ACCELERATION OF WATER UPTAKE AND GERMINATION OF
SUGAR BEET SEEDBALLS BY SURFACE COATINGS OF
HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS AND NUTRIENTS

BY
TAKAO MIYAMOTO

AN ABSTRACT
S u b m itte d to th e C o lle g e o f A g r ic u ltu r e
M ichigan S t a t e U n iv e r s ity o f A g r ic u ltu r e and
A p p lied S c ie n c e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f
t h e re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e d eg ree o f
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
D epartm ent o f Farm Crops
1959

TAKAO MIYAMOTO
1

The em ergence o f a s u g a r b e e t s e e d lin g i s slow i n d ry s o i l due
t o r e t a r d e d w a te r a b s o r p tio n by th e se e d .

I n o r d e r t o im prove w a te r

u p ta k e , th e se e d b a l l was t r e a t e d w ith h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d s .

A th in

f i l m o f h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d on t h e s u rf a c e o f th e se e d b a l l ab so rb ed
w a te r e a s i l y

from t h e su rro u n d in g s o i l and th e seed to o k up w a te r

from th e m o iste n e d f i l m .

The w a te r a b s o rp tio n by th e t r e a t e d seed

from sand c o n ta in in g 0 .3 5 ^ w a te r was ab o u t 50% g r e a t e r th a n th e con­
t r o l 24 h r s . a f t e r p l a n t i n g .

The em ergence o f s e e d lin g s from t r e a t e d

se e d was a ls o f a s t e r th a n th e c o n t r o l .

The a l g i n ,tK e lte x w, i n a

0 .7 5 $ w a te r s o l u t i o n , was u sed t o m o iste n th e seed b a l l s i n most
cases.
The t r e a t e d se e d b a l l s were s to r e d i n th e l a b o r a t o r y and t e s t e d
one y e a r l a t e r .

The speed o f w a te r u p ta k e and em ergence o f t r e a t e d

se ed was s t i l l g r e a t e r th a n t h a t o f th e c o n tr o l.

T h is in d i c a t e s t h a t

th e tre a te d seed s a re p e r f e c tly s to ra b le .
T r e a tin g s e e d w ith th e h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d speeded up germ in­
a t i o n , b u t th e e f f e c t o f th e tr e a tm e n t on s e e d lin g grow th amounted
to o n ly a 6% i n c r e a s e i n w eight o f i n d iv id u a l s e e d lin g s a t 5 days
a f t e r p la n tin g ,

i n o r d e r t o u a s te n th e developm ent o f th e s e e d lin g ,

H oagiand1s n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n f i v e tim e s o r d in a ry c o n c e n tr a tio n was
m ixed w ith 0,75% K e lte x .

The f il m o f K e lte x a c c e le r a te d w a te r ab­

s o r p tio n , and a t th e same tim e , t h e n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n f u rn is h e d a d d i­
t i o n a l n u t r i e n t s t o t h e grow ing s e e d lin g .

The a v e ra g e w eig h t o f

s e e d lin g s from t h e seed b a l l s t r e a t e d w ith th e m ix tu re o f hydro­
p h i l i c c o l l o i d and n u t r i e n t s o lu t i o n was about 20% more th a n t h a t
from th e seed b a l l s t r e a t e d w ith t h e c o l l o i d a lo n e .

TAKAO MIYAMOTO
2

C alcium n i t r a t e was e lim in a te d from th e n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n b e­
ca u se t h i s s a l t te n d e d t o c o a g u la te th e c o l l o i d and was in c o n v e n ie n t
i n th e t r e a t m e n t.

The e f f e c t o f t h i s e lim in a tio n on th e developm ent

o f s e e d lin g s w as found t o be s t a t i s t i c a l l y n o n - s i g n i f i c a n t .
F u r th e r im provem ent o f th e developm ent o f s e e d lin g s was accomp­
l i s h e d by ad d in g o r g a n ic n u t r i e n t s to th e K e lte x s o lu t i o n c o n ta in in g
m in e r a l n u t r i e n t s .

1% s u c ro se and 0 .0 5 $ a s p a ra g in so added gave f u r ­

t h e r w eig h t in c r e a s e o f s e e d lin g s o f 9$ and 16% i n two d i f f e r e n t
te s ts .

ACCELERATION OF WATER UPTAKE AND GERMINATION OF
SUGARBEET SEEDBALLS BY SURFACE COATINGS OF
HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS AND NUTRIENTS

BY
TAKAO HIYAMDTO

A THESIS
S u b m itted t o th e C o lleg e o f A g r ic u ltu r e
M ichigan S t a t e U n iv e r s ity o f A g r ic u ltu r e and
A p p lied S c ie n c e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f
t h e re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e d e g re e o f
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
D ep artm ent o f Farm Crops
1959
Approved by

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Acknowl edgment
The a u th o r e x p r e s s e s h i s s in c e r e a p p r e c ia tio n t o D r. S . T. D ex ter
f o r h i s g u id an ce th ro u g h o u t th e c o u rs e o f t h i s stu d y and t o th e
F . & M. B eet S u g ar A s s o c ia tio n f o r t h e r e s e a r c h a s s i s t a n t s h i p and
t h e r e s u l t s o f g e rm in a tio n t e s t s i n th e f ie ld *

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I n t r o d u c t i o n ...................................

1

Review o f L i t e r a t u r e

3

..........................................................

M a t e r i a l s ...............................
E x p e rim e n ta l P ro c ed u re

.

U

...................................

6

R e s u l t s ......................
I.

7

A c c e le r a tio n o f w ater a b s o r p tio n by means o f seed
tr e a tm e n t w ith h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d s ..............................................7

I I*

A c c e le r a tio n o f s e e d lin g developm ent by means o f seed
tre a tm e n t w ith a m ix tu re o f h y d r o p h ilic c o l lo id and
in o rg a n ic n u t r i e n t s ..........................

III.

. . . * 2 1

A c c e le r a tio n o f s e e d lin g developm ent by means o f seed
tr e a tm e n t w ith a m ix tu re o f h y d r o p h ilic c o ll o id ,
m in e ra l n u t r i e n t s , o rg a n ic n u t r i e n t s

D is c u s s io n
Summary

and enzymes

. . .

27

............................................. ................................................ . . . .

35

.....................................................

L i t e r a t u r e C ite d • • • . . . . • • • • . • • • • • •

• • • • • 3 7
..................

. 38

LIST OF TABLES
Table
1.

Page

P e r c e n t w eig h t i n c r e a s e , due to w a te r u p ta k e from sand a t
v a r io u s m o is tu re c o n te n ts , o f s e e d s b u r ie d i n sand . . . . . .

2#

S

P e r c e n t w eig h t I n c r e a s e due t o w a te r a b s o r p tio n by seed s
t r e a t e d w ith s o lu tio n s o f s e v e r a l c o n c e n tr a tio n s o f K e lte x
from sand a t v a r io u s m o istu re c o n te n ts

3*

.

..................................... 10

P e rc e n t w e ig h t I n c r e a s e due to w a te r a b s o rp tio n from sand
w ith 0 .3 5 $ w a te r by monogerm and w hole m u ltig erm s u g a r b e e t
s e e d s t r e a t e d w ith K e lte x and n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n ............................15

U*

P e r c e n t w e ig h t in c r e a s e due to w a te r a b s o r p tio n by monogerm
and whole s u g a r b e e t seed s t r e a t e d w ith 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x and
0 .1 $ "Tween Twenty" from sand w ith 0 .3 5 $ w a te r 2J+ h r s .
a f t e r p l a n t i n g .......................................................................

5.

16

P e r c e n t w eig h t in c r e a s e due to w a te r u p ta k e from atm o sp h eres
a t v a r io u s r e l a t i v e h u m id itie s a f t e r e q u ilib riu m was reach ed 17

6.

Em ergence c a p a c ity o f d e c o r tic a te d s u g a r b e e t seed a y e a r
a f t e r b e in g t r e a t e d w ith 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x .

T e ste d i n s o i l w ith

9 .3 $ w a t e r ......................

.

7.

G erm ination i n t h e f i e l d

8.

P e rc e n t w e ig h t in c r e a s e due to w a te r a b s o rp tio n by v a r io u s

.......................................

18
19

s e e d s t r e a t e d w ith 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x s o lu t i o n from sand w ith
0 .3 5 $ w a t e r ..............................................................
9.

. . 2 0

P e r c e n t w eig h t in c r e a s e due t o w a te r a b s o r p tio n by su g ar
b e e t s e e d s t r e a t e d w ith n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n o f s e v e r a l con­
c e n t r a t i o n s from sand w ith 0 .3 5 $ w a t e r .................................................21

LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Table
10.

Page

P e r c e n t w e ig h t in c r e a s e i n 24- h r s . due t o w a te r a b s o rp tio n
by su g a r b e e t s e e d s t r e a t e d w ith m ix tu re s o f h y d r o p h ilic
c o l l o i d s and n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n s o f s e v e r a l c o n c e n tr a tio n s
from sand w ith 0*35$ w a t e r ........................................

11.

22

G e rm in atio n o f su g a r b e e t w hole m u ltig erm seed t r e a t e d
w ith K e lte x and n u t r i e n t s o lu t i o n i n th e s o i l w ith 1 1 .5 $
w a te r

12.

...............................

23

G erm in atio n o f monogerm su g ar b e e t se e d s t r e a t e d w ith
K e lte x and n u t r i e n t s o lu t io n i n th e s o i l w ith 1 0 .9 $
w a t e r ................................................................................................................25

13.

G erm in atio n o f sp in ach s e e d s t r e a t e d w ith K e lte x and
n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n i n th e s o i l w ith 9 .8 $ w a te r

H .

............................ 26

P e rc e n t w e ig h t in c r e a s e o f w hole su g a r b e e t s e e d , t r e a t e d
w ith h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d and o rg a n ic n u t r i e n t s , due to
w a te r a b s o r p tio n from sand w ith 0 .3 5 $ w a t e r ....................................28

15.

Emergence o f s e e d lin g s from monogerm s u g a r b e e t seed s t r e a t e d
w ith K e lte x , x5 n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n and o rg a n ic n u t r i e n t s i n
s o i l w ith 11% w a t e r ...........................................................................

16.

30

Emergence o f s e e d lin g s from monogerm su g a r b e e t s e e d s
t r e a t e d w ith K e lte x , x5 n u t r i e n t s o lu t i o n , su c ro se and
v a r io u s amount o f a s p a r a g in .

The s o i l c o n ta in e d 1 1 .5 $

w a t e r ............................................
17.

33

A pproxim ate amount o f m a t e r ia ls added to su g a r b e e t seed
b a l l s i n th e b e s t t r e a t m e n t .....................................................

34-

LIST OF FIGURES
F ig u re
1*

G erm ination i n sand o f seed t r e a t e d w ith 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x
w ith v a r io u s w a te r c o n te n t ...........................

2.

Page

• • • • • • • • •

Emergence o f s e e d lin g s from whole s u g a rb e e t seed t r e a t e d
w ith 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x i n th e s o i l 5 days a f t e r p l a n t i n g

3.

12

. . .

13

S u g a rb e e t s e e d lin g s from monogerm seed s t r e a t e d w ith 0 ,7 5 $
K e lte x , x5 n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n - Ca

1$ s u c ro s e and

0.4.5% a s p a r a g i n .................................................................

32

1

I n tr o d u c ti o n
S u g ar b e e t s e e d # r e q u i r e a w e tte r s o i l f o r g e rm in a tio n , and s e e d ­
l i n g em ergence i s slo w er th a n t h a t o f many o t h e r k in d s o f s e e d s .

In

many c a s e s , a f t e r p ro lo n g e d s to r a g e i n semi-damp s o i l , th e seed w i l l
mold and r o t .

Y et, th e m e c h a n iz a tio n o f s p rin g work w ith t h i s crop

r e q u i r e s a prom pt and u n ifo rm em ergence o f s e e d lin g s *
Numerous i n v e s t i g a t o r s ( 6 ,3 ,1 1 ) have r e p o r t e d t h a t th e rem oval
o f i n h i b i t o r y s u b s ta n c e s from th e seed c o a t prom otes s e e d lin g emer­
gence*

However, i t seems t o be n e c e s s a ry t o in v e n t o th e r ways o f acce­

l e r a t i o n o f em ergence i f th e 3 o i l i s r a t h e r d ry .

T h is t h e s i s d e a ls

w ith t h e r e s u l t s o f a stu d y in w hich t h e a u th o r h a s fo u n d ways t o p ro ­
m ote s e e d lin g em ergence i n s o i l s w ith low m o istu re c o n te n ts *
S e v e r a l p o s s i b l e ways w ere c o n s id e re d t o im prove s e e d lin g em er­
gence.

These w ere:

( a ) s tim u la te enzymes (b ) im prove m in e ra l n u t r i ­

t i o n (c ) im prove o rg a n ic n u t r i t i o n (d ) overcome dorm ancies (e ) ta k e
up w a te r f a s t e r ( f ) a c c e l e r a t e e lo n g a tio n .
In t h i s s tu d y , th e a c c e l e r a t i o n o f w a te r u p ta k e was t e s t e d f i r s t
b eca u se i t seemed th e m ost im p o rta n t f a c t o r f o r r a p id em ergence.

The

a c c e l e r a t i o n o f w a te r u p ta k e and g e rm in a tio n w ere accom plished by seed
tr e a tm e n t w ith h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d s , to g iv e a t h i n s u rf a c e l a y e r o f
c o llo id .
I n t h e n e x t s tu d y , th e a c c e l e r a t i o n o f grow th o f s e e d lin g s by
a d d itio n o f m in e ra l n u t r i e n t s was a tte m p te d .

The fo llo w in g d iag ram o f

a pyram id i l l u s t r a t e s t h e ap p ro ach u sed t o im prove th e emergence and
v ig o r o f s u g a r b e e t s e e d lin g s .
# In t h i s p a p e r t h e te rm s ’’seed.'1 and " s e e d b a ll" a r e u sed alm o st
i n t e r c h an g e a b ly .

hormones etc *
?
Improve o r g a n ic
n u tritio n
Improve m in e ra l
n u tritio n
A c c e le r a te u p tak e o f w a te r

3

Review o f L i t e r a t u r e
The r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een s u g a r b e e t seed g e rm in a tio n and s o i l
m o is tu r e h a s b e e n shown by many i n v e s t i g a t o r s ,

Doneen and M a c G illi-

v ra y (3 ) showed t h e m o is tu re r e q u ire m e n ts o f v a r io u s se e d s f o r g e r ­
m in a tio n u s in g a Y elo f i n e sandy loam s o i l a t d i f f e r e n t m o is tu re con­
te n ts ,

They fo u n d t h a t m ost v e g e ta b le seed s gave good g e rm in a tio n ,

i n t h e s o i l w ith more th a n 9$ w a te r , b u t b e e ts r e q u i r e d more th a n 11$
w a te r f o r good g e rm in a tio n .

H u n ter and E ric k so n (5 ) r e p o r te d , a t

25°C, t h a t a s o i l sh o u ld have a m o is tu r e te n s io n o f n o t more th a n
1 2 ,5 a tm o sp h eres f o r c o m k e r n e ls t o g erm in a te ; 7 ,9 atm o sp h eres f o r
r i c e k e r n e l s ; 6 ,6 atm o sp h eres f o r soybeans; and 3*5 atm qpheres f o r
segm ented s u g a r b e e t s e e d s.

H u n ter and D e x te r (4 ) showed t h a t s u g a r

b e e t seed s d id n o t g e m in a te i n r e l a t i v e h u m id itie s o f 100$ and m ust,
b e i n c o n ta c t w ith some so u rce o f f r e e w ater*
D ir e c t c o n ta c t o f r e l a t i v e l y

d i l u t e s o lu tio n s o f m in e ra l s a l t s

t o s u g a r b e e t see d h a s b een re c o g n is e d t o slow down g e rm in a tio n ,
S y n d e r (10) r e p o r te d t h a t banding 100 pounds p e r a c r e ( 2 8 - in c h row s)
o f 1 0 -1 0 -1 0 f e r t i l i z e r i n c o n ta c t w ith t h e seed a t 14*7$ s o i l m ois­
t u r e r e s u l t e d i n emergences o f l e s s and 50$ o f t h e p o t e n t i a l s ta n d i n
tw e n ty days*

He showed t h a t th e em ergence was s u b s t a n t i a l l y d e la y e d

when se e d s w ere p la c e d o n e - h a lf in c h above th e band o f f e r t i l i z e r a s
com pared w ith see d s p la c e d one in c h to th e s id e and o n e - h a lf in c h
above t h e f e r t i l i z e r .

However, he d id n o t t e s t th e e f f e c t o f a v e ry

s m a ll amount o f f e r t i l i z e r i n c o n ta c t w ith t h e seed on em ergence*

u

The e f f e c t o f s u g a r on th e g row th o f th e se e d embryo was s tu d ie d
b y some i n v e s t i g a t o r s .
Ginko b i l o b a .

B u la rd (2 ) s tu d ie d th e embryo c u l t u r e o f

He r e p o r te d t h a t norm al grow th o f t h e e x c is e d embryo

w as o b ta in e d o n ly when t h e c o ty le d o n s w ere i n c o n ta c t w ith th e nu­
t r i e n t m edia and t h a t th e p re s e n c e o f s u g a r i n th e m edia was i n d i s ­
p e n s a b le t o g ro w th .
f i n u s la m b e r tia a a .

Brown and G if f o r d (1 ) c u ltu r e d em bryos o f
The b a s ic medium was a m o d ified K n o p 's s o lu t io n

t o w hich 2$ s u c ro s e and 1% a g a r

w ere a d d ed .

Embryos grown w ith th e

r a d i c l e embedded i n t h e s u c ro s e

medium e x h ib ite d im m ediate grow th o f

a l l o rg a n s ; th e r o o t s , how ever, grew o n ly 1 t o 2 cm i n l e n g th d u rin g
t h e f i r s t two to t h r e e weeks and t h e r e a f t e r became c o m p le te ly i n h i ­
b ite d .

I n c o n t r a s t , when th e c o ty le d o n s w ere p la c e d i n t h e s u c ro s e

medium, le a v in g t h e r a d i c l e end f r e e I n a i r , grow th o f t h e r o o t was
r a p i d , r e a c h in g 5 t o 8 cm i n le n g th b e fo re d y in g o r d e s ic c a tio n *
T here r e s u l t s m ight be i n t e r p r e t e d to mean t h a t a m ix tu re o f min­
e r a l s a l t s and s u g a r i s a b so rb e d by th e c o ty le d o n and a c c e l e r a t e , e s ­
p e c i a l l y , t h e g row th o f r o o t s .

M a te r ia ls
S u g ar b e e t w hole seed :

U. S . — 401, L ot No. 808.

S ugar b e e t d e c o r t i c a t e d s e e d s ;

U. S . — 401, L ot No.

80 8 ,

S iz e 7 /6 4 .-1 0 /6 4 ” .
S ugar b e e t monogerm s e e d s :

S iz e 8/ 64- 9/ 64"•

A ll s u g a r b e e t s e e d s w ere f u r n is h e d by th e F & M B ee t S u g ar
A s s o c ia tio n .

5

V e g e ta b le s e e d s w ere f a m i s h e d by th e H o r t i c u l t u r e D ep artm en t.
F ie ld c r o p s s e e d s o th e r th a n s u g a r b e e ts w ere f u r n is h e d by t h e
Farm C rops D e p a rtm e n t.
K e lte x , K e lc o g e l, K e lc o lo id L V an d K e lg in L V w ere f u r n is h e d by
t h e K elco Company.
K e lte x i s th e t r a d e name o f a lg in ( 7 ) .
C arb o p o l 934- was f u r n is h e d by B. F . G oodrich C hem ical Company.

6

E x p e rim e n ta l P ro c e d u re
The s u r f a c e s o f a i r d ry s e e d s w ere dampened by im m ersion i n
d i l u t e " s o lu tio n s " o f th e v a r io u s c o l l o i d a l m a t e r ia ls o r th e mix­
t u r e s o f c o l l o i d a l m a tte r and n u tr ie n ts *
one t h i r d i t s w eig h t o f s o l u t i o n .

The seed ab so rb ed a b o u t

The t r e a t e d se e d s w ere r e d r i e d

f o r s e v e rs !, days b e fo re u s e .
I n th e w a te r a b s o rp tio n t e s t s * w eighed l o t s o f t r e a t e d and un­
t r e a t e d s e e d s w ere p la c e d in sand dampened to s p e c i f i c m o istu re con­
te n ts .

A f te r v a r io u s i n t e r v a l s th e seed s were removed from th e sand

by s c re e n in g , and rew eighed t o d e te rm in e th e u p ta k e o f w ater*
F o r u s e i n t h e f i e l d , 10 pounds o f segmented se e d w ere t r e a t e d
by t h e a u th o r w ith a 0 . 75% s o lu tio n o f K e lte x .

A nother 25 pounds o f

s e e d s w ere so t r e a t e d by th e r e s e a r c h s t a f f o f th e F & H S u g ar B eet
A s s o c ia tio n .

T hese 35 pounds o f seed w ere d i s t r i b u t e d t o th e r e ­

s e a r c h s t a f f s o f th e M ichigan S ugar Company, th e M onitor S u g ar Com­
p a n y , t h e Canada and Dominion S ugar Company, and th e F & M.

The seed

was p la n te d i n many r e p l i c a t e d p l o t s th ro u g h o u t th e s u g a r b e e t grow­
i n g a r e a i n M ichigan and O n ta rio .

R e s u lts o f c o u n ts t o e s t a b l i s h

sp eed o f em ergence w ere fu rn is h e d by t h i s g ro u p .
I n t h e la b o r a to r y em ergence t e s t s , s e e d s w ere p la n te d i n a
s c re e n e d B ro o k sto n c la y loam ta k e n from th e plow l a y e r o f a f i e l d on
t h e U n i v e r s i t y farm .

I n o r d e r t o make th e s o i l m o is tu re c o n te n t u n i­

fo rm , an a p p r o p r ia te amount o f w a te r was added t o 4*5 kg o f th e s o i l ,
and t h e t h e s o i l and w a te r w ere w e ll mixed and s c re e n e d .

The u n ifo r m ly

m o iste n ed s o i l was p u t i n t o a m e ta l t r a y o f 4 x 8 x 12" dim ensions*

7

F o u r o r f i v e p l o t s w ere l a i d o u t i n th e t r a y and tw e n ty s e e d s w ere
p l a n t e d i n each p l o t a t 1 / 2 in c h d e p th .

The t r a y was c o v e re d w ith a

s h e e t o f p l a s t i c t o p re v e n t r a p i d e v a p o ra tio n o f w a te r .

A f te r em er­

gen ce to o k p l a c e , numbers and w e ig h ts o f s e e d lin g s w ere d e te rm in e d .
S e e d lin g s w ere dug u p , t h e s o i l was removed from t h e r o o ts and t h e
w e ig h t o f s e e d lin g s was d e te rm in e d .

T e s ts w ere r e p l i c a t e d f i v e o r

s i x tim e s , and t h e r e s u l t s w ere s t a t i s t i c a l l y a n a ly z e d .

R e s u lts
I.

A c c e le r a tio n o f w a te r a b s o rp tio n by means o f seed tr e a tm e n t w ith

h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d s .
A.

W ater a b s o rp tio n b y s u g a r b e e t w hole s e e d s t r e a t e d w ith

v a r io u s h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d s from dampened s a n d .
Numerous w eighed sam ples o f 10 s e e d s were p la c e d i n 300 m l.
E rlenm eyer f l a s k s w ith 300 gms. o f m o isten ed q u a r tz sa n d .
w ere d u p lic a te d and th e av erag e was c a lc u la te d .

T e sts

3

TABLE 1
P e r c e n t w eig h t in c r e a s e , due t o w a te r u p ta k e from sand a t v a r io u s m ois­
t u r e c o n t e n t s , o f se e d s b u r ie d i n san d .
Sand c o n ta in in g 0 .3 5 $ w a te r
T re a tm e n ts / h o u rs

24

0 .7 5 $ a g a r

56

72

76

1 .5 $ g e l a t i n

60

70

0 .7 5 $ g e l a t i n

60

C o n tro l

41

48
$

$

96

72

85

110

93

94

97

71

30

78

96

53

66

75

33

72

69

to

96

48

103

$
130

1 .5 $ g e l a t i n

66

77

37

92

0 .7 5 $ g e l a t i n

74

83

92

119

C o n tro l

50

66

70

87

24

0 .7 5 $ a g a r

$

$

/0

S

Sand c o n ta in in g 0 .5 0 $ w a te r
T r e a tm e n ts / S o u rs

120

$

Sand c o n ta in in g 0 .3 5 $ w a te r
T reatm en t s /S o u rs

24

43

1$ Ke l g in LV

$
'71

94

1$ K e lc o g e l

69

97

0 .3 3 $ C arb o p o l

63

76

1$ K e lc o lo id

60

89

1$ K e lte x

85

102

C o n tro l

47

67

$

9

T a b le 1 shows t h a t t h e h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d tre a tm e n t a c c e l e r a t e d
w a te r a b s o r p tio n from san d w ith 0 ,3 5 and 0*50$ w ater*

I n san d w ith

0*35$ w a te r , a r a t h e r d r y c o n d itio n , t h e tr e a tm e n t w ith 1$ K e lte x
gave t h e b e s t r e s u lt*
B*

The b e s t c o n c e n tr a tio n o f K e lte x f o r th e tre a tm e n t o f s u g a r

b eet s e e d b a lls .
Whole s e e d s w ere t r e a t e d w ith v a r io u s c o n c e n tr a tio n s o f K e lte x
s o lu tio n .

W ater a b s o r p tio n was t e s t e d i n th e same way a s i n th e p r e ­

v io u s experim ent*

10

TABLE 2
P e r c e n t w e ig h t i n c r e a s e due to w a te r a b s o r p tio n by seed s t r e a t e d w ith
s o l u t i o n s o f s e v e r a l c o n c e n tr a tio n s o f K e lte x from sand a t v a r io u s
m o is tu r e c o n te n ts*
Sand w ith 0 .3 5 $ w a te r
Cone, ol,, / tim e
s o lu tio n / h r s .

24

0 . 25$

64

0 .5 0 $

.

4S

%

$

%

96

72

%

73

107

127

66

76

106

121

0 .7 5 $

74

80

116

125

1.00%

73

S9

98

112

C o n tro l

56

65

88

no

Sand w ith 1 .0 $ w a te r
Cone• o f .Aim©
s o lu t i o n f h r s .

0 .5

5

3

1
%

$

%

8

$

14
%

48

24
1o

>

%

0 .2 5 $

12

17

29

38

47

61

70

91

0 . 50$

14

16

32

39

49

67

81

101

0 .7 5 $

17

18

31

39

58

75

86

105

1.00%

14

H

CM

40

57

70

86

108

C o n tro l

n

14

22

34

42

52

63

85

Sand w ith 1 .5 $ w a te r
Cone, of, /tim e
so lu tio n s f h r s .

2

1

0 .5

$

$

3

$

8

$

14
$

%

0*25$

17

23

29

36

62

61

0 .5 0 $

IS

25

31

42

65

77

0 .7 5 $

19

30

42

46

68

82

1 .0 0 $

27

33

51

54

77

89

C o n tro l

12

16

23

30

42

50

11

T ab le 2 (C ontinued)
Sand w ith 3 .O5S w a te r
Cone* o f i tim e
s o lu tio n /V v rs.

0 .5

1

2

3

%

%

8

0 . 25$

%
23

38

46

53

70

0 .5 0 $

34

32

74

53

86

86

0 .7 5 $

29

50

60

56

80

97

1 .0 0 $

33

46

63

76

85

105

C o n tro l

15

33

32

32

52

66

%

%

1481

%

T a b le 2 shows t h a t t h e 0*75% and 1*0$ K e lte x tr e a tm e n t gave
g r e a t e r w a te r a b s o r p tio n th a n low er c o n c e n tr a tio n s from sand w ith
v a r i o u s m o is tu re c o n t e n t s .

D if fe r e n c e s i n w a te r u p ta k e betw een 0 ,7 5

and 1*0$ K e lte x w ere s l i g h t .
F ig . 1 shows g e rm in a tio n o f th e t r e a t e d s u g a r b e e t seed a t 5
days a f t e r p l a n t i n g i n sand w ith 0.35* 0*40 and 0 .5 0 $ w a te r .

12

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J . 1 Li2 * h . X — ‘ -U

Fig.

1.

G e r m in a t io n i n sand o f s e e d t r e a t e d w i t h Q»75fc K e l t e x

w ith various water c o n ten t.

Mil
seed

B

Treated

M

plantings

on left

and

control

on n g j

Ss SkS

after

H

5 days

13

B

14

C.

D if f e r e n c e in speed o f w a te r a b s o rp tio n betw een su g a r b e e t

w hole m u ltig e rm seed and monogerm seed*
G e n e ra lly s p e a k in g , th e em ergence o f s e e d lin g s from monogerm
s e e d i s slo w er th a n t h a t o f w hole m u ltig e rm seed u n d er t h e same con­
d itio n s .

I n o rd e r t o s tu d y th e re a s o n , w a te r u p tak e by t r e a t e d and

u n t r e a t e d se e d s o f b o th k in d s was t e s t e d i n m o ist sand.

15

TABLE 3
P e r c e n t w eig h t i n c r e a s e due t o w a te r a b s o r p tio n from sand w ith 0*35$
w a te r by monogerm and whole m u ltig e rm su g a r b e e t s e e d s t r e a t e d w ith
K e lte x and n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n
K in d s
o f seeds

T re a tm e n ts

R e p lic a tio n s
3
4

5

T re a t
T o ta l

75

76

74

78

382

7 6 .4

0 .7 5 $ K e lte x 73
77
x5 N. S . -C a (N O ^^

72

78

74

374

7 4 .8

C o n tro l

61

62

311

6 1 .8
8 0 .1

1
0 ,7 5 $ K e lte x

Monogerm

79

2

T reat
A verage

62

64

■yhole se e d 0*75$ K e lte x 79

78

85

CO

CO

H

406

0 .7 5 $ K e lte x SO
79
* x5 H. S . -C a (^ 03)2

79

83

82

403

8 0 .0

C o n tro l

64

71

70

344

6 8 .8

67

72

<r\

62

A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e
D. F.

S . S*

V aria n c e

R e p lic a tio n s

4

1 3 .0

3.2 5

K inds o f s e e d s

1

1 0 8 9 .8

108 9 . 80#**

T re a tm e n ts

2

246.5

123.25**

2

4 .1

2.0 5

E rro r

20

1 2 4 .6

6 .2 3

T o ta l

29

1478.0

S o u rce

I n t e r a c t i o n b etw een
K inds and T rea tm en ts

R. E. (5$ a 3 .4 7
(1$ = 4 .7 3

p - 3

16

T ab le 3 shows t h a t w a te r a b s o r p tio n by monogerm i s s lo w e r th a n
m u ltig e rm s e e d , and t h e amount o f a c c e l e r a t i o n o f w a te r u p ta k e due to
t h e same tr e a tm e n t i s a b o u t th e same i n b o th k in d s o f seed*
D*

An a tte m p t t o f u r t h e r im prove w a te r a b s o rp tio n o f se e d by

u s in g a w e ttin g a g e n t.
Monogerm and whole se e d s w ere t r e a t e d w ith a m ix tu re o f 0 . 75%
K e lte x and 0.1% "Tween Twenty” .

W ater u p ta k e o f t h e t r e a t e d seed

from sand w ith 0.35% w a te r was t e s t e d .

T e s ts w ere d u p lic a te d .

TABLE U
P e r c e n t w eig h t i n c r e a s e due t o w a te r a b s o r p tio n by monogerm and whole
s u g a r b e e t se e d s t r e a t e d w ith 0.75% K e lte x and 0.1% ”Tween Twenty”
from sand w ith 0 . 35% w a te r 24 h r s . a f t e r p la n tin g *
K in d s o f se e d s

T re a tm e n ts
0.75% K e lte x

Monogerm

Whole seed
m u ltig erm

0.75% K e lte x & 0.1% T. T.

65%
68%

C o n tro l

58%

0.75% K e lte x

78%

0.75% K e lte x & 0.1% T. T.
C o n tro l

73%
64%

T a b le U shows t h a t t h e a d d iti o n o f 0.1% lfTween Twenty" t o th e
tr e a tm e n t d id n o t in p ro v e t h e w a te r a b s o rp tio n a p p r e c ia b ly .
E.

W ater a b s o r p tio n o f s u g a r b e e t whole s e e d s t r e a t e d w ith K e lte £

from a tm o sp h eres o f v a r io u s r e l a t i v e h u m id itie s .

17

B e fo re t h e K e lte x tr e a tm e n t was recommended f o r p r a c t i c e , w a te r
u p ta k e from a tm o sp h e re s o f d i f f e r e n t r e l a t i v e h u m id itie s was i n v e s t i ­
g a te d .

S a t u r a te d s o lu t i o n s o f b ariu m c h lo r id e , sodium c h lo r id e and

m anganese c h l o r i d e w ere u sed f o r c o n t r o ll i n g r e l a t i v e h u m id itie s a t
9 1 .2 , 7 5 .8 and 54*0% r e s p e c t i v e l y .

A 2 gm sam ple o f seed was p u t i n

a d e s ic c a t o r w ith th e s a tu r a te d s o lu t i o n .

A f te r e q u ilib riu m was

re a c h e d (one m o n th ), w a te r a b s o r p tio n was d e te rm in e d .

T e sts were

d u p lic a te d .
TABLE 5
P e r c e n t w e ig h t in c r e a s e due t o w a te r u p ta k e from atm ospheres a t v a r i ­
ous r e l a t i v e h u m id itie s a f t e r e q u ilib riu m was re a c h e d .
T reatm en t s/ggjjjf S i?y
%

9 1 .2

0 .1 $ K e lte x

1 0 .2

5 .0

0 .7

0.3% K e lte x

1 0 .8

5 .4

1 .1

0 .5 $ K e lte x

1 0 .9

5.8

1 .2

1.0% K e lte x

1 6 .5

6 .0

1 .0

3 .0 $ K e lte x

1 2 .2

5 .9

1 .1

7 5 .8
%

54 .0
$

$

T a b le 5 shows l i t t l e i n c r e a s e i n m o istu re u p ta k e from th e atm os­
p h e re a s a r e s u l t o f th e seed tr e a tm e n t.
F.

S to ra g e o f segm ented s u g a r b e e t seed t r e a t e d w ith 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x .

An a tte m p t was made t o t e s t th e e f f e c t o f tre a tm e n t on t h e lo n g e ­
v i t y o f th e se e d .
A p r il 1958.

Segm ented seed was t r e a t e d w ith 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x i n

The t r e a t e d seed was p u t i n t o a b o t t l e w ith a lo o s e co v er

on to p and s to r e d i n t h e la b o r a to r y f o r one y e a r .

18

W ater a b s o r p t i o n b y th e s to r e d seed from sand w ith 0.35% w a te r
was t e s t e d by d u p lic a te d t e s t s .

T re a te d seed s a b so rb e d 56.7% o f t h e i r

o r i g i n a l w e ig n t and th e c o n tr o l to o k up 4.6.4$ o f w a te r d u rin g th e
f i r s t 18 h r s .

T h is i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e tre a tm e n t was s t i l l e f f e c t i v e

f o r th e a c c e l e r a t i o n o f w a te r u p ta k e a f t e r s to r a g e f o r a y e a r .
The g e m i n a t i o n c a p a c ity o f s to r e d seed in th e d ry s o i l was
te s te d .

E ig h ty s e e d s w ere p la n te d i n each t r a y .

T e s ts w ere d u p li­

c a te d and t h e a v e ra g e was c a l c u la t e d .
TABLE 6
Em ergence c a p a c ity o f d e c o r t i c a t e d su g a r b e e t seed a y e a r a f t e r be­
in g t r e a t e d w ith 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x . T ested i n s o i l w ith 9*3$ w ater*
T r e a tm e n t/^ t ^
d ays

er

4 .0

4 .5
Cjf

0 .7 5 $ K e lte x
C o n tr o l

1 5 .0
3 .7

5 .0

5.5

$
6 0 .1 °

$
S 3 .7

$
85*0°

3 7 .5

57.5

6 5 .2

T able 6 shows t h a t th e tr e a tm e n t was s t i l l e f f e c t i v e a f t e r one
y e a r and s to r a g e d id n o t s h o rte n th e lo n g e v ity o f t r e a t e d se e d .
G.

Emergence o f s e e d lin g s from " d e c o r tic a te d " (7 /6 4 -1 0 /6 4 )

s u g a r b e e t seed b a l l s t r e a t e d w ith 0.75% K e lte x i n th e f i e l d i n
1958.

19

TABLE 7
G e rm in a tio n i n th e f i e l d
In v e s tig a to rs

Days a f t e r
p l a n tin g

S e e d lin g s /1 0 0 f t*
T re a te d
C o n tro l

No. o f
r e p l i c a t i o n s C o n d itio n
o r lo c a tio n s o f s o il

F ra k e s

9

347

50

10

N ich o l

1434
1968
489
574

1440
2016
294
341

2

R ein sch

14
17
13
16

2

Van D r ie s s c h e

14

834

606

2

F . & M.
Assoc*

10
13
17

228
540
712

106
376
586

6

F . & M*
Assoc*

10
20

780
792

592
664

3

v e r y d ry
good

good

T a b le 7 shows t h a t b o th f i e l d s ta n d and speed o f g e rm in a tio n o f
t h e t r e a t e d seed was g r e a t e r th a n t h a t o f th e c o n tr o l.
little

N ic h o l o b serv ed

d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e t r e a t e d seed and c o n tr o l.

The re a s o n

f o r t h i s m ig h t be th e good f i e l d c o n d itio n *
H.

W ater a b s o rp tio n by t r e a t e d seed s o th e r th a n su g ar b e e t from

m o isten e d sa n d .
W ater u p ta k e o f seed from sand d u rin g th e f i r s t 24 h r s . a f t e r
p l a n t i n g was t e s t e d .

T e s ts w ere d u p lic a te d .

20

TABLE 8
P e r c e n t w e ig h t i n c r e a s e due t o w a te r a b s o rp tio n by v a r io u s se e d s t r e a t e d
w ith 0.75% K e lte x s o lu tio n from sand w ith 0 *35% w a te r .
K inds o f s e e d s /u p ta k e
B uckw heat
C abbage; C h i e f t a i n Savoy
C a r r o t s ; D anvers 126
C a u liflo w e r; B urpenna
Ce l e r y ; Gold enplume
Chew ings f e s c u e
C h in e se cabbage; H i c h i h l i
D o m estic r y e g ra s s
Darner; S p rin g s p e l t s
F ie ld peas
F la x
H a iry v e tc h
L e ttu c e ; Empire
M i l l e t ; W hite p ro s o
O a ts ; Ja c k so n
O kra
P e p p e r; Sunnybrook
R a d ish ; B urpee w h ite
Rape
Reed c a n a r y g ra s s
Rye; Rosen
Rye; T e tr a p e tk a s
Soybean
S p e lt
S p in a c h ; c a l i f l a y
S u d an g ra ss; Sw eet
Tbmato; S u n ray
W heat; S eneca

T re a te d

C o n tro l

*
40
61
73
70
14&
67
65
56
31
24
122
8
79
37
45
34
78
71
55
50
42
36
27
30
64
39
75
31

%
33
59
59
60
77
55
59
50
29
23
98
10
57
29
38
36
62
69
46
43
37
30
31
26
43
26
56
27

T ab le 3 shows t h a t th e tre a tm e n t a c c e le r a t e d w a te r a b s o r p tio n o f
a l l s e e d s e x ce p t th o s e o f th e Legum inosae, B r a s s ic a and R aphanus.
Legume se e d s o f te n a b s o rb w a te r th ro u g h th e hilum a r e a , and th e w a te r
u p ta k e by B r a s s ic a and Raphanus seed s i s v e ry r a p id r e g a r d l e s s o f
tre a tm e n t•
An a tte m p t was made t o f i n d a seed tr e a tm e n t w ith a m ix tu re o f
h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d and m in e ra l n u t r i e n t i n o r d e r t o g e t a co m b in a tio n

21

e f f e c t o f b o th a c c e l e r a t i o n o f w a te r u p ta k e and m in e ra l n u t r i e n t s
on em ergence.
II.

A c c e le r a tio n o f s e e d lin g developm ent by means o f seed tre a tm e n t

W ith a m ix tu re o f h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d and in o rg a n ic n u t r i e n t s *
A.

W ater a b s o r p tio n from m o iste n e d sand by s u g a r b e e t whole

s e e d s t r e a t e d w ith m in e ra l n u t r i e n t s a lo n e .
I n th e f i r s t t r i a l , t h e c o n c e n tr a tio n l i m i t o f n u t r i e n t s o lu ti o n
f o r t r e a tm e n t was d e te rm in e d .
m in o r e le m e n ts was u s e d .

Hoagland*s n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n w ith o u t

T e s ts were d u p l ic a te d .
TABLE 9

P e r c e n t w eig h t i n c r e a s e due t o w a te r a b s o rp tio n by s u g a r b e e t seed s
t r e a t e d w ith n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n o f s e v e r a l c o n c e n tr a tio n s from sand
w ith 0 .3 5 ^ w a te r *
C o n c e n tr a tio n /^ ^ ® s

24

X

1

69

X

3

65

X

5

64

89

100

X 10

65

88

103

X 25

67

85

87

X 50

68

80

90

X 75

63

X100

65

78

78

C o n tro l

64

88

101

48

%

72

%
—

%
95
102

86

T a b le 9 shows t h a t n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n s below 25 tim e s c o n c e n tr a tio n
d id n o t slow down w a te r a b s o r p tio n .

22

B.

W ater a b s o r p tio n o f su g a r b e e t w hole seed s t r e a t e d w ith a

m ix tu re o f m in e ra l n u t r i e n t and h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d from m o iste n e d
sand*
TABLE 10
P e r c e n t w eig h t i n c r e a s e i n 2U h o u rs due to w a te r a b s o r p tio n by su g a r
b e e t s e e d s t r e a t e d w ith m ix tu re s o f h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d s and n u t r i e n t
s o l u t i o n s o f s e v e r a l c o n c e n tr a tio n s from sand w ith 0 .3 5 $ w a te r .
T re a tm e n ts

%

T reatm ents

$

1 .0 $ K e lte x

39

1*5$ g e l a t i n

74-

0 .7 5 $ K e lte x & x 5 N. S'.

90

1 .5 $ g e l a t i n & x 5 N. S.

75

0 .2 0 $ a g a r

82

1 .5 $ g e l a t i n & x 10 N. S.

75

0 .3 0 $ a g a r & x 5 N. S.

76

1 .5 $ g e l a t i n & x 25 N. S.

76

0 .3 0 $ a g a r & x 10 3J. S .

73

1 .5 $ g e l a t i n & x 50 N. S .

72

0 .3 0 $ a g a r & x 25 N. S .

73

1 .0 $ g e l a t i n & x 75 N. S .

67

0 .3 0 $ a g a r 6 x 50 N. S .

70

C o n tro l

70

T a b le 10 show s t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n o f c o n c e n t r a t e d n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n
t o t h e h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d

f o r seed tr e a tm e n t g e n e r a lly red u ced w a te r

u p t a k e o f s e e d t o som e e x t e n t i n c o m p a r is o n t o t h e u s e o f h y d r o p h i l i c
c o l l o i d a lo n e .
tio n

The t r e a t m e n t s w i t h 0 .7 5 $ K e l t e x and x 5 n u t r i e n t s o lu ­

g a v e t h e m o st p r o m is in g r e s u l t *

C.

A c c e l e r a t i o n o f s p r o u t g r o w th by t r e a t i n g s e e d w i t h a m ix t u r e

o f K e l t e x and x5 n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n .

23

TABLE 11
G erm in a tio n o f s u g a r b e e t w hole m u ltig erm seed t r e a t e d w ith K e lte x
and n u t r i e n t s o lu t i o n i n t h e s o i l w ith 11*5% w a te r . 6 r e p l i c a t i o n s .
3 d ay s
" s e e d b a lls
w ith emerged
T re a tm e n ts s e e d lin g s

4 d ay s
“s e e d o d ils
w ith emerged
s e e d lin g s

5 days
“ '"i'dL ai welgilL
No. o f
No. o f
o f s e e d lin g s
s e e d lin g s s e e d lin g s gm.

0 .7 5 $ K e lte x

6 .7

1 7 .8

3 6 .4

4 1 .2

1 .2 4

x5 N. S.

4 .0

1 4 .2

2 4 .0

3 4 .2

1 .3 0

0.75% K e lte x & 8 .6
x5 N. S .

1 8 .0

3 4 .8

4 1 .6

1 .5 0

C o n tr o l

1 5 .0

2 5 .2

37 .8

1 .0 8

3 .5

A v erag e w eig h t o f i n d i v i d u a l s e e d lin g s i n mgs 5 days a f t e r p la n tin g
T r e a t.
Average

4

5

6

T re a t.
T o ta l

27

26

30

32

180

3 0 .0

38

36

36

33

34

217

3 6 .2

37

38

32

34

40

35

216

36 .0

30

28

27

29

28

28

170

28 .3

1

2

0.75% K e lte x

33

32

x5 N. S.

40

0.75% K e lte x & x5 N. S .
C o n tro l

T r e a tm e n ts /R e p lic a tio n s

3?

A n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e
S o u rce

D. F.

S . S.

T o ta l

23

4 1 8 .0

T rea tm e n ts

3

295.8

R e p lic a tio n s

5

5 6 .7

1 1 .3 4

15

6 5 .5

4 .3 6

E rro r

V a ria n c e

98.60#*

24

T a b le 11 shows t h a t t h e tr e a tm e n t w ith K e lte x and x5 n u t r i e n t
s o l u t i o n gave b e t t e r r e s u l t s th a n o th e r tr e a tm e n ts i .e # f a s t e r emer*g en ce, t h i c k e r s ta n d and l a r g e r se e d lin g s#
D#

E lim in a tio n o f ca lciu m io n from th e n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n w hich

was u sed f o r m ix in g w ith K e lte x .
The ca lciu m io n te n d s t o c o a g u la te K e lte x somewhat when u sed w ith
x5 n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n m aking seed tr e a tm e n t more d i f f i c u l t .

T h e re fo re

t h e e f f e c t o f seed tr e a tm e n t w ith a m ix tu re o f K e lte x and x5 n u t r i e n t
s o l u t i o n w ith o u t c a lc iu m n i t r a t e on s u g a r b e e t s e e d lin g em ergence was
te s te d #

25

TABLE 12
G e rm in a tio n o f monogerm s u g a r b e e t seed s t r e a t e d w ith K e lte x and nu­
t r i e n t s o l u t i o n i n t h e s o i l w ith 1 0 .9 $ w a te r .
A verage w e ig h t i n mgs o f 10 b e s t s e e d lin g s from 20 seed 6 d ay s a f t e r
p la n tin g .
T re a tm e n t s /R e p l i c a t i o n

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 .7 5 $ K e lte x

37

35

34

33

33

37

209

3 4 .8

x5 N. S .

36

37

36

35

39

37

220

3 6 .7

0 .7 5 $ K e lte x & x5 N. S .
- Ca (N03) 2

38

40

43

39

44

39

243

4 0 .5

0 .7 5 $ K e lte x & x5 N. S.

39

38

39

33

39

40

233

38 .8

C o n tr o l

33

34

36

33

35

34

205

3 4 .2

183

184

188

178

190

187

1110

R eps t o t a l

T r e a t. T r e a t.
T o ta l A verage

A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e
S o u rce

D. F.

S;. S.

T o ta l

29

236.0

T reatm e n ts

4

1 7 0 .7

42.67**

R e p lic a tio n s

5

1 8 .4

3 .6 8

20

4 6 .9

2 .3 5

E rro r

V ariance

F = 18.15**
(5$ = 1 .9 7
R . E. (1$ » 2 .6 8

P * 5

T ab le 12 shows t h a t tre a tm e n t w ith 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x and x5 n u t r i e n t
s o l u t i o n w ith o u t c a lc iu m n i t r a t e gave t h e h e a v ie s t a v e ra g e w e ig h t o f
t h e t e n b e s t s e e d lin g though th e d if f e r e n c e betw een K e lte x — x5 nu­
t r i e n t s o lu tio n tr e a tm e n t and K e lte x — x5 n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n w ith o u t
c a lc iu m n i t r a t e tr e a tm e n t was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

26

A s i m i l a r ex p e rim en t was c a r r i e d o u t u s in g s p in a c h s e e d .

S p in ach

and s u g a r b e e t s e e d s a r e m o rp h o lo g ic a lly s im ila r*
TABLE 13
G e rm in a tio n o r s p in a c h s e e d s t r e a t e d w ith K e lte x and n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n
i n t h e s o i l w ith 9 ,8 $ w a te r .
A verage w e ig h t i n mg o f 10 b e s t s e e d lin g s o u t o f 20 se e d s 6 d ays a f t e r
p la n tin g .
T r e a tm e n ts /R e p lic a tio n

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 .7 5 $ K e lte x

55

61

60

62

55

58

351

58.5

x5 N. S .

56

62

63

59

58

62

360

6 0 .0

0 .7 5 $ K e lte x & x5 N. S .
- Ca (N O ^^

65

62

64

65

60

63

379

61 .5

C o n tro l

54

54

56

56

52

58

330

55.0

230

239

243

242

225

241

1420

R eps t o t a l

T r e a t. T re a t.
T o ta l Average

A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e
S o u rce

D. t .

S. 3.

T o ta l

23

3 3 1 .3

T reatm en ts

3

2 0 8 .9

69.63**

R e p lic a tio n s

5

6 6 .3

13.26**

15

56.1

3 .7 4

E rro r
F o r T re a tm e n ts :

R. E.

“ 3*55

V arian ce

^ = ^

T able 13 shows t h a t t h i s tr e a tm e n t seems to be b e n e f i c i a l to
s p in a c h s e e d s .

S p in ach seed s do n o t r e q u ir e a s h ig h a s o i l m o istu re

27

c o n te n t a s s u g a r b e e t s e e d s to g e rm in a te .
Q O il w ith
III*

T his was th e re a s o n why

w a te r was u sed i n t h i s t e s t *

A c c e le r a tio n o f s e e d lin g developm ent by means o f se e d tre a tm e n t

w i t h a m ix tu re o f h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d , m in e ra l n u t r i e n t s , o rg a n ic
n u t r i e n t s and enzym es.
An a tte m p t was made f o r f u r t h e r im provem ent o f su g a r b e e t seed ­
l i n g em ergence by a p p ly in g o rg a n ic n u t r i e n t s and enzymes i n a d d iti o n
t o t h e h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d s .

The a d d itio n may be b e n e f i c i a l i f i t

d o es n o t slow down w a te r u p ta k e g r e a t l y .
A.

E f f e c t o f th e a d d itio n o f o rg a n ic n u t r i e n t s and enzymes on

th e w a te r a b s o r p tio n o f su g ar b e e t s e e d s from m o isten ed san d .
D i a s ta s e , t r y p s i n , b a r le y m alt and b ean powder from s p ro u te d
b e a n s w ere u sed f o r th e improvement o f endospeim d ig e s tio n i n o r d e r
t o a c c e l e r a t e th e grow th o f th e embryo and p e rh a p s w a te r u p ta k e by
th e

s e e d b a ll.

4*4#

c o l l o i d a l m a te r ia l was e x tr a c te d from th e

s u r f a c e o f a i r d r ie d b u ck h om seed .

A d e c o c tio n was p re p a re d by

s o a k in g 5 gms o f a i r d r i e d ^uckhom se e d s i n 50 cc o f w a te r f o r 10
h r s . a t 20°C and th e r e s u l t a n t g e la tin o u s m ass th ro u g h ch e e se c l o t h .
W ater a b s o rp tio n t e s t s w ere d u p lic a te d .

28

TABLE 14
P e r c e n t w e ig h t I n c r e a s e o f w hole su g a r b e e t s e e d s , t r e a t e d w ith hydro­
p h i l i c c o l l o i d and o r g a n ic n u t r i e n t s , due to w a te r a b s o ip tio n from
sand w ith 0*35$ w ater*
T reatm e n t s / h r s f

24

48

0 .7 5 $ K e lte x

75

84

97

0 .7 5 $ K e lte x & 2$
b e an s p ro u t

75

92

87

0*75$ K e lte x & 2$
b a r le y m a lt

72

82

101

10$ b u ck h o m d e c o c tio n

76

79

98

C o n tro l

58

64

75

T r eatm ent s /

24

48

84

3$ s ta r c h

63

72

85

104

( 3$ s ta r c h
(0 . 1$ d ia s ta s e
( l$ g e la tin

69

86

92

96

( 3$ s t a r c h
( 0 *1$ d i a s t a s e
( 1$ g e l a t i n
(10~^M t r y p s i n

54

67

95

102

1$ K e lte x

64

79

94

123

C o n tro l

51

58

66

80

%

72
%

%

%

.

108
%

%

%

29

T able 1 4 (C o n tin u ed )
T reatm en t s /S t-s ?

24

72

4S

%

%

of
p

1% K e lte x

69

91

96

3% s t a r c h & X% K e lte x

64

80

96

H a te r

51

68

74

2$ b ean pow der i n H a te r

56

74

75

2% b e an powder i n 3%
s t a r c h s o lu tio n

56

82

74

2% b ean pow der i n 1$
K e lte x s o lu tio n

72

39

86

2% b ean pow der i n 3% s ta r c h
and 0 .7 5 ^ K e lte x s o lu tio n

67

85

89

C o n tr o l

53

66

71

T ab le 14 shows t h a t a d d itio n o f o rg a n ic n u t r i e n t s and enzymes
g e n e r a l l y red u ced w a te r a b s o rp tio n from t h e

sand o n ly s l i g h t l y i f th e

o r g a n ic n u t r i e n t s and enzymes were used w ith K e lte x .

T reatm ent w ith

t h e c o l l o i d a l m a t e r i a l from buckhom se e d s h elp ed w a te r u p ta k e o f
s u g a r b e e t s e e d b a lls *
B.

G erm ination o f monogerm su g a r b e e t seed t r e a t e d w ith a mix­

t u r e o f K e lte x , o rg a n ic and in o rg a n ic n u t r i e n t s .
An a tte m p t was made f o r f u r t h e r improvement o f th e emergence o r
v ig o r o f s e e d lin g s by ad d in g s u c ro s e and a s p a r a g in t o th e p r e v io u s
tr e a tm e n t w ith K e lte x and m in e ra l n u t r i e n t s o lu t i o n .

S ucrose and

a s p a ra g in a r e r a t h e r g e n e r a lly u sed i n media f o r embryo s u l t u r e .

30

TABLE 15
Emergence o f s e e d lin g s fro m monogerm su g a r b e e t se e d s t r e a t e d w ith
K e lte x , x 5 n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n and o rg a n ic n u t r i e n t s i n s o i l w ith 11%
w a te r . A verage w e ig h t, i n mg, o f 10 b e s t s e e d lin g s from 20 s e e d s 5
d ay s a f t e r p la n tin g *
T reatm en t s /R e p l i c a t i o n

1

2

3

4

5

T o ta l

A verage

0.15% K e lte x &
x5 N. S . -C a (N03 ) 2

36

37

34

34

38

179

3 5 .8

0.75% K e lte x , x5 N. S .
-C a (1103)2 1% s u c ro s e &
0 .0 5 $ a s p a r a g in

40

39

37

39

40

195

3 9 .0

C o n tro l

32

32

30

31

35

160

3 2 .0

A n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e
S o u rce

D. F .

S. S.

T o ta l

14

1 5 5 .6

R e p lic a tio n s

4

2 7 .6

6.90#*

T re a tm e n ts

2

122.8

6 6 . 40#*

E rro r

8

5 .2

T r e a tm e n tst

™

^

R . E.

(

5%

=

=

1.22

_

_

V a ria n c e

0 .6 5

.

^

T a b le 15 shows t h a t th e a d d itio n o f o r g a n ic n u t r i e n t s prom oted
s e e d lin g g ro w th .
C.

A p p r o p r ia t e am ount o f a s p a r a g in f o r s e e d t r e a t m e n t .

V ario u s am ounts o f a s p a ra g in w ere added to th e m ix tu re o f 0.75%
K e lte x , 1% s u c ro s e and x5 N. S* -C a ( ^ 3 ) 2 *
s e e d s w ere t r e a t e d w ith th e s e s o l u t i o n s .
fr o m t r e a t e d s e e d w as t e s t e d .

Monogerm s u g a r b e e t

Emergence o f th e s e e d lin g s

I n Fig* 3

shown t y p i c a l s e e d lin g s r e s u l t i n g from a d d itio n

t h e in o r g a n ic and o r g a n ic n u t r i e n t s t o a l g i n "K e lte x ” f o r th e seed
tre a tm e n t.

32

33

TABLE 16
Emergence o f s e e d lin g s from monogerm su g a r b e e t se e d s t r e a t e d w ith
K e lte x , x5 n u t r i e n t s o lu t i o n , s u c ro s e and v a r io u s amount o f a s p a ra g in ,
The s o i l c o n ta in e d 11*5# w a te r . Average w eight i n mg o f 10 b e s t seed ­
l i n g s from 20 s e e d s 5 d ay s a f t e r p l a n t i n g .
T r e a tm e n t s / R e p l i c a t i o n

5

6 T o ta l Average

No s u c r o s e ,
x5 N. S .
No a s p a r a g i n , 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x

39

40

39

36

40

39

233

3 8 .8

1$ s u c r o s e ,
x5 N. S .
0 .0 1 $ a s p a r a g in , 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x

42

42

41

39

43

a

248

4 0 .1

1$ s u c r o s e ,
x5 N. S .
0.05% a s p a r a g i n , 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x

42

43

42

48

47

43

265

4 4 .3

1$ s u c r o s e ,
x5 N. S .
0 .4 5 $ a s p a r a g in , 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x

43

42

At

47

43

42

263

43 .8

C o n tr o l

34

35

32

33

35

30

199

33 .3

A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e
D. F .

S. S .

29

535.0

T rea tm e n ts

4

43 9 .0

122.25**

R e p lic a tio n s

5

1 8 .1

3 .6 2

20

7 8 .3

3 .9 4

S o u rc e
T o ta l

E rro r
R *

E *

(5$ m 2 .6 3
(156 = 3 .5 6

p .

V a ria n c e

5

T a b le 16 sh o w s t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n s o f 0 .0 5 $ an d 0 ,4 5 $ o f a s p a r a g i n
gave th e b e s t r e s u lt s .
w as n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

H o w e v e r, d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e tw o c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
The a d d i t i o n o f 0 .0 5 $ a s p a r a g i n w as a p p a r e n t l y s u f ­

f i c i e n t fo r th e tre a tm e n t.

34

D.

The a p p ro x im a te am ounts o f m a te r ia ls added to su g a r b e e t seed

b a l l s i n t h e b e s t t r e a tm e n t.
The am ounts o f in o r g a n ic and o r g a n ic n u t r i e n t s g iv e n t o a s in g le
s e e d b a l l x-jhen i t was t r e a t e d w ith a m ix tu re o f 0 .7 5 $ K e lte x , x5 N. S.
-C a (N0^)2> 1$ s u c ro s e and 0 .0 5 $ a s p a r a g in were c a lc u la t e d .

The w eig h t

o f a s i n g l e s e e d b a ll was assumed to be 0 .0 2 gm f o r w hole m u ltig erm seed
an d 0 .0 1 gm f o r monogerm.

The p e rc e n ta g e based on th e d ry w eig h t o f

s e e d i s g iv e n i n th e l a s t column.

The r e s u l t s a re g iv e n i n T able 17.

TABLE 17
A pproxim ate am ount o f m a te r ia ls added to su g ar b e e t seed b a l l s i n th e
b e s t tr e a tm e n t.
M ate ria ls/A m o u n t

For Monogerm.
p e r seed

F or M ultigerm
p e r seed

KN03

0 .6 7 x 10” ^gm

1 .3 4 x 10” ^gm

0 .0 6 7

KC1

0 .5 0

1 .0 0

0.050

0 .1 3

0 .2 6

0.013

0 .1 1

0 .2 2

0 .0 1 1

NH^ h2 po4

0 .3 8

0 .7 6

0.038

Mg SO^ .7H20

0 .6 0

1.2 0

0 .0 6 0

K e lte x

2 .4 7

4 .9 5

0 .2 4 7

S u cro se

3 .3 0

6 .6 0

0.330

A sp a ra g in

0 .1 7

0 .3 3

0 .0 1 7

T o ta l

S . 33

1 6 .6 6

0 .833

(NH^) NO^

P e rc e n ta g e o f
w eig h t o f seed

35

D is c u s s io n

From t h e f i g u r e s g i v e n , i t

is

e v id e n t t h a t s o i l w a te r u p ta k e w as

g r e a t l y a c c e l e r a t e d b y c o a t i n g s u g a r b e e t s e e d b a l l s w it h h y d r o p h i l i c
c o llo id ,

e v e n t h o u g h u p t a k e o f w a t e r v a p o r fro m t h e a i r w as n o t*

P re­

s u m a b ly t h e w e t t i n g and s w e l l i n g o f t h e c o l l o i d on t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e
s e e d e n a b le s a r a p id t r a n s f e r o f w a te r t o t h e se e d i t s e l f .
lik e ly ,

It

se em s

a s w e l l , t h a t t h i s w e t t i n g o f t h e s u r f a c e e s t a b l i s h e s m ore and

b e t t e r c o n n e c t i o n s b e tw e e n t h e w a t e r f i l m s i n t h e s o i l and t h e s e e d .
I n t h e c a s e o f sa n d t h a t I s d e f i n i t e l y to o d r y f o r r a p i d g e r m i n a t io n ,
w i t h o u t t r e a t m e n t , t h e u p ta k e o f w a t e r b y t r e a t e d

s e e d w as en ou gh m ore

t o p r o m o te g e r m i n a t io n .
In f i e l d

tr ia ls ,

e v e n when t h e t r e a t e d and u n t r e a t e d s e e d s w ere

p l a n t e d i n damp s o i l ,

some a c c e l e r a t i o n o f g e r m in a t io n d u e t o t r e a t m e n t

a p p e a r e d i n m o st c a s e s .

’When t h e s o i l w a s d r y and g e r m i n a t io n w as s lo w

t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n o f g e r m in a t io n b y t r e a t m e n t w as n o t a b l e .
M r. F r a k e s r e p o r t e d t h a t n o o t h e r s e e d s e m e r g e d .
w h ic h h e g a v e f i g u r e s i n

In one t r i a l

In th e t r i a l f o r

T a b le Uy g e r m in a t io n o f t r e a t e d

s e e d w as v e r y

p r o m p t f o l l o w i n g a l i g h t r a i n on r a t h e r d r y s o i l , w h i l e u n t r e a t e d s e e d
resp o n d ed v e r y s lo w ly .
it

From t h e l a b o r a t o r y f i g u r e s and f i e l d

tr ia ls ,

s e e m s c l e a r t h a t s u c h t r e a t m e n t n o t o n l y p r o m o te s u p t a k e o f w a t e r

fr o m r a t h e r d r y s o i l ,

b u t a l s o k e e p s t h e s e e d s m o is t l o n g e r d u r in g t h e

p e r i o d when t h e s o i l I s d r y in g o u t , t h u s e n a b l i n g g e r m in a t io n t o p r o ­
c e e d u n d e r minimum m o i s t u r e c o n d i t i o n s *
The p o s s i b i l i t y i s
w id e ly t o

s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h i s p r i n c i p l e may b e a p p l i e d

o t h e r s e e d s i n w h ic h s o i l m o is t u r e u p t a k e and r e t e n t i o n i s

a p r o b le m , and p a r t i c u l a r l y t o

s m a ll s e e d s t h a t m u st b e p l a n t e d s h a l l o w .

36

A lth o u g h t r e a t m e n t w i t h h y d r o p n i l i c c o l l o i d a c c e l e r a t e d w a t e r
u p t a k e and g e r m i n a t io n ,

i t w a s n o t fo u n d t o a c c e l e r a t e t h e g r o w th o f

s e e d li n g s a p p r e c ia b ly .

T h is l e d t h e a u t h o r t o make an a s s u m p tio n

t h a t t h e d e f i c i e n c y o f n u t r i t i o n i n t h e s e e d w as t h e l i m i t i n g f a c t o r
f o r t h e f a s t e r g r o w th o f s e e d l i n g s fr o m s e e d t r e a t e d w i t h t h e h y d ro ­
p h ilic

c o llo id o n ly .

When s e e d s w e r e t r e a t e d w it h a m ix t u r e o f h y d r o ­

p h ilic

c o l l o i d and m i n e r a l n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n t h e g r o w th o f s e e d l i n g s ,

an d e s p e c i a l l y t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f r o o t s , w as f a s t e r t h a n t h a t o f
s e e d l i n g s fr o m t h e s e e d t r e a t e d w i t h h y d r o p h i l i c c o l l o i d o n l y .

It

a p p e a r s t h a t c e r t a i n in o r g a n ic m a t e r ia ls in th e n u t r ie n t s o lu t io n w ere
t h e l i m i t i n g f a c t o r s o f t h e g r o w th th o u g h i t i s n o t y e t d e c id e d w h ic h
e le m e n t i s m o s t n e e d e d .

When s e e d s w e r e t r e a t e d w i t h m in e r a l n u t r i e n t s

o n l y , t h e g e r m i n a t io n w as r e t a r d e d .

P e r h a p s a h i g h e r o s m o t ic p r e s s u r e

c a u s e d by t h e a d d i t i o n o f m in e r a l n u t r i e n t s w as t h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s
s lo w dow n.

H o w ev er, t h e a d d i t i o n o f h y d r o p h i l i c c o l l o i d t o m in e r a l

n u tr ie n t s o lu tio n

seem ed t o r e d u c e t h e e f f e c t o f o s m o t i c p r e s s u r e and

h a s t e n s e e d g e r m i n a t io n .
F u r t h e r a d d i t i o n o f o r g a n ic m a t e r i a l s t o t h e t r e a t m e n t show ed m ore
im p r o v e m e n t i n t h e g r o w th o f s e e d l i n g s .
th e

P e r h a p s , t im e i s

r e q u ir e d f o r

s e e d en zym es t o w ork and t h e o r g a n i c f o o d s u p p ly i n t h e s u g a r b e e t

se e d i s lim ite d

e a r ly in th e l i f e

o f th e s e e d lin g .

T h erefo re th e e x te r ­

n a l s u p p ly o f o r g a n i c s u b s t a n c e s m ig h t p r o m o te t h e g r o w th o f t h e s e e d ­
lin g

d ir e c tly .
The e f f e c t o f h o r m o n e s e t c . on t h e f u r t h e r im p rovem en t o f t h e

g r o w th o f s e e d l i n g s w as n o t c o m p le te d i n t h i s

s t u d y , a lt h o u g h i n p r e ­

lim in a r y t r i a l s g i b b e r e l li n o r 6 - ( s u b s t it u t e d - p u r in e s (9 ) a lo n e o r i n
c o m b in a t io n w e r e n o t f o u n d t o b e h e l p f u l .

37

Summary
S u rfa c e c o a tin g s o f seed w ith h y d r o p h ilic c o l l o i d s were shown t o
be e f f e c t i v e i n a c c e l e r a t i n g w a te r u p ta k e from san d , and i n a c c e l e r a t ­
in g em ergence o f s e e d lin g s from s o i l under o r d in a r y p la n tin g c o n d itio n s
i n th e f i e l d *

A d d itio n o f in o r g a n ic and o rg a n ic n u t r i e n t s to th e hydro­

p h i l i c c o a tin g prom oted grow th o f s e e d lin g s i n th e s o i l .

38

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1 . B roun, C. L. and G if f o r d , E. M .: The r e l a t i o n o f th e c o ty le d o n s
t o r o o t d evelopm ent o f p in e embryos groun i n v i t r o . P la n t p h y s. 33:
5 7 -6 4 . 1953*
2 . B u la rd , C .s C u ltu re a s e p tiq u e d*embryons de Ginkgo b i lo b a t R o le
d e s c o ty le d o n s dans l'a b s o r p tio n du s u c re e t l a c rd ss a n c e de l a t i g e .
Compt. r e n d , a c a d . s c i . P a r i s 235: 739-741. 1952.
3* Doneen, L. D. and Mac G i l l i v r a y , J . H .: G erm ination (Emergence)
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P l a n t B hys. 13 : 5 2 4 -5 2 9 . 1943.
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5 . H u n te r, J . R. and E ric k s o n , A. E . : R e la tio n o f se e d g e rm in a tio n
t o s o i l m o is tu re t e n s i o n . Agron. J o u r . 44: 107-109. 1952.
6 . M akino, I . and Miyamoto, T .: On th e grow th i n h i b i t i n g su b sta n c e i n
g e rm in a tin g s p in a c h s e e d s . Ja p a n e se J o u r . B reed. 4 : 1 5 3 -1 6 0 . 1954*
7 . M autner, H. G .:
192.. 1954.

The c h e m istry o f brown a lg a e .

Econ. B o t. 8 :

174-

8# Miyamoto, T .: The g e rm in a tio n i n h i b i t o r i n s u g a r b e e t s e e d b a lls .
Q u a rt. B u ll. M ich ig an A gr. Exp. S t a t . 39: 513-523. 1957.
9 . S k in n e r, C. G. and S h iv e , W. s S y n e r g is tic e f f e c t o f g i b b e r e l li n
and 6 - ( s u b s t i t u t e d ) - p u r i n e s on g e rm in a tio n o f l e t t u c e se e d . A rch.
Biochem . & G io p h y s. 7 4 : 233-285. 1958.
1 0 . Sjjy&er, F . W.: E f f e c t o f m o is tu r e and f e r t i l i z a t i o n on emergence
o f s u g a r b e e t s e e d l in g s . Amer. S o c. Sug. B eet T ech. 9 : 450—456. 1957.
1 1 . S to u t, M. and Tolman, B .t F a c to r s a f f e c tin g t h e g e rm in a tio n o f
s u g a r b e e t and o t h e r s e e d s , w ith s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o th e to x ic e f f e c t s
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