GROWTH EXPERIMENTS ON YOUNG CHICKENS EXPOSED TO HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL TREATMENT By DRAYTON TUCKER KINAHD A THESIS S u b m itte d to th e S chool o f G rad u ate S tu d ie s o f M ich ig an S ta te C o lle g e o f A .g ric u ltu re and A p p lie d S c ie n ce in p a r t i a d f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e d e g re e of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY D epartm ent o f A g ric u l t u r a l E n g in e e rin g 19% ProQuest Number: 10008351 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10008351 Published by ProQuest LLC (2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 481 06- 1346 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The a u th o r e x p re s s e s h is s in c e r e a p p r e c ia tio n f o r th e c o u n s e l, g u id a n c e , and i n t e r e s t o f P r o f e s s o r D. E. W ia n t, u n d e r whose s u p e r v is ­ io n t h i s work was d o n e . He i s a ls o in d e b te d t o Mr. A. W. F a r r a l l , Head o f th e D e p a rt­ m ent o f A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g in e e rin g , M ichigan S t a t e C o lle g e , and to Mr. R. H. D r i f t m i e r , Head o f th e D ep artm en t o f A g r i c u ltu r a l E n g in e e r­ i n g , th e U n iv e r s ity o f G e o rg ia , and to D r. E. B roadus Browne, R e s i­ d e n t D ir e c to r o f th e C o lle g e E x p erim en t S t a t i o n , The U n iv e r s ity o f G e o rg ia , f o r t h e i r s u p p o rt w hich made i t p o s s ib le to c a r r y o u t t h i s in v e s tig a tio n . A p p re c ia tio n i s e x p re ss e d to D r. W a lte r M. C a r le to n , D r. P h i l i p J . S c h a ib le , Dean C. R. Megee, P r o f e s s o r D. J . Renwick, and D r. R. H. N oble f o r t h e i r sy m p a th e tic u n d e rs ta n d in g and h e lp f u l s u g g e s tio n s d u rin g th e c o u rs e o f th e s tu d y . D r. S c h a ib le was e s p e c i a l l y h e lp f u l on many q u e s tio n s b e c a u se o f h i s p a r t i c u l a r e x p e rie n c e and q u a l i f i c a ­ tio n s w ith re g a rd to a problem o f t h i s n a t u r e . I n a d d itio n to th o s e named, th e a u th o r i s e s p e c i a l l y g r a t e f u l t o : M r. S id n ey C. New, a sc h o o lm a s te r i n B r i s t o l , E n g lan d , f o r o b ta i n ­ in g a s e a rc h o f th e l i b r a r y a t B r i s t o l f o r in fo r m a tio n p e r t a i n i n g to th e o r i g i n a l w ork, and f o r m aking p r e lim in a r y i n q u i r i e s from o th e r B r i t i s h s o u rc e s j and to P r o f e s s o r I . 0 . E b e r t, D ep artm en t o f E l e c t r i ­ c a l E n g in e e rin g , Mr. Dave L ib b ey , D ep artm en t o f P o u lt r y H usbandry, and t o Mr. Baba T e l i s c h i , g ra d u a te r e s e a r c h a s s i s t a n t , D epartm ent o f ii A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g in e e rin g , a l l o f M ichigan S t a t e C o lle g e , f o r s i g n i f i ­ c a n t a s s i s t a n c e i n th e f i r s t e x p e rim e n ts ; a n d , a t th e U n iv e r s ity o f G e o rg ia , Mr. P au l A. C raw ford, J r . , E x te n s io n S p e c i a l i s t i n R ural E l e c t r i f i c a t i o n , D epartm ent o f A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g in e e rin g , f o r in v a lu a b le a s s i s t a n c e i n c a r r y in g o u t th e f i f t h t r i a l ; D r. R o b ert S. W heeler, f o r ­ m e rly Head o f th e D iv is io n o f P o u lt r y H usbandry, and D r. T i l l M. H uston, o f t h a t d e p a rtm e n t, f o r making th e h i s t o l o g i c a l e x a m in a tio n and f o r o th e r a s s i s t a n c e ; P r o f e s s o r s O ti s E. C ro s s, W arren E . G a rn e r, P . D. R odgers, and R. H. Brown, D ep artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g in e e rin g , f o r m a t e r i a l a s s i s t a n c e a t i n t e r v a l s d u rin g th e s tu d y ; D r. Eugene Odum, D epartm ent o f B io lo g y , f o r a d v ic e and u se o f th e c a rd d o -v ib ro m e te r; D r. H. D. M o rris , D epartm ent o f Agronomy, f o r s u g g e s tio n s w ith r e g a r d to th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s , and D r. W. T. Jam es, D ep artm en t o f P s y c h o l­ ogy, f o r h e lp f u l s u g g e s tio n s . Thanks a re a ls o e x te n d e d to M r. H o l lis W. J e n c k s , P r e s i d e n t , D e t r o i t C o il Company, D e t r o i t , f o r u se o f th e in d u c tio n c o i l , and to M r. C a lv in S. H ays, S. & H.X-Ray Company, A tl a n ta , f o r u se o f s h o r t wave g e n e r a tin g equipm ent and an e le c t r o c a r d i o g r a p h . DRAYTON TUCKER KINARD c a n d id a te f o r th e d e g re e o f D o c to r o f P h ilo so p h y F in a l e x a m in a tio n : Ju n e 1 8 , 195U, 8 - 1 0 a.m . Room 218, A g r ic u ltu r a l. E n g in e e rin g B u ild in g D i s s e r t a t i o n : Growth E x p erim en ts on Young C h ick en s Exposed to High F req u en cy E l e c t r i c a l T re a tm e n t O u tlin e o f S tu d ie s : M ajor S u b je c t: M inor S u b je c t: A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g in e e rin g M ec h a n ica l E n g in e e rin g B io g ra p h ic a l ite m s : B orn: F e b ru a ry 1 1 , 1912, D illo n , S o u th C a r o lin a U n d e rg ra d u ate s t u d i e s : Clemson A g r i c u l t u r a l C o lle g e , 1929-1933, BSAE, 1933 G raduate s t u d i e s : V i r g i n i a P o ly te c h n ic I n s t i t u t e , 19UO-19U1, MSAE, 19U1 M ichigan S t a t e C o lle g e , 19^2-19^3 U n iv e r s ity o f G e o rg ia , 1953-195U E x p e rie n c e : The c a n d id a te h e ld p o s i t i o n s o f an e n g in e e rin g n a tu r e i n v a r io u s s o u th e a s te r n s t a t e s w ith governm ent and com m ercial a g e n c ie s , 193U-19l*0 , p a r t o f 19U l, on work c o n c e rn e d w ith s o i l c o n s e r v a tio n , s u rv e y in g , c o n s tr u c t i o n o f e l e c t r i c g e n e r a tin g p l a n t s and r e l a t e d s t r u c t u r e s , and c o n s tr u c t i o n o f e l e c t r i c tr a n s m is ­ s io n and d i s t r i b u t i o n l i n e s , fo llo w e d by a p p o in tm en t to a r e s e a r c h a s s i s t a n t s h i p i n a g r i c u l t u r a l e n g in e e rin g a t V ir g in i a P o ly te c h n ic I n ­ s t i t u t e 19UO-19U1 , and ap p o in tm en t as r e s e a r c h a s s o c ia te i n a g r i c u l t u r a l e n g in e e rin g a t th e U n iv e r s ity o f G e o rg ia i n 1 9 U l. He was on m i l i t a r y le a v e from t h a t p o s i t i o n from March ±9h2 to A p r il 19U6, r e t u r n i n g as a s s o c i a t e p r o f e s s o r o f a g r i c u l t u r a l e n g in e e rin g to resum e te a c h in g and r e s e a r c h i n th e f i e l d o f r u r a l e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n , th e p o s i t i o n h e ld a t iv th e p r e s e n t tim e . He to o k s a b b a t i c a l le a v e 1952-1953 i n o rd er to do f u r t h e r s tu d y , and a c c e p te d an ap p o in tm e n t a s g ra d u a te r e s e a r c h a s s i s t ­ a n t i n a g r i c u l t u r a l e n g in e e r in g a t M ich ig an S t a t e C o lle g e . M ilita ry s e rv ic e : The c a n d id a te s e r v e d w ith th e U. S. Army from M arch 19h2 to May 19U6 i n th e g ra d e s from second l i e u t e n a n t to c a p t a i n , h a v in g a p p ro x im a te ly two y e a r s d u ty w ith th e O rdnance D ep artm en t i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s , and two y e a r s i n th e Euro­ p e an t h e a t e r on c i v i l a f f a i r s and m i l i t a r y governm ent a ss ig n m e n ts d e a lin g w ith p roblem s o f a g r i c u l t u r e and c i v i l i a n fo o d s u p p ly d u rin g and im m e d ia te ly fo llo w in g h o s t i l i t i e s . C u r r e n tly he i s a m a jo r i n th e army r e s e r v e . M embership i n O r g a n iz a tio n s : A m erican S o c ie ty o f A g r ic u l tu r a l E n g in e e rs S c a b b ard and B lade The honor s o c i e t y o f P h i Kappa Phi The p h y s ic s honor s o c i e t y , Sigma P i Sigma R o ta ry I n t e r n a t i o n a l , A th e n s, G eorgia F i r s t M e th o d ist C hurch, A th e n s, G eo rg ia GROWTH EXPERIMENTS ON YOUNG CHICKENS EXPOSED TO HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL TREATMENT By DRAYTON TUCKER KIMHD AN ABSTRACT S u b m itte d t o th e S ch o o l o f G rad u ate S tu d ie s o f M ichigan S ta te C o lle g e o f .A g ric u ltu re and A p p lie d S c ie n ce i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e d e g re e o f DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY D epartm ent o f A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g in e e rin g i?5U Approved in . ir. GROWTH EXPERIMENTS ON YOUNG CHICKENS EXPOSED TO HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL TREATMENT An a b s t r a c t o f a Ph.D . t h e s i s i n th e D epartm ent o f i i g r i c u l t u r a l E n g in e e rin g , by D ray to n Tucker K in ard , J u n e , 195U- E l e c t r i c a l phenomena a s s o c ia t e d w ith l i v i n g th in g s have b e en a s u b je c t o f stu d y f o r o v e r a h u n d red y e a r s . The p re s e n c e o f th e e l e c ­ t r i c a l en v iro n m en t o f th e e a r t h and c o n c e p ts o f th e c o n s titu e n c y o f m a tte r im ply c lo s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een e l e c t r i c i t y and l i f e p r o ­ cesses. The im p re s s io n o f e x t e r n a l e l e c t r i c a l p o t e n t i a l s o f d i f f e r e n t ty p e s and m a g n itu d e s on l i v i n g system s a re known to p ro d u c e v a r io u s b io lo g ic a l e f f e c ts . A lthough many q u e s tio n s r e l a t e d to th o se f i n d i n g s a re y e t i n th e hands o f th e b i o l o g i s t s , a t l e a s t one r e p o r t h as a p ­ p e a r e d to j u s t i f y th e a t t e n t i o n o f th o s e a g r i c u l t u r a l e n g in e e rs whose m ajo r i n t e r e s t i s i n th e f i e l d o f e l e c t r i c i t y i n a g r i c u l t u r e . B aker (1913) a p p lie d h ig h fre q u e n c y e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n ts to young c h ic k e n s and r e p o r t e d t h a t t r e a t e d b i r d s grew a t h i r d o r more f a s t e r , had a more e f f i c i e n t f e e d c o n v e rs io n , and f e a t tiered e a r l i e r th a n th o s e u n t r e a t e d . H is e x p e rim e n ts were i n t e r r u p t e d by "World War I . A sid e from th e p r e s e n t s tu d y , a p p a r e n tly no f u r t h e r work h a s been u n d e r­ ta k e n to i n v e s t i g a t e th e id e a s s u g g e s te d by th e e a r l y r e p o r t . M arsh and Beams (1952) h av e o b ta in e d i n t e r e s t i n g e f f e c t s on grow th b y th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f c o n tin u o u s c u r r e n t s . M arked d i f f e r e n c e s i n groTtfth r e s u l t i n g from h ig h fre q u e n c y tr e a tm e n t have n o t b een r e ­ p o r te d . M ost o f th e h ig h fre q u e n c y e x p e rim e n ts have in v o lv e d 2 An a b s t r a c t o f a Ph.D . t h e s i s , by D ray to n Tucker K in ard in t e n s e e x p o s u re s , and th e e f f e c t s a t t r i b u t e d p r i m a r i l y to h e a tin g (O sborne and H olm quest, 19 h 5 ); w h e rea s, c o n tin u o u s c u r r e n t s a re em­ p lo y e d e f f e c t i v e l y i n sm all i n t e n s i t i e s . B a k e r 's th e o r y i s t h a t "m in u te c u r r e n t s , com parable w ith th o se i n n a tu re " c a u se a b e t t e r me­ ta b o lis m , r e s u l t i n g i n more e f f i c i e n t u t i l i z a t i o n o f fe e d and f a s t e r g ro w th . C hickens re sp o n d to th e a p p l i c a t i o n of l i g h t , S a n fo rd , 1951 j S t a f f e , 1951)• (C legg and That th e y may re sp o n d to sm all am ounts o f r a d i a t i o n o f much g r e a t e r w a v ele n g th i s su g g e s te d by t h e o r i e s t h a t b i r d s may sen se e le c tr o m a g n e tic waves ( M a ttin g le y , 19U 6). dence p r e s e n te d by B aker i s n o t c o n v in c in g . The e v i ­ On th e o th e r hand, he i s a man o f i n t e g r i t y and o f c o n s id e r a b le t e c h n i c a l b ack g ro u n d , (P o g g e n d o rff, 1 9 3 6 ). S t i l l a c t i v e , he a f f ir m s h is f a i t h i n th e t r e a t ­ m ents (B a k e r, 1 9 5 2 ). The l i t e r a t u r e does n o t p ro v id e th e e v id e n c e to r e f u t e o r c o n firm h i s f i n d i n g s . The p r e s e n t work was in te n d e d to d e te rm in e i f m arked re s p o n se i n grow th o f young c h ic k e n s m ig h t be o b ta in e d by th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f tr e a tm e n ts s i m i l a r to th o s e u sed by B aker. I f r e s u l t s w ere p o s i t i v e th e s tu d y was to be p u rs u e d tow ard p r a c t i c a l e n d s . C hicks w ere grown to age s i x weeks u n d e r th e in f l u e n c e o f th e e le c tro m a g n e tic f i e l d w ith in c o i l s e n e r g iz e d a t d i f f e r e n t f r e q u e n c ie s and a t d i f f e r e n t i n ­ t e n s i t i e s from h ig h fre q u e n c y g e n e r a to r s . T re a tm e n ts c o n s id e r e d sim ­ i l a r to th e o r i g i n a l o n e s, and r e l a t e d t r e a tm e n t s , w ere t r i e d . T re a te d and u n t r e a t e d b i r d s w ere compared p r i m a r i ly on th e b a s i s o f g a in and 3 An a b s t r a c t o f a P h.D . t h e s i s , by D ray to n Tucker K in a rd f e e d c o n v e rs io n e f f i c i e n c y . F iv e e x p e rim e n ta l t r i a l s w ere in v o lv e d , th r e e a t M ichigan S ta te C o lle g e on W hite Rock c h ic k s , and two a t th e U n iv e r s ity o f G eorgia on Newhamp s h i r e c o c k e r e ls . Mo m arked d i f f e r e n c e s were fo u n d betw een t r e a t e d and u n tr e a te d b i r d s as m easu red i n te rm s o f g a in and f e e d c o n v e rs io n e f f i c i e n c y . Nor d id th e r e a p p e a r to be any change i n th e t r e a t e d c h ic k s to s u g g e s t th e n e e d f o r o th e r m easurem ents o f t h e i r grow th o r b e h a v io r . Temporary in c r e a s e i n h e a r t and r e s p i r a t o r y a c t i v i t y r e s u l t i n g from i n t e n s e t r e a t ­ m e n ts , a t t r i b u t a b l e to h e a ti n g , was d e m o n s tra te d , as was to b e e x p e c te d . I t i s c o n s id e re d l i k e l y t h a t th e o b s e rv e d d i f f e r e n c e s i n g ro w th p r e ­ v io u s ly r e p o r te d were c a u se d by f a c t o r s o th e r th a n th e h ig h fre q u e n c y tr e a tm e n ts . h An a b s t r a c t o f a Ph.D . t h e s i s , by D ray to n Tucker K in a rd REFERENCES B a k e r, T. T horne. E l e c t r i c i t y i n a g r i c u l t u r e . S o c ie ty o f A r t s , 62 (U) pp 7 0 -7 8 , 1913* B a k e r, T. T horne. J o u r n a l o f th e R oyal P e rs o n a l com m unication to D. T. K in a rd , O c t. 1 5 , 1952 . C le g g , R obert E. and P au l E. S a n fo rd . The in f lu e n c e o f i n t e r m i t t e n t p e r io d s o f l i g h t and d a rk on th e r a t e o f grow th o f c h ic k s . P o u lt r y S c ie n c e , 30 ( 5 ) , pp 760- 762, 1951* M arsh, Gordon and H. W. Beams. E l e c t r i c a l c o n tr o l o f m o rp h o g en esis i n r e g e n e r a tin g D u g esia t i g r i n a I . R e la tio n of a x i a l p o l a r i t y to f i e l d s t r e n g t h . J o u rn a l o f C e l l u l a r and C om parative P h y sio lo g y 39 ( 2 ) , pp 191-21U , A p ril 1952. M a ttin g le y , A. H. E. O r ie n t a tio n i n b i r d s . I b i s 88, pp 512-517, 19^6. O sb o rn e , S t a f f o r d Lennox and H arold J . H olm quest. T echnic o f E l e c t r o ­ th e r a p y . S p r i n g f i e l d , I l l i n o i s : C h a rle s C. Thomas"^ 780 p p . , 1955• P o g g e n d o rff, J . C. B i o g r a p h i s c h - l i t e r a r i s c h e s H andwortenbuch f u r M athem atik, A stro n o m ie, P h y s ik m it G eophysik, Chem ie, K r i s t a l l o g ra p h ie and V erw andte V Jisse n g e b ie te , Band V I: 1923 b i s 1931, I T e i l . B e r l i n : V erlag Chem ie, G .M .B .H ., 1936. S t a f f e , A. B e lic h tu n g and L e g e s le itu n g beim Huhn. PP 339-UOO, 1951. E x o e r ie n tia 7 (10) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................... 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE...................................................................................................... U EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE....................................................................................................11 T r i a l 1 ...........................................................................................................................13 T r i a l 2 ...........................................................................................................................21 T r i a l 3 ...........................................................................................................................21 T r i a l h ...........................................................................................................................22 T r i a l 5 .................................................. * ..................................................................27 RESULTS....................................................................................................................................UO T r i a l 1 ...........................................................................................................................U2 T r i a l 2 ...........................................................................................................................U3 T ria l 3 U8 T r i a l U ...........................................................................................................................51 T r i a l 5 ...........................................................................................................................55 Feed and g a in m e a s u r e m e n t s .................................................................. 56 H is to lo g ic a l e x a m i n a t i o n ......................................................................... 62 O th e r o b s e r v a t i o n s .......................................................................................62 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ............................................................................................... 68 SUMMARY..................................................................................................................................75 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................... 77 LIST OF TABLES T able Page 1 . Mean g a in s o f W hite Rock c h ic k s from age one day to age s ix w eeks, b y tr e a tm e n t and s e x , T r i a l ......1 ............................... 1*2 2 . A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e o f g a in s i n grams o f W hite Rock c h ic k s from age one day to age s i x w eeks, T r i a l 1 . b3 3« F eed consumed and fe e d c o n v e rs io n r a t i o s o f W hite Rock c h ic k s from age one day t o age s i x w eek s, T r i a l 1 . 1+3 k* I n i t i a l mean w e ig h ts and g a in s o f W hite Rock c h ic k s from age one day to age s i x weeks by weeks and tr e a tm e n t, T r i a l 1 ................................................................................................... hk 5>. A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e o f g a in s o f c h ic k s i n grams d u rin g f i r s t week p r i o r to tr e a tm e n t, T r i a l 2 ................................ 1+5 6 . I n i t i a l mean w e ig h ts and g a in s o f W hite Rock c o c k e r e ls from age one day to age s i x w eek s, by weeks and tr e a tm e n t, T r i a l 2 ............................................................................. 1+6 7 . Mean g a in s o f W hite Rock c o c k e r e ls from age one week to age s i x w eeks, T r i a l 2 ................................................................ 1+7 8 . A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e o f g a in s i n grams o f W hite Rock c o c k e r e ls from age one week to age s ix w eeks, T r i a l 2 ............................................................................................................. 1+7 9 . Feed consumed and f e e d c o n v e rs io n r a t i o s o f W hite Rock c o c k e r e ls , age d ay o ld to s i x w eeks, T r i a l 2 .............................................................................................................................1+8 1 0 . Mean g a in s o f W hite Rock c h ic k s by tr e a tm e n t, age one day to age seven w eek s, T r i a l 3 ..................................................... i|8 11. A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e o f g a in s i n gram s o f W hite Rock c h ic k s from age day o ld to age seven w eeks, T r i a l 3 ................................................................................................................... 1+9 1 2 . F eed consumed and f e e d c o n v e rs io n r a t i o s o f W hite Rock c h ic k s from age f o u r weeks to age seven w eeks, T r i a l 3 ..................................................................................................h9 13* I n i t i a l mean w e ig h ts and g a in s o f W hite Rock c h ic k s from age one day to age seven w eeks, by weeks and tr e a tm e n t, T r i a l 3 .............................................................................. $0 v ii LIST OF TABLES - C o n t. T a b le Page l b . I n i t i a l mean w e ig h ts and g a in s o f New H am pshire c o c k e r e ls b y weeks and tr e a tm e n t, T r i a l b ..................................................... 52 15• Mean g a in s o f New H am pshire c o c k e r e ls from age two weeks to age s i x w eek s, by tr e a tm e n t, T r i a l b • • • • 53 1 6 . A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e o f g a in s i n grams o f New H am pshire c o c k e r e ls from age two w eeks to age s i x w eeks, T r i a l b ............................................................................................................................... 53 17* Feed consumed and f e e d c o n v e rs io n r a t i o s o f New Hampshire c o c k e r e ls from age two weeks to age s i x w eeks, T r i a l b ......................................................................................... 53 1 8 . Mean w e ig h ts o f e n d o c rin e g la n d s from sam ples o f b ir d s from each g ro u p , T r i a l b ..................................................................... 55 19* Mean g a in s o f New Ham pshire c o c k e r e ls from age two weeks to age s i x w eeks, groups 1 th ro u g h U, T r i a l 5 • • 57 2 0 . A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e o f g a in s i n grams o f New H am pshire c o c k e r e ls from age two weeks to age s i x w eek s, groups 1 th ro u g h U, T r i a l 5 ...................................................................57 2 1 . Feed consumed and f e e d c o n v e rs io n r a t i o s o f New Ham pshire c o c k e re ls from age two w eeks to age s i x w eeks, g ro u p s 1 th ro u g h U, T r i a l 5 ......................................................... 57 2 2 . I n i t i a l mean w e ig h ts and g a in s o f New Ham pshire c o c k e r e ls by weeks and tr e a tm e n t, g ro u p s 1 th ro u g h b , T r i a l 5 ............................................................................................................................... 58 2 3 . A n a ly sis o f v a r ia n c e o f g a in s i n grams o f New H am pshire c o c k e r e ls i n I n d iv i d u a l c ag e s from age th r e e weeks to age sev e n w eeks, g ro u p s 5 th ro u g h 11, T r i a l 5* • • *59 2 b . A n a ly sis o f v a r ia n c e o f f e e d consumed i n grams by New H am pshire c o c k e r e ls i n i n d i v i d u a l cag es from age th r e e weeks to age se v e n w eeks, g ro u p s 5 th ro u g h 11, T r i a l 5 ............................................................................................................................... 59 25* G ains i n grains o f New H am pshire c o c k e re ls i n i n d i v i d u a l c a g e s from age th r e e weeks to age sev en w eeks, by weeks and tr e a tm e n t, g ro u p s 5 th ro u g h 1 1 , T r i a l 5 * * * .6 0 v iii LIST OF TABLES - C o n t. T a b le 2 6 . F eed consumed. I n gram s, and fe e d c o n v e rs io n r a t i o s f o r New Hampshire c o c k e re ls i n in d iv id u a l cag e s from age t h r e e weeks to age seven weeks by tr e a tm e n t, g ro u p s 5 th ro u g h 1 1 , T r i a l 5 ........................................................................................ Page 6l 2 7 . Mean w e ig h ts o f e n d o c rin e g la n d s from sam ples o f f i v e b ir d s from e a c h g ro u p , T r i a l 5 ..................................................................... 63 2 8 . Body te m p e ra tu re o f New Hampshire c o c k e r e ls , age f i v e w eek s, b e f o r e and fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t o f h ig h fre q u e n c y in d u c tio n ....................................................................................... 65 2 p. H e a rt r a t e o f New H am pshire c o c k e r e ls , age f i v e w eeks, b e f o r e and fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n t o f h ig h f re q u e n c y i n d u c t i o n ...................................................................................................... 65 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS F ig u re 1. 2. L ayout o f th e e x p e rim e n t f o r T r i a l s 1 , 2 , and 3 • View o f th e a rra n g e m e n t i l l u s t r a t e d i n F ig . 1 • • Page .lit ..............................15 3. I n d u c tio n c o i l u s e d a s a s o u rc e o f h ig h fre q u e n c y c u r r e n t ...................................................................................................... 18 U. E l e c t r i c c i r c u i t f o r th e in d u c tio n c o i l p i c t u r e d i n F ig . 3 ..................................................................................................18 5. R adio t r a n s m i t t e r u sed to p ro v id e h ig h fre q u e n c y e le c tro m a g n e tic f i e l d a s tr e a tm e n t f o r a t h i r d group o f c h i c k s ..............................................................................20 6. S chem atic w ir in g diagram o f t h e equipm ent shown i n F ig . 5 ...........................................................................................................20 7. L ay o u t o f th e e x p e rim e n t, T r i a l U ....................................................23 8. C i r c u i t s u sed i n T r i a l U .............................................................................26 9. L ayout o f th e e x p e rim e n t, T r i a l 5 ........................................................ 28 10. Pen u s e d f o r e x p o sin g c h ic k s betw een p l a t e s a t h ig h p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e , u n ch an g in g p o l a r i t y .............................. 32 1 1 . C i r c u i t o f h a lf-w a v e r e c t i f i e r u se d to p ro v id e a h ig h d . c . p o t e n t i a l f o r th e p en shown i n F ig . 1 2 ............................ 32 12. I n d iv i d u a l c ag e s u sed to h o u se sev en e x p e rim e n ta l g roups o f 10 b i r d s .................................................................................................... 3k 13. View o f th e equipm en t u s e d f o r t r e a t i n g b i r d s i n g ro u p s o f t e n ......................................................................................................... 3k 1)4.. A rrangem ent f o r ex p o sin g g ro u p s o f te n c h ic k s to th e h ig h fre q u e n c y f i e l d p ro d u c e d by a r a d io t r a n s m i t t e r .......................................................................................................... 15• C i r c u i t u sed f o r th e tr e a tm e n t shown I n F ig . II4 . . . 35 35 1 6 . S h o r t wave g e n e r a to r u sed f o r in te n s e tr e a tm e n ts on g ro u p s 6 , 7, and 8 ............................................................................................. 36 1 7 . C i r c u i t a rran g em en t o f L ie b e l-F la r s h e im Model SW-221 g e n e r a to r shown I n F ig . 1 6 .................................................................. 36 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - C ont. F ig u re 1 8 . P ic k -u p c r y s t a l o f c a r d io - v ib r o m e te r and a rran g em en t u s e d i n m easu rin g h e a r t and r e s p i r a t o r y a c t i v i t y ........................................................................... . . . . . . . 1 9 . A m p lifie r f o r s ig n a l r e c e iv e d from p ic k -u p c r y s t a l and th e r e c o r d e r f o r h e a r t and r e s p i r a t o r y a c t i v i t y .......................................................................................................................... 20. Changes i n body te m p e ra tu re o f c h ic k s exposed to in t e n s e tr e a tm e n t o f h ig h fre q u e n c y in d u c tio n f o r 8 , 1 5 , and 30 m in u te s , a t a fre q u e n c y o f 16 m eg acy cles . . . 21* Changes i n h e a r t r a t e o f i n d i v id u a l New Hampshire c o c k e r e ls a t age 5 weeks ex p o sed to tr e a tm e n t o f h ig h fre q u e n c y I n d u c tio n a t a fr e q u e n c y o f 16 m egacycles ......................... 22 . E l e c t r i c a l arra n g em en t f o r t r e a t i n g c h ic k s s u g g e s te d by th e o r i g i n a l i n v e s t i g a t o r ...................................................... INTRODUCTION E l e c t r i c a l phenomena a s s o c ia te d w ith l i v i n g th in g s have b een a s u b je c t o f s tu d y f o r o v e r a h u n d red y e a r s . The p re s e n c e o f th e e l e c t r i c a l en v iro n m en t o f th e e a r t h , and c o n c e p ts o f th e c o n s ti tu e n c y o f m a tte r im p ly c lo s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een e l e c t r i c i t y and l i f e p ro ­ cesses. D if f e r e n c e s i n e l e c t r i c a l p o t e n t i a l may a f f e c t th e end p r o ­ d u c t o f th e c o m b in a tio n o f c e r t a i n b a s ic compounds in v o lv e d i n d i ­ g e s tio n and m etab o lism . C harges on c e l l s p e rh a p s in f lu e n c e t h e i r p e r m e a b ility to io n s o f th e body f l u i d s . Nerve s tim u l i and p e rh a p s g la n d u la r s e c r e t i o n a re somewhat e l e c t r i c a l i n n a t u r e . The m e d ic a l p r o f e s s i o n h a s lo n g u sed e l e c t r i c i t y i n v a r io u s ways f o r th e r a p y and c e r t a i n m easurem ents o f e l e c t r i c a l p o t e n t i a l a s a id s i n d ia g n o s is . B u rr (1935) advanced an e le c tro d y n a m ic th e o ry o f l i f e . The e x is te n c e o f p a t t e r n s o f p o t e n t i a l f i e l d s a b o u t l i v i n g o rg an ism s and t h e i r r e ­ l a t i o n s h i p s to some o f th e l i f e p ro c e s s e s have been d e s c r ib e d . Tie im p re s s io n o f e x t e r n a l e l e c t r i c a l p o t e n t i a l s o f d i f f e r e n t ty p e s and m agnitudes on l i v i n g system s i n l e s s th a n l e t h a l d o sa g e s m ig h t be ex ­ p e c te d t o , and i s known t o , p ro d u c e b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s . E f f e c t s on an im als and o th e r l i v i n g m a te r ia l have been r e p o r te d from tre a tm e n ts em ploying c o n tin u o u s ( d i r e c t ) c u r r e n t s and from tr e a tm e n ts in v o lv in g th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f h ig h fre q u e n c y e l e c t r i c a l f i e l d s . A lthough many q u e s ti o n s r e l a t e d to th o s e f in d i n g s p r o p e r ly a re y e t i n th e hands o f th e b i o l o g i s t s , a t l e a s t one r e p o r t h as a p p e a re d to j u s t i f y th e a t t e n t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r a l e n g in e e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y th o s e whose m ajor i n t e r e s t i s i n th e f i e l d o f e l e c t r i c i t y i n a g r i c u l t u r e . H igh fre q u e n c y e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n ts w ere u sed on young c h ic k ­ ens i n e x p e rim e n ts i n E ngland by a p h y s i c i s t , T. Thorne B ak e r, who r e p o r te d t h a t t r e a t e d b i r d s grew a t h i r d o r more f a s t e r , had a more e f f i c i e n t f e e d c o n v e r s io n , and f e a t h e r e d e a r l i e r th a n u n t r e a t e d b ir d s (B ak er, 1913)* The u se o f such tr e a tm e n ts i f s u c c e s s f u l m ig h t have enormous p o s s i b i l i t i e s even i f a p p lic a b le to j u s t p o u ltr y a lo n e . I f c h ic k e n s c o u ld be made to grow f a s t e r by th e use o f e l e c ­ t r i c a l s ti m u l a t i o n , th e n a t t e n t i o n sh o u ld be d e v o te d to d e te rm in in g th e f a c t o r s in v o lv e d and to l e a r n in g how to u t i l i z e t h a t s tim u l a t io n to economic a d v a n ta g e . U n f o r tu n a te ly , th e o r i g i n a l work was i n t e r ­ r u p te d by W orld War I , and, a s id e from th e p r e s e n t s tu d y , a p p a r e n tly no f u r t h e r work h a s b een u n d e rta k e n s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r th e p u rp o se o f i n v e s t i g a t i n g th e id e a s s u g g e s te d by th e e a r l y r e p o r t . OBJECTIVES The p r e s e n t s tu d y was in te n d e d to d e te rm in e i f m arked i n c r e a s e i n g a in o r im proved f e e d c o n v e rs io n e f f i c i e n c y c o u ld b e o b ta in e d i n young c h ic k e n s by th e u se o f h ig h fre q u e n c y e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n ts s i m i l a r to th o s e u s e d i n th e e a r l y e x p e rim e n ts by B ak er. The stu d y was e x p lo r a to r y . I t was f e l t t h a t o b s e r v a tio n o f a grow th re s p o n s e o r im proved fe e d c o n v e rs io n e f f i c i e n c y a s a r e s u l t o f e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n ts was p r e - r e q u i s i t e to th e developm ent o f f u r t h e r o b j e c t i v e s su ch a s e s tim a tin g th e r e l a t i v e im p o rtan c e o f th e f a c t o r s o f th e tr e a tm e n t and i d e n t i f y i n g th e mechanism in v o lv e d i n any s tim u la tin g e f f e c t . However, i t was in te n d e d t h a t any a p p a re n t e f f e c t o f th e tr e a tm e n t be d e s c r ib e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y i f i t s u g g e s te d a change i n a p r o c e s s r e l a t e d to g ro w th . REVIEW OF LITERATURE B aker (1 9 1 3 , and p e r s o n a l com m unication 1932, 1953) gave an a c c o u n t o f e x p e rim e n ts i n w hich he u s e d h ig h fre q u e n c y e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n t on young c h ic k e n s (p o p u la r ly r e f e r r e d to a t th e tim e a s p e t i t s p o u s s i n s ) , and r e p o r te d g e t t i n g an a p p r e c ia b le grow th re s p o n se and o th e r e f f e c t s from th e tr e a tm e n t. Because o f th e n a tu re o f th e r e p o r t , i t s h o u ld be c o n s id e re d i n some d e t a i l . L arge s c a le t r i a l s fo llo w e d a number o f e x p e rim e n ts he had made p e rs o n a lly . T re a te d c h ic k e n s w ere re a d y f o r m a rk e t i n f i v e weeks i n ­ s te a d o f th r e e m onths. I n a n o th e r in s ta n c e , th e in c r e a s e i n w e ig h t o f t r e a t e d c h ic k e n s was 35 p e r c e n t . M o r ta lity was a b o u t 1 .5 p e r c e n t. I n s t i l l a n o th e r t e s t , e l e c t r i f i e d c h ic k e n s g iv e n o n ly tw o - th ir d s th e f e e d g iv e n n o n - tr e a te d c h ic k e n s i n one month w ere e q u a l i n w e ig h t to th e u n t r e a t e d b i r d s . As many as U000 c h ic k e n s w ere t r e a t e d a t one tim e and m a rk e te d a t se v e n w eeks. He co n clu d e d t h a t c h ic k e n s grown u n d e r th e in f lu e n c e o f e l e c t r i c i t y would grow to norm al w e ig h t on a t h i r d l e s s f e e d , o r on norm al f e e d would grow ab o u t a t h i r d a g a in as heavy to tw ic e as heav y a s u n t r e a t e d b i r d s . I t was n o te d a ls o t h a t t r e a t e d b i r d s d e v e lo p e d f e a t h e r s e a r l i e r th a n u s u a l, and w ere s a id to be l e s s n e rv o u s th a n th o s e n o t t r e a t e d . In fo rm a tio n i s la c k in g as to j u s t how t r e a t e d and u n tr e a te d b i r d s were com pared and on p o in t s r e ­ g a rd in g th e r a t i o n s u s e d and th e m ethod o f f e e d in g . Equipm ent f o r a d m in is te r in g p e r i o d i c tr e a tm e n ts c o n s is te d o f a R uhm korff c o i l , w ith a m o to r-d riv e n m ercu ry i n t e r r u p t e r , in a c i r c u i t l i k e t h a t o f th e w i r e l e s s t e le g r a p h , common a t th e tim e . This in d u e - 5 t i o n c o i l was u s e d to e n e r g iz e in s t e a d o f an a n te n n a , a h e l i x o f in s u ­ l a t e d w ire w rapped i n tu r n s a b o u t f o u r in c h e s a p a r t a b o u t a s ix -d e c k p e n , h o ld in g 75 b i r d s on eac h d eck . s u p p ly power f o r th e in d u c tio n c o i l . A f o u r - v o l t b a t t e r y was u s e d to A lth o u g h s p e c i f i c m easurem ents o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n t w ere n o t r e p o r te d , a o n e -in c h s p a rk on th e in d u c tio n c o i l was s a id to be a d eq u ate f o r t r e a t i n g a th o u sa n d c h ic k e n s . A neon tu b e p la c e d w it h i n th e f i e l d glow ed, i n d i c a t i n g th e p re s e n c e o f h ig h fre q u e n c y r a d i a t i o n . T r e a t­ m ents were a p p lie d p e r i o d i c a l l y , 10 m in u te s ev ery h o u r o r f o r 20 m in­ u t e s th r e e o r f o u r tim e s a d a y . D uring tr e a tm e n t, a d i s t i n c t shock was f e l t on to u c h in g th e b i r d s , and s p a rk s w ere n o ti c e d a s th e y pecked a t a fin g e r. The o r i g i n a l r e p o r t was g iv e n p u b l i c i t y a t th e tim e w ith one a c c o u n t and some accom panying i l l u s t r a t i o n s a p p e a rin g i n t h i s co u n try * . O th e r r e f e r e n c e s to th e work have been made b y T r u llin g e r (1921+) and Mathews (1 9 2 8 ). Mr. B aker r e p e a te d some o f h i s e x p e rim e n ts i n 191+1* u s in g a s t a t i c tra n s fo rm e r c o n n e c te d d i r e c t l y to a 2 3 0 -v o lt a l t e r n a t i n g c u r ­ r e n t su p p ly and o th e rw is e em ploying th e same a rran g em en t a s u se d w ith th e in d u c tio n c o i l . A s t a t i c tra n s fo rm e r a s d i s t in g u i s h e d from th e in d u c tio n c o i l i s p resu m ab ly a c o n v e n tio n a l a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t t r a n s ­ fo rm e r, p o s s ib ly one o f h ig h v o lta g e and o f h ig h r e a c ta n c e . No r e ­ s u l t s were r e p o r te d from th o s e t e s t s , b u t th e im p lic a t io n was t h a t * S c i e n t i f i c A m erican Supplem ent, V o l. 77* No. 1986, pp 63 and c o v e r , J a n u a ry 2l+, 1911+ • 6 s im ila r r e s u l t s w ere o b ta in e d . War I I . T h at work was i n t e r r u p t e d by World The use o f equipm ent s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t from t h a t i n th e e a r l y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s u g g e s ts t h a t some v a r i a t i o n i n th e c h a r a c t e r i s ­ t i c s o f th e tre a tm e n t was n o t c r i t i c a l . The l i t e r a t u r e does n o t p ro v id e s u f f i c i e n t e v id e n c e to r e f u t e o r c o n firm B a k e r’ s f in d i n g s . H is r e p o r t a p p a r e n tly was l o s t s i g h t o f a s im p o r ta n t B r i t i s h and A m erican s o u rc e s have i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e y were n o t f a m i l i a r w ith th e w o rk . Many o th e r s t u d i e s have been m ade, how ever, in v o lv in g th e u se o f c o n tin u o u s c u r r e n t s and th e u se o f h ig h fr e q u e n c y f i e l d s f o r t r e a t i n g an im als and o th e r b io lo g i c m a t e r i a l . B urr (1936) c o n c lu d e d t h a t l i v i n g o rg a n ism s p o s s e s s s te a d y s t a t e , o r d i r e c t c u r r e n t , p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s ; and B u rr and Hovland (1937) from s tu d ie s o f th e b i o - e l e c t r i c p o t e n t i a l g r a d ie n ts i n th e c h ic k embryo sa y t h a t th e p o t e n t i a l g r a d i e n t i s an e x p re s s io n o f one p a r t o f th e en erg y in t a k e o f th e o rg a n ism , and i s r e l a t e d to th e p a t ­ t e r n o f o r g a n iz a ti o n . The e x is te n c e and r e l a t i o n s h i p o f su c h e l e c ­ t r i c a l p o t e n t i a l s s u g g e s t t h a t th e a p p l i c a t i o n of e x te r n a l e l e c t r i c a l f o r c e s m ig h t m odify gro w th p r o c e s s e s , th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f such e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n t b e in g su g g e s te d b y th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e n a t u r a l f i e l d , i n t h i s c a s e th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f d i r e c t c u r r e n t p o te n ­ tia ls . High fre q u e n c y e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n ts w ould in f lu e n c e th o se n a t u r a l p o t e n t i a l s , p e rh a p s to th e e x t e n t o f s t im u la t in g th e p ro c e s s from w hich th e p o t e n t i a l a r i s e s , and th u s a f f e c t grow th. E l e c t r i c a l e f f e c t s p ro d u c e d by c o n tin u o u s c u r r e n t s on l i v i n g m a t e r i a l s a re d e s c r ib e d by Lund (19U 7), E l l i s and W iersma (l9 U 5 ), 7 M arsh and Beams (1 9 5 2 ), and o t h e r s . W hether o r n o t th e r e i s a sp e ­ c i f i c e l e c t r i c a l e f f e c t a t t r i b u t a b l e to th e u se o f h ig h fre q u e n c y tr e a tm e n ts i s as y e t c o n t r o v e r s i a l . H eat i s a p ro d u c t o f th e t r e a t ­ m ent a lo n g w ith any p u r e ly e l e c t r i c a l e f f e c t s . M cKinley (1936) i n a re v ie w o f s tu d ie s on t h e b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f h ig h fre q u e n c y , r e ­ p o r te d t h a t a lth o u g h a l l w o rk ers a d m it t h a t h e a t r e s u l t i n g from such tr e a tm e n ts i s a m ajor f a c t o r i n p ro d u c in g b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s , many i n v e s t i g a t o r s b e lie v e th e r e i s an e f f e c t o th e r th a n t h a t o f h e a t. O sborne and H olm quest (19Uh) i n a com prehensive re v ie w o f r e p o r t s s u p p o rtin g b o th s id e s o f th e q u e s tio n a re o f t h e o p in io n t h a t " th e b u rd e n o f p r o o f (o f a s p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c o r a th e rm ic e f f e c t ) s till l i e s on th o s e who c la im any b io l o g i c a c tio n o f th e s e c u r r e n ts o th e r th a n h e a t ” . However, s e l e c t i v e e f f e c t s a re i n d i c a t e d a s th e y p o i n t o u t t h a t th e r e l a t i v e amount of h e a t d ev elo p ed i n t i s s u e s ex p o sed to h ig h fre q u e n c y f i e l d s , w hich d i f f e r m ark ed ly i n t h e i r e l e c t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , as f o r exam ple f a t and v a s c u l a r t i s s u e s , can be i n ­ flu e n c e d by v a ry in g w a v e le n g th and te c h n ic o f a p p l i c a t i o n , s im ila r ly , th e y f e e l t h a t w hat h as b e e n r e p o r te d a s a s p e c i f i c b a c t e r i c i d a l a c ­ t i o n o f h ig h fre q u e n c y may be more r a t i o n a l l y e x p la in e d on th e b a s i s o f p o in t h e a t i n g , th e r a i s i n g o f th e te m p e ra tu re o f th e m ic ro -o rg a n ­ ism above th e te m p e ra tu re o f th e medium. C h r i s t i e and Loomis (1 9 2 9 ), i n a s tu d y o f th e b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f h ig h fre q u e n c y in v o lv in g f r e ­ q u e n c ie s from 8 .3 to 158 m e g ac y c les i n e x p e rim e n ts on m ic e , c o n clu d e d t h a t th e e f f e c t s on th e a n im a ls can be f u l l y e x p la in e d on th e b a s i s o f th e h e a t g e n e r a te d by th e in d u c e d h ig h fre q u e n c y c u r r e n t s . 8 A n other p o i n t b ro u g h t o u t by M cKinley (1936) i s t h a t th e p o s ­ s i b l e u t i l i t y o f h ig h fre q u e n c y i n s t u d ie s o f grow th h a s been demon­ s t r a t e d by i t s pow er to b r in g a b o u t a c c e l e r a t i o n i n th e g e rm in a tio n o f seed. Jo n as (195>2) a t t r i b u t e s a h ig h e r seed em ergence to an e f f e c t o f h e a ti n g . T rea tm e n ts u se d by B aker o b v io u s ly in v o lv e d c o m p a ra tiv e ly s m a ll amounts o f e n e rg y b e ca u se o f th e n a tu r e o f th e a p p a r a tu s (B a ile y , 1910j J o n e s , 1932) and th e c i r c u i t u s e d . w ould be q u ite s m a ll. Any h e a tin g e f f e c t p ro d u c e d Marked e f f e c t on th e c h ic k e n s t h e r e f o r e p o s ­ s i b l y c o u ld be c a u s e d by s e l e c t i v e h e a tin g o r by some f a c t o r o th e r th a n h e a ti n g . E f f e c t on grow th p e r se as a r e s u l t o f h ig h fre q u e n c y tre a tm e n t h a s b een c o n s id e r e d by o n ly a few i n v e s t i g a t o r s . Knudson and S c h a ib le (1931) c o n c lu d e d t h a t e x p o su re o f young r a t s f o r o n e - h a lf h o u r to one h o u r d a i l y and r a i s i n g t h e i r te m p e ra tu re to UO.^ C does n o t seem to r e t a r d t h e i r grow th a p p r e c ia b ly o r c a u se a l o s s i n power to b re e d . B oak, e t a l (1932) r e p o r te d t h a t i n a m a jo r ity o f c a s e s , r a b b i t s ex ­ p o se d to r e p e a te d s h o r t wave f e v e r s g a in e d a g r e a t e r maximum th a n d id th e c o n t r o l s . T re a te d r a b b i t s a p p e a re d more v ig o ro u s , h e a l t h i e r , and b e t t e r n o u r is h e d . D if f e r e n c e s w ere n e v e r more th a n 6 p e r c e n t , th e a v erag e b e in g 2 to 3 p e r c e n t . I n t h i s c a se tr e a tm e n ts were admin­ i s t e r e d two, t h r e e , and f i v e tim e s a w eek, and te m p e ra tu re o f th e a n im a ls was r a i s e d to Ul«5>° C. Sm all numbers were u sed and th e q u e s­ t i o n o f s tim u la te d grow th was n o t p u rs u e d f u r t h e r . Marked d i f f e r e n c e s i n grow th a s o b se rv e d by Mr. B aker a p p a r e n tly have n o t b een r e p o r t e d . I n a m a jo r ity o f h ig h fre q u e n c y e x p e rim e n ts , th e tre a tm e n t was a p p lie d by a d i e l e c t r i c m ethod i n w hich a n im a ls o r m a t e r i a l s were p la c e d betw een two p l a t e s e n e r g iz e d from an o s c i l l a t o r a s d e c rib e d by Ark and P a rr y (19b.l) and o t h e r s . The in d u c tio n m ethod o f a p p l i c a t i o n h a s some a d v a n ta g e s as d is c u s s e d by O sborne and H olm quest (19U i) • In ­ d u c to th e rm y i s common i n m e d ic a l p r a c t i c e , and in d u c tio n h e a tin g i s commonly u s e d i n i n d u s t r y . Mr. B a k e r's a rra n g em en t p ro v id e d a t r e a t ­ m ent by in d u c tio n . C o n tin u o u s c u r r e n ts u s e d i n e x p e rim e n ts on grow th a re em ployed i n v e ry sm all i n t e n s i t i e s . Most o f th e h ig h fre q u e n c y e x p e rim e n ts have in v o lv e d th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f r a t h e r in te n s e tr e a tm e n ts . The tem­ p e r a t u r e o f th e e x p e rim e n ta l an im als o r m a te r ia l h as b een r a i s e d , and i n t e r e s t h a s b een d i r e c t e d to w ard th e e f f e c t o f e le v a te d te m p e ra tu re s . Mr. B a k e r 's th e o r y i s t h a t sm a ll d o ses o f h ig h fre q u e n c y tre a tm e n t^ "m in u te c u r r e n t s com parable w ith th o s e i n n a tu r e " , cau se a b e t t e r m e ta b o lism r e s u l t i n g i n more e f f i c i e n t u t i l i z a t i o n o f fe e d and f a s t e r g ro w th . T h at c h ic k e n s can be s tim u la te d by m in u te q u a n t i t i e s o f r a d i ­ a te d e n e rg y i s e v id e n c e d by th e re s p o n se o f l a y e r s to l i g h t i n g i n w in ­ t e r m onths and by s h o r t f l a s h e s o f l i g h t as r e p o r te d by S t a f f e (1 9 5 1 ), and o f grow ing c h ic k e n s to c o n t r o l l e d c y c le s o f l i g h t and d a rk n e ss r e ­ p o r te d by C legg and S a n fo rd (1951)* There i s a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t c h ic ­ k ens may s e n s e and be s tim u la te d by low i n t e n s i t i e s o f r a d i a t i o n o f much g r e a t e r w a v e le n g th . M a ttin g le y (19U6) r e p o r te d v a r io u s o b s e rv a ­ t i o n s i n s u p p o rt o f th e h y p o th e s is t h a t th e c a p a c ity f o r o r i e n t a t i o n i n b i r d s i s b a se d on s e n s i t i v i t y to e le c tro m a g n e tic w aves. For exampl 10 homing p ig e o n s w ere s a id to h av e l o s t t h e i r d i r e c t i o n a l a b i l i t y i n th e v i c i n i t y o f a r a d io s t a t i o n w h ile i t was t r a n s m i t t i n g , b u t re c o v e re d i t when tr a n s m is s io n c e a s e d . Gordon (I9 I4 .8 ) i n e x p e rim e n ts w ith p i ­ g e o n s, by a tt a c h i n g m agnets to t h e i r w in g s , d id n o t show any e f f e c t on homing i n an a tte m p t to t e s t a s i m i l a r th e o r y . Thus th e r e i s a la c k o f s p e c i f i c e v id e n c e to r e f u t e o r co n firm Mr. B ak e r’ s f i n d i n g s . H is c o n c lu s io n s may n o t be s u p p o rte d a d e q u a te ly by th e e v id e n c e he o f f e r e d . The w ork was f o r g o t t e n , and, so f a r , such a d e c id e d e f f e c t on grow th h as e sc a p e d d e t e c t i o n by o t h e r s . p o in ts p ro v id e some b a s i s f o r q u e s tio n . Those On th e o th e r hand, f ir . B aker i s a man o f i n t e g r i t y and o f c o n s id e r a b le t e c h n i c a l b ack g ro u n d , as re c o rd e d b y Poggendorff (1 9 3 6 ), and re m a in s a f ir m b e lie v e r i n th e tr e a tm e n ts . There a p p a r e n tly have been no e x p e rim e n ts q u ite s i m i l a r to h i s on c h ic k e n s . I t i s a ls o s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t r e l a t i o n s h i p s of e l e c t r i c i t y and v i t a l p r o c e s s e s a re n o t y e t f u l l y u n d e rs to o d . E le c ­ t r i c a l tr e a tm e n ts a re c a p a b le of p ro d u c in g v a r io u s b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s . P e rh a p s i t may b e a q u e s tio n o f a p p l i c a t i o n as to w h e th er such an e f ­ f e c t may be to th e e x te n t o f s tim u la tin g some grow th m echanism. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The ap p ro ach s e l e c t e d f o r t h i s problem in v o lv e d th e u se o f ex­ p e rim e n ts i n w hich c h ic k s were grown u n d e r c o n t r o l l e d c o n d itio n s w h ile b e in g e x p o se d to v a r io u s h ig h fre q u e n c y e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n ts by i n ­ d u c tio n . G ain and f e e d c o n v e rs io n o f th e c h ic k s w ere th e b a s ic c r i t e ­ ria . A s e l e c t e d number o f tre a tm e n ts was u sed to make th e com parisons d e s ire d . D e te c tio n o f some e v id en c e o f a grow th re s p o n s e , o r some o th e r a p p a r e n t e f f e c t o f th e t r e a tm e n t, was an o b je c t iv e i n each t r i a l The re s p o n s e to be e x p e c te d , b a se d on B a k e r 's s t u d i e s , was l a r g e , p e rh a p s as much as t h i r t y - f i v e p e r c e n t o r m ore. Some v a r i a t i o n s i n equipm ent and t r e a t i n g s c h e d u le em ployed by B aker s u g g e s te d t h a t some d e g re e o f v a r i a t i o n i n th e fre q u e n c y and th e t r e a t i n g program was n o t c r i t i c a l . I t seemed r e a s o n a b le to e x p e c t t h a t u se o f a tr e a tm e n t p a t t e r n e d a f t e r th e o r i g i n a l o n e s , to th e e x te n t p e r m itte d b y in fo r m a tio n a v a i l a b l e , w ould p ro d u ce a t l e a s t some e v id e n c e o f s t im u l a tio n . A c c o rd in g ly , a tr e a tm e n t s i m i l a r to h i s was u se d i n each t r i a l . The v a r i a b l e f a c t o r s o f such a tr e a tm e n t w ere e x p e c te d to i n ­ c lu d e th e fre q u e n c y and i n t e n s i t y o f th e a p p lie d f i e l d and p o s s ib le v a r i a t i o n s i n th e t r e a t i n g s c h e d u le , su ch a s d u r a tio n o f ex p o su re and i n t e r v a l s betw een e x p o su re s to t r e a tm e n t. As th e in d u c tio n c o i l i s more d i f f i c u l t to c o n t r o l and l e s s s ta b l e th a n modern vacuum tu b e t r a n s m i t t e r s , more m odern eq u ip m en t was s e l e c t e d to p ro v id e tr e a tm e n ts h a v in g d i f f e r e n c e s i n fre q u e n c y and i n t e n s i t y . Radio t r a n s m i t t e r s and a s h o r t wave g e n e r a to r , n o rm a lly employed i n human th e r a p y , were u s e d 12 to b ro a d e n th e scope o f th e e x p lo r a to r y tr e a tm e n ts . P r a c t i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s p ro v id e d some r e s t r i c t i o n on th e number o f tr e a tm e n ts w hich c o u ld be com pared i n t h i s s tu d y . N o n -co n d u ctin g pens w ere r e q u ir e d , th u s n o t p e r m itti n g th e u se o f commonly a v a i l a b l e b a tte r y pen s. T r e a tin g p e n s h ad to be s h ie ld e d to e lim in a te i n t e r f e r ­ ence w ith r a d io com m unication. Equipm ent s u i t a b l e f o r p ro v id in g t r e a t ­ m ents o f d e s ir e d fre q u e n c y and i n t e n s i t y was n o t r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e . C o n s tr u c tio n o f s p e c i a l ra d io fre q u e n c y g e n e r a to r s , w hich m ig h t have been d e s i r a b l e , was c o n s id e re d n o t j u s t i f i e d , b u t i t was p o s s i b le to o b ta in th e t r a n s m i t t e r s o r s h o r t wave g e n e r a to r s needed to com plete a s u i t a b l e s e r i e s o f tr e a tm e n ts . A d m in is te rin g th e tr e a tm e n ts and m ain­ t a i n i n g th e e x p e rim e n t r e q u ir e d c o n s id e r a b le tim e and c l o s e a t t e n t i o n . C o n se q u e n tly , i n i t i a l e x p e rim e n ts were o f s im p le s t d e s ig n in v o lv in g two tr e a tm e n ts and a c o n t r o l . I n su b se q u e n t e x p e rim e n ts, th e l a t i t u d e o f th e tr e a tm e n ts was e x ten d e d to in c lu d e v a r i a t i o n s i n fre q u e n c y and i n t e n s i t y o f tr e a tm e n ts and i n th e sch e d u le o r tim e o f tr e a tm e n ts . I n a d d i t i o n to th e p r i n c i p a l o b s e r v a tio n s made on g a in and fe e d c o n v e rs io n e f f i c i e n c y o f th e c h ic k s , c h ic k s were o b se rv e d f o r s ig n s o f p o s s i b l e r e a c t i o n to tr e a tm e n ts . I n th e l a s t e x p e rim e n t, o b je c t iv e m easurem ents w ere a tte m p te d on h e a r t r a t e and r e s p i r a t i o n , b u t t h i s p ro c e d u re was n o t in c o r p o r a te d as a p r i n c i p a l f e a t u r e o f th e e x p e r i ­ m e n t. Record o f h e a r t b e a t s , how ever, w ere made on some c h ic k s ex ­ p o se d to th e m ost in te n s e tr e a tm e n ts . A lso some b i r d s were s a c r i f i c e d a t th e c o n c lu s io n o f th e l a s t e x p e rim e n ts f o r a p r e lim in a r y h i s t o l o g ­ i c a l e x a m in a tio n o f some o f th e e n d o c rin e g la n d s f o r p o s s i b le e v id e n c e 13 o f tr e a tm e n t e f f e c t . F iv e ex p erim en tal, t r i a l s were in v o lv e d i n th e s tu d y d u rin g th e p e r io d J a n u a ry 1953 to M arch 195U, t h r e e b e in g done a t M ichigan S ta te C o lle g e and two a t the U n iv e r s ity o f G e o rg ia . T ria l 1 Two tr e a tm e n ts w ere u sed on g ro u p s o f c h ic k s from age one d ay to age s i x w eeks. One tre a tm e n t was d e s ig n e d to be q u ite s i m ila r to t h a t u s e d i n B a k e r's e x p e rim e n ts . r a d io fre q u e n c y g e n e r a to r was u s e d . F o r a seco n d tr e a tm e n t a modern A t r e a t i n g s c h e d u le was fo llo w e d b a se d on B a k e r 's s u g g e s tio n o f a 2 0 -m in u te e x p o su re th r e e o r fo u r tim e s a d ay. The e x p e rim e n t was ru n from F e b ru a ry 5 to March 1 9 , 1953 and was lo c a t e d i n th e n u t r i t i o n l a b o r a to r y o f th e P o u ltry D epartm ent a t M ichigan S t a t e C o lle g e , alo n g w ith fe e d in g e x p e rim e n ts . A random sam ple o f 180 d a y - o ld , s t r a i g h t - r u n W hite Rock c h ic k s was d iv id e d i n t o th r e e e x p e rim e n ta l g ro u p s, two f o r e l e c t r i c a l t r e a t ­ m ent and one f o r a c o n t r o l . C h ick s were w ingbanded f o r in d i v i d u a l w eig h t r e c o r d s and w ere p la c e d u n d e r t e s t a t age one d ay f o r a p e r io d o f s ix w e ek s. They w ere w eighed a t one day and t h e r e a f t e r once a week. C h ick s w ere h e ld i n s e p a r a te p en s (F ig . 1 and F ig . 2) by groups, each a th r e e - le v e l th e p u rp o s e . p la s tic . b a t t e r y c o n s tr u c te d o f n o n -c o n d u c tin g m a t e r i a l s f o r F lo o r s were o f p r e s s e d f i b e r b o ard and th e s c r e e n was o f Each deck was 2k in c h e s w ide by 36 in c h e s lo n g , had a h e ig h t o f 12 in c h e s , and was d e sig n e d to h o ld lU to 20 b i r d s from day o ld to s i x w eeks o f a g e . H eat was p ro v id e d a t each l e v e l by two in c a n d e s c e n t Ill "0 (1 ) CO p o © o to * «> T5 > T3 a> 0 l/> Q, a. —o tD a _ f S £ c 1 o* 5 i s o> 5 t. rP © P 1— 1 o» ro to O o 1 CVI o © © p £ p p o p cti •H (P 10 CD O §•* i—1 o « ixO txO •H t> 3 A U 15 F ig . 2 View o f th e a rran g em en t i l l u s t r a t e d i n F ig . 1 . N o n -c o n d u c tin g , t h r e e - l e v e l p e n s were u sed to house c h ic k s by g ro u p s . The c o n t r o l group i s i n th e fo reg ro u n d ^ s h ie ld e d e n c lo s u r e f o r th e two t r e a t e d g ro u p s i s i n th e b ack g ro u n d . 16 lam ps above th e c h ic k s . Lamp w a tta g e was s e l e c t e d to p ro v id e b ro o d in g te m p e ra tu re s b e g in n in g a t a b o u t 90 to 95 d e g . F . w hich was low ered p e r i o d i c a l l y , as s u g g e s te d by th e te m p e ra tu re and a p p a re n t com fort o f th e b i r d s , by u s in g s m a lle r lam p s. These lam ps were on c o n tin u o u s ly e x c e p t d u r in g tr e a tm e n t when a l l w ere tu rn e d o f f in c lu d in g th o se i n th e c o n tr o l p e n . Each o f th e two t r e a t e d p en s was e n c i r c l e d by a h e l i x o f 10 tu r n s o f No. 12 i n s u l a t e d c o n d u c to r (ty p e TW). The tu r n s were a b o u t th r e e in c h e s a p a r t from f r o n t to r e a r o f th e pen and th u s form ed a l a r g e c o i l e n c lo s in g th e b i r d s . C h ic k s w ere a l l f e d a l i k e , ad lib itu m , u s in g a s ta n d a r d a l l m ash, c h ic k s t a r t i n g r a t i o n c o n ta in in g v ita m in supplem ents and a n t i ­ b i o t i c and i d e n t i f i e d a s C hick S t a r t e r , M ichigan S ta te C o lle g e 1953 fo rm u la 53 S - l , m a n u fa c tu re d by King M illin g Company, L o w e ll, M ichigan. M etal c h ic k f e e d e r s and o n e -q u a rt g la s s w a te r e r s were p la c e d i n w ith th e c h ic k s . Feed was w eighed i n on gram s c a le s a s needed and w eighed b ack w eek ly , a s th e b i r d s w ere w eig h ed , to p ro v id e d a ta on f e e d c o n v e r­ s io n by l o t s . W ater was changed tw ic e d a i l y , and p en s c le a n e d tw ice a w eek. T reatm en t c o n s is te d o f e n e r g iz in g w ith h ig h fre q u e n c y th e c o i l e n c lo s in g th e p e n , w hereby th e c h ic k s were exposed to h ig h fre q u e n c y i n d u c tio n . T re a tm e n ts were a d m in is te r e d f o u r tim es d a i l y a t i n t e r v a l s o f t h r e e h o u rs b e g in n in g a t 8 :0 0 AM. F o r th e tr e a tm e n t p a tt e r n e d a f t e r t h a t u se d by B aker, an in d u e - 17 t i o n o r R uhm korff c o l l s u p p lie d b y a 6 - v o l t a u to m o b ile b a t t e r y was u se d a s a s o u rc e of h ig h F req u en cy pow er (F ig . 3 and F ig . ij.). One te r m in a l o f th e s e c o n d a ry was grounded and th e o th e r te rm in a l was a tta c h e d to one end o f th e h e l i x a b o u t th e p e n o f c h ic k e n s . h e l i x was f r e e . The o th e r end of th e The h e l i x r e p l a c e s th e a n te n n a o f th e w i r e l e s s sy stem w hich was commonly u s e d a t th e tim e f o r com m unication b e f o r e w id e sp re a d u se o f vacuum tu b e t r a n s m i t t e r s . The in d u c tio n c o i l u se d i s i d e n t i f i e d as a 3 - in c h E diso n c o i l , a s m a n u fa c tu re d by th e D e tr o it C o il Company, F e r n d a le , M ich ig an . I t i s e q u ip p e d w ith v i b r a t i n g , p la tin u m c o n t a c t s . A s p a rk l e n g th o f l - l / l j . in c h e s to 1 -1 /2 in c h e s was u se d i n t h i s e x p e r i­ m ent. D ir e c t c u r r e n t to th e c o i l was m a in ta in e d a t 3*5 to h»5 am peres a t 6 v o l t s d . c . , f o r an averag e in p u t o f a p p ro x im a te ly 2h w a tts . R adio fre q u e n c y c u r r e n t a t a p o i n t 18 in c h e s from th e sp ark gap and a t th e s t a r t o f th e f i r s t t u r n o f th e h e l i x n o rm a lly ran g ed from 300 m i l l i am peres, r . f . to 370 m illia m p e r e s , r . f . N a tu r a l c a p a c ita n c e o f th e h e l i x and a d ja c e n t gro u n d s a p p a r e n tly p ro v id e d a c o n d itio n o f n e a r r e s ­ o n an ce. A d d itio n a l h ig h v o lta g e c a p a c ito r s a c r o s s th e seco n d ary t e r ­ m in als in f lu e n c e d , b u t a p p a r e n tly d id n o t im p ro v e, th e p erfo rm an ce o f th e in d u c tio n c o i l and a c c o rd in g ly were n o t u s e d . e s tim a te d ( B a ile y , 1910) a t l e s s th a n 12 w a t t s . Power o u tp u t was F req u en cy v a r ie d from l e s s th a n one m egacycle to o v e r two m eg acy cles as m easu red on a w ide band r e c e i v e r . Mr. B aker n o te d t h a t d u rin g tr e a tm e n t a s p a rk c o u ld be seen upon c o n ta c t as one to u c h e d a c h ic k e n w ith a f i n g e r , and a ls o t h a t a neon tu b e p la c e d i n th e pen glow ed, i n d i c a t i n g th e p re s e n c e o f h ig h f r e - 18 F ig . 3 I n d u c tio n c o i l u s e d a s a so u rc e o f h ig h fr e q u e n c y c u r r e n t . T his equipm ent was mounted on to p o f th e p e n o f c h ic k s to be t r e a t e d . SPARK GAP H EU X PRIMARY SWITCH SECONDARY CIRCUIT PRIMARY C IR C U IT AROUND P E P LA TIN U M CONTACTS VIBRATOR ^ IN D U C T IO N 777777777777777777777 G n d. C O IL F ig . U E l e c t r i c c i r c u i t f o r th e in d u c tio n c o i l p i c t u r e d i n F ig . 3* T h is arra n g em en t i s p a t t e r n e d a f t e r t h a t u sed i n th e e a r l y e x p e rim e n ts by T. Thom e B a k e r. See F ig . 22. 19 q uency r a d i a t i o n . m e n ts . Those phenomena w ere o b serv ed d u rin g th e se e x p e r i­ The l e n g t h o f th e s p a rk d e v elo p e d by to u c h in g a c h ic k e n a p p e a r­ ed to be a p p ro x im a te ly e q u a l to t h a t u s e d on th e in d u c tio n c o i l second­ a ry . A r a d io t r a n s m i t t e r was u se d f o r th e seco n d tr e a tm e n t (F ig . $ } F ig . 6 ) . As th e in d u c tio n c o i l i s l e s s s t a b l e i n fre q u e n c y and i s more d i f f i c u l t to c o n t r o l , th e t r a n s m i t t e r was s e l e c t e d to p e r m it c o n tr o l o f such f a c t o r s as fre q u e n c y and t o t a l power o u tp u t. The equipm ent u se d was a s u r p lu s a i r c r a f t t r a n s m i t t e r , i d e n t i f i e d a s th e ARC 5 , o p e ra te d a t a fre q u e n c y o f 6 m eg acy cles w ith a power in p u t o f a p p ro x im a te ly 35 w a tts (125-150 ma, 250 V .D .C .) and an e s tim a te d power o u tp u t o f a p p ro x i­ m a te ly 17 w a t t s . R adio fre q u e n c y c u r r e n t 18 in c h e s from th e an ten n a te rm in a l on th e c h a s s is and a t th e i n i t i a l end o f th e f i r s t tu r n o f th e h e l i x around th e p en a v e ra g e d a p p ro x im a te ly 0 .6 am peres a s r e g u l a te d by a v a r ia b le c a p a c i t o r c o n n e c te d p a r a l l e l to g ro u n d . T his arra n g em en t p ro v id e d a tr e a tm e n t somewhat com parable to th e one u s in g th e in d u c tio n c o i l e x c e p t t h a t t h i s tr e a tm e n t was s l i g h t l y more in te n s e and was o f a h ig h e r and c o n t r o l l e d fre q u e n c y . The two p e n s f o r tr e a tm e n t were p la c e d i n a s c re e n e d e n c lo s u re to re d u c e i n t e r f e r e n c e w ith h ig h fre q u e n c y co m m u n icatio n s. O rd in a ry g a lv a n iz e d , No. 16 window s c r e e n was u sed to s h ie ld a room 6 f t . 6 in c h e s x 8 f t . x 7 f t . h ig h . grounded a t one p o i n t . The s c re e n was w e ll bonded th ro u g h o u t and The c o n t r o l pen was n o t e n c lo s e d i n th e s h ie ld e d a r e a b u t was p la c e d n e a r th e t r e a t e d pens to have e s s e n t i a l l y th e same e n v iro n m e n t o f atm o sp h ere and l i g h t i n g . A rrangem ent o f th e e x p e rim e n ta l 20 F ig . 5 Radio t r a n s m i t t e r u s e d to p ro v id e an e le c tr o m a g n e tic f i e l d as tre a tm e n t f o r a t h i r d group o f c h ic k s . A ntenna RF HELIX POW E R SU P P LY AROUND PEN TRANSMITTER 6 megacycles AUTO TRANS. -H elix 10 t u r n s o f **12, a ro und pen, 3“ opart type TW F ig . 6 S chem atic w irin g diagram o f th e equipm ent shown i n F ig . 21 l a y o u t i s shown i n F ig . 1 . I t was n e c e s s a r y to p la c e th e two t r e a t e d p en s a t 90 d e g re e s to each o th e r to m in im ize m u tu al in d u c tio n from one pen to th e o t h e r . I n any o t h e r p o s i t i o n th e r e was a pronounced e f f e c t o f th e c i r c u i t o f e i t h e r pen on th e o t h e r . T ria l 2 The second e x p e rim e n t, March 27 to May 7, 1953, was a d u p lic a ­ t i o n o f th e f i r s t t r i a l e x c e p t t h a t a l l m ale c h ic k s were u s e d , and a s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t t r e a t i n g sch e d u le was fo llo w e d . A random sample o f 115 d a y - o ld W hite Rock c o c k e r e ls was d iv id e d in to th r e e e x p e rim e n ta l g roups and a s s ig n e d to th e th r e e p e n s , two f o r tre a tm e n t and one f o r a c o n tro l. p en s. Each group was d iv id e d i n t o th r e e l o t s f o r th e decks i n th e T rea tm e n ts w ere begun a t th e end o f th e f i r s t week and admin­ i s t e r e d d a i l y a t I n t e r v a l s o f f o u r h o u rs b e g in n in g a t 8 :0 0 AM. w ise t h i s t r i a l was l i k e th e f i r s t one. O th e r­ The same equipm ent a rran g em en t was u s e d and s i m i l a r d a ta ta k e n . T ria l 3 The t h i r d e x p e rim e n t, December 1 , 1953 to J a n u a ry 12, 195U was a d u p l i c a t i o n o f th e f i r s t t r i a l e x c e p t f o r number o f c h ic k s and t r e a t i n g s c h e d u le . A random sam ple o f 108 s t r a i g h t - r u n W hite Rock c h ic k s was d iv id e d i n t o th r e e e x p e rim e n ta l g ro u p s , two f o r tr e a tm e n t and one f o r c o n tro l. The same equipm ent was u se d as f o r t r i a l s 1 and 2 , and s im ila r o b s e r v a tio n s w ere made. tin u e d f o r s i x w eeks. T rea tm e n ts w ere begun a t age one week and con­ T rea tm e n ts w ere a d m in is te re d as i n t r i a l 2. Some equipm ent f a i l u r e s i n t e r r u p t e d th e tre a tm e n t sch e d u le f o r s h o r t i n t e r v a l s b u t n o t f o r e x te n d e d p e r io d s . 22 T ria l U The f o u r t h e x p e rim e n t, Septem ber 26 to November 7, was l o c a t e d a t th e U n iv e r s ity o f G e o rg ia i n an e x p e rim e n ta l b u ild in g o f th e P o u ltry D e p a rtm e n t. E x p e rie n c e w ith th e second e x p erim en t s u g g e s te d th e d e s i r a b i l i t y o f r e p l i c a t i n g th e t r e a t e d and c o n t r o l g ro u p s. A c c o rd in g ly , an e x p e r i­ m ent s i m i l a r to t h a t i n t r i a l s 1 and 2 was s e t up so t h a t s i x groups o f b i r d s w ere in v o lv e d , two tr e a tm e n ts and a c o n t r o l , each w ith a r e p l i c a ­ tio n . G roups w ere h o u sed s e p a r a t e l y , b u t a l l w ere p la c e d i n th e s h ie ld e d e n c lo s u re a s shown i n F ig . 7* The p o s i t i o n i n g o f th e v a r io u s g roups was random even though two g roups h a v in g th e same tre a tm e n t d id f a l l a t th e same end o f th e e n c lo s u r e . The p e n s were l i k e th o s e u sed i n t r i a l s 1 and 2 , o f n o n -c o n d u c tin g m a t e r i a l s , b u t w ere made s i x in c h e s w id e r, w ere e q u ip p ed w ith s id e f e e d e r s ; and th e lo ite r d eck was two f e e t i n s t e a d o f one f o o t above th e f l o o r . A lso , h e a t f o r th e c h ic k s i n each pen was p ro v id e d by th r e e i n f r a r e d lam ps, one a t each l e v e l mounted ab o u t 1$ in c h e s to th e r e a r o f th e p en , d i r e c t e d i n a t c h ic k l e v e l . I n t e n s i t y o f th e s e lam ps was m a n u ally c o n t r o l l e d by u se o f s e r i e s r e ­ s i s t o r s i n th e s u p p ly . P a n e ls o f g a lv a n iz e d s c r e e n in g , f i v e f e e t s q u a re , w ere suspended v e r t i c a l l y betw een p en s and grounded to th e o v e ra ll s h ie l d in g to p r e v e n t r a d i a t i o n from one pen to th e n e x t. U n ifo rm ity o f e x p e rim e n ta l b ir d s was c o n s id e re d to be o f p a r t i ­ c u l a r im p o rta n c e i n t h i s t r i a l a s i n n u t r i t i o n e x p e rim e n ts . A random l o t o f $00 New H am pshire c o c k e r e ls was s e l e c t e d and r a i s e d f o r two Q h _i O o n o z if) UJ i o < (0 z Ui Q. cr in z <1 1c r »h— 2 z UJ CL > TJ O CO o. E o © ~© o> > c O © CO X 0 C o w,A if) cr I CL O* c 2 o Z UJ < iir K 5 : T3 C O ro Z UJ CL O in -o ® © c o X 40 e • ^ t> © ® (O %_ o " 5 » ° o O J Fig. 7 Layout of the experiment for Trial U» There were three e x p e rim e n ta l groups, two pens for each group. Pens were of non-conducting m a te ria ls and held "birds each, 18 birds on each of three le v e l s . Four pens were ex p o sed to high frequency tre a tm e n t. Two pens were u n tr e a te d . 23 2k w eeks i n a b ro o d e r h o u s e . At two weeks a l l c h ic k s were w eighed in grams i n o r d e r to g e t an e s tim a te o f t h e i r c a p a c ity to grow and w ere w ingbanded f o r i n d i v i d u a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . To av o id w ide v a r i a b i l i t y , a sam ple o f 18 l o t s o f 18 b i r d s each was th e n s e le c t e d b y p a ir i n g i n d i v i d u a l s , w orking from th e m edian w e ig h t, th u s e lim in a tin g th e h e a v ie s t and s m a ll­ e s t b i r d s and p ro v id in g a s l i g h t l y r e s t r i c t e d b u t random s e l e c t i o n o f b i r d s f o r th e s i x e x p e rim e n ta l g ro u p s o f th r e e l o t s e ac h . The p ro c e d u re u sed f o r t h i s p a i r i n g in v o lv e d p r e p a r in g i n d i v i d ­ u a l in d e x c a r d s showing th e w ingband number and w e ig h t o f th e c h ic k s . C ards w ere th e n a r r a y e d by w e ig h t from s m a ll to la r g e and th e m edian w e ig h t d e te rm in e d . B eginning w ith th e m edian w e ig h t, c a rd s were d e a l t from th e lo w er w e ig h t group to th e r i g h t to s t a r t 18 l o t s . C ards w ere th e n d e a l t to th e l e f t on th e same 18 l o t s , th e n to th e r i g h t a g a in , and so on u n t i l e a c h o f th e e ig h te e n l o t s h ad 9 b i r d s each below t h e m ed ian . Then, b e g in n in g a t t h e m edian and w orking tow ard th e h eav y c h ic k s , an a d d i t i o n a l 9 c a rd s eac h were added i n th e same manner to eac h o f th e 18 l o t s . T his s e l e c t i o n p ro v id e d 18 l o t s o f 18 c h ic k s , each h a v in g a lm o st i d e n t i c a l w e ig h ts by l o t and ran g e o f w e ig h ts o f i n ­ d iv id u a ls . The e ig h te e n l o t s w ere th e n a s s ig n e d a t random to th e s i x e x p e rim e n ta l g ro u p s. C hicks w ere a l l f e d a l i k e , ad l i b i t u m , on a s ta n d a rd b r o i l e r r a t i o n c o n ta in in g v ita m in su p p lem en ts and a n t i b i o t i c , and s u lf a q u in o x il i n e , as m a n u fa c tu re d by th e M arbut M illin g Company, A u g u sta, G e o rg ia . Feed was w eighed o u t i n to c a n s by l o t s f o r a week s u p p ly and w eighed back as th e c h ic k s ttfere w eighed w eek ly to g e t f e e d c o n v e rs io n r e c o r d s . 25 G la s s w a te r e r s p la c e d i n w ith th e c h ic k s were changed tw ice d a i l y and p e n s c le a n e d tw ic e a week. The e l e c t r i c c i r c u i t s u se d a re shown i n F ig . 8. T rea tm e n ts w ere a d m in is te r e d f o u r tim e s d a il y f o r 20 m in u te s a t a tim e a t i n t e r v a l s o f f o u r h o u rs as i n t r i a l s 2 and 3 j and were begun when th e c h ic k s w ere two weeks o ld . One tr e a tm e n t in v o lv e d th e use o f th e in d u c tio n c o i l and was s i m i l a r to tr e a tm e n ts u se d i n t r i a l s 1 , 2 , and 3 e x c e p t t h a t 1wo p e n s w ere c o n n e c te d to th e ungrounded seco n d ary te r m in a l. T h is a rra n g em en t p ro v id e d a l e s s in te n s e tr e a tm e n t, a p p ro x im a te ly h a l f t h a t f o r th e o t h e r e x p e rim e n ts . A sp a rk l e n g th o f 1 - l / k in c h e s was u sed on th e i n ­ d u c tio n c o i l , and in p u t c u r r e n t was h e ld to U amperes a t 6 v o l t s d . c . Radio fre q u e n c y c u r r e n t a t th e i n i t i a l end o f th e f i r s t tu r n i n e a c h p en was a b o u t 200 m illa m p e re s . F requency ran g ed from a p p ro x im a te ly one m eg acy cle to two m egacycles a s m easured on a wide b an d r e c e i v e r . O th e r f r e q u e n c i e s w ere p r e s e n t b u t n o t p re d o m in a n t. A 3 2 .5 -m e g a cy c le t r a n s m i t t e r , c r y s t a l c o n t r o l l e d , was u se d a s a s o u rc e o f r a d io fre q u e n c y f o r a seco n d tr e a tm e n t. T o ta l power o u tp u t was e s tim a te d a t 20 w a tts as i n d i c a t e d by u se o f a dummy a n te n n a r e ­ p la c i n g th e c o n n e c tio n to th e two p e n s . Radio fre q u e n c y c u r r e n t a t th e f i r s t tu r n o f th e h e l i x on each p en ra n g e d from 50 to 150 m illia m p e r e s . A f l u o r e s c e n t tube was u s e d to i n d i c a t e p re s e n c e o f h ig h f r e ­ quency i n each t r e a t i n g p e n , b u t no a d d i t i o n a l e l e c t r i c a l m easurem ents w ere m ade. The e l e c t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e h e l i x on each t r e a t e d pen 26 4> ft O CL n d CD O P eft P o T3 arou co ft £ro o «> Ct) CM © n £ iH He l i x ft c\> •H ft ©£ t3 •H tuO.5 P © p © © © U-, ac u. Ul ll_ © P © £ w IS £ P o © ft ft P O cti £3 e •H CO - CO aJ j •H ft a ft £ -P P © £ M © co +3 'Cfi c© £p £ CD -P cO co © ft P ft -P ft P © O © ft ft ft s © © co f t P ft O co ft ft P o P •H O CO lO • i>3 © P P ft © P ft • ft ftO M •H ft Ph ft 27 pen changed as th e s iz e o f th e c h ic k s in c r e a s e d , b u t a c c u ra te m easu re­ m ents o f t h i s change were n o t made. Movement o f th e c h ic k s w ith in a pen a ls o changed th e r e s o n a n t fre q u e n c y o f th e h e l i x s l i g h t l y as d id a c c u m u la tio n of d ro p p in g s , w hich a re c o n d u c tiv e . A t th e end o f th e e x p e rim e n t, f i v e b i r d s w ere s e l e c t e d a t random from each o f th e s i x p e n s and were s a c r i f i c e d f o r rem oval o f some o f th e e n d o c rin e g la n d s . The p i t u i t a r y , th y r o id s , a d r e n a ls , and t e s t e s w ere rem oved f o r a p r e lim in a r y h i s t o l o g i c a l e x a m in a tio n by th e la b o r a ­ t o r y o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f G eo rg ia P o u ltr y D ep artm en t, to g a in a d d it io n a l in f o r m a tio n a s to p o s s i b l e tre a tm e n t e f f e c t . These t i s s u e s were w eighed a s removed and p la c e d i n f i x i n g s o l u t i o n p e n d in g p r e p a r a t io n o f s l i d e s f o r m ic ro s c o p ic e x a m in a tio n . T ria l 5 The f i n a l e x p e rim e n t, December 29, 1953 to March 9, 1 9$b} was c a r r i e d o u t i n th e same l o c a t i o n as t r i a l U b u t was much more e l a b o r a t e . Up to t h i s p o i n t th e number o f tr e a tm e n ts em ployed was q u i t e l i m i t e d . I t was d e c id e d to in c r e a s e th e number o f tre a tm e n ts and to a tte m p t mea­ su rem en ts o f h e a r t r a t e and r e s p i r a t i o n , and to make a p r e lim in a r y exam­ i n a t i o n o f sam ples o f t i s s u e s from th e e n d o c rin e g la n d s as i n t r i a l U as a d d i t i o n a l p o s s i b l e m easures o f tre a tm e n t e f f e c t . The t r i a l in v o lv e d e ig h t d i f f e r e n t e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n ts and th r e e c o n t r o l s . The e x p e rim e n ta l la y o u t f o r t h i s t r i a l i s shown i n Fig* 9* Four o f th e th r e e - d e c k p e n s from th e p re v io u s e x p e rim e n t w ere 28 GA LVA NIZ ED S C R E E N FOUR SIDES ^^H E A T SHIELDING, AND OVERHEAD LA M PS^ TRANSMITTERS 7 ---------------- ^ i IND. COIL GROUP 2 HIGH VOLT­ AGE d*c G R. 4 1 1 1 1 ^S hielding TREATING ! TABLES Panels Trrrrrr C O N T R O L Gnd. itreating TRANS. GROUP 1 I | T H EA T LA M PS Y 1 TABLES |sw. GR. 3 777777777 J. Gnd. Individual cages groups F ig . 9 for ? 70 5 through L ayout o f th e e x p e rim e n t, T r i a l GEN. — — birds, II. 29 u s e d i n t h i s e x p e rim e n t: one f o r an u n tr e a te d c o n t r o l , one f o r a con­ tin u o u s tr e a tm e n t u s in g th e sp a rk c o i l , one f o r a c o n tin u o u s tre a tm e n t u s in g a 6-m egacycle t r a n s m i t t e r , and one f o r a c o n tin u o u s ex p o su re b e ­ tw een p l a t e s h e ld a t a h ig h p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e o f u n ch an g in g p o l a r i t y . The p u rp o se o f th e c o n tin u o u s tr e a tm e n ts was to g e t a co m p ariso n o f t r e a t e d v s . u n t r e a t e d b i r d s u s in g a maximum tim e o f exp o su re a s a p o s s i b l e means f o r p ro d u c in g e v id e n c e o f a grow th re s p o n s e , th u s p o s ­ s i b l y e lim in a tin g q u e s tio n s a b o u t tim e i n t e r v a l s and d u r a tio n o f t r e a t ­ m ent. The tre a tm e n t in v o lv in g unchanging p o l a r i t y o f th e a p p lie d v o l t ­ age was in te n d e d as a p o s s ib le check on fre q u e n c y tr e a tm e n ts . I n a d d i t i o n to t h a t group e x p e rim e n t, s e v e n ty b i r d s , c o m p risin g sev e n e x p e r im e n ta l groups o f te n were housed i n in d iv id u a l c a g e s . t i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a l s w ere random ized. P o s i­ Three o f th e s e g ro u p s w ere u sed f o r th r e e r e s p e c t i v e tr e a tm e n ts o f d i f f e r e n t i n t e n s i t y , a l l o f th e same fre q u e n c y , 16 m e g a c y c le s. Two o f th o se g ro u p s w ere u sed f o r two r e s p e c ­ t i v e tr e a tm e n ts o f d i f f e r e n t f r e q u e n c i e s , 6 m egacycles and 3 2 .5 mega­ c y c l e s , o f a p p ro x im a te ly th e same i n t e n s i t y . w ere u sed a s c o n t r o l s . The two re m a in in g groups The te n b i r d s c o m p risin g a group w ere rem oved from t h e i r cages d a i l y f o r tr e a tm e n t as a group and th e n r e tu r n e d to th e ir cages. B ird s f o r t h i s t r i a l were s e l e c t e d from 500 New Hampshire cock­ e r e l s , v a c c in a te d a g a in s t b r o n c h i t i s and N ew castle d is e a s e , and p a ir e d a t age two weeks a s i n th e p re c e d in g t r i a l . Each o f th e f o u r l a r g e pens h e ld 5L b i r d s , 18 to th e deck making a t o t a l o f 216 b i r d s i n t h a t p o r­ 30 t i o n o f th e e x p e rim e n t. u a l cages. S ev en ty b i r d s w ere s e le c te d f o r th e i n d i v i d ­ As th e r e w ere 12 l o t s o f 18 b i r d s each i n th e l a r g e r p e n s and 7 g ro u p s o f 10 i n th e i n d i v i d u a l c a g e s , p a i r s 1 to 10 were s e l e c ­ te d f o r 19 d i f f e r e n t l o t s . f o u r la r g e p e n s . P a ir s 11 to 18 were s e l e c te d f o r o n ly th e T his arran g em en t was in te n d e d to p ro v id e a common b a s is of s e le c tio n fo r a l l lo ts . T re a tm e n ts w ere begun on th e la r g e p e n s , Groups 1 th ro u g h U, when th e b i r d s w ere two weeks o ld and c o n tin u e d f o r fo u r weeks to age s i x w eeks. T reatm ents, were begun on th e b i r d s housed i n d i v i d u a l l y , Groups J? th ro u g h 1 1, when th e y w ere th r e e weeks o ld and c o n tin u e d f o r f o u r w eeks. I t had b e e n in te n d e d to s t a r t a l l tre a tm e n ts a t th e same tim e , b u t th e r e was an u n a c c o u n ta b le d e la y i n th e a r r i v a l o f i n d i v i d ­ u a l cages. F or th e c o n tin u o u s tre a tm e n t from th e in d u c tio n c o i l , a s p a rk l e n g th o f l / k in c h was u s e d , and c u r r e n t in p u t to th e p rim a ry was h e ld to 2 am peres a t 6 v o l t s . The t o t a l power in p u t was a p p ro x im a te ly 12 w a t t s , ab o u t h a l f t h a t u se d i n t r i a l s 1 , 2 , and 3 an d , on a pen b a s i s , th e o u tp u t was e s tim a te d to be a p p ro x im a te ly e q u a l to t h a t u sed i n t r i a l h a lth o u g h a t lo w er v o l t a g e . The r a d io fre q u e n c y c u r r e n t 18 in c h e s from th e sec o n d a ry te r m in a l o f th e c o i l and a t th e i n i t i a l end o f th e f i r s t tu r n o f th e h e l i x a v erag ed ab o u t 1^0 m illia m p e re s . A v a r i a b l e h ig h v o l t a g e c a p a c i t o r sh u n ted a c ro s s th e sec o n d a ry te r m in a ls o f t h e in d u c tio n c o i l im proved th e p erfo rm an ce o f th e c o i l o p e r a tin g u n d e r th e s e c o n d itio n s . The c a p a c ito r c o n s is te d of two f l a t p l a t e s o f 2U -gage aluminum, h i n . x 6 i n . , s e p a ra te d by th r e e p l a t e s o f s i n g l e th ic k n e s s window g l a s s , h av in g an e s tim a te d c a p a c ita n c e o f 100 u u fd . P redom inant fre q u e n c y was ab o u t 1 .6 m egacycles a s m easured on a w ide­ b and r e c e i v e r . F o r th e seco n d c o n tin u o u s tr e a tm e n t, an ARC-5 t r a n s m i t t e r o p e r­ a t i n g a t 6 m eg acy cles was u s e d , h av in g an e s tim a te d power o u tp u t o f 10 w a tts . R adio fre q u e n c y c u r r e n t betw een th e t r a n s m i t t e r and th e h e lix , c o n n e c te d as an a n te n n a a v e ra g e d a b o u t 150 m illia m p e re s , ra n g in g from 50 t o 200 m illia m p e r e s . F o r th e t h i r d tr e a tm e n t, one pen was e q u ip p ed w ith 2U-gage a l u ­ minum p l a t e s , 26 i n . x 32 i n . , above and below each of th e th re e l o t s o f c h ic k e n s as shown i n F ig . 10 and F ig . 1 1 . These p l a t e s were e n e r­ g iz e d from a 1 5 ,0 0 0 - v o lt, 30 m .a ., lum inous tu b e , a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t tra n s fo rm e r c o n n e c te d a s a h a lf-w a v e r e c t i f i e r . A d . c . v o ltm e te r made up o f a 0 - 1 m i l l i am m eter, d . c . , and a s e r i e s r e s i s t o r o f 20 megohms (1000 ohms p e r v o l t ) r e a d 8000 v o l t s a c ro s s th e p l a t e s . Top and b o tto m decks w ere exposed to v o lta g e o f th e same p o l a r i t y , n e g a tiv e o v e rh e ad , and th e m id d le deck was exposed to th e o p p o s ite v o lta g e . Movement o f d u s t p a r t i c l e s w ith in th e pens e v id e n c e d th e p re s e n c e o f a c h a rg in g fie ld . C h ic k s w ere exposed t o t h i s tr e a tm e n t c o n tin u o u s ly from age two weeks to age f i v e w eeks, e x c e p t when w a te r e r s xtfere changed o r th e b i r d s rem oved f o r w e ig h in g . A t t h a t tim e th e h e ig h t o f th e i n d i v i d ­ u a l s was enough to cau se a s h o r t c i r c u i t betw een p l a t e s , and i t was n e c e s s a ry to tu r n o f f th e tr e a tm e n t. u n t i l age s i x w eeks. L o ts w ere h e la i n th e pen however 32 u u a> o •H Ch ■H H ffi -WWWW'- Baui oz Q) - P * [ooml m ■A911 C +3 ai a) 0 .r4 W §TO © +> -H ^ fl © ©H »H h ■A 911 X X X o I o X o X o X o X X X + 1 X o + -P * i 1 o o 'H i • > H xi oj l ro i— 1ua ^ -S) • d H • ri o p . M il) ®Cvl f t •H K Xl O P ft p -p c o © o P © to © PJ «H o tp £ 3 o M'nj P *H •H - P O © © p, P .P OW £ £ n © to P & co r H ft © O © ft p . *£ rH H P © M ^ll © fcUD-3 ,ft V •H © ft x> ra 33 I n th e second p o r t i o n o f th e e x p erim en t i n w hich b i r d s were h o u se d i n d i v i d u a l l y , two t r e a t i n g arra n g em en ts w ere u se d , one f o r two tr e a tm e n ts in v o lv in g d i f f e r e n c e i n fre q u e n c y and one f o r th r e e t r e a t ­ m ents i n w h ich th e d i f f e r e n c e was a m a tte r o f tim e and i n t e n s i t y , ( F ig . 12 and F ig . 1 3 ). A t r e a t i n g c o i l , 2k in c h e s i n d ia m e te r, 2k in c h e s lo n g , o f U2 f e e t o f l / 2 - i n c h c o p p e r r e f r i g e r a t i o n tu b in g ( F ig . li; and F ig . 15) was a rra n g e d f o r c o n n e c tio n to e i t h e r o f two r a d io t r a n s m i t t e r s , one an ARC-5 t r a n s m i t t e r o p e r a tin g a t 6 m egacycles and one a 3 2 .5 -m eg acy cle M o to ro la m odel FST-508R t r a n s m i t t e r . T reatm en t was acco m p lish ed by p la c in g th e 10 b i r d s i n a n o n -c o n d u c tin g , p l a s t i c sc re e n e d b o x , 22 i n . x 2k i n . x 10 i n . , w i th in th e t r e a t i n g c o i l f o r 1 -1 /2 h o u rs d a ily . The e x p o su re o f 1 -1 /2 h o u rs was com parable i n t o t a l tim e to th e fo u r 2 0 -m inute tr e a tm e n ts d a i l y as u se d i n th e p re c e d in g f o u r t r i a l s . The tr e a tm e n t was more in t e n s e th a n th e e a r l i e r tre a tm e n ts i n t h a t th e s iz e o f th e c o i l was s m a lle r f o r th e power o u tp u t, e s tim a te d a t 15 w a tts (b a s e d on 50 p e r c e n t o f m easured in p u t to th e power su p p ly ) f o r b o th t r a n s m i t t e r s , b u t e x tre m e ly m ild as com pared to th e rem ain in g th r e e tr e a tm e n ts . F o r th r e e a d d i t i o n a l tr e a tm e n ts , a s h o r t wave g e n e r a to r , as commonly u se d f o r human th e r a p y , p ro v id e d tre a tm e n ts a t 16 m eg acy cles by in d u c tio n . A L ie b e l- F la r s h e im , Model SW-221, m achine was u se d w ith a s ta n d a r d in d u c tio n c a b le lo o p e d th r e e t u r n s , s i x in c h e s a p a r t , a ro u n d a n o n -c o n d u c tin g , p l a s t i c s c re e n e d b o x , 10 i n . x 2k i n . x 10 i n . , h o ld in g th e 10 b i r d s , ( F ig . 16 and F ig . 1 7 ) . The t r e a t i n g c i r c u i t was F ig . 12 I n d iv i d u a l c a g e s u sed to house seven e x p e rim e n ta l groups o f te n b i r d s . C h ick s were removed from th e s e c a g e s once d a i l y f o r tre a tm e n t a s a g ro u p . F ig . 13 View o f th e equipm ent u se d f o r t r e a t i n g b i r d s i n g ro u p s o f te n . F ig . lU A rrangem ent f o r ex p o sin g g roups o f te n c h ic k s to th e h ig h fre q u e n c y f i e l d p roduced by a r a d io t r a n s m i t t e r . Pen i s n o n -c o n d u c tin g . RF. IIS v. Q-C POW ER SUPPLY TRA N S­ M IT T E R F ig . 1 $ C i r c u i t u sed f o r th e tre a tm e n t shown i n F ig . lU . T r a n s m itte rs were in te rc h a n g e d to g e t d i f f e r e n t tr e a tm e n ts . 36 F ig . 16 S h o rt wave g e n e r a to r u sed f o r in t e n s e tr e a tm e n ts on g ro u p s 6 , 7 , and 8 . Machine i s one commonly u sed f o r human th e r a p y . SH O RT W AVE 6 ENERAT0 R o1- oz F ig . 17 C i r c u i t arran g em en t o f L ie b e l-F la r s h e im model SW-221 g e n e r a to r shown i n F ig . 16. 37 tuned, to maximum i n t e n s i t y , r e a d in g 12 to 25 on th e power i n d i c a t o r , a r e l a t i v e i n d i c a t i o n on a m achine c a p a b le o f a p p ro x im a te ly 250 w a tts o u tp u t, t h i s b e in g ab out 20 to Uo p e r c e n t o f th e o u tp u t c a p a c ity . The f i r s t tr e a tm e n t w ith t h i s arran g em en t was in te n d e d to be one o f maximum i n t e n s i t y . The te n b i r d s i n th e cage were exposed f o r a p e r io d o f 30 m in u te s , once d a i l y , f o r f o u r w eeks. W ith a t y p i c a l room c o n d itio n o f 72 d e g . F . a t a r e l a t i v e h u m id ity o f 60 p e r c e n t, t h i s ex p o su re a p p ea re d to be a s much a s th e y c o u ld s a f e ly e n d u re . The b i r d s e x p e rie n c e d a r a p i d in c r e a s e i n r a t e o f r e s p i r a t i o n as th e t r e a t ­ m ent was a p p lie d , w hich became norm al ab o u t tw en ty m in u te s a f t e r t r e a t ­ m ent was d is c o n tin u e d . Tem perature o f th e b ir d s was e le v a te d from ap­ p ro x im a te ly 1 0 6 .2 d eg . F. to a maximum o f 110.2 d eg . F. T em perature was m easured i n t e r m i t t e n t l y w ith c l i n i c a l th erm o m eters, r e c t a l l y a t t h r e e - f o u r t h s in c h i n s e r t i o n . The second and t h i r d d a i l y tre a tm e n ts were i d e n t i c a l w ith th e f i r s t e x c e p t f o r th e tim e o f e x p o su re , w hich was r e s p e c t i v e l y 15 m in­ u te s and 8 m in u te s . A c a r d io - v ib r o m e te r ( F ig . 18 and F ig . 19) as m an u factu red by The B rush Company, C le v e la n d , Ohio and a s d e s c rib e d by Odum (19ho) was u se d to m easure h e a r t b e a ts and r e s p i r a t i o n o f b i r d s s e l e c t e d a t random from th e v a rio u s g ro u p s , i n a s e a rc h f o r a p o s s ib le r e a c t i o n o f b i r d s u n d e r tr e a tm e n t o r a p o s s ib le tre a tm e n t e f f e c t . T his m easure was abandoned, how ever, e x c e p t f o r some b i r d s ex p o sed to th e m ost i n ­ te n s e tr e a tm e n ts . The in d i v i d u a l was p la c e d in a s m a ll box and allow ed F ig . 18 P ic k -u p c r y s t a l o f c a r d io -v ib ro m e te r and arra n g em en t u sed i n m easu rin g h e a r t and re s p ira to ry a c tiv ity . F ig . 19 A m p lif ie r f o r s i g n a l re c e iv e d from p ic k -u p c r y s t a l and th e re c o rd e r f o r h e a r t and r e s p i r a t o r y a c tiv ity . 39 to come to r e s t b e fo re a r e c o r d was made. One end o f th e box r e s t e d on a p iv o te d s u p p o r t, and th e o th e r end r e s t e d on th e arm a tta c h e d to th e c r y s t a l d e t e c t o r . The s ig n a l from th e c r y s t a l r e s u l t i n g from th e h e a r t b e a t o r r e s p i r a t i o n o f th e b i r d was t r a n s m itte d to an a m p l if i e r , th e n to a r e c o r d e r . From th e re c o rd e d w ave, c o u n ts w ere made o f th e p eak s c a u se d by h e a r t b e a ts and th e p e ak s cau sed by th e b r e a th in g . To d e te rm in e th e r e a c t i o n o f b i r d s to th e a p p lic a tio n o f th e e le c tro m a g ­ n e t i c f i e l d , th e box h o ld in g th e b i r d was p la c e d w ith in th e t r e a t i n g c o i l , and a wooden dowel ro d was u sed f o r a lin k a g e arrangem ent to t r a n s m i t th e v i b r a t i o n s to th e p ick u p c r y s t a l w e ll below th e c o i l . A sam ple o f f i v e b i r d s from each l o t was s a c r i f i c e d a t th e end o f th e e x p e rim e n t a s i n t r i a l U f o r a p re lim in a ry ex am in atio n o f some o f th e e n d o c rin e g la n d s . Rem aining b i r d s were p la c e d i n b r o i l e r houses and w ere w eighed a t e i g h t weeks and a t te n weeks as a f u r t h e r check on p o s s ib le g a in e ffe c ts . RESULTS No marked d i f f e r e n c e s c au se d by th e h ig h fre q u e n c y e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n ts were fo u n d betw een t r e a t e d and u n tr e a te d b i r d s as m easured i n te rm s o f g a in and f e e d c o n v e rs io n e f f i c i e n c y . Nor d id th e r e a p p ea r to be any change i n th e t r e a t e d c h ic k s to s u g g e s t th e need f o r o th e r o b j e c t i v e m easurem ents of t h e i r grow th o r b e h a v io r. B ird s exposed to th e m ost in t e n s e tr e a tm e n ts e x p e rie n c e d a r i s e in body te m p e ra tu re and an in c r e a s e d h e a r t r a t e and r a t e of r e s p i r a t i o n d u rin g tr e a tm e n t. M easurem ents o f te m p e ra tu re and h e a r t r a t e showed t h a t th e s e two body a c t i v i t i e s became norm al w ith in a few m in u tes f o l ­ lo w in g th e tr e a tm e n t. R ate o f r e s p i r a t i o n , n o t m easu red , a p p ea re d to become norm al in th e same tim e . S im ila r m easurem ents among b i r d s from o t h e r g ro u p s u n d e r m ild tre a tm e n t were a tte m p te d , p u r e ly f o r th e p u r­ pose o f o b ta in in g su p p lem en ta ry in fo r m a tio n . These m easurem ents were abandoned when i t became o b v io u s t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s , i f any, betw een t r e a t e d and u n t r e a t e d b i r d s w ere so s m a ll t h a t th e y c o u ld be m easured o n ly by a v e ry l a r g e number o f o b s e r v a tio n s , so many a s to be p r o h i b i ­ t i v e i n t h i s s tu d y . A p r e lim in a r y h i s t o l o g i c a l e x am in atio n o f t i s s u e s from some o f th e e n d o c rin e g la n d s removed from a sam pling o f t r e a t e d and u n tr e a te d b ird s in t r i a l s e ffe c t. and 3 re v e a le d no a d d i tio n a l e v id en ce o f tre a tm e n t A more co m p lete e x a m in a tio n th e r e f o r e ap p eared to be o f d o u b t­ f u l v a lu e and was n o t made. The r e s u l t s of th e f i v e t r i a l s are summarized by t r i a l s i n th e ia p a g e s f o llo w in g . The p r e s e n t a t i o n o f r e s u l t s o f th e g a in and fe e d m easurem ents i s s im ila r f o r each e x p e rim e n t, and in c lu d e s f o u r p r i n c i p a l t a b l e s : 1* A summary o f th e mean g a in s o f th e e x p e rim e n ta l c h ic k s tr e a tm e n t and th e s ta n d a rd d e v ia t io n o f th o s e 2. An a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e o f th e tr e a tm e n t p e r io d . I t i s assumed t h a t th e by means. n e t g a in s o f c h ic k s f o r th e n e t g a in i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f any c u m u la tiv e e f f e c t s on grow th c a u se d by tr e a tm e n t, th e p r i n c i p a l i n ­ t e r e s t i n th e e x p e rim e n t, and c a u se d by o th e r c o n d itio n s o f th e e x p e r i­ m ent. 3* A summary o f th e fe e d consumed., t o t a l g a in s , and fe e d c o n v er­ s io n r a t i o s o f th e groups o f c h ic k s by tr e a tm e n t. The f i g u r e s in c lu d e th e g a in and f e e d consumed f o r a l l b i r d s p a r t i c i p a t i n g in th e e x p e rim e n t and n o t j u s t th o s e c o m p le tin g th e e x p e rim e n t. The fe e d c o n v e rsio n r a t i o i s ju d g e d to be q u i t e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f any c u m u la tiv e e f f e c t s o f th e e x p e rim e n t a s f a r a s f e e d e f f i c i e n c y i s co n ce rn e d . As th e g a in d a ta i s a n a ly z e d r a t h e r c o m p le te ly and as no new d if f e r e n c e s a re s u g g e s te d i n th e co m parison o f fe e d c o n v e rs io n r a t i o s , no f u r t h e r m a th e m a tic a l t r e a t ­ m ent o f t h a t d a ta i s p ro v id e d . 1|. A summary o f th e i n i t i a l w e ig h ts and g a in s by weeks in a form w hich d e p ic t s th e e x p e rim e n ta l d e s ig n . The p u rp o se o f t h i s t a b l e i s to p r o v id e a r e c o rd o f th e p r o g r e s s of th e v a r io u s l o t s o f b i r d s d u r­ in g idle e x p e rim e n t so t h a t , i f n e c e s s a r y , a more c r i t i c a l e x am in atio n U2 m ig h t he made o f th e d a ta sum m arized otherwise. T ria l 1 The f i r s t e x p e rim e n t in v o lv in g a com parison of two e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n ts and a c o n tr o l showed no d if f e r e n c e s in g a in o r f e e d c o n v e r­ s io n b etw een th e c o n t r o l and t r e a t e d groups o f c h ic k s . r i z e s th e g a in s b ird s by w eeks. by tr e a tm e n t. T able U T able 1 summa­ r e c o r d s th e p ro g r e s s iv e g a in s o f T here was no m o r t a l i t y i n t h i s e x p e rim e n t, a lth o u g h th e two l a r g e s t b i r d s and th e two s m a lle s t b ir d s w ere removed a t th e end o f th e f o u r t h week from each o f th e t h r e e l o t s c o m p risin g a group i n o rd e r to le a v e more sp ace f o r th e re m a in in g U8 b ir d s p e r g ro u p . Mean w e ig h ts f o r g ro u p s w ere o n ly s l i g h t l y a f f e c t e d by t h a t change. TABLE 1 . MEAN GAINS OP WHITE ROCK CHICKS FROM AGE ONE DAY TO1 AGE SIX WEEKS, BY TREATMENT AND SEX, TRIAL 1 T reatm en t Sex No. o f C h ick s None Male Female 26 I n d u c tio n C o il Male Female 29 T r a n s m itte r (6 m eg.) Male Fem ale 32 Mean Gain Grams 5 6 5 .7 22 U 2.3 U 87.6 19 U 5.3 U l.6 5 57.7 3 8 .2 U82.Ii U9.2 5U U.3 16 S ta n d a rd D e v ia tio n U8 8 . U 5 1 .3 The g a in s by tre a tm e n t a re compared as shown by th e a n a ly s is of v a r ia n c e i n Table 2 . A lthough th e e x p e rim e n ta l d e sig n j u s t i f i e s rem oval o f any d i f f e r e n c e s because o f p en l e v e l , o r h e ig h t above f l o o r , th o s e d i f f e r e n c e s o b v io u s ly a re u n im p o rta n t and a r e n o t removed from th e e r r o r te rm . In a p r e lim in a r y a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e , i t was fo u n d t h a t i n t e r a c ­ t i o n b etw een sex e s and tr e a tm e n t, two d e g re e s o f freedom , was n o t s i g n i ­ U3 fic a n t. T hat i n t e r a c t i o n i s p o o le d w ith e r r o r i n T a tle 2. TABLE 2 . S o u rce o f V a r ia tio n ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF GAINS IN GRAMS OF WHITE ROCK CHICKS FROM AGE ONE DAI TO AGE SIX WEEKS, TRIAL 1 D egrees of Freedom T o ta l Sexes T rea tm e n ts E r ro r Sum o f S q u ares U5ljUii-6 161,275 1+25 286,71+6 ill 3 1 2 1U0 Mean Square F l6l+,275 21 2 .5 2,01+8.2 7 7 .3 0 .1 - F V alue r e q u ir e d f o r s ig n if ic a n c e betw een tre a tm e n ts a t f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l : 3«07 Feed e f f i c i e n c i e s o f th e e x p e rim e n ta l g ro u p s o f c h ic k s a re shown by f e e d c o n v e rs io n r a t i o s , t o t a l fe e d consumed d iv id e d by t o t a l g a in , i n T able 3* There i s c lo s e ag reem ent betw een th e s e f ig u r e s in d ic a t in g no m arked d i f f e r e n c e s betw een tr e a tm e n ts . TABLE 3- FEED CONSUMED AND FEED CONVERSION RATIOS OF WHITE ROCK CHICKS FROM AGE ONE DAI TC AGE SIX WEEKS, TRIAL 1 T reatm en t None In d u c tio n C o il T r a n s m itte r , 6 meg. Feed Consumed Grams 73 ,6 7 7 7 3 ,0 1 0 73,512 T o ta l Gain Grams 28,765 28,359 28,129 C o n v ersio n R atio F eed /G ain 2 .5 6 2 .5 7 2 .6 1 T ria l 2 The seco n d e x p e rim e n t was c o m p lic a te d by a f a i l u r e o f th e c o n tr o l group to grow n o rm a lly d u r in g th e f i r s t week p r i o r to tr e a tm e n t. The 111* W hite Rock c o c k e re ls e i t h e r w ere n o t a d e q u a te ly ran d o m ized , o r e ls e th e c o n tr o l g ro u p had some e x p e r ie n c e , u n acco u n ted f o r , p o s s i b l y d is e a s e , hk H £4 Q) 0 > O h CD PI Eh X ) •H a C— » TABLE k. INITIAL MEAN WEIGHTS AND GAINS OF WHITE ROCK CHICKS FROM AGE ONE DAI TO AGE SIX WEEKS, BY WEEKS AND TREATMENT, vO CO XA rH H 1—1 rH • XA 1—t rH CA O n • • CA VO CM H H H ("A • CM H r-i rH XA • P d XA rH CD s s 0 -p p 0 Pd Eh x i p •jd 0 PQ a 1—1 • Pd p f 1—1 XA XA A - A • • • • O O A - vC P d CA c a CA 1—1 1—1 H 1—1 CM • 0O CA H rH • CA CA (—1 O • rH CM rH P d ca • • CM O n CA CA rH rH r— • 0 CA rH CM P d • • CA X A CM H 1—1 1—1 On • CA rH I—1 p j • A A rH Pd • vO rH rH A r H C*~ • • P j ca C A pf 1—1 H O n CA • • vO P d CA CM H r l d CO *1 CO x Pd CA O rH 1>S c CA •H co • O O 1—1 • CA rH 1—1 rH CM O n rH • • • • rH O n O n O v O "LTV X A v O 0 a P bC -P 0 •rt £ e CDNO G N_i a! G Eh Least sig n ifican t difference between means of first week gains at five per cent lev el, grams, and at one per cent level 1**85 grams , based on analysis shown in Table 5» rH <0 t> P © ©e © H G © P r—I O xi Eh Eh x l x ) G © O H P rH -3 O "0 © P Eh xS p P TO o I—I lA iA n • • I o \c o o \ A 4 O- TABLE 13. INITIAL MEAN WEIGHTS AND GAINS OF WHITE ROCK CHICKS FROM AGE DAY OLD TO AGE SEVEN WEEKS BY WEEKS AND TREATMENT, TRIAL 3 H H H LA ■UN iH 1 A O O • • • co C ?\ O O CM A -4 H H H H to co • H O NO o « • • LA A On O rH 4 CO r l H H CM A • A • A • G CM • © £ a CO • 3 3 3 O • CM CM L A NO CM L A NO rl H r l T -A rH © O NO A rH O P o CM On 4 oo CM CM 4 H H H P O 4 A rH © a © g o CM U \ O n On 40\ N A i—I i—I • (O lA © !>n P • • CM O O H r l r l vO • p— l a • • On c a o s n o CO N O LA W • * • W o A O O (H rH A A• L A CM 4 4 L A J 'v O r— • rH A • o • • • 4 On O • CM O- CO co CO • NO • 4 ^ 4 O n On r j rH © rH n G O i—I •r-i P CM NO CM * • • CM CM ON CO CO ON CO co O w o 'L A NO 4 • A • • co • -4 i—1P—t'C— CO C— P"~ CM O • CO L A « • CO CM O o - n o i> -: c— L A L A CO * • • ON A -n O nO H O (A rH On L A 4 On © ON ON On • A O • • • nO o H On On 00 4 • • O G • ON O '- C O CO L A NO NO O CO LA rH • • • • A A C— CO O n On On O H ■d hO P I M C »rH c •H p Tl H P s to © P © TO X5 g r H ro o £ IA n O 4 • • CO • 4 l a r - "LA A (A A A A CM CM O n • • • A 4 4 A A A CA A A A J i—| CM • • • • 4 A L f\ 4 A A A A o W £ O o P B p O G © p ■tadx) G P I 11 © co © § © G P P © w •r-i co G P O P o O H CM CM CM o s x! rH H H CM CM CM rH H rH CM H o G TO © © S i—I •H O O G p G O •H P 0 © ri © © G O is 1 M O o «H G © P P o G © © © P© P • © TO © P , >3 o P o P •d G C5 © H| CM| 51 T ria l U The f o u r th t r i a l was c o m p lic a te d to some e x te n t by two f a c t o r s . One was a m ild r e s p i r a t o r y i n f e c t i o n among th e b ir d s d u rin g p a r t o f t h e i r f o u r t h and f i f t h week, h a lfw a y d u rin g th e tre a tm e n t p e r io d . The seco n d , l e s s d i s t u r b i n g f a c t o r , was th e p re s e n c e o f 16 p u l l e t s among th e t o t a l sam ple o f 32lj. c h ic k s , presum ably a sexed g ro u p , a l l c o c k e r e ls . The fe m a le s were rem oved from th e f i n a l d a ta b ecau se th e number was to o few to c o n s id e r a s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e sample b a se d on s e x . Pour a d d i­ t i o n a l b i r d s w ere l o s t d u rin g th e e x p e rim e n t, making a t o t a l o f 20 i n ­ d i v id u a ls removed from th e e n t i r e sam ple, o r a l o s s o f 6 .1 8 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l o b s e r v a tio n s . The e f f e c t o f th e r e s p i r a t o r y d i f f i c u l t y i s n o tic e a b le i n th e g a in s f o r th e f i f t h week a s compared to th e f o u r th week, shown i n T able lU* D if f e r e n c e s i n g a in f o r th o s e two weeks would be e x p e c te d to be l a r g e r i n f a v o r o f th e f i f t h week. The b i r d s a p p a r­ e n t l y had re c o v e re d from th e c o n d itio n d u rin g th e s i x t h week, and t h i s i s e v id e n c e d by th e norm al g a in f o r t h a t w eek. The in te n d e d p r e c i s i o n o f th e com parisons made i n th e e x p e rim e n t was im p a ire d by th o s e c irc u m s ta n c e s , b u t th e t e s t i s c o n sid e re d v a l i d . A summary o f th e g a in s i s shown i n T a b le 15, and an a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e o f th e g a in d a ta i s p r e s e n te d i n T able 1 6 . S ig n if ic a n c e a t th e f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l i s i n d i c a t e d betw een tr e a tm e n ts . T his d if f e r e n c e i s a p p a re n t i n th e summary i n T able 15 b u t c a n n o t be a ss ig n e d to th e tr e a tm e n ts . The l e v e l o f th e d if f e r e n c e i s n o t h ig h b ecause i t c o u ld o c c u r , o f c o u r s e , once i n tw en ty due t o c h an ce. The d if f e r e n c e c o u ld be lo c a ­ t i o n a l s in c e , b e ca u se o f th e d e sig n u s e d , th e two p e n s h av in g maximum g a in a r e l o c a t e d a t one end o f th e sp ace u sed , ( F ig . 7, page 2 2 ). Also 52 ©s fot H t l +o> Eh xl A 'M tS © © pp 1— 1 O XI Eh XJ Oi rH O X5 E~i x l •H a 0 a ® TABLE lU . INITIAL MEAN WEIGHTS AND GAINS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE COCKERELS BI WEEKS AND TREATMENT, TRIAL k A S3 CM| PA Ji HOO UO \ O— « • • • CO S 'fl © CD _c od _PdAP CM A a o P A P A PA PA -=t rT |M 3C OX CA M M3• • • • - d CM c a ON CO1A IN- NO PAVAPA PA M3 M3 CA c— dCM o• PA • • d AON PA 0-PAM3 NO PAPAPA PA Pi £ o At * o xl o CMXA H M3 PA t - C'-NO o1— I rH rH rH Is- !>- o PA A-PA On C— H H H H CM rH rH CO On a - c^— rH rH rH O _A !>■ 3 3 3 00 PAOO o CACA-d rH rH rH 3 •H Pi 0 r— i—I CH A d 0 $ (D 0 Pi O 3 PA 0 CD £!2 >s .a _ d M "L A P A CM CM c a H H H On CM -XfNO O- M 3 pr\ CACA CA H H H H rH O CA rH H H PA_cJ CA ■a 0 Pi Pi O O M3 n o nO N 1—I rH 1—I rH PA PA PA PA • • • • _ d M 3 CA CA CA CA P A - d rH CA CA CA On O n On ON M3 nO M3 M 3 rH rH rH 1—I £ cti 0 a 0 a 0 CD a Pi A rH •H d © £ CD a) p. O O © £ O S3 X) c C O 0 £ C •H U) CO © A d n o 0 34 x l 0 0 0 0 £ 0 A 0 CD -P ©hO A e o CA § Pi Eh to 0 A 0 A Xi ho •H -© c •fj ho A © C d 0 © H| CM| 53 TABLE 1 5 . MEAN GAINS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE COCKERELS FROM AGE TWO WEEKS TO AGE SIX WEEKS, BY TREATMENT, TRIAL 1+ T rea tm e n t None I n d u c tio n C o il T r a n s m itte r (30 m e g .) No. of C hicks Mean G ain Grams S ta n d a rd D ev ., Grams 101 103 100 5U8.75 S69,6k 565.57 60.21 61+.I+2 59.1+1 TABLE 1 6 . ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF GAINS IN GRAMS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE COCKERELS FROM AGE TWO WEEKS TO AGE SIX WEEKS, TRIAL 1+ S o u rce o f V a r ia tio n T o ta l T rea tm e n ts E rro r D eg rees of Freedom 303 2 301 Sum o f S quares Kean S q u are 1 ,1 6 1 ,1 9 0 2l+,888 1 ,1 3 6 ,3 0 2 12,1+1+1+ 3,775 F V alue - - 3 .3 0 - F V alue r e q u ir e d f o r s i g n if ic a n c e a t f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l : 3 .0 3 ; and a t one p e r c e n t l e v e l : 1+.68. TABLE 1 7 . FEED CONSUMED AND FEED CONVERSION RATIOS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE COCKERELS FROM AGE TWO WEEKS TO AGE SIX WEEKS, TRIAL 1+ T reatm ent None In d u c tio n C o il T r a n s m itte r , 30 meg. Feed Consumed Grams T o tal G ain Grams 1 6 1 ,69U 168,325 165,763 57,721+ 59,980 59,332 C o n v ersio n R atio F eed/G ain 2 .8 0 1 2.806 2.791+ 51+ th e d i i f e r e n c e m ig h t be a t t r i b u t e d to e f f e c t s o f th e r e s p i r a t o r y d i f l i c u l t y i f th e c o n t r o l group had been a f f e c t e d more s e v e r e ly th a n th e t r e a t e d g ro u p s . T h a t t h i s m ig h t have been th e c ase i s s u g g e ste d by th e drop i n r a t e o f g a in p r i n c i p a l l y d u rin g th e f i f t h week f o r t h a t g ro u p , T able lU , a c c o u n tin g f o r a d i f f e r e n c e s u f f i c i e n t l y la r g e to cause th e d i f f e r e n c e i n d i c a t e d by th e a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e . I t i s n o te d t h a t t h e r e i s n o t a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e betw een g a in s f o r the o th e r week­ l y p e r i o d s , in c lu d in g th o se f o r th e s i x t h week. When th e l o s s o f o b s e r v a tio n s and th e c o n d itio n s o f th e e x p e r i­ m ent j u s t d e s c r ib e d a re c o n s id e re d , i t a p p ea rs t h a t th e r e i s l i t t l e re a s o n to th in k t h a t th e r e was any tre a tm e n t e f f e c t . There i s no d o u b t t h a t th e r e was n o t a m arked e f f e c t on g a in s a t t r i b u t a b l e to th e t r e a t ­ m e n ts . T his c o n c lu s io n i s su p p o rte d by th e c lo s e agreem ent o f th e r e ­ s p e c tiv e f e e d c o n v e rs io n r a t i o s shown i n Table 17. W eights of th e e n d o c rin e g la n d s removed from te n b i r d s s a c r i ­ f i c e d from e a c h tr e a tm e n t group a t th e end o f th e t e s t a re shown i n T able 1 8 . These o b s e r v a tio n s p o s s e s s too much in d iv id u a l v a r i a t i o n to form a sam ple s u i t a b l e f o r c o n c lu s iv e s t a t i s t i c a l tr e a tm e n t, and no tr e n d i s a p p a re n t among th e w e ig h ts . A p r e lim in a r y h i s t o l o g i c a l ex am in atio n 1 / o f th e s e t i s s u e s by th e P o u ltr y D e p artm en t, U n iv e r s ity o f G eo rg ia, re v e a le d no e v id e n c e o f 1 / The a u th o r i s in d e b te d to D r. R o b ert S. W heeler, th e n Heao o f th e D iv is io n o f P o u lt r y H usbandry, f o r t h i s ex am in atio n and f o r th e one r e p o r te d f o r t r i a l 5* 55 m arked d i f f e r e n c e s i n m orphology betw een th e r e s p e c tiv e t i s s u e s o f th e t r e a t e d and u n t r e a t e d b i r d s . T hat c o n c lu s io n was b a se d on o b je c tiv e m easurem ents ta k e n on s l i d e s s e l e c t e d a t random from th e t r e a t e d and c o n t r o l g ro u p s. TABLE 1 8 . MEM WEIGHTS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS FROM SAMPLES OF BIRDS FROM EACH GROUP, TRIAL T rea tm e n t U n tr e a te d I n d u c tio n C o il T r a n s m itte r Body Wt. Grams 807.2 83U.2 809.0 P itu ita ry Mg. 6 .5 6 .2 5 .8 T hyroids Mg. 7 1 .6 7 8 .3 79-6U k A d ren als Mg. 9 2 .2 62 .U 81.33 T e ste s Mg. 222.1 251.3 2 8 8 .1 W eights f o r t h y r o i d s , a d r e n a ls , t e s t e s are t o t a l f o r two g la n d s . T ria l 5 No e v id e n c e o f a grow th re sp o n se from tr e a tm e n ts was d e v elo p e d i n t r i a l 5* T h is e x p e rim e n t c o n s is te d o f two p a r t s . The f i r s t p a r t in v o lv e d f o u r g ro u p s o f c h ic k s , i d e n t i f i e d as g roups 1 th ro u g h U, one o f which "was u se d as an u n tr e a te d c o n t r o l and th r e e o f w hich were exposed to c o n tin u o u s tr e a tm e n t. The second p o r t i o n in v o lv e d seven e x p e rim e n ta l g roups o f te n b i r d s w hich were r a i s e d i n in d iv id u a l c a g e s , f i v e groups b e in g exposed b y groups to r e s p e c tiv e tr e a tm e n ts once d a i l y , and two g ro u p s b e in g u s e d as u n tr e a te d c o n t r o l s . O b s e rv a tio n s a r e sum marized under h e a d in g s : fe e d and g a in mea­ s u re m e n ts , h i s t o l o g i c a l e x a m in a tio n , and o th e r o b s e r v a tio n s . 56 Feed, and G ain M easurem ents G ains f o r th e tre a tm e n t groups o f th e f i r s t p a r t o f t h i s e x p e r i­ m en t, g ro u p s 1 th ro u g h ij., a re summarized i n Table 1 9 . There were no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e g a in s o f th e v a rio u s tre a tm e n t g ro u p s . There was a h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e betw een th e g a in s f o r th e d e c k s o r pen l e v e l s i n t n i s t e s t , th e bottom l e v e l showing th e n ig h e s t g a in . d iffe re n c e s . The a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e , Table 20, a c c o u n ts f o r th o se T his t r i a l was ru n d u rin g th e w in te r m onths, and th e r e was a te m p e ra tu re g r a d i e n t , n o t re c o rd e d , betw een th e to p o f th e pens and th e c o n c r e te f l o o r . I t th e r e f o r e seems re a so n a b le to th in k t h a t th e e n v iro n m e n t f o r th e bottom l e v e l was more fa v o ra b le f o r grow th. A ll g roups d id n o t re sp o n d i d e n t i c a l l y to t h i s c o n d itio n as i s i n d i ­ c a te d by th e s ig n if ic a n c e o f th e tre a tm e n t by le v e l i n t e r a c t i o n and as may be d e te rm in e d from th e summary o f g a in s by l e v e l s and tre a tm e n t i n Table 2 2. This s t i l l m ig h t have b een a r e f l e c t i o n of d i f f e r e n c e s i n e n v iro n m e n t. Since each tre a tm e n t group was housed s e p a r a te ly , t r e a t ­ m ent e f f e c t c o u ld be confounded w ith a pen e f f e c t , and th e i n t e r a c t i o n p e rh a p s m ig h t be r e f e r r e d to as a pen by l e v e l i n t e r a c t i o n . Of p r i n c i p a l im p o rta n c e , how ever, i s th e f a c t t h a t d if f e r e n c e s betw een tre a tm e n t groups w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . R ecords o f f e e d c o n v e rs io n e f f i c i e n c y a re shown by Table 21, and do n o t s u g g e s t marked d if f e r e n c e s Detween t r e a t e d and. u n tr e a te d c h ic k s . G ain s f o r th e seven g ro u p s, 5 th ro u g h 1 1 , in the second p a r t of t r i a l 5 a re summarized i n Table 25- No s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s a re i n - 57 TABLE 1 9 . MEM GAIKS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE COCKERELS FROM AGE TWO WEEKS TO AGE SIX WEEKS, GROUPS 1 THROUGH H, TRIAL 5 T rea tm e n t Number o f C hicks None I n d u c tio n C o il T r a n s m itte r , 6 meg. H igh V o lta g e , D .C. 53 5H 5H 5U Me an G ain, Grams 595.28 601.78 609. 14I4 589.56 S ta n d a rd D ev ., Grams 6 1 .9 0 60.I4O U6.63 3 7 .6 3 TABLE 2 0 . ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF GAINS IN GRAMS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE COCKERELS FROM AGE TWO WEEKS TO AGE SIX WEEKS, GROUPS 1 THROUGH k , TRIAL 5 S o u rce o f V a r ia tio n T o ta l T re a tm e n ts Pen l e v e l s T re a tm e n ts x L e v e ls E rro r D egrees o f Freedom 21U 3 2 6 203 F v a lu e s r e q u i r e d f o r s ig n i f ic a n c e : d .f . 3 , 200 2 , 200 6 , 200 Sum o f S q u ares Kean Square 596,597 12,080 78,5^0 U3,890 U62,087 U,027 39,270 7,315 2 ,2 7 6 F - 5% l e v e l 2 .6 5 3.0U 2 .H ; - 1 .7 7 17 .2 5 --3.2U** - 1% l e v e l 3 .8 8 U.71 2 .9 0 TABLE 2 1 . FEED CONSUMED AND FEED CONVERSION RATIOS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE COCKERELS FROM AGE TWO WEEKS TO AGE SIX WEEKS, GROUPS 1 THROUGH 1;, TRIM 5 T rea tm e n t None I n d u c tio n C o il T r a n s m itte r , 6 meg. High V o lta g e , D.C. F eed Consumed Grams T o ta l Gain Grams 72,1|.87 75,881 72,8U3 73,581; 31,505 32,390 32,891 31,83U C o n v ersio n R a tio -F ee d /G a in 2 .3 0 2.3U 2 .2 1 2,3h 58 a> ftH a © f~ t r - j Oe a> > O-i (D £

P Eh x ( •H s id S S 0 p P 0) g & ^ P Eh x ) P •H O S P £ P CO U N U N nO UN P d ON CM ON • • vO • • IN- C T \vO P d 0 0 C1— CO CO 1—I H H co d O •nUN CO -y no H * • • MD c O O vO O UN vO vO UN On o n £ oo r— • 1—l 0 VO CO UN UN m • • • O JP f- o o H . » * C\J OO H C'-vO CO H H 1—I o roUNUN CM CM • ON On rH in- vO r— ON• -Z t O • Pd CO UN pd C— O C~— U N a 0 • • rH CM O n o n UN O UN vO vO c o -d r P d N --d P d • • • CO O n O UN O O i n vO n o CO • Pd CO rH H « iH ON rH vO • ON NrH on O UN • • • CO U N CO 0 — O n p— iH H rH U N CO • * U N ON O On CM rH VO VO CO O - rH 1—I rH H H • CM vO H o n O n CM CO • CM CM 1—1 N O H vO • • • • CO NO CM U N rH CM ON CM r—l rH rH r—1 CO P d CO O ' rH rH O 1—1 rH - d - d ON • • • CO n o O H O n CM r—i rH • vo • cn • cn ON O ■ NO CO rH NO UN • ON CO UN O n UN • • CM H CO CO rH H O CO O n NO • • # 1— 1 m _ d U N N - CO r — 1—1 rH rH H • no CD & >3 P H CO _d• • • Pd id O CM O CM CM n CM H H H 0 -d H rH C'-— r—I 1— I • • • on in co O HQH rH H H • on 3 • • v O O n cm H r-j o n H H • • • • u \ _ d r— CM rH rH rH C— • 1—1 rH 1—1 N H • • r H CM r l ON t—1 1—1 O n CM • • H UN r n CM rH 1—1 CM m • nO O H H • • _ d on H O H H On • c— 0 H rH -P CO CM ON O • • • • CN O CN O NO U N VO UN rH H rH 1—1 m c o 0 • O On nO U N H H 0 -0 0 00 OO 00 co r l H 0 0 CO c o r H rH H CO 0 0 CO 1—1 1—1 H • • • O n • ON H H r l da) S p d ft (D d o H H £ d 0 S TO H •H O O d o •H P CD J pW P •H weight c! 'U S o on CM O d ffl O two weeks, beginning O - c o OA p H O H c^-o-o-o-^irvvo c—£n_ c"- -P co Os SO • LA Os sO TABLE 2$, GAINS IN GRAMS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE COCKERELS IN INDIVIDUAL CAGES FROM AGE THREE WEEKS TO AGE SEVEN WEEKS, BY TREATMENT, GROUPS 5 THROUGH 11, TRIAL 5 a w> - C'- CO • CO id tJO*rj * 1 sO O s f - j o ^ O c o c n O vo f - s o p H C— v O O p f CA l > - p j pH O L A CO C— CO N C O v O v O C O C*— CA sO CA • CA 8• co pH CM O U M A C n ® H P t O s sQ O O O s O s CM CM P t CM C K C M V r ^ , s o i r \ c o o - c— o - d— o o P t o- o -v O Os • 00 co CO p f O CO OO CM CO CA 0 3 CM pH L A A~ h-H-dcOM) f~_t^_covo —OscpiH c—c—c—r—0— o p f r— • P t CA c■ t^ -C O cO M D O - • c— LA sO 1—( pH P f O L A pH O O C"— GO CO CK H CM c -- p i P t pH L A CA, liM ^ c O f-v O o\ CA • 1—i co ca x) 5ctf CD +3 c Co CO co • LA CA C— co c w > c - o c o cm o c^- p j s o p f l a C-- O s O L A O - CM t> - L A CO L A t— [> - C— E"— CO C— vO C '- i S - l A -P £ ro - P -p cn 6l 'o UN (1) rH * P O UNP-Un^ noxavO vO nOU n CO m u CVi U " \ O n CA P - CA nO o c a U N CO © p N O C O C O C A nO P H r l A ON £ § c v i o j H H H H H o j c v i c \3 rH TABLE 26. FEED CONSUMED, IN GRAMS, AND FEED CONVERSION RATIOS FOR NEW HAMPSHIRE COCKERELS IN INDIVIDUAL CAGES FROM AGE THREE WEEKS TO AGE SEVEN WEEKS BY TREATMENT, bfl • 0) £ S *H UN •O CM CN On PCA UN » CO oo NO CM • O n rH CO P f O CM CM NO • CA CA P- UN • P - UN U n c o c o o o n o o o n cm o o S o CD H O !>s O rd tuO © S NO O o rH • O P t P- © o P £ •H "d Cj ci P © P CO £ © o -d © © IP H i s t o l o g i c a l e x a m in a tio n W eights o f e n d o c rin e g la n d s removed from f i v e b i r d s s a c r i f i c e d from e a c h group a t th e end o f t h e t e s t a re shown in T ab le 27* As i n th e p re c e d in g t r i a l s in d iv id u a l v a r i a t i o n o b s c u re s any tr e n d i n w e ig h ts, i f p r e s e n t , and th e number o f o b s e r v a tio n s i s too few to p e rm it con­ c lu s i v e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s . A p r e lim in a r y h i s t o l o g i c a l e x a m in a tio n 1 / o f th e s e t i s s u e s r e ­ v e a le d no e v id e n c e o f tr e a tm e n t e f f e c t . O th e r O b s e r v a tio n s , T r i a l 5 M easurem ents o f h e a r t r a t e and r a t e o f r e s p i r a t i o n on b i r d s s e ­ l e c t e d a t random from th e v a rio u s groups r e v e a le d t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s , i f any, b etw een t r e a t e d and u n t r e a te d b i r d s w ere s l i g h t and, b ecau se o f in d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n and o th e r f a c t o r s , c o u ld be d eterm in e d o n ly by a g r e a t number o f m easurem ents. The o th e r f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g h e a r t r a t e in c lu d e th e tim e th e b i r d h as b een away from f e e d , h is s t a t e o f r e s t , a c t i v i t y , o r e x c ite m e n t, and th e te m p e ra tu re o f h is e n v iro n m en t. That th e r e m ig h t n o t have b een d i f f e r e n c e s i s i n d ic a te d by th e f a c t t h a t i n ­ d iv id u a ls exposed to 90-m in u te tr e a tm e n ts u s in g th e 6 and 32*5 mega­ c y c le tr e a tm e n ts e x h i b i t e d no change in h e a r t r a t e o r r e s p i r a t i o n . For th o se r e a s o n s , an e x te n s iv e number o f m easurem ents o f h e a r t r a t e were n o t made. The mean h e a r t r a t e o f one ty p i c a l s e t o f It 7 o b s e r v a tio n s on y week o ld New H am pshire c o c k e re ls a t r e s t was 320.5 b e a ts p e r m iru te w ith a s ta n d a rd d e v ia t io n o f U2*7 b e a ts p e r m in u te. l / L oc. c i t . , page 52. The r a te of r e s - 63 TABLE 2 7 . MEAN WEIGHTS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS FROM SAMPLES OF FIVE BIRDS PROM EACH GROUP, TRIAL 5 T rea tm e n t (an d Group) 1 / Body P i t u i t a r y T h y ro id s2 / A d ren als W t.,G ram s Mg. Mg. Mg. U n tre a te d (1 ) 8U2 .U 6 .UU 9 6 .8 I n d u c tio n C o il (2) 820 .6 9 .1 76.36 T r a n s m itte r (3 ) 8U5-2 6.7U H igh V o lta g e , D.C. (U) 7 5 5 .8 7 .1 6 T e s te s Mg. 9 9 .9 269.3 1 02.2 291.8 6 3 .9 8 0 .3 30U.7 5 3 .5 8 6 .3 287. h U n tre a te d (5 ) 101 7 .6 1 0 .6 77.6 10 8 .2 U1 2 .2 16 M eg., 30 M in. ( 6 ) 10^ 9 .6 1 1 .8 126.2 128. h 8 0 5 .8 16 M eg., 15 M in. (7 ) 1082.2 1 0 .1 111.2 1 3 7 .U 921.3 16 M eg., 8 M in. ( 8 ) 1079.14 9 .6 0 10 6 .6 13 3 .2 551.2 6 M eg., 90 M in. (9 ) 105 3 .0 1 1 .1 6 105.2 1 3 5 .5 673.7 3 2 .5 M eg., 90 M in. (1 0 )1 0 2 5 .8 9.6U 106. u 110. U 86l .I4 7 8 .6 llii. 2 55 6 .6 U n tr e a te d (11) 9 7 5 .6 1 1 .3 1 / Groups 1 th ro u g h 1*, age s i x w eeks; Groups 7 th ro u g h 11, age seven w eeks. 2 / W eights f o r th y r o i d s , a d r e n a ls , t e s t e s a re f o r two g la n d s. p i r a t i c m f o r th e same group o f "birds a t th e same tim e had a mean o f 37 • 3 p e r m in u te w ith a s ta n d a rd d e v ia t io n o f h»S b r e a th s p e r m in u te. Under a l l tr e a tm e n ts i n t r i a l 5 e x c e p t f o r th e th r e e in te n s e e x p o s u re s (th o s e tr e a tm e n ts f o r groups 6 , 7 * and 8 ) , th e r e a p p a r e n tly was no e f f e c t on h e a r t r a t e c a u se d by a p p l ic a t io n o f th e tr e a tm e n t. Under th e th r e e in te n s e tr e a tm e n ts , how ever, as was to b e e x p e c te d , th e te m p e ra tu re o f th e b ir d s was r a i s e d d u rin g tr e a tm e n t, and th e r e was a c o rre s p o n d in g in c r e a s e i n h e a r t a c t i v i t y and i n r a t e o f r e s p i r a ­ tio n . R apid r a t e s o f r e s p i r a t i o n co u ld n o t be m easured a c c u r a te ly a t th e tim e and a re n o t re c o rd e d . These e f f e c t s were te m p o ra ry , b e in g i n i t i a t e d by th e a p p lic a tio n of tr e a tm e n t, and l a s t i n g f o r a few m in­ u t e s a f t e r tr e a tm e n t. t r a t e th o s e e f f e c t s . T a b le s 28 and 29, and F ig . 20 and F ig . 21 i l l u s ­ E n v iro n m en tal te m p e ra tu re , and p ro b a b ly r e l a ­ t i v e h u m id ity , had an e f f e c t on th e c a p a c ity o f th e b i r d s to en dure th e s e tr e a tm e n ts . Lower te m p e ra tu re s n o tic e a b ly r e l i e v e d th e s t r e s s o f th e tr e a tm e n t. E nergy t r a n s f e r to th e b ir d s under th e s e c o n d itio n s was e s t i ­ m ated to be a t th e r a t e o f a p p ro x im a te ly 6 to 10 3 tu p e r hour p e r b ird . This e s tim a te i s b a se d on th e te m p e ra tu re r i s e o f c o n ta in e r s o f a s a li n e s o l u t i o n , u sed to r e p la c e th e b ir d s i n th e cage e n c lo s e d by th r e e t u r n s o f th e in d u c tio n c a b le o f th e s h o r t x^ave g e n e r a to r . The s a l i n e s o l u t i o n was a 0 .2 p e r c e n t c o n c e n tr a tio n o f NaCl and d i s ­ t i l l e d w a te r . I t was h e ld i n te n g la s s c o n ta i n e r s , each h av in g a w e ig h t e q u a l to t h a t o f one c h ic k . That s o lu tio n has an e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c ti v ity u n d er th o s e c o n d itio n s com parable to t h a t o f human t i s s u e 65 (O sborne and H olm quest, I 9I4I4.) TABLE 28. BODY TEMPERATURE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE COCKERELS, AGE FIVE WEEKS, BEFORE AND FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF HIGH FREQUENCY INDUCTION l / 8~Min. T reatm ent E la p se d Body Temp. Tim e,M in. Deg. F . 0 106 ,h 8 1 0 8 .3 12 1 0 7 .9 18 1 0 7 .1 23 10 6 .7 106. u 28 15-K in . T reatm ent E lap sed Body Temp. Time, Min. Deg. F . 0 1 0 6 .U 109.1 15 19 109.3 25 1 0 7 .7 30 1 0 7 .0 1 0 6 .7 35 30-M in. Treatm ent E lap sed Body Temp. Time, Min. Deg. F . 106.2 0 30 1 1 0 .0 UO 108.2 106.2 55 TABLE 2 9 . HEART RATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE COCKERELS 3 AGE FIVE WEEKS, BEFORE AND FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF HIGH FREQUENCY INDUCTION l / 8-M in. T reatm ent E la p se d H e a rt R ate Time, M in. B e a ts /m in . 0 8 11 lh 17 20 23 26 29 281 32U 317 299 2 99 296 293 291 285 15-M in. T reatm ent H e a rt R ate E lap sed Time ,M in. B ea ts/m in . 0 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 30U 3k7 332 312 310 303 303 302 300 297 30-M in. T reatm ent E lap sed H eart R ate Time,Min. Be a ts /m in . 0 30 32 3h 36 38 ho U2 lih U6 U8 50 52 297 3148 3hl 321 312 312 31H 317 308 293 290 290 287 l / F req u en cy o f th e a p p lie d e le c tro m a g n e tic f i e l d was 16 m e g ac y c les<> E n e rg y t r a n s f e r to th e b i r d s was e s tim a te d to be a t th e r a t e ox 6 to 10 B tu p e r h o u r p e r b i r d . TEMPERATURE vs. T IM E 66 CO UJ • © ro © -p i—i © o o G !>a O © - p cO id a , G tt) o s © ■H ro 00 in O to £ -P © u ©®© © ro in to a> BODY 3 C o «- o ro OJ O CM in Cd &oa) 3anivB 3dW 3i aqoq £ O i—1 © o6 o ct; o o > s-p G o © G - p 93 G 0 •H O' © G o LU § £ CO s o g © Gn ro G • -d G •H rD G a) © - 3 Gn G a . •P cd d © & ro - P £ o o cd G U o & a) w id CJ © ro G G W© A -P m LU o O -rHo • ro d M -p — Od © o G © 1-- © S .S -p o G •aGhVO G 0 © -P tT\ G Gh CL ro o O G i—1 O O *\ CO ©vO LU © clgo h.o-p G ro K-5 CO e G -H G -P CL 5 O d, •H Ch co © d . © - I d §d*< -P •H -p OG CO-P LU cOd G o © © d 0 £ © t> ra dG © d -P © •H U o cd no -p -p rH © Eh, S o ro d G U G -H © o © -p 0 -P cO ■ cd G e © »H ■H • o G o -P CMGh PL ro bj) • rG U © d© no no o ra *H •H CO ro cm Gh U W G c— 67 UJ CO UJ I— z> <+H rai O ra d 1A i>5 cd i—I 0 o 3 rH G •H §P d x G OW - P cd* H0 cd 0 X G 3 x C O 2 > © o -H e o G fa o o H G & 0 P •H G O w a> H X CO a, x G O •H X P p o G 0 •H X 0 S>* G p o G G 0 & 0 0 0 X cd G 0 • G G h cd r — X H P 3 P 0 G c __ £ ^ d x X ! • ■H to > ■d ra bO cd H0 UJ G G O P •H 5 l— Q U J CO n < _| U J rH P ra 1 G 0 HD 0 0 £ X! p P p cd cd 0\ ra t i O H g 0 G •H •H p « P P % 0 G 0 *rH P h . © ~ G o 1-1 • • 6JD £ iH ra 00 0 faDB c £ £ w x ra o i—i CO •H 36 0 fa ( ainuiuj J9d s j Da q ) 3 1 VH 1HV3H § 1 60 ° U O P -rl 0 CO faD -H X CO CD G CD 6 -d ^0 £ -d E -d 0 0 MO X 3 h 0 jl, p DISCUSSION OF RESULTS S in c e a p p a r e n tly no m arked d if f e r e n c e s were d ev elo p ed in th e ex­ p e r im e n ta l b i r d s betw een th o s e exposed to h ig h fre q u e n c y and th o s e un­ t r e a t e d b u t h a n d le d a l i k e , two p r i n c i p a l d e d u c tio n s m ig h t be made. E i th e r th e o r i g i n a l tre a tm e n t xiias n o t c l o s e l y a p p ro x im ated , o r th e d i f ­ f e r e n c e s o b se rv e d by B aker were cau se d by f a c t o r s o th e r th a n th e t r e a t ­ m ent. Some d o u b t may e x i s t a s to w h e th er o r n o t th e tre a tm e n ts employed i n t h i s s tu d y w ere n e a r ly i d e n t i c a l w ith th o se u sed by B aker. in a l The o r i g ­ com m unication does n o t re c o rd a d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n t i n te rm s to p e rm it e x a c t d u p l i c a t i o n . n o t be d e te rm in e d c l o s e l y . p o s s ib le e r r o r . The fre q u e n c y u se d can ­ The power u s e d can be e s tim a te d w ith l e s s That th e c i r c u i t s and q u a n t i t i e s employed i n b o th the o r i g i n a l work and t h i s a re q u i t e s i m i l a r , how ever, i s ev id en ced by c lo se a g re em e n t o f th e c i r c u i t s u se d i n th e two in s t a n c e s . The im p o rtan c e o f t h i s q u e s tio n i s m inim ized f u r t h e r b y th e scope of th e o b s e r v a tio n s r e ­ p o r te d from th e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . The e l e c t r i c a l a rran g em en t d e p ic te d by F ig . h, u sed i n each t r i a l and w ith some v a r i a t i o n , i s e s s e n t i a l l y th e same as t h a t p ro v id e d by Mr. B ak e r, i l l u s t r a t e d i n F ig . 22. There c o u ld be d if f e r e n c e s i n th e e l e c t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e two c i r c u i t s , i n which t h e r e a re two im p o r ta n t p a r t s , th e in d u c tio n c o i l and th e h e l i x about th e pen o f c h ic k e n s . (The p e rfo rm an c e o f an in d u c tio n c o i l o f t h i s ty p e i s an­ a ly z e d i n d e t a i l i n th e two r e f e r e n c e s l i s t e d , Jones (1932) and B a ile y (1910)). I t i s o f i n t e r e s t t h a t th e in d u c tio n c o i l p ro v id e d by the 69 i f .you sn o u ld u n d e rta k e any work in t h i s d i r e c t i o n and would c a re t o communicate y o u r r e s u l t s , 1 sh o u ld be most g r a t e f u l . Yours v ery t r u l y , cluCJLL 0(AA-oL\ (At- C**U & r. / ^ ru ^ ^ ^ ^ /, 7 CKfJrXU/. “A . / t ^ c yy# F ig , 22 E l e c t r i c a l arran g em en t f o r t r e a t i n g c h ic k s su g g e ste d by t h e o r i g i n a l i n v e s t i g a t o r who r e p o r te d g e ttin g grow th r e ­ sp o n se s from th e tr e a tm e n t. Ihe c i r c u i t d e p ic te d h e re and t h a t shown b y F ig . 1* a re e s s e n t i a l l y th e same. 70 D e t r o i t C o il Company f o r th e s e e x p e rim e n ts i s a type as used f o r w ir e ­ l e s s com m unication p r i o r to World War I and s t i l l r e t a i n s an i d e n t i f i ­ c a ti o n W-3j meaning a th r e e - in c h (s p a rk ) c o i l f o r w ir e le s s com m unication. A lthough o f A m erican m a n u factu re ( i t i s a ls o i d e n t i f i e d as an E dison c o i l ) j i ’t p o s s ib ly i s q u ite s i m ila r to th e c o i l s o f B r i t i s h make o f th e same p e r i o d . The o r i g i n a l com m unication s u g g e s ts th e s u i t a b i l i t y o f a t h r e e - i n c h c o i l f o r e x p e rim e n ts o f t h i s ty p e . W ith r e g a r d to th e h e l i x ab o u t th e p en , th e sp a c in g and number o f t u r n s em ployed was b a se d on th e a rran g em en t d e s c rib e d i n th e o r i g ­ i n a l r e p o r t and d is c u s s e d i n th e more re c e n t p e rs o n a l com m unication from Mr. B ak er. A lthough i t i s c o n s id e re d t h a t t h i s p o r tio n o f th e c i r c u i t would p ro v id e no a p p re c ia b le source o f d i f f e r e n c e , i t m ust be acknow ledged t h a t th e p ro x im ity o f ground and o th e r c o n d u ctin g m a t e r i a l , ab o u t w hich in f o r m a tio n was in c o m p le te , c o u ld in flu e n c e th e tre a tm e n t to some e x t e n t . S in c e th e use o f a s t a t i c tra n s fo rm e r s u p p lie d d i r e c t l y from a 230- v o l t , a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t s u p p ly , p resu m ab ly was e q u a lly e f f e c t i v e as a s o u rc e o f h ig h fre q u e n c y tre a tm e n t when co n n ected as i l l u s t r a t e d i n F ig . 2 2 , some d i f f e r e n c e s i n fre q u e n c 3r and power o u tp u t from th e h ig h f r e q u e n c y g e n e r a to r m ust n o t have been c r i t i c a l . In g e n e r a l, some v a r i a t i o n i n fr e q u e n c y and m inor v a r i a t i o n s i n power o u tp u t a re n o t c r i t i c a l i n o b ta in in g e f f e c t s w ith h ig h fre q u e n c y , such as h e a ti n g . I t was r e c o rd e d e a r l i e r t h a t th e phenomena n o te d by Mr. B aker, th e sp a rk from th e c h ic k and th e glow o f a neon tu b e , were a ls o oo^erved i n th e s e e x p e rim e n ts . Though n o t d e s c r i p t i v e o f th e tre a tm e n t m sp e- 71 c i f i c te rm s , th e p re s e n c e o f th e s e phenomena was a m a n if e s ta tio n o f some d e g re e o f th e s i m i l a r i t y s o u g h t betw een h is arran g em en t and t h i s one. The tr e a tm e n t sch e d u le su g g e s te d by Mr. B ak er, an ex p o su re o f 20 m in u te s th r e e o r f o u r tim e s a day, was fo llo w e d by u s in g t h a t exposure f o u r tim e s a d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , one t r i a l p ro v id e d a com parison o f tr e a tm e n ts i n w hich th e t r e a t e d c h ic k s w ere exposed c o n tin u o u s ly d u rin g a fo u r-w e e k tr e a tm e n t p e r io d . On th e b a s is o f those f a c t s , i t m ig h t b e assumed w ith s l i g h t r e s e r v a t i o n t h a t t h e r e were no g r e a t d if f e r e n c e s betw een th e tre a tm e n ts u s e d by B aker and th e tre a tm e n ts u s e d i n t h i s s tu d y . F u r th e r , tr e a tm e n ts a t v a rio u s f r e q u e n c ie s and tre a tm e n ts w ith a c o n s id e r a b le ra n g e of v a r i a t i o n i n i n t e n s i t y were t r i e d w ith o u t p ro d u c ­ in g any grow th re s p o n s e o r change i n fe e d c o n v e rsio n e f f i c i e n c y i n th e c h ic k s . The o n ly e f f e c t o f th e tre a tm e n ts o b serv ed was one of h e a tin g and in c r e a s e d m e ta b o lic a c t i v i t y r e s u l t i n g from th e a p p lic a ti o n of r a t h e r in te n s e tr e a tm e n ts , a t o t a l e f f e c t a t t r i b u t a b l e to h e a tin g . These f in d i n g s a r e i n a cc o rd w ith th o s e o f many o th e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s , in c lu d in g Knudson and S c h a ib le (1931) who found t h a t r a i s i n g th e body te m p e ra tu re o f young r a t s to U 0.5 d eg . C. d id n o t r e t a r d t h e i r grow th a p p r e c ia b ly , and w ith th o s e o f C h r i s t i e and Loomis (1 9 2 9 ), who, in a s tu d y o f th e b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s c f h ig h fre q u e n c y in v o lv in g fre q u e n ­ c i e s from 8 .3 to l £8 m eg acy cles in ex p erim en ts on m ice, co n clu d ed t h a t th e e f f e c t s on th e a n im a ls can be f u l l y e x p la in e d on th e b a s i s oi th e h e a t g e n e r a te d by th e in d u c e d h ig h fre q u e n c y c u r r e n ts - A lthough some 72 i n v e s t i g a t o r s have s u g g e s te d th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f e f f e c t s o th e r th an h e a ti n g , as d is c u s s e d by McKinley (1936) and by O sborne and H oInquest (19UU), t h e r e was n o th in g i n t h i s work to s u g g e s t t h a t th e r e was any e f f e c t o th e r th a n t h a t o f h e a tin g . More co m p lete in fo rm a tio n on th e s o u rc e , m ag n itu d e, and c h a r a c ­ t e r i s t i c s o f th e n a t u r a l e l e c t r i c a l p o t e n t i a l s o f th e e x p e rim e n ta l b i r d s m ig h t have p ro v id e d more i n s i g h t in t o th e p o s s ib le in f lu e n c e to be e x p e c te d by su p e r-im p o sin g upon them a n o th e r e l e c t r i c a l f i e l d . In th e a b se n c e o f t h a t in fo r m a tio n , and w ith o u t a d d itio n a l evidence o f a s p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c a l e f f e c t , o r th e e q u iv a l e n t, from tre a tm e n ts of th is n a t u r e , th e n th e c la im by Mr. B aker p ro v id e s th e p r i n c i p a l b a s i s f o r th in k in g t h a t th e r e m ight be a grow th re s p o n se o r s i m i l a r e f f e c t on c h ic k e n s to be o b ta in e d i n such a m anner. S in ce tr e a tm e n ts o f a ty p e c o n s id e r e d s i m i l a r have been t r i e d w ith o u t g e ttin g th e same r e s u l t s , b u t i n s t e a d , ag re em e n t w ith th e f in d in g s o f o th e r s i n s o f a r as th e s t u d i e s a re co m p arab le , i t may be c o n s id e re d t h a t th e re sp o n se s ob­ s e rv e d by Mr. B aker w ere cau sed by f a c t o r s o th e r th a n th e e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n t. C h ic k en s a re q u ite v a r i a b le c r e a t u r e s . As commonly o b se rv e d i n grow th e x p e rim e n ts , s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s in r a t e s o f grow th of sim­ i l a r c h ic k e n s may be c a u se d b y such th in g s as s l i g h t d if i e r e n c e s in e n v iro n m e n t, d i f f e r e n c e s i n c a r e and h a n d lin g , d if f e r e n c e i n manner 01 f e e d in g and w a te r in g , and o th e r f a c t o r s . In o rd e r to o b ta in v a l i d com­ p a r is o n s o f groTrth b etw een groups o f c h ic k e n s , i t i s n e c e s sa ry to s e ­ l e c t c a r e f u l l y an a rra n g em en t o f th e g roups so a s to account f o r th e 73 i n f l u e n c e o f th o s e many v a r ia b le f a c t o r s w hich become in v o lv e d in any m easure o f a tr e a tm e n t e f f e c t . T h is i s now commonly done w ith the a id o f w e ll known e x p e rim e n ta l d e s ig n s w hich p e rm it c o n c lu s iv e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s , C ochran and Cox (1 9 3 0 ). w ith th e v a r i a b i l i t y m en tio n ed . Even so, r e s e a r c h e r s a re p lag u ed A lthough sound s t a t i s t i c a l methods have b e en em ployed i n some in s ta n c e s as lo n g ago as a h undred y e a r s , th e u se o f s t a t i s t i c a l methods h as become p o p u la r and w id e sp re a d o n ly i n r e c e n t y e a r s , s in c e th e tim e o f th e e a r ly ex p erim en ts by Mr. B aker. He d id n o t d e s c r ib e th e manner i n which he made h i s co m p ariso n s, n o r how h i s u n tr e a te d b i r d s were grown. I t i s u n lik e ly t h a t th e com par­ is o n s w ere made i n a mariner w hich would b e a r c r i t i c a l a n a ly s is by th e s ta n d a r d s u se d to d a y . The d if f e r e n c e s he o b serv ed p o s s ib ly were b r o u g h t a b o u t by one o r more o f s e v e ra l f a c t o r s o th e r th a n th e e l e c ­ t r i c a l tr e a tm e n t. F u r th e r s tu d y along t h e l i n e s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n a p p ea rs to have l i t t l e ju s tific a tio n . A more f r u i t f u l approach m ig h t in v o lv e a stu d y o f th e n a t u r a l p o t e n t i a l s o f th e b i r d , th e s o u rc e , m ag n itu d e, and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th o s e p o t e n t i a l s i n a manner somewhat s im ila r to t h a t u se d by B u rr and Hovland (1937) e x c e p t to in c lu d e f u l l y d e v e l­ oped c h ic k s a t v a r io u s s ta g e s o f m a t u r i t y . Thao in fo r m a tio n , p e rh a p s i t n eed n o t be c o m p le te , m ig h t p ro v id e a b a s i s f o r s u s p e c tin g a p o s ­ s i b l e e f f e c t from th e a p p li c a ti o n o f e x te r n a l p o t e n t i a l s . A lso , th e p ro c e d u re used, i n t r i a l 3 i n w hich th e te m p e ra tu re and h e a r t r a t e o f b i r d s were c h a r te d im m ed iately o e io re and io llo w in g an in te n s e tr e a tm e n t b y h ig h fre q u e n c y e le c tro m a g n e tic in d u c tio n sug­ 7U g e s ts a m ethod o f d e te rm in in g a d d itio n a l f a c t s about th e c a p a c ity o f c h ic k e n s to w ith s ta n d th e a p p li c a t io n o f h e a t and r i d th em selv es of th e excess h e a t. The u se o f d i f f e r e n t c o n d itio n s o f h e a tin g combined w ith d i f f e r e n t c o o lin g en v iro n m en ts would a f f o r d th e o b s e r v a tio n s which m ig h t be o f v a lu e i n p r e d ic tin g th e perform ance o f th e b i r d under d i f ­ f e r e n t e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s . SUMMARY Young c h ic k e n s w ere exposed to th e e le c tro m a g n e tic f i e l d w ith in c o i l s e n e r g iz e d a t d i f f e r e n t f r e q u e n c ie s and a t d i f f e r e n t i n t e n s i t i e s from h ig h fre q u e n c y g e n e r a to r s to d e te rm in e th e p o s s ib le e f f e c t s on t h e i r g a in and fe e d c o n v e rs io n . Marked in c r e a s e s i n grow th and im­ provem ent i n fe e d c o n v e rs io n e f f i c i e n c y o f young ch ick e n s exposed to su c h tr e a tm e n t w ere r e p o r te d by B aker (1913) and in d ic a te d t h a t th e tr e a tm e n ts m ig h t have p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r p r a c t i c a l a p p li c a tio n . A lthough s i m i l a r e f f e c t s had n o t b een r e p o r te d by o t h e r s , and i t seems such a m arked re s p o n s e c o u ld n o t have been o v e rlo o k e d , th e l i t e r a t u r e d id n o t p ro v id e th e e v id e n c e to r e f u t e th e c la im . s t i l l a c t i v e , was f ir m i n h i s b e l i e f . fo re n o t been in v e s tig a te d . The o r i g i n a l i n v e s t i g a t o r , His c la im a p p a re n tly had h e r e to ­ The purpose of t h i s stu d y was to d e term in e i f th e e f f e c t s r e p o r te d m ig h t be o b ta in e d i n young c h ic k e n s by th e use o f h ig h fre q u e n c y e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n ts s im ila r to th o se u se d by Baker w ith a view tow ard d e te rm in in g th e f a c t o r s in v o lv e d and le a r n in g how to u t i l i z e th e s tim u la tio n to p r a c t i c a l ad v an tag e. F iv e e x p e rim e n ta l t r i a l s were in v o lv e d , th r e e done a t M ichigan S ta te C o lle g e on W hite Rock c h ic k s and two a t th e U n iv e r s ity o f G eorgia on New H am pshire c o c k e r e ls d u rin g th e p e rio d Ja n u a ry 1933 to March 193U* P r i n c i p a l tr e a tm e n ts in v o lv e d th e use 01 a RuhmkoPif c o i l as u s e d i n t h e e a r l y e x p e rim e n ts . A lthough i t was n o t p o s s ib le to p ro v e t h a t th e tr e a tm e n ts u s e d in t h i s s tu d y and th e e a r ly one were i d e n t i c a l , i t a p p e a re d t h a t th e e x t e n t o f th e d i f f e r e n c e was n o t c r i t i c a l b a se d on 76 v a r i a t i o n s of th e tre a tm e n t as d e s c rib e d by Baker w hich a p p a re n tly w ere e q u a l l y e f f e c t i v e . F u rth e rm o re , a d d itio n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n th e tr e a tm e n ts u s e d i n th e p r e s e n t e x p e rim e n ts in c re a s e d th e scope o f p o s ­ s i b i l i t i e s o f th is in v e s tig a tio n . No m arked d if f e r e n c e s caused by th e h ig h fre q u e n c y e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n ts were fo u n d betw een t r e a t e d and u n tr e a te d b i r d s as m easured i n te rm s o f g a in and f e e d c o n v e rs io n e f f i c i e n c y . Nor d id th e re appear to be any change i n th e t r e a t e d c h ic k s to su g g e st th e need f o r o th e r o b j e c t i v e m easurem ents o f t h e i r grow th o r b e h a v io r. B ird s exposed to th e m ost in te n s e tr e a tm e n ts d id e x p e rie n c e , as was to be e x p e c te d , a r i s e i n body te m p e ra tu re and in c r e a s e d h e a r t and r e s p i r a t o r y a c t i v i t y d u rin g tr e a tm e n t, w hich became norm al a few min­ u t e s a f t e r th e tr e a tm e n t. A p r e lim in a r y h i s t o l o g i c a l e x am in atio n o f e n d o c rin e t i s s u e s from sam ples o f b i r d s from some o f th e e x p e rim e n ta l g ro u p s d id n o t r e ­ v e a l any e v id en c e o f tre a tm e n t e f f e c t . I t i s c o n s id e re d l i k e l y , i n view o f th e p r e s e n t f in d i n g s , t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e s o b se rv e d by B aker m ig h t have been caused by f a c t o r s o th e r th a n th e h ig h fre q u e n c y e l e c t r i c a l tr e a tm e n ts . REFERENCES A ltm an, M. B i o - e l e c t r i c p o t e n t i a l as in d ic a to r o f o v u la tio n i n th e h e n . 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