels for calves of this age (2 * ^6 )*
although the hemoglobin levels tended to be higher and the
inorganic phosphorus levels somewhat lower.

Variation in

serum magnesium was greater than might be expected (5 ).
Glucose absorption curves for each of the four
carbohydrates tested* plotted from serial blood sugar deter­
minations* are shown in figure 3.

Blood sugar remained quite

constant after starch ingestion and registered no increase
during the first 4 hours postprandially.

Curves for the

4 0 BLOOD
"PLASMA
30

Vol. RBC

Vol. RBC
Vol. RBC

GM Hb

6M Hb

GM Hb
MG Ca

MG Ca

MG P

MG P

PER

100 ML

MG Ca

MG Mg

MG Mg

MG Mg

MG VIT C

MG VIT C

MG VIT C

CORN SYRUP +
LACTOSE

20

STARCH + LACTOSE

10

20

DAYS ON EXPERIMENT

STARCH

10

20

CO

o
Q

LU
LU

or
LU

CL
ZD
DC

x
o

GLUCOSE

>cn

o

cr

o
O j

co
x
3
O

ir

CO
X

X
OJ

«D
P
bO D
•
£
•rH fD oa
t^ P 1
o P! ra
t— i O 0)
i— 1 rO P
o u
p CTS a?
o D
ca
Fh
OJ Cm P
> O p
P
CD Cm
o C) O
F-.
£ D a>
o o bO
■p CO cri
P
P
<D CL)
P
Sh *—i J>
P bO ei
C C
i D
<L> *!—
O OJ M
P
D
o OJ
o
OJ
'r—
I
u o
Ctf
Q.)
10 C >
D o u
CO•1—1 D
p CJ
HD CO
o <D P
O fcuj o
r -i c
0:
PQ *H ID
CO

CJ
F
Dh
bj
-_i

1=4

in

ro

hum

in

ooi d3d avons ow

- 33 other three carbohydrates rose rapidly following feeding
with little difference in evidence 30 minutes after feeding.
Thereafter the differences were striking.

Corn syrup inges­

tion resulted in maximum blood sugar concentration 1 hour
after feeding* whereas the glucose or lactose peak was not
reached until 4 hours after feeding.

The curve for glucose*

however* descended much more rapidly than did that for lac­
tose.

The maximum blood sugar concentration after corn syr­

up ingestion was only slightly more than half the maximum
concentration following the consumption of glucose or lac­
tose .

4

DISCUSSION
The single post-mortem examination performed was

on a member of the S group and failed to reveal many of the
lesions previously reported as characteristic of calves on
a high-starch synthetic milk (7).

Admittedly a single ob­

servation is an inadequate basis for the drawing of conclu­
sions,

Assuming that the animal examined was representative

of the group* a possible explanation for the disparity in
results may be found in the fact that in the earlier study
the artificial milk contained natural feedstuffs high in
starch.

Pure corn starch added to these natural sources

produced a much higher level of starch feeding than was
used in the present trial and may account for the differences
noted in examining the experimental subjects.

_ 34 The blood, sugar level following stal’d-! ingestion
showed no tendency to rise for the first 4 hours after feed­
ing (figure 3)*

This might be anticipated since starch is

rather slowly hydrolyzed in the digestive tract.

In fact*

Shaw and associates (32) reported, that the calf was unable
to utilize starch to an appreciable extent until nearly one
month of age.

The glucose absorption curves obtained on a

2-week old calf (7) substantiate this report in that there
was no Increase in blood sugar over the 8-hour sampling per­
iod.

Since saliva of the bovine is devoid of amylolytic

enzymes* and pancreatic amylases are low in this species
(35), the question is raised as to whether the failure of

the neonatal calf to digest starch is due to (a) the in­
herent weakness of pancreatic amylase* with the result that
the digestion of starch must await the development of starchsplitting microorganisms in the rumen* or (b) amylolytic
activity of pancreatic (and/or possibly Intestinal) juice
is not developed at birth and fails to become efficient until
several weeks after birth.
All data used in the preparation of figure 3 are
from calves 28 to 35 days of age.

The rapid rise in blood

sugar following lactose Ingestion is difficult to explain in
that lactose presumably must be hydrolyzed before appre­
ciable absorption can take place (28* p. 103.)

The continued

high level of blood sugar would seem to indicate that the
hydrolysis of lactose continues over a period of time.

This

- 35 may be considered to be advantageous in that energy is made
available over an extended period and thus absorption and
utilization are permitted to take place more efficiently.
Blood sugar levels can be considered only as a rough Index
of the utilization of a carbohydrate. 'The concentration of
blood sugar at any specified time depends upon the rate of
absorption of the sugar into the blood stream and the rate
at which it is removed from the blood.

Removal may be ac­

complished through the kidneys or through utilization by the
tissues* and the rate of removal* whether by excretion or
utilization* varies with the sugar concerned (2 8 * pp. 1 0 7 *
1 3 3 ).

The alteration of response produced by adding lac­
tose to either a corn syrup or a starch ration is remarkable
Indeed.

With corn syrup* the addition of lactose changed the

response from no gain to an average of over 28 pounds gain
in 31 days (table 8).

In the case of starch* lactose addi­

tion was accompanied by an increase in the rate of gain of
76

per cent (table 8).

The differences are even more stri­

king when one considers that the ICL and SL groups surpassed
not only the K and S groups in performance but also the L
group.

Such results would not appear unusual in the study of

proteins* in which the biological value of one protein may
be increased greatly by the addition of a second protein (l).
However* carbohydrates are hydrolyzed supposedly to the con­
stituent monosaccharides before absorption can take place

- 36 (2 8 * p. 1 0 3 ) and supplementary relationships are not generally
recognized In this class of compounds.
Although lactose possesses a lower specific dy­
namic effect than does glucose (1 8 )* and thus should he a
more efficient source of energy* this slight advantage* when
considered In conjunction with the relatively small amount
of lactose included* certainly can not account for the dif­
ferences obtained.

Lactose* or specifically its constituent

galactose* has been credited with Increasing the utilization
of fat (2 9 ).

Lactose Itself was reported to be antirachitic

and to favor calcium metabolism in children as well as lab­
oratory animals (15* 21* 26).

By promoting an acid medium*

lactose favors the absorption of both calcium and phosphorus*
although Robinson _et aJL. (30) expressed the belief that acid­
ity was not the only factor.

They suggested that lactose

or the lactate ion may exert a specific action in facili­
tating passage of calcium Into the blood.

Alt is doubtful

that either calcium or phosphorus was a limiting factor In
this study because the synthetic rations were high in these
elements. The improbability of such a limitation Is further
indicated by the fact that the blood plasma levels of these
elements were not affected adversely during the experiment.
It was reported In the early 1900ls that lactose exerts Its
beneficial Influence by favoring desirable bacterial forms
in the intestine (20).

Perhaps this might be advanced as

the logical explanation of the results In this experiment.

- 37 Even so* it fails to explain the differences between the KL
and SL groups of this experiment and the L groups of the pre­
vious experiment.

It would appear that lactose favorably

Influences the utilization of certain carbohydrates as well
as the utilization of fat.

Regardless of the theoretical

explanation* these results provide a basis for the common
practice of including dry whey or non-fat dry milk solids
In calf starters.

- 38 .SUMMARY
Nine neonatal calves were allotted to three ex­
perimental- groups and fed rations consisting of synthetic
milks which varied only in the carbohydrate component.
Calves receiving corn syrup plus lactose (KL)
gained an average of 2 8 . 3 3 pounds* those receiving starch
plus lactose (SL) gained an average of 24.67 pounds while
calves on starch (S) averaged only 14.00 pounds in 31 days.
The efficiency of feed utilization* expressed as pounds of
gain per pound of dry matter consumed* was 0.487* 0.412 and
0.204 for the KL* SL and. S groups* respectively.
Serial blood samples were collected before a test
meal and at 1/4* 1/2* 1* 2* 4* 6 and 8 hours after feeding
and analyzed for blood sugar.

The blood sugar level rose

rapidly after the ingestion of glucose* lactose or corn syr­
up* with the maximum concentration at 4* 4 and 1 hours after
feeding* respectively.
Following starch ingestion there was no change in
blood sugar the first 4 hours and only a moderate Increase
at 6 and 8 h o u r s .

- 39 (1) Block* R. J.* and Mitchell* K. H. The Correlation of
the Amino-Acid Composition of Proteins with their Nu­
tritive Value. Nutrition Abstracts A Revs.* 16: 2492 7 8 . 1946.
(2) Bortree* A. L.* Huffman* C. F .* and Duncan* C. W. Nor­
mal Variations In the Amount of Ascorbic Acid In the
Blood of Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci.* 25: 9 8 3 -9 9 0 .
1942.
(3) Brody* S.* and Sadhu* D. P. The Nutritional Signifi­
cance of Milk with Special Reference to Milk Sugar.
Sci. Monthly* 64: 5-13- 1947(4) Davidson* L. S. P.* and Leitch* I. The Nutritional
Anemias of Man and Animals. Nutrition Abstracts &
Revs.* 3: 901-930. 1934.
(5) Duncan* C. ¥.* Lightfoot* C. C.* and Huffman* C. F.
Studies on the Composition of Bovine Blood. I. The
Magnesium Content of the Blood Plasma of the Normal
Dairy Calf. J. Dairy Sci.* 2 1 :6 8 9 -6 9 6 . 1938.
(6 ) Fischer* J. E.* and Sutton* T. S. Effects of Lactose
on Castro-intestinal Motility: A Review. J. Dairy
Sci.* 32: 139-182. 1949.
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M. S. Thesis* Michigan State College Library* East
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Excessive Quantities of Lactose or Galactose. J.
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of Calves on Limited Amounts of Milk. Nebr. Agr.
Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 132. 1943(10) Johnson* B. C.* Hamilton* T. S.* Nevens* ¥. B.* and
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- 40 (12) Johnson,, B. C., Pinkos, J. A., and Burke, K. A. Pyridoxine Deficiency in the Calf. J. Nutrition, 40:
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Langworthy, C. F., and Merrill, A. T. Digestibility of
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(17)

Loosli, J. K., Huffman, C. F., Peterson, W. E., and

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trum. J. Expt. Med.* 4l: 413-425* 1925*
34) Somogyi* M. Determination of Blood Sugar.
Chem.* 160: 69-73. 1945.

J. Biol.

35) Vonk* H. J. The Specificity and Collaboration of Diges­
tive Enzymes in Metazoa. Biol. Revs.* Cambridge Phil.
Soc.* 12: 245-284. 1937.
36)

Wallace* H. D.* LoosII* J. K.* and Turk* K. L. Milk
Substitutes for Young Dairy Calves. J. Dairy Sci.* 32:
7G9. 1949.

A P P E N D I X

-

43

-

TABLE 9
Allottment of Individual calves to the glucose*
corn syrup and lactose groups

Group

Sub
Group

Glucose

Corn
Syrup

10

30

4-5

Lactose

10

Calf
No.

Breed

Sex

692

Holstein

Male

697

Holstein

Male

705

Holstein

Female

722

Holstein

Male

729

Ayrshire

Male

732

Holstein

Male

713

Jersey

Male

718

Brown Swiss

Male

701

Holstein

Male

711

Holstein

Male

695

Jersey

Male

699

Brown Swiss

Male

733

Holstein

Ma 1e

702

Jersey

Male

698

Holstein

Male

712

Holstein

Male

694

Holstein

Male

696

Jersey

Male

_ lj.2 i _

TABLE 10
Allottment of Individual calves to the corn syrup
+ lactosej starch + lactose and starch groups

Calf
No.

Breed

Sex

714

Holstein

Male

715

Jersey

Male

7 26

Holstein

Female

Starch

717

Ayrshire

Male

Lactose

724

Jersey

Male

725

Holstein

Male

727

Holstein

Male

728

Holstein

Male

7 31

Holstein

Male

Group
Corn Syrup
+
Lactose

Starch

- 45 -

TABLE 11
Anallzed composition of Ingredients used in rations

Moisture
Protein
Ash

{f)
{f)

{f)

Crude fiber
Ether ext.
N.

P. E

Ca

{f)

V

Mg
K

{fa)
{fa)
{fa)

{fa)

(f)
(f)

Glucose

Starch

Lactose

Corn
Syrup

Casein

7-93

9.44

2.61

20.92

9.85

0.31

0.70

0.23

0

0.05

0.10

0 .0 9

O .9 8

2.43

0 .12

0.0 5

0

0

0.16

0.44

1.03

0.44

0

0 .31

91.15

88.68

96.63

7 8.10

83.12

4.13

0

0

0

0.054

0.203

0.009

0 .019

0

0.022

0.5 1 9

0

0.044

0.046

0.138

0.077

0

0

0.0 19

0.299

0.098

- 46 -

TABLE 12
Body weights In pounds of the calves in the glucose group

Calf No.
*

Days on
Expt.

692

697

705

722

729

732

0

105

96

100

87

98

80

3

104

96

95

92

98

87

7

98

100

98

97

98

87

10

102

96

95

91

98

87

14

98

96

101

__

100

—

.17

106

102

__

105

21

100

105

110

--

io4

—

24

111

111

107

--

105

--

28

107

111

114

--

105

31

113

111

115

__

105

—

- 47 -

TABLE 12
Body weights In pounds of the calves in the corn syrup group

Calf No.
Days on
Expt.

713

718

7 01

711

695

699

0

46

118

102

91

52

99

3

53

121

109

90

51

98

7

53

ri8

107

91

47

97

10

49

115

101

90

55

• 94

14

50

119

107

94

51

96

17

53

122

115

98

58

89

21

49

120

115

102

57

84

24

48

127

113

107

61

82

28

52

135

121

105

57

—

31

53

142

115

107

61

—

- 48 -

TABLE 14
Body weights in pounds of the calves in the lactose group

Calf No.
Days on
Expt.

733

702

698

712

6g4

696

0

74

60

75

88

85

54

3

86-

64

75

97

88

55

7

82

65

77

100

84

59

10

77

64

79

102

87

57

14

80

66

81

--

87

64

17

88

76

88

_ _

94

66

21

87

71

94

--

96

63

24

86

75

97

100

67

28

86

82

97

107

68

31

86

80

102

ill

67

-

49

-

TABLE 15
Body weights In pounds of the calves In the
corn syrup + lactose group

Calf No.

Days on
714

715

726

0

90

47

70

3

100

53

77

7

99

54

82

10

105

49

80

14

105

60

80

17

108

61

84

21

118

60

87

24

123

59

88

28

126

65

92

31

130

70

92

Expt.

- 50 -

TABLE 16
Body weights In pounds of the calves In the
starch ,+ lactose group

Calf No.
Days on
Expt.

717

724

725

0

78

52

101

3

90

55

105

7

87

60

105

10

87

63

113

14

85

62

117

17

84

69

116

21

91

72

119

24

92

70

126

28

97

74

128

31

97

80

-

-

- 51 -

TABLE 17
Body weights in pounds of the calves in the starch group

Calf No.
Days on
Expt.

727

728

731

0

90

91

104

3

95

92

106

7

101

95

103

10

101

96

107

14

102

101

102

17

101

104

105

21

103

101

108

24

105

102

108

28

110

101

111

31

110

101

116

- 52 TABLE 18
Efficiency of feed utilization of individual calves in the
glucose„ corn syrup and lactose groups

Gain
Group and
Sub Group

G

K 10

30

45

L

5

10

30

Calf
No.

lbs.

%

Dry Matter
Consumed

Gain per
lb. DM
Consumed

lbs .

lbs.

692

8

7.6 2

70.33

.114

697

15

15.62

62.11

.242

705

15

15.00

68.72

.218

72 2

4

4.60

16.77

.239

729

V1

7.17

62.75

.112

732

7

8.75

14.00

.500

713

7

15.22

45.13

.155

71 8

24

20.34

73.75

.325

701

13

12.74

70.53

.184

711

16

17.58

57.56

.278

695

9

17.31

45.75

.197

699

-17

-1 7 . 1 7

59-47

-. 286

733

12

16.21

48.33

.248

702

20

33.33

54.84

.365

698

27

36.00

61.15

.442

7 12

14

15.91

24.41

•574

694

26

30.59

62.91

.413

698

13

24.07

49 -45

.263

- 53 -

TABLE 19

Efficiency of feed utilization of Individual calves in the
corn syrup + lactose j starch -j- lactose and starch groups

Gain_____

Starch

lbs .

lbs.

714

40

44.44

67.80

.590

715

23

48.94

47.50

.484

7 26

22

31.43

56.70

.388

717

19

24.36

61.67

724

28

53.85

50.80

.551

725

27

26.73

71.83

.376

727

20

22.22

67.83

.295

728

10

10.99

66. 5 8

.150

731

12

11.54

71.33

.168

0

Starch
■i
Lactose

c?

Gain per
lb. d :
Cons urni

CO

Corn syrup
i
Lactose

lbs.

Dry Matter
Consumed

U)

Group

Calf
No .

_

54 -

TABLE 20
Iodophil count of rumen contents
(millions per ml.)

Week
Calf No.

1

697

--------

7 05

-

713
7 18

-

-

2
6 2 6 .4
---

1.2
---

0
---

3

4
93.6

—

362.4

609.6

12.0

16.8
192.0

—

701

3.6

34.8

110.4

201.6

711

105.6

1178.4

2129.8

2246.4

695

14.4

57.6

837.6

1128.0

--------

--------

699

702

1.2

223.2
7.2

--------

--------

2.4

*

0

---------

00

733

67.2

698

---

---

196.8

2 18.4

712

0

---

---

---

694

2.4

164.4

632.4

744.0

696

736.8

429.6

91.2

---

714

3 3.6

---

21.6

---

713

---

---

---

724

---

---

62.4

Ave.

89 .9

0
—

272.2

405.8

501.6

- 55 TABLE 21
Total bacterial count of rumen contents
(millions per m l .)

Week
Calf Wo.

1

2

3

3200

697
705

--

713

1900

718

4

2600

—

2900

2500

4 oo

2200

700
1100

—

701

2700

900

2000

i4 oo

711

500

15400

8200

10700

695

1100

1100

8600

15600

--

1500

699
733

1500

34 o o

700

702

1100

1500

“7

698

--

--

3800

712

2200

694

1300

696
714

Ave.

500

Ooo

--

--

3900

3400

3300

2700

7900

500

--

3900

__

3200

--

2900

--

--

715
724

--

—

I09O

—

_ _

4060

—

3364

4300

3936

-

56

-

TABLE 22
Weekly blood analysis of calf 692

c

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin
gm

fo

Cell
Volume

Ca
mg

%

fo

Inorg.
P
mg

°/o

Mg
mg

fo

Ascorbic
acid
mg f>

1

12.90

37.0

10.7

6.16

1.82

.325

2

--

--

9.5

5.56

1.81

.297

3

10.20

29.5

10.3

6.04

2.02

.276

4

10.57

29.5

11.5

6.65

1.76

.439

Mg

Ascorbic
acid

mg f

mg f>

TABLE 23

Weekly blood, analysis of calf 697

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin
gm f

Cell
Volume
C^

70

Ca
mg

fo

Inorg.
P
mg

fo

1

7.40

22.0

12.0

5.93

2.05

.356

2

8.60

24.0

10.3

7.91

1.71

A 58

3

8.9 0

26.5

11.3

7 .81

1.73

.301

4

9.70

27.0

10.2

6.22

1.94

.239

- 57 TABLE 24
Weekly blood, analysis of calf 705

Plasma
Week on

Expt.

Hemo­
globin
gm

fo

Cell
Volume

Ca

Inorg..
P

$>

mg %

mg %

mg

Mg
fo

Ascorbic
acid
mg

fo

1

14.55

35.5

11.5

5.90

1.80

.257

2

14.45

33.0

10.6

5.25

1.80

.139

3

13.25

37.0

10.
.1

5.30

1.94

.157

4

13.70

35.5

10.6

4.41

2.25

.121

Ascorbic
acid

TABLE 25

Weekly blood analysis of calf 722

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin
gm

1

fo

7.60

Ca

Inorg.
P

Mg

f

mg f,

mg f>

mg f>

mg

--

12.7

6.41

1.59

.583

Cell
Volume

fo

- 58 TABLE 26
Weekly blood analysis of calf 729

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo globIn
gm

fo

Cell
Volume
%

Ca

Inorg.
P

mg %

mg

Ascorbic
acid

Mg

fo

mg f>

mg

fo

1

12.35

35-5

10.3

7.44

2.19

.440

2

12.00

35.0

11.5

5.06

1.91

.362

3

13.10

39-5

10.4

7.02

2.11

.239

4

12.00

34.5

9.5

6.51

2.02

,368

Mg

Ascorbic
acid

TABLE 27
Weekly blood analysis of calf 732

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo globin
gm

fo

Cell
Volume
fo

Inorg.
P

Ca
mg

fo

mg

fo

mg

f

mg

fo

1

7 .20

22.0

11.1

7.14

I.8 9

.279

2

12.00

40.5

10.2

7.27

3.89

.389

- 59 TABLE 28
Weekly blood analysis of calf 713

Plasma
Hemo­
globin
gm

fo

Cell
Volume

Ca
mg

%

fo

Inorg.
P
mg

Ascorbic
acid

mg f>

mg f>

fo

Mg

ro
00
VO

Week on
Expt.

23.0

13.2

7.06

2.42

2

9-77

28.0

12.0

6.22

1.90

.3 2 3

3

9.27

25.0

11.7

5.17

2.08

.148

4

9.83

27.0

12.1

4.92

2.46

O

8.^7

in
*

1

TABLE 29
Weekly blood analysis of calf 718

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin
gm ft,

Cell
Volume
%

Ca
mg

fo

Inorg.
P
mg

fo

Mg
mg

fo

Ascorbic
acid
mg

fo

1

11.85

33.5

9.7

6.51

2.88

.425

2

11.07

3 2.0

9.2

5.79

1.92

.230

3
k

10.87

27.5

12.6

5.21

3.83

.206

10.20

24.5

11.3

7.02

1.28

.178

- 60 TABLE 30
Weekly Blood analysis of calf 701

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin
gm

f

Cell
Volume

Ca
mg

p

f

Inorg.
P
mg

Mg
mg

fo

fo

Ascorbic
acid
rag fo

1

11.23

29.0

12 .1

7.27

2.58

.259

2

12..53

33.0

10.6

5.74

2.15

.119

3

13.17

34.0

11-5

6.87

2 .2 0

.227

4

13.47

37.0

11.5

5.93

1.92

.148

Mg

Ascorbic
acid

TABLE 31
Weekly blood analysis of calf 711

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin
gm

f

Cell
Volume
oi
P

Ca
mg

fo

Inorg.
P
mg

f

mg f

mg

f

1

8 .0 0

22.0

13-0

7.19

2.19

.428

2

9.47

2 6.0

10.4

7.27

2.05

.190

3

12.53

35.0

11.8

7-23'

2.2 0

.256

4

13.95

3 6.0

11.7

7.35

2.03

.265

- 61 TABLE 32
Weekly blood analysis of calf 695

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin
gm

fo

Cell
Volume

Ca
mg

fo

fo

Inorg.
P

I-Ig

Ascorbic
acid

mg

mg y>

mg

8.01

3.1 8

.422

fo

1

14.55

39.0

9.7

2

12.10

35-5

10.5

6 .69

1.64

.138

3

12.00

32.5

10.9

5.66

2.1 1

.129

4

10,70

30.0

10.5

5.48

1.87

.077

Ca

Inorg.
P

Mg

Ascorbic
acid

mg fo

mg f

mg f>

mg f

TABLE 33
Weekly blood analysis of calf 699

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin
gm

fo

Cell
Volume
CL
j°

1

8.13

22.0

12.5

7.23

2.43

.601

2

9.40

24.5

10.6

9.13

2.58

•374

3

10.70

26 .0

10.7

7.02

1.99

.167

4

11.30

28 .0

10.5

7.27

2 .02

.135

- 62 TABLE 34
Weekly blood analysis of calf 733

Plasma
Week on
Expt,.

Hemo­
globin
gm

fo

Cell
Volume
%

Ca

Inorg P

Mg

mg f>

mg %

mg

fo

Ascorbic
acid
mg

f>

1

11.23

34- 0

11.9

7-35

2.11

.545

2

12=
.10

36-5

11-6

7.0 6

3-02

.412

3

1 0.50

3 2 -0

10.6

7.6 2

2.02

-382

4

10-57

31-5

10.3

6.54

1.87

.462

Ascorbic
acid

TABLE 35
Weekly blood analysis of calf 702

Plasma
Hemo­
globin

Cell
Volume

Ca

Inorg.
P

Mg

gm f

fo

mg f

mg f

mg %

mg

1

8..07

20 .0

12.7

6.35

2.86

.475

2

10-50

26.5

11.9

6.95

2.99

.399

3

12-77

33.3

13.0

6.87

2.62

.232

4

14.10

3 8 .0

11.5

5.90

1.94

.148

Week on
Expt..

fo

- 63 TABLE 36
Weekly blood, analysis of calf 6 Q8

Plasma
Week on
Exp t „

HemorglobIn

Cell
Volume

gm f>

Ca

Inorg.
P

Mg

Ascorbic
acid.

mg f

mg f

mg fo

mg f

1

1 2,60

35,0

12.7

4.90

2.21

.344

2

il.4o

3 2 ,0

11,1

1,55

1.96

.415

3

12,77

34,5

12,2

6,07

1,72

.252

4

12,00

33,0

11*3

7,67

2,11

,202

Hg

Ascorbic
acid

TABLE 37
Weekly blood analysis of calf 712

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

1

Hemo­
globin

Cell
Volume

Ca

Inorg.
P

gm fo

fo ,

mg ,f>

mg f

mg fo

mg

15,90

43 *0

11,3

6.83

1.76

.297

- 64 TABLE 38
Weekly blood analysis of calf 694

Plasma
Week on
Expt..

Hemo­
globin
gm

f>

Cell
Volume
%

Inorg.
P

Mg

Ascorbic
acid

mg %

mg %

mg ff

mg %

Ca

1

13.10

34.0

12.4

6.62

1.80

.397

2

12*83

37-0

'9.9

5.87

1.76

.323

3

12.45

32 .0

9-8

6.19

1.48

.204

4

12.10

32.0

10.3

6.87

1.70

.227

Mg

Ascorbic
acid

TABLE 39
Weekly blood analysis of calf 696

Plasma
on

:pt.

Hemo globin
gm

Cell
Volume
%

Inorg.
P

Ca
mg

fo

mg

fo

mg f>

mg fi,

CO
CO

:k

1.62

.248

9.03

24.0

11.9

2

10.87

25-5

11.2

7 .7 6

2 .08

.312

3

12.90

3 6.0

11.3

6.58

2.06

.422

4

12.45

3 1 .0

11.0

5.95

2.22

.316

•

1

-

65

-

TABLE 40
Weekly blood analysis of calf 714

Plasma
Meek on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin
gm

fo

Cell
Volume !

Ca
mg

fo

Inorg.
P
fo

Ascorbic
acid

Hg

mg fo

mg

fo

mg

fo

1

13.00

35-5

11.9

7-06

1.69

.37 6

2

12.45

34.0

11.3

8.17

2.18

.297

3

11.93

30.5

10.5

7.44

2.22

.365

4

12.27

34.0

12.1

8.33

2.51

.338

TABLE 41
Weekly blood analysis of calf 715

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin
gm

fo

Cell
Volume
$

Inorg.
P

Ca
mg

^

T
1v]^

fo

mg f

mg

fo

Ascorbic
acid
mg f

1

9.03

24.0

13.2

6.51

2.97

-371

2

10.43

26 .0

12.3

4.81

2.0 6

.365

3

9.95

24.0

11.9

7.19

3-55

-233

4

10.63

27.0

11.8

7.27

2.86

.270

- 66 TABLE 42
Weekly Blood analysis of calf 726

Plasma
Week on

Expt.

Hemo­
globin
gm

°/o

Cell
Volume
c i

Inorg.

P

Ga
mg %

mg

fo

Mg

Ascorbic
acid

mg fo

mg Y>

1

13-60

37.0

11..7

7 .27

2.54

.254

2

14.63

46.5

8.1

6.01

1.70

.176

3

14-55

43.5

9-7

6.95

2.31

.241

4

13-25

40.0

10,5

6.76

1-53

.272

Mg

Ascorbic
acid

TABLE 43
Weekly blood. analysis of calf 717

Plasma
Week on
Expt,

Hemo­
globin

CJ f

7°

Inorg.
P

Ca
mg f

mg

fo

mg %

mg

fo

15-30

42.0

8 .6

5.63

3.06

.330

2

44.0

O
0.7

7.96

I..90

.505

3

14.20

3 8 .0

10.9

5-32

1.62

.330

4

10.50

2 6 .5

11,4

7.23

1.58

.367

*

1

V-1
U1
H
O

gm ?=

Cell
Volume

ry

- 67 TABLE 44
Weekly blood analysis of calf 724

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin

Cell
Volume

Ca

Inorg.
P

gm %

'%

mg f

mg f

mg

1

9.77

25.5

11.4

6 .58

2.91

.214

2

11.23

29-5

9.3

6.79

1.55

.193

3

11.93

32.0

11.5

7.67

2.11

.124

4

10.63

28.5

10.7

7.19

1.69

.245

Kg

Ascorbic
acid

mg f

mg f

Mg
fo

Ascorbic
acid
mg f>

TABLE 45
Weekly blood analysis of calf 725

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin
gm

fo

Cell
Volume
oi

/°

Ca
mg

fo

Inorg.
P
mg

fo

1

14.55

39-0

9-9

6.19

2.54

.344

2

15.20

41.0

10.0

7.91

2.80

.343

3

15.00

38.0

10.0

6.76

1.94

.185

4

14.55

37.0

10.5

6.48

2.02

.202

- 68 TABLE 46
Weekly blood analysis of calf 727

Plasma
Week on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin

Cell
Volume

gm % - '

. . .

-

0/ .

. . .

7°

Ca
.

' mg

fo

Inorg.
P

Ascorbic
acid

Mg

mg fo

mg

fo

mg

fo

1

10,93

29,0

12.3

7,49

2.29

.414

2

12.27

35.-0

11,4

6.32

1.87

.193

3

12.10

34,0

11.0

6,04

1.94

.1 6 5

4

12.00

34.5

11,0

6,38

1.53

.129

Mg

Ascorbic
acid

TABLE 47
Weekly blood analysis of calf 726

Plasma
Week on
Expt*

Hemoglobin
gm

fo

Cell
Volume
Ca
1.I— r-r . ' mg %
/*

Inorg.
P
mg

fo

mg

fo

mg f>

1

14.03

44.0

10.5

7.44

2.19

•339

2

14.55

42.0

10.8

6 .76

2.15

.333

3

13.70

4i.o

9V7

7.14

1.80

.222

4

11.67

33.0

9-1

6.54

2.80

.207

-

69

-

TABLE. 48
Meekly blood analysis of calf 731

Plasma
Meek on
Expt.

Hemo­
globin
'Stn f

Cell
Volume
1'Por '.

Ca.

Inorg.
P

Mg

mg f

mg f

mg f

mg fo

Ascorb:
acid

1

14.63

42,5

10.7

8.28

2.25

.445

2

16.40

48.5

11.1

6.75

2.69

.329

3

15.90

5 0.0

9.3

6.58

2.40

.229

4

15.40

43.0

11.1

6.46

2.45

.226

- 70 TABLE 49
Blood sugar concentration following ingestion of a single
source of carbohydrate

Hours after feeding
Carbohydrate
and calf no.

0

1/4

1 /2

1

4

2

6

8

125-3 153.6 1 3 1 . 8

8 0.4

6 2.0

92.0

mg per1 cent
Glucose
711

62 .8

87 .0

110.6

717

52.0

54.1

73.6

72 .3

54.3

733

42.0

52.7

63-6 102.6 139.3 214.0 1 4 3 . 0

70.1

711

54.2

70.3

86 .5

713

66 8

81.3

66.6

78.2

714

58.0

8 0 .0

72 .1

80.4

7 24

59.7

82 .0

90 .9

725

49.2

--

61.5

80.0

78 .0

71.1

731

42.3

60 .0

73.1

74.0

7 4.8

186.3

7 11

5 9 .6

5 1.8

54.5

53-6

61.0

61.0

68.4

65.0

731

4 i.o

53.1

43.4

42.0

3 1 .0

36.0

38.1

733

21 .5

—

24.8

32.0

46.2

47.7

29.2

78 .1

84.4

Corn syrup

.

69.8

7 2 .0

--

OO .5

92.0

64.0

72.5

60.0

53.1

54.7

65.7

121.2 144. 2 164.6

88 .7

105.8

71.0

62.3

100.3 101.2
r~

Lactose

225'
.0 1 6 1 . 8

Starch

63 •0