EFFECTS OF DROP-DELATING SPRAYS ON THE POSTHARVEST PHYSIOLOGY OF APPLES By G eorge M orton K e s s le r A THESIS S u b m itte d t o t h e S c h o o l o f G raduate S t u d ie s o f M ic h ig a n S t a t e C o lle g e o f A g r ic u lt u r e and A p p lie d S c ie n c e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r th e d e g r e e o f DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY D epartm ent o f H o r t i c u lt u r e Y ea r 1953 ProQuest Number: 10008350 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10008350 Published by ProQuest LLC (2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. 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Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 EFFECTS OF DROP-DELAYING SPRAYS ON THE POSTHARVEST PHYSIOLOGY OF APPLES By G eorge M orton K e s s l e r AN ABSTRACT S u b m itte d t o t h e S c h o o l o f G raduate S t u d ie s o f M ic h ig a n S t a t e C o lle g e o f A g r ic u lt u r e and A p p lie d S c ie n c e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r th e d e g r e e o f DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY D epartm en t o f H o r t i c u lt u r e 195 3 Y ear A pproved ____ y-. / G eorge M orton K e s s l e r The e f f e c t s o f p r e h a r v e s t sp r a y s o f g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s upon t h e r ip e n in g o f a p p le f r u i t h a s b e e n a s u b j e c t o f i n t e r e s t t o b o th p r o f e s s i o n a l h o r t i c u l t u r i s t s and g r o w er s e v e r s i n c e su c h s p r a y s w ere f i r s t s u c c e s s f u l l y u s e d t o d e la y a p p le drop i n 1939* T h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n was u n d e r ­ ta k e n w it h t h e p u rp o se o f more c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h i n g , by c h e m ic a l a n a l y s i s and p h y s i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s , t h e p h y s i o l o g ­ i c a l r e s p o n s e s o f a p p le s t o su ch sp r a y s* M cIn to sh and N o r th e rn Spy a p p le t r e e s i n M ic h ig a n o r c h a r d s w ere sp r a y e d p r i o r t o h a r v e s t w ith drop d e la y in g sp r a y s o f n a p h t h a le n e a c e t ic a c id (NAA), 2 - m e t h y l- 4 - c h l o r o p h e n o x y a c e tic a c id (T o lo x y ) and 2 , 4 , 5 - t r ie h lo r o p h e n o x y p r o p i o n i c a c id (2,4> 50T P o r C o l o r - s e t ) * The p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s o f t h e f r u i t t o t h e s e grow th r e g u l a t o r s d u r in g t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e y e a r s (19i|.9> 1950 and 1 9 5 1 ) w as m easu red a t h a r v e s t and a f t e r s t o r a g e a t te m p e r a tu r e s o f 3 2 ° F* The f r u i t w as a l s o o b s e r v e d i n 1950 a f t e r a 7 0 ° F s t o r a g e p e r io d * The f r u i t sa m p le s w ere h a r v e s t e d a t random from th e t e s t t r e e s on ce d u r in g t h e norm al co m m ercia l h a r v e s t p e r i o d . An e a r l y h a r v e s t o f M cIn to sh f r u i t w as a l s o made i n 1949* Sam ples o f t h e e d i b l e p o r t i o n s o f t h e a p p le f r u i t w ere taken a t h a rv e s t o r a f t e r sto ra g e and fro z e n f o r l a t e r chem ical a n a l y s i s . T otal sugars in th e w a te r e x t r a c t of the f r u i t t i s s u e was d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e M u n s o n - W a l k e r m e t h o d and e x p r e s s e d as p e r c e n t i n v e r t s u g a r . T o t a l n i t r o g e n was d e te r m i n e d b y t h e K j e l d a h l m ethod and r e s u l t s e x p r e s s e d a s percent p ro tein . S o l u b l e s o l i d s w e r e m e a s u r e d w i t h t h e Abbe G eorge M orton K e s s l e r r e f r a c t o m e t e r and e x p r e s s e d a s p e r c e n t s u g a r s . The m o is tu r e c o n t e n t o f th e a p p le t i s s u e w as fo u n d w i t h t h e B rayb en d er m o is t u r e t e s t e r . T o ta l a c id s w ere d e te r m in e d by t i t r a t i o n o f t h e w a te r e x t r a c t w it h 0 .1 N NaOH and e x p r e s s e d a s ml o f 0 , 1 N NaOH p e r 1 0 gm o f f r e s h t i s s u e . A l l c h e m ic a l a n a l y s e s w ere r e p o r t e d on a f r e s h w e ig h t b a s i s . R e s p ir a t i o n d e t e r ­ m in a t io n s w ere made upon sa m p les o f a p p r o x im a te ly 10 f r u i t . R e s p ir a t io n r a t e s w e re m easured by u s in g t h e m ethod o f C la y p o o l and K e e f e r , i n w h ich CO2 , e v o lv in g from t h e a p p l e s , was c o l l e c t e d i n a s o l u t i o n c o n t a in in g NaHCO^ and Brom Thymol B lu e i n d i c a t o r . The c o l o r c h a n g e s c a u s e d b y v a r y in g am ounts o f CO2 was t h e n m easu red w it h an E v e ly n C o lo r im e t e r , The r e s u l t s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n show t h a t NAA and T o lo x y d id n o t m a rk ed ly i n f l u e n c e t h e , p h y s io lo g y o f th e fr u it. S p ra y s o f 2 ,4 > 5 -T P s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d M cIn tosh a p p le s i n one o f t h e tw o y e a r s i n w h ic h t h i s m a t e r ia l was te ste d . A p p l i c a t i o n s o f 2 ,4 » 5 -T P t o M cIn to sh t r e e s 28 d ays b e f o r e h a r v e s t w ere o f g r e a t e r e f f e c t on t h e f r u i t th a n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s made 17 d a y s b e f o r e h a r v e s t . The s p r a y s o f 2 ,4 ,5 - T P i n 1951 c a u se d t h e f r u i t t o b e s o f t e r a t h a r v e s t and c a u se d a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t io n i n t h e s o l u b l e s o l i d s , a c i d c o n te n t and f ir m n e s s o f th e f r u i t d u r in g t h e su b s e q u e n t s to r a g e p e r io d . T h ese e f f e c t s from 2 ,4 » 5 -T P w ere n o t o b s e r v e d on M cIn to sh i n 1 9 5 0 o r on N o r th e r n Spy i n e i t h e r o f t h e two y e a r s i n w h ich t h i s m a t e r ia l w as u s e d . The e v id e n c e s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e h ig h e r te m p e r a tu r e s o c c u r r in g d u r in g t h e p e r io d o f a p p l i c a t i o n o f 2 , 4 , 5-TP i n 1951 th a n G eorge M orton K e s s l e r In 1 9 5 0 may h a v e b e e n a c o n t r i b u t i n g c a u s e f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s o b t a in e d f o r M cIn to sh a p p le s i n t h e s e two y e a r s * T h ere w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s upon t h e r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s o f t h e f r u i t a t t r i b u t a b l e t o th e grow th r e g u la t o r sp r a y s d u r in g t h e one y e a r i n w h ic h r e s p i r a t i o n was m easured,, TABLE OP CONTENTS C h a p ter Page I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 II REVIEW OP LITERATURE.................................................. .......... 3 III IV V VI V II V III FIELD AND STORAGE PROCEDURES......................* o • . 14 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DETERMINATIONS • • , , , 21 A , C h em ical D e te r m in a tio n s . . . . . . . . . . 21 B , P h y s ic a l D e te r m in a tio n s • • • • « • « * • * 24 C, R e s p ir a t i o n M ethods 25 R E S U L T S ,....................................................................................... 29 A . M c In to sh , • • • • • • • • , « , • , • , , « 29 B . N o r th e r n S p y , 43 C. R e s p ir a t io n ......................... 50 DISCUSSIO N..................................................................................57 SUMMARY, • • • BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX. ............................................................................. 70 72 ...............................................................................................78 LIST OP FIGURES F ig u r e I II III IV V VI V II VTII IX X XI X II Page A p o r t i o n o f t h e r e s p i r a t i o n a p p a r a tu s i n o p e r a t io n , sh ow in g t h e r e s p i r a t i o n cham bers i n t h e lo w e r h a l f o f t h e p h o to g ra p h and t h e flo w m e te r s i n th e u p p er h a l f » » » » * • • » • 26 M o is tu r e and c a r b o h y d r a te c o n t e n t s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 2 7 , 1950# . • . . • 3^1- A c id c o n t e n t and f ir m n e s s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 • • • • • • • • • 35 Ground c o l o r o f M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d Sep tem b er 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 • « • « • « • » « • • « * « 36 A c id and s o l u b l e s o l i d s c o n t e n t s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 2 8 , 1951 • • • • • • 1*1 Ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d Sep tem b er 2 8 , 1951 • • • • • • • • • ij-2 M o is tu r e and c a r b o h y d r a te c o n t e n t s o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O c to b e r 2 5 , 1 9 5 0 J+7 A c id c o n t e n t and fir m n e s s o f N o r th e r n a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O cto b er 2 5 , 1950* lj.8 Spy Ground c o l o r o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O cto b er 2 5 , 1 9 5 0 • « • ♦ » • • • • » ij.9 A c id and s o l u b l e s o l i d s p r e s e n t i n N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O cto b er 1 8 , 1951* • • « • 53 Ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O cto b er 1 8 , 1951* ..................... • The r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s from u n t r e a t e d t r e e s and t h o s e sp r a y e d w it h 2 ,4 ,5 - t r i c h l o r o p h e n o x y p r o p I o n ic and n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d s , and h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 2 8 , 1951 • • • • • • • * • • • • « • 56 LIST OP TABLES T a b le 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Page M a t e r ia ls u s e d a s p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s i n 1 9 4 9 , 1950 and 1951 &n • • • • • 17 Maximum and minimum te m p e r a tu r e s on d ays when tr e a t m e n t s w ere a p p l i e d , 19 Mean c h e m ic a l c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r , and f l e s h f ir m n e s s o f M cIn tosh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 8 and II 4., 1949* 30 Mean c h e m ic a l c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r , and f l e s h f ir m n e s s o f M cIn tosh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 , . , . ♦ . . • • • < » , . 0 ,0 33 Mean ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 2 8 , 1951 • • » • • • • 38 Mean c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n , ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d ........................ S ep tem b er 2 8 , 1951 ♦ 39 8 Mean c h e m ic a l c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r , and f l e s h f ir m n e s s o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O c to b e r 1 0 - 1 2 , 1 9 4 9 ........................................................................... 4 4 9 Mean c h e m ic a l c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r , and f l e s h f ir m n e s s o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O c to b e r 2 5 , 1 9 5 0 , • • • • • .................... • • » , » • 46 10 Mean c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n , g r o u n d c o l o r , a n d f ir m n e s s o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O c to b e r 1 8 , 1 9 5 1 .....................................................................................5 l 11 Mean c h e m ic a l c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r , and f ir m n e s s o f N o r th e rn Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O cto b er 1 8 , 1 9 5 1 ............................................................... 12 13 14 52 C h em ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 8 , 1949* • 79 C h em ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f M cIn to sh a p p l e s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 1 4 , 1949 o 80 C h em ical c o m p o s itio n , ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f M cIn tosh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 « 8l LIST OP TABLES CONT. T a b le 15 16 17 18 19 Page C h em ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e s s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 • 82 C h em ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 « 83 Ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 2 8 , 1 9 5 1 . » » . • « . . . • • 81+. C h em ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r and fir m n e s s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 2 8 , 1951 • 85 C h em ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e s s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d S ep tem b er 2 8 , 1951 ♦ 86 20 C h em ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e s s o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O c to b e r 1 0 1 2 , 19J+9........................................................................................................ 87 21 C h em ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O cto b er 1 0 1 2 , 19*1-9. ............................................................. . . . . 88 C h em ical c o m p o s itio n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e s s o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O c to b e r 2 5 , 1950 89 C h em ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r and fir m n e s s o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O cto b er 2 5 , 1 9 5 0 90 C h em ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O cto b er 2 5 , 1 9 5 0 91 C h em ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O c to b e r 1 8 , 1951 92 C h em ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O c to b e r 1 8 , 1951 93 C h em ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r and f ir m n e s s o f N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d O c to b e r 1 8 , 1951 91* R e s p ir a t i o n r a t e s a t 7 1 ° F feu* M cIn to sh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d i n 1951 95 R e s p ir a t io n r a t e s a t 7 1 ° F f o r N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s h a r v e s t e d i n 1 9 5 1 . .................................................. 96 22 23 2*125 26 27 28 29 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The a u t h o r e x p r e s s e s h i s a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e e n c o u r a g e m e n t o f D r . H. B. T u k ey , h e a d t o t h e D e p a r t m e n t of H o rticu ltu re, a n d t o D r s . R. E. M a r s h a l l , W. Wo A l d r i c h a n d A. L . K e n w o r t h y who d i r e c t e d a n d g u i d e d t h i s in v esti­ g a tio n a t v ario u s tim es. S p e c i a l t h a n k s a r e due t o Dr. Do Ho Dewey f o r h i s v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e w r i t i n g o f t h e m a n u s c r i p t and t o D r . A. E . M i t c h e l l a n d Mr. W a l t e r T o e n j e s f o r t h e i r a d v ic e and h e l p i n a p p l i c a t i o n o f s p r a y s and h a r v e s t i n g of f r u i t during t h i s in v e s tig a tio n . A p p r e c i a t i o n i s due t o D r s . C. R. Megee a n d W. B, Drew f o r t h e i r s e r v i c e s a s members o f my g u i d a n c e c o m m i t t e e 0 The a u t h o r i s a l s o i n d e b t e d t o D r s . E . J . B e n n e , H. M. S e l l , C. To Redemann, C. L . B e d f o r d , and M e s s r s . L» E . W e l l e r a n d T . L . R e b s t o c k f o r t h e i r a d v i c e a n d h e l p i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e c h em ical a n a l y s e s and r e s p i r a t i o n determ in atio n s. I. INTRODUCTION F r u i t drop from a p p le t r e e s i s a n a t u r a l ph e nom enon w h i c h may o r may n o t b e d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e e c o n o m ic y i e l d from th e o r c h a r d . season i t When n a t u r a l d r o p o c c u r s e a r l y i n t h e i s r e f e r r e d t o as th e June d r o p 0 T his i s f r e ­ q u e n t l y b e n e f i c i a l b e c a u s e i t may b e a t h i n n i n g p r o c e s s e s s e n t i a l to th e p ro d u c tio n o f f r u i t o f p ro p e r s iz e and q u ality . L o s s o f f r u i t f r o m t h e t r e e may o c c u r l a t e r i n t h e s e a s o n a n d p r e c e d i n g h a r v e s t a nd r e s u l t i n a g r e a t l y reduced y i e l d of m arketable f r u i t . T h i s l a t t e r pheno m en o n o c c u rs b e c a u se o f th e e a r l y developm ent o f th e a b s c i s s i o n zone a t t h e j u n c t i o n o f t h e p e d i c e l o f t h e f r u i t and t h e peduncle o f th e f r u i t c l u s t e r . Some v a r i e t i e s o f f r u i t , M c In to sh a p p le f o r an exam ple, t e n d to e x h i b i t p r e m a tu r e drop as t h e h a r v e s t s e a s o n i s a p p ro a ch e d b e c a u s e o f c e r t a i n inherent c h a ra c te ris tic s ( i|4 ) « The amount o f p r e m a t u r e d r o p may b e a l s o g r e a t l y a f f e c t e d b y c e r t a i n g r o w i n g c o n ­ d i t i o n s such as c lim a te and n u t r i t i o n . w hich i s I t is a problem alw ays a s e r i o u s h a z a r d to t h e f i n a n c i a l r e t u r n s o f an o r c h a r d i s t . C o n sid e ra b le r e l i e f to t h i s problem h as r e s u l t e d from t h e d i s c o v e r y t h a t c e r t a i n growth r e g u l a t o r s w i l l delay f r u i t a b s c is s io n a t h a rv e s t- tim e . The u s e o f t h e s e m a t e r i a l s t o p r e v e n t t h e p r e h a r v e s t d r o p o f f r u i t may a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t t h e r i p e n i n g r a t e s a n d 2 storage l i f e of the f r u i t » In ad d itio n , i f the h a r v e s t o f th e a p p le i s d e la y e d c o n s i d e r a b l y beyond t h e tim e o f normal h a r v e s t by th e use of th e s e m a t e r i a l s , life it i s known t h a t t h e o f su c h f r u i t i n s t o r a g e w i l l be a p p r e c i a b l y s h o rte n e d ,. T r e a t e d f r u i t p i c k e d a t t h e r e g u l a r t i m e may a l s o e x h i b i t abnorm al b e h av io r,. F o r exam ple, i t h a s b e e n shown t h a t p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s o f 2 ,lL|.,5> - t r i c h l o r o p h e n o x y a c e t i c a c i d ( 2 , 1^.,5 -T ) h a s t e n e d t h e r i p e n i n g o f a t t a c h e d f r u i t s v a r i e t i e s of apple. of c e rta in W hether o r n o t p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s h a s t e n r i p e n i n g and t h e r e b y s h o r t e n t h e s t o r a g e l i f e o f f a l l and w i n t e r v a r i e t i e s o f apple i s n o t c l e a r , be ca u se c o n f l i c t i n g r e s u l t s have b e e n r e p o r t e d by v a r i o u s w o r k e r s . Further i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c o n c e rn in g th e e f f e c t s of th e v a r i o u s growth s u b s t a n c e s upon t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l b e h a v i o r o f t h e f r u i t a f t e r h a r v e s t seem ed d e s i r a b l e * A s t u d y was t h e r e f o r e u n d e r t a k e n w i t h t h e p u r p o s e o f d e te r m in in g th e e f f e c t s o f c e r t a i n growth r e g u l a t i n g sub­ s t a n c e s on t h e s t o r a g e b e h a v i o r a n d c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f M c I n t o s h a n d N o r t h e r n Spy a p p l e s * II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Ou r k n o w l e d g e o f p l a n t g r o w t h s u b s t a n c e s d a t e s b a c k a t l e a s t t o Darwin I n l 88 l (llj.)* At t h a t tim e , th e photo­ t r o p i c b e n d in g o f s e e d l i n g s o f P h a l a r i s c a n a r i e n s i s w hich h a d b e e n e x p o se d t o u n i l a t e r a l l i g h t was o b s e r v e d by D arw in. He s u g g e s t e d t h a t n some i n f l u e n c e i 3 t r a n s m i t t e d f r o m t h e u pper to th e low er p a r t , c a u s i n g t h e l a t t e r t o b e n d ' 1,, T his was f o l l o w e d by a s e r i e s o f c l a s s i c a l w o r k s d e a l i n g w i t h v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f p h o t o t r o p i s m , b u t i t was n o t u n t i l 1 9 1 0 th at F ittin g (1 9 ) h y p o t h e s i z e d , f o r t h e f i r s t p r e s e n c e o f a ho rm on e i n p l a n t s . tim e, the He s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e s w e l l i n g o f th e gynostemium o f t h e o r c h i d f l o w e r r e s u l t s from th e a c t i v i t y o f a n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g growth s u b s ta n c e in orchid p o lle n . F ittin g c alled th is su b sta n c e a "horm one". A horm one i s d e s c r i b e d b y B o y s e n - J e n s e n ( 1 1 ) a s a chem­ ical s u b s t a n c e p r o d u c e d i n t h e c e l l s o f one p a r t o f a n o rg an ism and c a r r i e d t o d i s t a n t p a r t s , w here o n ly m inute q u a n t i t i e s a r e c a p a b le o f e x e r t i n g a p r o f o u n d e f f e c t upon g r o w t h i n some way o t h e r t h a n b y d i r e c t n u t r i t i v e m e a n s . The e x i s t e n c e o f p l a n t h o r m o n e s h a s b e e n a c c e p t e d s i n c e a b o u t 1 9 2 8 , du e t o e v i d e n c e o r t e s t s d e v e l o p e d by Went ( 6 5 ) a n d o t h e r s . However, i t was n o t u n t i l 1 9 ^ 2 t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e o f h o r m o n e s i n h i g h e r p l a n t s was a b s o l u t e l y v e r i f i e d by chem ical m ethods. At t h a t t i m e , H a a g e n - S m i t 4 e t al ( 2 ?) i s o l a t e d b e t a - i n d o l e a c e t i c a c i d fr o m c o r n m e a l and by b i o l o g i c a l t e s t s p r o v e d i t mone o to be a t r u e p l a n t h o r ­ A lthough t h e r e i s s t r o n g evidence p o i n t i n g t o th e e x i s t e n c e o f o t h e r p l a n t horm ones, t h e i s o l a t i o n o f o t h e r s has not been v e rifie d ,, W h i l e work p r o c e e d e d w i t h t h e n a t u r a l p l a n t h o r m o n e s , i t was r e p o r t e d i n 1 9 3 5 ( 6 7 ) t h a t a n u m b e r o f s y n t h e t i c g r o w t h r e g u l a t o r s e x h i b i t g r o w t h e f f e c t s on p l a n t s v e r y N. much l i k e t h o s e o f n a t u r a l h o r m o n e s . Because o f t h i s s i m i l a r i t y s y n t h e t i c grow th r e g u l a t o r s a re o f t e n c a l l e d "horm ones” « P r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f th e f u n d a m e n ta l knowledge o f p l a n t hormones and s y n t h e t i c grow th r e g u l a t o r s were p r o b a b l y i n i t i a t e d by t h e d i s c o v e r y i n 1 9 3 4 ( 6 0 ) t h a t n a t u r a l p l a n t auxin h a s a ro o t-p ro m o tin g e f f e c t . o th e r a p p lic a tio n s follow ed, f r u i ts p arth en o carp ically in storage (26), such as s e t t i n g o f tom ato (36), c o n tro l of p o ta to c h e m ic a l weed c o n t r o l th e blossom ing o f f r u i t Many sprouting (4 3 ) and d e l a y i n g (66) * The d i s c o v e r y b y LaRue i n 1936 (3 8 ) th at a p lan t a u x in w i l l i n h i b i t th e a b s c i s s i o n o f Coleus l e a f p e t i o l e s i s of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t to th e study r e p o r te d in t h i s paper. I t was s h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r t h a t G a r d n e r a n d M a r t h ( 2 1 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e drop o f h o l l y l e a v e s and b e r r i e s c o u ld be d e l a y e d w i t h s y n t h e t i c ho rm o n es. G ardner, M arth and B a t j e r (22) u s e d grow th r e g u l a t i n g s u b s t a n c e s t o d e l a y t h e h a r v e s t drop o f a p p le s f o r th e f i r s t t i m e i n 1 9 39 a n d 5 t h i s h a s s i n c e become a s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a p p l e s and p e a r s * T his p a p e r i s concerned w ith the e f f e c t s o f s y n t h e t i c g ro w th r e g u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s on a p p le f r u i t s , and i t is th e r e f o re of i n t e r e s t to c o n sid er th e e f f e c t s of both s y n t h e t i c a n d n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g e t h y l e n e on t h e p h y s i o ­ lo g ic a l behavior o f f r u i t s . The g r o w t h r e g u l a t i n g p r o p e r ­ t i e s o f e t h y l e n e w e r e a l r e a d y q u i t e w e l l known b e f o r e r e s u l t s w i t h drop d e la y in g sp ra y s were r e p o r t e d . Denny (1 6 ) d e m o n s t r a t e d i n 193k- t h a t e t h y l e n e e v o l v e d i n t h e in c o m ­ p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n o f k e r o s e n e was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e change i n s k i n c o l o r o f lem ons from g r e e n to y e ll o w , th e c u rin g p r o c e s s . t o Gane ( 2 0 ) , during O th e r e f f e c t s were n o te d and a c c o rd in g an atm osphere c o n t a i n i n g e t h y l e n e c a u s e d th e clim acteric ris e in the r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e of bananas to occur e a r l i e r th an norm al. clim acteric r i s e and, Pear f r u i t s also e x h ib it a a s r e p o r t e d by H a n s e n a n d H a r t m a n ( 3 2 ) , r e a c t i n a s i m i l a r manner upon e xp osure to e t h y l e n e . Smock (5>1) f o u n d t h a t p r e - c l i m a c t e r i c a p p l e s e x p o s e d t o t h e e m a n a t i o n s f r o m p o s t - c l i m a c t e r i c a p p l e s show a p r e ­ m ature c l i m a c t e r i c r i s e in r e s p ira tio n . Gane ( 2 0 ) h a d p r e v i o u s l y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f e t h y l e n e by a p p le fru its a n d t h e r i p e n i n g e f f e c t o b s e r v e d b y Smock may h a v e b e e n due t o e t h y l e n e g i v e n o f f b y t h e r i p e r f r u i t s . Su b ­ s t a n c e s o t h e r t h a n e t h y l e n e i n t h e a p p l e e m a n a t i o n s w e re probably a lso involved. G ro w th r e g u l a t i n g s u b s t a n c e s o t h e r t h a n e t h y l e n e o f t e n 6 a f f e c t the p h y s io lo g ic a l b e h av io r o f f r u i t s . the r ip e n in g o f f r u i t s w hile s t i l l F o r exam ple, a tta c h e d to the t r e e . £ - t r i ch i orophenoxyace t i c used to set the f r u i t c f f i g (1 0 ), Some h a s t e n a c i d (2 ,1 |.,8 -T ) caused th e f r u i t to r i p e n much e a r l i e r t h a n t h o s e w h i c h h a d s e t n a t u r a l l y . A t t a c h e d p e a c h e s h a v e b e e n shown t o r i p e n e a r l i e r t h a n n o r m a l a f t e r s p r a y i n g w i t h 2 , 1).,£ - T (lj-2 , lj.8 , 61(_), a l t h o u g h t h e t r e a t e d f r u i t s were som etim es d i s t o r t e d and r i p e n e d u n e v e n l y ( 6 I4.) . W orkers (33) a t B e l t s v i l l e , M ary lan d , fo u n d t h a t 2,i|.,5-T , s p r a y e d on Rome B e a u t y a p p l e t r e e s i n A u g u s t , h a s t e n e d t h e m a t u r i n g o f t h e f r u i t b y a s much a s one m o n t h . They r e p o r t t h a t t h e same m a t e r i a l a l s o c a u s e d a n u m b er o f summer v a r i e t i e s o f a p p l e t o m a t u r e f r o m 9 t o 13 d a y s e a r l i e r t h a n n o r m a l . The m a t u r i t y o f D e l i c i o u s a p p l e s was a l s o a d v a n c e d b e f o r e h a r v e s t a s m e a s u r e d by p r e s s u r e t e s t s . Pears sprayed w ith n a p h th a le n e - a c e t i c a c i d (FAA) y i e l d e d a l a r g e r num ber o f s o f t f r u i t s a t h a rv e s t than unsprayed t r e e s (8 ). I t has been o b served th a t p r e h a r v e s t sprays o f the b u ty l e s t e r of 2 ,lp -d ic h lo ro p h e n o x y a c e t i c a c i d (2,lj.-D) a p p l i e d t o S t a y m a n a p p l e t r e e s r e s u l t e d i n f r u i t s w h i c h w e r e s o f t e r and show ed more w a t e r c o r e t h a n on t r e e s w h i c h w e r e u n s p r a y e d ( 3 i | ) . e f f e c t s w e r e n o t o b s e r v e d f o r t h e 2 ,Ij.- r a c i d , S im ilar t h e sodium s a l t o f 2,[p-D, o r t h e t r i e t h a n o l amine s a l t o f 2 ,I |- D u s e d i n t h e same w o r k . 2 , Ip,5 - t r i c h l o r o p h e n o x y p r o p i o n i c a c i d (2,ij.,5-TP) i s r e p o r t e d t o have a d v a n c ed th e m a t u r i t y o f a t t a c h e d f r u i t s o f M cIntosh, D e l i c i o u s , W inesap, and 7 s e v e r a l summer v a r i e t i e s o f a p p l e versely, (9> 17 > 3 5 s 6 l ) « Con­ sp ray s c o n ta in in g a com bination of m aleic h y d ra - z i d e w i t h NAA a p p l i e d t o D u c h e s s , W e a l t h y a n d M c I n t o s h trees ( 5 3 ) > r e s u l t e d i n f r u i t s w hich were f i r m e r a t h a r v e s t t h a n t h o s e from t r e e s alo n e. s p r a y e d w i t h e i t h e r NAA o r 2 ,ij.,5 - T P C a li f o r n ia w orkers (6 3 ) re p o rt t h a t a p p lic a tio n s o f b e ta -n a p h th o x y p ro p io n ic a c id to th e B lack C o rin th grape v i n e s a d v a n c e d t h e r i p e n i n g o f t h e g r a p e s b y two w e e k s i n one o f t h e two y e a r s i n w h i c h i t was t e s t e d . A n o th e r i m p o r t a n t p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e t o growth r e g u l a t o r s i s t h e i n c r e a s e d development o f re d s k i n c o l o r of attac h ed ap p les. M o st w o r k e r s r e p o r t i n g t h i s e f f e c t f r o m t h e u s e o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s o f NAA a n d 2,14.,5-T h a v e f o u n d t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e d r e d c o l o r was a s s o c i a t e d w ith an advanced s ta g e of m a t u r i t y (6 , 8 , 33). Apple g ro w ers have r e c o g n i z e d t h i s d u a l e f f e c t and sometimes u s e NAA t o i m p r o v e f r u i t c o l o r , e v e n t h o u g h t h e d e l a y e d h a r v e s t w h i c h may acco m p an y t h i s p r a c t i c e means a s h o r t e r storage l i f e o f the f r u i t . Hoffm an a n d E d g e r t o n ( 3 5 ) r e p o r t t h a t sto p -d ro p sp ra y s o f 2,4s5-T P have i n c r e a s e d t h e amount o f r e d c o l o r on E a r l y M c I n t o s h , W e a l t h y , M c I n t o s h a n d N o r t h e r n Spy f r u i t s . H ow ever, t h e r e i s i n s u f f i c i e n t e v i d e n c e c o n c e r n i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f t h i s m a t e r i a l on t h e m a t u r i t y o f a p p l e s t o p e r m i t one to c o n c l u d e t h a t c o l o r i s a ffe c te d indep en d en tly . E v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d b y some w o r k e r s i n d i c a t e s t h a t p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s may a l s o i n f l u e n c e t h e s t o r a g e l i f e of 8 fru its. G - e r h a r d t a n d A l l m e n d i n g e r (2 3 ) r e p o r t t h a t the k e e p i n g q u a l i t y o f B a r t l e t t p e a r s s p r a y e d w i t h 10 ppm o f NAA b e f o r e h a r v e s t was n o t i m p a i r e d when t h e f r u i t w a s h a r v e s t e d w i t h i n th e norm al h a r v e s t p e r i o d . H o w ev e r, d e l a y e d h a r v e s t , made p o s s i b l e b y t h e t r e a t m e n t , i n more r a p i d r i p e n i n g i n s t o r a g e . the B a r t l e t t p e a r, B a tj e r e t a l a resu lte d In a n o th er study w ith (8 ) found t h a t a p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y o f 10 ppm NAA h a s t e n e d t h e r i p e n i n g o f t h e f r u i t on the tr e e a s w e l l a s d u r i n g s t o r a g e when i t was p i c k e d d u rin g th e norm al h a r v e s t p e r i o d . The r e a s o n s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e two s t u d i e s a r e n o t clear. S p ra y in g o f B a r t l e t t p e a rs w i t h 2,if,5-T ( ) two w e e k s t o one m o n th b e f o r e h a r v e s t i s r e p o r t e d t o h a v e r e s u l t e d i n s o f t e r f r u i t a f t e r s t o r a g e t h a n was t h e c a s e w ith unsprayed t r e e s . More r e c e n t l y , s p r a y s o f 7£ ppm o f 2 , i ^ , 5 “ TP on t h e B a r t l e t t v a r i e t y i n t h e p i n k s t a g e o f blossom d e v elo p m e n t, a r e r e p o r t e d t o have r e s u l t e d i n con­ s i d e r a b l y m o re b r e a k d o w n i n s t o r a g e t h a n w i t h f r u i t s con tro l t r e e s . of O t h e r w o r k e r s ( 2 £ ) , who a p p l i e d 1 0 0 ppm o f t h i s m a t e r i a l t o B a r t l e t t p e a r s a t the p in k s t a g e , found no e f f e c t on g r o u n d c o l o r a n d f i r m n e s s i n s t o r a g e . The d i f f e r e n c e i n t i m e o f a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e 2,Lj_,5-TP c o u l d h a v e b e e n t h e r e a s o n f o r some o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e re s u lts reported. U n t i l r e c e n t l y , NAA was t h e m o st g e n e r a l l y u s e d g r o w t h r e g u l a t i n g s u b s ta n c e to d e la y p r e h a r v e s t drop o f a p p le s , a n d a n u m b e r o f s t o r a g e s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n made f o l l o w i n g the use of t h i s m a t e r i a l . B a t j e r a n d Moon ( 7 ) , at B e lts- 9 v i l l e , M aryland, concluded t h a t th e s to ra g e l i f e of Jon­ a t h a n , D e l i c i o u s a n d Rome B e a u t y a p p l e s was u n i m p a i r e d b y s t o p - d r o p s p r a y s o f NAA* G -e r h ar d t a n d A l l m e n d i n g e r ( 2 3 ) , a t W enatchee, W ashington, u s i n g b o th p h y s i c a l and ch em ical tests, o b s e r v e d t h a t NAA s h o r t e n e d t h e s t o r a g e l i f e of D e l i c i o u s h a r v e s t e d 31 d a y s a f t e r s p r a y t r e a t m e n t , b u t f o u n d no e f f e c t u p o n t h e s t o r e d f r u i t h a r v e s t e d 1 5 d a y s a f t e r treatm ento C h r i s t o p h e r and p i e n i a z e k (12) r e p o r t e d t h a t p r e h a r v e s t a p p l i c a t i o n s o f NAA d i d n o t i n f l u e n c e t h e r i p e n i n g o f M c I n t o s h i n s t o r a g e a n d H a l l e r (2 9 ) f o u n d t h e same t o b e t r u e f o r J o n a t h a n , D e l i c i o u s , Rome B e a u t y , S t a y m a n , W i n e s a p a n d York# (5k-t 55 ) concluded, C o n v e r s e l y , Smock a n d G r o s s as a r e s u l t of r e s p i r a t i o n and firm n e ss stu d ies a f te r h a rv e st, t h a t NAA i n c r e a s e d t h e r a t e o f r i p e n i n g o f W ea lth y , M cIn to sh and Golden D e l i c i o u s , th e m ethods u s e d by th e v a r i o u s w o rk e rs were q u i t e Since sim ilar, g e o g r a p h i c a l a n d v a r i e t a l d i f f e r e n c e s may h a v e b e e n r e s p o n ­ s i b l e , i n some i n s t a n c e s , f o r t h e v a r i a b i l i t y i n r e s u l t s * A n o t h e r m a t e r i a l w h i c h h a s b e e n u s e d w i t h some s u c c e s s as a sp ra y to d e la y t h e h a r v e s t drop o f a p p le i s 2 - m e t h y l [j.-chi o r o p h e n o x y p r o p i o n i c a c i d ( T o l o x y ) ([|_5) • Smock a n d G ross (55) s t o r e d T o l o x y - t r e a t e d W ealthy and M c In to sh a p p le s and o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e T oloxy c a u se d an e a r l i e r o c c u r r e n c e of the c lim a c te ric r i s e i n r e s p i r a t i o n o f W ealthy f r u i t s s t o r e d a t 7i| 0 F a n d was o f no e f f e c t on t h e M c I n t o s h s t o r e d a t 33° F . W e a l t h y was n o t o b s e r v e d a t 3 3 ° F a n d M c I n t o s h wa s n o t t e s t e d a t 7 ^ ° F i n t h i s work* 10 The i n f l u e n c e o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s o f 2,1 j. , 5 -T P on t h e firm n ess of apples d u rin g sto ra g e has been s tu d ie d (l£ ). M c I n to s h , S t a r r i n g and B a ld w in were n o t f o u n d t o b e a f f e c t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , b u t G o l d e n D e l i c i o u s t r e a t e d w i t h 2,1 j. , 5-TP w a s two p o u n d s s o f t e r , b y p r e s s u r e t e s t s , th a n th e check in January. A q u e s t i o n w hich h a s a r i s e n i n c o n n e c ti o n w i t h s t u d i e s o f p r e h a r v e s t sp ra y s on ap p le f r u i t s i s w hether o r n o t th e e f f e c t s o b s e r v e d i n s t o r a g e a r e d i r e c t l y c a u s e d by t h e grow th r e g u l a t o r s o I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h i s p r o b l e m h a v e b e e n f e w , a n d one d i f f i c u l t y i n s u c h s t u d i e s i s t h a t t h e n o r m a l f r u i t d r o p may b e d e l a y e d b y t h e g r o w t h r e g u l a t o r s p r a y s a n d f r u i t w h i c h a r e o r d i n a r i l y l o s t f r o m t h e t r e e may be h a r v e s t e d a s p a r t o f t h e t e s t sa m p le * Comparable f r u i t f o r t h e u n t r e a t e d t r e e s i s n o t a v a i l a b l e a n d a go o d com­ p a r i s o n c a n n o t b e made* Smock ( c o r r e s p o n d e n c e , A u g u s t 3 1 , 19^1 ) a t t e m p t e d t o s o l v e t h i s prob lem by t a k i n g f r u i t sam ples b e f o r e any a p p r e c i a b l e drop h a d o c c u r r e d from un­ sprayed trees* One o b j e c t i o n t o t h i s a p p r o a c h , w ith M cIntosh a p p le , at le a s t i s t h a t f r u i t p ic k e d b e f o r e t h e drop o f n o r m a l f r u i t h a s b e g u n may b e i m m a t u r e a n d t h e r e f o r e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r s t o r a g e i n some s e a s o n s . as p o in te d out by B a t j e r (i|), Furtherm ore, a d e la y i n h a r v e s t o f even a f ew d a y s , made p o s s i b l e by s p r a y s o f g r o w t h r e g u l a t o r s , may r e s u l t i n more m a t u r e f r u i t w i t h a l o n g e r s t o r a g e l i f e * T his i s a notew orthy o b s e r v a tio n because t h e r e i s a tendency f o r g r o w e r s t o p i c k M c I n t o s h a t a n i m m a t u r e s t a g e when 11 Ms t o p - d r o p 1’ s p r a y s a r e n o t u s e d . C b.ristoph.er and p i e n i a z e k (12) a t t e m p t e d t o o b t a i n co m p arab le sam ples by t a p i n g th e check f r u i t to t h e t r e e s i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t i t s n a t u r a l drop® i n v e s t i g a t i o n , Vyvyan ( 6 2 ) In d iscussing th is s t a t e s t h a t alth o u g h ta p in g p r e v e n t e d t h e f r u i t from f a l l i n g i t d i d n o t n e c e s s a r i l y p r e v e n t th e f o r m a t io n o f an a b s c i s s i o n z o n e. Development o f t h e a b s c i s s i o n zone w o u l d a l t e r t h e p h y s i o l o g y o f t h e f r u i t c o n s i d e r a b l y so t h a t i t w o u l d n o t be c o m p a r a b l e t o f r u i t i n w h ich a b s c i s s i o n h a d b e e n p r e v e n t e d by a p p ly in g NAA. The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t g r o w t h s u b s t a n c e s u s e d b y t h e v a r i o u s w o r k e r s f o r p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s on a p p l e were v a r i a b l e . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f NAA v a r i e d f r o m 5 t o 500 ppm, b u t 1 0 ppm was t h e m o s t common e m p l o y e d . Smock a n d G r o s s ( 5 5 ) f o u n d i n t h e i r work w i t h G o l d e n D e l i c i o u s t h a t t h e y w e r e a b l e t o i n c r e a s e t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n e f f e c t on the c lim a c te r ic r i s e in the r e s p i r a t io n r a t e of th e f r u i t a f t e r h a rv e st, by p ro g re ssiv e ly in c re a sin g the c o n ce n tra tio n o f NAA i n t h e a p p l i e d s p r a y f r o m 10 0 t o 500 ppm. Toloxy was u t i l i z e d a t 20 ppm i n t h e s t u d i e s w h i c h w e r e r e v i e w e d . The b u t y l e s t e r o f 2,lj.-D a t 1 0 ppm, a n d 10 a n d 50 ppm o f 2,ij.-D a c i d a n d t h e s o d i u m s a l t o f 2 ,i4.7D w e re u s e d i n t h e one work r e v i e w e d d e a l i n g w i t h t h i s group o f c h e m i c a l s . Con­ c e n t r a t i o n s o f 1 0 a n d 20 ppm o f 2 ,[ |.,5 - T P h a v e b e e n u s e d , w i t h t h e h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n b e i n g m o s t commonly e m p l o y e d . G en erally , c o n c e n t r a t i o n was n o t a v a r i a b l e w h e r e r e s u l t s 12 o n t h e e f f e c t s o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s on m a t u r i t y a n d s t o r a g e life were n o t i n a g re e m e n t. S to ra g e s t u d i e s o f f r u i t s t r e a t e d w ith grow th r e g u l a t o r s a f t e r h a r v e s t s h o u l d a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d . c lim a c te ric peach, T reatm ent of p r e ­ a p r i c o t , p e a r and a p p l e f r u i t s after h a r v e s t w i t h 2,ij.-D h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d t o h a v e h a d no e f f e c t on r i p e n i n g ( 2 i4-)* On t h e o t h e r h a n d , o t h e r w o r k e r s (31* J4.6 ) f o u n d t h a t p o s t h a r v e s t t r e a t m e n t w i t h 2 } L\.-D h a s t e n e d th e r i p e n i n g o f a p p le s and p e a r s . T his c o n t r a d i c t o r y e v i d e n c e was o b t a i n e d w i t h s i m i l a r m e t h o d s a n d c o n c e n ­ t r a t i o n s o f m a t e r i a l s e v e n t h o u g h t h e f r u i t was g rown i n com parable r e g i o n s . The r e a s o n s f o r t h e d i s c r e p e n c i e s a r e not e v id en t. M i c h i g a n w o r k e r s ( I4JL) w r a p p e d f o u r v a r i e t i e s o f a p p l e s i n o i l e d p a p e r s which h ad b e e n p r e v i o u s l y s p r a y e d w i t h t h e m e t h y l e s t e r o f NAA, s p r a y e d o t h e r f r u i t w i t h a m i x t u r e o f t h e same hormone a n d 1 0 p e r c e n t g e o n , a n d c o m p a r e d them w ith u n tre a te d f r u i t f o r d iffe re n c e s in r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e f o r p e r io d s o f 67 h o u r s t o 1 0 d a y s . They fo u n d t h e COo e v o lv e d b y b o th t r e a t e d sa m p le s o f f r u i t was l e s s t h a n f r o m the c o n tr o l s . t h i s work, H o w ev e r , when a n o t h e r w o r k e r ( 5 8 ) r e p e a t e d i t was f o u n d t h a t t h e r e s p i r a t i o n a n d s o f t e n i n g r a t e s and d ev elo p m e n t o f g ro u n d c o l o r o f p r e c l i m a c t e r i c B a ld w in a p p l e s were i n c r e a s e d by t r e a t m e n t w i t h t h e m e th y l e s t e r o f NAA. I t was a l s o f o u n d t h a t p o s t c l i m a c t e r i c f r u i t o f t h e same v a r i e t i e s w e r e n o t a f f e c t e d b y t h e g r o w t h re g u la to r treatm en t. The two g r o u p s o f w o r k e r s may h a v e 13 o b ta in e d u n lik e r e s u l t s because of d iffe re n c e s in th e p h y s i o l o g i c a l age o f t h e f r u i t a t th e tim e o f t r e a t m e n t . The e v i d e n c e a v a i l a b l e in d ic a te s t h a t the rip e n in g b e h a v i o r o f many d i f f e r e n t f r u i t s may be i n f l u e n c e d by t r e a t m e n t w ith grow th r e g u l a t i n g s u b s ta n c e s . a ff e c te d in clude the f i g , The f r u i t s a p p l e , p e a c h , p e a r and g r a p e . T h i s p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t on f r u i t s w i l l v a r y w i t h t h e chem ical u s e d . M a l e i c h y d r a z i d e , f o r e x a m p l e , was r e p o r t e d t o h a v e c o u n t e r a c t e d t h e r i p e n i n g e f f e c t o f NAA a n d 2 , Lp,5-TP on a p p l e f r u i t s , when i t w a s s p r a y e d on t h e t r e e s i n com­ b i n a t i o n w i t h NAA o r 2 , ip,5-TP ( 5 3 ) » The r e s p o n s e o f f r u i t s to grow th s u b s ta n c e s v a r i e s a ls o w ith v a r i e t y . The summer v a r i e t i e s of apple, and W illia m s such as O ldenburg (Duchess) r e s p o n d t o NAA s p r a y s b y r i p e n i n g v e r y much more r a p i d l y th a n norm ally, w hile l a t e r m aturing v a r i e t i e s l i k e D e lic io u s an d Rome B e a u t y may n o t show a n y s i g n s o f a d v a n c e d r i p e n i n g * I t has been g e n e r a l l y found t h a t the e x te n d ed d e la y i n th e harvest of f r u i ts , sprays, made p o s s i b l e b y t h e u s e o f p r e h a r v e s t tends to sh o rten th e storage l i f e o f such f r u i t . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e e f f e c t s o f s u c h s p r a y s on f r u i t o f t h e l a t e r m a t u r in g v a r i e t i e s o f a p p le , p i c k e d d u r i n g o r soon a f t e r th e normal h a r v e s t p e r i o d , sisten t • are n o t s p e c i f i c o r con­ III. FIELD AND STORAGE PROCEDURES The s t u d i e s i n 19l}-9 a n d 1951 w e r e c o n d u c t e d w i t h f r u i t gro w n a t t h e Graham E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n , C-rand R a p i d s , M i c h i g a n ; a n d i n 1 9 5 0 w i t h f r u i t grown i n t h e P a l m e r o r c h a r d , M a so n , M i c h i g a n . T reatm en ts were a p p li e d each y e a r to t h e v a r i e t i e s M cIn to sh and N o r th e r n Spy. M cIntosh, a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f a l l - w i n t e r v a r i e t y w i d e l y g ro w n i n M ichigan, is commonly s p r a y e d c o m m e r c i a l l y t o c o n t r o l p re h a rv e s t f r u i t drop. N o r t h e r n Spy i s a t y p i c a l w i n t e r v a r i e t y g ro w n i n M i c h i g a n , w h i c h I s s o m e t i m e s t r e a t e d w i t h p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s t o h o l d t h e f r u i t on t h e t r e e b e y o n d t h e n o r m a l h a r v e s t p e r i o d i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e t h e amount o f red c o lo r. M ature t r e e s , fru it, b e a r i n g medium t o h e a v y c r o p s o f c l e a n show ing v i g o r o u s g row th an d h e a l t h y f o l i a g e , were s e le c te d fo r these t e s t s . Groups o f t r e e s w ere c h o s e n f o r u n i f o r m i t y o f c ro p and from t h e s e , p l o t s o f f o u r t r e e s w ere s e l e c t e d a t random f o r e a c h t r e a t m e n t . Only t h r e e t r e e s w e r e u s e d f o r t h e M c I n t o s h c h e c k p l o t i n 1 9l{-9• The c h e m i c a l n a m e s , c o m m e r c i a l names a n d s o u r c e s o f th e grow th r e g u l a t o r s u se d as p r e h a r v e s t sp ra y s in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n a re g iv e n i n T able 1 . NAA was u s e d a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 10 a n d 20 ppm i n 1 9 ^ 9 a n d 1 9 5 0 a n d 20 ppm i n 1951* The 10 pprti c o n c e n t r a t i o n o o c^5 • s O bO O *H P © O -P *rl Q g 1AO O' H rH g P cd cd d H P o Jsd d d H O •v • £ o ® o g rH * •rl g O d O rH |>H i—1 © JS P © CO g © d d © O d © g © P £ cd rH © P -P S •> o d Ph o ? -p P bC d • -rH p £ rH o *H g s d » cd O M O *H p rH O cd *H ©g £ © P o * P d cd H £ P O -H P g o S O bO O *H P H © cd tH O g *H s ©p P d o © rH £ P O >H P g o bn -P-m o p H Eh g H H O CD H tO H g g Kg P-i O CO K d i—I © •H O d Eh cO CO © •• O o -dO' 1 — i H W > O < g H H H O •H p^t -p •H d d g fx o d p d pq i— i i— I © P CO «• o ip O' 1 — 1 © d o p d cd fd •• --1 1 IP O rH -P © >5 K O i— I o Eh CD I d O i—I o o g co H CO H 1 o d © p cx o d O i— 1 P P O Ti I o -d- © i i— l © f>5»H p -p p © ©© & © 1 C\J 1 l>a W O d © P , O.P o *H d O O © H P © O »H •H d d o P *H 1 P IP C •< d -d* cx P! 16 was n o t u s e d i n 1 9 5 1 "because 20 ppm f r e q u e n t l y sho w ed b e t t e r drop c o n t r o l t h a n t h e w e a k e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n (from u n p u b l i s h e d d ata)• C h e m i c a l l y p u r e T o l o x y was d i s s o l v e d i n a l c o h o l and w a t e r s o l u t i o n s o f t h i s were a p p l i e d a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 20 a n d 30 ppm i n 19lq9, a n d s i n c e t h e h i g h e r c o n c e n ­ t r a t i o n d i d n o t seem t o o f f e r a n y a d v a n t a g e i n t h e c o n t r o l of p re h a rv e s t drop, a p p l i e d i n 1951® o n l y t h e 20 ppm c o n c e n t r a t i o n was 2 , l | , 5 - T P i n t h e f o r m o f ’’C o l o r - s e t 1001).” was u s e d a t t h e c o m m e r c i a l l y recom mended c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 20 ppm i n 1 9 5 0 a n d 1951® One p i n t o f summer o i l was a d d e d t o e a c h 1 0 0 g a l l o n s o f horm o n e s p r a y s o l u t i o n i n 19^9* b u t n o t i n 1 95 0 o r 1951® The d i f f e r e n c e s i n d a t e s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t y e a r s and v a r i e t i e s are l i s t e d i n Table 2. 1 9 l±9 ) two s p r a y s w e r e a p p l i e d f o r a l l In treatm en ts except T o l o x y a t 30 ppm, w h i c h was a p p l i e d o n l y o n c e . A ll tre a te d b l o c k s r e c e i v e d one s p r a y i n 1 9 5 0 . I n 1 9 5 1 » a s i n g l e s p r a y was a p p l i e d f o r t h e NAA t r e a t m e n t a n d one f o r t h e T o l o x y . The t h r e e t r e a t m e n t s o f 2 , 1 + , 5 -T P d i f f e r e d i n t i m e a n d f r e q u e n c y o f s p r a y a p p l i ­ catio n s. The f i r s t t r e a t m e n t was t h e e a r l i e s t spray; ( ”A” ) , a s shown i n T a b l e 2 , t h e s e c o n d ( " B ” ) was a l a t e r s p r a y w h i c h c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h e NAA a n d T o l o x y t r e a t m e n t s ; th ir d treatm en t and th e ( ” C") c o n s i s t e d o f two a p p l i c a t i o n s w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d e d t o a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e p r e v i o u s two t r e a t m e n t s as to the date of sp ra y in g . The s p r a y s w e r e a p p l i e d e a c h y e a r x ^ it h s t a n d a r d h i g h 17 S H P P Sd ■< cd o pi o o Ph Pi © p p g © o o to rH h d © P p w © 1 > jj £ © s i ° CO S25 o H > i rd £ o o © © P CO © P K W cG CQ O OJ Pi PG Pi © «\ CO Eh to > ?& © P C— rH CO CM i—t -P £ P O erf o d £ CM CO rH CT> CM rH i—1 OOJ 0CM CO OJ * • o • P P © CG p p © CG p p © CG *> cG Sd O H EH H Ph co pH o £ a o •rH d P £ © OJ o •H rH P dl © • !>; P CO © Pi H a CG i > q p & -p x j O erf O © O © S3 P o &H O [x, 1-3 M3 IP i—1 CP IP !—1 CP IP rH -d * M3 rH rH rH IP OJ IP CM ao rH o P o o o p o o o P O o • P o O 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 i i—1 cp rH cp rH OJ rH « -P o o • P O o • P O o • P O o !>> Dj CO _d" CM H 1 1 1 £ £ © s i P £ O Sd ip > cd <3 « o t> IP r— 0 CO iH J 3 OJ OJ H dp I 1 rH I co I i m cO I OJ I o cOrH OJCO OJ 0 - O CM © pH si to o -p £ H O M3 OJ OJ o | a jO p-d-a © O CM CP rH P P © £ O erf erf Ohg o CP rH xn Pi © P P g © o o © H p p o o o o I>rH O rH O'- I ^PH 1 i in I .-fe H CO o P P © CG CO • P P © CG 1 1 M3 rH M3 rH • P P © CG o p p. © CG rH rH • P P © CG © O cp o cp a t»D £ t I o I w £ < < — -d CM • P P © CG © rH 1 t a P O o xn w o £ O -P © EH <6 Q © P erf Q o -d O' i—1 o o IP O 0 0 1—1 o £ O P ro o CM CP rH IP O H P JO rH p only § o P © Pn M3 . ^ -d - i * -d " rH rH OJ • £ O P © o £ O 43 OO IP o O P rH O CM CP xn rH Ip O'rH treatm ent to xn CO I rH (— I rH I M3 o • O|J o p-d-p O OJ © O Ph OP a 2,ij.,_^-TP to eg ta © g q 9 o •rH H P •rl erf PH fc> £ © d m £ rO P o o Pi P 18 p r e s s u r e e q u i p m e n t e m p l o y i n g a s i n g l e n o z z l e gun® Spraying was done i n t h e l a t e m o r n i n g u n d e r c l e a r w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s , wh en t h e r e w a s l i t t l e a i r m o v e m e n t. The maximum a n d m i n i ­ mum t e m p e r a t u r e s o c c u r r i n g o n t h e d a y s s p r a y a p p l i c a t i o n s w e r e made a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 3« The f r u i t s a m p l e s i n 19lq9 w e r e t a k e n a t r a n d o m a r o u n d t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e e n t i r e t r e e w h i l e i n 195>0 a n d 1 9 5 1 random s a m p l e s w e r e p i c k e d o n l y f r o m t h e l o w e r p e r i p h e r y o f th e trees® The s a m p l i n g d a t e s a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e 2« The t r e e s o f e a c h t r e a t m e n t w e r e s a m p l e d o n c e f o r e a c h v a r i e t y w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f M c I n t o s h w h i c h was p i c k e d a t two d a t e s i n 19l|9» The f r u i t p i c k e d S e p t e m b e r 8 h a d r e c e i v e d one s p r a y o f g ro w th r e g u l a t o r w h i l e t h a t p i c k e d S e p t e m b e r II 4. h a d b e e n g i v e n two a p p l i c a t i o n s . O ne-half t o o n e f i e l d c r a t e o f f r u i t was h a r v e s t e d f r o m e a c h t r e e fo r p re-sto rag e s tu d y and f o r s t o r a g e te s ts ® The t e s t f r u i t i n 1 9 ^ 9 a n d 1950 w e r e s t o r e d w i t h o th e r v a r i e t i e s o f ap p les, tab les. p e a r s a nd m i s c e l l a n e o u s v e g e ­ S t o r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e s f l u c t u a t e d b etw een 31° and 3 6 ° F a n d r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y o f t h e s t o r a g e room was a p p r o x i ­ m a t e l y 86 p e r c e n t ® The c o l d s t o r a g e room u t i l i z e d i n 1 9 5 l c o n t a i n e d o n l y a p p l e s a n d was m a i n t a i n e d a t t e m p e r a t u r e s betw een 30° and 3 88 p e rc e n t® F and a t a r e l a t i v e h u m id ity o f ab o u t Some M c I n t o s h f r u i t w e r e f r o z e n when s t o r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p p e d t o a b o u t 2 6 ° F f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 18 h o u r s o n one o c c a s i o n i n 1951 <> One l o t o f t r e a t e d a n d c h e c k f r u i t was s t o r e d i n a l a b o r a t o r y room i n w h i c h t h e 19 TABLE 3 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATU'RES ON DAYS WHEN TREATMENTS WERE APPLIED „ . . V ariety M cIntosh N o r t h e r n Spy Tear . A pplication Maximum ( d e g r e „ p>) Minimum (degrees P .) 1st 73 53 2n d 63 45 1 95 0 one 59 46 1951 1st 81 66 2n d 80 51 1st 58 38 2n d 72 42 1950 o ne 58 39 1951 1st 71 52 2n d 58 33 1949 1 9 49 20 t e m p e r a t u r e a v e r a g e d a b o u t 70° F t h r o u g h o u t t h e t e s t p e r i o d i n 1950* T h i s f r u i t was h e l d i n c o l d s t o r a g e d u r i n g th e o b s e r v a t i o n p e r i o d to m inim ize f u r t h e r changes i n th e fru it fo r the d u ra tio n of t h i s p e rio d 0 IV . CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DETERMINATIONS Ao C h e m i c a l D e t e r m i n a t i o n s T issue sam ples were p r e p a r e d f o r c h e m ic a l a n a l y s i s from t h e f r u i t t e s t e d f o r f i r m n e s s by c u t t i n g t h r e e wedges w hich a l t o g e t h e r com prised about o n e - t h i r d o f th e e n t i r e fru it. Ten f r u i t s i n 191+.9 a n d t w e n t y i n 1 9 5 0 a n d 1951 were u s e d f o r e a c h r e p l i c a t i o n . The s a m p l e d t i s s u e i n ­ c lu d e d th e e d ib le f l e s h and sk in b u t n e t th e c a r p e l s o r seeds. The s e g m e n t s o r w e d g e s w e r e f u r t h e r c u t i n t o o n e - h a l f t o o n e i n c h p i e c e s a n d t h e n p a c k e d a n d s e a l e d i n No. 1 t i n cans (1914-9) o r i n P l a s t i c i n e b a g s i n 1 9 5 0 . The s e a l e d s a m p l e s , w e i g h i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 300 gm i n 19lj-9 o r lj.50 grn i n 1 9 5 0 , w e r e f r o z e n a t - 2 0 ° F a n d s t o r e d a t 0° F f o r an aly sis at a l a t e r d ate. S a m p le s w e r e n o t p r e s e r v e d i n 1951 s i n c e t h e f r e s h m a t e r i a l was a n a l y z e d i m m e d i a t e l y fo llo w in g the p h y sic a l d e te rm in a tio n s . Sugars a re r e p r e s e n te d by th e t o t a l r e d u c ib le sub­ sta n ce s in the a cid -h y d ro ly zed w ater e x tr a c t of the f r u i t tissu e s a m p l e s i n 19i-)-9 a n d 1 9 5 0 . p rep a rin g the e x tra c t t h e A .O . A . G . (1) They w e r e d e t e r m i n e d by a c c o rd in g tc th e o f f i c i a l method o f and c o m p le tin g t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n by th e Munson W a l k e r M e t h o d ( 2 ) , w i t h t h e m i n o r m o d i f i c a t i o n s d e s c r ib e d below . The f r o z e n t i s s u e was f i n e l y g r o u n d w i t h a h o u s e h o l d 23 d i s t i l l e d w ater, s t i r r e d a n d a l l o w e d t o s t a n d f o r 10 m i n u t e s , A 2 0 - m i n u t e e x t r a c t i o n p e r i o d f i t t e d more e f f i c i e n t l y i n t o th e a n a ly s is ro u tin e in 1950. A more u n i f o r m e x t r a c t i o n was made i n a s h o r t e r p e r i o d o f t i m e i n 1951 b y f i r s t . b l e n d i n g t h e s a m p l e o f f r e s h t i s s u e w i t h a s m a l l amount o f d i s t i l l e d w a t e r i n a s t a n d a r d s i z e W aring B le n d o r f o r about th re e m in u tes. T h i s was t h e n made up t o a v olum e o f 250 ml w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r a n d a 25 ml a l i q u o t was u s e d fo r an aly sis. The a c i d i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e re made e a c h y e a r f r o m t h e w a t e r e x t r a c t s b y t i t r a t i o n w i t h 0.1 N HaOH u s i n g p h e n o l p h t h a l e i n as t h e i n d i c a t o r . as m i l l i l i t e r s to ta l The r e s u l t s a r e e x p r e s s e d o f 0 . 1 N NaOH r e q u i r e d t o n e u t r a l i z e t h e a c i d s e x t r a c t e d f r o m 10 gm o f a p p l e t i s s u e . The d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f t o t a l n i t r o g e n w e r e made fr o m d u p l i c a t e 10-gm s a m p l e s t a k e n f r o m t h e f r o z e n a p p l e t i s s u e , , The s t o p p e r e d g l a s s w e i g h i n g b o t t l e s c o n t a i n i n g t h e s a m p l e s w e r e w e i g h e d on a n a n a l y t i c a l b a l a n c e and t h e s t a n d a r d K jeldah l procedure ( 3 ) f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t o t a l n i t r o g e n was follow ed. The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t was c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e t o t a l n i t r o g e n o f th e f r u i t t i s s u e and th e r e s u l t s are e x p re ssed a s p e r c e n t p r o t e i n on a f r e s h w e ig h t b a s i s 0 The p e r c e n t m o i s t u r e was d e t e r m i n e d w i t h t h e B r a y bender m o istu re t e s t e r . fru it D u p l i c a t e sam ples o f f r o z e n g ro u n d t i s s u e w e r e w e i g h e d i n s m a l l m e t a l t r a y s a t 32° F on a to rs io n balan ce. The t r a y s w e r e t h e n p l a c e d i n t h e 2k m o i s t u r e t e s t e r a t 7 0 ° C f o r a b o u t 12 h o u r s a n d t h e m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t was r e a d d i r e c t l y * B* P h y sic a l O bservations The ” G ro u n d c o l o r c h a r t f o r M c I n t o s h a p p l e s ” (5 9 ) was u s e d f o r e s t i m a t i n g t h e skin* shade o f ground c o l o r o f th e The c h a r t c o l o r s r a n g e f r o m y e l l o w t o a d e e p g r e e n w i t h No. 1 r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e y e l l o w a n d No, 5> t h e d e e p green. One l o t o f 20 f r u i t s w a s u s e d f o r c o l o r o b s e r v a t i o n s a t h a r v e s t and d u r i n g s t o r a g e f o r each sam ple. The v a l u e s a re p r e s e n te d as average r a t i n g s f o r each sam ple0 F l e s h f i r m n e s s was d e t e r m i n e d w i t h a M a g n e s s - T a y l o r type p re s s u r e t e s t e r w ith a 7 /l6 inch p lu n g e r. o f 10 f r u i t s i n 191+9 a n d 20 f r u i t s used. Sam ples i n 1950 a n d 1951 w e r e R e a d i n g s w e r e made i n p o u n d s r e q u i r e d t o f o r c e t h e p lu n g e r o f th e t e s t e r i n t o th e apple f l e s h , t o a d e p t h o f 5/ 1 & i n c h , by H a lle r (2 0 ). according to fre e of skin, the d i r e c ti o n s given The f r u i t was f i r s t p r e p a r e d b y p a r i n g t h e s k i n a n d a s m a l l sm o u n t o f f l e s h f r o m t h e f r u i t so a s t o e x p o s e a f l a t a r e a o f f l e s h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 mm i n d i a m e t e r . T h r e e t e s t s w e r e made on e a c h f r u i t , sid e, a se c o n d on t h e u n b l u s h e d s i d e , one on t h e b l u s h e d and a t h i r d t e s t o n e - h a l f th e d i s t a n c e betw een th e o t h e r tw o. F ru it w ithout a b l u s h e d s i d e w ere t e s t e d a t p o s i t i o n s e q u i - d i s t a n t from each o th e r. A l l t e s t s w e r e made h a l f - w a y b e t w e e n t h e c a v i t y and b a s i n . The a v e r a g e v a l u e s f o r 60 r e a d i n g s fro m e a c h sample a r e t a b u l a t e d i n t h e r e s u l t s . C« R e s p i r a t i o n M ethods The r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s o f t r e a t e d a n d u n t r e a t e d f r u i t s were d e t e r m i n e d by t h e m ethod d e s c r i b e d by C la y p o o l and K e e f e r (13) f o r m easurem ent o f t h e carb o n d io x id e evolvedo The p r i n c i p l e s i n v o l v e d i n t h i s m e t h o d a r e d e s c r i b e d b y the o r i g i n a t o r s as fo llo w s: B r i e f l y ,- t h e method o f a n a l y s i s c o n s i s t s i n p a s s i n g a known volum e o f CO2 f r e e a i r ( n o t e s s e n t i a l ) o v e r a weighed p o r t i o n of p l a n t m a t e r i a l to be t e s t e d and t h e n e q u i l i b r a t i n g t h i s a i r s a m p l e w i t h a d i l u t e s o l u t i o n o f so d iu m b i - c a r b o n a te c o n t a i n i n g an a p p r o p r i a t e i n d i c a t o r . The s o l u t i o n i s th e n p la c e d in th e Evelyn C o lo rim e te r and th e p e r c e n t t r a n s m i s s i o n i s d e te rm in e d . By com paring t h i s p e r c e n t t r a n s m i s s i o n w ith a p r e v i o u s l y e s t a b l i s h e d c u r v e o f p e r c e n t COp v s p e r c e n t t r a n s m i s s i o n , t h e p e r c e n t CO2 i n t h e g a s may b e o b t a i n e d . T h i s m e t h o d w a s m o d i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e recommen­ d a ti o n s o f C laypool ( c o r r e s p o n d e n c e , A u g u s t 1 1 , 191+9) > by r e p l a c i n g th e a ir - s c r u b b i n g tow er w ith a s e t b la n k d eterm in atio n . m inor n a t u r e . O th e r changes i n th e a p p a r a tu s were o f a The r e s p i r o m e t e r i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e I A c u r v e f o r mg o f CO2 ^ a se(i on t h e p e r c e n t o f l i g h t t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h e E v e l y n C o l o r i m e t e r , u s i n g a No. 620 filte r, w a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y a b s o r b i n g m i x t u r e s o f known q u a n t i t i e s o f n i t r o g e n a n d COp and u s i n g b r o m t h y m o l b l u e as th e i n d i c a t o r . The m a n o m e t e r s , u s e d a s f l o w m e t e r s i n t h e r e s p i r o ­ m e t e r a n d f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e COp c u r v e , w e r e c a l i b r a t e d by w a te r d is p la c e m e n t. The r e s p i r o m e t e r w a s p l a c e d i n a n i n s u l a t e d room i n w h i c h t h e t e m p e r a t u r e was m a i n t a i n e d b e t w e e n 70 ° a n d 7 3 ° p Figure I . A p o rtio n of the r e s p i r a t io n apparatus i n o p e r a t i o n , show ing t h e r e s p i r a t i o n cham bers i n t h e lo w e r h a l f o f t h e p h o t o g r a p h and t h e f l o w m e t e r s i n t h e upper h a lf. The a i r pump, a i r m a n i f o l d and b a r o s t a t to w e r a r e h i d d e n from v ie w . 26 22 t y p e g r i n d e r a t 0 ° Fo I t was w e i g h e d i n t o 20- gm s a m p l e s a t 32° F , t h e n f r o z e n a g a i n a n d h e l d a t 0° F u n t i l t h e c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s was m a d e . W a t e r e x t r a c t i o n was accom­ p l i s h e d b y u t i l i z i n g a 200 ml j a r f i t t e d w i t h a s t a n d a r d W aring B len do r c u t t i n g assem bly, in which b le n d in g w ith d i s t i l l e d w a t e r was do n e f o r f o u r m i n u t e s . The s u b s e q u e n t s t e p s o f a n a l y s i s w e r e made a c c o r d i n g t o s t a n d a r d p r o c e d u r e s . The c u p r i c o x i d e p r e c i p i t a t e w a s f i l t e r e d w i t h a S e l a s c ru cib le i n s t e a d o f a Gooch c r u c i b l e w i t h a s b e s t o s . The r e s u l t s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s p e r c e n t i n v e r t s u g a r s on a f r e s h w eight b a s i s . The s o l u b l e s o l i d s c o n t e n t ( e x p r e s s e d as p e r c e n t su g a r) o f t h e j u i c e o f f r e s h t i s s u e w a s d e t e r m i n e d i n 1951 i n l i e u of sugars. A p p r o x i m a t e l y 25 gm o f f r e s h f r u i t t i s s u e was t a k e n f r o m t h e 20 a p p l e s r e p r e s e n t i n g e a c h r e p l i c a t e . Each s a m p l e was p r e p a r e d b y r e m o v in g a t h i n s l i c e o f f l e s h a n d s k i n from t h e b l u s h e d s i d e and a n o t h e r from t h e u n b lu s h e d sid e o f each f r u i t , as in sam p lin g f o r su g a r a n a l y s i s . The j u i c e f r o m t h e s e s l i c e s was e x t r a c t e d w i t h a s m a l l , h a n d o p e r a t e d m e c h a n i c a l p r e s s a n d t e s t e d w i t h an Abbe R e f r a c to m eter, The a c i d i t y o f t h e w a t e r e x t r a c t o f t h e f r u i t w as d e t e r m i n e d b y t i t r a t i o n w i t h 0.1N NaOH. tissu e Samples w e ig h ­ i n g 1 0 gm w e r e t a k e n i n d u p l i c a t e fr o m t h e g r o u n d - f r o z e n tissu e i n 19lf9 a n d 1 9 5 0 . I n th e form er y e a r th e w eighed s a m p l e was d i l u t e d w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 200 ml o f b o i l e d 27 I n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e a m ore c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e f o r t h e e q u i l i b r a t i o n o f CO^ i n t h e s o d i u m b i c a r b o n a t e i n d i c a t o r so lu tio n , t h e a b s o r p t i o n t u b e s w ere k e p t p a r t l y im m ersed in a d i s t i l l e d w ater b a th . tem perature c o n tro l, A l t h o u g h t h e r e was no m eans o f the tem p eratu re o f the w a te r b a th h e l d a t 60° P r a t h e r c o n s i s t e n t l y . O u t s i d e a i r w h i c h was s a t u r a t e d w i t h m o i s t u r e b y b u b b l i n g t h r o u g h w a t e r was p u s h e d t h r o u g h t h e r e s p i r o m e t e r w i t h a Q u i n c y p a i n t s p r a y e r t y p e c o m p r e s s o r p o w e r e d by a one hp m o t o r * P i c k l e j a r s o f one g a l l o n c a p a c i t y h o l d i n g 9 t o 12 fru its se rv e d as r e s p i r a t i o n cham bers. The s o l u t i o n s w e r e h e l d i n m a t c h e d p y r e x t u b e s f o r t h e a b s o r p t i o n o f CO2 a n d the c o lo rim e te r re a d in g s . ml o f a l k a l i The t u b e s w e r e f i l l e d w i t h 20 and i n d i c a t o r from a b u r e t t e , w h i c h was r e f i l l e d by s ip h o n i n g from a s t o c k b o t t l e . The f r u i t sam ples were p l a c e d i n t h e r e s p i r a t i o n c h a m b e r s f o r 2b. h o u r s p r i o r t o t e s t i n g f o r CO2 e v o l v e d , to allow the tem p era tu re of th e f r u i t to e q u i l i b r a t e w ith t h a t o f t h e r e s p i r a t i o n roo m . A s e r i e s o f 10 f r u i t sam ples p l u s a n e m p ty c h a m b e r w h i c h s e r v e d a s a b l a n k w e r e t e s t e d sim u ltan eo u sly in the re sp iro m e te r. The CO2 e v o l v e d i n r e s p i r a t i o n was a b s o r b e d i n t h e i n d i c a t o r - s o d i u m b i c a r ­ b o n a t e s o l u t i o n s f o r 10 m i n u t e s . One c o m p l e t e o p e r a t i o n r e q u i r e d a p p r o x im a te ly l |r h o u r s and i n c l u d e d t h r e e to f i v e c h e c k s on r a t e o f a i r f l o w t h r o u g h e a c h r e s p i r a t i o n c h a m b e r . E a c h t i m e t h a t CO2 a b s o r p t i o n f o r a s e r i e s o f 10 s a m p l e s 28 wa s c o m p l e t e d t h e a b s o r p t i o n t u b e s , b a t h , were t a k e n i n t o co lo rim eter read in g s. still in the w ater a room h e l d a t a b o u t 7 0 ° F f o r t h e T h e s e r e a d i n g s g e n e r a l l y w e r e made w i t h i n l £ m i n u t e s a f t e r CO2 a b s o r p t i o n f o r a s e r i e s o f sa m p le s was c o m p l e t e d . The r e s u l t s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s mg o f CC>2 p e r k g o f f r e s h f r u i t p e r h o u r . V, RESULTS E x p e r im e n ts w ere c o n d u c te d i n 19i|-9, 1 9 5 0 and 1951 i n w h ic h M cIn to sh and N o r th e r n Spy a p p le t r e e s w ere t r e a t e d w it h p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s o f s e v e r a l grow th r e g u l a t i n g su b ­ sta n ce s# The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e t e s t s , a s m easu red by c h e m ic a l d e t e r m in a t io n s and p h y s i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s , a r e r e p o r t e d below # A# M cIn tosh A p p le s o f t h e M cIn to sh v a r i e t y w ere h a r v e s t e d t w i c e i n 19^ 9 from t r e a t e d and u n t r e a t e d t r e e s and s t o r e d f o r a p p r o x im a te ly f o u r m onth s a t 3 2 ° P# At t h e c o n c lu s i o n o f t h e s t o r a g e p e r io d th e a p p le s w ere a n a ly z e d f o r s u g a r s , a c i d s , m o i s t u r e , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e s s , and t h e r e s u l t i n g d a ta f o r grow th r e g u l a t o r tr e a t m e n t s and h a r v e s t d a t e s a r e sum m arized i n T a b le ij. (S e e A p p en d ix T a b le s 1 2 and 1 3 f o r more d e t a i l e d d a t a ) . T h ere w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n o r f ir m n e s s o f t h e f r u i t f o r tr e a t m e n t s ( i n c l u d ­ i n g t h e c h e c k ) and h a r v e s t d a t e s . The ground c o l o r , when o b s e r v e d a f t e r s t o r a g e , was v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y more y e ll o w f o r t h e f r u i t o f t h e se c o n d p i c k in g th a n f o r t h e f r u i t o f th e f i r s t p ic k in g . H ow ever, no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n grou n d c o l o r o c c u r r e d b e tw e e n t r e a t m e n t s and t h e c h e ck f o r 30 TABLE ^ MEAN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR, AND FLESH FIRMNESS OF McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 8 AND l i t , 19^4-9 ( O b s e r v e d a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° F f o r m ore t h a n f o u r m o n t h s ) T reatm ent H arvest period Invert sugars (% ) C h e ck NAA 1 0 ppm NAA 20 ppm T o l o x y 20 ppm T o l o x y 30 ppm H a r v e s t m eans A cids (ml .I N NaOH) M oisture (*) C olor ratin g Firm ness (lb s.) 1st 2n d 9.20 9.30 5.1+ 5 .5 8 6.5 86.5 it.o 3 .3 8.6 8.8 Mean 9.214. 5.5 86.5 3.7 8.6 1st 2nd 5.0 it.9 4.9 86,7 86.1 8 6 .lt 3 .9 3.2 3.8 9.1 8 .6 Mean 8.71 9.03 8.87 8 .9 1st 2nd 8*62 8.82 5.1+ 86.9 86.6 3.7 3.3 8 .6 8 . 1+ Mean 8.72 5.1 86.8 3 .5 8.5 1st 2n d 5.3 5.0 85 .9 86.2 3.7 3.3 10.1 8.8 Mean 9.20 9.31+ 9.28 5.1 860I 3.5 9 .5 1st 2nd 8 .96 9.30 5.5 5.0 86.3 85.9 9.2 9.1 Mean 9.18 5.1 86.0 I4-0 O 3.5 3 .8 1st 2n d 8.9149.16 5.3 5.0 86.5 8 6.3 3.9 3 .3 9.1 8.7 2.2 1.92 Observed F v a lu e s : 2.56 B etw een t r e a t m e n t s me a n s B e t w e e n h a r v e s t m eans 2 . 2 0 0.65 1.39 0 . 514- 1.16 27.7** 9.1 2.50 31 f r u i t h a r v e s t e d a t t h e same d a t e . A l l sam ples o f t h e se c o n d p i c k i n g were s l i g h t l y h i g h e r i n s u g a r s t h a n t h o s e o f t h e f i r s t p i c k i n g when a n a l y z e d a t the c o n c lu sio n o f th e s to ra g e p e rio d . At t h i s t im e , however a l l l o t s o f f r u i t o f th e f i r s t h a r v e s t which r e c e i v e d a growth r e g u l a t o r s p r a y , e x c e p t T o l o x y a t 20 ppm, w e r e s l i g h t l y lo w e r i n s u g a r s th a n were th e u n t r e a t e d f r u i t . The f r u i t f r o m t h e s e c o n d p i c k i n g t h a t r e c e i v e d NAA w e r e a l s o s l i g h t l y lo w e r th a n th e u n t r e a t e d l o t a t th e end o f the sto ra g e p e rio d . The m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t showed s m a l l b u t in sig n ific a n t d ifferen ces. No t r e n d f o r e i t h e r t r e a t m e n t s o r h a r v e s t d a t e s was e v i d e n t . At t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h e s t o r a g e p e r i o d , the t i t r a t - a b le a c i d i t y f o r f r u i t r e c e i v i n g th e growth r e g u l a t o r s p r a y s was s l i g h t l y l e s s f o r t h e s e c o n d t h a n f o r t h e f i r s t h arv est. H ow eve r, t h e u n t r e a t e d f r u i t c o n t a i n e d a p p r o x i ­ m ately th e same p e r c e n t o f a c i d s f o r b o t h h a r v e s t d a t e s 0 The t r e a t e d f r u i t s of th e second h a r v e s t were a ls o somewhat s o f t e r t h a n t h o s e o f t h e f i r s t h a r v e s t , when t e s t e d im m ed iately a f t e r s to ra g e a t 32° P, The f r u i t s of t h e f i r s t h a r v e s t t r e a t e d w i t h T o l o x y a t 20 ppm w e r e more firm th an the o th e r f r u i t h a rv e ste d a t the M c I n t o s h was h a r v e s t e d o n c e i n 195>0o sitio n , h arv est, ground c o lo r , same t i m e , C h e m i c a l compo­ and f i r m n e s s were d e te r m i n e d a t a f t e r t e n d a y s o f s t o r a g e a t 70° P , a n d a f t e r t h r e e m onths o f s t o r a g e a t 32° P. The d a t a o b t a i n e d from 32 these t e s t s year, a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e 3* As i n t h e p r e v i o u s t h e r e w e r e no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a t t h e c o n ­ c lu s io n of the c o ld sto ra g e p e rio d in the sugar c o n te n t, m oisture c o n te n t, ground c o lo r , o r firm n ess of the f r u i t ( S e e a l s o A p p e n d i x T a b l e s II4. - 16) „ H o w e v e r , when t h e f r u i t was a n a l y z e d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° F , t h o s e t r e a t e d w i t h T o l o x y a t 20 ppm w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r in a c id s th a n the u n tr e a te d f r u i t or th o se r e c e iv in g 20 ppm o f NAA. T h is d i f f e r e n c e d i d n o t o c c u r a t th e tim e o f h a r v e s t o r a f t e r h o l d i n g t h e f r u i t f o r t e n d a y s a t 70° P« L ikew ise, t h e r e w e r e no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t r e a t m e n t s i n t h e o t h e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a t t h e s e two s a m p l i n g dates o The s u g a r c o n t e n t o f t h e M c I n t o s h f r u i t little change d u r in g s t o r a g e (Figure I I ) . I n 1 93 0 show ed A lthough th e s p ra y s o f growth r e g u l a t o r s a p p e a re d to I n f lu e n c e th e s u g a r c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t i n 191+9 , t h e a p p l e s t r e a t e d w i t h s u c h s p r a y s i n 1930 d i d n o t show, a t t h e e n d o f t h e 3 2 ° F storage p erio d , a d e c r e a s e i n s u g a r s as compared w i t h th e u n trea te d f r u i t . I n c r e a s e s i n g ro u n d c o l o r and d e c r e a s e s i n f l e s h f i r m n e s s w e r e r a t h e r m a r k e d and c o n s i s t e n t f o r a l l l o t s c f f r u i t d u r i n g th e s t o r a g e p e r i o d s a t b o t h h i g h and low tem peratures fru it (Figures I I I and I V ) . also decreased curing sto ra g e. sug ars c o n te n ts o f the a p p le s, The a c i a i t y o f t h e The m o i s t u r e a n d a s shown i n F i g u r e I I , did n o t c h a n g e a p p r e c i a b l y b e t w e e n h a r v e s t a nu t h e e n d c f t h e s t o r a g e p e r i o d s a t 32 O o c o r 70 F . o o' Od ca CQ CQ U ct • w GO w ct ct P 0 0 4 vn o >&4 a 4 4 < CD CD CD CD CD P P CQ H p . ct Ct CD t, <5 VO CD V O - 0 CD f \ ) CD H 0 3 ct ro o o o ffi ffi £T ^CD 5 > ro o i-3 H o d ffi ro ffi o 4 CD P ct 3 CD 3 ct ffi ffi 3 3 ■o •d 3 o 3* CD O p? 125 > > W ct 0 4 CD & CQ ct 0 4 CD & at M p 4 CQ ct C o -0 O O' ro o o o ffi ffi CQ ct 0 4 CD pi CD ct 0 4 CD Pi ffi p 4 <5 CD ca ct V O -0 CQ ct 0 4 CD P 03 ct 0 4 CD P ffi p 4 < CD CQ ct CQ ct 0 4 CD P CQ ct 0 4 CD P ro o C o —0 ro V o —0 ro o hr] f f i ffi ffi ffi ffi o o o o o CO CD 4 ct p CD c t a> o o ^ ffi CQ P O 4 3 0 ooo a * • sO H Sp Vo O O P ^O vO sO a a a ' O —o v a O H C O H O nO nO a a a H -O sD CD—J CD H vD vO vO a a a -J s O V A V A ro o xn H O sO O D a a a P CDsO H O O sO sO vD a a a CDsO '-£> V A CD O 5 ^TO v- v jd CD 4 4 CQ c t q p CD 4 ro c t ro O ct 4 O P 4 TO P CD TO CD P ct p ct vo o ro e ro U )O H • ■ • ro-o va H-fr-M 0 - 0 CD • a a -J HVA —0 —0 vO a a a vO H U ) 0 -0 a a o vO V A O O —0 vO a a o O O P VAOCD a a a o -o o CD CD CD OVAVA a a V A —J CD CD CD CD VAVAVA a a -O -p -fO CD CD CD OVAVA a a a - 0 - 0 VA CD CD CD 'O T .V A 'A a a nO - J - F " CD CD CD OVAVA a P O O ffi s ' > P o P ffi a p '—' 1—1 xn ffi P o 3 ro o h a • • HVa H O CDO a a a o H* 'S-^CQ Ct a a S CD ro — o O O O ffi v _ .ffi v» p ro Hu; a a o V A C D -p" ro rovo a a a V A H p ro h v o a a a -O v O -p - ro ro c«j a a a CD O O ro ro vo a a a O H p u O O D tV oroH o a o v a -f ; o h -F” ro H ■vO CDVO a a O v O O a H O s O -p " a a OVAVA a H vO C D V jj a a a V A s O CD P v O 'O - F " a a o VO o o P v O v O -F a a a H VA O O O H O H TO •— P O' CO a — ffi p 4 g p CD CQ CQ 3 P OF ooo a « • -0 o o 4 P ct P >1 H CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR, AND FLESH FIRMNESS McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 27, 1 95 0 ct H 12! > at & “ 00 3 CD 3 VA 1 •*1 4 < CD p P H cd t3 O H O MEAN ct 4 CD P ct CD CD cf 4 «: < CD CD CD P j ro «a ■f=- Figure II« CO o C O m “O 30 o m oo ro m 30 CD * < u CENT oo > > AS PER 00 ui 00 <0 m 30 X d o oo C O OJ CO oo 30 > O co H O x _ > 00 C D m co vo > m o Ul H o X > CD m X 00 > cd co o Ul MOISTURE-EXPRESSED 04 00 I- o 04 roo o CD M o i s t u r e and c a r b o h y d r a t e c o n t e n t s of McIntosh a p p le s h a r v e s t e d September 27, 19^0. (Observed at h a r v e s t , 10 days a f t e r s t o r a g e at 70° F and a f t e r th r e e months of s t o r a g e at 32° F*) tfC 00 ro “O 30 m co CO I m x CT) CO I > X < m co m co c= <0 T) ■o O "0 •o 3D x oo > OJ x < m 00 co 41* T) TJ s o x -< ro O ■0 "0 o > Ul m ro O X m o X J> > > 4* Oi 00 JO ■C. ro o I m o z > > z J> > ro 00 Oi Figure AS ML. OF m o > o 0.1/N C O A C ID IT Y -E X P R E S S E D III* 33 33 Na OH Acid c o n te n t and f i r m n e s s of McIntosh apple s h a r v e s t e d September 27, 1 9 5 0 (Observed at h a r v e s t , 10 days a f t e r s t o r a g e at 70° F and a f t e r t h r e e months of s t o r a g e at 32 F*) & JO JO H O H O CD 71 > C D m CD > C D m Oo oo > CD m _ o CO 00 CO JO JO > o m H O CO CD o 71 2 o C O ro o c ro oo m co CO CO O J CO 33 O J m CO CO oi m > JO < -< u> X X i m x ro > JO < X m co 2} o o *o "0 ■O "0 2 33 o X -< m i ro o in 00 T> T) O X m o x > > > > ro o ~D ~0 ro Ol o X m o x z > > > > *ro a> *3 H* CP £ tj © H < P ^ M) O Ct O' © tj ct p ts © © B o p p o ro I > 3) < m co OJ c r> H ZD o p o o h-> o 4 O o o o p P >"!> ct p '< 5 (0 © co o M M)** P ct o ct CQ ct o O © o P P P .p P "0 n OQ^ X3 -< m © GO M © P P © Ct Hj Ct P O J \jJ © P ro 4 o < ro ^ ct CO H O M o p OQ ffi go ct © a © m © p ct ct o ro JO o > CD m ffi OJ -o g o cr o© ro 05 -0 ->) vD VA oo O 71 CO o JO > CD m 9£ (jy ii ro m m ©soqq UBqq jo s t s -^x^ uts qqxn x£6l p©q.BGuq s ©pocre q s o q u i o n GSBUoqs-usqjB ©qq up p u t i c j s e n px©B s s © i • qouBM pure / u B m i B f u i j[o©qo ©qq UBqq sureSns u i u e n o p quqn ewos osx"e 9J6M q p n u j pGqeeuq-Axoxox, pm? WM ©qj 0 ( it 0 11 d i l - £ ‘t f £2 ) I I «xsqui©qd©s puB o£ q s n S n v p e q u e u q ©soqq a o ( UYU dtl“ £ ) 0 £ q s n S n v uo p s ^ e u d s ©soqq UBqq qu©wqB©uq ©qq uiouj qo©jj© ss©x p o n o q s ( ua „ d.L-5‘^ * 2 ) XX u©qmeqd©£ uo d J j - ^ ' V Z J ° suoxqBOTxddy ’ ^o o q o ©qq j o ©soqq UBqq £e ? B u o q s u©qjB ‘u q h c x ^ x i 11^ 0 ! J T U^ T E S13M utL-;3 £+[eS q q x n p©qB©uq q.xnuj J© ( s u b S u s sb p s s s s u d x © ) q u e quoo s p p p o s © i q n i o s ©qjj *ub©£ S u x p a o s u d ©qq Suxunp q p n u j q s o q u i o u u od n © o a eu x J1*! q u B o p j p u S i s aub ©ures s p q q q Sno q q p e qu©x© q o u pp p uoqu xr iSsu qqnouS qp-P* p s q u a u q Q-xnuj ©qq «ioj p©uunooo s q o © j j 9 q u s q s p s u o o qsoui p u s q c a S u B i sqj, “Q-T^J ©qq j o ss© u w u x j ©qq pub -£qxppoB ©xqBqBuqpq £s p x x ° s ©iqnxos ux squeuiqBoaq U9 ©Mq©q s a o a e a s j j x p 3 u x q x u q s ©taos Moqs ‘ (61 - IT sepqBj, x x p u a d d y o s j b o©S) L P"m? sb 2 , J4., 5-T P "C" ( a p p l i e d Aug. 30 and S e p t . 11) S torage p e rio d s O b serv ed F . v a l u e s : B etw een t r e a t m e n ts B e tw ee n s t o r a g e p e r io d s L .S .D . betw een tr e a tm e n ts : 5$ l e v e l 1% l e v e l 5.0 0 ' 6.2lv"~ 0*17 1 8 2 ,5 2 '”"“' 0 .6 0,8 fit S oluble s o lid s expressed as sugars 0,7 loO 2 ,30 2 * 10 — — 3 . 8 3 ’,~ 26.1v0'^'^■^^, 0 o8 loO 40 not tre a te d . T h i s d i f f e r e n c e was h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t ® H o w e v e r , t h e 2,1+,5-TP ” Bn t r e a t m e n t h a d l e s s e i t h e r t h e "A” o r ,TCn t r e a t m e n t s . storage, e f f e c t than The a c i d c o n t e n t , after o f t h e a p r l e s o f t h e 2,1+, 5-TP "A” t r e a t m e n t was l o w e r t h a n t h o s e t r e a t e d w i t h NAA an d T c l o x y . The f r u i t o f t h e 2,1+,5-TP t,C,t t r e a t m e n t w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s a c i d t h a n t h o s e t r e a t e d w i t h NAA. sa m p les were a l s o The NAA- a n d T o l o x y - t r e a t e d s l i g h t l y low er i n a c i d i t y th a n the check, b u t n o t e n o u g h so a s t o b e s t a t i s t i c a l l y sig n ifican t. The 2 , l + , 5 - T P "A" s a m p l e s h a d t h e l e a s t amount o f a c i d i t y a n d t h e u n t r e a t e d s a m p l e s t h e g r e a t e s t amount o f a c i d i t y a s shown i n F i g u r e V. The e f f e c t s o f t h e v a r i o u s t r e a t m e n t s on f i r m n e s s a n d g r o u n d c o l o r o f M c I n t o s h a p p l e s i n 1951 a r e i l l u . s t r a . t e d i n F i g u r e VT. The u s e o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s o f 2,1+,5-TP re s u lte d in f r u i t , at harv est, t h a t were l e s s f i r m t h a n t h e c h e c k f r u i t a n d t h o s e t r e a t e d w i t h NAA. e n c e i n f i r m n e s s was h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t . This d i f f e r ­ T h i s e f f e c t was n o t o b s e r v e d f o r 2 , 4 , 5-T P on M c I n t o s h d u r i n g t h e p r e c e d i n g year. The s a m p l e s o f t h e 2,l+>5-TP MCU t r e a t m e n t w e r e a l s o l e s s firm a t h a rv e s t th an the T c lo x y -tre a te d f r u i t a t a h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l , w h i l e t h o s e o f t h e "A" a n d n3 u t r e a t m e n t s were l e s s f ir m a t th e f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l . A l t h o u g h t h e f r u i t o f 2 , 4 , 5-TP nAn a n d "C" t r e a t m e n t s w e r e s l i g h t l y more y e l l o w i n g r o u n d c o l o r a t h a r v e s t t h a n f r u i t o f t h e c h e c k , NAA, a n d T o l o x y t r e a t m e n t s , w e r e net. s i g n i f i c a n t . the d iffe re n c e s ACIDITY - EXPRESSED AS ML. OF O.l/N NAOH CO in CD X o LU X o < < >X o cJ a CM CJ i ini 4 k CM cr o 3 < ro x O tr < CM S CO m > ro QT < Z 3 CM < “0 LU O LU CL cr cr CL LU 1 X LU —I GO 3 _J O CO harvested after 4 CO o> X O cr oo 2 < CO < LU 0 CO CO LU CM Q CO _] o CO o> QC V Z m CD < -3 Acid and s o l u b l e s o l i d s c o n t e n t s of McIntosh a o p le s September 28, 1951* (Observed in Ja nuary and March st o r a g e at 32 T51«) CM 3 > iO> oj X O x CO X CO 3 _ Z < —3 >X 00 < CL < CO “3 < 0 LU <0 CO CO LU cr OJ CL GROUND to color snd (Observed X LU 1 CO CO LU — ro h CO LU > KM§ 00 O UJ X o < < > X o a. I ? otf I cvT cr (— 1 10 CJ X X o UJ X o >X o _i o CD 0. 11 lO v' cvT oj" !< CL 1-I in 0 0. 11 0> H co LU > GO X < X Ground 195lo >- k» Q Z ID O VI . ro 10 5lcvT p;urs COLOR-l=YELLOW,5=GREEN (O apple s h a r v e s t e d a f t e r st o r a g e at < < f i r m n e s s of McIntosh in January and March o x September 32° F a ) 29 ro k3 I n 195>lj a s shown i n F i g u r e V I , t h e f r u i t o f t h e 2 , 14- , £-TP "A” a n d n C” t r e a t m e n t s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s f i r m a f t e r s t o r a g e th a n th o s e o f e i t h e r th e check o r th e NAA t r e a t m e n t . A l l l o t s o f a p p l e s t r e a t e d w i t h 2,1}., 3?-TP w e r e a l s o s l i g h t l y l e s s f i r m , when r e m o v e d f r o m s t o r a g e , th a n th o s e t r e a t e d w ith T oloxy. m ents, The f r u i t o f a l l t r e a t ­ i n c l u d i n g t h e c h e c k , were s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s f i r m i n March t h a n i n J a n u a r y . F i g u r e VI i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t th e growth r e g u l a t o r s d id n o t e f f e c t th e ground c o l o r o f M cIntosh a p p le s a t h a r v e s t o r wh en t h e f r u i t was o b s e r v e d I n J a n u a r y a n d M a r c h . T his was a l s o o b s e r v e d i n t h e s t u d i e s o f t h e p r e v i o u s two y e a r s . B. N o r t h e r n Spy N o r t h e r n Spy t r e e s were t r e a t e d w i t h s p r a y s o f g r o w t h r e g u l a t o r s i n t h e same m a n n e r a s M c I n t o s h i n 191+9 a n d s i m i l a r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a n d o b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e f r u i t w e r e made a t h a r v e s t a n d a f t e r t h r e e months o f s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° F . T his v a r i e t y was p i c k e d o n l y o n ce i n , 191+9« The 191+9 d a t a f o r t h i s v a r i e t y a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 8 ( S e e a l s o A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 20 and 2 1 ) . No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w ere o b s e rv e d betw een t r e a t m e n t s a t h a r v e s t o r a f te r storage. H o w ev e r , the sugar c o n te n t o f th e f r u i t d e crea se d s l i g h t l y during sto ra g e f o r a l l f r u i t . D iffer­ e n c e s i n a c i d i t y were e i t h e r too sm all o r too I n c o n s i s t e n t t o i n d i c a t e a n y e f f e c t s fr o m t h e t r e a t m e n t s . P r o t e i n con­ t e n t a t h a r v e s t w a s som ewhat g r e a t e r f o r f r u i t t r e a t e d w i t h kk- co _ d co - d co - d C —CO 0s in- o mo o oo i— IH -do • a r— ofCO o co - d co co rH i— I • o o o coo d) 0s co o tn n OJ CVJ OJ co h oo co H CO COvO • • -d \T\cO O- C- cof- O lA ao - d co d d 00 CO COCO coco coco COCO CO H c^-vo i n n qovo vO O COO o « o o cO CO bO OF GROUND COLOR, AND FLESH FIRMNESS HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 0 - 1 2 , 1 9 ^ 9 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, NORTHERN SPY APPLES COO * • d CJ O .H iH O© o o CO CVJ O d u © © p m X! +3 Cl o e © © d XJ P CJ •H © &0 otS © § -p *rHv— * o s a •H © P\R O O' o a « cod co co cP-d c^-co co c\ j co co coco OO oo oo oo -d• ha vO CO COSO 03 O O• CO a • o a a «V o r-tn- r— r— C - O - in-co CV! CO a o d P-. i • I co • • • o o o H CO o • co co o oo • H O d d -p ro © > d © XJ -P © d © > d © ra X! O ® Ed •H O H O Si < B fzi 4-3 03 d d © ©^ > oOm d d*— h « © S •H MEAN EH 43 ti © e 43 © © d Eh in - c— 1AcO vO • ao• OO 1 ; coo rH-d COCO 00 vO CO H i>-o rH -d a • a a a a a o a » rH i— 1 COpH rH O i— 1i— I rHO pHrH rH i—1 rH rH rH rH rH pH coco n m -P co d P md ©© io ia vD -d • • pHrH O ' CO ©© > d d O ©P Ed cn > d d O ©p Ed co P P 03 d 03 d ©© ©© > d > d d O d o ©P ©p Ed CO Ed co 1 d o © x< o . e a. a O rH < d d O ©P Ed CO S Cl P-o a. CO CO O CO * i>= O H o Eh < X o 1— 1 o EH •« © © d i— i © > d © > d © ro X o 03 P d © £ p © © d P P ra d d ©© © > d ©d O £ ©P p M co © CQ 1*.9 grow th r e g u l a t o r s t h a n f o r th e check f r u i t . co n ten t of a l l The p r o t e i n spray ed f r u i t d ecreased s l i g h t l y d u rin g the storage p e rio d . None o f t h e p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y t r e a t m e n t s a p p e a r e d t o i n f l u e n c e t h e g r o u n d c o l o r o r f i r m n e s s o f t h e f r u i t when exam ined e i t h e r a t h a r v e s t o r a f t e r s t o r a g e . o f t h i s v a r i e t y se e m e d t o A ll apples s o f t e n e q u a l l y a n d showed a s i m i l a r i n c r e a s e i n g r o u n d c o l o r d u r i n g s t o r a g e i n 19l+9» I n 1 9 5 0 , N o r t h e r n Spy t r e e s w e r e g i v e n t h e same g r o w t h r e g u l a t o r tr e a tm e n ts as M cIntosh. once and o b se rv ed a t h a r v e s t , 70° F, The f r u i t was h a r v e s t e d a f t e r t e n days o f s t o r a g e a t a n d a g a i n a f t e r t h r e e m o n th s a t 32° P , The 1 9 9 0 d a t a w h i c h a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 9 show no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s from t h e s p r a y s o f growth r e g u l a t o r s a t e i t h e r th e h i g h o r lo w s t o r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e s (S e e F i g u r e VTI a n d a l s o A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 22 - 2l\.) • A l l N o r t h e r n Spy f r u i t s w e r e s l i g h t l y s o f t e r , acid, less a n d h a d somewhat m o re g r o u n d c o l o r a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° a n d 70° P t h a n a t h a r v e s t ( F i g u r e s VTII a n d I X ) , The t r e a t e d f r u i t w e r e s l i g h t l y more f i r m t h a n t h e c h e c k f r u i t a t h a r v e s t and a f t e r s t o r a g e a t b o t h t e m p e r a t u r e s . The N o r t h e r n Spy t r e e s r e c e i v e d t h e same d i f f e r e n t i a l t r e a t m e n t s o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s as M cIn to sh i n 1991• S o l u b l e s o l i d s and t i t r a t a b l e a c i d i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n s and c o l o r a n d f i r m n e s s o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e made a t h a r v e s t a n d I n F e b r u a r y a n d A p r i l on f r u i t s t o r e d a t 3 2 ° P . The s i g n i f i - CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR, AND FLESH FIRMNESS NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 25, 1 9 5 0 OF I4.6 Ph o o r~- 60 &G O *H H P o Ph d A A • OO d n o H H H • Oo- A« AOJ H vO C—A AA A a a a CO H H O OS O H H rl a a • CO H H A AOJ a o dO J H H H H o 'O H O ' • a • d oj o _c)-vOd 0 * O AH TAC-vO a a a O 1—I o odoj a a a 1A CM h CM O O- a a a CO rH H daA va Oa OHO (A C O d" CO A C\J O v0 O o dm d d A d d A H CO CO CD co 00 co vC cO CO a a a d A b -d 0 CO H H -p cd 00 cd XS © u !>-A A -p a a a dA A •H ' o A [— H a a a d d A OOCOCO co co co O O -A IA H C O UNO O a a a dA A co co co a a O a O HO CO Ph c o O Q-l -P 03 © bC ra cd Jh -P Oc -P o co e Is; W H r -» XS o {xj •H O o H cd • ■• O 0-0- • • * O cO A H ©a r la- Ga O0D o a a a 0s [—vO O COCO A d o d c o co • • • A dH AC—CM rH O J O CO o - r a a a CM a H O 1— I 1—I Ph © © © P Ph cd P -P © Ph Ph •* Ph P © W+5 © cd © cd > &om P! 3 ^ H © vOvOxO AAO d o -A t-vo a OOO 1— 1 1— 1 1— 1 OOO H H H a a a O O O HH H Ph Ph Ph P h Ph Ph PhPh Ph P h O O O OJ 0 -A O O O CO O- A OO O CM t—A O O O OJ 0—A O O O OJ O -A a a a a a a OJ OvO d A A O O O H rH H cr-co O vO A O a a a a a a O O O H H H O O H Ph cd tJ d £ cd P cd xi © J> Ph © m © £ •H EH X> P © xi d © © © P m Xj xi © © © Pi O > Ph Ph Ph O O > Ph Ph O cd p P M co co cd P P tn co co > Ph Ph Ph O O ©P P d co co -P ji'd 'd © © © > Ph Ph Ph O O cd P -P M cO co P cn xi xi © © © > Ph Ph Ph O O cd -P K cO co MEAN O P © x) xi © ® © p P £ © £ p cd © Ph E-< X o © XI o £ P p. o £ P* p. o I—I OJ Ph Ph Ph Eh I A CO p O CM 0- A p © xf d c ©© © 0 > Ph Ph © © Ph O O > 5 cd -p p ■ Ph P ffi CO CO © © OT CO X! O Xf in CD 6 '3LU O < tr o hoo co CO CVJ 00 Ll CENT o O b- CD cr Ll o O b- < o 3 CO O OO co cr AS PER LU in > vj- CO oo CD MOISTURE-EXPRESSED LU CD 00 cr o CVJ CO 00 o cvj — ro oo < Q UJ cr> CO cn LU cr oo Q_ lu O < tr o Ico o X CJ ro LU I CO cr o oo CD < o CO LU oo _l □□ CL cl 0 LlJ 1 o o < < ro 00 CL CL O > X cvj o _l < o in v CO LU > cr < CM 00 cm' i< o CO cr LU 0. CL o LJ X o O < 2 CL CL O CM < 2 >o X 1 V-' m (f) cr < oo x cm' 00 o 00 CD VTT. O < cr o i.M (rure LU Moisture and c a r b o h y d r a t e c o n t e n t s of Northern Spy apoles h a r v e s t e d October 25, 1950. (Observed at h a r v e s t , 10 days a f t e r s t o r a g e at 70 and a f t e r three months of s t o r a g e at 32° P . ) O CD !, O O w '■s\ J j O' p oo H C C •* E "LTV CVJ OJ P- UJ O < tr < cr C OO - o »- r- CO in D- ov NaOH o O N AS ML. OF O.l/N ACIDITY-EXPRESSED o < cr C/) ^ OJ ro o P X? TO £ H * 0 LU 1 o oo LlJ > cr < .s.* CL CL o CVJ o V x o <1 < _J < <1 o h- in I CO CO CL X! © P P Ph 1-1 O cC £5 C O 1h !>* 0 os T? ro 1 S-i P ♦h P • ro Ip OJ) t>o C tiro “d tu c\j as X 3 ro p p G al © P CO ~ UJ > cr < - i p aJ © x3 bO £ © cS O > Ph o Ph O © P t5 ro w ♦rH P o o l-t <£ ^—' O < OJ in Oaj © EjO l>i 03 ~ f-t vO C Ph W © Ph © r-l pH pL, aj X iO O roo Ll I a. 1 -1 oo o

£ AO cd -P jd m ra £ CD OQ £ Ah cd Ah O a! o cr o _i o o xi in cvj ZD O C O cvj l j > tr < >o x cr CD x o UJ X o Q. 0. o < < CL CL o OJ < < >X o £ +3 m O cd jd i—1 -p O XJ £ O © o > S xi £ £ ]., and from F e b r u a r y 19 - 2 8 . 51 TABLE 10 MEAN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR, AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 8 , 1951 (Observed a t h a r v e s t) T reatm ent S u g a r s 8(?) A cids (ml . I N NaOH) C olor ratin g Firm ness (lb s.) Check 13 .4 9 .7 2.5 1 4 .0 NAA 20 ppm 13*8 1 1.3 2 .9 14.7 T o l o x y 20 ppm 1 3.4 10.7 2.8 2,!]., 5 - T P "A” ( a p p l i e d Octo 1) 1 4 .2 11 .5 2.7 2,1)., 5-T P "B ” ( a p p l i e d 0 c t a 12) 14.1 9.8 2.8 1 4 .9 2 , 4 * 5-T P "C" ( a p p l i e d Oct* 1 and O c t . 12) 13.8 12.0 2 .7 lW O bserved F v a lu e s : lo l4 aS oluble s o l i d s e x p re sse d as sugars 1.1 5 1 .4 2 O.ij-7 TA B LE 11 MEAN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 8 , 1951 ( O b s e r v e d i n F e b r u a r y a n d A p r i l a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° F) T reatm ent C h e ck NAA 20 ppm T o l o x y 20 ppm Time S u g a rs 8 Acids (ml .IN (!) NaOH) C olor ratin g Firm ness (lb s.) Feb. A pril 13.7 13.0 8 .1 7 .2 1 .9 1.8 1 2.1 11.1 Mean 13.4 7 .5 1 .9 11 .7 Feb. A pril 13.8 13 .4 7.9 7 .4 2.1 2 .2 12.2 11.0 Mean 13.6 7.7 2 .2 11.6 Feb. A pril 13.7 13.3 13.6 7 .4 6 .5 11.8 11.3 7.0 2 .0 1 .9 2 .0 11 .5 2.1 1 .9 2.0 12.2 10.9 11.5 Mean Feb. A pril Mean 13.6 13.1 1 3 .4 8 .2 7 .4 7.8 2 , 4 * 5 - T P "B" ( a p p l i e d O c t . 11) Feb. A pril Mean 13.6 1 3.6 13.6 8 .1 6.5 7.3 2 .2 1.8 2.0 12.3 11.5 12.0 2 , 4 , 5 - T P "C" ( a p p lie d O ct. 1 and O c t . 11) Feb. A pril 1 4.0 13.6 8.1 7.0 12.0 1 1 .4 Mean 13.8 7.5 1 .9 1.7 1.8 Feb. A pril 13.7 1 3.3 8 .0 7.0 2 .0 1 .9 12.1 11.2 1 .4 0 3.00 4.89' 24.63' 0.79 2 , 4 , 5-T P "A" ( a p p l i e d O c t . 1) S torage p e rio d s Observed F v a lu e s : B etw een t r e a t m e n t s 1 . 0 0 ^ 2.66** B etw een s t o r a g e p e r i o d s 8 »68 3 7 . 6 9 * * 1.00 T reatm ent x sto ra g e p e rio d — L .S .D . betw een t r e a t m e n t s : •0.7 — % lev el 1 .0 ifo l e v e l aS o lu b le s o l i d s e x p r e s s e d as s u g a r s 11.7 0 .9 1 .2 QC CL £ < C L D^ in D> CO cr < CD ZD CO ACIDITY-EXPRESSED AS ML. OF O.I/NAOH lO) Ll I CM cr > tr < =5 (E m _ Li O DO > - cr < z> cr co ui .10 LL- Ll I CL CO < o O U_ LU CO CO LU lO cr CM -to CL X LU CO Q ■o — . t o O CO . < >- X sc o UJ X o o 0tI < 00 0 0- 0 I- I1 i to«• lO 0> . ID CM CM > cr < x i- < 't < < 0 UJ I— C O Li LU _ i 0Q ZD _J O CO >X o UJ X o cm' JlO X < <1 z < 00 0. CL 0. II II m 1 o in *■' CM rf cm' > cr < x i< 0 Iin *■' cm' kn (as s u g a r s ) o r e s e n t in N o r t h e r n (Observed at h a r v e s t and i n F .) CE solids 19?1* at 32° CM lOO Acid (as 0,1 N NaOH) and s o l u b l e Soy aooles h a r v e s t e d Octooer 16, February and April a f t e r s t o r a g e ro X CD u d 5k m O ' r -i IT> CVJ ao fe rH O JL* CVJ <&co - O — - or a. < 01 03 a o L> -p cd o o © 60 ■d cd ©G -p o 03 -P © 03 > G G cd © ro 03 cd ® rH H I D-fH in dG cvj Cd O , - CVJ CO in q; “ CQ LJ Ll O Z CD LJ Ll ZD o cd g © & £3 cd P 3 G G OX) £5 ® O G Q_ •H 03 03X3 ©G m O Cj cd G P LU CO CO LU •H 03 Ch © > 3 G Gcd cr COLOR- cd £3 Q_ ro GROUND cc < lo cr G P ro X O cd H o -3 LU m cvj CO LJ o UJ X o > X < < o _J o CL Ii 00 _o CL H i CL *- •OJ in. i in cvf cvf *r C V j' CVJ > cr o © I !> CO CO CO LJ > LU p < x t- in < cr 3 G cvj > X o UJ X o < < z o CL t Ii mi m cvj' cvj' cr < x _o CL H ■ m i— o < G © 3 m O £3 G O CO— t-H X © CVJ 03 r-. The r e s p i r a t i o n c u r v e s i n F ig u r e X II a re p l o t t e d from t y p i c a l d a ta and i l l u s t r a t e t h e amount o f v a r i a b i l i t y t h a t g e n e r a l l y o c c u r r e d b e tw e e n r e p l i c a t e s * The d e t a i l e d d a ta f o r t h e s e r e s p i r a t i o n s t u d i e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n A p pend ix T a b le s 16 and 17* The g e n e r a l l e v e l s o f r e s p i r a t i o n , a s m ea su red b y CO2 p r o d u c t io n , w ere s i m i l a r f o r a l l t r e a t m e n t s a t h a r v e s t and a g a in a f t e r s t o r a g e * fo u n d f o r e a c h v a r i e t y , T h is s i m i l a r i t y was a lth o u g h t h e two v a r i e t i e s had d iffe r e n t le v e ls o f r e s p ir a tio n . The r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s d id n o t show d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t c o u ld be a t t r i b u t e d t o p r e ­ h a r v e s t a p p l i c a t i o n s o f grow th r e g u l a t o r m a t e r ia ls # 56 CHECK TREE I M G. CO, PER KG. PER HOUR TREE 3 TREE 2 TREE I NAA TREE 2 TREE 4 20 JANUARY Figur© X I I • The r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s o f M c I n t o s h a p p l e s from u n t r e a t e d t r e e s and t h o s e s p r a y e d w i t h 5 - t r ic h lo r o p h e n o x y p r o p io n i c and napht h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d s , and h a r v e s t e d S e p te m b e r 28, 19^1♦ ( F ru it observed in January a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° F«) V I. DISCUSSION The r e s u l t s o f t h i s I n v e s t i g a t i o n show t h a t p r e h a r v e s t s t o p - d r o p s p r a y s a p p l ie d t o M cIn to sh and N o r th e r n Spy a p p le t r e e s o v e r a p e r io d o f t h r e e y e a r s i n M ic h ig a n o r c h a r d s had a v a r i a b l e e f f e c t upon t h e p h y s i o l o g y o f th e h a r v e s t e d f r u i t s * The d i f f e r e n c e s n o te d i n m ost i n s t a n c e s c a n n o t b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e m a t e r i a l s em p loyed b e c a u s e o f t h e v a r i ­ a b le r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d . H ow ever, i n 1951 2,1|.,5?-TP a f f e c t e d t h e p o s t - h a r v e s t p h y s i o l o g y o f th e M cIn to sh f r u i t more th a n NAA o r T o lo x y * P r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s o f NAA h ad no a p p a r e n t e f f e c t s upon t h e c h e m ic a l c o m p o s it io n , ground c o l o r o r f ir m n e s s o f h a r ­ v e s t e d M c In to sh and N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s d u r in g t h e t h r e e y e a r s o f t h is stu d y . H ow ever, t h i s m a t e r i a l may h a v e a d v a n ce d t h e r ip e n in g o f M cIn to sh f r u i t i n s t o r a g e i n 1951* T h is i s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t t h e s o l u b l e s o l i d s c o n t e n t w as s l i g h t l y lo w e r f o r t h e N A A -tre a ted f r u i t th a n f o r u n tr e a te d f r u i t (S e e T a b le 7 )« T h ese r e s u l t s a r e i n g e n e r a l a g r ee m e n t w it h t h o s e o f a number o f o t h e r w o rk ers* B a t j e r and Moon ( 7 ) r e p o r t e d no e f f e c t upon J o n a th a n , Rome B e a u ty and D e l i c i o u s a p p le s d u r in g s t o r a g e , a s m ea su red by f ir m n e s s and t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f s t o r a g e d i s o r d e r s . C h r is t o ­ p h e r and P ie n ia z e k (1 2 ) a l s o fo u n d t h a t NAA s p r a y s d id n o t a f f e c t fir m n e s s , t a s t e , and breakdow n o f M cIn to sh f r u i t s 58 in sto r a g e . H a l l e r (2 9 ) r e p o r t e d no i n f l u e n c e on t h e f ir m n e s s a t h a r v e s t , d u r in g s t o r a g e o r on t h e amount o f d e c a y , b reak d ow n , and s c a l d d u r in g c o ld s t o r a g e o f a number o f a p p le v a r i e t i e s , i n c l u d i n g J o n a th a n and D e l i c i o u s . The a g r ee m e n t o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d i e s r e p o r t e d i n t h i s p a p e r w i t h t h o s e c i t e d ab ove a r e due p r o b a b ly , a t l e a s t i n p a r t , t o t h e h a r v e s t i n g o f t h e e x p e r im e n t a l f r u i t a t t h e n o rm a l h a r v e s t i n g d a t e s o r s h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r . The a b s e n c e o f p o s t - h a r v e s t e f f e c t s o f NAA s p r a y s a p p l i e d b e f o r e h a r v e s t i s a p p a r e n t ly c o n t r a r y t o t h e f i n d ­ i n g s o f Smock and G ro ss (5 ^ )# T h ese w o r k e r s o b s e r v e d t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n s o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s c o n t a i n i n g 10 ppm o f NAA a p p l i e d t o i n d i v i d u a l lim b s o f M cIn to sh t r e e s c a u s e d th e f r u i t t o s o f t e n 0 . 5 pound more th a n t h e c h e c k f r u i t , i n 32° P sto r a g e o They a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t NAA s p r a y s i n c r e a s e d t h e r e s p i r a t i o n o f M cIn to sh f r u i t a t 7^-° F> when h a r v e s t e d f i v e or e ig h t days a f t e r tr e a tm e n t. A sh o r te r sto r a g e l i f e f o r t h e f r u i t i s im p lie d s i n c e an i n c r e a s e d r a t e o f r ip e n ­ i n g i s u s u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w it h an in c r e a s e d r a t e o f r e s p i r ­ a t i o n o f a p p le f r u i t ( 3 9 )* The same w o r k e rs l a t e r r e p o r t e d t h a t p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s o f NAA d id n o t i n c r e a s e t h e r e s p i r ­ a t i o n r a t e o f M cIn to sh a p p l e s . H ow ever, t h e f r u i t o f t h i s s t u d y w e re h a r v e s t e d tw o d a y s a f t e r s p r a y in g and w ere s t o r e d 58 d a y s a t 3 3 ° F* A l s o , t h e r e s p i r a t i o n m easu rem en ts w e re made a t 3 3 ° F r a t h e r th a n a t 7^ ° F> a s i n th e p r e v io u s stu d y . I t w as t h e i r o p in io n t h a t t h e l a c k o f r e s p o n s e t o NAA w as due t o th e lo w te m p e r a tu r e a t w h ic h r e s p i r a t i o n 59 w as m ea su red and t o t h e s h o r t i n t e r v a l b e tw e e n tr e a tm e n t and h a r v e s t . M c In to sh and N o r th e r n Spy f r u i t s a l s o f a i l e d t o e x h i b i t m arked p o s t - h a r v e s t e f f e c t s f o l l o w i n g t h e u s e o f d r o p d e l a y i n g s p r a y s o f T o lo x y d u r in g t h e t h r e e y e a r s o f t h i s in v e s tig a tio n . H ow ever, T o lo x y a p p l i c a t i o n s a t 20 ppm i n 19i|-9j. may h a v e h ad a s l i g h t e f f e c t on M cIn to sh f r u i t * T h is w as i n d i c a t e d by th e g r e a t e r d e c r e a s e i n f ir m n e s s o f t h e f r u i t b e tw e e n t h e f i r s t and se c o n d p i c k i n g s f o r t h i s t r e a t m e n t th a n w as fo u n d f o r o t h e r tr e a t m e n t s and th e c h e c k (S e e T a b le ij.) • F u r th e r m o r e , a te n d e n c y tow ard a d v a n ced r i p e n i n g i n s t o r a g e o f M cIn to sh f r u i t from t h e T o lo x y t r e a t m e n t was i n d i c a t e d i n 1951 by t h e f a c t t h a t th e a c i d and s o l u b l e s o l i d s c o n t e n t s o f th e f r u i t w ere som e­ w h at lo w e r a f t e r s t o r a g e th a n w as fo u n d f o r t h e c h e c k . T h is t r e n d , h o w e v e r , w as n o t su p p o r te d b y t h e o t h e r ch em i­ c a l and p h y s i c a l c h a n g e s o f t h e f r u i t i n 19i|-9 and 1951 o r Hjy th e d a ta o b t a in e d i n 1 9 5 0 . T h ese r e s u l t s a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o f Smock and G ross ( 55 ) who o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e o f M cIn to sh f r u i t was n o t m e a su r a b ly i n f l u e n c e d b y lim b s p r a y s o f T o lo x y a p p lie d two d a y s b e f o r e h a r v e st. T h e ir r e s p i r a t i o n m easu rem en ts w ere made a t 3 3 ° F a f t e r a s t o r a g e p e r io d o f 58 d a y s a t 3 3 ° F . H ow ever, t h e y a t t r i b u t e t h e a b s e n c e o f an e f f e c t t o t h e lo w te m p e r a tu r e a t w h ic h r e s p i r a t i o n was m easu red and t o t h e s h o r t i n t e r v a l o f tim e b e tw e e n s p r a y in g and h a r v e s t i n g . T h is i s t h e same 60 e x p l a n a t i o n t h e y o f f e r e d f o r t h e l a c k o f r e s p o n s e o b t a in e d w i t h NAA i n t h e same e x p e r im e n t* The r e s u l t s o b t a in e d i n 1951 w it h M cIn to sh show t h a t p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s o f 2 , 4>5-T P c a u s e d s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n s i n t h e f ir m n e s s o f t h e f r u i t on t h e t r e e and s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n s i n s o l u b l e s o l i d s and a c id c o n t e n t s o f M cIn to sh f r u i t d u r in g s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° F* A p p lic a tio n s o f t h i s m a te r ia l i n 1 9 5 1 t o t r e e s o f t h i s v a r i e t y 28 d a y s b e f o r e h a r v e s t ( 2 , l+,5-TP ”AW) seem ed t o b e m ore e f f e c t i v e i n r e d u c in g t h e s o l u b l e s o l i d s and a c i d c o n t e n t s and f ir m n e s s o f t h e f r u i t th a n a p p l i c a t i o n s made 17 d a y s b e f o r e h a r v e s t (2 ,4 » 5 -T P "B")* H ow ever, 2,1+, 5-TP d id n o t in d u c e th e c h a n g e s i n t h e f r u i t o f M cIn to sh i n 1 9 5 0 and s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e s i n t h e f r u i t d id n o t r e s u l t from t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s m a t e r i a l t o N o r th e r n Spy i n e i t h e r 1 9 5 0 o r 1951* T h ese o b s e r v a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t 20 ppm o f 2 ,4 * 5 -T P , a p p l ie d a s a p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y , may ad van ce t h e r ip e n in g o f M cIn to sh f r u i t s l i g h t l y i n some s e a s o n s and t h e r e b y sh o r te n th e sto r a g e l i f e o f th e f r u it * The d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s i n 195.0 and 1951 o b t a in e d w it h s p r a y s o f 2 , 4 , 5-TP on M cIn to sh may h a v e b e e n due t o t h e s e a s o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n te m p e r a tu r e o c c u r r in g on t h e d a y s o f g ro w th r e g u l a t o r tr e a t m e n ts * By r e f e r e n c e t o T a b le 3 i t may be s e e n t h a t th e maximum te m p e r a tu r e on t h e day t h e M cIn to sh t r e e s w ere sp r a y e d i n 1951 w as 21 t o 22 d e g r e e s h i g h e r th a n i t was i n 1950* The h ig h e r te m p e r a tu r e i n 1951 may h a v e b e e n p a r t l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f 2 , 4 * 5-TP 61 o b s e r v e d on M c In to sh f r u i t s t h a t y e a r . Smock and G ross ( 54 ) h ave f r e q u e n t l y o b s e r v e d t h a t c l i m a t i c v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e g r o w in g s e a s o n c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e e f f e c t o f " s t o p -d r o p n s p r a y s i n a d v a n c in g t h e r e s p i r a t i o n and s o f t e n i n g o f a p p le f r u i t s a f t e r h a r v e s t . E d g e r to n and H offm an (1 7 ) s t a t e t h a t t h e e x tr e m e ly h o t w e a t h e r w h ic h p r e v a i l e d d u r in g t h e c o u r s e o f on e o f t h e i r e x p e r im e n ts w i t h 2 , 4 , 5-T P may h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e a d v a n ce d r ip e n in g and i n c r e a s e d r e d c o l o r w h ic h t h e y ob­ s e r v e d w i t h M cIn to sh f r u i t . R e p o r ts i n d i c a t e t h a t te m p e r a tu r e s a t th e tim e o f and so o n a f t e r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e s p r a y s i n c o n t r o l l i n g a p p le d r o p . B a t j e r ( 5 ) o b s e r v e d l e s s drop o f f r u i t from D e l i c i o u s and W in esap t r e e s s p r a y e d w it h NAA when t h e y w ere t r e a t e d a t m id -d a y w i t h p r e v a i l i n g te m p e r a tu r e s o f 8 0 - 8 4 ° F th a n when t h e y w ere t r e a t e d i n t h e m orn in g a t te m p e r a tu r e s o f 6 3 - 6 4 ° P* He s u g g e s t e d t h a t more o f t h e a c t i v e grow th s u b s t a n c e was a b s o r b e d a t t h e h i g h e r te m p e r a tu r e th a n a t t h e lo w e r te m p e r ­ a tu r e . O v e r h o ls e r ©t a l ( 47 ) r e p o r t e d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s and V yvyan ( 6 2 ) , r e v ie w in g t h e p r e v io u s two r e p o r t s , p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e g r e a t e r d r o p - c o n t r o l o b t a in e d w it h s p r a y s a p p l i e d a t t h e h ig h e r te m p e r a tu r e s may h a v e b e e n due to m ore r a p id d r y in g , l e s s r u n - o f f and , t h e r e f o r e , a g r e a te r d e p o s i t i o n and a b s o r p t io n o f t h e g r o w th r e g u l a t o r b y ,t h e t r e e . M itc h e ll e t a l ( 45 ) p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e u n u s u a lly e f f e c t i v e 62 d r o p - e o n t r o l w h ic h t h e y o b t a in e d on M cIn to sh w i t h T o lo x y I n 1 9 4 9 may h a v e b e e n i n f l u e n c e d by t h e u n u s u a lly warm w e a t h e r w h ic h p r e v a i l e d b e f o r e and s e v e r a l d a y s a f t e r th e f i r s t o f tw o a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t h i s m a t e r i a l . H ow ever, R o b e r ts and S tr u c k m e y e r ( I4.9 ) r e p o r t e d v e r y good drop c o n t r o l w it h NAA on Fam euse and N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s w h ich w ere t r e a t e d a t t h e lo w te m p e r a tu r e o f 4.30 F f o l l o w i n g h e a v y f r o s t . The r e s u l t s o f t h e e x p e r im e n ts r e p o r t e d h e r e le n d some su p p o r t t o th e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t h ig h te m p e r a tu r e s on t h e d a y ws t o p - d r o p n s p r a y s a r e a p p lie d may h a s t e n t h e r ip e n in g r a t e and o t h e r p h y s i o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s o f a p p le f r u i t . A lth o u g h t h e te m p e r a tu r e s a t t h e tim e o f a p p l i c a t i o n a r e p r o b a b ly o f c o n s i d e r a b l e i n f l u e n c e , f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s needed b e fo re i t s t r u e e f f e c t s may b e e s t a b l i s h e d . O th e r f a c t o r s th a n te m p e r a tu r e may b e I m p o r ta n t, F or e x a m p le , t h e r e i s e v id e n c e i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f r a i n f a l l so o n a f t e r p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s a r e a p p lie d r e d u c e s t h e c o n t r o l o f a p p le drop w it h su ch s p r a y s , S o u th w ic k (5 6 ) s t a t e s t h a t d r o p - c o n t r o l on M cIn to sh w as r e d u c e d a p p r e c ia b ly b y r a i n t h a t f e l l b e f o r e a p p l i c a t i o n s o f NAA had d r ie d c o m p le te ly , O v e r h o ls e r £ t a l (ij.7) s im u la t e d r a i n f a l l by s p r a y in g D e l i c i o u s a p p le t r e e s w it h w a te r so o n a f t e r t r e a t ­ m ent w ith p r e h a r v e s t a p p l i c a t i o n s o f NAA, They fo u n d t h a t w a te r a p p l ie d w i t h i n two h o u r s a f t e r a NAA s p r a y , r e d u c e d t h e d r o p - d e la y in g e f f e c t o f t h i s m a t e r i a l . Some l o s s o f t h e g row th r e g u l a t o r b e f o r e i t w as a b so r b e d by t h e t r e e , w hen r a i n f a l l f o l lo w e d s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e s p r a y , w as p r o b a b ly 63 r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e r e d u c e d drop c o n t r o l . R a i n f a l l p r o b a b ly a l s o m o d i f i e s o t h e r p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s upon t h e f r u i t r e s u l t i n g from t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s to a p p le t r e e s . The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e e x p e r im e n ts show o t h e r n o te w o r th y t r e n d s i n t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l b e h a v io r o f t h e f r u i t # The M cIn to sh f r u i t from t h e s e c o n d p i c k i n g i n 19^ 9 w e re m easu r­ a b ly l e s s a c id , s o f t e r , and had d e v e lo p e d more s u g a r s and g ro u n d c o l o r i n s t o r a g e th a n t h o s e o f t h e f i r s t p i c k i n g (T a b le I4.) * T h ese o b s e r v a t i o n s a re i n a g reem en t w it h t h o s e r e p o r t e d by M agness and D i e h l (3 9 ) who fo u n d t h a t a s a p p le s m a tu re on t h e t r e e , t h e y c o n t a i n i n c r e a s i n g l y more s u g a r , d e v e lo p more grou n d c o l o r and becom e l e s s a c i d and l e s s fir m * The d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n f r u i t s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o v a r i a t i o n i n m a t u r it y a t h a r v e s t w o u ld b e e x p e c t e d t o p e r s i s t a f t e r s t o r a g e , and t h i s w as t r u e i n th e 19)4-9 s t u d i e s o f t h i s in v e s tig a tio n # T h ese o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e s c o u ld h a v e b e e n due a l s o t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e f r u i t o f t h e f i r s t p i c k i n g r e c e i v e d o n ly on e a p p l i c a t i o n o f th e g row th r e g u ­ l a t o r s p r a y s , w h e r e a s t h e f r u i t o f t h e se c o n d p i c k i n g r e c e i v e d two sp r a y s # A lth o u g h t h e r e seem s t o be some d o u b t i n r e g a r d t o t h e v a lu e o f a se c o n d a p p l i c a t i o n o f NAA i n d e l a y i n g a p p le h a r v e s t drop ( 6 , ij.7), b e n e f i t may be e x p e c t e d when t h e f i r s t a p p l i c a t i o n i s made c o n s i d e r a b l y i n a d v a n ce o f m a t u r it y ( 6 )# r t m ig h t t h e r e f o r e be d e s i r a b l e u n d e r su c h c ir c u m s t a n c e s , t o u s e two a p p l i c a t i o n s o f NAA e v e n th o u g h t h e s t o r a g e l i f e o f t h e f r u i t may be sh o r te n e d * The M c In to sh and N o r th e r n Spy f r u i t o f a l l t r e a t m e n t s , 6k i n c l u d i n g t h e c h e c k i n 1 9 5 0 and 1951» w ere g e n e r a l l y l e s s a c id , so fte r , and more y e ll o w i n c o l o r a f t e r t h e l o n g e s t p e r io d i n s t o r a g e th a n e i t h e r a t h a r v e s t o r upon e a r l i e r o b s e r v a t i o n i n s t o r a g e (S e e T a b le s 6 , 7 , 9 , 1 0 and 1 1 ) . The r e a s o n i s n o t e v i d e n t f o r t h e i n c r e a s e i n a c i d i t y o f N o r th e r n Spy f r u i t a f t e r s t o r a g e , f o l l o w i n g s p r a y s o f 1 0 ppm o f NAA o r 20 and 30 ppm o f T o lo x y i n 1 9 5 0 and 1951 (S e e T a b le 8 ) . An e x p e c t e d r e d u c t i o n i n t h e su g a r c o n t e n t o f N o r th e r n Spy f r u i t d u r in g s t o r a g e o c c u r r e d i n 194-9 (S e e T a b le 8 ) , b u t t h e s u g a r s o f b o th M cIn to sh and N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s show ed s l i g h t f l u c t u a t i o n s d u r in g s t o r a g e i n 1950 and 1951* The su g a r c o n t e n t o f m o st f r u i t sa m p le s i n c r e a s e d d u r in g t h e t e n d a y s o f s t o r a g e a t 7 0 ° P i n 1 9 5 0 , w h ile m ost o f \ t h o s e a p p le s t h a t w e re h e l d f o r t h r e e m onths a t 3 2 ° P d e c r e a s e d i n s u g a r s d u r in g s t o r a g e . T h is upward t r e n d i n s u g a r s a t 7 0 ° P may h a v e r e s u l t e d from th e c o n v e r s io n o f s t a r c h t o su g a r w h ic h o c c u r s i n t h e m a tu r in g a p p le f r u i t on t h e t r e e and w h ic h so m etim es c o n t in u e s f o r a s h o r t p e r io d a fte r h a r v e st. On t h e o t h e r h an d , th e d e c r e a s e i n s u g a r c o n t e n t o f m o st o f t h e f r u i t i n 1 9 5 0 d u r in g th e t h r e e m onths o f s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° F p r o b a b ly r e s u l t e d from t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f c a r b o h y d r a te s i n r e s p i r a t i o n d u r in g t h i s e x te n d e d p e r io d o f sto r a g e . The f r u i t w h ich d e c r e a s e d i n su g a r c o n t e n t a t 7 0 ° and i n c r e a s e d a t 3 2 ° F may h a v e b e e n h a r v e s t e d a t a d i f f e r e n t s t a g e i n th e s t a r c h - s u g a r c y c l e d e s c r ib e d a b o v e . The s o l u b l e s o l i d s c o n t e n t o f a l l M cIn to sh f r u i t h a r - 65 v e s t e d I n 1 9 5 1 show ed o n ly s m a ll c h a n g e s d u r in g th e s t o r a g e p e r i o d from J a n u a r y t o March* T here w a s, h o w e v e r , a s l i g h t downward t r e n d I n su g a r o r s o l u b l e s o l i d c o n t e n t w h ich w o u ld b e e x p e c t e d due t o t h e l o s s o f c a r b o h y d r a te s i n r e s p i r a t i o n to w a rd t h e end o f t h e s t o r a g e p e r io d * A n a ly s i s o f a l l N o r th e r n Spy f r u i t a t h a r v e s t and i n F eb ru a ry i n d i c a t e d no c o n s i s t e n t c h a n g e s i n t h e su g a r c o n t e n t d u r in g sto r a g e* H ow ever, a l l l o t s o f N o r th e r n Spy f r u i t , except t h o s e r e c e i v i n g t h e 2 , if, 5-TP nBtt t r e a t m e n t , w ere lo w e r i n s o l u b l e s o l i d s i n A p r il th a n i n F e b r u a r y . A g a in , t h i s w o u ld b e e x p e c t e d to w a rd t h e en d o f t h e s t o r a g e p e r io d due t o c a r b o h y d r a te u t i l i z a t i o n i n r e s p i r a t i o n . The a b s e n c e o f ch a n g e i n s o l u b l e s o l i d s o f t h e f r u i t from t h e nBw t r e a t m e n t i n s t o r a g e may h a v e b e e n due t o f a u l t y sa m p lin g o f m a te r ia l f o r a n a ly s is * The p r o t e i n a n a l y s e s f o r N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s i n 19i|-9 a t h a r v e s t show t h a t a l l t r e a t e d f r u i t w e re s l i g h t l y h i g h e r I n t o t a l n it r o g e n o u s s u b s t a n c e s th a n t h e c h e c k s (T a b le 8 ) 0 A lth o u g h th e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e s m a ll, i t is c o n c e iv a b le t h a t t h e g row th r e g u l a t o r s p r a y s w ere r e s p o n ­ s i b l e f o r th e s l i g h t l y i n c r e a s e d am ounts o f n it r o g e n o u s m a t e r ia ls in th e f r u it * A s im ila r e f f e c t h as been r e p o r te d b y S e l l e t a l (5 0 ) f o r t h e ste m s o f b ea n p l a n t s t r e a t e d w i t h 2 ,lf - D . The a p p le f r u i t may b e com p arab le t o t h e b ean stem b e c a u s e t h e e d i b l e f l e s h o f th e a p p le i s m o d if ie d t o r a l o r stem t i s s u e (3 7 )* I t i s th e r e fo r e p o s s ib le th a t t h e r e s p o n s e o f a p p le s t o NAA and T o lo x y w as s i m i l a r t o t h e 66 r e s p o n s e o f b e a n ste m s t o 2,lj.-D , i n c h e m ic a l s t r u c t u r e t o 2,ij.-D , T o lo x y i s It som ewhat s i m i l a r s h o u ld b e p o in t e d o u t , h o w e v e r , t h a t S e l l £ t a l (5 0 ) fo u n d a c o n s id e r a b le r e d u c t i o n i n t h e c a r b o h y d r a te c o n t e n t o f t h e bean ste m s f o l l o w i n g t r e a t m e n t w i t h 2,ij.-D , and t h a t t h i s w as n o t t r u e f o r th e N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s t r e a t e d w i t h T o lo x y and a n a ly z e d f o r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t i n th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n r e p o r t e d i n t h i s p a p e r (S e e T a b le s 8 , 9 , 1 0 )* The u s e o f summer o i l i n c o m b in a tio n w it h NAA a s a p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y w as r e p o r t e d b y H a l l e r (2 9 ) t o h a v e c a u s e d a p p le f r u i t s t o be l e s s fir m a t h a r v e s t th a n t h o s e t r e a t e d w it h NAA a lo n e * O il w as u s e d In c o m b in a tio n w it h NAA and T o lo x y i n t h e 19^-9 s t u d i e s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , b u t t h e r e w as no e v id e n c e t o s u p p o r t H a l l e r ’ s f i n d i n g s . The d a ta i n T a b le s Ij. and 8 show t h e r e w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s from any o f t h e s p r a y c o m b in a tio n s em p lo y ed . The sa m p le s o f f r u i t from a l l sp r a y t r e a t m e n t s i n 1 9 5 0 w ere s t o r e d a t te m p e r a tu r e s o f 7 0 ° and 32 ° F i n o r d e r t o d e te r m in e i f f r u i t t r e a t e d w i t h grow th r e g u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s w o u ld r e a c t d i f f e r e n t l y a t te m p e r a tu r e s w h ic h m ig h t p r e v a i l i n a r e t a i l s t o r e th a n a t te m p e r a tu r e s commonly u s e d f o r c o m m ercia l c o l d s t o r a g e o f a p p l e s . The s t o r a g e te m p e r a tu r e s h a d no i n f l u e n c e upon t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e f r u i t t o th e p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s ( T a b le s 5 and. 6 )# One o f t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s i n com p arin g th e r e s u l t s o f th is s t u d y w it h t h o s e o f o t h e r s h a s b e e n t h e l a c k o f a s u i t a b l e and u n i v e r s a l m a t u r it y in d e x f o r d e te r m in in g t h e 67 optim um tim e f o r h a r v e s t i n g a p p l e s . H a l l e r (3 0 ) sta te s t h a t t h e number o f d a y s from bloom i s t h e m o st r e l i a b l e in d e x f o r p i c k i n g a p p le s t o o b t a i n optimum m a t u r i t y . He p o in ts o u t, h ow ever, th a t f e r t i l i z e r p r a c t ic e s , c lim a t ic c o n d itio n s , and s i z e o f c ro p may i n f l u e n c e t h e l a p s e o f tim e b e tw e e n bloom and optimum m a t u r it y f o r any one v a r i e t y . O th er i n d i c e s s u c h a s c h a n g e s i n s e e d c o l o r , c h e m ic a l c o m p o s it io n , f i r m n e s s , and ground c o l o r w ere fo u n d t o be u n r e lia b le . The v a r i a b i l i t y r e p o r t e d f o r t h e s e m a t u r it y i n d i c e s w as a t t r i b u t e d t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n s e a s o n and g e o ­ g r a p h ic a l l o c a t i o n . Smock (5 2 ) a tte m p te d t o d e te r m in e th e m o st d e s i r a b l e in d e x o f m a t u r it y f o r p i c k i n g M cIn to sh a p p le s i n New Y o r k . He t e s t e d t h e v a r io u s s ta n d a r d m eth od s a s w e l l a s t h e r a t e s o f r e s p i r a t i o n o f t h e f r u i t and c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e b e s t tim e t o p ic k M cIn tosh u n d er New York c o n d i t i o n s i s ” j u s t a t o r j u s t f o l l o w i n g t h e b e g in n in g o f t h e c l i ­ m a c t e r ic r i s e i n r e s p i r a t i o n ” o f th e f r u i t . He q u a l i f i e d t h i s c o n c l u s i o n b y s t a t i n g t h a t t h e r e s p i r a t i o n in d e x i s p r a c t i c a l o n l y f o r e x p e r im e n t a l w o r k e rs and t h a t grou n d c o lo r i s t h e m o st u s e f u l m easu re o f m a t u r it y f o r M cIn to sh f r u i t fo r th e grow er. I n t h e t h r e e y e a r s o f t h i s s t u d y , t h e f r u i t w ere h a r ­ v e s t e d g e n e r a l l y w i t h i n t h e norm al co m m ercia l h a r v e s t p e r io d , so o n a f t e r t h e drop o f n o r m a l, f u l l y d e v e lo p e d f r u i t had begun. H ow ever, t h e s a m p lin g tim e f o r M cIn to sh i n 1951 w as a fe w d a y s l a t e r th a n i n 19^9 and 1 9 5 0 i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e b e g in n in g o f n a t u r a l d r o p . I t may b e n o te d from t h e d a ta 68 t h a t t h e grou n d c o l o r o f t h e c h e c k f r u i t a t h a r v e s t tim e v a r i e d o n l y s l i g h t l y d u r in g t h e t h r e e y e a r s o f t h i s stu d y f o r b o th v a r i e t i e s ; t h e c o l o r r a t i n g s r a n g e d from 3*5 t o i+ f o r M cIn to sh and from 2*5 t o 2*7 l o r N o r th e r n Spy* The f ir m n e s s o f t h e ch eck f r u i t v a r i e d , h o w ev e r, from 11 t o llj. p ou n d s f o r M cIn to sh and from lij. t o 1 8 * 5 pounds f o r N o r th e r n Spy* The number o f d a y s from bloom t o h a r v e s t w as u n ifo r m f o r M c In to sh , r a n g in g from 129 t o 1 3 2 d a y s , w h er ea s N o r th e r n Spy w as l e s s •uniform , r a n g in g from 15>6 t o l6!j. d a y s from b loom t o h a r v e s t * The m easurem ent o f t h e r e s p i r a t i o n o f t h e f r u i t recomm ended b y Smock m ig h t h a v e p r o v id e d a more s a c c u r a t e m a t u r it y in d e x th a n t h a t w h ich was u sed * I t w a s, h o w e v e r , n o t p r a c t i c a l u n d er t h e e x p e r im e n ta l c o n d i t i o n s e n c o u n te r e d i n t h e s e s t u d i e s * The r e s p i r a t i o n d a ta o b t a in e d w ere o f l i t t l e v a lu e i n d e t e r m in in g t h e e f f e c t s upon t h e f r u i t sprayed w ith g row th r e g u l a t o r s due t o t h e s i z a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s w h ich f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r r e d b e tw e e n r e p l i c a t e s * T h ese f l u c t u a t i o n s may h a v e b e e n due t o t h e m eth od s em p loyed a s w e l l a s t o t h e b i o l o g i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t i n g b e tw e e n f r u i t o f t h e r e p l i c a t e t r e e s w i t h i n a tr e a tm e n t* The random p i c k i n g o f f r u i t from t h e t r e e s may h a v e g iv e n sa m p le s w h ich w ere a t d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s i n t h e r e s p i r a t i o n c y c le * The sa m p les o f 9 t o li|. f r u i t , from w h ic h r e s p i r a t i o n d e t e r m in a t io n s w ere m ade, may h a v e b e e n t o o s m a ll* F u rth e rm o re , th e d i f f e r e n c e i n s i z e b e tw e e n f r u i t w i t h i n e a c h sam ple p r o b a b ly added t o th e v a r i a t i o n n o te d i n th e r e s p ir a t io n r a te s* 69 E ven i f t h e v a r i a t i o n s b e tw e e n r e p l i c a t i o n s w e re d i s ­ r e g a r d e d , a v e r a g e c u r v e s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e d a t a w o u ld s t i l l n o t i n d i c a t e any d e f i n i t e e f f e c t s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e p r e ­ h a r v e s t tr e a t m e n t s * C lim a c t e r ic p e a k s i n r e s p i r a t i o n w ere n o t a p p a r e n t f o r t h e f r u i t im m e d ia te ly a f t e r h a r v e s t a s e x p e c t e d , e i t h e r b e c a u s e t h e t e s t p e r io d s w e re o f t o o s h o r t a d u r a t i o n o r b e c a u s e t h e f r u i t w as i n a p o s t c l i m a c t e r i c c o n d it io n * The d i s t i n c t l y downward t r e n d i n r e s p i r a t i o n o f t h e N o r th e r n Spy a p p le s a t h a r v e s t seem s t o i n d i c a t e a p o s t c l i m a c t e r i c c o n d i t i o n (A p p en d ix T a b le 1 6 )* The d a i l y f l u c t u a t i o n s i n r e s p i r a t i o n e x h i b i t e d by e a ch sam p le c o u ld h a v e b e e n c a u s e d b y f a c t o r s su ch a s t h e 3 ° F te m p e r a tu r e f l u c t u a t i o n i n t h e room w h ere t h e d e t e r m in a t io n s w ere made* The a lm o s t s t r a i g h t l i n e c u r v e s shown i n F ig u r e X II f o r t h e r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s o f M cIn to sh a p p le s a f t e r c o ld s t o r a g e , w o u ld b e e x p e c t e d f o r f r u i t h e l d and t e s t e d u n d er t h e s e c o n d itio n s * V II. SUMMARY M c I n to s h and N o r t h e r n Spy a p p le t r e e s w ere s p r a y e d p r i o r t o h a r v e s t w i t h drop d e l a y i n g s p r a y s o f n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d (NAA), 2 - r a e t h y l - i j - c h l o r o p h e n o x y a c e t i c a c i d ( T o l o x y ) and 2 ,Z j .,5 - t r i c h l o r o p h e n o x y p r o p i o n i c a c i d (2 ,lj.,5 -T P ) • The p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s o f t h e f r u i t t o t h e s e s p r a y s a t h a r v e s t and a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 7 0 ° and 3 2 ° F w ere m ea su red by c h em ica l a n a ly s e s o f th e e d ib le p o r t io n s o f th e f r u i t f o r m o istu r e , s u g a r s , s o l u b l e s o l i d s , p r o t e i n and a c i d c o n t e n t s * D e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f s k i n ground c o l o r , f l e s h f i r m n e s s and r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s o f t h e f r u i t w ere a l s o made* The f r u i t s a m p le s w ere h a r v e s t e d a t random from t h e t e s t t r e e s o n c e d u r in g t h e norm al c o m m ercia l h a r v e s t p e r i o d . An e a r l y h a r v e s t o f M c In to sh f r u i t w as a l s o made i n 19^9* The r e s u l t s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n show t h a t NAA and T o lo x y d i d n o t m a r k e d ly i n f l u e n c e t h e p h y s i o l o g y o f t h e fr u it. H ow ever, s p r a y s o f 2,lj.,5>-TP s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d M c I n to s h a p p l e s i n one o f t h e two y e a r s i n w h ic h t h i s m a t e r i a l w as t e s t e d . A p p lic a tio n s o f 5-TP t o M c In to sh t r e e s 28 d a y s b e f o r e h a r v e s t w e re o f g r e a t e r e f f e c t on t h e f r u i t th a n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s made 17 d ays b e f o r e h a r v e s t . The s p r a y s o f 2 ,ij.,5 -T P i n 19^1 c a u s e d t h e f r u i t t o be s o f t e r a t h a r v e s t and c a u s e d a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n t h e s o l u b l e s o l i d s , a c i d c o n t e n t and f i r m n e s s o f t h e f r u i t d u r in g t h e s u b s e q u e n t 71 sto r a g e p e r io d . T h ese e f f e c t s from 2,1|.,5-TP w ere n o t o b s e r v e d on M c In to sh i n 1 950 o r on N o r th e r n Spy i n e i t h e r o f t h e two y e a r s i n w h ic h t h i s m a t e r i a l was u s e d . The e v id e n c e s u g g e s ts t h a t th e h ig h e r tem p eratu res o c c u r r in g o n t h e d a y o f a p p l i c a t i o n o f 2 ,i|.,5 -T P i n 1951 t h a n i n 1 9 5 0 may h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s o b t a i n e d f o r M c In to sh a p p l e s i n t h e s e two y e a r s . The l a c k o f r e s p o n s e o f t h e f r u i t t o t r e a t m e n t w i t h g r o w th r e g u l a t o r s i n 1 9 5 0 was n o t due t o t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a t w h ic h t h e f r u i t was h e l d f o l l o w i n g h a r v e s t , s in c e b oth v a r i e t i e s w e re o b s e r v e d a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° and 7 0 ° F* L i k e w i s e , v a r y i n g t h e number o f a p p l i c a t i o n s o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s and d a t e s o f h a r v e s t had no e f f e c t i n t h e 19i|.9 t e s t s w ith M cIn tosh . I n t h i s t e s t , t h e f r u i t was h a r v e s t e d e a r l y in th e u su a l h a r v e s t p e r io d fo llo w in g a s in g le a p p lic a t io n o f g r o w th r e g u l a t o r s , and a g a i n a t a l a t e r d a t e a f t e r a secon d treatm en t* The r a t e s o f r e s p i r a t i o n o f t h e M c In to sh and N o r th e r n Spy a p p l e s t r e a t e d i n 1951 w ere d e te r m in e d by COg e v o l u t i o n s o o n a f t e r h a r v e s t and a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f an e x t e n d e d sto ra g e p e r io d . V a r i a t i o n s i n t h e r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s b e tw e e n r e p l i c a t i o n s o f t e s t f r u i t w ere g r e a t and d i f f e r e n c e s i n r e s p i r a t i o n due t o t r e a t m e n t s o f grow th r e g u l a t o r s w e re n o t observed# V III, B IB L IO G R A P H Y A s s o c ia tio n o f O f f i c i a l A g r ic u ltu r a l C hem ists, O f f i c i a l M e t h o d s o f A n a l y s i s , 7 t h e d , : 337 » ------------------------------------------- „ ----------- O f f i c i a l Methods o f A n a l y s i s , . 7th e d ,: 1950. 19^0. 506-507. --------_ -- — ________ O f f i c i a l M ethods o f A n a l y s i s , 7 t h e d . : 1 2 , 1950, B a t j e r , L. P. 1914-1* S p r a y i n g t o c o n t r o l p r e h a r v e s t drop o f a p p le s . N. Y. S t a t e H o r t . S o c . , H o r t . S c i . 8 6 t h Ann. M t g . , P r o c . : l8i(.-191* -------- ------1 9 ^ 2 . T em perature i n r e l a t i o n to e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f p r e h a r v e s t drop o f a p p l e s , S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . I4.O: I4.5 -I4-8 . Amer. _______,_____ a n d P . C. M a r t h . 191+1* F u r t h e r s t u d i e s w i t h s p r a y s i n c o n t r o l l i n g p r e h a r v e s t drop o f a p p l e s . Am er. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 3 8 : 1 1 1 - 1 1 6 , ------------------------ , a n d Ho H. Moon. 1914-5• E f f e c t o f n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d s p r a y on m a t u r i t y o f a p p l e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , p r o c . [4.6 ; 1 1 3 - 1 1 7 * I 9I4.80 ___----- _ — .-------- , A. H. Thompson, a n d F . G e r h a r d t . A c o m p a r i s o n o f n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d a n d 2 ,i4> d i c h l o r o phenoxyacetic a c id sprays fo r c o n tr o llin g p re h a rv e s t drop o f B a r t l e t t p e a r s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 5 1 : 71-71+. —----- ———■- - a n d M. U o t a . 1951* E f f e c t o f 2,1|., 5 t r i c h l o r o p h e n o x y p r o p i o n i c a c i d s p r a y s on f r u i t s e t o f p e a r s and a p p le s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c , 58: 33-36o B l o n d e a u , R . , a n d J . C. C r a n e . 1914-8* E a r l y m a t u r a t i o n o f C a l i m y r n a f i g f r u i t s b y means o f s y n t h e t i c h o rm o n e sprays. S c i. 108: 719-720. B oysen-Jensen. 1936. Growth Horm ones ( t r a n s l a t e d b y G. S . A v e r y a n d P. R. B u r k h o l d e r ) . McGraw H i l l , New Y ork: 2 , 73 12. C h r i s t o p h e r , E . P . , a n d S . A. P i e n i a z e k , 1924-3. A f u r t h e r e v a l u a t i o n o f ho rm one s p r a y s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 2^3: £ 1 - 5 2 . 13. C l a y p o o l , L . L . , a n d R. M. K e e f e r , 19^2. A c o l o r i ­ m e t r i c m e t h o d f o r CC>2 d e t e r m i n a t i o n i n r e s p i r a t i o n stu d ies. Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . lj.0: 1 7 7 - 1 3 6 . li+o D a r w i n , C. R. 1888. The Power o f Movement i n P l a n t s . D. A p p l e t o n a n d C o . , New Y o r k : 1+71].. 15. D a v i d s o n , J . H. 1 9 5 2 . S u g g estio n s f o r th e use o f C o lo r - s e t in 1952. Down t o E a r t h . Summer 1 9 5 2 : 8 - 1 0 . 16* Denny, P . E . 192ij.. H a s t e n i n g t h e c o l o r a t i o n o f lem ons. J o u r . A g r. R es. 27: 7 5 7 -7 6 9 . 17. E d g e r t o n , L . J . , a n d M. B. H o f f m a n . 1 9 5 1 • The e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s e v e r a l grow th r e g u l a t i n g ch em ic als i n d e l a y i n g th e h a r v e s t drop o f M cIntosh a p p l e s . Am er. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 5 7 : 1 2 0 - 1 2 lj.. 18. E v a n s , D. X. 1 9 2 8 . Chemical s t u d i e s i n t h e p h y s i o l o g y o f a p p l e s . VTX. A s t u d y o f t h e s u g a r s o f a p p l e s w i t h s p e c ia l r e f e r e n c e to th e g lu c o s e - f r u c to s e r a t i o . A n n a l s B o t . I|.2: 1 - 2 8 . 19. P i t t i n g , H. 1 9 1 0 . W e i t e r e e n t w i c k l u n g s p h y s i o l o g i s c h e u n te rs u c h u n g e n an O rc h id e e n b lu te n . Z e i t s c h . B o t. 2; 225-267. 20. Gane, R, 1935. The f o r m a t i o n o f e t h y l e n e b y p l a n t t i s s u e s and i t s s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e r i p e n i n g o f f r u i t s . J o u r . Pom. a n d H o r t . S c i . 1 3 : 3 5 1 - 3 5 8 . 21. G a r d n e r , P . E . , a n d P . C. M a r t h . 1937. P arthenoc a r p i c f r u i t in d u c e d by s p ra y in g w ith grow th p ro m o tin g chem icals. S c i . 8 6 : 2i|6-2i|.7• 22. -------------- —- — ----, P . C. M a r t h , a n d L . P . B a t j e r . 1939« S p ra y in g w i t h grow th s u b s ta n c e s f o r th e c o n t r o l o f p r e h a r v e s t d r o p o f a p p l e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , p r o c . 37: 2|l5-428. 23. G e r h a r d t , F . , a n d D. P . A l l m e n d i n g e r . 19U-6. The i n f l u e n c e o f a - n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d s p r a y on t h e m a t u r i t y and s t o r a g e p h y s i o l o g y o f a p p l e s , p e a r s and sw eet c h e r r i e s . J o u r . Agr. Res. 73: 1 8 9 -2 0 6 . 2h, *_______ , an d E . S m i t h . 1924-8. The s t o r a g e a n d r i p e n i n g r e s p o n s e o f w e s t e r n grown f r u i t s t o p o s t ­ h a r v e s t tr e a tm e n t w ith grow th r e g u l a t i n g s u b s t a n c e s . Am er. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 5 2 : 1 5 9 - 1 6 3 . 74 25. G r i g g s , ¥ . H , , B. T . I w a k i r i , and J . E . Be T a r . 1951« The e f f e c t o f 2 , 4 > 5 - t r i c h l o r o p h e n o x y p r o p i o n i c a c i d a p p l i e d d u r i n g t h e bloom p e r i o d on t h e f r u i t s e t o f s e v e r a l p e a r v a r i e t i e s , and on t h e s h a p e , s i z e , stem l e n g t h , s e e d c o n t e n t and s t o r a g e o f B a r t l e t t p e a r s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . £ 8: 3 7 -4 5 * 26. G u t h r i e , J . D. 1 9 3 9 . I n h i b i t i o n o f g r o w t h o f b u d s o f p o ta t o tu b e r s w ith the v apor of th e m ethyl e s t e r o f n a p h t h a l e n e ‘a c e t i c a c i d . Boyce Thompson I n s t o , C o n trib . 10: 325-328. 27o H a a g e n - S m i t , A. J . j W. D. L e e c h , a n d W. R. B e r g r e n . 1942. E s t i m a t i o n , i s o l a t i o n and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f auxins i n p la n t m a t e r i a ls . Amer. J o u r . B o t . 2 9 : 5 0 0 - 506 . 28. H a l l e r , M. H. 1941* F r u i t p r e s s u r e t e s t e r s a n d t h e i r p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s . U . S . D . A . C i r c . 6 2 7 : 4~5» 29. — .1 9 4 3 . E f f e c t o f p r e h a r v e s t d r o p s p r a y s on s t o r a g e q u a l i t y o f a p p l e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P ro c . 42: 207-210. 30. _______________ _ 1 9 5 0 . E v a l u a t i o n o f i n d e x e s o f m a t u r i t y f o r a p p l e s . U . S . D . A . B u l l . No. 1003« 31o H a n s e n , Eo 1 9 4 8 . E f f e c t o f 2 , 4 - D on t h e r i p e n i n g o f B a rtle tt pears. P l a n t Phys. 21: 588-592. 32. ____________ _ and c e r t a i n rip en in g of P la n t P hys. 33. H a r l e y , C. P . , P . C. M a r t h , a n d H. H. Moon. 1950. The e f f e c t o f 2 , 4 > 5 - t r i c h l o r o p h e n o x y a c e t i c a c i d s p r a y s o n t h e m a t u r a t i o n o f a p p l e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 5 5 : 1 9 0 -1 9 4 * 34. ,H. H. Moon, a n d L . 0 . R e g e i m b a l . 1947* F u r t h e r s t u d i e s o n s p r a y s c o n t a i n i n g 2 , 4 - D a n d some r e l a t e d compounds f o r r e d u c i n g h a r v e s t d r o p o f a p p l e . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 5 0 : 3 8 -4 4 * 35. H o f f m a n , M. B . , a n d L . J . E d g e r t o n . 1 9 5 1 . Apple dro p c o n t r o l and c o l o r s t i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s from p r o m i s i n g new h a r v e s t s p r a y . Amer. F r u i t G r o w e r . Summer 1 9 5 1 : 14* 36. H o w le tt, F. S. 1939. E xperim ents c o n c e rn in g the p r a c t i c a b i l i t y o f c e r t a i n c h e m i c a l s a s m ea ns o f i n ­ ducing f r u i t s e t t i n g i n th e to m a to . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 37: 8 8 6 -8 9 0 . a n d H. H a r t m a n . 1937. E f fe c t o f e th y le n e m e t a b o l i c g a s e s u p o n r e s p i r a t i o n a nd p e a r s b e f o r e and a f t e r c o ld s t o r a g e . 1 2 : 4 4 1 -4 5 4 * 75 37« K r a u s , E , J , , a n d G-. S. R a l s t o n , 1916, The p o l l i n ­ a t i o n o f pomaceous f r u i t s . I l l , G ro ss v a s c u l a r anatom y, Oregon Exp. S t a . B u l l , 1 3 8 , 38«. L a R u e , C, D, 1 9 3 8 , The e f f e c t o f a u x i n o n t h e a b sc is sio n of p e tio le s . N a t. Acad. 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H o r t . S c i . , P r o c , 55s 1 5 2 - 1 5 8 • 43, 1944« 2 ,4 -d ic h lo r o .-, and J . W. M i t c h e l l . phenoxyacetic acid as a d i f f e r e n t i a l h e rb ic id e , B ot, Gaz. 10 6: 2 2 4 -2 4 2 . )|)|, M c D a n i e l s , L . H. 1 9 3 8 . Some a n a t o m i c a l a s p e c t s o f a p p le flo w e r and f r u i t a b s c i s s i o n . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P ro c . 34: 1 2 2-129. 45» M i t c h e l l , A. E . , Uses o f 2-m eth yl, p re h a rv e s t spray Amer. S o c . H o r t . 46. M i t c h e l l , J . W., a n d P . C. M a r t h . 1944. E ffects of 2 ,4 - D on t h e r i p e n i n g o f d e ta c h e d f r u i t s . B o t. Gaz. 106: 199-207, 47. O v e r h o l s e r , E . L . , F . L . O v e r l e y , a n d D. F . A l l m e n dinger. 1943. Three y e a r stu d y o f p r e h a r v e s t sp ra y s i n W ashington. Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 4 2 : 2 1 1 219, 48. R o b e r t s , A. N . , 2 , 4 , 5-T s p r a y s ap p les, peaches 4 8 t h Ann. M t g . , C. L . Ham ner, a n d W. T o e n j e s . 1949. l|.-ch lo ro p h en o x y acetic a c i d as a to p r e v e n t drop o f M cIntosh a p p l e s . S c i . , P r o c . 53: 1 6 3 -1 6 8 . a n d E. H a n s e n . 1950. E f f e c ts of on c o l o r d e v e l o p m e n t a n d r i p e n i n g o f a n d p e a r s . Wash. S t a t e H o r t . A s s o c 0, P r o c . : 191-193® 76 49o R o b e r t s , R. H . , a n d B. E« S t r u c k m e y e r . 1943. The e f f ic ie n c y o f h a rv e s t sprays a f t e r a fre e z e . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . l|_2: 1 9 8 . 50. S e l l , H. M ., R. W. L u e c k e , B. M. T a y l o r , a n d C. L . Hamner. 19^4-9o C h a n g e s i n c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e stem s o f re d k id n e y bean p l a n t s t r e a t e d w ith 2 ,4 -d ic h lo ro p h e n o x y a c e tic a c id . P la n t Phys. 2 4 (2 ): 295-299. 51. Smock, R. M. 1914-2. The i n f l u e n c e o f one l o t o f a p p le f r u i t s on a n o t h e r . Amer* S o c . H o r t . S c i . , p r o c . 40: 187-192. 52. * 1948. A study o f m a tu r ity in d ic e s f o r M cIntosh a p p le s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 5 2 : 176 - 1 8 2 . 53. ------------------- L . J . E d g e r t o n , a n d M. B. H o f f m a n . 1951. Some e f f e c t s o f m a l e i c h y d r a z i d e on t h e s o f t e n ­ i n g and r e s p i r a t i o n o f apple f r u i t s . Amer. S o c . H o rt. S c i . , P ro c . 58: 69-72. 54. 1947* The e f f e c t o f — ——--------------- , a n d C. R. G r o s s . some h o r m o n e m a t e r i a l s on t h e r e s p i r a t i o n a n d s o f t e n ­ ing r a t e s of a p p le s. Amer, S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 4 9 : 67-77* 55. — _________ -_______________ ____ « 1 9 5 0 . S t u d i e s on r e s p i r a t io n of ap p les. N. Y. A g r . E x p . S t a . Mem. 297: 22- 2 4 . 56. S o u t h w i c k , F . W. 1943* C o m p a r a t i v e r e s u l t s w i t h s p r a y s and d u s t s i n c o n t r o l l i n g th e p r e h a r v e s t drop o f ap p les. Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 4 2 : 1 9 9 - 2 0 2 . 57. .. .............. ... l a t i n g substances s o lid s co n ten t of H o rt. S c i,, Proc. 1946. E f f e c t o f some g r o w t h r e g u ­ on t h e r a t e o f s o f t e n i n g a n d s o l u b l e p e a c h e s and a p p l e s . Amer. S o c . 47: 84-90. £ 8 . __ __ ~~0 1949* F u r t h e r s t u d i e s on t h e i n ­ f l u e n c e o f m e t h y l - a - n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t a t e on r i p e n i n g o f a p p l e s and r e a c h e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 53: 169-173* 590 ____ ______________ -, a n d M H u r d . 1948* H a r v e s t i n g , h a n d l i n g and p a c k i n g a p p l e s . S u p p l e m e n t . G round C olor C hart f o r M cIntosh a p p le s . C ornell E xtension B u l l e t i n 750* 60. T h i m a n n , K. V . , a n d J , B e h n k e . 1947* The u s e o f auxins in th e ro o tin g of c u ttin g s . H arvest F o re st: 1. 77 6l . Thompson, A. H. 1951 • The e f f e c t o f 2 , 1 + , 5 - t r i c h l o r o phenoxypropionic a c id sprays i n d e la y in g th e p re h a r­ v e s t drop o f s e v e r a l ap p le v a r i e t i e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 5 8 : 57-6i^o 62o V y v y a n , M. C. 191+6. F r u i t f a l l a n d i t s c o n t r o l b y s y n t h e t i c grow th s u b s ta n c e s . I m p . Bur*. H o r t . a n a P l a n t a t . C r o p s , T e c h . Comm. 1 8 . 63. W e a v e r , R. J . , a n d W. 0 . W i l l i a m s . 1950® R e s p o n s e o f f l o w e r s o f B l a c k C o r i n t h a n d f r u i t o f Thompson S e e d le s s g ra p e s to a p p l i c a t i o n s o f grow th r e g u l a t o r s . B o t . G a z . I l l : 1+77-i+o5* 61+. W e i n b e r g e r , J • H. 1951* E f f e c t o f 2,1+,5 - t r i c h l o r o p e n o x y a c e t i c a c i d on t h e r i p e n i n g o f p e a c h e s i n G eo rgia, Amer, S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 5 ? : 1 1 5 - H 9 * 65. W e n t , P . W. 1 9 2 8 . W u c h s s t o f f un d W a c h s t u m . T rav . B ot. N e e r l. 25: 1 -1 1 6 . 660 W h i t e , D. G. 1950* B l o s s o m i n g o f f r u i t s d e l a y e d by m a le ie h y d r a z id e . S c i . I l l : 303o 67. Zimmerman, P . W ., a nd F . W i l c o x o n . 1935* Several c h e m ic al s u b s ta n c e s w hich cau se i n i t i a t i o n o f r o o t s and o t h e r r e s p o n s e s i n p l a n t s . Boyce Thomp. I n s t . , C o n t r i b . 7: 209-229* Rec. APPEFDIX TABLE 12 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 8 , 1914-9 ( O b se r v e d a f t e r c o l d s t o r a g e i n J a n u a r y , 1 9 5 0 ) T r e a tm e n t Check NAA 1 0 ppm R e p li­ c a tio n In vert su gars (%) 1 2 4 .7 6 .3 5 .3 8 7 .3 8 6 .5 3 8 .8 7 8 .9 5 9 .8 3 Mean 9 .2 0 1 2 8 .£8 3 4 8*96 8.12 4.8 6 .1 8 .7 1 1 2 3 4 Mean Mean NAA 20 ppm T o lo x y 20 ppm T o lo x y 30 ppm A c id s (ml .IN NaOH) M o is t u r e (%) C o lo r r a tin g F ir m n e ss (lb s .) 9 .1 8 5 .8 4 .1 4 .0 3 .9 8 .7 5 .4 8 6 .5 4 .0 8.6 4 .1 5 .0 87.0 8 5 .8 3 .8 3 .8 3 .7 9 .1 9 .2 9 .0 9 .1 5 .0 86 .7 3 .9 9 .1 8 .4 1 8 .9 7 8 .5 6 8 .5 6 5 .8 3 .4 8 7 .0 8 .6 8 .6 6 .5 8 6 .2 4 .1 3 .9 3 .6 3 .1 8 .6 2 5 .4 8 6 .9 3 .7 8 .6 9 .1 9 6.2 8 6 .9 8 7 .0 8 7 .3 8 7 .0 8.1 8 .4 8 .7 7 .9 2 1 0 .0 6 9 .6 2 4* 6 4 .9 6.4 8 7 .1 i& *9 8 5 .7 3 .9 3 .8 3 .4 1 2 .9 8 .5 1 0 .0 9 .0 Mean 9 .2 0 5 .3 8 5 .9 3 .7 1 0 .1 1 2 3i. 4 8 .5 8 9 .3 4 5 .1 5 .8 8 6 .6 8 6 .0 4 .1 3 .9 9 .0 9 .3 Mean 8 .9 6 5 .5 8 6 .3 4.0 9 .2 1 2 3 4 mm mm 80 TABLE 13 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER XI4-, 1 9 4 9 (O b se r v e d a f t e r c o l d s t o r a g e i n J a n u a r y , 1 9 5 0 ) T r e a tm e n t Check NAA 1 0 ppm NAA 20 ppm R e p li­ c a tio n In vert su gars (?) 1 2 8.90 8 .9 8 3 9 .9 1 Mean 1 2 (%) 8 7 .O C o lo r r a tin g F ir m n e s s (lb s .) 6.4 3 .9 3 .1 2 .9 8 .9 8 .5 8 .5 9*30 5 .5 8 6 .5 3 .3 8.6 8 .8 3 3 .6 5 .2 5 .0 5 .7 8 6 .4 3 4 8.86 8.83 9 .61 8 .1 8.6 85.6 3 .4 3 .4 2 .9 3 .2 8 .7 Mean 9 .0 3 4 .9 8 6 .1 3 .2 8.6 1 2 8 *8 i+ 8.80 5 .3 3 .4 8 6 .5 8.2 8.4 3 4 8 .8 9 8 .7 3 4.2 6 .1 3 .5 3 .7 3 .5 8.82 8 6 .3 8 6 .3 87,0 8 6 .8 9 .1 8 .6 8 6 .4 2.6 4*7 86.6 3 .3 8.4 7 .9 9 9 .8 0 1 0 .1 2 9.4-3 4 .6 4*6 4 .5 8 7 .6 8 7 .0 8.4 8.4 6.3 8 5 .7 3 .3 3 .4 3 .3 3 .2 Mean 9 .3 4 5 .0 8 6 .2 3 .3 8 .8 1 2 3 !*•? 5*4 4*7 5 .3 8 6 .2 8 5 .1 8 5 .9 4 9 .0 9 9 .5 9 9 .4 0 9 .1 1 8 6 .3 3 .9 3 .3 3 .5 3 .1 9 .6 8 .9 9 .7 8 .2 Mean 9 .3 0 5 .0 8 5 .9 3 .5 9 .1 1 2 3 4 T o lo x y 30 ppm 4 .8 5 .3 M o is t u r e 8 6 .9 8 5 .7 Mean T o lo x y 20 ppm A c id s (ml .IN NaOH) A _J _ 8 .5 9 .6 8 .9 81 TABLE 1 4 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF MCINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 2 7 , 1950 (O b se r v e d a t h a r v e s t ) T r e a tm e n t R e p li­ c a tio n In vert sugars (%) 1 2 3 4 1 0 ,2 0 1 0 ,0 1 9*93 9 .4 7 Check 7 .8 7 .4 8 .0 8 .8 8 4 .9 8 5 .4 8 6 .3 8 5 .9 3 .6 3 .1 3 .4 3 .6 14.8 9 .9 0 8 .0 8 $ .6 3 .4 14.0 1 0 .1 $ 9 .6 li 9 .9 3 1 0 ,1 1 8 .7 1 0 .6 9 .4 a 7 .8 8 5 .5 8 5 .ia 14.8 8 5 .4 3 .6 3 .2 a 3 .7 4 .0 Mean 9 .9 6 9 .1 85*4 3 .6 1 4 .0 1 2 3 4 9 .7 4 9 .4 2 8 .8 $ 9 .9 8 8 ,0 4 ,9 8 .1 9 .5 8 5 .8 8 5 .7 8 4 .9 8 5 .4 3 .6 3 .3 3 .4 3 .3 1 3 .6 1 3 .8 1 4 .3 1 3 .6 9 .$ 0 7 .6 8 5 .5 3 .4 1 3 .8 1 0 .1 7 9 .5 0 8 $ .0 8 5 .2 9 .9 3 9 .6 9 .7 1 0 .1 7 .8 8 5 .5 3 .1 3 .3 3 .4 3 .7 1 4 .6 1 4 .8 1 4 .2 1 4 .4 Mean 9 .9 8 9 .3 8 5 .2 3 .4 1 4 .5 1 2 3 4 9 .7 4 9 .7 6 8 .6 3 9 .2 8 .5 8 .2 8 .0 8 5 .6 8 5 .3 8 6 .2 8 5 .9 3 .2 3 .4 3 .6 3 .4 1 3 .2 1 3 .7 1 3 .9 1 3 .7 9 .5 8 8 .5 8 5 .8 3 .4 1 3 .6 Mean 1 2 3 4 T o lo x y 30 ppm 2 , 4 . 5-TP 20 ppm F ir m n e ss (lb s .) (%) 1 2 3 4 NAA 2 0 ppm M o is t u r e C o lo r r a tin g Mean NAA 1 0 ppm A c id s (ml .IN NaOH) Mean 1 0 .3 2 1 0 .1 8 a C a lc u la t e d m i s s i n g v a lu e 1 4 .2 1 3 .4 1 3 .6 1 4 .3 14.0 1 2 ,9 82 TABLE 15 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 2 7 , 1950 ( O b se r v e d 1 0 d ay s a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 7 0 ° F) T r e a tm e n t R e p li­ c a tio n Check NAA 1 0 ppm NAA 20 ppm T o lo x y 30 ppm 2 , k , 5 - T P 20 ppm In vert sugars (?) A c id s (ml .IN NaOH) C o lo r r a tin g F ir m n e s s (lb s .) 6.4 8 5 .1 8 5 .7 8 5 .7 8 5 .7 2 .2 1 .9 2 .1 2 .0 9 .8 9 .6 9 .1 9 .6 9 .9 8 6 .7 8 5 .6 2 .1 9 .5 9 .9 1 9 .5 5 1 0 .0 1 a 6 .6 8 .1 6 ,8 6 . 4. 8 5 .8 8 5 .8 8 5 .7a 8 5 .5 2 .0 1 .7 2 .1 a 2 .3 9 .6 9 *2 « 8 .9 8 .2 1 2 3 4- 1 0 .5 6 9 .3 0 1 0 ,0 2 1 0 .0 2 6 .8 7 .1 6 .3 Mean 1 2 3 4- M o is t u r e W 1 0 .0 8 Mean 9 .8 9 7 .0 8 5 .7 2 .0 9 .0 1 2 3 14- 9.4-7 1 0 .3 0 1 0 .1 5 9 .7 6 6 .2 6 ,0 6 .6 7 .3 8 6 .2 8 5 .5 8 5 .2 8 5 .7 2 .3 1 .7 2 .0 1 .5 8 .5 8 .9 8 .9 9 .2 Mean 9 .9 2 6 .5 8 5 .7 1 .9 8 .9 1 2 3 4- 9*4-7 9 .4 7 1 0 .5 1 9 .6 2 7 .0 7 .9 7 .3 6 .3 8 5 .2 8 5 .3 8 5 .2 8 5 .8 1 .8 2 .3 2 .1 2 .2 9 .2 9 .8 9 .3 9 .5 Mean 9 .7 7 7 .1 8 5 .4 2 .1 9 .5 1 0 .3 7 1 0 .0 0 9 .7 8 9 .3 0 7 .2 7 .1 6 .k 7 .6 8 5 .5 8 5 .7 8 6 .2 8 5 .4 1 .8 2 .2 1 .8 1 .5 8 .6 8 .9 9 .1 9 .1 9 .7 1 7 .1 8 5 .7 1 .8 8 .9 1 2 3 4Mean a C a l c u l a t e d m i s s i n g v a lu e 83 TABLE 16 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 (O b se r v e d a f t e r some t h r e e m onths o f s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° F) T r e a tm e n t R e p li­ c a tio n In vert su gars (%) Check 2 .7 2 .2 2 .7 2 .9 9 .3 9 .8 8 .k 9 .0 9 .8 5 5 .0 8 6 .1 2 .6 9 .1 9 .8 6 9 .9 1 1 0 .1 7 a 1 0 .k 9 8 .1 6 .k 7 .5 a k .3 8 5 .7 8 5 .6 8 6 .l a 8 6 .2 2 .8 2 .5 2 .8 a 3 .2 9 .5 9 .3 n 9 .2 9 .2 1 0 .1 1 6 .6 8 5 .9 2 .8 9 .3 1 0 .2 5 9 .2 8 9 .6 7 9.8 1 k .k k .8 k .7 5 .7 8 7 .8 8 6 .5 8 5 .9 8 6 .7 3 .2 2 .6 2 .5 2 .k 9 .1 9 .1 9 .8 9 .9 9 .7 5 k .9 8 6 .7 2 .7 9 .5 10.61+ 1 0 .1 0 9 .9 3 8 .9 8 .2 9 .8 k .5 8 5 .5 8 5 .0 8 6 .3 8 6 .1 2 .3 2 .3 2 .k 3 .1 8 .5 1 0 .0 9 .5 8 .1 Mean 1 0 .1 8 7 .9 8 5 .7 2 .5 9 .0 1 2 3 14- 9 .6 7 9 .9 8 1 0 . k6 9 .8 3 8 .2 k .7 8 .5 5 .5 8 6 .2 8 6 .1 8 6 .9 8 6 .7 2«k 2 .6 2 .6 2 .5 8 .5 9 .7 8 .5 9 .1 Mean 9 .9 9 6 .7 8 6 .5 2 .5 9 .0 1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 k Mean • 2 , k , 5 - T P 20 ppm F ir m n e ss (lb s .) 8 5 .6 8 5 .8 8 6 .6 8 6 .3 k T o lo x y 30 ppm C o lo r r a tin g k .7 5 .6 5 .1 k .k Mean NAA 2 0 ppm M o is t u r e (* ) 1 0 .2 0 1 0 .0 8 9 .7 9 9 .3 3 1 2 3 k NAA 1 0 ppm A c id s (ml .I N NaOH) 1 2 3 14- 1 0 .0 6 a C a lc u la t e d m i s s i n g v a lu e . TABLE 17 GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF MCINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 2 8 , 1951 (O b se r v ed a t h a r v e s t ) T r e a tm e n t Check C o lo r r a tin g F ir m n e s s (lb s .) ll-.O 3 .9 3 .9 4*0 1 0 .7 1 2 .0 1 1 .9 1 1 .5 14-.0 1 1 .5 1 2 3 4 4 .0 4 .1 4 .0 3 .9 1 1 .1 1 1 .0 1 1 .2 Mean il-.o 1 1 .2 4 .o a Il-.o io * 4 a R e p lic a tio n 1 2 3 4 Mean NAA 2 0 ppm T o lo x y 20 ppm 1 4 .1 4 il-.o 1 1 .0 1 0.5 10.9 Mean ij-.O 10*7 1 2 3 4 Mean ll-.O 3 .7 3 .8 3 .8 9 .5 9 .5 9 .3 9 .8 3 .8 9 .5 1 2 3 4 Mean ij-.l 4 .0 9 .8 8 .9 1 1 .0 1 0 .9 4 .1 9 .9 3 .6 3 .9 3 .8 9 .1 8 .5 9 .0 8 .3 3 .8 8 .7 2 3 2 , 4 , 5 - T P "A" 20 ppm ( a p p l i e d A ug0 30) • 2 ,4 > 5 -T P "Btt 20 ppm (a p p lie d S e p t. 11) 2 , 4 , 5 - T P "C" 2 0 ppm ( a p p l i e d Aug* 30 and S e p t* 1 1 ) 1 1 .4 1 2 3 4 Mean C a l c u l a t e d m is s in g v a lu e 4.1 ij-o 0 4 .0 85 TABLE 18 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 2 8 , 1951 ( O b se r v e d i n J a n u a r y , 1 9 5 2 , a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° F) T r e a tm e n t Check R e p l i ­ Sugars*3 c a t i o n (%) A c id s (ml .IN NaOH) C o lo r r a tin g n#5 12#5 1 2 #0 6 .2 6 .6 6 .6 8 .k 7 .0 3 .3 3.±j2 .9 3 .2 3 .2 1 1 .0 1 2 ,0 1 2 .0 12 #0 6 .k 7 .0 6 .6 5 .4 3 .1 3.1*3 .3 3*6 9 .0 9 .4 9 .0 9 .0 Mean I I 08 6.4 3.^4- 9 .1 1 2 3 1 1 . 7a 1 1 ,5 1 1 .5 1 2 .0 6 .0 a 6 .8 5 .8 . 6 .k 3 .1 a 3 .2 3 .3 3 .4 9 .3 8 .7 1 1 .7 6 .3 3 .3 8.9 8 .3 7 .7 7 .7 1 2 3 k Mean NAA 20 ppm 1 2 3 k T o lo x y 20 ppm k Mean 1 1 .5 12.5 F i rmne s s (lb s .) 9 .3 8 .I49 .0 9 .0 8 .9 9 .0 a Q. k 8.1 1 2,I}.,5-TP "A" 2 20 ppm ( a p p l i e d Aug# 3 0 ) 3 1 1 .0 5.2 1 1 .5 5 .0 1 1 .0 k 1 1 .5 6 .0 3 .2 3 .3 3 .2 3 .5 Mean 1 1 .3 5J+ 3 .3 8 .0 1 2 3 1 1 .5 10.5 12.0 12.0 5 .8 5 .8 5 .2 6.1j. 3 .3 3 .1 3 .2 8 .9 8 .9 8 .2 9 .6 11.5 5 .8 3 .3 8 .9 1 1 .5 1 1 .0 1 1 .5 11.0 5 .2 5 .6 6—M. 0 5*2 2 .0 3 .2 3 .0 2 .7 1 1 .3 5 .5 2 .7 8 .4 8 .0 8A . 5A 0 00 8 .2 2,14.,5-TP 11Bw 20 ppm ( a p p lie d S e p t# 1 1 ) k Mean 2 ,ij.,5 -T P "C" 2 0 ppm ( a p p l i e d Aug, 30 and S e p t# 11 ) 1 2 3 k Mean C a l c u l a t e d m is s in g v a lu e ^ S o lu b le s o l i d s e x p r essed as su gars 86 TABLE 19 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OP McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 2 8 , 1951 ( O b se r v e d i n March, 1 9 5 2 , a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° P) R e p li- Sugars1 c a tio n (%) T r e a tm e n t Check 1 2 3 4 Mean NAA 20 ppm 1 2 3 4 Mean 1 2 T o lo x y 20 ppm 3 4 Mean 2 ,4 » 5 - T P "A" 20 ppm ( a p p l i e d Aug, 1 2 30) 3 4 Mean 2 , 4 , 5 - T P "Bw 20 ppm ( a p p lie d S e p t. 11) 2 , 4 , 5 - T P *Cn 20 ppm ( a p p l i e d A ug. 30 and S e p t . 1 1 ) 1 2 A c id s (ml .IN NaOH) C o lo r r a tin g F ir m n e ss (lb s .) 1 2 .0 1 2 . 5 ft 1 2 .3 1 2 .0 4 .4 4 .5 a 5 .o 3 .6 3 .1 2 .8 2 .8 1 2 .2 4 .5 3 .1 1 1 .5 4 .6 4*4 4 .4 2.4 4.2 3 .3 3 .1 3 .2 1 1 .7 4 .4 3 .0 8 .1 11. 3a 12.0 11.0 3 .9 a 3 .8 4 .4 8 . 0a 1 1 .5 1 1 .5 4.0 4» 2 3 * la 3 .1 3 .2 3 .1 3 .1 3 .2 3 .9 3 .8 3 .7 3 .3 3 .3 2 .9 3 .0 8 .3 7 .9 7 .6 3 .7 3 .1 7 .7 3 .3 3 .2 3 .0 3 .1 8.0 6*6 7 .5 8 .9 11.8 11.8 1 1 .8 11.0 1 1 .3 1 1 .0 11.0 11 .1 11.0 10. S 3 .9 7 .5 8 .9 8 .8 7 .5 8 .2 8 .9 7 .5 8.2 7 .8 7 .6 8 .4 8.4 8 .1 6 .8 3 4 Mean 1 2 .3 1 1 .5 3 .9 3 .3 4 .1 4 .5 2 1 1 .3 4 .0 3 .2 7 .8 1 2 1 1 .5 3 .4 2 .5 3 .7 3 4 1 1 .5 1 1 .5 3 .8 4 .1 2 .4 7 .2 7 .7 7 .4 6 .9 Mean 11.4 3 .9 2 .9 7 .3 1 1 .0 4 .4 C a l c u l a t e d m is s in g v a lu e bS o lu b le s o l i d s e x p r e sse d as sugars 2 .8 87 TABLE 20 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 0 - 1 2 , 1 9 4 9 (O b se r v ed a t h a r v e s t ) . T r e a tm e n t Check R e p l i - I n v e r t A c id s P r o t e i n M o is t u r e C o lo r F ir m c a t i o n s u g a r s (ml .IN r a tin g n ess (*) it) (lb s .) NaOH) (* ) 1 2 3 4 0 .2 2 0 .2 3 0 .2 5 0 .2 3 8 3 .8 8 4 .3 8 3 .4 8 4 .1 2 .2 2 .4 3 .0 3 .1 18.5 1 6 .6 1 2 .li 7 .6 6 .6 7 .7 7 .7 1 1 .9 2 7 .4 0 .2 3 8 3 .9 2 .7 1 8 .3 1 2 .3 9 1 0 .9 2 1 2 .8 0 1 2 .3 7 a 7 .5 7 .2 7 .0 6*4 0 .2 2 0 .3 1 0 .2 8 0 .2 7 a — 2 .5 1 .7 2 .3 2 .2 2 0 .9 1 7 .2 , 1 8 . 01 1 8 .4 1 2 .1 1 7 .0 0 .2 7 M* ■» 2 .2 1 8 .8 1 1 .5 3 1 1 .1 3 1 1 .2 0 1 1 .1 2 8 .1 8 .3 7 .2 6 .9 0 .2 4 0 .3 3 0 .2 7 0 .2 5 8 4 .2 8 5 .1 8 4 .1 8 4 .6 2 .0 2 .3 2 .7 2 .1 18.4 1 1 .2 3 7 .6 0 .2 7 8 4 .5 2 .6 18.9 1 1 .9 4 1 1 .4 7 1 2 .1 5 1 1 .6 7 7 .2 7 .8 8 .0 6 .2 0 .2 5 0 .2 2 0 .2 5 0 .2 8 8 3 .8 8 3 .9 8 3 .4 8 3 .5 2 .2 2 .2 1 .9 2 .4 1 8 .9 1 8 .6 1 6 .2 1 9 .9 Mean 11.8 1 7 .3 0 .2 5 8 3 .7 2 .2 1 8 .4 1 2 3 4 1 1 .0 3 1 0 .9 7 1 2 .1 2 1 2 .7 7 8 .1 8 .1 7 .5 6 .5 0 .3 1 0 .2 8 0 .2 6 0 .2 8 8 4 .7 8 4 .6 8 2 .8 8 3 .1 2 .5 1 .7 2 .2 2 .7 1 8 .6 1 6 .8 1 4 .9 2 1 .9 1 1 .7 2 7 .6 0 .2 8 8 3 .8 2 .3 1 8 .1 Mean NAA 1 0 ppm 1 2 3 k Mean NAA 20 ppm 1 2 3 4 Mean T o lo x y 20 ppm T o lo x y 30 PPm 1 2 3 4 Mean 1 1 .9 7 1 1 .74 11.84 C a l c u l a t e d m i s s i n g v a lu e — - - 1 8 .5 1 9 .7 1 5 .1 2 1 .5 2 0 .5* 88 TABLE 21 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 0 - 1 2 , 191*9 (O b se r v e d a f t e r t h r e e m onths o f s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° F) T r e a tm e n t Check R e p l i - I n v e r t A c id s P r o t e i n M o is t u r e C o lo r F ir m c a t i o n s u g a r s (ml .IN r a tin g n ess {%) (%) (lb s.) NaOH) (%) 1 2 3 1 1 .2 2 1 0 .7 8 1 0 .8 5 1 2 .2 7 7 .5 6 .8 7 .2 7 .0 0 .1 9 0 .2 5 0 .2 6 0 .2 5 8 3 .9 81**1 81*.5 8 3 .7 1 .8 2 .0 2 .6 2 .9 li* .0 1 3 .2 1 3 .8 li*«9 Mean 1 1 .2 8 7 .1 0.21* 81*.0 2 .3 11*.0 1 2 3 1* 1 2 .1 5 1 1 .0 5 1 1 .6 5 1 0 .9 3 6 .7 7 .2 .7 .0 8 .1 0 .2 0 0 .2 3 0 .2 3 0 .2 5 8 2 .5 81*.l 8 3 .8 83.1* 2 .5 1 .5 2 .1 1 .9 1 5 .5 1 3 .6 l l * .6 11*. 0 Mean 11.1*5 7 .3 0 .2 3 83.1* 2 .0 ll*.i* 1 2 3 I* 1 0 .6 3 9 .7 1 1 1 .1 5 1 0 .9 0 7 .6 7 .2 7 .0 7.1* 0 .2 5 0 .2 6 0 .2 8 81**3 8 5 .3 0.2k 81*.1 1 .9 2 *°* 1 .9 1 .9 11*. 0 1 2 .3 1 5 .8 1 2 .7 Mean 1 0 .6 0 7 .3 0 .2 6 81+.3 1 .9 1 3 .7 1 2 3 1* 11.1*5 1 1 .3 3 1 0 .7 6 1 1 .0 3 7 .2 8 .1 8 .5 6 .6 0.2k 0 .2 0 0 .2 5 0 .2 2 83.1+ 8 3 .6 8i*02 8 3 .7 2 .0 1 .8 1 .9 2 .0 11*.1 1 3 .9 1 3 .0 1 5 .0 Mean 11.1k 7 .6 0 .2 3 8 3 .7 1 .9 11*.0 1 2 3 1 0 .7 9 1 0 .6 8 10.61* 1 1 .7 9 8.1* 8 .7 7 .8 7 .0 0 .2 1 0 .2 1 0 .3 6 0 .2 7 81*.3 81*.0 8 3 .9 82.1* 2 .2 1 .7 1 .7 2 .7 1 2 .9 1 3 .7 13.1* 1 5 .3 1 0 .9 8 8 .0 0 .2 6 8 3 .7 2 .1 1 3 .8 k NAA 1 0 ppm NAA 20 ppm T o lo x y 20 ppm T o lo x y 30 ppm k Mean C a l c u l a t e d m i s s i n g v a lu e 8 3 .6 ' 89 TABLE 22 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 2 5 , 1 9 5 0 (O b se r v ed a t h a r v e s t ) T r e a tm e n t Check R e p l i ­ I n v e r t A c id s M o is t u r e c a t i o n s u g a r s (ml .IN (%) NaOH) (?) 1 2 1 3 .5 14*6 1 4 .6 2 .5 1 4 .7 1 0 .0 0 8 4 .7 2 .6 2 .5 1 4 .4 1 1 .0 0 11.6 0 2.2 2 .7 2 .1 2 .1 2 .3 2 .4 1 .7 16.9 9 .1 8 1 0 .0 5 8 4 .9 8 4 .5 8 4 .9 8 5 .3 2 .1 4 10*34 1 1 .6 5 10 * 4 6 1 0 .5 2 Mean 1 0 .7 4 10 .4 6 8 4 .9 2 .3 2 .2 15.0 1 2 3 1 0 .4 5 8 4 .1 8 4 .5 4 1 0 .4 9 1 0 .3 5 1 0 .2 5 1 0 .5 9 2 .8 2 .4 2 .2 2 .0 1 5 .5 1 5 .4 I4o0 1 4 .7 Mean 1 2 3 1 3 2 ,4 ,5 -T P 20 ppm 1 0 .3 6 2 .8 2 .1 2 T o lo x y 20 ppm 8 4 .5 8 5 .1 8 4 .8 Mean NAA 20 ppm 84*6 9 .8 5 1 0 .5 8 F ir m n e ss (lb s .) 3 .3 1 .9 2 .4 2 .9 3 4 NAA 1 0 ppm 9.88 10*22 1 0 .4 2 10*30 1 0 .4 9 C o lo r r a tin g b c 9.68 2 .5 a 14*5 1 4 .5 1 4 .1 1 0 .4 5 1 1 .0 5 8 4 .7 2 .8 2 .1 2 .3 2 .3 1 0 .4 2 1 0 .5 6 8 4 .5 2 .4 2 .4 1 4 .9 9 .5 5 1 0 .1 0 9 .8 5 8 .9 5 8 5 .0 8 5 .3 2 .5 1 5 .1 8 4 .8 2 .3 2 .3 2 .9 4 1 0 .9 4 1 0 .0 1 9 .9 8 1 1 .0 1 8 4 .5 2 .3 Mean 1 0 .4 9 9 .6 1 8 4 .9 1 2 3 4 1 0 .3 9 1 0 .3 4 1 0 .6 5 9 .6 5 1 0 .9 0 9 4 .3 8 5 .3 10 .4 0 1 0 .4 0 Mean 1 0 .3 0 1 0 .3 0 1 0 .3 3 1 0 .2 8 84 .6 2.5 2.5 I4o0 2 .0 1 4 .6 1 4 o8 2.4 2 .4 14*6 2 .6 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 1 5 .2 8 4 .9 2 .6 2 .9 2 .2 2 .2 84 .8 2 .5 2 .4 1 5 .0 8 4 .6 C a l c u l a t e d m is s in g v a lu e C o l o r r e a d i n g f o r f r u i t s t o r e d a t 32 C o l o r r e a d i n g f o r f r u i t s t o r e d a t 70 F F 1 4 .3 1 5 .6 1 4 .8 90 TABLE 23 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 2 5 , 1950 (O b se r v e d a f t e r s t o r a g e f o r 1 0 d a y s a t 7 0 ° F) T r e a tm e n t R e p li­ c a tio n In vert sugars 1 0 ,7 9 1 0 .3 7 a lO .lii 10.61* 7 .7 8 o 7*52 7 .6 5 7 .7 5 8 5 .7 & 8 5 .5 8 5 .1 8 5 .0 1 .8 1 .7 14 1.8 1 0 .7 1 1 .2a 1 1 .1 1 2 .1 1 0 .5 6 7 .7 8 5 .3 1.7 1 1 .3 1 1 .0 8 1 1 .0 3 1 0 .2 7 84.6 8 4 .0 1 0 .3 0 8 .7 5 8 .2 5 745 7 .8 8 8 5 .2 8 5 .0 1 .4 1 .6 1 .5 1 .4 1 2 .0 1 3 .4 !2 .5 a 12. 8a Mean 1 0 .6 7 8 .1 8 4 .7 1 .5 1 2 .7 1 2 3 8 .0 5 7 .6 5 8 .6 5 8 .0 0 84.8 k 1 0 .7 6 1 0 .5 9 1 0 .4 4 1 0 .5 6 8 5 .0 8 5 .0 8 5 .0 1 .7 1 .6 1 .6 . 1 .3 1 2 .0 1 2 .8 1 2 .0 1 2 .5 Mean 1 0 .5 9 8 .1 8 5 .0 1 .6 1 2 .3 1 1 .8 2 9 .9 8 8 4 .6 85*4 8 5 .5 1 0 .9 3 7 .9 0 8 .1 5 7 .9 0 7 .2 3 8 4 .2 1 .6 1 .5 1 .8 1 .7 1 3 .5 1 1 .4 1 1 .5 1 1 .8 Mean 1 0 .8 4 7 .8 8 4 .9 1 .7 1 2 .1 1 2 3 if 1 0 .6 6 8 4 .2 1 0 .9 6 1 0 .8 8 8.40 8 4.8 8 .0 5 8 5 .3 1 .7 1 .5 1 .5 1 .5 1 3 .4 1 0 .4 7 8 .2 5 7 .3 0 11.5 12.5 1 2 .3 Mean 1 0 .7 4 8 .0 8 4 .9 1 .7 12.4 1 2 3 k Mean NAA 1 0 ppm 1 2 3 k NAA 20 ppm T o lo x y 20 ppm 1 2 I 2 , 4 , 5 - T P 20 ppm F ir m n e ss (lb s .) M o is t u r e (%) Check C o lo r r a tin g A c id s (ml .IN NaOH) 10.64 C a l c u l a t e d m i s s i n g v a lu e (%) 8 5 .3 91 TABLE 2k CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 2 5 , 1 9 5 0 (O b se r v e d a f t e r s t o r a g e f o r 3i? m onths a t 3 2 ° F) T r e a tm e n t R e p li­ c a tio n Check NAA 1 0 ppm NAA 20 ppm T o lo x y 20 ppm A c id s (ml .IN NaOH) M o is t u r e (%) C o lo r ra tin g F ir m n e ss (lb s .) 9*72 10o25 9 .k 7 10*81 7 .0 5 7 .2 3 7 .9 5 7 .0 8 8 6 .0 8k. 8 8 5 .2 8 5 .1 2 .0 1 .3 1 .3 1 .5 9 .0 1 1 .k 1 0 .9 9 .7 Mean 1 0 .0 6 7 .3 3 8 5 .3 1 .5 1 0 .3 1 2 3 k 1 0 .3 k 1 1 .2 8 10*25 1 0 .6 k 8 .k 5 8 .2 0 7 .0 5 8 k .5 8 5 .3 8 5 .7 1 .3 l.k 1 .3 1 .3 1 1 .2 1 2 .1 1 1 .1 1 0 .7 Mean 10*63 7 .8 3 8 5 .1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 2 3 k 1 0 .0 6 9*02 1 1 .5 0 10*8k 9 .1 8 6 .3 5 7 .5 5 6 ,k o 8 5 .0 8 5 .0 8 5 .3 8 k .7 1 .6 i* k 1 .3 1 .2 1 0 .5 1 1 .8 1 0 .6 1 1 .7 Mean 1 0 .3 6 7 .3 7 8 5 .0 l «k 1 1 .2 1 2 3 k 1 0 *81 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .8 6 1 1 .0 6 6 .8 0 6 .7 5 6 .3 8 8k. 9 8 5 .8 8 5 .5 8 5 .3 l.k 1 .2 1 .6 l.k 1 1 .3 1 0 .3 1 0 .8 1 1 ,0 10*89 6 .7 8 8 5 .k l.k 1 0 .9 1 2 3 k 1 0 .6 6 1 0 .2 5 1 0 .1 5 9 .7 6 7 .6 8 8 .5 8 7 .8 0 8 .7 3 8 k .9 8 5 .3 8 5 .2 8 5 .3 1 .5 l.k 1 .3 1 .3 1 1 .6 1 0 .9 1 1 .0 1 1 .1 Mean 1 0 .2 1 8 .2 0 8 5 .2 l.k 1 1 .2 1 2 3 k Mean 2 . k . 5 - T P 20 com Invert sugars <#) 7 .6 0 7 .1 8 92 TABLE 2^ CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 8 , 1951 (O b se r v e d a t h a r v e s t ) R e p li­ Sugarsa c a tio n (%) T r e a tm e n t C o lo r r a tin g F ir m n e ss (lb s .) 13.0 9 .3 9 .4 1 0 o0 9 .6 2 .7 2.14 2 .9 1 .9 1 3 .8 114.9 1 3 .6 13.14- 9 .7 2 .5 1*4.0 1 3 .6 1 3 .5 II 4-.0 1 1 .8 10.2 1 2 .8 10.2 Mean 1 3 .8 1 2 1 3 .5 1 3 .5 1 3 .5 1 2 Check 3 *4 Mean 1 2 NAA 2 0 ppm 3 k T o lo x y 2 0 ppm 3 k Mean 2 ,l4 ,5 -T P "A" 20 ppm ( a p p l i e d Oct* 1) 1 2 3 kr • Mean 1 3 .5 1 *4.0 1 3 .0 114.0 2 .9 1 3 .6 1 2 .9 2.6 15.2 3 .2 2 .8 1 4 .5 1 6 .0 1 1 .3 2 .9 114.7 1 4 .4 2 .9 2 .9 2 .7 16,0 1 1 .2 8 .8 13.0 8*14- 13.14- 1 0 .7 IL4.0 1 5 .6 1 3 .0 1 3 .8 1 I4.2 1 0 .0 14*0 1 3 .0 2 .6 2 .8 3 .0 2.6 1 3 .7 1 3 .9 1 3 .9 II 4.I 4 1 5 .5 II 4.8 2 .7 2 .5 1 2 .8 9 .0 ii.5 2 .7 114.1 114.2 1 1 .2 1 3 .5 9 .4 2.8 2.8 1 5 .9 1 5 .5 1 I4.I 4 1 2,1|.,5-T P "b " 2 20 ppm 1 2 ) 3 (a p p lie d O ct. 14.0 k 2 , if.,5~TP "C,r 20 ppm ( a p p lie d O ct. 1 and O c t . 1 2 ) A c id s (ml .IN NaOH) 1 3 .3 UJ..5 8 .2 10.2 2 .7 2 .9 Mean 1 I4..1 9 .8 2 .8 114.9 1 2 1 3 .5 U 4.O 1 3 .5 1 4 .2 14.0 1 2 .2 1 1 .2 2 .9 3 .0 2*7 2 .3 1 I4.I4 1 I4.7 114.5 15.1 1 3 .8 1 2 .0 2 .7 11+.7 3 k Mean 1 0 .2 aS o lu b le s o l i d s e x p r e s s e d a s su g a r s 13 .8 4 1 ^ 93 TABLE 26 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 8 , 1951 ( O b se r v e d i n F e b r u a r y , 1 9 5 2 , a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° F) T r ea tm en t Check NAA 20 ppm T o lo x y 20 ppm 2 , 4 , 5 - T P "A" 20 ppm ( a p p lie d O ct. 1) 2 , 4 , 5 - t p "b " 2 0 ppm (a p p lie d O ct. 1 and O c t . 1 2 ) 2 ,!j.,5 -T P "C" 20 ppm (a p p lie d O ct. 1 and O c t . 1 2 ) R e p l i ­ Sugars®c a tio n (?) 1 2 3 4 Mean 1 3 .0 14*3 1 3 .5 1 4 .0 A c id s (ml ,1N NaOH) C o lo r r a tin g F ir m n e ss (lb s ,) 1 3 .7 9 .2 8 .2 7 .6 8 ,4 8 .1 1 .9 1 2 3 4 Mean lit-.O 1 3 .5 1 3 .9 1 3 .9 7 .8 7 .9 7 .9 7 .9 2 .0 2 .3 1 .9 2 .1 1 3 .9 7 .9 2 .1 1 1 .4 1 2 .5 1 2 .4 1 2 .3 1 2 .2 1 2 3 4 Mean 1 3 .8 1 3 .8 lit..O 1 3 .0 7 .9 7 .2 8 .0 6 .5 1 3 .7 7 .4 2 .2 1 .9 2 .0 1 .7 2 .0 1 1 .8 n .5 1 3 .1 1 0 .7 1 1 .8 lii-.o 1 3 .0 1 3 .8 1 3 .5 8 .9 7 .9 8 .1 8 .0 1 .9 2 .3 2 .1 1 .9 1 2 .6 1 1 .8 1 2 .9 1 1 .3 Mean 1 3 .6 8 .2 2 .1 1 2 .2 1 2 3 4 lit-.O 1 3 .3 1 3 .0 14.0 8 .0 9 .2 7 .5 7 .7 1 .8 1 .7 2 .8 2 .4 1 2 .7 1 3 .3 1 2 .1 1 1 .2 Mean 1 3 .6 8 .1 2 .2 1 2 .3 1 2 3 4 Mean 1 3 .5 1 3 .5 lit.. 5 lit-5 8 .6 7 .5 8 .0 8 .3 2 .3 2 .0 2 .2 1 .2 1 1 .9 1 1 ,8 1 1 .3 1 3 .0 lit-.O 8 .1 1 .9 1 2 .0 1 2 3 4 aS o lu b le s o l i d s e x p r e s s e d a s su g a r s 2 .3 1 .7 2 .1 1 .6 1 2 .1 1 2 .0 1 1 .9 1 2 .7 1 2 .2 9i|- TABLE 27 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 8 , 1951 (O b se r v e d i n A p r i l , 1 9 5 2 , a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° F) T r e a tm e n t Check R e p l i ­ S u g a r s13 c a tio n (%) A c id s (ml *1N NaOH) C o lo r r a tin g F ir m n e ss (lb s .) 1 2 3 4 Mean 1 3 .0 1 3 .5 12*5 13o0 6*3 7 .2 7 .8 6 .6 1 .7 1 .8 2*0 1 .6 10*9 1 1 .2 1 1 .3 11*1 1 3 .0 7 .2 1 .8 1 1 .1 1 2 3 4 Mean 13*0 1 3 .4 a 1 3 .5 1 3 .5 6 o9 7 .3 a 7 .3 8 .2 2*5 2*0 2 .3 2 .1 1 0 .7 1 1 .3 1 1 .7 10*3 13*4 7.4- 2 .2 1 1 .0 1 2 3 4 Mean 1 3 .5 1 3 .0 1 3 .5 1 3 .0 7 .0 7 .1 6*2 5 .8 1 .9 1 .8 1 .8 1*8 1 1 .3 1 1 .6 1 1 .6 1 1 .1 1 3 .3 6*5 1 .9 1 1 .3 1 2 3 4 1 ^ .0 1 3 .0 12*5 1 3 .0 7 .7 6*6 7 .8 7 .5 2*3 1 .8 1 .9 1 .5 1 0 .4 1 0 .9 Mean 1 3 .1 7 .4 1 .9 1 0 .9 1 2 , 4 * 5 - t p "b " 2 20 ppm ( a p p l i e d Oct* 1 2 ) 3 4 Mean 1 3 .0 14 -3 1 3 .5 1 3 .5 6 .7 2 6*8 6*2 6* 4 1*7 1 .5 2 .4 1 .6 1 2 .1 1 1 .8 10*8 1 1 .4 1 3 .6 6 .5 1 .8 1 1 .5 1 3 .5 1 3 .0 1 3 .5 3 4 .3 6*5 6*11 7 .6 7 .3 2 2 .0 1 .7 1 .7 1 .5 10*7 11 *6 _11*6 - ft 1 1 .8 1 3 .6 7 .0 1 .7 11.4 NAA 20 ppm T o lo x y 20 ppm 2 , 4 , 5 - T P "A" 20 ppm ( a p p l i e d Oct* 1 ) 2 ,4 * 5 - T P "CH 20 ppm ( a p p l i e d Oct* 1 and Oct* 1 2 ) 1 2 3 4 Mean ^ •C a lc u la te d m i s s i n g v a l u e ^ S o l u b l e s o l i d s e x p r e s s e d as s u g a r s 11.4 1 1 .0 95 TABLE 28 RESPIRATION RATES AT 7 1 ° F FOR McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED IN 1951 ( V a lu e s e x p r e s s e d a s mg* C O o /k g ./h r * f o r two r e p l i c a t e t r e e s per trea tm en t) Ch e ck 1 3 Toloxy NAA 2 if 2 2 , if, 5-TP "A" 2 , if, 5-TP "Bf k 1 3 2 1 At h a r v e s t 7 -5 1 1 .3 1 1 .6 6 , ij. 6 .5 8.2 7 .0 10.0 io .5 8.8 2 8.2 7 .5 8.0 7 .1 6 .8 9 .8 6 .5 9 .1 9 .1 8.0 3 9 .0 6 .5 8.0 6 .8 6 ,5 7 .8 6.0 8 .if 7 .2 8 . if. 5 8.2 7 .8 8 .8 8.2 6.0 8 .6 6 .5 1 1 .3 6.6 7 .7 6 9 .if 6 .8 9 .7 8.6 6.2 7 .if 7 .0 7 .6 7 .9 9 .2 7 8 .2 7 .3 8 . if 9 .8 5 . if 7 .1 6 .if 8.0 6.2 6 .7 8 9 .if 7 .8 8 .8 11.3 6 .5 8 . if 7 .0 1 0 .3 6 .9 8 . if 3 A f t e r s t o r a g e a t 32 ° F 1 3 2 if 2 if 1 2 if 19 8.8 7 .7 9 .1 6 .7 7 .7 7 .7 8 .3 7 .8 • i f .9 7 .9 20 8.0 7 .2 8 .5 6.1 7 .2 7 . if 7 .8 7 .3 if.7 7 .9 21 8 .if 7 .9 9 .5 7 .0 8.2 7 .9 7 .9 7 .8 5 .2 9 .3 22 7 .8 7 .2 8 .9 6 .3 8,0 8 ,3 7 .6 8.0 if .9 9 .0 23 8 .6 7 .9 9 .5 8 . if 8 . if 7 .7 7 .8 7 .3 5 .2 8.6 2 if 8.1 7 .5 8 .3 6 .3 7 .2 7 .7 7 .8 7 .1 5 .2 9 .0 25 7 .3 6 .7 7 .i f 5 .7 6 .7 7 .0 7 .1 6 .5 if .7 7 .3 27 7 .5 6 .7 7 .9 6*0 7 .0 7 .0 8.1 6 .8 5 .5 7 .3 28 7 .1 6 .if. 7 .7 5 .if 6 .5 6 .7 7 .2 6 . if if.7 8 . if 30 7 .3 6 .!+ 7 .2 6 .1 6.2 6 .7 6 .9 6 . if if 06 7 .2 96 TABLE 29 RESPIRATION RATES AT 7 1 ° P FOR NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED IN 1951 ( V a l u e s e x p r e s s e d , a s mg, C O p / k g . / h r . f o r two r e p l i c a t e t r e e s p e r treatm ent) Date Check 1 NAA 4 1 Toloxy 2 1 3 2 , 4 , 5 - tp " a” 2 , 4 , 5 - tp "b ' 1 3 3 4 O c t . 25 8*7 7.1* 10,0 9,9 11.8 8 ,7 9.0 9.6 12 .4 9.2 26 9 .5 6 .4 8,7 9 ,2 9 .0 8.5 8 ,4 13.6 13.4 8 .6 27 8 ,5 6 , 1), 9 .1 9 ,0 8,6 7 .4 8.8 9 .0 10.7 8 .0 28 9.1 6,7 10.3 9 .0 9 .6 9,1 9,0 9.6 11.7 8.8 29 7.7 5*6 7 .6 7 ,8 8 .4 7.1 7.3 7 <.8 10.2 7.1 31 7« 4 5-9 8 .5 7.8 CD » O' At h a r v e s t 7 ,4 7 ,5 8.2 11.4 7.1 No v. 1 13.1 8 ,9 1 5.2 1 5.3 1 5,9 13.8 14*6 19.2 12.0 13.6 2 6,0 14-. 1 6,0 5.4 5 .9 5.5 5.2 5.7 6 .4 5.3 4 5.1 4 .0 4 .8 4 .9 4 .9 4.8 4 .4 5.2 5.7 4 .0 A f t e r s t o r a g e a t 32° P 3 1 4 1 2 2 4 1 3 F e b . 19 5.1 4 .9 5.3 5 .2 5.1 5.6 7.3 5.3 5.2 3.8 20 7.6 7 .4 8,0 8.1 8 .9 8 .7 11.3 8 .0 8 ,4 5.8 21 8 .0 8 .2 8.8. 8.8 9.0 9.3 12.1 9.0 9.0 6 .0 22 9.0 8 .9 9.7 9.5 lp.O O 0 1—1 13.3 9.2 9.6 6.3 23 9.2 8 .9 9.9 9.9 10,9 10,2 13,3 9.6 9.9 6.3 25 8 .0 10.8 8 .6 12 .5 9.3 9.3 12.1 8.6 8.8 6.2 26 7 .6 7.6 7 .9 7.7 O' . CO 8 ,0 10.8 8 .6 8.0 5 .4 27 8 .7 8.4 8,6 7.7 8.7 8.9 11.3 7.6 8.6 6.0 28 9.0 9 .4 9.7 8 .6 9.7 9.-3 13.3 7.6 9 .4 — 0 1