A COMPARISON O F A DULT AND IMMATU RE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES U T I L I Z E D IN AN E CO L O G IC A L STUDY OF POND INSECTS By G o r d o n E. G a y e r AN A B ST R A C T S u b m i t t e d to the School of G r a d u a t e S tu d ie s of M i c h i g a n S ta te C o lle ge of A g r i c u l t u r e a n d A p p l i e d S cie nce in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r the d e g r e e of DOCTOR OF P H ILO SO PH Y D e p a r t m e n t of E n to m o l o g y Year A p p r o v e d ____ 1954 ProQuest Number: 10008326 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10008326 Published by ProQuest LLC (2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 1 GORDON E. GUYER ABSTRACT A c o m p a r i s o n of s a m p l i n g t e c h n i q u e s f o r a du lt a nd i m m a t u r e in se c ts was c o n d u c t e d a t two l o c a t i o n s and q u alitative distrib utions sect population w ere I n c l u d e d in the inc lu din g seasonal variations collected. of the f a m i l y o v e r 99 p e r c e n t of the i n s e c t s Tendipedidae contrib uted r e m o v e d f r o m the a d u l t t r a p s . T e n d i p e d i n i w a s w e ll r e p r e s e n t e d in s a m p l e s stages Tendipedini w ere w hile o t h e r species w ere vestigation. d u r in g the C ertain species of c o n s i s t e n t l y p r e s e n t in l a r g e n u m b e r s c a p t u r e d only o c c a s i o n a l l y d u r i n g the i n ­ study is p r e s e n t e d fo r those s p e c i e s w ith d ef in it e l i f e ­ A s tu d y of the i n i t i a l i n s e c t p o p u la ti o n a s w ell as s u c c e s s i o n in a new pond is p r e s e n t e d . In the t r i b e m ales of b oth the a du lt A d i s c u s s i o n of the n u m b e r of g e n e r a t i o n s p r e s e n t cycle t r e n d s . insect The a n d p r o v e d to be the m o s t u s e fu l t a x o n o m i c g ro up f o r c o m p a r i s o n of s a m p l i n g t e c h n i q u e s . the t r i b e of the i n ­ study i s a p r e s e n t a t i o n of the b i o l o g i c a l a nd e c o l o g ­ The a d u l t m i d g e s a nd i m m a t u r e The q u a n t i t a t i v e u s e d in the c o m p a r i s o n of t r a p p i n g t e c h n i q u e s . i c a l d a t a f o r the i n s e c t s tribe in M i c hi ga n . C a l o p s e c t r i n i u n eq u a l n u m b e r s a p p e a r e d in the m o n t h s of m a l e s a nd f e ­ of May t h r o u g h A u g u s t , b u t n o t in 2 GORDON E. GUYER Septem ber, and f a r t h e r , ABSTRACT sex ratios d i f f e r e d a m o n g the m o n t h s of M ay t h r o u g h A u g u s t . The t e n t an d fu n n e l t r a p s w e r e a quantitative e q u a l ly s u c c e s s f u l in m a k i n g e s t i m a t i o n of all t a x o n o m i c g r o u p s s tu d y w ith the e x c e p t i o n of the h e l e i d a d u l t s . of the c o n s i s t e n t l y m o r e n u m e r o u s in the t e n t t r a p When the a d u l t and i m m a t u r e s a m p l e d to the sam e degree sam ples. i n s e c t p o p u l a t i o n s in a pond w e r e the e m e r g e n c e p a t t e r n s of i nd iv id ua l and h i g h e r t a x o n o m i c g r o u p s c ould be p r e d i c t e d e q u a ll y a s w ell w ith the a d u lt i n s e c t ples. Statistical analysis s a m p l i n g d a t a c o n f i r m e d the a s s u m p t i o n t h a t the h e l e i d adults w ere species s a m p l e d d u r i n g the sam ples as w ith the b o t t o m d e p o s i t s a m ­ A COMPARISON O F ADU LT AND I MMATU RE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES U T I L I Z E D IN AN E CO L O GI C A L STUDY O F POND INSECTS By GORDON E. GUYER A THESIS S u b m i t t e d to the School of G r a d u a t e S tu die s of M i c h i g a n State C o ll e g e of A g r i c u l t u r e a nd A p p l ie d Sc ie nc e in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r the d e g r e e of DOCTOR O F PHILOSOPHY D e p a r t m e n t of E n t o m o l o g y 1954 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The a u t h o r w i s h e s t h a n k s to P r o f e s s o r to e x p r e s s his sincere R a y Hutson, H e a d of the D e p a r t m e n t of E n t o m o l o g y , under whose direction this r e s e a r c h w a s c a r r i e d out. due to D r . W a l t e r F . M o r o f s k y a nd D r . P e t e r I. dance, c ritic ism , a p p r e c i a t i o n and T h an k s a r e also T ac k f o r t h e i r g u i ­ a nd c o n s t a n t e n c o u r a g e m e n t in the c o n d u c t of t h i s s tudy. The a u t h o r i s a l s o g r e a t l y i n d e b t e d to D r . H e r m a n L. King, D r . R o l a n d F i s h e r , and D r . G. W. P r e s c o t t f o r s c r ip t critically; tistic a l analy sis figures. tendent, to D r . Donald W. Hayne f o r of the data; and to J a m e s r e a d i n g the m a n u ­ s u g g e s t i o n s in the sta­ C a m p b e l l in d r a f t i n g the The a u t h o r w i s h e s to t h a nk M r . A s h l e y B e r r i d g e , S u p e r i n ­ L ak e City E x p e r i m e n t Station, and M r . W a l t e r L e m m i e n , F o r e s t e r , Kello gg F o r e s t , f o r t h e i r c o o p e r a t i o n in p r o v i d i n g sto rage and l a b o r a t o r y f a c i l i t i e s . A c k n o w l e d g m e n t is e x t e n d e d to D r s . L e w i s B e r n e r , H e r b e r t R o s s , a n d W il l i s W i r t h f o r the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and v e r i f i c a t i o n of the adult in s e c ts . I a m e s p e c i a l l y i n d e b t e d to m y wife f o r h e r c o u r a g e m e n t d u r i n g the i n t e r e s t and e n ­ s tu d y and u n t i r i n g e f f o r t in p r e p a r i n g the m anusc rip t. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODU CTIO N ................................................................................................................. 1 HI STORICAL R E V I E W .................................................................................................. 4 E X P E R I M E N T A L STUDIES 8 ................................................................................... L o c a t i o n a n d D e s c r i p t i o n of P o n d s ................................ ...................... 8 ............................................................................... 18 S a m p l i n g of B o t t o m D e p o s i t s ........................................................................ ZZ .............................................................................................. Z4 P R E S E N T A T I O N AND ANALYSIS O F D A T A .......................................... Z8 N u m e r i c a l D i s t r i b u t i o n of T a x o n o m ic G r o u p s .............................. Z8 S a m p l i n g of A d ult I n s e c t s L a b o r a t o r y M e th od s A d ult I n s e c t s .......................................................................................................... Tribe T e n d i p e d i n i .................................................................................. Tribe C alopsectrini Z8 . 38 ............................................................................... 44 S u b fa m i ly P e l o p i i n a e ............................................................................... 47 S u b f am i l y H y d r o b a e n i n a e 50 ............................................................ ....................................................................................... 5Z F a m i l y H e l e i d a e .......................................................................................... 53 O r d e r E p h e m e r o p t e r a ........................................................................ 53 M i s c e l l a n e o u s i n s e c t s ............................................................................ 59 I m m a t u r e I n s e c t s ............................................................................................... 6Z F a m ily Culicidae iii Page S e a s o n a l D i s t r i b u t i o n of T a x o n o m i c G r o u p s .................................. Tribe 70 T e n d i p e d i n i , Ke llog g F o r e s t P o n d M2 r t ....................... 72 n l M ............... 75 S u b f a m i l y P e l o p i i n a e , K e llo g g F o r e s t P o n d T ribe T e n d i p e d i n i , L a k e City P o n d s .......................................... Tribe C alo p sectrin i, Lake Subfamily P e lo p iin a e , Lake City P o n d s .......................................... City P o n d s Subfamily C haoborin ae, Lake 77 80 83 City P o n d s .................................. 85 .................................. 87 S e a s o n a l D i s t r i b u t i o n of In d i v id u a l S p e c i e s I n s e c t S u c c e s s i o n in Ke llogg F o r e s t P o n d ....................... 94 S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s .................................................................................................. 100 D I S C U S S I O N ............................................................................................................................ 112 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................ 119 .................................................................................................. 123 LITERATURE KEY CI T E D TO P L A T E S .............................. M2 n 128 iv LIST O F T A BL E S TABLE I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. Page F ertilizer applications ... 12 ................ 29 N u m b e r of s a m p l e s t a k e n w i th the a d u lt sampling devices .......................................................................................... 34 N um erical ................................. 36 D i s t r i b u t i o n of the s p e c i e s of the t r i b e Tendipedini .......................................................................................................... 40 D i s t r i b u t i o n of the s u b f a m i l y P e l o p i i n a e 48 L i s t of i n s e c t s in L a k e removed from City p o n d s , 1952 the a d u l t t r a p s d i s t r i b u t i o n of a d u l t i n s e c t s ................................ D i s t r i b u t i o n of the s p e c i e s of the f a m i l y Heleidae .............................................................................. 54 D i s t r i b u t i o n of the s p e c i e s of the o r d e r E p h e m e r o p t e r a .................................................................................................. 57 D i s t r i b u t i o n of the m i s c e l l a n e o u s 60 insects ............................ N u m e r i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of the i m m a t u r e i n s e c t s A n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e d a t a f o r the t r i b e T e n d i p e d i n i f r o m L a k e C ity pond llB n . . . . .................................. 64 102 A n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e d a t a f o r the t r i b e C a l o p s e c t r i n i f r o m L a k e City pon d " B " 103 A n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e d a t a f o r the t r i b e P e l o p i i n a e f r o m L a k e City pond ITB , r ...................................... 104 A n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e d a t a f o r the f a m i l y H e l e i d a e f r o m L a k e City pond T,B M .......................................... 105 v TABLE XV. XVI. XVII. Page !,t IT t e s t d a t a f o r the t r i b e T e n d i p e d in i f r o m L a k e City r e s e r v o i r , s t a t i o n ,ra r r .................................. 107 Mt M t e s t d a t a f o r the t r i b e T e n d i p e d i n i f r o m K ellogg F o r e s t pond ITZ,n s t a t i o n III .......................... 10 8 C a l o p s e c t r i n i ......................... 110 C hi-square d a t a f o r the t r i b e vi LI ST OF F IG U R E S FIGURE 1. Page Map of the L a k e City E x p e r i m e n t Sta tion ponds a n d r e s e r v o i r ............................................................................... 10 P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n of ad u lt t a x o n o m i c groups ................................................................................................................. 37 3. N um erical . . , 43 4. N u m e r i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of the t r i b e . . 45 5. P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n of the i m m a t u r e t a x o n o m i c g r o u p s ....................................................................................... 68 P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n of a d u l t and i m m a t u r e i n s e c t s of the t r i b e T e n d i p e d i n i ....................... 71 S e a s o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of the t r i b e Te n d ip ed in i in Ke llogg F o r e s t po n d n 2 M ......................................................... 73 N u m e r i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of the s u b f a m i l y P e l o p i i n a e in Kellogg F o r e s t pond T,l T l .............................. 76 Seasonal d i s t r i b u t i o n of the t r i b e T en d i p ed in i in the L a k e City p o n d s ........................................................................ 78 Seasonal d i s t r i b u t i o n of the t r i b e T en dip ed in i in L a k e City pond irA , T ........................................................................ 81 S e a s o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of the a du lts of the t r i b e C a l o p s e c t r i n i in the L a k e City pond s ................... 82 Seasonal d i s t r i b u t i o n of the s u b f a m i l y P e l o p i i n a e in the L a k e City ponds .......................................... 84 Seasonal d i s t r i b u t i o n of the s u b f a m i ly C h a o b o r i n a e in the L ak e City p ond s ...................................... 86 2. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. d i s t r i b u t i o n of the t r i b e vii T e n d i p e d in i Calopsectrini FIGURE 14. 15. Page P e r i o d s of a d u l t i n s e c t e m e r g e n c e in the L a k e City p on ds ..................................................................................... 89 P e r i o d s of a d u l t i n s e c t e m e r g e n c e in the Kellogg F o r e s t p on ds ..................................................................... 92 viii INTRODUCTION The a q u a t i c i n s e c t f a u n a of p o n d s , l a k e s , rec eiv ed worldwide attention fo r m any y e a r s . a lon g w ith o t h e r c o m p o n e n t s and s t r e a m s has The a q u a t i c i n s e c t s , of the i n v e r t e b r a t e f a u n a , h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d n o t only by the t a x o n o m i s t s b ut a l s o by b i o l o g i s t s in g e n e r a l who h av e b e e n i n t e r e s t e d in the p a r t t h e s e o r g a n i s m s p l a y in a q u a t i c e c o lo g y . A q ua ti c i n s e c t s h av e b e e n c o l l e c t e d b o th q u a n t i t a t i v e l y and q u a l i t a t i v e l y in the a d u l t and i m m a t u r e ping d e v i c e s u t i l i z e d in the ex trem ely variable, of a p a r t i c u l a r each situation. stages. s a m p l e r b e in g d e v e l o p e d to m e e t the n e e d s In the United S t a t e s t h e r e h a s b e e n a The i m m a t u r e f o r m s volu m etric aquatic in s e c ts plexity. are The on the a q u a t i c stages of a q u a t i c in­ v e r y u se fu l in m a k i n g q u a n t i t a t iv e a nd n u m e r i c a l e s t i m a t i o n s The t a x o n o m i c of t r a p ­ s a m p l i n g of a q u a ti c i n s e c t s have b e e n g e n e r a l t r e n d t o w a r d s a m p l i n g the i m m a t u r e sects. The ty p e s of the b e n th ic f a u n a . t r e a t m e n t of m a n y of the i m m a t u r e f o r m s is not c o m p l e t e b e c a u s e r e c e n t i n t e r e s t in the of t h e i r v a r i a t i o n s and c o m ­ s tudy of p o l lu t io n and its e f fe c t e n v i r o n m e n t h a s l e d to a g e n e r a l n e e d f o r m o r e cific d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the a q u a ti c organism s. 1 Since of specific spe­ z determ inations c a n a c c u r a t e l y be m a d e on m o s t of the a d u l t a q u a t i c i n s e c t s , it a p p e a r e d t h a t a d u l t t r a p p i n g d e v i c e s for would be a p p l i c a b l e such work. This st u d y w a s u n d e r t a k e n to p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g the e f f e c t i v e n e s s adult sampling to m d e p o s i t of a d u l t i n s e c t t r a p p i n g d e v i c e s . techniques w ere sam ples. t e c h n i q u e s the species sonal variations Various types c o m p a r e d w i t h the c o n v e n t i o n a l b o t ­ In m a k i n g c o m p a r i s o n s of the various sampling co m position, n u m e r i c a l d is tr ib u ti o n , and s e a ­ of the a q u a t i c f a u n a w e r e D u r i n g the c o u r s e s tu die d. of the i n v e s t i g a t i o n i t b e c a m e apparent t h a t the d a t a , w h ic h w e r e p r i m a r i l y b eing t a k e n f o r the p u r p o s e e v a l u a t i n g the t r a p p i n g t e c h n i q u e s , would be e v e n m o r e in a b i o l o g i c a l s tu dy of the a q u a t i c i n s e c t f a un a . a nd e c o l o g i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s m a d e d u r i n g the s t a n t i a l p a r t of the d a t a p r e s e n t e d . would s e r v e b oth to d e t e r m i n e niques of of v a l u ab le The b i o l o g i c a l study r e p r e s e n t a s u b ­ It was i n t e n d e d t h a t t h e s e the c a p a b i l i t i e s data of the t r a p p i n g t e c h ­ a s w e l l a s to p r e s e n t the b i o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n . F i e l d w o r k w a s b e gu n a t the L a k e in A p r i l , City E x p e r i m e n t Station 195Z, and c o n t in u e d until M a r c h of 1953. F o r e s t P o n d i n v e s t i g a t i o n was p l e t e d the follow in g N o v e m b e r . The Ke llogg s t a r t e d in A p r i l of 195 3 a nd c o m ­ Laboratory studies of the m a t e r i a l 3 c o l l e c t e d in the f i e l d w e r e c a r r i e d on c o n t i n u o u s l y f r o m until J u n e of 195 4. A pril, 1952, HISTORICAL REVIEW Aquatic in v e rte b ra te s have b e e n q u a l i t a t i v e l y e i t h e r by the use sam plers of v a r i o u s t y p e s o r by d i f f e r e n t f o r m s the e m e r g i n g adults. s a m p l e d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y and of f lo at in g t r a p s G enerally, the p r o d u c t i v i t y of a p o n d , l a k e , o r ers for d e s i g n e d to c a p t u r e ecological in vestigations o r g a n i s m s h a v e b e e n u n d e r t a k e n to p r o v i d e M o s t of the of b o t t o m d e p o s i t of a q u a t i c inform ation concerning stream . s a m p l i n g d e v i c e s , b u i l t and d e s c r i b e d by r e s e a r c h ­ s a m p l i n g b o t t o m o r g a n i s m s , have b e e n b u i l t f o r the p u r p o s e of i n v e s t i g a t i n g the o r g a n i s m s of t h e s e b o t t o m pond s t u d i e s . inh ab itin g a l o t ic e n v i r o n m e n t . s a m p l e r s h ave b e e n m o d i f i e d f o r u se in l ak e and The b o t t o m d e p o s i t s a m p l e r s h ave i n c l u d e d s u c h d e ­ v i c e s a s the h a n d - d i p m e t h o d u s e d by Ludwig fo ot t r a p Many d e s c r i b e d by N e e d h a m (1932), the (1928), the d r e d g e s son (191 1) and E k m a n (1911), a n d the c o l l a p s i b l e one s a m p l e r e m p l o y e d by S u r b e r (19 36) in h i s square- u s e d by P e t e r ­ s q u a r e foot study of s t r e a m b o t t o m fauna production. The u s e of t r a p s insects has been a m ore v e s t i g a t i o n of s t r e a m d e s i g n e d to s a m p l e the e m e r g e n c e re c en t trend. insects Needham of a d u lt (190 8), in h is i n ­ a t Old F o r g e , New Y o r k , wa s the f i r s t to u se the t e n t t r a p and S p ru le s method for collecting adult in se c ts. Ide (1947) b o t h u s e d a m o d i f i c a t i o n of the t e n t t r a p by N e e d h a m in t h e i r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s (1940) describ of the i n s e c t f a u n a of C a n a d i a n stream s. Adam stone and H a r k n e s s to u se the t e n t t r a p in the (1923) w e r e s tu dy of e m e r g i n g the f i r s t i n v e s t i g a t o r s insects fro m la kes. In R u s s i a n l a k e s , G r a n d i l e w s k a j a - D e c k s b a c h (1935) (19 39) u s e d m e t a l f u n n el t r a p s (1949) u s e d a fu nn el t r a p m a d e of the o l i g o t r o p h i c l a k e s a nd B o r u t z k y to s tu d y m i d g e e m e r g e n c e . of m e t a l n e t ti n g in his i n v e s t i g a t i o n of s o u t h e r n Sweden. Guyer (1952) m o d i f i c a t i o n of the funn el t r a p d e s c r i b e d by B r u n d i n (1949) s t u d y of i n s e c t s Brundin used a in the e m e r g i n g f r o m f e r t i l i z e d p o nds in M i c hig an . V a r i o u s t y p e s of f lo a ti n g t e n t t r a p s h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d f o r use on l a k e s and p o n d s . M i l l e r (1941) u s e d a f lo atin g t e n t t r a p s t u d y the e c o l o g y of the f a m i l y tario. dyke T e n d i p e d i d a e in C o s t e l l o L a k e , O n ­ The t e n t t r a p te c h n i q u e w a s a l s o e m p l o y e d by Scott and Op(1941) in t h e i r i n v e s t i g a t i o n of e m e r g i n g L a k e , I n d i a na . his to ecological There insects from Winona M a c a n (1949) found a floating t e n t t r a p u s e f u l in study of T h r e e Dubs h ave b e e n fe w s t u d i e s s a m p l e s h a v e b e e n t a k e n f r o m the Tarn. in w h ic h b ot h a d u l t a nd l a r v a l same area a t the s a m e t i m e . 6 Lik ew ise t h e r e h a s b e e n no e f f o r t to c o r r e l a t e sam ple data. Usually adult em e rg en c e p le m en t bottom sample nard (1939) of b o t t o m d a t a h av e b e e n u s e d to s u p ­ analyses. The a c c u r a c y of the been discussed as a d u l t and l a r v a l vario us la rv a l a p a r t of a g e n e r a l sampling devices study of b o t t o m f a u n a . d e v o t e d a c o m p l e t e p a p e r to the s a m p l i n g te c h n iq u e u sin g the searchers. Edwards often Leo­ d i s c u s s i o n of the a c c u r a c y " S u r b e r t y p e 1’ s a m p l e r . The t a x o n o m y a n d e c o l o g y of the E u r o p e a n fam ily Tendipedidae has has s p e c i e s of the r e c e i v e d c o n c e n t r a t e d s tudy by m a n y r e ­ T h i e n e m a n n and K i e f f e r (1916), G o e t g h e b u e r (1921), (1929), and B r u n d i n (1949), a s well a s m a n y o t h e r i n v e s t i ­ g a t o r s , h av e m a d e o u t s t a n d i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n s to the t e n d i p e d i d l i t e r a ­ ture. M any of the E u r o p e a n larvae as in d icators s t u d i e s h av e i n v o lv e d the u se of m i d g e of l a k e t y p e s . In the U n it e d S t a t e s the t a x o n o m y of the f a m i l y T e n d i p e d i d a e h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r e d by M a l l o c h (1915), J o h a n n s e n (1937, H a u b e r (1944, 1945), T ow n e s 1937a), (1945), and J o h a n n s e n a nd T ow ne s (1952). Lif e h i s t o r y and e c o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h av e b e e n m a d e by many A m erican w orkers w it h s o m e of the o u ts ta n di ng c o n t r i b u t i o n s in t h i s f i e l d b e i n g m a d e by L e a t h e r s (1950), an d C u r r y (1952). (1922), S a d l e r (1934), B e r g B o t h in E u r o p e a nd A m e r i c a m a n y of 7 the t a x o n o m i c s t u d i e s hav e b e e n the r e s u l t of a p r o g r a m undertaken to s tu d y a c e r t a i n a s p e c t of m i d g e life h i s t o r y o r e c olo gy . E X P E R I M E N T A L STUDIES Location^ a n d D e s c r i p t ion of P o n d s This i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s c o n d u c t e d a t two l o c a t i o n s in the L o w e r P e n i n s u l a of M i c h i g a n . M i c h i g a n State County, The 1952 s t u d i e s w e r e Colle ge L a k e c a r r i e d on a t the City E x p e r i m e n t Sta tion in M i s s a u k e e T. 22 N . , R. 7 W., S ec ti o n 7. The a t the W. K. K ellog g F o r e s t in K a l a m a z o o 1953 s t u d i e s w e r e County, T. located 1 S., R. 9 W., S e c t i o n 21. At the L a k e were i n c l u d e d in the two g e n e r a l t y p e s . "E ," City Station study ( F i g u r e The f i r s t i s a nd MF ,f w h ic h a r e making it p o s s ib le a ll ponds w e r e six ponds and a r e s e r v o i r to r e g u l a t e the flow of w a t e r . " A , 11 ’’B , " Du rin g the study m a i n t a i n e d a t m a x i m u m d epth and no w a t e r w a s a l ­ ITB , M " E , 11 and MF n w a s from one-half a c re from of c o n s t r u c t e d w ith i n l e t and o u t le t s t r u c t u r e s ’’A , " "E" The L ak e City p on d s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by p o nds l o w e d to flow t h r o u g h the p o n d s . p o nds 1). area in ponds a nd ' ' F . ” The m a x i m u m d epth of p onds s ix f e e t , a nd the MA M and ’’B 1* to t w o - t e n t h s The w a t e r i m p o u n d m e n t of a s m a l l surface supply f o r t h e s e ponds area varied acre resulted s tre a m fo rm ing a r e s e r v o i r . 8 in Ponds 9 FI G U R E Map of the L a k e C ity P o n d s 1 and R e s e r v o i r A r e a MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE 11 ,,C " a nd n D M a r e tion. T h e s e p onds removed. Ponds outlet s tr u c tu r e s of s u b s u r f a c e exam ples a r e pits of the s e c o n d type a t the L a k e which r e m a i n e d a f t e r e a r t h ’’C 1' and " D " r e s u l t of the seepage The m a x i m u m d ep th of pond 1' C ' 1 was one a nd o n e - h a l f f e e t , a nd of pond !,D TI w as two and o n e - h a l f f e e t . The c o n s t r u c t i o n of the L ak e 1945. had b een w e r e n ot e q u ip p e d w it h i n l e t and and a ll of the w a t e r w a s the w ater. City S t a ­ City p onds was c o m p l e t e d in Sinc e t h e i r c o m p l e t i o n the ponds h ave b e e n u t i l i z e d f o r f e r ­ tilization ex p erim ents (T a c k and M o r o f s k y , 1946; S c h m i d t , 1952) to i m p r o v e f i s h p r o d u c t i o n a nd f o r e c o l o g i c a l i n s e c t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s (Bray, 1949; G u y e r , 1952). rec eiv ed varying amounts and n C TI w e r e Ponds " B , M " D , IT MF , ' T and TTF M have of c o m m e r c i a l f e r t i l i z e r , while p ond s m a i n t a i n e d as c o n t r o l p o n d s . The t i m e a nd a m o u n t of 1 0 - 6 - 4 N - P - K f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i e d d u r i n g in T a b le I. ITA M of a p p l i c a t i o n 1952 a r e shown All f e r t i l i z e r w as b r o a d c a s t by h an d o v e r the pond s u r ­ face . The p r e d o m i n a n t s p e c i e s of f i s h in ponds ’’A , 11 MB , I! l!E , Tr and flF M w e r e the f a t h e a d m i n n o w s , P i m e p h a l e s p r o m e l a s p r o m e l a s ( Ra fine sque) , N o r t h e r n r e d b e l l y d a c e , C h r o s om us e os N o r t h e r n b l a c k b u l l h e a d s , A m e i u r u s me l a s m e l a s ing (Cope), and (Raf ine sque) . 1952 an u n s u c c e s s f u l a t t e m p t was m a d e to s to c k ponds D ur­ !IA ,T and TABLE I FERTILIZER A P P L I C A T I O N S IN LAKE CITY PONDS, 1952 Pounds p e r Acre M ay 19 June 11 July 2 J u l y 29 A 0 0 0 0 B 100 100 50 100 C 0 0 0 0 D 150 150 150 150 E 100 100 150 150 F 100 100 150 150 13 ’' B 11 w ith r a i n b o w t r o u t , S a l mo g a i r d n e r i i MD M c o n t a i n e d no f i s h d u r i n g the The b o t t o m d e p o s i t s (Gibbons). Ponds MC M and 1952 i n v e s t i g a t i o n . in the p o nds c o n s i s t e d of an o r g a n i c ooze v a r y i n g in d e pt h f r o m two to s i x i n c h e s w h ic h w a s d e p o s i t e d o v e r a firm o r g a n i c l a y e r w a s d i s t r i b u t e d e v e n l y o v e r the clay b ase. T hi s b o t t o m to within t h r e e f e e t of s h o r e w h e r e scoured s h oa l a r e a . In all of the L a k e City ponds h i g h e r a q u a ti c p l a n t s w e r e found only a r o u n d the pond m a r g i n s . nacea ( Linna eu s) Spe c i e s Reed can ary g r a s s , P h a l a r i s a ru ndi- w a s the p r e d o m i n a n t p l a n t s u r r o u n d i n g the p o n d s. of the g e n e r a E l e o c h a r i s , S c i r p u s , a n d C a r e x w e r e i n t e r ­ m i n g l e d w ith the naeus), it gave way to a s a n d y , reed canary g ra ss. covered lim ited a re a s D uc kw eed, L e m n a m i n o r of pond MD . ft D ur in g the s u m m e r 1952 a d e n s e g r o w t h of S p i r o g y r a s p . e x t e n d e d o v e r the pond ’’A . 1’ In pond ME M C h a r a a v e ry dense mat. Pond "E" (Lin­ surface of of s p . c o v e r e d the b o t t o m and f o r m e d w as the only po n d w ith p l a n t g r o w t h on the b o t t o m . D u r i n g the p e r i o d of t h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n a q u a n ti ta ti v e a nd q u a l i ­ t a ti v e s tu d y of the p h y to p la n k t o n w a s a l s o A t o t a l of f i f t y - f o u r ponds. species of a l g a e w e r e u n d e r t a k e n by the a u t h o r . i d e n ti f ie d f r o m the s ix The a l g a e i d e n t i f i e d b e l o n g e d to five a l g a l p l a n t d i v i s i o n s 14 w i t h 55 p e r c e n t of the phyta ( P re s c o tt, s p e c i e s b e in g m e m b e r s 1951). In the L a k e City ponds of the D i v i s i o n C h l o r o certain p e a r e d to i n c r e a s e n u m e r i c a l l y (bloom) a t two p e r i o d s investigation. the p o n d s . spective T his i n c r e a s e The w as m o r e or less species ap­ d u r i n g the e v i d e n t in a l l of ,fb l o o m tf w h ic h d e v e l o p e d a p p e a r e d to do so i r r e ­ of f e r t i l i z a t i o n . F e r t i l i z a t i o n i n c r e a s e d the t o t a l p l a n k t o n p r o d u c t i o n b u t it w as not r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the s e a s o n a l v a r i a n c e . T h e r e w as v ery little The reservoir z oo p la n kt on p r o d u c t i o n in the po nd s. a r e a a t the L a k e six and o n e - h a l f a c r e for the p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d po nd s. City Station c o n s i s t e d of a i m p o u n d m e n t b u i l t to p r o v i d e a w a t e r supply r e s e r v o i r was t e n f e e t . The m a x i m u m de pth in the About o n e - h a l f of the r e s e r v o i r a r e a w as l e s s t h a n two f e e t deep and w a s h e a v i l y p o p u l a t e d w ith v e g e t a t i o n . D ea d t r e e s cedar a nd b r u s h , w hic h r e s u l t e d f r o m the flooding of a s m a l l s w a m p , w e r e p r e s e n t in m u c h of the The t h r e e re s e rv o ir were be sam pled. w ater are a. sampling arranged reservoir area. s t a t i o n s w h ic h w e r e so t h a t t h r e e e s t a b l i s h e d in the d i f f e r e n t a q u a ti c h a b i t a t s would Station " a 11 w a s l o c a t e d in the c e n t e r of the l a r g e , The d e p th a t t h i s t a t io n p r e s e n t a t s t a t i o n ing on the b o t t o m . s t a t i o n w as " a 11 w a s 10 f e e t . s c a tte r e d plants S ta tio n n b IT w a s open The only v e g e ­ of Ch a r a s e t up a t the e n t r a n c e sp . grow ­ of the 15 l a r g e pond. h a lf f e e t . natans At t h is s t a t i o n the m a x i m u m d e p th w as t h r e e An e x t e n s i v e b e d of the f l o a t i n g - l e a f pon dw ee d, P o t a m o g e t o n ( L i n n a e u s ) , w a s the p r i n c i p a l p l a n t g r o w t h a t s t a t i o n Station rTc " w as w a te r depth ranged f r o m two to t h r e e f e e t . p l e t e l y f i l l e d the w a t e r a t th is to m d e p o s i t s lfb . M e s t a b l i s h e d in a p r o t e c t e d cove w h e r e D ur in g the e x t e n s i v e g r o w t h of b u s h y p on dw ee d, N aj a s f l e x i l i s s ta ti on . the s u m m e r an (Willdenow), c o m ­ At all t h r e e s t a t i o n s the b o t ­ c o n s i s t e d of a ten to twelve i n c h m u c k l a y e r e v e n l y d istrib u ted over clay subsoil. The n o r t h e r n e o s (Cope), w a s the p r e d o m i n a n t s p e c i e s redbelly dace, C h ro s omus of f i s h in the r e s e r v o i r . K ello g g F o r e s t pond M1M w as c o n s t r u c t e d d u r i n g the of 1948. and one- summer T h is pond w as f o r m e d by r e m o v i n g a p ulpy p e a t d e p o s i t w h i c h o v e r l a i d a f i r m b e d of m a r l . I n l e t and o u t le t s t r u c t u r e s were c o n s t r u c t e d to a llow the m o v e m e n t of w a t e r t h r o u g h the pond f r o m Augusta C reek. E a c h s u m m e r an e x t e n s i v e g r o w t h of S p i r o g y r a sp. f i l l e d the po nd r e n d e r i n g it a l m o s t u s e l e s s f o r f i s h p r o d u c t i o n . d e c o m p o s i t i o n of the S p i r o g y r a as w e ll a s the from posit. the running w a t e r D u r i n g the s e tt l i n g out of d e b r i s r a p i d l y f i l l e d the pond w ith a deep m u c k d e ­ 1953 s a m p l i n g s e a s o n t h i s m u c k l a y e r was twelve to t w e n t y - f o u r i n c h e s in d e p th o v e r the b o t t o m of the pond. the organic The d e p o s i t the w a t e r v a r i e d in d ep th f r o m Above s i x to t w e n t y - f o u r 16 inches. A s t e a d y f lo w of w a t e r w a s m a i n t a i n e d t h r o u g h the pond d u r ­ ing the i n v e s t i g a t i o n . P o n d M2 M a t the K ellogg F o r e s t Sta tio n wa s b u i l t d u r in g the f a l l of 1952. spring-fed The pond w a s f o r m e d by the i m p o u n d m e n t of a s m a l l , stream . In f r o n t of the d a m a f i b r o u s p e a t d e p o s i t wa s r e m o v e d in o r d e r to d e e p e n the pond. area of one a nd o n e - h a l f a c r e s . less than tw e n ty -fo u r inches a swamp a re a . In t h i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a f i r m P o n d l l 2 ,f had a s u r f a c e About o n e - h a l f of the pond w a s d eep and r e s u l t e d f r o m the flooding of s h a ll o w s e c t i o n of the pond the b o t t o m was sod m a t r e s u l t i n g f r o m the d e n s e p r e s e n t in the a r e a p r e v i o u s to f looding. bottom was fre e of v e g e t a t i o n . pond w as a l lo w e d to f ill. v e g e t a t io n In the d e e p e r a r e a the S t a r t i n g in N o v e m b e r of 1952 the On A p r i l 4, 195 3, when this study w as i n i t i a t e d , the pond h a d r e a c h e d a m a x i m u m d e p th of five a nd o ne ha lf f e e t . M uc h of the w a t e r r e s p o n s i b l e f o r f illin g an d m a i n t a i n i n g the w a t e r l e v e l c a m e f r o m surface run-off. The f i s h p o p u l a t i o n in Ke llogg F o r e s t pond n 2 1' c o n s i s t e d of one h u n d r e d W e s t e r n averagin g 4 inches s e c o n d of May , s h e l l c r a c k e r s , L e p o m i s m i c r o l o p h us in le n g th . 1953. (Gunthe r) , T h e s e f i s h w e r e p l a n t e d on the t w e n ty - 17 D u r i n g the f i r s t two w e e k s of A u g u s t a d e n s e m a t of v e g e t a t io n rapidly b e c a m e d i s p e r s e d o v e r the was com posed p r i m a r i l y s c a tte r e d plants surface of pond M2 . M of d uc k w e e d , L e m n a m i n o r ( L i n n a e u s ) , w ith of S p i r o d e l a p o l y r h i z a ( L i n n a e u s ) . This m a t of v e g e t a t i o n p e r s i s t e d on the s u r f a c e of the w a t e r f o r the of the sampling stations w ere s i x f e e t out f r o m the composition. e s t a b l i s h e d in pond , t 2 . T' s o uth m a r g i n of the pond w h e r e w a t e r w a s f o u r f e e t dee p. The b o t t o m type w as of a c o a r s e Station the sand Sta tio n II w a s e ig h t f e e t f r o m the n o r t h edge of the pond and the w a t e r w a s two f e e t d ee p. The b o t t o m w a s c o m p o s e d of s a n d a nd c l a y w ith a thin l a y e r of m u c k on top. in the d e e p e r a r e a de pth . rem ainder sampling period. Five I was T hi s m a t Sta tion III was of po nd 1*211 w h e r e the w a t e r w a s six f e e t in At s t a t i o n III the b o t t o m d e p o s i t c o n s i s t e d of a deep f i b r o u s peat layer. The f i r s t t h r e e of the pond w h e r e ing the pond. stations w ere soil h a d b e e n r e m o v e d f o r the p u r p o s e of d e e p e n ­ S ta tio ns IV and V w e r e p l a c e d in the w e s t e r n o n e - h a l f of the pond w h e r e the w a t e r w a s up of the d e n s e all l o c a t e d in the o n e - h a l f sod m a t . sh allo w and the b o t t o m w as m a d e D u r i n g the s u m m e r of 195 3 pond M2 lf d e c l i n e d tw e lv e i n c h e s in d e p t h due to the a b s e n c e of s u f f i c i e n t r a i n to m a i n t a i n the w a t e r l e v e l . i 18 S a m p l i n g of Adult In s e c t s Two g e n e r a l t y p e s t a i n the a d u l t i n s e c t fu nnel structure of s a m p l i n g d e v i c e s w e r e e m p l o y e d to o b ­ sam ples. The f i r s t type wa s an i n v e r t e d m e t a l u s e d by the a u t h o r ( G u y e r , 1952) to s tu dy the e f f e c t s of f e r t i l i z a t i o n on m i d g e p r o d u c t i o n in the L a k e City p o n d s. This trap was study a m o d i f i c a t i o n of one u s e d by B r u n d i n (1949) in his of the f a u n a of S w ed is h m o u n t a i n l a k e s . were u sed; one w h i c h s a m p l e d a one onerhalf square yard a re a Two square sizes y a r d a r e a , the o t h e r a ( P l a t e I, F i g u r e A). l a r g e r opening of the funnel in the one inches and it t a p e r e d to a 3.5 i n c h n e c k . The d i a m e t e r of the square y ard trap a f un nel opening of 2 8.8 i n c h e s and the d i s ­ the top of the t r a p was inches. the were the The o n e - h a l f t a n c e f r o m the b o t t o m of the f unne l to All o t h e r m e a s u r e m e n t s 40.6 20 i n c h e s i n c lu din g the n e c k w h ic h w a s two and o n e - h a l f i n c h e s wide. y a rd tr a p had was The d i s t a n c e f r o m b o t t o m of the f unne l to the top of the t r a p w as square of fu nn e l t r a p s 18 s a m e f o r the two f u n n e l trap s . A t the top of the t r a p a th ree r in g w a s s o l d e r e d in p l a c e ; to th is fruit jar ( P l a t e III, F i g u r e s A and B). and o n e - h a l f i n c h " K e r r - t y p e " ring was s c r e w e d a two q u a r t A p a p e r cup, with a hole cut in the b o t t o m , w a s p l a c e d within the n e c k of the f r u i t j a r and " S c o t c h i 19 tape*' w a s u s e d to h old the p a p e r cup in p l a c e . b u i l t of s h e e t m e t a l w ith all j o i n t s The t r a p s w e r e s o l d e r e d and a r o u n d the b o t t o m of the t r a p a h e a v y w i r e w a s b u i l t in to k e e p the t r a p lin e w a s to the c o n n e c t e d to the two q u a r t j a r rigid. A and a buoy was f a s t e n e d o t h e r end of the l i n e . The following p r o c e d u r e w as f o ll o w e d in p r e p a r i n g a n d p l a c ­ ing the f u n n e l t r a p s in the p o n d s . F irst, a p a p e r cup w ith a o ne- h alf i n c h hole c u t in the b o t t o m w a s p l a c e d in the m o u t h of a M a s o n jar. At the m a r g i n of the pond the j a r w as s c r e w e d on the fu nnel and the t r a p w a s t r a n s p o r t e d to the d e s i r e d l o c a t i o n in the pond. The t r a p wa s e a s e d into the w a t e r and when a i r in the big funn el h a d b e e n d i s p l a c e d by w a t e r it w a s l o w e r e d to the b o t t o m of the pond. S p e c ia l p r e c a u t i o n s w e r e t a k e n to l o w e r the t r a p in an u p ­ r i g h t p o s i t i o n and to s ee t h a t i t r e s t e d e v e nly on the b o t t o m w ith the j a r in a v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n . W henever possible the t r a p was p l a c e d so t h a t the j a r w a s u n d e r w a t e r to p r e v e n t c o n d e n s a t i o n on the i n s i d e of the j a r . A t the s t a t i o n w h e r e the funnel t r a p w a s s u s p e n d e d above the b o t t o m the t r a p was h a n d le d in the m a n n e r d e s c r i b e d above e x c e p t t h a t the t r a p wa s suspended fro m a m etal i zo buoy. The d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n the b o t t o m of the s u s p e n d e d funn el t r a p and the pond b o t t o m v a r i e d f r o m f o u r to e i g h t e e n i n c h e s . All a d u l t t r a p s w e r e to 1:00 P . M . the same on the tim e. s e t in the w a t e r a s n e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e s a m p l i n g day an d r e m o v e d the f ollowing d ay a t S pe c ia l c a r e w a s t a k e n to k eep the f u n n e l s u b m e r g e d until the j a r with the i n s e c t s was r a i s e d j u s t above the e n c l o s e d could be removed. s u r f a c e of the w a t e r , f u n n e l , a nd a l i d s l i d o v e r the opening. The j a r unscrewed from the The j a r w a s not t u r n e d u p r i g h t u n t i l the l i d w a s in p o s i ti o n . The L a k e City p o nds w e r e and the t r a p s w e r e s u p e r f i c i a l l y divided into q u a d r a n t s sy stem atically moved f r o m e a c h t i m e the t r a p s w e r e p l a c e d in the pond. p l e d s i n c e the t r a p s w e r e All de pths w e r e s hif te d b a c k and f o r t h f r o m the w a t e r to deep w a t e r a r e a s s t a t i o n s , as w e ll a s the one q u a d r a n t to a n o t h e r in the pond. sam ­ s ha l l o w The L a k e City r e s e r v o i r s t a t i o n s in the two Kellogg p o n d s, w e r e c i d e d upon and m a r k e d p r e v i o u s w ere p e rm a n e n t stations to the f i r s t s a m p l in g p e r i o d . and a ll s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n f r o m the de­ These same a r e a d u r in g the p e r i o d of the i n v e s t i g a t i o n . The s e c o n d type of a d u l t s a m p l i n g d e vic e flo a t i n g type t e n t t r a p , h is survey e m p l o y e d w as a s i m i l a r to the one u s e d by M a c a n (1949) in of a m o o r l a n d f i s h p o n d ( P l a t e II, F i g u r e . A). T hi s t r a p p i n g 21 d e v i c e w a s b u i l t in t h r e e p a r t s . fram e The t e n t i t s e l f c o n s i s t e d of a wooden w h ic h c o v e r e d a o n e - h a l f s q u a r e y a r d a r e a . i n c h e s h ig h. The sid es w ere platform cloth. The t r a n s p a r e n t p l a s t i c a m o u n t of lig h t to p a s s t h r o u g h and it a l s o m a d e i t p o s s i b l e to o b s e r v e The 16 c o v e r e d with c otton c l o t h a n d the top with a t r a n s p a r e n t p l a s t i c h a r d w a r e top a l l o w e d a m a x i m u m The t r a p w as the a c t i v i t y of the i n s e c t s i n s i d e . s e c o n d p a r t of the t e n t t r a p apparatus c o n s i s t e d of the on which the t e n t r e s t e d ( P l a t e II, F i g u r e B) . T his p l a t ­ f o r m w a s c o n s t r u c t e d of a 44 i n c h s q u a r e f r a m e with f o u r a i r - t i g h t b o t t l e s u s e d to f l o a t it. This p l a t f o r m w a s e qu ip p e d w ith a r ope a nd a n c h o r w h ic h h e l d i t in p l a c e . the s t a t io n b e in g s a m p l e d . The p l a t f o r m By m a n i p u l a t i n g the t e n t t r a p m a n n e r it w as p o s s i b l e to use the alternate days. re m ain ed anchored at in t h i s s a m e t e n t at s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s on A n o t h e r a d v a n ta g e of the t h r e e - p i e c e t e n t t r a p w as t h a t i t m a d e it p o s s i b l e to k e e p the t r a p i n s i d e when the sampling w a s n o t in p r o g r e s s . The t h i r d p a r t of the t e n t t r a p a s s e m b l y c o n s i s t e d of a 39 s q u a r e i n c h p i e c e of m a s o n i t e b o a r d w h i c h s lid into a g r o o v e d a r e a on the u n d e r s i d e of the t r a p ( P l a t e I, F i g u r e B) . With t h is b o a r d in p o s i t i o n it w a s p o s s i b l e to t r a n s p o r t the t e n t f r o m the l a b o r a t o r y w h e r e the i n s e c t s w e r e the f i e l d to r e m o v e d w ith an a s p i r a t o r . zz S a m p l i n g of B o t t o m Dep o s i ts All of the q u a n t i t a t i v e b o t t o m d e p o s i t s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n w ith an E k m a n d r e d g e . The E k m a n 36 s q u a r e i n c h s u r f a c e as n e a r as p o s s ib le biweekly p e rio d s The area. sam pler Bottom collected a sample fro m deposit sam ples w ere taken at weekly in terv als a t the L a k e City ponds a nd a t the K e llo gg F o r e s t p o n d s . s a m p l e w as t a k e n b y c a r e f u l l y wading to the a r e a to be s a m p l e d a nd l o w e r i n g the op en d r e d g e to the pond b o t t o m . the d r e d g e w a s c l o s e d i t w a s u n d e r the surface raised The b e n e a t h the d r e d g e w hile it w as still f r o m the w a t e r . The e n t i r e r e l e a s e d into the contents sorting w h i c h w as t a k e n to a c e n t r a l w a s h t h r o u g h an were still alive. anim als easily sorting s c re e n was placed s u b m e r g e d and b oth w e r e l i f t e d of the d r e d g e , a s w e ll a s any screen, were sorting a re a . 18 m e s h s c r e e n w as s t a t i o n the o r g a n i s m s w e r e After slow ly until i t s top w a s j u s t of the w a t e r . m aterials a All m a t e r i a l t h a t would s i f t e d out. removed from e m p t i e d into a p ail At the L a k e City the r e s i d u e while they A s m a l l q ua n t i t y of m a t e r i a l c o n t a in in g the live w a s t r a n s f e r r e d to a white e n a m e l p an w h e r e t h e y w e r e seen and re m o v e d . The b o t t o m d e p o s i t s a m p l e s t a k e n f r o m ponds w e r e the Kellogg F o r e s t t a k e n w ith the E k m a n d r e d g e f ollowing the same procedure Z3 a s t h a t a bov e f o r the L a k e City s a m p l e s . The residue c on ta in in g the i n s e c t s w h i c h r e m a i n e d a f t e r the Ke llogg F o r e s t s a m p l e s had b e e n w a s h e d w a s t r a n s f e r r e d to a one o r two q u a r t M a s o n j a r . preserve jar the m a t e r i a l f o r f u t u r e c o n t a i n i n g the To study, f o r m a l i n was a d d ed to the sam ple. In the l a b o r a t o r y a m o d i f i c a t i o n of the f l ot a ti on m e t h o d d e ­ s c r i b e d by W e l c h (1948) and u s e d by L y m a n (195Z) in h is i n v e s t i g a ­ t io n of the b o t t o m f a u n a of the W a t ts B a r R e s e r v o i r w as e m p l o y e d for s e p a r a t i n g the o r g a n i s m s f r o m the d e b r i s . residue w a s p l a c e d in an 18-mesh s c r e e n and t h o r o u g h ly A f t e r the e x c e s s w a t e r had d r a i n e d off, the into p o r t i o n s The p r e s e r v e d fi e ld c o n v e n i e n t f o r han dlin g. s a m p l e was e n a m e l p a n a nd f lo o d e d w ith a s a t u r a t e d chloride. E ach sam ple was surface This p r o c e d u r e s u b d iv id e d E a c h s u b s a m p l e w as p l a c e d in a w hite f l o a t e d to the rewashed. so lu tio n of s o d i u m s t i r r e d v i g o r o u s l y and a s the o r g a n i s m s they w e r e t r a n s f e r r e d into C a r l s of s t i r r i n g f o ll o w e d by the r e m o v a l was c a r r i e d out five t i m e s f o r e a c h s u b s a m p l e . was r u n to d e t e r m i n e the e f f e c t i v e n e s s w a s f ou n d t h a t a f t e r five t i m e s Solution, of the o r g a n i s m s A series of s a m p l e s of the f l o t a t io n m e t h o d . of a l t e r n a t e l y stirring a nd r e m o v i n g the f l o a t i n g o r g a n i s m s , 96 p e r c e n t of the o r g a n i s m s c ould be The a b s e n c e v e g e t a t i o n , a s w ell as the p r e d o m i n a n c e of a q u a t i c It rem oved. of 24 s a n d and fine m u c k in the K ellogg F o r e s t s a m p l e s , flotation m ethod esp ec ially applicable. m a d e the salt- At s t a t i o n III, w h e r e the p r e d o m i n a n t b o t t o m d e p o s i t w a s pulpy p e a t , i t w a s n e c e s s a r y to allow the s a m p l e to s t a n d e i g h t to t e n m i n u t e s a f t e r e a c h s t i r r i n g the p ulpy p e a t wo uld s e t t l e to the b o t t o m . w e r e p r e s e r v e d in C a r l s Solution f o r f u t u r e All i m m a t u r e study. of the o r g a n i s m s f r o m f o r m a l i n to s o d i u m c h l o r i d e C arls Solution did n o t c a u s e i n j u r y to th o s e so t h a t organism s The t r a n s f e r and t he n into structures used for taxonomic d e term in a tio n s. L a b o r a t o r y M e th ods I m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r the M a s o n j a r c o n ta in in g the a du lt s p e c i ­ m ens was r e m o v e d f r o m the funnel d i r e c t l y to the l a b o r a t o r y . jar s e c t i o n of the t r a p , it w as The l id w as r e m o v e d f r o m the taken sampling and a one q u a r t c y a n id e k i ll i n g b o ttle w a s p l a c e d in the m o u t h of the j a r . were As soon a s p o s s i b l e removed from the j a r a f t e r the i n s e c t s w e r e k i l l e d t he y and p l a c e d on a white It w a s n e c e s s a r y to r e m o v e the i n s e c t s s h e e t of p a p e r . i m m e d i a t e l y to p r e v e n t t h e m f r o m b e c o m i n g t r a p p e d in the w a t e r w h ic h often c o n d e n s e d on the sides of the j a r . It w as f ound t h a t by c l a s s i f y i n g and pinning the s p e c i m e n s w ith in 24 h o u r s a f t e r the y w e r e ta ke n f r o m the pon ds 25 they w e re e a s i e r to w o r k with a nd the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ing d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e m o re pronounced. All a d u l t s p e c i m e n s f i e d b y the a u t h o r . used fo r m a k ­ of the f a m i l y T e n d i p e d id a e w e r e V erifications of the d e t e r m i n a t i o n s classi­ of the f a m i l y T e n d i p e d i d a e w e r e m a d e by D r . W. W. W i r t h of the U. S. N a t i on a l M useum. All o t h e r D i p t e r a w e r e d e t e r m i n e d by D r . adult and i m m a t u r e E p h e m e ro p te r a w e r e d e t e r m i n e d by D r . Be r ne r of the U n i v e r s i t y of F l o r i d a . d e t e r m i n e d by D r . H e r b e r t R o s s vey. All of the i m m a t u r e nym phs, w ere w a s often p o s s i b l e from of the I l l i n o i s N a t u r a l H i s t o r y S u r ­ i n s e c t s , w it h the e x c e p t i o n of the m a y f l y a r e not a v a i l a b l e f o r m a n y of the s p e c i e s N evertheless of it to a s s o c i a t e a d u l t and l a r v a l c y c l e s a t a s t a t i o n a nd in t h a t w a y m a k e and c y c l ic Lewis The a du lt T r i c h o p t e r a w e r e T e n d i p e d i n i i d e n t i f i e d in the a d u l t study. At the L a k e The d e t e r m i n e d by the a u t h o r . Taxonomic keys the t r i b e W i rth . species determ inations of l a r v a l s p e c i m e n s . City s t a t i o n the n u m b e r of s p e c i e s p r e s e n t w as g r e a t e r v a r i a t i o n s w e r e n o t a s p r o n o u n c e d a s th o s e c o l l e c t e d the K ellogg F o r e s t p o n d s . c a t i o n of the i m m a t u r e s t r i c t e d to t r i b e m i l l i m e t e r s , was For this r e a s o n the l a r v a l c l a s s i f i ­ m i d g e s f r o m the L a k e City ponds w a s determ in ation. A m etric u s e d to m e a s u r e rule, g r a d u a t e d in the l e n g t h of all i m m a t u r e re­ 26 specim ens m erical taken f r o m the Kellogg F o r e s t p o n d s. r e c o r d i n g of the i m m a t u r e m easurem ents were of the p r o c e d u r e organism s, F o ll o w in g the n u ­ q u a n t i t a t iv e v o l u m e t r i c made for each taxonomic group. u s e d by B a l l (1948) in h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n of a v a i l a b l e f i s h f ood was f o ll o w e d in m a k in g the v o l u m e t r i c w a s f ound t h a t v o l u m e t r i c A modification m easurem ents determ in ation. of sin g le specim ens s m a l l e r i n v e r t e b r a t e s , a s w e l l a s of g r o u p s s u c h a s the t r i b e C alo p se ctrin i, w ere not a c c u ra te . reason volum etric m easurem ents were F o r t h is specim ens. I m m e d i a t e l y following the s u b d i v i s i o n of a s a m p l e into v a r i o u s t a x o n o m i c m e a s u r e d was of the r e s t r i c t e d to the t a x o n o m i c g r o u p s c o n ta in in g l a r g e r and m o re n u m ero u s m easu rem en ts were made. F irst, c a te g o rie s, volum etric the g r ou p of o r g a n i s m s to be s p r e a d out on a b s o r b e n t p a p e r j u s t long enough to a ll ow the l iq u i d to d r a i n f r o m the specim ens. C a r e wa s exercised to p r e v e n t the s p e c i m e n s f r o m l o s i n g m o i s t u r e by e v a p o r a t i o n . organism s It were The t h e n t r a n s f e r r e d to a g r a d u a t e d c e n t r i f u g e tube w h i c h h a d p r e v i o u s l y b e e n c a l i b r a t e d a g a i n s t a b u r e t t e having the s a m e graduation values. The c e n t r i f u g e tube a nd i t s c o n te n ts w e r e then p l a c e d u n d e r a b u r e t t e , and eno u g h l iq u i d to c o v e r the s a m p l e was a l lo w e d to ru n out. b u r e t t e a nd the The d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the r e a d i n g on the r e a d i n g on the c e n t r i f u g e tube w as the v olu me of 27 the i m m a t u r e arate insects. E a c h t a x o n o m i c g r ou p was p r e s e r v e d in s e p ­ v i a l s a f t e r the q u a n t i t a t i v e m e a s u r e m e n t s were m ade. P R E S E N T A T I O N AND ANALYSIS O F DATA N u m e r i c al D i s t r i b a t i o n of Ta x o n o m ic G r o u p s Ad ult I n s e c t s A t o t a l of 626 a d u l t i n s e c t s a m p l e s City r e s e r v o i r a nd 1953. the L a k e taken f r o m the L a k e a nd p on ds a n d the K ello gg F o r e s t p on ds d u r i n g Of t h e s e 626 s a m p l e s , City s t a t i o n a nd the t r a c t during were 1953. 514 w e r e rem aining c o l l e c t e d d u r in g Table III g i v e s a b r e a k d o w n of the n u m b e r there were 10,409 i n s e c t s T his would r e p r e s e n t an a v e r a g e sq uare y ard during each From respectively. one C o n s i d e r i n g the L a k e City 22,16 and The L a k e City pon ds a nd r e s e r v o i r a r e a p r o d u c e d 88 p e r c e n t of the a d u lt i n s e c t s . 10,409 a d u l t i n s e c t s b e l o n g e d to the following f o u r o r d e r s : Ephem eroptera, Trichoptera, these em erging fro m s e p a r a t e l y the a v e r a g e would be square yard, of r e m o v e d and c l a s s if ie d . of 20.11 i n s e c t s sampling p e rio d . and K e llo gg F o r e s t ponds 11.1 i n s e c t s p e r 1952 a t 112 f r o m the Kellogg F o r e s t s a m p l e s t a k e n w ith the d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of a d u l t s a m p l e r s . 626 a d u l t s a m p l e s 1952 and C o l e o p t e r a (Table II). The D iptera, The o r d e r D i p t e r a , w i th a t o t a l of 10,327 i n s e c t s , m a d e up 99.3 p e r c e n t of the t o t a l n u m b e r of i n s e c t s sampled. S p e c i m e n s b elo n g in g to te n f a m i l i e s 28 29 T A B L E II L I S T O F INSECTS REMOVED F R O M O rder THE A DUL T TRAPS D ip tera Fam ily Tendipedidae Subfamily P elo p iin ae z. 3. P r o c l a d i u s c u l i c i f o r m i s (Linn ae us) P r o c l a d i u s b e l l u s (Loew) P r o c l a d i u s r i p a r i u s (Malloch) 4. 5. 6. 7. Pentaneura, Pentaneura Pentaneura Pentaneura 8. P e l o p i a s t e l l a t a (Coquillett) 9. Anatopynia d yari 1. 10. P r o b a b l y m o n i l i s (Linnaeus) g u t t i p e n n i s (Van derWulp) g ro u p E of J o h a n n s e n a nd To w nes sp. (Coquillett) C l i n o ta n y p u s n e r v o s u s (Meigen) S u b f a m il y H y d r o b a e n i n a e 1. 2. Cricotopus trifa s c ia tu s C r i c o t o p u s sp. 3. 4. H y d r o b a e n u s (? C h a e t o c l a d i u s ) Hydrobaenus s p . 5. Corynoneura spp. Subfamily Tendipedinae T rib e C alopsectrini (Panzer) sp. 1952 T A B L E II ( C o n t i n u e d ) Subfamily Tendipedinae T ribe (continued) Tendipedini 1. P seu d o ch iro n o m u s banksi Townes 2. L a u te rb o rn ie lla varipennis (Coquillett) 3. M i c r o t e n d i p e s p e d e l l u s p e d e l l u s (DeGeer) 4. 5. 6. P o l y p e d i l u m s o r d e n s (Wulp) Poly pedilu m sim ulans Townes P o l y p e d i l u m n u b e c u l o s u m (Meigen) 7. 8. 9. T a n y t a r s u s , n i g r i c a n s ( Johannse n) T a n y ta rsu s protextus Townes T a n y ta rsu s annulicrus Townes 10. Stenochironomus h ila ris (Walker) 11. 12. 13. C r y p t o chi r o n o m u s d i g i t a t u s (Malloch) C r y p t o c h i r o n o m u s f u lv u s ( Johannsen) C r y p t o c h i r o n o m u s p s i t t a c i n u s (Meigen) 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Tendipes Tendipes Tendipes Tendipes Tendipes Tendipes Tendipes Tendipes Tendipes Tendipes 24. 25. 26. G l y p t o t e n d i p e s b r a c h i a l i s (Coquillett) G l y p t o t e n d i p e s p a r i p e s ( Edw ards) G l y p t o t e n d i p e s l o b i f e r u s (Say) m o d e s t u s (Say) n e r v o s u s ( Sta ege r) dux ( Jo hannse n) b r u n n e i p e n n i s (Johannsen) d e c o r u s (Johannsen) tu x is (C u rr a n ) atrella T ow nes s t a e g e r i (Lundbeck) p l u m o s u s (Linnae us) tentans (Fabricius) T A B L E II ( C o n t i n u e d ) Subfamily Tendipedinae Tribe 27. 28. 29. 30. (continued) T e n d i p e d i n i (continued) H arnischia H arnischia H arnischia H arnischia a b o r t i v a (Malloch) t e n u i c a u d a t a (Malloch) p s e u d o t e n e r (Go ethghe buer) v i r i d u l u s ( Linna eus) F a m ily Heleidae 1. 2. 3. 4. J e n k i n s h e l e a a l b a r i a (Coquillett) C u l i c o i d e s b i g u t t a t u s (Coquillett) Culicoides c r e p u s c u la r is Malloch Culicoides spinosus Root a nd Hoffman 5. F o r c i p o m y i a b i p u n c t a t a ( Linnaeus) 6. D asyhelea g r i s e a 7. 8. B e z z i a g l a b r a (Coquillett) B e z z i a s p . p r o b a b l y o p a c a (Loew) 9. A t r i c h o p o g o n sp. 10. J o h a n n s e n o m y i a n. (Coquillett) sp . F a m ily Culicidae 1. 2. Chaoborus Chaoborus p u n c t i p e n n i s (Say) f l a v i c a n s (Meigen) F a m i l y T ip u li d ae 1. 2. P o l y m e d a c a l o p t e r a (Say) S h a n n o n o m y i a l e n t a (O. S.) T A B L E II ( C o n t i n u e d ) O rd er D iptera (continued) F a m ily Liriopidae 1. L iriope rufocinctus (O, S.) F a m ily Psychodidae 1. Telm atoscopus furcatus (Kinc .) F a m i l y I t on id id a e 1. C o n t a r i n i a sp. F a m ily M usidoridae 1. M usidora furcata (F allen) F a m ily Ephydridae 1. 2. 3. 4. H ydrellia c r u r a lis Coquillett H ydrellia p r o c to r i C resson? H y d r e l l i a s p . n e a r g r i s e o l a (Fallen) L em naphila scotlandae Cresson F a m ily Stratiom yidae 1. O rder Hedriodiscus vertebratus C oleoptera F am ily 1, Chrysom elidae Neohaemonia n ig ric o rn is (Kby.) (Say) TABLE rder II ( C o n t i n u e d ) E phem eroptera F a m ily Baetidae 1 . C a l l i b a e t i s f l u c t u a n s (Walsh) 2. C a l l i b a e t i s h a g e n i 3. C a l l i b a e t i s sp. 4. Cloe on m e n d a x (Walsh) 5. Cloeon s p . F a m ily Caenidae 1. 2. Caenis Caenis sim ulans sp. F am ily Ephem eridae 1. H e x a g e n i a sp. McDunnough 34 T A B L E III NU MBE R OF S A M P L E S TAKEN WITH THE A D U L T SAMPLING DEVICES Type of S am pling D e vi ce P o n d o r S ta tio n L a k e City P o n d s P o n d 11A M .................... P o n d " B " ................... P o n d " C I T ................... P o n d " D " ................... P o n d T,E M ................... Pond " F " ................... L a k e C ity Statio n Station Station 40 77 40 77 40 40 R eservoir 1’a*T ............... tTb M ............... TTc r T ............... K e l l o gg F o r e s t P o n d s P o n d 1 ............................ P ond Z , Sta tio n I P o n d Z , Sta tion II . P o n d Z , S t a tio n I I I . P o n d Z , S t a tio n IV . P o n d 2, Sta tio n V . T o tal . . 1 sq. yd F unnel 1 j } sq. yd. 2 sci- yd „ t _ , Funnel Funnel . _ .. (suspende d) 40 40 20 20 20 x 2 sq- yd. Tent 40 20 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 378 132 40 76 35 of D i p t e r a w e r e identified f ro m the n u m e r i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n The n u m e r i c a l groups the a d u l t s a m p l e s . of the v a r i o u s t a x o n o m i c City pond s d u r i n g c l o s e l y w i th t h o s e p r e s e n t in the in the groups i d e nt i f ie d . d i s t r i b u t i o n a s w e ll a s the v a r i o u s t a x o n o m i c s a m p l e d a t the L a k e The o r d e r T a b le IV g i v e s T ric h o p te ra was 1952 c o m p a r e very 1953 Kellogg F o r e s t po nd s a m p l e s . the only g ro up w h ic h w a s not r e p r e s e n t e d 1952 K ello g g F o r e s t pond s a m p l e s . In an e a r l i e r study of the s a m e L a k e C i ty p o n d s a s i m i l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n of t a x o n o m i c g r o u p s w a s o b s e r v e d ( G u y e r, 1952). The f a m i l y T e n d i p e d i d a e w as r e p r e s e n t e d by 8,527 i n s e c t s , o r 82 p e r c e n t of the t o ta l p r o d u c t i o n ( F i g u r e to the f a m i l y Pelo piinae, 2). The i n s e c t s b e lo nging T e n d i p e d i d a e w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a m o n g the s u b f a m i l i e s T e n d i p e d i n a e , and H y d r o b a e n i n a e . A t the L a k e C ity s t a t i o n the t r i b e C a l o p s e c t r i n i was the m o s t p r o d u c t i v e g r o u p , c o n t r i b u t i n g 40.9 p e r c e n t of the adult i n s e c t s . the Ke llogg F o r e s t p on ds m em bers of the t r i b e taxonomic group. were sam pled were T e n d ip e d i n i, m a k i n g th is the m o s t p r o d u c t i v e The responsible for 59 p e r c e n t of the a d u l ts At subfam ilies Pelopiinae and H y d r o b a e n i n a e 10.8 p e r c e n t of the to ta l a d u l t p r o d u c t i o n . The D i p t e r o u s f a m i l i e s C u l i c i d a e , H e l e i d a e , I t o n id i d a e , T i p u l i - d a e , L i r i o p i d a e , P s y c h o d i d a e , M u s i d o r i d a e , E p h y d r i d a e , and S t r a t i o myidae w ere also r e p r e s e n t e d in the a d u l t s a m p l e s . 36 TABLE IV N U M E R I C A L DISTRIBUTION O F A D UL T INSECTS d • rH CU u P o n d and Station u X cu (D Oh 'jr i d CU co cu d >> t i X ■H * rH cu £ i— i *-■ cu CO £ cu X d d t— t i— i O CU co 2 d t-H d H O cn Cl, co U " B " ( 2 yd.) " B " ( i yd., s u sp e nd e d ) . !,B M (tent). . "C " ............... ,TD l T ............... T,E " ............... 11jr i » 161 Z49 55 268 623 124 84 73 14 I 7 1 13 2 3 4 8 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 70 70 184 1362 268 159 198 286 10 166 5 62 10 14 20 64 9 82 3 6 39 1572 0 0 2 12 0 3 56 38 1 53 1 0 15 4 2 4 0 0 3 2 2 0 0 2 12 9 0 0 0 1 0 1 Re se r v o i r " a t! ............... 1fa ! 1 (tent) . . ” b ,f ............... " c TI ............... 40 59 13 12 83 331 48 41 9 74 8 9 1 2 1 1 0 15 2 13 1 6 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 4 154 206 21 0 18 167 2 134 10 37 0 0 17 2 3 0 0 0 2 7 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 94 82 171 1 10 7 12 9 3 21 0 1 1 7 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 5 10 2 0 5 4 3434 3959 965 1678 1 69 112 20 56 16 0) H H U L a k e City Ponds "A " . . . . " B n (1 yd.) K ellogg F o r e s t Pond 1 . . . P d . 2, s t . I . P d . 2, s t . II . P d . 2, s t . HI P d . 2, s t . Ill ( t e n t ) ............... P d . 2, s t . IV P d . 2, s t . V . T o t a l ....................... i 159 155 d X d CU X o Jh O h w 37 O rde r Epheme ropte ra in Ph o 05 O u CM W 05 D U t— i H P CD Q > Vl cu cu 05 Fam ily Heleidae cn u cu P cti P cn cu Vi 0 P GO GO O U cu p C T j P < S u b f a m i ly Chaobo r i n a e i— i 1 \ cu X m m m m o £ o i t-H H P « t-H 05 H cn > — » Q W O < H 2 P O 05 P P O rder T richoptera cn id ti O P o o £ o X < H E X X XX P xxxxx o O o O o o o 0 o . o 0 O 0 o o o o O o O o o o O o o O o o O o o O o O o O O o o o O O • o ixxxxx; 0 o o o 0 0 O 0 O o _ O o 0 _ o O o_ O 0 0 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx: O o ■vO r m I o oo P e r c e n t of T o t a l r LTl o o o ® O Q o ©O o © _0_© __o S u bf a mily Hydrobaeninae S u b fa m i ly Pelopiinae Tribe Calop s e c t r i n i T ribe T e n d i pe d in i 38 The t h r e e f a m i l i e s ples w ere Baetidae, tera C a e n i d a e , a nd E p h e m e r i d a e . specim ens w ere collected. C o leoptera was taken fro m C hrysom elidae. of E p h e m e r o p t e r a i d e n t i f i e d f r o m A single the t r a p s In the following ti o n e d above will be Only tw e n ty T r i c h o p - s p e c i m e n of the o r d e r a nd t h i s b e l o n g e d to the f a m i l y s e c t i o n the t a x o n o m i c g r o u p s s u b d iv id e d a n d the i m p o r t a n t s p e c i e s e c o l o g i c a l l y and in r e s p e c t to n u m b e r s . were s i n g l e i n s e c t s , a ll of the g r o u p s M a ny of the devices species of the type cessfully em erge region. all i n s e c t s T e n d i p e dini. (1945), i n c l u d e s a d u lt t r a p p i n g The f a c t t h a t t h e y will s u c ­ 20 1 d e s c r i b e d to be suffi­ in th is d i s c u s s i o n . The t r i b e T e n d ip e d i n i, a c c o r d i n g to Townes s p e c i e s of m i d g e s f r o m the N e a r a c t i c N u m e r o u s p a p e r s h a v e b e e n d e v o te d to the t a x o n o m i c and e c o l o g i c a l d i s c u s s i o n of the a d u l t s the t r i b e and in s o m e a n d d e v elo p in s u c h a s i t u a t i o n a p p e a r s c i e n t r e a s o n to in c lu d e T rib e study. discussed r e p r e s e n t e d will be p r e s e n t e d . t a k e n h av e n ot b e e n r e p o r t e d f r o m u s e d in t hi s men­ Although s o m e of the g r o u p s r e p r e s e n t e d by only a s m a l l n u m b e r of s p e c i m e n s cases the s a m ­ T e n d i p e d i n i t h a t h av e of t hi s g r o u p . received extensive It i s the l a r v a e of c o n s i d e r a t i o n by r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s f o r the p a r t they p l a y in the food c h a i n of v a r i o u s f i s h a s w e l l a s t h e i r c o n n e c t i o n w ith i n d u s t r i a l polutio n. 39 In t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n were collected. The L a k e four T his 3,434 a d u l t m i d g e s represented City p on ds p r o d u c e d Tendipedini 33.0 p e r c e n t of a ll i n s e c t s sam pled. 78.1 p e r c e n t of the m i d g e s t a k e n . The s t a t i o n s in the L a k e City r e s e r v o i r p r o d u c e d only 124 i n s e c t s b e ­ l onging to the t r i b e T e n d i p e d i n i , which was only 3 p e r c e n t of the t o ta l p r o d u c t i o n of the t r i b e . maining The Ke llogg F o r e s t pon ds p r o v i d e d the 19.0 p e r c e n t of the There were thirty s p e c i e s belonging to te n g e n e r a of T e n d i ­ r e p r e s e n t e d in the a d u l t s a m p l e s th irty species were m e m b e rs sponsible fo r 17.6 p e r c e n t of the (T able V). of the genus 68.1 p e r c e n t of the to tal 60 6 s p e c i m e n s T en of t h e s e T e n d i p e s w h ic h w e r e T e n d i p e di ni p r o d u c t i o n . 3,434 T e n di p e d i n i Tendipedini. taken fro m the L a k e re­ There of Tendipe s b r u n n e i p e n n i s i d e n ti f ie d , w h i c h w e r e r e m o v e d f r o m the t r a p s . i n d i c a t e d t h a t T. b r u n n e i p e n n i s w a s the m o s t p r o d u c t i v e the t r i b e re­ T e n d ip e d i n i p r o d u c t i o n . pedini were of the t r i b e All of the T. b r u n n e i p e n n i s City ponds a nd r e s e r v o i r . T his species specim ens of were The following ten s p e c i e s , L a ute r b o r n i e l l a v a r i p e n n i s , P o l y p e d i l u m n u b e c u l o s u m , T a n y t a r s u s p r o t e x t u s , T a n y t a r s us a nul i c r u s, St e n o c h i r o n o m u s h i l a r i s , C r y p t o c h i r o n o m u s p s i t t a c i n u s , G l y p t o t e n d ip e s b r a c h i a l i s , H a r n i s c h i a abortiva, H a r n i s c h i a t e n u i c a u d a ta , H a r n i s c h i a p s e u d o t e n e r , of the t r i b e T e n d i p e d i n i c o n t r i b u t e d l e s s t h an five specim ens e a c h a nd w e r e 40 TABLE D I S T RI B U TIO N O F V THE S P E C I E S O F THE TRIBE Species r Pseudochironom us banksi T o w n e s ............................... L a u t e rbo r n i e l l a v a r i p e n n i s (Coquillett) ................... M i c r o t e n d i p e s p e d e l l u s p e d e l l u s ( D eG e er ) . . . . P o l y p e d i l u m s o r d e n s (Walp) Polypedilum sim ulans T o w n e s ...................................... P o l y p e d i l u m n u b e c u l o s u m (Meigen) ........................... T a n y t a r s u s n i g r i c a n s (Johannsen) T anytarsus protextus T o w n e s .......................................... T anytarsus annulicrus Tow ne s ....................................... S t e n o c h i r o n o m u s h i l a r i s (W alker) ................................... C r y p t o c h i r o n o m u s d i g i t a t u s (Malloch) C r y p t o c h i r o n o m u s f u lv u s ( Jo h an n s e n) C r y p t o c h i r o n o m u s p s i t t a c i n u s (Meigen) ................... T e n d i p e s m o d e s t u s (Say) T e n d i p e s n e r v o s u s ( Sta eg er) T e n d i p e s dux ( Jo ha nn s e n) T e n d i p e s b r u n n e i p e n n i s ( J o h a n n se n ) T e n d i p e s d e c o r u s ( Jo h an n s e n) T endipes tuxis (Curran) Tendipes a tr e lla T o w ne s Tendipes s ta e g e ri ( L u n d b e c k ) T e n d i p e s p l u m o s u s ( L i n n a e u s) .......................................... Tendipes tentans (Fabriciu s) G l y p t o t e n d i p e s b r a c h i a l i s ( Co quillett) ....................... G l y p t o t e n d i p e s p a r i p e s ( E d w a r d s ) ................................... G l y p t o t e n d i p e s l o b i f e r u s (Say) ........................................... H a r n i s c h i a a b o r t i v a (Malloch) ........................................... H a r n i s c h i a t e n u i c a u d a t a ( M a l l o c h ) ................................... H a rn is c h ia p s e u d o te n e r (Goethghebuer) .................... H a rn is c h ia v iridulus (Linnaeus) ....................... TENDIPEDINI No. of Insects P e t . of Total 67 3 267 11 82 1 112 1 1 3 40 55 1 25 249 131 606 227 394 235 410 63 5 2 339 23 2 1 1 77 S p e c i e s w i t h f iv e o r l e s s s p e c i m e n s c o n t r i b u t e d l e s s 0.5 p e r c e n t of the t o t a l T e n d i p e d i n i p r o d u c t i o n . * 1.9 * 7.8 0.3 2.4 3.4 1.2 1.6 0.7 7.3 3.8 17.6 6.6 11.5 6.8 11.9 1.8 0.1 9.9 0.7 2.2 than 41 TABLE Ponds Lake A, A, B, B, C, F B, A City P o n d s E, F B C, D, E, F E D, F , D ,E , F V (Continued) o r S ta tio n s P r e s e n t L a k e City R e s e r v o i r Ke llogg F o r e s t P o n d s a a, b t c a ,c II, III a II a B, B, B B, A , A, B, B, B B, B C, D C, D E, F B , D , E , F B , C, D, E , F C, D D, E, C, D a a , b, c a c b, c b a, b a I, II II I, II, III, IV, V I, II, HI, IV I, II, III I, II, III, IV, V Pond 1 IV, D B, D B, D, F D E B B, C, D, E , F b, c V I, II, III, IV, V a a, b, c Pond 1 42 responsible c o l l e c t i v e l y f o r 0.5 p e r c e n t of the t o ta l T e n d i p e d in i p r o ­ d u c ti o n . The L a k e City ponds w e r e of T e n d i p e d i n i . were The t h r e e r e p r e s e n t e d by t w e n t y - s e v e n s p e c i e s no t t a k e n f r o m the L a k e T. a n ul i c r u s , S . h i l a r i s , a nd T e n d i p e s t e n t a n s . teen sp ecies of T e n d i p e d i n i i d e n t i f ie d f r o m 7 32 T e n d i p e d i n i specim ens from bers species. of t h i r t e e n F o r e s t pon d ,T1I! w a s specim ens City p onds were the r e s e r v o i r a r e a . the Kellogg F o r e s t ponds w e r e six­ The m em ­ It w a s i n t e r e s t i n g to note t h a t Kellogg r e p r e s e n t e d by only two s p e c i e s T e n d i p e d i n i a n d by a t o t a l of f o u r F igure There species of the t r i b e specim ens. 3 shows the n u m e r i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of the in the v a r i o u s ponds and s t a t i o n s . T e n di pe d in i The n u m b e r of T e n d i ­ pedini r e p r e s e n t e d on the g r a p h f o r ponds TfB 1T and ,ID ,f a r e b a s e d on the s a m e n u m b e r of s a m p l e s a s the o t h e r L a k e City p o n d s . The s h a ll o w , f e r t i l i z e d pond TfD M p r o d u c e d 52.8 p e r c e n t of the T e n d i p e d in i specim ens Guyer taken fro m (1952) the L a k e City p o n ds . s tu dy by of t h e s e p o n d s i n d i c a t e d t h a t f e r t i l i z a t i o n of the p onds g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d the T e n di pe d in i p r o d u c t i o n . the L a k e City r e s e r v o i r w a s f o u r t i m e s adults stations as An e a r l i e r T,b tT a n d Mc . M Station as p r o d u c t i v e shallow ITa Tt in of T e n d ip e d i n i In Kellogg F o r e s t pond , , 2 It the g r e a t e s t p r o d u c t i o n of T e n d i p e d i n i a d u l t s o c c u r r e d a t the shallow 43 KXXXXXXXX S t a tio n V KXXX> S ta t i o n IV S ta t i o n III k x x x x : (tent) K £ I— I Q W ft Q £ W H CO W ps H) o I— I Pi S t a tio n III K XXXXXXXXX^ S ta t i o n • « * • • • sV W PQ i— i PS H tJ W w H +-> * ♦ • CO O pj > o Pi u 0> co (L > ■tH o — i H D cq i— i PC? H C O I— I Q XI ps +-> U CO i-i CD CO CD o OF THE Subfamily Chaobo r i n a e PERCENTAGE S u b f a m il y Pelopiinae k \\\\\\\\V \\\\\\\\\^ o lo o LO O t-— LT) fV ] P e r c e n t of T o t a l P r o d u c t i o n T ribe Tendipedini 69 In c e r t a i n t a x o n o m i c g r o u p s the p e r c e n t a g e a d u l t s wa s d i s t r i b u t i o n of c o n s i s t e n t l y h i g h e r t ha n f o r the i m m a t u r e f o r m s , o t h e r g r o u p s j u s t the o p p o s i t e c o n ditio n o c c u r r e d . This condition w a s e s p e c i a l l y e v i d e n t in the o r d e r E p h e m e r o p t e r a , w h e r e ture sam ples always the a d u l t s a m p l e s . m ayflies contained a higher p ercen tag e It w a s a p p a r e n t f r o m e m e r g i n g into the a d u l t t r a p s em erge fro m their nymphal as r e a d i l y in the t r a p s sistently m o re n um erous of the made of the subimago subfamily Chaoborinae w ere stage con­ in the a d u l t s a m p l e s t h an in the i m m a t u r e The l a r v a l f o r m s of the subfamily Chaoborinae s a m p l e s would be t a k e n f r o m of the pond and th us a m o r e appeared in the b o t t o m d e p o s i t s . Often v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s in a pond and a pond t h e y a p p e a r e d to be m o r e areas observations t h a t the m a y f l i e s did n o t only one would c o n t a in p h a n t o m - m i d g e s . from of m a y f l i e s t ha n s kin a n d p a s s t h r o u g h the to be d i s t r i b u t e d in i s o l a t e d c o l o n i e s several the i m m a ­ as under n a tu ra l conditions. The p h a n t o m - m i d g e s sam ples. a n d in When the a d u l t s em erged e v e nly d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r l a r g e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a d u l t s a m p l e would result. In the subfamily Pelo piin ae the p e r c e n t a g e wa s a l w a y s g r e a t e r t h a n the l a r v a e . d i s t r i b u t i o n of a d u l t s One e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h i s i s the fac t that P r o c l a d i u s b e l l u s , a very n u m e ro u s s p e c i e s in the a du lt 70 sam ples, is a sm all larvae pass t h r o u g h the F igure sorting computed fro m e a c h pon d o r d i s t r i b u t i o n of the a d u l t s a d u l t a nd l a r v a l the sam e n u m b e rs s t a t i o n a s w ell as e q u a l n u m b e r s s a m p l e s a t e a c h pon d o r taken at c e rta in p u t a t i o n in F i g u r e The screens. in the v a r i o u s p onds and s t a t i o n s . do n o t i n c l u d e the e n t i r e centages a re were a n d no doubt m a n y of the i m m a t u r e 6 g i v e s the p e r c e n t a g e im m ature form s ages species sam e station. stations the L a k e These p e r c e n t ­ collection. The p e r ­ of a d u l t s a m p l e s at of b o t t o m d e p o s i t The e x t r a a d u l t s a m p l e s w h ic h are o m i t t e d f r o m the p e r c e n t a g e com ­ 6. condition that was e v i d e n t in the t a x o n o m i c g r o u p d i s t r i b u t i o n o c c u r r e d in the p e r c e n t a g e m ature fo rm s. and When the d i s t r i b u t i o n of a d u l t and i m ­ s a m p l i n g i n t e r v a l w as the s h o r t e s t , a s in City p o n d s , the a d u l t a nd i m m a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n was very closely c o rre la te d . S e a s o n a l D i s t r i b u t i on of T a x o n o m i c G r oups The s e a s o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of the a d u l t a nd i m m a t u r e f o r m s the v a r i o u s t a x o n o m i c g r o u p s w a s titatively. The p r i n c i p a l s t u d i e d b ot h q u a l i t a t i v e l y a n d q u a n ­ reason for p o p u l a t i o n s w a s to c o m p a r e of studying the v a r i a t i o n in s e a s o n a l the f l u c t u a t i o n s which e x i s t e d in the i n s e c t 71 S ta tio n III i— i KWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWS t a t i o n k \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\^ X ^ II Sta tio n I KWWWWWWWW Sta tio n IWWWWWWWWW w OS p o I— I S t a tio n tfb TI St a t i o n i\\\\\\\\\\\\\\m k \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\m \^ ^ Pond i— i Pond o vO o in o ■'T1 o P e r c e n t of T o ta l f o r E a c h S a m p l i n g A r e a ,ra M 50 50 72 p o p u l a t i o n u si n g b o t h a d u l t a n d l a r v a l t r a p p i n g d e v i c e s . possible to u t i l i z e the l e n g t h of life for some c yc le s e a s o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n d a t a to d e t e r m i n e a s w e ll a s the n u m b e r of the m o r e n u m e r o u s Tribe The It was also the of g e n e r a t i o n s p e r year species. T e n d i p e d i n i , Ke llo gg F o r e s t P o n d ” 2" T e n d i p e d i n i p o p u l a t i o n w h ic h e x i s t e d a t s t a t i o n s I, II, a n d III in Ke llogg F o r e s t po n d TI2 ,T e x h i b i t e d p r o n o u n c e d p e r i o d s mum and m i n i m u m a b u n d a n c e . from stations three s t a t i o n s in IV a nd V, of m a x i ­ No b o t t o m d e p o s i t s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n so only the T e n d i p e di ni production K ellogg F o r e s t pond n 2 Tr could from the be u s e d . The d i s ­ t i n c t p e a k s an d d e p r e s s i o n s w h ic h w e r e p r e s e n t in a g r a p h of the s e a s o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of the T e n d i p e d in i p o p u l a t i o n in Ke llogg F o r e s t pond M2 M m a d e t h i s g r o u p a n e x t r e m e l y v a l u a b l e one f o r the a d u l t and i m m a t u r e Figure sampling devices. 7 shows t h a t t h e r e d u c tio n of the t r i b e studying were two p e r i o d s of m a x i m u m p r o ­ T e n d i p e d i n i in Kellogg F o r e s t pond M2 . M sam e g rap h also sh o w s two p e r i o d s when v e r y f e w a d u l t s w e r e ing as w e ll a s m i n i m u m of l a r v a l p r o d u c t i o n . the a The f i r s t The em erg­ p e a k in T e n d i p e d i n i c o l l e c t i o n o c c u r r e d in the M ay 31 a du lt and l a r v a l sam ples. Three species of T e n d i p e d i n i , T endipe s dec o r u s , _T._ a t r e ll a , 73 N u m b e r of L a r v a e o o oo o o in O O O' o o fM V olum e o ■'T1 in voO of L a r v a e o o CO o o O m (cc.) o April SEASONAL I May I DISTRIBUTION OF June THE I July TRIBE I August TENDIPEDINI [ SeptemberI IN KELLOGG October FOREST POND I N ovem be r ” 2' o o o vO o cr- r- N um ber m TT* of A d u l t s CO 74 and T . t u x i s , w e r e resp o n sib le for this peak e m e rg en c e . The n u m e r ­ i c a l a n d v o l u m e t r i c l a r v a l v a l u e s a s w ell a s the a d u l t p r o d u c t i o n re a c h e d a p e a k c o n c u r r e n t l y during this initial i n c r e a s e tion. in p r o d u c ­ T h i s p e a k p r o d u c t i o n w as f o l l o w e d by a su d de n d e c l i n e in b o th a d u lt and l a r v a l crease was e v i d e n t in the J u n e adult em e rg en c e Tendipes a b u n d a n c e in the J u n e 28 s a m p l e s o c c u r r e d on J u l y decorus 14 s a m p l e . 26. A general in­ a nd a s e c o n d p e a k in A s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n of a nd T. tu x is a s we ll a s a c o n c e n t r a t e d e m e r g e n c e of G l y p t o t e n d i p e s p a r i p e s , T e n d i p e s d u x , a nd P o l y p e d il u m s i m u l a n s were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the lim ited em ergence crease 6. G. p a r i p e s very and T . dux w e r e the p r i n c i p a l r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the S e p t e m b e r e m e r g e n c e . and d e p r e s s i o n s There was in the A u g u s t 23 s a m p l e , f o llo w e d by a s l i g h t i n ­ on S e p t e m b e r species second e m erg en ce peak. were Sim ilar peaks e v i d e n t in the n u m e r i c a l a nd v o l u m e t r i c curves. T h e r e was no a d u l t e m e r g e n c e in the O c t o b e r a n d N o v e m b e r s a m ­ ples and the l a r v a l p r o d u c t i o n c o nt in u e d to d e c li n e u ntil a m i n i m u m was r e a c h e d on N o v e m b e r 7. In e a c h i n s t a n c e , the m a x i m u m a nd m i n i m u m p o i n t s in the i m m a t u r e previous curves were e v i d e n t two w e e k s to the c o r r e s p e n d i n g p o i n t in the a du lt c u r v e . 75 S u b f a m i l y P e l o p i i n a e , Kellogg F o r e s t P o n d Three for species of the M1TT subfamily Pelopiinae w ere responsible 92 p e r c e n t of the t o t a l i n s e c t p r o d u c t i o n in the K ello g g F o r e s t pond , , l . tt D ur in g the l a s t w e e k of M ay an d the f i r s t w e e k of J u n e , l a r v a l a nd a d u lt f o r m s w e r e p r e s e n t in m a x i m u m n u m b e r s sam ples (Figure in the 8). The f i r s t a d u l t s w e r e taken f r o m the May 30 f unnel The p e a k a d u l t p r o d u c t i o n was p r e s e n t in the J u n e f o r t y - s e v e n a d u l t i n s e c t s w e r e i d e n t if i e d . subfamily Pelopiinae which w ere sam ple. 14 s a m p l e , when The t h r e e species of the r e s p o n s i b l e f o r th is p e a k e m e r g e n c e we r e P e l opi a s t e l l a t a , P r o c l a diu s b e l l u s , a nd P r o c l a d i us ^niL p if o r m i s . P. s t e l l a t a o c c u r r e d in the g r e a t e s t n u m b e r s the l o n g e s t p e r i o d of t i m e . d e c l i n e w ith m i n o r adults a n d was p r e s e n t o v e r The P e l o p i i n a e p r o d u c t i o n c o n t i n u e d to v a r i a t i o n s until S e p t e m b e r captured after Septem ber 6. Figure 6. T h e r e w e r e no 8 shows t h a t the c u r v e r e p r e s e n t i n g the l a r v a l p r o d u c t i o n in Kellogg F o r e s t po n d ’’ I " responds v e r y c l o s e l y to the c u r v e f o r the a d u lt e m e r g e n c e . p e a k l a r v a l p r o d u c t i o n o c c u r r e d two w e e k s b e f o r e adult e m e rg en c e the c u r v e was reached. T h is cor­ The the h ig h p o i n t in situation, w here the t r e n d s in r e p r e s e n t i n g l a r v a l p r o d u c t i o n a p p e a r e d two w e e k s b e f o r e N u m b e r of L a r v a e p e r O O tti O on s q u a r e foot O < “> psj *1 o o I October June I IN KELLOGG July I FOREST August POND "1" I September +j April I May I NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SUBFAMILY PELOPIINAE IN ov em be r un \ o l_Tl o ^ N u m b e r of A d u l t s p e r o 0O f \J 1 sq u a re foot 77 a sim ilar c o n d it io n w a s p r e s e n t in the in the e v i d e n t in the a d u l t e m e r g e n c e , w a s a l s o T e n d i p e d i n i p r o d u c t i o n of pond n 2 fl ( F i g u r e 7). It i s p o s s i b l e t h a t the a b s e n c e of a d u l t and i m m a t u r e i n s e c t s sam ples taken a fte r Septem ber 6, 1953, wa s the r e s u l t of the d e c o m p o s i t i o n of the l a r g e S p i r o g y r a d e p o s i t s . Tribe Tendipedini, Lake The a d u l t a nd l a r v a l e m e r g e n c e p r o d u c t i o n of the t r i b e tre m e ly variable City P o n d s curves r e p r e s e n t i n g the t o t a l T e n d i p e d i n i in the L a k e C ity p o n d s a r e (Figure 9). The c l o s e ex­ c o r r e l a t i o n w h ic h e x i s t e d b e t w e e n the a d u l t and l a r v a l p r o d u c t i o n of the t r i b e T e n d i p e d i n i in the K ellogg F o r e s t p on ds w a s not r e f l e c t e d in the d a t a a t the L a k e City p o n d s . a t d ef in ite I t m u s t b e p o i n t e d out t h a t the stations, but r a th e r , a different a r e a tion in the pond a s we ll a s e a c h t i m e a new s a m p l e w a s t a k e n of the pon d w a s species s a m p l e s w e r e n ot t a k e n sam pled. A g r e a t a m o u n t of v a r i a ­ of m i d g e s p r e s e n t a t d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s in the in the q u an tity of m i d g e s p r o d u c e d w a s note d. T hi s m a y p a r t i a l l y e x p l a i n the s h a r p p e a k s a n d d e p r e s s i o n s w h ic h a r e e v i d e n t in F i g u r e of a p o n d w h e r e num bers g en c e . 9. T h e s e m a y be the a certain species a n d t a k i n g the following r e s u l t of s a m p l i n g an a r e a of m i d g e w a s e m e r g i n g in l a r g e s a m p l e a t an a r e a of l i m i t e d e m e r ­ Num ber S ^ of L a r v a e ° O ["- 78 ° lo lo (n J U w < J w K H DO Q w a, i— i Q £ W H W F Q I— H « H W K £h o £ oI—I n « H co *-) o CO < W CO o IT) O O N u m b e r of A d u l t s o l-H 79 There taken f r o m w a s no a d u l t e m e r g e n c e in the f i r s t ad u lt the L a k e City p on ds on A p r i l s a m p l e t a k e n on A p r i l ple. 30 w as This p e a k e m e r g e n c e cover had m e lted fro m p e d e l l us 23. sam ples The following a d u l t the m o s t p r o d u c t i v e Tendipedini o c c u r r e d only s e v e n d ay s a f t e r the ice the pond. var. p e d e llu s , was A sin g le s p e c i e s , Mic r o t e n d i p e s responsible for this initial e m e rg en c e . A s e c o n d p e a k in a d u l t t e n d i p e d i d e m e r g e n c e o c c u r r e d on J u ne the e m e r g e n c e of T e n d i p e s b r u n n e i p e n n i s in pond s A second e m e rg e n c e J u l y 22, w h i c h is MD . IT r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the h ig h p o in t in the a d u l t e m e r g e n c e The e m e r g e n c e p e a k w h i c h was A u g u st 22 a d u l t s a m p l e s w as the sim ulans, e v i d e n t in the r e s u l t of the e m e r g e n c e of ten of T e n d i p e d i n i of w h ic h T e n d i p e s Polypedilum MA M and 6 with of T. b r u n n e i p e n n i s took p l a c e in pond ,fD M on curve fo r that date. species sam ­ s ta e g e ri, Tanytarsus nig r ic a n s , and Glyp to t e ndip e s p a r i p e s w e r e the p r i n c i p a l contributors . Figure the c u r v e du ctio n. 9 shows t h a t t h e r e i s v e r y l i t t le r e p re s e n tin g adult e m e rg en c e Many of the l a r v a e relationship between a nd the c u r v e of l a r v a l p r o ­ of the s p e c i e s of the t r i b e w hic h w e r e p r e s e n t in the a d u l t s a m p l e s w e r e so s m a l l , t h e i r l a s t i n s t a r , t h a t t h e y p a s s e d t h r o u g h the sorting sm aller species often w e r e Tendipedini even during screen. These r e s p o n s i b l e f o r e m e r g e n c e p e a k s in the 80 adult curve sam ples. in the w i t h o u t any i n d i c a t i o n of t h e i r p r e s e n c e The l a r v a e sam ples of the t r i b e in the l a r v a l Tendipedini w ere m o re n u m ero u s t a k e n d u r i n g May and J un e f o l l o w e d by a p e r i o d of low l a r v a l p r o d u c t i o n d u r i n g A u g u s t a n d S e p t e m b e r . dition of e a r l y 1949; and C u r r y , of the t r i b e investigators (Ball, 1938; B r a y , City p o n d MA ,f the m a x i m u m p r o d u c t i o n of the l a r v a e T e n d i p e d i n i o c c u r r e d on M ay 14, a n d t h r e e w e e k s l a t e r species (Figure 10). Two of the of the t r i b e , P s e u d o c h i r o n o m u s b a n k s i a n d T e n d i p es brunneipennis, were emergence con­ 1952). w as f o ll o w e d by the p e a k a d u l t e m e r g e n c e larg er same s p r i n g p r o d u c t i o n f o llo w e d by a lo w p o in t in J u l y and A u g u s t h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d by s e v e r a l In L a k e T his the species in p on d T,A . Tl re s p o n s ib le f o r this c o n c e n tra te d T h e r e w e r e no a d u l t o r l a r v a l specim ens c a p t u r e d f r o m pond ,rA M a f t e r J u l y 9. Tribe The C a l o p s e c t r i n i , L a k e City P o n d s s e a s o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of the t r i b e s t r i c t e d to a d i s c u s s i o n of a d u l t i n s e c t s sm all s i z e , th e C a l o p s e c t r i n i l a r v a e w ith the e q u i p m e n t and t e c h n i q u e s F igure 11 show s t h a t t h e r e only. C a l o p s e c t r i n i is Because w e r e no t a c c u r a t e l y re­ of t h e i r sampled e m p l o y e d in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . w as an e a r l y h igh p o i n t in the e m e r g e n c e I DISTRIBUTION May SEASONAL June OF THE 1 TRIBE July I TENDIPEDINI LAKE August IN I CITY MA ir Se pte m b e r POND 81 so o id o o m o N u m b e r of A d u l t s (n j o or L arvae o i 82 i— i a, bo W co £ Q H £ r O Q. O 2 H Q W W i-l £ • H W ffi tn H i£— i i— i o o CO o m (N J o o ro o LO N u m b e r of A d u l t s o o o m 83 of C a l o p s e c t r i n i on May 14. The m a x i m u m em ergence of the C a l o p ­ s e c t r i n i o c c u r r e d in the J u l y 8 s a m p l e s , w he n 324 s p e c i m e n s rem oved fro m the a d u l t t r a p s . Since m e m b e r s of the t r i b e to s p e c i e s it w a s i m p o s s i b l e em ergence curve w ere complex. were C a l o p s e c t r i n i w e r e not i d e n t i f i e d to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r the p e a k s c o m p o s e d of a sin gle O b s e r v a t i o n s m a d e d u r i n g the m e n s i n d i c a t e d t h a t m a n y of the species sorting in the or a species of the a d u l t s p e c i ­ s a m p l e s w e r e c o m p o s e d of s e v e r a l different sp ecies. S u b fa m i ly P e l o p i i n a e , L a k e Figure Pelopiinae 12 show s t h a t the a d u l t e m e r g e n c e in the L a k e City ponds w a s sam pling a r e a s f ro m viously d escrib e d . of the subfamily extrem ely variable. l a c k of c o n t i n u i t y in the a d u lt e m e r g e n c e t a t i o n of the City P o n d s The c u r v e is c a u s e d by the one l o c a t i o n to a n o t h e r a s p r e ­ T h e r e w a s a g e n e r a l t r e n d of h i g h e r a d u l t p r o ­ du ctio n d u r in g J u l y a nd A u g us t. w a s the m o s t n u m e r o u s P e n ta n e ura s p . ( p r o b a b l y m o n i l i s) s p e c i e s p r e s e n t in the a d u l t s a m p l e s . s p e c i e s w as n o t c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a s h o r t e m e r g e n c e p e r i o d b u t , rather, ro­ sp read over a th re e -m o n th period. T his 84 co Q £ O Hi H O W w co < -1 w K H £i— i bO w 5 >-• *— I s CO nj co C U P h • iH XJ p cu H X P x) CO C U co C D a •rH Jh c t J PC cn cu Pc * rH xs p ) H co •rH Ph a o