CERTAIN NUTRIENT RELATIONSHIPS INVOLVED
IN THE SUPPLEMENTATION OF DIETS
FOR SWINE AND RATS

By
R o n a ld Edward B l o s s

AN ABSTRACT
S u b m itte d t o th e S ch o o l f o r Advanced G ra d u a te S t u d i e s
o f M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e and A p p l i e d S c i e n c e
In p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of th e r e q u i r e m e n ts
f o r the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

D e p a rtm e n t o f A nim al H usban dry
Year

Approved

I960

ABSTRACT
PART I .
SUPPLEMENTATION OF A CORN-MEAT AND
BONE SCRAP RATION FOR WEANLING P I G S
In re c e n t years
to

in d ic ate

sole

ien ts

of su p p lem en tal p r o te in

sw ine.

in

sib le

for

rev ealed

q u ite v a ria b le

try p to p h an ,

in

The c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s

sw ine r a t i o n s

scraps are

ev id en ce has accum ulated

t h a t m ea t and b o n e s c r a p s a r e a n u n s a t i s f a c t o r y

source

grow ing

co n sid erab le

In th e ir

su g g estin g th a t

the poor r e s u l t s

A c o r n - m e a t and b o n e

the

th is

The a d d i t i o n

On t h e b a s i s

of th is

c o n t e n t o f t h e am ino a c i d

o ften n o te d .
scrap d ie t

30 t o 7 0 p o u n d s
clo se

to

in w e ig h t,

cant e ffe c t

the

it

supplem ented w ith
inad eq u ate

same r a t e

as th a t

- the p o s i t iv e
th at

tria ls.

th e above d i e t
observed

co n tro l.

f o r grow ing p ig s

the r e q u ir e m e n t f o r t r y p to p h a n

n u trie n ts.

co n tain in g

1 Qfo p r o t e i n

and

The a n t i b i o t i c A u r e o m y c i n

in a try p to p h a n d e f i c i e n t d i e t

on r a t e

f o r th e

i n two s e p a r a t e

appears

0 . 13% w i t h a d i e t

75>% t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e
when i n c l u d e d

at

o i l meal d i e t
study

Ingred­

t h a t m eat and bone

o f O.O6/0 o f D L - t r y p t o p h a n t o

w ith a corn-soybean

for

a m in o a c i d m ig h t be r e s p o n ­

in d ry lo t

a llo w e d grow th t o p ro ce ed

lie s

of v a rio u s feed

fact

m i n e r a l s and v i t a m i n s was f o u n d t o be
grow th of w ean lin g p ig s

corn based d i e t s

had no s i g n i f i ­

of grow th.
R onald S. B l o s s

ABSTRACT C o n t i n u e d
PART I I .
SUPPLEMENTATION OF A BABY PIG
DIET WITH A VITAMIN B3.3 CONCENTRATE
AND ISONICOTINIC ACID HYDRAZIDE
The a n t i - t u b e r c u l a r
sh o w n t o

compound,

z id e ,

had b e e n

g ain s

In tu b e r c u la r p a t i e n t s .

p ig s

i t w ould have

tio n

of pork.

b e e n shown t o
It

rem ained

stim u la te both a p p e tite
If

co n sid erab le

Since

its

stim u la te

iso n ico tin ic

th is

if

true

for

in th e p ro d u c ­

1 9 l | 8 , v i t a m i n B-j^ h a d

th e grow th of r a t s ,

t o be d e te r m in e d

hydra-

and w e i g h t

e f f e c t held

sig n ifican ce

d is c o v e r y in

acid

c h i c k s and h o g s .

t h e b a b y p i g would

show a

sim ilar response.
A " s y n t h e ti c m ilk"
C erelo se,

lard ,

g r o w t h and f e e d
tria l.

effect

m i n e r a l s and v i t a m i n s
e ffic ie n cy

The i n c l u s i o n

m ilk a t a l e v e l

m ycin h y d r o c h l o r i d e

of the p ig s .
acid

supported

ex ce llen t

i n b a b y p i g s d u r i n g a 26 d a y

of a "v ita m in

co n cen trate"

in t h i s

o f 0.06> m l . p e r 10 0 gm. o f d r y m a t t e r h a d n o

on t h e p i g s .

p e r 1 0 0 gm.

composed o f " v i t a m i n - f r e e " c a s e i n ,

Iso n ic o tin ic
in clu d ed

a cid hydrazide

In th e

" s y n t h e t i c m i l k " a t 5 m g.

o f d r y m a t t e r had no e f f e c t
No t o x i c

sid e

effects

or A ureo-

on t h e p e r f o r m a n c e

from t h e

iso n ico tin ic

h y d r a z i d e were n o t e d .

Rona ld. E . B l o s s

ABSTRACT Continued
PART I I I .
SOME INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PANTOTHENIC
ACID, METHIONINE AND PROTEIN IN THE RAT
R e s e a r c h w o r k w i t h g r o w i n g r a t s had s u g g e s t e d
tein

or m eth io n in e has a sp a rin g e f f e c t

th en ic a c id .

Sin ce th ere

v i t a m i n B-^2
th e n ic acid

is

In terrelated
and m e t h i o n i n e

be checked u s in g d i e t s

that pro­

on t h e n e e d f o r p a n t o ­

good e v i d e n c e t o i n d i c a t e

that

in the m etab olism o f both p a n to ­
it

appeared th a t t h i s p o in t

should

c o n t a i n i n g a known and a d e q u a t e am oun t

of v ita m in
W eanlin g r a t s were fe d a p a n t o t h e n i c a c id d e f i c i e n t
p u rified

d iet

m eth ion in e,

com pose d o f a s o y b e a n p r o t e i n p r e p a r a t i o n , DL-

C erelose,

i n g 18% o f p r o t e i n .

lard ,

v i t a m i n s and m i n e r a l s and c o n t a i n ­

A nim als r e c e i v i n g t h i s d i e t

exh ib ited

r e l a t i v e l y p o o r g r o w t h w i t h n o m o r t a l i t y d u r i n g a 35 d a y t r i a l .
In creasin g

the l e v e l

to d e p r e ss grow th.

of p ro tein
The a d d i t i o n

o f D L -m ethionine t o e i t h e r
grow th.

in the d i e t

t o 28$ app eared

o f s u p p le m e n ta r y amounts

of the b a s a l d i e t s a l s o reduced

S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e l o w and h i g h p r o t e i n b a s a l

d i e t s w ith a su bop tim al l e v e l o f p a n to th e n ic a c id r e s u lt e d
in a sig n ific a n t

i m p r o v e m e n t i n w e i g h t g a i n s and a d e f i n i t e

im provem ent i n f e e d
a cid

u tiliz a tio n .

Adding b o t h p a n t o t h e n i c

and D L - m e t h i o n i n e t o t h e b a s a l d i e t s

showed no f u r t h e r

improvement i n grow th o v er t h a t a c h ie v e d w it h p a n t o t h e n i c
a cid a lo n e .
Under t h e c o n d i t i o n s
m eth ion in e

in e x c e ss

fo r p an toth en ic a c id 0

*

of th is

t r i a l n e ith e r p r o te in nor

o f th e r a t * s r e q u ir e m e n ts spared th e need
, ,
^-1
Ronald E. B l o s s

CERTAIN NUTRIENT RELATIONSHIPS INVOLVED
IN THE SUPPLEMENTATION OP DIETS
FOR SWINE AND RATS

By
R o n a l d E d w ard B l o s s

A THESIS
S u b m i t t e d t o t h e S c h o o l f o r A dvanced G-raduate S t u d i e s
o f M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e and A p p l i e d S c i e n c e
in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of th e re q u ire m e n ts
f o r th e degree of

DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY

D e p a rtm e n t o f A nim al H u sb an d ry
Year

A pproved

I960

ProQuest Number: 10008622

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The a u t h o r w i s h e s

to

express h is

t o D r* J* A. H o e f e r f o r h i s
ment w h ich c o n t r i b u t e d
w ork.

A s p e c ia l note

R . W. L u e c k e f o r h i s
areas

the

of a p p re c ia tio n
a d v i c e and
and f o r

is

com pletion
ex ten d ed

su g g estio n s
carry in g

and f o r e b e a r a n c e

of t h i s

to D r.

concern in g the

out the

t h e members o f h i s g u i d a n c e

generous a tt itu d e

ch em ical

sin cere

com m ittee f o r

d u rin g the

note
th eir

c o m p le tio n of

stu d ies.
The w r i t e r d e e p l y a p p r e c i a t e s

the

to

a p p reciatio n

g u id a n c e and e n c o u r a g e ­

The w r i t e r w i s h e s t o e x t e n d a v e r y

of th an k s to

h is

in v alu ab le

m ateria lly

of I n v e s tig a tio n

an aly sis.

sin cere

C e n tra l

the

Soya Company w h i c h made i t

com plete th e s e

fin an c ia l
p o ssib le

su p p o rt of
f o r him t o

In v estig a tio n s.

G r a t e f u l acknow ledgem ent

i s a l s o due th e d e p a r tm e n ts

o f A n i m a l H u s b a n d r y , A g r i c u l t u r a l B i o c h e m i s t r y a nd A n i m a l
P ath o lo g y fo r

th e use

A cknow ledgem ent
her in v alu ab le
th esis .

aid

in

of m aterials
is

and e q u i p m e n t .

e s p e c i a l l y d u e my w i f e ,

t h e p r e p a r a t i o n and t y p i n g

R uth,

for

of t h i s

R onald E . B l o s a
can d id ate f o r

the degree

of

D octor o f P h ilosop h y

D isserta tio n :

O u tlin e

C erta in N u tr ien t R e la tio n s h ip s In volved
in th e Supp lem entation o f D i e t s f o r
Sw in e and R a t s

of S tu d ies

Main a r e a o f s t u d y :
Anim al Husbandry (A nim al N u t r it io n .)
Supporting a r ea s of study:
B ioch em istry, P h ysiology
B io g r a p h ic a l Item s
Born,

January 2 0 ,

1922,

C apreal,

Canada

Undergraduate S t u d i e s , U n i v e r s i t y of B u f f a l o ,
Purdu e U n i v e r s i t y ,

1911-1-19^2
1945-1948

Graduate S t u d i e s ,

1948-1950
1950-1952
1958-1960

E x p erien ce:

P ur d u e U n i v e r s i t y ,
M ichigan S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ,

Member U n i t e d S t a t e s A i r F o r c e ,
1943-1945,
G r a d u a t e A s s i s t a n t , Purdue U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 4 8 - 1 9 5 0 ,
S w in e R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e , G e n e r a l M i l l s , I n c .
1 9 5 2 - 1 9 5 8 , R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e , The U p j o h n
Company, 1 9 5 9 t o p r e s e n t .

Member o f S o c i e t y o f t h e
P u b lica tio n :

Sigma X i

B l o s s , R. E . , R. W. L u e c k e , J . A . H o e f e r ,
F . T h o r p , J r . and W. N. M c M i l l e n .
Supple­
m e n t a t i o n o f a C o r n-M ea t and Bone S c r a p
R a t io n f o r W eanling P i g s .
J . A n im a l S c i .
12:102, 1953.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................

Page
1

REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...............................................................................

3

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE .........................................................................

7

R E S U L T S ..............................................................................................................

Vi

T ria l

1

G r o w t h .........................................................................................................

15

F e e d C o n s u m p t i o n ...............................................................................

19

Feed E f f i c i e n c y

..........................

21

F e e d A n a l y s i s ....................................................................................

21

.

.

T ria l 2
G r o w t h .........................................................................................................

23

Feed

26

C o n s u m p t i o n ...............................................................................

F e e d E f f i c i e n c y ....................................

26

F e e d A n a l y s i s ....................................................................

28

D ise a se and M o r t a l i t y

..........................................................

28

DISCUSSION OF R E S U L T S .........................................................................

30

S U M M A R Y ..............................................................................................................

47

TABLE OP CONTENTS C o n t i n u e d
PART I I
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................

Page
48

REVIEW OP L I T E R A T U R E ..........................................................................

50

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ....................................................................

56

R E S U L T S .........................................................................................................

62

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

67

....................................................................

S U M M A R Y ...................................................................

73

PART I I I
INTRODUCTION

.........................................................................................

74

REVIEW OF L I T E R A T U R E .........................................................................

76

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ....................................................................

82

R E S U L T S ....................................................

90

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

....................................................................

95

S U M M A R Y .........................................................................................................

101

BIBL IO G R A PH Y ..............................................................................................

102

LIST OF TABLES

T able

Page
PART I

1.

C om position of B a sa l D ie ts

....................................................

2.

Summary o f R e s u l t s o f T r y p t o p h a n S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n
o f M e a t a n d B o n e S c r a p ..........................................
10

3.

Summary o f R e s u l t s o f T r y p t o p h a n a n d A u r e o m y c i n
S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n o f M e a t a n d Bone S c r a p . . . . .

4.

T ria l

1 - R esu lts

o f F e e d A n a l y s i s ..........

13

5.

T ria l

2 - R e su lts

o f F e e d A n a l y s i s ..........

14

6.

T r i a l 1 - I n d i v i d u a l W eig h ts o f P ig s In Pounds
By P e r i o d s
...............................................................

7.

T ria l

8.

T r i a l 2 - I n d i v i d u a l W eights
By P e r i o d s
...........................

9.
1 0*

1 - Feed

T r i a l 2 - Feed

C o n s u m p t i o n ...............................
of Pigs

8

12

16

20

i n Pounds

C o n s u m p t i o n ...............................

24
27

A C o m p a r i s o n o f Am ino A c i d R e q u i r e m e n t s o f S w in e
w i t h t h e Amino A c i d C o n t e n t o f E x p e r i m e n t a l
D ie ts Expressed as P e rcen t of D iet
. . . . . .
PART I I

1.

C o m p o s i t i o n o f B a s a l D i e t .....................................

57

2.

C o m p o s i t i o n o f M i n e r a l M i x t u r e .....................

58

3.

V i t a m i n s Added P e r L i t e r

o f M i l k ................

59

4.

D esign

o f E x p e r i m e n t ..............................................

6l

5.

Summary o f R e s u l t s ....................................................

63

42

L is t of T ables
P a r t I I C ontinued
T able

Page

6.

A n aly sis

of V arian ce

o f W e ig h tGains. . . . .

7.

A verage D a i l y G ain i n Pounds P e r P igD u rin g
C o u r s e o f E x p e r i m e n t ..........................................................

61+
65

PART I I I
1.

C om position of B a sa l D ie ts

..........................

83

2.

C o m p o sitio n o f M in e ra l M ixture .

...............................

81+

3*

V i t a m i n M i x t u r e ........................................................................

85

1+*

C alcu lated

L e v e l s ...............................................

87

5.

D esign

o f E x p e r i m e n t ..............................................................

88

6.

Summary o f R e s u l t s ...................................................................

91

7.

A v e r a g e G a i n s P e r R at By P e r i o d ...............................

92

8.

A C om parison of th e E f f e c t s ofD i e t a r y T re a tm e n ts
on W e i g h t G a i n s o f R a t s .....................................................

93

N u trien t

PART I .

SUPPLEMENTATION OF A GORN-MSAT

AND BONE SCRAP RATION FOR WEANLING PIGS
INTRODUCTION
F o r many y e a r s p r o t e i n b y - p r o d u c t s

o f th e anim al p a ck ­

i n g p l a n t i n d u s t r y h a v e b e e n an i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f m o s t si v i n e
ra tio n s.

E arly s t u d i e s dem onstrated

scrap aided

t h a t t a n k a g e or m ea t

in. b a l a n c i n g t h e n u t r i t i o n a l d e f i c i e n c i e s

corn f o r grow ing s w in e .

These p r o d u c ts p r o v id e d ,

t i o n t o e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d s ,
e s s e n t i a l m i n e r a l s and v i t a m i n s

sig n ifica n t

of

in a d d i­

q u a n tities

so t h a t e a r l y s t u d i e s

of
com­

p a r in g v a r io u s p r o t e i n su p p lem en ts were c o m p lic a te d w i t h
factors

o t h e r t h a n p r o t e i n q u a l i t y or a m i n o a c i d b a l a n c e .

S in ce the e a r l y 1 9 4 0 th e r e has d evelop ed a b e l i e f
among m o s t a n i m a l and p o u l t r y n u t r i t i o n i s t s

t h a t meat s c r a p s

and t a n k a g e s h a v e n o t p r o d u c e d t h e u n i f o r m l y g o od r e s u l t s
p r e v io u s ly ob tain ed .
experim en ts

R ob ison (1 943) r e p o r te d

conducted w it h

s w i n e up t o 1 9 2 0 ,

t h a t in nin e
p i g s fed

corn

and t a n k a g e i n d r y - l o t made an a v e r a g e d a i l y g a i n o f 1 . 3 0
p o u n d s and r e q u i r e d

309 p o u n d s o f f e e d p e r 10 0 p o u n d s g a i n .

I n 16 s i m i l a r e x p e r i m e n t s

conducted l a t e r ,

the average d a i l y

g a i n w a s o n l y 1 . 0 2 p o u n d s and 4 1 0 p o u n d s o f f e e d w e r e c o n ­
sumed p e r 1 0 0 p o u n d s g a i n .
t h a t the r e a so n f o r t h i s

It

is

a g e n e r a lly accep ted view

r e d u c t i o n in perform ance through

2
the y e a rs

i s due t o th e f a c t

p r o d u c t s now c o n t a i n l e s s e r
neys,

b e e f trim m ings,

t h a t th e packin g p la n t b y ­
amounts o f h e a r t s ,

and g l a n d u l a r m a t e r i a l s ,

liv e r s,
a ll

k id ­

o f w hich

s u p p l y good q u a l i t y p r o t e i n .
The a n a l y s i s
ra tio n s
its

in d ica ted

of v a rio u s feed

in g red ien ts

i n sw ine

t h a t m eat and b o n e s c r a p was v a r i a b l e

c o n t e n t o f th e amino a c i d

tryptophan.

Very o f t e n

f o u n d t h a t s a m p l e s o f m e a t and b o n e s c r a p c o n t a i n e d

only p r o te in

I t may be t h a t

tryptophan d e f ic ie n c y .

if

supplem ent in a corn based r a t i o n .

the poor r e s u l t s

corn-m eat scrap r a t i o n

i t was

in su ffi­

c i e n t t r y p t o p h a n t o meet th e n e e d s o f th e g r o w in g p i g
used as th e

in

som etim es o b ta in e d w i t h a

could be e x p la in e d

on t h e b a s i s

of a

3

REVIEW OP LITERATURE
As e a r l y a s 1 9 3 5 A l r n q u i s t et_ a l . ( 1 9 3 5 )

fo u n d t h a t m eat

s c r a p , when u s e d a s a p r o t e i n

supplem ent

In c h i c k r a t i o n s ,

gave u n s a t is f a c t o r y r e s u l t s .

These w orkers s t a t e d

th at

c y s t i n e and t r y p t o p h a n c o n t e n t o f t h i s a n i m a l p r o t e i n
trate

could n o t be used t o p r e d i c t

K r a y b i l l and W i l d e r (191+7) c a r r i e d
r a t s w hich i n d i c a t e d
d eficien t

that

out i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w ith

some s a m p l e s o f m ea t s c r a p may be

(191+7) f e d d i f f e r e n t

t o r a t s and c o n c l u d e d

that

U sin g sw in e -ty p e

s a m p l e s o f m ea t s c r a p

t h e g r o w t h r e s p o n s e was r e l a t e d

t o th e t r y p t o p h a n c o n t e n t o f th e meat s c r a p ,
w a s n o t f o u n d t o be t r u e w i t h c h i c k s .
in v estig a ted

concen­

i t s n u tr itiv e valu e.

i n m e t h i o n i n e and t r y p t o p h a n .

r a tio n s K ra y b ill

the

however,

th is

March et_ a l . (191+9)

f o u r m a r k e t s a m p l e s o f m ea t m e a l on t h e b a s i s

of a p ro tein q u a lity
b io lo g ica l te s ts .

ind ex,

am ino a c i d a s s a y s ,

A ccording to the r e s u l t s

and c h i c k

of a ll

three

m e t h o d s t h e r e w as c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n

in the n u t r i t i v e

valu e

low n u t r i t i v e

o f t h e meat m e a l s .

o f t h e m ea t m e a l p r o t e i n ,
con sid ered

The r e l a t i v e l y

value

when compared w i t h f i s h m e a l , was

t o be p a r t ly the r e s u l t

of d e fic ie n c ie s

of tryp to­

p h a n o r m e t h i o n i n e o r a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e a m in o a c i d s .
L a t e r March _et a l . ( 1 9 5 0 )
o f anim al p r o t e in

to

f e d m ea t s c r a p a s t h e

only source

c h i c k s and o b s e r v e d no g r o w t h r e s p o n s e

wh en t h e d i e t s w e r e s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h e i t h e r m e t h i o n i n e

or

k
tryptophan*

The a d d i t i o n o f l y s i n e

g r o w t h , and a d d i n g m e t h i o n i n e
resu lted

did r e s u l t

in

improved

in co n ju n ctio n w ith the ly s i n e

in. a n a d d i t i v e r e s p o n s e ,

B e e s o n ejb a l * ( 19i+9) u s i n g a t r y p t o p h a n d e f i c i e n t p u r i ­
fied

ra tio n

acid

f o r the w ea n lin g p i g .

d iet

o f the p ig r e s u lt e d

and f e e d

showed t h a t t r y p t o p h a n was an e s s e n t i a l a m i n o
The l a c k o f t r y p t o p h a n i n t h e

in a decrease

c o n s u m p t i o n and a l s o

q u en tly S h elto n £ t a l . (1951)

in feed e f f i c ie n c y

caused w e ig h t l o s s .
observed

Subse­

that a le v e l

o f 0.2%

D L - t r y p t o p h a n , wh en a d d ed t o a t r y p t o p h a n d e f i c i e n t p u r i f i e d
d iet

c o n t a i n i n g 2L|..5% p r o t e i n and a d e q u a t e n i a c i n ,

maximum g r o w t h u n d e r t h e
lev el
be

of

con d ition s

supported

of the ex p erim en t.

. 1 % D L - t r y p t o p h a n added t o t h e b a s a l d i e t p r o v e d t o

in ad eq u ate.
I n s t u d i e s w i t h c h i c k e n s W i l k e n i n g and S c h w e i g e r t

conclu ded

th a t D -tryptophan i s

17% t o IpO/o.

The p e r c e n t a g e

u tiliz ed

z e r £ t a l . (1951)
30$ a s a c t i v e

m ilk d e f i c i e n t

On t h e b a s i s

of the t e s t

to be

com p oun d.

K rat-

f o u n d t h a t D - t r y p t o p h a n was a p p r o x i m a t e l y

as L -tr y p to p h a n i n prom oting growth o f young

turkey p o u l t s .

u tiliz a tio n

( 19h7)

t o an e x t e n t o f f r o m

o f u t i l i z a t i o n appeared

s l i g h t l y h ig h e r a t low er l e v e l s

if

A

U t i l i z i n g b a b y p i g s and e m p l o y i n g a s y n t h e t i c
i n t r y p t o p h a n R e b e r ejfc a l .

(1951)

stu d ied

of D -tryptophan by a n itr o g e n b a la n ce
of t h e ir fin d in g s

it

was c o n c l u d e d

the

tech n iq u e.

that l i t t l e

a n y u s e was made o f t h e D - i s o m e r o f t r y p t o p h a n i n p r o m o ­

tin g N reten tio n

on a d i e t d e f i c i e n t

Thompson e^t a l . ( 1 9 5 2 )

conducted

in t h i s amino a c i d .

sim ila r

s t u d i e s and c o n -

5
v e r s e l y conclu ded
was e f f e c t e d

that p a r tia l u t iliz a t io n

of D -tryptophan

b u t t h e y were u n a b le t o a s s i g n a v a l u e

to the

degree of u t i l iz a t i o n ,
L u ec k e ejb a l . (191+7) and P o w i c k e_t a l . ( 1 9 ^ 8 ) demon­
strated

th e im portance o f the n ia c in - t r y p t o p h a n r e l a t i o n s h i p

i n sw ine r e c e i v i n g d i e t s

h ig h i n corn*

conclu ded th a t n i c o t i n i c

a c id did n o t appear t o be

effectiv e

as a s u b s t it u t e

appeared to b e ,
su b stitu te

The l a t t e r a u t h o r s

fo r tryp toph an, but tryptophan

i n l a r g e measure a t l e a s t ,

for n ic o tin ic

co m p letely

a sa tisfa cto ry

a cid ,

Gunha and c o w o r k e r s ( 1 9 i | 9 ) r e p o r t e d

a sp arin g a c tio n

up on t h e m e t h i o n i n e n e e d s o f t h e p i g when a c r u d e APF s u p p l e ­
m en t ( c o n t a i n i n g an a n t i b i o t i c )
meal b a s a l r a t i o n .

was added t o a c o r n - p e a n u t

U sin g b a t t e r y reared

ch ick s fed p r a c t ic a l

type r a tio n s

s u b o p t i m a l i n l y s i n e and t r y p t o p h a n J o n e s and

Combs ( 1 9 5 1 )

observed

t h a t Aureom ycin s u p p l e m e n t a t io n app eared

t o spare th e d i e t a r y req uirem en t f o r tryp toph an but not f o r
lysin e*

A nother stu d y s u g g e s t in g a sp a r in g e f f e c t

tib io tic

on a n a m i n o a c i d w as r e p o r t e d b y W i l d e r £ t a l *

The a d d i t i o n o f e i t h e r
B i 2 “a n t i b i o t i c

th e growth o f r a t s

e x te n t but a com bination o f th e se
an a d d i t i v e

(1951)*

0 . 2 $ D L - t r y p t o p h a n or 0 * 2 5 $ o f a

supplem ent ( L e d e r l e f s)

r a t io n stim u lated

o f an a n ­

t o a corn-m eat scrap
t o ab o u t the

same

compounds d i d n o t p r o d u c e

effect.

I t h a s b e e n shown q u i t e
Grau and Kamei ( 1 9 5 0 )

c l e a r l y b y Grau ( 1 9 l l 8 ) and

th a t the

ly sin e

requirem ent of th e

c h i c k v a r i e s more o r l e s s d i r e c t l y w i t h t h e p r o t e i n l e v e l

6
of the d i e t .

K r a t z e r erb a l .

(19l|-9) and B i r d

that th is rela tio n sh ip

held

et a l.

w ith w ean lin g p ig s

( 1 9 ^ 0 ), w orking

true fo r tu rk ey s.

(195>0) sh owed
B rin egar

showed t h a t t h e

l y s i n e r e q u ire m en t was

0.5>$ and 1 . 2 $ o f t h e r a t i o n wh en

r a t io n contained

and 2 2 $ o f p r o t e i n r e s p e c t i v e l y .

1 0.6 $

the
The

same t y p e o f r e l a t i o n s h i p h a s b e e n shown t o e x i s t w i t h c h i c k s
fo r m eth ionine
a rg in in e
(1952)

(A lm q u ist e t a l . , 1950)«

it

A c c o r d in g t o Alraquist

seem s a lm o s t c e r t a i n t h a t t h e s e f i n d i n g s w i l l

apply to a l l
resu lts,

(G-rau and K a m eif 1 9 5 0 ; A l m q u i s t , 1914-9) and f o r

i n d i s p e n s i b l e amino a c i d s .

th erefore,

amino a c i d

In view o f th e se

i t w o u ld se e m l o g i c a l t o a s s u m e t h a t

a llo w a n c e s sh ould be s t a t e d

certa in p rotein le v e l.

in referen ce to a

7

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
T h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n
the f i r s t

tria l

con sisted

o f tw o e x p e r i m e n t s .

In

t h i r t y - s i x w e a n l i n g Duroc p i g s a b o u t e i g h t

w e e k s o f a g e and a v e r a g i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h i r t y - t h r e e p o u n d s
i n w e ig h t w ere random ly a l l o t t e d
p ig s

each.

in to

s ix d r y lo t pens of s ix

A l l o t m e n t w as b a s e d on I n i t i a l w e i g h t and s e x ,

and t h e t e s t p e r i o d was o f s i x w e e k s d u r a t i o n .
were k e p t In a d j o i n i n g c o n c r e t e - f l o o r e d
wood s h a v i n g s and w e r e s e l f - f e d
p i g s were w eighed

The a n i m a l s

pens bedded w it h

a m ix e d ground f e e d .

in d iv i d u a l ly a t the s t a r t

t h e r e a f t e r a t two week I n t e r v a l s .

A ll

o f t h e t e s t and

Feed p la c e d i n th e

self-

f e e d e r s w a s w e i g h e d and r e c o r d e d and f e e d w e i g h b a c k s f o l l o w ­
ed t h e w e i g h i n g o f t h e p i g s .

W a t e r was a v a i l a b l e

a t a l l t im e s from a u t o m a t ic w a t e r e r s .

t o the p i g s

The p e n s w e r e c l e a n e d

d a ily .
In t h e

second

t e r W hite p i g s ,
a llo tte d

tria l

t h i r t y - t w o w e a n l i n g Duroc and C h e s ­

a p p r o x i m a t e ly s i x weeks o f a g e , were random ly

In to fo u r d r y lo t pens o f e ig h t p ig s e a c h .

m ent w as b a s e d

on i n i t i a l w e i g h t and s e x , and t h e t e s t p e r i o d

was o f e i g h t w e e k s d u r a t i o n .
handled

T h e s e p i g s w e r e h o u s e d and

i n a manner s i m i l a r t o t h e p i g s

D i e t s A, B and C, a s sh own I n t a b l e
tria l,

A llo t­

were fo rm u la ted

sim ila r q u a n titie s

to con tain ,

of energy,

in the f i r s t
1,

tria l.

used i n th e f i r s t

In so f a r a s p o s s i b l e ,

t o t a l c r u d e p r o t e i n and

8

TABLE 1
COMPOSITION OF BASAL DIETS

In g red ien t
A
Ground c o rn
Meat & b o n e

scrap

( 5 0/£ )^

D iets
B
C
%
%

%

7 8 .5

75.8

2 0.0

1 1 .0

-

20. 0

1 1.0

21+.0

-

S o y b e a n o i l m e a l (1+1]%)

-

7 3 .0

D
79. 7

L im estone

0.1+

O.lf

0 .5

-

D icalcium phosphate

o .5

1 .0

1 .5

-

Iod ized

o .5

0 .7

0.9

0 .2

0 .1

0 .1

0 .1

0.1

0.09

0 .1 3

0 .1 6

0 . 08

salt

Trace m in e ra l
T ryptophan

o

A l l d i e t s w ere sup p lem ented w ith c a lc iu m , p a n t o t h e n a t e ,
n i a c i n , r i b o f l a v i n a n d v i t a m i n B ^p ( M e r c k ! s APF S u p p l e m e n t
# 3 ) i n a m o u n t s o f 1 0 m g , , 15 r a g , , 2 mg * a n d 6 . 2 5 m e g . r e ­
s p e c t i v e l y p e r pound o f d i e t .
V i t a m i n s A and D w e re ad d ed
a t l e v e l s t o p r o v i d e 2 0 0 0 I . U . a n d 2 0 0 ITSP u n i t s r e s p e c t i v e l y
p e r pound o f f e e d .
The m e a t a n d b o n e s c r a p u s e d i n d i e t D w a s a c o m p o s i t e
f o u r d i f f e r e n t b ra n d s in e q u a l am ounts.
^As d e t e r m i n e d m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l l y .

K uiken e t a l .

(191+7).

of

9
v ita m in s.

The l e v e l s

were d e s ig n e d

o f c r u d e p r o t e i n , m i n e r a l s and v i t a m i n s

t o m e e t or e x c e e d t h e a m o u n t s recomm ended b y

H u g h es e_t a l ♦ ( 1 9 ^ 0 )

fo r the

size

of p ig s

D i e t A, w h i c h s e r v e d a s t h e n e g a t i v e
group 1,

contained

bone scra p a s the
d ifferen t le v e ls

a reg u la r

used.
control d ie t

com m ercial so u rc e

o n ly form o f

fed

o f m e a t and

su pplem ental p r o t e i n .

Three

o f D L - t r y p t o p h a n , n a m e l y 0 .0 2 % , 0 . 0 6 # and

0 . 1 2 # , w e r e a dd ed t o d i e t A t o f o r m t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d i e t s
for

3 and l\. r e s p e c t i v e l y and t h i s

groups 2,

ta b le

2.

The t r y p t o p h a n ,

and a n t i b i o t i c ,

as w e ll as

w e r e added

m ix in g the d i e t s .

is presented

in

supplem ental v ita m in s

i n a p r e m ix form a t th e tim e

In d i e t B , f e d g r o u p

the

of

supplem ental

p r o t e i n w as p r o v i d e d b y e q u a l p a r t s o f m ea t and b o n e s c r a p
and s o y b e a n o i l m e a l t o d e t e r m i n e
o i l m e a l w o u ld
and bone s c r a p ,

th is

t h i s amount o f

im p r o v e t h e am ino a c i d b a l a n c e
sin ce

soybean o i l m eal i s

good so u rc e o f t r y p t o p h a n .
in d i e t

if

A ll o f the

soybean

o f th e meat

consid ered

t o be a

supplem ental p r o t e in

C was p r o v i d e d b y s o y b e a n o i l m e a l and g r o u p 6 f e d

d iet

served as the p o s i t i v e

In th e second
as the b a s a l d i e t .

t r i a l d i e t D, a s shown In t a b l e
On t h e b a s i s

made o f d i e t A i n t h e f i r s t
su pp lem en tal a d d it io n s
sary in t h i s

type

co n trol.
1,

served

o f chem ical d e te r m in a tio n s

tria l,

i t was d e c i d e d

that

o f c a l c i u m and p h o s p h o r u s w e r e u n n e c e s ­

o f d i e t and c o n s e q u e n t l y w e r e n o t i n c l u d e d .

The m ea t and b o n e s c r a p u s e d

i n d i e t D was a c o m p o s i t e

of

10

TABLE 2
TRIAL 1 - SUMMARY OF RESULTS
OF TRYPTOPHAN SUPPLEMENTATION
OF MEAT AMD BONE SCRAP
(6 p i g s

G-roup

in each l o t

D i e t and
supplem ent

on t r i a l s

lastin g

Average
in itia l
we i g h t
lbs .

Average
d a ily
g ain
lb s.

6 weeks)

A verage
da I ly
feed
lb s.

Feed p e r
l b . g ain
lbs .

1

A

32

0 .39

1.7

1* . 3 1

2

A + 0.02%
D L -try p t ophan

32

0.1*6

CO
•
1—1

3 .9 1

3

A + 0 • 0&%
D L -tryptophan

33

1 .0 3 *

3 .6

3.1+9

1+

A + 0.12%
D L -tryptophan

31+

1.09*

3.7

3 .3 7

5

B

33

0 .96*

3 .1

3.21)-

6

C

33

0 .9 6 *

2.9

3 .0 3

D iffe re n c e in d a i l y g a in h ig h ly
over group 1 ,

sig n ific an t

(P*=^0.01)

11
f o u r d i f f e r e n t b r a n d s p u r c h a s e d on t h e o p e n m a r k e t , n a m e l y
S w ift,

H y g r a d e , W i l s o n and Armour*

As shown i n t a b l e

g r o u p 7 s e r v e d a s t h e negative control and r e c e i v e d

3,

d i e t D.

Two levels of DL-tryptophan, 0.0l+% and 0*06%, w e r e a d d e d t o
d i e t D t o form th e e x p e r i m e n t a l d i e t s
r esp ectiv ely .

f o r g r o u p s 8 and 9

Group 10 w as f e d d i e t D s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h

1 0 mg. o f c r y s t a l l i n e A u r e o m y c i n HC1 p e r pound o f f e e d .
The g a i n s w e r e t e s t e d

for

s i g n i f i c a n c e b y t h e method

o f S n e d e c o r (1 91 + 8).
A ll d ie ts

used in T r i a l s

v a rio u s n u tr ie n ts as
p ro tein ,

1 and 2 w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r

shown i n t a b l e s 1+ and 5*

The c r u d e

c a l c i u m and p h o s p h o r u s d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d

o u t b y t h e A . O . A . G . methods (1950).
t h e determination o f v i t a m i n s
S n e l l and S t r o n g ( 1 9 3 9 ) ;
pan toth en ic a c id ,
et a l . (1 9 1+ 8 ).

M ethod s e m p l o y e d f o r

in th e f e e d s were:

r ib o fla v in ,

n i a c i n , K r e h l e_t a l . (191+3); and

S k e g g s and W r i g h t (191-1-1+) and B u s k i r k

Tryptophan

in the neat and b o n e s c r a p s and

t h e m i x e d f e e d s w a s d e t e r m i n e d by m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l a s s a y a f t e r
a lk a lin e

h y d ro ly sis

u s i n g t h e method

The n i n e

o t h e r amino a c i d s

o f Kuiken e t a l .

(191+7) •

r e q u i r e d by t h e g r o w i n g p i g w e r e

determ ined by m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l a s s a y a f t e r a c id h y d r o l y s is
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m e t h o d s s u g g e s t e d b y H e n d e r s o n and S n e l l

( 191+8 ) .

12

TABLE 3
TRIAL 2 - SUMMARY OP RESULTS
OP TRYPTOPHAN AND AUREOMYCIN SUPPLEMENTATION
OP MEAT AND BONE SCRAP
(6 p i g s

Group

In each l o t

D ie t and
supplem ent

A verage
in itia l
we i g h t
lb s .

7

D

27

8

D + 0 . O lifo
D L -tryptophan

26

9

D + 0 , 0 6 fo
D L -tryptophan

27

D + A ureom ycln 1

26

10

on t r i a l s

lastin g

A verage
d a ily
gain
lb s .

in d a il y g ain

Average
d a ily
feed
lb s.

Feed p e r
lb . ga i n
lb s .

1.8

6 .16

2 .6

U • 02

0 . 9 3 iH:"

3 .3

3.5 ?

0.31+

1 .6

1+. 6 8

0.29

1 C r y s t a l l i n e A u r e o m y c l n HC1 a d d e d a t
pound of f e e d .
D ifferen ce
group 1 .

8 weeks)

sig n ific an t

D iffe re n c e in d a i l y g a in h ig h ly
over group 1.

rate

o f 10 mg. p e r

(P c 0 .0 5 )

sig n ific an t

over

( P ’^ O . O l )

13

TABLE if
TRIAL 1 - RESULTS OP FEED ANALYSIS

Group
........

■■

- 1-

%

%

JO

17.00

17.9k

17.19

1 7 .1 3

1 3 .06

17.56

C alcium

1 .6 0

1 • 61|

2.01

1 .9 3

1.77

0.71

Phosphorus

1 .0 8

1.11

1.29

1 .2 6

1 .1 8

0.71

T ryptophan

.09

.12

.15

.20

.1 3

.16

M ethionine

.26

.27

.27

.27

.25

.25

Lys i n e

.91

.98

.96

.99

1 .08

1 .0 2

1 .08

1 .2 2

1 .1 2

1 .1 0

1 .2 6

1 .2 6

H istid in e

.U-2

.k3

.38

.Ifl

• If9

.52

T hreonine

.62

.62

.61

• 61

.70

• 7if

1 .3 1

1 .3k

1 .29

1 .3 0

1 .3 6

1.U 2

P h en ylalanine

.65

.68

.66

.65

.75

.8 2

V alin e

.97

1 .0 1

.98

.98

1 .0 6

1.09

Iso leu cin e

.69

.67

.66

.66

.31

.93

Crude n r o t e i n

'

"

"T

'

7°

Am in o A c i d s

A rg in in e

L eucine

m g /lb .

m g /lb .

m g /lb .

m g /lb .

m g /lb ,

2 .5 8

3 .05

2 .91

2.36

2 .7 0

2 .3 3

N iacin

3 0.28

30.29

29.36

31.1 0

27.51

2 6.35

P a n t , Acid

13.92

I l f . 77

Ilf . 9 5

13.1 f0

1 U .0 9

15.16

V itam ins
Ri b o f l a v i n

m g/lb .

14

TABLE 5
TRIAL 2 - RESULTS OP FEED ANALYSIS

Group
7

8

Vo

%

1 7 .8 8

Calcium
Phosphorus

9
9/

10

/°

%

1 7.63

17.69

1 7.5 0

1 .95

1.3U

l.Q b

1 .9 1

1 .2 6

1 .2 0

1.19

1 .2 3

Tryptophan

.0 8

.1 1

.1 2

.0 8

M ethion in e

. 26

.2 6

. 26

. 26

L ysine

• 7b

.73

.72

.75

1 .25

1 .2 0

1 .2 0

1 .2 1

H i s t i d in©

.36

.52

. 1+6

.1+9

Threonine

.70

.69

.65

.67

i . 3b

1.3b

1 .35

1 .3 1

P h en ylalan in e

.67

.67

.67

.6 6

V aline

.96

.95

.81+

.83

Iso leu cin e

.76

.76

.72

.72

m g/lb .

m g/lb ,

m g /lb ,

3 .0 6

3 .07

2.79

2 .9 9

N ia cin

23.30

2 7 .10

21+ . 7 3

26.85

P a n t. Acid

1 3.77

1 3 .7 3

1 1 . 824.

11+. 38

Crude p r o t e i n

Amino A c i d s

A rginine

L eucine

V itam ins
R ib oflavin

m g/lb #

15

RESULTS
TRIAL 1
Growth
The a v e r a g e d a i l y g a i n s o f t h e p i g s
groups of t h i s

test

are

shown i n summary f o r m i n t a b l e

I n d i v i d u a l w e ig h t o f th e p i g s d u rin g the
are presented

three d iffe r e n t
grow th.

6.

in ta b le
lev e ls

At the 0 . 0 $

in the v a r io u s

course of the t e s t

The a d d i t i o n o f D L - t r y p t o p h a n a t

to b asal d ie t A resu lted
added l e v e l

i n im proved

of D L -tryptophan growth

r a t e was i m p r o v e d

a b o u t 18% o v e r t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p .

c r e a s i n g the

o f addedD L -tr y p to p h a n

in fu rth er

lev el

improvement

2.

in ra te

In­

t o 0.06% r e s u l t e d

o f growth am ounting t o

a p p r o x i m a t e ly 161$ o v e r th e c o n t r o l g r o u p .

When t h e l e v e l

o f D L - t r y p t o p h a n was f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e d t o 0 . 1 2 $ no f u r t h e r
Increase

rate

Group 5* r e c e i v i n g d i e t B ,

showed e s s e n t i a l l y

o f growth as t h a t o b ta in e d

I n g r o u p s 3 and Ij_.

the p ig s
rate

I n g r o w t h o v e r t h e 0*06% l e v e l w as o b s e r v e d .

i n group6 r e c e i v i n g d i e t

as did

those

C

grew

the

same

L ik ew ise,

a t a b o u t t h e same

i n g r o u p s 3 > J-l- and 5 #

When p i g w e i g h t g a i n s f o r e a c h g r o u p w e r e s u b j e c t e d
an a n a l y s i s

o f varian ce

g a i n s made b y g r o u p s 3 >
sig n ifica n t

i t w as f o u n d t h a t

the d i f f e r e n c e

In

5 and 6 o v e r g r o u p 1 w e r e h i g h l y

(P*=0 . 0 1 ) .

The d i v e r g e n c e

to

i n g r o w t h among g r o u p s w a s e v i d e n t a t

16

TABLE 6
TRIAL 1 - INDIVIDUAL WEIGHTS OP PIGS
IN POUNDS BY PERIODS

GROUP 1
Pip; No*

Sex^-

0

Days on T e s t
28
" 111."

1+2

.

T otal gain
p e r pig.

1+6

F

32

38

k3

k8

16

17-5

F

35-

ko

k2

1+5

11

12-5

F

36

39

5-2

1+8

12

1 5 -6

F

29

35-

kl

1+5

16

00

B

32

36

hb

57

25

w+

B

29

32

39

1+8

19

3 2 .0

36.5

la . 8

1+8.5

1 6.5

Average

GROUP 2

18

F

33

38

5.1

53

20

k9

F

30

35

39

5-9

19

15-7

F

26

29

33

39

13

5-5

B

3k

37

5-2

Mi-

10

12-2

B

38

5-8

58

72

3k

kl

B

36

kl

lj-7

56

20

32.5

38.0

*1-3.3

52.2

1 9.3

Average

17

TABLE 6 - C o n t i n u e d

GROUP 3
P ig No.

Sex1

0

Days on T e s t
H+

T otal gain
. P.er P.ig .

16

F

33

k3

59

79

1+6

2k

F

35

k8

66

89

5k

87

F

36

1+5

63

81+

kQ

15-1

B

26

33

1+5

61+

38

1 6 -1

B

31

37

US

62

31

1 8 -2

B

37

i+8

56

79

k2

3 3 .0

14-2.3

5 5 .7

7 6.2

k3.2

Average

GROUP I|

2 -1 0

F

32

kl

60

79

kl

2-11

F

32

ko

55

77

k5

F

37

51

68

8^

kl

F

36

5i

77

99

63

32

B

37

^8

61

5k

27

57

B

30

39

5k

76

kb

3b • o

k5 • o

62.5

79 . 3

k5 .8

19

3-H

Average

18

TABLE 6 - C o n t i n u e d

GROUP 5
Pip, N o ,

Sex

1

0

D a y s on T e s t
-gg. lit

.1+2

T o ta l gain
. p e r jp_ig . .

15

F

30

ItO

1+9

68

38

26

F

36

1+9

67

71+

38

88

F

32

it 6

66

88

56

13

B

28

36

Uk

1+6

18

1 2 - 1+

B

36

it 6

61

78

1+2

12

B

3k

it7

63

85

51

3 2 .7

l+it-*o

5 8 .3

7 3 .2

i+o.5

Average

GROUP 6
12-9

F

36

1+8

66

85

1+9

1 6 -it

F

28

31+

1+6

63

35

17

F

37

51+

80

101+

67

55

F

30

hb

51+

61

31

17-7

F

32

kk

1+7

5o

18

17-3

B

33

1+6

60

76

1+3

32.7

1+5 . 0

5 3.8

7 3 .2

1+0.5

Average

1 p = fem ale,

B — barrow

19
the

tim e o f th e f i r s t

th e rem ainder of th e

II4. d a y w e i g h p e r i o d and c o n t i n u e d f o r
tria l*

G roups 1 and 2 showed p o o r

g r o w t h and a t t h e end o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t w e r e u n i f o r m l y s m a l l ,
b u t e x h i b i t e d no o t h e r outw a rd s i g n s

of a tryptophan d e f i c i ­

ency*
Feed Consumption
The a v e r a g e d a i l y f e e d
group i s

shown i n t a b l e

by p e r io d s
tab le

can be found

2 th a t feed

n ifica n tly

less

2.

consum ption per p i g f o r each
T o t a l f e e d c o n su m p tio n p er group

in t a b l e

7«

It

is

e v i d e n t from

c o n s u m p t i o n f o r g r o u p s 1 and 2 was s i g ­

t h a n f o r a n y o f t h e o t h e r g r o u p s and i n t h i s

r e s p e c t s h o w s some c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h g r o w t h r a t e s *
in in g ta b le
a ctu a lly

7 it

is

of In terest

consumed l e s s

feed

It

is

Intake r e f l e c t s

and

th is

is

than t h e y d i d d u r in g th e f i r s t

qu ite p o s s ib le th a t t h is

red u ctio n in

an a d j u s t m e n t I n b o d y m e t a b o l i s m t o

c o m p e n s a t e f o r an i n a d e q u a t e
d iet,

t o n o t e t h a t g r o u p s 1 and 2

f e e d d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d ll^. d a y p e r i o d ,

d e s p i t e a g r e a t e r body w e ig h t,
1L|_ d a y p e r i o d .

su pp ly of tryptophan in th e

b o r n o u t t o some e x t e n t by t h e f a c t

b o t h o f t h e s e g r o u p s showed b e t t e r f e e d

u tiliz a tio n

th e second p e r io d th a n th e y did du rin g th e f i r s t
Feed w a s ta g e was m in im al i n a l l
be c o n s i d e r e d

I n exam­

a s an i n t e r f e r i n g

o f the fee d f i g u r e s .

that

during

p erio d .

g r o u p s and c o u l d n o t

factor

in th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

20

TABLE ?
TRIAL 1 - PEED CONSUMPTION

Group
114lb .

D ays on T e s t
28
lb .

Total

k2
lb .

lb .

1

l!|2

12 2

163

lj-27

2

11*

1 28

132

1+51+

3

215

282

1^06

903

h

216

3 12

i |0 0

928

5

189

258

314-1

788

6

191+

235

307

736

21
Feed E f f i c i e n c y
F e e d consu m ed p e r pound o f g a i n f i g u r e s f o r e a c h g r o u p
are presented

in ta b le

c e i v i n g d i e t A,

it

is

2.

For th e f i r s t

ev id en t

th a t as the

p h a n i n t h e d i e t was i n c r e a s e d

feed

l a r g e t h e y w o u l d no

d o u b t h a v e b e e n much g r e a t e r had t h e p i g s

and I4.*

out to the

le v e l of try p to ­

u t i l i z a t i o n was i m p r o v e d *

W hile t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s appear f a i r l y

been fed

fou r groups r e ­

i n g r o u p s 1 and 2

same f i n a l w e i g h t a s t h o s e i n g r o u p s 3

A c o m p a r i s o n o f f e e d e f f i c i e n c e s among p i g s

groups of p ig s

of d i f f e r in g w eigh ts i s not a v a lid

In comparing f e e d

effic ie n c ie s

among g r o u p s

or
one.
5 and

6 i t w i l l b e n o t e d t h a t e a c h s u c c e e d i n g g r o u p showed a so m e ­
what b e t t e r f i g u r e
appear th a t th e se
the b a s i s
d iets*

th a n t h e p r e c e d i n g group*
d ifferen ces

I t does not

can be r e a d i l y e x p l a i n e d

o f am in o a c i d b a l a n c e

T h i s w i l l be d i s c u s s e d

on

or e n e r g y c o n t e n t s o f t h e
I n more d e t a i l

In a n o th e r

s e c t i o n o f the t h e s i s .
Feed A n a l y s i s
The r e s u l t s

o f c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s and m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l

a s s a y fo r v a r io u s n u t r i e n t s as contained
sh ow n i n t a b l e I4.*
the

ca lcu lated

range.

In t h e s e d i e t s a r e

Crude p r o t e i n v a l u e s a r e f a i r l y

lev els

clo se

to

and f a l l w i t h i n t h e n o r m a l e x p e c t a n c y

The v a l u e s r e p o r t e d

d i e t s A and B ( g r o u p s 1 - 5 )

for

c a l c i u m and p h o s p h o r u s f o r

are w e ll in e x c e s s

o f t h e p i g rs

r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e s e m i n e r a l s and may e x p l a i n In p a r t t h e

22
som ewhat p o o r e r f e e d

e ffic ie n c y

obtain ed

in th o s e groups r e ­

c e i v i n g d i e t s A o r B a s com pared w i t h g r o u p 6 r e c e i v i n g
d iet
clo se

C w hich c o n ta in e d

c a l c i u m and p h o s p h o r u s a t l e v e l s

to the p i g ! s req uirem en t.

fla v in ,

Reported v a lu e s f o r r i b o ­

n i a c i n and p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d f o r a l l

d i e t s are w e ll

i n e x c e s s o f t h e p i g f s r e q u i r e m e n t s and c o n s e q u e n t l y w e r e
not lim itin g fa c to r s .

V a lu e s f o r t h e t e n e s s e n t i a l amino

a c i d s r e q u i r e d b y t h e p i g a r e shown f o r e a c h o f t h e d i e t s
em ployed.

It

s h o u l d be p o i n t e d

out th a t

in

the procedure

f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t r y p t o p h a n r a c e m i z a t i o n o f t h i s amino a c i d
occurred as a r e s u l t

of a lk a lin e h y d ro ly sis

o f the f e e d .

Thus t h e a s s a y e d v a l u e was o n l y o n e - h a l f o f t h e t o t a l t r y p ­
tophan s in c e

the t e s t

organism could u t i l i z e

on ly the L-form ,

T h i s a s s a y e d v a l u e was t h e n d o u b l e d I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t h e
t o t a l tr y p to p h a n c o n t e n t o f th e d i e t w hich I s the r e p o r t e d
fig u re.

The t r y p t o p h a n v a l u e s r e p o r t e d f o r g r o u p s 2 ,

Ij. i n c l u d e a l l

o f t h e a d d e d D L - t r y p t o p h a n and

agreement w ith c a lc u la te d

show g o od

v a l u e s b a s e d on t h e a s s a y e d v a l u e

o f 0 . 0 9 ^ t r y p t o p h a n i n d i e t A p l u s t h e added a m o u n t s .
m ea t and b o n e

scrap used in t h i s

0 , 2 6 /£ t r y p t o p h a n .

3 and

The

t r i a l was f o u n d t o c o n t a i n

23
TRIAL 2
G row th
Average d a i l y g a in s fo r
shown i n

summary f o r m i n t a b l e

p i g s d u r in g the
A gain in t h i s

course

in e a ch group a r e

In d iv id u a l w eigh ts

t e s t are presented

The p i g s

in group 7 as a r e s u l t

In an im provem ent

of the a d d itio n of

When t h e l e v e l o f D L - t r y p t o -

p h a n a d d e d t o d i e t D w as i n c r e a s e d

t o 0*06% t h e g r o w t h o f t h e

p i g s was f u r t h e r improved w i t h t h e r e s u l t
about th r e e tim es as f a s t a s

The a d d i t i o n

1 0 mg. p e r pound o f d i e t r e s u l t e d

An a n a l y s i s

of varian ce

showed t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e
was s i g n i f i c a n t

in a very s l i g h t

sta tistica lly

of

im prove­

sig n ifica n t.

c o n d u c t e d on t h e w e i g h t g a i n s

i n g a i n b e t w e e n g r o u p s 7 and 8

( F = 0 . 01).

In g e n e r a l t h e g r o w t h r a t e s

tria l.

the c o n t r o l grou p .

( P « = - 0 . 0 5 ) and b e t w e e n g r o u p s 7 and 9 w as

h ig h ly sig n ific a n t

w ith in

th a t they e x h ib ite d

o f A u r e o m y c i n HC1 t o d i e t D a t a l e v e l

m ent i n g r o w t h w h i c h was n o t

8.

in ta b le

i n group 8 grew a b o u t t w i c e a s

0*0l\% D L - t r y p t o p h a n t o d i e t D .

a growth r a t e

of the

t r i a l the a d d itio n of

the b a s a l d i e t r e s u l t e d

o f grow th.

f a s t as those

of the

3.

t r i a l as in the f i r s t

DL-tryptophan to
In r a te

the p ig s

o f the individual pigs

t h e g r o u p s w e r e n o t as u n i f o r m a s t h o s e

in the f i r s t

P a r t o f t h i s may h a v e been du e t o an e n t e r i t i s w h i c h

was i n e v id e n c e

in a l l

g r o u p s t o some d e g r e e .

2h

TABLE 8
TRIAL 2 - INDIVIDUAL WEIGHTS OP PIGS
IN POUNDS BY PERIODS

GROUP 7
P ig No.

Sex

0

Ik

Day s on T e s t
28
1+2

56

T otal g a in
per p ig

21-7

F

23

17

15 X

18-9

F

2k

25

25

26

29

5

16-9

F

27

30

33

38

45

18

16-3

B

25

28

30

3k

36

11

16-2

B

29

3k

i+o

1+3

1+8

19

15-8

F

26

27

29

32

31+

8

13-8

F

33

39

51

61+

77

kk

10-2

B

2k

27

27

30

33

9

26.9

3 0 .0

3 3.6

3 8.1

1+3.1

1 6 .3

Average

GROUP 8
17-6

F

22

23

251

19-10

F

2k

33

k2

58

75

51

13-6

F

25

30

35

1+7

55

30

13-3

B

26

28

31

36

1+2

16

lk -2

B

27

35

14+

59

78

51

1 0 -3

F

28

31

36

1*1+

53

25

15-6

F

25

29

1+1

55

66

kl

1I4.-1

B

33

I|1|

582

2 5.8

3 1 .0

3 8 .2

1+9 . 8

6 1 .5

3 5 .7

Average

25

TABLE 8 - C o n t i n u e d

GROUP 9
P i g Wo.

Sex

D a y s .2on
y .„ T e. s t

-

0

... . .

56

T otal gain
p e r p i g __

F

23

22

23

19-6

P

25

37

k$

59

66

kl

1 6 -6

P

31

k3

55

71

78

kl

21-2

B

2k 3

1 8 —ip

B

26

33

35

50

63

37

17-2

B

28

k2

58

81

9lp

66

15--k

P

23

28

38

57

75

52

lIp-2

B

31

kl

61

79

101

70

^
O
J

1

2 1 -8

3 8.3

^ 8.7

6 6 .2

7 9.5

Average

5 2 .2

i

i

|
i

GROUP 1 0
18-5

P

25

26

26

26

31

6

19-8

F

25

31

35

14-2

k7

22

19-3

B

23

26

27

29

30

7

21-1

B

25

22

221

1 8 -1

B

26

33

36

kl

k&

20

15-5

P

2k

28

30

32

37

13

15-7

P

30^

ilj--3

B

33

39

h-9

63

79

If.6

2 6 .0

3 0 .5

3 3 .8

38.8

^ 5 .0

1 9 .0

autopsy.

A ll data

Average

P i g s r e m o v e d on 2 9 t h d a y o f t e s t f o r
e x c lu d e d from a v e r a g e s .
2 P ig
d i e d Ij-lst d a y o f t e s t .
A ll data
8 P ig
d ie d 1 0 th day o f t e s t .
A ll data
1+ P i g
d ie d 3th day of t e s t .
A ll data

ad ju sted f o r rem oval.
ad ju sted fo r rem oval.
a d ju sted fo r rem oval.

26
Feed
The a v e r a _e o a 2. l y
t-

group i s

3*

can be found

feed

T otal feed

in ta b le

t r y p t o p h a n im proved f e e d
w i t h t h e 0 m0 6 fo l e v e l

consum ption p er p ig f o r e a c h

feed

shown, i n t a b l e

by p e r io d s

Consum ption

9*

co n su m p tio n per group

Both l e v e l s

consum ption over th e c o n t r o l group,

o f D L -tryptop han show ing th e h ig h e r

consum ption f i g u r e .

It

is

in terestin g

g r o u p 10 r e c e i v i n g A u r e o m y c i n i n t h e i r d i e t
than d id group 7 , th e

feed

test.

for p igs

The g r o w t h r a t e

used a s th e

c riteria

that

consumed l e s s

groups w ith

consum ption v a lu e s a re f a i r l y

d a ta were a d j u s t e d

to note

co n tro l group.

Feed w a sta g e was m inim al in a l l
th at feed

o f ad d ed

th a t died

accurate.

the r e s u l t
A ll feed

or w e r e rem ov ed f r o m

of the in d iv id u a l p ig

i n v o l v e d was

t o e s t i m a t e how much f e e d

s h o u l d be

ch arged t o t h a t p i g d u r in g th e tim e

on e x p e r i m e n t and t h i s

am ount was t h e n s u b t r a c t e d

t o t a l feed

for

from the

consum ption

th a t group.
Feed E f f i c i e n c y
The f i g u r e s p e r t a i n i n g t o f e e d

g a in f o r e a ch group are
The a d d i t i o n
d ie t resu lted

shown i n summary f o r m i n t a b l e

3.

o f 0 . 0 L $ and 0 . 0 6 ^ D L - t r y p t o p h a n t o t h e b a s a l
in a co n sid era b le

improvement i n f e e d e f f i c i ­

ency w ith the h ig h er l e v e l g iv in g
A dding A ureom ycin t o
sta n tia l

consumed p e r pound o f

the g r e a t e s t

im provem ent.

the b a s a l d i e t a l s o r e s u l t e d

improvement in f e e d

u tiliz a tio n .

in a su b­

27

TABLE 9
TRIAL 2 - FEED CONSUMPTION

Group
IE

D a y s on T e s t
28
E2

lb »

lb .

lb .

T otal
5S
lb .

lb .

7

118

138

15k

181

591

8

llj.2

182

219

318

861

9

187

2^9

317

357

1110

10

11^

110

139

170

53E

28
Feed A n a l y s i s
F e e d a n a l y s i s d a t a a r e shown i n t a b l e 5 *
va lu es for
w ith

crude p r o t e i n f o r a l l

the l e v e l s

c a lcu la ted

d iets

The r e p o r t e d

agree rath er c lo s e ly

on t h e b a s i s

of form u lation .

C a l c i u m and p h o s p h o r u s l e v e l s a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w i c e
p i g ' s req uirem en t f o r

these

known t h a t t h e s e e x c e s s i v e
o f g r o w t h and f e e d
reported

e l e m e n t s and i t
lev e ls

e ffic ie n c y

for r ib o fla v in ,

d i e t s are w e ll in ex cess

is

o f grow ing p i g s .

ing tryptophan v a lu e s

for a l l

o f t h e p i g ! s r e q u i r e m e n t s and c o n ­
V alues fo r

the fo u r g r o u p s.
is

The v a l u e s

n i a c i n and p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d

e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d s r e q u i r e d b y th e p i g a r e
fed

now w e l l

can reduce b o th th e r a t e

s e q u e n t l y were n o t l i m i t i n g f a c t o r s .

each o f the d i e t s

the

the

the t e n

shown f o r

In form ation reg a rd ­

same a s p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d

under t h e Feed A n a l y s i s R e s u l t s f o r T r i a l 1 .
The name o f t h e b r a n d o f m e a t and b o n e
amount o f t r y p t o p h a n foun d
Hy-G-rade, 0 . 2 1 $ ,

S w ift,

to

Arm our, 0.2l|.%,

0.18% and W i l s o n 0.25%*

m ixtu re com posite o f th e s e
ca lcu la ted

is as fo llo w s:

scrap w ith th e

An e q u a l

f o u r s o u r c e s o f meat s c r a p was

c o n t a i n 0 , 23% t r y p t o p h a n *
D i s e a s e and M o r t a l i t y

A f t e r two w e e k s on e x p e r i m e n t i t
a l l g r o u p s had a t l e a s t
ing n o r m a lly .
trou b le

becam e a p p a r e n t t h a t

one o r two p i g s w h i c h w e r e n o t g r o w ­

I n an a t t e m p t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e

o r i g i n o f the

on© p o o r - d o i n g p i g f r o m e a c h g r o u p was s a c r i f i c e d

29
and a u t o p s i e d b y t h e A n i m a l P a t h o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t .
n o sis

i n e a c h c a s e was e n t e r i t i s ,

u n determ ined.

however,

the

The d i a g ­

c a u se was

T h r e e o f t h e f o u r p i g s w e r e f o u n d t o be

l i t t e r r n a t e s from a n in e p i g l i t t e r

t h a t was e x c e p t i o n a l l y

l a r g e and h e a l t h y a t b i r t h .
One c a s e

o f i n t u s s u s c e p t i o n o f the c o lo n w ith r e ­

su ltin g p e r ito n itis
8 , 9 and 1 0 .
cause fo r t h i s

and d e a t h o c c u r r e d

in each o f groups

P o s t mortem e x a m i n a t i o n f a i l e d

to r e v e a l the

co n d itio n .

A f t e r a b o u t f i v e w e e k s on e x p e r i m e n t tw o o f t h e p i g s
i n g r o u p 9 showed e v i d e n c e s

o f a m ild d e r m a t i t i c

and b y t h e e i g h t h w e e k f o u r o f t h e
th is

group were so a f f e c t e d .

co n d itio n

s i x p ig s rem aining i n

At no tim e d u r in g th e

o f the exp erim en t did any o f th e

other

ev id en ce

alm ost c e r t a i n th a t t h i s

of th is d ise a se .

It

is

three groups

course
show

d i s e a s e w a s t h e same a s h a s s i n c e b e e n d e s c r i b e d b y Kernkamp
and P e r r i n

( 1 9 5 3 ) and who te r m e d t h e

syndr om e p a r a k e r a t o s i s *

30

DISCUSSION OP RESULTS
At t h e p r e s e n t
it

stage

a p p e a r s t h a t no c l a s s

o f our know ledge o f sw ine n u t r i t i o n
of n u trien ts

p r o t e i n s o r more s p e c i f i c a l l y
a c id s.

U n til

com ponents,

s u c h t i m e a s t h e am in o a c i d

s w i n e and t h e a m i n o a c i d
used t o

th eir

i s more i m p o r t a n t t h a n
t h e amino

req uirem en ts

com p osition of feed

of

in g red ien ts

s u p p l y t h e s e n e e d s a r e t h o r o u g h l y known and u n d e r ­

stood the fo rm u la tio n
in v o lv es

of

sa tisfa cto ry

sw ine d i e t s

n ecessa rily

c o n s id e r a b le g u ess work.

The t r y p t o p h a n v a l u e s f o r
m e a t and b o n e s c r a p u s e d
only because

the f i v e

in t h i s

sam ples o f

are of i n t e r e s t not

of t h e ir v a r ia t io n but a ls o because th ey are

lo w er than the v a lu e s p r e se n te d
from v a r io u s

test

d ifferen t

sources.

i n m o s t a m in o a c i d

Amino a c i d

( 1 9 5 b ) $ B l o c k and W e i s s ( 1 9 5 6 ) ,

ta b les

ta b les

prepared by A lm qu ist

S i e v e r t and F a i r b a n k s ( 1 9 5 3 )

and B i r d et^ a l , (195^4-) a l l a s s i g n %0% m ea t and b o n e s c r a p a
valu e

of 0 .35^ try p to p h a n .

(1957)

in h is

ta b les

On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

on t h e amino a c id

g r e d i e n t s g i v e s m e a t and b o n e
phan, w h ich i s
reported

a c tu a lly

M orrison

content o f feed

scrap a valu e

in ­

o f 0 %20% t r y p t o ­

in c l o s e r agreement w ith th e r e s u l t s

h erein .

P e r h a p s one o f t h e g r e a t e s t l i m i t a t i o n s
meat s c r a p s a s th e

only source

of

to

the use o f

supplem ental p r o te in

in a

31
corn based r a t i o n fo r
ten t,

F ollow in g

sw ino i s

is a l i s t

its

of tryptophan v a lu e s rep o rted

sa m p le s o f meat m e a l s , meat s c r a p s

T ryp top h an
in crude
p r o te in

C rude
P r o te in
$

%

v a r ia b le tryptophan con­

o r m ea t and b o n e s c r a p s :

Source

1 .1 2

5 6 .8

0 .6 2

5 6 .2

tt

1 .3 0

5 8 .2

it

A lm q u ist e t a l .

(1935)

0 .7 0

-

B l o c k and B o w lin g

0 .7 0

-

K r a tz e r (19140

O . 8I4.

-

W ild e r e t a l .

0 .6 2

5 0 .8

0 .i|4

i|9 .7

tt

0 .5 6

5 7 .1

t»

0 . 514.

U 9.7

tt

0 .I4.1

5 1 .7
-

0 . 601

for

( 191+3)

(19lj-8)
( 19^4-9)

M arch e t a l .

(1950)

M arch et^ a l .
H e n s o n el* a l .

(19510

i B a s e d o n r e p o r t e d v a l u e o f 0 , 3 0 $ t r y p t o p h a n an d a s s u m e d
cru d e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f 50$ i n sa m p le .

A ssum ing a cru de p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f 50$ in t h e
m e a t and b o n e s c r a p u s e d i n t h i s
c o n ten t based

on t h e

t r ia l th eir

c r u d e p r o t e i n w o u ld b e :

T r i a l 2 - A r m our , 0.1j.8$; H y g r a d e , 0 , 14-8$ ;

sam ples o f

tryptophan
T r ia l 1 - 0 .5 2 $ ;

S w ift,

0 ,3 6 $ ;

32
W ilson ,

0 .5 0 % ,

and t h e

O.lj.6%.

Obv i o u s l y ,

com p osite of the fo u r brands u sed ,

some o f t h e v a r i a t i o n s among t h e r e p o r t e d

v a l u e s may be d u e t o d i f f e r e n c e s
used,
tio n

however,

it

sh ould be n o te d

lab o ra to ry .

sig n ifica n ce

is

o f a s s a y s perform ed

that

in a

i n t e r e s t and p e r h a p s

the try p to p h a n v a l u e s r e p o r te d

show a g e n e r a l downward t r e n d f r o m t h e

i n 1935 t o t h o s e r e p o r t e d f o r t h e 1 9 5 0 ! s .

reference

seems q u it e

con sid erab le v a r ia ­

Of c o n s i d e r a b l e

the f a c t

in the above l i s t

It

that

o c c u r r e d w i t h i n a n y one s e r i e s

p a rticu la r

first

in the a ss a y p roced ures

lik ely

that

th is

trend p a r a l l e l s

the g e n e r a l

r e d u c t i o n i n q u a l i t y o f m e a t and b o n e s c r a p t h a t h a s o c c u r r e d
as the r e s u l t
k id n eys,

of in clu d in g

l e s s e r amounts o f h e a r t s ,

liv e rs,

b e e f t r i m m i n g s and g l a n d u l a r m a t e r i a l s .

In view o f t h i s

t r e n d toward a lo w e r t r y p t o p h a n c o n t e n t

o f t h e m ea t m e a l s i t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f
0.35% t r y p t o p h a n f o r m e a t and b o n e s c r a p a s
amino a c id

ta b les

on t h e b a s i s

is

t o o h i g h and s h o u l d be r e v i s e d downward

o f more r e c e n t

The r e s u l t s

obtained

in form ation .

in 'th e se

c o r n - m e a t and b o n e s c r a p d i e t s
tr y p to p h a n f o r grow ing p i g s .
T e rr ill,

e_t a l . ( I 9 5 1 l )

l y by the a d d i t io n
th at

tria ls

in d ica te

th a t the

employed were d e f i c i e n t
In a s i m i l a r

type

u s in g a com p osite blend

s a m p l e s o f m ea t and b o n e
in a corn based d i e t ,

shown In m o s t

scrap as the

in

study
of four

supp lem en tal p r o t e in

improved th e grow th o f p i g s

o f 0.1% D L - t r y p t o p h a n .

It

is

sig n ifica n t
unfortunate

th e se a u th o rs did n o t p r e s e n t a tryptophan a ssa y v a lu e

33
for

the b a s a l d ie t

e ffic ie n c y

sin ce

h erein ,

tryptophan c o n te n t.
an a n t i b i o t i c

stu d ies

g r o w t h and f e e d

o f th e b a s a l fe d group were

those reported

in p a rt,

the r ep o rted

for

su g g estin g

In t h i s

cle a rly

su p erior to

the p o s s i b i l i t y

I l l i n o i s work t h e

of a high er

in c lu sio n of

i n t h e d i e t may h a v e b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e ,
the

in vo lvin g

su p e r io r perform ance.
t h e amino a c i d

at lea st

On t h e b a s i s

of

su p p lem en tation of a co rn -

meat s c r a p d i e t f o r g r o w in g p i g s Henson e t a l .

( 1 9 5U) c o n ­

c lu d e d t h a t t r y p t o p h a n i s p r o b a b l y t h e m ost l i m i t i n g amino
acid

in th is
Since

p ig

is

type r a t i o n .

the degree

of u tiliz a tio n

unknown a t t h i s

of D -tryptophan by the

t i m e and s i n c e

o f tr y p to p h a n l e v e l s were t e s t e d

it

o n l y a l i m i t e d number

is

im p ossib le

an e x a c t try p to p h a n req u ire m en t f o r t h i s
o f the in fo rm a tio n p r e se n te d .

In s p i t e

to sta te

a n i m a l on t h e b a s i s
of th ese lim ita tio n s ,

i t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h e s e d a t a w a r r a n t an a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f
th e grow ing p i g * s req u ire m en t f o r

t h i s amino a c i d .

1 , g r o u p 5 r e c e i v i n g a n 1 8 . 1$ p r o t e i n d i e t
o f n a t u r a lly occu rrin g tryp top h an ,
equal to th at

c o n t a i n i n g 0 . 13$

exh ib ited

a growth r a t e

shown f o r g r o u p 6 w h e r e t h e l e v e l o f n a t u r a l l y

o c c u r r in g tr y p to p h a n In a d i e t
0 .1 6 $ .

In T r ia l

c o n t a i n i n g 1 7 . 6 $ p r o t e i n was

I f t h e a s s u m p t i o n i s made t h a t no a p p r e c i a b l e am ount

o f t h e D- f o r m o f t r y p t o p h a n i s

u tiliz ed

then a l e v e l

of

0 . 1 2 $ L - t r y p t o p h a n i n t h e 1 7 . 2$ p r o t e i n d i e t f e d g r o u p 3
was s u f f i c i e n t

to allow

L -try p to p h a n in d i e t s

f o r normal grow th .

A lev el

of 0.10$

c o n t a i n i n g 1 7 . 9 $ and 1 7 * 6 $ p r o t e i n

3^
( g r o u p s 2 and 8 r e s p e c t i v e l y )
the

sta n d p o in t

of grow th.

appeared

t o be I n a d e q u a t e f r o m

Thus on t h e b a s i s o f t h i s w o r k

I t a p p e a r s t h a t f o r g ro w in g p i g s 30 t o 70 pounds in w e i g h t
the req uirem en t f o r tryp toph an l i e s

clo se

to

0 . 13$ w i t h a

c o n t a i n i n g 1 8 $ p r o t e i n and 75$ t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u t r i ­

d iet
en ts.

In e a r ly
(1951)

s t u d ie s w ith w ean lin g p ig s S h e lto n ,

observed th a t 0 .2$

B e c k e r e_t a l . ( 1 9 5 U b )
o f the

U tiliz in g

Becker e t a l .
d iets

estim ated

more

the tryp toph an requirem ent

20 pound p i g a t 0 . 15$ i n & d i e t

p ro tein .

( 1951+a) o b t a i n e d

o th er hand,

c o n t a i n i n g 12$ o f

g r o w i n g p i g s f r o m 1+0 t o 1 0 0 p o u n d s

c o n ta in in g 0 .1 3 $

d eficien cy

s a t i s f a c t o r y perform ance w it h

t r y p t o p h a n and 1 i+% o f p r o t e i n .

in stu d ie s

On

concerned w ith the n u t r i t i v e

o f a c o r n - f i s h meal d i e t f o r th e w e a n lin g p i g

B e c k e r e_t a l .
d iet

of D L-tryptophan p erm itted

g r o w t h t h a n 0 . 1% l e v e l wh en a dded t o a d e f i c i e n t d i e t *

rapid

the

et_ a l .

( 1 9 5 5 d ) showed t h a t 0 . 1 0 $

tryptophan in a

c o n t a i n i n g 1 7 *5 $ p r o t e i n w as i n a d e q u a t e f o r n o r m a l p e r ­

form ance.
growth r a t e

The a d d i t i o n o f 0.05% D L - t r y p t o p h a n i n c r e a s e d
to th a t ob tain ed

w h ich c o n ta in e d

on a c o r n - s o y b e a n o i l m e a l d i e t

0 . 17$ t r y p t o p h a n and 18$ o f p r o t e i n .

I n a n a t t e m p t t o d e t e r m i n e more a c c u r a t e l y
ta tiv e

the q u a n t i­

tryptophan requirem ent o f th e w ea n lin g p ig Becker

e t a l . ( 1 9 5 5 c)

supplem ented d i e t s

con tain in g p r o te in l e v e ls

o f 15.1+$ and 1 9 . 6 $ w i t h g r a d e d l e v e l s
A ccording t o the a u th o r s ,

the d i e t s

of L -tryptophan.

c o n ta in e d by a s s a y

35
0.075$

of tryptophan,

of assay used.

a lt h o u g h no m en tio n i s

The g r o w t h r e s u l t s

r e q u i r e d n o more t h a n 0 . 1 1 5 $
ta in in g

15 • 3$ p r o t e i n .

in d ica ted

made o f t h e
t h a t the p i g

of L -tryptophan in a d i e t

T h is tryp top h an l e v e l

type

con­

co n stitu ted

0 . 75/0 o f t h e d i e t a r y p r o t e i n a s compared w i t h a v a l u e

of

0 . 7 2$ o f t h e d i e t a r y p r o t e i n f o r t h e e s t i m a t e d r e q u i r e m e n t
suggested
it

on t h e b a s i s

w ould a p p e a r t h a t

grow ing p i g ,

of the

t r i a l reported h e r e in .

Thus

the tryp top h an req u irem en t of th e

a s r e p o r te d by the I l l i n o i s w o r k e rs, a g r e e s

rath er

c l o s e l y w i t h o u r own, r e c o g n i z i n g

the p o s s i b l e

lim i­

ta tio n

t o e x p r e s s i n g and c o m p a r i n g a n am ino a c i d r e q u i r e m e n t

as percen t of d ie ta r y p r o tein ,
G-rau and Kamei ( 1 9 5 0 ) r e p o r t e d
lev el

of the

t h a t as the p r o t e i n

c h i c k ’ s d i e t w as i n c r e a s e d ,

m eth ionine p lu s

cystin e

a slow er r a t e .

I n 1 9 5 ^ S a lm o n w as a b l e

the l y s i n e

req uirem en ts a l s o

and

in crea sed but a t

t o show t h a t

the

tr y p t o p h a n r e q u ir e m e n t o f th e r a t was n o t a c o n s t a n t v a l u e ,
bu t in c r e a se d as the l e v e l of d ie ta r y n itr o g e n in c r e a s e d ,
a l t h o u g h t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p d i d n o t a p p e a r t o be a l i n e a r
On t h e b a s i s

of s t u d ie s d esign ed

to determ ine th e

req uirem en t of the w ea n lin g p ig at
p r o t e i n B e c k e r ejb a l . ( 1 9 5 7 )
p ro tein
was a l s o

two d i f f e r e n t

conclu ded

i n t h e d i e t was i n c r e a s e d t h e

iso leu cin e

Iso leu cin e

req u ire m en t was

p r o te in w h ile at a p rotein

iso leu cin e
lev e ls

of

th a t as the l e v e l

in c r e a se d but a t a slow er r a t e .

o f 1 3 . 35$ th e

one.

of

requirem ent

At a p r o t e i n l e v e l
the d i e t a r y

l e v e l of 2 6 . 70$ th e i s o l e u c i n e

36
r e q u i r e m e n t was o n l y 2 . 1 $

of the d ie ta r y p ro tein *

s i m i l a r t y p e e x p e r i m e n t McWard e_t a l * ( 1 9 5 9 )
ly sin e

A t 12,3% p r o t e i n

n e e d w a s 0 . 9 5 /^ o f t h e d i e t
it

appears l i k e l y

the p ig r e q u ir e d

or

B e c k e r e_t a l * ( 1 9 5 5 c )

that le v e l

of p r o tein a f f e c t s

to d a te .

the

p o in t has n o t been

In a study rep orted by

I n w h i c h two d i f f e r e n t p r o t e i n l e v e l s

supplem ented w it h graded l e v e l s

r esu lts

the l y s i n e

o f the d i e t a r y p r o te in *

try p to p h a n r eq u irem en t of the p ig t h i s
s a t i s f a c t o r i l y answered

of

0,71^ l y s i n e

and a t 21*7% p r o t e i n

o r 5 . 5 5 /^ o f d i e t a r y p r o t e i n ;

were

th a t the

requirem ent o f w e a n lin g p ig s v a r ie d w ith the l e v e l

p ro tein fed .

W hile

found

In a

d id n o t seem t o

o f L -tryptophan the

conform w i t h th e

Idea th a t

the tr y p ­

tophan req u irem en t o f th e p ig i s h ig h e r w ith a h ig h e r p r o t e in
d iet*

The a u t h o r s p o i n t o u t ,

a v a ila b le

p r o te in varied

co m m ercial z e i n used t o
Ljlj..8 ?o d i g e s t i b l e *

less

however,

sin ce

the

t h e p r o t e i n l e v e l was o n ly

in e f f e c t ,

p r o t e i n was s o s m a l l a s t o

"the l e v e l o f

than a n t i c i p a t e d "

in crease

Thus,

that

serio u sly

the range o f a v a i l a b l e
lim it

the r e s u l t s .

It

w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t a f a i r l y w i d e rang© i n p r o t e i n l e v e l s
w o u l d h a v e t o be e m p l o y e d t o a d e q u a t e l y d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r
lev e l

of p rotein in flu en ces
W hether th e p i g

is

o f t r y p t o p h a n , and i f

the tryp top h an req u irem en t*

capable

so,

of u t i l i z i n g

t o what d e g r e e

Is

th e D -isom er
still

op e n t o

q u e s t i o n , b a s e d on c o n f l i c t i n g r e p o r t s f r o m s e v e r a l l a b o r a ­
to ries

coupled w ith

As a l r e a d y p o i n t e d

the la c k of s u f f i c i e n t l y
o u t R e b e r e^t a l *

(1951)

c ritic a l

stu d ies.

conclu ded t h a t th e

37
p i g made l i t t l e

or n o u s e o f D - t r y p t o p h a n w h i l e Thompson e t

a-l« ( 1 9 5 2 ) c o n v e r s e l y c o n c l u d e d t h a t p a r t i a l u t i l i z a t i o n
t h e D - i s o m e r was e f f e c t e d .

of

Q uite d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s were r e ­

p o r t e d b y B e c k e r ejt a l , ( 1 9 5 5 b )

in w h ich the p r e s e n c e

o f the

D - is o m e r o f t r y p t o p h a n i n a r a c e m ic m ix t u r e a p p ea red t o im­
p a ir the

u tiliz a tio n

of L -tryptophan,

r e s u l t s B e c k e r ejt a l , ( 1 9 5 5 c )

In c o n t r a s t w i t h t h e s e

f o u n d n o t e n d e n c y f o r DL-

tryp toph an to d e p r e ss grow th.

On t h e b a s i s

of th is

t h e s e w ork ers concluded t h a t th e p ig can u t i l i z e
era b le

share

to p reclu d e

the p o s s i b i l i t y

At t h i s p o in t
of c r y s ta llin e

is

The r e s u l t s r e p o r t e d h e r e i n a r e
o f s t a t i n g how much i f

D - i s o m e r o f t r y p t o p h a n was u t i l i z e d
it

a m in o a c i d s

in c r y s t a ll in e

fed

such as
any o f th e

by the p i g .

in determ ining the requirem ent
seriou s lim it a t io n s .

f o r m may be more d i g e s t i b l e

n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g a m in o a c i d s

in f e e d s t u f f s .

use of a c r y s t a l l i n e

m ight r e s u l t

am in o a c i d

Amino

than th e
Thus, th e

in u n d e r - e s t i­

m a t i o n o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t w hen n a t u r a l f e e d s a r e u s e d .
exam ple, B rin eg a r e t a l .
c e r ta in n atu ral sources
the

o th e r hand,

absorbed,
gested

(1950) reported
is

c ry sta llin e

and h e n c e

that

On

a m in o a c i d s may be more r a p i d l y

undergo c a t a b o lis m b e f o r e

T h is m ight r e s u l t

For

l y s i n e from

o n l y 33 t o 90^ d i g e s t i b l e *

am ino a c i d s a r e a v a i l a b l e

p ro tein .

in

may be w e l l t o m e n t i o n t h a t t h e u s e

o f a n a n i m a l may be s u b j e c t t o
a cid s

a con sid ­

o f t h e D - i s o m e r o f t r y p t o p h a n w h en i t

a racem ic m ix tu r e .

study

for

sy n th esis

the t o t a l i n ­
in to tissu e

i n an o v e r - e s t i m a t i o n

of the

36
minimum r e q u i r e m e n t .
T h eo retica lly
in flu en ce
decreases,

the c a l o r i c

of the d i e t

t h e amino a c i d r e q u i r e m e n t .
the d i e t

is

should

As t h e c a l o r i c

consumed i n i n c r e a s i n g

t h a t t h e amino a c i d s r e q u i r e d
A ll

d en sity

d en sity

q u a n tities,

so

i n t h e d i e t w o u ld a l s o d e c r e a s e .

o t h e r f a c t o r s b e i n g e q u a l th e amino a c i d n e e d s s h o u ld be

a c o n s t a n t p e r c e n t o f the a v a i l a b l e
H am ilton (1 9 3 5 )

energy.

dem onstrated w ith r a t s

m en t o f t h e p r o t e i n l e v e l ,

t h a t a n upward a d j u s t ­

t o m aintain the proper r e l a t i o n

t o t o t a l e n e r g y , was n e c e s s a r y t o r e a l i z e
of in creased
and Sunde

energy in the d i e t .

(1956),

w ith c h ic k s.

M i t c h e l l and

among o t h e r s ,

the f u l l b e n e f i t

D onaldson e t a l . (1 9 5 5 )
have a l s o d e m o n s tr a te d

th is

The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n e n e r g y and p r o t e i n

must n e c e s s a r i l y a p p ly t o a s i m i l a r t y p e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e ­
t w e e n e n e r g y and a m i n o a c i d s .

R o s e n b e r g and C u l i k ( 1 9 5 5 )

have been a b le

t o show t h a t t h e l y s i n e r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e

grow ing r a t i s

a f u n c t i o n o f the p r o d u c tiv e e n erg y o f t h e

d ie t.

A sim ila r r e la tio n sh ip

i n grow ing p i g s

by t h e work o f A b er n a th y e t a l .
h ig h ly

sig n ifica n t

(1953).

d e p r e s s io n in r a te

L - l y s i n e was added a t a l e v e l

of 0 .1 $

In t h i s

b y B e e s o n e_t a l .

(1953)

by Becker e t a l .

(1955c)

quirem ent

o f the p ig a t

suggested
study a

o f g a i n r e s u l t e d when
o f the r a t i o n .

c a l o r i c d e n s i t y o f t h e r a t i o n w as i n c r e a s e d
e f f e c t a p p e a r e d t o be r e d u c e d .

is

th is

U sin g v a lu e s as

As t h e

in h ib ito ry
set forth

t h e TDN c o n t e n t o f t h e d i e t e m p l o y e d
in su g g estin g

the t r y p t o p h a n r e ­

0.115% ( p r o t e i n

15#3%) c a l c u l a t e s

39
t o be v e r y c l o s e
used

in

the

t o 75%*

U sing t h e s e

study rep orted h erein a l s o

The s i m i l a r i t y

o f the d i e t s

reason for

sim ila r ity

sta tio n s

the

and l e n d s f u r t h e r

phan r e q u ir e m e n t

of r e s u l t s achieved

o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c A u r e o m y c i n HC1 a t a
in a d ie t

(group 10,

as the a b i l i t y

tria l

the r e s u l t s p resen ted

2).

If

then i t

im prove­

improvement i n f e e d

one d e f i n e s a s p a r i n g

o f an a n t i b i o t i c

a tryptophan d e f i c i e n t d i e t ,

shown t o b e

in o n ly a s l i g h t

m en t i n g r o w t h b u t a r a t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t

effect

at these

support to the proposed t r y p t o ­

in tryptophan r e s u lte d

u tiliz a tio n

75% TDTT.

i n t h i s r e g a r d may be f u r t h e r

o f 10 mg. p e r pound o f f e e d

d eficien t

con tained

the d i e t s

o f the p ig a s m entioned a b o v e .

The i n c l u s i o n
lev el

same v a l u e s

t o i m p r o v e g r o w t h on

seems q u e s t i o n a b l e t h a t

here dem onstrate t h i s .

However,

sin ce

a s p a r i n g e f f e c t m ig h t a l s o b e e v id e n c e d b y improved u t i l i ­
z a t i o n o f f e e d t h e n t h e s e d a t a m ight s u g g e s t a s p a r i n g e f f e c t
o f an a n t i b i o t i c
B r a u d e e_t a l .

on t h e t r y p t o p h a n r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e p i g .

(1953)*

in a r e v ie w o f the l i t e r a t u r e

in g th e use of a n t i b i o t i c s

i n sw ine n u t r i t i o n ,

th a t p ig s fed a r a tio n w ith b e t te r
w i l l respond l e s s
poorer r a tio n .
b io tics

to a n tib io tic

L ik ew ise,

Sau b erlich

o v e r -a ll n u tr ie n t balan ce

su pp lem en tation than w ith a

to

that a n ti­

sp arin g a c t io n In the c h ic k .

(19SU-) h a s s u g g e s t e d t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f

a try p to p h a n -sp a rin g a c tio n by a n t i b i o t i c s
a study d esign ed

conclu ded

I n 1 9 5 1 J o n e s and Combs r e p o r t e d

e x e r t a tryptophan

concern­

com p a re tw o d i f f e r e n t

in the r a t .
sources

In

of su p p le­

1+0
m ental p r o t e in

upon t h e r e s p o n s e o f p i g s

(Becker e t a l » 1955d) the r e s u l t s
cy clin e

has a sp a rin g e f f e c t

of the p ig*

In a d d it io n ,

to a n t ib io t ic s ,

suggest that

on t h e t r y p t o p h a n r e q u i r e m e n t

a m ixture o f a n t i b i o t i c s

t e t r a c y c l i n e , p e n i c i l l i n and s t r e p t o m y c i n )
an even g r e a te r

ch lo rtetra -

s p a r in g action , than the

( ch lo r-

appeared

sin g le

to e x e r t

a n tib io tic.

I n a s u b s e q u e n t e x p e r i m e n t o f more c r i t i c a l d e s i g n B e c k e r
e t a l . (1955c)

reported th at

of a n tib io tic s

on t h e t r y p t o p h a n r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e p i g ,

alth ou gh
feed

the a n t i b i o t i c s did

t h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t

i n c r e a s e b o d y w e i g h t g a i n s and

e f f i c i e n c y wh en a dded t o r a t i o n s e i t h e r l o w o r h i g h i n

tryptophan.

A p oin t

on t h e v a r i o u s

lev els

provement In fee d
creased as

of in te r e st
of

in th is

experim ent i s

supplem entary tryp top h an the

e f f i c i e n c y produced by a n t i b i o t i c s

the l e v e l

o f tryptophan in c r e a s e d .

that
im ­

de­

A sim ila r

lack

o f i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n d i e t a r y a n t i b i o t i c s and an a m in o

a cid

r e q u i r e m e n t o f th e p i g has b e e n r e p o r t e d by B e c k e r e t

a l.

(1955a).

In t h i s

s t u d y w h en a m i x t u r e

o t i c s w as a d d e d t o a d i e t ,

of three a n t i b i ­

g r o w t h r a t e was c o n s i d e r a b l y

improved

In b o t h t h e b a s a l and m e t h i o n i n e

groups*

No s i g n i f i c a n t

in tera ctio n

supplem ented

of a n t i b i o t i c s w ith

m e t h i o n i n e r e q u i r e m e n t was n o t e d a l t h o u g h t h e a b s o l u t e
crease

in d a i l y w eig h t g a in s tended to d e c re a se w ith

ing l e v e l s

o f m eth ion in e.

m ix tu r e b e s t growth ( 1 . 2 1
w ith a t o t a l

In t h e p r e s e n c e
lb s.

in ­

in creas

o f the a n t i b i o t i c

g a i n p e r d ay) was o b t a i n e d

o f 0 .i+2% s u l f u r am ino a c i d s

in the r a t i o n ,

the

41
same v a l u e a s w a s o b t a i n e d
Several fa c to rs
quirem ent
diet,

of

in the absence

t h a t may i n f l u e n c e

the p ig ,

when e x p r e s s e d

have a lr e a d y been d i s c u s s e d .

as yet

untested

requirem ent

may h a v e

q u ir e m e n t f o r an amino a c id
or a com bination of both?
breeds vary

in th e ir

fluence
intake?

Perhaps

influence

For example,
a function

is

its

Does e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e m p e r a t u r e
needs

ment f o r any p a r t i c u l a r amino a c id

tained

table
in the

requirem ent

amino a c i d
indirectly

in­

caloric

i s n o t a s i m p l e and

in ta b u la r form

of the w e a n lin g p i g based
For comparative

on t h e

purposes p a rt
ob­

trial

10.

reported

of t h is

few e x c e p t i o n s

the d ie ts

t o be

of

Does t h e

a lo n g w i t h t h e amino a c i d a s s a y r e s u l t s

An e x a m i n a t i o n

except

strains

problem.

inform ation a v a ila b le .

of t h i s

or

or age

of th e p i g f s r e q u i r e ­

R e c e n t l y B e c k e r (1959) h a s s u m m a r i z e d

best

the p i g !s r e ­

of the p ig by a f f e c t i n g

C e rta in ly the establishm ent

the amino a c id

on t h e p i g r s

of body s iz e

of a p ig a f f e c t

of the

other fa c to rs

r e q u i r e m e n t f o r amino a c i d s ?

t h e amino a c i d

uncom plicated

tryptophan r e ­

Do d i f f e r e n t b r e e d s

i n h e r e n t growth p o t e n t i a l
requirem ent?

the

as a p e rc en ta g e

considerable

f o r amino a c i d s .

of a n t i b i o t i c s .

tryptophan.
suboptim al

herein

t a b l e would

or b o rd e rlin e

f o r m ethionine agree

s hown i n t a b l e

indicate

fed were a d e q u a te

The v a l u e s

r e q u i r e m e n t was s u p p l i e d

is

in a l l

only a

amino a c i d s

shown f o r m e t h i o n i n e

appear

e v e n i f Lj.0% o f t h e m e t h i o n i n e

by c y s tin e .

quite

th a t with

The v a l u e s r e p o r t e d

c lo s e ly w ith the

calculated

k2

TABLE 10
A COMPARISON OF AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF SWINE
WITH THE AMINO ACID CONTENT OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS
EXPRESSED AS PERCENT OF DIET

A m in o A c i d

D iet

Requirements'*'
aT

Tryptophan

.1 3
_ 2

.09

“

I.

B

C

.13

.1 6

.08
-

-5k

.27

.25

.25

.2 6

L ysin e

.88

.96

1.08

1 ,0 2

-7k

A rgin in e

.28

1 .1 3

1 .2 6

1.26

1 .2 1

H istid in e

.21+

.1+2

.1+9

.52

.1+6

Thre o n in e

-k9

• 62

.70

-7k

.68

L eu cin e

-7k

1 .3 1

1 .3 6

1.1+2

1 .3 3

P h en ylalan in e

.59

.66

.75

.82

.67

V alin e

.50

.9 9

1 .0 6

1 .0 9

.89

Iso leu cin e

.57

.67

.81

.9 3

.71+

M eth ionin e

P ro tein content
of d iet, %

1 8 .0

1 7 .3

1 8 .1

1 7 .6

1 7 .7

■*" B e c k e r ( 1 9 5 9 )
^ C y s t i n e c a n s a t i s f y 1+0$ o f t h e t o t a l n e e d f o r m e t h i o n i n e ,
3 W ith e x c e p t i o n o f t r y p t o p h a n , v a l u e s p r e s e n t e d r e p r e s e n t
a v e r a g e o f d i e t s f e d g r o u p s 1 , 2 , 3 and 1+.

k W ith e x c e p t i o n o f tr y p to p h a n , v a l u e s p r e s e n t e d r e p r e s e n t
average o f d i e t s fed

g r o u p s 7* 8 , 9 and 1 0 ,

k3
va lu es for
the

these

in g red ien ts

c a lcu la ted

at

d iets

0 . 2 0 . 2 55>

t o meet

am ount o f

Tor

c o n t e n t was

Even assu m in g f u l l

u tiliz a tio n

of the

the t o t a l

s u l f u r b e a r i n g a m in o a c i d s d o e s n o t q u i t e m e e t

suggest

found t h a t

that

T h er e

is,

however,

con sid erab le

the

ev i­

the m e th io n in e r e q u ir e m e n t o f the p i g
C a t r o n et_ a l . ( 1 9 5 3 )

c o r n -s o y b e a n o i l meal d i e t s

form ulated

to y ie ld

12 or lli% p r o t e i n w e r e n o t im p r o v e d b y s u p p l e m e n t a r y

m eth ion in e.
195^a)

given

0 . 2 ?% and 0 . 2 5 5 Bor d i e t s A , B,

w a s m et b y t h e v a l u e s g i v e n a b o v e .

e ith er

C ystin e

the r eq u ire m en ts fo r m eth io n in e

r e q u i r e m e n t o f 0.514/O.
dence to

on m e t h i o n i n e v a l u e s

( B i r d _et a l . , 195U) •

C and D r e s p e c t i v e l y .
cy stin e

based

In agreem ent w ith th e s e

fin d in g s

Becker e t a l .

found t h a t a c o r n -s o y b e a n o i l meal r a t i o n c o n t a i n i n g

1 Ip5 o f p r o t e i n and 0 . 2 3 5 o f m e t h i o n i n e
growth o f w e a n lin g p i g s .

It

supported

sa tisfa cto ry

seem s l o g i c a l t o a s s u m e t h a t

s u f f i c i e n t m e t h i o n i n e and c y s t i n e a r e

su p p lied

in a

if

pro­

li\f o

t e i n r a t i o n c o m p o se d o f c o r n and s o y b e a n o i l m e a l t h e n
p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y l a r g e r a m o u n t s o f t h e s e am ino a c i d s
a l s o be

su p p lied

lS/o p r o t e i n ,

i n a s i m i l a r l y compose d r a t i o n

sin ce

soybean o i l

m ea l c o n t a i n s

t i m e s a s much m e t h i o n i n e and c y s t i n e
et a l .

( 1955a)

state

s tu d ie s presented
for

that

over four

as d oes c o r n .

Becker
the

here ten d t o em phasize th e l a c k o f need
in p r a c tic a l r a t io n s ” fo r

S e w e l l and K e e n ( 1 9 5 8 )

ob tain a response

con tain in g

’’Prom t h e p r a c t i c a l v i e w p o i n t ,

supplem entary m eth io n in e

L ik ew ise

should

in p ig s

concluded t h a t f a i l u r e

to m eth ionine

sw in e.
to

s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n on

u<r a t i o n s w h ich c o n ta in e d h ig h p r o t e i n o i l m e a ls ,
recogn ized

t o be l i m i t i n g

th at there

is

p ra ctica l

that

content,

need f o r m e th io n in e

in d ica tes

su p p lem en tation of

sw ine r a t i o n s .

In t a b l e
adequate

little

in m ethionine

g en era lly

10 th e v a l u e s

in a l l

the ly s in e

growth r e s u l t s

d iets

shown f o r l y s i n e

e x c e p t D.

W hile i t

is

appear to be
q u ite probab le

c o n t e n t o f t h i s d i e t was s u b o p t i m a l t h e
suggest

t h a t t r y p t o p h a n was t h e p r i m a r y l i m i t ­

i n g amino a c i d .
I t w i l l be n o t e d
2)

t h a t g r o u p s 1 and 2 i n T r i a l 1 ( t a b l e

and g r o u p s 7 and 10 i n T r i a l 2 ( t a b l e

poor feed

consum ption.

W hile t h e s e f e e d

c o r r e l a t e w ith the poor r a t e s
fo r a t l e a s t part of

is

not su p p lied

sy n th esis
other fr e e

consum ption f i g u r e s

o f g a i n a p o s s i b l e mechanism

He p o i n t s

in s u f f i c i e n t

o u t t h a t wh en an a m in o
am o(m ts,

tissu e

p ro tein

s l o w s down w i t h a r e s u l t a n t a c c u m u l a t i o n o f t h e
a m in o a c i d s

In t h e

c a t a b o l i s m or e x c r e t i o n .
depressed

showed r e l a t i v e l y

t h i s e f f e c t has been s u g g e s t e d by

A lm quist e t a l . (19^7)*
a cid

3)

ap p etite

c i r c u l a t i o n t o be rem ov ed by

Su ch an a c c u m u l a t i o n may r e s u l t

w hich served t o f u r th e r

In

c u r ta il p ro tein

d ige s t io n .
As p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d
the d if f e r e n c e s

in feed

e ffic ie n c y

6 c a n n o t r e a d i l y be e x p l a i n e d
b alan ce

under t h e R e s u l t s f o r T r i a l 1

or e n e r g y c o n t e n t s

shown f o r g r o u p s 1|, 5 and

on t h e b a s i s

o f the d i e t s .

p o s s i b l y phosphorus c o n te n ts

of these

o f am ino a c i d
The c a l c i u m and

d iets

as

shown i n

i+5
table

1| may b e o f s i g n i f i c a n c e

5 and

6 received

combined

is

is

not

o f growth in
t h a t as

a m ineral

the

diets

level

groups

of

high le v e ls

W hile the

of the

at

least

insufficient

on f e e d

is perhaps

in the

surprising

( T u c k e r and

1955).

The M i c h i g a n w o r k e r s

known a s

Salmon,

1955;

develop

parakeratosis.

g r o u p 9* T r i a l
fed

this

of calcium as

group

a n d L e w i s ed;

contained

amount o f m eat and bone
g r o u p 5*

At

this

fed

a l. ,

four
of

out

this d isease.
the

as contained

time the re a s o n

for

in

in
The d i e t

same l e v e l

g r o u p s 5 a nd 5 a n d t h e

scrap

to

of s i x p i g s

essentially

than

T h i s may

i n g r o u p s Lj_ a n d 5 f a i l e d

However,

the d i e t s

Luecke

c o n s i d e r a b l y mor e z i n c

2 showed e v i d e n c e s

latter

cal­

1955;

a number of o t h e r f e e d s t u f f s which were a n a l y z e d .
e x p l a i n why t h e p i g s

none

( L u e c k e et_ a l . , 1 9 5 5 ) r e p o r t e d

contain

in p a r t

that

by e x c e s s iv e d i e t a r y

S t e v e n s o n and E a r l e ,

scrap

the d i e t

shown b y a n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s

1956;

m ea t and b o n e

explanation

u tilization.

of calcium c o n tain ed

in p a r t ,
zinc

sim ilar­

in

s h o we d e v i d e n c e s o f a s k i n d i s e a s e

caused,

1 ,52% of

p o ssib ly a calcium -zinc

effect

et a l . ,

that

2 . 9 5 and

th e most p l a u s i b l e

some t y p e ,

p a r a k e r a t o s i s which has been

cium and

G r o u p s 1|,

o f m i n e r a l s wa s I n c r e a s e d

g r o u p s 1| a n d 5 i t

of the p ig s

to be

3.19*

c le ar because

had a n a d v e r s e

of the

fed

entirely

these

Imbalance

relationship,
Because

containing

regard*

c a l c i u m and p h o s p h o r u s r e s p e c t i v e l y .

relationship
ity

diets

in t h i s

the

same
diet

the d i f f e r e n c e

in

fed
the

1+6
incidence

of p a r a k e r a t o s i s

essentially
diets

the

same r a t e s

is not apparent.

between th e se

groups

showing

o f g a i n and c o n s u m i n g s i m i l a r

k-7

SUMMARY

1#

A c o r n - r a e a t and b o n e s c r a p d i e t s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h
m i n e r a l s and v i t a m i n s w a s f o u n d t o b e i n a d e q u a t e
f o r th e growth o f w e a n lin g p i g s fe d in d r y l o t .

20

The a d d i t i o n o f 0 . 0 6 p e r c e n t o f D L - t r y p t o p h a n t o
th e above r a t i o n a llo w e d growth to p ro ceed a t th e
same r a t e a s t h a t o b s e r v e d on a c o r n - s o y b e a n o i l
meal d i e t .

3.

When h a l f o f t h e m ea t and b o n e s c r a p p r o t e i n w as
r e p l a c e d w i t h so y b ea n o i l meal p r o t e i n grow th
e q u a le d t h a t o b ta in e d i n th e c o r n -s o y b e a n o i l meal
group.

ip.

On t h e b a s i s o f t h i s s t u d y i t a p p e a r s t h a t f o r
g r o w i n g p i g s 30 t o 70 p o u n d s i n w e i g h t , t h e r e ­
quirem ent f o r try p to p h a n l i e s c l o s e to 0 .1 3 p e r ­
c e n t w i t h a d i e t c o n t a i n i n g 13 % p r o t e i n and 7^>%
to ta l d ig e stib le n u trien ts.

3.

The i n c l u s i o n o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c A u r e o m y c i n h y d r o ­
c h l o r i d e a t a l e v e l o f 10 mg. p e r pound o f f e e d i n
a d i e t shown t o be d e f i c i e n t i n t r y p t o p h a n had n o
s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on r a t e o f g r o w t h o f p i g s b u t
d id improve f e e d e f f i c i e n c y .

kB

PART II.
SUPPLEMENTATION OP A EABY PIG DIPT
WITH A VITAMIN B-, ^ CONCENTRATE AND
ISONICOTINIC ACID HYDRAZIDE
INTRODUCTION
One of the significant factors limiting swine production
is the high rate of pig mortality that occurs during the
suckling period .

It has long been generally believed that

approximately one third of the pigs farrowed In the United
States die before they are weaned.

A part of these losses

can undoubtedly be attributed to infectious diseases or
parsitism aggravated in all probability by faulty nutrition.
It follows that knowledge in the area of baby pig nutrition
and management Is fundamental to the reduction of these
early losses.
With the discovery that certain antibiotics were capable
of increasing the growth rate of animals an entirely new
vista In experimental nutrition was opened.

As a result

many Investigators Initiated studies, to determine If other
antibacterial agents possessed growth stimulating properties.
In general the response of growing sx^ine to the antibiotics
has been somewhat greater than that observed with chickens
or other farm livestock and generally the younger the pig the
greater the response.

For these reasons the young pig appears

to be an excellent subject for the evaluation of promising

49
grow th prom oting a n t i b a c t e r i a l a g e n t s .
E a r l y i n 19^2 r e p o r t s

appeared i n th e l i t e r a t u r e

s c r i b i n g a new a n t i - t u b e r c u l a r d r u g f o r man c a l l e d
tin ic

acid h y d r a z id e .

tre a ted w ith t h is
prom pted t h e

iso n ico -

t h a t many t u b e r c u l a r p a t i e n t s

compound showed r e m a r k a b l e w e i g h t g a i n s ,

idea th a t

b en eficia l e ffe c t

The f a c t

de­

th is

compound m i g h t l i k e w i s e

on t h e g r o w t h o f p i g s

sim ila r

exert a

t o t h a t ob­

ta in ed w ith a n t i b io t i c s .
S in ce the d is c o v e r y of vitam in
t i o n has been g iv e n to the
anim al growth f a c t o r s .
growth f a c t o r

con sid erab le a t t e n ­

search fo r

The p r e s e n c e

in d i s t i l l e r s 1 d ried

still

u n id en tified

o f an u n i d e n t i f i e d

s o lu b le s has been i n d i ­

c a t e d b y n u m e r o u s s t u d i e s w i t h b o t h c h i c k e n s and r a t s
t h i s p r o d u c t w as i n t r o d u c e d a s a f e e d

i n g r e d i e n t i n 1939*

A t t e m p t s t o i d e n t i f y and p u r i f y t h i s a c t i v e
ted

i n 1924-8 i n t h e i s o l a t i o n

t e n t a t i v e l y named v i t a m i n

component r e s u l ­

of a h ig h ly p u r ifie d
W hile t h i s

fra ctio n

" vitam in

c o n c e n t r a t e " had b e e n sh own t o p o s s e s s a c t i v i t y f o r
grow ing r a t ,
mined i f

sin ce

the

c h i c k and w e a n l i n g p i g d t r e m a i n e d t o b e d e t e r ­

t h e b a b y p i g w o u ld show a s i m i l a r r e s p o n s e .

5o

REVIEW OP LITERATURE
I n 19^4-8 Novak and Hauge r e p o r t e d a g r o w t h f a c t o r f o r
rats

in d i s t i l l e r s ' dried

obtain ed

so lu b les.

in a h ig h ly p u rified

t i n c t from a l l

T h is f a c t o r w h ich was

s t a t e was r e p o r t e d

t o be d i s ­

o t h e r known f a c t o r s and w a s d e s i g n a t e d

v ita m in
S y n o l d _et a l . (1914-3) w e r e t h e f i r s t
dried

d i s t i l l e r s 1 so lu b les

fa cto r for
tifie d

ch ick en s.

growth f a c t o r

same a s

that

gro w th f a c t o r s found

c o n t a i n an u n i d e n t i f i e d

The r e s u l t s

in d ica ted

in d i s t i l l e r s *

contained

dried

p u b lish ed

in dried

skim m ilk ,

i n m e a t and b o n e

by H i l l

that

growth

the un iden­

s o l u b l e s w as t h e

in com m ercial c a s e i n a s w e l l a s o th e r

s o l u b l e s did not appear to c o n ta in a l l
f a c t o r s found

to report th at

scraps.

however,

th ese

th e n e c e s s a r y growth
S im ila rly ,

reports

et_ a l . ( I 9 I4I4-) and N e l s o n _et a l . ( 1 9 I4I4.)

provided a d d it io n a l evid en ce th a t dried d i s t i l l e r s *

so lu b les

p r o m o t e g r o w t h b e y o n d t h a t e x p e c t e d f r o m t h e i r known
n u trien t

content.

ch ick en s,

design ed

growth f a c t o r
workers
in

r ib o fla v in ,

is

in d i s t i l l e r s '

d istin ct

p y rid o x in e,

fo lic

a cid ,

s tu d ie s w ith

t o f u r t h e r e v a l u a t e and com pare t h e

(1914-7) p r e s e n t e d

so lu b les

b io tin ,

I n somewhat more r e f i n e d

d ried

so lu b les,

Novak and c o ­

e v id en ce th a t the f a c t o r

or f a c t o r s

f r o m v i t a m i n A, v i t a m i n D,

thiam in,

pan toth en ic

a cid , n ia c in ,

p a r a am in o b e n z o i c a c i d ,

ch o lin e,

2 -m eth yl-

51
n a p h t h o q u i n o n e and i n o s i t o l .
both d i s t i l l e r s *

d ried

ch ick s.

growth f a c t o r
Further

p u r i f y i n g and i d e n t i f y i n g

th is

t h a t t h e f a c t o r was s t a b l e
in

v a lu es.

eth er,

toward

f a c t o r were r e p o r t e d by
( 19i+8b) •

They r e p o r t e d

t o h e a t , a c i d and a l k a l i and

U sin g th e r a t as the t e s t

anim al th e y p r e s e n t e d

t h a t t h e f a c t o r w as d i s t i n c t f r o m

known v i t a m i n s a s w e l l a s a number o f o t h e r p o s t u l a t e d

grow th f a c t o r s .
in v estig a to rs

A d d i t i o n a l work r e p o r t e d by t h e s e

( N o v a k and Hauge 1 9 i | 8 a )

in d ica ted

c ry sta llin e

e x t r a c t from d i s t i l l e r s *

con cen tratin g

the f a c t o r

dried

th e y determ ined

same

that they

had b e e n s u c c e s s f u l i n p r e p a r i n g a h i g h l y p u r i f i e d

tion

so lu b les

e t h a n o l and w a t e r a t w i d e l y d i f f e r e n t pH

e v id e n c e w h ich in d ic a t e d
a ll

that

or f a c t o r s w h ic h i s

stu d ies d irected

N ov a k and Hauge i n t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r

solu b le

in d ica ted

s o l u b l e s and c o n d e n s e d f i s h

c o n t a in an u n i d e n t i f i e d
n ecessary for

T heir r e s u l t s

but non­

so lu b les.

so lu b ility ,

A fter
adsorp­

on v a r i o u s a d s o r b e n t s , and t h e p o t e n c y o r a s s a y v a l u e

w ith r a t s .

The y e l l o w a m orp ho u s compound w h i c h w as o b t a i n e d

p r o m o t e d r a t g r o w t h a t a l e v e l a s lo w a s 2 m e g . p e r r a t p e r
day i n d i c a t i n g
ten ta tiv e ly

its

ca lled

A u s t i n and B o r u f f
cou ld be e x tr a c te d
m eth anol,

v ita m in -lik e nature.
vitam in

The f a c t o r w a s

In th e f o l l o w i n g y e a r

(191+9) d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t v i t a m i n B - ^
from d i s t i l l e r s *

and t h a t an a c t i v e

dried

so lu b le s w ith

f r a c t i o n c o u l d be e x t r a c t e d

from th e m eth an ol e x t r a c t w it h c h lo r o fo r m .

The c o n c e n t r a t e

52
o b t a in e d by t h i s
ported

s i m p l i f i e d p u r i f i c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e was r e ­

t o g i v e a growth r e s p o n s e

U sin g p ig s as the

in c h ick s.

t e s t a n i m a l s Cunha e_t a l .

ported

th a t a v ita m in

to ries

o f H ir a m W a l k e r and S o n s was e f f e c t i v e

grow th.
corn,

c o n c en tr a te prepared

The b a s a l d i e t

(1950) r e ­

in the la b o r a ­
in prom oting

e m p l o y e d w a s c om p osed e s s e n t i a l l y

p e a n u t m e a l , m i n e r a l s and v i t a m i n s A, D p l u s

B -v ita m in s.

In the f i r s t

r e s p o n s e from t h e B ^
first

seven

e x p e r i m e n t w i t h w e a n l i n g p i g s no

c o n c e n t r a t e was o b s e r v e d d u r i n g t h e

16 d a y s o f t h e t r i a l b u t d u r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g 1+6 d a y s

t h e Bq^ s u p p l e m e n t e d p i g s g a i n e d 25% f a s t e r
In a second

than th e

co n tro ls.

e x p e r im e n t s i m i l a r r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d w i t h the

e x c e p t i o n t h a t no r e s p o n s e was o b s e r v e d f r o m t h e B ^
p erio d

for a

o f Ip5 d a y s .

Soon a f t e r

its

iso la tio n

i n 191+8 v i t a m i n B ^ w as sh ow n

t o a c c o u n t f o r much o f t h e a c t i v i t y
factor,

of the anim al p r o t e i n

and t h e a d d i t i o n - o f t h e v i t a m i n t o d i e t s

v eg etab le

s o u r c e s enhanced

The v a l u e

of vitam in B ^

search fo r s u ita b le
found

of

from o n l y

t h e i r v a l u e f o r p i g s and p o u l t r y .
a l l vegetab le d ie ts

s o u r c e s o f the v i t a m i n ,

led

to a

and t h e y w e r e

i n th e r e s i d u e s from th e i n d u s t r i a l p r e p a r a t i o n o f

a n tib io tics,

e s p e c i a l l y a u r e o m y c i n and s t r e p t o m y c i n .

crude r e s i d u e s

from S tr ep to m y c e s a u r e o f a c i e n s proved b e t t e r

f o r p o u l t r y th a n an e q u i v a l e n t
as reported

The

by Stok stad

S t o k s t a d and J u k e s

q u a n t i t y o f p u re v i t a m i n B-^

et_ a l . i n 191+9 •

(1950)

showed t h a t

Su bseq uently

t h e s u p e r i o r i t y was due

53
t o the p resen ce

in the r e s id u e s

t h a t aureom ycin i t s e l f

of traces

o f a u r e o m y c i n and

promoted th e g ro w th o f c h i c k s .

Q-l• ( 1 9 5 0 a ) sh owed t h a t a d d i t i o n s

of c r y s t a l l i n e aureom ycin

t o a v i t a m i n B]_2 - c o n t a i n i n g r a t i o n p r o d u c e d t h e
ex tra w eigh t ga in s
In a s i m i l a r
c ry sta llin e

t y p e e x p e r i m e n t L u e c k e ejt a l .

stim u la tin g e f f e c t

dem onstrated

in c h i c k s .

(1950),

that th is

i n s w i n e was n o t s p e c i f i c

I n 1 9 5 0 N e s h e i m and J o h n s o n r e p o r t e d
promoted

same t y p e o f

i n p i g s t h a t had b e e n o b s e r v e d

strep tom ycin ,

Jukes

u sing

growth

f o r aureom ycin*

th a t strep tom ycin

th e g r o w th o f young p i g s r e c e i v i n g a s e m i - s y n t h e t i c

m i lk c o n t a i n i n g a l p h a - p r o t e i n d e r iv e d from soybean o i l m e a l.
S u b seq u e n t work u s i n g a l p h a - p r o t e i n b a sed

’’s y n t h e t i c m i l k s 11

f o r baby p i g s has confirm ed t h a t a n t i b i o t i c s
perform ance of p ig s fed

th is d ie t,

a u r e o m y c i n and t e r r a m y c i n p r o v e d
w h ic h were t e s t e d

im prove t h e

and u n d e r m o s t c o n d i t i o n s

su p erior to other a n t i b i o t i c s

( W a h l s t r o m e_t a l . , 1 9 5 0 ; N o la n d _et a l . ,

1 9 5 1 ; W a h l s t r o m e_t a l . , 1 9 5 2 ) .
U sin g a c a s e in
(1950)

reported

’’s y n t h e t i c m i l k ” d i e t ,

no s t a t i s t i c a l l y

the a d d i t io n o f aureom ycin,
th e baby p i g s were p a i r f e d .
S h e f f y ejt a l .

(1952)

N e s h e i m ejt a l .

s i g n i f i c a n t r e s p o n s e from

s t r e p t o m y c i n o r p e n i c i l l i n when
In a n o th e r t e s t ,

using v ita m in -fr e e

however,

c a s e in as the sou rce

o f p r o t e i n i n a ’’s e m i - s y n t h e t i c m i l k ” f e d ad l i b i t u m ,
d e m o n s t r a t e d a g r o w t h r e s p o n s e f r o m b o t h a u r e o m y c i n and
strep tom ycin .

5k
T h is p r o p e r ty o f growth s t i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t i n g from the
a d d itio n

of sm all q u a n t it ie s

anim al f e e d s
b a cteria l

is

not

o f a n o n - n u t r i e n t compound t o

co n fin ed to the a n t i b i o t i c s

substances

of b io lo g ic a l o rig in .

Moore e t a l . r e p o r t e d

that

su lfa su x id in e

g r o w t h o f c h i c k s on p u r i f i e d
G r u m b l e s erb a l , ( 1 9 ^ 3 )

d iets.

et a l , ,

shown t h a t

and c a l v e s

It

(C arpenter,

( G r a f and H o l d a w a y ,

C h em ically,

th eir

effect

that th e ir

somehow m e d i a t e d t h r o u g h t h e i r
on t h e i n t e s t i n a l f l o r a .

1951; B ecker

1952) have

t h e s e v a r i o u s compounds
pronounced l a c k of

on g r o w t h can s c a r c e l y b e

to th e ir d ir e c t u t iliz a t io n

s e e m s more l i k e l y

coverin g

capable o f s t im u la t in g

i n common and b e c a u s e o f t h i s

chem ical s i m i la r i t y
ascrib ed

R e s u lts obtain ed by

c e r ta in a rso n ic a c id s are

the growth of a n im a ls .
have l i t t l e

stim u la te d the

Several reports

( B i r d ejt a l . , 191-f.Q) ^ p i g s
19^2)

As e a r l y a s 19ij-6

suggested th a t su lfa q u in o x a lin e

im proved th e grow th o f c h i c k s .
chick en s

or a n t i ­

in the growth p r o c e s s e s .

sim ila r e f f e c t

on g r o w t h i s

common a n t i b a c t e r i a l e f f e c t

Thus i t w o u ld

se e m p l a u s i b l e

to

a s s u m e t h a t o t h e r compounds w i t h a n t i - b a c t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s
m ight p o s s e s s grow th s t i m u l a t i n g p r o p e r t i e s .
E a r ly in 1952 th e r e appeared
several reports

in the m ed ica l l i t e r a t u r e

( B o s w o r t h ejb a l . , 1 9 5 2 ;

1 9 5 2 ; R o b i t z e k and S e l i k o f f ,
regard in g c l i n i c a l

S e l i k o f f and R o b i t z e k ,

1952; Elm endorf e t a l . , 1952)

t r i a l s w i t h a new and p r o m i s i n g o r a l a n t i -

tu b ercu lar d r u g -is o n ic o tin ic

acid h y d ra z id e .

In each r e p o r t

55
I t w a s n o t e d among t h e f i n d i n g s
istra tio n

that

sh o rtly a fte r

o f th e drug to p a t i e n t s w i t h advanced

tu b ercu lo sis

in w eight*

fo llo w ed

S e l i k o f f and R o b i t z e k ( 1 9 5 2 )

g a ve c o n s i d e r a b l e em p hasis t o t h i s p o i n t
c o v e r in g th e tre a tm en t o f 92 p a t i e n t s .

in th e ir report
In t h i s

summarized t h e i r r e s u l t s b y s t a t i n g t h a t :
and r e s t o r e d

cases of

t h e r e w a s an i m p r o v e m e n t i n a p p e t i t e

by a rem arkable g a in

th e adm in­

regard th ey

"A ppetite

in crease

s e n s e o f w e l l - b e i n g w e r e m a t c h e d and o v e r s h a d o w e d

b y w e i g h t g a i n s w h i c h v a r i e d up t o 61|_ p o u n d s and a v e r a g e d
18 pounds a t an a v e r a g e o f n i n e w eeks o f t r e a t m e n t . "

56

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
T w e l v e f o u r - and f i v e - d a y o l d D u ro c b a b y p i g s w h i c h had
receiv ed

c o l o s t r u m from t h e i r dams, were used i n t h i s

p erim en t.

These p i g s were a l l o t t e d

among f o u r g r o u p s on t h e b a s i s
and s e x .

ex­

as e q u a lly as p o s s ib le

of i n i t i a l w eigh t,

litte r

E ac h g r o u p o f t h r e e p i g s was h o u s e d i n a w i r e

b o t t o m e d c a g e w h i c h w as p l a c e d

i n a h e a t e d and w e l l v e n t i ­

la ted

room,

first

fou r days of the experim en t.

and f l u s h e d

A h e a t lamp w as p r o v i d e d f o r

5 P . M . and 9 P . M . )

the

The c a g e s w e r e s c r u b b e d

d a i l y to m ain tain s a n it a t io n .

fed a s y n t h e t ic m ilk fou r

each cage f o r

tim es d a i l y

A l l groups were

(8 A .M .,

i n amounts s u f f i c i e n t

1 P .M .,

t o p r o v i d e an ad

l ib i t u m f e e d in g program.

For th e f i r s t

perim ent the r e f r i g e r a t e d

m i l k was warmed t o room t e m p e r a t u r e

p r io r to fe e d in g but t h e r e a ft e r ,
experim en t,

and f o r

the r em a in d er o f th e

t h e m i l k was f e d a t t h e r e f r i g e r a t e d

The m i l k was o f f e r e d
the p ig s

s i x days of th e e x ­

learned

tem perature.

in a s h a l l o w m e t a l t r o u g h from w h ich

t o d r i n k x^ithin th e f i r s t day o f t h e e x p e r i ­

m en t .
The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e
basal d iet

is

s y n t h e t i c m i lk employed a s t h e

shown i n t a b l e s 1 ,

2 and 3 .

T h i s m i l k was

p r e p a r e d f r e s h e a c h w e e k i n t h e f o l l o w i n g m anner :

A

m e a s u r e d am ount o f t a p w a t e r was p l a c e d i n a 30 l i t e r
c a n and b r o u g h t t o a t e m p e r a t u r e o f 3 0 ° C .

m ilk

Sodium b i c a r b o n a t e

57

TABLE 1 .

COMPOSITION OP BASAL DIET1

In gred ien t
C asein,

Labco V it a m in - F r e e

%
30

C erelose

5k

Lard

10

M i n e r a l MIx^

6

V itam ins^

+

^ An e m u l s i o n c o n t a i n i n g \T%> s o l i d s w as p r e p a r e d
and t h e n h o m o g e n i z e d ,
-

S ee t a b l e

3*

^ S e e t a b l e Ij..

58

TABLE 2 .

In gred ien t
Na CL

COMPOSITION OP MINERAL MIXTURE1

G-rams

59k.

k 2hpo^

1288.

CaHPO^

1690.

Ga l a c t a t e

lliO f.

MgS0^-7H20

177.

P eS 0^ -7H 20

9 6 .5 0

KI

3 .0 0

Mn30^*H2 0

5 .0 0

Zn C l 2

1 .0 0

Cu S 0 ^ - 5 H 2 0

1 .0 0

Co G12 .6H2 0

o .5o
5 0 00.00

S im ila r t o m ixture d e s c r ib e d by Johnson
e t a l . (191^.8).

59

TABLE 3 .

VITAMINS ADDED PER LITER OP MILK

Thiam in h y d r o c h l o r id e

1 .0

mg.

R ib o fla v in

2 .0

mg.

N ia cin

lp.0

mg.

1 2 .0

mg.

2 .0

mg.

14-0.0

mg.

ipOO.O

mg.

C alcium p a n t o t h e n a t e
P yridoxin© h y d r o c h lo r id e
In o sito l
C h olin e
B io tin

16.0

meg.

A scorb ic acid

16.0

meg.

a cid

V i t a m i n B-j^

o
•
CO

F o lic

m eg .

1+.36 m e g .

V itam in A

2333.

I.U .

V itam in D

233.

I.U .

A lph a-T ocop herol

1 . 1 7 mg.

2 - M e t h y l 1 —Ip n a p h t h o q u i n o n e

0 . 3 3 mg.

60
e q u a l t o lp.75?o o f t h e w a t e r w e i g h t w as t h e n a d d e d .
th is

s o l u t i o n was a g i t a t e d by an a u t o m a t ic s t i r r e r

w as s l o w l y a d d e d ,

follox^ed b y t h e c e r e l o s e .

v i t a m i n s w ere added t o t h e m elte d
p o n e n ts were
added

in corp orated

W hile
the c a s e i n

The f a t

so lu b le

l a r d and t h e n t h e s e

in the m ix tu r e .

com­

H ot w a t e r w a s

t o t h e m i n e r a l m i x t u r e and t h i s was t h e n s t i r r e d

W a r in g B l e n d e r p r i o r t o a d d i n g t o t h e c a n .
v i t a m i n s w e r e t h e n m ixed i n and t h e e n t i r e
hom ogenized.
nents as

in a

The r e m a i n i n g
e m u l s i o n was t h e n

To t h i s m i l k t h e v a r i o u s e x p e r i m e n t a l compo­

sh own in. t a b l e Ip, w e r e add ed and m ixed and t h e r e ­

s u l t i n g m i lk s were t h e n p l a c e d

i n l a r g e g l a s s b o t t l e s and

refrig era ted .
The p i g s w e r e w e i g h e d
test

In d iv id u a lly at the

and t h e r e a f t e r a t i n t e r v a l s

shoim i n t a b l e

6.

A record

start

of the

o f t h r e e or f o u r days a s

o f m ilk consum ption f o r each

g r o u p w a s m a i n t a i n e d and t h e p i g s w e r e

c l o s e l y observed fo r

a n y a b n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g t h e 26 d a y e x p e r i m e n t a l
p erio d .
The p i g w e i g h t g a i n s x%rere t e s t e d
t h e meth od o f S n e d e c o r ( I 9 l p 6 ) .

for

s i g n i f i c a n c e by

61

TABLE ij..

G ro up

DESIGN OP EXPERIMENT

D ie t a r y T reatm ent

1

Basal

2

B a s a l + 5 mg* A u r e o m y c i n h y d r o c h l o r i d e
p e r 1 0 0 gm. o f d r y m a t t e r

3

B a s a l + 0 . 0 5 ml* v i t a m i n B-j~ c o n c e n t r a t e ^
p e r 1 0 0 gm. o f d r y m a t t e r
B a s a l + 5 m g. i s o n i c o t i n i c
p e r 1 0 0 gm. d r y m a t t e r

n

acid

h yd razid e

S u p p l i e d b y R . A . R a s m u s s e n , H i r a m W a l k e r and
Sons, In c .

62

RESULTS
The o v e r a l l r e s u l t s

o f t h i s experim ent are

summary f o r m i n t a b l e 5*
d ica tes

An e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h i s

t h a t p e r h a p s th e most o u t s t a n d i n g a s p e c t

u n i f o r m i t y o f p e r f o r m a n c e among t h e g r o u p s .
of gain s,
that

food

c o n s u m p t i o n and f o o d

shown i n
ta b le
is

in ­

the

The s i m i l a r i t y

u tiliz a tio n

in d ica tes

t h e r e w e r e no d i f f e r e n c e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e v a r i o u s

exp erim en tal tre a tm en ts.
An a n a l y s i s
o f the p ig s
exceeded
F value
p ig s

of v a ria n ce

in d icated

conducted w ith th e w e ig h t g a in s

th e v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n the groups f a r

t h e v a r i a t i o n b e tw e e n g r o u p s a s e v i d e n c e d by an
o f 0 .012

can be

(ta b le

6).

The a v e r a g e d a i l y g a i n s

c o n s i d e r e d v e r y g o o d and e s p e c i a l l y

o f t h e n e c e s s a r y a d j u s t m e n t t o a new d i e t ,
food

i n t a k e and a t o t a l l y d i f f e r e n t

in g.

of the

so in view

a new m ethod o f

environm ent,

a f t e r wean­

I t w o u ld a p p e a r t h a t t h e s e g a i n s a r e e v i d e n c e

of

n u t r i t i o n a l adequacy o f the s y n t h e t i c m ilk em ployed.
average d a il y gain s

of the p ig s

the
The

in each group d u rin g t h e

course

o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a r e shown i n t a b l e

terest

to note th at for

7.

It

is

of in ­

th ree of th e fo u r groups w e ig h t g a in s

made d u r i n g t h e f i r s t

t h r e e d a y s o f the e x p e r im e n t e x c e e d e d

the

the

g a i n s made d u r i n g

exp lan ation for

fo llo w in g three days.

these r e s u lt s

is

t h a t food f i l l

A probable
r a th e r than

63

TABLE 5 .

SUMMARY OP RESULTS

( 3 p i g s p e r g r o u p on t e s t

G-roup

1

T reatm ent

26 d a y s )

2

3

A ureo­
m ycin

V it.

Non©

b 13

k
INH2

in itia l

a g e/p ig ,

days

k-3

1^.7

A4-.3

k.7

Ave.

i n it ia l w t./p ig ,

lb s.

i|. 6

k -3

^ .2

k*k

Ave*

fin a l w t./p ig ,

2 3.2

2 2 .9

2 2.2

2 2 .6

Ave. d a ily
Ave.
Ave.
DM

g a in /p ig ,

d a i l y m ilk
lite r s

lb s.
lb s.

0 .7 2

0 .69

0 .7 0

2 .0

2 .0

1 .9

c o n s./p ig ,

d a i l y DM^ c o n s . / p i g ,
c o n s./lb .

0 .72

no
•
o

A ve.

lb .

gain

1 D ry M a t t e r
2 I s o n i c o t i n i c a cid hydrazide

.75

.75

.7 3

.73

1 . 0k

1 .0 6

1 .0 5

1 .0 3

TABLE 6 .

ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE OP WEIGHT GAINS

Source of Variation

Degrees
of
Freedom

Sum of
Squares

Mean
Square

11

191.63

B e t w e e n means

3

.8 6

.29

W ithin e r r o r

8

190.77

23.85

T otal

65-

ta b le 7 .

AVERAGE DAILY GAIN IN POUNDS PER PIG
DURING COURSE OF EXPERIMENT

Interval
Days

Group
i

2

3

b

3

0.71

0.52

0.71

0.62

3

0.35

0.67

0 .14-7

0.1)3

it.

o .5 i

0.5b

0.32

0.39

k

0.55

0 .U8

0.57

0.53

h

0.82

0.86

0.79

0.81

b

0.81

0.714-

0.63

0.75

b

1.16

1 . 11).

1.30

1.28

66

increase in tis s u e mass accounted for a part of these gain s.
In general a l l groups showed a sim ilar steady increase in
d a ily gains as the t e s t progressed.
As indicated above both food consumption and food u t i l i ­
zation were remarkably sim ilar among the groups.

The food

e f f ic ie n c y values are ex c e lle n t giving evidence of the high
degree of d i g e s t i b i l i t y and n u tritio n a l balance of the d i e t .
The pigs in a l l groups appeared quite normal during the
course of the t e s t .

A mild and Interm ittent type of diarrhea

was in evidence during the f i r s t few days of the t e s t but
th is condition then subsided and the droppings assumed a
firm consistency for the remainder of the experimental
p eriod .

67

DISCUSSION OP RESULTS
The l a c k o f r e s p o n s e t o A u r e o m y c i n i n t h i s

tria l

h a p s n o t t o o s u r p r i s i n g when one c o n s i d e r s b o t h t h e
under w h ich t h i s

is

per­

con d ition s

t e s t was c o n d u c t e d a l o n g w i t h d a t a a v a i l a b l e

r e g a r d i n g t h e mode o f a c t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c s *
It

is

first

of a ll

necessary to e sta b lish

several fa cts

r e g a r d i n g t h e a r e a i n w h ic h t h e p i g c a g e s were h ou sed a s
w e l l as the cages th em selves*
itia te d

t h e room I n w h i c h t h e

At t h e t i m e t h i s t e s t w a s i n ­
t r i a l w as c o n d u c t e d w as n e w l y

c o m p l e t e d and had n o t h o u s e d p i g s p r i o r t o t h i s

tim e.

L ike­

w ise

t h e c a g e s w e r e n e w l y c o n s t r u c t e d and w e r e p r o v i d e d w i t h

w ire

sc r e e n e d f l o o r s w hich tended t o rem ain r e l a t i v e l y

o f b o t h u r i n e and f e c e s .

As a l r e a d y p o i n t e d

out the f l o o r s

o f t h e s e c a g e s w e r e s c r u b b e d and f l u s h e d d a i l y .
f e e d i n g tro u g h s were a l s o cle a n e d d a i l y .
were r e f r i g e r a t e d

betw een fe e d in g s

clea n

The m e t a l

S u p p lie s o f m ilk

in ord er t o keep any

b a c t e r i a l g r o w t h a t a minimum.
C o a t e s e £ a l ♦ ( 1 9 5 1 and 1 9 5 2 )
ments o b ser v ed t h a t

chicks reared

in w e ll c o n tr o lle d

in an old environm ent

sh owed a marked g r o w t h r e s p o n s e t o a n t i b i o t i c s w h i l e
e f f e c t w as n o t s e e n when t h e y w e r e r e a r e d
in a c le a n environm ent.

M oreover,

t h e g r o w t h o f t h e c h i c k s on t h e
d i e t was as g o o d ,

ex p eri­

s u c h an

In new q u a r t e r s

in th e c le a n environm ent,

c o n t r o l or unsupplem ented

or b e t t e r than ,

or

that

o f the b ir d s

in the

68
old

environm ent r e c e i v i n g th e a n t i b i o t i c

These o b s e r v a t i o n s were confirm ed
b y B i r d e_t a l . ( 1 9 5 2 )
of these

stu d ies

supplem ented fe e d *

in o th er s tu d ie s

and H i l l ejb a l » ( 1 9 5 2 ) .

suggested

conducted

The r e s u l t s

t h a t th e growth prom otin g a c t i o n

o f a n t i b i o t i c s a p p e a r s t o be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c o n t r o l o f
d e l e t e r i o u s m icro o rg a n ism s in th e a n im a l’ s environm ent*
F urther evid en ce
by a n t i b i o t i c
con d ition s

in support of t h i s

s t u d ie s w ith anim als r a is e d

ch ick s w ith th ose e x p e r im en ta lly

( P o r b e s and P a r k ,

e t a l * ( 1 9 5 6 ) were a b l e

1959)*

c h i c k s and t h a t

In a n o th er stu d y Anderson

to dem onstrate th a t fe e d in g a high

l e v e l o f a mixed e n t e r o c o c c i

c u ltu r e retarded

noted

Is q u ite

no r e s p o n s e t o

reported

h erein .

c le a r th a t the p ig s

in t h i s

t h e v i t a m i n B-^3 c o n c e n t r a t e

exp lan ation for th is

la ck of response

th a t a " vitam in -free"
tein

In v i e w o f t h e a b o v e

i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t no r e s p o n s e t o A u r e o m y c i n w a s

in the t r i a l
It

the growth o f

t h i s g r o w t h r e t a r d a t i o n c o u l d be p r e v e n t e d

by i n c l u d i n g Aureom ycin in th e d i e t .
data I t

under g e r m - f r e e

( L u c k e y e t a l * , 1 9 5 6 and F o r b e s e t a l * , 1 9 5 8 ) and

a com parison o f g erm -free
in fected

t h e o r y h a s b e e n sh ow n

in the m ilk .

tria l

used.

sh ow ed
One p o s s i b l e

i s b a s e d on t h e

c a s e i n was u s e d a s t h e

source

fact

of pro­

In t h e i r v i t a m i n B-^ s t u d i e s w i t h r a t s

N o v a k and Hauge ( 1 9 ^ 8 b ) f o u n d t h a t n e i t h e r c a s e i n e x t r a c t e d
w i t h e t h a n o l nor com m ercial " v it a m in - f r e e "
f a c t o r y as a source

o f p r o te in because

c a s e i n was s a t i s ­

of the p resen ce

of

69
th is

factor.

In o r d e r t o o b t a i n a r e s p o n s e from t h e i r v i t a ­

m in B - ^ c o n c e n t r a t e

i t was n e c e s s a r y t o e m p l o y i n t h e d i e t

a c a s e i n w h i c h had b e e n r i g o r o u s l y t r e a t e d b y a s e r i e s

of

e x tr a c tio n procedures.
It

is

a lso

th is factor

e n tir e ly p o ssib le

In two s e p a r a t e

Cunha ejb a l . ( 1 9 5 0 )

o b s e r v e d no g r o w t h r e s p o n s e

h e r e in ran fo r a p eriod
storage

normal g r o w th .
rats

from a

16 and 1^5 d a y s

of

T h e s e r e s u l t s w o u ld s u g g e s t t h a t t h e p i g i s

of sto rin g th is

the p i g ' s

of

t r i a l s w ith w eanling p ig s

c o n c e n tr a te during the f i r s t

these te sts*
capable

t h e p i g Ts s t o r a g e

a c c o u n t e d f o r t h e l a c k o f r e s p o n s e t o t h e B-j^

concen trate.

v ita m in

that

factor.

Since the t r i a l rep o rted

o f 26 d a y s i t

is

con ceivab le th a t

o f v i t a m i n B-, » w as s u f f i c i e n t

to

support

E v i d e n c e t h a t t h i s f a c t o r c a n be s t o r e d b y

h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d b y Manna and Ha uge ( 1 9 5 3 ) .
The q u e s t i o n m i g h t l o g i c a l l y b e r a i s e d a s t o w h e t h e r t h e

am ount o f v i t a m i n B
e llic it

13

a response.

s i m i la r l y prepared

c o n c e n t r a t e u s e d was s u f f i c i e n t
Cunha and c o w o r k e r s ( 1 9 5 0 )

c o n c e n t r a t e from the

( H ir a m W a l k e r 3c S o n s )

incorporated

p e r 100 pounds o f f e e d .

C alculated

using a

same l a b o r a t o r y

3 ml * o f t h i s

concen trate

on a d r y m a t t e r b a s i s

t h e a m oun t o f v i t a m i n B ^ j c o n c e n t r a t e u s ed
ported

to

in the t e s t r e ­

h e r e i n w a s a l m o s t s e v e n t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e am ount

used b y th e above m en tioned
in form ation i t

in v estig a to rs.

From t h i s

lim ited

w o u ld a p p e a r t h a t t h e amount o f a c t i v e m a t e r i a l

u sed was n o t a l i m i t i n g

factor.

70
Although, s e v e r a l y e a r s have e l a p s e d
d is c o v e r y o f vitam in B ^

and d e s p i t e

o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n w ith regard
m ains c o n s i d e r a b l e

sin ce

a c o n s i d e r a b l e a m oun t

to t h is fa cto r there

con fu sion as to i t s

There have b e e n d a ta t o s u g g e s t

that o ro tic
b 13*

still

sig n ifica n ce

anim al n u t r i t i o n a s w e l l as i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p

a cid are r e l a t e d .

the rep orted

re­

in

to o r o t ic acid *

t h a t v i t a m i n B -^ and o r o t i c

Manna and Hauge (19f>3) a d v a n c e d t h e

idea

a c i d may b e a d e c o m p o s i t i o n p r o d u c t o f v i t a m i n

On t h e o t h e r hand R a s m u s s e n et_ a l . (195^1-) w e r e u n a b l e

to fin d

a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o r o t i c a c i d and v i t a ­

min B1 3 and c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e
e n titie s.

More r e c e n t l y O t t e t a l . (195>8) w e r e u n a b l e t o

observe a s ig n if ic a n t
ceiv in g

two a r e d i f f e r e n t n u t r i t i o n a l

growth prom oting e f f e c t

in ch ick s r e ­

" v i t a m i n B-^y c o n c e n t r a t e s p r e p a r e d f r o m d i s t i l l e r s 1

s o l u b l e s b y t h e m ethod o f Novak and Hauge ( I 9 i4-8a )
" vitam in B ^ y
S o n s*

c o n c e n tr a te prepared

or a

i n t h e H iram W a l k e r and

lab oratory.
The r e s u l t s ,

or r a th e r l a c k o f r e s u l t s ,

t e s t w ith i s o n i c o t i n i c a cid hydrazide
p u b lish ed

INH)

in t h is

a g r e e s w i t h now

in fo rm a tio n regard in g the i n e f f e c t i v e n e s s

compound w i t h r e g a r d

of th is

t o i m p r o v i n g a p p e t i t e and w e i g h t g a i n

i n n o n - t u b e r c u l a r humans*

Mudie

ej; a l .

normal h e a l t h y i n d i v i d u a l s r e c e i v i n g
p eriod

(

obtain ed

sh owed w e i g h t g a i n s

(I95>i|) f o u n d t h a t

INH

f o r an e i g h t w e e k

sim ila r to a non -treated

A so m ew h a t d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h t o t h i s

group*

same p r o b l e m w a s made

71
by H ollan d er (1955)*

T h i s w o r k e r u s e d p a t i e n t s who w e r e n o t

s u f f e r i n g from t u b e r c u l o s i s

and w h o s e w e i g h t had b e e n c o n ­

s ta n t f o r a p erio d o f w eeks,
or f a i r .

bu t whose a p p e t i t e s were p o or

He o b s e r v e d no a p p e t i t e

stim u la tin g p ro p erties

f r o m t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f 3 0 0 mg. o f i s o n i c o t i n i c
d ra zid e

d a ily .

It

is

acid hy­

th e r e fo r e probable th a t the e f f e c t

on

a p p e t i t e and w e i g h t g a i n i n humans a s r e p o r t e d b y R o b i t z e k
and S e l i k o f f

(1952)

and o t h e r s was s e c o n d a r y t o t h e

s io n o f the e f f e c t s
effect

suppres­

o f t u b e r c u l o s i s and n o t an i n d e p e n d e n t

of the i s o n i c o t i n i c

a c id hydrazide

on t h e a p p e t i t e .

B a s e d on t h e a v e r a g e w e i g h t s o f t h e p i g s and t h e i r
average d a ily

consum ption o f dry m a tter the a v era g e d a i l y

In tak e o f i s o n i c o t i n i c a c id hydrazide
m g. p e r k g .

o f body w eig h t*

t o be 3

In s t u d i e s w i t h I n f e c t e d m ice

d a i l y d o s e w a s f o u n d t o be 2 mg. o f

t h e minimum e f f e c t i v e
INH p e r k g .

ca lcu la ted

o f b o d y w e i g h t ( B e r s t e i n et_ a l . , 1 9 5 2 ) .

I n INH

s t u d i e s w i t h t u b e r c u l a r humans d a i l y o r a l d o s a g e l e v e l s
ij. mg. p e r k g .

of

o f b o d y w e i g h t ( S e l i k o f f ejt a l . , 1 9 5 2 b ) and 3

t o 6 mg. p e r k g .

o f body w e ig h t ( P i t t s

found t o be e f f e c t i v e .
am ount o f I s o n i c o t i n i c

e t a l . , 1953) were

On t h e b a s i s o f t h i s
a c id h y d r a z id e used

in form ation the

in t h is t r i a l

should have b een a d e q u a te .
S e l i k o f f eib a l .
p a tie n ts receiv in g
tw itch in g .

(1952a) noted

certa in to x ic e ff e c t s

in

INH i n c l u d i n g c o n s t i p a t i o n and i n v o l u n t a r y

N eith er of th ese

symptoms n o r o t h e r v i s i b l e

72

untoward e f f e c t s w ere o b s e r v e d In any o f t h e p i g s r e c e i v i n g
INH d u r i n g t h e

course

o f the e x p e r im e n t.

sram R Y

A "synthetic milk" composed of "vitaminfree" casein , c e r e lo se , lard, minerals and
vitamins supported ex c e lle n t growth and
feed e f f ic ie n c y in baby p ig s.
The addition of Aureomycin hydrochloride
to the above milk at a le v e l of 5 wg» per
100 gm. of dry matter had no e f f e c t on
rate of growth, consumption of milk or
feed u t il i z a t i o n .
The in clu sion of a vitamin B-j- concentrate
in th is milk at a le v e l of 0 . 0$ ml. per
100 gm. of dry matter likew ise had no e f f e c t
on the p ig s .
I so n ic o tin ic acid hydrazide included in the
"synthetic milk" at $ mg. per 100 gm. of dry
matter had no e f f e c t on the performance of
the pigs and no to x ic side e f f e c t s were noted.

7k

PART I I I *

SOME INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PANTOTHENIC ACID,
METHIONINE AND PROTEIN IN THE RAT

INTRODUCTION
That th e d i e t a r y r e q u ir e m e n t f o r a s i n g l e n u t r i e n t

can

be r a t h e r v a r i a b l e and d e p e n d e n t upon t h e c h a r a c t e r and q u a l ­
ity

o f th e accom panying n u t r i e n t s

ev id en t.
p lifie d

i s becom ing i n c r e a s i n g l y

S u ch i n t e r p l a y o f n u t r i e n t s
by th e

increased

sp arin g a c tio n o f f a t

is

c la ssica lly

exem­

on t h i a m i n and t h e

d i e t a r y r i b o f l a v i n r e q u i r e m e n t f o r t h e r a t on

high f a t r a t io n s .
It

I s w e l l known t h a t p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d

e s s e n tia l for

the r a t .

du rin g th e e a r ly

As a r e s u l t

19^ 0 f s ,

th e requirem ent of

a d ieta ry

o f nu m erous I n v e s t i g a t i o n s

i t becam e g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d

that

t h e g r o w i n g r a t f o r t h i s v i t a m i n was a t

or c lo s e

t o 100 meg. p er d a y .

however,

th a t the p r o te in

profound

In flu en ce

S u b s e q u e n t l y i t be came e v i d e n t ,

lev el

of the d i e t

could have a

on t h e r a t ’ s n e e d f o r p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d .

Further study su ggested

that

i t w a s t h e am ino a c i d m e t h i o n i n e

w h ic h was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r

th is

p an toth en ic a c id .

stu d ies

r ela tio n sh ip s

is

In t h e

sp arin g e f f e c t

on t h e n e e d f o r

concerned w ith

these

in ter­

c a s e i n or b l o o d f i b r i n was u s e d a s t h e p r o t e i n

s o u r c e and l i k e l y

con trib u ted

t o a v a r i a b l e and p e r h a p s i n -

75
adequate

source

There i s
in terrela ted

o f v i t a m i n B^ 2 i n t h e d i e t s *

good e v i d e n c e t o
in

su g g e st th a t v ita m in B .^ i s

t h e m e t a b o l i s m o f b o t h p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d and

m e th io n in e - a p o in t n o t m entioned in p r e v io u s

in v estig a tio n s

concerned w ith the r e l a t io n s h ip

a c i d and

p r o t e i n or m e t h i o n i n e .
appeared d e s ir a b l e
u sin g

of p a n to th en ic

In l i g h t

of t h i s

to re-exam ine t h i s

soybean p r o t e i n based d i e t s

a d e q u a t e amount o f v i t a m i n B ^ *

Inform ation i t

la tte r rela tio n sh ip

c o n t a i n i n g a known and

76

REVIEW OP LITERATURE
In 19^0 Unna reported the pantothenic acid requirement
of the growing rat to be 80 meg* per day.

This same in v e s t i­

gator in conjunction with coworkers (Unna and Sampson, I 9 I4.O;
Unna and Richards, 19^2) conducted additional studies along
t h is lin e and found the d a ily requirement of the growing rat
for pantothenic acid to be between 80 and 100 meg*

Numerous

other in vestiga to rs including Emerson and Evans (1914-1),
Elvehjem e_t a l , (I9i}-1), Henderson e_t al* ( I 9 I4.2 ), Bacon and
Jenkins (1914-3) and Slanetz (I9lf3) reported confirmation of
the findings of Unna and coworkers with the r e s u lt that the
value of 100 meg* per day or 1 mg. per 100 gm. of ration
became gen erally accepted as the amount needed by the young
growing rat (Brown and Sturtevant, 191^-9)*

I t i s perhaps of

considerable sig n ifica n ce that in each of the above cited
reports casein was used as the sole source of protein in the
d i e t , and furthermore, in seven of the eight reports the
le v e l of casein in the d iet was eith er 18 or 20$.

The sim i­

l a r i t y of the d ie t s in these respects may w ell account for
the s im ila r ity of r e s u lt s .
The above mentioned studies involving the pantothenic
acid requirement of the rat were conducted u t iliz in g d ie ts
containing a high proportion of carbohydrate with minimal

77

le v e ls of protein and f a t .

On these high carbohydrate d ie t s

i t has been shown that pantothenic acid d e fic ie n t ra ts grow
poorly and usually survive only one to three months (M ills
e t a l . , 1914-0; Salmon and Engel, 19ij-0; Unna, I 9 I4-O).

Wright,

Skeggs and Sprague ( 19l}-5) found that rats receiving lib e r a l
protein d ie ts were le s s susceptible to the d eficien cy syn­
drome induced by feeding su ccin y lsu lfa th iazo le in highly
purified d i e t s .

Such animals had higher hepatic stores of

pantothenic acid than control rats receiving the usual amount
of protein in the d i e t .

As a r e s u lt of increasing the casein

le v e l in a pantothenic acid d e fic ie n t d iet from 2 I4. to 61$
Nelson and Evans (1914-5) were able to demonstrate improved
growth and l i v a b i l i t y in young r a t s .

In the follow ing year

Wright and Skeggs ( I 9 I4-6 ) reported that in rats fed ad_ libitum
the f e c a l elim ination of the B-vitamins studied c lo se ly paral­
le le d the le v e l of d ietary p rotein .

In equalized feeding the

f e c a l elim ination of pantothenic acid was d ir e c tly propor­
tio n a l to the protein (casein ) content of the d ie t .

These

r e s u lt s prompted several hypotheses regarding the actual
mechanism(s) involved.

The superiority of the high protein

d ie t in these studies could have been due to the decreased
le v e l of d ietary carbohydrate since there i s considerable
evidence that pantothenic acid is involved in carbohydrate
metabolism (Williams, 19*4-3) .

Traces of pantothenic acid or

other factors in the casein might have accounted for the

78
improved r e s u lt s or the amino acid content of the casein in
some way spared the need for th is vitamin*

In la te r studies

Nelson ejb a l * (191+7) confirmed that growth and survival

of

ra ts fed pantothenic acid d e fic ie n t d ie ts were improved when
the casein content was increased from 21+ to 6lj$>.

That more

vitamin was a ctu a lly available to the rat on the higher pro­
t e in d ie t s was indicated by a higher urinary excretion
pantothenic acid on d ie ts containing 61+$ casein*

of

The r e s u lts

were interpreted as in d icatin g a sparing action of high
protein d ie t s on the pantothenic acid requirement, eith er by
decreasing the need for the vitamin or by producing a lim ited
b iosyn th esis from one or more of the amino a c id s.

An

an a lysis

of the purified casein used in the d ie ts indicated that i t s
pantothenic acid content was not s u ff ic ie n t to f u lly account
fo r the p rotective action of the high protein d i e t s .

As

further proof that the pantothenic acid residues in the
washed casein were not en tire ly responsible for these r e s u lts
the same authors (Nelson and Evans,

191+7)

used washed beef

blood f ib r in , which was even lower in i t s pantothenic acid
content than casein , as the protein component of the d i e t .
Despite an accentuation of a pantothenic acid d eficien cy
produced by su b stitu tin g th is fib r in for casein at the 25$
l e v e l , doubling the fib r in le v e l resulted in s ig n if ic a n tly
b etter growth and su rv iv a l.

The pantothenic acid require­

ment of the pig has a lso been shown by Luecke and coworkers
( 1 9 5 2 ) to be sim ila rly dependent on the le v e l of protein

79

in the diet*
Further studies by Nelson and Evans (19^9) were directed
toward determining i f amino acids were responsible for the
pantothenic acid sparing action of high protein d iets*
Levels of the sin gle amino acids - DL-methionine, L -cystin e,
L-tryptophan, L -h istid in e , L-glutamic acid and glycine equivalent to 10% to 30% casein were added to a pantothenic
acid d e f ic ie n t d iet containing 2l\% casein .

The data showed

that methionine had a marked sparing action , improving both
growth and survival of the d e fic ie n t r a t s .

Ludovici e_t al*

( 1 9 5 1 ) in a sim ilar type experiment were unable to confirm
these findings o f Nelson and Evans.
2*7% and 1*U%

U t iliz in g le v e ls of

DL-methionine in a basal d iet containing

2*3% vitam in-free casein there appeared to be no e f f e c t from

methionine on the growth of eith er pantothenic acid d e fic ie n t
ra ts or normal co n tro ls.

However, these workers were able

to demonstrate that the methionine exerted a s ig n ific a n t
sparing a ctio n upon the pantothenic acid requirement for
antibody production.

In th eir work neither Nelson and

Evans, (1914-9) nor Ludovici et a l . (19^1) mentions the possible
influence of vitamin

on th eir r e s u lt s .

used contained added vitamin B^2 Per se

None of the d ie ts
since casein was

used as the protein source i t is lik e ly that some

was

provided•
Yacowitz et a l . (19^1) in studies with chicks found

80

that vitamin

spared the pantothenic requirement for

growth, survival and the prevention of dermatosis.
in d ica tio n that vitamin

Further

and pantothenic acid are related

in the chick was reported by Evans et a l . (1951)*

These

authors observed that in the absence of s u f f ic ie n t vitamin
pantothenic acid accumulated in the liv e r indicating
that the vitamin B.^ aids in the transfer of pantothenic acid
from the li v e r for use elsewhere in the body.
There i s ample evidence to suggest that methionine and
vitamin B ^ are interrelated in metabolism.

Patton e_t a l .

( 191+6 ) noted that supplementation of a corn-soybean d ie t
with methionine produced an extra growth response in chicks.
When sardine meal was added to the ration at a le v e l of 2$>,
no ad d itio n al growth response to methionine was obtained
even though the sardine meal did not supply s u ff ic ie n t
methionine to account for the e f f e c t in terms of th is supple­
ment.

In stud ies with rats Gyorgy and Rose

(1950)

found

that vitamin B^2 exerted a lip otrop ic e ffe c t in animals re­
ceiving a low protein - low fa t ration limited In i t s choline-m ethionine content.

A p a rtia l c la r if ic a t io n of th is

in terr ela tio n sh ip was reported by Jukes _et a l . (1950).
These authors concluded that th e ir r e s u lts gave clear Indication that vitamin

ic ie n t chicks, in contrast to

normal chicks, are unable to transform homocystine into
methionine, and consequently, that vitamin B-^

somehow

81

involved in t h is transformation,
reached by Oginsky (1950)*

A sim ilar conclusion was

82

EXPERIMENT A.L PROCEDURE
F i f t y - s i x w e a n l i n g m a le r a t s

o f Sprague-D aw ley s t r a i n

a v e r a g i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y ij.0 gm. i n w e i g h t w e r e p l a c e d
p a n to th e n ic a cid d e p le t io n d i e t
p r io r to the
to

start

of the t e s t .

serve a tw o-fold

stores

purpose,

o f p a n to th e n ic acid

the a n im a ls a t the

start

fo r a p erio d

o f t e n days

T h i s p r o c e d u r e was d e s i g n e d

i n c l u d i n g t h e d e p l e t i o n o f "body

a s w e l l a s a means o f a l l o t t i n g

of the t e s t

on t h e b a s i s

of both

o r i g i n a l w e i g h t and p e r c e n t a g e g a i n f o r t h e p e r i o d
than the

sin g le

criter ia

The r a t s w e r e
the t e s t ,
effect,
lev e ls

in d iv id u a lly

c a g e d and a t t h e s t a r t

cage ra ck so t h a t a l l
resp ect.

l i b i t u r n and a r e c o r d
W eigh ts o f th e

of

or e q u a l i z e a p o s s i b l e p o s i t i o n

th e a n im a ls w i t h i n a group were a s s ig n e d

equal in t h i s

rath er

of o r ig in a l w eig h t.

In o r d e r t o a v o i d

in the

on a

to v a rio u s

groups were e s s e n t i a l l y

F e e d and w a t e r w e r e p r o v i d e d ad

o f feed

consum ption was m a in ta in e d .

i n d i v i d u a l r a t s were ta k e n a t w eek ly i n t e r ­

v a l s a t w h ic h t i m e s f e e d w e ig h b a c k s were made.
The i n g r e d i e n t s and p e r c e n t a g e
d iets
the
tein

used

in

o b jectiv es

th is

stu d y are

of th is

it

shown i n t a b l e

10

o f the b a s a l
Since

e x p e r i m e n t was t o d e t e r m i n e

had a s p a r i n g e f f e c t

of the r a t

com position

if

one o f
pro­

on t h e p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d r e q u i r e m e n t

seemed a d v i s a b l e

to e q u a liz e

the p a n to th e n ic

83

TABLE 1 .

COMPOSITION OP BASAL DIETS

Ingred ie n t

D iet
A

B

%

fo

S o d iu m P r o t e i n a t e ^

2 1 .0

3 2 .6

C erelose

6 9 .7 1 ;

5 8 .0

Lard^
M i n e r a l Mix

3

V itam ins^ ’ 5
D L -M ethionine

k.o

k»0

5 .0

5 .0

+

+

o.l+o

0 .2 6

^ O b t a i n e d f r o m The A r c h e r - D a n i e l s - M i d l a n d

C o.,

M in n eap olis

2 S w i f t Tn i n g
3 See t a b l e

2.

^ C a l c i u m p a n t o t h e n a t e was added t o d i e t A i n t h e am ount
o f 0 . 7 6 mg. p e r 1 0 0 0 gr am s o f m i x e d d i e t i n o r d e r t o
e q u a liz e the p a n to th e n ic a cid co n ten t o f b o th d i e t s .
^ See

t a b l e 3«

Qk

TABLE 2 .

COMPOSITION OP MINERAL MIXTURE1

In gred ien t

Grams

NaC l

59 U.O

k 2h p o 4

1 2 8 8 .0

CaHPO^

1 6 9 0 .0

Ca l a c t a t e

111(1; . 0
1 77.0

Mg S 0 ^ . 7 H 2 0

P e S 0 ^ . ? H 20

9 6.5

KI

3 .0

MnSO^.H 0

5 .0

Zn Cl

1 .0

2
cu so ^ . s h 2 o

1 .0

Co C1 2 . 6H2 0

0 .5
5 o oo.o

1 S im ila r to m ixture d e s c r i b e d

by

J o h n s o n e_t a l ♦ ( 1 9 ^ 8 ) .

85

TABLE 3 .

VITAMIN MIXTURE

V itam in
Thiam in h y d r o c h l o r i d e

A m o u n t/I000
gm. o f d i e t

5-0

mg.

R ib oflavin

1 0 . 0 mg.

N ia cin

2 0 . 0 mg.

P yrid oxin e h yd roch lorid e
In o sito l
C h olin e

ch lorid e

F o l i c acid
P ara-am ino b e n z o ic a c id

mg.

lj.0 0 . 0

mg.

1 0 0 0 . 0 mg.

0 . 2 mg.
1 0 . 0 mg.

0 . 2 mg.

B io tin

o

B-^

.
o
C\J

V itam in

5.0

meg

V itam in A

10, 010.

I.U

V itam in D

1,500.

I.U

A lp h a-tocop h erol

0 .1

gm.

2 - M e t h y l 1 —ip n a p h t h o q u i n o n e

2.5

mg.

86

acid

con ten t o f both b a sa l d i e t s .

Ij. t h a t

t h e s e d i e t s were

q u a n tities

I t w i l l be

ca lcu la ted

of p an toth en ic a c id .

noted

In t a b l e

to providei d e n t i c a l

The l e v e l

p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d p e r 1 0 0 gram s o f d i e t

o f 0 . 1 9 rig* o f

should have been w e l l

below th e r a t ’ s r eq u irem en t f o r t h i s v ita m in as a lr e a d y
cited

in

the

T able

litera tu re

review .

sh o w s t h a t

the

and 0 . 33 $ o f m e t h i o n i n e
lev e l

sodium

p r o t e in a t e provided 0.2 1 $

in d i e t s A

and B r e s p e c t i v e l y . A

o f 0.1+7$ t o t a l m e t h i o n i n e was c o n t a i n e d

in d i e t A

through th e a d d i t io n of s y n t h e t ic D L -m ethionine.
o f m e t h io n in e was d e s i g n e d t o

T h is l e v e l

j u s t m e e t t h e g r o w i n g r a t 1s

r e q u i r e m e n t b a s e d on t h e w o r k o f Womack and R o s e ( 1 9 1+ 1 ).
Sin ce

s t u d i e s w i t h c h i c k e n s had shown t h a t t h e i r m e t h i o n i n e

r e q u i r e m e n t was a p p r o x i m a t e l y a c o n s t a n t p e r c e n t a g e
p rotein le v e l

( A l m q u i s t 191+9, Grau and Kamei 1 9 5 0 )

c e p t was a p p l i e d
m eth ionine

the

th is

i n a r r i v i n g a t t h e r a t Ts r e q u i r e m e n t

in d i e t

B contained

of the

B.

It

con­

for

c a n be n o t e d t h a t b o t h d i e t s A and

same am oun t o f m e t h i o n i n e when e x p r e s s e d a s

percent of p r o te in .
The d e s i g n
A d d ition s
as

of th e

shown i n t a b l e 5«

o f D L - m e t h i o n i n e w e r e a g a i n made on t h e

in d ica ted above.

were

experim ent i s

ca lcu la ted

A ll d ie ts

same b a s i s

c o n t a i n i n g th e added m e t h io n in e

t o p r o v i d e 3 *32$ o f m e t h i o n i n e e x p r e s s e d

oercent of p r o tein .

The amount o f p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d a dd ed

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e am ount c o n t a i n e d

i n t h e b a s a l d i e t s w as

as

87

TABLE [j_.

CALCULATED NUTRIENT LEVELS

Die t

H

B
28.

•

P ro tein ,

CD

A

M eth ion in e,

.2 1

.33

DL -m ethionine added, %

. 26

.1 + 0

T otal m eth ion in e, %

• lj-7

.73

2 .6 0

2 .6 0

M ethion in e as % of p r o t e i n ,

.07

-

.19

.19

<\J

.19

•

P a n to th e n ic acid
mg/ 1 0 0 gm.

m g / 1 0 0 gm. 8

1—1

P antothenic a c id ,

%

added,

T otal p an toth en ic a c id ,
mg/ 1 0 0 gm.

D o e s n o t i n c l u d e n i t r o g e n f r o m ad d ed m e t h i o n i n e ,
^ B a s e d on m e t h i o n i n e c o n t e n t o f 1.02% i n s o d i u m
p r o te in a te ( Sch u ltze 1950).
3 B a s e d on 5 . 7 2 mg. p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d p e r k i l o g r a m
of sodium p r o t e i n a t e .

88

TABLE 5 .

Group

DESIGN OP EXPERIMENT

B asal D iet

Supplement

1

A, l o w p r o t e i n

2

A,

t»

tr

0.129?° D L - m e t h i o n i n e

3

A,

tt

rt

0 . 2 1 mg. o f p a n t o t h e n i c
a c i d / l O O gm. d i e t

kr

A,

T1

n

combined group 2 + group 3
treatm ents

5

B ,

6

B,

rt

it

0.2% D L - m e t h i o n i n e

7

B,

rr

n

0 . 2 1 mg. o f p a n t o t h e n i c
a c i d / l O O gm. d i e t

8

B,

rt

rt

c o m b in e d g r o u p 6 + g r o u p 7
treatm en ts

high p r o t e in

none

non e

89

calculated
grams

to provide

of d i e t

growing r a t ' s

O.Lj mg.

- a level

considered

u n til

a c i d p e r 100

to be well

below th e

requirem ent.

A l l d i e t s were p r e n a r ed
experim en t,

of p a n t o t h e n i c

stored

just

p rior to

in covered g l a s s

the

start

o f the

j a r s and r e f r i g e r a t e d

used.
The r a t w e i g h t g a i n s w e r e t e s t e d

t h e m eth o d o f

Snedecor

(1 9 l|6 ).

for

s i g n i f i c a n c e by

90

RESULTS
The r e s u l t s
ta b les

6 and 8 .

of th is
It

m eth ion in e to e it h e r
grow th.

stu d y are

is e v id en t th at the a d d itio n s

groups

o f DL-

o f th e b a s a l d i e t s d id n o t improve

I f anyth ing there

growth s i n c e

shown i n summary f o r m i n

2,

is

some s u g g e s t i o n o f i m p a i r e d

and 6 ( b u t n o t g r o u p 3)

showed

s l i g h t l y p o o r e r g r o w t h than, t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e r e f e r e n c e
groups 1 ,
ad d ed t o

3 and 5*
the d i e t

In e a c h c a s e w h e r e p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d w as
( g r o u p s 3>

and h i g h l y

sig n ifica n t

co n tro ls.

Of p a r t i c u l a r

5,

3,

d iets
part

7 and 8 r e c e i v i n g

groups 1,

2,

improvement In w e i g h t g a i n s
in terest

is

the f a c t

groups

groups r e c e i v i n g
th eir

in t h e i r

d iets

o u t g a in e d t h e fo rm er by an a v e r a g e
of ta b le 7 c le a r ly

supplem ental a d d itio n s

showed a g r o w t h r e s p o n s e

In d icates

m ight s u g g e s t
most d e p l e t e d .

t h a t body s t o r e s

20% %

of p a n to th e n ic a cid
th e f i r s t week o f th e

groups continued

g a i n s a l t h o u g h g r o u p s 5 and 6 e x h i b i t e d

of

th at those

and c o n s i s t e n t l y o u t g a i n e d t h e u n s u p p l e m e n t e d

and f i n a l p e r i o d a l l

counter­

the low er p r o t e in l e v e l .

th ro u g h o u t th e f i v e week e x p e r im e n ta l p e r io d .
fifth

over the

th a t groups

the h ig h er p r o t e in l e v e l

3 and Ij. r e c e i v i n g

An e x a m i n a t i o n

test

t h e r e w a s a marked

sh owed p o o r e r w e i g h t g a i n s t h a n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e

The l a t t e r

to

7 and 9 )

groups

D uring th e

t o show w e i g h t

sm a ll g a in s w hich

o f p a n t o t h e n ic a c id were a l ­

91

TABLE 6 .

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

( 7 r a t s p e r g r o u p on t r i a l s

Group

In itia l1
wt *
gm*

P in a l1
w t.

w t.1
gain

l a s t i n g 5 weeks)

P ee d
Consump­
tion

gm.

gm.

gm.

Gm. f e e d p e r
gm. g a i n

1

7 2 .9

1 30 .0

5 7 .1

305

5 .3 4

2

7 4 .1

1 2 9.7

5 5 .6

289

5 .2 0

3

72 .9

39 2 .4

1 1 9.5*

453

3 .7 9

i+

7 4 .6

178.3

1 03.7*

383

3 .6 9

5

7 4 .3

125.3

5 l.o

276

5 .4 1

6

7 3 .1

1 18.6

4 5 .5

3 13

6 .8 8

7

7 4 .7

165.7

9 1 .0 *

376

4 .1 3

8

7 3 .3

165.7

9 2 .4 *

328

3 .55

^ Average f i g u r e s per rat*
D if f e r e n c e in g a in h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t
o v e r g r o u p s 1 , 2 , 5 and 6*

(P cO .O l)

92

TABLE 7 .

AVERAGE GAINS PER RAT BY PERIOD

PERIOD1
1

2

3

k

5

gm.

gm.

gm.

gm.

gm.

1

19. b

8 .1

1 2.2

5 .8

1 1 .6

2

1 7 .6

7 .3

1 2 .3

8 .8

9 .6

3

2 1 .5

22.5

2 3 .8

21+.6

27.1

k

1 9 .3

1 6.2

2 3 .3

2 2.7

22.2

5

15.7

1 1.3

8 *6

9 .7

5 .7

6

1 7 .5

6 .8

OJ
•
o
iH

8 .3

2.7

7

2 1 .6

111. 6

16.1+

2 1 .3

1 7 .1

8

2 3 .1

1 8 .6

1-I
•
o
CM

GROUP

1 6.9

13.7

1 Each p e rio d

of 7 days d u ra tio n .

93
cA
CM
T-A

bC

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<

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Pn
W

CO

ft

m

M
t£>

EH

Eh

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pH

O
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0
CO
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01

fe

O
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cb
I—I
&q

*rl
©
p

OA

♦
1A
o
rH

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CO

cr

1A
p f

CA

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CA
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to­

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b£

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Average gain per rat

Eh
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9k

I n e a c h c a s e w h e r e p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d was added t o t h e
basal d ie ts

t h e r e w a s an i m p r o v e m e n t i n b o t h f e e d

and f e e d

u tiliz a tio n .

appeared

to d ep ress feed

zation

In group 2 th e a d d i t i o n

consum ption

of m eth ionine

c o n s u m p t i o n b u t Im proved t h e u t i l i ­

o f f e e d , wh en compared w i t h t h e

c o n t r o l group*

c o m p a r i s o n o f g r o u p s 5 and 6 sh ow s t h a t t h e l a t t e r ,
ing su p p lem en tal m e th io n in e ,
but a poorer feed

showed i m p r o v e d f e e d

e ffic ie n c y v a lu e.

and 8 w i t h g r o u p s 3 and 7 i t
of m eth ion in e r e s u lte d

is

A

receiv ­

consum ption

I n c o m p a r i n g g r o u p s Ip

apparent that the a d d itio n

in a r e d u c tio n in feed

consum ption

and a n i m p r o v e m e n t i n f e e d

effic ie n c y .

to con firm the

same e f f e c t

shown b y g r o u p 2 and r a i s e a

q u estio n as to

the v a l i d i t y

None o f t h e r a t s
sp ectacle a lo p ecia ,

of feed r e s u lt s

p erio d .

tend

shown f o r g r o u p 6 0

i n a n y o f t h e g r o u p s shewed e v i d e n c e

sca lin g

of the

1 9 4 8 ) w hich m ight be i n d i c a t i v e
ien cy*

These r e s u l t s

s k i n or d e r m a t i t i s

of

(F o llis,

of a p a n to th en ic a cid d e f i c ­

T h e r e was n o m o r t a l i t y d u r i n g t h e

35 d a y e x p e r i m e n t a l

95

DISCUSSION OP RESULTS
The r e s u l t s
sp arin g a c tio n
to th en ic
are

acid

obtained

req u irem en t o f the grow ing r a t .

a

These f i n d i n g s

o f N e l s o n e_t a l . (191+7) , N e l s o n and

( 1 91 + 7), N e l s o n and E van s ( 1 9 4 - 9 ) , D i n n i n g elb a l . ( 1 9 5 4 )

and K a u n i t z e t a l .

(1955),

o f L u d o v i c i ejb a l .

(1951)*

On t h e b a s i s
basal d ie ts,

t u t are in accord w ith

of the data o b ta in ed

con tain in g

In p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d .

Is e v id en t th a t both

That t h e s e d i e t s were n o t

in p a n t o t h e n i c a c id

the r a t s

con tinu ed

occurred*

it

the r e p o r t

18% and 28% p r o t e i n , w e r e d e f i c i e n t

lim itin g

mg.

s tu d y do n o t i n d i c a t e

o f e i t h e r p r o t e i n o r m e t h i o n i n e on t h e p a n ­

in co n tra st to those

Evans

in th is

is

sev erely

ev id en ce d by th e f a c t t h a t

t o show some g r o w t h and no m o r t a l i t y

The b a s a l d i e t s w e r e

of p a n to th e n ic a cid

ca lcu la ted

to con tain 0.19

p e r 100 grams o f d i e t ,

a v a l u e w hich

w h i l e w e l l b elow the r e p o r te d req u irem en t of th e grow ing r a t
i s w e l l above
m entioned

t h e amount c o n t a i n e d

in v estig a to rs.

the a lc o h o l extracted
d i e t s were found

to

In d i e t s

used b y th e above

N e l s o n e_t a l » ( 1 9 4 7 ) r e p o r t e d

that

c a s e i n s as used in t h e i r e x p e r im e n t a l

c o n t a in by a n a l y s i s

o f p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d p e r gram.
c a s e in the p a n to th e n ic a cid

1 .5 ,

Thus i n d i e t s

lev el

1* 8 and 2 . 8 m eg.
con tain in g

24%

could n o t have e x c e e d e d

0 . 0 7 mg. p e r 1 0 0 grams o f d i e t and i n some i n s t a n c e s may h a v e

96
b een o n ly o n e -h a lf t h i s valu e*
order to dem onstrate
n in e

the

It

is

con ceivab le

sp arin g e f f e c t

that in

of p r o t e i n or m e th io ­

on t h e p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e r a t

n e c e s s a r y t o e m p l o y d i e t s more s e v e r e l y l i m i t i n g
v it a m in th a n th o s e used

in t h is

and E v a n s (191+7) p a r t i a l l y

study*

it

is

In t h i s

The r e p o r t b y N e l s o n

supports t h i s

con ten tion .

By

u t i l i z i n g w a te r washed b e e f b lo o d f i b r i n

in place

t h e s e w o rk ers were a b le t o d e v i s e a d i e t

c o n s i d e r a b l y m ore

d eficien t
of d ie ts

in i t s

p a n to th e n ic acid

marked b e t w e e n f i b r i n
-

In a com parison

c o n t a i n i n g 21+% and 1+8% o f c a s e i n o r f i b r i n

served t h a t the d i f f e r e n c e s

lev e ls

content.

of ca sein

lev e ls

su g g estin g that

th e n ic acid

th e y ob­

i n g r o w t h and s u r v i v a l w e r e more
than th e y were b etw een c a s e i n

the g r e a t e r th e d e f i c i e n c y of p a n to ­

t h e more d r a m a t i c t h e r e s p o n s e t o a h i g h e r p r o t e i n

lev e l.
F ailu re

to

o b serve a growth r e sp o n s e

from th e m e t h i o n i n e

o r h i g h e r p r o t e i n l e v e l may a l s o be p a r t i a l l y a t t r i b u t a b l e
to

the

sh o rt d u r a tio n of t h i s experim ent*

N e l s o n and E v a n s

(191+5) and N e l s o n and c o w o r k e r s (191+7) r e p o r t e d t h a t
t o t h e n ic acid

sp arin g e f f e c t

th e pan­

f r o m a h i g h c a s e i n d i e t becam e

more p r o n o u n c e d a s t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p e r i o d w a s e x t e n d e d b e y o n d
60 d a y s .
to

In an o th er

show t h a t

in the d i e t

s t u d y N e l s o n and E van s (191+7) w e r e a b l e

the g r e a te r the d e f i c i e n c y o f p a n to th e n ic acid
the

shorter

the period

o f tim e r e q u ir e d

d e m o n s t r a t e a s p a r i n g e f f e c t from a h ig h p r o t e i n

to

lev el*

97
S im ila r data

on t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d

fo r the

sp a rin g a c t i o n of

m e t h i o n i n e t o be c o m e a p p a r e n t w e r e n o t p r e s e n t e d b y N e l s o n
and E v a n s (191+9)
(1951) rep orted

o r D i n n i n g ejb a l .

in t r i a l s

o f s e v e n weeks - a le n g th o f

d a y s used

L u d o v i c i et_ a l *

a l a c k o f growth r e s p o n s e t o m e t h io n in e In a

p a n to th e n ic acid d e f i c i e n t d ie t
p eriod

(1954)*

in the

conducted f o r a

tim e s i m i l a r

I f t h i s were th e c a s e

the e x c e s s m ethionine ex erted

sp arin g e f f e c t

t o an e x t e n t

of a d e fic ie n c y
account fo r

that

in the b a s a l fed

it

la ted
the

a p a n to th e n ic acid
the d evelop m en t

T his m ight a l s o

supplem ental m ethionine*
(1941)

th e m e t h io n in e r eq u ire m en t o f t h e growing r a t to be

c o n t a i n i n g 18% p r o t e i n .

to con tain

cy stin e

Rose

Is c o n c e iv ­

t h e work o f Womack and R o s e

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0.50% i n t h e p r e s e n c e
in a d ie t

then i t

prevented

groups.

the l a c k o f r e sp o n se t o

As a l r e a d y c i t e d ,
in d ica ted

a s t o w h eth er the

c o n t e n t o f t h e b a s a l r a t i o n s was I n e x c e s s o f t h e

r a t 1s r e q u i r e m e n t *
ab le th a t

th e 45

t r i a l reported h e r e in .

The q u e s t i o n m i g h t l o g i c a l l y be r a i s e d
m eth ionine

to

(1950)

o f adequate

c y s t i n e and

B a s a l d i e t A was c a l c u ­

0.47% m e t h i o n i n e and i t was a s s u m e d t h a t

c o n t e n t was a d e q u a t e .
in d ica te

The d a t a o f W r e t l i n g and

t h a t th e young r a t r e q u i r e s

o f m e t h i o n i n e p e r 16 grams o f n i t r o g e n I n a d i e t

2 . 0 grams
con tain in g

a d e q u a t e c y s t i n e and p r e s u m a b l y a d e q u a t e v i t a m i n &j.2 s u P p l ie<3
in

th e form o f a l i v e r

and 28% p r o t e i n ,

extract.

a s used

in t h i s

Thus i n d i e t s
study,

c o n t a i n i n g 18%

the m eth ionine needs

98
w o u l d "be m et b y 0 . 3 6 $ and 0 * 5 6 $ r e s p e c t i v e l y .
tio n is

I f t h e assump­

made t h a t t h e a b o v e d a t a on m e t h i o n i n e r e q u i r e m e n t s

are co rrect
in e x ce ss

t h e n d i e t s A and B w o u ld h a v e s u p p l i e d m e t h i o n i n e

o f t h e r a t ’ s r e q u i r e m e n t o f 0 . 1 2 $ and 0 . 1 7 $ r e s p e c ­

tiv ely .
In a stu d y conducted by D in n in g e t a l . (195^) a b a s a l
d iet

r e p o r te d ly devoid

o f p a n t o t h e n i c a c i d was su p p lem en ted

w ith p an toth en ic a c id ,
com b inations o f th e s e
reported
less

to

graded l e v e l s
tw o.

o f D L - m e t h i o n i n e and

The 1 6 . 2 $ p r o t e i n b a s a l d i e t w a s

c o n t a i n 0 . 2 7 $ m e t h i o n i n e w h i c h w o u l d b e somewhat

t h a n t h e r a t ’ s r e q u i r e m e n t o f 0 . 3 3 $ > b a s e d on 2 . 0 grams

o f m e t h i o n i n e p e r 1 6 gram s o f n i t r o g e n .
m e t h i o n i n e was added t o t h e d i e t ,

When 0 . 1 $

o f DL-

f o r a t o t a l of 0 .3 7$

m e t h i o n i n e , g r o w t h and s u r v i v a l o f t h e r a t s w as i m p r o v e d t o
a degree

c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h a t a c h i e v e d wh en t h e r a t ’ s r e q u i r e ­

ment f o r p a n t o t h e n i c a c id was m e t .

The a d d i t i o n o f 0.14-3$

D L - m e t h i o n i n e f u r t h e r i m p r o v e d g r o w t h and p r e v e n t e d m o r t a l i t y .
Prom t h e a b o v e d a t a i t

seems l i k e l y

th a t the m eth ionine con­

t e n t o f b a s a l d i e t s A and B w a s i n e x c e s s o f t h e r a t ’ s r e q u i r e ­
m e n t and t o t h i s

exten t

exerted

some p a n t o t h e n i c

e f f e c t and was a t l e a s t p a r t i a l l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
of response

sparing

the la c k

t o s u p p l e m e n t s o f t h i s am ino a c i d .

As a l r e a d y c i t e d ,

there

is

v i t a m i n B^2 k a s a s p a r i n g e f f e c t
acid

acid

( Y a c o w i t z ejb a l . , 1 9 5 1 ;

good e v i d e n c e

to suggest th a t

on b o t h t h e p a n t o t h e n i c

E v an s e t a l . , 1 9 5 1 ) and m e t h i o -

99

nine (Patton et aJ^., 191^6; G-yorgy and Rose, 1950; Jukes et
a l^ , 1950) requirements of several s p e c ie s .

At th is w riting

i t appears p o ssib le that the vitamin B.^ added to the basal
d ie t s may have contributed to some sparing action on eith er
or both the pantothenic acid and methionine and thus in ­
fluenced the reported relation sh ip between these la t t e r two
n u tr ie n ts.

Unfortunately the design of th is t e s t was such

as to preclude the p o s s i b i l i t y of assessin g the e f f e c t of
vitamin

on the r e s u lt s .

The work of Dinning £t a l .

(I95!l-) in d ica tes that in d ie ts devoid of vitamin B-^ the
sparing e f f e c t of methionine on the pantothenic acid require­
ment of the growing ra t can be shown.
Of p articu lar in te r e st i s the fa c t that there was an
apparent s lig h t growth depression resu ltin g from the additions
of DL-methionine.

This can probably best be explained on

the b a sis that the addition of methionine to a d ie t already
adequate in th is amino acid has a tendency to depress growth
in the rat (Kade and Sheperd, 19il-8; Brown and A llis o n , I 9 I4-B•
R ussell et a l . , 1914-9; and Wretlind and Rose, 1950).

While

the above in v estig a to rs u t iliz e d methionine le v e ls in excess
of those used in the experiment reported herein the degree
of growth retardation which they observed was of a much
greater magnitude.
Those groups receivin g the higher protein le v e l (d ie t B)
exhibited poorer growth than the correspondingly treated

100

groups receivin g the lower protein le v e l (d ie t A).

The

reason or reasons for th is rather surprising e f f e c t are not
known.

I t i s conceivable that th is r e su lt i s related to the

above d iscu ssio n on the in h ib itory e f f e c t s of excess methio­
n in e.

According to the calcu lation s for methionine require­

ments and contents of the basal d ie ts as set forth above,
d ie t B provided 0.17% methionine in excess of the rat*s r e ­
quirement while d ie t A provided an excess of 0.11% methionine.
Thus i t can be seen that the higher protein d ie t B contained
a greater excess of methionine than did d iet A.

The exp eri­

mental d ie ts fed groups 6 and 8 contained a t o t a l of 0*93%
methionine or 0.37% methionine in excess of requirements
while groups 2 and

received d ie ts containing 0 . 60 % methio­

nine or an excess of 0.2lt%.

This small but perhaps important

excess of methionine in the d ie t may have created an amino
acid imbalance capable of depressing growth to the degree
observed *

101

SUMMARY

1.

Weanling ra ts fed a pantothenic acid d e fic ie n t purified
d ie t composed of a soybean protein preparation, DEmethionine, Cerelose, lard, vitamins and minerals and
containing 18$ of protein exhibited r e la t iv e ly poor
growth with no m ortality during a 35 day t r ia l*

2.

Increasing the le v e l of protein in the d ie t to 28$
appeared to depress growth and feed u t ili z a t io n thus
giving no evidence that the extra protein spared the
growing r a t ! s requirement for pantothenic a cid .

3*

The supplementation of both the high and low protein
containing d ie ts with a suboptimal le v e l of pantothenic
acid resulted in a sig n ific a n t Improvement in weight
gains and a d e f in it e improvement in feed u t i l i z a t i o n ,

1^.

The addition of DL-methionine to both the 18$ and 28$
protein d ie t s appeared to depress rate of growth and
gave no evidence that th is amino acid spared the need
for pantothenic a c id .

5*

The in clu sio n of both pantothenic acid and DL-methionine
in the 18$ and 28$ protein d ie ts did not improve growth
over that achieved with pantothenic acid alone, however,
there was some improvement in the u t iliz a t io n of feed
apparently a ttrib u tab le to the added methionine.

102

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