E F F E C T OF M IN ER A L NUTRITION ON THE O C C U R R E N C E OF BITTER PIT IN N O R T H E R N SPY APPLES By G E N E HERMAN OBERLY AN ABSTRACT S u b m i t t e d to the School f o r A d v a n c e d G r a d u a t e S tu d i e s of M ic h i g a n Stat e U n i v e r s i t y of A g r i c u l t u r e an d A p pl ie d S c ie nc e in p a r t i a l fu l f i l l m e n t of the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r the d e g r e e of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY D e p a r t m e n t of H o r t i c u l t u r e 1959 Approved a. ABSTRACT G E N E H ERM AN OBERLY Le af , tw ig a n d f r u i t s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m 15 N o r t h e r n Spy t r e e s in e a c h of 18 o r c h a r d s l o c a t e d in the m a j o r a p p l e p r o d u c i n g a r e a s of M ic h i g a n . T w i g s a m p l e s c o n s i s t i n g of the 1957 sho ot g r o w t h w e r e c o l l e c t e d in M a r c h 1958. T h e a v e r a g e le ngt h of t e r m i n a l g r o w t h w a s m e a s u r e d and the a v e r a g e d r y wei ght p e r c e n t i m e t e r of g r o w t h w a s c a l c u l a t e d a s a b a s i s of t w ig v i g o r . T h e p e r c e n t of n i t r o g e n and p o t a s s i u m in the twig s a m p l e s w a s determ ined. L e a f s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d in July 1958 and a n a l y z e d f o r n i tr o g e n , p h o s p h o r u s , p o t a s s i u m , c a l c i u m , m a g n e s i u m , m a n g a n e s e , iron, c o p p e r an d b or o n . F r u i t s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d at h a r v e s t a nd s t o r e d a t r o o m t e m ­ p e r a t u r e f o r two w e e k s . T h e s a m p l e s w e r e w e ig h e d an d th e n e v a l u a t e d f o r e x t e r n a l an d i n t e r n a l pitti ng. of e a c h a pp le . A s e c t i o n w a s r e m o v e d f r o m the c e n t e r s l i c e T h e f r u i t s a m p l e w a s a n a l y z e d f o r the s a m e nine e l e m e n t s a s the l e a v e s . T h e 15 t r e e p l o t s in e a c h of 16 c o m m e r c i a l o r c h a r d s w e r e div id ed into t h r e e b lo c k s of five t r e e s e a c h . F iv e t r e e s r e c e i v e d one pound of b o r i c a c i d p e r 100 g a l l o n s of s p r a y si x w e e k s following full bloo m. Five t r e e s r e ­ c e i v e d two a p p l i c a t i o n s of c a l c i u m n i t r a t e at one poun d p e r 100 g a l l o n s of ABSTRACT - 2 GENE HERMAN OBERLY sp r a y at four and s ix w e ek s p r io r to harvest* F iv e t r e e s w e re not tr e a ted . A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e on the p e r ce n ta g e o f fru it fr e e o f b itte r p it found in the 16 c o m m e r c ia l o r ch a rd s show ed th ere w e r e no sig n ific a n t d iffe r ­ e n c e s due to tr e a tm e n ts. A sig n ifica n t d iffe re n c e at the one p e r c e n t le v e l did e x is t b etw een o r ch a rd s. T he in tera ctio n betw een tr e a tm e n ts and lo c a tio n s w a s not sig n ifica n t. C o r re la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts w e r e calcu lated by o r ch a rd s fo r 23 m e a su r e d v a r ia b le s on e a ch o f 17 o rch a rd s, and 20 v a r ia b le s on one o rch a rd a g a in st the p e r c e n ta g e o f b itte r p it fr e e fru it. A ll v a r ia b le s show ed a sig n ifica n t c o r r e la ­ tion in at le a s t one o r m o re o rch a rd s w ith the ex cep tio n o f the p e r c e n t of m a n g a n ese in the le a f sa m p le s. C o rrela tio n c o e ffic ie n ts w e re ca lcu la te d fo r 23 o b se r v a tio n s on 250 tr e e s a g a in st the p e r ce n t o f b itter p it fr e e fru it. The r e s u lts show ed that the p e r c e n t of b itte r p it in c r e a s e d a s the w eight of the fru it in c r e a se d , a s the p e r c e n ta g e s o f boron and p o ta ssiu m in the le a v e s in c r e a s e d and a s the p e r ­ c e n ta g e s of boron, p o ta ssiu m , n itro g en and ph osphorus in the fr u its in c r e a se d . T he p e r c e n t of fr u its w ith b itte r p it d e c r e a se d a s the p e r c e n ta g e s o f m agn esiu m and m a n g a n ese in the le a v e s in c r e a se d and a s the p e r c e n ta g e s of calciu m and m a n g a n ese in the fr u its in c r e a se d . Inform ation obtained in r ela tio n to r e c e n t ch a n g es in cu ltu ra l G E N E HE R M AN OBERLY ABSTRACT p r a c t i c e s i n d i c a t e s tha t w i d e s p r e a d u s e of p o t a s s i u m f e r t i l i z e r s i n c r e a s e d n i t r o g e n a p p l i c a t i o n s a n d i n a d e q u a t e u s e of li m e m a y be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the i n c r e a s e d o c c u r r e n c e of b i t t e r pit in r e c e n t y e a r s . The re la tio n s h ip s found f o r o t h e r n u t r i e n t s a r e p r o b a b l y i n t e r a c t i o n s b e tw e e n n u t r i e n t s found in the d i f f e r e n t o r c h a r d s . E F F E C T OF M IN ER A L NUTRITION ON T H E O C C U R R E N C E OF BITTER P IT IN N O R T H ER N SPY APPLES By G E N E HERMAN OBERLY A THESIS S u b m i t t e d to the School f o r A d v a n c e d G r a d u a t e S tu d i e s of M i c h i g a n St a te U n i v e r s i t y of A g r i c u l t u r e an d A p plie d S c ie n c e in p a r t i a l fu l f i l l m e n t of the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r the d e g r e e of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY D e p a r t m e n t of H o r t i c u l t u r e 1959 ProQuest Number: 10008629 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10008629 Published by ProQuest LLC (2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQ uest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS S in c e r e ap p recia tio n is e x p r e s s e d to Dr. A. L. K enworthy for h is guidance and a s s is ta n c e in planning the ex p erim en t and p rep a rin g the m an u scrip t; to D r s. H. B. Tukey, R. L. Cook, A. E. M itch ell and G. P. Stein b au er for th e ir guidance and ed itin g of the m an uscript; to D r. E. J. Benne, D r. Jane Connar and M r. Sam B ass for th eir a s s is ta n c e and u se of equipm ent in m aking the c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is of the plant m a te r ia ls; to C h erry G ro w ers Incorporated, T r a v e r s e City, M ichigan fo r m aking a v a ila b le th e ir r e c o r d s fo r s e le c tin g the o rch a rd s for th is study; and to the fifte e n o r c h a r d ists who m ade a v a ila b le th eir o rch a rd s, and who c o ­ op era ted to the fu lle st extent. M ost im portant, a p p recia tio n is s in c e r e ly e x p r e s s e d to the a u th or's w ife, A udrea, who en cou ragem en t, a s s is ta n c e and s a c r ific e has m ade p o s s ib le the com p letio n o f th is m an u scrip t. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page IN T R O D U C T IO N ........................................................................................... 1 REVIEW OF L IT E R A T U R E ................................................................... 2 M ATERIALS AND M E T H O D S .............................................................. 14 R E S U L T S ......................................................................................................... 22 P r e lim in a r y Studies - 1957 22 O rchard Survey - 1958 .................................................................... 24 D IS C U SSIO N ................................................................................................... 41 S U M M A R Y ...................................................................................................... 49 LITERATURE CITED .......................................................................... 52 A P P E N D IX ....................................................................................................... 56 i. INTRODUCTION M i c h i g a n ' s m o s t i m p o r t a n t p r o c e s s i n g ap ple is N o r t h e r n Spy (M a l u s d o m e s t i c a B o r k . ). H ow ev er, t h i s v a r i e t y , a lo n g with m a n y o t h e r s , h a s b e en a f f l i c t e d with a p h y s i o l o g i c a l d i s o r d e r known a s b i t t e r pit. Apple f r u i t s a f f e c t e d with t h i s d i s o r d e r have c r e a t e d m u c h a d d it io n a l e x p e n s e a nd w a s t a g e d u r i n g the p r o c e s s i n g a nd m a r k e t i n g of the f r u i t s . M i c h i g a n p r o d u c e s fr o m one to two m i l l i o n b u s h e l s of N o r t h e r n Spy a p p l e s e a c h y e a r . A c c o r d i n g to dat a o b ta in e d f r o m C h e r r y G r o w e r s I n c o r p o r a t e d (13), who p u r c h a s e a l a r g e v o lu m e of N o r t h e r n Spy a p p l e s fo r p r o c e s s i n g , the p e r c e n t a g e of a p p l e s with s o m e f o r m of b i t t e r pit v a r i e s f r o m ab out one p e r c e n t f o r s o m e g r o w e r s to about t h i r t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t f o r other grow ers. T h e a v e r a g e p e r c e n t a g e of a p p l e s sh owing b i t t e r pit f o r all g r o w e r s w a s ab o u t 8. 5 p e r c e n t . It h a s b een e s t i m a t e d tha t when M ic h i g an p r o d u c e s a c r o p of 900, 000 b u s h e l s of N o r t h e r n Spy a p p le s , about 76, 500 b u s h e l s a r e lo s t e a c h y e a r due to b i t t e r pit. T h e p u r p o s e of t h i s s tud y w a s to d e t e r m i n e the r e l a t i o n s h i p of m i n e r a l n u t r i t i o n to the d e v e l o p m e n t of b i t t e r pit in N o r t h e r n Spy a p p l e s . LITERATURE REVIEW A cco rd in g to C arne (9) the f ir s t u n m istakab le r e fe r e n c e in the lite r a tu r e to b itter pit w as m ade by Jaeger in 1869. Cobb (14) stated in 1895, "I would su g g e st that the nam e b itter p it is one v e r y su itab le for the d is e a s e . It has r e c e iv e d no com m on nam e up to th is date so far a s I k n ow ." Cobb (14) rep o rted that he had known and o b se r v e d the d iso r d e r for about 20 y e a r s p r io r to h is pu blication . B itter p it is known by m any d ifferen t com m on n a m es. In G erm any the d iso r d e r is r e fe r r e d to a s Stippen, Stippenflecke, Stippfleck, Stippigh eit, Stippigw erden and S tip p ig fleck ig h eit. Throughout the U nited S ta tes, G reat Britian, Canada, A u stra lia , South A frica and New Z ealand, the d iso r d e r is c a lle d b itter pit, Baldwin spot, tr e e p it or fruit spot. A L atin nam e has not been given to the d iso r d e r. Cobb (14) and G ou rley and Howlett (24) rep o rted that the p its w e r e b itter to ta s te . H einicke (27) o b se rv e d that it w as only the old p its w hich w e re b itter and that the new ly form ed p its did not have the c h a r a c te r is tic b itte r n e s s . B itter p it should not be confused w ith o th er cork y d is e a s e s of a p p les. H ill (29) and Sm ock (42) d e sc r ib e d the h isto lo g ic a l c h a r a c t e r is tic s of the d iso r d e r . The f ir s t e x te rn a l sym ptom ap p ea rs a s slig h tly d is c o lo r e d sp o ts 3. on the e p i d e r m i s of the f r u i t . On yellow a p p l e s the s p o ts a r e a d a r k e r g r e e n t h a n the s u r r o u n d i n g c o l o r an d on r e d a p p l e s the s p o t s a r e a d e e p e r re d . T h e e x t e r n a l s y m p t o m s m a y o r m a y not a p p e a r on the f r u i t s w hi c h a r e a f f e c t e d with the d i s o r d e r . It is n e c e s s a r y to s l i c e t h r o u g h the a pp le to d e t e c t the p r e s e n c e of the d i s o r d e r when the p i t s o c c u r below the h y p o d e r m a l l a y e r of the fr ui t. A c c o r d i n g to S m o c k (42) the d i s o r d e r m a y be c h a r a c t e r i z e d by s m a l l br o w n s p o t s o r s t r e a k s in the f l e s h of the f r u i t . The e a r ly stages of d e v e l o p m e n t m a y be d e t e c t e d by a c o l l a p s e of th e c e ll wal l of a g ro u p of c e l l s b e n e a t h the h y p o d e r m a l l a y e r s of the f r u i t . As the d i s o r d e r de vel ops , the c e ll w a l l s not only c o n ti n u e to c o l l a p s e , but m a y b e c o m e t o r n . Between the c el l w a l l s m a y be o b s e r v e d s t a r c h g r a i n s whic h r e m a i n f o r the life of the fr u it . A s the p i t s develop, the c e l l s m a y b e c o m e d r y in a p p e a r a n c e . S m it h (40) c o n s i d e r e d th e d r y i n g out of the c e l l s to be the r e s u l t an d not the c a u s e of th e d i s o r d e r . R o s e et al. (38) l i s t e d the v a r i e t i e s w hic h w e r e m o s t s u s c e p t i b l e to b i t t e r pit a s Baldwin, N o r t h e r n Spy, Rhode I s la n d G r e e n i n g , Yellow Newtown, Y o r k I m p e r i a l , R o m e Beauty, W in te r Banana, St ay ma n, A r k a n s a s ( M a m m o t h Black Twig), A r k a n s a s Black, D e l i c i o u s and G r a v e n s t e i n . Cobb (14) r e p o r t e d th a t th e late v a r i e t i e s w e r e m o r e s u s c e p t i b l e to b i t t e r p i t th a n the e a r l y o r m i d - s e a s o n v a r i e t i e s . w hic h w e r e m o r e a c i d a p p e a r e d m o r e s u s c e p t i b l e . T h e late s e a s o n v a r i e t i e s 4. M an y t h e o r i e s have b e e n p r o p o s e d a s to the c a u s e of b i t t e r pit. M cA lp in (34) p r o p o s e d the t h e o r y th a t the d i s o r d e r w a s due to a r u p t u r i n g of the v a s c u l a r net wo rk. H e r b e r t (28) in h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s p r o p o s e d the c r u s h e d c e l l t h e o r y . T h e c r u s h e d c el l t h e o r y w a s b a s e d on the following o b s e r v a t i o n s : " A . Sunken s p o t s c o n s t i t u t e the f i r s t e x t e r n a l s y m p t o m . B. Th e ski n is in ta c t o v e r the p i t t e d a r e a . C. T h e v a s c u l a r b un dl e s f r e q u e n t l y ex te n d t h r o u g h a pit spot a nd su pply n o r m a l t i s s u e beyond. D. S t a r c h is p r e s e n t in the pit c e l l s . E. T h e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of c e l l u l o s e is su ff ic ie n t to e l i m i n a t e the p o s s i b i l i t y of b u r s t i n g . " H e r b e r t (28) a l s o r e p o r t e d that ind ividual c e l l s of the f l e s h of a n a p p le would not b u r s t when p l a c e d in w a t e r . Also, if the d i s o r d e r w a s c a u s e d by r u p t u r i n g of the v a s c u l a r s y s t e m , the e p i d e r m i s should b u r s t o r at l e a s t f o r m a bump i n s t e a d of a d e p r e s s i o n . S m o c k (43) co u ld show no in di c a ti o n that the p i t s w e r e a s s o c i a t e d with the v a s c u l a r b un dl e s in the f l e s h of the ap ple. a l w a y s c l o s e to a pi t in the a ppl e. v a s c u l a r b u n d le s in the A v a s c u l a r bundle was Ho w ev e r, the p r e s e n c e of n u m e r o u s p e r i p h e r y of the f r u i t would m a k e it v e r y difficult to find a pit whic h would not be a d j a c e n t to a v a s c u l a r bundle. M any p e r s o n s have a d v a n c e d t h e o r i e s , in one way o r a n o t h e r , that the c o l l a p s e of the c e l l s w a s c a u s e d by a w a t e r s t r e s s . D a r n e l - S m i t h (19) s u b m i t t e d the t h e o r y that p i t t i n g m a y be due to a w a t e r s t r e s s a s a r e s u l t of e i t h e r a l o s s of w a t e r w hich could i n c r e a s e the c e l l sap c o n c e n t r a t i o n of a c i d s a n d kill the c e l l s , o r a r u p t u r i n g of the c e l l s due to an e x c e s s of water. C h a n d l e r (12) r e p o r t s tha t u n d e r d r ou ght c o n d it io n s the c e l l sap of the l e a v e s had a h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n than the c e l l s of g r e e n f r u i t s . U n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s the o s m o t i c flow would be f r o m the f r u i t s to the leaves. S m o c k (43) found th a t by r i n g i n g l im b s , the o s m o t i c v a l u e of the l e a v e s co uld be i n c r e a s e d p r o p o r t i o n a l l y m o r e than the o s m o t i c v a lu e of the fr u it . By p a r t i a l g i r d l i n g of the f r u i t s t e m , S m o c k (43) found the f r u i t s w e r e m o r e s u s c e p t i b l e to b i t t e r pit. This technique p r e s u m a b ly i n c r e a s e d the o s m o t i c v a lu e of the l e a v e s to m o r e tha n tha t of the f r u i t s . G h s s o w (25) r e p o r t e d tha t W o r t m a n in 1892 c o n c lu d e d the m a l a d y to be due to a s u p e r a b u n d a n c e of an a c i d in the apple, w hic h w a s c a u s e d by a s h o r t a g e of w a t e r d u r i n g the d r y y e a r s . The susceptibility for apples to f o r m b i t t e r pit a p p e a r e d co i n c r e a s e , a c c o r d i n g to C a r n e (8) whe n the a c i d d i s t r i b u t i o n withi n the f r u i t b e c a m e uneven. C a r n e (8) c o n c l u d e d t h a t the c a u s e of b i t t e r pit w a s due to e x c e s s i v e t r a n s p i r a t i o n f r o m the s u r f a c e of the fr u it . Th e l o s s of w a t e r f r o m the s u r f a c e of the f r u i t c a u s e d a n o s m o t i c g r a d i e n t to be e s t a b l i s h e d whic h p u l l e d w a t e r f r o m the s t a r c h fil led c e l l s , c a u s i n g the c e l l s to b e c o m e plasm olized. R ig g a n d T i l l e r (37) a l s o found tha t b i t t e r pit w a s m o r e 6. s e v e r e u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s of e x c e s s i v e t r a n s p i r a t i o n . H e in ic ke (27) no te d t h a t the a f f e c t e d f r u i t s w e r e o n e s whic h would a l s o be f i r s t a f f e c t e d if the w a t e r s u pply w a s to b e c o m e l i m i t e d . Britton et al . (4) c o n c l u d e d tha t the s e a s o n a l w e a t h e r c on d it io n s e x e r t e d an i m p o r t a n t infl uen c e on the d e v e l o p m e n t of b i t t e r pit. The c l i ­ m a t i c c o n d it io n s w e r e a l s o no ted by Hutton (31) a s b e i n g a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r in the d e v e l o p m e n t of the d i s o r d e r . high t e m p e r a t u r e s , T h i s w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e if low h u m id it y a n d a f lu x ua tin g soil m o i s t u r e o c c u r r e d a t the t i m e the f r u i t c o m m e n c e d to m a t u r e . Hill (29) not ed b i t t e r pit to be m o r e s e v e r e on shal lo w s o i l s d u r i n g y e a r s of low r a i n f a l l . Brooks a nd F i s h e r (5) r e p o r t e d the d i s o r d e r v a r i e d w it h the w a t e r h o ld in g c a p a c i t y of the soil, p a r t i c u l a r l y the s u b - s o i l . The d i s o r d e r w a s m o s t s e v e r e when the so il m o i s t u r e w a s li m it ed . C u m m i n g s (16) found b i t t e r pit to be j u s t a s p r e v a l e n t on i r r i g a t e d soils as n o n -ir r ig a te d soils. soil m o i s t u r e . Hill (29) co uld not a s s o c i a t e b i t t e r pit with S e v e r a l w o r k e r s (16, 18, 38, 40) r e p o r t e d that h e av y r a i n ­ fall d u r i n g the g r o w i n g s e a s o n i n c r e a s e d b i t t e r p i t m o r e than when the s e a s o n w a s dry . T h e m a t u r i t y and s u g a r c o n te n t of app le f r u i t s w e r e a f f e c t e d by t e m p e r a t u r e t r e a t m e n t s a c c o r d i n g to S m o c k (41). t r e e s a nd not w hole t r e e s w e r e u s e d f o r th is study. L i m b s of indiv idua l U n d e r t h e s e c on d it io n s 7. th er e w ere no d iffe r e n c e s in the p e r ce n ta g e of b itter p it due to the d ifferen t tem p era tu re tr e a tm e n ts. C um m ings (17) concluded that b itter pit w a s a c lim a tic and w ater lo s s d is e a s e for w hich th ere w as no co n tro l. Cobb (14) in 1895 could show no e v id en ce that b itter pit w as due to a fungus. H ow ever, he recom m en d ed rem o v a l of the tr e e if the d iso r d e r p e r s is te d for two y e a r s. A cco rd in g to Carne et al. (10), A tta n a so ff s v ir u s th eory w as b ased on p r e lim in a r y w ork done by M cA lpine in 1913. M cA lpine had taken bud w ood from a tr e e w hich had been producing b itter pit a p p les and from a tr e e su p p osed ly fr e e of b itter pit. fr e e o f b itter p it. The sc io n s w e re then grafted on tr e e s The tr e e w hich had been u sed for b itter pit fr e e scio n wood in 1913 had 67 p e r ce n t p itted fr u its in 1914. O ther w o r k e rs (7, 26, 38) have co n firm ed C arn e's rep ort that b itter pit w as n o n -p a r a sitic . D a r n e ll-S m ith (19) concluded, from stu d ies w ith d ifferen t apple v a r ie t ie s and r o o tsto ck com b in ation s, that the sto ck had no e ffe c t on the e x p r e s s io n of b itter pit, and that it w as the nature of the scio n w hich b e ­ ca m e the d eterm in in g factor. Young tr e e s b ea rin g a light crop of ap p les m ay c r e a te con d ition s w hich favor the d evelop m en t of b itter p it (4, 24, 31, 34). P a lm er (36) r e ­ p o rted that a light crop appeared to be v e r y su sce p tib le to p ittin g if it had b een p r e c e d e d by a heavy crop . H ow ever, P a lm er (36) elu cid a ted fu rth er by statin g that the su sc e p ta b ility to p ittin g could be red u ced by a llo w in g the fru it to m atu re for a lon ger p eriod on the tr e e b efore it w as h a r v e sted . A crop of la r g e a p p les, a cco r d in g to se v e r a l w o rk ers (8, 19, 24, 35) have a g r e a te r p e r ce n ta g e of the fr u its p itted than a crop of s m a ll a p p les. T h is w as tru e, p a r tic u la r ly in the c a s e of fru its w hich had been grow in g rapidly b eca u se of e x c e s s iv e pruning o r fruit thinning. The p o sitio n of the apple on the fru itin g spur has been rep o rted by H einicke (27) and con firm ed by o th ers (8, 24) to be an im portant fa cto r in the d evelopm ent of b itter p it. H einicke (27) o b se rv e d four conditions r e ­ garding the p o sitio n of the apple on the spur and p o sitio n of the spur to the lim b in the d evelop m en t of b itter pit. 1. On adjacent sp u rs, term in a l fr u its without la te r a l fru its show ed le s s b itter pit than term in a l fr u its with la te r a l fr u its. 2. On adjacent sp u rs, sin g le te r m in a l fr u its without la te r a l fr u its show ed le s s b itter p it than sin g le la te r a l fru its w ithout te r m in a l fr u its. 3. B asal sp u rs show ed m o re b itter pit than sp u rs tow ards the te r m in a l portion of the lim b. 4. V igorou s sp u rs orig in a tin g on the upper su rfa ce of the lim b had le s s b itter p it than w eak hanging sp u rs. H ein ick e (27) su b stan tiated h is o b se rv a tio n s on the b a s is of the p e r ce n ta g e o f good se e d in the a p p les. He rep o rted that la te r a l a p p les 9. r e q u i r e d a l a r g e r p e r c e n t a g e of good s e e d s th an a t e r m i n a l a p p le if they w e r e both on the s a m e s p u r . H e in ic ke (27) found tha t a p p l e s with a low p e r c e n t a g e of good s e e d s w e r e m o r e in c li n e d to be p i t t e d than a p p l e s with a high p e r c e n t a g e of good s e e d s . S m o c k (42) found s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s . On unt hin ne d li m b s , the l a t e r a l f r u i t s of a c l u s t e r w e r e m o r e li k e ly to show b i t t e r pit tha n term inal fruits. A c c o r d i n g to S m o c k (42) when l i m b s w e r e s h a d e d d u r i n g the g r o w ­ ing s e a s o n , the p e r c e n t a g e of p i t t e d a p p l e s w as l e s s than on l i m b s e x p o s e d to su nlight. Cobb (14) noted the p r e s e n c e of s t a r c h g r a i n s in the p i t t e d a r e a a nd w ro te : ’’T h e c e l l s of the spongy b r o w n m a s s st il l c o n t a i n s s t a r c h g r a i n s , a nd if the a p p le r i p e n s a s we ll a s it c a n u n d e r the c i r c u m s t a n c e s , it will be found tha t th e c e l l s a d j a c e n t to the b i t t e r pit, and w hic h a r e not t u r n e d brown, ri pe n, i. e. , t h e i r s t a r c h is c o n v e r t e d into o t h e r s u b s t a n c e s a s is u s u a l in r i p e n i n g f r u i t . " C a r n e (9, 11) o b s e r v e d the s t a r c h g r a i n s in the p i t t e d a r e a an d t h e o r i z e d th a t t h e y m u s t ha ve an i m p o r t a n t b e a r i n g on b i t t e r pit d e v e l o p ­ ment. He r e p o r t e d t h a t the m o r e i r r e g u l a r l y the s t a r c h w a s h y d r o l y z e d in an a p p le the m o r e s u s c e p t i b l e it w a s to b i t t e r pit. D a r n e l l - S m i t h (19) c o n c lu d e d th a t the s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of an a pple to p ittin g, w as d eterm in ed w h ile the a p p les w e r e s t ill on the tr e e and b efo re the sta r c h had been h y d ro ly zed to su gar. Sm ock (43) d etected sta r ch g r a in s in both the h ealth y tis s u e and the n e c r o tic t is s u e . w a lls . Starch g r a in s w e r e a ls o found betw een the c o lla p se d c e ll Sm ock (43) su g g e ste d that p erh a p s the sta r c h g r a in s w ere the r e ­ su lt of the d iso r d e r , and not the c a u sa l agent. M ost p e r so n s who have stud ied the b itter pit p roblem appear to be in a g r ee m e n t a s to the stage o f m a tu rity at w hich the a p p les should be h a r ­ v e ste d . A p p les h a r v e sted at an im m atu re sta te a r e m o re lik e ly to develop b itter pit than fu lly m ature fr u its (1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 24, 31, 35, 36, 38, 40). A ttem p ts have been m ade to d ifferen tia te betw een the p its w hich o c cu r on the tr e e and th o se w hich o c cu rr e d a fter the fru it had been p la ced in sto r a g e . Bhnemann (6) d etected sta r ch g r a in s in the p r e h a r v est p its w ith an iodine te st, but could not d etect the sta r ch g r a in s in the p its w hich had d evelop ed w h ile the fru it w as in sto r a g e . Sm ock (43) could show no d iffe r ­ e n c e s betw een the p its w hich d evelop ed in sto ra g e and th o se w hich develop ed p r io r to sto r a g e . Prom pt sto r a g e at 32°’F a fter h a r v e st (4, 24, 31, 40) red u ced the p e r ­ c en ta g e o f p o s t-h a r v e s t b itter p it. H ow ever, a cco r d in g to G ou rley and H ow lett (24), p la c in g the ap p les in cold sto ra g e only d ela y ed the e x p r e s s io n 11. of b i t t e r pit, b e c a u s e b i t t e r pit d e v e l o p e d a f t e r the f r u i t ha d b e e n r e m o v e d f r o m the s t o r a g e . S m o c k (42) r e p o r t e d t h a t c o n t r o l l e d a t m o s p h e r i c s t o r a g e m a y de lay the a p p e a r a n c e of b i t t e r pit, h o w e v e r it did not r e d u c e the p e r c e n t a g e of affected fruits. S m o c k (42) a l s o found tha t a high r e l a t i v e h u m id it y in the s t o r a g e h e lp e d to r e t a r d the r a t e of d e v e l o p m e n t of b i t t e r pit in a p p l e s . A ll e n (1) a d d e d e th y le n e g a s to a cold s t o r a g e r o o m in o r d e r to i n c r e a s e the r a t e of r e s p i r a t i o n of the a p p l e s . It w a s r e p o r t e d th a t the i n c r e a s e d r a t e of r e s p i r a t i o n m a y have r e d u c e d the p e r c e n t a g e of b i t t e r pit, but th a t th e r e s u l t s w e r e not c o n c l u s i v e . S m o c k (42) r e p o r t e d that C a l i f o r n i a G r a v e n s t e i n , N o r t h e r n Spy a n d Baldwin a p p l e s w hic h had b e en dipped in c e r t a i n w ax e m u l s i o n s did not de velo p b i t t e r p i t a s r a p i d l y a s u n t r e a t e d f r u i t s . When s h r e d d e d o i l e d p a p e r w a s a d d e d to the c o n t a i n e r s with the a p p le s , t h e r e a p p e a r e d to be a n i n c r e a s e in the p e r c e n t a g e of f r u i t s w hich b e c a m e pitted. Smock (41) e x p l a i n e d t h is i n c r e a s e a s be in g an i n d i r e c t e ff e c t c a u s e d by a l o w e r ­ ing of the r e l a t i v e hu m id it y s u r r o u n d i n g the a p p l e s . M u l c h i n g with hay i n c r e a s e d the yie ld of a p p l e s , a c c o r d i n g to B utler a n d Dunn (7), but ha d no e f f e c t upon the p e r c e n t a g e of f r u i t s which had b i t t e r pit. T h e t h e o r y th a t b i t t e r pi t m a y be c a u s e d by an u n b a l a n c e d n u t r i - 1 2. tio n al con d ition is sh ared by m any p e r so n s (7, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 29, 38, 42, 46, 47). H ill (29) a s s o c ia te d b itter p it w ith high v ig o r, p a r tic u la r ly when high n itro g en sy m p to m s e x iste d . H einicke (27) found co n tra d icto ry r e s u lt s . When o n e -h a lf of a tr e e w a s fe r tiliz e d w ith sodium n itrate, the sid e of the tr e e r e c e iv in g the f e r t iliz e r had l e s s b itter p it than the sid e o f the tr e e w h ich r e c e iv e d no f e r t iliz e r . Butler and Dunn (10) rep o rted that n itrogen and p o ta ssiu m in c r e a s e d b itte r p it, w h ile phosphate d e c r e a s e d b itter p it. It w a s rep o rted a ls o that su lfu r and ph osp horus tend to cou n tera ct the e ffe c ts brought about by n itr o ­ gen and p o ta ssiu m . Van S ch reven (44) rep o rted that ap p les w ith b itter p it contained a h igh er content of nitrogen, phosphorus and p o ta ssiu m than a p p les without the d iso r d e r . R o ss and o th er s (38) stated that the p r e s e n c e o f a high c o n c e n tr a ­ tion of c e r ta in s a lts in the ir rig a tio n w ater ca u sed p its in a p p les w hich r e se m b le d b itter p it. T hey rep o rted that, in the P a cific N orth w est, high co n cen tra tio n s o f m agn esiu m su lfa te m ay c a u se a type o f p ittin g to o ccu r. D eL on g (21) found low le v e ls of calciu m in the fruit to be a s s o c ia te d w ith an in c r e a s e in the p er ce n ta g e of fru it w hich had b itter p it. G arm an and M athis (23) a ls o found that calciu m m ay be the c r itic a l e lem en t in the d ev elo p - m en t o f Baldwin spot in C o n n ecticu t. T hey rep o rted a v e r y d efin ite p o s itiv e c o r r e la tio n b etw een the ratio of the ca lciu m content o f the le a v e s divided by the c a lciu m content of the fru it and an in c r e a s e in the p er ce n ta g e of p itted a p p les. S e v e ra l p e r so n s (7, 23, 35, 46, 47) could show no r ela tio n sh ip betw een b itte r p it and boron. H ow ever, boron w a s e ffe c tiv e in a ll rep o rted stu d ies fo r the co n tro l o f drought spot and cork y c o r e . Dunlap and T hom pson (22) rep o rted that heavy boron ap p lica tio n s at b lo sso m tim e and at p eta l fa ll w e r e e ffe c tiv e in co n tr o llin g b itter p it d is o r d e r s on Y ork Im p erial a p p les in M aryland. Van S tu iven b erg and Pouwar (45) rep o rted e ffe c tiv e con trol o f b itte r p it in the v a r ie ty N o ta r is, in Holland, by applying borax sp r a y s during m id -Ju ly. T hey a ls o found that the sa m e r e s u lts could be obtained by ap p ly­ in g B -in d o ly la c etic a cid in July. W oodbridge (47) rep o rted that the boron content o f apple tw igs w as lo w er on t r e e s w hich had the d iso r d e r than on tr e e s w hich w e r e not a ffected . 14. MATERIALS AND METHODS A p r e lim in a r y study, to te s t the e ffe c tiv e n e s s o f ca lciu m n itra te s p r a y s for the co n tro l of b itte r pit, w as in itia ted on 29 N orthern Spy apple tr e e s in the R o g e r s In corp orated o rch a rd lo ca ted n ear Honor, M ichigan, during the 1957 grow in g se a so n . An im m atu re fru it sa m p le w a s c o lle c te d from ea ch of 18 tr e e s du rin g July, 1957. T he s a m p le s w ere w eighed and the w eight p e r apple w a s c a lcu la te d to the n e a r e s t o n e-ten th of a gram . A se c tio n w a s r e ­ m o v ed from ea ch apple in the sa m p le s to form a c o m p o site fru it sa m p le from e a ch tr e e fo r a c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is . T he 18 fru it sa m p le s w e r e oven dried at 160&F for two days and then ground in a W iley m ill w ith a 20 m e sh s c r e e n . T he ground sa m p le s w e r e p la ced in sc r e w cap b o ttle s, sto r ed and la te r an alyzed . Two a p p lic a tio n s of calciu m n itra te at the rate of one pound p e r 100 g a llo n s of sp ra y w ere m ade by the ow ner to tr e e s in a block n ea r th o se from w hich the g r e e n fru it s a m p le s had been c o lle c te d . The a p p lica tio n s w e r e m ade a p p ro x im a tely four and s ix w eek s p r io r to h a r v e st, fo llo w in g the r eco m m en d a tio n s of G arm an and M athis (23). M ature fru it sa m p le s, c o n s istin g of 25 fru its, w e re c o lle c te d from ea ch o f the 29 t r e e s (18 u n treated and 11 treated ) on O ctober 10, 1957. T he s a m p le s w e r e h eld in a h eated shed at the H o rticu ltu ra l farm in p o ly e th y le n e lin ed b o x es until N ovem b er 1, 1957. T he r ip e fru it sa m p le s w e r e w eighed and the a v e ra g e w eig h t p e r fru it w a s c a lc u la te d to the n e a r e s t o n e-ten th g ra m . T he a p p les w e r e then exam in ed for e x te rn a l pit sy m p to m s and the num ber o f a ffe c te d fr u its w e r e r eco rd ed . T he a p p les w e r e then cut into a p p ro x im a te ly o n e -fo u r th inch s lic e s and exam in ed fo r in tern a l pitting, the num ber o f a ffe c te d fr u its w e re reco rd ed . A s e c tio n w as rem o v ed from ea ch o f the 25 rip e fr u its c o lle c te d from ea ch tr e e and c o m p o site d to form a ripe fru it sa m p le for a c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is . T he c o m p o site s a m p le s w e r e w eigh ed and then oven d ried at 160° C fo r th r e e d ays. A fte r drying, the sa m p le s w e r e rew eig h ed and the p e r ­ c e n ta g e s of m o istu r e o f the sa m p le s w e r e ca lcu la ted . The d ried fr e s h fru it s a m p le s w e re then ground in a W iley m ill w ith a 20 m e sh s c r e e n and p la c e d in sc r e w cap b o ttle s. Both the g r e e n and r ip e fru it sa m p le s w e re an a ly zed fo r nine m in e r a l % e le m e n ts . N itro g en w a s d eterm in ed by the K jeldahl m ethod, u sin g a one gram aliq uot of the sa m p le. P o ta ssiu m w as d eterm in ed by the fia m e - p h o to m eter a c c o r d in g to the p r o c ee d u re outlined by the A ss o c ia tio n of O fficia l A g r icu ltu r a l C h e m ists (2). Boron, ca lciu m , copper, iron, 16 . m a g n e s i u m , m a n g a n e s e a nd p h o s p h o r u s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d s p e c t r o g r a p h i ­ c a l l y a c c o r d i n g to th e m e t h o d of the A s s o c i a t i o n of O ffi ci a l A g r i c u l t u r a l C h e m i s t s (3), wit h a m o d i f i c a t i o n w h e r e b y the s o lu ti o n w a s p l a c e d on a fl a t p o l i s h e d e l e c t r o d e i n s t e a d of a g r a p h i t e - f i l l e d e l e c t r o d e . E i g h t e e n o r c h a r d s w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r a m o r e c o m p r e h e n s i v e study d u r i n g 1958. T e n t r e e s w e r e s e l e c t e d f r o m the v a r i e t y - f e r t i l i z e r t r i a l b l o c k a t the M i c h i g a n Stat e U n i v e r s i t y H o r t i c u l t u r a l f a r m , E a s t L a n s in g , M ic h i g a n , 20 t r e e s s e l e c t e d f r o m a N o r t h e r n Spy f e r t i l i z e r blo c k on the G r a h a m E x p e r i m e n t Station, G r a n d R a p i d s , Mich iga n, a nd 15 t r e e s in e a c h of 16 c o m m e r c i a l o r c h a r d s l o c a t e d in the m a j o r a p p le p r o d u c i n g a r e a s of c e n t r a l a nd n o r t h e r n M ic hi gan . T h e 16 c o m m e r c i a l o r c h a r d s w e r e s e l e c t e d f r o m a g r o w e r l i s t f u r n i s h e d by the C h e r r y G r o w e r s I n c o r p o r a t e d (13). T h r e e y e a r s da ta h a d b e e n c o m p i l e d f r o m the p r o c e s s i n g r e c o r d s , sh o w i n g the p e r c e n t a g e of b i t t e r p it found in e a c h o r c h a r d w h e r e f r u i t ha d b e e n p u r c h a s e d . By th e u s e of t h e s e d a t a it w a s p o s s i b l e to s e l e c t o r c h a r d s w h i c h h a d p r e v i o u s r e c o r d s of high a nd low p e r c e n t a g e s of b i t t e r pit. In the s e l e c t i o n of the o r c h r d s , a g e of the t r e e s , v i g o r of the t r e e s and lo c a t i o n with in the State w e r e g iv e n c o n s i d e r a t i o n . T h e s e l e c t i o n s w e r e m a d e to p r o v i d e a wide r a n g e in the o c c u r r e n c e of b i t t e r p i t b e tw e e n o r c h a r d s a nd b e t w e e n m a j o r fruit producing a re a s . T w ig sa m p le s , c o n s is tin g of about 15 to 20 sh o o ts o f the p r e c e d in g y e a r 's grow th, w e r e c o lle c te d from a ll t r e e s , e x c e p t the 20 t r e e s lo c a te d at the G raham Station. T he tw ig sa m p le s w e r e c o lle c te d from about sh o u ld er h eight (5 feet) around the p e r ip h e r y o f the tr e e . The len gth of e a c h tw ig w a s m e a su r e d to the n e a r e s t o n e -h a lf c e n tim e te r and the a v e r ­ a g e len gth o f the tw ig s fo r ea ch tr e e c a lcu la te d . T he tw ig s w e r e oven d ried at 160° F fo r th ree days and w eighed on a to r s io n b alan ce to the n e a r e s t o n e -h a lf gram . T he a v e ra g e w eight p e r c e n tim e te r o f grow th w as ca lcu la te d on a d ried w eigh t b a s is a s a m e a n s of ev a lu a tin g tw ig v ig o r . T he tw ig s w e r e then ground in a W iley m ill w ith a 20 m e sh s c r e e n and p la c e d in sc r e w cap b o ttle s. The tw ig sa m p le s w e r e an aly zed c h e m ic a lly for n itro g en by the K jeldahl m ethod and p o ta ssiu m by the flam ep ho to m e te r (2). In co o p era tio n w ith the C h erry G ro w ers Incorp orated (13), a q u e s ­ tio n n a ire (s e e appendix) w a s sen t to about 200 c o m m e r c ia l apple g r o w e r s in M ich igan. T he p u rp ose o f the q u estio n n a ire w a s to obtain inform ation c o n c er n in g the o rch a rd m an agem en t p r a c tic e s , s o il m an agem en t p r a c tic e s , fe r tiliz a tio n p rogram and sp ra y p rogram for the y e a r s 1956, 1957 and 1958. Boron sp r a y tr e a tm e n ts at the rate o f one pound o f b o ric a c id p e r 100 g a llo n s of sp r a y w e re m ade to fiv e o f the fifteen t r e e s in the c o m m e r % c ia l o r c h a r d s. T he boron tr e a tm e n ts w e r e applied from July 8 to 15, 1958. 18. C a l c i u m n i t r a t e s p r a y a p p l i c a t i o n s w e r e m a d e to five of the fi f te e n t r e e s in the s i x t e e n c o m m e r c i a l o r c h a r d s , a n d to te n of the tw e n ty t r e e s l o c a t e d a t the G r a h a m E x p e r i m e n t Statio n. Two a p p l i c a t i o n s of one pound of c a l c i u m n i t r a t e p e r 100 g a l l o n s of s p r a y w e r e m a d e f o u r a nd s ix w e e k s p r i o r to h a r v e s t . T h e t i m e of a p p l i c a t i o n f o r e a c h m a j o r f r u i t a r e a v a r i e d to c o r r e s p o n d w it h th e d i f f e r e n c e s in the h a r v e s t d a t e s . L e a f s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m a r o u n d the p e r i p h e r y of e a c h t r e e in the 18 o r c h a r d s . M a t u r e l e a v e s , w hi c h w e r e ab out m i d w a y b e t w e e n the b a s e of th e sh oot a n d the t e r m i n a l le af a nd f r e e of i n s e c t o r d i s e a s e damage, w e re selected. T h e le a f s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m July 28 to A u g u s t 6, 1958. T h e a p p le l e a f s a m p l e s w e r e w a s h e d in an a q u e o u s solution, u s i n g D r e f t a s the d e t e r g e n t , r i n s e d in tap w a t e r a nd in d i s t i l l e d w a t e r . The l e a v e s w e r e ov e n d r i e d a t 16CTF f o r two d ay s a nd g r o u n d in a Wiley m i l l w i t h a 20 m e s h s c r e e n . T h e g r o u n d s a m p l e s w e r e p l a c e d in two ounc e s c r e w cap b o t t l e s . T h e g r o u n d l e a f s a m p l e s w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r the s a m e nine e l e m e n t s a nd in th e s a m e m a n n e r a s the g r e e n f r u i t s a m p l e s w hic h w e r e p r e v i o u s l y described. M a t u r e f r u i t s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d fr o m O c t o b e r 7 to 16, 1958. F i f t y f r u i t s w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m a r o u n d the p e r i p h e r y of the t r e e a t ab out 19 . the he ig ht of five feet. An a t t e m p t w a s m a d e co s e l e c t f r u i t s w h ic h w e r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the m a j o r i t y of the f r u i t s on th e t r e e . The harvested s a m p l e s w e r e th e n t a k e n to E a s t L a n s i n g a nd s t o r e d in one of the food t e c h n o l o g y l a b o r a t o r i e s at ab out 72° F. Tw o w e e k s a f t e r h a r v e s t , 40 a p p l e s w e r e s e l e c t e d f r o m e a c h of th e 270 s a m p l e s . T h e 40 a p p l e s w e r e w e ig h ed a nd the a v e r a g e wei ght p e r a p p le w a s c a l c u l a t e d . E a c h a pp le w a s th e n e x a m i n e d f o r e x t e r n a l p i t t i n g a nd s c o r e d on the fo ll o win g b a s i s : 0 --n o o b serv ed pits. 1 - - o n e to s e v e r a l s c a t t e r e d p i t s . 2 - - m a n y p i t s in a l o c a l i z e d a r e a . 3 - - m a n y p i t s c o v e r i n g the fr ui t. T h e a p p l e s w e r e th e n s l i c e d with a c o m m e r c i a l f r e n c h fr y po ta to c u t t e r , with th e c r o s s b l a d e s r e m o v e d . Th e a p p l e s w e r e i n d iv id u a ll y s c o r e d f o r i n t e r n a l p i t s on the foll owi ng b a s i s : 0 -- n o o b s e rv e d pits. 1 - - p i t s o c c u r r i n g only b e n e a t h the h y p o d e r m i s . 2 - - p i t s o c c u r r i n g b e n e a th the h y p o d e r m i s a n d s c a t t e r e d p i t s in the f l e s h of the a pple . 3 - - h e a v i l y p i t t e d th ro u g h o u t the f l e s h of the app le. A w edge w a s rem o v ed from the c e n te r s lic e o f e a c h apple and the 40 w e d g e s w e r e c o m p o site d to form a fru it sa m p le fo r a c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is . T he r ip e apple fru it sa m p le s w e r e p la c e d in c h e e s e clo th b ags and oven d ried fo r two w e e k s at 160" F. T he d ried apple fru it sa m p le s w e r e then p la c e d in fou r ounce s c r e w -c a p b o ttle s and sto red . At the tim e the sa m p le s w e r e to be an alyzed , the b o ttle s con tain in g the sa m p le s w ere p la c e d in a d ryin g oven and r e - d r ie d for two days at 160"F . T he sa m p le s w e r e then em p tied into a W iley m ill and ground through a 20 m e sh s c r e e n . T h e s a m p le s w e r e c o lle c te d in the sa m e b o ttle s in w hich th ey w e r e dried, s e a le d w ith Saran w rap and r e capped. A liq u ots w e r e taken from the ground sa m p le for n itrogen , p o ta ssiu m and sp e c tr o g r a p h ic d eterm in a tio n s w ithout r e -d r y in g the sa m p le . w a s no cak in g o f the ground sa m p le. T h ere One gram sa m p le s w e r e u sed fo r n itro g e n d e te r m in a tio n s by the K jeldahl m ethod, o n e -h a lf gram s a m p le s for p o ta ssiu m by the fla m e p h otom eter (2) and o n e -h a lf gram sa m p le s for the sp e ctro g r a p h ic a n a ly s is (15) fo r boron, c a lciu m , copper, iron, m a g n esiu m , m a n g a n ese and p h osp h orou s. T he data obtained from th is study w e r e s ta tis tic a lly a n a ly zed by u sin g the M ich igan State U n iv e r sity E le c tr o n ic D ig ita l C om puter. A n a ly sis o f v a r ia n c e w a s c a lc u la te d for the p e r c e n t b itte r pit, u sin g a sp lit p lo t d esig n . C o r re la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts w e r e c a lcu la te d fo r 24 o b se r v a tio n s on e a ch tr e e 21. on a n o r c h a r d b a s i s , a n d the n on an o v e r a l l p r o b l e m with 250 individual, th u s m a k i n g a t o t a l of 5, 700 c o r r e l a t i o n d e t e r m i n a t i o n s of c o r r e l a t i o n coefficients. 22. RESULTS P r e l i m i n a r y S tu d i e s - 1957 It w a s found th a t the t r e a t e d t r e e s had an a v e r a g e of 14. 95 p e r c e n t i n t e r n a l p it tin g, w h il e the n o n - t r e a t e d t r e e s h ad 23. 67 p e r c e n t i n t e r n a l pi tt in g . T h e a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e , a s shown in T a b l e I, f o r the 1957 da ta s h o w e d no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the a m o u n t of b i t t e r p i t on the t r e e s s p r a y e d with c a l c i u m n i t r a t e a nd t h o s e whic h w e r e not s p r a y e d . TABLE I A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e f o r P e r c e n t B itt e r Pit A p p le s on 11 T r e e s S p r a y e d with C a l c i u m N i t r a t e a nd 18 N o n - t r e a t e d T r e e s , 1957"' S o u r c e of Variation d. f. Total B etween t r e a t m e n t s Within t r e a t m e n t s 28 1 27 Sum of Squares 9, 841 513 9, 228 Variance 513 342 F 1. 50 NS ' T a b l e 1 of the A pp e n d ix p r e s e n t s the dat a f o r the a bove s t a t i s t i c a l analysis. R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m the s t u d i e s (T a b le II) i n d i c a t e d th a t the weight of the a p p l e s w a s c o r r e l a t e d to the p e r c e n t a g e of b i t t e r p i t f r e e f r u i t s . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of c a l c i u m in both the g r e e n a nd m a t u r e f r u i t s w a s l e s s th a n the m i n i m u m a m o u n t w hic h co uld be m e a s u r e d s p e c t r o g r a p h i c a l l y (3). 23. TABLE II C o r r e l a t i o n of the P e r c e n t a g e of B it te r Pit F r u i t with W eig ht of G r e e n a n d Ri pe F r u i t s , P e r c e n t D r y W eight of Ripe F r u i t a nd M i n e r a l C o m p o s i ­ tion of Ripe an d G r e e n F r u i t s , 1957 Factors m easured C o rrelatio n coefficients 29 t r e e s ’' S i g n i f i c a n t at the 1 p e r c e n t level. 493** +. 131 +. 023 + o i—1 00 A v e r a g e w e ig ht of r i p e f r u i t P e r c e n t d r y w e ig h t of s a m p l e C o m p o s i t i o n of r i p e f r u i t . . . . Boron Copper I ro n Potassium M agnesium Manganese N itrogen Phosphorus A v e r a g e w ei ght - g r e e n f r u i t C o m p o s i t i o n of g r e e n f r u i t . . .Boron Copper Ir o n Potassium M agnesium Manganese Nitrogen Pho s p h o r u s +. 226 349 + .2 9 1 +. 114 -. 273 -. 186 18 t r e e s -. +. +. +. +. -. +. +. 347 179 400 315 426 328 368 114 246 -.053 116 +. 216 + . 403 + . 287 -. 003 + . 214 +. 038 -. 028 -. 196 T h e r e fo r e , the v a lu e s obtained fo r ca lciu m w e r e often an e stim a te , ra th er than b ein g a qu an titative d eterm in atio n . S e v e ra l c o r r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts ap p roach ed s ig n ific a n c e , thus ju stify in g a m o re in te n siv e study in 1958. O rch ard Su rvey - 1958 An ev a lu a tio n of the su r v e y s h e e ts on cu ltu ra l p r a c tic e s , w hich w e r e retu rn ed by the c o m m e r c ia l g r o w e r s, fa iled to in d icate any p a r tic u la r fe a tu re o f o rch a rd m an agem en t p r a c tic e that w as c o n s iste n tly r e la te d to high p e r c e n ta g e o f b itte r p it in so m e o rch a rd s and not in o th e r s. T he m ean fo r a ll o r ch a rd s (T able III) show ed that th er e w a s 93. 7 p e r c e n t o f fr u it fr e e from b itter pit. A n a ly sis o f v a r ia n c e (T able IV), com pu ted on a sp lit p lo t d esign , show ed that the boron and ca lciu m n itra te tr e a tm e n ts had no sig n ifica n t e ffe c t on the p er ce n ta g e o f b itter p it fr e e fr u its . A sig n ifica n t d iffe re n c e , in the o c c u r r e n c e o f b itte r pit, at the one p e r c e n t le v e l w a s show n to e x is t betw een o r ch a rd s. T he in ter a c tio n betw een o rch a rd s and tr e a tm e n ts w as not sig n ifica n t. C o r re la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts w e r e c a lcu la te d to show the rela tio n sh ip b e t­ w een fru it fr e e o f b itte r p it and 19 o b se rv a tio n s on e a ch o f 20 t r e e s lo c a te d at the M ich igan State U n iv e r sity Graham E xp erim en t Station, 23 o b s e r v a ­ tio n s fo r e a c h o f 15 t r e e s in the 16 c o m m e r c ia l o r ch a rd s and 10 t r e e s at the M ich igan State U n iv e r sity H o rticu ltu ra l farm (T able V). *T he p e r c e n ta g e s o f fru it fr e e o f b itter p it w a s u sed fo r a ll s ta tis tic a l an aly in o r d e r to r e m o v e a ll z e r o v a lu e s from the data. TABLE III P e r c e n t of F r u i t F r e e of B it te r Pit by T r e a t m e n t s and O r c h a r d s . of F i v e Single T r e e R e p l i c a t e s O rchard No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 2rage Spray --------------- - — 1--------------- — Boron Calcium N itrate . Check 91. 0 96. 5 93. 5 95. 5 84. 4 96. 5 97. 5 99. 5 86. 5 94. 0 100. 0 94. 5 97. 5 98. 0 80. 5 89. 0 94. 5 98. 0 97. 5 96. 5 88. 0 98. 5 99. 5 99. 5 79. 0 88. 5 93. 5 95. 0 100. 0 97.0 80. 0 97. 5 90. 98. 95. 97. 91. 97. 80. 99. 89. 92. 100. 97. 99. 99. 78. 95. 93. 4 93. 9 Average Average 5 5 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 7 0 92. 0 97. 7 95. 5 96. 3 87. 8 97. 5 9 2 .3 99. 5 84. 8 91. 5 97. 8 95. 7 99. 0 98. 2 79. 7 93. 8 93. 8 93. 7 26. TA BLE IV A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e : P e r c e n t a g e F r u i t F r e e of B it te r Pit; 5 T r e e R e p l i c a t e s , 3 T r e a t m e n t s a t 16 L o c a t i o n s — Source Variation Replications T reatm ents E r r o r (A) Locations T r e a t m e n t s x locations E r r o r (B) Total D. f. 4 2 8 15 30 180 239 Sum of Squares Variance 31, 075 1, 089 107, 497 691, 046 210, 783 2, 131, 989 3,173,482 555 1 3 ,4 42 46, 069 7 , 030 11, 849 F 0 .0 4 1 3. 888** 0. 593 * ‘S ig n i f ic a n t a t the one p e r c e n t le vel . —'Table 2 of the Ap pen dix p r e s e n t s a ll the da ta f o r th e 1958 s t a t i s t i c a l analysis. 27. nO CO bO DQ '$ ECO T3 £ ^ g 4—' •—i bJ a 5-H 1— •1 tC 0 r-J * ■O« C O U 0 ML > 03 0 C S o .9 u pS . -3 73 p 03 E 4b o O o 3h 03 5h a) sb -a c 03 > w CQ < CO O 73 4 -> c o 4—1 CO O Cl Pi i— o a *4-1 03 0 1 ► —1 bO 2 M1 r— o • i CM ON NO I—1 ’—i o CO NO CM p' < O CM ■ « • • 1 44- O r- On M 1 c o NO •—H o • • * 1 1 4- o H "O c 03 TJ P y , 03 LO '—1 CM • 1 N f i n ON CM *-—i ----1 CO —-i CO • • . i 44- NO CO »—1 • 4- CO M 1 o On O Mi i n LO Mi t i t 4- 0 4* * 1 o H NO i— in o CM r—{ T— H Mi O o 0 0 * i 1 1 i ON i n c o NO o o o OO c o NO CM CO r— i 1 ( i n CO CO CM 0 • « 0 0 * 4- 44 - 44- 4- CO O' o 4- CM NO OO NO .—1 o 0 4* 0 1 o NO 1—H . 1 CM CM o o c d ON OO in n o in Mi NO m * i 4 * 44- rCO o n in Mi NO CO 0 . 4 - 4- M1 NO O . i—( o CM O n n r— O r—H i n CM NO OO r— CM o o o CM CM Mi i n M 1 o , , • 0 • , « 1 i 1 44 * 44- NO Mi O , i CO m co • 4- r— o o LO NO OO ON ON ’—1 CM CO CO • • » • i 1 4- 4 - CM OO ON rCM . i r - CM ON nO o CM i n Mi i—-i CM o 0 * • • i 1 + 4- r— CO -H r oo c o »—4 o CM CO CO M l • i CM nO o l—l r - CM W11 I1 1 CM CM « • 4 - 4- 4- 4“ Mi in Mi • 4- O Mi Mi 0 4- Ml CO m O 1—1 ’—H CM O cm CO H i“H CM NO ON NO o CM c o co OO o CM CO t— O in r— nO n ao in OO Mi i n M 1 CM CO CO 4- 4- 4- 4- 4- Mi 03 r O r— CO , 4- m 4- 4- 4- 4- 4 * 4- 4- 4- i 4* 4- 4- 4* o OO 0 43 ON M1 CM 4- < o -Q Oh _j nO CM • 4- MU CM r - t— CN ON nO c o CO CO CM nO NO O r— CM OO o O CM CM CM CM o o CO CM CM * * • » « ■ • 0 ■ • 1 4 - 4~ 4- 4 - 4*+■ 4 4- O t— O O n O n r— O NO Mi # * • I i 4- in co • in in o • 4- M1 o c o CO c o CO . • i 4- CM r— i n ON ON r— in o o m v 0 441 ON CO in 4- m NO m o CM CM CO OO ON c o r - nO O O n i n Mn o CM r - OO i n o CM CO o CM o o o o CM '—1 CM i n CO i—i M 1 CM CM i—i CM c o • 0 • • 0 0 0 . . 0 * 1 41 41 i i i i i i. i O CM 1 • 4- Mi oo CM 0 1 p D-. 2: & s 2 ^ bO j_ i S2 * U u 3 < CU ® > a be .cr -> CM OO OO ON CM c o • • i i O n CN NO O ON OO CO ON i—( O CM i—i r— OO CO CO _H <—i CO lO o CO • • # • • • * • • i i i + 44- 44" s j—* >— I d Qj £ cu bo o j U CO ON OO CO o NO 1—1 Mi O 0 • • i *+* 4- OO i n i—H i—H co n 0 • 4+ CM CM i—i O CM . i 4- ON i—l o • ■§ ? < OO CO r - r— <—H t— i o • m m 1 44~ ON ON LO CO CM r— CM O CO # # i i 4- CO o o IC­ ON o • 1 OO OO O NO •—4 CO CM i—H . . . i 1 4” CO O ' NO NO CM i—H o CM . . . 1 i 1 ON ON m m . 4* i—1 m NO o o CO ■—i o CM ■ . • . i 1 1 4- * 1 . t , O O ' Mi >—i i n » 0 i 4" Qd i n i n OO NO i—-4 i n CM o in CM NO o o o NO i“H O o o o # 0 • 0 0 0 0 1 i i 4- CO ___, i—i NO M i CO o M* i—i . . . i 4*+■ lO n CO M i , • \ 4- NO NO NO 0 f ON i n On m Mi CN , , i oo in co M 1 ON LO o o co . , i 1 ib 0 u u 0 CL 1—1 i n cd 4— > U—i S d CO 4—1 cd 4-> tb cd a «4- l §) CO p-H vO O 0 0 4- 4 -1 + i—H co * i OO O n ■4 * o M1 O n r - ON NO ON i—1 CM O O o . , • • • 1 + 4~ 4- 4- CO O CO • 4- OO i—i i—H r—i OO i n Cs| m —H o • • 0 1 4- r - CO i 4 in r— o 0 i M1 in o . i 0 4* . 0 > C feo c (U mi OO o . 1 NO NO m »—H O n O n r— in o CM O . • . . i i 44- rO . i r - oo CM NO i1H NO . . 1 “f" oo r— Mi i—i Mi . . i 4- i—i CO ON NO i n CM CO m o o O CO CM Mi r - l—l i—i CO i n . . . « , . 1 4i i 4- co OO o . 4- td ~o u 03 4b u O "O XJ T3 T3 OO OO OO >—i —i Mi CO CM CU > y> 4b 0 bO ' S H* f-4 bO g Ou a> cu 5h CU CL n o bp c cu bO Jb CO LO o • 1 p bO bo H 2 - 4—1 >■ CO > d) . CU a . > CL c < <+-1 o o *-> a cd o bp 3 0 0) 0 > 0) 0 I—I a M —I iO 4 co OO i—4 • 4- ON O M1 CO •-H i n m 1—1 CM r—H • • • , 1 1 4- > 0 4b Qj 0 3h ^ on O CO O CM OO o O co CM Ml o CO • 0 * • i 1 1 1 03 O ^-4 e Mi o • 4- 03 a3 a3 .—i CM c o o 2 cd 3 cd in cd cd cd cd cd NO r- OO ON CD i—H cd ad a? cd >■H CN CO Mi i 1 i—H i“ 4 CJ 1 i n NO t— o o i— i •—I >—i 1—H cd cd cd 3 o H cd O u X 28. co CO t~ H O D, ON —I o o lO co lO CN O o CN r~•—i rCN o * a .—t o o ON o — H CO * a 1 i + O O CN CO OO i LO OO LO • 1 . uo ON o O ■ « o CN o . 4- NO OO o -4 CO o rCO "4 r—< OO CN N * CO O 4- 4* + 4- 4-* 4- i oo OO riO co • i oo CN • i ON H o • I o NO CN rLO CO OO o a a a i— I CN CO CN o CO • » i 4- CO 4 LO . i O CN CN . i NO i— i CO O CO « . i 4- o CN NO . 1 CN O . 4- LO CN ON o r— NO W CO CN • ■ • i + 4“ lO CO UO . i i 1 •—t CN m a 1 4-* lO On <—i CN LO CN ■41 CN O m 4- s i nD i— i OO ri—H CN OO o 4-* 1 co •— H CN • + nO NO o o a o r- i— i o a i i CN lO # 1 i 4- ON NO LO CO — < CN OO f—H CN CO NO O .—i NO o 4-* 4- i 4-’ CO f—H ——a CN . , 1 1 LO NO o , 1 ON r [4 . 1 £ o U ^ 4 \0 CM cn oo O CO O u CD tL, a o NO On CN NO On CO —i Tf CN O ^ r~- CO O ■h 4- o -4 '4 ' co CN U On co J CQ ( • lO 4- 1 CN 0O * 4- ON CO O 4- 1 I 1 oo oo ’— i '— i iO CN O OO r~ a a a o CN a 1 a a 4- co r >—< o o r—-t H a cn On r, ’ I--- 1 LO OO LO '— ( o a 4- 1 ON p1H CO 1— 1 c o >—H CN CO LO o ON o NO LO ri— i a a a a 4* 4* 4- 4- a 1 4- CN CO t 4-* O n T— 1 LO OO NO o o CN CN CN a • a 1 1 4- OO o ON LO CN a a 1 a lO •—H o • 4- lO 4- O CN a a 1 co CN t ON O 1— 1 o — < CO 1 rLO N 1 CN O O o 4- 4- a CN LO CO a 4- 4* 1 4 4* 0. 1 CN a 1 co O o r— CO c 0) o 5-i 0) CL < CO O Q. bo CO nO CO OO CO o o lO i—i nO £ o o rCN • 4- CO 4 lO • i CN r CN o LO o » . i 1 LO CO ■— i LO • 4- OO NO o o N 1 CN O O • a 1 4- UO CO O oo oo O CO ON ON CN <— 1 i11H » • • 4+ 4- CN o o CO o ■41 LO a * 44- N "1 nO —H LO H i—-4 a » 1 4- O n NO ON NO CN —< 4 '— i a » a 1 1 1 ON O CO a 4- a 1 CO co a 4- OO ro a a 1 1 CN OO o ON CO 1 o o \D 1— ( rc o UO v a 1 4- N1 O i—H oo o p ud o cd O LO NO On On LO OO ro o r~ co 4 • \0 CN CO -4 nO CN r— LO oo '— 1 o . i Oh < oo ON CO NO . 4- CN r~- CN 1 1 O • . 1 4- 1 1 '4 4 CN CO 4 co •—i NO o CN r - h O 'LO 4-* i 4* i cd . 4 cd * LO cd . NO nO lo r - lo CO "-H >—l o ON —4 vQ CN i O . 4- LO o a LO o —H a a 1 CN O a 1 ON NO NO o CO - 4 1 NO N 1 NO CN CN « a a a 1 1 1 4- CO CN LO o o a a a LO o o a 1 4- 1 1 On NO LO CN CO O NO NO o OO rCO 4-* l’ i cd cd cd a a a OO ON cd . O i— i CO <— i a 4- __ , CO nO i— i CN 4- 4“ '* cd cd cd a co *—H ON o rO n .— t vO LO CO # a a i 44* O NO o- OO OO -H a 1 N1 O 4-‘ 1 r - NO T" N f N 1 LO CO NO LO a ) Sh 5-< O r- m i— i —H a CN ■ ( t— CO §D §5 CO CO •a u CO CO N1 CN NO CO CN a 1 LO r o CN i—1 r i 1 o CO r 'r" o CO 1 i t 4- cd cd cd X3 a a a a ■— t cd ON o "O cd x: o 4— < + 4~ \ cd a a a 1 O' NO co CN LO « 4- a 1 a 4- 0) Cl c c cd cd o o U 5h CD CD 5-1 LO ----1 o NO r N 1 a P LO NO r — 1 ----1 i I o CO ON ■O I cd 4—1 o H xi 248 d. f. 2° '% H cd X3 O T3 29. C o r re la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts w e r e a ls o c a lc u la te d fo r an o v e r a ll ev a lu a tio n o f the r ela tio n sh ip b etw een the p e r ce n ta g e of fru it fr e e o f b itte r p it and the 23 o b s e r v a tio n s taken on 250 t r e e s lo ca ted in the d ifferen t o r ch a rd s (T ab le V). T he c o r r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts for individual o r ch a rd s show ed that the p e r c e n ta g e o f fru it fr e e o f b itte r p it w as r e la te d sig n ific a n tly to a ll o f the 23 v a r ia b le s e x ce p t le a f m a n g a n ese. T he r ela tio n sh ip w a s sig n ifica n t in one, two o r th re e o r c h a r d s, but not m ore than th ree o r ch a rd s fo r any one v a r ia b le . Both p o s itiv e and n eg a tiv e c o r r e la tio n s w e r e found fo r the a v e r a g e length of tw ig s, tw ig v ig o r and the p e r ce n ta g e of m a g n esiu m , m a n g a n ese and ph osp horous in the fr u it sa m p le s, depending upon lo ca tio n . When a ll of the lo c a tio n s w e re u se d to d eterm in e an o v e r - a ll r e la tio n ­ ship o f b itte r p it to the d ifferen t v a r ia b le s , sig n ifica n t c o r r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts w e r e found fo r 11 v a r ia b le s . S ign ifican t n eg a tiv e r e la tio n sh ip s w e r e found fo r w eight o f fru it, le a f p o ta ssiu m , le a f boron, fru it n itrogen , fru it ph osp horus, fru it p o ta ssiu m , and fr u it boron. T h e se r e la tio n sh ip s in d icated that the p e r ce n ta g e o f fru it fr e e from b itter p it d e c r e a s e d a s th e le v e ls o f th e se v a r ia b le s in c r e a se d . C o n v e r se ly , a s the le v e ls of th e se v a r ia b le s in c r e a se d the p e r ce n t o f fru it a ffe c te d w ith b itte r p it w ould in c r e a s e . S ig n ifica n t p o s itiv e r e la tio n sh ip s w e r e found fo r le a f m a g n esiu m , le a f m a n g a n ese, fr u it c a lciu m , and fr u it m a n g a n ese. T h e se r e la tio n sh ip s in d ica ted 30. t h a t th e p e r c e n t a g e of f r u i t f r e e f r o m b i t t e r pit would i n c r e a s e a s the l e v e l s of th e se v a r i a b l e s i n c r e a s e d . C o n v e r s e l y , a s the l e v e l s of t h e s e v a r i a b l e s i n c r e a s e d , the p e r c e n t of f r u i t a f f e c t e d with b i t t e r pit would d e c r e a s e . M e a n s f o r e a c h of the 24 o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h o r c h a r d . T h e o r c h a r d m e a n s w e r e a r r a n g e d in d e s c e n d i n g o r d e r , f r o m the h i g h e s t to the l o w e s t m e a n p e r c e n t a g e of f r u i t f r e e of b i t t e r pit. A s shown in T a b l e VI, the o r c h a r d s w e r e div id ed a c c o r d i n g to the p e r c e n t a g e of f r u i t f r e e of b i t t e r pit into t h r e e g r o u p s of s ix o r c h a r d s e a c h . T h e g ro u p a v e r a g e s f o r the p e r c e n t a g e of f r u i t f r e e of b i t t e r p it w e r e c o m p a r e d to the g ro u p a v e r a g e s f o r e a c h of the 11 f a c t o r s w h ic h w e r e found to be c o r r e l a t e d to the p e r c e n t of f r u it f r e e of b i t t e r pit at the one p e r c e n t le vel . T h e a v e r a g e w e ig ht of f r u i t v a r i e d f r o m 167 g r a m s f o r the high gro u p to 186 g r a m s f o r the m e d i u m g ro u p and 185 g r a m s f o r the low gro u p . The n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p of the a v e r a g e f r u i t we ight to the a v e r a g e p e r c e n t a g e of f r u i t f r e e of b i t t e r p i t i s shown in F i g u r e 1. T h e a v e r a g e p e r c e n t b o r o n in the a p p le l e a v e s w a s . 0029 f o r the high g r o u p a nd . 0029 f o r the m e d i u m group . H ow ev er, the low b i t t e r p i t f r e e g r o u p i n c r e a s e d to . 0 0 3 1 p e r c e n t b o ro n, a s shown in F i g u r e 4. T h e o t h e r nine f a c t o r s , w hich w e r e shown by c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s to be r e l a t e d to b i t t e r pit, followed a g e n e r a l p a t t e r n . in the f r u i t s , High l e v e l s of c a l c i u m m a g n e s i u m in the l e a v e s , m a n g a n e s e in both l e a v e s and f r u i t s 31. CQ O. CM O O CM o CO CO O o O o * CO CM O o • CO co o o * rCM o o • ON CM O o On CM O o • !■"H co o o • 1—H CO LO nO c o c o CM CO o o O o o o o o • * * • CO CO — i —H o o o o • • LO 1—1 o o • LO I—l o o • CO o CO ■—i ,—t I-H CM o o o o o o o o o o * • • * • ON NO CM CM o CM — i CM CM CO CO o o o O • • ■ • rOO ,—1 o * LO OO LO c o CM o o • • CO • o NO IN- o CO CM o O • • • o LO CM CM CM o o • • LO ON o o . X - I—l CM 'd 1 i—i o o o . . CO CO O O . CM CO CO NO i-H o o o . . LO lO LO o O o o 4 * CM CO lO NO o o o o 4 . ON LO CM CO • * • bO [NCM O o * ON r-H ON CM CO CM O O O o O o • • • co co O O NO CM O o • NO CM o O « co CO o o • cd X > CO I—H o o * 5-1 §D > oo •p*H CD >• cd CD t>0 I D s 2 H . i CO j f £0 o o 4 CL £ o O bO cd ^ 03 ^ B ^ bo o CO CO o • OO LO CM o • NO o o ON 1—1 I-H o • ON ro o • o *— H I—I o o 4 • r_« LO o o • ON o OO LO O o o o . . CO o CM LO In- [N~ o CO CO cO * * • • • o CO • 1—1 CO CM CO M• * • o nO LO CM o ON LO CM 1—I o • • ■ • * r ^ —-1 1— 1 ,—l O n o o o o CM O o o ■— i o i LO ■ • ■ • • —h i-H •--- 1 NO INCM o - h OO ON. CO CO 4 . • • ■ CM —H 4—H . i 1 o o • CM o ri—i O o o . • (NnO NO ro o . O o CM O O 4 n • o • CO NO CO CO * • 1---1 r CO CO • • ,—1 o o LO CO CO • * ♦ ON I—l OO i-H » • .— i NO CM NO CO o 4 4 1 cd s-i cu > ON CM o CM O • lo 1—1 o o * CD •H 5-t CO rH LO LO c o CM o ■—I lO CM i—H o o O o • * • • CO i—i —H CM i—t o O o o o o O o • * • * o H -) CU c cd o j—> 15b £ c H cu ^ ^C bo |X cu EX QJ ON LO NO H r—( 1—1 »— CM o O O o o o o o o o O o * * " * * cd tj cd cu oco oo • 4 4 ft i—H 1 < —H i— H NO o OO o 4 4 4 1 cd - CQ w u—i CQ cu cx CD O o cu NO o 5h o OO CM CN i-H • * OO 1—1 o o ON i—H CM — c ■—1 • O NO CM OO NO ON ON CM '— 1 CM '—' ’—1 i—H OO I—l ' Cu oa tin CJ Z •-J cd x ^ Ex 4 CM OO '=f CM CO LO ON o O o o o 4 4 4 4 4 4 I—i i—H CM CM CM CM c QJ ‘ LO NO CM —H * CM CM * LO O ■—t CM * LO lO LO NO NO ON o OO CO ---- 1 LO CM 4 « • 4 4 • ■ CM CO # LO NO NO CM * NO CO r~- X- i— H LO c o LO o o LO OO o CM ,— 1 ,—1 4— 1 LO CO O 4 . 4 CM CM r LO NO O n LO , , LO NO NO NO ^ CL ° 4_» P °5-i a cu s. < bo cu A-J ^ co bo —1 in \ QJ > - * X bO m CM OO * 4 ON —H 1—1 CM LO CM * • — 1 OO CM I—l [N- —1 ^ 4 o CM —1 4 OO H c ^ p. cu cu H CQ 4_, X £ tx cx T3 cd o o P X Ex LO CO O CM CM OO ON ON cjE C> ON ON OO IN-’ o o ON ON O n O n ON oo NO LO |N-‘ ON r~* [N-‘ NO ON ON ON LO CO r- LO LO ON LO NO O n ON r^ r- OO O co o r~" CM On O n oo oo X CM o OO CD oo od oo cd cd cd tu UO o^ LO LO X cd JC a X o X3 5-t cd O 15 t r e e s 10 t r e e s 20 t r e e s O p -a cu pi u cd cd No < ON o o c o CM o 1 [N- r - CM CO LO m ■ • • * * ■—1 CM i— i CM i— H • CO ■i— i r c h > i-H CO r - OO ■ • OO o cd oo (N-" cd co 1—1 cd cd i—l cd cd CM* NO rQ ' 1 cd cd cd CM CO O > cd cd NO* —i Cd o > < 32. CO fad *pH £ H oo N1 CN o NO NO NO NO » • . • OO NO r- CN LO r— LO LO LO LO NO LO LO o NO LO o LO NO r— NO LO LO NO LO LO LO oo OO • NO NHo NO oo OO oo On oo • * * • • oo E'­ oo o LO o OO E- er r- o OO oo oo * • • . . . , ■ — 1 ' 1 r- NO E- o oo ON oo oo ON ON ON E- co . . . . . , . CN O O CQ C o O o o NO NO CN NO O H CO CN co co — o o O o o o o O o o ’ oo oo NO O' E— co N1 CN CO CN CN o o o O O O o o o o o o • ■ • * * lO co O O * o NO E — O LO CN co ''f N* o o O o O o O o o o o o o O * • • ■ • ■ • E '­ er o o On E'­ o er o o o o ON o o o OO ON E'­ o o er o o o o o o • • LO CO o o —1 O E —1 O r— CN ECN CO CN co NO CO CO O o O o o O O o o O o o o O O' Nil L O 2 lO E- ON e'­ — ■t• o o er) rLJ -\ o o o o o o NO oo o o o o o o E'­ er o o OO oo ON CN LO C L) oo N CO CN CN CO LO tu C o o o o o o o o o o o o CN On o oo *— i O .—1 O o o o O o o o o * • 9 NO o LO NO LO CN H■ — 1 CN o —1 o i— o o o o o o o o o o o o o o C O 60 ■ * — » LO o • E- e- NO NO NO NO o o o o o o • • • * • • V h IX ( d O •p H 03 co LO LO CO r- I 1 1 C O u O Q. CO LO I— 1 pH NO o o o o oo .— 1o o o o o CN o LO O ' Ho o i— H p— o o o o o o o o '­ E'­ NO o o E— NO E o O o o er er * • • • • • • ■'f CO CN o CN e- NO r— NO r— NO CN E— O ' LO CN i— H t-H i— J GO o er o LO LO ■'f NO o CO NO CO CO CO CO o o o o o o o o o o o o o o * * * * LO o ON oo oo o o o o o o o o o • * • CO 1 — ( i— — 1 H■ E- E— NO E- E E'­ — o er o o o er o o er o o o o o * o o o o o o o NO e- NO NO NO NO NO NO o o o o o o o • • • • * • • CO i— < CN •— i CN 1 — t CN CN i— H i— H i i— E o U _< O 14 Oh no e- ON NO o CN i H e— e— r- NO NO LO CO LO CN CN CN CN * ■"7 A. T3 S-i 03 X Q o fLJ — > X; ON ON .-- 1 * • nO NO u OO CO .—1 oo CN OO CN o CO N* On r- N’ N1 CN CN CN oo CO o NO NO LO o o ON NO — r— E— OO t— NO r— E i— 1 NO CN co CO CN CO CN CO CN OO — CN r- CN rr— 4 ON n ON H ■ — I i—H «N i— O * cd e- * cd * cd * cd CL) > N - i-- ( < ! f—H '—1 P1W co O O' O CN CO .—i r■ — 1 CN CN CN _ o r— H CN CN CN * • O ' • ■ cd cd CN NO 'd CO CO CO m O QJ 5-i 4—< ‘ ■ • cd CO CO '— i E- E- -Q E — cd cd cd CN co 1—1 CN * 0) > < r- CN < e— i— CN ‘ CN • CN oo LO NO LO LO CO CN CN CN '— H O i—1 i— ■ * cd cd cd cd cd cd 0) > NO —‘ er LO ON LO < ’—1 '—1 CO QJ CD 5h *-> O '— ' O CN * cd 1—1 1 CO CD CD 5-i +-> X J CJ Figure 1 A v e r a g e p e r c e n t of fr u it f r e e of b i t t e r pit a s a f f e c t e d by the a v e r a g e weight of fr u it. (Data p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e VI. the n e a r e s t whole n u m b e r ) V a l u e s a r e r o u n d e d to 33. ■p •H Figure 1 2 a S © © *4 s *rl •H Pu © -P -P •H PQ © -P -P CL I i I I © © © U 3 PQ OO • CO Os -P CL vO Os 2 -p •rH PQ -d* OO oo 34. w a s c o r r e l a t e d to b i t t e r pit f r e e f r u i t . T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s of t h e s e f o u r e l e ­ m e n t s to b i t t e r p i t f r e e f r u i t a r e in F i g u r e s 2, 3, 8 a nd 9. With all f o u r f a c t o r s , the high g ro u p of b i t t e r pit f r e e f r u i t a n d the h i g h e s t l e v e l s , the m e d i u m g r o u p had l e v e l s a p p r o x i m a t e l y m i d w a y b e t w e e n the high a nd low g r o u p s , and the low g r o u p h a d the l o w e s t l e v e l s . Low l e v e l s of b o r o n in the f r u i t s ( F i g u r e 5), p o t a s s i u m in l e a v e s an d f r u i t s ( F i g u r e s 6 an d 7), n i t r o g e n in the f r u i t s ( F i g u r e 10), a nd p h o s p h a t e in the f r u i t s ( F i g u r e 11) w hi c h w e r e shown by c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s to be a s s o ­ c i a t e d w ith a high p e r c e n t a g e of b i t t e r p it f r e e frui t, a l s o followed a g e n e r a l pattern. T h e hig h g ro u p of b i t t e r pi t f r e e i r u i t ha d the lo w e s t le vel with all five f a c t o r s . T h e low g r o u p ha d the h i g h e s t l e v e l s a nd the m e d i u m gro up, with the e x c e p t i o n of l e a f p o t a s s i u m , had l e v e l s ab out m i d w a y be tw e e n the high a nd low g r o u p s . L e a f p o t a s s i u m sh owed a c o n s i d e r a b l e i n c r e a s e b e t w e e n the m e d i u m and low le v e l of b i t t e r p it f r e e fruit. S h e a r , C r a n e a n d M y e r s (39) r e p o r t e d t h a t when the p r o p o r t i o n of m a g n e s i u m to b o r o n in the l e a v e s of tun g t r e e s (A l e u r i t e s f o r d i i H e m s l ) b e c a m e low, b o r o n t o x i c i t y o c c u r r e d . In the l e a f s a m p l e s , n e i t h e r the b o r o n co n te n t o r the r a t i o of m a g n e s i u m to b o r o n w e r e s u ch a s to s u s p e c t b o r o n to xic ity . H ow ev e r, in the f r u i t s a m p l e s , the r a t i o b e t w e e n the p e r c e n t a g e of m a g n e s i u m and the p e r c e n t a g e of b o r o n d e c r e a s e d a s the p e r c e n t a g e of b i t t e r pit i n c r e a s e d . T h e r a t i o s o b t a i n e d by Figure 2 A v e r a g e p e r c e n t of fr u it f r e e of b i t t e r p it a s a f f e c t e d by the a v e r a g e p e r c e n t of c a l c i u m in the f r u i t s . (Data p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e VI. V a lu e s a r e r o u n d e d to the n e a r e s t s e c o n d de c im a l) Figure 3 A v e r a g e p e r c e n t of fr u it f r e e of b i t t e r pit a s a f f e c t e d by the a v e r a g e p e r c e n t of m a g n e s i u m in the l e a v e s . ( Data p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e VI. V a lu e s a r e r o u n d e d to the n e a r e s t s e c o n d d e c im a l) 35. o oo <+\ Figure <*\ » s uo .0 <*\ • 4•H> *H -p •p •H \r \ ■r PL U •P -P -P -P -Z t vO CN oo oo Figure 4 A v e r a g e p e r c e n t of f r u it f r e e of b i t t e r p it a s a f f e c t e d by the a v e r a g e p e r c e n t of b or on in the le a v e s . (Data p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e VI. V a lu e s a r e r o u n d e d to the n e a r e s t whole n u m b e r ) Figure 5 A v e r a g e p e r c e n t of fru it f r e e of b i t t e r pit a s a f f e c t e d by the a v e r a g e p e r c e n t of b o ro n in the f r u i t s . (Data p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e VI. a r e r o u n d e d to the n e a r e s t whole n u m b e r ) V a lu e s 36. a a 1 Figure U\ a 2 a p •H t «M © © cm © © £ P •H a i a © p -p O e 6 \A o- O < *\ a o Figure U c*\ • a i b A i i i i i \A CVI O CM \n M 3 © © U P •H O. © -P P P •H A •H A •H A OO oo t*-• -J* o\ vO CN • ao ao Figure 6 A v e r a g e p e r c e n t of f r u it f r e e of b i t t e r p it a s a f f e c t e d by the p e r ­ cent of p o t a s s i u m in the l e a v e s . (Data p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e VI. V a l u e s ro u n d e d to the n e a r e s t s e c o n d de c im a l) Figure 7 A v e r a g e p e r c e n t of fr uit f r e e of b i t t e r pit a s a f f e c t e d by the p e r ­ cen t of p o t a s s i u m in the f r u i t s . (Data p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e VI. Va lu es r o u n d e d to the n e a r e s t s e c o n d d e c im a l) Figure 37. \ r \ co -p •H 2 -p e -P © © *•« «H -P •H CL © © © © •P •H CX -P •H cx © ■P -P •H PQ © -P -P •H PQ Jh © -p -p •H PQ CO • CO Os r--=* • • QO vO O \0 O aO U Figure 6 'LTx't^ C N CO \A Ph 2 t-4 Figure 8 A v e r a g e p e r c e n t of f r u i t f r e e of b i t t e r pit a s a f f e c t e d by the a v e r a g e p e r c e n t of m a n g a n e s e in the l e a v e s . (Data p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e VI. V a l u e s a r e r o u n d e d to the n e a r e s t whole n u m b e r ) Figure 9 A v e r a g e p e r c e n t of fr u it f r e e of b i t t e r pit a s a f f e c t e d by the a v e r a g e p e r c e n t of m a n g a n e s e in the f r u i t s . Dat a p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e VI. V a lu e s a r e r o u n d e d to the n e a r e s t whole n u m b e r ) 38. 3 Figure 9 q S cx CX I » 00 8 S 2f S vO -K 1 © I I © © «P •H a v. © •p •p *H ■P •rl a *« •rl vO Ov GO GO 2 1

—4 O o o o • • o ooHtNooo\o\cor^^cs i—4 r—4 i-H ^0 CD CD *“ I *“ 1 Y —4 f—I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o • o i-H o o o i-H o o • Os o o o p OS o o o • CM —4 o o • CO o o o • co c o c o c o w c o m c o i ' f o ^ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o co o o o p CO o o o » co O o o p co o o o p CO o o o o o o o o o o m o m o o m o o o ro o o C Data Collected from Table 1 29 Northern Spy Apple Trees, 1957 o o cx S p co o o o p co o o o • CO o o o p p 5 3 bo Jh in o o o &H o • « CO CO 'Vf o o o o • o • o o o o o o o o o o m * o o p p ■ p o Y—1 cm CM CM CM os CM so CM oo o CM O O —i s O O s O O O s O C M O H I— H sO Os m 1 —i CO r o m o in os m lO '—i l O ’—i so Os in CM sO lO o OO Y —1 Os r - r - co Is- r - so r- oo oo Is- so oo r- o r- r - r ^ r - a o r - s o t ' - s o o o s o s o t'- SO m so r.■ • • • ■ • p • • p p p P p • • I-H ex. m in o o o * ST'S Q '53 !>■ w ^ . £ ^ > & & < «J u • m oo oo o o o o • * • o SO < 1 o * r - o p ri/)i''tONiCi/3hiO'Oh —4 o o o o o o o o o o o Y « • m o p o • Is- CO CM o OS r— Os CM sO i> rsO m co so co so O CO cm CM CM CM CM CM CO CM CM CM CO CM « p • • P * * • * • ■ s o i ' - ' ^ c o e o o s m s o s o o o o oo o ir­ —t4 e s ' t ' O O i / ) o o r O ( N i 1 ’t i-h Y i— —4 C^CN( NMH( NI N( N( NCS CS CM Y 1—( —H m Os rCM m sO — i r- Os CM OO CM so co m in i — i > • « ■ • a p » a a • • • oo oo oo oo r - Is- Os Os sO OO —1 T—4 i—i r-H »—t i—4 *—4 y—i i—l i—4 Y —1 t—i Y ■ ^ ' O' Oo o r - LOONo o H ’^ ' O ^ c o o r - c N o o r ^ • o oo o o Is- C^J i-H N CN <—I o CM o • o • o • i n CM m O oo CM CO CM Os y—i cm CM CM y—I Cs| a a -P • vO o CM sO r— a » a P OO oo OO Os i—4 1—1 Y —4 i-H i—4 os OS y —4 so O a • • o H O CM —4 Os Os co SO CO CO y -H CO CM sO SO —H CM Os co CM OO Y Is- CO O o CO r - r - O oo r - SO r - r - in Is- OO r - OO OO sO Os r - OO Os Is- OO m CO co m H Y —4 Y— K »—4 i—4 y-H i-H »-H i-H Y —4 Y —1 Y H i— H i—i CM y—i Y —4 y~H y-H i—i i— —4 y-H y-H t—1 Y —1 Y —4 Y —I i— 0 w O S 3 CO cs o o • CS ON r— t o o o o o • •• o r*H o o • ON o o o • o i-H o o • o i-H o o a i-H I-H o o LO o o o • • r~ o o o • CO o o o • cs i-H o o • oo o o o m • ON o o o • On T-H o o o o o ft • o i-H o o a r^o o o ft o i-H o o a ON o o o • CO o o o a co o o o • VO o o o a VO o o o a CO r - J 43 CO cij a t rT3 ■-H tH ^ XS ^ i 0 Pi 43 » 4Q Z T3 Pj cd ^ >% to ■ —j E * S .H U S' i-H | CU rQ at CO CS s r - cs VO o o o ON ON cs o s< LO o oo cs s s s co s S S 1 VO s< CO s* CO S ' s s ■ m * • • a • « ■ • • • ft ft a • a m i^H i-H I-H i-H i-H I-H i-H i-H H i-H 1—1 i-H i-H i— H i-H I-H I-H r-H a> ^ to 6 § S •2 9 -*-> 4 3 40H at Cl 3 a, o at B § 0 •w o !s4 T3 tn . — H LO S3 o o ON o o o co CO s CS CO s es co T H i-H 1-H I-H i-H 1—{ r-H i-H i-H o i-H «-H i-H —f I-H i-H I-— 1 I-H t— ft ■ ft • a a\ A PH . *T3 > » at nil td nt o o 3 J! Cl- C l 0 CO o VO oo oo o • ■ i— H 2 •\ i*lD C t> <1 0 0 o s o r- s VO o o a a a i-H i-H m 4-3 £ o o o ON cs o VO CO ON o es o o VO On VO ON VO r - [■'- oo On i-H VO o cs o ON ON oo ON 1—1 ON ON oo o ON r-H r-H ■ • • a ■ • a i • • a ft a i-H i-H L — H i-H i-H PS 0 Cf rn O ^ • Cl o H 2 n«h LO co LO LO i-H r-H s csi CS r-H CS CO cs t-H cs CO a • » • a ft a a a a • * • • a a * • m CS oo CO cs Is- LO i-H o VO s< CS oo CS o i-H CO lO CM CS CS cs cs cs cs cs cs CS CS cs cs cs cs cs cs cs , a a a - a ft , * • • a • ft a a a a CO S lO VO r- OO O n o i-H cs CO S 1 lO VO r- 00 On o s s lO s< s* s< S 1 CO CO CO CO co CO co ■s at ?— i *h bo o Ct tM a ^ 0 co c l i i «> 3 XI s « P C ci .£ g o B to £ 3-> 0 “ ■° Ci 0 0 Cl > 0 < £ 03 0 ■ *— » at 0 4C ->t 0 Cl 0 £ VO O •—I 4-> m co u 0 rQ E § 0 0 Ci H GROWER INFORMATION FOR BITTER PIT STUDY, 1958 T he in fo rm a tio n r eq u e sted below is to be u se d in h elp in g to d eterm in e the fa c to r s w h ich c a u s e b itte r p it in N orthern Spy a p p les. T h is study is b ein g conducted by the D ep artm en t o f H orticu ltu re, M ichigan State U n iv e r sity , in co o p era tio n w ith T he C h erry G r o w er s, Inc. O w ner (or nam e of orch ard )______________________ A d d ress: ____________________________A ge o f tr e e s :______Date o f full bloom :______________ W eather co n d itio n s during bloom : breeze, w in d y , no r a in , Y ield: L ight M edium H eavy w arm , cool, cold, light r a i n , heavy rain . 1958 (estim ated ) _____ 1957 calm , slig h t 1956 _____ F e r t iliz e r p rogram for the p a st th ree y e a rs: Y ear T ype of f e r tiliz e r Amount u sed T im e of ap p lication M ethod o f a p p lica tio n 1958 __________________ _____________ _____________________________________________ 1957_____________________ _____________ _____________________________________________ 1956_____________________ ____________ _____________________________________________ H as the o rch a rd b een lim ed ?_______ when_______type o f lim e u sed ________ am ount S o il m anagem ent: __________ sod, Pruning p rogram for la s t th ree y e a rs: N one L ight M edium H eavy sod p lu s m u lc h ,________ clea n cu ltiv a tio n 1958 (estim a ted ) 1957 1956 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ _____ _____ _____ ____ ____ ____ ____ A v e ra g e length of the term in a l grow th:________ in ch es. weak, m edium , v ig o ro u s It w as Spray p rogram : M ethod o f thinning:___________________________________________________________________ Spray m a te r ia ls : I n s e c tic id e s:_______________ _________ F u n g ic id e s:____________________ ___________________________________________________ Stop-d rop sp r a y s:__________________ G en era l rem a rk s: E ach p a g e o f T able 2 p r e s e n ts the data c o lle c te d from one o rch a rd , w ith the excep tion of the la s t two p a g e s, w hich p r e se n t the data c o lle c te d from one orch ard , NO co 00 i—i M -1 M I O CO CM o O o m * M l c o M* CO o o o O O P Q CDft CDft o O O • • ft CO o CD J 1 9 5 8 bO CX CM ON CM O a o UO 1—4 CM CM O • CO Mi CM O ft NO LO CM o CD o • i— 4 M i QO M i CO • • c o LO c o CO • LO OO NO LO ■ i-H i-H CO LO CO CM CM r • NO co • CD o CO • uo CO • • CONOCMONo t o 3 ; e g CM g o o ©o o o o o o o o o o o o P Qo o o o o o o o o o 0 0 0 0 ° Is- CO CM CO o o * • LO O n • -• a CO M i NO VO CO ON CM CM 1—1 o O o a • Mi i—i CM O • uo oo CO M i i-H i—i o o a • CM CO NO i—4 t—4 o O • • Mi co i— 4 CD • OO OO OO i—I Ml co Nfeo o «-t r*- io I"- lO LOvo vT o o o o o o o o o o o © CDCDS o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ° no UO i—4 co o m uo r - uo o OO VO P> Jh 03 O NO LO r-i VO NO •—4 •—( LO i-H vo Is" r*~ v o o o ON NO VO OO o n o n r- ON LO ON LO O O O © O O' CD CDCDCD O O O O O o o o g o o o o o o CD CD CDCD oo O o o O o o o o o o CD CD CDCD • o o OO M i CM NO c o CO M i CO CO » •' » a • oo CO O CM —I O a in OO —< — io r - O N f ' O O <—( O VO r o O <—i •—I O O O h H o o o S o o o o o o o © © o o o o o © © o o © o o OOOOO i-H CM ON NO i—l i—H o i-H o o o o o o o CD © • O NOMl NOUO Ml C CD D U bo cx a o OO NO c- io o o o o o NO o o o o NO NO NO NO “ 5 co On i—i CM >-h CM h CM ON © o n h O H O O n M< r- oo no h r- r—1—4 r"- on r- t"- oo t — NO NO o o o o ° U c o NO o o CM CM UO a • o o O i-H • ft CM CM CM CM CM ON £ • o ■ i-H O CO C D a ft • a M4 Mi ON CM NO CO CM c o CM CM a a O VO NO OO CO NO OO NO Is- i-H »—H c o 31 ON NO CM c o i-H CM Mi ON r - 2 5 • a i-H ft 2 6 • © OO 2 9 • 2 7 Mi CM 2 2 N o rth e rn Ph Mi 00 2 6 Spy NO a ££ ON CO i—4 •4 i— ■4 i—4 i—l i—l • • • a a i— i-H i-H i— l i—4 ^ H CM CM CM CO NO 2 5 A p p le • • 270 fro m C o lle c te d CO CO CO o • o o CM t—i UO i-H i—i c o CM CO i—i t—4 H O o O • a aa o D a ta • »“H CO o o • VO M i CM CM O O o ■ i—4 i—4 CM i-H • * OO Ml i—4 f ' - o o Mi 1—1 CM O o o o • • ■ o CD o CD o ft M * M* i O CO O CDCM M i i-H i— i H i—4 t— H i—i o © o O CD O • • • • ' a • xn O T r e e s , • • Mi CO O O • CD o co CM CM O O CM CO c o i-H O n f ' - O n i—H i—4 NfO CM CM CM CM CM O O OO • • • NO CO p CM o i—4 O O * • 03 o co H i-H i-H o o o CD o. o ft * • Mi co O o • Mi o£ 3 On O co ON CM '— < a h h h- OO on ON O UO CM O n CO CO co CO Mi CO UO CO CO Is - CM O n l O o o O n c o CO CM '—IH (NJ CN CM CO O n «—i UO CO 1—I CM CM CM CM CM CM CM m r -1 r - Is- nO On CM c o CO “ r - r - co mi °o O n ON UO UO ' O i—fi—iCM< —t 1—1 cor-©uo©NO©uor>©^Hr~uocMoo M't^oOiOM^f^r-h-vO'^c^'^HiO Sx ' c CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM COCM ■< I a M i NO NO o o o E ^ > OO r - a a r- o • i-H oo # NO Mi r- uo ON NO uo a t— 4 [> r - ft Mi ON i-H * o o ON NO t" i-H NO i"- NO NO NO O « m O n ■ ft a ON n tr - UO C "- ON i o CO CO OO o o OO UO i o i n uo uo uo uo i/o u o u o iz o c o in o n o LO NO CM c o uo uo uo uo bo •H £ E- X I & Q> PS -5 H _ o © ft UO O uo © ft a a ft r '- u o CM © ON ON NO © UO © a a r - UO O n ON i—H r-H 2 H cs co 1/3 h- oo 4 NO M 1 i— CO ON ON N o r-N O r- oo -h m < O n o o OO CO CO c o OO on oo UO © uo uo UO © uo © ft ft • ■ ft a ft r- rr- o r- © CM © o o ON O n ON ON o NO © i*H i-H . Mo H a no NO h -m [ij O) 0) • in O E- 2 • ft • ft * f —i CM co * ■ * « ft ft ft ft ft I/O NO f - O O O N O m (N CO 'Nt( UO J 2 ^ CQ Q 8 SQ ® ° i S S l O H '0cr3 0 0 l > i O C O O O O r ?o So 2o 2 o2 oCOcy)p5 SO 2n Sn Q o o of^o^ o o o o o o o o o o o o o iO m CO CQOOCOlOCOCOT^^-TftTttCOCMcn-* S S 2 S 5 S S 2 0 0 ' ° ° o o o o 12 ^ £2 O x ^ O O O L O ^ \ O C J \ 1 2 ^ 2 2 S 2 ^ cr5cf5'^4u^ P o ,^4 c o ’,^ c o c o in H \ o o c o o v H . o o M n o « H v o c n ' iP^'^iP'pL^mxfirfinm'sfiOC'O^ 2 S 2 £ 2 2 0 0 0 ° o o o o o o 3 u 0H o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o C5 O CO bO j / J ' 0 » O s ^ O O N C S C O f O O ' 0 \ O N COCOCOC^COCOCONNNCOMNCOC^ o a, oe U 'Hi U r^LnaNCNooocot^-LOo-HcocsoNr— i ooooNOooaoovoor^ooovoooooi> Table 2 Cont’d O OvOoOOQvOi naOvO O o o On On O >—I —I H N O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O N O O o io ^ m on nono no no N1 ^ O O O O o o N N lO O O O O O O o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o O o o oo o o o o o o o oo o o o o o CQ 6 ■-I i—I M-1 i—t i-H cm CMCM o COCM^ CO Ife N CO in N N M On cm ONin cm CJOcmON CM in vq NO N vO N- vo N- vO t— vo f- N NO 20 OO On On NO CMNO O CMm CO oo On O ^ Nf 't Onvo vO Cl, C MCM CM CO COCO CMCMCOCOCMCOCMCO^ ■—i N W O n O o O ' h O O ' M n O N N r - I t— ( CM .—( CM CM 1—1 CM CM r-c*3—I CM CM H o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o cd o o o o i n c o o o o o M < o aM> O s U 0) 0) Jh £ [X< 23 ±> CX > a* ro o o • t-H t-H o o • OO o o o 9 OO o o o 9 o ON o o o o o 9 • I— o o o 9 oo o o o • ON Iso o o o o o • • vo c (D co CO CN »H ttn o o o o o o 9 • o CN o o • CO CN o o 9 o co o o 9 ON CN o o 9 O in o o 9 vo CN o o 9 i-H i n CO o o o o 9 9 oo co o o 9 CO CN o o • OO ^ CN o o o o in o o o ■9 in o o o ■ in o o o • Is- o O i-H o o o o 9_ • pH m * rj ' Iso o o • Tfl o o o • in o o o 9 m o o o CO o o o 9 9 m o o o N4 o o o o o o o o o 9 9 • 9 Iso o o 9 bo oo vo m m ■H4 r - vO Is- i n vO r - Is- i-H Iso o o o o o o o o o O O o i-H O s 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 '9 9 9 9 • cd U ■N4 CN CN o o co CN i-H CN CN CO i-H CN r-H O i-H i-H i-H i-H rH ■-H t-H i-H i-H i-H i-H i-H i-H i-H i-H 9 • 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 • 9 • • Ph vO o ■N4 CN i n r - vO Ov m OO "if ON co in CO "H4 CO CO CO co co co CO CO "N4 CO 9 9 • 9 • 9 • 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 •7 p H r - i n OO r - i-H i n Ov ON co r ^ CO o CO in N4 oo m t-H vO CN vO ON i-H CN CO O O0 Pv CN i-H i-H i-H CN CN CN i-H i-H CN CN CN co i-H i-H • 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ON OO I“H O VO 3 ! ON i-H i-H O CO i—1 CN ON ON O o ON OO °o r - Is- o oo OO r - Is- 00 OO H T— H CN CN i— i-H i-H i-H CN i-H i-H i-H i-H i-H h iK/. n bo •i-H ■5 ^ < CN| co o • • • in I— H i— H t-H CN ON CN ON o VO O CN oo CN in o • • « * 9 9 • . • 9 9 9 9 i n ON VO co vO i n m IsCO i n 1— H i-H i— H i— H i-H i-H i-H i-H i-H H i-H i-H n 8jl a> m in o o o o o *S £ -S s! C Q +-> ££3 CN Is-« o« oft o• oI o9 £ & ON ON o o o Ov o i-H i-H i-H I-H E- Z vO ^ Hi4 co O g o o ft • Iso o o 9 i^-i vO CN O ON N4 r'- OO CO O 00 CO N4 ^t4 o OO « « • • • • 9 9 9 9 • 9 9 9 • vO O i n NO rs- i n r - OO I-H oo CO co On i-H oo m vO vO m i n m vO i n NO H 4 VO i n m VO vo »H O vo vo O o • • f* A, f - ON o CO ON ^t4 CO CO vO r - o o ON IsOO OO OO OO Is- oo Is- r'- Is- Is- OO OO oo Is- f • 9 M 9 9 9 • 9 • * • • • 9 9 /11 tQJ. • rH. 10J 9 9 9 • 9 9 9 9 9 A 9 9 9 H4 in vO r~ OO ON o i-H CN CO N 4 in vO Is- OO CN CN CN CN CN CN CO CO CO CO co CO CO CO CO H i-H t-H i-H t-H i-H *-H i-H i-H i-H i-H t— H i-H I-H t-H in m i n m o o in O 9 « 9 • 9 9 9 • r - C- r - CN o i n Is- in ON Ov ON ON o oo oo ON i-H • • • • • 9 9 9 • • • H 4 m vO r - CO ON o i-H CN CO N4 in VO l> OO CN CN CN CN CN CN CO CO CO CO CO CO CO co CO r-f i—I i-H H lH i-H i-H H i-H i-H rH tH i—H i-H tH CD H Z CQ On O n CN CN CN CO CO O O O o o o o © • • • • N 4 CO N 4 rp NO CO CN CN CN CN CN o O O O o O O o o © o CO N 4 CO CN CN N 4 CN co CN CN IP CO CN i-H p H p H p H O O a o CN CO o oo 00 O n o o o O o o o O a • a • i p On tp O0 o O o © 'a a co p H IP OO p H O0 CO o ON o o pH pH o pH o O o O O • a • • a ON o ON O n i p co o IP CO no N4 rp co '■'J4 CO CO CO CO IP ■N4 N4 co a • a a • a • • a a • ■ CD lP i- H p H •“ i p H pH p H N 4 p H pH p H O vO on CO QO H p p H C J p H p H ' p H CN H pH p CO p o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o H CQ co oo n n r - o o | p o \ r — v © \ © \ o o o O bo co o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o P l E o u cd U OO OO CN S3 i p IP p H rp CN co ON ON CN CN ON o hF ON CN p H CN p H CN O 00 CN O p H o • • a « a a • • a a • • • a • p H p H p H p H p H p H t- H p H p H p H p H p Hl CO p H H a CO p H a N 4 co p H p H a CO c o p H p H a CN NO p H * p H a CO p H IP p H a * N 4 co p H H » a CO v O t-H • p H p H a a ’ CN o p H oo i p 'N* fP o © p H OO CO o r - p H NO r - r-p r - OO [p- r - o [p OO IP NO © i p OO • • a # a • • a a a • a a * a p H pH p H p H p H p H p H CN rH p H p H p H CN p H p H ON p H NO NO a OO IP a co IP NO v o a ON N 4 OO p H NO NO NO v O a a a IP o NO o CO O vO t p NO r p NO ra • « a a * a a NO NO CN CN a • CN CN CN a « ip CN CN ON CO CN fp vo CN CO a a • ■ CN vO CO IP vO ip a • • • "N 4 pH oo ’ CL, OO oo oo oo 00 NO r~ OO o OO 00 00 NO r~ ON CL, o p H co o OO NO O n fp oo p H tP rp NO p H NO IP IP NO IP IP N 4 CN CO I p NO CN i p IP CO a a • » a • a . a ■ ■ ■ • * a a CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CD 8. CQ OO CN IP CN * • t p ON co O N 4 CN a co CN Ip CN co co IP CN a .a a a IP VO CN CO r p i p VO CN CN • a a p H co OO i p CN CN a a Ip CO o I P NO CN CO CO CN CN CO a • a a ■ Ov o CP ON p H p H NO CO OO OO CN CN CN CN • a a •N4 p H N 4 co ON co NO tp NO ip CN CN N 4 vO NO O p H On p H o oo p H p H o CN vO o O p H ON CN CN p H CN CN p H CN CN CN CN p H p H CN CN p H i— H NO (p £p • ■ m • CN o NO r - oo IP NO i p ON p H ON oo N 4 OO NO o CO CN ON a a a a a a a • a ' • • N 4 IP tp p H CN CN NO NO N4 IP ■ t~P r - rp vO vO fP OO OO IP IP rp N 4 CN I P vO a • [P IP IP IP a a co ip a IP IP IP a • ON o ON r p I P NO I P i p # • ON IP a a bo CN NO OO CO CO o CN ON CO CN o IP VO O • « a a a a a a a • • • • a 00 «-H NO ON o oo ON Ov o © CN Ip O n ON r-H p H CN CN CN i—H p H p H CN p H CN p H p H CN ip i-H co oo oo O n p H NO VO i p ' t* “ - r - O ON ON On O On O Njt I O i— i O n O H C3n i "j p -h ON o H^COrltlfi^O^MONOHNO CD CD U CQ O, IP IP O o IP lP o © © O O IP o IP o a a a a a a a • a * a a • « a [p CN o IP CN r-p o o o i p o rp O tp o ON ON o ON ON ON ON o o ON o ON O n ON o p CD CD Jh . O E- £ • a ON o CO rH p H H H N 4 p H p p a p H a • CN CO N 4 p H ■N4 p H a H i-H a a IP NO HT p H p H N 4 p H p a H _ a OO On p H N 4 p H p a H a ♦ CN CO i p i p IP IP rH © p H p H t- H p H CD CD • U O H 2 CQ ^ h 2 3 2 1 c d 2 2 £ 2 <:y5', 0 ts- —' O o o o ^ r j l i l l l l i s s s s s s i i ^ o o o o o o o o o o o o CQ o o CN o o i A S S ^ l P H ^ oc,c,5 i/5HHt,5 H < u S P L , w M S 2 cf3t^ T , , N C ) H ' ^ lc > o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o rz ! K ? ’—1 CN vO vO LO i— I N CO O m o © ft i-H i-H i-H oo CN CN N< "N* o o O O o o O O * ft • ■ Ov »-H O i-H o o o o Ov O O o * * ft I-H o o CO co oo OO cn vo CO CN o o o o O o o o o o o o # • ft ft • • 3 J h O CO m o o GO o o H o o o o o o - ft ft • rH o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ^9l £! £2y£*f 5v'c >''*1u’:)U^ v©^c>TtHi n i o i n S Q S S S S ooooc:::>o o o o m vo o o * m • vOfO ^oOro^^OcN^^^vO^co ^I i-H i-H i~H i-H i-H i-H i—| ,-H S S S S 2 Q o o c :>o c d o o o o C ti < D CN m o o i—H i—H IX, o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o r- t" o o o o o o ro o o • OO O O O ft oo O O o ’ 03 O a, bO t,' - C 0 0 v i-H v 0 O i - H 0 0 N, , in -N 1 O VO CN ov cc^fQ'^fO'^'^co'^rocQfocorocs S o a CO •-H VO CO CN CN O o o O o o ft * o CO o o • • in N 1 CO o o o o • oo r- ro o o o o o o o o • • ft ov o o o o o o • CO CN o o m CN O o OO CN o o CN CN O o CO o o o o “ ft ft ft m o o o ft ft vO in h- r~ O o O o O o O o O o O o • • ft ft r - ro o o o o o ft ft i-h i-H • r~ ft vO rO o O o o o • • ro o o * CQ o r - m r- m r- vo m VO m vo vo vO m O bo » -— 1o o o o o o o O o O o o o a, oS CN O 00 OV i-H OV m i-H Ov OV m • *■ • • ft * * ft ■ • i-H o CO co CO o *—1 CN CN CN i-H CN co H i— H i-H I-H i— *“H *-H i-H i-H i— H i-H i-H i-H i-H i-H * • » • ft * « • ft • " • • ‘ I f i C O C O H O O O O ’t O V M i-H O-Hi-HCNOjOOOvao l Ot ^vo C"- oo vo N H O'Ov oo iO ^ Ov O O O O i-h O O v Ov O O vi -h O O vqO i-h ON ( M C N i o o v r - i o O ' t rH00 O O Voo O OO lO ^ iO 'O CN m i-h co co co cn c5 a, < < bo §0 •H > ON CN • t 6 (U J co Ov vO oo Ov o o r - vO OO r - r~- vO r* ft • • • * • o — H OV CO c o : m i-H i-H h- in h - Ov i-H » i-H in o Ov O O m OO CO CN vo CN CO co CN CN CO i-H CN CN CO H* CN • ft * • • • * * ■ • ft • • N i C0 OC0 Ov 0 ' - H0 0 CN[ ‘^ Ov0CNN<' - H C N O c N ’- H - H ^ H O O O v a v o O O v f ' - o o O N C V |C S C S |( N C V |M M h h h h h h c N ^ ' O oO M Q vO cOO v c o Ov Ov h I ^ O h ^oooH N coH Vrr'iococoooovo oovor^vot^-r-r-vor-r-vor-r^voh- cvjcoovooocnvocsiovr-oocqt^co vovomvoovvoinvoininvovovomvo bo •iH £ H X, "-v OV If) c~ 1/3 cn cn cn c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n CO " T 0 CQ in I-H CN CN m o i> i-H i> m OO CN co i-H OO CN co CO co CO CO co co CN co CO • m ft ■ ft • • ft • * • • CO• • O O o O O v i - h O v O O C N O C N C N i —< C O C N ( N C ^ H i hc N ' H M M N M C S C vI C S M N l O vO i-H CN x: VO• OO r - r -• OO oo • • • • * « • » • • • • * # • C S C V I M C N C N C S I H H C S h C S C ^ H h C S I *• ft Qv O o o ft vO CO o o U cd U H efe CD ro o o i n i-H r CN CO o o o o o o ft * • H ' ^ o O H ' O c O O i , OOMl NCN Ov Ov i-H i-H Ov i-H r— i-H i—i oO C S rH fi-H l> i— H OO O v i-H i-H O CN bO ■H £ E- vo ^r-H m OV C J o < D cvjOOvOvoOOvO'^eoco vO h Ov Ov o o O oo OO Ov Ov Ov Jh tin -1=! o o in in m o in o m o in in o o o Ph f-r-o v o v o v a v o o o v o o o v o v v o o v o v o v 1 • • • * • • • * • • * • • • • O Q•ti 3 * O O cSN N intN i^r'ifihhO iO O < D a> Jh . O HZ LO vo OO OV o I— I (N CO vf in VO I'- CO m in m. m m in vo vo vo vo vo vo vo vo < D CD . Jh O E- Z * * • ft OO m• vo OO Ov o i-H CN CO • m* vd m in in m m vO V O in vO vO vO vO vo vO vO l-H i-H i-H i-H i—H i-H r-H i-H r-H i-H •-H i-H i-H i-H i-H -HO VW C N O v v O v O O l O Q O l O O i —i O n " t C Q cO cO t^ cO ^ C N C N C N C N C N —HCN o c n r -v or + O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o C Q o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o i 1 N O CO 'O ' t H C Ovo lO I/) vo 3 H 2 — '— I ’-—I "— I ’— I io 1— I - H . — I r-ov.vot'-vovor—r^coi/3r—r^ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o m t— I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o CD V W It, ctf 2 ^ 10 ^ ^ r- * c Ni o v OLOt ' - r ^\ o CO 0 CO Ov LO CO ^ ’—i C N O i - H O O C N C N C O C N C O C O C O C O C N C N C N i-H fO O OO N N (N lO r-Hr^LOONONf--'sOLO 2?^3S222S!222coo^ cr5 cr3 cO',!f c o ^ ’« !j< o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o CD i— i o i— l i-h i— i —4 O ) ^ 0 f' v C 3 i-h ^ i O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O cn O C X s o u ■ h'L bo L O o o v o ' ^ i o e N c o c o t ' - c N ' —i r - o c o c o so bO rji io r - v O L n v o v o r - t - - v c i r - v o LO o vo O ^O o o o o o o o o o o o o u ' ^ o lo cn lo OO N LO CN vO CO o c n l o o o c o i o CO 1C O' N ^ vO O 1 /3 a CO OO U, i/3 n ^ io io i/3 h- ' O o o \ o v o r ' ^ o t ^ v o 'O N ^ t^ O O H ifir tii'O H o O H M O l O c O ^ ^ N ^ l f i v O v O i O N 1/ 3 h- 1/ 3 lO r - I^ - O n O VO vO CO vO • LO vO LO oo OO O CO • # • pH IO CO LO LO • » in n oo • CN l O O vo r - O O vO vO 1—1 vO LO LO LO CO n c N C Is- co vo ^ N O i O h N O CO i - i v O C N lO lO N 1 hJv N1 CN n O h ^ h O n M [^vOvOr-LOvOvOLOLOLOvO i O l O t"- lO LO vo vO ■'O' i Q ^ c O H r - h - N H W O 'C O O ^ H CO avi/3i/3oOvOOv\©oOlOCOOOi/3 vO '—1 °C3 C N H C N C N N H C H M M C J H M ^ O 1/3 h —4 C N C N C N » —i C N r ' C O ^ C N O C O Ov CO ' H O h CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN C N CN CN O h O vo oo OO CN CN ' t r~ OV CO h - ^ lO hJv Hf lO ■ • • • O N O N r - c v i O H r ^ t ^ c o o ^ ’t L O '^iO vO vO iO iO '^lO vO iO U O bo I- OO CO i—i Ov Ov N^i—( rjv -H O' i—I 1/3 1/3 CD & 3 c 6 > CD O ' d c O ' d Tf l s - ^ l ' O l ^ i / 3 i O i O oi>°v vO LO LO Is- N’1 LO Ni vO bo •pH £ j CD jh ov Ov O' v ^ o d Oo O o o o CQ o Qi i o > o o o - * ^ T j i o o o c s i o r - i —i cn ^ 't i-1 HfONco' ^Lni -Hr— i c o i —tHj HcoOcoc^aN <: o o o92 o o o OO o h-OONf-MncOHONOt^OO oo l o 92 O O O - h O i—t — ii— ii— iO O O o ^ g o o o o o o o o o o o o 2 o° 2o O o o o o o o o o o o o o c v i o o r ^ - O ' O v o c o o o c s o o i v ^ H ^ H O r - O ov OO ^ Ov Ov a) '^'^coovr^voooo oo O i-H O C N O C N O v O C N 1- H GO O O C3 V CD J-( Jj fc £ U O lO L O O O lO lO L O O O O O O O i O O Q 2 r-'cNr-‘ oLor-‘ r^r--'cDOOOOOr(H tQ O v O v O v O O v O v O v O v O O O O O v O O v a> < u n o H Z on O H CN CO ^ 1/3 vo OO ON O H M CO 'Or-Nt^f-t'-h-Nf'P-NcOOO'oOOO CD 0 • Ov O i-h CN C O N ' i / J v O t v - O O O v o Jh O v o h -r 'f'f^ N r -N h -N r -o o HZ h CN CO oo co co 2 ! 3 ? OOOT, 2 2 O vOOi'OOvcOWCNOviOhOO' ’N t ThinininCNCN'N1CNCNCNCOCN o o o o o o o o o o o o O P o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ° o o o o o o o o O O O O O O o vCN oocO oO C CNoOo oOn oO^inO O O-ON ^ J 2 J 2 3 ^ C N C N C N — Ii— (>— ICNCNCN o o o o o o o o o o o o o OO >—<•—1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o bO o vo vommvoN-( O O O C N i —• ' O ’^ C N O •—I •—( H ^ o O ' t M ^ m c N O f O ' O M C N ' ^ ' O ' O ' t i n ' O C N ' O l f i ’t ^ l Q v O o o i f i ^ n c s o \ O i n O OO cs I 1 O co ^ Ov ov Ov CO CO CO O CN O O O Ov oo cn O CN ov t—i vO Ov I—I I—I o m v o c N O O v f c o i ' i -1 ^ i o h l o co CN CN CN CO CO CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN o O Q O r ^ o O v O v O v O O o O I—I i-H I-H I-H 1-H I-H I-H CN I—I c N < > H ^ a i c N c o ^ ^ ^ i n o o H Is- t'i—i v D ' —I Ov CO '—I OQ i n m OV CN vo .—i Ov Ov ^H I- H CN •— • CN |” H I - H I-H I-H I- H CN i- H CN •— I oo i—l O C ' - ^ H t ' - i n m c o O i - H i - H O O ovooovr-voor-a\ooooi>oooocNoo CN CO ■O vOc OvOOvO^Ov^HOr ^^HOOCO I*- OO' v o v o v o r ^ o o r - v o r ^ r - v o t ^ v o r - m vo vo cn CN CO .— I C N C N C N C N C N C N C N C N H C N C N C N ^ V O co 53 o g Oo ■— I H ID vQ o r'- •— i cn o vo oo Is- vo i—H i-H i—H i-H i-H ^ ~ J i—H i—H r H f 1 I r" ) d J r i o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o co ov c N c o v o v o t ' - ' ^ o o o o i n i n c o O v o m o & m \ O H o o H H H c o i | ' Oc o c s c N o o o o o o o o o o o o o t^covocNincjvooONOooHOsvocor^ H-i Oo o o OO CNCNCNCNCNCOCOCNCNCNCN-^CO O O O O O O O O O O O O O r— oo jo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o CN CQ 0 CO r - o o c N v o c N v o o v o v i n m c N v O i - H c o o vo m o o r - o o o v v o i n r ^ i n ^ i n v o o o 2 R- & 5* ~ n ^ in r- m m vf'iQ in iO v f^ in in E-* > O V i - H C O C O v O ^ O v O v o v O ^ O v O v CO r-~ m in m vo i n i n vo m m vo m in i n v o m bo ■H H £ co • t s (D O co o cn o • • i- h ’'f m oo i n o • * • • i n m cn oo Is» Ov vO « ^ •— < O v • • CN O • —I i-H bo • CO C J i-HcoavNi r ^ '^ ft^ o o [^ -— ih-co OV vo * 8 i-H C N C O '^invO r^O O O vO '-H C N C O O v O O O O O O O O O O - —I i —i I-H •—I ,—( C N C N C N C N C N C N C N C N C N C N C N C N C N C N OV o a> . CTvOi-HCNCON^invOr^OOCTvOi-H u o H2 ov O O O O O O O O O O ^ H W i-H C N C N C N C N C N C N C N C N C N C N C N C N cn CO cn CN CQ O NO c mco Oo Oo O NC Mr- M l o M < co C MC OC MV T J C OC O O OO o o o § o o O o o O o • • ft • i-HM < On O OM i C OC MC MC MC M MC o O O o OO o O O o o o • ft * 4 ft * i-Hin C HO NC OO o Oi— Mr- uo C C Mco C i C MC Oi-HC OC OM i MM C QO o O o o O o O O O o o o o o o Oo O o o o * 4 ft ft ft ft ft • ft • Cu MC MC OC MC MrH Mi-HC Mi M Or*- i-H M i O £ C *-Hi-HH C i-Hi— Hi-M Hi-Hr-Hi-H i-Hi-HC rH U o Oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o • • • ft • • 4 • ft i-H I-HC O in in i-Hoo C Mco N Ooo oo in N O CD Ov Nr LJi in V O00 Oi-HC Mm i C O Om co MN tL, O rH l i— Hi-Hi-HiN -HrHi-Hr-HiM -HrH rHiN -Hi-HrH m 4H £ CD C — 2 O • r^ in o o o o o o ft uo o o o ft Iso o o • NIsN ON ON OOnN OO o o o O o o o o o o o o o O o o o o o o o • • (X Oo o o o o o o o o o o o * • • ft # • • 4 • * 3 C ON Oo i-Hco m N ON OU ON Ouo M i rM i M 1m M 1rM 1N Oin M i P U£ o o o o o o o M i M l o o Oo o o o o o Oo o OOo o o o O o o o I o o o o o o o o o Oo o o o o o o o o o o o • * • m a ft • ft • ft • 4 ft • * ft • £ * ■ O j-i » H i— HN ON OC MC Mr—i-HN OrH oo rHt"- o m C M o bo N Oin N Ouo uo uo uo bo m M 1M 1in M i m a, t -H • m N O bO •H tj> g S> <1 H CD CD CD Sh PQ CQ CD 0 . H O H 3: NC NO C N N OO Nr- O MM i O MO M i C Mo O m in N ON ON ON ON ON ON Ouo U Ouo uo in m • • ft • ft • * • • ft ft • • • • bo — Hm C HC NC Oo N Or- •iH OC M« Mr- C MO OO C Oi— • * a m ♦ » • • a • a a a • • O H Oin N OU OM < m m co r- N Oin r- N C Mm N rHi-Hi-H — Hl— Hi-H t -HI- H i-H i-Hi-Hr-H C Mi-H t m o o 9 a 9 r- o o O No o i-H 1 -H pq o O o o mo o Oo o mo m • m • • a a a • • a a r- o o O o o r- o o o o o O no o O o o o o No o O o i-H -H i-HrHi-Hi-H rHi-H I- H rH nM M iN C O io iN OM i OC OO Oi—H N OOnM NO O No oo O oo O O N OO OO OO O OO Oh- O • ft ft ft ft * • • 4 4 4 a ■ ft • rH i— H t D ft C ft * ft « ft ft a a i—H ft 4 • • ft • * 4 \ • M no O A OIs- C i uo N O oo i mN OO C Mco M No i-HC Or-’ O O OO OM in N O MC i mN i o ■ M i rH1 — - ■N4 O sC N r - cn r o in os O o S (•" -G Ot-Hco C s OO NO C OC OC NCN 'N4 CO C Om r — m C OC NN o o o o o o o o o o o o o O o4 A • • • * « A • • * • • U OC N C Ouo C OC N t-Hu o C N t-HC OO u o O C NC 0 N O 4C OC OC OC OC OC OC OC ON4 C NC Or- OC o o o Oo o Oo Oo O Oo o O o o O o o o o o o o Oo o o o • • • ft a a A A ft , • A A A • ■ 4 -J p J h m r - oo O Oo s sO C Is- o S ON4C OO m NOs TM OsO N4 00 sO sO OO i n uo oO OG N 4 o OO t . h o o m C OC OCN ■N4 s o 'N 4 Os O C OS C O^ t 4C O o O o o o o o o o O Oo o o o o O O o o o o Oo O o OOO o o o 1 o o o o o o o o o o o o S o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O o o o o O o o o o o Oo o o ft ft • A ft • • * • * • • ft ft a A a ft a A ft A • A A A p o ■ iH •H w r~- c o C No O s sO s r-Hco o O s 0 b O r—r- O oo O Of- SO1"- uo U OsO so SOsOsOSOm OC OC co C OC N OC O C NC C ON4co o o o o O o oo o O o O O o o o a • • • A * ■ • ft • * Q, • • ■ • • • ft • A ft • A A ft A 6 H i o U C NO C NO s • t-H • Os r• Hco N4 t-H ^ C Oo O S o r— IO SOC N i— *1 cd o O o C N s H r*- O No N4 i-Ho O O so C O NC N i-Hi-Ho O t-Ho O C tC sS P Ni-HC Vu t-HO A • t-Ht-Ht-Ht • a • a • f t -Ht-Ht-Hi-Ht-Hi-Hr-Ht-Ht-Ht-H • rH i-H i“Ht-Hi— H-H t-H • • A ft • • ft A ft * * * a * • in oo C NO S r - S O o s co O Oco i—H CN • ft • • • t-H C N t-H C N NC OO OO t-H OO C NN O.— 1 N4 C NC NC NC NC N • Sa * • • A sC N OO No C Nco C N » — Hoo O C N t-Ht-Ho • ft * A » • • C N i-HC NC NC N NC NC Oo uo uo N4 t-Hr- r- U Ooo sO C No sO C sy OU H H rr- r- O Or- oo oo r- O Ooo r-'- r- r- f'- C' • ♦ • * * • ■ • • • • • A * • in C C Ot-H Ot-H NC C NC O NC NC NC NC ■ « • A ft s t-Huo C Nt-H mC Nuo r- o m C Oo co ^t4 O OC N O co C OC OC OC Oco co C OC OC O hC NC NC A • ft • • • ft * a •. ft # ’ in C N t O O OC N t-H o r-H O • • ft A • N N t-H C NC C NC m o sOsO O OC Oco Or ~ O i— H O OSOco s O O O OO s o O s O s t-H t-H C N t-H i—H Os oo t-H CO HO s uo i-HC s f'- uo t-Hr- N4 »-HO ON *C OO Oi— s uo t-Hso m 00 C sC OC Ouo O OC NO OO N i-HO -H NC C N t-HrHt-HC NC NC NC NC N i-HC NC Nt--Hi • • ft ft • A • • A • A * * • A so C N C Oin C NO * • • a • V NC C NC N t-HC NC N NC a r- Nco t-Ht-Hr - o sO C s C OsO o O o O t-Ht-HrH C NC NC N t-H oo so r - t-HN4 oo SO a a a * • ft t-HC Nm in o o NC m m sO in m sOsO Tf O OC O a ft * C Or- N4 so m m in S O VO N 4 a A so m Ot-HC s Hi V OO sO V OsOO C O N4 N4 O Ouo uo uo so m uo uo U mU Ouo U O 0U Om U * ft • • A • • ■ • A A * • ft bo a g 0 p O > H OC N co CO co co CO CO CO co CO co N4 N4N4^t4 , i- j Hz C NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC N NC r CQ g O vp Ht r- o S o o o ro co co = O ^ 0 0 o m H o o —1 o o o C N ^ c v j c o O o o o o o 0 o 0 o o o o o cn cn O o o o o o o UO 0 o O 8 o H in t M — I r—H >—I O o o o o o o o o o 10 Tf 00 CN LO 2 2 1— 1 I-H 1— I r - H t ' - CN) ^ Ox f CNCNCN O o o o o HI CO HI CN o o O o o o o o o o is- N f-r'O Nco'Ooooo^NM noo5 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o o o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o o r - o c N f n N o o o c N N O ' o m c N O v‘0 coNo e Noc noc no c no c no cno i n -oN ,oc nc o n' o ^c o nc onS3 o in on 1—1 00 ON hJi o h in H c o r * o o c s 0 fl0 '0 i o o ' 0 '0 c^ PQ c^eNCNCNCN^HCNcncn»-HCNcncncN£3 0 0 0 O O O O O O O O O O 0 S O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o o o o O o O O O S lO ^ O O O O O O O O O O O <+H 0 _l ^H\O^Oin^CSCOlfiNOHH\0 1 5 l £ £ r ' £ uQ o o i o c o H i H ' i n v o H i v o o v O O 0 - 0 C3 O CO O bO cn H CL S O o O o O o O o vO 0 co H H H • -• O o O o i-H O hH HI c n • • o O o O o O o O o O o O o VO r - m CO ON Hi OO cn cn H CN c n c n • • * *' • • • CO b o tOn Om O NO o O Cl h- i—1 v O [ - N LO OO O v VQ iOn rO- ^O ' O r - ^ v o r - m r - ^ 1^ O O O O O O O O S cn r - H H i n m m ON v o v o Hi CN i-H i n r H 0 CN vO i n c n i n CN CN t-H cn CN H i i— CN c • * ■ • ■ • • « • * * « i—H t-H t-H i-H 1—H i—H 1 —1 i—H nH i— H i—H i-H i— H 1— H Ik CNH^cNHHincoHcn'Ot'iNHW 0 0 OO c n CN O h r - Ov v o OO Hi CN vO O T — H O H m i-H Ov 0 OO 0 i—H c n i n VO • ■ ■ ■ m • « A » * • • • • i-H i-H H i-H CN CN CN t- H CN CN CN CN CN i—H P— N O i n o o t n c o r - o o t ' - c N c o O N ' - o h cn 12 i n v o v O N O N O N O v o v o v o i n N O N o r - r - o VO r - O r - vO VO vO vO lO r- vO m i n m H i-H ^H i-H i-H ^H i-H r-H i—H t-H i-H i-H i—H i-H 1— * • • • * • • " “ • • ‘ PL, o c n H c n ^ r - m ^ c n N o o cn ^ f - m CN CN CN c n CO cn cn C N C N C N C N C N C N C N ^ m m vO vO i n CN r~ vO vO CJO CN i-H H vO m O cn CN 1—H CN c n CN CO i— CO i-H i-H • • • m • • • • * * * • • CN CN CN CN CN CN i—H CN CN CN CN I- H CN CN Ov • 4—> CQ CD Ov CN f H H H OO r- i-H OO O 1—( 1—1 i-H t-H r— i CD <1 vO o O U > \£ ) O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O- H O OO OOOOOOO OO O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o & <1 Jh bo •H O bo £ •H H > H OO rOO OO m h i-H i-H t- H t- H cn CN CN Hi t-H CN O CN 00 • • ■ • * m • * • ON t— OO cn 00 m m t-H Ov Hi m Hi m vO vo VO vO i n r- t'oO t- H ao ro n T - H i - H i n c n i n i n t ' - a N c n m i n i £ N O o o v o o b c J o a N i n o N C N O N c n c o c N C N ^ 1 t-H CN CN CN CN CN CN CN i - h C N - H CN CN ^ 00 t" O OV OO i-H i-H i— H CN O CN I— O CO r^- o v o 'O O 'O m on no in H i a v o r ' - H i r ' ~ - - H v o a v H O v a v ^ H C T \ H iDinvoinininioininin^^inmin bp '% • CD > < a 0 ►J r ^ ^ H c n O o o ^ c N - H cn • • « • ■ • » * o on o vo os ^H CN 1—4 i— H r- r - on r - in t— H i—H 1—H t-H i-H o r- - h —J CN CN 1—1 r - c n "Hy bo r - r - vo vo r"H i-H i—H t-H vOOo 1o—ioOoO- H LncoeoOHioocoHif'--H n O O O O n O O n O n O Q O O n O n u 0 CD 0 ■*-* •pW PQ 4 •i-H Qh -J 0 0 . Jh o H 2 • n o o o i n o m i n o o o o o m o r^oinor'inr^cNinooinodr^in On on On O OO o O O v O v o o O O O v v O O O O v '^lO' or'-ooONO^HCNcn'^inNor-Qo hi hi hi hi hi ^ mi n mi n i n i n i n i n i n CN CN CN CN CN CNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCN 0 0 >f . ^ifivohooONOHCNcn^m'OMB ^•^fTf^^f^m inm ininm inintn O H 2 CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN 03 HsqHOrtH'frjTj(\0H^\o.\0 ^S^SSSO^JSMcmcmcocmcmcm o o o o o o o o o o o o o i-Hfco o O o o • N oo O ON N O r- O OO O in N Oin C MC MO r-HC C M C MC MC OC MC OC OC MC MC Mo C MC M MC C M O PQ o OO O o o o OOo OO o O o Oo o o o o OOo OO o O * • a a a • a • * • • * a a a O Ov O O r-, H CO H H N O' H N in O N i-HC M o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o • Noo O r- O nv Ooo N Or- o f- rOvOr» OnN 3 o o o O o o o O o O o o r-Ho o o o OO o o o o o O o o o o o u o o o o Oo o o o Oo o o • * a * a • ■ * o• a • • • o• a in o •“i " H c o o o i n i n o i n c s i r - i C M .C m o C O ^ C N l ^ N C O O O C S O ^ i-M Hv O h'•jj ‘ ‘ j s h i.’ j j j ctj ’s r m C O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O ■ • C Mo co 00 r0 c 0V OC Oin in [X nO o Oo o O o Oo o a a • a a oo cd < D C O 9 *-> B Jh cs C Np- ■ O Nr-Hm C Mo OO O I-HO M lO OC ON IJh « -HI-Hi— C H r-Hi-HiV Hi— HC HrHr-HrH I-Ho i— Hi— MrH iC nO NO CO O N^OM \OinrfcOcO^ o H O H C V j H V O N ' t T j H H t ' . i-Hrh OMCS C^ h n h h h h n O C -H 1 Ot o o o o o o o o o o o o o Oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o • • a • • a a a • a a • • a 9 • a 9 o " •4 — I * H bo H O s O v ^ O v v O N C S ^ i n ^ C ObOr- m in vo in N N o o C M ON OV Om m N OO ON Oin N ■ ^ ' t ’^ i n c n r o i n c s ^ ^ ^ m in rO *\h2- o o o o• oa o* omo• oa o• oa o o• o o * • M • • • • * p c o U rf t o in co in N rO■ Oc mmmN • H H • • 9 * a Om * • a a 9 • 9 • 9 C OO C MC *M » O H ' oo O Oo in o N O r- oo mV Ouo i— p, O C M Mco C C MC OC MC OC MC co C M M C M C M C OC M • a * a a ■ • « a * • a • a » N1 N CN O C O l O o O N ' C O C O O ' C O ' O O OrOO NO OO N vO H h- ^ vO VO CO N* Ni r• > C N ( N CN CN CN CN CN a, bOi—H C OO N V ON O rHi -H < < b O oJh ■ H O H £ •b f- > •—i M c o H ^ o o m H •-H t ^ N c b ^ m r- C M • r>-• O T ' I " Ocn vf O VC OO' N f HC O *C O *ifi ov . i i m n m i n v o m i n i n ' ^ m N O v o v o i n i n c sC M bp ? E• a 0 s s r-HO' h o 0 ( M > < J r- NP - o O Nr- o P - O O OO N■M1 OO C MN V Oin m N Oin V O Om m V OvOU O N ON ON ON • • • a • a a ■ . • • 'a 9 9 • -HO ■mi r—i no t— o o c o c o e o o N r - ^ i i— i O CN CN i-HO N o H C Mi-H •b £ H i-H i-H CN ^3 i“H CO CN CO O' CN >s> HM H 0 0 Jh tu -ti o o o o o o o o o o o 03 .ts * oO O O O O O h [L , feS O 0 0 u . o H2 m o o o o o o O O O O O O O O O O O O O ' O H C N C O N ' i n ' O N O O O ' O H m ' O ' O ' O ' O ' O v O ' O ' O ' O ' O h r— Oo o o o i-Hio -H H rNoo vO i-HO o t— "M iO NO NO Noo O NO NO N00 O v O' O' O n QO OO OO 2: O • a a a a a • a * 9 * • • • • 0 a a • 4 a a a • a a No rH C No rHC m w i o ^ e i n t n i n o o o be o o o o o o o o o o o o o cu s o o o i o c- o o u aJ U ^H UO • i—H i—H • i—H CM CM NO • • r- i— H o i-H t— i-H * i-H co r- CM oo. i—H O NO a i-H r - a i-H a rH a t-H a i-H 0 i-H r 'i-H a r r-H a NO ON LO LO LO a i—H a i-H a i-H i—H OO a i-H OO i-H NO i-H a r- LO * hT LO r-H * i-H a ON LO r~ o co to NO CO NO CO LO CO rLO • • a • * • CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM r- i—H ON NO co CO ON i-H O n i-H o o i—H CM r-H CM CM CM CM co r- NO i-H CM LO ON O NO r~ T—H CM CM i-H ^H OO i—H i-H on CO LO r - OO a CM • i-H a LO • • a • CM LO l O LO NO LO • i-H a CM CM CM a CM O c o c O C O C O C M e M ' M ^ C M ’M4 ' ^ “U r - o o v o o o t ^ o m c o ^ c M ' O cm vo i o r-r-r-vor^vooor^vor-r-r-r-vovo oo m i-H r - a, i—H a ON a LO "3* O t— l O COCMCM OO l O ■ —I CO CM CM h On CM i—( "M* C M C M C M C M C M C M C M —I C M C M CMCM o v ^ H O v o v r - o s i o m u o o v r i- h o n C O C O C O C O O N C O C M C M C M C O V O O O C O CM CM CM CM ^ H C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M a CM CM CM !0 CM CMCM co lO CQ _?> ra cp CD > a. H < :SP b o.O * CO oo IN • O NO LO in 1 .0 LO CO LO NO LO CO NO ■ a CM • • O r - OO • OO a CM o NO LO o a CM OO LO NO io O OO rH i-H » r^ lO c o ^ v O e o c o O N O N e o O e o c M O C M O'M 1 NO NO nO nO nO LO i O nO nO no nO NO "O nO VO bO *H £ rfi Sb a CD -1 <5 CD m o o CM CM o o o • NO • o a i-H ON lO CM CM i-H CM CM CM LO LO a a o O O oo o io a a a oo co i—H i-H CM CM o O ON a O n i- H a OO I" - r ^ m a ON i-H CM CM bo ■H £ H CD (D 5-1 EU CQ b-i CL, CD CD . lO a a t— r- o o o oo ON ON o r- o o ON ON • CM lO • rCM • NO o • r—< i-H u o E- Z o • r - oo r- r- CM CM CM • o • ON a o o i—H lO a a LO CM ON O n i-H i—H o oo CO "M1 CO t * - ■ i-H a a a • • *“ H CM CO LO NO 00 0 0 oo OO oo oo OO oo OO CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM ON r - O N O N r - H v O ’- H C O O N O - H i - H i —t - ^ C O CO t ON OO OO OO O n o o ON O n o O QO OO o o o o • • ft a o o o LO o o o ON CD CD Jh . O H Z 't i D ' O h a i C T ' O H c s c ^ ^ i f i v o r - r ^ r ^ r - r - r - o o o o o o o o o o o o o o r - oo oo oo CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CMCM VO CQ o o • P* Q >— 1 o o • VO CN O O • CN i- h O o • vO CN O O • i-H CN O O • CN CN O O • CN CN O o + CN CN o o 9 CN CN o O * CN CN O o 9 ■ • o i—H o o • i-H t—H o o 9 o i—H o o * i-H rH o o • CN 1—H o o • CN i— f O o • CN rH o o 9 CN i-H o o 9 uo oo o o • UO Ov O o • o oo o o 9 CO O n O o • o uo i-H o o o i-H o • Is O i-H o • CN i-H o CN CN i-H o II o o rH o UO •-H CN o • vo CN i-H o r~ vO rH O • OO t— i-H O • CN r i— i o • oo vO i-H o « r - Ov H 4 rH o Ov Ov rH o oo CN CN O uo o CN O • • • • * CO i-H i-H o » o CO H 1 co • o CO • CO co .* UO N-* CO • Ov CN • CO • CN CO 9 CO co oo co * ■ H 1 co ■l Ov Ov • o rH • rH CN O o 9 O i— I o o i—H rH O o CN O o uo CN o o CO CN o o CN CN o o • CO 1— f o o o 1— 1 o o ■ ■ o rH o o « CN o o • ■ CN <— i o • H I I-H o o co CN i-H o • r t-H i-H o • ‘ «HH CtJ 0 CO Is rH o < -) CO fa t o cl B o U Is co • r~ i-H o oo CO Ov o CN O * • rH o • • • co O^oococNcoiOc^r-vo O O O O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o r - r ' - [ s- r s- u o t s- ^ o o u o i s- s= r u o v o t so o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o OO'OCNHOOHHr-N'N'NOCNOHO CN OO o o • " CN OO CN CO O n CN h h CN C N ......................................... O O O O O O O O O O C QO ( N C N C N I C O C O C N J C O H C O M C O C N C N I O C O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c o o o c o ' —( O o o O ' ^ c S ' - H r - o o v o C O C N C N C N ^ C N C N c O C O C N C N C N C N C N - t CO fa o o CL O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 'C'O^O' Ooooo' Oi nr-r' vO' O' ONOi o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 6 o O '— I o • i—H ife H 4 OO • o v r~ ■ OO i-H • i-H OO i-H cn ■ ' ♦ i—H i-H UO r • uo o • i-H VO o 9 rH Ov o • i—H OO OO • i-H OO r~ 9 rH VO o CN VO rH CN O ■ CN CN o a CN CN Ov ■ r-H r oo • i-H VO oo • rH UO r * ■— i o o CN OO r • i-H 9 CN OO .* i—H OO i-H t— i-H Ov r-H OO i-H OO i— i Is i— i OO i-H Ov i-H OO i-H oo i-H o CN Ov r-H Ov i-H Ov i-H t" Is■ rH Ov o • CN UO CO • CN vO Is CO * CN co ■ CN Ov CO • CN vO CN • CN CO CO * CN • CN vO co • CN rH vO 9 CN O UO • CN CO vo * CN O • CN o in •— t UO UO •— t Ov uo i-H VO i—H UO CN i—H CN UO i-H o uo i—H OO CO I-H CO CO i—H O r H uo CO i-H vo i-H UO r rH UO VO rH CN r i—H co 9 r vO r 9 o VO CO o co VO CO a VO UO vO VO UO • CN r - oo • Ov vO UO • CN VO CN • vO VO vO • CO VO oo o * ^H O r-H * rH rH CO • 1— I LO •— 1 CO vO • 0) a • a • CO vO • * Ov vO r - oo • co vO Is - r - ■ 9 CN vO Is co • i-H Si H H ^ C ^ C O C O H C O C O I O I O C N H C O C O o l o c o - —, o o o o i > - o r ~ - --h r- o c ^ ' O N O t ^ - r ^ N o t ^ - N o t ^ - ' o r - N o r - r ^ r - ■—tc N j o ^ Hr ' - o o o o T ^ ^ o r ^ mc o r - i N1 C N C N C N C N C N H r H H t N C N C N C N C N C N C O H ' O O l O l O OnOOCi Nr tO CO O t'QO^ON^mO' O nvO O n c o i / I C N P O h N C N C N M CN H CN CN CN '—I CN ■—I »—I *—I i—I CN '—I CN CN CN 9 CO Is - t ^ N C N ^ N O v O ’t ' O o O N i C O ^ O ' O ' t LOLONONONO'O'O'OC-'OvONOinvOvO o Ov • OO i-H oo i-H oo CN Is t-H Ov • i-H CN * VO rH m o CN Ov i— t r t-H o O o o UO o o o o {— - CO # a uo Ov a a r - CO UO i— i CO CO uo • co • • r-H vO i-H O CN rH CN CN O CN o o O O O UO 9 * • fao 0 1 s- H r ' O N H O < J v r - c > w N i o \ ’t o 0 0 CQ 5-1 Clj -rH a ■tJ ^ PL, 0 0 }h . O H 2 fc D O f - O O O O O O Q O O Q O O O O O O O Q O O O O N O O - m o o I-H • o o i-H o o I-H o o i-H • Ov OO CN * o Ov CN 1— t O n CN • CN Ov CN • r 00 9 o o »—H a a « • a • Ov CN • • o o r-H O O rH o o i-H O ' o i-H o o rH o o t-H o o r-H o o rH Is Ov UO Ov CN NO ON CN r-* Ov oo o v CN ov OV CN o o co • rH o CO CN o c o co O CO • CO Ov CN » CN 0 0 . 5h O H Z on O —i C N C O ^ i n ' C ^ O O O O H C N C O OO Ov On On On Ov On Ov On Ov O O O C N N C N C N M C N C N C N C N C N M C O C O C O C O O Ov OV CM o o o * • PQ8 o CO o o * OO CM O O • o rCO o 8 o O • • uo CN O o • M4 CO O o • uo CN o o ft Ov CM O o ft i n Ov vo i n co CM CM o 8 © © o o o © • • * • rCM © © • M1 H co Ml M4 M4 CN CM CM *-H co Ml Is- M4 i— 3 i“H CO H i—H I-H i— I—1 I— H I-H »— H i— H i-H i-H i-H i-H i-H i-H o o u o a> £li > vO Is- M4 m M 4 i-H vO r - » . Ml 4 4 Ov a vO vO i-H f— H OO VO • OV 4 CO VO UO i—H i-H i-H vO oo o 4 4 4 OO M 4 O v VO VO VO VO VO vO UO CM O v vO vO i-H i-H i-H i-H r-H i-H Ov OV Mi 4 Mi CM v O Ov UO vo vo 4 CM uo vO vO vO 4 CO vO 4 o o o o ro o o o in o o o o 4 t i-H oo vo t- ■ —i ov i n CN r - CO OO Is- vo M1 ov io h - 1 /5 P ' IO OV CN OV CN r-1 CN Ov H o v OO o o CN CN CN H H 4 vo i-H in m rC i—H OO VO * m i-H i-H d co CM © © ft 4 m *o v o v c o cn t o in ^ cn rr co cq . CQ 2? H P, < <3 a) oo o © © 4 i n i n m vO Ov m < VO CO uo -Mi M4 UO vO LO uo H i - H »-H i-H i-H i-H i— H i-H i— -H i-h i— H i— H i-H i-H i-H 4 • * • * ■ * * * 4 • 4 4 4 • i-H •^H £ H ob o o © uo m O o as VO i-H CO CM i-H Mi U i-H i-H i-H *-H I-H i-H i-H i-H 4 ft * ft • 4 4 • M4 t— o CM vO r - VO Is- vO uo 'Mi vO co CO m OO r - r - Is— OO OO Ov Is- Ov r - vO OO Is- OO OO • ■ 4 4 • 4 • • 4 * • • • • • OV CM vO VO Ml o OO o o oo vO o o Mi CO oo OO Is- m o M4 OV oo i-H vO UO co CO OO uo • • * 4 • • 4 4 ■ 4 1 9 • ft, 4 H i—H i-H CN i-H i— I—I 1— H CN CM CM CM CM CM r-H i— H £ Ov UO o © • o o U ^ M4 CM o © • CO CM o o '4 r- » 4 co Is- Is4 • Mi Ov VO Is- Mi r — <—I OO OO i > OO uo © o UO m • 4 4 4 • Is- r © CN o r - oo r VO © <* H 4 CO Ni CO M4 ln Mi M< CO co 4 vd Mi CO Is -’ Mi CO OO Mi co oo co CO CO CO CO co m < uo vo Is- oo M4 M< M* Mi Mi M* Mi cm ON CQ CN O N -- OO "'p o o IO CO o o ,___ CO o o rp co O o ON CN O o On CN O O CN CO O o CO O o o co O O NO CO CM CO o o o o rp CM O O * ON CM O O * CO i™H o o NO ■—1 o o * P - NO i—i 1—1 o o o o • * ’ u *-H o o o CN o o CO i-H o o CO '—1 O o CO I—l o o NO ^H o o r '■—H o o NO i— H o o CO r— H O o o CN O o CO fH o o * 0) tL , QJ -H 1—1 »—H I—l o o 'O LO CO o o HI CO N1 O O CO CO •—I o co CN O O uo CN r-H o CO CO O o CO p—i o On CN O o NO CO CO o CO co O O o OO CN o * UO CO CN O HP CN O o On _ CN CO O o o * ' cn bO ON O CL £ CO CN CN * CO ON i—H o oo rp i— H O CO o o ON I—1 r-H O o CO o o UO UO o o * ■ ■ OO o o CN CN * • ON CO • * NO r CN LO CN NO CO CN CN CN CO c o CN CO * * * * ■ • * co co • ON r P r p NO p ~ o 1— 1 ■— H CM o o O • * • OO CN o o * UO r~ CM O * p- p~ CM CM O o o o • ■ o o o pCO • CM rp • i-H r p i— H o o OO OO * * • O' p• o V tti U Oh rp- co LO * ’ ON o • CN o CN • CN NO ON ’—1 r—| * o . CN i—H NO . CN uo P- p* O CO NO p • * CO p - ON i—H UO NO u o NO NO p • • * * • UO O n NO O n OO ’—1 r p ’—1 P ~ ■ * » » • CN CN CN UO CN NO CN O p• ■ • CN CM i-H - p - CN i—H CN O « • a CM CN CN p NO T—H • lo ON i— H ON ^H On O n O OO NO i— H i-H i—* CN |-H • * * • * i—H ON . CN UO NO • CN p. CN rP UO . CN CO OO NO p . » CN CN p i-H p - p OO nO nO # a . CN CM CM o o • CN ON CO o o * ON u o ON r uo o o o o o o • • * CN NO o o o o * • r~CO o o • NO co o o • O oo o o o • ro o o ro o o ON o o o • o o o ON CM o o • oo CM o o • oo O o o • NO h T o o o o o o * • ON o • NO o • i—H * I—1 CN CO H 1— t I—H i— * • • NO o o o * * r~o o o • LO OO O O o * • • ON OO CN HP i—H UO Hp H CN i— H »—H ?— ON O NO u0 _ CN r- NO NO LO NO ON P~ Z p- ON o ■---1 r p o r—H i— H r- r-H o CO O' i—1 p nO p - CN NO Z p- Z NO N* LO o NO NO NO _H ON OO ON LO ON NO OO NO nO CO O ' HP CO o o o o • • ____ o o • NO o o o • rCD O o • oCD o o • ro o o On o o o * • OO o o o • r~CN o o * co uO o o * CN CO o o • NO o o o • uo o o o * NO o o o * LO o o o • HP o o o • UO o o o ■ UO o o o • CD OO i— H o o o o o • • NO o • ro oo o • oo o • NO NO r o CD o o * * * • • CO i— H • 1—H • NO OO • O n CM ___, OO r- ro o t— « a a • CO oo • ON HP HP NO o NO HP o o o r - ON NO r - o o OO OO OO a a a a a a a a a iH . I-H ON CN • r~co • NO LO CM CN • • 2 oo CM rNO CM I—— f CO UO CN co co H-> 3 u rT U-i G c o 4—> Cfi fH Cl bo 2 £ o O r i u \HN A t" o • • CO ON ON CM CN • • NO CM • CO • CO o o o * 1— 1 • CN * O n ["On o CO CO CN CM • • • * CO •—I UO UO o o ON CM CM CN rco CO ___( i—H i— H CN CN NO NO CO o o o o * * NO o o o • NO o o o • o o NO OO ON CD o o o * * • * CN NO i— H i— H * • CN CO • CO O o * UO UO u o I—1 1— 1 I—1 • • • i— H NO CO CO • * NO CO CO * • 1__ h UO ON o o ON CM r CM CO CN ----1 * * ’ CN NO On NO uo co NO ON UO bO o NO NO UO o NO ON ON LO UO * O NO CO NO NO NO * p ~ Hp UO UO • * D C . 4—> i— bo £ CD G a > CD J < ► CN ON NO CN ON r-H CO i— H CN CN CO o rp i-H CN oo »— H CO CN CO NO 1—1 CN CO r- rp o CN -H p CN CN ON i—H rp ~H rP rH OO • 1 CN 1—1 - bC > > H NO r- CD o OC p vo Op co U o o o o o o o o o o o o • • • • CN CN p * Ov o OV OV CN OV OO ov P r-H o 1— H U o o o oo oo o oo oo oo o o o o o o o o o o o • * * • • • * Ov oo CN ,__1 O o O o * * i—H vO o O CO ,—i CN o o • * (D Ov vO , o oo p vo OV OV CN CO CO CO CN CO CN CN CN O o X O o o o oo oo oo oo oo oo oo * * * * • * * p CO CO o o fcy OV P O O * ___ P CN co O O * • OV CN o o • UO o o CO c o * • ■ cd U Cvj r OV o p CO i—i p 1 O CN r-H P O !—H t- h i—H i—i OO u o r CO '— 1 a v • « • CN CN r-H Ov O • CN o oo . I—l o u o OO Ov r r. . . '—i i—i i—H ON o o o i—H 1 I CN • * • CO o i—« CN • • OV OO vO . i—H CQ o o Ov OO . CO . O. o ft uo. CO , . vO, UO O v r ~ rv O V O O UO C N CO CN HU i— H i-H I—l I—1 Pi— ' 1 UO UO p CO u o i— Hp i— Hp i— H vo I— l i-H I-H i— H r— H i— H # • • * • * * • vo CN OO VO vo vO UO p CO p CO p CO • * • • • • * r-H uo Ov I— 1 o o CO t"- I— l o o o o r- CN CO i—H vo OO o v —1 vo VO OV l CN i—H I— CN CN I - H I - H I— 1 i—H • • • • • • • ^H H CO o o r- o CN o uO i— • • • • ■ • . . • . C" vO Ov CN Ov oo o p UO OO vO vO uo vO uo oo vo uo UO UO I—l OV o o o o o o o uoo o * • * • • * * Np X C UO u o o OV OV i— H o rUOCN O CN r- r- r- oo vO UO VO uo vO ov Ov OV Ov r- OO r-~ V0 vo vO r- UO I— I VO vo r~ rOO OO r— OO r- r- r - VO r" vO vO vO O v . . ■—i Ave. Wt. Apples . —i be r- • Twig Vigor 1 P r- o o o o o o oo oo oo oo oo oo oo o o o o o o o o o o * • oO uo , 1—1 * O v o o Ov CO CN ON 1 1 CN O v CO !“ ( • » # ■ . . * — 1 CN CN r—H CN CN CN OV Ov OO r- Ov vo vo vo VO p a. S E o U OO O v O v Ov o o I—1 ■—i ^H i—i i—H • * * uo u f-i IX co oo Ave. Twig , Length & 1/ f %- Composition - Leaf _____________________________________________ ' o CN o • i— H CO O O • I—l —H^H — ( r~ p P CN o CN Ov vO ■ PH vpC V O vO v o vO uo UO uo uo vO * * • • * • • * • * bD ■i—1 £ H — H Ov o CO P CO p Ov OO OO Ov Ov o CO o o OO o o oo * * • • • • • • * • % Bitter r. Pit Free P O O UO UO o o o o UO UO !h u o u o CN r-’ o o o o r-* X Ov Ov O' Ov o o o o OV Ov P Tree No. i—H v oo O l> r~ co i—H —H o X CN* CO P OO o o CO c o c o UO vd t" -* oo O O o o OO OO OO CO CO CO CO CO c o CD CD . H Z 5-h O oo Ov o co co r- O- oo co i—H CN c o P UO vd X O oo oo o o GO o o oo O CO CO c o c o c o CO CO CQ '—< co O o 3 U ON ON CN I—1 o o o o N* i-h O o —i O o • CO i— H o o CN 1—1 O o * CN i—i o o • I—1 o 1—1 o o o o • • uo CN o CO oo ■'f UO NO o O o CN i—i o o * r - o INUO CO CO r - NO ■NI o o o ■ ’ d <4H aj a> J a o *-> CO o QE /— <1 u bO S aj CJ ON UO UO NO o o o o •* 4 OO CO ON N-1 * • UO CN i— H o » oo t'o o • Tf CO o UO NO OO O o o o o o ♦ • * NO CO CO CN CO * * • i— H oo ON uo o ON o r• • • . • •H ’—1 OO OO CO CO * oo N* •—i o • Nf •—1 CO • CO o CO NO o o o o • ( ON CO • • _ o CO in o N1 CO o o • uo CN N1 O * uo CN r~ UO UO o o * • . . . I—l o • • OO CN • o • uO CO o o • CN CO o o * OO co o o • CO N* CN uO i-H i—l o o o o o o o o o o • * • * • H CO oo r- CO oo i— i— H o ON On ON CN i— H t o O o i— H o o o o o o o o • « • , LO • CN oo N" O * co N 1 CO CO O O O O * * CO CN i— H o . uo ruo r— LO o O * • I—1 On o o , IN- N* oo o |—4 CO CO UO • • • • • CO UO OO o O CO • i-H LO r— m NO NO O On ON CN CO H CO NO CO CO i— i— H .—i ON CO CN I"" "N* m oo » , . i-H —H i-H *—i I—1 i— ^H — H «—i H i— H i-H ,—1 , , , OO , i-H d o U CN k> o o • CN CD o ON CN NO CN OO r- o OO ■'t1 CN OO NO On uO o oo UO o ON O o UO oo NO r - ON ON UO r~ OO On ON • * * • • « » # • * * ft • ft « H — 1 CN CN I-H •-h i— 1“H i— H CN i— I-H i— H i-H i— H i-H H ■—i i-H 3 oj h* Z o NO ON co I—( z i— H NO CO CO r - CN o ON r - o r - OO NO LO ON CO o H I-H "—( i—1 CN CN •— H CN ■ 1 i— a; v-i £ [l .d d m H CN CN CN 4H ^ W . (D CO • p (U O- t l £> Qm bo < < - ON i-H CsJ On On i— H o o o o o o i— H o »— H ■—i CN CO o CN CN NO NO CN OO nO CN o ON o OO UO r- LO fN- r - O n H i— H ■ i— H i— —i i-H O uo o O o o ON o i— H i— H OO ON On O n CO CO i—( o CN i— H o o o o o o o o o o i— H I—1 I—l i— H CN CO o o o o UO NO r-* o o o N1 o N1 CO CQ P U O n NO O i O C O o O t ' - C O o O ' ^ f v O C O t — lO nO CN O h N o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o SS^^^^f^^ooNoooooNONooooooooNaN o . o - o CD o o o ^ o o o o o o o * —i —i i—1 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O ed o X ! S' •r-H to o Jh *-> O (U CD b 1' O n if) On ^ £ ?o2 2o3 £o 2 oJ 3o£ So2 o S 2ococr3CV* ' ^ io' ' -ocQoc'Qer3 2 222 So3 o o o oc^o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o cn • CQ T3 P o CL) •rH a 4-1 ■H cd 6 •P r-H Jh ooocoor-t^ONcoONr^Nomoo'^ONooooo S ^ ^ O Q O O —l O O r - H ^ ^ ^ H ^ H W ^ H ^ - l ^ H O 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 o o ° o 0 0 o o o o o p Jh Cl. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o P o bo co O Og o. O —•I OOO'OhQO'OvO^ONr'QOoO^ONNO'oCJNNN O i —l O O O O O O O O O O O O o o o o o o CD g 4-1 J H 0) CD 13 4-1 CD 0) 13 Jh CD £ CU 13 a cd p S cd CJ UO LO [^ - ■ —i l N ' 1 i C O v O v O o O o C ^ l D r ^ C C ,t i O v O < 3 g o Jh - M C O i , ^ ( N i n c o o o c O ' O c O D O « 0 ' ^ H ' t l O r ^ N O N o r - r - r - r - N o t ^ - N o r - N ON Ov o c ^ r ^ v o r - r - N O • i—i cd g cd CD Jh V cd PQ Dh cNONt^-t^i—io o c s- ' —ii o ONr ^- —l O N c s i o o h - i o c o c c c o ^cocjco^cocococococococNrtNcococciNco •' Jh O cn H-. ••— 1 cn cn cd CD P rQ "cd Jh £ N | ( N O \ O o O ' ^ M t s- O O l / 5 - ^ O H C O O O H N r v {Y30 H Hi-HC O ' t ^ O i n , H O N \ O N l C i , HOOVOHHONOO' ^ i—H CN I—H i—H i— l i” I i— l i-H CN i-H i— l CN i-H i—H C N r-H i— I i— I 1—H XJ i P CD > CD rP E- > o, . ^ ±-> a ^ o £ 13 r— CD X J co cd cn 13 2 £ g-w CD cn ni -Q Si £ XJ cd a cd >| a> CD Jh . O E-* Z 00 ON oo oo CO CO O ON CO • • i-H CN CO ON ON ON CO CO CO • ON • UO NO ON co co r" O n ON CO CO • OO ON ON ON co CO uo NO r o i—4 CN CO o o o o o o o o 'dH Tt*