The immune system plays a critical role in many disease processes, and when it is functioning properly, it provides robust protection from both internal and external threats. However, when the immune system behaves inappropriately, chronic and potentially deadly diseases can occur. The treatment of these diseases, which range from rheumatoid arthritis to solid tumor cancers, is complicated by the fact that though the immune system is implicated, the mechanism of action is different between conditions. Specifically, some diseases are characterized by inflammation while others are characterized by immune suppression. Current treatments for inflammatory and anti-inflammatory conditions are insufficient to overcome the burden of these diseases since many patients either do not respond to treatment or suffer from severe side effects. However, nanomedicine, which remains underutilized, shows remarkable promise as an option for treating these diseases. Nanoceria, with its unique enzymatic properties, small size, and highly tunable synthesis, makes a promising candidate for the treatment of conditions in which macrophages play a major role. The focus of this project was the development of a nanoceria-based immunomodulative drug capable of driving the polarization of macrophages toward either a pro or anti-inflammatory state. Use of albumin and single-walled carbon nanotube substrates and variations in synthetic conditions allowed for the development of multiple formulations of the nanodrug with different properties including enzymatic activity, STAT3 inhibition, and targeting. Further modification of these particles can allow for the inclusion of fluorescence and photoacoustic contrast. Thus, by characterizing these nano-formulations and testing their effects in vitro and in vivo, we can develop highly effective immunomodulatory theranostics. We explore the potential of nanoceria as a diagnostic and treatment for endometriosis, a chronic inflammatory condition. Additionally, since nanoparticles offer high diagnostic specificity, it is possible to create novel imaging agents based on fluorescent silica nanoparticles, for diseases such as colorectal cancer which require enhanced imaging options. Ultimately, by utilizing the tunable properties of nanomaterials, we can create new diagnostics and therapeutics capable of improving the health of patients and enhancing their quality of life.
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