ON THE CONTROL OF TAPEWORM INFESTATIONS IN
CHICKENS WITH NOTES ON THE PATHOLOGY
OF THE INTESTINES OF THE HOST

A THESIS
S u b m itted to th e F a c u lty o f t h e M ich igan S t a t e
C o lle g e in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e
r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r th e d e g r e e o f
D o cto r o f P h ilo s o p h y

By
H en rik Joakim S t a f s e t h
1 9 3 4 -1 9 3 5

ProQuest Number: 10008433

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On. th e C o n tr o l o f Tapeworm I n f e s t a t i o n s in
C hickens w ith N o te s on th e P a th o lo g y
o f t h e I n t e s t i n e s o f th e Host*

Errata

P age 9 .

The q u o t a tio n from Hawn, in d ic a t e d b y b r a c k e t s
sh o u ld come a t th e end o f th e f i r s t p aragrap h ,
page 10*

P age 3 6 .

The f i f t h l i n e from the to p sh o u ld r e a d ; The
n e x t day t h e r e was none a g a in and t h e b ir d was
d o sed w ith n e g a t iv e r e s u l t s .

Page 4 0 . The l i n e a t th e to p o f the t a b l e sh o u ld r e a d ;
D osed w ith 1 o z . o f I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck)
1 2 - 5 - 3 4 and 3 - 1 3 - 3 5 .
P age 52 .

Thesecond s e n t e n c e from b elow sh o u ld r e a d ;
The i n t e s t i n e s w ere opened in 15 t o 7o m in u te s
a f t e r th e b ir d was k i l l e d .

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I*

T itle .

II.

T ab le o f C o n te n ts.

I I I .T h e p r e v a le n c e o f tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n .

T a b le 1.

IV. The p rob lem .
V.

H is to r ic a l.
L if e c y c l e s
T reatm ent
P a th o lo g y o f th e i n t e s t i n e s

V I. E x p e r im e n ta l.
T reatm ent - M ethods
E xp erim en t 1
E xp erim en t 2 - T able
E xperim ent 3 — T ab le
E xperim ent 4 — T a b le
T ab le
E xp erim en t 5 - T ab le
T able
E xp erim en t 6 — T ab le
E xperim ent 7 — T ab le
T ab le

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

V II. E f f e c t on egg p r o d u c tio n .
E xp erim en t 8 - T able 11
V I I I . L o c a tio n o f s c o l e x .
IX.

B io lo g ic a l s a tu r a tio n p o in t.
E xperim ent 9

X.

F&te o f io d in e in th e i n t e s t i n e s o f t r e a t e d b ir d s
E xp erim en t 10 — T a b le 12

X I.

In v i t r o t e s t s on v e r m ic id a l a c t i o n o f I o d in e V erm icid e
(M erck)
E xp erim en t 11

X I I . P a th o lo g y .
X I I I .D is c u s s io n .
XIV. Summary.
XV.

C o n c lu s io n s .

XVI. R e f e r e n c e s .
X V II.E x p la n a tio n s o f p l a t e s — p l a t e s .

The p r e v a le n c e o f tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n .
That tapeworms a r e common p a r a s i t e s in th e s m a ll i n ­
t e s t i n e s o f c h ic k e n s i s e v id e n t from th e v a r io u s r e p o r t s d e a l­
in g w ith p o u lt r y d i s e a s e s .

D e a r s ty n e , Kaupp and W ilfo n g ( l )

fou n d 1 3 .8 p e r c e n t o f t h e b ir d s exam ined a t t h e N orth C a r o lin a
A g r ic u l t u r a l E xperim ent S t a t io n i n f e s t e d w ith tapew orm s.
Niemann (2 ) foun d tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n in 4 5 .1 6 p e r c e n t o f 93
p a r a ly z e d b ir d s a t th e Kansas A g r ic u lt u r a l E xperim ent S t a t i o n .
P u b lis h e d d a ta from th e M ich igan A g r ic u l t u r a l E xperim ent
S t a t io n d e a l w ith b ir d s from th e C o lle g e P o u lt r y Farm, th e
Egg L ayin g C o n te st and d is e a s e d o n es s e n t in f o r d i a g n o s t i c
e x a m in a tio n s .

C han d ler and F erguson (3 ) w ork in g w ith th e

C o lle g e f l o c k foun d tapeworms in 26 o f 298 b ir d s o r an i n f e s t a ­
t i o n o f 8 .7 p e r c e n t .

S t a f s e t h and W eisner (4 ) made a stu d y

o f t h e m o r t a lit y in 1 0 ,0 0 0 la y in g h en s in th e M ich igan Egg
L ayin g C o n te s t c o v e r in g a p e r io d o f 8 y e a r s b e g in n in g November
1 , 1 9 2 2 , and fou n d tapeworms in 36 o f 1 ,8 9 8 b ir d s a u to p s ie d
( 1 .9 p e r c e n t ) .

T h is r a th e r low i n f e s t a t i o n may have b e e n due

t o th e f a c t t h a t a c o n s id e r a b le number o f th e b ir d s had b een
t r e a t e d w ith I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) a s t h e y e n te r e d th e
co n test.

T ab le 1 g i v e s u s an id e a a s to th e p r e v a le n c e o f

tapeworms in d o m e s tic f o w ls in M ich igan ( 5 ) .

-

2

-

T ab le 1 .
O ccu rren ce o f tapeworms in f o w ls s e n t to th e
M ich ig a n A g r ic u l t u r a l E xp erim en t S t a t io n f o r exam­
i n a t i o n from 1927 t o 1934*
' dumber o f
1sp ec im e n s
■
193?
'
3431
1338
•
3483
I§ 3 9
»
3576
1335“ *
3351
1351 *
3567
T332 • ~ ■"3760
1335" •
s3 d i
1934 *
3336
1 Ol OQA.
?ear

1 dumber o f sp ecim en s'A p p ro x im a te P e r c e n ta g e
•sh o w in g tapeworms 1tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n
»
1— -------------------- —
•
•
4 .3
104
i
188
'
7 .6
i
*
6 .6
168
i
302
•
9 .0
*
•
6 .4
165
I
*
1 7 .6
473
■
'
l6 .'6 .. ...... ..
481
t
266
*
1 1 .9
Ol Ary
i
i "r
i n j.

T h is f ig u r e i s u n d o u b ted ly low b e c a u se many o f th e
sp ec im e n s w ere to o decom posed f o r a p ro p er e x a m in a tio n and
many o f th e b ir d s w ere t o o d is e a s e d t o s e r v e f a v o r a b ly a s
h o s t s , th e p a r a s i t e s no doubt h a v in g b een sh ed b e fo r e th e
b ir d s re a ch ed u s .

There i s a l s o a marked s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n

in t h e p r e v a le n c e o f tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n ,
rea ch ed in th e f a l l and e a r ly w in te r .
e n tir e y ea r.

th e peak b e in g

Our f i g u r e s c o v e r th e

There i s a l s o a c o n s id e r a b le d i f f e r e n c e in t h e

p r e v a le n c e o f tapeworm s in d i f f e r e n t

l o c a l i t i e s and o u r

sp ec im e n s come from a l l p a r t s o f t h e s t a t e .

W hile tapeworm

i n f e s t a t i o n s may n o t be a s p r e v a le n t h ere a s in some o t h e r
s t a t e s i t seem s r e a s o n a b le t o su p p ose t h a t t h e a v e r a g e in ­
f e s t a t i o n o f c h ic k e n s in M ich igan w ould be ab ou t t h i r t y p e r
c e n t.

F erry (6 ) made a su r v e y o f t h e p r e v a le n c e o f c e s t o d a

in and around D o u g la s C ounty, K ansas and found t h a t 62 p e r
c e n t o f sp ecim en s exam ined w ere i n f e s t e d w it h R a i l l i e t i n a
c e s t i c i l l u s . 40 p e r c e n t w ith H ym en olep is c a r io c a > 38 p e r c e n t

- 3 w ith R a i l l i e t i n a t e t r a g o n a . 4 p e r c e n t w ith R a i l l i e t i n a
e c h in o b o th r id a and 2 p e r c e n t w it h C h o a n o ta en ia in fu n d ib u lu m .
Thus c o n s id e r in g th e p o u lt r y in d u s t r y o f th e c o u n tr y a s a
w h o le , i t seem s t h a t ,

i f tapeworms a r e a t a l l p a th o g e n ic ,

th e c o n t r o l o f tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n i s one o f th e m ajor
p rob lem s o f th e poultrym an*
The p rob lem .
The c o n t r o l o f tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n s in c h ic k e n s may
b e u n d er ta k en in th r e e ways*
1*

An a tte m p t may be made to c o n t r o l o r e l i m i n a t e ,

a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e , th e in te r m e d ia r y h o s t s w hich tr a n s m it
tapeworms from one c h ic k e n t o a n o th e r .
2.

One may t r e a t c h ic k e n s w ith th e v a r io u s rem ed ies

recommended f o r th e p u rp ose o f rem oving th e worms o r a t l e a s t
t h e s t r o b i l a e , * w h ich , in a s e n s e , c o n s i s t o f many i n d i v id u a l
worms, th e p r o g lo t t i d e s *
3*

These two m ethods o f c o n t r o l may be com bined.

The work re co r d e d h e r e d e a ls l a r g e l y w ith th e t r e a t ­
ment o f i n f e s t e d b ir d s w ith I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck).

Some

a t t e n t i o n was a l s o g iv e n to th e b i o l o g i c a l s a t u r a t i o n p o in t o f
tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n and t h e p a th o lo g y o f the i n t e s t i n e s o f
in f e s t e d b ir d s .
♦ T h e word s t r o b i l a w i l l be u s e d to d e s ig n a t e th e c h a in o f
p r o g l o t t i d e s r a t h e r th an th e w hole tapeworm. When i t i s s t a t e d
t h a t th e s t r o b i l a e were removed i t i s t o be u n d e r sto o d t h a t a
ch a in o f p r o g l o t t i d e s , in some c a s e s , may h ave b een broken o f f ,
le a v in g some o f th e p r o g l o t t i d e s imbedded in th e m ucosa w ith
th e neck and s c o l e x .

4

-

-

H is to r ic a l.
L if e C y c le s .

In 1889 G rass i and Rove H i ( 7 ) showed

t h a t th e s l u g , Limax c in e r e u s , i s th e in te r m e d ia r y h o s t o f
D ava in ea p r o g l o t t i n a .

Three y e a r s l a t e r t h e s e men (8 ) found

in th e body o f th e Musca d o m e s tic a la r v a e , whose s c o l e o e s
c l o s e l y resem b led th o s e o f O h o a n o ta en ia in fu n d ib u lu m .

G u tb e r le t

(9 ) in 1 9 1 6 , p ro d u ced f u r t h e r e v id e n c e sh ow in g t h a t th e h ou se
fly

(M. d o m e s tic a ) i s th e in te r m e d ia r y h o s t o f O h oan otaen ia

in fu n d ib u lu m (G o e z e ).

A ck ert ( 1 0 ) ,

e a t l i v e o n c h o sp h e r e s o f

in 1 9 1 8 , l e t h o u se f l i e s

c e s t i c i l l u s . th en , a f t e r a s u it a b le

le n g t h o f tim e f e d th o s e f l i e s t o p a r a s i t e f r e e young c h ic k e n s .
On a u to p sy h e foun d t h e s e c h ic k e n s t o h a rb o r

c e s tic illu s .

In 1919 G u b erlet (1 1 ) s t u d ie d th e l i f e h i s t o r y o f H ym en olep is
c a r io c a (M a g a lh a es) and foun d th e in te r m e d ia r y h o s t t o be th e
s t a b l e f l y , Stom oxys c a l c i t r a n s .

He foun d th e i n f e s t a t i o n t o

be g r e a t e s t in November and D ecem ber.
s ta b le f l y

D uring t h i s p e r io d th e

i s v e r y numerous and s l u g g i s h , h en ce e a s i l y cau gh t

by c h ic k e n s (O klahom a).

A ck ert ( 1 2 ) , in 1 9 2 0 , s t u d ie d th e l i f e

h i s t o r y o f D avain ea t e t r a g o n a (M o lin ).

He ca u g h t f l i e s

(M. d o m e s tic a ) on manure p i l e s and f e d them to c h ic k e n s th e r e b y
a p p a r e n tly p r o d u c in g an i n f e s t a t i o n w ith t h i s c e s t o d e in some
o f h is b ir d s .

E v id e n t ly la r g e numbers o f f l i e s w ere n e c e s s a r y

f o r t h e t r a n s m is s io n o f t h i s p a r a s i t e from one c h ic k e n to
a n o th er*

He w as, how ever, u n a b le t o f in d la r v a e in th e f l i e s .

I t was n o te d t h a t f l i e s w i l l ru p tu re th e eg g m a sses and su ck
t h e embryos o u t o f them .
some s t u d i e s o f l i f e

Joyeu x ( 1 3 ) , in 1 9 2 0 , r e p o r te d on

c y c l e s o f c e s t o d e s in p o u lt r y .

He

-

5

-

d e s c r ib e d c y s t i c e r c o i d s o f C h o a n o ta en ia in fu n d ib u lu m
o b ta in e d from b e e t l e s ,

G eotru p es s y l v a t i o u s , w hich had b een

f e d w ith e g g s o f t h i s tapeworm .
C handler ( 1 4 ) ,

in 1 9 2 3 , co n firm ed an e a r l i e r r e p o r t

o f G r a s s i and B o w i l l i by d e m o n s tr a tin g t h a t s l u g s s e r v e a s
in te r m e d ia t e h o s t s f o r D av a in ea p r o g l o t t i n a .

He foun d a

sp ecim en o f A g r io lim a x a g r e s t i s w ith a n a t u r a l i n f e s t a t i o n o f
D. p r o g l o t t i n a c y s t i c e r c o i d s .

S lu g s o f t h e same s p e c i e s w ere

i n f e c t e d by la b o r a t o r y f e e d in g s w ith tapeworm e g g s .

Immature

la r v a e w ere found in two sp ecim en s o f Limax f la v u s w hich had
b een f e d e g g s o f D^ p r o g l o t t i n a .

C handler was th e f i r s t t o

work on th e l i f e h i s t o r y o f t h i s tapeworm in t h e U n ite d S t a t e s
and n o te d t h a t one s p e c i e s o f s l u g , A g r io lim a x a g r e s t i s w h ich
s e r v e s a s an in te r m e d ia te h o s t in E u rop e, a l s o s e r v e s in t h i s
c a p a c it y in t h i s c o u n tr y .
In 1928 Cram (1 5 ) p r e s e n te d a p a p er a t th e m e e tin g o f
th e A m erican P o u lt r y S c ie n c e A s s o c ia t i o n h e ld a t Purdue U n iv e r ­
s i t y sum m arizing ou r p r e s e n t know ledge o f p o u lt r y p a r a s i t e s .
She s t a t e d t h a t th e d a ta c o n c e r n in g th e l i f e

c y c le o f R.

c e s t i c i l l u s w ith r e s p e c t t o t h e house f l y a s th e in te r m e d ia r y
h o s t a r e c o n f l i cfeing.

A p r e lim in a r y r e p o r t was made o f h a v in g

found c y s t i c e r c o i d s in t h e ground b e e t l e and a s m a ll dung
b e e tle .
Cram and J o n es (I S ) 1 9 3 9 , h ave th e f o llo w in g to sa y
c o n c e r n in g th e l i f e h i s t o r y o f R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c i l l u s :
wThe p r e s e n t r e p o r t adds a t h ir d c o le o p t e r a n i n t e r ­
m ed ia te h o s t , A n is o ta r s u s t e r m in a tu s , to th e two p r e v i o u s l y
r e p o r t e d , A n is o ta r s u s a g i l i s and C hoeridium h i s t e r o i d e s , and

- 6 p r e s e n t s g o o d , th o u g h a s y e t in c o m p le te , e v id e n c e t h a t
S e le n o p h o r u s p e d ic u la r i u s i s a l s o an in te r m e d ia t e h o s t f o r
R a illie tin a c e s t i c i l l u s .w

They a l s o found e v id e n c e o f

H ym en olep is c a r io c a b e in g t r a n s m it t e d by a b e e t l e ,

O hoeridium

h i s t e r o i d e s . and p o s s i b l y a l s o th e ground b e e t l e , A n is o ta r s u s
a g ilis .
J o n es ( 1 7 ) , 1 9 2 9 , foun d t h a t t h e dung b e e t l e ,
A phodius g r a n a r iu s »i s an in te r m e d ia te h o s t f o r H ym enolepis
c a r io c a .
T reatm en t.

Of th e s e v e r a l re m e d ies recommended f o r

th e rem oval o f tapeworm s in c h ic k e n s the o n ly o n es in common
u s e a t p r e s e n t a r e I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) and kam ala.
C h a n d ler, a t th e M ich igan A g r ic u l t u r a l E xperim ent
S t a t io n d is c o v e r e d th e v e r m ic id a l a c t io n o f i o d i n e .

The

an n u al r e p o r t s o f th e V e te r in a r y D iv is io n o f M ich igan S t a t e
G o lle g e f o r t h e y e a r s 1924 to 1934 and th e Q u a r te r ly B u l l e t i n
f o r F ebruary 19 2 4 (1 8 ) (1 9 ) c o n t a in a c c o u n ts o f th e work w h ich
le a d to th e d is c o v e r y o f a method o f p ro d u c in g a s t a b i l i z e d
form o f c o l l o i d a l io d in e and to th e d evelop m en t o f I o d in e
V erm icid e (Merck) and I o d in e S u sp e n so id (M erck), c o l l o i d a l
io d in e p r e p a r a t io n s o f th e h y d r o s o l t y p e .
In 1926 (2 0 ) and a g a in in 1929 (2 1 ) C handler
sum m arized h i s work w ith io d in e on th e p o u lt r y farm .

The

m ethod o f p r e p a r a t io n , p r e s e r v a t io n by p r o t e c t i v e c o l l o i d s and
c o n c e n t r a t io n a s w e l l a s th e p o s s i b l e u s e s and a d v a n ta g e s o f
c o l l o i d a l io d in e w ere d e s c r ib e d by C handler and M i lle r (2 2 )
(3 3 ) in 1 9 3 7 .

The v e r m ic id a l v a lu e o f c o l l o i d a l io d in e

(C h an d ler) was s t u d ie d by Alderman in 1928 ( 2 4 ) .

As a r e s u l t

- 7 o f a l l t h i s work w ith c o l l o i d a l io d in e (C h a n d ler) i t h as b een
shown t h a t i t p o s s e s s e s v e r m ic id a l a c t i o n and t h a t i t w i l l
remove s t r o b i l a e and som etim es s c o l e c e s o f tapeworm s in a
s u r p r i s i n g l y s h o r t tim e .

As f a r a s th e rem oval o f s t r o b i l a e

i s co n ce rn ed i t was shown to be 100 p e r c e n t e f f e c t i v e .

How­

e v e r , th e t e s t s w ere n o t co n d u cted so a s to p ro v e i t s
e f f i c i e n c y in rem oving s c o l e c e s .

In m ost c a s e s th e e f f i c i e n c y

o f t h i s p r o d u c t in rem oving tapeworms was ju d ged by a ch eck
d o se g iv e n 48 h o u rs a f t e r th e i n i t i a l d o s e .

I f worms had

b een d is c h a r g e d f o llo w in g th e f i r s t d o se and none were d i s ­
ch a rg ed f o llo w in g th e se co n d o r check d o se th e e f f i c i e n c y was
c o n s id e r e d t o be 100 p e r c e n t .

Some b ir d s were a l s o a u t o p s ie d ,

u s u a l l y about 48 h o u rs a f t e r d o s in g .

I f worms had b een e x p e lle d

a s a r e s u l t o f t h e tr e a tm e n t and none w ere found l e f t on
a u to p sy th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e trea tm en t was c o n s id e r e d 100
p er c e n t.
In 1932 S t a f s e t h and Thompson (3 5 ) c a r r ie d o u t f u r t h e r
t e s t s on th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) in th e
rem oval o f tapeworm s from the i n t e s t i n e s o f c h ic k e n s .

A gain no

b ir d s w ere h e ld more th an 48 hours a f t e r tr e a tm e n t so t h a t th e
a u t o p s i e s , w h ich showed t h a t I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) p o s s e s s e s
a v ery h ig h e f f i c i e n c y in rem oving s t r o b i l a e , a c t u a l l y d id n o t
p ro v e a n y th in g c o n c e r n in g i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s a s r e g a r d s rem oval
o f s c o le c e s .
In 1926 kam ala was r e p o r te d by H a ll and S c h i l l i n g e r

(36)

t o be 100 p e r c e n t e f f e c t i v e a s an a n t h e lm in t ic f o r tapeworm s
when g iv e n in a d eq u a te d o s e s .

The d o se f o r c h ic k e n s w e ig h in g

a s much a s 1 . 5 pounds was foun d t o be one gram.

These c o n c lu s io n s

- 8 w ere drawn from work on a v e r y s m a ll number o f b ir d s and th e
t e s t s c a r r ie d o u t w ould a g a in n o t p ro v e w h e th er s c o l e c e s had
b een rem oved.

The same y e a r , s h o r t l y a f t e r th e work o f H a ll

and S c h i l l i n g e r was r e p o r te d , Beach and Warren (3 7 ) p u b lis h e d
th e r e s u l t s o f t h e i r work d e c la r in g kam ala t o be an e f f i c i e n t
te n ia c id e .

They u se d 46 b ir d s in t h e i r t e s t s and ju d g ed th e

e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f th e drug by th e “ segm ents" d isch a rg e d *

Noth­

in g was s a i d c o n c e r n in g rem oval o f s c o l e c e s n or i s any in fo rm a­
t i o n g iv e n c o n c e r n in g t h e le n g t h o f tim e t h a t was a llo w e d to
e la p s e b etw een tr e a tm e n t and au top sy*
S chlingm an (3 8 ) in 1937 r e p o r te d on th e a n t h e lm in t ic
e f f i c i e n c y o f kam ala and t e t r a c h lo r e t h y le n e in th e tr e a tm e n t
o f c h ic k e n s .

When t h e s e two re m e d ies were g iv e n s im u lt a n e o u s ly

t h e i r e f f i c i e n c y was red u ced to 6 1 .8 p e r c e n t f o r tapeworms
and 3 8 .5 p e r c e n t f o r roundworms.

H owever, when gliren s e p a r a t e ly

kamala was 100 p e r c e n t , e f f i c i e n t f o r tapeworm s and t e t r a c h l o r ­
e t h y le n e 100 p e r c e n t e f f i c i e n t f o r roundworms.
th e re m e d ies had any e f f e c t on ceoum worms.

N e it h e r one o f

Some b ir d s s u f f e r ­

in g from t u b e r c u l o s i s , c o c o i d i o s i s and roup d ie d f o llo w in g t h e
tr e a tm e n t.

N in e te e n b ir d s w ere u sed in t h e t e s t on t h e s e d ru gs

when u se d s e p a r a t e l y .

The b ir d s were h e ld 4 t o 11 d ays f o l l o w ­

in g th e tr e a tm e n t b e fo r e b e in g a u to p s ie d .

There i s n o th in g in

th e r e p o r t t o show t h a t th e b i r d s ,t h a t had a p p a r e n tly sh ed a l l
t h e i r tapeworm s a s a r e s u l t o f th e tr e a tm e n t,w e r e h e ld lo n g
enough to p e r m it t h e tapeworms t h a t were l e f t t o d e v e lo p
s t r o b i l a e o f s u f f i c i e n t s i z e t o be d e t e c t e d on a u to p s y .
In 1933 R e b r a s s ie r (3 9 ) showed t h a t 7 . 5 g r a in s and 10
g r a in s o f kam ala d id n o t remove a l l tapeworms from th e i n t e s t i n e s

- 9 o f c h ic k e n s*

Three b i r d s , g iv e n 1 .5 g r a in s o f kam ala, com­

p l e t e l y e lim in a t e d a l l t h e i r tapew orm s; 16 b ir d s p a s s e d
fra g m en ts o f tapeworms b u t p ro v ed i n f e s t e d on a u to p s y and
37 b ir d s p a s s e d no tapeworm s a f t e r tr e a tm e n t but a l l w ere found
to h arb or them on a u to p s y .

A l l b ir d s w ere h e ld 14 d ays or more

f o llo w in g tr e a tm e n t b e f o r e th e a u to p sy was made.
c h ic k e n s w ere u s e d in t h e s e e x p e r im e n ts .

In a l l , 138

The tapeworms en­

c o u n te r e d w ere: D avain ea p r o g l o t t i n a , O h oan otaen ia in fu n d ib u lu m .
R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c i l l u s and H ym enolepis c a r io c a .
B le e c k e r and Sm ith in 1933 (3 0 ) foun d I o d in e V erm icid e
(Merck) and a l s o P u lv u s No. 142 ( L i l l y ) p lu s 15 g r a in s o f kam ala
o f ab ou t e q u a l e f f i c i e n c y .

I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) was n o t

foun d d i f f i c u l t t o a d m in is te r but was th e more e x p e n s iv e o f th e
tw o.

When b ir d s a r e in poor c o n d it io n I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck)

o r P u lv u s No. 142 ( L i l l y ) a re s a f e r than kam ala. Thomas(3 1 )
in 1933 fou n d worm tr e a tm e n t a s p r a c t ic e d in F lo r id a , "worth­
l e s s , h arm fu l and e x p e n s iv e " .

H is work was done in th e f i e l d

and no a tte m p ts w ere made t o p r o t e c t th e t r e a t e d b ir d s a g a in s t
r e in fe s ta tio n .

(Hawn (3 2 ) i n 1933 found kam ala n e i t h e r s a f e nor

e f f e c t i v e a g a in s t tapeworm s in young tu r k e y s w e ig h in g 2 . 5 t o
80 o u n c e s .]

The rem ed ies u s e d were kam ala and t e t r a c h lo e t h y le n e

(G iven a s s u g g e s t e d by Schlingm an (2 8 ) )and Io d in e V erm icid e
(M erck).

He co n c lu d e d t h a t none o f t h e s e p o s s e s s any m e r it s .

The r e s u l t s w ere ju d ged by th e egg p r o d u c tio n o f t r e a t e d and
u n t r e a te d b i r d s , th e l a t t e r p r o d u c in g on an a v e r a g e 1 .5 p e r c e n t
more e g g s th a n t h e fo rm er.

An e x a m in a tio n o f h i s work a s a

w h ole shows t h a t t h e m o r t a lit y o f th e u n t r e a te d b ir d s was some­
what h ig h e r th a n t h a t o f th e t r e a t e d o n e s .

There i s no r e c o r d

-

10

-

o f t h e ca u se o f d e a th and to wind up th e e x p er im en t o n ly 2
b ir d s from ea ch p en o r 16 b ir d s o u t o f a t o t a l o f 1 ,6 2 9 were
a u t o p s ie d a s a ch eck on th e e f f i c i e n c y o f th e tr e a tm e n t.
i t seem s t h a t l i t t l e

Thus

was le a r n e d from t h i s work e x c e p t t h a t

th e r e s u l t s o f p o o r p o u lt r y management ca n n o t be im proved by
m e r e ly a d m in is t e r in g a worm remedy on ce a y e a r and d o in g n o th ­
in g e l s e t o c o n t r o l t h e sp rea d o f tapeworm s.
Maw

(3 3 ) in 1934 showed t h a t one gram o f kam ala

g iv e n to p u l l e t s s h o r t l y a f t e r s t a r t i n g to la y c a u se d a d e c l i n e
in th e r a t e o f eg g p r o d u c tio n and a d e c r e a s e i n th e e g g w e ig h t .
There was c o n s id e r a b le v a r i a t i o n in th e r e a c t io n o f in d i v i d u a l
b ir d s and t h e r e c o v e r y from t h e i l l e f f e c t s o f kam ala was q u it e
r a p id .
P a th o lo g y o f t h e i n t e s t i n e s .

There i s v e r y l i t t l e

l i t e r a t u r e a v a i l a b l e on th e m ic r o p a th o lo g y o f th e i n t e s t i n e s
o f c h ic k e n s i n f e s t e d w ith tapeworms and th e r e i s n o t much more
o f a d e f i n i t e n a tu r e d e a lin g w ith m a cro sco p ic c h a n g e s.
(3 4 )

Kaupp

in 1 9 1 4 , m erely m en tio n s a c a t a r r h a l c o n d it io n o f th e b ow el

p rod uced by tapeworms in g e n e r a l.

He s t a t e s t h a t D avain ea

te t r a g o n a c a u s e s n o d u la r d i s e a s e in t h e i n t e s t i n e s .
l e s i o n s p rod u ced re se m b le t u b e r c l e s .

The

T u b ercu la r l e s i o n s a r e

v i s i b l e on th e s e r o u s a s w e ll a s on th e mucous s u r f a c e .

From

th e l e s i o n s in t h e m ucosa some o f th e worms may p r o tr u d e .

In

th e l a t e r s t a g e s o f th e i n f e s t a t i o n th e n o d u le s may show u l c e r ­
a t i o n s on t h e mucous s u r f a c e .

A g r e e n is h —y e llo w n e c r o t i c

m a t e r ia l may be s e e n in t h e s e n o d u le s .

S econ d ary i n f e o t i o n

w ith p y o g e n ic b a c t e r i a may ta k e p l a c e , in w hich c a s e pus w i l l be
p r e se n t.

B e fo r e th e n o d u le s a r e form ed t h e s e worms may be se e n

- 11 b etw een th e v i l l i .

Ward and G alla-gker ( 3 5 ) , 1 9 2 0 , have th e

f o l l o w i n g to sa y a b o u t th e m orbid anatom y o f th e i n t e s t i n e s o f
tapeworm i n f e s t e d c h ic k e n s :

"They ( th e tapew orm s) a r e a t ta c h e d

t o t h e mucosa by t h e i r h ea d s and may ca u se more o r l e s s inflam m a­
tio n .

The m ost s e r io u s p a t h o l o g i c a l ch a n g es a r e ca u se d by

i n f e s t a t i o n w ith D a v a in ea e c h in o b o th r id a w hich r e s u l t s in th e
fo r m a tio n o f n o d u le s in th e i n t e s t i n e .

The c o n d it io n h a s b een

d e s c r ib e d by Moore (3 6 ) u nd er th e name o f n o d u la r t a e n i a s i s .
The n o d u le s a r e m ost numerous in th e lo w er t h ir d o f t h e s m a ll
in te s tin e .

E x c e p t io n a lly th e y o c c u r i n th e duodenum and c o lo n .

In s e v e r e i n f e s t a t i o n th e p r e s e n c e o f n o d u le s c a u s e s numerous
p r o tu b e r a n c e s from th e s e r o s a , v a r y in g in s i z e from t h o s e b a r e ly
p e r c e p t i b l e t o e l e v a t i o n s 4 mm. h ig h .

The c o lo r v a r i e s from

p a le o r dark y e l lo w is h in th e la r g e r o n e s , t o t h e norm al g r a y
o f th e s e r o s a shown by th e s m a lle s t o n e s .

S im ila r e l e v a t i o n s

a r e o b se r v e d on the mucosa o f t h e i n t e s t i n e *
o c c u r a t ta c h e d t o th e mucosa o v e r t h e n o d u le s .

S m a ll tapeworm s
Over some o f

th e n o d u le s t h e r e a r e a r e a s in w hich th e mucosa h a s s lo u g h e d ,
le a v in g u l c e r s .
The c o n t e n ts o f th e la r g e r n o d u le s c o n s i s t o f g r e e n is h
y e llo w , n e c r o t i c m a t e r ia l w hich on s e c t i o n h as a g l i s t e n i n g ,
hom ogeneous a p p e a r a n c e .
o f in filtr a te d tis s u e .

S u rrou n d in g t h i s t h e r e i s a t h in la y e r
The s m a lle r n o d u le s c o n t a in a s u b s ta n c e

more r e se m b lin g p u s , and in t h e s e th e m ic r o s c o p ic s tu d y o f
s e c t i o n s m ost r e a d i l y r e v e a ls th e p r e s e n c e o f tapeworm h e a d s.
The p e n e t r a t io n o f t h e i n t e s t i n a l w a ll by th e h ea d s in d u c e s
i n f i l t r a t i o n and e v e n t u a lly r e s u l t s in th e fo r m a tio n o f n o d u le s ."

-

K it t

12

-

( 3 7 ) , 1 9 2 3 , m erely s t a t e s t h a t s e v e r e in fla m m a tio n s a re

p rod u ced b e c a u se t h e tapeworm f a s t e n s i t s e l f d e e p ly and f ir m ly
in t h e mucosa by means o f th e s c o l e x .
m u scu la r l a y e r .

They may even rea ch t h e

R ein h a rd t ( 3 8 ) , 1 9 2 5 , s t a t e s t h a t th e r e a r e

d i f f e r e n t g r a d e s o f i n t e s t i n a l iiflam m ation v a r y in g from sim p le
i n t e s t i n a l c a ta r r h to s e v e r e h em orrh agic e n t e r i t i s *

At tim e s

t h e r e a re a l s o c h r o n ic in fla m m a to ry ch an ges su ch a s th e t u b e r c le
l i k e n o d u le s .

R a r e ly i s t h e r e a p e r f o r a t io n w ith c o n se q u e n t

p e r ito n itis .
A cc o rd in g to O tte ( 3 9 ) , 1 9 2 9 , t h e r e d d is h c o lo r e d
i n t e s t i n a l c o n te n ts su g g e st th e p resen ce o f c e s to d e s .

The

i n t e s t i n a l mucosa i s more o r l e s s in fla m e d and shows s m a ll
p u n c tifo r m h em orrh ages.
t i o n o f n o d u le s .

Once in a w h ile we may o b se r v e form a­

V an H eelsb ergen ( 4 0 ) , 1 9 2 9 , s a y s t h a t t h e

d i s e a s e m a n if e s t a t io n depend on th e number, k in d and l o c a t i o n
o f th e tapew orm s.

Young b ir d s a r e ,

in g e n e r a l, v e r y s u s c e p t i b l e

and s u f f e r m ost from th e i n f e s t a t i o n .
ca u se no t r o u b le .

A m ild i n f e s t a t i o n may

I f v e r y many tapeworms a re p r e s e n t fo o d

m a t e r ia l i s w ithdraw n from th e i n t e s t i n e .

The p o is o n o u s m eta­

b o l i c p r o d u c ts o f th e s e p a r a s i t e s may a c t on th e h o s t .

I f th e

i n t e s t i n a l m ucosa i s i r r i t r a t e d by th e armed tapeworms w hich
f a s t e n th e m s e lv e s t o i t by s u c t i o n and f r e q u e n t ly change t h e i r
p la c e o f a tta c h m e n t, i n t e s t i n a l c a ta r r h w i l l be p ro d u ced .

Some

tapeworm s p rod uce a s e v e r e i n t e s t i n a l in fla m m a tio n , a s f o r
exam p le, D avain ea n r o g l o t t i n a w hich l i v e s m a in ly in th e duodenum,
o f t e n c a u s in g a s e v e r e c h r o n ic d u o d e n it is .

The mucous membrane

i s th ic k e n e d and in many o a s e s m arkedly h em o rrh a g ic.

The s e r o s a

- 13 i s h e a v ily in je c te d .
fla m m a tio n , i t

L a te r , a s a r e s u l t o f h em o rrh a g ic in ­

i s even b ro w n ish y e llo w .

The tapew orm s, by

f a s t e n i n g th e m s e lv e s t o th e m ucosa, p rod u ce s m a ll d e f e c t s and
hem orrhages in i t .

Through su ch i n j u r i e s a r i s e s th e p o s s i b i l i t y

o f se co n d a r y b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n o f th e subm ucosa, m u s c u la r is
and s e r o s a .

The tapeworms w hich rem ain f a s t e n e d in one p la c e

may prod uce t u b e r c u la r n o d u le s , a s in t h e c a s e o f R a i l l i e t i n a
te t r a g o n a in c h ic k e n s .

A cc o rd in g t o M anninger and K a tla n (4 1 )

D a v a in ea e c h in o b o th r id a p r o d u c e s p a t h o l o g i c a l ch an ges o n ly
in th e s m a ll i n t e s t i n e s .

In t h e r e g io n o f M e c k e l^ d i v e r t i c u ­

lum p in h ea d s i z e d s i n g l e o r c o n f lu e n t g r a y is h w h ite s l i g h t l y
e l e v a t e .ct f o c i a re fo u n d .

They d e v e lo p a s a r e s u l t o f th e

young D^ e c h in o b o th r id a p e n e t r a t in g d e e p ly in t o th e mucous
membrane.

The mucous membrane i s s w o lle n and red d en ed .

P e c u li a r f o c i w ith h e a v y , h ard c r a t e r s may be s e e n when t h e
i n t e s t i n a l c o n t e n t s a r e w ashed away.
th o s e o f t u b e r c u l o s i s .

These l e s i o n s s im u la te

In a d u lt b ir d s tapeworms a r e o f

s i g n i f i c a n c e o n ly when p r e s e n t in la r g e numbers and when o t h e r
d is e a s e p r o d u c in g f a c t o r s can be e lim in a t e d .

Emmel ( 4 2 ) , 1 9 3 4 ,

c la im s t h a t he h a s i s o l a t e d a m icrobe w h ich c a u s e s fo w l
p a r a l y s i s and a l l i e d d i s e a s e s .

T h is m icro b e, he s a y s , d epends

upon th e p r e d is p o s in g a c t i o n o f i n t e s t i n a l p a r a s i t e s f o r i t s
s u c c e s s in c a u s in g th e d i s e a s e s o o n cern ed .
E x p e r im e n ta l
T rea tm en t.

As h a s a lr e a d y b een m en tio n ed , in our

p r e v io u s work s u f f i c i e n t tim e was n o t a llo w e d t o e la p s e b etw een
tr e a tm e n t and a u to p s y f o r rem a in in g s c o l e c e s to d e v e lo p

- 14 s t r o b i l a e la r g e enough to be d e t e c t e d on p ostm ortem e x a m in a tio n .
H ence, i t lo o k e d a s i f I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck) removed n e a r ly
100 p e r c e n t o f t h e a s c a r i d i a and c e s t o d e s .

In th e e x p e r im e n ts

t o be r e c o r d e d h e r e t h e b ir d s w ere k e p t v a r io u s le n g t h s o f tim e
( a s i n d i c a t e d in ea ch e x p e r im e n t) f o llo w in g th e tr e a tm e n t b e­
f o r e th e p ostm ortem ex a m in a tio n was made.

The o h ic k e n s u se d

were k e p t in w ir e c a g e s w ith 3 /4 in c h hardware c l o t h b o tto m s.
Under ea c h ca g e a s h a llo w pan p a r t l y f i l l e d w ith w a te r was k ep t
in o r d e r to c o l l e c t th e d ro p p in g s and p a r a s i t e s d is c h a r g e d
a s a r e s u l t o f th e tr e a tm e n t.

A few o f t h e b ir d s w ere k ep t in

a b a t t e r y in w hich t h e r e w ere in d iv id u a l c a g e s w ith 3 /4 in c h
hardw are c l o t h b o tto m s, b u t in s t e a d o f w a ter pans th e r e were
f l a t t r a y s f o r c o l l e c t i n g d r o p p in g s .

The d r o p p in g s w ere

se r a p e d o f f , m o iste n e d in w a te r and th en washed r e p e a t e d ly in
s h a llo w g l a s s d is h e s a s in th e c a s e o f t h e d r o p p in g s c o l l e c t e d
in t h e w a ter p a n s.
The b ir d s w ere t r e a t e d , p la c e d in t h e c a g e s and w atched
a s in d ic a t e d b elo w .

E x a m in a tio n s f o r d is c h a r g e d p a r a s i t e s were

a s a r u le made in l / 2 h o u r, 2 , 17 and 48 h ou rs f o llo w in g th e
tr e a tm e n t.

In f a c t many o f t h e b ir d s were w atched c o n s t a n t ly

f o r o v e r two h o u rs in o r d e r to s e e how so o n Io d in e V erm icid e
(^ erc k ) w ould p a s s th rou gh t h e i n t e s t i n e s and a l s o how soon
p a r a s i t e s m ight be d is c h a r g e d .
In exam in in g t h e d ro p p in g s t h e y w ere th o r o u g h ly s t i r r e d
in w a ter and th e mucous c a s t s were broken up by means o f f o r c e p s
o r o t h e r s u i t a b l e in s tr u m e n ts .

S in c e t h e tapeworm s and e s p e c i a l ­

l y th e s c o l e c e s may be h id d en w it h in t h e s e mucous c a s t s t h i s
s t e p i s v e r y im p o r ta n t.

The p an s o r g l a s s d is h e s were f i l l e d

- 15 w ith w a te r and a llo w e d t o s ta n d u n t i l t h e worms had a ch an ce t o
s e ttle

to th e bottom *

The w a ter was th e n c a r e f u l l y p ou red o f f

and a s e a r c h was made f o r p a r a s i t e s i n th e b ottom o f th e g l a s s
d is h o r m e ta l pan a s th e c a s e m ight b e .

T h is p ro ced u re was

r e p e a te d u n t i l enough e x tr a n e o u s m a tte r had b een rem oved t o p e r ­
m it a s a t i s f a c t o r y e x a m in a tio n f o r tapew orm s.

The b ir d s were

n o t k ep t in s c r e e n e d c a g e s b u t th e y were k e p t in rooms where
young b ir d s h ave b een k ep t y e a r a f t e r y e a r f o r w eeks o r months
a t a tim e w ith o u t becom ing i n f e s t e d w ith tapeworm s.

F urth erm ore,

m ost o f t h i s work was done d u r in g th e l a t e f a l l and w in te r when
in te r m e d ia r y h o s t s a r e ap t t o be s c a r c e .

On p ostm ortem exam ina­

t i o n c a r e f u l s e a r c h f o r tapeworms was f i r s t made in t h e mucous
membrane a s th e i n t e s t i n e s w ere b e in g s l i t op en .

In d o u b tf u l

c a s e s th e c o n t e n t s and t h e s u p e r f i c i a l la y e r s o f th e mucosa were
p la c e d in w a te r in s h a llo w g l a s s d is h e s and w ashed, a s in d ic a t e d
a b o v e , t o f a c i l i t a t e th e d e t e c t i o n o f p a r a s i t e s .

When i t

is

s t a t e d th a t a g iv e n number o f tapeworm s was p a s s e d i t means t h a t
th a t many lo o k e d a s i f th e y m ight b e e n t i r e worms, n o t th a t th e
s c o l e c e s w ere n e c e s s a r i l y a t t a c h e d .

In th e co u r se o f th e

e x p e r im e n ts on tr e a tm e n t a la r g e number o f b ir d s was en c o u n te r e d
t h a t f a i l e d t o p a s s worms a s a r e s u l t o f th e d o s in g and a l s o
showed no worms on b e in g a u to p s ie d .

These b ir d s w i l l n o t be

m en tion ed f u r t h e r u n le s s th e y were u se d f o r o b s e r v a t io n s on th e
f a t e o f c o l l o i d a l io d in e i n th e i n t e s t i n e s .
E xperim ent 1 .
S ix c h ic k e n s w ere d o sed w ith 1 ounce o f I o d in e V erm icid e
(M erck) d i l u t e d a s d i r e c t e d , O cto b er 19 , 1 934.
in SO h o u r s .

One b ir d d ie d

No worms p a s s e d , no worms foun d on a u to p s y .

- 16 R e s iilt s fou n d on a u to p s y O cto b er 3 7 . 1 9 3 4 .
B ird No. i .
a f t e r d o s in g .

Formed d r o p p in g s p a s s e d a few m in u te s

T hese c o n ta in e d l i v e u n s t a in e d p r o g l o t t i d e s .

P a s s e d io d in e s t a in e d w a te r y f e c e s and s t a in e d n o n m o tile p r o ­
g l o t t i d e s in 5 t o 10 m in u te s.
A u to p sy . M oderate e n t e r i t i s , on e R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c i l l u s
3 / 4 in c h lo n g .

C o n d itio n o f b ir d seem ed im proved.

B ir d No. 3 .

P a s s e d norm al d r o p p in g s c o n t a in in g l i v e

p r o g l o t t i d e s a few m in u tes a f t e r b e in g d o s e d .

No io d in e p a s s e d

u n t i l 1 hour and 45 m in u tes a f t e r th e d o s in g , when a b o u t 2
d ozen

c e s t i c i l l u s w ere e x p e l le d in mucous c a s t s .

These c a s t s

a re form ed by t h e j e l l y i n g o f th e mucus o f t h e i n t e s t i n e s by th e
io d i n e .

About o n e - h a lf o f th e number o f worms p a s s e d w ere

n o t i c e a b l y s t a i n e d w it h i o d in e .
t h e s e worms showed m o t i l i t y .

None o f th e p r o g l o t t i d e s o f

The e g g s in a l l th e s t a in e d

p r o g l o t t i d e s exam ined f a i l e d to show m o t ile o n c h o s p h e r e s .

Un­

s t a in e d p r o g l o t t i d e s in w hich th e e g g s w ere a l s o u n s t a in e d showed
m o t ile o n c h o s p h e r e s.
A u to p sy .

M oderate d u o d e n it is , 81 R. c e s t i c i l l u s .

c o n d it io n o f b ir d seem ed im proved.
B ird No. 3 .

P a ss e d norm al d ro p p in g s c o n t a in in g l i v e

p r o g l o t t i d e s a few m in u tes a f t e r b e in g d o se d .

About l / 2 d ozen

tapeworm s fo u n d in pan 24 h o u rs a f t e r th e t r e a t m e n t.
A u to p sy .

D u o d e n it is , 16 R^ c e s t i c i l l u s .

T h is b ir d was

th in .
B ird No. 4 .

P a ss e d form ed d ro p p in g s w ith a few l i v e

p r o g l o t t i d e s a few m in u tes a f t e r d o s in g .

A sm a ll number o f

- 17 fr a g m e n ts o f s t r o b i l a e w ere p a s s e d in 20 h o u r s.
A u to p sy .

D u o d e n it is , 6

c e s tic illu s .

T h is b ir d was

th in .
B ird No. 5 .

P a s s e d form ed d r o p p in g s and l i v e p r o g l o t t i d e s

in 15 m in u tes a f t e r th e d o s in g .

A number o f fr a g m e n ts o f

s t r o b i l a e w ere p a s s e d in 20 h o u r s .
A u top sy:

D u o d e n it is , 17

c e s tic illu s .

T h is b ir d was

in f a i r f l e s h .
The r e a so n f o r t h e e x p u ls io n o f u n s t a in e d l i v e p ro ­
g l o t t i d e s and la r g e r fra g m en ts o f s t r o b i l a e so o n a f t e r th e d o s in g
i s t h a t th e io d in e m arkedly in c r e a s e s p e r i s t a l t i c movement c a u s in g
t h e em p ty in g o f th e lo w e r p o r t io n o f th e b o w el b e fo r e th e c o n t e n t s
th e r e a r e re a ch ed b y i t .
The s t r o b i l a e p a s s e d were s o b rok en up t h a t an a tte m p t
to e s t im a t e t h e number o f tapeworm s p a s s e d seem ed p r a c t i c a l l y
u s e le s s .

In none o f t h e s e b ir d s d o e s i t seem l i k e l y t h a t th e

number p a s s e d w ould e x c e e d two d o z e n .

A ttem p ts to l o c a t e

s c o l e c e s f a i l e d and t h e number o f worms foun d on a u to p sy compared
w ith th e a p p a r e n t number e x p e l le d i n d i c a t e t h a t few o r no
s c o l e c e s had been rem oved in t h e s e b i r d s .

The tapeworms fou n d

on a u to p sy w ere s m a ll, t h e s i z e b e in g 3 /4 in c h o r l e s s .
The c a u se o f t h e e n t e r i t i s may be assum ed t o be ta p e ­
worm i n f e s t a t i o n o r se c o n d a r y b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n .

It is

in te r ­

e s t i n g to n o te t h a t t h e b ir d h a v in g th e h e a v i e s t i n f e s t a t i o n
seem ed t o be somewhat im proved in c o n d it i o n .
A number o f p r o g l o t t i d e s p a s s e d by t h e s e b ir d s were
c a r e f u l l y d i s s e c t e d and exam ined m ic r o s c o p ic a l ly .
h ave a lr e a d y b een g iv e n .

The r e s u l t s

In a d d it io n t o o b s e r v in g th e m o t i l i t y

- 18 o f o n c h o sp h e r e s o f s t a i n e d and u n s t a in e d e g g s , c o u n ts were
made o f t h e e g g s in 3 p r o g lo t t i d e s *

The r e s u l t s w ere: 2 4 9 ,

229 and 164 o r an a v e r a g e o f 212 e g g s p e r p r o g l o t t i s .
E xp erim en t 2*
T h is group o f s i x b ir d s w ere d o sed n o t o n ly t o ch eck
on t h e a b i l i t y o f I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) to remove tapeworm s
b u t to s tu d y th e e f f e c t s o f th e tr e a tm e n t on body w eigh t*
D e t a i l s a s to r e s u i t s o f d o s in g s and a u to p sy in
E xp erim en t 2*
B ir d No* 1 . d is c h a r g e d a few tapeworm s and io d in e
s t a in e d c a s t s from c e c a in 24 h ou rs a f t e r th e se c o n d d o sin g *
On a u to p sy 4 tapeworm s 8 to 10 p r o g l o t t i d e s lo n g w ere fo u n d in
th e duodenum*

The mucous membrane show ed some s lo u g h in g and

th e s e r o u s c o a t was th ic k e n e d *

There w ere numerous p i t l i k e

e r o s io n s o f t h e s i z e o f a pinhead*
B ird No* 2*
t o t h a t o f b ir d No* 1*

The c o n d it io n o f th e i n t e s t i n e was s im ila r
Numerous tapeworms w ere p a s s e d in 24

h ou rs f o llo w in g th e f i r s t d o s in g and s e v e r a l w ere d is c h a r g e d in
1 hour and 53 m in u tes*

On a p to p sy a c o n s id e r a b le number o f

tapeworms was fo u n d .
B ir d No* 3* (C o n tr o l) p a s s e d no tapeworms w h ile u n d er
o b s e r v a t io n but show ed numerous tapeworms on postm ortem exam ina­
tio n *

The c o n d it io n o f t h e i n t e s t i n e was s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f

B ird No. 1*
B ird No* 4* (C o n tr o l) one e n t i r e tapeworm (w ith s c o l e x )
was p a s s e d d u r in g th e f i r s t n ig h t in t h e c a g e .

None w ere p a s s e d

l a t e r b u t numerous tapeworms w ere fou n d on p ostm ortem exam ina­
tio n .

P a th o lo g y o f i n t e s t i n e a p p r o x im a te ly a s a b o v e.

-

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- 20 B ir d No, 5 .

Ho worms p a s s e d , none foun d on a u to p s y .

B ird Ho.

A few tapew orm s p a s s e d ih mucous c a s t s

6.

f o l l o w i n g f i r s t d o s in g and one tapeworm f o llo w in g se co n d d o s in g .
The a u to p sy show ed a r a t h e r norm al c o n d it io n o f th e d u o d en a l
m ucosa.

The m id d le p o r t io n o f th e i n t e s t i n e s show ed some

s lo u g h in g .

S e v e r a l tapeworm s w ere fou n d in t h i s p o r t io n .

I t w i l l he n o t ic e d t h a t a f t e r t h e f i r s t tr e a tm e n t th e
t o t a l g a in f o r th e t r e a t e d b ir d s was 5 o u n c es la b ile th e t o t a l
l o s s f o r th e 2 c o n t r o ls was 1 o u n ce.

A t t h e end o f th e e x p e r i­

ment th e t r e a t e d b ir d s had l o s t a t o t a l o f 2 .2 5 o u n ces and th e
c o n t r o ls 1 . 5 o u n c e.

Thus th e r e was n o t much d i f f e r e n c e b etw een

g a in o r l o s s o f w e ig h t in th e t r e a t e d and u n t r e a te d b i r d s .
number o f b ir d s was to o s m a ll to be o f any s i g n i f i c a n c e
d e te r m in in g th e e f f e c t s o f tr e a tm e n t on body w e ig h t .

The

in

F u r th e r ­

more t h e s e b ir d s were v i s i b l y d is e a s e d a s a r e s u l t o f p a r a s it is m
and th e c o n d it io n o f t h e i r d i g e s t i v e t r a c t s in d i c a t e d t h a t th e
i n f e s t a t i o n was o f r a th e r lo n g s t a n d in g .

Hence t h e i r r e c u p e r a ­

t i v e power may h ave b een im p a ired .
S c o le c e s c o u ld n o t be fo u n d f o llo w in g tr e a tm e n t e x c e p t
on th e one tapeworm w hich was d is c h a r g e d n a t u r a l l y by one o f t h e
c o n tr o ls .

T h is f a c t t o g e t h e r w ith th e number o f tapeworm s found

on a u to p sy a g a in i n d i c a t e s t h a t , w h ile s t r o b i l a e a r e removed
by tr e a tm e n t th e m a jo r ity o f t h e s c o l e c e s rem ain .
e n c o u n te r e d w ere

The tapeworm s

o e s tic e llu s .
E xp erim en t 3.

S in c e i t

seem ed o b v io u s t h a t we w ere n o t h a v in g much

s u c c e s s in rem oving s c o l e c e s , n in e b ir d s were g iv e n d r in k in g
w a te r c o n t a in in g one l e v e l t e a s p o o n f u l o f HaHC0 3 p e r q u a rt f o r

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UaHOos frcm 11-12-34 to 1 1 - 1 4 - 3 4
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- 82 two d a y s

im m ed iately p rio r

V erm icide

(M erck).

done in ord er t o
the

in te stin e

th is

the

b ird s

treatm ent w ith Io d in e

No o t h e r d r i n k i n g w a t e r w a s g i v e n .

rem ove mucus and o t h e r w i s e c l e a n

for

the t r e a t m e n t ,

tapew orm s m igh t

d isch arged

to th e

la rg e

it

and p rep are

was h o p e d t h a t

b e more r e a d i l y r e a c h e d .

amounts o f mucous c a s t s

T h is was

by doing
Some o f t h e

and t h e

drop p in gs

p a ssed gave u n m istak ab le ev id en ce o f e n t e r i t i s .
Eran t h i s

ta b le

t h e b i r d s became f r e e

it w ill

two b i r d s

24 hours a f t e r

b ein g dosed.

to

o n l y two o f

d isch arged

on ly

the t r e a t ­

o n e worm a p i e c e w i t h i n

S i n c e m o s t o f t h e w orm s f o u n d

i t may be p o s s i b l e

r e m o v e t h a n R.

cestio illu s.

that

it

i s more

E v id e n tly the

p r e l i m i n a r y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f NaHGOs m a d e v e r y l i t t l e
ment

in

Iod in e

the

efficien cy

V erm icid e

treated

o f th e treatm en t.

(M erck)

b ird gain ed

gain ed nor

lo st.

2

lo st a

th in n ess

It w ill

one un­

be e v i d e n t f r o m a s t u d y o f T a b l e 3
lo ss

o r g a in in w eigh t

T h e m u c o u s membrane o f t h e

of th e in t e s t in a l

w all in d ic a te d

but

th e

th a t a co n sid era b le

had t a k e n p l a c e a n d t h a t t h e a p p a r e n t l y

h e a l t h y c o n d i t i o n o f t h e m u c o s a w a s due
of th e

tr e a te d w ith

ounces,

o f t h e s e b i r d s s e e m e d s m o o t h and c l e a n ,

amount o f s l o u g h i n g

im prove­

o u n c e s an d t h e o t h e r c o n t r o l b i r d n e i t h e r

t h e number o f tapew orm s p r e s e n t .

in te stin e s

The b i r d s

t o t a l o f 1 2 .5

t h a t t h e r e was no r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een
an d

on

c a r i o c a an d r a t h e r f e w o f t h e s e w e r e d i s c h a r g e d

f o l i o v&ng t h e t r e a t m e n t
d ifficu lt

that

from tapew orm s a s a r e s u l t o f

m e n t an d t h e s e

a u t o p s y w e r e H.

be n o t ic e d

to

the

clea n sin g

effect

sodium b i c a r b o n a t e .
E xperim ent 4 .
E arly in

January 1935,

26 B u f f O r p in g t o n s ,

22 c o c k e r e l s

- 23 and

4

p u llets,

in festa tio n

were p u r c h a s e d fro m a n e a r b y farm w h e r e tapewonn.

had b e e n found

w h ile not n o tice a b ly
b e e n un ab le

to

sic k ,

in

were in

in d iv id u a l

1935,

cages

was e v i d e n t

an im provem ent
ich th y o la te
H.

it

i t was

p e n e t r a t i n g power.

T his

o il

V erm icid e

(M erck) was t h e r e f o r e

if

used

as p a r t o f t h e

em u lsio n o f s u lp h o ic h th y o la t e
e .e . ,

One o u n c e o f

p ro g lo ttid es,

in d ica tio n s

two g ro u p s

t e n s i o n and

as p o s s i b l e

of treated

in

flu id .

Io d in e

a 10 p er c e n t

(M erck) t o

propor­

enough w ater

t h i s m a t e r i a l was g i v e n t o

w e i g h t s were

o f th e in flu en ce

The b i r d s w ere s e l e c t e d
d istrib u tio n

experim en­

o f ammonium i n t h e u s u a l

B e s id e s exam inin g t h e d ro p p in g s

worms and

d ilu tin g

d ilu te d w ith

1 pound o f I o d i n e V e r m i c i d e

1 g a llo n .

M ich igan fo r

i t m ig h t a i d t h e p e n e t r a t i n g power o f I o d i n e

(M erck)

b ird .

t o make

A sam p le o f s u lp h o -

s u b s ta n c e h a s a v e r y low s u r f a c e

thought th a t

t o make

very few s c o le c e s

o f ammonium h a d r e c e n t l y b e e n s u b m i t t e d t o u s b y

V erm icide

tio n ,

T able 4 .

was d e c id e d to a t t e m p t

0 . M o n t g o m e r y and Company o f D e t r o i t ,

ta l use.

as

as shown i n

(M erck) was a g a i n u s e d and s i n c e

treatm ent,

in i t s

and t h e owner had

account.

fr o m t h e work d on e s o f a r t h a t

a re removed by t h i s

These b i r d s ,

15 o f t h e s e b i r d s w ere w e ig h e d ,

and t r e a t e d

One o u n c e o f I o d i n e V e r m i c i d e
it

poor f l e s h

d i s p o s e o f t h e m on t h a t

On J a n u a r y 3 ,
p laced

to be r a th e r heavy.

of th ese

b ird s

taken s e v e r a l

for

each
tap e­

tim es t o s e r v e

o f t h e t r e a t m e n t s * on

the b ir d s .

s u c h a way a s t o h a v e a s e v e n a w e i g h t

for th e

b ird s.

co n tro ls as w e ll

as fo r

the

T ab le 4
E f f i c i e n c y o f I o d i n e V e r m ic id e (M erck) l i l u t e d in w a te r compared w i t h
i t a e f f i c i e n c y w hen d i l u t e d i n 10 p er c e n t s u l p h o i c h t h y o l a t e o f
ammonium.
Dosed a s

in d ica ted

January 3 ,

K ind o ?
N o . o f 1W e i g h t
B ir d »1 - 3 - 3 5 t r e a t m e n t
548
549
550
551
552
55 3
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562

4 .8 5
None
None
4 .3
2 .7
I . V. i n S . A
4 .7
X * V.
3 .2
X. V . i n S . A
it
3 .5 5
i»
5 .2
4 .2
I . V.
3 .5
None
4 .2
I . V. i n S - A
3 .3
None
3 .2
I . V.
3 .8 5
I . V.
2 .8 5
None
2.7 5
1 7

. .

19 3 5 .

R e s u lt s in
24 hours
P (few )

W e i g h t s an d e x a m , f o r p r o t : --------------* 1 7 9 7 3 6 ^ 1 7 1 6 / 3 5*_ 2 /77S'S» 2 / 1 4 7 5 1 l u z h z ^
1

i
T

_

T

1
6

R.G.

t

_

1

M.

I

R .G .,3 3 A .
—

T
1

t
—

2 1 A.
4 R.G.

1
I

1
I

1 0 A.

1

1 . 7 . - I o d i n e 7 e r m i c i d e (Merck)
S . A . - S u l p h o i c h t h y o l a t e o f ammonium
3?. - p r o g l o t t i d e s
- - n eg a tiv e
R.G. - R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c i l l u s
A - As c a r i d i a
”

5 .2 5 1
4 .5 1
3 .1 *
5 .1 1
3 .6 1
3 .9 1
5 .0 1
4 .3 1
3 .6 1
4 .6 1
3 .6 '
3.65*
4 . 05*
3 .2 1
3 .1 1

5 .5
4 .9
3 .3
5 .7
4. IP
4 .3

1

6 .1

1

5.3 »
3 .2 1
6 .7 P 1
4 .9 1
4 . 9P 1
7. 2P1
5 . IP*
4 .5 1
5 .3 P 1
4.7 1
3 .9 *
5.5P»
3 .9 1
3 .1 *

1

*
'
1

6 .1

*

4 .6
3 .8
4.8
3 .9
3 .7
4 .4
3 .5
3 .2

1
1

'
1

«
»
•
1

1

6 .4
5 .6
3 .5
7 . IP
5.2P
5 .2
7.6P
5 .4
5 . OP
5 .4
4 .9
4 .2 5

1
1

'
1
1
1

*
1
1

'
1

*

6 .0

1

4.3P
3 .2

'
*

6 .4
5.6 5
3. 6
7 .0
5 .5
4 .5
7 .4
5 .6
4 .6 5
5 .5
5. 0
4. 2
5 .6
4 .6
3 .3

- 25 S e v e r a l p r o g l o t t i d e s from b ir d s number 552 and 560
were exam in ed f o r m o t ile o n c h o sp h e r e s 24 h o u rs a f t e r t h e t r e a t ­
ment was g iv e n but none c o u ld be found*

The p r o g l o t t i d e s a s

w e l l a s th e o n c h o sp h e r e s w ere s t i l l f a i n t l y c o lo r e d w it h io d in e *
On F ebruary 21 t h e 9 b i r d s , w hich had b een p a s s in g
p r o g l o t t i d e s , w ere a g a in t r e a t e d a s in d ic a t e d in T a b le 5*
N eoarsphenam in was g iv e n a lo n e to s e e i f i t w ou ld , by any ch a n ce,
c a u se th e e x p u ls io n o f tapew orm s.

I t was g iv e n s i x h o u rs b e fo r e

a d m in is t e r in g I o d in e V erm icid e (^ erc k ) t o s e e i f
t h i s remedy more e f f i c i e n t .

i t m igh t make

The d o se o f n eoarsph en am ine

( . 0 3 gram) was b a sed on t h e w e ig h ts o f t h e b ir d s a s compared to
th e w e ig h t o f a man o f a v e r a g e w e ig h t f o r whom th e maximum d ose
i s . 9 gram*

N eoarsphenam ine was g iv e n in t r a v e n o u s ly .

-26 T ab le 5 .
The v e r m ifu g a l e f f e c t o f H eoarsphem anine and H eoarsphenam ine
f o llo w e d by I o d in e Vermic id e( Merck)
H eoarsphenam ine g iv e n 10 A.M. F eb , 1 0 , 1955
I o d in e V e r m ic id e (M e r c k )g iv e n 4 P.M. F eb. I 0 f 19 35
No. o f 'Kind o f ' R e s u lt s in 'W eig h t 1
A u to p sy
B ir d ' t r e a t m e n t 1 48 h o u rs
' 2 / 2 8 / 3 5 1F i r s t 8 b ir d s
2 /2 8 /3 5
1
1
'
'L a s t 7 b ir d s
3 /1 /3 5
i

548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562

i

Rone

t

1

i

ft

T

i

n

i

i

n and I . v {

T

TT

f

I

TT

I

1

TT

1

T

tT

T

1
1
1

H .
N .

H one

t
I

f
I

TT

H.
tt

Hone

1
1
1
I

1
i
1

f

taaf
***
—
2 S .T .
_
M
M
—
—
—

—
—
—
—

S

I

i

1

i

6 .5
5.6
1
3 .8
1
6 .9 5
T
5 .5
T
4 .6
T
7 .2
1
5 .5
T
4 .8 5
1
5. 5
f 5 .3
I
4.6
f 5.6
I
5. 0
I
2 .9 5

12 H . C .
2 0 R. C.

I
r
i
r
T
i

—

5 H. C.
2 R . C . , C.W. (x x x )
H .0. (x )
C.W. ( x )
1 H.G.
C.W. ( x )
1 R . C . , 1 2 H . C . , C.W.

(x )
20 x H .C ., C.W. (x x x )
f
14 A ., 1 H .C .
I C.W. ( x )
f
6 H . C . . C.W. ( x x )
I
17 x H . C . , 1 R. C. , C.W. ( x x )
I
2 4 a d u lt A.
I

l

H - n eoarsp h en am in e 0 .
03 gm.
I .V . - I o d in e V erm icid e(M erck ) 1 ounce
- - n e g a t iv e
S .T . - s m a ll tapeworms
H. G. - H ym enolepis c a r io c a
R.G. - R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c T l l u s
A - A s c a r id ia
C. i iV . - cecum worms
x - few
xx - m od erate number
xxx - numerous

- 37 F a r th e r d e t a i l s a s t o th e r e s u l t s o f th e p ostm ortem
e x a m in a tio n o f t h e s e b ir d s ;
g ir d No* 5 4 8 , There were a r e a s o f c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n ,
p e t e c h i a l h em orrh ages and numerous sm a ll n o d u le s in th e mucous
membrane o f th e i n t e s t i n e .

There was a l s o some s lo u g h in g o f

mucous membrane*
B ird No* 5 4 9 . S e v e r e e n t e r i t i s w ith s lo u g h in g o f mucous
membrane.
B ird No* 550. C o c c id i o s is ( E im eria a c e r v u l i n a ) * e n t e r i t i s .
B ird Ho* 551* E n t e r i t i s , c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n a r e a s la r g e
enough t o lo o k l i k e tum ors ( l e u c o s i s ) , s lo u g h in g o f mucous
membrane.
B ird Ho* 552* numerous s m a ll c a lc a r e o u s n o d u le s .
B ir d No* 5 5 5 . Many p e t e c h i a l hem orrhages and a r e a s o f
c e ll in filtr a tio n .
B ird Ho* 554* E x te n s iv e e n t e r i t i s ,

s lo u g h in g , many s m a ll

tum ors ( l e u c o s i s ) .
B ir d Ho* 5 55. I n t e s t i n a l mucosa in f a i r l y good c o n d it io n .
B ir d No* 5 5 6 . M ild form o f e n t e r i t i s .
B ird No* 557* A rea s o f c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n .
B ird No* 558* M ild form o f e n t e r i t i s .
B ird No* 559* I n t e s t i n a l mucosa n orm al.
B ird No* 560* A reas o f c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n *
B ird No* 561* E n t e r i t i s w ith c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n a rea s*
B ir d No* 563* M ild form o f e n t e r i t i s .
C o n s id e r in g th e w eig h t o f t h e s e b ir d s we f in d t h a t t h o s e
w hich s e r v e d a s c o n t r o l s in t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h i s ex p erim en t

- 28 gain ed

from January 3 t o F eb ru ary 28,

pounds o r 1 .6 9
V erm icide

pounds p er b i r d ,

(M erck)

in

b ird .
in

a lso

th e trend of g a in s

treatm en t.
do a s
w eigh t

is

if

not b etter

concerned.

It

than
is

p oun d p e r

t h e r e w as no marked change

or lo s s e s as
seem s

o f ammonium

those g iv en Io d in e

6 . 9 0 pounds o r 1 .3 8

shows t h a t

Thus a g a i n i t

w ell

w ith io d in e

pounds p e r b i r d and

(M erck) a lo n e g a in e d

The t a b l e

treated

10 per c e n t s u l p h o i e h t h y o l a t e

g a in e d 7 .7 5 pounds or 1*55
V erm icide

Those

1935 a t o t a l o f 8 .4 5

a resu lt

of

the second

that u n tr ea ted ,

treated

b ird s as

o f co u rse ob viou s

in fe ste d b ird s
far

as g a in

in

th a t th e groups

w orked w i t h a r e r a t h e r s m a l l and t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d may n o t ,
th erefo re , be o f great
betw een

the

average w eigh t

group t r e a t e d
However,

it

te n d e d to

sig n ifica n ce.
of th e

con tro ls

w it h I o d in e V erm icide

is

A lso the d iffe r e n c e
an d t h a t o f t h e

( M e r c k ) v/as o n l y 0 . 3 1 p o u n d s .

in t e r e s t in g to n ote th at th e

o u tv/eigh t

the

trea ted b ird s

co n tro ls

have

throughout.

E xperim ent 5.
In order to

compare

the ga in

k ep t in th e b a t te r y w ith

that of b ird s

t h e B u ff O rpingtons were

placed

d iv id u a l w eigh ts

start

that

it

kept

of th is

These e i g h t b ir d s were n o t

exp erim en t.

seem ed d e s i r a b l e

a lter

the

in a pen,

re su lts.

7 of

in a s m a l l pen and t h e i r

The r e a s o h f o r

t o k now i f

treated

d oin g t h i s

effects

in ­

in th e

k eep in g th e b ir d s

( b a t t e r i e s ) w ou ld p r o d u ce any marked i l l
thus,

w e ig h t made b y b i r d s

w e r e c h e c k e d e a c h time t h e b i r d s

b a t t e r y w ere w eighed.
the

in

at
v/as

in cages

on th em ,

and,

- 39 T able 6 .
Gain in w e ig h t o f u n t r e a te d b ir d s k ep t in a p en .
No.
of
B ir d s

-------------1/ 3 / 3 5

563
564
565
566
567
568
569

3. 6
4 .7 5
4 .4
3 .1
3 .3
3 .3
3 .9

"i W eights
1

1 / 9 / 3 5 1 /1 8 /3 5 * 3 / 7 /
3 .8
5 .3
4 .9
3 .4
3 .6
3 .5
3 .1

4 .0
5 .7
5 .4
3 .7
3 .8
3 .9 5
3 .3 5

•
*
*
*
*
*
•

3 5 *2 / 1 4 / 3 5
1

4 .3
6 .3

6 .3
4 .3
3 .6
4 .8
3 .4

*
*
•
•
•
'
'

3 /3 1 /3 5 3 /4 /3 5
4 . 15
6 .4
6. 3
4. 8
3 .4 5
5 .0
3 .6

4 .1
6 .5
6 .6
4 .9 5
3 .4
5 .2
3 .5

4 . 19
6 .3 8
6* 64
4 . 63
2 .8 8
3 .9 5
3 .7 3

In g e n e r a l t h e s e b ir d s g a in e d d u r in g th e p e r io d from
Jan uary 3 t o March 4 , 1 9 3 5 .

Some o f them l o s t a l i t t l e

th e end o f th e o b s e r v a t io n p e r io d and i t

is

tow ard

i n t e r e s t i n g to n o te

t h a t , d u r in g th e l a s t 4 d a y s, th e y w ere k e p t in a ro o m ier and
much b e t t e r pen th a n th e one in w hich t h e y w ere h e ld from
Jan uary 1 to F ebruary 3 8 .

The f e e d in g was e x a c t l y th e same a s

f o r t h o s e i n th e b a t t e r y and a l l th e b ir d s w ere in th e same
b u ild in g and p r a c t i c a l l y in th e same room a s th e r e was no
co m p lete p a r t i t i o n b etw een any o f th e rooms u s e d .

S ix o f th e

s e v e n b ir d s g a in e d a t o t a l o f 7 .4 7 pounds and one l o s t 0 .4 3
p ou n d s.

Thus, t h e g a in f o r th e group from January 1 t o March 4 ,

1935 was 7 .0 5 pounds o r 1 .0 0 7 pounds p e r b ir d , in o t h e r words
0 .6 8 3 pounds l e s s th a n th e u n t r e a te d b ir d s and 0 .5 4 3 pounds
l e s s th an t h e io d in e t r e a t e d o n es k ep t in th e b a t t e r y .

The

b ir d s k e p t i n th e pen w ere a l s o g iv e n 4 more d ays in w h ich t o
g a in than th o s e h e ld in th e b a t t e r y .

Thus, any l o s s in w e ig h t

s u f f e r e d by t r e a t e d b ir d s k e p t in b a t t e r i e s ca n n o t h ave b een
oau sed b y t h e manner o f h o u s in g .

- 30 On March 4 t h e s e 7 b ir d s w ere ta k e n t o a n o th e r b u il d ­
in g , p la c e d in a b a t t e r y ( s u p p lie d w ith w a te r p a n s f o r
c o l l e c t i n g d ro p p in g s and p a r a s i t e s ) and d o sed w it h one ounce
o f I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck ).
c o n tin u e d .

The same m ethod o f f e e d in g was

The r e s u l t s a r e g iv e n in T able 7 .
T a b le 7 .
E f f e c t o f tr e a tm e n t w ith I o d in e V a rm icid e ,(M erc k )

D osed w ith 1 ounce o f I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck) March 4 , 1 9 3 5 .
Ho ;■ R e s u lt s o f d o s in g i n
•YeTgKHT■'Weight’"•A u top sy
•
t
t
t
of
*41 h o u rs *3 /1 1 /3 5 * 3 /1 8 /3 5 * 3 /1 8 /3 5
b ir d 17 h o u rs
i
V
t
t
•no worms
1 4 .4 4 • 4 .6 1
563 84 a s c a r id ia * * 4 more
t
i
•a s c a r id ia i
^
•
—
•no worms
V 6 .5 8 * 6 .6 7
664
•
t
*2 s m a ll R. 0 .
565 2 fra g m en ts
*
' 7 .6 3 * 7 .0 5
*1 H.C.
o f R .0 . 1 /3 iA
t
«
*6 R.C.
566 3 la r g e R.G. 1
grown
1 s m a ll
*
V 4 .8 8 * 4.69_
’no worms
'd ie d 3 /a % _
567
^
t
* 3 . 8 3 ^ 4 .2 2
’ 3 s m a ll R.C.
568
«
t
*6 more asA
569 5 a s c a r i d i a
*22 H .C .**
(a d u lts )
c a r id ia
4 .1 1 * 4 .2 5
* About on e—h a l f o f t h i s number were a d u l t s .
RO — R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c i l l u s .
HO — H ym en olep is c a r io c a
** A l l but 4 were v e r y s m a ll.
F u rth er d e t a i l on r e s u l t s o f a u to p sy :
B ird No* 5 6 3 , 564 and 5 6 5 .

I n t e s t i n a l m ucosa in f a i r

c o n d it i o n .
B ird No.

5 6 6 . S l i g h t amount o f c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n

in

i n t e s t i n a l m ucosa.
B ird No.

5 6 7 . Pneum onia, some s lo u g h in g o f i n t e s t i n a l

B ir d No.

5 6 8 . I n t e s t i n a l muoosa in f a i r c o n d it i o n .

m ucosa.

- 31 B ird No. 5 6 9 .

I n t e s t i n a l m ucosa showed a r e a s o f

marked c e l l u l a r i n f i l t r a t i o n

in s e v e r a l p l a c e s th rou gh th e

a n t e r i o r h a l f o f th e i n t e s t i n e s .
T ab le 7 shows t h a t f o llo w in g th e tr e a tm e n t 4 b ir d s
g a in e d a t o t a l o f 0 .7 9 pounds o r 0 .1 4 7 pounds p e r b ir d in 7
d ays w h ile two b ir d s l o s t a t o t a l o f 0 .7 7 pounds o r 0 .3 8 5
pound p e r b ir d d u r in g th e same p e r io d .

The b ir d from w hich

88 a s c a r i d i a were removed by th e tr e a tm e n t g a in e d a l i t t l e
f o l l o w i n g th e a d m in is t r a t io n o f th e io d in e , and in t h i s
c o n n e c tio n i t

i s o f i n t e r e s t to n o te t h a t t h e two b ir d s t h a t

l o s t w e ig h t a f t e r b e in g t r e a t e d w ere n o t a s h e a v i l y i n f e s t e d
a s b ir d s number 563 and 5 6 9 , b o th o f w h ich g a in e d .

The

d i f f e r e n c e in t h e s e w e ig h ts i s h a r d ly g r e a t enough t o be o f
any s i g n i f i c a n c e e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e th e t a b l e show s t h a t t h e r e
w ere f l u c t u a t i o n s o f a b o u t e q u a l m agnitude p r io r t o th e tim e
o f tr e a tm e n t.
The b ir d t h a t d ie d , number 5 6 7 , had begun t o show
s i g n s o f d is e a s e b e fo r e March 4 and a t th e tim e o f tr e a tm e n t
he was in v e r y p o o r c o n d it i o n .
A gain a c o n s id e r a b le number o f
a u to p s y .

c a r io c a was foun d on

None o f t h e s e p a r a s i t e s were found in t h e d ro p p in g s

a f t e r th e tr e a tm e n t.
E xperim ent 6.
Four o f th e B u ff O rp in g to n s were s u b j e c t e d to e x p e r i­
m e n ta l tr e a tm e n t w it h v a r io u s rem ed ies o r co m b in a tio n s o f
re m e d ies and were o b se r v e d v e r y c l o s e l y a s shown in th e f o llo w in g
record s.

T h is was done to s e e i f

i t m ight be p o s s i b l e t o f in d

- 32 some a g e n t t h a t w ould remove more s c o l e c e s th a n any u se d
h e r e to fo r e .
B ird No. 5 7 0 .
Jan uary

3, 1 9 3 5 , w e ig h t - 2 . 7 p ou n d s.

Jan u ary

4,

1935;

T r ea ted w it h I o d in e V erm icid e

(Merck)

d i l u t e d w it h 10 p e r c e n t s u lp h o ic h t h y o la t e o f ammonium in w a ter a s
m en tio n ed a b o v e.

The d o se o f t h i s

m ix tu r e was one ounce and was a d m in is­
t e r e d a t 5 :4 0 P.M.
same day 53

By 8 :3 0 P.M. th e

c e s t i c i l l u s and a b o u t

20 cecum worms had b e e n d is c h a r g e d .
S c o le c e s c o u ld n o t be fo u n d .

No

worms were e x p e l le d t h e n e x t d ay.
Jan uary 1 8 ,
F ebruary

1935 w e ig h t - 2 .6 6

p ou n d s.

7 , 1935 w e ig h t — 2 .8 8

p oun ds.

F ebruary 1 4 , 1935 w e ig h t — 3 .0 3 p ou n d s.
F ebruary 1 4 , 1935; D osed w ith I o d in e S u sp e n so id (Merck)
d i l u t e d w ith f r e s h skim m ilk .

(One

b o t t l e f u l l (1 l b . ) o f Io d in e
S u sp e n so id (Merck) in s u f f i c i e n t
m ilk t o make one g a l l o n ) .

One ounce

o f t h i s l i q u i d was g iv e n a t 9 :3 0 A.M.
By 2 :3 0 P .M ., th e same d a y , 9 young
a s c a r i d i a and numerous cecum worms
had b een d is c h a r g e d .

T w e n ty -fo u r

h o u rs l a t e r 7 more yougg a s c a r i d i a
and a b o u t 100 more cecum worms had

b een e x p e l l e d .
F eb ru ary 2 2 , 1935 w e ig h t - 2 .9 8 p o u n d s.
F ebruary 2 8 , 1935 w e ig h t - 2 .9 7 p ou n d s.
F ebruary 2 8 , 19 3 5 ; A u to p s ie d : 41

o e s tic illu s of

v a r io u s s i z e s , none v ery la r g e ; numer­
o u s cecum worms, b u t no a s c a r i d i a
w ere fo u n d .

There was s e v e r e in ­

fla m m a tio n o f th e rectu m .
B ir d No. 5 7 1 .
January 3 , 1935; w e ig h t - 2 p ou n d s.
Jan u ary 4 , 1935; T rea ted w ith t h e same remedy a s b ir d
number 570 a t 5 :4 0 P.M.

In 17 h ou rs

(1 0 :4 0 A.M. th e n e x t d ay) 20 R.
o e s t i c i l l u s . 11 a s c a r i d i a and ab ou t 30
cecum worms had b een e x p e l le d .
Jan u ary 1 8 , 1935 w e ig h t - 2 .0 2 pound*
F ebruary 7 , 1935 w e ig h t - 2 .1 7 p ou n d s.
F ebruary 1 4 , 1935 w e ig h t - 2 .1 1 (one a s c a r id p a s s e d
d u r in g th e n ig h t )
F eb ru ary 1 4 , 1 9 3 5 , T rea ted w ith I o d in e S u sp e n so id (M erck)
i n m ilk ( d i l u t e d a s b e f o r e ) , 1 o z .
a t 9 :3 0 A.M.

By 2 :3 0 P.M. t h e same

day 50 young a s c a r i d i a had b een
p assed .

T w en ty -fo u r h ou rs l a t e r 10

more a s c a r i d i a were found in t h e
d ro p p in g s o f t h i s b ir d .

There was

a l s o a m oderate number o f cecum worms
in th e pan a t t h i s tim e .

- 34 F eb ru ary 2 8 , 1935 w e ig h t - 2 .1 4
F eb ru ary 2 8 , 1 9 3 5 ; A u to p s ie d .

The i n t e s t i n a l mucosa

was in f a i r l y good c o n d it i o n , e x c e p t
f o r a m oderate amount o f c e l l u l a r
in filtr a tio n .

Numerous cecum worms

w ere found but no tapeworm s n or
a s c a r id ia .
B ird No. 5 7 3 .
Jan uary 3 , 1935 w e ig h t - 3 . 3 p ou n d s.
Jan uary 4 , 1935; T r e a te d w it h I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck)
( d i l u t e d a s u se d in t r e a t i n g b ir d s f o r
worms) and 10 p e r c e n t s u lp h o ic h t h y o la t e
o f ammonium, e q u a l p a r t s .

One ounce o f

t h i s m ix tu re was g iv e n a t 4 :4 0 P.M.
In 18 h o u rs (1 1 A.M. th e n e x t d a y )
4 a s c a r i d i a b u t no tapeworms had b e e n
p a ssed .
Jan uary 7 , 19 3 5 ; D osed a g a in w ith same m a t e r ia l.

In

two d ays 10 a s c a r i d i a had b een e x p e l le d .
Jan uary 7 , 1935 w e ig h t - 3 .1 7 pounds
Jan uary 1 8 , 1935 w e ig h t - 3 .1 6 pounds
F eb ru ary 7 , 1935 w e ig h t — 2 .8 8 pounds
F ebruary

1 4 , 1935 w e ig h t - 2 .8 6 pounds

F ebruary

2 2 , 1935 w e ig h t - 2 . S7 pounds

F eb ru ary

2 8 , 1935 w e ig h t - 2 .7 3 pounds

F ebruary

2 8 , 1935; A u to p sie d : 5 young a s c a r i d i a , 2
H. c a r io c a

and numerous cecum worms

- 35 .were fo u n d .

There was h em orrh agic

e n t e r i t i s and r a th e r d e f i n i t e s ig n s
o f l e u c o s i s in t h e i n t e s t i n a l m ucosa.
T h is b ir d had i r i t i s

and was p a r t l y

b lin d .
B ir d No. 1 7 3 .
Jan uary 3 , 1 9 3 5 , w e ig h t — 4*8 pounds
January 4 , 1 9 3 5 , T r e a te d w it h one ounce o f 10 p er c e n t
s u lp h o ic h t h y o la t e o f ammonium a t 4 :4 0
P.M.

No worms w ere e x p e l le d d u r in g th e

f o llo w in g 48 h o u r s.
Jan uary 7 , 1935 w e ig h t - 4 .6 6 pounds
Jan uary 1 8 , 1935 w e ig h t - 5 .0 0 pounds
F ebruary 7 , 1935 w e ig h t - 5 .3 9 pounds
F eb ru ary 1 4 ,

1935 w e ig h t - 5 .3 8 pounds

F ebruary 1 4 , 1 9 3 5 , T r e a te d

w ith I o d in e S u sp e n so id (Merck)

i n m ilk , a s in d ic a t e d a b o v e.

No

worms were e x p e l le d in 48 h o u r s.
F eb ru ary 1 5 , 1 9 3 5 .

D osed w ith on e ounce o f I o d in e
V erm icid e (M erck) a t 4 :5 5 P.M.

No

worms e x p e l le d in 48 h o u r s.
F eb ru ary 2 2 ,

1935 w e ig h t - 4 .9 7 p o u n d s.

F ebruary 2 7 ,

1935 w e ig h t - 5 .0 0 p ou n d s.

F ebruary 2 7 , 1 9 3 5 , A u to p s ie d .

No tapeworm s and no

a s c a r i d i a w ere fou n d but t h e r e w ere
some cecum worms.
T h is b ir d had b een p a s s in g p r o g l o t t i d e s o f

c e s tic illu s

- 36 from Jan uary 7 to F eb ru ary 1 4 .

U s u a lly a b o u t o n e - h a lf d ozen

p r o g l o t t i d e s w ere found each d a y .
b e fo u n d .

H owever, some d ays none c o u ld

D urin g th e week o f F ebruary 7 t o 14 none c o u ld be

fou n d u n t i l F eb ru ary 13 when 3 p r o g l o t t i d e s were n o t ic e d in th e
pan.

The n e x t day th e r e was none a g a in and th e b ir d was d o se d .

No tapeworm s c o u ld be foun d on a u to p s y .

I t is p o s s ib le th a t

t h i s b ir d may h ave sh ed h i s tapeworms d u r in g t h e week o f
F eb ru ary 1 t o 7 when th e p an s w ere n o t r e g u la r ly in s p e c t e d due
t o an a t t a c k o f in f l u e n z a a f f e c t i n g two o f t h e w o rk ers.

How to

a c c o u n t f o r th e 3 p r o g l o t t i d e s foun d February 13 i s n o t so e a s y
u n l e s s i t m igh t be t h a t t h e s e p r o g l o t t i d e s may have b een r e ta in e d
f o r some r e a s o n o r a n o th e r .
m o t ile o n c h o s p h o r e s .

These p r o g l o t t i d e s c o n ta in e d no

In T ab le 8 w i l l be found a summary o f th e

d a ta o b ta in e d from t h e s e f o u r b ir d s .

-3? -

T able 8 .
Summary o f th e d a ta o b ta in e d in
N o .o f b ird
K ind o f
treatm en t
R esul ts
K ind o f
treatm en t
R esu l ts
A utopsy
Change i n
w eig h t.
Jan. 3 to

£>eb. 28

E x p e r im e n t

6,

" — “i--------------T'" 1
571
T
572
57 0
.. .. r
1 1 . Y. d i l u t e d ^
1 I.Y .
i n S . A. * ’ I . V . i n S . A . * ' I C f f o S .A .* £ H
T 63 R.G.
1
2 0 R .G .
1 2 0 C.W.
4 A.
’ 1 1 A. 3 0 C.W.
T I . S . i n J|c
11 . Y . d i l . a n d
' I .S . in
1 m ilk
T
m ilk
'10$ S.I.A .ses;
T
T 16 A
' 1 0 0 C.W.
'
6 0 A.
1
1 0 A.
1
1 41 R . c .
1
6 A.
w
1 C.W.
xxx
1
2 H .C .
t
i
1 C 0.27
lb .
1 GO* 14 lb .
' L 0*57 lb .
i
i
i
i
i
i

i
fi

T

*S ee d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h i s ex p erim en t f o r d e t a i l c o n c e r n in g
r e m e d ie s u sed ,
I .Y . - i o d i n e V e r m ic id e (Merck)
S.A* - S u ip h o ic h t h io l a t e o f ammonium
- eq u a l p a r t s
R.C. - R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c i l l u s
H.G. - H ym en olep is c a r io c a
C.W. - Cecum worms
A. - A s c a r id ia
I .S * - I o d in e S u sp en so id (M erek )
x x x - numerous
C - Cain
L - Loss

i
1

573

i

’ 1 0 fo S . I . A . *
i
'I .S . in
T mi l k
i
i
f

’ S 0 .2 l b .
1

1

- 38 T h is ex p er im en t shows t h a t la r g e numbers o f s t r o b i l a e
may b e d is c h a r g e d in a v e r y s h o r t tim e a f t e r tr e a tm e n t w ith
I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck)#
W h ile t h i s i s n o t a stu d y o f roundworm i n f e s t a t i o n i t
m ust be n o te d t h a t you&g a s c a r i d i a may be so d e e p ly im bedded in
t h e m ucosa t h a t th e y ca n n o t be re a ch ed by a v e r m ic id e o r verm i­
fu g e.

In t h e c a s e o f b ir d number 571 o n ly 11 a s c a r i d i a w ere

rem oved f o l l o w i n g th e f i r s t tr e a tm e n t w h ile 60 w ere e x p e l le d
a f t e r t h e se c o n d one and none was foun d on a u to p s y show ing t h a t
a l l a s c a r i d i a had b een removed from t h i s b ir d .

At tim e s la r g e

numbers o f cecum worms a r e removed a l s o .
W ith t h e e x c e p t io n o f b ir d number 572 w hich s u f f e r e d
from l e u c o s i s and p a r t i a l b l i n d n e s s , a l l t h e s e b ir d s g a in e d a
little

d u r in g t h e ex p er im en t in s p i t e o f th e f a c t t h a t th e y were

k e p t in c a g e s to o s m a ll f o r su ch la r g e c h ic k e n s a s o r p in g to n s .
B ird number 571 was c o m p le te ly f r e e d from i t s tapeworms by one
tr e a tm e n t and la r g e roundworms by two tr e a tm e n ts w h ile o n ly a
few l e s s R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c i l l u s w ere found on a u to p sy in b ir d
number 570 th a n w ere e s t im a t e d to have b een e x p e lle d f o llo w in g
t h e f i r s t tr e a tm e n t.

T h is b ir d a l s o f a i l e d to d is c h a r g e any

a s c a r i d i a a f t e r t h e f i r s t tr e a tm e n t but e x p e lle d 16 o f them
f o llo w in g th e s e c o n d o n e .

B ird number 5 7 2 , from w hich 14 a s c a r i d i a

w ere rem oved by 2 tr e a tm e n ts f a i l e d to d is c h a r g e tapew orm s, b u t
show ed 2 H*^ o a r io c a on a u to p s y .

Thus i t seem s t h a t n o t ev en

th e s t r o b i l a o f t h i s tapeworm i s e a s i l y rem ovab le by t h i s m ixture
o f io d in e and s u lp h o ic h t h y o la t e o f ammonium.

- 39 E xp erim en t 7 .
Most o f th e b ir d s u se d in t h e e x p e r im e n ts re co r d e d
up to t h i s p o in t w ere more or l e s s v i s i b l y s ic k o r in r a th e r
p o o r c o n d it i o n .

In o r d e r t o s e e i f we w ould have b e t t e r r e s u l t s

by t r e a t i n g norm al b i r d s ,

30 p u l l e t s were s e c u r e d from th e

D epartm ent o f P o u lt r y H usbandry.

These b ir d s w ere r a t h e r

t y p i c a l o f p u l l e t s t h a t have n o t y e t come in t o p r o d u c tio n .
Tapeworms a r e n o t uncommon in t h e O o lle g e s t o c k and some o f
t h e s e b i r d s ,w h i l e c e r t a i n l y n o t s i c k , lo o k e d a s i f th e y m ight
be p r o p e r s u b j e c t s to work on .

T h ir te e n o f them w ere p la c e d

in on e p en and s e v e n t e e n in th e o t h e r .

T reatm ent was a p p lie d

a s fo llo w s :
Pen 6 .
The t h i r t e e n b ir d s (B arred R ocks) in t h i s pen were
g iv e n d r in k in g w a te r c o n t a in in g 2 t a b l e s p o o n f u l l s o f NaHC0 3 p e r
g a l l o n , on Decem ber 5 , 1 9 3 4 .

On December 8 a t 4 :3 0 P .M .,

and a g a in March 1 3 , 1 9 3 5 , a t 4 :2 0 P.M. th e y were d o sed w ith
on e ounce o f I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck).
i n T ab le 9 ,

The r e s u l t s a re g iv e n

-

40

-

Table 9
R e s u lt s o f d o s in g w i t h 1 ounce o f I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck)
f o l l o w i n g t h e a d m in is t r a t io n o f sodium b ic a r b o n a te f o r
24 h ours
D osed w ith 1 DZ • I .V . 3 - 1 3 - 3 5
No. o f kW eight ’ R e s u lt s i n ’W eight
’W eight ’R e s u lt s i n ’ W eight ’A u to p sy
B ird ■ 1 2 /6 /3 4 24 h ou rs
11 2 / 2 8 / 3 4 13 / 1 3 / 3 5 ’ 16 h o u rs ’ 3 /2 9 /3 5 * 3 /2 9 /3 5
1
i
T
i
i
i
527
'7 H .C .,
’ 3 .6 5
1
’ 2 .8
’ 3 .5
1 4 .0
T
i
i
i
i
' 1 / 4 in c h ,
T
i
i
i
i
1l e u c o s i s
—
526
T 4 .3
4 .6
'2 0 R.C.
1 4 .4
’ 4 .4
»1 A .,1 R.Ci
T
T
'and H.C.
1
’ 6 H.G.
’
525
’ 4 .1
'D ied 2 /1 7 /3 5
'
'PicScout
1 4 .0
524
1 4 .3
33 R.G. ’D ie d , p id k o u t, 1 2 /2 7 /3 4 abo&t 25 R.G. an
i
i
I
1
’ a u to p s y 1
523
'D ied 1 2 /3 0 /3 4 E v is c e r a t e d ’
f 4 .0
1 R.G. ’ 4 . 0
522
T 4 .1
XX f R.G. 1 3 .7
’
3 .6
*1 H.C. 3 /4 in c h .D ie d 3 /1 5
f
i
’
L e u c o s is , no worms 1
521 1 4 .1 5
12 R. G.
1 4 .3
’D ied 2 / 4 / 3 5 Lym phom atosis.N o worms
* 3 .8
’
3 .8 5
* 4 R .C .
1 3 .8 5 ’ 3 H .C . ,
5 20 1 3 .9
i
t
1
’
No. S c .
1
* 2 .5 in c h e s
519
1 4 .2 5
1 4 .1
’ D ied 2 /1 5 /3 5 M y c o s is , no worms
518 1 4 . 0
1 4 .2
’D ied 2 / 3 / 3 5 E n t e r i t i s , e m a c ia tio n ,
i
?
t
*
no wo mis *
1 6 .6
545
’
6 .8
’
’ 7 .1
’
6 .8
’ About 100
i
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t
i
’ H.C.
’
4 .1
*
’ 2 .8
1 4 .8 5 30 x R.G. * 4 .7 5
546
’ 2 H.G. ,
1
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1
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* 1 / 2 in ch
V
I
I
V
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’ L e u c o sis
« 46
’ D ied 2 /3 /3 5
’
’ 4 .9
’ Tapeworms
547
i
t
t
1
1
I
H.G. - H ym en olep is o a r io o a
R .C . - R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c i l l u s
- - No worms p a sse d
xxx f R. C. - num erous fra g m en ts o f R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c i l l u s
A - A s c a r id ia
Sc - S c o le x

- 41 L e u c o s is and lym p h o m a to sis a s w e ll a s p ic k o u t s o r
e v i s c e r a t i o n d e s t r o y e d e ig h t o f t h e s e b i r d s .

c a r io c a was

e x p e l l e d by two b ir d s a s a r e s u l t o f th e tr e a tm e n t and s e v e n
b ir d s d is c h a r g e d

c e s tic illu s .

Three b ir d s showed tapeworms

on a u to p sy b u t had n o t e x p e l le d any f o llo w in g e i t h e r one o f th e
tr e a tm e n ts.
a u to p s y .

Two b ir d s had sh ed a l l t h e i r worms p r io r t o th e

B ird number 545 i s o f i n t e r e s t s in c e i t show ed ab ou t

100 H*. c a r io c a . on a u to p sy and had n e v e r e x p e l le d any o f t h e s e
worms a s a r e s u l t o f th e t r e a t m e n ts .

Furtherm ore t h i s b ir d

g a in e d in w e ig h t up to th e c l o s e o f th e e x p e r im e n t.
Three p r o g l o t t i d e s from each o f th r e e u n s t a in e d worms
e x p e l l e d by b ir d number 524 w ere d i s s e c t e d and exam ined
m i c r o s c o p i c a l l y f o r m o t ile o n c h o s p h e r e s.

About o n e - fo u r t h o f

th e number o f e g g s exam ined show ed m o t ile o n c h o sp h e r e s.
worms had e v i d e n t l y b een e x p e l le d ah ead o f th e io d in e .

These
S in c e

I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) s t im u la t e s p e r i s t a l s i s i t i s r e a s o n a b le
t o assum e t h a t worms lo c a t e d in th e p o s t e r i o r p a r t o f th e
i n t e s t i n e s may be p a s s e d w ith th e d ro p p in g s b e f o r e t h e io d in e
h a s re a ch ed th e p o in t o f t h e i r l o c a t i o n .
The worm e x p e l le d by b ir d number 523 was ab ou t two
in c h e s lo n g .
g lo ttid e s .

I t d id n o t lo o k a s i f i t p o s s e s s e d m ature p r o ­
No io d in e s t a i n was found in th e p r o g l o t t i d e s o f t h is

worm exam in ed n o r c o u ld an}/ m o t ile o n ch o sp h er es be fo u n d .

An

e x a m in a tio n o f some m ature lo o k in g fra g m en ts o f tapeworms e x ­
p e l l e d by b ir d number 322 showed t h a t s e v e r a l (4 o u t o f 8 ) o f
them had s c o l e c e s .

There may, o f c o u r s e , have b een many m ore.

S in c e t h i s b ir d showed no worms on a u to p s y i t seem s r e a s o n a b le

- 42 t o su p p o se t h a t , in t h i s c a s e , a l l s c o l e c e s o f R. c e s t i c i l l u s
a t l e a s t had b een rem oved by th e trea tm en t*

Fragm ents th a t

seem ed t o be m ature * , a s ju d g ed by t h e i r sh ap e were d i s s e c t e d
and exam ined m ic r o s c o p ic a lly *

Of more th a n a d ozen exam ined

none showed m o t ile o n ch o sp h eres*

The p o s i t i o n o f th e p r e —

em b ryon ic h o o k s and th e sh ap e o f th e o n c h o sp h e r e s showed t h a t
many o f them had b een m o t ile ; h en ce th e y may be ta k e n to h ave
b een k i l l e d by t h e io d in e *

No io d in e s t a i n c o u ld be fou n d in

th e e g g s 24 h o u rs a f t e r trea tm en t*
The worms e x p e lle d b y b ir d number 5 2 1 , w h ile sh ow in g
a p p a r e n tly m ature p r o g l o t t i d e s , f a i l e d to show m o t ile oncho­
sp h e r e s*

In t h i s c a s e t h e r e was no i n d i c a t i o n t h a t th e y had

e v e r b een m o t il e .

I t seem s t h e r e f o r e t h a t m o t i l i t y d e v e lo p s a s

one o f th e l a s t s t a g e s o f m a tu r a tio n .
I o d in e s t a i n c o u ld be foun d in some o f th e worms
e x p e l l e d by b ir d number 5 4 6 .

Only one m o t ile o n ch o sp h ere c o u ld

be foun d in s e v e r a l hundred e g g s exam ined.
Most o f th e worms foun d on a u to p sy w ere

c a r io c a *

I t i s p o s s i b l e but n o t p r o b a b le t h a t t h e s e b ir d s may
h ave become i n f e s t e d f o llo w in g th e tr e a tm e n t.

The c o n s p ic u o u s

a b se n c e o f worms in o t h e r c h ic k e n s k ep t in t h i s h ou se f o r months
and in some c a s e s f o r y e a r s , makes t h i s a ssu m p tio n im p ro b a b le.
A lso EL. c a r io c a was seld om e x p e l le d f o llo w in g tr e a tm e n t, b u t
was f r e q u e n t ly foun d on a u to p sy n o t o n ly in th e b ir d s k ep t in
p en s 6 and 7 , b u t in b a t t e r i e s lo c a t e d in two d i f f e r e n t b u ild ­
in g s a s w e l l .

T h e r e fo r e , a s a lr e a d y s t a t e d t h i s tapeworm seem s

♦The word m ature i s u se d t o in d i c a t e n o t m erely s e x u a l m a tu r ity
as shown by f u l l y form ed m ale and fem a le se x o r g a n s, b u t th e
p r e s e n c e o f i n f e c t i v e o n c h o sp h e r e s.

- 43 t o be e v e n more d i f f i c u l t t o remove th a n

c e s tic illu s .

Pen 7 .
The 17 b ir d s in t h i s pen w ere g iv e n one ounce o f Io d in e
V erm icid e

(M erck) December 4 , 1934 a t 3 : 3 0 P.M.

They w ere g iv e n

NaHC0 3 i n t h e d r in k in g w a ter (same a s pen 6) December 6 a t 4 :0 0
P .M ., th e n d o sed a g a in w ith one ounce o f I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck)
Decem ber 7 a t 7 P.M.

On March 3 , 1935 th e y w ere t r e a t e d w ith

kam ala and a kam ala - n ic o tin e -c a lo m e 1 -p y r e th r u m compound and
f i n a l l y on March 27 th e y w ere g iv e n a one ou nce d o se o f I o d in e
V er m ic id e (M erck ), th e a u to p s y b e in g p erform ed th e n e x t d ay.
was done f o r two p u r p o s e s .

T h is

F i r s t , t o s e e i f r e p e a te d tr e a tm e n ts

w ould c a u se t h e e x p u ls io n o f a l l tapeworms p r e s e n t , and se c o n d to
s e e i f I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck) r e a l l y rem oves t h e s t r o b i l a e a s
had b een in d i c a t e d by p r e v io u s e x p e r im e n ts.

The sodium b ic a r ­

b o n a te was g iv e n t o t h e b ir d s in p en s 6 and 7 t o s e e i f th e r e ­
m oval o f th e mucous c o a t in g , w h ich i s o f t e n abundant in i n f e g t e d
b i r d s , w ould in c r e a s e th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f th e tr e a tm e n t.
r e s u l t s a r e shown in T able 1 0 .

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45

-

T h is t a h l e shows t h a t r e p e a te d tr e a tm e n ts w ith I o d in e
V erm io id e (^ e r c k ) ev en when sodium b ic a r b o n a te i s g iv e n to
remove th e mucous c o a t in g in th e i n t e s t i n e w i l l n o t remove a l l
tapeworm s c o le c e s *

Kamala and th e kam ala—n i c o t i n e —c a lo m e l—

p yreth ru m compound d id n o t ca u se t h e e x p u ls io n o f a s i n g l e ta p e ­
worm in 17 hours*

I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) was shown a g in t o

remove 100 p e r c e n t o f t h e s t r o b i l a e o f t h e tapeworms p r e s e n t
a s ju d g ed b y th e f a c t t h a t f o u r b ir d s p a s s e d s t r o b i l a e o f R*
c e s t i c i l l u s and one b ir d v o id e d a s t r o b i l a o f O h oanoten ia
in fu n d ib u lu m in l e s s th an 34 h o u rs a f t e r b e in g dosed*

The f a c t

t h a t t h e s e s t r o b i l a e were p a s s e d g i v e s f u r t h e r e v id e n c e t o show
t h a t th e kam ala tr e a tm e n t had b een i n e f f e c t i v e *
W ith th e e x c e p t io n o f b ir d s number 5 3 8 , 5 3 6 , 5 3 5 , 533
and 531 a l l shoived g a in s o r h e ld t h e i r w e ig h t from December 4 ,
1934 t o March 1 1 , 1935*

D uring t h i s p e r io d th e y were a l s o

s u b j e c t e d t o v a c c in a t io n a g a in s t l a r y n g o t r a c h e i t i s .

A l l showed

t a k e s and none d e v e lo p e d any s i g n s o f t h i s d is e a s e *

A ll t h is

o f f e r s p r o o f t h a t th e worm tr e a t m e n t, as a d m in is t e r e d , can n ot
be harm ful*

Even a f t e r th e a d m in is t r a t io n o f kam ala f o llo w e d

by I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck) in 17 days t h e s e b ir d s lo o k e d w e l l
and, w h ile t h e y had l o s t some w e ig h t by March 3 8 , no harm was
e v id e n t*

B ir d number 529 had g a in e d a s much a s m ost o f them had

lo s t *
A d d it io n a l d a ta on th e b ir d s in Pen 9*
B ir d No* 528*

There w ere no m o t ile o n ch o sp h er es i n 6

p r o g l o t t i d e s exam ined m ic r o s c o p ic a lly *

The l a s t two p r o g l o t t i d e s

in t h e s t r o b i l a showed by th e sh ap e and p o s i t i o n o f th e

- 46 o n c h o sp h e r e s and th e p reem b ryon al hooks t h a t a b o u t o n e - h a lf o f
them had b een m o tile *

S in c e t h i s e x a m in a tio n was made w it h in

3 4 h o u r s o f th e d o s in g i t may b e assum ed t h a t t h e o n ch o sp h er es
had b een k i l l e d by t h e io d in e *
B ir d Ho* 536*

M ature p r o g l o t t i d e s o f t h e worm d i s ­

c h a r g e d , Oh* in fu n dib u lum * w ere exam ined m ic r o s c o p ic a l ly and i t
was foun d t h a t th e m a jo r ity o f th e e g g s had had l i v e o n c h o sp h e r e s.
Many had b ro k en th ro u g h t h e in n e r s h e l l p a r t l y o r c o m p le te ly *
L ik e w ise a number o f them had g o t t e n p a r t l y o r c o m p le te ly th rou gh
th e o u t e r s h e ll *

S e v e n t e e n f r e e o n ch o sp h er es w ere fou n d in one

m ic r o s c o p ic f i e l d

(lo w pow er)*

In t h e s e fo u r p r o g l o t t i d e s o n ly

one f a i n t l y m o t ile o n ch o sp h ere c o u ld be found*

T h is one was

s t i l l in th e in n e r s h e l l .
E f f e c t on e g g p ro d u c tio n *
Two b ir d s in pen 6 , and o n ly 3 o f them p r o d u c in g a t
t h e tim e o f t r e a tm e n t, went o u t o f p r o d u c tio n f o r 11 days and
one d id n o t p rod uce a g a in b e fo r e th e a u to p sy was made.

There had

b een so many s i c k b ir d s in t h i s pen t h a t th e d a ta o b ta in e d a re
of lit t le

o r no s i g n i f i c a n c e .
The b ir d s in pen 7 slo w e d down in p r o d u c tio n f o llo w in g

t h e kam ala tr e a tm e n t and t h e r e was a l s o a r e d u c t io n in egg
w e ig h t , th e g r e a t e s t r e d u c t io n b e in g shown by b ir d number 533
w h ich , d u r in g th e p e r io d o f March 1 to March 1 2 , had shown an
a v e r a g e eg g w e ig h t o f 23 o u n ces t o th e dozen*
e g g s in t h a t p erio d *

She had l a i d 6

F o llo w in g th e tr e a tm e n t sh e l a i d no e g g s

f o r 8 d a y s, th e n she l a i d 3 e g g s on s u c c e s s i v e d a y s, sk ip p e d 2
and th e n l a i d 2 more on s u c c e s s i v e days*

She was a u to p s ie d th e

- 47 day s h e l a i d th e l a s t e g g .

The egg w e ig h ts o f t h e 5 e g g s l a i d

f o l l o w i n g th e kam ala tr e a tm e n t w ere 1 8 , 2 1 , 2 3 , 24 and 2 4 , in
th e o r d e r g iv e n , sh ow in g a s h a s b een shown by Maw (3 3 ) th a t th e
e f f e c t o f kam ala i s ,

in m ost c a s e s , o f s h o r t d u r a tio n .

The r e s t

o f th e p r o d u c in g b ir d s in t h i s p e n , 8 in a l l a t t h i s tim e ,
showed s i m i l a r e f f e c t s o f th e tr e a tm e n t w ith kam ala e x c e p t t h a t
th e d e c r e a s e in egg w e ig h t was l e s s p ron ou n ced .

As f a r a s number

o f e g g s i s c o n ce rn ed one b ir d , number 5 4 1 , h a v in g l a i d , on th e
average, a l i t t l e

more than one eg g in 2 d a y s , c e a s e d p ro d u c in g

f o l l o w i n g th e kam ala tr e a tm e n t and d id n o t come back in t o p ro ­
d u c t io n a g a in b e fo r e b e in g a u t o p s ie d .
o u t o f p r o d u c tio n f o r 15 d a y s .
w eeks p r o d u c tio n *

B ird number 529 s t a y e d

The r e s t o f them l o s t ab ou t one

Three b ir d s dropped to an egg w e ig h t o f 18

o u n c es p e r d o zen , t h e s m a lle s t drop b e in g from 21 to 18*

On th e

day o f th e a u to p sy 6 e g g s w ere p rod uced w ith th e f o llo w in g egg
w e ig h t s , 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 3 , 2 4 , 24 and th e day p r e v io u s ly 8 e g g s had
b een p rod u ced w e ig h in g 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 3 , 23 , 24 and 24 fu r th e r
c o r r o b o r a t in g Maw’ s o b s e r v a t io n s .

S in c e t h e s e b ir d s w ould have

b een c l a s s i f i e d by a p ou ltrym an a s i n f e r i o r c h ic k e n s and s in c e no
c o n t r o l p en s were a v i l a b l e , no f u r t h e r d a ta on th e e f f e c t o f
I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) and kam ala on eg g p r o d u c tio n can be
o f f e r e d a s a r e s u l t o f th e o b s e r v a t io n s on th e b ir d s in t h e s e two
p en s.
E xperim ent 8 .
A noth er o p p o r tu n ity o f f e r e d i t s e l f to o b se r v e th e e f f e c t
o f I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) on egg p ro d u c tio n *

F i f t e e n b ir d s

w ere b ro u g h t t o th e C o lle g e f o r tr e a tm e n t w ith I o d in e V erm icid e

- 48 (M erck)

fro m a farm 25 m i l e s fro m E a s t

fem ales

and tw o m a l e s

th e

t h i s flo ck *

p r o d u c t i o n had b e e n ,

number o f c h i c k e n s
ex a m in a tio n .

offered

to

had d i e d

Rot b e in g

le t

an d a m a l e w a s f i r s t

The 1 5 b i r d s b r o u g h t

T h is l o s s

does not exceed

w eigh t

observed

eith er

h eld

th ese b ird s

in o th e r

t h e ir w eigh t

th e C o lleg e

in were p la c e d

exceed

V erm icide

0 .2

ch ick en s.

A ll

the r e s t

or g a in e d ,

7 show in g a g a i n .

7 eggs

the b i r d s
L u rin g t h e

(4 1 .6 6

(5 8 .3

The a v e r a g e
per c e n t )

per c e n t ) .

T his

o f Iod in e

(M erck),

t h e use

that

t h e r e may b e a s l i g h t

o f I o d i n e V erm icide
In a l l

i n a p p e t i t e v/as n o t i c e d

im p rovem en t i n g e n e r a l a p p e a r a n c e
show marked s i g n s
on a u to p s y .

these t e s t s

on

lo ss

i n v/eight

( M e r c k ) may b e d u e to' sa­

(M e r c k ) an i n c r e a s e

d isea ses

of

Two d a y s a f t e r

p ro o f o f t h e h a rm lessn ess

rate.

not

of

c h ic k e n s began t o l a y a g a in .

in creased m eta b o lic

d id

(M erck).

pounds p e r b i r d

t h e egg p r o d u c t io n c e a s e d .

con vin cin g

The f a c t
fo llo w in g

in th e

l i m i t o f nornaial f l u c t u a t i o n

p e r d a y u n t i l M a r c h 2,2 w h e n t h e y l a i d

the c o st

suffered a s lig h t

p r o d u c t i o n £>r t h e 1 2 s u r v i v i n g h e n s was 5 e g g s

rather

in for

t h e owner

we w o u l d s t a n d

o n ly 3 b ird s

d id n o t

the

b e i n g b r o u g h t home t h e s e

offers

brought

A

i n f e s t e d w i t h roundworms

able t o t r e a t

11 shows t h a t

in w eigh t.

stay at

ab ou t 53 p er c e n t .

d o se d w i t h one ounce o f I o d i n e V e r m ic id e

T able

and th u s

average,

us " e x p e r im e n t on them” i f

of th e treatm en t.
b a t t e r y and

on t h e

There w ere 13

B efore b ein g brought here

T h is b i r d was h e a v i l y

and t a p e w o r m s .

lo ss

in

L an sin g.

on I o d i n e

V erm icide

t o g e t h e r v/i t h a n

th e p art o f t h o s e b i r d s w hich

o f leu co sis,

lym phom atosis or o t h e r

-

4g ~

T ab le 11.
E f f e c t o f ship m ent and I o d in e Vermic id e (Merck )on egg
p r o d u c tio n and w e ig h t o f b ir d s b rou gh t 25 m ile s fo r
tr e a tm e n t
Do sed E eb. 15,

1935 a t 4 P.M.

Ho. o f *we ig iit P a s se d
1R e s u lt s in
B ird
* 2 /1 5 /3 5 io d in e in 24 h ou rs
1
1
1
1
T
1
'
1
*
*
1
•
1
1
*

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

3 .6 5
3 .7
3 .5
3 .8 5
4 .5 5
4 .1
4 .5
4 .8
4 .5
3* 9
6 .1
3 .1
4 .5
5 .1
3 .4

1
’

9 A( s t a in e d ) *'
—
’
3 A( s t a i n e d ) *'
'
’Died*
_
1

25 m in .
10 m in.
10 m in .
10 m in .

—

1 A( s t a in e d )
-

i

20 m in .

W eight 2 /1 9 /3 5

'

—
—
*m
M
M

'
1
'
1
*
1

3 .8
3 .5
3 .5
3 .9
hung i n w ire
4 .0
4 .5
4 .8
4 ,5
3 .8 5
6 .2
3 .2
5 .1
5 .3
3 .8

A - a s c a r i d i a - * s t a in e d w it h i o d in e
- - no worms d is c h a r g e d
A verage egg

«

"
«

p ro d u ctio n b e fo r e

"
»

shipm ent

and t r e a t m e n t

-

53

$

from 2 days a f t e r r e tu r n t o March 21 - 4 1 .6 6 $
March 22 - 5 8 .3 2 $

- 50 I t a p p e a r s t h a t th e a tte m p ts to im prove on th e Io d in e
V er m ic id e (Merck) tr e a tm e n t d id n o t m eet w it h marked s u c c e s s .
Of a l l t h e b i r d s worked w it h in t h e s e e x p e r im e n ts o n ly fo u r
sh e d a l l t h e i r worms a s a r e s u l t o f t h e t r e a t m e n t.

Thus i t

is

o b v io u s t h a t few s c o l e c e s a r e rem oved.
What a r e th e r e a s o n s f o r t h e f a i l u r e to remove th e
en t i re tapew o rms ?
L o c a tio n o f th e s c o l e x
I t h a s b een n o te d above (3 7 ) t h a t tapeworms p e n e t r a t e
v e r y d e e p ly in t o t h e c r y p t s o f th e m ucosa, ev en down to th e
m u c u la r is m ucosae.

The s e c t i o n s o f i n t e s t i n e s o f i n f e s t e d b ir d s

t o be d e s c r ib e d l a t e r w i l l b r in g c o n v in c in g e v id e n c e o f th e
a b i l i t y o f tapeworm s to p e n e t r a t e d e e p ly in t o th e i n t e s t i n a l
c r y p ts.

T h e r e fo r e , one r e a so n f o r th e f a i l u r e to remove s c o l e c e s

i s , no d o u b t, t h a t th e y can n ot b e rea ch ed by t h e remedy.
B i o l o g i c a l s a u t r a t io n p o in t
I t was th o u g h t p o s s i b l e t h a t one r e a so n f o r t h e a p p ea r­
a n ce o f numerous tapeworm s one o r two weeks f o llo w in g tr e a tm e n t
m ight be t h a t , due t o a h ea v y i n f e s t a t i o n , some o f th e worms had
b een r e ta r d e d o r ev en c o m p le t e ly ch eck ed in t h e i r d evelopm en t
and p r o c e e d e d t o grow when t h e mass o f more o r l e s s m atured worms
had b een rem oved.

In o t h e r w o rd s, a b i o l o g i c a l s a t u r a t i o n p o in t

o f tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n had been rea ch ed .
E xperim ent 9 .
An a tte m p t was made to p ro v e w h eth er su ch a c o n d it io n
e x is ts .

A ll v i s i b l e

tapeworms in h e a v i l y i n f e s t e d b ir d s were

p u l l e d ou t and c o u n te d , and an e x a m in a tio n was made f o r s c o l e c e s
in c le a r e d p i e c e s o f i n t e s t i n e s .

I t was assum ed t h a t ,

i f we c o u ld

-

51

-

d e m o n str a te more s c o l e c e s than v i s i b l e worms in a number o f b i r d s >
e v id e n c e w ould h ave b een b ro u g h t f o r t h in f a v o r o f th e e x i s t e n c e
o f a b i o l o g i c a l s a t u r a t i o n p o in t a s r e g a r d s t h e tapeworm i n f e s t a ­
t i o n in t h e s e b i r d s .

T h e r e fo r e , p i e c e s o f i n t e s t i n e from w hich

a l l v i s i b l e tapeworm s had b een rem oved w ere com p ressed by means
o f a t i s s u e co m p a ra to r, f i x e d in 4$ fo rm a ld eh y d e, w ashed in w a te r ,
d e h y d r a te d and f i n a l l y c le a r e d in b e n z y l b e n z o a te u n t i l c l e a r
enough so t h a t one c o u ld s e e th ro u g h them by th e a id o f a low
pow er m ic r o s c o p e .

By t h i s p ro ced u re i t was found t h a t s c o l e c e s

c o u ld b e o b se r v e d in t h e t i s s u e s .

P r e p a r a t io n s , a d eq u a te f o r th e

stu d y o f such d e t a i l s a s h ook s and s u c k e r s , w ere o b ta in e d .

It

was th o u g h t t h a t t h e d e t a i l was sh a rp en ed by p la c in g a b ou t one
p e r c e n t p i c r i c a c i d in th e b e n z y l b e n z o a te .

However, w h ile t h i s

m ethod was p r a c t i c a l f o r th e d e m o n str a tio n o f a few s c o l e c e s in
tis s u e s ,

i t was fou n d t h a t many o f them were l o s t a s th e t i s s u e s

w ere b e in g co m p ressed .

A ttem p ts t o p r e v e n t t h i s by p la c in g

ce lo p h a n e o v e r th e mucous membrane b e f o r e co m p r e ssin g th e p ie c e s
o f i n t e s t i n e f a i l e d to make t h i s p ro ced u re s e r v e th e p urpose f o r
w hich i t was in te n d e d , a lth o u g h i t d id h e lp to r e t a i n more
s c o le c e s .

F ix a t io n b e f o r e co m p ressin g t h e t i s s u e f a i l e d b e c a u s e ,

i f s u f f i c i e n t f i x a t i o n was o b ta in e d t o p r e v e n t th e e s c a p e o f th e
p a r a s i t e s , th e t i s s u e s became v e r y firm and c o u ld n o t be com p ressed
enough t o p e r m it m ic r o s c o p ic ex a m in a tio n f o r s c o l e c e s .

E ffo rts

t o p ro v e t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a b i o l o g i c a l s a t u r a t io n p o in t by t h i s
method w ere, t h e r e f o r e , abandoned a f t e r 23 b ir d s had b een un­
s u c c e s s f u l l y s t u d ie d .

- 52 F a te o f io d in e in th e i n t e s t i n e s o f t r e a t e d b ir d s .
As h as a lr e a d y b een shown io d in e may be p a s s e d in 10
m in u te s a f t e r d o s in g by some b ir d s w h ile o t h e r s w i l l f a i l to p a s s
a p p r e c ia b le am ounts o f io d i n e .
in t h i s r e s p e c t .

Such c a s e s r e p r e s e n t t h e ex trem es

U s u a lly b ir d s w i l l p a ss io d in e in 20 t o 30

m in u te s a f t e r b e in g d o se d .
E xp erim en t 1 0 .
In o r d e r to s e e what happens t o th e I o d in e V erm icid e
(M erck) in t h e i n t e s t i n e s a number o f b ir d s w ere d o sed and k i l l e d ,
some 5 , some 10 and some 15 m in u tes a f t e r b e in g dosed*

The

i n t e s t i n e s w ere op en ed in 15 to 70 m in u tes a f t e r b e in g k i l l e d .
T a b le 12 show s th e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e o b s e r v a t io n s .

-53T a b le 18.
F ate o f io d in e

IT0 * o f
B ird

in

Time i n m in u te s 1------a f t e r d o s in g
K i l l e d 1 I n t . opened ' lo d in e t o

1.

10

.

10

3.
4.

10
10

5.

10

10

’

21.

10

1

20
20

22.
23.

10
10

’

20

24.

10

»

20

*1 0

6

.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

13.

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

14
1
1

70
26
17

*

20

1
1
1

14
17
15

*
■

15
16
19

1

20

1

15

14 *
15.
16.
17.
18.

10
10
10

1

10
20

»
’

20
20

19.

10

*

20

20.

5
5

20

'

in .
*from c e c a

b ird s

A utop sy f in d in g s
* Tapeworms
A sc a r id
Dead S t a in e d 1 L ive ’ Dead S t a in e d 1 l £ v <
i
*

* 1 0 in . from
*
ceca*
'M idd le o f
1
in t.
*
it
51
f 8 in .fr o m
T
ceca
*
it
11
’ D e str o y e d
*Throughout
1
*t
it
8
1 L a r g ely
1
1n e u t r a liz e d
’To rectu m
t
ti
49
1
?
6
* 6 in . from
*
ceca
t
9
’ To m id d le
4
’ To c e c a
’ I n t o rectu m _
’ To m id d le
’o f in t.
’ 6 in .f r c m
’
ceca
1 To c e c a
1
1
?
*Throughout
1To midd l e

2

’

treated

3

_
—
—

26
9
1
8
1

1 0

’ 0
’ 0
* 0

_
—

1
1

_
_
W

_

—

—

-

-

—

_

__

-

-

—

1

3

1 0

-

2

’

49

’

0

_

•
—

—

*

—
—
M
.

1*

M
*

—
-

—

1

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

0

’

0

-

3

1

0

_

6 R.G '6 R. Q. '

ceca.
M iddle o f I n t . - m id d le o f s m a ll i n t .
Throughout - e n t ir e t r a c t
? I o d i n e c o l o r e i t h e r g o n e o r so f a i n t t h a t i t s p r e s e n c e i s
quest io n a b le .
* * T h e s e t w o worms w e r e i n t h e p o s t e r i o r p a r t o f t h e sme^ll i n t e s t i n e
and had n o t b e e n r e a c h e d b y t h e i o d i n e
n o worms p r e s e n t
0 none o f th o s e p r e s e n t

“
~

0

54 The f o l l o w i n g b ir d s w ere d o sed w ith one ounce o f Io d in e
V erm icid e (M erck ), h e ld 5 m in u tes and a u t o p s ie d a s so o n a s th e y
a p p ea red t o be d ead .

In a d d it io n to o b s e r v a t io n s on t h e f a t e o f

io d in e in t h e i n t e s t i n e s p r o g l o t t i d e s w ere p la c e d in warm 0 , 6
p e r c e n t s a l i n e s o l u t i o n and w atched to s e e i f th e y w ere m o t il e .
They w ere th e n d i s s e c t e d and exam ined m ic r o s c o p ic a lly f o r m o t ile
on ch osp h eres.

T h is was done to s e e i f Io d in e V erm icid e (Merck)

k i l l s t h e o n c h o sp h e r e s and n o t m erely d e s t r o y s th e m o t i l i t y o f
th e p r o g lo t t id e s .
B ir d No. 7 4 5 .

K i l l e d 5 m in u tes a f t e r d o s in g .

I n t e s t i n e s opened 15 m in u tes a f t e r k i l l i n g .

I n te s tin e s

were d is t e n d e d w ith I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) w hich had p a s s e d down
t w o - t h ir d s o f th e le n g t h o f th e s m a ll i n t e s t i n e .

Some fra g m en ts

o f tapeworm s (Rj_ c e s t i c i l l u s ) w ere fo u n d , some s t a in e d d e e p ly ,
some f a i n t l y w ith io d in e .

The p r o g l o t t i d e s o f t h e s e fra g m en ts

w hich a p p ea red t o be m ature w ere d i s s e c t e d and exam ined m ic r o s c o p ic a l
iy .

In one o f t h e fra g m en ts were found p r o g l o t t i d e s c o n t a in in g

h e a v i l y s t a in e d e g g s .

No m o t ile o n ch o sp h er es w ere fo u n d .

J u d g in g

by th e sh ap e o f t h e s e o n ch o sp h er es th e y c o u ld n o t have b een m o t il e .
T h e r e fo r e , t h e s e p r o g l o t t i d e s w ere p ro b a b ly n ot a s mature a s th e y
a p p eared t o be on g r o s s e x a m in a tio n .
c o n t a in e d a h eavy mucous c a s t .

The i n t e s t i n e s o f t h i s b ir d

I t i s t h i s k in d o f a c a s t t h a t

u s u a l l y c o n t a in s th e tapeworm s when th e y a r e p a s s e d su b se q u e n t to
tr e a tm e n t w ith I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck).
B ird No. 1317.

K il le d 5 m in u tes a f t e r d o s in g .

I n t e s t i n e s op en ed 30 m in u tes a f t e r k i l l i n g .

Io d in e had

r e a c h e d a p o in t 8 in c h e s from th e ju n c tu r e w ith t h e c e c a .

There

w ere f i v e s h o r t s t r o b i l a e s t i l l a tta c h e d in th e p o s t e r i o r p o r t io n

- 55 o f th e duodenum.

Theae tapeworms w ere n o t d e f i n i t e l y s t a i n e d ,

b u t none o f th e p r o g l o t t i d e s showed any s ig n o f m o t i l i t y .

There

w ere num erous f r e e , d e e p ly s t a in e d m ature lo o k in g tapeworms o r
fr a g m e n ts o f tapew orm s.
b ir d a l s o .

A h ea v y mucous c a s t was foun d in t h i s

The tapew orm s w ere p la c e d in 0 . 6 p e r c e n t s a l i n e and

w ere exam ined m ic r o s c o p ic a l ly f o r l i v e o n c h o sp h e r e s a b o u t fo u r
h o u rs a fte r w a r d s*

By t h i s tim e th e io d in e c o l o r had d is a p p e a r e d .

F iv e p r o g l o t t i d e s w ere exam ined b u t no m o t ile o n ch o sp h er es c o u ld
be foun d in o r o u t s i d e t h e e g g s .

The f a c t t h a t o n c h o sp h e r e s were

fou n d o u t s i d e th e egg s h e l l s showed t h a t t h e y had b een m o t ile and
s u g g e s t s t h a t th e y had b een k i l l e d by th e io d i n e .

T hese worms were

R. c e s t i c i l l u s .
B ir d No. 4 2 8 .

K i l l e d 10 m in u tes a f t e r b e in g d o sed .

I n t e s t i n e s opened 16 m in u tes a f t e r k i l l i n g .

The in ­

t e s t i n e s w ere d is t e n d e d w ith io d in e down t o ab out 9 in c h e s from
th e ju n c tu r e o f th e c e c a .

An e x c e s s i v e mass o f mucus was found

in t h e duodenum where t h e r e a l s o w ere some s m a ll s t a in e d and n on mot i l e tapeworm s a s w e l l a s some u n s ta in e d o n es w hich s t i l l showed
t h e t y p i c a l ex p a n d in g and c o n t r a c t in g movement o f th e p r o g l o t t i d e s .
In th e

iJ ea p .

p o r t io n o f t h e i n t e s t i n e th e r e w ere numerous

tapeworm s t h a t w ere s t a in e d and n on m otile*

The g iz z a r d o f t h i s

b ir d was e x tr e m e ly fla b b y and i t s t i l l c o n ta in e d a p p r o x im a te ly o n e f o u r t h ounce o f io d i n e .
p o s s e s s e d m ature e g g s .

None o f th e p r o g l o t t i d e s exam ined
One o f th e tapeworms was H. c a r io c a th e

r e s t w ere R. c e s t i c l l l u s .
B ir d No. 1 0 6 5 .

K il le d 10 m in u tes a f t e r d o s in g .

I n t e s t i n e s opened 35 m in u tes a f t e r k i l l i n g .

I o d in e

- 56 fille d

th e i n t e s t i n e s down to th e ju n c tu r e o f th e c e c a .

There

w ere numerous l a r g e , d e e p ly s t a i n e d , lo o s e tapeworms in t h e lo w er
j e g u n a l o r u p p er i l e a c p o r t io n .

A fla b b y g iz z a r d had a g a in ca u sed

th e r e t e n t i o n o f some o f th e io d in e .

No movement was o b se r v e d

i n t h e p r o g l o t t i d e s w h ich , on e x a m in a tio n ab ou t 6 h ou rs a f t e r th e
a u to p s y , f a i l e d t o show any m o t ile o n c h o s p h e r e s .

At t h e tim e o f

t h e m ic r o s c o p ic e x a m in a tio n th e s t a i n had d isa p p e a r e d c o m p le te ly
from t h e p r o g l o t t i d e s .

The sh ap e and p o s i t i o n o f th e o n ch o sp h er es

c l e a r l y p ro v ed them m ature and we may a g a in assum e t h a t th e y had
b een k i l l e d b y th e io d in e .

T h is a ssu m p tio n seem s r e a s o n a b le in

v ie w o f th e f a c t t h a t m o t ile o n c h o sp h e r e s h ave b een fou n d in
p r o g l o t t i d e s c o l l e c t e d o u t o f th e w a ter p an s o f th e b a t t e r i e s in
w hich t h e c h ic k e n s w ere k e p t.

P r o g l o t t i d e s so c o l l e c t e d and a l s o

ta k e n from a u t o p s ie d b ir d s w ere shown t o h ave m o t ile o n ch o sp h er es
f o r a much lo n g e r p e r io d , in some c a s e s a t l e a s t 24 hours*
B ir d No. 4 1 9 .

K i l l e d 5 m in u tes a f t e r d o s in g .

I n t e s t i n e opened 12 m in u tes a f t e r k i l l i n g .

The io d in e

had rea ch ed a p o in t 10 in c h e s from th e a tta c h m en t o f t h e c e c a .
Numerous tapeworm s w ere found in th e d u o d en a l p o r t io n .
d e e p ly s t a i n e d and n o n m o tile*
to be n orm al.

They w ere

The i n t e s t i n e o f t h i s b ir d seem

A m ic r o s c o p ic ex a m in a tio n o f th e s t i l l s t a in e d

p r o g l o t t i d e s s e v e n h o u rs a f t e r th e a u to p s y showed s t a in e d eg g s
and n o n m o tile o n c h o sp h e r e s .

The shape o f th e o n ch o sp h er es was

su ch a s to i n d i c a t e t h a t th e y w ere n o t y e t q u it e m ature.
These o b s e r v a t io n s a s w e ll a s t h o s e re c o r d e d above
s u g g e s t t h a t I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck ), not o n ly d e s t r o y s t h e
movement o f t h e p r o g l o t t i d e s b u t a c t u a l l y k i l l s th e o n c h o s p h e r e s.

- 57 I t i s a ls o

e v id e n t t h a t t h e io d in e moves down th e

i n t e s t i n a l c a n a l r a t h e r q u ic k ly *
A few b ir d s seem t o d e s t r o y th e io d in e in a s h o r t time*
T h is a c c o u n t s

f o r th e f a c t t h a t a c o m p a r a tiv e ly s m a ll number o f

b ir d s f a i l t o p a s s n o t i c e a b l e am ounts o f io d in e in t h e d r o p p in g s.
S in c e m ost o f th e tapeworm s found in th e i n t e s t i n e s
f o llo w in g th e tr e a tm e n t w ere s t a in e d and n o n m o tile and y e t th e
s c o l e c e s a r e n o t a l l rem oved i t must be assum ed t h a t th e r e a so n
f o r t h i s i s t h a t many o f them a r e so d e e p ly s i t u a t e d t h a t th e y
ca n n o t be re a ch ed by th e i o d i n e .

R atber q u ick d e s t r u c t io n o f

io d in e

in th e i n t e s t i n e s o f some b ir d s w i l l o f c o u r s e a c c o u n t f o r

a part

o f t h e f a i l u r e s t o remove s c o le c e s *

c a u s e s t h i s d e s t r u c t io n *

I t i s n o t known what

The r a t h e r la r g e q u a n tity o f mucus in

th e i n t e s t i n e s o f some o f t h e s e b ir d s may a c c o u n t f o r i t p a r t l y .
In v i t r o t e s t s on v e r m ic id a l a c t i o n o f
I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck)
E xperim ent 11*
In o r d e r to g a in more d e f i n i t e know ledge a s t o th e a b i l i t y
o f I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) to k i l l worms and t h e i r e g g s a number
o f in v i t r o t e s t s w ere made by su sp e n d in g worms, a s c a r i d i a and
tapeworms in I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) c o n t a in in g 0 . 5 , 1 and 3
p e r c e n t I g i n t h e c o l l o i d a l s t a t e , k ep t a t ab out 20 and 37° 0 in
s h a llo w P e t r i p l a t e s .

A s c a r id ia su sp en d ed in I o d in e V erm icid e

(M erck) Izfo I g ) a t room tem p era tu re were k i l l e d
c e s s a t i o n o f movement) in 20 to 75 secon d s*
u s u a l l y moved th e lo n g e s t*

(ju d g e d by

The la r g e r a s c a r i d i a

Uo t e s t s were made w ith warm Io d in e

V er m ic id e (M erck) on a s c a r i d i a .

- 58 Gapeworms d ie d in s t a n t a n e o u s ly when dropped in I o d in e
V er m ic id e (M erck) d i l u t e d s u f f i c i e n t l y to be tr a n s p a r e n t (room
tem p e ra tu r e ).
Numerous t e s t s on fra g m en ts o f tapeworm s showed t h a t
I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck) d il u t e d s o as t o c o n ta in 1 and 2 per
c e n t Ig even a t room tem p era tu re cau sed them t o sh r in k and s t o p
m oving a lm o s t in s t a n t a n e o u s ly #
b a c k by w a sh in g i n w a te r .

Movement could n o t b e b rou gh t

The s i z e o f th e p r o g l o t t i d e s made

some d i f f e r e n c e in t h e tim e r e q u ir e d fo r t h e s to p p in g o f move­
m e n t, th e la r g e r o n es c o n tin u in g t o move t h e l o n g e s t .
T e s t s on t h e k i l l i n g o f o n ch o sp h eres showed t h a t t h e
b e s t r e s u l t s w ere o b ta in e d w it h I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck) co n ­
t a i n i n g 1 o r 2 p er c e n t I e when k ep t a t body te m p e r a tu r e .
p o s u r e s w ere made a t 2 . 5 , 5 , 7*5 and 10 m in u t e s .

Ex­

At f i r s t

a p p a r e n tly m ature or g r a v id p r c g l o t t i d e s w ere c o l l e c t e d , e i t h e r
from d r o p p in g s o f i n f e s t e d b ir d s or from t h e i n t e s t i n e s o f
b ir d s s u b j e c t e d t o postm ortem e x a m in a tio n , in numbers s o as t o
e x p o s e seme to

th e d i f f e r e n t d i l u t i o n s o f io d in e and t o le a v e

some i n 0 .6 p er c e n t s a l i n e a s c o n t r o l s .
t h a t a p p a r e n t m a t u r it y ,

I t was soon d is c o v e r e d

judged b y outward a p p e a ra n ce, d id n o t

g u a r a n te e t h e p r e s e n c e of: m o t i l e o n ch o sp h eres in t h e p r o g l o t t i d e s .
E v id e n t ly , a s a lr e a d y ment io n ed , m o t i l i t y ,
o n c h o sp h e r e ,
fo re,

on t h e p a r t o f th e

i s one o f th e l a s t q u a l i t i e s d e v e lo p e d an d, t h e r e ­

i t was n o t uncommon t o fin d b u t one p r o g l o t t i s w it h m o t ile

on ch o sp h eres.
a s many a s s i x .

How and th e n 2, 3 or 4 w ere foun d and v e r y seldom
The l a s t p r o g l o t t i s in th e s t r o b i l a u s u a l ly

c o n t a in e d th e g r e a t e s t number o f m o t i l e o n ch o sp h er es each

- 59 p r e c e e d in g one c o n t a in in g a s m a lle r and s m a lle r number.

For t h i s

r e a so n i t was fou n d in a d v is a b le to t r y t o ju d g e t h e k i l l i n g power
o f I o d in e V er m ic id e (Merck) by th e co m p a ra tiv e number o f m o t ile
o r n o n m o tile o n c h o sp h e r e s in th e t r e a t e d and u n t r e a te d p ro ­
g lo ttid e s .

I t was n o t ic e d t h a t no movement had e v e r b een o b se r v e d

in i o d i n e s t a in e d o n c h o sp h e r e s.

In o r d e r t o c h ec k th e e f f e c t o f

io d in e d i r e c t l y on th e e g g s , p r o g l o t t i d e s were d i s s e c t e d in 0 .6
p e r c e n t s a l i n e , p la c e d on a m ic r o s c o p ic s l i d e and c o v e r e d w ith
a cover g la s s .

T h is p r e p a r a t io n was th e n p la c e d under th e low

pow er o f t h e m ic r o sc o p e and e g g s w ith m o t ile o n ch o sp h er es were
lo c a te d .

A drop o f I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) (2 p e r c e n t I g ) was

p la c e d a t t h e ed ge o f th e c o v e r g l a s s .

Thus i t was found t h a t

aB th e io d in e d i f f u s e d in t o t h e m ic r o s c o p ic f i e l d and came in
c o n t a c t w ith th e e g g s , th e o n ch o sp h er es sto p p e d m oving in j u s t
a few s e c o n d s .

Hone moved a f t e r sh ow in g a p p r e c ia b le io d in e c o lo r*

When th e e g g s w ere s t a in e d th e o n ch o sp h ere to o k th e s t a i n .

The

sp a c e b etw een th e o n ch o sp h ere and t h e o u te r s h e l l rem ained ■un­
s ta in e d .

U sin g s t a i n i n g o f th e o n ch o sp h ere a s a c r i t e r i o n i t

was d ete r m in e d t h a t I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) c o n t a in in g 2 p e r
c e n t Ig w i l l k i l l o n c h o sp h e r e s in 10 m in u tes a t ab out 3 7 ° 0 , i . e .
i f th e io d in e a d h e r in g to t h e p r o g l o t t i s i s n e u t r a liz e d w ith sodium
t h io s u lp h a t e b e f o r e d i s s e c t i o n .

I f , on t h e o t h e r hand, t h e

p r o g l o t t i d e s a r e d i s s e c t e d w h ile s t i l l s t a i n e d , even 0 . 5 p e r c e n t
io d in e w i l l a p p ear t o k i l l t h e e g g s , o b v io u s ly b eca u se th e amount
o f io d in e c l i n g i n g t o t h e p r o g l o t t i s i s s u f f i c i e n t to s t a i n and
k i l l t h e o n c h o sp h e r e s a s th e y come i n c o n t a c t w ith i t d u r in g th e
d is s e c tio n .

More th an 100 p r o g l o t t i d e s were u sed in t h e s e t e s t .

- 60 S in c e p r o g l o t t i d e s have b een found to r e t a i n th e io d in e
s t a i n f o r h o u rs in in v i t r o a s w e l l a s in in v iv o t e s t s i t seem s
c e r t a i n t h a t la r g e numbers o f p o t e n t i a l tapeworms a r e k i l l e d by
t h e I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) tr e a tm e n t.

As a lr e a d y s t a t e d c o u n ts

w ere made o f th e number o f e g g s in 4 p r o g l o t t i d e s o f

c e s tic illu s

and i t was fou n d t h a t th e y c o n ta in e d 1 6 4 , 2 1 2 , 229 and 243 e g g s
r e s p e c t iv e ly *

T h e r e fo r e , by k i l l i n g p r o g l o t t i d e s w ith t h e i r

numterous e g g s one w i l l a t l e a s t m a t e r ia ll y red u ce th e chance f o r
in f e s t a t io n o f o th e r b ir d s .
P a th o lo g y
H is t o p a t h o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s w ere in c lu d e d in t h i s work f o r
two r e a s o n s .

F i r s t , t o g a in f u r t h e r in fo r m a tio n as to th e r e a so n

f o r th e f a i l u r e to remove s c o l e c e s and se c o n d , t o d eterm in e how
much and what k in d o f damage i s c a u s e d by tapew orm s.
K o tla n (4 3 ) in 1 9 2 5 , in form ed th e w r it e r t h a t , a s f a r
a s h e knew, R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c i l l u s was p e r f e c t l y h a r m le ss f o r
c h ic k e n s .

L ik e w ise O'Roke (4 4 ) more r e c e n t ly made th e remark

t h a t ducks a r e a p p a r e n tly n o t h u r t by tapeworms s in c e th e y have
b een s e e n i n , what seem ed t o b e, p e r f e c t h e a lt h w h ile b e in g
h e a v ily p a r a s it iz e d .

F u rth erm ore, I have o b se r v e d h en s in p ro ­

d u c tio n w h ile h e a v i l y i n f e s t e d .
Numerous f i e l d o b s e r v a t io n s have ta u g h t us t h a t under
o r d in a r y c o n d it io n s c h ic k e n s may t o l e r a t e a f a i r l y h ea v y i n f e s t a ­
tio n .

H owever, young b ir d s , h en s in h eavy p r o d u c tio n , and fo w ls

o t h e r w is e a f f l i c t e d do n o t f a r e so w e l l under a tapeworm i n f e s t a ­
tio n .

The f a c t t h a t b ir d s in a p p a r e n tly good h e a lt h may be found

h e a v i l y i n f e s t e d w ith tapeworm s u s u a l l y m eans, in my o p in io n , t h a t

- 61 t h e p a t h o l o g i c a l o o n d it io n in th e i n t e s t i n e h as n o t ad vanced
a s f a r a s i t u ltim a te ly w i l l #

E m aciated and n o t ic e a b ly

d is e a s e d b i r d s , w h ich on a u to p sy show marked e n t e r i t i s w ith ­
o u t tapew orm s, may sim p ly h ave sh ed th e worms a f t e r th e
p a t h o l o g i c a l c o n d it io n became bad enough to make c o n d it io n s
u n fa v o r a b le f o r th e p a r a s i t e s , o r , a s shown by S t o l l (4 5 ) in
th e c a s e p f Haemonchus c o n t o r t u s in sh eep ,a ws e l f c u r e ” or
a c q u ir e d r e s i s t a n c e may h ave b een p rod uced c a u s in g th e e x ­
p u l s i o n o f t h e tapew orm s.

T h is h a s b een b ro u g h t o u t in our

a u to p s y work d u r in g t h e p a s t y e a r s .

One exam ple w i l l s u f f i c e .

About 15 c h ic k e n s from t h e same f l o c k were a u to p s ie d one
a fte r n o o n .

A l l show ed e m a c ia tio n and marked e n t e r i t i s .

show ed c o c c i d i o s i s o r worm i n f e s t a t i o n .

None

The remark was made

t o t h e owner t h a t i t w ould have b een w e l l i f h e had b rou gh t
a lo n g b ir d s t h a t were n o t in su ch ad vanced s t a g e s o f d i s e a s e ,
w hereupon he b rou gh t o u t fo u r h e a lt h y lo o k in g Rhode I s la n d
R ed s, w hich he had in a sa ck a t one s i d e o f th e room, s a y in g ,
t h a t he had th o u g h t i t a d v is a b le to b r in g a lo n g some b e t t e r
lo o k in g sp e c im e n s f o r co m p a riso n .

A l l t h e s e fo u r b ir d s were

h e a v i l y i n f e s t e d w ith tapeworm s (R^ c e s t i c i l l u s ) .

Numerous

su ch o b s e r v a t io n s t o g e t h e r w ith t h e f a c t t h a t b ir d s o f
d i f f e r e n t a g e s and in v a r io u s c o n d it io n s have im proved m arkedly
in a few d ays f o llo w in g th e rem oval o f la r g e numbers o f
s t r o b i l a e , h ave c o n v in c e d th e w r it e r o f th e h a r m fu ln e ss o f
tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n .

N e v e r t h e le s s i t was deemed d e s i r a b l e to

s e e k more d e f i n i t e e v id e n c e o f l o c a l in j u r y .
The g r o s s p a t h o l o g i c a l c o n d it io n s foun d have been
r e c o r d e d a lo n g w ith th e ex p e r im e n ts on tr e a tm e n t and do n o t

- 63 d i f f e r from t h o s e d e s c r ib e d by o th e r s#
F ig u r e s 4 , 5 , S, 9 and 11 show why s c o l e c e s may n o t
be e a s i l y rem ovable#

F ig u re 2 , p l a t e 1 shows why a l l roundwornB

a r e n o t a lw a y s rem oved by one trea tm en t#

M ic r o s c o p ic s t u d ie s

w ere made o f s e r i a l s e c t i o n s from 12 i n f e s t e d c h ic k e n s .
The p a t h o l o g i c a l ch a n g es o b se r v e d were v er y much th e
same in k in d a lth o u g h d i f f e r i n g in d e g r e e .

Most o f th e b ir d s

s t u d i e d w ere i n f e s t e d w ith

c e s t i c i l l u s and some o f them had

a ls o

One b ir d p ro v ed t o have e i t h e r

c a r io c a i n f e s t a t i o n .

C a p i l i a r i a o r A s c a r id ia i n f e s t a t i o n a s shown in P la t e 1 F ig . 2 .
None o f t h e s e worms had b een s e e n on au top sy#
The p h o to m icro g ra p h s r e p r e s e n t o n ly 5 o f th e b ir d s
s t u d ie d b u t t h e y show q u it e w e l l a l l th e d i f f e r e n t p h y s i c a l h o s t
p a r a s i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a s w e l l a s t h e ty p e s o f l e s i o n s ob served #
B ir d Number 12 (F ig . 1) a 10 w eeks o ld w h ite le g h o r n ,
had numerous s m a ll tapew orm s, R^ c e s t i c i l l u s #
much e v id e n c e o f e n t e r i t i s *

There was n ot

M ic r o s c o p ic e x a m in a tio n showed

p o r t io n s o f tapeworm s some o f w h ich c o u ld be d e f i n i t e l y id e n ­
t i f i e d a s R. c e s t i c i l l u s

( F ig . 1 ) .

Very l i t t l e

in flam m atory

r e a c t io n was n o t ic e d in t h e r e g io n i n f e s t e d by t h e worm shown
in th e p hotom icrograph #
B ir d No. 13 ( F ig . 2) a 10 weeks o ld w h ite le g h o r n
showed a marked c a t a r r h a l e n t e r i t i s b u t th e r e w ere o n l 3? a few
tapeworm s p r e s e n t ( R. c e s t i c i l l u s ) .

The s e c t i o n s show ed th e

p r e s e n c e o f n em a to d es, e i t h e r C a p i lla r i a o r young A sc a r id ia #
T hese b ir d s w i l l be r e f e r r e d to l a t e r in c o n n e c tio n w ith a
d e s c r i p t i o n o f some red b o d ie s commonly found in th e m a jo r ity

63 o f t h e b ir d s s t u d ie d h i s t o p a t h o l o g i c a l l y .
B ir d No# 15 ( F i g s .

3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , and 7 ) a 4

B arred Rock p u l l e t , had 64

m onths o ld

c e s t i c i l l u s and 23 H*. c a r io c a .

The fo rm er w ere lo c a t e d m o s tly in th e m idd le p o r t io n o f th e
s m a ll i n t e s t i n e w h ile th e f a t t e r w ere m ost numerous in t h e
u p p er d u o d en a l p o r t io n .

When p o r t io n s o f th e i n t e s t i n e s were

c le a r e d w it h b e n z y l b e n z o a te a worm ta k en to be a C a p i lla r i a
was a l s o foun d im bedded in t h e mucosa*

B e s id e s e n t e r i t i s t h i s

b ir d show ed le u c o s is #
B ird No. 1 6 . (F ig s* 8 ,9 and 10) a 14 w eeks o ld Rhode
I s la n d Red, had numerous s h o r t tapeworms (FU. c e s t i c i l l u s ) 35
in a p i e c e o f i n t e s t i n e l £ in c h lo n g .

There was a marked

c a t a r r h a l e n t e r i t i s , w ith a r e a s o f c e l l u l a r i n f i l t r a t i o n a s w e ll
a s c o n g e s t io n and hem orrhage.

There was a h ea v y mucous c o a t in g

o v e r th e mucous membrane ( F ig . 1 0 ) .
B ir d No# 34 (F ig#

1 1 ) , a young c h ic k e n (e x a c t age and

b r e e d n o t n o te d ) showed a h eavy i n f e s t a t i o n w ith
and a l s o a

few R^ c e s t i c i l l u s .

c a r io c a

There was marked e n t e r i t i s .

The p i e c e s o f i n t e s t i n a l t i s s u e were f i x e d in fo r m a lin
and s t a in e d in e o s in - h a e m a t o x y lin .

The p a t h o lo g ic a l ch a n g es

o b se r v e d in th e 12 b ir d s s t u d ie d w ere: more o r l e s s c a p i l l a r y
c o n g e s t io n , ly m p h o cy te and p o ly m o rp h o n u clea r c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n
in th e v i l l i on e i t h e r s i d e o f th e c r y p t o c c u p ie d by t h e worms,
m oderate p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s and a r e a s o f f i b r o s i s .
The b ir d s were k i l l e d by b r e a k in g t h e i r n e c k s .
is ,

It

t h e r e f o r e , p o s s i b l e t h a t th e c a p i l l a r y c o n g e s t io n m igh t have

a p p eared more pron oun ced i f th e b ir d s had n o t b een p r e t t y w e l l

- 64 b le d out*
s lig h t*

The lym p h ocyte i n f i l t r a t i o n was in many p la c e s v e r y
At tim e s i t ap p ea red in o n ly one o f th e v i l l i a d ja c e n t

t o th e i n f e s t e d cr y p t*

However th e r e w ere some r a th e r e x t e n s iv e

a r e a s o f le u c o c y t e i n f i l t r a t i o n .

The p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f e p i t h e l i a l

c e l l s was a lw a y s r a th e r m ild .
Some h e a v i l y i n f e s t e d b ir d s showed more o r l e s s
e x te n s iv e a rea s o f f i b r o s i s ,

F ig . 7.

A c tiv e f i b r o b l a s t s were

foun d in t h e s e a r e a s .
Numerous e o s i n o p h i l e s o r p o ly m o rp h o n u clea r c e l l s were
fou n d i n some s e c t io n s *
H em orrhages w ere en c o u n te r e d b u t th e y w ere n o t common.
In n e a r ly e v e r y one o f th e b ir d s s t u d ie d some red b o d ie s were
e n c o u n te r e d th ro u g h o u t th e mucous membrane.

At tim e s th e y were

m ost numerous in t h e strom a o f th e d e e p e r p a r t o f th e mucous
membrane, b u t th e y w ere a l s o found in la r g e numbers in th e e p it h e ­
liu m o f t h e g la n d s and in th e v i l l i .

These b o d ie s s t a in e d in

th e same way a s t h e c y to p la sm o f red c e l l s and i t was th o u g h t
t h a t th e y m ight r e p r e s e n t fra g m en ted e r y t h r o c y t e s .

They were

n e a r ly a lw a y s fou n d n ea r n u c l e i o r ch ro m a tin m a t e r ia l.

An ex ­

c e p t io n t o t h i s was when t h e y were found in th e d i g e s t i v e t r a c t
o f n em a to d es.

F ig . 2 .

W herever th e y were found th e r e was

v a r i a t i o n in s i z e and number.

In p la c e s where th e r e w ere many

o f them t h e y were s m a ll, a lm o st to th e p o in t o f b ein g d i f f i c u l t
t o d i s t i n g u i s h i n d i v i d u a l l y o r th e y m ight be o f a s i z e s i m i l a r
to th e g r a n u le s o f th e c y to p la sm o f e o s i n o p h i l e s o r polym orpho­
n u c le a r l e u c o c y t e s .

Due to t h e i r p r o x im ity t o n u c l e i or ch rom atin

- 65 m a t e r ia l w h ic h , a t tim e s lo o k e d l i k e fra g m en ted n u c l e i , t h e s e
s t r u c t u r e s o f t e n lo o k e d l i k e g r a n u la te d c e l l s .

When t h e s e b o d ie s

w ere a lo n e th e y w ere o f t e n a s la r g e a s th e n u c l e i o f ly m p h o cy tes
ox a l i t t l e

la r g e r .

They w ere a lw a y s round.

I t was n o t d e term in ed what th e y a r e .

S in c e th e y w ere

foun d m ost f r e q u e n t ly in th e p r o x im ity o f n u c le a r s t r u c t u r e s i t
was assum ed t h a t th e y a r e o f c e l l u l a r o r i g i n .

The f a c t t h a t th e y

w ere fou n d in t h e d i g e s t i v e t r a c t o f nem atodes i n d i c a t e s th a t
t h e y may h ave b een in g e s t e d by t h e s e p a r a s i t e s .
Two t h in g s a rg u e a g a in s t t h e i r b e in g o f e r y th r o c y te
o r ig in .

One i s th e f a c t t h a t t h e y were foun d in t h e e p it h e liu m

and t h e o t h e r t h a t no n u c le a r s t r u c t u r e s were e v e r o b se r v e d in
th e d i g e s t i v e t r a c t o f th e nem atodes ev en when t h e s e red b o d ie s
w ere num erous.
The m e c h a n ic a l damage t h a t a p p e a rs t o have been done to
th e s u p e r f i c i a l l a y e r s o f th e raucous membrane may be due to
h a n d lin g d u r in g t h e a u to p s y .

A l l t i s s u e s w ere f i x e d im m ed ia tely

a f t e r rem oval from th e b ir d s w hich w ere l i k e w i s e a u to p s ie d a s
so o n a s th e y a p p ea red d ead .

H ence, l i t t l e

o r no postm ortem

n e c r o s i s c o u ld h a v e ta k e n p la ce *
F ig s . 8 and 10 show r a th e r h eavy la y e r s o f mucus o v e r
t h e v i l l o u s p o r t io n o f th e raucous membrane.

Some m e c h a n ic a l

damage d o e s , h o w ev er, ap p ear to have b een done by th e worms a s
shown ifc s e v e r a l o f th e f i g u r e s and t h i s t o g e t h e r w ith t h e heavy
m ass o f mucus o f t e n e n c o u n te r e d may a c c o u n t f o r w h a t, on a u to p s y ,
a p p e a rs l i k e s lo u g h in g o f mucous membrane.
D is o u s s io n .
I t a p p e a rs from th e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d in t h e s e s t u d i e s

66 th a t

c e s t i c i l l u s and

c a r lo c a . in th e o r d e r named, a r e th e

tw o commonest tapeworm s in M ich ig a n .

E v id en ce h a s a ls o been

b ro u g h t f o r t h t o show t h a t t h e s e two p a r a s i t e s a r e p a th o g e n ic ,
more p a r t i c u l a r l y to young b i r d s .

Both have more th a n one known

in t e r m e d ia t e h o s t and t h e y may have o t h e r s .

C o n tr o l o f tapeworm

i n f e s t a t i o n r e q u ir e s a t t e n t i o n t o th e in te r m e d ia te h o s t s , s in c e
th e y p la y an in d is p e n s a b le r o l e in th e sp re a d o f t h e s e p a r a s i t e s .
S p e a k in g o f tapeworm s o f p o u lt r y in g e n e r a l we have t o f a c e th e
f a c t t h a t some o f th e in te r m e d ia te h o s t s a r e w inged and o t h e r s
cr a w l in t h e d i r t and g r a s s .

A b s o lu te p r e v e n t io n o f tapeworm

i n f e s t a t i o n by s a n it a r y m easu res means k e e p in g in te r m e d ia te and
d e f i n i t i v e h o s t s from com ing in c o n t a c t w ith ea c h o t h e r , p r e v e n t­
in g in te r m e d ia t e h o s t s from g e t t i n g i n f e c t e d or e x t e r m in a t in g th e
in t e r m e d ia t e h o s t .
To a tte m p t t o a c c o m p lis h t h e f i r s t o b j e c t iv e t h e f lo c k
w ould h ave t o be k ep t in co m p lete co n fin e m e n t in h o u se s eq u ip p ed
w it h e x tr e m e ly f i n e s c r e e n s and i f so d e s ir e d t h e s e h o u se s m ight
be s u p p lie d w it h s c r e e n e d c o n c r e t e p o r c h e s .
The se co n d o b j e c t i v e may be so u g h t by p ro p er d is p o s a l
o f d r o p p in g s and l i t t e r

in a d d it io n to c o n fin e m e n t o f th e c h ic k e n s .

D ro p p in g s and l i t t e r m ight be p la c e d in f i n e l y s c r e e n e d
manure p i t s , t h e y m igh t be burned o r th e y m ight be ta k en away f a r
enough t o p r e v e n t in te r m e d ia te h o s t s from b r in g in g th e p a r a s i t e s
back t o th e f l o c k .
o b je c tiv e ,

I t i s n o t r e a s o n a b le to b e l i e v e t h a t th e t h ir d

th e e x t e r m in a t io n o f a l l in te r m e d ia te h o s t , c o u ld be

a tta in e d .
Even i f a l l t h e s e m easu res were p r a c t ic e d i t seem s

- 67 c e r t a i n t h a t a c e r t a i n amount o f worm i n f e s t a t i o n w ould ta k e
p l a c e , b e c a u s e s l i p s in t h e s a n it a r y sy ste m w ould be bound to
occur.
P o u lt r y b r e e d e r s o f lo n g e x p e r ie n c e t e l l u s t h a t th e
ran ge f o r young s t o c k i s an e s s e n t i a l f a c t o r in th e r a i s i n g o f
s t u r d y , p r o d u c t iv e c h ic k e n s .

I t i s th e young b ir d t h a t i s m ost

s u s c e p t i b l e n o t o n ly t o i n f e s t a t i o n b u t to p a r a s i t i c d i s e a s e .
Most la y in g f l o c k s a r e k e p t in h o u se s s u p p lie d w ith o u td o o r
ru n s and y a r d s .

H en ce, c o m p a r a tiv e ly few c h ic k e n s a r e k e p t in

su ch a way t h a t t h e y a re e n t i r e l y o u t o f c o n t a c t w ith i n t e r ­
m e d ia te h o s t s o f tapew orm s.
I t seem s t h a t r e d u c tio n in th e amount o f i n f e s t a t i o n
may b e a c c o m p lis h e d by u s in g ra n g es n o t o c c u p ie d by c h ic k e n s
f o r s e v e r a l s e a s o n s , by k e e p in g y a rd s and runs f r e e from b oard s
o r la r g e l e a f y v e g e t a t io n o r o t h e r o b j e c t s u nd er w hich s lu g s
and o t h e r in te r m e d ia t e h o s t s may h id e and by d is p o s a l o f drop­
p in g s and l i t t e r a s s u g g e s te d a b o v e .
Some tapeworms a r e sp re a d by f l i e s and f l i e s may be
a t t r a c t e d by k e e p in g l i q u i d m ilk in tr o u g h s .
p r a c t i c e must be r e f r a in e d from .

T h erefo re such a

I f l i q u i d m ilk i s to be u s e d ,

o n ly q u a n t i t i e s s m a ll enough to be q u ic k ly consumed sh o u ld be
g iv e n a t ea c h f e e d in g .
W hile u n d o u b ted ly i t i s t r u e t h a t much can be a c ­
c o m p lish e d i n s u p p r e s s in g tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n by t h e above
m en tio n ed s a n it a r y m ea su re s, i t i s more th an l i k e l y t h a t , u nd er
th e c o n d it i o n s o f p r a c t i c a l p o u lt r y h u sb an d ry, c h ic k e n s w i l l
c o n t in u e t o become i n f e s t e d .

When th e y d o , what can be done?

Some w i l l s a y , n o th in g ca n be done e x c e p t to l e t n a tu re ta k e i t s

- 68 c o u r s e , o r , t h e c h ic k e n s t h a t a r e in m a rk eta b le c o n d it io n may
b e s o l d f o r m eat.

Such s ta te m e n ts w ould b e b a sed on th e f a c t

t h a t we do n o t h a v e , a t p r e s e n t , a remedy t h a t w i l l remove 100
p e r c e n t o f th e tapeworm s c o l e c e s .

In t h i s c o n n e c tio n i t sh o u ld

be remembered t h a t a s o - c a l l e d tapeworm i s by some p a r a s i t o l o ­
g is ts ,

c o n s id e r e d t o be a c o lo n y o f worms.

Each p r o g l o t t i s

i s an i n d i v i d u a l worm c a p a b le o f r e p r o d u c tio n and, in d e e d ,
p o s s e s s i n g enormous r e p r o d u c tiv e c a p a c it y , s in c e i t g e n e r a lly
h a s s e v e r a l hundred e g g s .

Each tapeworm, s t r o b i l a ( c o lo n y ) ,

c o n t a in s numerous p r o g l o t t i d e s o r in d i v id u a l worms.
l a s t few o f t h e s e

Only th e

(1 t o 6) a re g e n e r a lly m o t ile o r i n f e c t i v e .

S in c e tapeworm s m ust h ave i n t e m e d i a t e h o s t s in o r d e r t o con­
t in u e t h e i r l i f e

c y c l e , and, s in c e th e p a r a s it e b o p p o r t u n it ie s

t o f i n d a s u i t a b l e h o s t i s n o t v ery good a t th e b e s t ,

it

is

o b v io u s t h a t a n y th in g t h a t w i l l k i l l a la r g e number o f t h e s e
p r o g l o t t i d e s w i l l m a t e r ia ll y red u ce t h e chance f o r sp r e a d .

It

h a s b een shown in t h i s work t h a t I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) w i l l
k i l l p r o g l o t t i d e s and t h e i r e g g s , t h a t i t a c t s v e r y p rom p tly and
i s s a f e ev e n in th e p r e s e n c e o f o t h e r d i s e a s e s .
The w r it e r and h i s a s s o c i a t e s (4 6 ) had an o p p o r tu n ity
t o g iv e a d v ic e c o n c e r n in g a f l o c k o f ab ou t 1 5 0 0 , two and o n e h a l f months o ld le g h o r n s t h a t had begun t o lo o k u n t h r i f t y in
s p i t e o f th e f a c t t h a t t h e y w ere r a is e d on a s u p p o se d ly c le a n
r a n g e , l o c a t e d n e a r ly one m ile from any p i e c e o f ground p r e v io u s ly
u se d f o r c h ic k e n s .
p o u lt r y o f any k in d .

In f a c t , t h i s f i e l d had n e v e r b een u se d f o r
I t had a f i n e sta n d o f a l f a l f a and had a l l

th e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f a good r a n g e .

On e x a m in a tio n t h e s e b ir d s

- 69 w ere fou n d t o be h e a v i l y i n f e s t e d w ith tapew orm s.

A f t e r some

d i s c u s s i o n th e owner d e c id e d t o have them t r e a t e d w ith I o d in e
V erm icid e (Merck) w h ile on th e ra n g e, a t th e tim e o f p la c in g
them in t h e la y i n g h o u se and a g a in a t th e end o f th e f l y s e a s o n .
T h is r a t h e r d r a s t i c p ro ce d u re was c h o se n , b e c a u se h ea v y l o s s e s ,
a p p a r e n tly c a u se d by tapew orm s, had b een e x p e r ie n c e d b e f o r e .
Not o n ly d id th e young s t o c k r e c o v e r p ro m p tly , b u t th e f o llo w in g
s e a s o n th e m o r b id ity and m o r t a lit y went down to a l e v e l c o n s id e r ­
ed norm al f o r th e a v er a g e f l o c k .
S e v e r a l s i m i l a r e x p e r ie n c e s c o u ld be d e s c r ib e d and th e
r e s u l t s a r e u n d o u b ted ly due to t h e r e d u c tio n in i n f e c t i v e on­
c h o sp h e r e s by th e I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) tr e a tm e n t.
The w r it e r b e l i e v e s t h a t u n t i l a b e t t e r remedy i s
a v a ila b le ,

I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck) sh o u ld be u se d in i n f e s t e d

f l o c k s when t h e r e i s e v id e n c e o f i n f e s t a t i o n in th e form o f
sym ptom s.

On p r e m is e s h e a v i l y co n ta m in a ted w ith tapeworm s i t

may seem a d v is a b le t o t r e a t th e b i r d s , b e fo r e th e y come in t o
h ea v y p r o d u c tio n .

I t h a s b een s u g g e s te d t h a t th e y sh o u ld be

t r e a t e d a s th e y a r e p la c e d in th e la y in g h o u se .

T h is d o es n o t

seem l o g i c a l , b e c a u s e , a s so o n a s th e c o ld w ea th er s e t s i n ,
f l i e s and p erh a p s o th e r in te r m e d ia te h o s t s swarm in t o th e p o u lt r y
h o u s e s , a n d , a s t h e y are more o r l e s s s l u g g i s h a t t h i s tim e , th e y
a r e r e a d i l y p ic k e d up by th e c h ic k e n s .
ta k e p l a c e .

Thus r e i n f e s t a t i o n w i l l

U n le s s th e b ir d s show u n q u e s tio n a b le e v id e n c e o f

b e in g in n eed o f a worm tr e a t m e n t, i t
i t u n t i l t h e f l y se a s o n i s o v e r .

seem s more l o g i c a l t o d e f e r

- 70 D ata sh ow ing th e a c t u a l econom ic im p o rta n ce o f ta p e ­
worms a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e ; y e t ,
a r e more o r l e s s p a th o g e n ic ,

in v iew o f th e f a c t t h a t tapeworms
i t seem s s a f e to sa y t h a t i n f e s t e d

b ir d s o p e r a te on a lo w er ed p la n e o f e f f i c i e n c y #

Growing b ir d s

may f a i l to g a in s a t i s f a c t o r i l y in w e ig h t, o r , th e y may ev en lo s e *
L ik e w is e f a i l u r e t o come in t o o r to s t a y in p r o d u c tio n a re mani­
f e s t a t i o n s commonly a s s o c i a t e d w ith tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n .
The h e a lt h o f th e mucous membrane o f t h e sm a ll i n t e s ­
t i n e s i s v e r y im p o r ta n t.

Such p a t h o lo g ic a l ch an ges a s have b een

shown t o o c c u r in th e m ucosa o f i n f e s t e d b ir d s (n o te e s p e c i a l l y
F ig . 7 , P l a t e 4) o b v io u s ly i n t e r f e r e w ith d i g e s t i o n and a s s i m i l a ­
tio n *

Feed consumed by fo w ls s o a f f l i c t e d can n o t be u t i l i z e d

w ith p r o f i t .

There can a l s o be l i t t l e

doubt t h a t tapeworms may

a c t a s p r e d is p o s in g c a u s e s o f o r a g g r a v a tin g f a c t o r s in a v a r i e t y
o f d is e a s e s .

T h e r e fo r e i t seem s e n t i r e l y p r o p e r , even in t h e

a b se n c e o f in fo r m a tio n a s to th e e x a c t econom ic s i g n i f i c a n c e o f
t h i s p rob lem , to u rg e th e p r a c t ic e o f a com p reh en sive sy stem o f
c o n t r o l o f tapeworms su ch sis t h a t s u g g e s t e d a b o v e.

Here one may

l o g i c a l l y a sk how th e e x p e n se s a s s o c i a t e d w ith t h i s s o r t o f a
c o n t r o l sy ste m w ould compare w ith th e l o s s e s ca u sed by tapeworm
in fe s ta tio n .
a t p r e s e n t*

A d e f i n i t e answ er to t h i s q u e s tio n can n ot be g iv e n
H ow ever, some com p a riso n s can be made b etw een c e r ­

t a i n p h a se s o f th e c o s t o f p r o d u c tio n and th e e x p e n se s a tta c h e d
t o th e tr e a tm e n t o f b ir d s w ith I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck).
exam p le.

For

The t o t a l c o s t o f r a i s i n g an a v er a g e hen t o th e age o f

13 m oh th s, ju d ged by o b s e r v a t io n s on 300 f lo c k s in M ich igan , i s
3 .3 5 d o l l a r s .
fe e d .

Of t h i s amount th e sum o f 1*50 d o l l a r s g o e s f o r

One tr e a tm e n t w ith I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) w ould add

- 71 ap p roxim ately
r a ise

cents*

2t

a p u llet

t o 6 m onths

wfcat t h e a v e r a g e
average

p rice

per d ozen .

At p resen t p r ic e s
o f age and t h a t

c h i c k e n would b r i n g i f

the

200

flo c k s

is

state

was 1 5 5 and t h e m o r t a l i t y

u s s a y t h a t we a r e d e a l i n g

s o ld f o r m eat.

C ollege

in

d o lla rs,
30

ch ick en s

p rices

( 2 1 /4

per hen o f 80

cents

once

In a flo ck

of

i n many f l o c k s ,
h igh m o r b id ity

at lea st

egg
cent*

1000 c h ic k e n s
o f tape­
The

and i n m eat 2 2 * 5 o
to

the

at

lo ss

of

tie s e

present feed

d o lla rs.

5 1 .0 0 d ollars*

per

How m u c h o f t h i s

p o ssib le to say,

but

To d o s e

(M erck) c o s t s

1 0 0 0 h e n s 2 0 0 m a y be l o s t

it

is

Thus t h e n e t
1000 a d u l t

about 20 d o l l a r s .

year a cco rd in g to

is

they are a very sig n ific a n t

d ue t o

the

in te stin a l

h ig h ly p robable t h a t ,
f a c t o r in a fa r too

and m o r t a l i t y .

The t r e a t m e n t
V erm icide

Due

in feed c o s t ,

w it h I o d i n e V erm icide

is not

the average

p er l b . ) and a t t h e a v e r a g e y e a r l y co n su m p tio n

above m en tion ed su r v e y .
p a ra sites

22 c e n t s

th e D epartm ent

p rod u ction *

pounds o f f e e d w ould be 5 4 .0 0

l o s s w o u ld amount to
ch ick en s

105.00 d o lla r s .

t h e maximum s a v i n g

to

as a r e s u lt

e g g s w o u l d am o u n t t o 8 2 . 5 0 d o l l a r s
or a to ta l of

be c l o s e

w ith a f lo c k o f

worm i n f e s t a t i o n b e f o r e t h e y h a d come i n t o

to

The

per y e a r was 20 per

( f e m a l e s ) and t h a t 3 0 o f them had b e e n l o s t

lo sses

75 c e n t s

ap p roxim ately

under o b s e r v a t io n by

o f Farm M a n a g e m e n t o f M i c h i g a n

Now l e t

costs

o f e g g s f o r 1 9 3 4 and 1935 w i l l

In

p ro d u ctio n

it

o f worm i n f e s t e d c h i c k e n s w i t h I o d i n e

( M e r c k ) m ay h a v e a n e v e n g r e a t e r c u m u l a t i v e

than

i m m e d i a t e , b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t du e t o t h e k i l l i n g o f p r o g l o t t i d e s
and e g g s a n d a c o n s e q u e n t r e d u c t i o n i n t h e

source o f i n f e s t a t i o n .

Such a r e d u c t i o n v / i l l be o f b e n e f i t n o t o n l y t o
p o u l t r y f a r m e r who e m p l o y s t h i s

the i n d i v i d u a l

system of c o n tr o l,

but t o

- 72 n e ig h b o r in g p o u ltry m en a s w e l l , b eca u se in te r m e d ia te h o s t s may
c a r r y tapeworms o v e r a c o n s id e r a b le d is t a n c e .
I f by c o n tin u e d e f f o r t a lo n g th e l i n e s o f tapeworm
c o n t r o l one c o u ld red u ce i n f e s t a t i o n to a h a r m le ss l e v e l i t seem s
c e r t a i n t h a t m a t e r ia l g a in s w ould be made in t h e form o f more
e c o n o m ic a l u s e o f f e e d , g r e a t e r g a in s in f l e s h and a h ig h e r r a t e
o f p r o d u c tio n .
I t must be remembered t h a t p a r a s it is m i s a n a t u r a l
phenomenon and t h a t n a tu r e seem s a s i n t e n t upon p r e s e r v in g th e
p a r a s i t e a s th e h o s t .

Thus, i f man w is h e s to r i d h i s f lo c k s and

h erd s o f p a r a s i t e s h e must be w i l l i n g to pay th e i n e v i t a b l e p r i c e .
Summary.

I t h a s b een shown t h a t I o d in e V erm icid e (Merck) i s
h ig h l y e f f e c t i v e in rem oving s t r o b i l a e and t h a t c o m p a r a tiv e ly few
s c o l e c e s a re rem oved.
A ll A s c a r id ia and s t r o b i l a e o f tapeworms r e a c h e d by th e
io d in e were k i l l e d and e x p e l le d .

However, c o n s id e r a b le numbers

o f yougn A s c a r id ia may be s i t u a t e d so d e e p ly in th e mucosa a s to
e s c a p e t h e e f f e c t s o f th e io d in e .

These can a l l be removed by

a se co n d tr e a tm e n t when s u f f i c i e n t tim e i s a llo w e d f o r t h e i r de­
v elop m en t and p a s s in g i n t o th e lumen o f th e i n t e s t i n e .
In v i t r o t e s t s are re co r d e d to add p r o o f t o th e k i l l i n g
pow er o f c o l l o i d a l io d in e on nem atodes and tapeworm s.
The m a jo r ity o f o n ch o sp h eres c o n ta in e d in p r o g l o t t i d e s
a c t e d upon by c o l l o i d a l io d in e in v iv o a s w e l l a s in v i t r o were
k ille d .
In a c e r t a i n number o f b ir d s th e io d in e i s d e s tr o y e d

- 73 r a t h e r q u ic k ly a f t e r i t r e a c h e s th e s m a ll i n t e s t i n e .
Tapeworms and t h e i r s c o l e c e s w ere made v i s i b l e

in t h e

d e e p e r la y e r s o f th e raucous membrane by f i x i n g , w a sh in g , d eh y d r a t­
in g and th e n c l e a r i n g com p ressed p i e c e s o f i n t e s t i n e in b e n z y l
b e n z o a te .
R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c i l l u s and H ym en olep sis c a r io c a

were

shown t o be t h e commonest tapeworms in t h i s l o c a l i t y and th a t
th e y p rod u ce p a t h o l o g i c a l c o n d it io n s su ch a s c a t a r r h a l e n t e r i t i s ,
c a p i l l a r y c o n g e s t io n , ly m p h o cy te, p o ly m o rp h o n u clea r, and e o s in o p h i l e c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n , p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f e p it h e liu m and f i b r o s i s .
Some re d b o d ie s a r e d e s c r ib e d a s o c c u r in g in th e strom a o f th e
mucous membrane a s w e ll a s in th e e p it h e liu m .

They w ere a l s o

o b s e r v e d in th e d i g e s t i v e t r a c t o f n em atod es.
C o n c lu s io n s .
1.

c e s t i c i l l u s and

c a r io c a a re p a th o g e n ic f o r

c h ic k e n s .
2.

T h eir s t r o b i l a e , a re e a s i l y removed by Io d in e
V er m ic id e,

(Merck) w h ile a p p a r e n tly o n ly a s m a ll

p e r c e n ta g e o f s c o l e c e s can be e x p e lle d by t h i s
rem edy.
3.

In v ie w o f t h e i n e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f p r e s e n t ly known
worm rem ed ies in rem oving s c o l e c e s r e lia n c e must
n o t be p la c e d in trea tm en t a lo n e .

A l l p h a se s o f

tapeworm c o n t r o l must be c o n s id e r e d .
4.

S in c e co m p lete p r e v e n t io n o f tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n
i s h a r d ly p o s s i b l e under c o n d it io n s o f p r a c t i c a l
p o u lt r y h u sb an d ry, and s in c e trea tm en t w ith Io d in e
V erm icid e (Merck) k i l l s

innum erable p r o g l o t t i d e s

- 74 and t h e i r e g g s a s w e l l a s caus& s

th e prompt r e ­

m oval o f s t r o b i l a e from th e i n t e s t i n e s , t h i s remedy
i s recommended a s a v a lu a b le a i d in t h e c o n t r o l o f
tapeworm i n f e s t a t i o n in ch ic k e n s*
5«

I o d in e V erm icid e (M erck ), when c a r e f u l l y a d m in is t e r ­
e d , i s h a r m le ss even when g iv e n t o b ir d s s u f f e r i n g
from d i s e a s e s o t h e r th a n p a r a s itis m *

75-

R e fe r e n c e s .
1.

D e a r s ty n e , S. R ., Kaupp, B. F. and W ilfo n g , H. 0 . , 1939.
C auses o f p o u lt r y m o r t a lit y in N orth C a r o lin a . N.C.
A gr. Exp. S ta . B u i. 3 6 4 , pp. 1 - 3 1 .

2.

Niem ann, K.W ., 1 9 3 9 . A utopsy f in d in g s in f i e l d c a s e s o f
fo w l p a r a ly s is .
J . Am. V et. Med. A s s o c ., N. S. 28 ( l )
p p . 38—50.

3.

C h a n d ler, W. L. and F erg u so n , C. M ., 1 9 2 7 . V e r m ic id a l
io d in e p r e p a r a t io n s .
R eport o f th e V e te r in a r y D iv is i o n ,
M ich. S t a t e C o lle g e , o f A gr. and A ppl. S c i . f o r th e y ea r
e n d in g June 3 0 , 1 9 3 7 , pp. 5 3 -6 9 .

4.

S t a f s e t h , H. J . and W eisn er, E . S . , 1 9 3 1 .
C auses o f m o r t a lit y
in la y in g h e n s . M ich. A gr. Exp. S ta . Quar. B u i. X I I I , 3 ,
p p . 1 5 3 -1 5 7 .

5.

S t a f s e t h , H . J . , 1 9 3 7 -1 9 3 4 .
D ia g n o s t ic work on d i s e a s e s o f
p o u lt r y .
R eport o f th e V e te r in a r y D i v i s i o n , M ich. S t a t e C ol.
o f A gr. and A p p l. S c i . f o r t h e y e a r s en d in g June 3 0 , 1 9 2 7 -1 9 3 4 .

6.

F e r r y , Q. B . , 1934,
S tu d ie s on c e s t o d a foun d in and around
D ou glas C ounty, K ansas. Amer. M idland N a t ., 1 5 , No. 5 , pp.
5 8 6 -5 9 4 , R e f. in Exp. S ta . R e c ., v o l . 7 2 , No. 2 , F e b ., pp.
2 5 7 -2 5 8 .

7.

O r a s s i and R o v i l l i , 1 8 8 9 ,
In te rm ed ia ry h o s t o f D avain ea
p r o g l o t t i n a . th e s l u g Limax c in e r e u s . E m b ry o lo g isch e
F orschu n gen an C esto d en .
C e n tr a lb l. f . B ak t. 1 A b t ., 5:
3 7 0 -3 7 7 .

8.

G r a ssi and R o v i l l i , 1 8 9 3 . R ic e r c h e e m b r io lo g ic h e s u i C e s to d i.
A t t i Acad. G io n ia d i S c i . N a t. C a ta n ia (4 ) 4: 1 -1 0 8 .

9.

G u t b e r le t , J . E . , 1 9 1 6 .
S tu d ie s on th e t r a n s m is s io n and p r e ­
v e n t io n o f c e s t o d a i n f e c t i o n in c h ic k e n s . J . Am. V et. Med.
A s s o c ., N .S . 3; pp. 2 1 8 -3 3 7 .

1 0 . A c k e r t, J . E . , 1 9 1 8 .
On t h e l i f e c y c le o f th e fo w l c e s t o d e
D a vin ea c e s t i c i l l u s (M o lin ). P r e lim . Com. J . P a r a s t i o l . v o l .
5 ( 1 ) Sept* p p . 4 1 -4 3 .
1 1 . G u b e r le t, J .E . (same a s G u tb e r le t w ith th e t dropped) 1 919.
On th e l i f e h i s t o r y o f t h e c h ic k e n c e s t o d e H ym enolepis
O a rio ca (M agalh aes) J . P a r a s i t o l . v o l . 6 (iT, S e p t. pp. 3 5 -3 8 .
1 3 . A c k e r t, J . E . , 1 9 2 0 .
t e t r a g o n a (M o lin ).
pp. 3 8 -3 4 .

On the l i f e h i s t o r y o f D avain ea
A fo w l tapeworm. J . P a r a s i t o l . v o l . 6 ,

1 3 . Joyeu^c.C h., 1 9 3 0 .
C y cle e v o l u t i f de q u e lq u e s c e s t o d e s .
R ech erch es e x p e r im e n ta le s . B u i. b i o l . de France e t de B e lg .
P a r ., S u p p l. 3 , pp. 1 -2 1 9 .

-76-

14.

15.

C h a n d ler, A sa , 1933.
O b se r v a tio n s on th e l i f e c y c le o f
D a v a in ea p r o g l o t t i n a in th e U n ite d S t a t e s .
Tr. Am. M icr.
S o c . , v o l . 42 ( 3 ) , J u ly , p p. 144-147*
Cram, E l o i s e B . , 1 9 2 8 .
The p r e s e n t s t a t u s o f ou r know ledge
o f p o u lt r y p a r a s i t e s . P o u ltr y S c ie n c e , v o l . V I I I , pp.
35—36*

16.

Cram, E l o i s e B. and J o n e s , Myrna F . , 1 9 2 8 .
O b se r v a tio n s
on th e l i f e h i s t o r i e s o f R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c i l l u s and o f
H ym en olep is o a r io c a , tapeworms o f p o u lt r y and game b ir d s .
The N. Am. V e t . , v o l . .10 ( 2 ) , Feb. pp. 4 9 - 5 1 .

17.

J o n e s , Myrna F . , 1939. A phodius g r a n a r iu s ( C o le o p t e r a ) ,
an in te r m e d ia t e h o s t f o r H ym enolepis c a r io c a (C esto d a )
J . A gr. R e s ., v o l . 3 8 , No. 1 1 , J u n e, pp." 6 2 6 -6 3 2 .

18.

C h a n d ler, W. L ., 1 9 2 4 . On th e v e r m ic id a l v a lu e o f io d in e
w it h n o te s on two new io d in e p r e p a r a tio n s and s u g g e s t io n s
a s t o t h e i r p r o b a b le t h e r a p e u t ic and d i s i n f e c t a n t v a lu e s .
M ich. A gr. Exp. S ta . Quar. B u ll, Feb. V o l. 6, No. 3 . ,
p p . 1 1 2 -1 1 3 .

19.

C h an d ler, W. L . , 1 9 3 4 . Work w ith io d o g e n ic compounds.
R ep ort o f th e V e te r in a r y D i v i s i o n , M ich. S t a t e C ol. o f
A gr. and A ppl S c i . f o r y e a r en d in g June 3 0 , 1 9 2 4 , p p. 5 1 -5 3 .

20.

C h an d ler, W. L . , 1926.
Io d in e on th e p o u lt r y farm .
S c ie n c e , V o l. V I, No. 1 , O c t ., pp. 3 1 -3 5 .

21.

C h an d ler, W. L ., 1 9 2 9 .
F u rth er s t u d ie s o f th e v a lu e o f
io d in e on t h e p o u lt r y farm . P o u ltr y S c ie n c e , v o l . IX, No. 1
N o v ., p p . 40-44*

22.

C h an d ler, W. L. and M i lle r , E. J . , 1 9 3 7 .
C o llo id a l io d in e .
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23.

W eiser , H. B . , 1 933.
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24.

Alderm an, E. M ., 1 938.
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(C h a n d le r ).
T h e s is su b m itte d t o t h e F a c u lty o f th e M ich.
S t a t e C o l. o f Agr. and A p p l. S c i . in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f
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25.

S t a f s e t h , H. J . , and Thompson, W. W., 1932.
The e f f e c t s ,
tr e a tm e n t and p r e v e n t io n o f worm i n f e s t a t i o n in p o u lt r y .
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26.

H a ll, M .0 . , and S c h i l l i n g e r , J . E . , 1 9 3 6 . Kamala a s a t i s ­
f a c t o r y a n t h e lm in t ic f o r tapeworm s in p o u lt r y ( a b s t r a c t ) .
J . P a r a s i t o l . , 13 , (3 ) Mar. p . 1 6 6 .

P o u ltr y

-77-

37.

B each , B. A . , and W arren, D. M ., 1 9 3 6 .
T e n ia c id a l v a lu e
d ru g s f o r c h ic k e n s .
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N .S . 33 (4 ) J u ly pp. 4 9 8 -5 0 5 .

28.

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29.

R e b r a s s ie r , R. E . , 1 9 3 2 .
The a n th e lm in tic v a lu e o f kam ala
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33 (6 ) June p p . 8 9 5 -9 0 3 .

30.

B le e c k e r , W. L. and S m ith , R. M ., 1 9 3 3 .
F u rth er s t u d ie s on
th e r e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y o f v e r m ifu g e s f o r p o u lt r y .
J . Am.
V et. Med. A s s o c ., N . S . , 36 ( 1 ) , J u ly pp. 7 6 -8 1 .

31.

Thomas, E. F . , 1 9 3 3 . A p r e lim in a r y r e p o r t in th e s tu d y o f
p o u lt r y v e r m ifu g e s .
J . Am. V et. Med. A s s o c ., N .S . 36 ( l ) ,
J u ly p p . 6 1 - 7 3 .

33.

Hawn, M.0 . , 1 9 3 3 .
The v a lu e o f kamala a s a t e n i c i d e f o r
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The e f f e c t o f kam ala on eg g w e ig h t.
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34.

Kaupp, B. F . , 191 4 t
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The M acm illan C o ., New Y ork, pp. 185-18&

36.

M oore, V. A. A n o d u la r t a e n i a s i s in f o w ls .
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37.

K i t t , Th. , 1 9 2 3 . P a t h o lo g is c h e an atom ie d er H a u s t ie r e , B.
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R e in h a r d t, R ., 1 9 2 5 .
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39.

O t t e , W., 1 9 3 8 . D ie K ra n k h eiten d es f f e f lu g e ls m it b e so n d e r e r
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S c h o e t z , B e r lin ., p . 331*

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P o u ltr y D is e a s e s .

Am. J . V et. Med*,

U. S . D ep t, o f

-7842.

Emmel, M. W .,
lym p h o m a to sis
c o n d it io n s in
N .S . , 38 ( 1 ) ,

1934*
The e t i o l o g y o f fo w l p a r a l y s i s , (n e u r o g a llin a r u m P a p p e n h e im e r )le u c o s is and a l l i e d
th e d o m e stic f o w l. J . Am# V e t. Med. A s s o c .,
p p. 9 6 -9 7 .

43.

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44.

O’ Roke, E. 0 . ,

45.

S t o l l , N. R ., 1 9 2 9 .
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Haemonchus c o n t o r t u s .
1 . A cq uired r e s i s t a n c e o f h o s t s under
n a tu r a l r e in fe c tio n .
Am. J o u r. Hyg* 1 0 , p p. 3 8 4 -4 1 8 .

46.

S t a f s e t h , H. J . , Thompson, W. W., and Grey, 0. G ., 1 9 3 2.
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A s s o c ., N .3 . 3 3 , (1 ) J u n e, pp. 8 0 -8 6 .

P e r s o n a l communication*,

1 933.

P e r s o n a l com m un ication .

-79E x p la n a tio n o f p l a t e s .

P la t e I .
F ig . 1.

S e c t io n sh ow ing R a i l l i e t i n a c e s t i c i l l u s
in th e mucous membrane.
r o s te llu in

i s d e b r is .

in a c r y p t

The m a t e r ia l a t t a c h e d t o th e
The v i l l i and t h e i r e p it h e liu m

were i n t a c t in t h i s a r e a , b u t a m oderate amount o f
c a p i l l a r y c o n g e s tio n and lym p h ocyte i n f i l t r a t i o n was
n o te d in th e v i l l i a d ja c e n t to th e i n f e s t e d c r y p t .

F ig . 2 .

C ross s e c t i o n o f nem atodes sh ow in g th e red b o d ie s ,
d e s c r ib e d a b o v e, in t h e i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t *
by a rro w s)

( in d ic a t e d

P late 1

.•%' ' V ''
r 4 > (

F i g . 1 above

Fig.

2 b e lo w

Plate II.
F ig . 3.

P o r t io n s o f tapeworm s H ym en olep is o a r io c a a p p a r e n tly
s u p e r f ic ia lly lo c a te d .

Some o f t h e damaged c o n d it io n

o f th e v i l l o u s p o r t io n may be due t o h a n d lin g d u r in g
a u to p s y .

However, i n t e s t i n e s o f n o n in f e s t e d b i r d s ,

a s w e ll a s s e c t i o n s from o t h e r p o r t io n s o f th e
i n t e s t i n e s o f t h i s b ir d , show ed th e v i l l i to be
i n t a c t in s p i t e o f th e f a c t t h a t th e y w ere h a n d led
s im ila r ily .

T h e r e fo r e ,

i t i s assum ed t h a t th e p a r a s ite s

h ave ca u sed t h e s e c h a n g e s.

F ig . 7 , P la t e IV shows

a more ad vanced c o n d it io n o f t h e same k in d .

F ig . 4 .

L o n g itu d in a l and t a n g e n t i a l s e c t i o n s o f tapeworm s
show ing s u p e r f i c i a l l o c a t i o n o f w hat a p p e a rs to be
R. c e s t i c i l l u s and th e d e e p e r l o c a t i o n o f what may
be H ym enolepis c a r io c a .

The p a t h o l o g i c a l ch a n g es are

o f th e same n a tu r e a s o b s e r v e d in F ig . 3 b u t n o t so
f a r ad van ced .

P late 2

P i g . 3 above

P i g . 4 below

P late I I I .

F ig . 5.

H ym en olep is o a r io c a e x t e n d in g d e e p ly i n t o th e mucous
membrane.

F ig . 6 .

T a n g e n tia l s e c t i o n s

(one n e a r ly l o n g i t u d i n a l ) o f

H. c a r io c a sh ow ing how d e e p ly th e y may e x te n d in t o
th e c r y p t s .

P late 3

mgSm

'^WfrPk-'
m ¥r
' ^ A '/- A ’w JVs

F ig. 5

above

Fig*

6 b e lo w

Plate IV.

F ig . 7.

Showing la r g e a r e a o f f i b r o s i s .

The ch a n g es

o b se r v e d in t h i s a r e a a r e s i m i l a r to b u t f a r t h e r
ad vanced th a n t h o s e s e e n in p r e v io u s s e c t i o n s .

F ig . 8 .

S u p e r f i c i a l l y lo c a t e d tapeworms

c e s tic illu s .

The v i l l i a d ja c e n t to t h e i n f e c t e d c r y p t show r a th e r
marked lym p h o cy te i n f i l t r a t i o n .

There i s a h ea v y

l a y e r o f mucus o v e r th e t i p s o f th e v i l l i .

p la te 4

F i g . 7 above

F ig.

8 b e lo w

Plate V,

Fig* 9*

S c o le x o f a tapeworm in a p o s i t i o n w here i t
co u ld n o t be r e a c h e d by a remedy a d m in is te r e d
o r a lly .

The v i l l i a re s t i l l i n t a c t , b u t th e r e

a re f o c i o f lym ph ocyte i n f i l t r a t i o n in th e v i c i n i t y
o f th e i n f e c t e d c r y p t .

F ig . 1 0 . Heavy la y e r o f mucus o v e r t i p s o f v i l l i r a th e r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f b ir d s i n f e s t e d w ith tapew orm s.
By th e tr e a tm e n t w it h Io d in e V erm icid e (Merck)
t h i s mucus i s form ed in t o a c a s t and i s p a s s e d
soon a f t e r th e a d m in is t r a t io n o f t h e d o s e .
t h e s e c a s t s many tapeworms may be fo u n d .
t h i s mucous la y e r be e x c e s s i v e l y t h i c k ,

In
S hou ld

i t m ight

e x p la in th e d e s t r u c t io n o f io d in e so o n a f t e r d o s in g .

Plate 5

-

■ «--<5&
"'
r

Fig.

9 above

)

F ig,

,-iO^i;

10 b elo w

Plate VI

F ig . 11*

Heavy i n f e s t a t i o n w ith H ym en olgp is c a r io c a .

P late 6

'/A

F i g . 11