T h is is to certify th a t th e th esis en title d G E N E T IC ANALYSIS OF COLOR IN H ER ITA N CE IN PETU N IA p re sen ted by C la r k D. P a r is h as b een accepted tow ards fu lfillm e n t of th e re q u ire m e n ts fo r Pfr D degree p atf. N o v e m b e r 26, 1956 0 -1 6 9 H o rtic u ltu r e ProQuest Number: 10008500 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10008500 Published by ProQuest LLC (2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 G EN ETIC ANALYSIS OF COLOR INHERITANCE IN PETUNIA By CLA R K D. PARIS AN ABSTRACT S u b m itte d to th e School fo r A d v an ced G ra d u a te S tu d ies of M ich ig an S ta te U n iv e rs ity o f A g r ic u ltu r e a n d A p p lied S c ie n ce in p a r t i a l fu lfillm e n t of the r e q u ir e m e n ts fo r th e d e g re e of D O CTO R O F PHILOSOPHY D e p a rtm e n t of H o r tic u ltu r e 1956 A p p ro v e d CLARK D. PARIS ABSTRACT M o st p r e v io u s g e n e tic w o rk h a s b e en c o n c e rn e d w ith w ild o r n e a r w ild p e tu n ia s . T h is stu d y w as u n d e rta k e n to a n a ly z e th e f a c to r s c o n c e rn e d w ith e x ­ p r e s s i o n of flo w e r c o lo r in m o d e rn v a r ie tie s . in to e le v e n c l a s s e s ; v iz . , w hite T h e s e c o lo r s w e re f i r s t d iv id e d c re a m , salm o n , s c a r le t, lig h t r o s e , deep r o s e , c r im s o n , s i l v e r b lu e, m id blu e, v io le t b lu e, an d v io le t p u rp le . S e v e ra l c o m m e r ­ c ia l w h ite v a r i e t i e s w e re i n t e r c r o s s e d to s e e if m o re th a n one ty p e of w h ite w e re p r e s e n t, but only one w a s found. fo r in te r c r o s s in g . T w enty se v e n v a r ie ti e s w e re th e n s e le c te d At le a s t one in e a c h c o lo r c la s s w as c r o s s e d w ith e v e r y o th e r c l a s s a n d the r e s u ltin g h y b rid flo w e re d . p u r p le . M o st h y b rid c o lo r s w e re m a g e n ta o r S e le c te d F 2 a n d b a c k c r o s s e s w e re a n a ly z e d g e n e tic a lly . F r o m th e s e d a ta n in e f a c to r s have b e en n a m e d th a t in flu e n c e flo w e r c o lo r in p e tu n ia . Iv T h e s e w ith th e ir a c tio n s a r e : c o n d itio n s th e p ro d u c tio n of fu ll c o lo r; iv iv c o n d itio n s th e p ro d u c tio n of w h ite, c r e a m , o r d ilu te c o lo r. C 1-- w ith s s g ra y s th e c o lo r s ; c lc l c o n d itio n s th e p ro d u c tio n of c l e a r c o lo r s . R c - - c o n d itio n s th e p ro d u c tio n of c rim s o n ; of m a g e n ta ; R -c o n d itio n s th e p ro d u c tio n r r c o n d itio n s th e p ro d u c tio n of r o s e . S- c o n d itio n s th e p ro d u c tio n of ro s e , if r r is a ls o p r e s e n t; r r c o n d itio n s th e p ro d u c tio n of s a lm o n . s s w ith ABSTRACT CLARK D. PARIS B ^ -- c o n d itio n s th e p ro d u c tio n of r o s y c o lo r s ; b^b^ b lu e s th e m . B2 ~- c o n d itio n s th e p ro d u c tio n of r o s y c o lo r s ; b 2b 2 b lu e s th e m . In j c o n d itio n s th e p ro d u c tio n of d ilu te c o lo r s ; in^in^ in te n s ifie s In2 c o n d itio n s th e p ro d u c tio n of d ilu te c o lo r s ; i ^ i ^ in te n s if ie s th e m . th e m . D il- - c o n d itio n s the p ro d u c tio n of in te n s e c o lo rs ; d ild il d ilu te s th e m . A to ta l of 66 c r o s s e s w ith t h e ir c h i s q u a r e s an d th e s ta tu s of th e o th e r g e n e s not s e g r e g a tin g in e a c h p a r t i c u l a r c r o s s is g iv en in ta b u la r fo rm to s u p ­ p o r t th e c o n c lu s io n s . T h e d a ta fo r th e c r o s s e s a r e g iv e n in th e ap p en d ix . G e n o ty p e s of th e p a r e n ts a r e a ls o given. I n te r a c tio n s of th e f i r s t s ix f a c to r s a r e show n in c h a r t fo rm . 0 a d d itio n a l c h a r ts show th e in te r a c tio n s of th e R , R, an d r a lle le s ; Cl R, S, B^, an d B£ g e n e s; a n d S, I n j, In2 ty p e s. T h ree th e an d D il g e n e s on s p e c ific g e n o ­ G ENETIC ANALYSIS OF COLOR INHERITANCE IN PETUNIA By CLARK D. PARIS A THESIS S u b m itte d to th e S chool fo r A d v an ced G ra d u a te S tu d ies of M ich ig an S tate U n iv e rs ity of A g ric u ltu re an d A p p lie d S c ie n ce in p a r t i a l fu lfillm e n t of th e r e q u ir e m e n ts fo r th e d e g re e of D OCTO R O F PHILOSOPHY D e p a rtm e n t of H o rtic u ltu r e 1956 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS T h e a u th o r w is h e s to e x p r e s s h is s in c e r e th a n k s to D r. W. J. H aney, u n d e r w h o se s u p e r v is io n th is in v e s tig a tio n w as u n d e rta k e n . H is h e lp fu l s u g ­ g e s tio n s a n d i n t e r e s t in th e p ro b le m w e re g r e a tly a p p re c ia te d . He is a ls o g r e a tly in d e b te d to D r. G. B. W ilso n fo r h is i n t e r e s t an d help in th e p r o b le m s . T h e o th e r m e m b e r s of th e g u id a n ce c o m m itte e , D r. A. L. K en w o rth y , D ean C. R. M eg ee, an d D r. H. M. S ell, a r e te n d e r e d s in c e r e th a n k s fo r t h e i r i n t e r e s t a n d a s s is ta n c e . G ra te fu l a c k n o w le d g m e n ts a r e due to P an A m e ric a n S eed s, Inc. , P ao n ia, C o lo ra d o a n d e s p e c ia lly it s p r e s id e n t, M r. C h a r le s W eddle, fo r fin a n c ia l a s s is ta n c e a n d d o n a tio n s of s e e d fro m so m e in b re d lin e s , w h ich f a c ilita te d th e in v e s tig a tio n . T h a n k s a r e a ls o due to th e M ich ig an S ta te F l o r i s t A s s o c ia tio n fo r fin a n ­ c ia l a s s is ta n c e . T h e w r i t e r a ls o d e e p ly a p p r e c ia te s th e a s s is ta n c e g iv en h im by th e m e n a t th e P la n t S c ie n ce G re e n h o u s e o f M ich ig an S ta te U n iv e rs ity , M r. F lo y d C h a lle n d e r a n d h is p r e d e c e s s o r M r. John Bowling, M r. R ay R y e rs o n an d M r. G e o rg e W a rre n . F in a lly , a s th is is th e c u lm in a tio n of o v e r n in e y e a r s o f c o lle g e study, m a y th e a u th o r ta k e th is o p p o rtu n ity to e x p r e s s h is h e a r tf e lt th a n k s to a ll h is p a s t p r o f e s s o r s fo r t h e i r i n t e r e s t in h is w e lfa re an d th e kin d c o n s id e r a tio n s g iv e n h im . T h is in c lu d e s the s ta f fs of M ic h ig a n S ta te U n iv e rs ity , Iow a S tate C o lle g e , a n d S ta te U n iv e rs ity of Iow a. TABLE OF CONTENTS P age IN T R O D U C T IO N .................................................................. 1 R EV IEW OF L I T E R A T U R E ........................................... 3 M A T E R IA L S AND M E T H O D S ...................................... 16 R E SU L T S AND D ISC U SS IO N .......................................... 20 S U M M A R Y ............................................................................ 39 B IB L IO G R A PH Y ................................................................... 41 A P P E N D IX ............................................................................ 50 1. IN TRO D U CTIO N T h e p e tu n ia is one of th e b e s t know n a n n u al flo w e rs in c u ltiv a tio n . P resen t day v a r i e t i e s a r e u s u a lly li s t e d a s P e tu n ia h y b rid a H o r t . , but th is is n o t a v a lid s p e c ie s . T h e g e n e r a lly a c c e p te d th e o ry is th a t th e c u ltiv a te d p e tu n ia s a r e h y ­ b r id s Of P. a x i l l a r i s ( L a m .) B SP., an d P. in te g r if o lia (Hook. ) S chinz an d T h e llu n g . Both o f th e s e a r e n a tiv e to th e R io L a P la ta re g io n of S outh A m e ric a . S tout (94) g iv e s a d e s c r ip tio n of e a c h of th e s e s p e c ie s a n d a ls o re v ie w s th e sy n o n y m y . P. a x i l l a r i s , w h ite flo w e re d , w as in tro d u c e d in to E n g la n d in 1823, w h ile th e o th e r, a v io le t flo w e re d s p e c ie s , w as in tro d u c e d in 1831. W illia m H e r b e r t g re w th e f i r s t known h y b rid s of th e tw o. In 1835 S in ce th a t tim e th e r e h a v e b e e n m a n y h y b rid iz a tio n s , bo th c o n tro lle d a n d n a tu ra l. T h e c o lo r ra n g e h a s b e e n g r e a tly e x te n d e d fro m the two o rig in a l c o lo r s . Since t h e ir in tro d u c tio n , p e tu n ia s h av e s te a d ily i n c r e a s e d in p o p u la rity u n til now th e y a r e one of th e m o s t im p o r ta n t g a rd e n flo w e rs . In 1949, th e w h o le ­ s a le v a lu e of p e tu n ia s e e d p ro d u c e d in th e U n ite d S ta te s w as $232, 371. 00 (99). Of th is a m o u n t, r e g u la r v a r i e t i e s a c c o u n te d fo r $93, 054. 00, w h ile d o u b le s an d fa n c ie s w e re w o rth $139, 317. 00. s e e d p ro d u c e d in th is c o u n try . P e tu n ia s w e re th e m o s t im p o r ta n t flo w e r T he s e c o n d m o s t im p o rta n t ite m , z in n ia s , h ad a l i s t e d v a lu e of $177, 211. P e tu n ia s c o n s titu te d 12. 7 p e r c e n t of the to ta l v alu e o f flo w e r s e e d p ro d u c tio n . S in ce 1949 p ro d u c tio n of F^ h y b rid s e e d h a s g r e a tly in c r e a s e d th e in c o m e of g r o w e r s . F o r h y b rid p ro d u c tio n a know ledge o f th e 2. g e n e tic m a k e -u p of th e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l is e s s e n tia l . F lo w e r c o lo r is p ro b a b ly th e one f a c to r th a t c o n tr ib u te s m o s t in d e te r m in in g th e s u c c e s s of a new flo w e r in tro d u c tio n . T h e m a jo r ity of h y b r id is ts m ay know w hich p a r e n t w ill p ro d u c e d e s ir a b le h y b rid s , but c o m p a r a tiv e ly few know the g e n e tic s of th e c o lo r in v o lv ed . T h e p u b lic is b e g in n in g to r e a li z e th e a d ­ v a n ta g e s of g ro w in g h y b rid s , a n d is w illin g to p a y the e x tr a c o s t in v o lv e d in t h e i r p ro d u c tio n . S eed c o m p a n ie s h av e d iffic u lty su p p ly in g th e p r e s e n t d e m a n d fo r h y b rid se e d . T h is stu d y w as u n d e rta k e n to d e te r m in e th e g e n e tic s of flo w e r c o lo r in p e tu n ia . 3. R EV IEW O F L IT E R A T U R E T h e l i t e r a t u r e of flo w e r c o lo r in P e tu n ia is s c a n t a n d s k e tc h y . In 1911 W e s tg a te (104) p u b lis h e d a r e p o r t of h is fin d in g s, s e p a r a tin g th e c o lo r s in to d a rk , in te r m e d ia te , a n d lig h t s h a d e s only. T h r e e y e a r s l a t e r M alin o w sk i (54) p u b lis h e d th e f i r s t of s e v e r a l p a p e r s on th e s u b je c t. v io le t w a s a m o n o g e n ic d o m in a n t o v e r re d . He d is c o v e r e d th a t It w as a ls o d o m in a n t o v e r m a u v e. U n fo rtu n a te ly , he d id not id e n tify th e g e n e s in v o lv ed . H o w ev er, l a t e r th a t y e a r (55) in a r e p o r t on a d d itio n a l c r o s s e s , he p o s tu la te d th e p r e s e n c e of g e n e s A an d B. In th e c r o s s o f w h ite w ith w h ite, h a v in g r e d v e in s , th e w a s c o m p le te ly re d , w h ile th e F 2 gave a 9 re d : 3 w h ite, r e d v e in s : 4 w h ite r a tio . F r o m th is o b s e r v a tio n he th o u g h t A w as a f a c to r f o r p ro d u c in g re d , B c a u s e s e v e n d is tr ib u tio n of c o lo r an d bb li m it s th e c o lo r to th e v e in s . 1916, M a lin o w sk i a n d S ach so w a (58) r e p o r te d f u r th e r r e s u l t s . In W hen a lila c c o lo r e d r e d fle c k e d a n d v io le t th r o a te d p e tu n ia w a s c r o s s e d w ith a w h ite, r e d r in g e d a n d r e d fle c k e d th r o a te d one, th e F j c o n ta in e d b o th re d , v io le t th r o a te d a n d lila c , r e d fle c k e d flo w e re d p la n ts . T h e F2 p ro d u c e d 202 re d , v io le t th ro a t; 27 lila c , r e d fle c k e d ; 29 r e d v io le t; 56 re d , iv o ry th ro a t; 9 w h ite, r e d r in g a n d fle c k s ; 15 r e d w h ite; a n d 23 v e r y s m a ll lila c . b in in g th e f i r s t th r e e a n d se c o n d th r e e , th e y got a 12:3:1 r a tio . By c o m ­ L ila c , g r e e n e d g e c r o s s e d w ith re d , v io le t th ro a t, g ave a re d , v io le t th r o a t h y b rid , w h ich s e g r e g a te d in th e n e x t g e n e r a tio n in to 89 re d , v io le t th r o a t; 27 lila c ; 29 re d , g r e e n ed g e; a n d 6 lila c , g re e n ed g e. In a n o th e r, lila c c r o s s e d w ith d a r k r o s e , y e llo w th r o a t gave a lila c a n d 21 lila c to 7 r o s e r e d in th e F2 * In th e l a s t c r o s s lila c w a s c r o s s e d w ith th e F^ o f w h ite x re d , v io le t th r o a t. T h is s e e d p ro d u c e d re d , v io le t th r o a t; lila c ; an d lila c , r e d v e in s a n d fle c k flo w e re d p la n ts . a tio n . S e e d fro m th e lila c in d iv id u a ls w e re g ro w n fo r a n o th e r g e n e r ­ One p ro d u c e d 23 lila c (16 d a r k t h r o a ts a n d 7 lig h t th r o a ts ) o nly. s e c o n d p ro d u c e d 70 lila c , v io le t th r o a t to 25 w h ite, v io le t th r o a t. p ro d u c e d 55 lila c a n d 18 w h ite. The T h e th ir d Tw o m o re p ro d u c e d 33 a n d 56 lila c , v io le t th r o a t; 11 a n d 22 lila c , lila c th r o a t; 10 a n d 19 w h ite, v io le t th r o a t; a n d 4 a n d 7 p u r e w h ite, r e s p e c tiv e ly . T h e y d id not id e n tify th e g e n e s in v o lv ed . In 1918 R a s m u s o n (73) r e p o r te d th e r e s u l t s of c r o s s in g w hite, b lue a n th e r s , p o lle n a n d th r o a t w ith a v io le t, y ello w a n th e r s , p o lle n a n d th r o a t. T h e h y b rid c o lo r s w e re s h a d e s of v io le t w ith both b lu e an d y ello w a n th e r s , p o lle n , a n d th r o a t w h ile in th e n e x t g e n e ra tio n th e v io le t s h a d e s to th e lig h te r s h a d e s f itte d a 3:1 r a tio . in d iv id u a ls . A b lu e p o lle n F^ p ro d u c e d a F2 of 78 b lu e to 32 y e llo w p o lle n He c o n c lu d e d th a t flo w e r c o lo r w a s in d e p e n d e n t o f p o lle n c o lo r. In 1927 S k a lin sk a a n d G u c h tm an (91) sh o w ed th a t c o n s id e ra b le s o m a tic v a r i a ­ b ility in s iz e , fo rm , a n d c o lo r o f flo w e rs in the s a m e g en o ty p e c o u ld be due to a llo ty p ic m ito s is . F e rg u s o n in 1934 (28) c o n trib u te d to th e g e n e tic s of p o lle n c o lo r in th e p e tu n ia by d e m o n s tr a tin g two m a jo r an d two m in o r g e n e s. a n d bb g iv e s a d e lic a te sh a d e of b lu e . y ello w , a n d Yy i s in te r m e d ia te . B g iv e s b lu e p o lle n YY g iv e s yellow , yy g iv e s a lig h t tin t of BY g iv e s g re e n , bY y ellow , By b lu e a n d by 5. g iv e s a d e lic a te s h a d e of g re e n . D is a f a c to r f o r g ra y a n d i s in c o m p le te ly •d o m in an t o v e r d, w h ich g iv e s w h ite . d d ilu te s th e m . D to n e s dow n th e o th e r c o lo r s , w h ile T h e l a s t g en e G, w h ich g iv e s g re e n , is h y p o s ta tic to B a n d Y. G g is s lig h tly w e a k e r w h ile g g p ro d u c e s a v e r y p a le g re e n . In th e a b s e n c e o f D, G g iv e s a g r e e n is h c a s t to th e y e llo w s an d d e e p e n s th e b lu e s a n d g r e e n s . In 1941 D a le (22) c o n c lu d e d th a t bo th p a le v e in e d a n d p a le c o r r o l l a a r e due to r e c e s s i v e m o n o g e n ic c h a r a c t e r s . In 1937 S td r m e r a n d v. W its c h (93> d e m o n s tra te d th a t a g ene fo r c o lo r p ro d u c tio n w as p r e s e n t in p e tu n ia , but it re m a in e d fo r M a th e r a n d E d w a rd e s to n a m e it in 1943 (60). T h ey id e n tifie d two lo c i, W w (c o lo r-w h ite ) an d M m (p u r p le - m a g e n ta ) an d c o n c lu d e d th a t P e tu n ia a x i l l a r i s w a s wwMM a n d P. in te g r if o lia w as W W m m . B a c k c ro s s d a ta sh o w ed th a t P. a x i l l a r i s w as h e t e r o ­ z y g o u s fo r a d ilu tio n f a c to r D. T h e y b la m e d so m e of t h e ir a b e r r a n t r a tio s in th e F2 a n d F3 p o p u la tio n s on s e le c tiv e f e r tiliz a tio n of p o lle n tu b e s . A n o th e r o b s e r v a tio n th ey m a d e w as th a t m o s t p a le c o lo r e d o r n e a r w h ite p e tu n ia s a r e g e n e tic a lly w hite, b u t w ith a d ilu tio n fa c to r. In 1944 W a lk e r (102) r e p o r t e d h is o b s e r v a tio n s on a F la m in g V elv et (c r im s o n ) x H ollyw ood S ta r (v io le t p u rp le , w hite s ta r ) c r o s s . T h e c r im s o n a p p e a r e d to be a m o n o g e n ic d o m in a n t. M o st o f th e fo re g o in g l i t e r a t u r e d e a lt w ith th e e x p r e s s io n of th e s e lf c o lo r s . T h e g e n e tic s o f v a r ie g a tio n is m u c h m o re c o m p le x . In 1914 M alin k o w sk i (55) r e p o r t e d th a t the c r o s s in g o f s e lf - c o lo r e d flo w e rs w ith v a r ie g a te d g av e 6. s e l f - c o l o r e d h y b rid s . In th e n ex t g e n e r a tio n on ly 4. 5 p e r c e n t of th e p la n ts h a d v a r ie g a te d flo w e rs . L a t e r (57) he r e p o r te d on a n u n s ta b le r a c e in P e tu n ia w h ich d if f e r e d in s iz e of flo w e rs , d is tr ib u tio n a n d a m o u n t of p ig m e n t, s iz e of p e ta l s , p e r c e n t of a b o r tiv e p o lle n g r a in s , an d g e rm in a tio n . He found th a t p ig m e n t sp o t s iz e w as c o r r e l a t e d w ith flo w e r s iz e , a n d th a t th e e x tr e m e ty p e s a r e n o t c y to lo g ic a lly d iff e r e n t. T h is did not b e a r out h is e a r l i e r (56) a s s u m p ­ tio n th a t v a r ie g a tio n w a s due to lo s s of c h ro m o s o m e fr a g m e n ts . He a ls o p o s tu la te d th a t a n a g e n c y o u ts id e th e c h ro m o s o m e s d e te r m in e s s iz e of th e c h ro m o s o m e a n d th u s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of th e flo w e r. F o u r y e a rs la te r M a lin o w sk i an d S m o lsk a (59) a tte m p te d to a s s o c ia te la r g e c o r o lla s iz e w ith s e lf c o lo r . T h e y a ls o o b s e r v e d th a t v a rie g a tio n w as not c o n s ta n t ev en on th e s a m e p la n t. In 1921 S k a lin s k a (78) d e s c r ib e d two p o ly m o rp h ic r a c e s of P e tu n ia in te g r if o lia w hich d if f e r e d fro m th e s p e c ie s in fo rm a n d c o lo r. One h ad s p e c k s of lila c on th e r im of th e c o ro lla , w h ile th e o th e r w a s w h ite w ith r e d fle c k s . Both r a c e s b r e d tr u e . She a ls o d e s c r ib e d a v a r ie g a tio n w hich sh e b e lie v e d w as a p e r ic lin a l c h im e r a . (89). T h is l a s t r a c e w as th e su b je c t o f a l a t e r p a p e r (1924) A s s u m in g it w as a c h im e ra , sh e d id not w o rk on th e g e n e tic s of c o lo r. In 1934 S c h rd d e r (83) r e p o r te d r e s u l t s of a s e r i e s o f p h y s io lo g ic a l e x p e r im e n ts w ith a b lu e a n d w hite v a r ie g a te d p e tu n ia . T h e c o lo r w as v a r ie d fro m p u r e b lu e th ro u g h in c r e a s in g w h ite v a rie g a tio n to p u r e w h ite by c h an g in g th e e n v iro n m e n t. N u tritio n an d h u m id ity h a d no v is ib le e ffe c ts . R a is in g te m p e r a t u r e a n d lo w e rin g lig h t in te n s ity in c r e a s e d th e b lu e a r e a s , w h ile lo w e rin g te m p e r a t u r e a n d in c r e a s in g lig h t e x te n d e d th e w h ite a r e a s . The c r i t i c a l p e r io d f o r p a t t e r n fo r m a tio n w as te n to fifte e n d a y s b e fo re a n th e s is . T h is r e a c tio n w a s found to be s p e c ific fo r e a c h c e ll. T h e n u m b e r of c e ll s m a tu r in g u n d e r th e s a m e e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s d e te r m in e s th e p a tte r n . He a ls o o b s e r v e d th a t flo w e rs of d iffe re n t b ra n c h e s on th e s a m e p la n t m a y h a v e v e r y d i s s i m i l a r v a rie g a tio n . h a d a n a lo g o u s p a t t e r n s . C lo n es g ro w n u n d e r s im i la r e n v iro n m e n t T h e s a m e y e a r H a r d e r (39) p u b lis h e d h is w o rk w h ic h h a d b e e n c o n d u c te d in d e p e n d e n tly . In bo th th is p a p e r , an d in a l a t e r o ne w ith a c o - w o r k e r (1935) (40), S c h r d d e r 's c o n c lu s io n s w e re s u b s ta n tia te d . S till l a t e r (1940) (41), H a r d e r a n d v. W its c h tr ie d , in c o n c lu siv e ly , to c o r r e ­ la te v a r ie g a tio n w ith h e te r o a u x in s . In 1935 M o o re a n d H a sk in s (68) p u b lis h e d t h e i r fin d in g s on x - r a y i n ­ d u c ed v a r ie g a tio n in p e tu n ia . T h e y a ls o found th a t th e p a tte r n of v a rie g a tio n w as n o t c o n s ta n t, b u t a p p e a r e d to be c o r r e l a te d w ith ag e of th e flo w e r bud a t tim e of r a d ia tio n . In 1943 C re ig h to n (21) w o rk e d w ith th e e ffe c t of n u tritio n on c o lo r p a tte r n s in p e tu n ia flo w e rs . T h e v a rie g a tio n w as not a ffe c te d by low iro n , z in c, m a n g a n e s e , o r b o ro n ; o r a d e fic ie n c y of n itro g e n , p h o s p h o ru s, p o ta s s iu m , s u lp h u r, m a g n e s iu m o r c a lc iu m . H o w ev er, h ig h n itr o g e n o r p o t a s ­ s iu m s e e m e d to re d u c e th e a m o u n t of v a rie g a tio n . th a t th e p h o to p e rio d h a d no e ffe c t on c o lo r p a tte r n . She a ls o d e m o n s tr a te d 8. In 1936 v. W its c h (107) p u b lis h e d a p a p e r on th e g e n e tic s of v a rie g a tio n . He n o te d th a t d iff e r e n t ty p e s of p a t te r n s sh o w ed d iff e r e n t m o d e s o f in h e rita n c e , a n d p o s tu la te d th e p r e s e n c e of m u ltip le a lle le s an d a p r e c u r s o r g e n e. s u g g e s te d th a t v a r ie g a tio n m ig h t be c a u s e d by a la b ile g en e. He a ls o L a te r (1939) v. W its c h (108) p o in te d out th a t r e c ip r o c a l c r o s s e s d id not a lw a y s g iv e th e sam e ra tio s . In 1939 L e v a n a ls o s tu d ie d th e g e n e tic a s p e c ts of v a rie g a tio n (53). He c la s s if ie d c o lo r e d p e tu n ia s into th r e e c a te g o r ie s : c o n s ta n t s e lf - c o lo r e d , in d if­ f e r e n t a n d p a tte r n f o r m s . In a s e r i e s of s e lf - c o lo r e d x p a tte r n e d c r o s s e s o n ly 11 v a r ie g a te d w e re o b s e r v e d out of 5567 p la n ts . W hen th e h y b rid s w e re b a c k c r o s s e d to th e p a tte r n e d p a r e n t, the r a tio b e c a m e 273 out of 1971. H e d e m o n s tr a te d th a t x - r a y in d u c e d v a rie g a tio n co u ld be in h e rite d . L ev an c o n c lu d e d th a t fle c k in g w as not due to u n s ta b le g e n e s an d th a t v a rie g a tio n w as due to a t le a s t fo u r o r fiv e p o ly m o rp h ic g e n e s. In 1941 D ale (22) r e p o r te d on so m e e x p e r im e n ts he h a d c o n d u cte d . In h is w o rk w ith fle c k in g he thou g h t it w as a s im p le r e c e s s iv e , but due to s e lf in c o m p a ta b ility he w a s u n ab le to c h e c k it. In a n o th e r p a p e r (1942) (23) he d e s c r ib e d a b ro k e n v a r ie g a tio n w hich a p p e a re d to be a r e c e s s i v e m o n o g en ic c h a r a c t e r in p u r p le - f lo w e r e d s tr a i n s , but not in p in k -f lo w e r e d s tr a in s . G re e n - e d g e d flo w e rs o c c a s io n a lly s e g r e g a te d fro m b ro k e n v a r ie g a te d lin e s . G re e n edge x b ro k e n v a r ie g a te d gave 19 p e r c e n t b ro k e n v a r ie g a te d h y b rid s . H is p la n ts m a y h a v e h a d to b a c c o m o s a ic v ir u s . 9. M u ch of th e ab o v e g e n e tic w o rk w as done w ith w ild o r n e a r w ild m a te r ia l. L ittle h a s b e e n p u b lis h e d on th e g e n e tic s of flo w e r c o lo r in im ­ p ro v e d v a rie tie s . T h e r e a s o n m a y be due to th e f a c t th a t c o n s id e ra b le w o rk h a s b e e n done on s e lf in c o m p a tib ility in p e tu n ia . le n t re v ie w of th e s e s tu d ie s . Stout (94) g iv e s an e x c e l­ It is p ro b a b le th a t th e s e in v e s tig a tio n s m a d e s u b s e q u e n t w o r k e r s h e s ita te b e fo re ta c k lin g p r o b le m s w ith p e tu n ia s . By c o n tin u e d r e s e le c tio n p e tu n ia b r e e d e r s have c o n s id e ra b ly re d u c e d th e u n ­ c e r ta in ty due to th is a s p e c t. In th is stu d y v e r y littl e s e lf s t e r i l i t y w as e n ­ c o u n te re d . In 1922 V av ilo v (100) p ro p o u n d e d h is law o f h o m o lo g o u s v a ria tio n s ta tin g th a t s i m i l a r m u ta tio n s fre q u e n tly o c c u r in d iffe re n t s p e c ie s . At f i r s t , h is la w w as lim ite d to r e la te d p la n ts , but l a t e r o b s e r v a tio n s (101) p e r ­ m itte d h im to e x te n d it to c o v e r u n r e la te d s p e c ie s by m o d ify in g it to in c lu d e p a r a l l e l v a r ia tio n . T h e r e f o r e , a s u rv e y of th e l i t e r a t u r e on flo w e r c o lo r g e n e tic s w as begun to stu d y g en e in te r a c tio n s th a t m ig h t h av e a n a lo g u e s in p e tu n ia . T o a s s i s t th is stu d y one o r m o re lin e c h a r ts a s d e v e lo p e d by H an ey (37) w e re d ra w n fo r e a c h s p e c ie s . A to ta l of 62 c h a r ts on 52 s p e c ie s w e re p r e p a r e d , sho w in g 310 d iff e r e n t c o lo r f a c to r s . M o st p a t te r n f a c to r s w e re o m itte d . It soon b e c a m e a p p a r e n t th a t g e n e s of s i m ila r a c tio n w e re p r e s e n t. In th e fin a l a n a ly s is a b o u t tw o - th ir d s of th e f a c to r s id e n tifie d c o u ld be p la c e d in one o f th e e ig h t c l a s s e s li s t e d belo w . In so m e c a s e s th e d o m in a n c e w as re v e rse d . T h e d e s ig n a tio n s g iv en th e v a r io u s g e n e s a r e a lm o s t a s v a r i e d a s th e n u m b e r of f a c to r s . C o n fu sio n c o u ld be a v o id e d if th e r e w e re s ta n d a r d r u l e s g o v e rn in g th e n a m in g of g e n e s . T h e p r a c tic e o f n a m in g a g e n e f o r its r e c e s s i v e p h e n o ty p e s e e m s to have th e w id e st a c c e p ta n c e . By u s in g th is p r o c e d u r e th e g en e d e s ig n a tio n s a n d th e ir a c tio n s fo r th e e ig h t c a te g o r ie s w ou ld be: C - g iv e s w h ite; c c p e r m i t s c o lo r. W - p e r m i t s c o lo r; ww g iv e s w h ite. Iv - g iv e s non iv o ry ; iv iv g iv e s iv o ry . Y - g iv e s non yello w ; yy g iv e s y ello w . B - g iv e s p u rp le o r m a g e n ta ; bb g iv e s b lu e. R - g iv e s p u r p le o r m a g e n ta ; r r g iv e s r o s e , re d , o r p in k . D il - in te n s if ie s c o lo r; d ild il d ilu te s it. Int - d ilu te s c o lo r; in tin t in te n s if ie s it. A s u m m a ry of know n flo w e r c o lo r g e n e tic s in w hich th r e e o r m o re g e n e s have b e e n id e n tifie d is giv en in T a b le I. S ince th e c h a r t a c c o u n ts fo r a ll p h e n o ty p e s, c o m p le te n e s s of e a c h p a p e r is a s c e r ta in e d w hen th e in f o r ­ m a tio n i s c h a r te d . W ith s e v e n g e n e s an d c o m p le te d o m in a n c e th e r e a r e 128 p o s s ib le p h e n o ty p e s . W ithout e p is t a s is e a c h a d d itio n a l gene d o u b le s th e s iz e o f th e c h a r t. S o m e tim e s m o r e f a c to r s h a d b e en id e n tifie d th a n w e re p r a c t i ­ c a l to c h a r t. In th e s e c a s e s , th e s e g e n e s a r e g iv en by th e s e c o n d n u m b e r in c o lu m n 3. C o m p le te n e s s of th e in fo rm a tio n fo r th e c h a r te d f a c to r s only, 11. is g iv e n in th e re c o m b in a tio n c o lu m n s . l i s t e d u n d e r a p p r o p r ia te c a te g o r ie s . a r e d e s ig n a te d by a n a s t e r i s k . A n alo g o u s g e n e s of e a c h s p e c ie s a r e T h e few g e n e s w ith d o m in a n c e r e v e r s e d 12. CO 0 a ■§ cd > . CO CD XI to cd a * o a cd co 3 0 r—H r—H cd cd CO CO 0 X a PI cd a0 3 0 r—H c-H -hIj K_ 4-J 3 3 to 0 »“H i— H °: - CL, 1—< >4 >- co XJ & g O -O co cd O fj o t3 U 3 cd rG X * X3 w 00 TJ ► —« cd CQ cd CQ Oh Oh cd CQ CO co a ■i—^ 0 3 CD O 3 o i* H o U 3 1) CQ 3 Q CD o E-, CQ CO 3 a o r—I 3 '2-f < fd W K >< CQ 3 C u cd cq <3 X CX 0 W £ O (X< u <—t U a CD tS > •!—1 § o 4-> o X o 3 3 a a3 o o CD CO pj CD o CN o CN r- Cd «> cn r- ^ O oo m cn CN H NO CN CN O I '" O CO O O H CN CO ^ N \D i—I CO O n i—I CO o cn Jri CD r* ^ s o nO i m ao I! o CO ON cd • pH 3 o to CD X ■rH o CD S-l & CO XJ P! 3 a cd EC, X £ W < cd W •rH u CQ 0 <1 0 3 Q HH cd El W < Oh Oh CO CO 0 1 X o cd O bo o X X «+3 < 1 *3 w u < o ed -1 D H & O cd CL, s o I o ^ Oi Oi Oi O< — I Ot Oi i I CO 0O tO Tf tO t— LO CN in NO m ON 'c f cn ON CO w C Eq U < feo cd o cd I CO On nO t CO NO u cd o o co CN ON I CO CO lO NO >- X 3 i f XJ O h o >> 3 cd o CO c3 3 XI *-> cd Pi cd mH C u w <1 u to 3 ■a cd ■i—n bo X3I 0 *»H i—H W C w o £ D U 2: D 2: 2 *Sb cd cd '5 b r—H r—H 0 • iH 3 cr <1 cd 0 X •iH S h& O' <1 0 Q w P bO > c D-, cd 3 3 3 U 0 > 3 O h 3 CL, X 3 3 U 0 > 3 til 3 CL, 3 •i"H CJ CO 3 0 O X! cd 3 0 > 3 Oh 3 CL, 33a a33 0 0 Nt-t 4-H •rH • pH 3 3 a a o o CO CO 3 3 0 0 > > 3 3 Oh O h 3 3 CL, CL, 13. cn cd 0) 5h 3>> -M 12 1 j rH r— I CO cd ,—1 cd M U CD cd e CO • g cd CD . 5 o P i o E-h O co U3 W n2 05 S" > - CQ U u o ■4 2 « w 5h S-i 6 M o o o , § I g 4 2 ■S *2 a> cd CO X X d Q P L CO pi CN pi PL o CL, 8 ■ CL, cn T 3 0) < f-( •^ H U a p i > > > Cl, ^ H—> < * y pq K clT ci Q a CL) Pi X S M CO a) CL, CQ CQ pq CQ CQ CQ W 02 S < P * CQ Q 12 CL) > pi P i Pi O Xt 21 CL) & 3 o (2 •rH + -> 23 O CL, d CO £ CN < (2 < co Pi pi •rH *H •4-J cd O a o o CN O O 0 m CN CN '— I O co r r ♦ rH 4 2 'Z 6 o o •rH CN CO O 00 vo {ft co XI CN CO 1—t H QO CO CN CN o CN co U CD CD (2 4 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 CD £ O o Tt< , 1 in in 00 in 00 0 0 0 S CN „ ^, - H 0l 0i t0 ,0 CO 10 O1 O1 O 1 CN co m co h5 2 o 2! 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B B < M u O h cd cd CL) CD r-f co m co co -O cd pd Oh 2 iH O Q S ox pq P 3 O CL, Oh NO pq pq CJ o u < 4-> < NO cd d o X P P r —H •rH X rd o OOh Pi B Q 0) ix z X cd rH •rH jd O O B0) z h VERBENACEAE Verbena hybrida ~ LABIATAE Galeopsis bifida Family and Species Citation H OO 15. cd > cd CD o T a3 d r—H x X CO M U r- H o CD 6 cd o i X -rj XJ 0) pc3 C _1J r—H cd O ^ £ cd d cd d «^H CQ a> X -cl a> r—H cd i— H CJ o r—H CO CD r—H Dr P o U CL. ~ Q co Q Q £cd Dr cd U CN i—r .—r u X i— i CO 5-1 CO £ CL, IQ pci CO X CO x CO Q CD CO ^ a U cC X co ^ „ ~ Dr CQ W <3 co <1 cd CN x CD h cX U ra W Q E- 4u-> co ^3 x CD co cd -cl & • cd 4—r cd m r—H h >> CQ < ! X •rH cd cd r-H Pu 5-( g cd o X Hr CO CQ p^ CQ cd eJ CD O CO d & Ph H t—, Ph O r—H U ed d cd <1 PL, U < U d CD d •> pH co o •--< 4-> O Hr O f- O O 4-J cd oo H r CN o o o o o CN d o z ■rH X! a d O CD cj > CD vO LO CN ‘H pe3 O XI N O VO CN co iO oO H H x CN CO o CN CO CD d 5-1 CD on CN i CD ad om—( oI oI oI oI oI CN i CO X X H1 CO X H1 nr oo H* O oo O X O OO CN Oi O1 Oi Oi Hir Hr co x to co in ON H CN ^ O Hr CN x> ^ m CN Z o r- d OO CN CO o co co i—r ON r - O cd r- 4-> 3 <3 CD 5-4 4-> D >N a cd Ph U cd *CD -> CO cd W XJ o D (Z| vO N OO CN CO i-H W CO X CN W <3 CO •—, CO E- & H 23 ^CD CQ <3 ed o w D <3 & w u ;S z § cd •rH ■M 3 pci <3 H D rc <3 o o PL, H Pd O u to o co CO to -id, _d cd cd* CO cd 5-1 rcd 5-4 4-» -r-H 4 -J 'So cd d j-f cd CJ CO d •r—H r- uo r— cd to o G d d 5-h 4 -i CO cd •pH CO X oo Hr d • rH 8 CD z x ad a *3 Dr CD X D r ad cj CO w CO <3 in i W u > & cd 3 CJ o' DPI 4— W 5h CD CO z co W O Dr CD 5-1 4—> CO d CD d •rH 6 d 'S CD ! O cd m CO d < X a i- H d d cd Dr 6 ed U EH Dr HH CD cn 4-> O O C cd CD co d d cd >> o cd D u d cd 4 -J d o u ad 4-1 to o CD d <3 <3 Q 1 Ch x CD O 4-1 CJ ed J-i ad CO >> to d o • rH ■4—» Oj c cd r—H Sa) 5-1 O X CD u 4—> •rH r-H co X o CD X CD 0) 16. M A T E R IA L S AND M ETHODS T h e w ide ra n g e o f c o lo r s found in p r e s e n t d ay p e tu n ia v a r i e t i e s is a g r e a t d e p a r tu r e fro m the tw o c o lo r s , w h ite an d v io le t, p r e s e n t in th e two o r ig in a l p a r e n ta l s p e c ie s . T h e p u r p o s e of th is in v e s tig a tio n is to d e te r m in e how th e s e v a r io u s c o lo r s a r e in h e rite d . M o st o f th e p e tu n ia s u s e d in th is stu d y w e re g ro w n in th e P la n t S c ie n ce g re e n h o u s e of M ic h ig a n S ta te U n iv e rs ity . To f a c ilita te p o llin a tio n an d o th e r w o rk in v o lv e d in p ro d u c tio n of p e tu n ia see d , d w a rf s m a ll- f lo w e r e d d ip lo id r a c e s w e re used w h e r e v e r p o s s ib le . N o rm a lly , th e s e h ave b e t te r p o lle n , m o r e s e e d s p e r c a p s u le , a n d a r e d w a rfe r a n d l e s s e a s ily b ro k e n . The p a r e n t p la n ts w e re g ro w n in 4 - in ch c la y p o ts , a n d f e r t il iz e d a t r e g u la r in ­ te rv a ls . A ll p o llin a tio n s w e re m a d e in a s c r e e n e d g re e n h o u s e to re d u c e th e p o s s ib il itie s of in s e c t c o n ta m in a tio n . At tim e of e m a s c u la tio n m o s t of th e c o r o lla w a s re m o v e d to f u r th e r re d u c e th e h a z a r d due to s t r a y in s e c ts . flo w e rs u s e d fo r c r o s s i n g w e re ta g g e d w ith s m a ll w h ite p r i c e ta g s . All A ll p o p u la tio n s w e re flo w e re d in 3 -in c h c la y p o ts . In any stu d y su c h a s th is , th e p ro b le m o f c o lo r n o m e n c la tu re is of u t ­ m o s t im p o r ta n c e . S in c e th e p u b lic a tio n of th e H o r tic u ltu r a l C o lo u r C h a r t (11) th is jo b h a s b e e n l e s s d iffic u lt. H o w ev er, e v en th is h a s its lim ita tio n s ; the n a m e s u s e d in th e c h a r t do not c o r r e s p o n d to th o s e in u s e in th is c o u n try . For e x a m p le , ’s a lm o n ’ is a p o p u la r sh a d e in m an y flo w e rs , y e t th is is c a lle d r o s e in th e c h a r t a n d w hat is p o p u la rly c a lle d deep r o s e b e c o m e s p u rp le ; so th e 17. c o lo r n a m e s u s e d by th e s e e d tr a d e a r e g iv e n w ith th e H. C. C. n u m b e r to w h ic h e a c h c o r r e s p o n d s in p a r e n th e s is a f te r th e n a m e . A ll c o lo r d e te r m in a ­ tio n s w e re m a d e in th e d a rk ro o m u n d e r p h o to flo o d lig h ts to e n s u r e u n ifo rm illu m in a tio n . P e tu n ia c o lo r s c a n be g ro u p e d in to s e v e r a l c l a s s e s . T h e s e c la s s e s , a s w e ll a s th e p a r e n ts u s e d in e a c h c la s s , s e e d s o u rc e , a n d H. C. C. n u m b e r a r e g iv e n in T a b le II. O ne of th e f i r s t p r o j e c t s w as to i n t e r c r o s s a ll w h ite s to s e e if m o re th a n one ty p e of w h ite is p r e s e n t in p e tu n ia . T h e n e x t p r o p o s a l u n d e rta k e n w a s to c r o s s a t l e a s t one in e a c h c o lo r c la s s to e v e r y o th e r c o lo r. s e e d w a s h a r v e s te d fro m th e "S e lfe d " p la n ts fo r F 2 g e n e r a tio n s , an d th e h y b rid w a s b a c k c r o s s e d to b o th p a r e n ts . F o r b a c k c r o s s e s , a p p ro x im a te ly 64 p la n ts w e re grow n, w h ile F 2 p o p u la tio n s c o n ta in e d ab o u t 200 p la n ts . W hen s p a c e p e r m itte d , 30 p la n ts w e re g ro w n of th e F^ g e n e ra tio n to c h e c k th e c o lo r u n ifo rm ity a d e q u a te ly . In s e g r e g a tin g p o p u la tio n s th e p la n ts w e re f i r s t s e p a r a te d in to a ll d is tin g u is h a b le c o lo r s . E a c h of th e s e w as d e s ig n a te d by a le t t e r . T h e c o lo r, a m o u n t o f c o r o lla v ein in g , ty p e of c o r o lla e d g es, th r o a t c o lo r, c o lo r an d a m o u n t o f th r o a t v ein in g , a n d p o lle n c o lo r w e re r e c o r d e d f o r e a c h p la n t. f a c ilita te n o te -ta k in g , a n u m b e r code w as u se d . A new ly o p e n ed b lo o m fro m e a c h c o lo r w a s m a tc h e d w ith th e H o r tic u ltu r a l C o lo r C h a rt. tio n s w e re m a d e on g re e n h o u s e gro w n p la n ts . To A ll d e te r m in a ­ M o st c o lo re d flo w e rs fa d e d 18. TA B LE II P e tu n ia P a r e n ts U se d in T h is Study C o lo r C la s s W hite W h ite W h ite W h ite C re a m C re a m S alm o n S alm o n P a re n t P o p c o rn Snow ball W h ite P e rf e c tio n S n o w sto rm C r e a m S ta r M oonbeam S a lm o n e t B rig h t M id S a lm o n s e e d lin g (W 131-1-7) S alm o n S a lm o n a n d W h ite v a r i e ­ g a te d s e e d lin g S c a r le t B rig h t L ig h t S c a r le t s e e d lin g (T 2 1 4 -2 -1 1 2 ) S c a r le t D eep B rig h t S c a r le t s e e d lin g (1062) W in so m e L ig h t R o se C e le s tia l R o se L ig h t R o se R o b in D eep R o se C o ro n e t D eep R o se D eep R o se G low L ip s tic k D eep R o se S ilv e r Blue s e e d lin g S ilv e r Blue ( 4 3 s -6 -7 ) H e a v e n ly Blue M id Blue Blue S e e d lin g (6 D -2 1 a) M id Blue B urpee Blue V io le t Blue V io le t P u rp le D a rk P u rp le ( H a r r is P u rp le ) C rim s o n K in g H e n ry H o r tic u ltu r a l C o lo r C h a rt N um ber S o u rc e G e o rg e J. Ball S e e d s, Inc. V au g h an s Seed S to re G e o rg e J. Ball S eed s, Inc. V au g h an s S eed S to re P an A m e ric a n S eed s, Inc. W. A tle e B u rp ee Co. G e o rg e J. Ball S eed s, Inc. S e le c tio n fro m W in so m e x M id S alm o n s e e d lin g F 0 6 0 1 /3 022 0 2 4 /1 0625 W. J. H aney S e le c tio n fro m T w in k le s x L ig h t S c a r le t s e e d lin g F£ 7 2 1 /1 Pan A m e ric a n S eed s, P an A m e ric a n S eed s, G e o rg e J. Ball S eed s, G e o rg e J. Ball S eed s, G e o rg e J. Ball S eed s, G e o rg e J. Ball S eed s, V au g h an s S eed S to re 8 2 0 /3 2 6 /1 2 6 /1 25 25 (D ull) 025 727 Inc. Inc. Inc. Inc. Inc. Inc. P an A m e ric a n S e e d s, Inc. G e o rg e J. Ball, S eed s, Inc. P an A m e ric a n S eed s, Inc. W. A tle e B urpee Co. 6 3 7 /2 636 637 9 3 4 /1 Jo se p h H a r r i s C o . , Inc. G e o rg e J. Ball S eed s, Inc. 937 931 (n e a r) 19. a b o u t one H. C. C. u n it b e fo re w ith e rin g . T h u s, if a deep r o s e w as n u m b e r 25 a t a n th e s is , it w o u ld u s u a lly be 2 5 /1 b e fo re it fe ll. O c c a s io n a lly it fa d e d tw o u n its . O nly r a r e l y did th e o ld e r flo w e rs c h an g e to a d iff e r e n t c o lo r c a te g o ry . Som e b lu in g o c c u r r e d in so m e s h a d e s of r o s e . In v a r ie g a te d flo w e rs , th e c o lo r of th e p ig m e n te d p o rtio n w as u s e d an d th e p la n t w as p la c e d in th a t c o lo r c la s s . S e le c te d p la n ts fro m e a c h l e t t e r e d c o lo r w e re a r r a n g e d fro m lig h t to deep w ith in th e ir a p p r o p r ia te c l a s s e s . F o r th e & ' s > th e p o p u la tio n s w e re n ot la r g e enough to p e r m it fittin g th e m to a g e n e tic r a tio o f m o re th a n fo u r f a c to r s ; c o n se q u e n tly , so m e o f th e s e r e la te d c o lo r s h a d to be c o m b in e d in o r d e r to fit th e m to su c h a p ro p o r tio n . A fte r s e v e r a l p o p u ­ la tio n s h a d b e e n a n a ly z e d g e n e tic a lly th e g ene a c tio n s b e c a m e a p p a r e n t so th a t th e g e n e s c o u ld b e re c o g n iz e d . ty p e s w e re c r i t i c a l l y c o m p a re d . L a te r , th e g e n o ty p e s of th e p h e n o ­ F in a lly , a s ix f a c to r lin e c h a r t w as d ra w n to show th e in te r a c tio n of th e six m a jo r g e n e s. R E SU L T S AND DISCUSSION T h e i n t e r c r o s s i n g of v a r io u s w h ite c o m m e r c ia l v a r i e t i e s g av e a ll w h ite h y b r id s a n d n o th in g b u t w h ite s in th e n e x t g e n e ra tio n . b r i d s a r e g iv e n in T a b le III. C o lo rs o f th e Fj^ h y ­ A stu d y o f th is ta b le w ill r e v e a l a w e a k n e ss of th e H o r tic u ltu r a l C o lo r C h a r t. M a tc h in g a r o s e o r s a lm o n w ith th e c o r r e c t s h a d e is c o m p a r a tiv e ly e a s y , but in b lu e s, p u r p le s , a n d v io le ts th e r e a r e g a p s in th e c h a r ts th a t m a k e c la s s if ic a tio n d iffic u lt. In th e b a c k c r o s s (K ing H e n ry x H a r r i s P u rp le ) x K ing H e n ry (C ro s s 66) a ll of th e fiv e c o lo r s th a t w e re d is tin g u is h e d h a d to be c a lle d D a h lia P u rp le (931). T h e p r e f ix " n e a r " is u s e d to d e s ig n a te th o s e c o lo r s th a t c o u ld not be a c c u r a te ly m a tc h e d w ith th e C h a r t. T h e s e a r e d is tin g u is h e d by a p p r o p r ia te c o lo r a d je c tiv e s in th e ap p e n d ix . One a c c e p te d p r a c t i c e is to n a m e a g en e f o r a d is tin c tiv e r e c e s s i v e p h e n o ty p e . A m o r e r e c e n t c o n c e p t is to n a m e it f o r th e c h e m ic a l a c tio n it c o n tr o ls , b u t in th e p e tu n ia no w o rk h a s b e e n p u b lis h e d on th e g e n e tic o c h e m ic a l a c tio n of flo w e r c o lo r g e n e s ; so th e f i r s t p r a c tic e w as fo llo w ed . It is p ro b a b le th a t w hen the b io c h e m is tr y of th e s e f a c to r s h a s b e en w o rk e d out th e y sh o u ld b e re n a m e d . W h e re v e r p o s s ib le th e d e sig n a tio n s f o r th e e ig h t c a te g o r ie s in T a b le I w e re u s e d . T h e g e n e s id e n tifie d in th is stu d y a r e g iv en in T a b le IV. T h e Iv f a c to r is a n a lo g o u s to th e co m m o n c o lo r p r e c u r s o r gene in a w ide v a r ie ty o f p la n ts . It a p p e a r s to be th e W g e n e of M a th e r a n d E d w a rd e s (60) P & 3 Oh 4 -* 4 -J CD 1—1 j— 3 04 CO & * J5 co 2 p l-H O •rH > CD 3 p— H CQ $ Q o •l-H > t- Oh h 0) bo cd s ?? J-J CO 3 nO hO '— ■i-H 73 G •rH to .5 O 3 X) nT 1 03 ■rH 3 u •3 73 L 3 P G 3 U P —i D, Q G 3 P a CD . G X r— l M a CO , a £i 3 •i— CD CD > O-i CD O CD ed Q (2 g CD ^ r3 U Q h 3 3 ^ Q h rH U 5 G 0 G s « hO G CD 2 U G 4-J G D hO G s CM CO 73 S2 2 G hp Qj G i L s s 5 4H ho G •7} p hH G -5 G X5 hO 5P o P a CO O CD 3 G O CO Od CO CO od ■I—I . . ■fi. 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CD i G 4 -J P i—H t G CD _ 3 i—i a 4 -J (8 3 4 ) f— H D eep G CL) > •iH P 3 a 21. p i ( & 3 a 4 -J P o •H > 22. CO CD CO CO o p CJO co X oo LO CM u o CD X G CD CD fX 4 -J G G O P <3 CD X *4—4 4 -J X .0) r- G —4 X -« X - CO CO 'Sh X O U0 CO X - - LO CO co CD G CD CO OO G G CD vO CM • ft X -1—J 4-J OO <—1 X i—4 X T—1 - CM X X X vO CM LO o X Ov H 1 i—4 O v X X 1—1 X X CM i—4 X X Ov Ov X CM X X CM X X CM X X CM CM X H 4 X o u CO r-H Pi O o i—H O o o U P CD X CD P £ O o o i—4 P -4 a co CD G G 4 -J X CD >v a r— I & rG co co -j 2 a o U CD p p £ « G CD be G *=h x H ^ (D ^ CO G CP 4—J ■ rH £ 4 -i CD CD CO r-H o ■rH o > Pi co CO I OS p X CM £ CM 4-J X X a CD X i—i CD JS G •rH > CM CD ■rH P G G •rH W co •rH h co CO I CM X Q CO co i £-i i P i ci CM X I PS U G O • rH x 4 -J CD > g CO CD o CD CD Q pi CO X CD P X CD O .S * o CD +D > ^ ^ CO «H • rH ^ 53 X G CQ X r-H O X X O P H £ X 4H •rH t 4 —* i ^_ *»H co .s * Pi a co CM co •rH CO CO £ I JH * CO p CO o 3 o £ 'S £ £ *J §c O CO o 73 p G CD pci U CO G G u o r*H G G M CD O <1 CD 3 G H « CD G r-H O CO P> G jr* CD jT q . X G X cp ^ CD G CQ X 3 O o ■I > Q a 8 ^ co CD CO G CD 4-J G i— i CD CD X .2 CQ p P O 4-> G •rH X co X G IG CQ Q X 0) X CD "J & G ■rH CO I CD ■£ u , CM CD H i H -Q G e p P CO P p P P P P P p P P P p P p p P P P p p p P P P p P P p P p P P P P p P p P P p P p cu O CD u rC CO p P CO p p p CO p P P P p CO Q CO p P P P P P P p P p P p p P p P P P p p P p P p P P o O r- O CO p H -l cd -M CO CM CO cd CO co O p W P CQ < H U eti •r H C D h-j 0) Qh CQ p CQ CO CO Q p p CO p P P Q p P P P P P P P o o LO o On ON ON o o o o D CD P O P a ocd: oo CO ON ON CN CN CO oo LO CO H CL, * CN x CL) *C r- lO NO NO oo LO CO • oo oo lO P-' • t"- CN O oo NO NO CO LO r~~ CO ON oo oo NO CN ON OO CN • • i— H -O NO • r-H CO co oo O m CO o r- CO o m • ■—1 r>- ON oo r- r-H OO a a co CO CD P cd B 6 CO CO p r—H i-H f-H LO LO CN r-H «— 1 LO i— H CN r- NO i—H U p CO P P CQ r-H •a bo •rH P r-H P 53 •rH p CQ X CD P CQ r -H CD CD & P CQ p CD & £ CO p o CO 4-» •a bO •fH p p p X X 4-> CD P o -a bo *§) •fH p CQ X CD -a bO P •H P CQ P > £ O —H P o O X lO VO p o t P P P X PC P bo p p p r -H CQ >> r-H P P > P P X x p P P > P P p p X bO P p X CQ kP C P > P P X x >* p p p PC bO P •iH ON a P CO r-H •r H oo •iH p P P O ,— i p CO X >s p p p X bo P •tH P P CO 4-J abo p P P o a X P P r—H p o a r -H P CO X >, p P CO X >* p P PC p PC bo P •rH P i-P bo •rH P CQ +-> p r-H P P X CO & ■£ P S **H «> PC H bo P bO P CN co 29. Q Q P CQ P Jh CO Q U CQ 3 co fH Q Cd CO P P P p p P P p P CO P Q P cn cn cn p cn P Q CO fH fH CO CO Q Q CO CQ CO P Q cn Jh fH CO P p cn P P cn P P cn CO P cn P CO P P cn P P P fH CO cn CQ CO P CN P CO CO CO cn CL) P CL) p O CD x: CQ =3 ed 4-4 CO CO p cn p cn 4 -1 o CQ CQ CD Jh o T3 P c cd CO P o co CO Q CQ CO P P Q Q CO cn P cn P CO Q Sh fH CO CO P P Q Q 0 LO 0 0 On 0 O 0 0 00 i—H co 00 00 0 p CO P fH p p LO ON fH P P CO 0 O CO P cn CO 0 00 P P fH cn CO P p P O 10 ON O n O i—H • * § •r H •kJ P o CN X U O lO NO r- o 00 i—H ON CO 0 co 00 r^- CN r- CN 1— 1 0 CO i"< -H C"co CO H jl ON ON r -H LO r~* OO * 00 Hi 10 NO CN i—H i—H r-’ O i-H ON OO • Ni OO NO NO NO ON nO no CD i-H NO ON CN OO CO CO r 0 cd CO u s ed CD Of 3 bn cx a) & .— i X p CD > cd X—V 0 r—H fH fH U cd o CO x: bo •rH 8CD P X bn fH a CD DC bo p ■rH & CD Z O' X O? .2 <3 T3 kH CD »— H fH 0 cd dc X o CO 4 -4 CQ P o I CO cn O 0 0 0 I-H CQ 00 15) CD P •rH fH 53 CQ C X CD CD CD fH Q cd X o CO I^N I I P CD > cd CD DC fH rj ^ bO u Du CQ bO P •H LO X M o 4-» • iH CO Ph nO "aT .3 " fH CQ CO cx •r H J X "CD JO 53 >» >. i— H p CD p CD > cd CD SC > cd CD X X X M XI CJ O •iH 4-> CO P h *3 CD 0 CO 0 fH 53 i—H •r H bo rX O •rH +H •rH CD f-H fH cd o co 4— 4 'S rP to •rH CQ X S ed CD H—> CO CX *§ O o P CD Tl cd 53 x CJ CO bO P 4 -4 bo O fH fH CQ cd CJ X 6 CO cd 15} CD .P P o o "So p ^3 CD CD CO CD P 53 x 6 cd CD -£ O o B cd 0 -P p o o 0 0 CO X 0 i—H Jh fH cd 0 M r ■H Oh X M -§ O O 0 -§ o o i—H CP x 0 Cd r’iZi bo x 6 CO •r H 53 cd CQ O Dh cn •rH 53 S 0 o •fa ’§ > P 0 r3 71 o) g P o cd "0 P •r H 4-> P 0 X 4 -4 ■0 pa 1^ C0 -r H £ & 'i o o 0 0 Q x B p 0) CD i—H u X 0 & 0 O o ’ fH fH CQ On o CN CN CN CN co CN LD CN CN CD CD u X 0 B* p cx CQ • iH Jh 5h P P Du NO rCN X OO CO 0 > p 0 SC X 0 i—H s rP P 53 p 4H •rH CO 0 P CN & p Qh co •r H u fH P DC 00 CN 30. Q Q Q Q Q Q a O Q Q a Q a Q a. a Q Q Q Q a a a Q Q a a a C Q a a a Q a a a a Q a Q Q Q Q Q a Q a Q a a Q a a a Q a CO Q a a a a a a a a Q a Q Q Q od a Q a Q a Q a a Q a a Q Q Q a a a a Q a a O a Q Q a a Q a Q a Q a a D Q Q Q a a a a Q Q Q Q Q a Q Q Q Q Q 3 Q a o o CO o LO o co » o LO O r- CN o o oo o ON o UO CN a cn 0) 3 0 o CL) u rQ CO a 4-J CCJ 4-> CO cS" *—t CQ 0) a o a T3 6 5 0 a a, H i-H a o CO * O r- o o OO • ‘ * * a o CJ H 1 CN CN x o CO CN o t"ON o i—H i-H NO w CN i-H *™H o roo ■N< CN CO NO NO LO lO i-H LO LO NO o CO i-H i-H CO ON no* CO QO oo co CN o LO i“H o ri-H ON 1—1 CO CQ < CL) CQ H cn a CO H 1 3 CD a r *H CQ r -H a 0) > a CD X t cn cn o a U CO * rH >i a > CD x x CD CD cn § a X Q-t C! £ CD & a Q h a *H •r-H a a a X £h a a X Ov o CO CN rH cd CO X CN fH U & a X X x a o g r—H a CO x CD ■—I & a Q h a *H a a a X CO a o *»H 4H 43 ? TO T3 C 3 PS o c PS O 3 CO X 0 i- H 0 r -H a a cd X CN CO CD Q h CD C G r -H cd CO X a U 3 r —H •rH o CD U-H 3 cd & 3 Qh l-H 03 43 CD 4—* 0 l~ H & 3 Qh a a o co 4 -» -a bo •rH a CQ 9* CD CD Q 0 4 -J f**1 X 0 X CD t—4 & 3 Q h TO a 33 *H a a 3 X w ' a a a X a X co co co uo CO & a & a Q h Qh a •r—( I— f fH *a 3 o CO a o CO 4 -1 bp *§> «rH fH a CQ X 0 1 -H & 4 -1 a 0 X 3 O CO 4 -i CD x fH 0 > 0 X 3 rO bo Q h •rH a CQ a i—i a a co CO 0 a o 63 4 -> r-H a 0 t> a CD & !h < 2 & •i-H fH a a 3 X .2 a a a X NO CO r^CO bO ■pH £ CQ X .2? a cu X O a a •pH 43 O 43 Q h Oh OO On co • pH O co X ^ X CD £ o a co CD fH 'S) n S X 4-> CD 0 a X o Q -4 CD a *H a i—H C Q fH CQ a Q 43 bO O od 4 -1 r3 0 0 0 a *& J-V 0 4—1 >> i" < a 0 v. £ ■a a a a g X a r H 3 O 0 'a) 03 a a a X a a a X r-H •rH cd 0 a CQ a CO OO 3* H & a Qh JQ CD ON 0 0 > 0 x x r-H r-H cd 43 £ O a CO o a 43 £ o a C O a £ o a co CN 31. »“H P s CO Q d Jh CO d P CO P CD d Jh Jh CO CN C CO •—c 0 d Q D Q P p CO CO CO Jh r-H 0 O P X CO CO CO d d CO CO Q CO CO CO to CO CO P d CO Jh CO Jh Jh Jh Jh Jh CO CD P d CO CD CO CO P CO CO p d d d Jh Jh CO Jh d p P P P P CO d Jh Jh Jh P d 0 43 r-H O Q CO CO 43-> co 4cd -> CO oi Q CO Q d CN CQ CO Q CO Q CO p CO p »“H Q CO CO d CO P r— r~ o r-H 70 o d P P 20 d 20 Jh 20 Jh 50 d d 4-> d o CN CO 50 0 CO 30 r» CO 30 06 d TD Q Q 30 > h-H d 20 jh 70 CQ CN H1 CO r- N1 CN in ON in E-* •rH U X i i — OO in ON CN OO X S3 CQ < H ON CO r-H r-H oo ON O OO NO CN r-H o CO NO ON r~-’ ON r- m m m CO i> ! r-H —H •f m r-~- rH t'-’ r-H CN r- —H r-H NO r-H in r-H CO 0 CO CD cd i 1 U H 1 r— CO r— | ON OO 'S CN § bo d >> X TlT d c3 0 bo d • rH X >> d d 0 0 > cd 0 X X cd 4Q £ o d co d o 0 Z < -a co Jh X bO d ■iH U x cd o d CO Jh d 0 cd £ O d co Xcd 0 1H XN Jh d 0 X bO d • rH X 44 0 4co-> •rH O h »rH X x & d Oh o co -d bO cd O X cd U CO *-> 43 bO 4? bo •I—I CQ CO •rH Jh J cd X h -d bO •rH Jh CO X CO B CO B co cd 43 £ o d co In M3 r- oo o cd 43 £ ■a •rH Jh CQ O h 0 4 -J 0 V i—I * cd 43 £ 43 0 X cd o co Jh cd £ O eg d Jh 0 X bO d •H cd 43 £ O ' 1i 43 X x 0 CQ X Jh PQ cn CO o Jh U •rH d X x 4? bo •rH *3 0 0 CO 0 d r-H Jh X 0:1 2 w £ O d co o m 0 P x 1o d CO m Jh cd o CO co X 4-J bO 0 r- H Jh cd O 'S CO 4-J 43 'bib ••H Jh C ^Q ■0*-’ * h 0 ocd co o co Qh 4— > 43 X Sp CO ^ 0 »— H 0 U CN m 'S £« x 0 co bO Jh o» o3 ,—I cd o x3 Pi X - i* 2co U 0 r-H 0 CJ CO m 0 r —H cd bO -i-H 0 CO CQ X 4-> rbb -J 0 X Jh d X Jh 0 j> • 1-H co 0 X d •rH CO £ H m in m •rH 32. d d d CO d Q Q Q Q CO CO Q Q D CO Q Q CO d CO co Q Q d Q d Q CM CJ Q u d CQ 0) C! Q a Q CO d Q Q CO CQ d Q CO Q Q CQ CO CO d CO CQ CO Q d CO CO CO CO d CO CO CO d d CO CO CO Q d CO CO Q Q o m o o o o o O n i—H CO ON LO CO CL) O cu O rC CO a CQ d 4-J ctJ 4-J CQ CO CN CQ CO D CO CQ d d d d Q CO Q m O CO co d Q CL) T3 a> d d O a £ 2 o m On o o CO H c +-> * ‘ •»H o u m CN X CO oo rH co ON O CN •ch LO OO t" CO OO •cf m O in CO ON CN i- H •-H m oo CN * -H 1~H i— i NO o o CO m i- N 1— 1 NO CN r~- NO in CO in oo CO CN i— i pq 0) CQ CO i— H CO r-H r- O n CN i-N cd i—H U cd •rH 4H CU CQ CU 4—> lu X X cu Dd CO CO o d CJ p—H 'cu CO o *i—1 CO cn 1 CL) H cu U X C! O •r H 4h o cu In o cu <4-4 In cu CO CU Oh o od O l-l . CJ .2 4-> T3 cd CO * cu o •fH > •i-H 4 -J u cu X <4N In CU cu £ o In CO d CU d r -H CQ In CJ O CU >H r— •H CO X CU CU O, CU eo • iH a 4 -J XS In CU CU i— H CO X CJ r- H CQ ♦rH cd O 6 a) d r- I .— i CJ \0 m r— in OO m O N in o NO d cd CO In CU d •i—l In •fH In 6 X d o 6 cd —H co cd XI ^ 2 3 - 2 a, cu cu Q x cd co • rH CO X CU £ O CO d CN 4-> ’§> o i— i NO X CQ bO d •pH CQ o O CO i—H CO NO NO d •rH In o3 > r—I £ C O CD Z O-t 0) X bo •r H In CQ £ 4—> cu o V 4 -4 • rH 0 -4 CJ o -I-l 4-J •rH rC! cu cu -i-H 4—> . 30 52. C ro s s 3 (B urpee Blue x S alm onet) x S alm o n et N o n -s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - h ^ I n ^ D i l G enotype R atio C o lo r O bs. Exp. D iff. P 2/ e -rs C l) B jR sC l) 3 V e ry G ra y e d S alm on P in k (0027/2) 16 1 2. 2 3 .8 1. 184 --R SC 1 2 D eep R ed P u rp le (7 3 2 /1 ) 7 8. 1 1. 1 . 149 --R S c l 2 C rim s o n P u rp le (732) 8 8. 1 .1 . 001 B ^ rsc l 1 Salm on Pink (024 to 0 2 5 /1 ) 5 4 .0 1. 0 .2 5 0 b jR s C l 1 G ra y e d L ight R o se (0027) 4 4. 0 0. 0 . 000 b ^ rsc l 1 D eep S alm on (021/1 to 622) 3 4 .0 1. 0 .2 5 0 B^RScl 1 R o se P u rp le (73 0 /1 to 31) 5 4. 0 1.0 .2 5 0 b ^ rS -- 2 L ila c R o se (29/1 to 72 9 /2 ) 6 8. 1 2. 1 . 544 B |rS c l 1 D eep R o se (8 2 8 /2 ) 3 4 .0 1.0 . 250 B1rS C l 1 G ra y e d D eep R o se (n e a r 027) 5 4. 0 1. 0 .2 5 0 b jR s C l 1 16 D eep P u rp le V io let (n e a r 733) 3 65 4. 0 64. 5 1.0 . 250 3. 378 P ^ .9 5 53. C ro ss 4 B urpee Blue x B right L ig h t S c a rle t N o n -s e g re g a tin g G e n es - Iv in j G enotype R atio B|B2RSC1 243 M ag e n ta (6 3 2 /2 to 7 3 2 /1 ) B1b2RSCl) b 1B2 RSCl) 162 B1B2R sC l 81 2 D /e Exp. Diff. 132 134. 6 2.6 .0 5 0 V io le t Blue (9 3 4 /2 to 834) 84 8 9 .6 5. 6 . 350 V io le t M ag en ta (7 3 2 /2 to n e a r 733) 47 44. 8 2. 2 . 108 C o lo r O bs. B1B2 rS C l 81 G ra y e d R o se (27 /1 to 027) 45 4 4 .8 .2 . 001 BxB2R Scl 81 L ila c (433/1 to 2 9 /1 ) 45 4 4 .8 .2 . 001 b 1b 2RSCl 27 M ag e n ta V iolet Blue (834/1) 11 1 5 .0 4. 0 1. 067 b ^ -rS C l 36 G ra y e d V io le t (031) 23 19. 9 3. 1 .4 8 3 b2--R sC l 36 G ra y e d L ila c (0027/2) 22 19. 9 2 . 1 . 222 BjB2R Scl 27 M ag en ta P u rp le (n e a r 1030) 20 1 5 .0 5. 0 1 .6 6 7 B1b2 rS C l 27 Deep M agenta P u rp le (733/1) 17 15. 0 2.0 .2 6 7 B |b 2R sC l 27 M id R ose, slig h tly G ra y e d (627) 9 15. 0 6. 0 2. 400 b 1B2R Scl 27 P u rp le M ag en ta (733) 15 1 5 .0 0.0 .0 0 0 BjB2 r s C l 27 G ra y e d S alm on R ed (027) 13 1 5 .0 2.0 .2 6 7 B1B2rS c l 27 M id R o se (6 2 7 /1 ) 11 15. 0 4. 0 1.067 B2B2R s c l 27 R o se L ila c (632) 13 1 5 .0 2.0 . 267 Bj b 2rs C l) b j - 'r s C l ) 21 G ra y e d M id Salm on (0027) 12 11. 6 .4 .0 1 4 b ^ R S c l) b t B ^R scl) 18 P u rp le (830/1) 11 10.0 1.0 . 100 54. C ro s s 4 Continued G enotype R atio --^ R sc l 12 L ig h t P u rp le (30) B jk ^ rS c l 9 b jf^ rS c l C o lo r O bs. 2 D /e Exp. D iff. 6 6. 6 .6 .0 5 4 L ig h t R o se (629) 4 5. 0 1.0 .200 9 L ila c R o se (630 /1 ) 4 5 .0 1 .0 .200 B jE ^ rsc l 9 S alm on Pink (427) 11 5. 0 6.0 7. 200 b j^ rS c l 3 R o se Pink (6 2 9 /2 ) 1 1. 6 .6 .2 2 5 B jb2 r s c l 3 L ig h t Salm on (625/1) 5 1 .6 3 .4 7 .2 2 5 b ^ B ^ rsc l 1 B right L ight S c a rle t (022) 2 .6 1 .4 3. 267 b j^ rs c l 3 1024 4 1. 6 567 567. 0 2. 4 3 .6 0 0 3 0 .3 0 2 S alm o n (2 3 /1 ) P ^ .1 0 C ro ss 5 C o ro n e t x H a r r is P u rp le N o n -s e g re g a tin g G ene - Iv C o lo r Diff. 2 D /e 69. 6 6 .4 . 587 24 2 3 .2 .8 . 028 O b s. Exp. G enotype R atio B^RIn^In2 81 R e d d ish V io le t Blue (n e a r 934) 76 B jR In ji^ 27 V io let P u rp le (n e a r 735 to n e a r 934) B iR in ,In 2 27 R o se P u rp le (n e a r 733) 23 2 3 .2 .2 .00 2 B ^rln ^ ln 2 27 M ag en ta R o se (7 3 2 /1 to 7 3 2 /3 ) 21 2 3 .2 2.2 . 209 bj^RIn1In2 27 P u rp le (n e a r 732 to n e a r 9 3 1 /1 ) 23 2 3 .2 .2 .0 0 2 b x R In jin 2) b i R i n |I n 2) 18 D ull V io let (n e a r 934) 13 15. 5 2 .5 .403 5 5. C ro s s 5 Continued G enotype R atio B ^R in2in 2 9 D eep P u rp le V io let (n e a r 733) 6 7. 7 1 .7 . 375 B ^ rin ^ h ^ 9 D ull P u rp le (n e a r 733) 9 7 .7 1 .3 .2 1 9 B1r l n 1in 2 9 B right P u rp le (931) 7 7. 7 .7 . 064 b ^ rln ^ h ^ 9 M ag e n ta Blue (7 3 5 /1 ) 8 7. 7 .3 . 012 B jriiijin j 3 D eep M ag en ta R o se (29) 1 2.6 1 .4 . 985 b |R i n j i n 2 3 V io le t (834) 4 2.6 1 .4 . 754 b jrln jin 2 3 L ila c R o se (30) 3 2. 6 .4 . 062 b jr in ^ I n 2 3 L ila c (630/1) 2 2.6 .6 . 138 b ^ rin ^ in 2 1 256 .8 . 800 4. 640 C o lo r D eep R o se Obs., Exp. 0 .8 220 219. 9 >. Diff.. D2/ e 99 C ro s s 6 G low x B right L ig h t S c a rle t N o n -s e g re g a tin g G en es - Ivr G enotype R atio SIn1- - - D il) S l n j i^ d i l ) 117 C o lo r O bs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e D eep R o se (02 5 /1 ) 90 87. 4 2. 6 . 077 36 B right D eep R o se (n e a r 025) 29 2 6 .8 2.2 . 181 S ln j I ^ d il 27 M id R o se (025 to 2 5 /1 ) 19 20. 1 1. 1 .0 6 0 s ln ^ h ^ D il 27 S alm on S c a rle t (020) 20 20. 1 .1 .001 sin j -----D il 12 S alm on R ed (024) 10 8 .9 1. 1 . 136 S in j D il 56. C ro s s 6 Continued G enotype R a tio C o lo r Exp. O bs. P iff. P 2/ e S ln ji^ d il 9 G ra y e d P e e p R o se (26) 5 6. 7 1. 7 .431 s ln j^ P il 9 S alm o n R ed, slig h tly G ra y e d (20/ 1) 6 6 .7 .7 . 073 s ln j^ d il 9 S c a r le t S alm o n (8 2 0 /2 to 021) 5 6. 7 1. 7 . 431 S in jin 2d il 3 B right P e e p R o se V ein ed (25) 3 2.2 .8 . 291 s l n |i n 2 dil 3 P e e p S c a rle t Salm on (021) 2 2.2 .2 . 018 s i n j ---- dil 4 256 2. 9 2 191 190. 7 .9 .2 7 9 1. 978 P e e p Salm on (022/1) P ) .99 C ro ss 7 H eavenly Blue x B right L ig h t S c a rle t N o n -s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - I v b j i ^ G enotype R atio C o lo r O bs. Exp. P iff. P 2/ e I^R SIn^ 81 M ag en ta (31 to 633) 33 3 8 .0 5. 0 .6 5 8 b2R SIn2 27 P e e p P u rp le (n e a r 733 to 7 3 3 /1 ) 13 12 .6 .4 .0 1 3 R o se P u rp le (n e a r 027 to 729) 16 1 2 .6 3 .4 . 917 G ra y e d R o se (027/1 to 0 3 3 /1 ) 10 12 .6 2. 6 . 536 10 12.6 2. 6 . 536 8 8 .4 .4 . 019 f^ rS In ^ B2R s I n | 27 27 B2 RSin^ 27 L ila c (527 to 533) B2R sin x ) b 2R s !n i) 18 V e ry P e e p C a rm in e (29) 57. G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. D iff. D2/ e B2 r s l n j 9 S alm on, slig h tly G ra y e d (22/1) 7 4 .2 2. 8 1 .8 6 7 I^ rS in ^ 9 M id R o se (27) 4 4 .2 .2 .010 b2 rS In i 9 L ig h t R ose (530) 4 4 .2 .2 . 010 b2R S in j 9 Blue (36/1 to 35) 6 4 .2 1.8 . 771 B2rs in ^ 3 D eep S alm on (022) 1 1 .4 .4 . 114 b2R sin^ 3 D eep V io let (n e a r 733/1 to n e a r 934) 2 1. 4 .6 .2 5 7 b 2r S in | 3 D eep R o se 0 1 .4 1. 4 1 .4 0 0 b2 r s l n j 3 G ra y e d Salm on (0027/1 to 027) 5 1. 4 3 .6 9 .2 5 7 b2r s i n j 1 256 1 120 .5 119. 7 .5 . 500 1 6 .866 S alm on R ed (n e a r 022) p y .20 C ro ss 8 K ing H e n ry x H eav en ly Blue N o n -s e g re g a tin g G en es - Iv l^ C lD il G enotype R atio C o lo r B jS In ^ h ^ 81 D eep P u rp le (n e a r 732 to n e a r 9 3 4 /1 ) Obs. Exp. D iff. D2/ e 113 117. 4 4. 4 . 165 b jS I n |I n 2 27 P u rp le (n e a r 733) 38 39. 1 1. 1 . 031 B ^ s ln ^ h ^ 27 M agenta (633/1 to 31) 39 39. 1 .1 .0 0 0 B ^ S in ^ I^ 27 R o se P u rp le (n e a r 830) 37 39. 1 2. 1 . 113 B jS ---- in 2 36 B right P u rp le (n e a r 830) 54 52. 2 1 .8 .0 6 2 58. C ro s s 8 Continued G en o ty p e R atio C o lo r O bs. Exp. Diff. P 2 / e b jS ln ^ I^ 9 V io le t Blue (n e a r 735 to 93 4 /1 ) 16 1 3 .0 3 .0 .6 9 2 B js i n jln 2 9 C rim s o n (n e a r 827 to 72 9 /1 ) 3 1 3 .0 10 .0 7. 692 9 D eep B right P u rp le (934) 14 1 3 .0 1.0 . 077 b ^ S in jIn ^ 9 M ag en ta Blue (7 3 5 /1 ) 20 1 3 .0 7 .0 3. 769 b jS I n jin 2 9 D eep Blue (735) 11 1 3 .0 2. 0 . 308 b jS in ^ i^ ) b ^ s ln ji^ ) 6 V io let (36) 13 8.6 4. 4 2 .2 5 1 B is in ^ i^ 3 L ig h t V io le t (3 7 /1 ) 6 4 .3 1 .7 .6 7 2 b ^ s in ^ I^ 3 D eep Blue M ag en ta (n e a r 732) 5 4. 3 .7 . 114 b j s in ^ in 2 1 256 2 1 .4 271 2 7 0 .5 .6 .2 5 7 16. 203 M id Blue (3 6 /1 ) P ^ .2 0 C ro ss 9 (K ing H en ry x H eav en ly Blue) x H eav en ly Blue N o n -s e g r e g a tin g G en es - Iv b ^S C lh ijD il G enotype Br - b l In2 b l in 2 C o lo r R atio O bs. Exp. Diff. P 2 / e 2 M ag en ta P u rp le (n e a r 732) 67 6 5 .0 2.0 . 062 1 L ig h t Blue (35) 26 32. 5 6. 5 1. 300 1 4 M id Blue (636 to 7 3 5 /1 ) 37 130 32. 5 1 3 0 .0 4. 5 . 623 1. 985 P > .3 0 59. C r o s s 10 K ing H e n ry x S alm o n et N o n -s e g r e g a tin g G en es - IvsD il G enotype R atio B jR 0 ^ 27 BjR Cin C o lo r M ag e n ta C rim s o n (827 to 1030) O bs. Exp. Diff. 2 D /e 19 20. 7 1. 7 . 140 9 D eep C rim s o n P u rp le (n e a r 931)» 5 6.8 1. 8 . 476 B jr ln j 9 G ra y e d L ila c (0027/2) 10 6.8 3 .2 1. 506 b jR CIn^ 9 P u rp le C rim s o n (n e a r 1028) 5 6.8 1. 8 . 476 B^rinj 3 P u rp le M ag en ta (928) 3 2. 3 .7 .2 1 3 b^R c in j 3 C rim s o n P u rp le (n e a r 931/1) 3 2. 3 .7 .2 1 3 b^rlnj 3 M id Salm on (022) 3 2. 3 .7 .2 1 3 b^ rin ^ 1 64 O ld R o se (0022) 1 49 .8 48. 5 .2 . 050 3 .2 8 7 P > .8 0 C r o s s 11 (K ing H e n ry x S alm onet) x K ing H en ry N o n -s e g r e g a tin g G en es - Iv B jR sC lIn 2 Dil G enotype b2 — ) b2 I n l ) b 2in j C o lo r R atio 3 P u rp le C rim s o n (n e a r 1028) 1 4 C rim s o n (n e a r 827) P > .5 0 Diff. D2/ e O bs. Exp. 79 81 2. 0 .0 4 9 29 108 27 108 2i 0 . 148 . 197 60. C ro s s 12 (King H enry x Salm onet) x Salm onet N o n -se g re g a tin g G enes - IvB2 sIn iD il G enotype R atio B jr C l---- ) b jrC lIn ^ 3 G ra y e d L ila c (0027/2) 11 10 .2 b jR c C l---- ) B]R c c lIn 2 ) 3 C rim s o n P u rp le (830) 8 B |r c l — ) b jrc lln 2 ) 3 S alm o n R ed (024 to 0027) b 1R Cc l - - - 2 b jr C lin 2 ) B1Rc C l--- ) B iR cc lin 2 O bs. Exp. Diff. D2 / e .8 .0 6 3 10. 2 2.2 .4 7 4 11 10.2 .8 .0 6 3 P u rp le R o se (n e a r 730) 7 6.8 .2 .0 0 6 3 Dull C rim s o n P u rp le (730) 8 10.2 2.2 . 474 1 D ull D eep R o se (729) 4 3 .4 .6 . 106 6 55 3 .4 5 4 .4 2.6 1. 988 3. 174 1 16 b jrc li^ C o lo r D eep S alm on (022/1 to 0 2 5 /2 ) P > .7 0 C ro s s 13 (K ing H e n ry x B right L ig h t S c a rle t) x B right L ight S c a rle t N o n -s e g re g a tin g G e n es - f v ^ s in ^ D il G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e r--in 2 ) R C lin 2) 3 D eep P u rp le (830) 45 4 7 .2 2.2 . 102 R c c lin 2 1 P u rp le (7 2 9 /2 to 730) 14 1 5 .8 1. 8 .2 0 5 R c c lln 2 1 R o se (727/1 to n e a r 72 9 /1 ) 11 15. 8 4 .8 1. 458 r c l l n2 1 S c a r le t (8 2 0 /3 to 024) 21 15.8 6.2 2 .4 3 3 61. C ro s s 13 C ontinued G enotype R atio C o lo r rC lIn ^ 1 G ra y e d S alm o n R ed (024) R c C lin 2 1 8 G ra y e d R o se (0023 to 0027) P O bs. Exp. 2 Diff. D / e 19 1 5 .8 3 .2 .6 4 8 16 126 1 5 .8 1 2 6 .2 .2 .0 0 2 4. 848 > .3 0 C ro s s 14 K ing H en ry x D eep B right S c a rle t N o n -s e g re g a tin g G e n es - IvB |Sin^D il G enotype R a tio C o lo r O bs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e B2R c C lIn 2 81 C rim s o n P u rp le (830 to 1028) 54 52. 8 1 .2 . 027 B aR ^C lina) b 2R C lln 2) 54 D eep C rim s o n P u rp le (n e a r 830)32 3 5 .2 3 .2 .2 9 1 I ^ r C lln 2 27 G ra y e d L ila c (0 0 2 7 /2 ) 27 1 7 .6 9 .4 5. 020 B2R Cc lIn 2 27 R o y al P u rp le (n e a r 931) 17 1 7 .6 .6 .020 b 2r C l - - - ) B2r C lin 2 > 21 G ra y e d D eep S alm on (0027/1) 12 13. 7 1 .7 .211 B9R Cc lin 2) b2R c c lIn 2 ) 18 R o se P u rp le (8 2 8 /2 to 830) 9 11. 7 2 .7 .6 2 3 b2R c C lin 2 9 C rim s o n (931) 8 5 .9 2. 1 . 747 B2r c lln 2 9 F a d in g S alm on R ed (022) 3 5 .9 2 .9 1. 425 b 2R Cc lin 2 3 D eep R o se (n e a r 26) 3 2.0 1. 0 . 500 c lin 2 3 D eep B right S c a rle t 0 2.0 2.0 2 . 000 b 9r c l ---- 4 in R ed e a (0 2 1 /1 ) S alm on . 6^ ■ . 138 11.061 P > .3 0 2. u 6 ^2 167 1 6 6 .9 62. C ro s s 15 (King H enry x Deep Bright S carlet) x Deep Bri ght S carlet N o n -se g re g a tin g G enes - I v B ^ s in ^ D il Exp. 2 Diff. D / e D eep C rim s o n P u rp le (n e a r 830) 18 1 6 .0 2. 0 .2 5 0 2 G ra y e d S alm on (0 2 5 /1 ) 20 16. 0 4 .0 1.000 Rc C lin 2 1 C rim s o n C a rm in e (n e a r 8 2 7 /1 ) 5 8.0 3 .0 1. 125 R c c lin 2 1 D eep C a rm in e R o se (25 to 82 8 /1 ) 9 8.0 1.0 . 125 r c lln2 1 S c a r le t (8 2 0 /3 ) 5 8.0 3. 0 1. 125 r c lin 2 1 8 D eep S c a rle t (8 2 2 /1 ) 7 64 8.0 64. 0 1.0 . 125 3. 750 Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e G enotype R atio Rc --In 2 2 rC l--- C o lo r P O bs. > .5 0 C r o s s 16 L ip s tic k x H eav en ly Blue N o n -s e g re g a tin g G en es - IvS C o lo r G enotype R atio Bj B2RIn^ 81 M ag e n ta (632 to 31) 61 56. 3 4. 7 . 392 Bi b2R In j) b | B2R In j) 54 V e ry D eep C a rm in e (729) 37 3 7 .5 .5 .0 0 7 B j^ R in ^ 27 M ag en ta P u rp le (732/1) 20 18. 8 1. 2 .0 7 6 BiB2r I n 2 27 R o se (630 to 25) 14 18 .8 4 .8 1 .2 2 6 B jb2 r l n 2) biB 2r ! n 2) 19 L ig h t R o se Pink (3 1 /2 ) 14 13. 2 .8 .048 b l b 2 r i n 2> C ro s s 16 Continued G enotype R atio C o lo r O bs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e 11 12. 5 1. 5 . 180 18 L ila c M ag e n ta (630 to 3 2 /1 ) B j^ ri^ ) b 1b2 r l n 2) 12 V e ry D eep R o se (727) 6 8. 3 2 .3 . 637 b 1b2R In2 9 M id Blue (637) 7 6.2 .8 . 103 B jb2r i n 2) b 1B2r i n 2) 6 C re a m T in te d (533/1) 4 4 .2 .2 .010 4 176 2. 1 1 77.8 1. 9 1. 719 4. 398 bjB 2R in 2) b ib 2R in 2 2 256 B right P u rp le (732) P > .8 0 C r o s s 17 (L ip s tic k x H eavenly Blue) x H eavenly Blue N o n -s e g re g a tin g G en es - IvR SC lInj Dil G enotype R atio C o lo r O bs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e 2 M ag en ta (632) 32 3 0 .0 2. 0 . 133 B1b 2in 2 1 D eep M ag en ta Blue (7 3 5 /2 ) 14 1 5 .0 1. 0 . 067 Bl b2 In2 1 D eep P u rp le (732) 13 15. 0 2.0 .2 6 7 b]B2 in2 1 M id Blue (637) 12 15. 0 3 .0 . 600 blB 2ln 2 1 L ig h t M ag en ta (n e a r 632) 17 1 5 .0 2.0 .2 6 7 b 1b2 in 2 1 D eep Blue V io le t (7 3 5 /1 ) 18 ' 1 5 .0 3. 0 .6 0 0 b j b2 In2 1 8 L ig h t Blue (6 3 6 /2 ) 13 119 15. 0 120. 0 2.0 .2 6 7 2.20 1 P > . 90 C ro s s 18 ( L ip s tic k x H eav en ly Blue) x L ip s tic k N o n -s e g r e g a tin g G en es - IvB-^B^SIn2 G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e R cl - - - 2 D eep M ag en ta (732/2) 19 16. 2 2.8 . 484 rC l--- 2 L ig h t R o se (6 3 2 /1 ) 16 1 6 .2 .2 .0 02 r c lln j 1 D eep R o se V eined (727) 8 8. 1 .1 . 001 rc lin ^ 1 D eep R o se (727) 8 8. 1 .1 .001 R C lIn 1 1 D eep C a rm in e (8 2 8 /2 ) 9 8. 1 .9 . 100 R C lin^ 1 8 V e ry D eep C a rm in e 5 65 8. 1 64. 8 3. 1 1. 186 1. 778 Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e P > .8 0 C ro s s 19 M oonbeam x B right L ig h t S c a rle t N o n -s e g re g a tin g G ene - r C o lo r G enotype R atio IvBxSIn! 81 L ig h t R o se (629 to 27) 27 28. 1 1. 1 . 043 iV--------- 64 C re a m 11 22. 2 11. 2 5 .6 5 0 Ivb^SIn^ 27 R o se Pink (3 1 /3 to 0 2 2 /3 ) 12 9 .4 2.6 . 719 IvB^sIn^ 27 Deep S alm on Pink (024 to 2 3 /1 ) 12 9 .4 2.6 . 719 D eep R o se (0 2 7 /1 to 27) 12 9 .4 2.6 . 719 IvB jS inj 27 65. C ro s s 19 Continued G enotype R atio C o lo r O bs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e Iv b js ln ^ 9 S alm on (020/1 to 022) 5 3.1 1. 9 1. 164 Iv b jS in i 9 C a rm in e R o se (29) 3 3. 1 . 1 .0 0 9 IvB jS inj 9 S c a r le t (8 1 9 /2 ) 6 3. 1 2. 9 2. 713 Ivb^sin^ 3 256 S c a rle t R ed (23) 1 89 1 .0 88.1 0. 0 .0 0 0 1 1 .7 3 0 P 10 C r o s s 20 (M oonbeam x B right L ig h t S c a rle t) x B right L ig h t S c a rle t N o n -s e g re g a tin g G e n es - h ^ R G enotype s in ^ ---- C o lo r R atio 2 Salm on S c a rle t (7 2 1 /3 to 8 1 9 /2 ) Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e 9 16. 0 7. 0 3. 062 s in j 2 S alm on Pink (2 5 /2 to 2 3 /1 ) 16 16. 0 0.0 .000 S ln ^ h ^ 1 L ig h t R o se (28) 10 8.0 2. 0 .5 0 0 S ln ^ i^ 1 D eep R o se (26) 11 8.0 3 .0 1 .1 2 5 S in ^ I ^ 1 D eep R o se P ink (27) 11 8.0 3 .0 1. 125 Sin^in2 1 8 B right D eep R o se (727) 7 64 8.0 64. 0 1.0 . 125 5. 937 P > .3 0 66. C r o s s 21 M oonbeam x Blue S eed lin g N o n -s e g r e g a tin g G en es - b2 In2 G enotype R a tio C o lo r O bs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e B1RSC1 81 M ag en ta (633 to 733) 40 37. 3 2 .7 . 195 b jR S C l 27 M id Blue (3 7 /1 ) 15 1 2 .4 2.6 . 545 B2rS C l 27 L ila c R o se (n e a r 2 7 /1 ) 10 12. 4 2 .4 .4 6 4 B^RsCl 27 V e ry D eep C a rm in e (31) 14 1 2 .4 1.6 . 206 B jR Scl 27 L ila c (5 30/1 to 433) 10 12. 4 2 .4 . 464 b^R sC l) B ^R scl) 18 M ag en ta P u rp le (8 3 4 /1 ) 5 8. 2 3 .2 1 .2 4 9 b^rS C l 9 V e ry D eep R o se (n e a r 729) 2 4. 1 2.1 1 .0 7 6 ^R Scl 9 D eep P u rp le (n e a r 8 3 0 /1 ) 4 4. 1 .1 .002 B ^rsC l 9 G ra y e d R o se (2 7 /1 ) 5 4. 1 .9 . 198 B^rScl 9 C a rm in e (7 3 0 /1 ) 4 4 .1 .1 .002 b ^ R s c l) b 2r S c l ) 6 P u rp le V io le t (n e a r 732) 5 2.8 2.2 1.728 B ^ rsc l 3 S alm o n R ed (0 2 2 /1 ) 2 1 .4 .6 .2 5 7 b ^ rs C l 3 G ra y e d M id Salm on (0 2 7 /2 ) 2 1 .4 .6 .2 5 7 b ^ rsc l 1 256 0 118 .5 117. 6 .5 .5 0 0 7. 143 D eep Salm on p y . 80 67. C ro s s 22 (M o o n b e am x Blue Seedling) x Blue S e e d lin g N o n -s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - Ivb2R C lIn 2D il G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e V ini V Ini 2 M id Blue (35) 14 1 6 .2 2.2 .2 9 9 2 L ig h t Blue (636/1) 18 16. 2 1.8 .200 B^sin^ 1 M id L ila c (31) 9 8. 1 .9 . 100 B jS in | 1 M ag en ta (7 3 2 /1 ) 7 8.1 1. 1 . 149 B^sln^ 1 L ig h t L ila c (633) 8 8. 1 .1 .001 B^SInj 1 8 L ila c M ag en ta (632) 9 65 8.1 64. 8 .9 . 100 . 849 P > . 95 C r o s s 23 (M oonbeam x Blue S eedling) x M oonbeam N o n -s e g re g a tin g G e n es -■ B j^ S In jh n ^ G enotype R atio C o lo r O bs. Exp. Diff. D2 / e iv ------- 4 L ig h t M ag en ta (7 3 3 /2 ) 31 32. 5 1. 5 .0 6 9 IvR cl) Iv rC l) 2 M id M a g e n ta (7 3 2 /1 ) 16 1 6 .2 .2 .0 0 2 IvRCl 1 D eep M ag en ta (733/1) 7 8. 1 1. 1 . 149 Iv rc l 1 8 D ilu te M agenta (6 3 3 /1 ) 11 8. 1 2. 9 1 .038 65 64. 9 P } .7 0 1.258 68. C ro s s 24 (M oonbeam x Deep Bright S c arlet) x Deep Bright S c a rle t N o n -se g re g a tin g G enes - I v B ^ r c l D i l G enotype R a tio C o lo r O bs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e SInin2 1 D eep L ila c R o se (28) 4 7. 1 3. 1 1. 353 Sinln2 1 L ig h t L ila c R o se (7 2 9 /3 ) 9 7. 1 1. 9 . 508 S in jin ^ 1 D eep B right R o se (n e a r 25) 4 7. 1 3. 1 1 .3 5 3 Sin In9 1 ^ 1 D eep R o se (727) 6 7. 1 1. 1 . 170 s in jlr^ 1 D eep Salm on Pink (2 3 /1 ) 12 7. 1 4. 9 3. 382 s ln ^ h ^ 1 S alm o n Pink (027/1) 8 7. 1 .9 . 114 sln ^in ^ 1 D eep S c a rle t (82 0 /1 ) 8 7. 1 .9 . 114 sin ^ in 2 1 8 D eep B right S c a rle t (7 2 1 /1 ) 6 57 7. 1 56. 8 1. 1 . 170 7. 164 P ^ .3 0 C r o s s 25 (M oonbeam x D eep B right S c a rle t) x M oonbeam N o n -s e g re g a tin g G e n es - B j ^ S I n j h ^ d i l G enotype C o lo r R atio Obs. Exp. 9 Diff. D / e iv ------ 4 C re a m 29 30. 5 1 .5 . 074 Iv -D il 2 L ila c M ag en ta (31 to 633) 14 1 4 .6 .6 .0 2 5 IvR dil 1 L ig h t M ag en ta (6 3 2 /1 ) 9 7. 3 1. 7 . 396 Iv rd il 1 L ig h t L a v e n d e r M agenta (n e a r 633) 9 61 7. 3 59. 7 1 .7 . 396 .891 8 P } .8 0 69. C r o s s 26 H a r r i s P u rp le x C e le s tia l R o se N o n -s e g r e g a tin g G ene - Iv G enotype R atio B jI^ R In i 81 BiB2r I n i C o lo r O bs. Exp. Diff, )2/ e M ag en ta (632/1 to 31) 53 50. 3 2 .7 . 145 27 R o se M ag en ta (7 3 0 /2 ) 14 16. 8 2.8 .4 6 7 b jI^ R In ^ 27 L ig h t M agenta (632 to 73 2 /1 ) 21 16 .8 4 .2 . 050 B ib2R In i 27 D eep L ila c (30) 15 16. 8 1 .8 . 193 Bl B2R in l 27 M ag en ta P u rp le (732 to n e a r 732) 15 16. 8 1.8 . 193 B jb2R in j) biB 2R in j) 18 V io le t (33) 12 11 .2 .8 . 057 b jb 2R - - - 12 V io le t Blue (934) 4 7 .6 3 .6 . 705 B1B2r i n 1 9 L ila c R o se (630) 7 5. 6 1 .4 . 350 b 1B2r I n 1 9 M id R o se (29/1 ) 3 5 .6 2. 6 1.207 Bi b 2r l n i 9 L ig h t Blue (6 3 3 /1 to 634/1) 4 5. 6 1 .6 .4 5 7 B j^ rin i) b lb 2r — ) 7 M id Blue (733) 7 4. 3 2. 7 .6 9 5 3 256 D eep R o se (29) 4 159 1. 9 159. 3 2. 1 . 321 '.8 4 0 bl B2r i n l P > .5 0 70. C ro s s 27 ( H a r r is P u rp le x C e le s tia l R o se) x C e le s tia l R o se N o n -s e g re g a tin g G e n es - IvB2SIn1 G enotype R a tio B jR - - in 2) B |R c lIn 2 ) 3 b j r - - i n 2) B irc lln 2) C o lo r O bs. Exp. D iff. D2/ e M ag en ta P u rp le (n e a r 7 3 2 /1 ) 11 1 2 .0 1.0 .0 8 3 3 D eep R o se (27) 11 12. 0 1.0 .0 8 3 b |R - - I n 2) bxR C lin2) 3 M id L ila c (3 0 /1 ) 12 12 .0 0.0 .000 Bj R c lin 2 1 C rim s o n P u rp le (730) 5 4 .0 1.0 .2 5 0 b ir--In 2 2 D eep L ila c (630) 8 8.0 0.0 . 000 B ir--in 2 2 D ull M agenta P u rp le (n e a r 31) 8 8.0 0.0 .0 0 0 b jR C lIn 2 1 D ull C rim s o n P u rp le (7 2 9 /1 ) 5 4. 0 1 .0 .2 5 0 B ^ r C lI ^ 1 16 4 64 4 .0 6 4 .0 0.0 .0 0 0 . 666 O bs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e C a rm in e R o se (28) P > .9 9 C r o s s 28 H a r r is P u rp le x H eav en ly Blue N o n -s e g re g a tin g G e n es - h rt^ R C lD il G enotype R atio C o lo r B1SIn2 27 R ed d ish V io let Blue (n e a r 834) 15 22.8 7 .8 2. 668 BjS — 12 V io le t P u rp le (n e a r 735 to n e a r 11 937) 10. 1 .9 . 080 14 7 .6 6 .4 5. 389 b^SIn2 9 V io le t Blue (735) 71. C ro s s 28 Continued G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e BI Sin2 9 Deep M ag e n ta (n e a r 735) 8 7 .6 .4 .021 Bl s i n 2 3 C r i m s o n V io le t P u rp le (n e a r 937) 4 2. 5 1. 5 . 900 Deep Blue (35/1) 1 2. 5 1 .5 .9 0 0 1 54 .8 53. 9 .2 . 050 10. 008 b jS i^ 3 b |S i n 2 1 64 V iolet C r im s o n (931) P ^ . 10 C r o s s 29 ( H a r r i s P u rp le x H e av en ly Blue) x H eavenly Blue N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - h d ^ R S C lIn : Dil G enotype Bl In2 Bl in2 b jln 2 b l ln2 R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. ■p.2 / Diff. D / e 1 Deep Blue (n e a r 37 to n e a r 834) 21 16. 0 5 .0 1. 562 1 D eep M ag e n ta P u r p le (733) 16 1 6 .0 0.0 . 000 1 L ig h t Blue (n e a r 9 3 7 /3 to n e a r 35) 8 1 6 .0 4. 0 4. 000 19 64 16. 0 6 4 .0 3 .0 . 562 6. 124 1 4 M id Blue (37 to n e a r 937/2) P y . 10 C r o s s 30 (H a rris ; P u r p le x H e av en ly Blue) x H a r r i s P u rp le N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - IvB jb2RClIn2Dil G enotype SIn1 R atio 1 C o lo r V io le t Blue (n e a r 937/2) Obs. Exp. 17 16. 2 Diff. D2 / e .8 .0 4 0 72. C ro s s 30 Continued G enotype R a tio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e Sinj 1 D eep Blue (n e a r 36 to n e a r 735) 20 16. 2 3 .2 .6 3 2 sln^ 1 P u r p le V iolet (n e a r 834) 17 1 6.2 1.2 .0 8 9 sin^ 1 V io le t P u r p le (n e a r 834/1 to n e a r 937) 11 65 1 6 .2 6 4.8 5 .2 1. 669 2. 430 Obs. Exp. D iff. D2/ e 4 P ^ . 30 C r o s s 31 H a r r i s P u rp le x Salm on an d W hite N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - IvsIn2Dil Genotype R atio B B„RC1 1 2 81 Deep P u r p le (732/2 to 834) 91 8 2 .9 8. 1 .7 9 1 Br - R c l 36 W hite 31 36. 8 5. 8 . 914 B ib2 RCl 27 V iolet Blue (934 to 934/1) 25 27. 6 2.6 .2 4 5 b 1B2 RCl 27 P u r p le (n e a r 732 to n e a r 931) 26 2 7 .6 1 .6 .0 9 3 B2B2r C l 27 Deep R ose (632 to 730) 23 2 7 .6 4 .6 . 767 b^B2R cl 9 R oyal P u rp le (834 to n e a r 934/1)13 9 .2 3 .8 1. 570 b^R C l 9 G r a y e d R o se P u rp le (033) 9 9 .2 .2 .0 0 4 b ^ rC l 9 L igh t R o se (628/1) 7 9 .2 2.2 .5 2 6 B^b2r C l 9 G r a y e d Deep R o se (031) 15 9 .2 5. 8 3. 656 BiB2r c l 9 S alm on R ed (025/1) 6 9. 2 3 .2 1. 113 C o lo r 73. C ro s s 31 Continued G enotype R a tio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2 / e - - b 2r c l 4 Deep S alm on (025/2) 3 4. 1 1. 1 .2 9 5 b j b 2R cl 3 Blue P u rp le (n e a r 937) 5 3. 1 1 .9 1. 164 b^I^rcl 3 M id S alm on (0625) 3 3. 1 . 1 .0 0 3 b j b 2r C l 3 256 4 261 3.1 261. 9 .9 .261 11.402 G r a y e d L ig h t R o se (527) P > .5 0 C r o s s 32 ( H a r r i s P u r p le x S alm on a n d White) x H a r r i s P u rp le N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - Iv B ^R sC lh ^ D il G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e 2 Deep P u rp le V io let (n e a r 732) 37 32. 5 4. 5 . 623 b2In l 1 V iolet Blue (n e a r 937/3) 16 1 6 .2 .2 .0 0 2 b2in j 1 4 V iolet P u rp le (937) 12 65 1 6.2 64. 9 4 .2 1 .0 8 9 1. 714 V - P > . 30 C r o s s 33 ( H a r r i s P u r p le x Salm on an d White) x Salm on an d White N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - I v I ^ s I n j h ^ D i l G eno ty pe R atio C o lo r - -RC1 2 — rcl 2 2 Diff. D / e O bs. Exp. G r a y e d P u r p le (n e a r 0027/3) 19 15.8 3 .2 .6 48 Salm o n S c a r l e t (23/1 to 022) 14 15.8 1 .8 .2 0 5 74. C ro s s 33 Continued G eno ty pe B jrC l R atio 1 C o lo r L ig h t S c a r le t, Slightly G ra y e d (0023) Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e 11 7. 9 3. 1 1. 216 B1R cl 1 D eep P u r p le (733 to n e a r 834/2) ■ 8 7. 9 .1 .001 b jR c l 1 G r a y e d D eep R o se (727 to n e a r 7 2 7 /1 ) 7 7. 9 .9 . 102 4 63 7 .9 6 3 .2 3. 9 1. 925 4. 097 Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e b^C l 1 8 G r a y e d L ila c (0027/2) P } .5 0 C r o s s 34 H a r r i s P u rp le x White P e rfe c tio n N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - b 2RCl!n2 G enotype R atio IvBjSDil 81 Deep M ag en ta (730 to 732/1) 64 7 5 .0 11 .0 1.6 13 iv --------- 64 C r e a m (433/3) 62 5 9 .2 2.8 . 132 IvbjSD il 27 D a rk Blue (735 to 934/1) 25 2 5 .0 0. 0 .000 IvBj sDil 27 V io let P u rp le (834 to 934) 25 2 5 .0 0. 0 .000 IvB^Sdil 27 M ag e n ta (7 32 /2 to 733) 26 25. 0 1.0 .0 4 0 IvB^sdil 9 R o s e M agenta (830/1) 12 8 .3 3 .7 1 .64 9 Ivb^sD il 9 L ila c M ag e n ta (31) 12 8 .3 3. 7 1.64 9 Ivb^Sdil 9 L ig h t P u rp le M agenta (n e a r 732) 9 8. 3 .7 .0 5 9 2 237 2.8 236. 9 .8 .22 8 5. 370 Iv b jS d il 3 256 C o lo r L ila c Pink (29) P > .7 0 75. C ro s s 35 H a r r i s P u r p le x Deep Bright S c a r le t N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - Iv B jS clD il G enotype R a tio B^RClIn^ 81 B2R C lin 2 27 B2f C lI n 2 27 C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. P 2/ e D eep P u r p le (n e a r 732 to 934) 56 61. 1 5. 1 .4 2 6 R ed d ish V iolet P u r p le (834 to n e a r 934) 22 2 0 .4 1.6 . 126 G r a y e d Deep R o se (031 to 9 3 1/2 ) 26 2 0 .4 5. 6 1. 537 B2RCIL12 27 L ila c R o se (28/1 to 29) 15 2 0 .4 5 .4 1 .4 2 9 b2R C lIn 2 27 R e d d ish V iolet Blue (n e a r 934) 22 20. 4 1.6 . 126 b2r C lI n 2> B2r C l i n 2) 18 G r a y e d L ila c (027/2) 11 1 3 .6 2.6 . 497 B2R c lin 2 9 V io let P u rp le (937) 1 6. 8 5. 8 4. 947 b 2R C lin 2 9 M ag e n ta P u r p le (29/1 to 735/1) 5 6 .8 1.8 .4 7 6 B2r c l l n 2 9 Light Salm o n R ed (625) 6 6. 8 .8 .0 9 4 b2R clIn 2 9 P u rp le R o se (729/1 to 29) 11 6. 8 4 .2 2. 594 B2r c l i n 2) b2r c l l n 2) 6 Salm on R ed (024) 6 4 .6 1 .4 .4 2 6 b2R c lin 2 3 V io let Blue (n e a r 36) 6 2. 3 3 .7 5. 952 b2f C l i n 2 3 G r a y e d Salm on R ed (n e a r 827) 6 2. 3 3. 7 5. 952 b2r c l i n 2 1 256 1 193 .8 1 9 3.5 .2 . 050 24. 632 S c a r le t (022) P > . 02 76. C ro s s 36 ( H a r r i s P u r p le x Deep B right S c a rle t) x D e e p Bright S c a r le t N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - Iv B jB ^ In ^ D il G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. rC lh ^ 1 G r a y e d L igh t Salm on (027/2) 6 8. 1 2. 1 . 544 R C lin 2 1 Deep V io let (n e a r 732) 9 8. 1 .9 . 100 R C lIn2 1 C a r m in e (28 to 826) 7 8. 1 1. 1 . 149 R c lln 2 1 R o se (23/1 to 729/3) 7 8. 1 1. 1 . 149 R c lin 2 1 Deep C r im s o n P u rp le (730 to 732/2) 9 8.1 .9 . 100 D2/ e r C lin 2 1 G r a y e d Deep R o se (027 to 0027) 12 8. 1 3 .9 1. 878 rc lln 2 1 L ig h t S c a r le t (022/1) 6 8.1 2. 1 . 544 rc lin 2 1 8 Deep S c a r le t (820/1 to 23) 9 65 8. 1 6 4.8 .9 . 100 3. 564 P ;; . 80 C r o s s 37 ( H a r r i s P u rp le x Deep B right S c a rle t) x H a r r i s P u rp le N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - Iv B iR s c lh ^ D il G enotype "In i b 2i n i R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2 / e 2 Deep P u rp le (n e a r 934/1 to 834) 32 33. 5 1 .5 . 067 1 V io le t P u rp le (934 to 937/1) 18 16.8 1.2 . 086 1 4 V io let Blue (735 to 937/3) 17 67 16.8 67. 1 .2 .0 02 . 155 P . 90 77. C r o s s 38 (Robin x Bright L ig h t S c a rle t) x Robin Non - s e g r e g a t i n g G e n e s - I v B ^ r S c l I n ^ I ^ R atio G enotype C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e dil 1 D eep R o se (26) 29 27. 5 1 .5 .0 8 2 Dil 1 2 D eep Bright R o se (25) 26 55 27. 5 5 5 .0 1. 5 .0 8 2 . 164 P > .5 0 C r o s s 39 (Robin x Bright L ight S c a rle t) x Bright L ight S c a r le t N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - I v ^ r c l D i l G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e B jS---- In 2 ) B |S in |in | ) 3 Deep B right R o se (n e a r 727/1) 14 10. 8 3 .2 . 948 b j S ---- In2> b jS in iin j) 3 Bright M id R o se (26) 12 10. 8 1. 2 . 133 - - S I n jin 2 2 Deep R o se (n e a r 26) 11 7 .2 3 .8 2 .0 0 5 B ^sinj — 2 S c a r le t (n e a r 021) 6 7 .2 1.2 .2 0 0 b | s l n ^ ---- 2 R ed S c a r le t (820/2) 4 7 .2 3 .2 1.422 b j S i n i ---- 2 B right L ig h t S c a r le t (020) 4 7 .2 3 .2 1.422 B |S ln 1i n 1 1 Bright S c a r le t (820/3) 3 3 .6 .6 . 100 B1i s l n -L iInZ 9 1 16 S c a r le t Salm on (021) 3 57 3. 6 57. 6 .6 . 100 6. 330 P > .3 0 78. C ro s s 40 Snowball x H eavenly Blue N o n -seg re g atin g G enes - h^RSIn^ Genotype R atio - - C l I n 2Dil 108 - - C l i n 2Dil C o lo r Obs. Exp. M id L ila c (633) 132 12 3.6 .6 .0 0 3 36 Deep L ila c (632) 39 4 1 .2 2. 2 .1 1 7 B2C lIn2dil) B2c lin 2d il) 30 L ig h t L ila c (634/1) 38 34. 3 3. 7 .3 9 9 B2c lln 2 0 il 27 L ila c Pink (530) 26 30. 9 4. 9 . 777 B2c lin 2Dil) B2C lin 2dil) 18 F a d in g L ila c (635) 25 20. 6 4 .4 . 940 B2c lln 2d il) b 2C lIn2dil) 18 V e ry D ilute L ila c (533/1) 20 20.6 .6 . 017 b2c l ---- Dil 12 Blue (537 to 636/1) 11 13. 7 2. 7 . 532 11 293 8.0 292. 9 3. 0 1. 125 3 .9 1 0 b2cl — dil) b2C lin 2 dil) 7 256 W hite > Diff. D2/ e . 70 C r o s s 41 (Snowball x H eavenly Blue) x H eavenly Blue N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - Ivb^RSClIn^Dil G enotype B2In2 B2i n2 b2In2 b2m 2 R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. 2 , Diff. D / e 1 L ig h t M ag e n ta (35/1 to 633) 18 1 6 .2 1. 8 .200 1 M ag en ta (732/1 to 732) 13 16. 2 3 .2 .6 3 2 1 L ig h t Blue (637 to 36) 15 1 6 .2 1. 2 .0 8 9 1 4 Deep Blue (35 to 37) 19 65 1 6.2 64. 8 2.8 .4 8 4 1.405 P > . 70 79. C ro s s 42 (Snowball x H e av e n ly Blue) x Snowball N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - b ^ R S h ^ h ^ G enotype R a tio iv c l— ) iv C ld il) 3 Iv c l— ) Iv C ld il) IvClDil 1 ivClDil C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. P u r e W hite 23 2 4 .0 1 .0 .0 42 L igh t M ag e n ta (633/1 to 732/2) 27 2 4 .0 3 .0 . 375 8. 0 2. 0 . 500 8.0 6 4 .0 0.0 .000 . 917 M ag e n ta (533 to 31) V e r y D ilute M ag e n ta (630/3) P 8 64 D /e > . 80 C r o s s 43 (Snowball x H eavenly Blue) x Blue Seedling N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - IvbjB2RIn2Dil G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. 2 D /e SIn1 1 D eep L ila c (733/2) 16 16.2 .2 .002 Sinj 1 M ag e n ta (633 to 735) 14 1 6 .2 2.2 .2 9 9 sln^ 1 L ig h t Blue (636/2 to 636) 18 1 6.2 1.8 .200 sin T 1 4 M id Blue (36) 17 65 1 6.2 6 4 .8 .8 .0 4 0 .541 P > . 90 80. C ro s s 44 Snowball x King H enry N o n -se g re g a tin g Gene - In 2 G enotype R a tio Rc S In jD il C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e 81 D ull C r im s o n P u rp le (n e a r 31) 98 86. 7 1 1 .3 1.471 R S In jD il 27 L ila c M agenta (633) 26 28. 9 2 .9 . 291 R c s In jD il 27 C r im s o n P u rp le (n e a r 732) 26 28. 9 2. 9 .291 R c Sin^Dil 27 W hite V a r ie g a te d C r im s o n P u rp le (733) 19 28. 9 9 .9 3. 390 25 28. 9 3 .9 . 526 R c SIn1dil 27 W hite R c s l n 2d il) R sin^D il) 12 L ig h t C r im s o n (828) 17 12.8 4 .2 1. 378 R c s i n ---- 12 C r im s o n (830/1) 12 12. 8 .8 .0 5 0 .4 . 017 )> R c Sin1dil 9 W hite S tr e a k e d M ag en ta (732) 10 9 .6 R sln Dil 9 R o s e C r im s o n (32) 13 9 .6 3. 4 1.204 RSin^Dil 9 Deep L ila c (633/1 to 633) 11 9 .6 1 .4 .2 0 4 RSIn^dil 9 L ight L ila c R o se (630/1) 9 9 .6 .6 .0 3 8 R sln^dil) R Sinjdil) 6 L ila c R o se (632) 7 6 .4 .6 . 056 R sin ^ d il 1 256 1. 1 2 7 3 .8 .1 .0 0 9 8. 928 L ig h t R o se (632/2) P > .7 0 1 274 81. C ro s s 45 (Snowball x King H enry) x K ing H e n ry N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - I v B j R ^ l h ^ D i l G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e B2 - I n j) b2S In j) 3 P u r p le C r im s o n (931/2) 27 24. 3 2. 7 . 300 B2 - i n i) b2 s l n j ) 3 D eep P u r p le C r im s o n (n e a r 828) 25 24. 3 .7 .0 2 0 B2sln^ 1 C r im s o n P u r p le (732/1) 10 8.1 1. 9 . 446 b2 sin^ 1 8 C r im s o n (1030) 3 65 8.1 64. 8 5. 1 3.211 3. 977 Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e P > .2 0 C r o s s 46 (Snowball x King H enry) x Snowball N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s -■ B Sin In, 2 1 1 C o lo r G enotype R atio iV--------- 8 W hite 22 31. 5 9. 5 2. 865 Iv--R C l 2 Deep M agenta (31) 10 7 .8 2.2 . 620 Iv- -R c l 2 L ig h t M a g e n ta (31/1 to 632/2) 11 7 .8 3 .2 1. 313 IvB jR c Cl 1 V e r y Deep R o se (25) 3 3 .9 .9 . .2 0 7 Ivb1R c Cl 1 Deep R o se (826/3) 3 3 .9 .9 .20 7 IvB1R c cl 1 M id R o se (2 8/1 ) 7 3 .9 3.1 2. 464 Iv b ,R ccl 1 1 16 7 63 3 .9 62. 7 3 .1 2 .4 6 4 10 .14 0 Deep R o s e Pink (23) P > .1 0 82. C ro s s 47 Snowball x L ip stick Non- s e g re g a tin g G enes - B2 SclIn2dil G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e I v B jR - - - 108 L i la c R o se (629/1 to 630) 89 101.2 12. 2 1.471 Iv B ir--- 36 M id R o se (627 to 26) 35 3 3.8 1.2 .0 4 3 IvbjR In^ 27 L i la c (630/1) 24 25. 3 1 .3 .0 6 7 ivB^RInj 27 C r e a m T in te d R o se (530) 26 25. 3 .7 .0 1 9 iv - - R i n j ) iv --rin j) iv B ^ in j) 27 W hite T in te d (530/2) 27 25. 3 1. 7 . 114 Ivb-^r — 12 Deep R o se (26) 19 11. 2 7 .8 5.432 11 8 .4 2.6 .8 0 5 8 8 .4 .4 .0 1 9 .9 239. 9 .1 .011 7. 981 ivb^R Inj 9 P a le M ag en ta (n e a r 630) Iv b jR in j 9 L ig h t M auve (30/1) iv b jrin j 1 256 C r e a m y W hite P 1 240 > . 30 C r o s s 48 Snowball x H a r r i s P u rp le N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - R h i2 Genotype R atio B1 - - I n i D i l ) B x clinjD il ) 117 C o lo r M agenta (33 to n e a r 33) Diff. D2/ e Obs. Exp. 112 109.2 2.8 .0 7 2 B ^ lln ^ il 27 L ig h t M ag e n ta R o se (632/2) 16 2 5 .2 9 .2 3. 359 B iC lin .D il 27 V io le t P u rp le (732 to 834) 28 2 5 .2 2 .8 . 311 83. C ro s s 48 Continued G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e b 1 C lin j Dil 27 P u r p le (733 to 934/1) 29 2 5 .2 3 .8 . 573 b j - - I n i d il) B jd ln ^ d il ) 21 W hite 21 1 9.6 1 .4 . 100 b j - -in ^ D il 12 V io let Blue (733) 14 11.2 2.8 . 700 b jc lIn ^ D il 9 Blue (5 33 /3 to 34/1) 6 8 .4 2 .4 . 686 B jC Iin jd il 9 F lu s h e d L ila c (533/2) 4 8 .4 4. 4 2. 305 9 239 6. 5 238. 9 2. 5 . 962 9.068 --clin jd il) b^C lin^dil) 7 256 M agen ta R o se (632) P > .3 0 C r o s s 49 Snowball x Bright L ight S c a rle t N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - bjB 2cl Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e W hite 56 6 0 .8 4 .8 . 379 64 C ream 51 4 8 .0 3 .0 . 188 Iv S in ^ h ^ ) I y S I n ^ i^ ) 54 L ig h t M ag en ta (5 33 /1 to 633) 38 4 0 .4 2 .4 . 143 Iv s in ^ I n ^ Iv s ln 1in 2) 18 M id S alm o n (021) 22 13. 5 8 .5 5. 352 Iv sln jh ^ 27 L ight Salm on (024/1) 15 20.2 5. 2 1.339 I v S in |in 2 9 8 6.8 1.2 .21 2 Iv s in ^ in 2 3 256 2 192 2.2 1 91 .9 .2 . 018 7.631 Genotype R atio I v S I n jh ^ 81 iv ----------- C o lo r M id R o s e (628/1) D eep S alm o n (022/1) n S on 84, C ro s s 50 (Snowball x B right L ig h t S c a rle t) x Bright L ight S c a r le t N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - I v b - ^ c l D i l G enotype R a tio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e 10 7 .8 2.2 .6 2 0 S h ijln 2 1 L ig h t R o se (26/1) S ln ^ i^ 1 Deep B right R o s e (28) 7 7 .8 .8 .08 2 Sin^In^ 1 C a r m in e (28/1) 6 7 .8 1.8 .4 1 5 Sin^in2 1 R o se R ed (25) 6 7 .8 1.8 .4 1 5 sln jh ^ 1 Salm on Pink (024/1) 11 7 .8 3 .2 1. 313 s ln jin ^ 1 L ig h t S c a r le t Salm on (623) 7 7 .8 .8 .0 8 2 sin In 1 2 1 Deep Salm on Pink (24/2) 10 7 .8 2.2 .6 2 0 s in ^ in 2 1 8 Deep S c a r le t (820/2) 5 62 7 .8 6 2 .4 2. 8 1.0 05 4. 552 P > .7 0 C r o s s 51 Snowball x Deep Bright S c a rle t N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - B2CI G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2 / e S ln jh ^ D il 81 L ight R ose (527/1 to 629/1) 82 7 9 .4 2.6 .0 8 5 sln jln ^ D il) s ln ^ in 2 dil ) 30 L ig h t Salm on (020/1 to 024/1) 28 2 9 .4 1 .4 . 067 S in ^ h ^ — 36 Deep R o se V eined D e e p e r (26/1 to 727/1 ) 28 35. 3 7. 3 1.510 29 2 6 .5 2. 5 .2 3 6 S in ^ fr^D il 27 Deep R o se (628 to 629/1 ) 85. C ro s s 51 Continued G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e S ln jI^ d il 27 L ig h t R o s e Pink (530/2 to 5 2 7/2 ) 24 26. 5 2. 5 .2 3 6 S in jI^ d il) Sin^in2Dil) 18 Bright V e ry Deep R o se (25) 14 1 7.6 3. 6 . 731 s— I^ d il 12 C r e a m y W hite 12 11. 8 .2 . 003 S in ji^ d il 3 4 2. 9 1.1 .4 1 7 15 9. 8 5 .2 2. 759 6 8.8 2 .8 . 891 2 .9 250. 9 1. 1 .417 7 .3 5 2 sin jI^ D il) s i n j i n 2dil ) 10 s I n j i n 2Dil 9 s in 2in 2Dil 3 256 V e ry Deep R o se (025) M id Salm on (427) Bright S c a r le t (022) Deep Salm on (622 to 0027/1) 4 251 > . 50 C r o s s 52 ( C e le s tia l R o se x Bright L igh t S c a rle t) x Bright L igh t S c a r le t N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - Ivb^B2r c l i n 2Dil G enotype R a tio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. P 2/ e SIn1 1 M id R o se (27) 12 15. 0 3 .0 . 600 Sin-^ 1 Deep R o se (727 to 824/3) 19 1 5 .0 4 .0 1.0 67 sln i 1 L ig h t S c a r le t (721/3) 14 15. 0 1.0 .0 6 7 sin^ 1 Bright L igh t S c a r le t (020 to 0625) 15 60 1 5 .0 6 0 .0 0. 0 .000 1. 734 4 P )> . 50 86. C ro s s 53 ( C e le s tia l R o se x Bright L ight S c a rle t) x C e le s tia l R ose N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - Ivb1B2rS c lI n 1in 2 G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e Dil 1 C a r m in e R o se (727/1 to 26) 38 32. 5 5 .5 . 931 dil 1 2 L ig h t R o se (27) 27 65 3 2 .5 6 5 .0 4. 5 .6 2 3 1.554 P > '. 20 C r o s s 54 S ilv e r Blue x Bright L ight S c a r le t N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G en es - b j G enotype R atio b2 r s c i in2 C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e 81 M ag e n ta (633/1 to n e a r 934) 72 68.0 4 .0 .2 3 5 b2RSCl 27 L ila c V ein ed (632/2 to 635/2) 22 22. 7 .7 .022 B2rS C l 27 L i la c (5 3 7 /2 to 632/2) 19 2 2 .7 3 .7 . 603 B2RsC1 27 G r a y e d R o se (0027 to 033) 26 22. 7 3 .3 . 480 B2RSc1 27 C r e a m y W hite 20 22. 7 2 .7 . 321 B2r s C l 9 G r a y e d Deep R o se (027) 12 7. 6 4 .4 2. 547 B2rS c l 9 V e ry L ig ht L ila c (537/3) 6 7. 6 1 .6 . 337 B2R s c l 9 L ig h t L a v e n d e r (440) 9 7. 6 1 .4 .2 58 b2rS C l 9 Blue (637 to 37) 11 7. 6 3. 4 1.521 b 2R sC l 9 V io let Blue (9 3 4/1 ) 5 7. 6 2.6 .8 8 9 87. C ro s s 54 C ontinued G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e b2RScl 9 "White 5 7 .6 2.6 . 889 I^rscl 3 S alm o n Pink (527/1) 3 2 .5 .5 . 100 b2R s c l 3 F lu s h e d Pink (527/2) 2 2 .5 .5 . 100 b2rS c l 3 L ig h t R o se (27/1 to 027 /1) 5 2. 5 2. 5 2. 500 b2r s C l 3 G r a y e d L ight Salm on (0027/1) 1 2. 5 1 .5 . 900 b2r s c l 1 256 3 215 .8 2 1 5.2 2.2 6. 050 17.752 Deep Salm on (022/1) P > . 50 C r o s s 55 T w in k le s x Light S c a rle t N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G enes - Ivr G enotype R atio C o lo r SClIn^In2 81 Satiny R o se (527 to 027) 84 76. 9 7. 1 .6 5 6 sC lIn j^ 27 Satiny Deep Salm on (024/1 to 024) 26 25. 6 .4 .0 0 6 Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e S c lIn ^ I^ 27 V e ry Deep R o s e (25 to 824/2) 28 2 5 .6 2 .4 .2 2 5 S C lin ^ h ^ 27 V e ry G r a y e d R ose (030 to 033) 24 2 5 .6 1. 6 . 100 S C lI n |in 2 27 G r a y e d Deep R o se (0027 to 031)22 2 5 .6 3 .6 .5 0 6 13 8 .5 4 .5 2. 382 sc lln jfr^ 9 S alm on S c a r le t (021/1 to 021) sC lin ^ h ^ 9 G r a y e d Salm on R ed (025/1) 5 8 .5 3 .5 1.441 s C lIn j in2 9 G r a y e d Deep Salm on (0023 to 724/1) 5 8 .5 3. 5 1.441 8 8. C ro s s 55 Continued G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2 / e Selin 9 D eep R o se (n e a r 26) 5 8 .5 3. 5 1.441 S c lln p n 2 9 Bright M id R o se (727/1) 9 8 .5 .5 .0 2 9 SC lin^in2 9 G r a y e d V e ry Deep R o se (033/1) 6 8 .5 2 .5 . 735 S c l i n |i n 2 3 D eep R o se R ed (824) 3 2. 8 .2 .0 1 4 sC lin ^ i^ 3 L ig h t G r a y e d Salm on R e d (26/2) 1 2 .8 1.8 1. 157 sc lln ^ i^ 3 M id Salm on (024) 3 2.8 .2 . 014 sclin j ---- 4 256 9 243 3. 7 2 4 2 .4 5. 3 7. 592 1 7.729 L ig h t S c a r le t (721/1 to 721/3) P > .2 0 C r o s s 56 W h ite P e rf e c tio n x C e le s tia l R ose N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - b^SIn^dil Obs. Exp. Diff. D2 / e R o s e L ila c (629) 39 3 7 .6 1 .4 . 052 36 L i la c R o se (630) 22 16. 7 5. 3 1.682 V ' In2 36 L ig h t R o se (26/1) 18 16.7 1 .3 . 101 B2R c lIn 2 27 P a le L ila c (433) 12 12.6 .6 .0 2 9 B2 R C lin 2 27 L ila c (630/1) 12 12 .6 .6 .0 2 9 B2r C l i n 2 ) b2r C lI n 2 ) 18 M id R o se (628) 3 8 .4 5 .4 3 .471 L igh t L ila c (530) 4 4 .2 .2 .010 G enotype R atio B2 RClIn2 81 b2RCl — B2R c lin 2 9 C o lo r 89. C r o s s 56 C ontinued G enotype R atio b2RclIn2 9 V e ry P a le M ag en ta (533/3) 2 4. 2 2 .2 1.152 B 2 rc lin 2 ) b2r C l i n 2) 9 Deep R o se (26) 5 4 .2 .8 .1 5 2 b2R c lin 2 3 L a v e n d e r L ila c (30/1) 2 1 .4 .6 .2 5 7 b2r c l i n 2 1 256 C a r m in e 0 .5 .5 119 119.0 .5 0 0 7 .43 5 C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D / e b2rclln2) .5 0 y C r o s s 57 (W hite P e rf e c tio n x C e le s tia l R ose) x C e le s tia l R o se Non - s e g r e g a tin g G enes - Ivb^ G enotype R atio C o lo r Sin j dil Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e R -- 2 L i la c (632 to 629) 31 3 2 .0 1.0 .031 rC l 1 V e ry Deep R o se (25) 16 1 6.0 0.0 . 000 rcl 1 4 D eep R o se (2 6/1) 17 64 1 6.0 64. 0 1 .0 .0 6 2 .0 9 3 P .9 5 ) C r o s s 58 (White P e r f e c tio n x C e l e s tia l R ose) x White P e rfe c tio n N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - b jiR S C lIn ^ h^d il G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D / e IVB2 1 M a g e n ta (31) 11 1 5.5 4 .5 1.306 Ivbo 1 L ig h t M a g e n ta (632/1) 16 1 5 .5 .5 .0 1 6 90. C ro s s 58 Continued G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e ivB2 1 D ilu te M ag e n ta (633/1) 20 15.5 4 .5 1. 306 iv b 2 1 4 W h ite 15 62 15. 5 62. 0 .5 . 016 2. 644 P ^ . 30 C r o s s 59 W in so m e x V iolet P u rp le Seedling N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G ene - Iv G enotype R atio B2R In 1Dil 81 R ed P u rp le (n e a r 830/1 to 830) 85 7 1 .2 13. 8 2. 675 B2rIn2Dil 27 P u r p le M ag enta (28 to 828) 21 23. 7 2. 7 . 308 b2R In1Dil 27 R ed V iolet P u rp le (n e a r 730 to 733) 18 2 3 .7 5. 7 1. 371 C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e B2RIn^dil 27 P u r p le (31 to 730) 21 23. 7 2. 7 . 308 B2R in 2Dil 27 Deep R ed V iolet P u rp le (834) 23 2 3 .7 .7 .021 - - r In | dil 12 L ig ht R o se (28 /1 to 628) 15 1 0.5 4 .5 1.929 b2rInjDil 9 L a v e n d e r R o se (630) 4 7 .9 3 .9 1.925 b2RIn^dil 9 L ig h t M ag en ta (28/1) 9 7 .9 1. 1 . 153 b2R in 2Dil 9 Bright Deep R e d d ish V iolet P u r p le (732) 7 7 .9 .9 . 102 B2r i n 2Dil 9 R o s e P u r p le (732/1) 6 7. 9 1. 9 .4 5 7 B2R in jd il 9 Deep L ila c R o se (n e a r 29) 7 7 .9 .9 . 102 91. C ro s s 59 Continued G enotype R atio B2r i n j d i l 3 B right M id R o se (26) 3 2.6 .4 .0 6 2 b 2r i n j D i l 3 L i la c R o se (629) 1 2.6 1. 6 . 985 b2R in jd il 3 L a v e n d e r M a g e n ta (632) 2 2.6 .6 . 138 b2r i n id i l 1 256 3 225 .9 224. 7 2. 1 4. 900 15. 431 C o lo r M id R o s e (26/1) P > Obs. Exp. Diff. D ^ e .3 0 C r o s s 60 W hite P e rf e c tio n x Salm on and W hite N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - b j l n ^ h ^ G enotype R atio B2RSDil 81 b2RSDil C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2 / e M ag en ta (630 to 632/1) 69 7 0 .2 1.2 .0 2 0 27 P a le M ag e n ta (632/2) 25 2 3 .4 1. 6 . 109 B2rSDil 27 L ila c R o se (629/1 to 630/1) 27 2 3 .4 3 .6 . 554 B2RSDU 27 M ag en ta P u rp le (629 to 733/1) 27 2 3 .4 3 .6 . 554 B2RSdil 27 W hite 23 2 3 .4 .4 . 007 B^rsDil) b2RSdil) 18 L ig h t L ila c V e in ed R ed (601/3) 8 1 7.6 9. 6 5 .23 6 B2“rS d il 9 8 7 .8 .2 .0 0 5 11 7. 8 3 .2 1. 313 L a v e n d e r V ein ed P u rp le (533 to 2 9 /2 ) b2 R sD il 9 B right M ag en ta (632) b2 rSD il 9 Dull S alm on L ila c (530) 8 7. 8 .2 .0 0 5 B2R sd il 9 R o s e Pink V e in ed R ed (530/1) 4 7. 8 3 .8 1.851 92. C r o s s 60 Continued G enotype R atio b 2R sd il) b 2rS d il) 6 C r e a m F lu s h e d (533/2 to 63 2 /1 ) 9 5 .2 3 .8 2. 777 b 2r s D il) E ^ r s d i l) 6 D eep Salm o n (0625) 6 5 .2 .8 . 123 .9 221. 9 .9 . 900 13.454 Obs. Exp. Diff. b 2r s d i l 1 256 C o lo r Salm on Obs. 0 222 P Exp. Diff. D2/ e > .3 0 C r o s s 61 W insom e x S ilv e r Blue N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G en es - SClIn^ ^ d i l G enotype R atio C o lo r _2 . D /e IvB^B2R 81 M ag en ta (31 to n e a r 732) 80 6 7 .4 12 .6 2 . 355 iv B ^ ^ R 27 L a v e n d e r V e in ed D e e p e r (63 0/2 to 6 3 5/1 ) 23 22. 5 .5 .011 R ed V io le t P u rp le (730/1 to 033) 19 2 2 .5 3. 5 . 544 27 V io let (n e a r 732/1) 17 22. 5 5. 5 1.344 Iv B j^ r 27 R o se ( n e a r 630 to 26) 17 22. 5 5. 5 1. 344 iv r 16 C ream 16 1 3.3 2 .7 . 548 iv - -b 2R 12 C r e a m V e in ed R e d (601/3 to 6 3 0 /2 ) 10 10. 0 0. 0 . 000 7 7 .5 .5 . 033 10 7. 5 2. 5 . 833 Ivb j B2R 27 Iv b j^ R 9 L ig h t M ag en ta Blue (33) Ivb^B2 r 9 L ig h t M ag e n ta (632) 93. C r o s s 61 C o ntinu ed G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e Iv B ^ r 9 L a v e n d e r (630 to 63 0 /1 ) 7 7. 5 .5 .0 3 3 ivB jb2 r 9 C r e a m V e in ed P u rp le (533) 7 7. 5 .5 .0 3 3 Iv b jb 2r 3 256 0 213 2. 5 213.1 2 .5 2. 500 9. 578 P a le Blue P ^ .5 0 C r o s s 62 (W insom e x S ilv e r Blue) x S ilv e r Blue N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G enes - R SC lIn1in2dil G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e iy --B 2 2 L a v e n d e r H eavily V ein ed (637/2) 18 16.2 1.8 .2 0 0 iv b !b 2 1 L a v e n d e r V e in ed D e e p e r (533/1) 9 8. 1 .9 . 100 iv B ib2 1 O rc h id V e in e d D e e p e r (32) 8 8. 1 .1 .001 IvBjB2 1 P u r p le M ag e n ta (31) 8 8. 1 .1 . 001 Iyb l B2 1 Deep P u rp le (730) 5 8. 1 3.1 1. 186 IvBl b2 1 M ag e n ta Blue (34 to 35) 10 8. 1 1. 9 . 446 Ivb^b^ 1 256 V io le t Blue (735) 7 65 8. 1 64. 8 1. 1 . 149 2. 083 P ^ .9 0 94. C r o s s 63 W in so m e x M id Salm o n N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - Ivr G eno ty pe R atio C o lo r B1SIn1Dil 81 --S in jD il) B^Sin^dil ) Obs. Exp. Diff. D2 / e D eep R o se (26 to 2 7 /1 ) 79 73. 4 5. 6 . 427 45 B right M id R o se (628) 36 40. 8 4. 8 . 564 --S In jd il) b jS In ^D il) 63 L ig h t R o se (24 /2) 50 57. 1 7. 1 . 883 B^sIn^Dil 27 Deep S a lm o n (022) 25 2 4 .5 .5 .010 B ^ sln jd il ) b j s I n jiD il) b ^ s in ^ d il ) 19 L ig h t S a lm o n (523) 19 17. 2 1 .8 . 188 B jS in jd il) b jS in jD il) 6 M id S alm o n (021) 10 5. 4 4 .6 3. 918 B^sin^Dil 9 B right M id S a lm o n (622) 5 8. 2 3 .2 1 .2 4 9 b^Sin^dil 3 L ig h t R o se Pink (530/2) 2 2 .7 .7 . 181 b ^ s b ijd il 3 256 6 232 2. 7 232. 0 3. 3 4 .0 3 3 1 1 .4 5 3 Exp. Diff. D2/ e V e ry L ig h t S alm o n (6 2 3 /1 ) P > .1 0 C r o s s 64 (Bright M id S a lm o n x S ilv e r Blue) x Bright M id S alm on N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - Not Known G enotype R atio C o lo r Obs. R Sin2 1 Dull M ag en ta P u rp le (n e a r 732/2)1 0 8.0 2. 0 . 500 RSIn 2 1 P u r p le (n e a r 1030/3) 5 8.0 3 .0 1. 125 95. C ro s s 64 Continued G e no typ e R a tio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2 / e R sl^ 1 L i la c R o s e (28 to 632) 9 8.0 1. 0 . 125 R sin 2 1 G r a y e d Deep R o se (030) 6 8.0 2.0 .5 0 0 rS In 2 1 D ull Deep R o se (26) 10 8.0 2. 0 . 500 rS in 2 1 V e r y G r a y e d R o se (030/1 to 03 1 /1 ) 6 8. 0 2. 0 . 500 9 8.0 1. 0 . 125 9 64 8.0 6 4 .0 1.0 . 125 3. 500 Exp. Diff. D2 / e rsln 2 1 G r a y e d L i la c (0027/2) rsin 2 1 8 Deep S alm on (022/1) P > .8 0 C r o s s 65 Blue S e e d lin g x Deep B right S c a r l e t N o n - s e g r e g a t i n g G e n e s - Ivclin^Dil Genotype R atio C o lo r - - b2r s 108 M ag e n ta (03 1 /1 to 632) 72 ' 80. 6 8.6 . 918 B1b 2RS 27 M ag e n ta P u r p le (n e a r 732 to 733) 18 20 . 1 2. 1 .2 1 9 27 Satiny R o se (027 to 0027) 25 20 . 1 4. 9 1. 194 B^ B2 R s 27 R o s e (28 to 7 2 9 /1 ) 23 20.1 2. 9 . 418 b 1b 2RS 9 M ag en ta Blue (35/1 to 35/2) 5 6. 7 1 .7 .4 1 3 b j^ R s) B |b 2R s) 18 V e ry Deep C a r m in e (729/1) 14 1 3 .4 .6 . 027 Bl B2rS b l B2rS B jb 2rS Obs. 9 L ila c Pin k (530 to 0 3 1 /2 ) 8 6 .7 1 .3 .2 5 2 9 M id L i la c Blue (34) 6 6 .7 .7 . 073 96. C ro s s 65 Continued G en otyp e R atio C o lo r Obs. Exp. Diff. D2/ e BjB2r s 9 M id S alm o n Pink ( n e a r 2 4 /2 ) 6 6. 7 .7 .0 7 3 B ib 2r s 3 Deep S a lm o n (0023/1 to 024/1 ) 4 2.2 1.8 1 .4 7 3 b j--rs 4 S c a r l e t R e d ( n e a r 7 2 1 /2 to 022) 4 3 .0 1.0 .3 3 3 b jb 2Rs 3 Deep Blue (n e a r 36) 3 2.2 .8 .2 9 1 b j^ rS 3 256 2 190 2.2 190. 7 .2 . 018 5. 721 M id Blue (36) P ^ .9 0 C ross 66 ( H a r r i s P u r p le x K ing H e n ry ) x King H e n ry N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n es - I v B j ^ s C l I n j I ^ D i l G enotype R atio C o lo r O bs. Exp. Diff. D2 / e R CR C 1 P u r p le C r i m s o n ( n e a r 931) 28 3 0 .0 2 .0 .1 3 3 R CR 1 2 C r i m s o n P u r p le (n e a r 931) 32 60 3 0 .0 6 0 .0 2 .0 .1 3 3 . 266 P > . 50 C r o s s 67 ( H a r r i s P u rp le x King H enry ) x H a r r i s P u rp le N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G e n e s - IvB2b 2 sC lIn ^In 2 Dil D is c a rd e d , by m is ta k e , b e fo re e x a c t d ata w as taken. P u r p le ( n e a r 931) an d V io le t P u rp le (937) only. C o n ta in ed C r im s o n C r o s s 68 (King H e n ry x Deep B right S c a rle t) x King H enry N o n - s e g r e g a tin g G en es - IvBjRc s C lI n jI n 2Dil A ll C r i m s o n (827)