A STUDY OF CHEMICALLY INDUCED PARTHENOCARPY
IN CERTAIN HORTICULTURAL PLANTS,
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE
TO THE WATERMELON

By
C f c e o n g - Y i n Wong

T h esis
P resented
State

to

tn e G raduate S c h o o l o f M icn igan

C o lleg e o f A g ricu ltu re

S cien ce

in p a r t i a l

req u irem en ts

for

and A p p lie d

fu lfillm e n t of
the d eg ree o f

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

D epartm ent o f H o r t i c u l t u r e
E ast L an sin g,
1940

/y

M ich ig an

the

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I

In tro d u ctio n

1

II

R eview o f L i t e r a t u r e

3

1.

2.

In ternal

F actors

3

a.

N atu ral au xin s

b.

S y n t h e t ic a u x in s o r grow th s u b s t a n c e s

E xternal

F actors

11

III

M a t e r i a l s and M ethods

13

IV

P resen ta tio n

o f D ata

17

» E x p e r im e n t s w i t h W aterm elon

17

1

a.

1938 P r e lim in a r y

b.

1939 G reenhouse

c • 1939 F ie ld

tests
tests

exp erim en ts

3.

E xp erim en ts

w ith

C u cu m b e r

32

3*

E xp erim en ts

w ith

C u cu rb ita pepo

34

4.

E xp erim en ts

w ith

C u c u r b i t a m ax im a

35

5.

E xp erim en ts

w ith

C u cu rb ita m osohata

38

.

E xp erim en ts

w ith

C ucum is m elo v a r .

7.

E xp erim en ts

w ith

S olan aceou s P la n t s

6

r e ticu la tu s
39

a* P e p p e r

8

V

b*

T om at o

c.

E g g p la n t

. E xp erim en ts w ith Straw b erry

D iscu ssio n

41
41

1 *-27460

38

VI

Summary

45

VII

A cknow ledgem ent

47

V III

B ib lio g ra p h y

48

IX

E x p la n a tio n o fF ig u res

55

X

F ig u res

61

A Study o f C h e m ic a lly

in d u ced P a r th e n o c a r p y

in C e r ta in H o r t ic u lt u r a l P l a n t s ,
w ith

S p ecia l

to

R eference

t h e W aterm elon
In tro d u ctio n

N atural parthenocarpy
ana,

c itr u s,

v in ifera

f o r c i n g cucum ber.

is

grape,

in tern al

and v a r i e t i e s *

Furtherm ore

to

p o llin a tio n

and o f t e n

the

gynoeciu m ,

in flu en ces

the d isco v e ry

d ev elo p m en t.
by G u s t a f s o n

i n d u c e d by c e r t a i n

substances

p ra ctica l

its

of

i n many s p e c i e s

som e s o r t o f

fe r tiliz a tio n ,

thenocarp y c o u ld be
th at

par­

u su a lly as a r e su lt o f

subsequent

fo r p arth en ocarp ic

o n ly a f t e r

occur a s a r e s u lt

h a s b e e n shown t h a t

stim u la tio n

sary

in d u ced o r s t i m u l a t i v e

to

and e x t e r n a l
It

in ban­

C h in e s e persim m on and E n g l i s h

thenocarpy has been ob served
c erta in

o f common o c c u r r e n c e

However,

is
it

neces­
was

in 1936 t h a t p a r­
sy n th e tic

and t h e o r e t i c a l

grow th

p o ssib ilitie s

were v i s u a l i z e d .
Due t o

the

fact

sid ered d e s ir a b le ,
seed less

fru its

p arth en o ca rp ic
(c)

to

in crea se

th a t p arth en ocarp ic

effo rts

the p ercen tage

flo w ers
to

se le c tio n ,

(a)
Cb)

o f n o n -p a rth en o ca rp ic

w h e r e so m e o c c u r n o r m a l l y .
horm one-treated

h a v e b e e n made:

by b r e e d i n g o r
in p la c e

fru its

and f r u i t s

ted ones

in o rd er

p h y sica l

c h a n g e s and r e l a t i o n s h i p

w ith

to

con­
o b ta in

in d u ce

fru its

o f p arth en o ca rp ic

in a d d it io n ,

d eterm in e

to

are

and

fru its

com p arison s o f
r eg u la r ly -p o llin a ­

su b se q u e n t a n a to m ic a l and
have

been o f g r e a t

in te re st.

-2 fhe o b je c t o f
p o ssib ility
sy n th e tic
w ith

of

s t u d y was to

fo llo w in g :

reference
( 1)

the

to

in

(b)

fru it

of

the

a p p lic a tio n

P arthenocarpy

of

is

em b ryoless

seed.

w ith ou t

fe r tiliz a tio n ,

stim u lu s o f p o lle n ,
grow th o f p o l l e n

the

" n atu ral"

depends upon,
liv e

tub es,

or dead,
in

the c o n d itio n

is

to

o b lig a te.

d ev elo p a s

d e v e lo p s on ly
py I s

d ev elo p as

hence

If

the

is

If
by,

s t i g m a s o r by

In v e g e t a t iv e
fu n ctio n
sort,

the

is

the
the

sty le

or

a itio n o m ic

or

parthenocarpy,
in

fe r tiliz a tio n

the p a r th e n o c a r ­

in an ovary a re a b le

a p arth en ocarp ic

no p o l l i n a t i o n

fru it

and p a r t h e n o c a r ­

fa cu lta tiv e .

Stenosperm ocarp y

the

o r o v a r y o r by h orm ones

o n e o r m ore o v u l e s

w hen t h e r e

for

v eg eta tiv e,

in flu en ced

stim u la tiv e,

seed,

compared

d ev elo p s

ca lled

or as
on

to

g iv e

parthenocarp y.

se e d s o f any

sten osp erm ic

fru it

is

sty le

the o v u le s a re u n ab le

and u n a b le

th at

the

f r u i t w ith o u t seed

s t i m u l i on o r in

c a lled

" a r t l f i c i a l 1* p a r t h e n o c a r p y .

to

the

(2)

o b ta in ed .

co n d itio n

and o t h e r p h y s i c a l - c h e m i c a l

of

r esu lts

the

h o r ticu ltu ra l

the p o s s i b i l i t y

When s e e d l e s s

spontaneous or

form ation o f a f r u i t

(4)

the p ro d u ctio n o f

or w ith

au to n om ic,

and

crops,

esta b lish

and s e e d d e v e lo p m en t a s

p ra ctica l

py i s

to

grow th s u b s ta n c e s

fru it,

a ll

use o f

so m e h o r t i c u l t u r a l

th e w aterm elon ,

w ith normal s e e d - b e a r in g

if

the

to p a r t h e n o c a r p i c and a p o m it i c phenom ena,

resu lts,

ovary,

the

response o f d iffe r e n t

k in d s and c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
best

d eterm in e

i n d u c in g p a r th e n o c a r p y by

grow th s u b s ta n c e s

sp ecia l

p la n ts

th is

th e d evelop m en t o f

fru it

w ith

-d aborted or p a r tly
iliz a tio n

or a t

form ed s e e d s a f t e r

lea st

entrance

there

of p o llen

has been

tubes

fert­

in to

the

o v u les.
K eview o f L i t e r a t u r e
For th e

sake o f c o n v e n ien ce ,

review are a r b i t r a r i l y

grouped under:

in c lu d in g n a tu ra l a u xin s
tic

(35)

( 2 ) extern al

p la c e d dead p o l l e n

(19)

fru it of

o b ta in ed p arth en o ca rp ic

o f A zalea p o lle n .
and p o l l e n

sw ellin g of
but

to

so m e s u b s t a n c e

(58)

of

(6,

extracts,

the ovary,

w ater e x tr a c t s
W inge

F ittin g

the ovary o f

7)

in

M orita

found

th at p o llen

ed w ith h o t o r c o ld w a te r,

cause

F ittin g 's
P o llin ia

L iabach

work a n d o b t a i n e d
o f o rch id s

were

1902,

H artley

some s l i g h t
The
itse lf,

sin ce a lco h o l or

brought about sim ila r
w ith

sterile

seeds

w i t h hemp o r U r t i c a
from s e v e r a l

o rch id s

a b so lu te a lc o h o l,

(25,

as

fe r tiliz a tio n

y i e l d e d a s u b s ta n c e w h ich c a u s e d a s l i g h t
gynostem ium .

As e a r l y

sp e c ie s o f o rch id s.

fru its

in hops p o llin a t e d

stim u la tio n .

the ovary.

to

the p o l l i n i a

the p o l l i n i a

in clu d in g

t a b a c c o by t h e u s e

was due n o t t o

be produced

the

factors,

u s i n g dead and l i v i n g

was a b l e

several

found th a t la r g e

(37)

th is

upon th e s t i g m a o f an

grow th o f

grow ing in

factors,

N atu ral A u x in s.—

o r c h id and o b s e r v e d a s l i g h t

p o llen

in tern a l

p h o to p e r io d is m and m e c h a n ic a l

In ternal F a cto rs:
M assart

(1)

in

o r grow th s u b s t a n c e s and s y n t h e ­

grow th s u b s t a n c e s and

tem perature,

the p ap ers c i t e d

26,

27)

e sse n tia lly

shown t o

store

or

effects.
cou ld

p o llen .
extract­

eth er

en largem en t o f

rep eated
the

some o f

sa m e r e s u l t s .

abundance o f

grow th

-4 su bstances,

w h ich rem ain ed a c t i v e

lie v ed

these

in

that

m a teria ls are not

th e a d h e s iv e la y e r betw een

w ater e x t r a c t s
sch izo p eta lu s

of p o llen
,

pepo» S tr e litz a

a lco h o l

the p o lle n

in d iv id u a l

o r grow in g p o l l e n

r e g in a e . L iliu m
produced

gave s tim u la tiv e

a ctiv e

the

in

tim e.

su bstances

grow th o f

(28)

proper but

in

the o a t

were foun d to

and a c e t o n e and i n s o l u b l e

Hot

tubes o f H ib isc u s
C u cu rb ita

sp eciosu m . A cacia

sw ellin g

He b e ­

g ra in s.

Anoda c r i s t a t a . A b u t i l o n h y b r i d ,

H ip peastrum v i t t a t u m
a lso

fo r a lo n g

s p e c i e s and

th e gynostem ium and

c o le o p tile .

be s o l u b l e

in a l i p h a t i c

These

in w ater,
o r arom atic

hydrocarbons.
In a s e r i e s

o f attem p ts

cross p o llin a tio n
su cc essfu l,
eg g p la n t,
p o llen

and o t h e r m eans,

Yasuda

tom ato,

other

t o p r o d u c e p a r t h e n o c a r p y by

(60,

61,

62,

o n ly

63)

so m e o f w h i c h w e r e

o b ta in ed p a rth en ocarp ic

and pepper f r u i t s

by p o l l i n a t i o n

than t h e i r own.

He a l s o

resu lts

by i n j e c t i n g a q u e o u s

extracts

ovary.

In cucumber and a s o lo n a c e o u s p l a n t ,

th en ocarp ic

d evelop m en t d id n o t

opened e a r ly

in

the

season

date.

In a J a p a n e s e

r a rely

bears p arth en ocarp ic

Yasuda

(64)

o b ta in ed p arth en ocarp ic

w h en c r o s s - p o l l i n a t e d
the

(64,

65),

the

how ever,

par­

flo w ers

that

in

f u s h i n a r i 1*, w h i c h

under n a tu r a l
fru its

co n d itio n s,

o f normal

size

w ith o th e r c u c u r b ita c e o u s p la n t s

su n flow er b u t none w ith

exp erim en t

in to

d id appear a t a l a t e r

§<S h o g o i n

fru its

sa tisfa cto ry

o f p o llen

take p la c e

though i t

cucum ber,

ob tain ed

w ith

so lo n a ceo u s p la n t .

he found p a r t h e n o c a r p ic

e g g p l a n t s d e v e l o p e d when p o l l i n a t e d

w ith

a t a very o ld o r very young s t a t e .

In

or

In anoth er

cucum bers and

t h e i r own p o l l e n ,

cases

where p a r -

-5 -

th en ocarp ic
the s t y l e
work
the

fru it

d ev elo p ed ,

but d id not reach

(65),

the p o lle n
th e ovary*

w ith w e ll

p la n ts,

and t h e p o l l i n a t e d

d ev elo p ed p o lle n

from t h e o v a r i e s a t

th eir

o p e r a t i o n was d e l a y e d ,

24 h ou rs

fe r tiliz a tio n

clu d ed

the s t y l e s ,

ch em ical
ment o f
osperm y)

24,

30,
in

48 h o u r s .

of

If

e g g p la n t and 9 h o u rs

g ra in s

tubes

fru its

or p o llen

resu lted .

stim u la tes

were b e l i e v e d

same s t i m u l a t i n g

tube su b sta n c e

them w i t h o u t

at

or a t

a lo n e,

p a r th e n o c a r p y w ou ld o c c u r .
in an i n t e r m e d i a t e

Oochran
W orld B e a t e r ,

When,

and s t i m u l a t e s

He

on t h e o t h e r

the o v a ria n

the
tissu e

P h e n o s p e r m y may t a k e

situ a tio n .

by p l a c i n g p o t t e d p l a n t s
5 0 ° —6 0 °

(Sten-

th e o v u le s and

( 2 ) o b ta in ed p a rth en ocarp ic

in a cool house,

d ev elo p ­

the b a sa l p o r tio n o f

sty les

so m e

w ou ld t a k e p l a c e

fe r tiliz a tio n .

the su b sta n c e a r r iv e s
the o v a r ie s

reaches

He c o n ­

to be c a u se d

su bstance.

th a t p a rth en o g en esis

the

tub es produced

P a r th e n o c a r p y , phenosperm y

co n clu d ed

d ev elo p ­

reached

the o v a r i e s .

and p a r t h e n o g e n e s i s

in

t h e o p e r a t i o n was so

the p o lle n

some s e e d l e s s

the

cut o ff

When t h e

w h ich c a u s e d p a r t h e n o c a r p i c

when t h e p o l l e n

p la ce

were

su bstances,

by t h e a c t i o n o f

hand,

t h e i r own

o c c u r r e d and th e o v a r i e s

the m a jo rity

th a t the p o lle n

further

g.

normal s e e d e d f r u i t s .

base o f

g r a in s o f

sum m it a t d i f f e r e n t p e r i o d s

e.

that

fu rther

flo w e r s were u se d ,

s tig m a s and s t y l e s

fo llo w in g p o llin a tio n ,

tim ed

still

the

e g g p l a n t and cucumber w ere e m a s c u la te d and

sm eared

ed i n t o

In

th o u g h o n l y a l i m i t e d number o f

flo w ers o f

cucum ber,

tu b e s grew i n t o

peppers,

v a r ie ty

fo llo w in g p o llin a tio n

F. H is m o rp h o lo g ica l

study

showed

-6 th is

co n d itio n

to be due,

rath er

to la c k

p o llen

t u b e do w n t h e

tem perature*

of

to la c k

fe r tiliz a tio n
sty le

of p o llin a tio n ,

as a resu lt of

fru its

of

extracts,
eggp lan t,

G row th S u b s t a n c e s :

(11)

i n 1 9 3 6 by t r e a t i n g

in l a n o l i n

p aste.

s iz e d p arth en o ca rp ic
g lo ssis

S im ila r

dragon o v a r ie s ,

slig h t

a cid

G ustafson
pepper,

low

(12)

cucumber

a c c o m p l i s h e d by

the p i s t i l s

He w a s a b l e
in

tom ato,

to

w ith

known

o b t a in norm al­

P e t u n i a , and S a l p i -

were t r e a t e d w ith
treatm ent

i n d u c e d by

in d o le-3 n -

in itia te d

grow th

caused s e e d le s s

tom ato

snapdragons,

caused s e e d le s s

fru its

but none in
fru its

to

-

in

b u t d id n o t p ro d u ce m ature f r u i t s .

grow th in

e a c e tic a cid
tom ato,

fru its

wh en t h e p i s t i l s

p ro p io n ic a c id .

la c e tic

r e la tiv e ly

P arthenocarpy

g r o w th s u b s t a n c e s o r horm ones was f i r s t

hormones

the

the

ornam ental p l a n t s .

S y n th etic

G u stafson

but

c a u s e d by s lo w g ro w th o f

By t h e u s e o f p o l l e n

produced p arth en ocarp ic
and c e r t a i n

not

snap­

Pheny-

d e v e lo p and

tobacco.

In d o l-

to be form ed in

the

S a l p i g l o s s i s , P e t u n ia . B e g o n ia , pepp er and e g g p la n t.

The sa m e s u b s t a n c e

in itia te d

o v a ry grow th

in

the

snapdragon,

Z ep h yran th es c a r i n a t a . A gapanthus u m b e l l a t u s . cro o k n e ck
summer s q u a s h ,
w aterm elon .
form ed i n
squash,
grow th
m elon .

and Hubbard s q u a s h ,

In d o leb u ty ric a c id

tom ato,

but n o t

caused s e e d le s s

the o v a r ie s

In a fu r th e r

ch em ica ls

tested ,

and p y r r o le -

fru its

S a l p j g l o s s i s . P e tu n ia y crookneck

B e g o n ia . p ep p er and e g g p l a n t ,
in

in cucum ber and

stu dy,

on ly

-a ce tic

G ustafson

cucum ber,

^ 13 )

K -in d o lea ceta te,
a cid s

summer

but produced on ly

o f Hubbard s q u a s h ,

found,

p y r r o le -

to be

slig h t

and w a ter­
of

13 new

-ca rb y x y lic

-7 ind uced
p la n t
5

the d evelop m en t o f p a r th e n o c a r p ic

sp ecies.

The K - i n d o l e a c e t a t e

per cent la n o lin

p aste

so lu tio n

for

e le g a n s.

S a lp jg lo ssis

dragon,

in jectio n .

tom ato,

It

is

or a s a 0 .2 p er

The t e s t e d p l a n t s

v a r ia b ilis.

A ll

except

th at

O o d etia

several

e ith er

as a

were Q la r k ia
sp ecies,

snap­

cucum ber,

a p p le,

t h e a p p l e p r o d u c e d an

the p otassiu m

a p p ro x im a tely a s

in

c en t aqueous

t h e o v a r y a n d so m e e v e n r e a c h

was c o n c lu d e d

a c id

was u s e d

M a r y l a n d Mammoth t o b a c c o ,

p e p p er and e g g p l a n t .
en largem en t o f

fru its

effectiv e

sa lt
as

of

th eir

m a tu rity .

in d o lea cetic

the a c id .

T h er e was

som e s t i m u l a t i n g a c t i o n o r s e t o f p a r t h e n o c a r p i c

fru its

a r esu lt

in crook­

of

the use o f p y r r o le - -c a r b o x y lic

n e c k summer s q u a s h ,
tom ato,
in

w a te r m e lo n and pum pkin.

squash,

neck

e g g p la n t and to b a cco

e g g p l a n t and to b a c c o

summer s q u a s h b y t h e

In com paring th e

r ela tiv e

a c id

as

but not w ith p epp er,

Some g r o w t h w a s o b s e r v e d
but none

in pepper o r cro ok ­

use o f p y r r o le - - a c e t ic
r a te o f grow th o f

a c id .

tobacco

fru its

produced p a r th e n o c a r p ic a lly

by K - i n d o l e a c e t a t e a n d t h o s e

r esu ltin g

it

first

from p o l l i n a t i o n ,

few d a y s o f

K -in d o le a c e t a t e

d evelop m en t
grew f a s t e r

was fo u n d t h a t d u r i n g t h e
the o v a r ie s

treated

th a t the p o llin a t e d

stage.

that a t

t r e a t e d o v a r i e s ha d more a v a i l a b l e

the

s u b s t a n c e w h ich l a t e r
that

the p o llin a t e d

few d a y s b u t l a t e r
o ca rp ic

fru its

became d e p l e t e d .

fru its

the

than

the

fact
grow th

was a ss u m e d

grew slo w e r d u rin g

g r e w more r a p i d l y

due t o

It

to

ones but

slo w er a t a l a t e r
first

T h is was a t t r i b u t e d

w ith

the

first

the p a rth en ­

fo r m a tio n o f a grow th s u b s t a n c e

-8 through

the d e v e lo p in g

seeds*

p r o d u c e d by i n d o l e a c e t i c

He f o u n d

a cid

fru its

tr e a tm e n t were a lw a y s

th a n t h o s e p r o d u c e d by p o l l i n a t i o n
K -in d o le a c e t a t e .

tobacco

or

In an ex p erim en t

trea tm en t w ith

(13)

w ith

crookneck

summer s q u a s h i n w h i c h t h e o v u l e - b e a r i n g p o r t i o n
end)

was c u t o f f

grow th

and th e c u t

su bstances,

form d i a m e t e r
sp ecia l

the

throughout

fru it.

(13,

even n ecessa ry
The p o l l e n

14,
to

that

g r a i n s and p r o b a b ly

o r w h ich a c t s

a s a m aster

to p rod u ce grow th o f one
Went a n d Th im a n n

(50,

B ased on h i s
gators,

G ustafson

reason

so m e f r u i t s

j^ n ^ tia te

atio n s*

He a l s o

and d e v e l o p i n g
parts o f

the

even

that

though

found th a t

seeds

fru it.

in pepper a t l e a s t ,

o f other

the h y p o th e sis

c o n ten t in

He b e l i e v e d

d ev elo p

s u g g e s t e d by

in v esti­
th at

d ev elo p w ith o u t f e r t i l i z a t i o n

grow th p r o c e s s e s w ith

commence to

as

su bstances

56).

proposed

they have a h ig h e r au xin
o f b lo sso m in g .

sy n th esized

se e d s or em bryos,

so rt or another,

own w o r k a n d r e s u l t s
(15)

is

was

the o v u le s

reagent ca u sin g oth er

55,

no

elo n g a tio n o f

w h ich i s

i n c r e a s e d by t h e d e v e l o p i n g o v u l e s ,

there

d ev elo p in g seed s

the c o n tin u e d

c o n t a i n a grow th s u b s ta n c e o r a u x in ,
or

but

The h y p o t h e s i s
16)

w ith

grew w ith a u n i­

w h ole l e n g t h ,

th e apex*

d e v e lo p e d by G u s ta fs o n

the

th eir

(b lossom -

then t r e a t e d

rem ain in g p o r t io n

en largem en t a t

favor or are

su rface

sm a ller

the

the ovary a t

th is

the

resu lt

that

w a s much l o w e r

fe r tiliz ­
o v u les

than th a t o f o th e r

found tn e a u x in
in

tim e

the o v a r ie s

au xin c o n te n t o f

he

the

that

h ig h enough to

t h e r e h a s b e e n no

much g r e a t e r

M oreover,

is

if

the

conten t,

t h e w i n t e r and s p r i n g

-9 -

than

in

the

summer.

K atu n sij

(24)

a sso cia ted

h ig h p r o d u ctio n o f a u xin
p re-an d p o s t - f l o r a l
so m e p l a n t s
in

to

that

th e p l a n t and a t t r i b u t e s

the p resen ce o f a la r g e
the o v u le s .

the o v a ria n w a ll o r

the

the

fru it.

Meyer ( 3 6 )

in

fru it.

The s e e d m a t e r i a l

a u xin

c o le o p tile

cu rvatu re

H agem an n ( 1 8 )
m eans o f

in d o le a ce tic

a lso

observed

a cid ,

and i n d o l e p r o p i o n i c

the above s u b s ta n c e s

were a l s o

o b ta in ed

in

the

p arth en ocarp ic

empty a c h e n e s

were

n a il.

fru its

in

resu lts

th e open
in d o le­
of

were o b t a i n e d

p arth en ocarp ic
around the

a c id .

fru its
roots

T h ey a l s o
sm all

in pow der form i n t o

spray

h o les

In a p i s t i l l a t e

o f normal

i n d u c e d by t h e s e

s u b s ta n c e s m en tioned above

by

( 9 ) ob ta in ed

f r u i t by i n t r o d u c i n g

a c id

s t e m m ade w i t h a s m a l l

straw berry,

g la d io lu s

resu lts

the s o i l

in d o le a ce tic

in d o lea cetic

fru it.

the d e sc en d in g ord er as

M oreover,

so m e p a r t h e n o c a r p i c

q u a n tities of

d ev elo p

The e f f e c t i v e n e s s

found th a t b e t t e r

bloom w i t h

the

in d o leb u ty ric,

a c id s.

p r o d u c e d by w a t e r i n g

d u rin g f u l l

to

gave a g r e a t e r Avena

o p a c a ) by s p r a y i n g

fo llo w ed

by r e p e a t e d a p p l i c a t i o n s .

su bstance,

the p r e sen ce o f

G ard ner an d M arth

(Ilex

of

a lso

but he o b ta in e d n e g a tiv e

b lossom s w ith n a p h th a len e a c e t i c ,

They a l s o

the

o f au xin

(4)

recep ta cle

o b ta in ed p arth en ocarp ic

p a rth en o ca rp ic h o lly

liste d .

D o llfu s

than th e o t h e r p a r t s o f

from p h e n y l a c e t i c a c i d .

a cetic

q u a n tity

th e d e v e l o p i n g embryos s u p p ly a grow th

w h ich c a u s e s
in to

d ev elo p m en t w ith a

m ovem ents o f p e d u n c l e s and s c a p e s

the p la n t produced in

found

in

ov u le

size

workers u sin g
form .

but w ith
the

N eg a tiv e

resu lts

-1 0 were o b t a in e d
sp ra y and in
a cid

in

the

sta r k in g ap p le

th e B rig h to n

treatm ent.

grape

In a f u r t h e r

from i n d o l e a c e t i c

from n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c

stu dy,

G ardner and M arth

found n a p h th a le n e a c e ta m id e gave even
in d u cin g p a r th en o ca rp ic
a cid .

h o lly

K -nap hthalene a c e t a t e

than o b ta in e d

p ro p io n ic a c id .

little

s u b s t a n c e s on i n f l o r e s c e n c e s
(40)

p aste a p p lie d

to

from i n d o l e a c e t i c
Noor v a r i e t y ,

and

the

in terio r

and N a -n a p h th o l

effect

of dates,

of

certa in

the

by a b o u t 5 0 p e r c e n t .

set

Schroeder
B r e a k O'

Day t o m a t o ,

p h en y la cetic,
a cetic

a cid s

in d o le a ce tic
better

lic a tio n .
flo w ers,

N eg a tiv e

grow th

were o b t a in e d

In

in aqueous

in

(1-2500)

and

in

reduced

fru it of

in d o ieb u ty ric

so lu tio n

(1-500)

resu lts

a cid

under g reen h ou se c o n d i t i o n s ,

in d o lep ro p io n ic,

a cid

the D e g let

p o llin a tio n

o b ta in ed p arth en ocarp ic

in

senescence

r esu lts

a c id s.

a b o u t 10 d a y s a f t e r

(42)

(4)

N ix o n and Gardner

sp ra y in g w ith n ap h th alen e a c e t i c

so lu tio n

in

from n a p h t h a l e n e -

in d o ieb u ty ric

aqueous

less

a cid

far

Thoory d a t e a r r e s t e d

th e p e r ia n th and str a n d .

that

resu lts

show t h a t o n e p e r c e n t n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d

la n o lin
of

gave r e s u lts

response

In s t u d y i n g

b etter

the

from
in d o le-

and a l s o

la n o lin p a ste.

He a l s o

found

w e r e o b t a i n e d b y more t h a n o n e a p p ­

In an e x p e r i m e n t w i t h a l i m i t e d number o f
G leso n (4 1 )

or w ith

slig h t

o b ta in ed f u l l
ovu le

size

em largem ents

fru it,

e ith er

in B egon ia

seed­

sem per

f l o r e n s . F u c h s ia h y b r id a . P r im u la h o r t e n s i s and tom ato
v a r ie ty

(10)

than n a p h th a le n e a c e t i c

from p h e n y l a c e t i c

s u ip h o n a t e and v e r y

a cid

O h i s w i c i c P e a c h by t r e a t i n g

i n d o l e a c e t i c and i n d o le b u t y r i c

the

a cid s

b lossom s w ith

in p a ste

form .

-1 1 Aquaphor* was fo u n d to be b e t t e r a s a c a r r i e r
due t o

its

h ig h er m eltin g p o in t.

treatm en ts w ith
r esu lts.
m eth yl-

Zimmerman a n d H i t c h c o c k
-n a p h th a le n e a ce ta te

the n ap h th alen e

m a.ius.
pepo

In th e se

were o b ta in e d

in

fru its

no s e e d s o r o n l y

not
in

too

w aterm elon .

The p a r t h e n o c a r p i c

often

Low o r
lea d s

freezin g

size

fru its

n igh tem p eratu re has

P h o to p erio d has been
in

found r e s p o n s i b l e

cucum ber,

(57,

and normal

lim ited

fru its

A ccord in g to h er

♦A ccord in g to a p e r s o n a l
he

f o u n d no d i s t i n c t i v e

8

d ev elo p m en t
,

29,

tom atoes
for

20).
to

( 21) .

(b l,

sam p les o f
(41)

52,

41).

B egonia

found

under a lo n g

n eith er p o llin a tio n

d is c u s s io n w ith

advantage

3,

the p arth en o ca r­

occu r on ly

resu lts

if

been r e p o r te d

se m p e r flo r e n s and F u ch sia h y b r ia a . o ie s o n

p h o to p erio d .

fru its

tem perature,

B egonia and F u c h sia

Based on e x p e r im e n ts w it h v e r y

p a rth en ocarp ic

resu lts

and c o n t a i n e d

to p a r th e n o c a r p ic

th e d evelop m en t o f p a r th e n o c a r p ic

develop m en t

N e g a tiv e

seed c o a ts.

On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

p ic

O h elid on iu m

a cid p a s te .

th e pom aceous and d ru p a ceo u s

cause

of

in d o le a ce tic

F actors:

severe,

than

p u r p u r e a , h u f f a c y l i n d r i c a and c u c u r b i t a

o f L u f f a and sq u a sh r e a c h c o n s i d e r a b l e

E xternal

exp erim en ts,

in d u cin g p a rth en o ca rp y .

o b ta in ed p arth en o ca rp ic

by m e a n s o f

d ev elo p ­

I E oidendrum

s u b s t a n c e s w e r e m ore e f f e c t i v e

D ig ita l is

or p a r tia l

( 6 6 ) found v a p o r s o f

F u sh sia . o rch id

i n d o l e and p h e n y l compounds f o r
(47)

these

caused p arth en o ca rp ic

*B r i e n i a n u m ) a n d s t r a w b e r r i e s .

S ereisk y

tried

some o t h e r p l a n t s w i t h n e g a t i v e

ment o f A m erican h o l l y ,
0

She a l s o

than l a n o l i n

Dr.

in aquaphor o v er

G ustafson,
la n o lin .

-1 2 -

w ith v ia b le p o lle n nor s tim u la tio n w ith
in d o ieb u ty ric

or p h en y la cetic

a cid s

o v a r ia n grow th under s h o r t-d a y

in d o le a ce tic ,

was c a p a b l e o f

in d u cin g

d o n d itio n s.

P a r t h e n o c a r p y h a s b e e n i n d u c e d m e r e l y by m e c h a n i c a l
stim u la tio n

or

the

stigm a or c u t

o b ta in ed p a rth en ocarp ic
by s i n g e i n g
Sokols& aya
flo w ers

fru its

(49)

was a b l e

(v a riety

not

to

con trol

Wong ( 5 9 )

group.

o f norm al s i z e

V a l e n c ia and H am lin ,
and P a r s o n Brown,

exp erim en ts

(W ong ,

me

h is

of

in

the

oranges,

P in ea p p le

tw o -th ird s

H owever,

of

the

in p r e v io u s

wh en t h e c u t

su rface

tr e a ted o v a r ies

dropped

o f prim ary M eristem ,

in v e stig a tio n ,

w h en p l a n t c e i l s

(l)

hormones in

w ound a n d n e c r o h o r m o n e s .

a r e wounded

cap ab le o f c a u sin g

u n in ju red ,

3 c la sse s:
(2)

a c id s.

t h e w o u nd h o r m o n e h y p o t h e s i s .

su bstances

in o th e r ,

and i n d o l e a c e t i c

som e t w e n t y y e a r s

h y p o th esis

t h e s e hormones i n t o

(3)

the

in d o ieb u ty ric

proposed

lib era ted

grow th a c t i v i t y

from 3b f l o w e r s

e v e n wh en t h e c u t s u r f a c e w a s s u p p l i e d w i t h

(17)

A ccord in g to

were o b t a in e d

two c o m m e r c i a l s e e d l e s s

ovary,

from

o b ta in ed p a rth en ocarp ic

u n p u b lish ed data)

B a sed on r e s u l t s

there are

in N ic o tia n a

sh ed d in g o f orange

a n d two s e e d y v a r i e t i e s ,

th e grow th s u b s t a n c e s ,

H ab erlan d l

a lso

berore a n t h e s is .

was ma de j u s t a b o v e
days

fru its

and o n ly one

in

the

m e r e ly by c u t t i n g o f f

and f i l a m e n t s

10

(54)

by r e m o v i n g t h e p i s t i l s

T w enty-tw o

flo w ers

w ith in

w ith a b o rted se ed

decrease

stated )

from 3 9 t r e a t e d

sty le

W ellin g to n

th e young buds w ith a h o t p la tin u m w ir e .

th e unopened f lo w e r s .

fru its

sty le .

c e lls.

He d i v i d e s

hormones o f
phloem

renewed

embryos and

tissu e,

The two h o r m o n e s u n d e r

and
(3)

-1 3 are

silila r

except

that

pronounced c a t a b o lic
to

extern al

death o f

the

fer tilize d
m ent.

in ju ry ,

a lg a e,

lea d in g
these

m edium .

T h ey b e l i e v e

act lik e

a pow erful

th eir

con cen tration

to d i v i s i o n

(3)

to

upon

the

a n d embryo d e v e l o p ­

resp o n sib le

for

fu n g i,

corn

in n u t r i e n t

in d o le a ce tic

a cid

may p o s s i b l y

q u a n tities

y e a s t was s u b j e c t e d

act

in

of

in

in d u cin g

o f grow th s u b s t a n c e s ,
and in c a u s in g

reg io n s.

b y L o o f b o u r o w a n d Dw yer ( 3 3 ,

tra tio n

r esu ltin g

stim u la n t or i r r it a n t

in ju red

su bjected

exp erim en ted w ith

and s h o o t s

that

not

apogamy and s p o r o p h y t i c

(30)

tra n slo ca tio n ,
in

often

hormones a r e

L eo n ia n and L i l y

as a r esu lt of

c e lls

The h o r m o n e s u n d e r

and d e ta c h e d r o o t s

in d u cin g

w ith in

p a rth en o g en esis,

form ation o f la r g e

a r ise

such c a ta b o lis m

egg c e l l

parthenocarpy,
b u dd ing.

processes

c e lls.

He b e l i e v e s

the l a t t e r

34),

the

in

th eir

T h is was f u r t h e r p r o v e d
sin ce

in d o le a ce tic

they

a cid

in

f o u n d wh en
to x ic

concen­

wound h o r m o n e s w e r e p r o d u c e d .
M a t e r i a l s and M ethods

T h is s tu d y was c a r r i e d

on in

and g r e e n h o u s e a t M ich ig a n S t a t e
d u rin g

the

summer o f

u se d were W inter S w eet,
F a v o r i t e Honey,

garden

E ast L an sin g,

s p r i n g a n d summer o f

(W aterm elon):

In 1 9 38,

Fordhook E a r ly ,

E a rly A r iz o n a ,

H a rris E a r l i e s t ,

B est E a rly ,

S w e e t J a p a n e s e and Tough S w e e t .
N orthern Sw eet,

exp erim en tal

C ollege,

1938 and th e

C itru llu s v u lg a r is

the

se le c tio n s

No.

1,

2 and 5,

sp r in g o f 1939 under greenhouse

cu ltu re.

o f 1939

were

the fo llo w in g v a r i e t i e s

the v a r i t i e s

S elect

In a d d i t i o n ,

the

E a rly ,

v a r itie s

were u s e d
D uring th e

em ployed:

1939.

in

the

summer

W inter S w eet,

-1 4 N orthern Sw eet,
E a rly ,

E a rly

K leo k ley
H a rris

F a v o r ite Honey,

K ansas,

S to n e M ountain # 5 ,

S w e e t No* 6 , H a w k s b u r y ,

E a r liest,

c u c u m b e r w as u s e d b o t h i n

the

Cucum is M elo v a r .

sp rin g

1939.

in

summer e x p e r i m e n t .

for

In a d d it io n ,

C u cu rb ita peoo

m er o f

E a rly P r o l i f i c

Z u cch in i,

the

(m u sk m elon ):

greenhouse

D e lic a ta ,

in

the

Honey Rock was u s e d

The f o l l o w ­

C u c u r b ita o e o o were u se d d u r in g

Omaha,

the

An u n ­

test

(pum pkins and s q u a s h e s ) :

of

stra in s.

cu ltu re*

the v a r ie ty

in g v a r i e t i e s
1939:

selected

Iow a 5 ,

N a tio n a l P ic k lin g

reticu la tu s

was u s e d

Iowa 3 ,

summer o f 1 9 3 8 a n d i n

sp r in g o f 1939 under greenhouse

named s e l e c t i o n

Iowa 1 ,

(cucum ber):

Fordhook

S ton e M ountain,

BY e l l o w M e l o n 11 a n d s i x

C ucum is s a t i v u s

the

C oles E a r ly ,

S tra ig h tn eck ,

Fort B e rth o l,

the

sum­

Dark G r e e n

W h ite Bush S c a l l o p ,

T a b l e Queen and H a r d in B u s h .
C u r c u r b i t a Maxima ( s q u a s h e s ) :
used both

for

the

sp rin g ,

1939,

In a d d it io n
c a r r y i n g U.
127586,

S.

s q u a s h was u s e d

C u cu rb ita o f u n c e r ta in
in tro d u ctio n

sp ecies

num bers 1 2 7 5 8 5 ,

127589 and 127590 were u s e d .

in 1 9 3 8 .

H a r r i s W onder p e p p e r
The M i p h i g a n S t a t e

(L y c o p e r s i c u m e s c u l e n t u m ) was u s e d i n
a n d New H a m p s h i r e H y b r i d e g g p l a n t
fo llo w in g

in 1939.

study.
certa in

S olan aceae:
w as u s e d

A frica n B e ll

D. A . P l a n t

127588,

s q u a s h was

s p r i n g a n d summer e x p e r i m e n t s

C u cu rb ita m oschata:
for

B u ttercu p

su m m er .

( capsicum f r u t e s o e n s )
F o rcin g
the

tom ato

sp rin g o f

1939

( Solanum m e l o n g e n a )

the

-1 5 F ra g a ria
of

the

sp ecies

everb ea rin g

(F ig .

”Y e l l o w M e l o n ” ( F i g .

as

used

in

D akota S w e e t,

An u n n a m e d v a r i e t y

t y p e was u s e d .

W inter Sw eet

v a r ie tie s

(straw b erry):

1),

F a v o r i t e Honey

(F ig .

3)

were th e

three p r in c ip a l

these

stu d ies.

W inter S w eet,

is

a med ium s i z e ,

red f le s h e d

9 -1 4 pounds w ith ab ou t 600 s e e d s p er

fru it.

is

c lo se ly

e ith er

rela ted

to

W inter S w ee t,

in e x te r n a l or in t e r n a l

Honey i s

a sm a ll,

ea rly

W aterm elon
known

m elon o f
is

androm -

N orth ern Sweet

d ifferin g

very

ch a ra cteristics.

and very p r o l i f i c

and

a lso

It

o e c io u s w ith o c c a s i o n a l m onoeciou s f l o w e r s .

2)

little

F a v o rite

m elon w i t h y e l l o w

flesh .

I t w e ig h s 3 - 4 pounds and h as a b o u t 250 s e e d s p e r

fru it.

The s t r a i n s

d eriv ed

from c r o s s e s

The s e e d o f

the

c ia l

seedman a s

that

it

d esign ated

”Y e l l o w M e l o n ” w a s p u r c h a s e d
F avorite

d iffered

w ith

ex ce p tio n a lly

Honey,

very

lig h t

crisp

an d rom on oeciou s.

in

and t h i n

The s e x

it

was l a t e r

siz e,

so

the

d isco v ered
sources.

a v era g in g about 8 -1 2
flesh .
fru its

Its

rin d

crack open

f r u i t and th e v a r i e t y

co n d itio n

is
e a sily .

is

o f o t h e r w aterm elo n

m onoecious b u t o c c a s i o n a l l y

f lo w e r s were o b s e r v e d .

The s y n t h e t i c

grow th s u b s ta n c e s

were n a p h th a le n e a c e t i c
in d o ieb u ty ric

but

lem o n -y ello w

u s e d was m o s t l y

herm ap hrodite

were

6

f r o m a com m er­

fro m F a v o r i t e Honey from o t h e r

There a re a b o u t 900 s e e d s p e r

v a r ie tie s

numbers l t o

b e t w e e n F a v o r i t e Honey and W i n t e r S w e e t .

T h i s m e l o n w as much l a r g e r
pounds,

se lec tio n

a c id ,

and tr im e th y la m in e ,

a cid ,

p otassiu m

c o lc h icin e,
m ostly

in

or

ch em ica ls used
n a p h th alen e a c e t a t e ,

acenaphthene,

la n o lin

p aste.

su lfa n ila m id e
N ap h th alen e

-1 6 -

ace t ic

acid, was a l s o

used a s a spray

by m e a n s o f a h a n d

ato m izer.
The g r o w t h s u b s t a n c e s w e r e

th o r o u g h ly m ixed w it h

la n o lin

and t h e s e p r e p a r a t i o n s were sm eared e i t h e r

stig m a ,

if

the
than

sty le
2

the
if

sty le

the

la tter

m illim ete rs,

mm. a b o v e

was s h o r t ,

it

was l o n g .
is

su rfa c e.*

used

in c o n c e n tr a tio n s o f

sp ra y in g ,

d esira b le

the

sty le

to c u t

it

is

off

50 P . P . M .

trim eth y fa m in e.

d isso lv ed

was added to

the

2,

2 . 5 and 5 p e r c e n t .
were u s e d in

a c i d and 40 P .P .M .
the

fact

in

the c a se o f

th a t n ap h th alen e a c e t i c

in a very

s m a ll amount o f a l c o h o l w h ich

r e q u i r e d amount o f

field

c o lc h icin e,
tim e

U su ally

cucum bers,

to

m uskraelons,

the

su bjected

to

p o llin a ted

in

(b)

four

e g g p l a n t s and

field .

in

i n v e s t i g a t i o n and
tr e a te d w ith

flow ers o f

Some o f

the

ch em ica ls,

e t h e r and w a te r f o r v a r io u s

each v a r ie ty

k i n d s of' t r e a t m e n t s :
{% )

o f p la n t were
( 1)

they were

were t r e a t e d w ith
(4)

the

sow in g.

m e u s u a l way,
they

substance

w ater.

e x p e r im e n ts were s t a r t e d

acenaphthene,

before

the

For

the c a se

w aterm elon s e e d s were p r e - t r e a t e d w it h d i f f e r e n t

len g th o f

on

th e d e s i r e d amount o f

g r e e n h o u se and t r a n s p la n t e d

by h a n d ,

about 1

in w a ter,

The w a t e r m e l o n s ,
peppers used in

1,

and 500 P .P .M .

Due t o

not so lu b le

was f i r s t

e .g .

m o re

P a s t e p r e p a r e d from g ro w th s u b s t a n c e s w ere

o f nap h th alen e a c e t i c

is

If

su rface o f

th e o v a r y and sm ear th e l a n o l i n p r e p a r a t i o n

th is

a c id

o r on th e c u t

on th e

the

the flo w e r s

se lf-p o llin a te d

su b sta n c e s under

th e y were n e i t h e r p o l l i n a t e d

nor

the c h e m ic a ls .

♦G ustafson,

jr. G. C o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

were

March 5 ,

1937.

-1 7 -

F low er buds w ere u s e d
but b efore a n th esis
flo w ers,

t h a t were n e a r ly

had t a k e n p l a c e .

la ter

exp erim en t,

the

sty le

sm eared w it h

the

la n o lin

tected

by c a g e s .

further

The c u t

F low ers

A carefu l

so

tria l

c o n f i r m e d by t h e w r i t e r ,

p l a c e d on th e c u t s u r f a c e o f
d evelop m en t o f

cage

p rep a ra tio n

treatm en t as a c o n tr o l.

the ovary

to

open

th e day b e f o r e

was c u t o f f

ovary w ith a sharp s c a l p e l .

to

In h e r m a p h r o d it ic

e m a s c u l a t i o n was c a r r i e d o u t

t r e a t m e n t and p r o t e c t e d w it h a w ir e

ready

(F ig .

4).

ju s t above

the

su rface

was e i t h e r

or

w ith ou t

le ft

treated

were n o t p r o ­

by G u s t a f s o n
showed t h a t

the s t y l e
in d ica te

In a

if

there

that

(11),

and

p o llen

never

is

is
any

fe r tiliz a tio n

had

taken p la c e .
P resen ta tio n

of

Data

The s t u d y w a s b a s e d p r i m a r i l y o n w a t e r m e l o n s ,
other
a lso

how ever,

c u c u r b i t s and a few o t h e r h o r t i c u l t u r a l p l a n t s
used.

The

grow in g se a so n
hou se).

in v estig a tio n s
(i.e .

For th e

a ccord in g

to

two i n

sake o f

were

the

ca rried

field

co n ven ien ce,

the v a r io u s h o r t i c u l t u r a l

were

out d u rin g

and one

in

the

the d a ta a r e

three

green­

grouped

crops.

E x p erim en ts w ith w aterm elon
The w a t e r m e l o n w o r k ,
o f 1938,
in

the

was c o n t i n u e d

1939 both

in

the

in

the

summer

greenhouse

and

field .

1938 P r e lim in a r y
v a r ie tie s

one

T est:

T h is e x p e r im e n t

and 13 t r e a t m e n t s .

grow th s u b s ta n c e s
lea st

in

w h i c h was i n i t i a t e d

fa irly

u n til

P istils

after

good s i z e d

were n o t

each p la n t

fru it

in clu d ed 9
treated

w ith

had d e v e lo p e d a t

from s e l f - p o l l i n a t i o n .

It

-1 8 is b elieved that th is p o llin a te d ,

s e e d b e a r i n g f r u i t may

gave e x e r t e d some i n h i b i t i n g e f f e c t o n , o r l e a d to an
unfavorable c o n d it io n f o r , p a r th e n o c a rp ic developm ent,
thus e x p l a i n i n g t h e poor r e s u l t s t h a t were o b t a i n e d from
th is prelim inary t e s t ,
Table 1 .

|

(see table 1 ).

Watermelon:
F ru it s e t t in g as a r e s u lt of
hormone t r e a t m e n t s .
S e aso n o f 1 9 3 8 .

S eries
Treatment **

.
.
. ..
to c u t s t y l e

Number
of
blossoms

Number

61
f°

Remarks

set

set

42

0

0

17

0

0

No.
1 (2.5)

....
K
2 . 5 # i n d o i e b u t y r i c a c i d i n l a n o l i n p a s t e a p p l ie c

1 (5)

5 . 0 fo

B

2^5 $ i n d o i e b u t y r i c a c i d p a s t e a p p l i e d to stigma^

11

0

0

D

c h e c k , no t r e a t m e n t e x c e p t e m a s c u l a t i o n

15

0

0

cut s t y l e only

7

0

0

E

p o l l e n a p p l i e d to c u t s t y l e

7

0

0

F

L a n o l i n p a s t e a p p l i e d to c u t s t y l e

10

0

0

N (3.5)

2 . 5 $ n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d )N.A .A. i n s h o r t )

0

B

"

n

»

«

.

7 o f them d i e d a t a b o u t

p a s t e a p p lie d to cu t s t y l e

10

8

80

N (5)

5 . 0 % N .A .A . p a s t e a p p l i e d to c u t s t y l e *

15

3

20

J

H (2.5)

2 . 5 $ N.A.A • p a s t e a p p l i e d t o c u t s t y l e *

12

4

33

|

N (1 )

1..0 tfo N.A.A. p a s t e a p p l i e d to c u t s t y l e *

11

4

36

j

S

self-p o llin a ted *

10

0

0

Sp

Stigma s p r a y e d w i t h 0 . 0 5 $ N.A.A . s o l u t i o n *

2

2

100

* The s e e d s f o r t h e s e p l a n t s had been soaked i n a 0 . 4
c o l c h i c i n e aqueous s o l u t i o n f o f 4 days a t room t e m p e r a t u r e .
** The e x p e r i m e n t i n c l u d e d 9 v a r i e t i e s .

No a t t e m p t

was made to i d e n t i f y any p a r t i c u l a r v a r i e t y u s e d .

1 ^-

inch diameter

F r u i t s s m a l l and odd shape

T r ea t e d v e r y l a t e i m the s e a s o n

-1 9 -

No f r u i t s
sim p ly l e f t

u n p o l l i n a t e d o r where th e

then l a n o lin
a p p lied

to

w ere form ed w here e m a s c u la te d

p aste

the c u t

eith er

to

the

su rface.

On t h e o t h e r h a n d f r u i t

the

stigm as or

ex cep tio n

of

in co leb u ty ric

to

They v a r i e d

(F ig u re

6,

7).

a n g u la r or even
and s i z e .
flesh

ted

cut

In g e n e r a l ,

rib b ed .

the

Some,

They w e r e v e r y

sty le

(F ig u re

la ck ed

in

fru its

however,

so lid

deve­

5,

1,

6).

seed coats,
H a rris

shape and s i z e
were s l i g h t l y

were normal

and firm

in

red d o lo r a tio n .

c o u l d be d e t e c t e d

in

te x tu r e and th e

No d i f f e r e n c e

when c o m p a r e d w i t h

shape

n orm ally

in

p o llin a ­

fru its.
The t h r e e

p la n ts

of

t h e W in ter S w ee t W aterm elon grown

from s e e d w h ich had b een s u b j e c t e d
before p la n tin g
stu n tin g

ea rly

great v ig o r

showed a t y p i c a l
in

the se a so n ,

la ter

in

in g r e a t abundance,
th e b lo sso m s were
treated

flo w ers

treated p la n ts,

it

treated a t

season.

c o lch icin e

c o lch icin e
leaves

treatm ent

effect,

A lthou gh p o l l e n
in d uce

i.e .

and f l o w e r s and

fru it

On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

was p r e s e n t

se ttin g

wh en

horm one-

sa tisfa cto rily .
in v o lv in g a c o lc h ic in e

F igu re 8 , a sm all

and a l a r g e

a cetic
the

to

exp erim en t

shown i n

to

la rg e

fa ile d

se t very

by s e l f - p o l l i n a t i o n ,
c e n t n ap h th alen e

the

selfed .

In a p a r a l l e l

were

was

n a p h th alen e a c e t i c

and a l s o

co n sid era b ly

show ed an i n t e n s e

fla v o r

of

a c id

t h o s e p r o d u c e d by t h e v a r i e t y

E a r lie st.
5,

were c u t and

or

T hese W aterm elons w ere s e e d l e s s
w ith

sty les

or p o llen

l o p m e n t was i n d u c e d by a p p l i c a t i o n
a cid

f lo w e r s were

a cid

in

sa m e t i m e .

fru it

pre­

was p r o d u c e d

o n e by t r e a t m e n t w i t h
la n o lin

p aste.

The f r u i t

Both

1

per

flo w ers

from s e l l i n g

-2 0 -

dropped w ith in
con tin u ed

to

10 d a y s,

Put

grow u n t i l

the h orm on e-treated

m a tu rity .

N e v er th e le ss,

c o n t a i n i n g a p p a r a n tly norm al s e e d s were
o p e n -p o llin a te d

flow ers

(F ig .

been due to

fe r tiliz a tio n

p la n ts.

is

sm aller

It
in

7B ).

fru its

f o r m e d f r o m so m e

T h is

is

b eliev ed

by n e a r b y n o n - c o l c h i c i n e

a case o f v icin ism .

size

fru it

and s lo w e r

in

These

grow th than

fru its
those

to

have

treated

w e r e much
from t h e

horm one-treated b losso m s.
1939 G reenhouse

test:

S e l e c t i o n s number 1 ,
pow der was f i r s t
then

2

used

About 2 d ozen

and b were t r e a t e d .
to

cover

covered w ith a la n o lin

n ap h th alen e a c e t i c
rip en ed

(F ig .

in w e ig h t.

9,

T h ey w e r e

a b o u t normal

size

stenosperm y.
were a l s o

m ents,

A cenaphthene

cut s ty le s ,

Four f r u i t s

o f norm al s i z e

found to c o n t a in
em bryos.

fru its

w h ich were

co n ta in in g 1 per cen t

T h ey r a n g e d f r o m 1 9 0 0

sm all

from

were

to 3241

grams

hard s e e d c o a t s o f
It

e n tir e ly

is

a phenomenon o f

la ck in g

in

flesh

produced.
E x p erim en t:

w ith lb

both

in

in

T h is e x p e r im e n t

treatm en ts.

a m ixtu re o f

and one a l o n e on d i f f e r e n t
presen ted

the

p aste

but w ith o u t

Three

1939 F i e l d
v a r ie tie s

a cid .

10).

flo w e r buds

T ab le 2 .

The r e s u l t s

in clu d ed

o f hormone t r e a t ­

m ore t h a n o n e g r o w t h
v a r ie tie s

21

substance

o f W aterm elon,

are

-21-

Table 2 .

waterm elo n s:

F r u i t and crop s e t t i n g a s a r e s u l t o f

hormone t r e a t m e n t s in L a n o l i n p a s t e to c u t s t y l e .
Summer o i 1 93 9 .

r

S eries
NUJ

Treatment
ip

N a p h th a le n e a c e t i c a c i d ( N . A . A . )

No. o f
flow ers
treated
322

Set

F ruit
No.

Crop
No.

-.J o ..

$9

V arieties

Set
Jo

21.4

14

2.3

'1

Used

_

With 10 v a r i e t i e s

402

14 9

37.1

29

7 .2

it

13

«»

K -n a p n t n a l e n e a c e t a t e (KNA)

306

62

20.3

5

1 .6

««

n

n

2p

K - n a p n t n a l e n e a c e t a t e (KNA)

309

#7

31.4

16

5 .2

h

12

11

NI(1 )

ip

e a c n o i N.A.A. and i n d o i e b u t y r i c a c i d (1)

301

87

28.9

15

5 .0

ii

is

«i

NAo(l)

Lp

N . a . a . p l u s IQ p a c en a pntn en e

430

143

33.3

31

7 .2

it

10

H

00

i p KNA p l u s 0.15b c o i c n i c i n e

lb 2

46

3 0.3

4

2 .6

ti

q

M

KNC(5)

ip

KNA p l u s 0 mt>p c o i c n i c i n e

106

4$

43.4

15

14.2

11

7

11

KNAcIC

ip

KNA, i p a c e n a p n t n e n e , 170 I and 0.15b c o i c n i c i n e

101

39

38.6

9

8.9

11

e

M

P

Apply a b o u t 20 g r a i n s o f p o l l e n to s t i g m a

103

3

1.9

1

1 .0

11

5

n

PKN

Apply a b ou t 20 g r a i n s o f p o l l e n to s t i g m a p l u s
1> KNA p a s t e to s t i g m a

102

32

2 1 .6

3

2.9

M 7

11

Su

l . o p su lfan ilam ide

bO

0

0

0

Ac

105b

84

0

0

0

Oh

uneck, c u t s t y l e o n l y

524

0

0

0

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13

n

3IL

S e l f i n g o f o n e - l o b e d s t i g m a ana removing o f t n e

11

5

11

N( 2 )

2p N a p h t h a le n e a c e t i c a c i d ( N .A .A .)

KN(1 )

ip

0(3)

acenapntnene

o t h e r two l o b e s
S

S elf-p o llin a ted

&

.

.

29

3

6 .9

1

3 .5

180

80

44.4

66

36.7

'

-2 2 -

* 0 v a ries o f

f lo w e r s whose s tig m a s o r c u t

t r e a t e d w it h horm ones showed v a r io u s
to d e v e lo p a t a l l ,

others

rem a in ed on t h e v i n e
d ev elo p ed

in to

Two t e r m s ,
d escrib e
paper,

in to

for

in d iam eter,

is

cm .

c le a rly

to

Some f a i l e d

w h ile

fru its

w h ile

As u s e d

to

in

th is

w h ich ra n ged from 1 . 5

crop

s e t a p p lied

to

others

seed.

s e t a r e u s e d by t h e w r i t e r

in d ica ted

in

th is

gave b e tte r

ta b le

cm.

fru its

w h ich

resu lts

th a t a m ixtu re o f
than one a l o n e .
a cid

the p ercen ta g e o f p a r th en o ca rp ic

p r o d u c e d was 7 . 2 p e r c e n t a s

compared to

w h en n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c

and a c e n a p h a th e n e ,

p arth en ocarp ic

s till

the ab sen ce o f

w hen a c e n a p h a t h e n e a n d n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c

were u sed a lo n e .

w h ich

in d ia m eter.

two g r o w t h s u b s t a n c e s

used in a m ixtu re,

were

sm a ll f r u i t s

grew n o r m a lly ,
except

s e t and crop

s e t a p p lie s

were o v e r 1 2 .5

exam p le,

responses.

th e d e g r e e o f d ev elo p m en t o b t a in e d .

cm .

It

hut never

norm al f r u i t s ,

fru it

fru it

to 1 2 .5

d ev elo p ed

sty le s

a cid

In d o leb u ty ric a cid

fru it

For

were

fru its

2 .3 % a n d 0 fo p r o d u c e d
resp ectiv ely ,

w as u n a b l e

a t co n cen tra tio n s o f 1 .0 ,

to produce
2 .5

and 5 .0 p e r

c e n t b u t w h en a m i x t u r e o f 1% e a c h o f

the

and n a p h th a le n e a c e t i c

5 .0 ^ o f p a rth e n o c a rp ic

fru its

o f m orm a l s i z e

In t h e s e

a c i d was u s e d ,

exp erim en ts,

greater

that

a cid

were o b t a in e d .

ch em ica ls used gave b e t t e r
in d ica tio n

in d o leb u ty ric

the a c id

a co n cen tra tio n
r esu lts

t h a n 1$>.

of

2$> o f

T h e r e w a s so m e

form o f n a p h t h a le n e a c e t i c

i n f l u e n c e on p a r t h e n o c a r p ic

the d if f e r e n t

d evelop m en t

than

a c id had a
its

p otas­

sium s a l t .
In o r d e r

to

d eterm in e

if

w i t h a v e r y l i m i t e d number o f

a W aterm elon f r u i t
seeds,

can d e v e lo p

a b o u t 20 g r a i n s

o f p o llen

-2 3 were a p p lie d
fru it

the

d ev elo p ed

H owever,
to

to

the

(F ig .

from t h e 103

flow ers

f o l l o w e d by a p p l i c a t i o n

3 m ature f r u i t s

flo w ers*

treated

by a d d i n g a g r o w t h s u b s t a n c e

stigm a

p o llen ,

s t i g m a s o f a number o f

were o b ta in e d

in

O nly on e

th is

way*

(K -n ap h th alen e a c e t a t e )
o f a lim ited

amount o f

from 1 0 2 t r e a t e d

flow ers

11).
In g e n e r a l a l l

d ev elo p

in to

o r ig in a l

the horm one-treated o v a r ie s

m ature f r u i t s

size,

en larged

then c e a se d

to

several

fu r th e r grow th,

on t h e v i n e

e v e n w h en t h e

k illed

frost

12).

first

(F ig .

ch eck o v a r ie s were sh ed w it h in
fo r s t observed

in

The a l k a l o i d

the

7-10 d a y s.

p l a n t s were
the

summer o f 1 9 3 8 .

c o lc h ic in e ,

w h en m i x e d w i t h

age o f p arth en ocarp ic

from any

fru its

the
in

treatm en t,

sy n th e tic
the p e r c e n t­
1 4 .2 p ercen t,

from a m ix tu r e o f 1 p e r c e n t n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c
percent c o lc h ic in e

c o lc h icin e

p rep a ra tio n .

It

is

b e lie v ed

m ight be c o n s id e r e d a s a grow th s u b s t a n c e

sta n d p o in t o f p a rth en o ca rp ic
By r e m o v i n g t w o - t h i r d s
p o llin a t in g on ly
fru its

and

T h is phenom enon was

g av e an i n c r e a s e

and 0 .5

th eir

On t h e c o n t r a r y ,

grow th su b s ta n c e p r e p a r a tio n

resu lted

tim es

turned s o f t ,

d ried but p e r s is te d
by th e

th a t d id n ot

the

d evelop m en t.
of

the s tig m a tic

rem ain in g p o r t io n ,

in v a r ie t a l

treatm ents are p resen ted

in

th at

from t h e

s u r f a c e and

normal s e e d b e a r in g

were p r o d u ce d .

D ifferen ces

a c id

response
T ab le 3 .

to v a r i o u s hormone

-2 4 -

T a b l e 3*

R esponse o f
hormone

W aterm elon V a r i e t i e s

treatm ents

Humber
F low ers
treated

V a riety

liste d

in

ta b le

F ru it

set

Ho.

°h

to

v a rio u s

2 *

crop

set

No.

.

W inter Sw eet

567

187

3 2 .9

31

5 «b

N orthern

Sweet

540

96

17*7

2

0 .4

F a v o r i t e Honey

204

69

33*8

40

1 9 .6

O o le s E arly

64

33

5 1 .5

3

4 .7

E a r ly Kansas

45

10

2 2 .2

1

2 .2

Fordhook E a r ly

94

30

3 1 .9

2

2 .1

S to n e M ountain

62

26

4 1 .9

2

3 .2

K leck ley

34

15

4 4 .1

0

H awksbury

83

15

1 8 .0

Iowa 5

26

10

3 8 .4

Sweet

S electio n

1

45

0

S electio n

2

11

5

S electio n

3

2

0

S electio n

4

11

2

1 8 .1

S e lec tio n

5

58

10

E a r liest

10
565

H arris

Y e l l o w M elon
m

W ith t h e

treatm ents

ex cep tio n

i

1

1*3

1

3 .8

0
4 b .4

b

4 5 .5

1 7 .2

4

6 .9

2

2 0 .0

0

226

4 0 .0

46

of p o llin a tio n ,

ch eck and

w i t h a c en aphifc ih en e a n d s u l f a n i l a m i d e .

8 .1

-2 b -

T a b le 6 shows
a b ility

that

d iffer

to produce p a r th e n o c a r p ic

treatm ents*

For i n s t a n c e ,

" Y e l l o w M e lo n "

fru it

N orthern

prod u ced none o r v e r y
rela ted

to

N orthern
Sw eet;

in

th eir

as a resu lt
F a v o rite

of

th ese

Honey and

o f p a rth en o ca rp ic

Sw eet and S e l e c t i o n s

few *

W inter

g rea tly

the v a r i e t i e s

gave h igh p e r c e n ta g e s

b u t E a rly K ansas,

clo sely

v a r ie tie s

Sweet

however,

is

1,

fru its,

b and 4

co n sid ered

the

to

be

form er v a r ie t y

g a v e a much l o w e r p e r c e n t a g e o f p a r t h e n o c a r p y .

M oreover,

S e lec tio n s

b etw een W inter

1 to

b were a l l

S w e e t and F a v o r i t e Honey
p arth en o ca rp ic

fru its*

d e r iv e d

but o n ly
P o ssib ly

from a c r o s s
S electio n s

th is

is

2 and b prod u ced

due

to

g en etic

d iff­

erences*
T ab le 4 p r e s e n t s
v a r ie tie s
th at

to

the v a r io u s

the resp o n ses

m ents c l o s e l y

agree

n ap h th alen e a c e t i c
p otassiu m

the

sa lt

response o f
hormone

of d ifferen t
w ith
a cid

those

four

rep resen ta tiv e

treatm ents*
v a r ie tie s

sh o w n i n

It

to

w ill

hormone

T ab le

2.

treatm en t gave a b e t t e r

and a m i x t u r e g a v e more f a v o r a b l e

be n o t e d
treat­

For i n s t a n c e ,
set

than

resu lts

its
than

o n e hormone a l o n e .
The v a r i e t y
treatm en ts,

F a v o rite

b u t no

Honey g a v e

in itia l

l i m i t e d amount o f p o l l e n
was a d d ed w i t h a grow th

the h ig h e s t

set

w ith a l l

d e v e l o p m e n t was n o t e d when a v e r y

w as a p p l i e d .
su bstance,

However,

fa irly

when p o l l e n

good r e s u l t s

were

ob tain ed .
No i n i t i a l
v a r ie tie s

tested *

m ight e x p e c t
gave

g r o w th was o b s e r v e d on t h e

it

If

n a tu r a l parthenocarpy

on F a v o r i t e Honey o r

the h ig h e s t p e r c e n ta g e

of

check: f l o w e r s o f a n y
w ou ld o c c u r one

" Y e l l o w Melon" w h ic h

stim u la tiv e

parthenocarpy.

-2 6 Table 4 .

Number and p e r c e n t a g e s o f f r u i t and crop s e t t i n g

in s e v e r a l v a r i e t i e s o f w a t e rm e lo n s w i t h v a r i o u s
hormones i n L a n o l i n p a s t e a p p l i e d to c u t s t y l e s .

>N orthern

W inter Sweet
Treatment
0*

A ,
CO

B*

k*

Sweet

B

Y e l l o w Melon

A

A

B

0

B

C

0

25

16.0

1 2 .0

70

40.0

7.1

0

37

4 8.6

35.2

98

39.7

7.1

0

11

27.3

18.2

102 2 9 . 4

1 .0

16.7 1 .3

22

27.3

13.6

55

49.1

12.7

611

16.4

28

32.1

1 7.9

74

39.2

5.4

8.3

521

17.3 1 .9

10

1 0 .0

1 0 .0

96

38.5

29.7

50.0

3.8

43

23.3

0

22

22.7

4 .5

15

60.0

13.3

24

16.7

0

18

33.3

0

49

46.9

24.5

11

90.9

27.3

31

32.3

3 .2

57.1

0

44

38.6

13.6

37

0

0

32

0

0

12

0

19

10.5

5.3

1% KNA p a s t e t o s t i g m a

32

25.0

0

15

26.7

0

15

2 0 .0

35

17.1

0

1.5% s u l f i l a m i d e

14

0

7

0

10

0

15

0

1 0 .0% a c en ap h th en e

51

0

20 ■

0

Oheck, c u t s t y l e o n l y

50

0

48

0

78

0

207

0

Hand s e l f p o l l i n a t i o n

26

n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d (NAA)

85

24.7

2.4

2% n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d (NAA)

64

37.5

6.3

1% K -na p h th ale n e a c e t a t e (KNA)

39

20.5

2 .6

27

7.4

1% m ixture o f NAA and i n d o l e b u t y r i c a c i d

90

30.0

4.4

1% NAA p l u s 10f* a c e n a p h t h e n e

181 4 3 . 1

1% KNA and 0.1% c o l c h i c i n e

26

1% KNA and 0.5% c o l c h i c i n e

llo

%fo

K -na p hthalene a c e t a t e

(KNA)

0

:5 .3

0

F a v o r i t e Hone y|

12# 2 9 . 2
*
66 • 6 .1
7■
8'-'fp
1

0

1% each o f KNA, a c e n a p h t h e n e , i n d o l e b u t y r i c
a c i d and 0.1% c o l c h i c i n e
Apply a bout 20 g r a i n s o f p o l l e n to s t i g m a

l\

Apply abou t 20 g r a i n s o f p o l l e n to s t i g m a p l u s

*A*

Number o f f l o w e r t r e a t e d

*B.

Percentage o f f r u i t s e t t in g

*0.

Percentage o f crop s e t t i n g

57.7

53.8

32

1 5 . 6 1 5 . 6 10

70.0

2 0 .0

70.0

41

5 3 .6 | 46.3

Table 5.

Watermelons:

Mean f r u i t s i z e , shape index and

weight a s a r e s u l t o f v a r io u s t r e a t m e n t s .

N(l)

5

Diameter |Cm.) Maximum
Shape
Equa­
s i z e __ _ Ind^x
P o la r t o r i a l
1 9 .5 x 16.4
Q2$
13.4
16.3

H(2)

4

16.3

14.3

KN(1 )

1

14.1

13.6

HI( 1 )

4

17.2

14.0

HAc(l)

14

15.9

13.7

KNC

1

2 1 .0

KHAcIC

1

3

Treat­ Ho. o f
Variety
ment
Winter Sweet

Northern Sweet

F a v o r i t e Honey

C oles Early

fru its

17.4 x 15.9

Weight
( e:ms. )
1551

88

1481

97

1205

1 8.2 x 14.9

80

1653

19.0 x 17.2

86

1452

16.9

80

2821

2 5 .1

15.1

60

2600

6

19.9

19.5

98

3169

KN(2 )

1

1 5 .1

U .O

73

857

NAc(l)

1

23.1

16.6

72

3070

3

8

22.4

20.9

2 3 . 5 x 2 2.7

93

4195

N(l)

3

13.9

13.0

1 6 .3 x 12.0

93

1133

H( 2 )

13

14.7

1 2 .1

1 7 .4 x 13.8

82

1089

KN(1 )

2

16.5

12.9

17.1 x 13.6

78

1455

KN(2)

3

1 3 .8

1 1 .1

1 5 . 1 x 1 3.1

81

983

NI(1 )

5

1 9 .0

14.0

24.9 x 14.1

74

1628

NAc(l)

1

15.0

1 2 .0

80

1300

KKO

1

1 2 ,6

1 0 .3

82

733

KHC(5)

10

14.2

12.3

2 1 .3 x 1 7 .7

87

1158

pkH

3

22.3

15.3

23.0 x 19.7

69

2374

3

2

18.3

15.8

18.9 x 15.9

86

2062

H(2)

1

1 8 .9

15.1

80

2080

NI ( 1 )

2

23 -0

18.0

78

3521

2 5 . 0 x 23 .0

-28....

Early Kansas

KN(2)

1

17.5

1 2 .0

69

920

Fordhook Early

KN(1)

1

21*4

19.2

90

3972

NAc(l)

1

19.2

13.8

72

1810

Stone Mountain

KNAcIC

2

14*9

12.3

83

533

Hawksbury

N( 2 )

1

23*2

1 2 .8

55

1679

Iowa 5

KN(2)

1

2 4 .0

19.4

81

4008

Selection 2

N(2)

2

19.9

17.1

2 0 .2

z 18.7

86

2379

KN(2)

2

15.6

15.6

16.1

X

100

1893

NAc(l)

1

13.8

1 2 .1

88

894

S

1

2 1 .2

2 1 .0

99

3850

N(l)

1

1 6 .0

13.5

84

N( 2 )

1

15.0

1 1 .0

73

1008

KN(2)

1

14.6

1 2 .6

86

1023

NAc(l)

1

13.8

1 1 .8

86

1034

N(l)

5

2 1 .2

19.4

25.6

X

2 3 .0

91

3603

H( 2 )

6

1 8 .4

16.5

21.9

X 2 1 .2

90

2631

KN(1)

1

15.6

13.6

87

1439

KN (2)

7

21.4

2 0 .0

24.1

X

2 2 .3

94

3512

NI(1)

4

2 0 .0

16.8

2 2 .8 X

18.5

84

2535

NAc(l)

10

18.0

16.1

2 4 .3

X 2 2 .8

90

3617

KNC

2

18.6

18.2

2 0 .2 X

19.5

98

3142

KNC(5)

3

16.9

15.1

19.4

X

16.9

90

1985

KNAcIC

6

15.4

14.3

17.6

X

17.1

92

1701

P

1

15.1

1 1 .8

78

959

S

12

2 1 .1

19.9

95

4048

Selection 5

Yellow Melon

Shape Index

26.6

E q u a t o r ia l Diameter x i 00
P o l a r Diameter

X

19.0

2 3 .8

-

The v a r i e t a l

responses

m ents w ith r e s p e c t

to

presen ted

d.

it

in

nas

T ab le

of

fru it

several

in terrela ted

v in e,

tim e o f

set,

the

ca rp ic

fru it

fru its.
la rg er

seed less

was l e s s

M oreover,

were

o f p arth en ocarp ic

size

nu m ber o f

On t h e o t h e r

tr e a te d w itn

grow th s u b s t a n c e s ,

as

(38,

fru it

d ev elo p ed

(F ig .

48}.

per
A lthou gh

m easurem ents

they

tne p arth en o-

seed -b ea rin g

o f norm al s i z e
in

or even

so m e
wnen

grow th s u b s t a n c e s .

by t h e

shape

th a t d ev elo p ed
that

they

la ck ed

i n a n o r m a l way t o

in d ic es.

in to

fu ll

seed.

w h i c h c a n be i n d u c e d t o

respond

T h eir

fru its

"Y ellow M elon",

fru its

in d ica ted

tissu es.

on ly p a r t i a l l y

number o f

in d ic a ted

except

so m e f r u i t s
do n o t

depends on a t

shape were produced a s a r e s u l t
as

in app earance

p a rth e n o c a rp ica iiy ,

fru it

were o b ta in e d

certa in

o f norm al

d ev elo p m en t,

hand,

th e ir v a rio u s

fru its

treat­

in a e x and w e ig n t a r e

tnan t n a t o f p o l l i n a t e d

th e p arth en o ca rp ic

were norm al

b ariou s

s i z e and w eig n t o f

F a v o r i t e Honey and

many f r u i t s

M ost o f

e .g .

from p o l l i n a t i o n

sucn a s

of

to

seeded f r u it

p a rtn en o ca rp ic

tnan t n o s e

o v a ries

size

vs,

the average

However,

v a r ie tie s,
tn eir

tnat

shape

factors

t n e means r e p r e s e n t a l i m i t e d
do i n d i c a t e

W aterm elons

siz e,

b een shown t n a t

lea st

28-

set
the

by a b n o r m a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f

flesh
13}

(p la cen tae}
or a lig h t

is

la c k in g or

m a r g i n may

occur

in

the p la c e o f c o n ta c t

betw een p l a c e n t a l

there

is

often

the t h ic k n e s s o f r in d and in t e n s e

co lo ra tio n ,
d ev elo p

an i n c r e a s e

and a s l i g h t l y

(F ig .

b,

p arth en ocarp ic
respect

to

rin d

b}.

in

tr ia n g u la r or even

C om parisons

W aterm elons
th ick n ess,

rib b ed

(F ig .

s h a p e may

betw een s e l f - p o l l i n a t e d

from a i l
flesh

region s

hormone

c o lo r ,

and

trea tm en ts w ith

h o llo w n ess,

and s t y i a r

14};

-3 0 Table 6 .

Some p h y s i c a l co m p a rison o f p a r t h e n o c a r p i c and
p o l l i n a t e d s e e d b e a r i n g w a t e r m e lo n s .

Variety
" Winter Sw eet
Yellow Melon

*

Stylar

---- ----------- "
Treatment

Thickness
o f rind
(mm.)
9 .5 -4 .7
P ollin ation
Hormone
1 5.9-8.6
9 .2 -4 .3
P o ll in a tio n
Hormone
12 .8 -7 .0

F l e s h Go1o t*
re d ( V e r m i l i o n 1 8 / 2 )
Deep r e d ( S i g n a l Red 7 1 9 / 3 )
p a le yellow (A uribiin 3/ 3 )
o r a n g e y e l l o w (Lemon Y e l lo w
4 / 1 t o T a n g er in e Y e l lo w 9 / 3

H o llo w n e s s
Hollow
S o lid to hollow
H o llow
M o stly s o l i d

Scar t i s s u e
sunken
orotruding
sunken
protruding

The c o l b r d e s c r i p t i o n was b a s e d on t h e H o r t i c u l t u r a l c o l o r
c h a r t p r e p a r e d by t h e B r i t i s h c o l o r c o u n c i l ( 1 ) .

Table 7*

Watermelons;

V a r i e t a l Resp ons e i n s e e d and s e e d c o a t

d e v e lo p m e n t a s shown by s e l f p o l l i n a t e d and p a r t h e n o c a r p i c f r u i t s .

!
I

V a rie ty

Seed.
|

Treatment
S i z e (mm.)
12.1 x 7 .2

P o llin a tio n
W in te r Sw eet
Hormone (2)
0
0
--------------------------------- Hormone (3)
N o r t h e r n Sw eet P o l l i n a t i o n
12.0 x 7 .4
Hormone
0
!-----------P ollin atio n
11.0 x 7.2
F a v o r i t e Honey Hormone
0
P o l l i n a t i o n 4- Hormone 1 0 . 8 x 7 . 2
C o les 'E a rly
i P ollin atio n
13.5 x 8 .5
Ho rmone
0
! E a r l y K an sas
P o llin a tio n
1 4 . 0 x 8 .8
Hormone
0
Fordhook E a r l y P o l l i n a t i o n
1 3.0 x 8.0
Hormone
0
Iowa 5
P o llin a tio n
13.5 x 8 .0
Hormone
0
S e le c tio n 2
P ollin ation
12.2 x 8.0
Hormone
0
S e le c tio n 5
P o llin a tio n
Hormone
0
S to n e Mountain P o l l i n a t i o n
13.8 x 8 .5
Hormone
0
Hawksbury
P ollin a tion
1 2 .5 x 7.0
Hormone
0
Yellow M elon
P o llin a tio n
9 .6 x 6 .3
Hormone
0
E a r l y A r iz o n a
P ollin ation
112.3 x 8.1
Hormone
I
0

weight u ;
(grams)
7.744

S i z e (mm.)

w e ig h t
(gms)

iO.O x 6 .0

1.562

d o l o r &. Texture
b l a c k , hard
b l a c k , hard

0

y e l l o w , hard

7.350
1 0 .0

1

i

Seedcoat

x 6 .0

1.556

5.040
9.8 x 6 .2
9.3 x 5.7

2.075
1.490

10.4 x 5 .5

1.345

14.0 x 5.8

1 .1 0 0

9.025
1 2 .1 2 0

10.105
9.120
10.517

11.352

9 .2 x 5 .4

.830

8.5 x 5.0

.708

10.2 x 6.4

1.725

9 .8 x 5 .9

1.178

8 .7 x 4 .9

.300

8*0 x 4 . 0

.275

6.3 x 3 .8

.342

8 .0 0 0

5.283

1

12.140

brown, hard
t«
u
»
«
b l a c k , hard
l i g h t yellow , s o f t
brown, hard
y e l l o w , papery
l i g h t y e l l o w , hard
“
"
. papery
l i g h t y e l l o w , hard
*
“
, papery
b l a c k , hard
n
it

____

l i g h t brown to s e m i -h a r d
y e l l o w , hard
y e l l o w , papery
______
b l a c k , hard
brown, papery
dark brown, hard
l i g h t y e l l o w , papery
b l a c k , m o t t i n g , hard

-3 1 E xo la n a tio n
1.

W eigh ts o f

T ab le 7

s e e d and s e e d - c o a t s a r e

co n d itio n

and g i v e n

sam p le o f

from 100 t o

2 . A com p osite

3.

to

in

c a lc u la ted

grams p e r 100

seeds

sa m p le o f a l l

t h e hormone

The s e e d s

from t h e s e p l a n t s

c o lch icin e

aqueons s o lu tio n

treated

are

fru its

p o llin a ted

shown i n

(F ig .

15,

ten se

in

so lid

and firm b u t l e s s
w h en t h e

soaked in a 0 . 4 $

a n d from t h e

16).

th ick as

fru its.

ju icy ,

e sp e cia lly

in

The f r u i t s

scar

tissu e.

a p p ly in g

th e grow th s u b s ta n c e

tin c tiv e

p ro tru d in g s t y la r

b e lie v ed

to be an o u tg ro w th o f

to

scar

stim u la tio n

the

p o ssib ly

f r o m Wound h o r m o n e s .

p o llin a ted

m elon s a r e p r e s e n t e d

h orm one-treated
v a rio u s

degrees.

as

in

tw o

respect

w e ll as co lo r

17).

fru its
from

showed a d i s ­

l) .

T h is

is

from t h a t p a r t i c u l a r

to

the

size

and w eig h t

and t e x t u r e o f

7 and f i g u r e s

fru its

i n W ater­

in any o f

though s e e d c o a t s were d e v e lo p e d

The v a r i e t i e s

W inter S w eet

seed-

18 and 1 9 .

show t h a t no s e e d was d e v e l o p e d
fru its,

types o f

w h ich d e v e lo p e d

and p a r t h e n o c a r p ic

T ab le

(F ig .

from t h e gro w th s u b s t a n c e and

r esp o n ses w ith

o f s e e d s and s e e d c o a t s

These d a ta

th e W inter Sw eet

(F ig .

the c e l l s

the

from s e l f

was more i n ­

cut sty le

tissu e

r e g io n due to

coats

the

s e e d s were p r e t r e a t e d w it h c o l c h i c i n e

was t h e i r

The v a r i e t a l

that o f

The t e x t u r e w a s v e r y

betw een t h e s e

a lso

tn e horm one-

The c o l o r a t i o n

A nother o u t s t a n d in g d i f f e r e n c e
sty la r

Summer 1 9 3 8 d a t a ,

The r i n d o f

tw ice as

the p a r th e n o c a rp ic

v a r ie ty ,

had b een

T ab le 6 .

was a lm o s t

ones

from a c o m p o s i t e

t r e a t m e n t s and o f

c o n c e n t r a t io n s and c o m b in a tio n s .

tissu e

dry

500 i n d i v i d u a l s .

d iffe re n t

scar

on a i r

(F ig .

the

to

17(2),

18(3)(4)

).

-3 2 N orthern
S electio n

Sw eet,

2 (F ig .

norm al s e e d s ;
e .g .

19:

18:

on ly very

5,

10,

how ever,

Y e l l o w M elon

(F ig .

fact

F a v o r i t e Honey

6)

,

(F ig .

18:

1,

2,

S to n e M ountain

of

tne v a r ie ty

the p arth en ocarp ic

2

,

3,

4,

tne

an em bryo.

F ig .

lb ),

(F ig .

seed coats.

tn a t pre-u reacm em

i,

5 ) and

produced w natappeared to

18:

8

Some v a r i e t i e s ,

,

9),

etc.

possessed

is

c a lle d

to

w ith p rop er d osage

W inter Sw eet in

fru its.

be

Fordhook E a r ly

A tten tio n

seeds

c h i c i n e p r e v e n te d d evelop m en t o f
in

20:

none p o s s e s s e d

sm all papery

fo r 4 days in

11)

(F ig .

the

th is

case)

in teg u m en ts

On t n e o t h e r h a n d ,

(0.4%

of

in to

tne

co l­

seed coats

n eith er

m ix in g th e c o l c h i c i n e powder w ith tn e

grow th s u b s ta n c e

(K -naph-

th a ien e a c e ta te )

to

of

in th e p a s t e a p p l i e d

blossom n or a p p ly in g tn e

substance

stem w h ich h a s b e e n p a i n t e d
s e e d c o a t d evelop m en t.
seeds

A test

w ith acenaphathene

they d id n o t p r e v e n t

w ith

and

to

the

the

cut s ty le

f l o w e r p r o d u c e d from

c o lc h icin e

paste,

p reven ted

in v o lv in g pre-treatm en t o f
other

ch em ica ls

th e d ev elo p m en t o f

tne

in d ica ted

the
th at

empty s e e d c o a t s .

E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h C u cu m ber
In t h e A m erican
v a r ie ty ,

type

a c o n strictio n

seed lessn ess
parthenocarpy

of

cucumber su ch a s

of

the

in

e x p e r i m e n t was c o n d u c t e d w i t h
secure

seed less

stem -end or

th at p a r ticu la r

seldom o c c u r s

fru its

the N a tio n a l

p o rtio n
th is

th is

o f normal

b lossom -en d

(F ig .

v a r ie ty
v a r ie ty

stra ig h t

21)

.

P ick lin g
is

due

V eg eta tiv e

(4 4 ,4 3 ,4 0 ).

An

in an a t t e m p t

to

s h a p e by m eans o f

grow th s u b s t a n c e s .
There w ere 8 s e r i e s

of

treatm en ts.

b lo sso m s were c o v e r e d w ith w ir e c a g e s

A ll

before

of

the

treated

a n th esis

and were

to

l e f t cover ed f o r 4 to 6 days a f t e r tr e a t m e n t ,

Napntnaiene

a c e t i c a c i d was tne only normone used on tne cucumber,

Tne

r e s u l t s o b t a in e d are g iven i n Table 8 #
Table 8 , N a t i o n a l P i c k l i n g cucumber:

F r u it S e t t i n g as a Hesult

o f Hormone Treatments, i y p 8 .

Treatment

Number
of
Blossoms

Number

Percent

Set

S et

30

13

43

1,Q$> NAA in l a n o l i n p a s t e a p p lie d to c u t s t y l e cap

32

24

75

5,Q7<>

2b

b

25

No treatm ent e x ce p t n ip p e d - o f f stigm a

30

3

10

No treatm en t and no p o l l i n a t i o n

44

5

11

l^b NAA p a s t e a p p lie d to stigma

11

5

54

S e lf-p o llin a te d

lb

8

53

42

14

33

2 .5 ^ napntnaiene a c e t i c a c id (NAA) in l a n o l i n p a s t e
a p p lie d to cu t s t y l e cap

in l a n o l i n p a s t e a p p lie d to c u t s t y l e cap

Female flo w e r sprayed w itn Q,Qb^> NAA S o lu tio n
w itn a nand ato m izer *

*Tnis treatment was used near tne end o f t h e s e a s o n , wnich
may acco unt f o r tne low p e r c e n t a g e o f s e t ,
Aitnougn tne number o f samples was n o t l a r g e enougn to
permit any c o n c l u s i v e s t a t e m e n t , tne r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t n a t
napntnaiene a c e t i c a c i d d id induce p a r tn e n o c a rp ic f r u i t s o f
normal s i z e and s n a p e , e i t n e r wnen m e normone was a p p l i e d in
l a n o l i n p a s t e o f 1 to b per c e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n or as a 0 ,b
per c e n t aqueons s o l u t i o n .

Gross and l o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n s

o f a s e l f p o l l i n a t e d s e e d - b e a r i n g cucumber and'a s t i m u l a t i v e
p a r tn e n o c a rp ic f r u i t a r e snown in Figure 22 and 23,

Hard

-3 4 v ia b ie

seeds

F ig 2 4 :7 )
23:i,

but o n ly

F ig ,

ten tio n

were p r e s e n t

24:8)

is

soft,

were

c a lled

to

tne n orm on e-treared
tnan

tne p o llin a te d ,

sm a ll,

round in
tne

(F ig ,

23:2,

" ov u les"

(F ig ,

tne p a r tn e n o c a r p ic
in

ones.

At­

T a b le 8 in w n icn

gave a n ig n er p e r c e n ta g e o f

set

t n o s e p r o d u c e d from s e l f i n g .

one dozen flo w e r
th er

test.

sty le

1839 under

buds o f

A fter

tne

tne

greenhouse c o n d itio n s

sa m e v a r i e t y

s tig m a and c o r o l l a

were u sed
were

c a p was s p r a y e d w i t n n a p n t n a i e n e a c e t i c

m eth yiam ine

in c o n c e n tr a tio n s

r esp ectiv ely .

Three o f

tne

c e n t nap h th alen e a c e t i c
h avin g u n d e rsize d

a c etic

of

a cid p a ste .

cm.

in

in

a fur­

rem oved,

tne

a cid

tri-

ana

tr e a te d w ith 1 p er­

S tra ig h t

fru its

o f normal

embryos w ere o b t a i n e d .

by s p r a y i n g w i t n n a p h t h a l e n e

a c id a t a co n cen tra tio n

2b ,o

were

se e d c o a ts w ith ou t

was p i c k e d on June 1 9 t h ,

about

bOO p , p , m a n d 4 0 p , p , m « ,

flo w ers

One f r u i t w h i c h w a s p r o d u c e d

was

fru its

ana u n d e v elo p ed

second treatm ent

flo w ers

In t n e s p r i n g o f

size

in

T h is

o f bOO p . p . m .
fru it

on A p r i l 2 b t h

w e ig h e d 1 1 3 2 grams and

len g th .
F xp erim en ts w ith O u curbita oeoo

In

the

was u s e d

sp rin g of

in

the

1 9 3 9 an unnamed pum pkin o f

greenhouse.

Four f l o w e r s

acenaphthene

a n d L°fo n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c

the c u t

o n May 3 r d .

3 ,0

sty le

x 4 .9

cm .,

then

flow ers

a size

x 3 .0

A p p aren tly

t e d by th e

t r e a t m e n t s and g r o w th was

reason

fru its

In

the
the

were u n a b le

summer s e a s o n

to

(1939),

treated

“x r u x t s ” r e a c h t h e

d r o p p e d when t h e i r

cm.

w ith

size

to

of

d r o p p e d o n May 1 6 t h .

o v a ries

the o v a r ie s
in itia te d

con tin u e
8

sp ecies

a c id p aste a p p lied

tu r n e d s o f t and f i n a l l y

The t w o c h e c k
o f 1 .8

Three

were

th is

had a t t a in e d
were s tim u la ­

but

for

so m e

t h e i r d ev elo p m en t.

v a r ie tie s

were u se d

in

-3 5 fu r the r t e s t s .

The r e s u l t s

w ith E arly P r o l i f i c

a n d Dark G reen Z u c c h i n i s q u a s h a r e
The f l o w e r s u s e d i n
but they

in d ic a ted

p arth en ocarp ic

th is

shown i n

T a b les 9 and 1 0 .

stu d y were l im i t e d

th a t both v a r i e t i e s

d ev elo p m en t.

S tra igh tn eck

are

in

number,

su sc ep tib le

No e x t e r n a l d i f f e r e n c e s

be d e t e c t e d b etw een norm al and p a r t h e n o c a r p ic

fru its

squash.

the

Though t h e s e

O u cu rb ita p e p o .
degree o f
were

the

in

soft

S tra ig h tn eck

th eir

O ther v a r i e t i e s

of

th e M arket,

Fort B erth o l.

p arth en o ca rp ic

(F ig .

used

flo w ers

24

(3)

(F ig .

in

th is

(4),
24

25)

(5),

the

fru its.
in

fru it

Very l i t t l e

20 b lo sso m s)

One m a t u r e f r u i t

Top o f

of

were p r e s e n t

B erth o l,

Omaha a n d D e l i c a t a

the

were:

in

in

T ab le Queen, and

th is

p aste.

fru it.

One

sa m e h o r m o n e

the s i z e
the

Top

th e M arket was

from t h e

reach

grow th was o b s e r v e d

in

26).

D e lic a ta ,

t r e a t m e n t b u t d r o p p e d wh en i t

th e E arly

bu t none

H a r d i n B u s h , Omaha,

o f H a r d in Bush was o b t a i n e d

There

e x p e r i m e n t b u t w i t h a m ore

(from 10 to

empty s e e d c o a t s

of

sa m e

o b t a i n e d b y t r e a t m e n t w i t h 2 fo K - n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t a t e
No s e e d s o r

cou ld

sa m e s p e c i e s ,

textu red seed coats p resen t

Dark Green Z u c c h i n i v a r i e t y

l i m i t e d number o f

b elo n g to

in tegu m en ts d id n o t undergo

develop m en t

sm all s iz e d ,

P r o lific

two v a r i e t i e s

to

of 1 2 .5

x 1 1 .0

trea ted o v a ries

cm.

of Fort

v a r ie tie s.

E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h O u c u r b i t a m axim a
In

the sp r in g o f 1939,

greenhouse.

The c u t s t y l e s

w ith acen ap h th en e,
a cid p a ste,
a c etic
the

fru its

s q u a s h was grown i n

o f a few f l o w e r buds w ere

the

treated

f o l l o w e d by 1 p e r c e n t n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c

and a n o th e r

a cid a lo n e .

B u ttercu p

group were t r e a t e d

F lo w ers were t r e a t e d

m atured a b o u t June 1 0 t h .

w ith n a p h th a len e

on A p r i l

Seven

3 0 th and

e x te rn a lly

norm al

-36-

f r u i t s were produced ( F i g . 2 7 ) ,

When cut open, i t was

d i s c o v e r e d th a t no se ed s had d ev elo p ed ( F i g . 28, 2 4 : 6 ) ..
The p l a c e n t a l r e g i o n o f the p a r t h e n o c a r p i c f r u i t s was more
r e s t r i c t e d and they had a much t h i c k e r r e c e p t i c l e and p er­
ic a r p than normal s e e d b e a r in g f r u i t s .
sue was f u l l y d e v e lo p e d .

Moreover, s t y l a r t i s ­

One u n d e r s iz e d f r u i t was produced

from treatment with 1 p e r c e n t naphthalen e a c e t i c a c i d .
In the summer o f 1939 f u r t h e r expe rimen ts w ith the same
v a r i e t y were conducted.

The r e s u l t s are shown in Table 11#

Table 9, Early P r o l i f i c S t r a i g h t n e c k squash:

F r u it and Crop S e t t i n g

as a R e s u l t o f Hormone Treatment i n L an olin P a s t e to cut S t y l e s .
Series
No.
KN(l)

1% K-naohthalene a c e t a t e

KN(2)

2% K-naohthalene a c e t a t e

KNC(.5)
OH

Fruit Set

No o f
Flowers
Treated

Treatment

10

100

25

check, cut s t y l e only

2

o • 0

R e s u lt o f Hormone Treatments in La nolin P a s t e to c u t S t y l e s .
No. o f
Flowers
Treated

Treatment

No.
1% K-naphthalene a c e t a t e
2% K-naohthalene a c e t a t e

F r u it Set

Crop Set

No.

No.

%

5

2

40

8

7

87

2

%
40

*

N A c ( l l)

1% NAA and 10% acenaphthene

2

1

50

0

KNC( . 5 )

1% KNA and 0.5% c o l c h i c i n e

2

1

50

1

KNAcIC

10
1

Table 1 0 . Dark Green Zucchini squash: F r u it and Orop S e t t i n g as a

KH(3)

100

4

fir s t frost.

KN(1 )

3

1% K-naohthalene a c e t a t e and 0.5% c o l c h i c i n e

* Blossoms t r e a t e d very l a t e in the season and k i l l e d by

Series

No.

No.

3

*

1% KNA, 1% acenaphthene, 1% i n d o l e -

!
- . i

50

Crop S e t
°h

3

100

1

25

-3 7 -

b u t y r i c a c i d and 0 . 1 % c o l c h i c i n e
CH

10

4

40

2

0

0

Check

1

50

♦Blossoms t r e a t e d v ery l a t e in the se a so n and k i l l e d by
fir s t frost.
Table 1 1.

B u tt e rc up Squash:

F r u i t and Crop s e t t i n g as a

r e s u l t o f Hormone Treatments i n L a n o lin P a s t e to c u t s t y l e s .

"" .................... . “

Series
No.

---------------------Treatment

‘ ‘

---------------------- -

1

No. o f
flowers
tre a t d d

Crop S e t (1)

F ruit Set

No.

No.

KN(l)

1% K-naphthalene a c e t a t e

12

9

75

5

KNI

1%

7

1

14

0

NAc(l)

1 % nap h th a len e

a c e t i c a c i d and 10 % acen apthene

9

2

22

0

NAc

1 % n ap hth a len e

a c e t i c a c i d and 10 % acen apthene ( 2 )

10

9

90

9

90

KNC

1%

11

9

82

7

64

7

3

43

1

! 14

10

5

50

1

10

7

0

0

0

each o f na p hth alen e a c e t i c a c i d & i n d o l e b u t y r i c a c i d

K-naphthalene a c e t a t e and 0.1% c o l c h i c i n e

KNc(.5 ) 1% K-naphthalene a c e t a t e and 0.5% c o l c h i c i n e
KNAcIC

, ch e ck , c u t s t y l e o n l y .

(1)

By the c r i t e r i a o f (1) l o s s o f s e m i - g l o s s y green c o l o r

i n th e rin d and p r e s e n c e o f y e l l o w c o l o r ne ar the ground p o r t i o n
(2) f u l l s i z e and (3) t o ugh ne ss o f the r i n d .
(2)

i

1% K-naphthalene a c e t a t e , 1% a c enaphthene, 1%
i n d o l e b u t y r i c a c i d and 0 . 1 % c o l c h i c i n e

Ch

|

42

A p p l i c a t i o n o f abundance o f acenaphthene to the cut s t y l e ,

then c o v e r i n g w i t h n a p h th a len e a c e t i c a c i d p a s t e .

This treatm en t

was conducted in the s p r i n g o f 1939 in the g r e e n h o u se .

-3 8 E xp erim en ts w it h
In tn e
in

tne

sp rin g o f

greenhouse.

1939,

Out o f

C u c u r b i t a mo s o n a t a
tn e A frica n

four

flo w ers

th e n e and 1 p e r c e n t n a p h t h a le n e a c e t i c
norm al

fru its

were o b t a in e d .

from n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c

w e ig h e d 3270 grams

(F ig .

w h ich were s o f t

textu re

in

29).

E xp erim en ts w it h
In th e
se lec tio n
F igu re
the

fru it

d ev elo p ed

a c id and th e

a com b in ation o f

a c id .

Both f l o w e r s w ere

turned y e llo w ,

then

grams and had a d i a m e t e r o f
one

seed coats

30,

flow ers

cen tim eters,
person.
In
v a r ie ty
a cetic

to

three

N eith er
the

tre a ted w ith

la rg e

fru it

a cid

soft.

ceased

were

treated

a c id and

its

n ap h th alen e a c e t i c

w ith

1

per

1

from o n e

T h is

The f r u i t

grow ing ab ou t

fru it

rea ch in g a le n g th

seed s nor seed coats
1939,

3b

p ick ed

w eigh ed 9

a cid

The
treat­

of about

14

by s o m e u n kn o w n

were p r e s e n t .

flo w ers o f

and 2 p e r c e n t

p otassiu m

fru its.

flo w ers;

tr e a te d A p ril 3 0 th .

w as a c c i d e n t a l l y

su m m er o f

m ature

5 c e n t i m e t e r s when p i c k e d .

grow u n t i l

when i t

24 1 2 ) .

o f a n u n na m ed

from th e a c e n a p h t h e n e and n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c

ment c o n t i n u e d

One o f t h e m

acen ap h th en e and n a p h th a le n e

from n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c

May 2 2 n d ,

were

from a p a i r o f

from a f l o w e r

produced

r eticu la tu s

o f m uskm elon w ere u s e d w h ic h g a v e

tr e a te d w ith

produced

6th.

(F ig*

Oucum is m elo v a r .

exp erim en t

was a l s o

good s i z e

s p r in g 1939 about one dozen

cen t n ap h th alen e a c e t i c

a c etic

F a irly

three

The f l o w e r s
J u ly

were p r e s e n t

31 sh ow s a p a r a l l e l

sm a ll

a c id p a s te ,

treatm en t.

were p ic k e d

was u s e d

tr e a te d w itn acenaph­

One g o o d f r u i t

a cid

t r e a t e d May 8 t h a n d f r u i t s

B e il v a r ie ty

th e Honey h ock
each o f n ap h th alen e

s a l t and a m ix tu re o f

1

a c i d and 10 p e r c e n t a c e n a o h t h e n e .

per cen t
o n ly

-3 9 n eg a tiv e

resu lts

were o b t a in e d .

A l i m i t e d number o f
sp ecies

flo w ers

c a r r y in g U .S .D .A .

P la n t

t r e a t e d w ith v a r io u s grow th
fru its

of

cu cu rb its

in tro d u ctio n

su bstances

o f u n certa in
num bers w ere

b u t no p a r t h e n o c a r p i c

d ev elo p ed .
E x p erim en ts w ith S o la n a c e o u s P la n t s

Pepper
tests

( O a p sic u m annum) :

w e r e made o n t h e H a r r i s Wond er v a r i e t y .

fru its

out of

resu lt of

25

1 per

Four f r u i t s

c e n t n a p h th alen e a c e t i c

d ev elo p ed

were

cut

were

seed less.

have

been due

fo llo w in g

a c id .

cut

P o ssib ly
to

the

sty le

were k i l l e d
fu ll

treated

Tom a to
State

were

the

The r e s u l t s

for

them w e r e

the

the

in

the o n ly

in t h e

th ese

32).

w i t h O.Obfo

sty les

o f w h ich

in sta n ce

may

s e a s o n and a l l

fru its

p a rtly

in

(F ig .

s o m e Wound h o r m o n e

were a b l e

grown,

the

to

hormone-

in sh a p e.
Th e v a r i e t y

M ich iga n

O nly I d f l o w e r s were

em ascu lated

are presen ted

so lid

in

stu dy.

a c i d was

the

as a

v e g e ta tiv e parthenocarp y.

and normal

th is

stigm as

th is

of

escu ien tu m ) :

No s e e d w e r e d e v e l o p e d
M ost o f

a ll

flo w e r s were

and n a p h th a le n e a c e t i c
used.

la te

before

seed less

( L ycooersicu m

A ll

very

H owever,

F o r c in g was u s e d

em p loyed .

T w enty-four

4 form ed f r u i t s w h ic h

in

effect

be d u e t o

by f r o s t

m a tu rity.

fru its

treatm ent,

stim u la tin g

The t r e a t m e n t w a s s t a r t e d
p la n ts

v a rio u s

treatm en t

the

7 flo w ers,

parthenocarpy

o r m ight

a cid

sp rayin g

Out o f

bu t g i v e n no f u r t h e r

from t h e

1938,

blossom s d e v e lo p e d p a r t h e n o c a r p ic a liy

n ap h th alen e a c e t i c

reach

I n t h e summer o f

before

treatm en t

grow th s u b s t a n c e

T ab le 1 2 .
p arth en o ca rp ic

p la cen ta l

reg io n .

fru its.

•40-

T a b l e 1^.

Tomato (M. S. F o r c i n g ) :

F ru it S ettin g as

a

rtesuit of

Hormone T r e a t m e n t s
No.
Flowers
treated

Treatm ent

no.
F ru its
Set

nange in
W eignt
( s r a m s ) ___

S pray w i t n n a p n t n a i e n e a c e t i c a c i d s o l u t i o n bOO p . p . m .

9

9

33—69

spray w itn n ap n tn aien e a c e t i c a c id s o lu t i o n

3

3

4^-60

3

3

133-lbO

dQ o * d . m.

Apply l 1^ n a p n t n a i e n e a c e t i c a c i d o a s t e t o c u t s t v i e

I t was o b s e r v e d , t h a t i r u i t s r e s u l t i n g from a n a q u e o u s s p r a y
were mucn s m a l l e r i n s i z e t n a n t n o s e p r o d u c e d from t n e p a s t e
treatm ent*

A g r e a t many o f t n e p a r t n e n o c a r p i c f r u i t s snowed

i n t e r n a l b r e a k down a t t h e b lo s s o m e n d , w i t h t n e a p p e a r a n c e o f
blossom -end ro t*
H g g p l a n t ( Solanum m e l o n g e n a ) :

m e v a r i e t y new H am p s n ir e

H y b r i d was u s e d f o r t n i s s t u d y i n t n e s p r i n g o f 1 9 3 9 .
f l o w e r s were t r e a t e d l a t e
still

i n t n e summer, an d t n e f r u i t s were

s m a l l wnen p i c k e d b e c a u s e o f f r o s t *

six f r u its

me

Tne l a r g e s t o f t n e

t n a t formed o a r t n e n o c a r p i c a i i y r e a c f te d a s i z e o f

l l * b x 1 0 . a c m . , from t r e a t m e n t w i t n a m i x t u r e o f 1 p e r c e n t
n a p n t n a i e n e a c e t i c a c i d a n d 10 p e r c e n t a c e n a o n t n e n e .

F ruits

from t r e a t m e n t w i t n a m i x t u r e o f 1 p e r c e n t e a c n o f n a p n t n a i e n e
a c e t i c an d i n d o l e b u t y r i c a c i d s were somewnat s m a l l e r ,

m ere

a p p e a r e d to be no e x t e r n a l d i f f e r e n c e s betwee n p o l l i n a t e d a n a
normone-induced i r u i t s
p o llin ated ir u its

(F ig. 33).

However, t n e n o r m a l l y -

seemed t o grow more r a p i d l y .

On s e c t i o n i n g ,

o n l y m i n u t e l i n e s sn ow ed wner e t n e l o c u i e s wo uld n o r m a l l y
h a v e oeen a n d t n e r e were no s i g n s o f o v u l e s ( F i g . 3 4 ) .

rne

one c o n t r o l d r o p p e d w i t n a week a f t e r t n e s t y l e was c u t o f f .

1

OVERSIZED
IMAGE
OVERSIZED
IMAGE
Remarks

OVERSIZED

•age o v e r 20 mm. d i a m . ,

i. d ia m ., akene l a r g e w
. d i a m ., ak e n e s w i th o u
lop-sided

IMAGE

—

41—

Kixperimen te w i t n 3 t r a w b e r r y
in tne l a t e

t a i l o f 1 3 3 b , p o t t e d p l a n t s o f a n unnamed

everoan r i n g stra w D e rry were u s e a f o r f r u i t
m ents.

A b o u t two d o z e n f l o w e r buds w e r e

n e ro ia p n ro a ife f lo w e rs were f i r s t
w itn n a p n tn a ie n e a c e t i c a c ic
p.p.m .

treated ,

em asculated,

nowever,

tne

em oryos.
in itial

tner. s p r a y e d

f r u i t s o f normal

t n a t a p p e a r e d n o rm a l were o b t a i n e d ;

l a t t e r w e r e f o u n d t o be e n t i r e l y

Some o f t n e t r e a t e d
grow th,

un-opened

i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f oO a n a oOO

w itn a nana a to m iz e r, p a r tn e n o c a r p ic

siz e co n tain in g acnenes

s e ttin g experi­

lack in g in

r e c e p t a c l e s mace o n l y a s l i g n t

wnicn soon c e a s e d , an d a c n n e s r a r e l y d e v e ­

l o p e d on t h e m .
I n t n e s p r i n g o f i 9 o 9 , a l u r t n e r e x p e r i m e n t was c o n d u c t e d ,
tn e r e s u l t s o f w n ic n a r e p r e s e n t e d in la D ie 13.
Table 13.

Straw berry;

F r u i t S e t t i n g a s a R e s u l t o f Hormone

xrea tm ent.
no
F l o we r s
rreatea

Treatm ent

Ho
F ru its

Remarks

_ a s s ___

;6ra ge o v e r 20 mm. d i a m . ,

S p r a y w i t n n a p n t n a i e n e a c e t i c a c i d 5UU p . p . m

akenes sm all and em bryoless.

S e lf hand p o l l i n a t i o n

3 ( | mm. d i a m . ,

Open oo l l m a t i o n

23 mm. d i a m . , a k e n e s w i t h o u t e m b r y o s

Uheck, e m a s c u l a t i o n o n l y

14 mm. l o p - s i d e d .

V. D i s c u s s i o n
Of t n e many v a r i e t i e s o r w a t e r m e l o n s ,
they v ary g r e a t l y
ttle f a c t

i t was f o u n d t n a t

in t n e i r p a r tn e n o c a r p ic developm ent.

t n a t some p a r t h e n o c a r p i c i r u i t s

Due to

developed as a r e s u l t

ak en e l a r g e w ith embryos.

-4 3 of

hormone t r e a t m e n t

m a tu rity ,
"f r u i t
ana

tne

set"

resu lts

ana

p artn en o ca rp ic

c lo se ly

a ll

to

d ev elo p m en t
from

P artn en ocarp ic
but none

in

me

from t h e

tra it,

me

other

the d if f e r e n t

p o llen

a p p lied

resu lt

in

tne

to

the

se ttin g

M oreover,

Known a s

p,

S e lec tio n s

fru it.

ana 4 .

These d a ta

grow th s u b s t a n c e s
e n tire ly

T h is m igh t

in d ica te

is

a n e r a i-

in d ep en d en tiy

t h a t a b o u t 30 g r a i n s o f

T h i s may be d u e t o

produced

reagent or

r eg u la te

me

from t n e

su ffic ie n t

for

very

m eta b o lic

xnimarm,

processes

to

fact

as a

cause
p la ce,

( x u s t a is o n and M urneek,
to

me

to

f r u i o d ev elo p m en t,

where g ro w th t a k e s

u s 11 c o n t i n u e

fa ile d

few o v u l e s

g r o w m s u b s t a n c e s may a c t

tne p a r t

111 r u i

d,

3 and b

s t i g m a a t t n e t i m e o f an t h e s i s
of

1 to

gave v a ry in g r e s u l t s .
from S e l e c t i o n

was o b s e r v e d

m aster

or

^ aiso

is

v a r ie tie s.

m at

such o v a r ie s

Sweet

tne

h y p o th esis

by w e n t ,

northern

in

me

p o stu la ted

H ariy K ansas and

grow th s u b s t a n c e s p r e s e n t

if

move t o

m a tu r ity , b it none

v a r ia tio n s

e m b r y o s d e v e l o p e d w as n o t

to

o f norm al s i 2e a ,

to

grow th s u b s t a n c e s

su bstances

F a v o r i t e Honey

be d u e

or

not

to

ch a ra cteristics.

it

of

reacn

two g r o u p s a s

W inter Sw eet

v a r y in g w ith v a r i e t i e s

w aterm elon ,

the

l,

response

t n e amount o f n a t u r a l

m at

v a r ie ty

la tter.

S e lec tio n

in

in

case

sa m e p a r a n t a g e ,

th eir

of

me

to

a much h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e o f p a r t n e n o ­

of

o v a ries

in

fu ll

f r u i t s were o b ta in e d

m a t p a rtn en ocarp ic
tary

is

in to

v a r ie tie s

tnat a tta in e d

tne v a r ie t y

m ere

fa il

n ign p e r c e n ta g e s

A lrnougn m e

r ela ted

d eriv ed

me

gave very

fru its

Sw eet.

D akota S w e e t ) ,
c a rp ic

were c l a s s i t i e a

few w ere o b t a i n e d

flo rm ern

some r e a s o n s

"crop s e t " .

" Y e llo w M elon"

or very

but t o r

other
as

why do

grow and r e a c h t h e i r

43

-

m atu rity?
above
less

how ever,

ureaom eno,

w h en a g r o w t h s u b s t a n c e w a s a a a e a t o t h e

m ature

t h a n 30 v i a o i e
Whether

rem ain s

to be

seeas

fru it
seen*

and p e r f e c t i o n

of

was p r o a u c e a a n a i t

ana a i s o

grow th s u b s t a n c e s

It

seem s

to

the w r ite r

in

the

Even i n

the s o i l

p ra ctica l

and th e n e c e s s i t y

f o r m ale p l a n t s

in

way.

if

parthenocarpy

P a rth en o ca rp ic b e r r ie s

d u rin g b loom in g w ith

can

have

flo w e r s and a l s o

by

th e grow th s u b s t a n c e s *

s u c h a m ethod m ig h t p r o v e o f v a l u e

in s u r in g a h igh

m ethod o f

certa in
is

e x is tin g p la n tin g s

a s a means o f

th a t d evelop m en t

A m erican h o l l y

in a p r a c t i c a l

of

prove p o ssib le

futu re.

b een p rod u ced by s p r a y in g o r g a e in g th e
w a terin g

w ill

in d u ctio n

su ch m ethods m ight r e v o l u t i o n i z e

d io ecio u s,

ind uced

for th e

sca le

com m ercial p l a n t i n g s w o u ld be e lim in a t e d
be

co n ta in ed

many e m p t y s e e a c o a t s .

on a co m m ercia l

phases o f h o r tic u ltu r e
n o rm a lly

ir u n

tne use o l

p a rth en o ca rp ic

'

degree o f

fru itfu ln e ss.

in d u c in g p a r th e n o c a r p y m igh t be o f

w ith o th e r d io e c io u s p la n ts

e sp e cia lly

b ittersw eet,

A
va lu e

d a t e and

m u scad in e g r a p e .
W ith t o m a t o e s grown i n n o r t h e r n
cu ltu re,

a r tific ia l

for

fru it

se ttin g .

the

flo w ers

set

w h ich a r e n o t

p o llin a tio n
O ften ,

how ever,

su ggested

lig h t

for

req u irem en ts

if

(anth er)

a p ra ctica l

w ith

spray,

greenhouse

u su a lly necessary

a sm all p r o p o r tio n o f

fr u itin g

th is

sp o ro g en esis

m ethod o f

vapor,

that

form ation .

o n ly

is

for

clo u d y w ea th er and s h o r t days

fo r op tim al

w in g (31 and 3 2 ) h a s

sp oran gium

or tap p in g

f r u it because o f

fav o ra b le

reg io n s

is

(3 2 ,2 3 ).

due to

Loeh-

the d if f e r e n t

(v ia b le p o llen )

and

I t w ou ld b e h i g h l y

d esira b le

i n d u c i n g p a r t h e n o c a r p y by

treatm ent

o r grow th

substances

in o th e r

form c o u l d be

-4 4 -

d ev elo p ed .
One o f

the d i f f i c u l t i e s

northern

reg io n s

sca rcity

of

in

th e W inter

sta m in a te

flo w ers

b e e n shown by t h e w r i t e r ,
size

S eed lessn ess
h ig h ly

d esira b le

fru its

w ou ld be

eco n o m ica lly .
o b ta in ed

is

from t h e

the p i s t i l l a t e

c a lled

flo w e r s w ith

so m e p r a c t i c a l

to

the

w ith

the

fru its

p o ssib ility *

o f normal s i z e

have been

from d i f f e r e n t grow th s u b s t a n c e s .
fact

that

se ed co a ts o f v a rio u s

u su a lly p resen t

in

th e partheno­

e x c e p t i o n o f th o s e p r o d u c e d on p l a n t s
seeds*

T h is

in d ic a tes

o f o b ta in in g p a rth en o ca rp ic

O ther p a r th e n o c a r p ic

to h ave com m ercial v a lu e a r e
I t w ou ld u n d o u b te d ly

cu cu rb its

sca le

se ttin g ,

fru its

that

there

w ith o u t

th a t m igh t p ro v e

t h e B u t t e r c u p a n d summer s q u a s h e s .

be h i g h l y

in d u c e on a com m ercial

d esira b le

p arth en ocarp ic

in

the l i t t l e

ex p lored f i e l d

fru its,

e sp e cia lly

the Annonaceae,

litc h i

o f normal

i n g r e a t d em a nd i f t h e y c o u l d b e p r o d u c e d

a p o ssib ility

mango,

fru it

I t has

com m ercial s t a n d p o in t and s e e d l e s s

grown from c o l c h i c i n e - t r e a t e d

seed coats.

(5).

in W aterm elon w ou ld u n d o u b te d ly be c o n s i d e r e d

P a rth en o ca rp ic

fru its,

because o f the

d u rin g s h o r t days

T h is m ig h t have

d e g r e e s o f d evelop m en t a r e
ca rp ic

a r ise s

th a t p arth en ocarp ic

i n many v a r i e t i e s

A tten tio n

cal

season

c a n be p r o d u c e d by s p r a y i n g

a grow th su b s ta n c e *

is

in g r o w in g A m erican cucum ber in

of

to

be a b l e t o

fru its,

tro p ica l

or a s s is t

and s u b t r o p i ­

pom egranate,

guava,

a n d w a m p i.

The m e a n s o f p r o d u c i n g s t i m u l a t i v e p a r t h e n o c a r p y m i g h t
su p p ly u s w ith
d ev elo p m en t,

in fo rm a tio n con cern in g

p h y sio lo g y ,

t h a t we u s e a t p r e s e n t
m ore e x p l o r a t o r y

work.

t h e m echanism o f

and e v o l u t i o n .

tim e a r e

far

H owever,

from p e r f e c t

the

fru it

tech n iq u es

and r e q u i r e s

-4 5 Summary
S tu d ies o f
su bstances
ence

to

in d u c e d p a r th e n o c a r p y by

in c e r t a i n

h o r ticu ltu ra l

th e W aterm elon were

E ast L an sin g,

d u rin g

su pp lem en ted w ith

c a r r i e d on a t

fru its

w ith
in g

ob ta in ed

from t h e s e

C u cu rb ita cea e

in

seasons.

summer o f 1 9 3 8 ,

cucumber and p e p p e r were
in

In v iew o f

tria ls,

the

C o lleg e,

The Work was

d u r i n g two

the grow th su b s ta n c e s

sp r a y in g w ith aqueous s o l u t i o n s .

refer­

M ichigan S t a t e

in itia te d

o f W aterm elon,

grow th

w ith s p e c i a l

t h e Su m m ers o f 1 9 3 8 a n d 1 9 3 9 .

exp erim en ts

o b t a i n e d by a p p l y i n g

resu lts

p la n ts

greenhouse ex p erim en ts

In p r e lim in a r y
p arth en o ca rp ic

the u se o f

fa irly

la n o lin

p aste or

the p r o m isin g

ex ten siv e

and S o la n a c e a e w ere c o n d u c te d in

exp erim en ts
the

fo llo w ­

season.
No p a r t h e n o c a r p y ,

due t o hormone

v e g e ta tiv e or

treatm en ts,

O u cu rb ita s p e c i e s

tested ,

occurred
w ith

the

stim u la tiv e,
in

other

than

that

th e w a term elo n s and o t h e r

ex cep tio n o f

cucumber and

pepper.
It

was f o u n d t h a t a v e r y

n o t cause

th e w aterm elon

grow th s u b s t a n c e ,
W aterm elon
not

the

set

m ature f r u i t s

flow ers

s e t p arth en o ca rp ic

because

to

l i m i t e d number o f p o l l e n

treated
fru its

fru it.

However,

g ra in s

did

by a d d i n g a

were o b t a i n e d .
w ith grow th s u b s t a n c e s

p ersisted

s u b s ta n c e s p r e v e n t the

on th e v i n e ,

w h ich d id

a p p aren tly

fo r m a tio n o f an a b s c i s s i o n

la y er .
No a p o m i t i c
fru its

produced

s e e d o f any s o r t d e v e lo p e d
from g r o w th

A m ixture o f
one a lo n e .

tw o g r o w t h

Some s u b s t a n c e s ,

in

the p a rth en o ca rp ic

su bstances.
su bstances
e .g .

gave b e t t e r

resu lts

in d o le b u ty ric a c id ,

than

acenapnthene,

-4 6 su lfa n ia m id e,
a lo n e,

were u s a b le

but gave

1‘a v o r a b l e

to

i n d u c e p a r t h e n o c a r p y wlien u s e d

resu lts

wnen m ix e d w i t n o t n e r

su bstances*
In d o leb u ty ric

a cid

a p n tn en e 10 p e r c e n t ,
in la n o lin p a s t e ,

r a n g i n g from 1 t o

5 per cen t,

and s u lfa n ia m ia e o f

were u n a b le

to

i.b

acen-

per cen t,

each

induce p a r th e n o c a r p ic

d evelop m en t in w aterm elon .
N a p h th a len e a c e t i c
p a rth en o ca rp ic

a c i d had a g r e a t e r

d evelop m en t

than

its

effectiv en ess

p otassiu m

sa lt

on

and o th e r

grow th s u b s t a n c e s .
There were

great v a r ia tio n s

in

fru it

d e v e l o p m e n t among t h e s e p a r t h e n o c a r p i c

fru its.

hard se e d c o a ts

were o c c a s i o n a l l y p r e s e n t

ever,

fru its

seed less

were p r e s e n t

i n many s p e c i e s

same h o r t i c u l t u r a l

w ith a grow th s u b s ta n c e

fru its

in

is

c ia l

to

use.

sized

some f r u i t s .

How­

v a r ie tie s

w ith in

the

seed s w ith p roper dosage

in

fru its.

in tegu m en ts

in to

M ixin g th e c o l c h i c i n e

the p a s te

a p p lie d

to

the

cut sty le

such s e e d c o a t d ev elo p m en t.

som e o f

the p o s s i b i l i t y

some h o r t i c u l t u r a l p l a n t s

su b stan ces.
rem ain

or c e r ta in

th e d evelop m en t o f

s e e d c o a t s on p a r t h e n o c a r p i c

There

Normal

w h ich la c k e d s e e d c o a t s

th e w aterm elon

preven ted

d id n ot p rev en t

size

in

and s e e d c o a t

group.

P re-treatm en t o f
of c o lc h icin e

o f normal

size

However,

be s o l v e d

tech n ica l

before

the

o f p rod u cin g s e e d le s s

by t h e u s e o f

d iffic u ltie s
id e a can

grow th

in c e r t a i n p la n t s

be p u t i n t o

com m er­

-4 7 A cknow ledgem ent
The w r i t e r
and a s s i s t a n c e
tio n s

in

the

la rly

to P r o f.

g ra tefu lly

a ck n o w led g es

the

r e n d e r e d by i n v e s t i g a t o r s

in itia tio n
F .G .

and p e r s u i t o f

G ustafson o f

general

in terest

in v a rio u s

in stitu ­

th is

stu dy,

the U n iv e r s ity

D r . P *W.

Zimmerman o f B o y c e T ho m p so n I n s t i t u t e

R esearch

for

su bstances:

th eir
to

Dr.

o f M ichigan S t a t e
for

k in d in fo r m a tio n

C o lleg e

th e p relim in a ry

icu ltu r a l

K .P . H ib b ard o f
for

tria ls;

D epartm ent f o r

th e Botany D epartm ent

t o Mr. H . L .

Seaton o f

the p la n ts

to P r o f.

c r itic ism

of

th e m an u scrip t;

to P ro f.

c ritic ism

of

the

and e s p e c i a l l y

in

th is

th e H ort­

the

f o r m aking a v a i l a b l e

op p ortu n ity

carry out

th is

K .C .

Barrons
to Dr.

departm ent f o r h i s

encouragem ent,
to

in

su bstances

e a rlie r

Gardner f o r s u g g e s t i o n s and a l s o

m an u scrip t;

form er p r o f e s s o r

for P la n t

r e g a r d i n g work on g r o w th

exp erim en ts;

Y eager,

o f M ich ig a n ,

s u p p l y i n g so m e g r o w t h

many o f

V .R .

p a rticu ­

study.

fa c ilitie s

for h is
A .F .
constan t

and th e

-4 8 B iD iio g ra p h y
(1)

B r itish

C olor C o u n cil:

H o rticu ltu ra l

C olor C h art.

V ol.

I*

1938.
( 2 ) Cochran,
S ettin g
U n iv .
(3)

(5)

in

D etjen,

Sta.

L .K .
of

Mena. 1 9 0 .

F rost Injury

in

th e A p p le,
S o c .,

4h39.

J .B .

d ie

(?)

25:1-21,

Seasonal V ariation
Amer.

in

Sex E x p r e ssio n

Soc. H ort.

S ci.

H.

cer­

P r o c .,

D ie B e e in f lu s s u n g der O r c h ia e e n b iu te n durch

1909.

F ittin g ,

of

1930.

B e s ta u b u n g und d u rc h and e r e U m sta n d e.

1:1-86.

1 9 3 6 . Chem.

1936.

C u cu m b e r V a r i e t i e s .

F ittin g ,

C orn ell

Plum a n d P e a c h .

18(b ).

A bst.

Ed m on d,

L .).

1936.

W u ch ssto ffstu d ien . P la n ta ,

30:

Grow th a n d F r u i t

(C apsicum f r u t e s c e n s ,

the P en in su la H ort.

27:339-32.

(7)

In flu en cin g

D o l l f u s H.

ta in

(6)

Some F a c t o r s

th e Pepper

Exp.

Trane*
(4)

H .L .

(Q u o ted from

Z e itc h r .

B o t.,

(14)).

W eitere E n tw ic k iu n g s p h y s io io g is e h e U n tersu chungen

an O r c h id e e n b lu te n .

Z eitsch r.

B o t.,

2 : 2 2 5 —6 6 .

1910

(Q uoted

from 1 2 )
*

\

(8 )

Foex,
V^g.

E.

v
A p ro p o s de

France,

8:77-80.

la

/
g eiee

1921.

du 1 6 a v r i l .

B ot.

A b st.,

B u i.

11:556.

Soc. P ath.
1932.

/■

/(9 )

Gardner,

F .E .

and M arth, P .

d u c e d by S p r a y i n g w i t h
G a z.,

9 9 : 1 8 4 —9 b .

( 1 0 ) G ardner,

F .E .

C. P a r t h e n o c a r p i c

Grow th P r o m o t i n g Com pounds.

in ­

B ot.

1937.

and M arth,

P .C .

E ffectiv en ess

G row th S u b s t a n c e s on p a r t h e n o c a r p y
101:226-29.

fru its

1939.

in H o lly .

of

Several

B ot.

G az.,

(11)

G u stafson ,

F .G . I n d u c tio n o f F r u it

P rom otin g C h e m ic a ls. P r o c .

N a tl.

D e v e l o p m e n t by Growth

Aeaa.

S c i.,

32:628-36.

1936.
(12)

G u stafson ,

F .G . P a r th e n o c a r p y

Araer. J o u r .
(13)

G u stafson .
Amer.

^14)
/

/

/

/(15)

B ot.

G u s t a f s o n F .G .
44.

24:102-07.

F urther S tu d ie s

Jour.

E xtracts.

1937.

on A r t i f i c i a l P a r t h e n o c a r p y .

25:237-44.

1938.

Induced P a rth en o ca r p y .

B ot.

G a z.,

99:840-

1938.

G ustafson
Jour.

/(1 6 )

B o t.,

I n d u c e d by P o l l e n

F .G .

B o t.,

G ustafson.

The C a u s e o f N a t u r a l P a r t h e n o c a r p y .

26:135-38.
F.G .

S ig n ifica n ce
26:189-94.

in

Amer.

1939.

A u xin D i s t r i b u t i o n

in

F r u i t s and i t s

F r u it D evelop m en t.

Amer.

Jour.

B o t.,

1939.
< •

(17)

H ab erian d t,

G. U b e r T e i l u n g s h o r m o n e u n d i h r e B e z i e h u n g e n

zur W undheilung,
tiv em b ry o n ie.
(18)

Hagemann, P .

B efru ch tu ng,

B io l*

p a r t h e n o g e n e s i s und Adven-

C e n tr a lb l.,

42:145-72.

1922.

Ueber durch p - i n d o i y i e s s i g s a u r e

P artn en ok arp ie der G la d io le .

a u sg eio ste

G a rten b a u w iss.,

11:144-50.

1937.
(19)

B a rtley ,

C .P .

In ju rio u s

E ffects

o f P rem ature P o l l i n a t i o n ;

w i t h G e n e r a l N o te s on A r t i f i c i a l P o l l i n a t i o n
of

F ru it

22.
(20)

U .S .D .A .,

Bur. P i .

S ettin g

Ind.

B u i.

1902.

H a v is,
yh io

W ithout P o l l i n a t i o n .

and th e

L.

Agr.

(21)

H aw thorn,

(32)

H ow lett,

S eed less Peaches as a r e su lt o f
S t a . B im on. B u i . ,

3 3 : 2 1 4 —1 9 *

L .K .

in

F .S .

S eed iessn ess
The E f f e c t

of

F reezin g

Injury,

1939.

Tom atoes.

S c i.,

85:199.

1939.

C arboh ydrate and o f N itro g e n

-5 0 D eficien cy
of

upon M i c r o s p o r o g e n e s i s a n a

t h e M ale G a m e to p h y te

E scu len tu m ,
(23)

H ow lett,

M ill,

M 24)

the

F .S . P ro d u ctio n o f

for

1939:

K a tu n sk ij,

Tom ato,

A n nals B o t . ,

W ithou t P o l l i n a t i o n .
Amer.

in

Ann.

139-45.

V .M . o n

th e D evelop m ent
L y co p ersicu m

50:767-804.

Tom atoes ana O ther V e g e t a b le s

K ep t.,

Veg.

Grow. A s s o c ,

Acad.

th e C ause o f P r e - ana P o s t - N a t a l

O re p is and T u s s i l a g o ) .

U .S .S .R .,

of

1940.

F l o r a l M ovem ents o f P e d u n c l e s a n d S c a p e s
Papaver,

193b.

3:343-46.

1936.

(of

t h e Genus

Com pt. R end .

(D ok lad y)

B r i t Chem* A b s t .

A ,3 :4 9 .

1 937..
(25)

L aib ach ,
B ot.

(36)

(27)

G es.,

L aib ach ,
B ot.

F . P o iie n n o r m o n e und W u c n s s t o f f .

in ien .

1933.

B io l.

A b st.,

51:386-92.

1933.

B io l.

A b st.,

D eutscn.

8:19569.

F. V ersu ch e m it W u c h s s to tfp a s te .

G es.,

L aib ach ,

50:383-90.

Ber.

Ber.

1934.

D eutsch.

9:6668.

1935.

F. W u c h s s to ffv e r s u c h e m it Lebenaen O r c h id e e n p o ll-

Ber.

D eutsch.

B ot.

G es.,

51:336-40.

1933.

B io l.

A bst.- 9 : 6 b b 8 . 1 9 3 5 .
(28)

L aib ach ,

F . & Maschmann,

O rc h id e en p o llin ien .
B io l.
(29)

A b st.

L atim er,

Jahrb.

9:15548.

L .P .

(30)

L eon ian ,

L oew ing,
B ot.

0 .0 .

F rost.

L .H . and L i l y ,

The O c c u r r e n c e o f

Amer.

Soc.

Amer.

V*G.

1933.

H oro.

S ci.

S eed less
P r o c .,

Jour.

I s H e t e r o a u x i n A Grow th p r o ­
H o t.,

2 4 : 1 3 5 —3 9 .

W.F.. P h y s i o l o g i c a l A s p e c t s o f

R e v .,

7 8 : 3 9 9 —4 3 0 .

1938.

m otin g S u b stan ce?
(31)

W ise. B o t . ,

1935.

and K a w im g ,

A p p les a s a r e s u l t o f
35:111-15.

E . Uber a e n w u c h s s t o f f d e r

4 : 5 8 1 —6 2 5 .

1938.

1937.

Sex in A n giosp erm s.

(32)

L oeh w in g,
m e n i i.

(33)

w .F . P h o t o p e r io d ic A s p e c t s o f P h a s ic

S c i.,

9 0 : b b 2 —5 5 .

L oofPourow ,

J .H .

1939.

ana Dwyer,

u.M .

In ter ce iiu ia r

H ormones P r o d u c e d by H e t e r o a u x i n .
(34)

L oofbourow .

J .H . a n a Dwyer,

H o r m o n e s P r o d u c e d by t n e
S tu d ies
(3b)

of

M assart,
Jard.

the

J.

B ot.

O.M.

T oxic

S c i.,

Wound

88:191-92*

In ter ce llu la r

1938.

Bouna

H ffe c t o f H etero a u x in .

In stitu ^ u m D iv i

Thomae,

Sur i a P o l l i n a t i o n
de L * e ta t.

u ev eio p -

sans

B r u x e lles,

2 :lb b -b 3 .

F eco n d a tio n

l:fa

1939.
• B u i.

s c .3 ,8 9 -9 5 .

1902

(Q u o ted from 1 2 ) .
(36)

M eyer,

F. Uber d ie V e r t e ilu n g d e s W u c h s sto ffe s

P fla n ze

w a h ren d lih rer E n tw lck lu n g .

W olfgang G oeth e U n i v e r s i t a t

in

der

D isser ta tio n .J o h a n n

z u F r a n k f u r t am M a i n .

(Q uoted

from 1 6 . )
(3:7)

M orita,

K. I n f l u e n c e d e l a P o l l i n i s a t i o n

A ctio n s

E x terieu res

M ag .,
(38)

32:39-52.

M urneek,

A .E .

sur la

1918.

F l e u r d e C y m b id i u m v i r e n s .

M urneek,

G rowth a n d D e v e l o p m e n t a s

A .E .

(40)

N ixon ,

7:79-90.

86:43-47*

R .W . a n d G a r d n e r ,

(41)

O leso n ,

E .G .

Schroeder,
O v a ries.

(43)

o f R ep rod u ction

F .E .

E ffect of

certa in
B ot.

G r o w th

G a z.,

100:868-

1939.

in g- T h e sis ,
(42)

1932.

1937.

S u b s ta n c e s on I n f l o r e s c e n c e s o f D a te s .
71.

I n f l u e n c e d by F r u i t

R ecen t Advances in P h y s io lo g y

o f P la n ts. S c i .,

B ot.

(Q u o ted from 1 2 ) .

and Seed F orm ation . P la n t P h y s i o l s ,
(39)

e t D 'A u tres

Seaton,

A r tific ia l
S t a t e U n iv .

R .A .

Amer.
H .L .

In d u ctio n o f P a rth en o ca rp ic F r u it­
of

Iow a.

1938.

A p p l i c a t i o n o f P l a n t Hormones
Soc. H ort.

H utson,

S ci.

Proc.

to

Tom at o

3 5 :5 3 7 -3 8 .. 1937.

R* a n d M u n c i e J . H .

The P r o d u c t i o n o f

-5 2 -

Cucumbers f o r P i c k i n g P u r p o s e s . M ich .

Agr.

Sta.

Spe.

B u i.

273.

1936.
(44)

Seaton,

H. L .

and Shape in
35:654-58.
(45)

R ela tio n
Cucum bers.

H. L . a n d K r a m e r ,

F actors

In flu en cin g P o llin a tio n

Seaton,

H .L .

H ort.

F ru it

S ci.

S ize

P r o c .,

J.

0.

Recent I n v e s tig a tio n s o f
a nd T h e i r E f f e c t on Shape

J .C .

17:8-9.

The I n f l u e n c e

of

S ci.

P ro c .,

A P relim in a ry

36:627-31.

R eport.

1938.

C lim a to lo -

F a c t o r s on A n t h e s i s and A n th e r D e h i s c e n c e

S erisk y ,

in

Amer.

the
Soc.

1938.

A . A . On t h e E f f e c t o f H e t e r o a u x i n o n t h e O v a r i e s

o f Some P l a n t s .
des

H ort.

The F r u i t P r o d u c t s ,

and Krem er,

C u ltiv a te d C u cu rb its.

(48)

Soc.

Seaton,

g ica l

(47)

A m e r.

Seeds to

1937.

o f P ic k i n g Cucum bers.
(46)

o f N um ber o f

S cien ces

Jour,

de L * i n s t i t u t B o t .

d e L a RSS D * U k r a i n e ,

S h i n g K. a n d F e n g ,
Shen-Chow P e a c h .

No.

Y .F . A Study o f

Jour.

Agr. A ssoc.

de L’ academ ie

21-22:377-93.

1939.

th e P arth en ocarpy o f
C h in a,

No.

149:

the

1-13.

1936.
(49)

S ok olsk aya,

B . P . A New M e t h o d f o r I n c r e a s i n g

C ap acity o f

C itru s

61.
(50)

1938.

T him ann,

T rees.

H ort. A b s t.,

S o v iet.

8:808.

S u b tro p ics,

the A c t iv it y

T issu es. Proc.

A kadem ie v a n W e te n s c h a p p e n t e A m sterdam ,
(51)

T ied jen s,
F ru it

in

V .A .

P o te n tia litie s
1928.

of

of

and i t s

the P la n t s .

3:60-

Jorr.

tw?o G r o w th

K onA n klijke

38:896-912.

The R e l a t i o n o f E n v i r o n m e n t t o

C ucum is S a t i v u s L .

No.

1938.

K . V . On a n A n a l y s i s o f

P r o m o tin g S u b s t a n c e s on P l a n t

the Y ield

Shape or

B e a r i n g on t h e
Agr.

R e s.,

1935.

G en etic

36:795-809.

(52)

T ied jen s,

V .A .

by D i f f e r e n t
R e s.,
(53)

L.M .

and C o lor

(54)

in

Agr.

o g en sis

in

and L ig h t .

Jour.

t h e W aterm elon,

R.

A g r.,

1928.

I n h e r i t a n c e and C o r r e l a t i o n o f

S ta.

W ellin g to n ,

i n Cucumber F l o w e r s a s A f f e c t e d

C o n d itio n s o f S o il

36:721-46.

W eetman,

Jour.

Sex R a tio s

R es.

B u i.

C itru llu s

228.

Shape,

V u lg a ris,

S ize

Schrad.

1937.

S t u d ie s o f N a tu r a l and A r t i f i c i a l P a r th e n -

t h e G enes N i c o t i a n a .

Amer. N a t . ,

4 7 :2 7 9 -3 0 6 .,

1913.
(55)

W ent,

F .W .

S p ec ific

F actors oth er

than A u xin A f f e c t i n g

G rowth a n d R o o t F o r m a t i o n . P l a n t P h y s i o l . ,
(56)

W ent,

F.W. a n d T h i m a n n ,

13:55-80

K .V . P h y t o h o r m o n e s .

1938.

The M a c m i l l -

Co. 1 9 3 7 .
(57)

W hip ple,

O .B . W in ter I n j u r y

A p ple and th e P e a r .
(58)

W inge, 0 .

266.
(59)

Wong,

1917.

S ci.
(60)

C ertain

K om atsu,

c a u se d by th e

(61)

Trav. Lab.

V ol.

37:

Report I)

Agr.

d u ctio n

of

S eed less
Jap.

F ru its

Jour.

Soc.

in

Some P l a n t s o f
5:287-94.

Tubes i n

1930.

the Pro­

C aused by I n t e r - S p e c i f i c

G en eties,

8:239-44.

1933.

The S e c o n d R e p o r t o n t h e B e h a v i o r o f

the P ro d u ctio n o f

H ort.

T. P a r t h e n o c a r p y

and H o r t . ,

On t h e B e h a v i o r o f P o l l e n

Tubes in

13:131-

on S eed D e v e lo p ­

Amer.

T. a n d N o n o m u r a ,

S.

S.

1912.

In P r e s s .

Yasuda,

Yasuda,

the

90:43-5.

C arlsb erg.

S tim u lu s o f P o ll i n a t i o n

(P re.

P o llin a tio n .
(62)

B u i.

to

T h e i r Numbers an d G e n e r a l

V a r ie tie s o f C itru s.

fo r 1939,

S .,

S o la n cea e

Sta.

The I n f l u e n c e o f P o l l i n a t i o n

Proc.

Yasuda,

Compt. R en d .

F r u i t Buds

(Q u o te d from 3 1 ) .

C .Y .

m ent in

the

M ontana A g r .

The C h r o m o s o m e s .

Im portance.

to

S eed less

F ru its

the P o lle n

C au sed by I n t e r -

-5 4 S p e c ific P o llin a tio n *
(63)

Yasuda,

S. P artfien ocarpy

in a tio n

in

9:647-56.
(64)

Yasuda,

Some P l a n t s

of
90.

S .,

Inaba,

C aused by th e
S o la n a cea e.

9:118-24.

1934.

S tim u lu s o f P o l l ­
Agr.

and H o r t .,

S tim u la tio n

Y. P a r t h e n o c a r p y

of P o llin a tio n

(P re.

H ept.

I)

in

Some P l a n t s

Agr. H o r t.,

10:1385-

1935.

Yasuda,

S.

Some C o n t r i b u t i o n s o f

S tim u la tio n

T erk u ltu ra,

K ju su Imp. U n i v . ,

and S o l u t i o n s

T h o m p so n I n s t . ,

the P arthenocarpy

of P o llin a tio n .

Zim m erm an. P . W . a n d H i t c h c o c k ,
ors

G en etics,

T. a n d T a k a h a s h i ,

the C u cu rb ita c ea e .

by th e

(66)

of

Jour.

1934.

C aused by th e

(65)

Jap.

B u i.

7:34-55.

F a k u lta to

1936.

A . E . E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h Vap­

o f Growth S u b s t a n c e s .

10:481-508.

S ci.

Caused

1939.

C o n trib .

Boyce

-5 5 -

E x p la n a tio n o f
F ig*

1.

W inter Sw eet w a term elo n :

view o f a p a r th e n o c a r p ic
w ith n ap h th alen e a c e t i c
N ote

a cid

2.

p o llin a tio n

in la n o lin

sty la r

and b lo sso m -e n d

trea tih g

p aste

scar

the

sty le

b efo re a n th esis*

tissu e

in

the

b lossom -

The f l o w e r w a s t r e a t e d o n A u g u s t 1 5 t h a n d r e a c h e d

m a t u r it y on S e p t .
F ig .

A sid e

f r u i t p r o d u c e d by

t h e marked p r o t r u d i n g

end p o r tio n *
its

F ig u res

30,

1938.

F a v o r i t e Honey w a te r m e lo n :

(l),

w i t h a b o u t 20 g r a i n s o f p o l l e n

h th a len e a c e ta te

p aste

added,

( 2),

from s e l f -

and w ith a K -nap-

from n a t u r a l l y

p o llin a ted

p istil.
F ig*

3*

“Y e l l o w M e l o n 11 w a t e r m e l o n :

A p arth en o ca rp ic

in d u c e d from a m ix tu r e o f n a p h t h a le n e a c e t i c

fru it

a c id and acen ap -

hthene p a s te .
F ig .

4.

p o llin a tio n
F ig .
o ca rp ic

W ire c a g e s u s e d f o r p r e v e n t i n g u n c o n t r o l l e d
after

5.

em a scu la tio n .

H arris

E a r l i e s t w aterm elon :

f r u i t produced

F ig .

6

from n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c

. E a r ly A r iz o n a w aterm elon :

from n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c
la ck in g

in

F ig .

the
7.

W in ter

an open p o l l i n a t e d
The s e e d

c o lc h icin e

8

.

treatm ent*

A rib b ed f r u i t

P la c en ta l

reg io n or

produced

flesh

Sw eet w aterm elon :
a cid

fru it*

treated
N ote

A,

fru it;

lo n g itu d in a l
B,

was

so lu tio n

for

the a b sen ce o f

seed coats

in

i n an

4 days.

W in ter Sweet w aterm elon :

treated p la n ts.

sectio n

a cro ss sectio n of

fr o m w h i c h t h e p l a n t was grow n was s o a k e d

0.4^> c o l c h i c i n e
F ig .

a cid *

a c id

fru it*

o f n a p h th alen e a c e t i c

A.

A p ea r-sh a p ed parthen­

The s m a l l

A ty p ic a l p a ir
fru it

of

was from s e l f ­

— b t>

p o llin a tio n ;

the

i.cid p aste*

B oth were tr e a te d , a t

from s e l f i n g

dropped w ith in

fru it

co n tin u ed
F ig*

fru it

9*

l a r g e one was

to

the

days,

10

grow u n t i l

S e lec tio n

tr e a te d w ith n ap h th alen e a c e t i c
same t im e *
but

t h e hormone t r e a t e d

m atu rity*

3 w a term elo n :

(1),

A p arth en o ca rp ic

p r o d u c e d from a m ix tu r e o f n a p h t h a le n e a c e t i c

acen ap h rh en e and
F ig .
S e lec tio n
F ig*

10.
2

( 2)

from o p en p o l l i n a t e d

w a term elo n

11.

in

the

the la r g e

fru it

The s m a l l

of

fru it

(p 85)

w i t h a b o u t 20 g r a i n s o f p o l l e n ,

(PKl\i7) w a s p r o d u c e d f r o m K - n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t a t e

in a d d it io n

to

same tim e*

P 8 b d r o p p e d i n a b o u t 10 d a y s ,

grow u n t i l

and

greenhouse.

W in ter Sw eet w aterm elo n :

fru it

a cid

fru it*

A horm on e-in du ced p a r th e n o c a r p ic

was from hand s e l f - p o l l i n a t i o n

to

The o n e

20 g r a i n s o f p o l l e n .

m a tu rity .

N ote

Both were t r e a t e d

at

the

b u t PKN7 c o n t i n u e d

the d i f f e r e n t

in

the

size

of

fru its*
F ig .
d ev elo p
tim es

12.

in to

th eir

A few h o r m o n e - t r e a t e d
m ature

fru its,

o r ig in a l

size,

up a n d p e r s i s t e d
by t h e

first

v en tin g

the

though th ey
then c e a se d

on th e v i n e

frost.

T h is

fo rm a tio n o f

no v a r i e s tt t h a t d i d n o t

is

en larged

to

fu r th e r grow th,

e v e n when t h e p l a n t s
b eliev ed

several

to

the a b o c is s io n

were k i l l e d

be due to
la y er

d ried

the pre­

by t h e

grow th

su bstance•
F ig .
ca rp ic
su lt

lb .

fru its

A lo n g itu d in a l

sh ow in g p a r t i a l l y

o f hormone
F ig .

14.

sectio n

of a p a ir

o f partheno­

d ev elo p ed p la c e n ta e as

a re­

treatm en t.

A cross

sh ow in g th e a b se n c e o f

sectio n
seeds

o f a p a rth en o ca rp ic

fru it

and s e e d c o a t s and a l s o

the p re-

-5 7 -

sence o f

lig h t

p la cen ta l
F ig .
of

m argin s

the p la c e

15* W in t e r

d ifferen ces

fru it;

H hormone

the

th ick n ess

and a l s o

me

h o llo w

16.

of

duced
out

17.

what a p p ea red

to

seed coats.

be s e e d s ,
The s e e d s

from s e l f - p o l l i n a t i o n
F ig .

18.

p o llin a tio n
mone

in d ic a ted

treatm en t,

liste d

below :

2 ,4 ,6 ,8

in

e x ce p t w ith

F ig .

iy *

p o llin a tio n
se llin g ,

(2)

fru it.

in H.

The o n e w i t h ­
from s e e d

r ig h t produced
r ea lity

under­

the

g rea tly
fru its

th ick en ed

produced

lo :S .
Normal s e e d s

from s e l f -

1 , 3 , o , 7 and s e e d c o a t s

S ton e M ountain;

t h e hormone t r e a t e d

sectio n

Two w a t e r m e l o n s p r o ­

those

v a r ie tie s

1 , 2 a r e Y e l l o w M elon;

empty s e e d c o a t s
in

N ote

in v a rio u s

7 ,8

seed—

from w h ic h t h i s p l a n t was grown

F ig .

Fordhook F a r ly ;

ment

A cross

seed coats

b u t w h ich w ere in

W aterm elon s e e d s :

as

H,

treatm en t.

compared w ith
in

seeds or

the

p lacen tae*

f r u i t on th e

s u c h p r e —t r e a t m e n t .

in b o th c a s e s a s

N ote

from a s e l f - p o l l i n a t e d

a cid

the

sectio n

fru it*

grew on a v i n e p ro d u ced

w ith c o lc h ic in e ;

was g i v e n no

me

W in ter Sw eet w aterm elon :

s e e d s and s e e d c o a t s

sized

in

sm a ll papery and s o f t

from n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c

p re-treated

rin d

of

P,

A cross

lack o f

" f e l l o w M elon" w a t e r m e l o n :

the p r esen ce
F ig .

S,

treated

rin d s,

c a v ities

o f a hormone p r o d u c e d f r u i t ;
N ote

c o n t a c t betw een

Sw eet w aterm elon :

in

F ig .

of

reg io n s*

s e l f —p o l l i n a t e d

coats

in

for

3 ,4

from h o r ­

o f w aterm elon s

W inter S w ee t;

9 ,1 0

Iowa o .

d ifferen t

degrees

b ,6

N ote o n ly
of

d ev elo p ­

fru its.

w a term elon s e e d s and s e e d c o a t s

and hormone t r e a t m e n t :

(l)

from

se lf-

F a v o r i t e Honey from

from a m ix t u r e o f n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c

a c i d and

-5 8 in d o leb u ty ric
th a ien e

acetate

ob ta in ed
p o llen

a o id

treatm en t,

(3)

and c o l c h i c i n e

f r o m K—n a p h t h a l e n e

a n d empty

seed coats

from a m ix t u r e o f K -n a p h -

treatm en t,

acetate
in

(5);

(4)

v ia b le

seeds

and a b o u t 20 g r a i n s
( 6 ) C o le s E a rly

of

from

se llin g

and

(7)

from hormone t r e a t m e n t ;

( 8 ) H awksbury from

se lfin g

and

(9)

from hormone t r e a t m e n t ;

(10)

from s e l f i n g
F ig .

and

20.

(11)

H,

A hormone

F ig .

fru it

in d u ced f r u i t

were a c t u a l l y

o n ly

21.

from o p e n - p o i l i n a t i o n .

F ig .
sectio n

ty p ica l

cucum ber in

the

23.

24.

p o llin a tio n
m oschata
(3)

the

fru it,

Some c u c u r b i t

in

the

co n stricted

d ev elo p ed

stra ig h t

fru it

reg io n .
a lo n g itu d in a l

a c id -trea ted

cucum ber,

compared w it h o p e n - p o l l i n a t e d

cucum ber:

( 2) seed coats

seed coats

(o)

A cross

s e e d s and s e e d c o a t s

S tra ig h tn eck

from hormone t r e a t m e n t ;

(1)

( 2 ) a n o p e n —p o l l i n a t e d

and hormone t r e a t m e n t :

from s e l f i n g ,

or

seeds",

N a tio n a l P ic k lin g

E a rly P r o l i f i c

no o v u le s

stem -end

fru it

sh a p e and s i z e .

o f a h o r m o n e —t r e a t e d
F ig .

w hich

and lo n g i ­

the p resen ce o f w e ll

nap h th alen e a c e t i c

s h o w i n g t h e Mu n d e v e l o p e d

F ig .

in

A sid e

and a s te m -e n d c o n s t r i c t e d

N ote

seeds

cucumber:

2 2 . N a t i o n a l P i c k l i n g cucum ber:

of

sectio n

w ith a p p a r e n tly normal s e e d s

b lossom -en d to

and the absen ce o f

A cross

sn ow ing th e p r e s e n c e o f good s e e d s ;

N a tio n a l P ic k lin g

from t h e

P,

empty s e e d c o a t s .

t u d in a l view o f a s t r a ig h t

seeds

2

from hormone t r e a t m e n t .

F a v o r i t e Honey w a te r m e lo n :

o f a s e l f —p o l l i n a t e d

S electio n

(1)

seeds

ir u it.

from s e l f -

of

cu cu rb ita

from horm one

treatm en t;

s q u a s h from s o i l i n g

Dark G reen Z u c c h i n i

rem nants were p r e s e n t

in

sectio n

and

(4)

from s e l f i n g ;
the

hormone-

-

treated

fru it;

or se ed co a t
fru it;

(7)

S ectio n

B u ttercup

N a tio n a l P ic k lin g

s q u a s h from s e l f i n g ;
in

no o v u l e s

the h orm on e-treated

cucum ber from s e l f i n g

and

S tra ig h tn eck

P.

(8 )

treatm en t.

2b .

of

-

rem nants were p r e s e n t

from horm one
F ig .

(b)

59

E arly P r o l i f i c

fru it

produced

by h o r m o n e t r e a t m e n t *

by p o l l i n a t i o n ,

squash:
a n d KN(1)

A Gross

produced

Em pty s e e d c o a t s w e r e p r e s e n t

in

the

horm one-produced f r u i t .
F ig .
of

fru it

2b.

Dark Green Z u c c h i n i

p r o d u c e d from horm one

open p o l l i n a t i o n .
fru it

but n e i t h e r

squash:

treatm en t,

H. A G r o s s
and P.

Normal s e e d s w ere p r e s e n t
seed nor se ed co a ts

in

sectio n

fru it

from

the p o llin a te d

were p r e s e n t

in

the

horm one-produced f r u i t .
F ig .

27.

B u ttercup

h o r m o n e —t r e a t e d
sh ow in g th e
F ig .

(N Ac)

sim ila r ity

28.

fru it

The p l a c e n t a l

much t h i c k e r

in

B u ttercup

hormone t r e a t e d
coats.

fru it

squash:

A B l o s s o m —e n d v i e w o f a

and a p o l l i n a t e d

ir u it

ex tern a l appearance.

squash:

A lo n g itu d in a l

sh ow ing th e a b s e n c e o f

and p e r ic a r p

sectio n

of a

s e e d s and s e e d -

r e g i o n w as more r e s t r i c t e d

recep ta cle

(P o ll)

and had a

t h a n n o r m a l s e e d —b e a r i n g

fru it.
F ig .
produced

29.

30.

p o llin a ted

A p arth en o ca rp ic

A frica n

B ell

squash:

P.

iru it

A C ross s e c t i o n

f r u i t a n d H, a h o r m o n e - t r e a t e d

of

sm all

F ig .

31.

The l a r g e

squash:

from horm one t r e a t m e n t .

F ig .

coats

A frica n B e ll

size

were p r e s e n t

M uskm elon:

fru it

ir u it.

of a

Em pty s e e d -

i n H.

A p a ir of

h o r m o n e - tr e a u e a m uskm elon s.

was p r o d u c e d from a m i x t u r e o i n a p h t h a l e n e

-5 0 -

a c e u ic a c id and a cen a p h ih en e

in

t r e a te d w itn n a p h th alen e a c e t i c
treated a t

the

same t im e *

a b o u t 25 d a y s a f t e r
la rg e

fru it

o f any

No

co n tin u ed

32.

to

fru it

grow u n t i l

s m a l l o n e was
Both f l o w e r s w ere

(N)

turned y e llo w ,

a cid

H a r r i s W ond er p e p p e r :

treated

b lossom ;

s e e d s were p r e s e n t
F ig .

treated

a c id a lo n e .

The s m a l l

treatm en t,

the

c e a s e d grow ing
then

soft.

m atu rity.

The

No s e e d s

s o r t were p r e s e n t .

F ig .
a cetic

(AN)

la n o lin ,

33.

fru it

F ig .

34.

in

B,

A,

from n a p h t h a l e n e

from s e l f - p o l l i n a t e d

b lossom .

th e horm one-produced f r u i t .

New H a m p s h i r e

H yb rid e g g p la n t : A horm one-

( s m a l le r one)and a s e l f
New H a m p s h i r e

H ybrid e g g p l a n t : (1)

sectio n

o f a horm one-treated

f r u i t and

fru it.

N ote

seeds

the p resen ce o f

p o llin a ted

in

fru it*
A G ross

(2) a s e lf-p o llin a te d
(2)

but not

in

(1).

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00

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70-

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— i. j i m i i i a i i W i r

—

80

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