GROWTH AND COMPOSITION OF LEAVES AND ROOTS
IN RELA TIO N TO T H E SUPPLY OF CERTAIN ANIONS TO MONTMORENCY
CHERRY T R EE S

By

EDWIN VILIS PARUPS

AN ABSTRACT
S u b m itted to th e School of G ra d u a te Studies of M ichigan
S tate U n iv e rsity of A g ric u ltu re and A pplied S cience
in p a r tia l fu lfillm en t of th e re q u ire m e n ts
fo r th e d e g re e of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

D ep artm en t of H o rtic u ltu re
1955

A pproved

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ABSTRACT

EDWIN VILIS PARUPS

T h e in flu en c e of anion su pply on grow th and th e ch e m ic a l co m p o sitio n
of le a v e s and fib ro u s ro o ts of M o n tm o ren cy c h e r r y t r e e s w as stu d ie d by
m e a n s o f n u trie n t c u ltu re m eth o d s.

T he am ounts of catio n s (p o ta ssiu m ,

c a lc iu m an d m a g n esiu m ) and m in o r e le m e n ts w e re kept co n sta n t.

A nions

(su lp h ate, c h lo rid e , p h o sp h o ru s, n itro g en , and carb o n ate) w e re v a rie d .
E ig h te e n d iffe re n t n u trie n t so lu tio n s w e re obtained.

S eventy-tw o o n e -y e a r-

old M o n tm o ren c y c h e r r y t r e e s w e re sele cted , p ru n e d u n iform ly, weighed,
an d p la n te d in c la y p o ts in th e g reen h o u se.
in g m ed ia.

C o a rs e sand w as u se d a s g ro w ­

T r e e s w e re a r ra n g e d in four r e p lic a te s and ran d o m iz ed .

T re e s

w e re h a r v e s te d an d th e lin e a r grow th w as m e a s u re d and d ry w eight of le a v e s ,
sh o o ts, ro o ts , and tru n k w as o btained.

L e av es and fib ro u s ro o ts w e re a n ­

a ly z e d fo r tw elv e e le m e n ts --n itro g e n , p h o sp h o ru s, ch lo rin e , su lfu r, p o ta ssiu m
ca lc iu m , m a g n esiu m , iro n , m an g an ese, copper, boron, and zinc.
I n c re a s e d supply of an io n s had a sig n ifican t effect upon grow th

W hen

th e supply of th e s e an io n s w as in c r e a s e d to a high lev el ap p aren t to x ic ity
a p p e a re d a s in d ic a te d by re d u c tio n of grow th and th e a p p e a ra n c e of c h lo rid e
to x ic ity sy m p to m s.
le a v e s .

T h e s e sy m p to m s w ere: m a rg in a l and tip b u rn in g of

O m issio n of su lfa te u n d er c e r ta in conditions r e s u lte d in v isib le s u l­

fu r d e fic ie n c y sy m p to m s.

T h e le a v e s w ith th e s e sym ptom s ex h ib ited th e

ty p ic a l yello w in g of m id rib and v ein s.

In g e n e ra l, th e a b s o rp tio n of v a rio u s anions w as p ro p o rtio n a l to
t h e i r supply; h ow ever, so m e in te ra c tio n s w e re p r e s e n t.
w as re d u c e d by n itro g e n and p h o sp h o ru s,
fect th e a b s o rp tio n o f ea c h o th e r.

C h lo rin e content

S ulfur and c h lo rin e did not a f ­

T h e p r e s e n c e of high c o n c e n tra tio n s of

s u lfa te an d c h lo rid e in c r e a s e d th e a b so rp tio n of n itro g e n fro m so lu tio n s
c o n ta in in g la r g e am o u n ts of n itro g en .

N itro g e n a b so rp tio n w as fa v o re d by

th e p r e s e n c e of la r g e q u a n titie s of c h lo rid e and p h o sp h o ru s in c o m b in atio n .
T h e p r e s e n c e of la r g e q u a n titie s of c h lo rid e and n itro g e n in com bination
a p p e a re d to in c r e a s e p h o sp h o ru s ab so rp tio n .
P o ta ss iu m le v e ls in le a v e s an d ro o ts w e re g e n e ra lly h ig h er when
s u lfa te w as p r e s e n t.
so rp tio n .

P o ta ssiu m a b s o rp tio n w as fa v o re d by carb o n a te , but w as d e p re s s e d

by h igh nitrogen*
su lfa te .

L a rg e q u a n titie s of c h lo rid e re d u c e d p o ta ss iu m a b ­

C alciu m and m ag n esiu m a b so rp tio n w as d e p re s s e d by

I n c re a s in g su p p lies of n itro g e n and p h o sp h o ru s re d u c e d th e su lfa te

effect upon c a lc iu m ab so rp tio n .
p r e s s e d ca lc iu m u ptake.

High n itro g e n in p r e s e n c e of c h lo rid e d e ­

T h e supply of anions a p p e a re d to re d u c e th e influence

o f p o ta ss iu m and ca lc iu m upon th e a b so rp tio n of m ag n esiu m .

Iro n content in

le a v e s w as d e p r e s s e d by p h o sp h o ru s, but c a rb o n a te and su lfate in c r e a s e d its
content in ro o ts ,

L a rg e r su p p lies of su lfate, c h lo rid e , and n itro g e n a p p e a re d

to in c r e a s e th e c o p p er content of the ro o ts.

Z in c a b so rp tio n by le a v e s was

d e c r e a s e d by l a r g e r su p p lie s of su lfate, w hile ch lo rid e d e p re s s e d zinc content

in th e ro o ts .

M an g an ese a b so rp tio n w as in c r e a s e d w ith high le v e ls of

c h lo rid e an d w as f u r th e r a id ed by n itro g e n ad d itio n s.

H igher le v e ls of

p h o sp h o ru s d e p r e s s e d m an g an ese content of th e ro o ts , but in c r e a s e d it
in th e le a v e s .
Root g ro w th w as r e la tiv e ly p ro m o ted , o r shoot grow th re ta rd e d ,
by high su lfa te o r c h lo rid e , high p h o sp h o ru s, o r by co m b in atio n s of su lfate
and c h lo rid e in a p p ro x im a te ly equal concentrations*
Som e su g g e stio n s w e re ad v an ced in r e g a r d to th e p re v e n tio n of
c h lo rid e to x ic ity of p la n ts .

T h e b alan ce and supply of anions and th e ir im ­

p o rta n c e in plan t n u tritio n w ere em phasized*

GROWTH AND COMPOSITION OF LEAVES AND ROOTS
IN RELATION TO TH E SUPPLY OF CERTAIN ANIONS TO MONTMORENCY
CHERRY T R E E S

By
EDWIN VILIS PARUPS

A THESIS
S u b m itted to th e School of G rad u ate Studies of M ichigan
S tate U n iv e rsity of A g ric u ltu re and A pplied Science
in p a r tia l fu lfillm en t of th e re q u ire m e n ts
fo r th e d e g re e of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

D ep artm ent of H o rtic u ltu re

1955

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T he a u th o r w ish es to e x p re s s his s in c e re a p p re c ia tio n to
D r. A. L. K enw orthy, who spent m uch tim e and a s s is te d in p lan n in g th e
e x p e rim e n t, and in th e p re p a ra tio n of th e m a n u sc rip t; to D rs. H. B Tukey,
C. R, M egee, G. P

S tein b au er, and K

Law ton fo r th e ir guidance and

e d itin g of th e m a n u sc rip t, and to Dr* E* J. Benne and h is s ta ff fo r c a r r y ­
in g out th e c h e m ic a l a n a ly se s.
T h e a u th o r is g ra te fu l to th e A g ric u ltu ra l In stitu te of Canada
fo r its fin a n c ia l a s s is ta n c e d u rin g th e c o u rs e of th is study.
S p ecial acknow ledgm ent is m ade to M r, G eo rg e W ilson, and
to th e a u th o r’s w ife, M a rg a re t, fo r th e ir co n stan t en co u rag em en t and a s s i s t ­
ance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION . . * .

1

REVIEW OF LITERA TU R E

2

M ATERIALS AND METHODS . * ................* ..........................

12

RESULTS

15

. .

G e n e ra l R e sp o n se s

15

In flu en ce of Sulfate C o n ce n tratio n

.

20

Influence of C h lo rid e C o n ce n tratio n

28

In flu en ce of S u lfa te -C h lo rid e C om binations .

34

In flu en ce of S u lfa te -N itro g e n and C h lo rid e -N itro g e n
C o m binations .

. *

. >, .

39

In flu en ce of S u lfa te -C a rb o n a te and C h lo rid e -C a rb o n ­
a te C om binations . .

51

DISCUSSION .

56

SUMMARY .

67

LITERA TU R E CITED

70

APPENDIX

75

1

INTRODUCTION

A nions, such a s n itro g en , p h o sp h o ru s, su lfu r, and c h lo rin e
a r e im p o rta n t e le m e n ts in p lan t n u tritio n .

T h ey a r e a lso im p o rta n t as

c a r r i e r s of ca tio n s; i e.,, p o ta ssiu m , calciu m , m ag n esiu m , m an g an ese,
an d iro n .
N u m ero u s s tu d ie s have shown th a t th e s e an d o th e r e le m e n ts
in te r a c t in co m p lex w ays w ith each o th e r in influencing th e grow th of
p la n ts
O ptim al grow th of p la n ts m ay o c c u r only w h ere th e n u trie n ts
a r e tak e n up in c e r ta in re la tiv e p ro p o rtio n s.

T he e x c e s s o r inadequacy

of one ele m en t m ay le a d to an in su ffic ie n cy o r o v er-ab u n d an c e of a n o th e r
e le m e n t w ith consequent d e trim e n ta l e ffe c ts to th e p la n ts

C ation r e l a ­

tio n sh ip s an d an ta g o n ism s have been stu d ied ex ten siv ely , how ever little is
known about th e anion in flu en ce upon the a b so rp tio n of anions and c atio n s
a s r e la te d to grow th.
T h e p u rp o se of th is study w as to a s c e r ta in th e ro le and i n t e r ­
actio n of n itro g e n , p h o sp h o ru s, su lfu r, and c h lo rin e upon each o th e r and
o th e r n u trie n t-e le m e n ts

It w as hoped to e s ta b lis h th e an io n -an io n and

a n io n -c a tio n re la tio n s h ip s and th e ir influence by re c o rd in g the grow th
m e a s u re m e n ts , leaf, and ro o t a n a ly s is of o n e -y e a r-o ld so u r c h e r r y
(F runus c e r a s u s L ) t r e e s grow n in sand c u ltu re s .

T he M ontm orency

v a r ie ty w as ch o sen b e c a u se of its econom ic im p o rta n c e to th is region.

2

LITERA TU R E REVIEW

T h e e s s e n tia lity of anions, such a s n itro g en , p h o sp h o ru s, and
s u lfu r a s p la n t n u trie n ts is g e n e ra lly known and accepted.
o th e r hand, h a s been c o n s id e re d to be n o n -e ss e n tia l.

C hlorine, on the

W ith som e sp e c ie s,

a p p lic a tio n s of c h lo rid e s have re s u lte d in re ta rd a tio n of plan t grow th, w hile
w ith o th e r s p e c ie s a d efin ite b e n eficial effect w as noticed.

L ipm an (32)

found th at c h lo rid e , if not a c tu a lly e s s e n tia l, d efin itely b en efited th e grow th
of buckw heat and p e a s .

Only re c e n tly B ro y er et aL. (5) show ed that c h lo rid e

is an e s s e n tia l ele m e n t fo r h ig h e r p la n ts.

T hey contended :hat th e c h lo rin e

re q u ire m e n t w as not sm a ll in c o m p a riso n to o th e r m ic ro n u trie n ts and m ay
be h ig h er th an iro n , boron, m an g an ese, zinc, copper, and m olybdenum
T h e y a lso s ta te d th at b ro m in e a p p e a re d to com plim ent c h lo rin e when s u p ­
p lie d at about ten tim e s th e re q u ire d c h lo rin e le v e ls.

T h is sta te m e n t c o n ­

v ey ed th e id ea th at th e r e m ay be a su b stitu tio n of ions w hereby one ion
m ay re p la c e a n o th e r p h y sio lo g ically re la te d ion; i . e . , c h lo rin e was re p la c e d
by b ro m in e.
B e a r’s w o rk (2) w ith catio n co n stan cy in alfa lfa e s ta b lis h e d the
p rin c ip a l of catio n o r anion co n stancy.

A cco rd in g to h is re p o rt, if one ion

is bein g a b s o rb e d to a l e s s e r extent, som e o th e r ion o r ions m ust be a b s o rb e d
to a g r e a te r extent to keep th e sum of ions constant.

3

O v e r s tr e e t and Dean (44) s u m m a riz e d th e ir findings a s
follow s: "'The ion a b so rp tio n p r o c e s s is an exchange p r o c e s s .

P re d o m in ­

a n tly c a tio n s a r e a b s o rb e d in exchange fo r H -io n s of th e plan t and a r e
r e le a s e d to th e c u ltu re m edium .

A nions a r e a b so rb e d in exchange fo r

O H - o r HCO3" w hich a r e r e le a s e d to th e c u ltu re m edium .

T he evidence

in d ic a te s th a t no ion p a s s e s in o r out of a healthy p lan t except by exchange
fo r a n o th e r ion.

Ion acc u m u latio n is to a la rg e extent se le c tiv e .

Due to

th e exchange c h a r a c te r of th e p r o c e s s , anions can e n te r th e plant in d e ­
p en d en tly of ca tio n s, and v ic e v e r s a .
s a m e r a te s .

A lso, ions a r e not a b so rb e d at th e

In g e n e ra l, th e c atio n s K+, NH^+, R b t, and Cs+ a r e ra p id ly

ac cu m u late d , w hile Ca++, Mg++, and Ba++ a r e m uch m o re slow ly tak en
up.

T h e an io n s NOg-, B r-, and C l- a r e u su a lly ra p id ly ab so rb ed .

T he

an io n s SO4 - - and H2 PO4 - a r e m oving r a th e r slow ly; th e anion HCOg- is
a p p a re n tly not a b s o rb e d at all. "
O v e r s tr e e t and Dean a lso s ta te d th at th e d ifferen t e le m e n ts
show ed r a th e r w idely d ifferen t longitudinal a b so rp tio n p a tte r n s in th e root
tip s.

R egions in th e tis s u e w hich a b s o rb P^PO^- v e ry ra p id ly do not n e c e s ­

s a r ily a b s o rb I- ra p id ly .
T h is id ea w as fu rth e r elu cid ated by E p ste in (16).

He s ta te d

that th e a b so rp tio n of ions, c atio n s a s w ell a s anions, e n ta ils the c o m b in a ­
tion of th e ion w ith m e ta b o lic a lly g e n e ra te d binding com pounds o r c a r r i e r s .

4

T h e s e c a r r i e r - i o n c o m p lex e s a r e la b ile an d b r e a k down again, r e ­
le a s in g th e io n to th e in te r io r of th e c e ll.

The c a r r ie r s p o sse ss sev ­

e r a l d is tin c t bin d in g s ite s w hich d iffe r in th e ir a ffin itie s fo r v a rio u s
io n s, a c c o rd in g to th e c h e m ic a l c h a r a c te r is tic s of th e io n s.
found th a t c h lo rin e in te r f e r e d w ith b ro m in e uptake.
w as a g a in h in d e re d by io dine.

He

B rom ine uptake

H alid es w e re co m p etitiv e w ith re s p e c t

to one a n o th e r - - th e y w e re bound by th e sa m e binding s ite s .

In c o n tra s t,

it w as found that n itr a te did not in te r f e r e w ith b r o m in e - - n it r a te does
not co m p ete fo r th e h a lid e binding s ite s .
L un d eg h rd h (33) s ta te d th a t although th e uptake of anions
ta k e s p la c e on th e b a s is o f a p a r tic u la r m e ch an ism (anion re s p ira tio n ),
th e r e is a g e n e ra l io n ic e q u ilib riu m betw een anions and ca tio n s.

A u n i­

la t e r a l uptake of an io n s can p ro c e e d fo r a s h o rt p e rio d , but ev en tu ally
an a c id ific a tio n of th e p ro to p la s m w ill ta k e p la c e , and th is, in tu rn , on
th e b a s is of in c r e a s e d e le c tro n e g a tiv e ch a rg e , w ill b rin g about an i n ­
c r e a s e d a ttra c tio n of c a tio n s.

In addition to th e actio n of th e g e n e ra l

anion + c a tio n b alan ce, th e anions a lso influence the m ovem ent of c a tio n s
b e c a u s e of g ro w th p ro m o tin g effect.

T h ey m ay also d e te rm in e to a

c e r ta in ex ten t th e c o llo id al s ta te and th e m e m b ra n e p e rm e a b ility of th e
p ro to p la s m .

T h u s, th e u p tak e of anions c r e a te s th e a b so rp tio n p o ten tial

5

fo r c a tio n uptake.

T h is e x p la in s, in p a r t, th e im p o rta n c e of c o r r e c t

b a la n c e o f an io n s an d c a tio n s.
T h e r e h a s not b een m uch w o rk conducted to d e te rm in e
th e in flu e n c e of one anion upon a n o th e r.
am o u n t o f d is a g re e m e n ts a r e evident.

At th e sa m e tim e a c e r ta in
S e v e ra l a u th o rs have a r r iv e d

at d iffe re n t c o n clu sio n s, p e rh a p s b e c a u s e of u sin g d ifferen t sp e c ie s o r
e x p e rim e n ta l te c h n iq u e s.
H am n er (25) p o in te d out th a t th e re la tio n s h ip betw een
p h o sp h o ru s and n itro g e n in soybean is im p o rta n t in o v erco m in g th e
to x ic ity of p h o sp h o ru s.

He s ta te d th a t one p a r t of n itr a te w ill o v e rc o m e

th e to x ic e ffe c ts of two p a r t s of p h o sp h o ru s.
m a y be d iffe re n t.

In o ld e r p la n ts th is ra tio

He co n clu d ed th a t p h o sp h o ru s i s to x ic in v e r y sm a ll

am o u n ts if n itro g e n i s lack in g , but it is not to x ic even in f a ir ly high
c o n c e n tra tio n s if l a r g e r am o u n ts of n itro g e n is p re s e n t.
A lso, M u lliso n rs (39) e x p e rim e n ts w ith b a rle y seed lin g s
show ed th e a p p a re n t to x ic ity of p h o sp h o ru s in a b se n c e of n itra te , o r
w hen a high p h o sp h a te -lo w n itra te r a tio ex isted .
B re a z e a le (4) found th a t pho sp h ate a b so rp tio n of w heat
s e e d lin g s w as s lig h tly in c r e a s e d by n itra te .

E aton (13) grew sunflow er

p la n ts in p lu s an d m inus p h o sp h o ru s m ed ia.

He found th a t to ta l n itro g e n

6

w as h ig h e r in th e p lu s p h o sp h o ru s p la n ts.

T h e sam e conditions w e re

found w ith b la c k m u s ta rd (15)
M cC alla (36) on th e o th e r hand, w orking w ith w heat, found
th a t w hen n itro g e n w as lim itin g , th e effect w as ch iefly felt in in c r e a s e d
p h o sp h o ru s a b so rp tio n .

In one c a s e th e in c r e a s e d p h o sp h o ru s a b so rp tio n

r e s u ltin g fro m lim itin g n itro g e n supply w as fully equivalent to th e d e ­
c r e a s e d n itro g e n uptake
N itra te a c cu m u la tio n under p h o sp h o ru s d eficien cy w as
found a lso by R ic h a rd s an d T e m o le m a n (47), and E aton (14) .

Colby ( 8 )

in an e x p e rim e n t w ith F re n c h p ru n e tr e e s , also in v e stig a te d n itro g e n
and p h o sp h o ru s re la tio n s h ip s .

He found th at n itro g e n s ta rv a tio n r e s u lte d

in low a s h content, except in th e wood, and v e r y low n itro g en throughout.
T h e young wood w as n o rm a l in p h o sp h o ru s.
low in n itro g e n and low in p h o sp h o ru s.

M ain ro o ts w e re e x tre m e ly

P hosphorus s ta rv a tio n re s u lte d in

le a f tis s u e high in a s h and n itro g en , and low in p h o sp h o ru s.

All th e o th e r

p a r t s w e re low in n itro g en .
T h is p ic tu re of n itro g e n -p h o sp h o ru s re la tio n s h ip s is fu rth e r
c o m p lic a te d by M u ld e r’s (39) c ita tio n of A lb e rd a ’s w ork.

A lb erd a found,

w o rk in g w ith Z e a M ays that th e uptake of p h o sp h o ru s w as ru nning p a r a lle l
to th e gro w th o f th e w hole plant

A bsorption of p h o sp h o ru s w as found to

7

be independent of th e c o n c e n tra tio n of o th e r anions (n itra te , su lfate,
c h lo rid e ) in th e so lution.
A cc o rd in g to L e o n a rd and o th e rs (31), who w orked on
sw eet p o ta to e s, th e su lfa te io n s seem to d e p re s s th e a b s o rp tio n of
n itr a te io n s to a g r e a te r extent th an th e phosphate ions.
E rg le (18) w o rk in g w ith cotton, N ightingale and o th e rs (42)
w ith to m ato , and E aton (11, 12) w ith soybeans and sunflow er, found n i­
t r a t e o r n itro g e n acc u m u latio n in su lfu r deficient p la n ts.

Sulfur d e fi­

c ie n c y in cotto n c a u se d an accu m u latio n of n itra te and soluble o rg a n ic
n itro g e n in th e le a v e s .

In c o n tra s t, n itro g en d eficien cy red u ced th e a c ­

cu m u latio n of su lfa te and o rg a n ic su lfu r in th e le a v e s.
A lso G auch and W adleigh (19) re p o rte d , fro m th e ir w ork
w ith b ean s, th e ten d e n cy fo r n itro g e n to d e c re a s e in plant tis s u e s w ith
in c r e a s in g am o u n ts of calc iu m ch lo rid e , sodium ch lo rid e , and sodium
su lfa te in th e m ed ia.

T h e sodium c h lo rid e s e r ie s gave c o n s is te n tly

h ig h e r n itro g e n v alu es.

T h e c o n c e n tra tio n of su lfate in th e ro o ts w as

v e r y c lo s e ly p a r a lle le d by a s im ila r in c r e a s e of su lfate in th e le a v e s.
A lso, in a n o th e r re p o rt th ey (20) found th a t th e in c re a s in g am ounts of
c h lo rid e re s u lte d in d e c re a s e d a b so rp tio n of pho sp h ate and n itro g en .
Colby ( 8 ) in d ic a te d that su lfu r deficiency of F re n c h p ru n e
t r e e s r e s u lte d in le a f tis s u e low in n itro g en and ash, and also low in
s u lfu r content.

In th e r e c e n t w ork w ith avocados by H aas and B ru sca (24)
an o b s e rv a tio n w as m ad e th at c h lo rid e content of p la n ts w as c o n s id e r ­
ab ly lo w e r w h e re n itro g e n and su lfate o r p h o sp h ate w e re ap p lied
T h e im p o rta n c e of anion influence upon catio n s m ay be v e ry
w ell i llu s tr a te d by K e n w o rth y 's (29) re c e n t w ork.

He found th at g ra p e s

an d p e a c h e s a b s o rb e d m o re p o ta ssiu m fro m s o ils supplied w ith p o ta ssiu m
s u lfa te th a n fro m s o ils su p p lied w ith p o ta ss iu m ch lo rid e .
V in e t's (51) opinion w as th at th e su lfate ion, when ap p lied
w ith th e p o ta s s iu m ion, p ro v e d to be b e tte r th an th e c h lo rid e ion.

In

h is opinion, th e c h lo rid e ion h in d e re d th e actio n of th e p o ta ssiu m , w hile
th e su lfa te io n fa v o re d th is actio n by in c re a s in g p o ta ss iu m uptake by g rap e
G ilb e rt and o th e rs (21) a r r iv e d at a d ifferen t conclusion:
L e a v e s o f tu n g t r e e s a c c u m u la te d m o re p o ta ssiu m when th e p la n ts w e re
su p p lied w ith m onovalent anions th an when th e p o ta ssiu m w as supplied
fro m p o ly v alen t s a lts .

T h e anions in question w ere ch lo rid e , n itra te ,

su lfa te , t a r t r a t e an d p e c ta te
C a ro lu s ( 6 ) o b s e rv e d th a t n itra te , phosphate, ch lo rid e ,
and su lfa te had no d e trim e n ta l influence on calciu m in tak e and u tiliz a tio n
by th e b e an p lan t.

T h e n itr a te and phosphate anions had a slight d e t r i ­

m en tal effect on p o ta ss iu m a b so rp tio n , and p ro b a b ly a slight d e trim e n ta l
effect on m ag n esiu m u tiliz a tio n .

9

C olby’s ( 8 ) in v e stig a tio n s, m en tio n ed e a r l i e r in r e s p e c t
to su lp h u r an d n itro g e n re la tio n s h ip s , re v e a le d a lso th a t F re n c h p ru n e
t r e e s h ad v e r y high c a lc iu m an d m ag n esiu m and n o rm a l p o ta s s iu m in
th e w ood c o r r e la te d w ith n itro g e n d eficien cy .

A lso, young ro o ts w e re

low in c a lc iu m an d m a g n esiu m an d high in p o ta s s iu m .

M ain ro o ts

w e re e x tre m e ly low in n itro g e n , low in m ag n esiu m an d high in ca lc iu m .
P h o sp h o ru s d eficie n cy r e s u lte d in le a f tis s u e high in m ag n esiu m and
iro n , but low in c a lc iu m .

T h e ro o ts w e re low in m ag n esiu m .

S ulfur

d e fic ie n c y d e c r e a s e d p o ta s s iu m and in c r e a s e d m ag n esiu m and calciu m
a b so rp tio n .
S ulfur d eficien c y in cotton, a c c o rd in g to E rg le and E ato n (17)
r e s u lte d in a c c u m u la tio n of ca lc iu m and m ag n esiu m ; iro n and p o ta ss iu m
w e re ch an g ed little .
A lso, N aguib an d O v e r s tr e e t (41) in d ic a te d th a t th e c h lo rid e
io n m a y d e p r e s s grow th.

D ifferen t sodium s a lts d e p re s s e d th e elongation

of th e r a d is h se e d lin g s in th e follow ing o rd e r: NaHCOg, NaCl, Na 2 S0 4 ,
Nat^PO^. an d NaNOg.
ra n g e o f NaNOg.

S tim u latio n w as o b s e rv e d in th e lo w er c o n c e n tra tio n

T h e y p o in ted out th a t th e e x tre m e ly to x ic effect of NaHC 0 3

is in a g re e m e n t w ith p re v io u s w ork.

T h e sam e effect w as noted a lso w ith

C aC l 2 and Ca(N 0 g)2 - C aC l 2 r e s u lte d in m axim um d e p re s s io n of th e
elo n g atio n .

10

H ay w ard and Long (26) found th a t high c o n c e n tra tio n
(2836 ppm Cl, 7684 ppm SO4 ) of e ith e r c h lo rid e o r su lfa te s a lts r e ­
s u lte d in a m a rk e d re d u c tio n in th e d ia m e te r of p e a c h s te m s .

The r e ­

d u ctio n of lin e a r grow th w as a ls o th e sam e w ith e ith e r high c h lo rid e
o r s u lfa te le v e ls .

T h e r e w as som ew hat le s s d e p re s s io n at th e i n t e r ­

m e d ia te c h lo rid e le v e l.

T h e le a v e s of high c h lo rid e tre a tm e n t w e re

show ing m a rk e d c h lo ro s is , tip , and m a rg in a l burning, and th e r e w as
c o n s id e ra b le a b s c is s io n ,
M ag ista d and o th e rs (34) found th a t c h lo rid e and su lfate
s a lts , w hen c o m p a re d on th e b a s is of equal o sm o tic co n cen tratio n , d e ­
p r e s s e d g row th to an equal extent w ith a n u m b er of cro p s.

W ith o th e r

c ro p s , c h lo rid e io n s w e re slig h tly m o re to x ic th an su lfate ions at equal
o s m o tic c o n c e n tra tio n .

T o ta l sa lt c o n c e n tra tio n w as a g r e a te r fa c to r

in d e te rm in in g th e am ount of grow th re d u ctio n th an effe c ts c a u se d by
s p e c ific io n s.
C o rn and to m ato p la n ts, a c c o rd in g to E aton (9) developed
m o re ro o ts in d ilu te th an in c o n c e n tra te d so lu tio n s when grow n w ith th e ir
ro o ts divided b etw een two o r m o re so lu tio n s of unequal c o n c e n tra tio n s.
T h e fo reg o in g w as found ir r e s p e c tiv e of w h eth er th e d iffe re n c e s in c o n ­
c e n tra tio n w e re a ffe c te d by th e addition of ch lo rid e, su lfate, o r ad d itio n al

11

n u trie n t s a lts to th e b a se n u trie n t.

L ittle d iffe re n c e in w a te r uptake

o r in ro o t g ro w th r e s u lte d in so lu tio n s of s im ila r o sm o tic p r e s s u r e
w hen one p a r t of ro o t w as high in ch lo rid e , and the o th e r in co m p lete
n u trie n t m e d ia , in d ic a tin g th at o sm o tic p r e s s u r e s r a th e r than sp ecific
ion e ffe c ts w e re p r im a r ily involved
N aguib and O v e rs tre e t (41) d is a g re e d w ith th e above co n ­
c lu sio n s.

T h e y con ten d ed th a t th e d e p re s s in g effect of sa lt on th e e lo n ­

g atio n of th e r a d is h se e d lin g w as due to th e in h ib ito ry effect of the
d iffe re n t e le m e n ts and not to th e in c r e a s e d o sm o tic p r e s s u r e of the
c u ltu re m edium and th e re s u ltin g r e s tr ic tio n in a v a ila b ility of w ater
to th e p la n t.

T h ey found th at th e r e is a m uch g r e a te r d iv erg en ce in th e

in h ib itio n effect w ith c a tio n s th an with anions, and a g re e w ith M ullison (39)
in th is r e s p e c t .
C h lo rin e h as been r e p o rte d to have a fav o rab le influence
upon th e w a te r b ala n ce of th e p lant, a c c o rd in g to H aas (24).

At th e sam e

tim e , la rg e am o u n ts of c h lo rid e s have been found to d e c re a s e the to ta l
sum of c a rb o h y d ra te s in p o tato le a v e s, a c c o rd in g to B aslav sk aja (1)
and th u s m ay have been a s s o c ia te d with a lo w ered content of chlorophyll
p e r unit le a f a r e a and w eakened photosynthetic activity.

12

M ATERIALS AND METHODS

T o o b tain co m b in atio n s of n u trie n t so lu tio n s w ith d iffe re n t
am o u n ts of an io n s, th e s ta n d a rd so lu tio n of H oagland (27) w as ta k e n a s
a b a s is .

T h e am o u n ts o f c a tio n s (p o ta ssiu m , calciu m , and m agnesium )

an d m in o r e le m e n ts w e re kept c o n sta n t.

A nions w e re v a r ie d w ithout

a lte r in g th e c a tio n co n ten t by u sin g d iffe re n t am o u n ts of v a rio u s c h e m i­
c a ls co n tain in g th e an io n s involved (Appendix T a b le 1).
fe re n t so lu tio n s (T ab le

1)

E ig h teen d if­

w e re o btained by d isso lv in g th e c h e m ic a ls in

d is tille d w a te r, u sin g only C. P 0 g ra d e c h e m ic a ls.

S o lu -b rid g e (conduc­

tiv ity ) re a d in g s w e re ta k e n on each so lu tio n w ith S o lu -b rid g e (m odel
D R -15).

pH w as m e a s u re d w ith B eckm an pH m e te r, m odel G,
S eventy-tw o o n e - y e a r- o ld so u r c h e r r y t r e e s (Prunus

c e r a s u s L. v a r. M ontm orency) budded on P ru n u s M ahaleb ro o ts to c k s w e re
chosen.

T h e t r e e s w e re p ru n e d u n ifo rm ly and divided in fo u r s iz e g ro u p s

a c c o rd in g to th e w eight a f te r p ru n in g .

T r e e s w ith ap p ro x im a te ly th e sam e

w eight w e re put in th e sa m e re p lic a te , th u s m aking four r e p lic a te s fo r
e a c h tre a tm e n t.

T h e a v e ra g e g re e n and d ry w eights of fo u r re p re s e n ta tiv e

t r e e s w e re o btained, and th e p e r cent of d ry m a tte r c a lc u la te d w as u sed
l a t e r to c a lc u la te d ry weight at p la n tin g tim e .

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Note: Cation concentrations (ppm) were: potassium - 234, calcium - 200,
magnesium - 48 Minor element concentrations (ppm) were: iron - 1.0,
manganese - 0 5, copper - 0. 2, boron - 0. 5, and zinc - 0. 5
N - supplied as NO-' and NH^+; P as P0| (Appendix Table 1) =

Treatment Numbers, Chloride, Sulfate, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Carbonate Content (Ppm),
pH, and Solu-bridge (Conductivity) Readings of Nutrient Solutions.

13

14

T h e t r e e s w e re p la n te d in
on Ja n u a ry 13, 14 and 15.

12

-in c h p o ts in th e g reen h o u se

T h e p o ts w ere p re v io u sly p a in te d in sid e with

an a sp h a lt p ain t in o r d e r to avoid any p o s s ib le ro o t contact w ith the
s u rfa c e of th e c la y p o ts.

C o a rs e sand w as u s e d a s th e grow ing m edia.

T h e p o ts and t r e e s w e re n u m b ered and a rra n g e d in r a n ­
d o m ize d b lo ck s on two g re e n h o u se benches.
q u a rt of so lu tio n e v e ry seco n d day.

E ach plant re c e iv e d one

L a te r, when grow th w as v ig o ro u s,

and th e day te m p e r a tu re w as h ig her, each p lan t w as given one q u art
of so lu tio n d aily
T h e t r e e s w e re h a rv e s te d on M ay 21, 23 and 24.

L in e a r

grow th, d ry w eight of le a v e s, sh oots, ro o ts , and tru n k w as obtained,
and th e to ta l in c r e a s e in d ry w eight w as calc u la te d .

F ib ro u s ro o ts

w e re s e p a ra te d fro m th e ro o t sy ste m and p r e p a re d fo r a n a ly s is .
L e av es an d fib ro u s ro o ts fro m each tr e e w e re an aly zed
c h e m ic a lly in th e la b o r a to rie s of A g ric u ltu ra l C h e m istry D ep artm en t.
N itro g en w as d e te rm in e d by th e K jeldahl m ethod, p o ta ssiu m by flam e
p h o to m e te r, and c h lo rin e a c c o rd in g to a m odified m ethod by S am son (47).
P h o sp h o ru s, c a lc iu m , m ag n esiu m , m anganese, iro n , zinc, and boron
w e re d e te rm in e d s p e c tro g ra p h ic a lly

S ulfur w as d e te rm in e d g ra v i-

m e tric a lly fo r t r e e s in c e r ta in tre a tm e n ts a c c o rd in g to A. O A. C
m eth o d s.

(42)

15

RESULTS
G e n e ra l R esp o n ses

L in e a r grow th, w eight of le a v e s , w eight of sh oots, w eight
of fib ro u s ro o ts , an d in c r e a s e in d ry w eight a s in flu en ced by th e v a rio u s
tr e a tm e n ts a r e p r e s e n te d in T a b le 2.

S ta tis tic a l a n a ly s is show ed th a t

th e r e w e re sig n ific an t d iffe re n c e s b etw een tr e a tm e n ts fo r a ll m e a s u r e ­
m e n ts of grow th.
I n c re a s e in d ry w eight v a r ie d fro m 17, 76 g ra m s to 125. 30
g ra m s p e r tre e .
cm . p e r tr e e .

T h e le n g th of shoot grow th v a r ie d fro m 57. 3 cm . to 319*

8

S im ila r v a ria tio n s w e re found fo r d ry w eight of le a v e s ,

sh o o ts, and fib ro u s ro o ts .
R e s u lts of th e c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is of le a v e s a r e p r e s e n te d in
T a b le 3.

All e le m e n ts, except b o ro n and co p p er, show ed s ta tis tic a lly

sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s , depending on th e anion tre a tm e n ts .
L e a f a n a ly s is fo r n itro g e n and p o ta ss iu m r e s u lte d in v a lu e s
c o n s id e ra b ly above th o se found u n d er fie ld conditions.

A lthough th e r e

w e re no v a ria tio n s in th e c o n c e n tra tio n of p o ta ssiu m , calciu m , m ag n esiu m ,
an d o th e r ca tio n s, le a f a n a ly s e s fo r th e s e e le m e n ts show ed la r g e v a r i a ­
tio n s b etw een tr e a tm e n ts .
found fo r c h lo rin e .

T h e g r e a te s t v a ria tio n in le a f co m p o sitio n w as

16

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17

Treatment Numbers and Composition of Cherry L eaves

S
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18

T h e c h e m ic a l co m p o sitio n of fib ro u s ro o ts is shown in
T a b le 4.

S ulfur v a lu e s w e re not d eterm in e d .

All e le m e n ts show ed

s ta tis tic a lly sig n ifican t d iffe re n c e s .
Root co m p o sitio n w as affe c te d le s s th an le a f c o m p o si­
tio n by th e v a ria tio n in th e supply of anions.

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siu m , m an g an ese, zin c, and co p p er content of th e ro o ts w e re
c o m p a ra b le to le a f c o n ten ts.

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iro n w e re c o n s id e ra b ly h ig h er in ro o ts th an in le a v e s, but le s s
v a r ia b le in th e ro o ts .

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20

In flu en ce of Sulfate C o n cen tratio n
G row th
A c e r ta in am ount of s u lfa te a p p e a re d to be n e c e s s a r y fo r
m ax im u m in c r e a s e in d ry w eight (T able 5)* W hen no su lfate w as u sed
a ll m e a s u re m e n ts of gro w th w as sig n ific a n tly lo w er than th at obtained
fro m a so lu tio n co n tain in g 190 ppm of su lfate,

A foliage sym ptom d e ­

v e lo p ed and le a v e s a b s c is s e d when no su lfate w as u se d (F ig u re 1),

In ­

c r e a s in g th e le v e l of su lfa te up to 480 ppm d e c re a s e d grow th; how ever,
th e d e c r e a s e w as not sig n ifican t.

A p ro n o u n ced re d u ctio n of grow th

o c c u r r e d when th e su lfa te c o n c e n tra tio n of th e n u trie n t so lution w as in ­
c r e a s e d to 672 ppm (F ig u re 2)

L e af C o m position
T a b le

6

show s th e influence of in c re a s in g th e su lfate content

of n u trie n t so lu tio n s upon th e c h em ical co m p o sitio n of th e le a v e s.

N itrogen

and p h o sp h o ru s le v e ls did not change a p p reciab ly , although th e r e w as a
ten d en cy to have h ig h e r le v e ls of th e s e e le m e n ts w ith in c re a s in g am ounts
of su lfa te.

Since no c h lo rid e w as applied, only tr a c e s of th is elem en t

w e re p r e s e n t, except fo r tre a tm e n t 9-

T he le a v e s fro m th is tre a tm e n t

w e re found to contain an unusual am ount of c h lo rin e ( 1 . 13 p e r cent)

Influence of Sulfate Concentrations in Nutrient Solutions upon the Growth of M ontm orency
Cherry T re e s.

21

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Relationship of Sulfate Concentration in Nutrient Solution to Chemical Composition of M ontm orency
Cherry Leaves.

22

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F ig u re 1 , S u lfu r d e fic ie n c y on M o n tm o ren cy c h e r r y t r e e s .
(S ulfur c o n ten t of le a v e s 0. 13 p e r cent)

F ig u re 2. G ro w th in r e la tio n to s u lfa te content of th e n u trie n t
so lu tio n s. (On left, 190 ppm s u lfa te ; on rig h t, 672 ppm
su lfate).

25

S ince th e p henom enon co u ld not be explained, th e data w e re o m itted .
T h e s u lfu r con ten t of th e le a v e s w as p ro p o rtio n a l to th e su lfate lev el
of th e n u trie n t solu tio n .

S ulfate le v e ls of 480 and 672 ppm r e s u lte d

in a sig n ific a n t in c r e a s e in th e su lfu r content of th e le a v e s .

P o tassiu m

le v e ls te n d e d to d e c r e a s e w ith in c r e a s in g le v e ls of su lfate.

C alcium

content of th e le a v e s d e c lin e d sig n ific a n tly w ith in c re a s in g su lfate in
th e n u trie n t so lu tio n s.

A lso, th e m ag n esiu m content of the le a v e s w as

re d u c e d sig n ific a n tly w ith th e h ig h e r le v e ls of su lfate.

Iro n and m a n ­

g a n e se v a lu e s show ed no re la tio n s h ip to su lfate ion c o n cen tratio n and
no sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s w e re found.

T he zinc a n a ly se s w e re s ig n i­

fic a n tly lo w e r fo r so lu tio n s co n tain in g la r g e r am ounts of su lfate.

Root C om po sitio n
T a b le 7 show s th a t in c re a s in g the am ount of su lfate in th e
so lu tio n s did not affect th e n itro g e n content of ro o ts ,

T h e p h o sp h o ru s

con ten t of ro o ts fro m t r e e s re c e iv in g th e high lev el of su lfate contained
sig n ific a n tly l e s s p h o sp h o ru s th an w h ere no su lfa te s w e re used.

C h lo rin e

w as p r e s e n t in u n ifo rm am o u n ts, although h ig h er th an found in th e le a v e s
L e a f p o ta s s iu m w as h ig h est w ith 190 ppm of sulfate, and w as sig n ifican tly
h ig h e r th a n fo r th e o th e r c o n c e n tra tio n s of su lfate.

C alcium and m a g n e s ­

ium content of th e ro o ts d e clin ed sig n ifican tly with in c re a s in g concen-

26

The Chemical Composition of Fibrous Roots from
Sulfate Concentration in the Nutrient Solutions.

Montmorency Cherry Trees in Relation to

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tr a tio n s of su lfa te .

T h e tre a tm e n t u sin g 480 ppm of su lfate r e s u lte d

in sig n ific a n tly h ig h e r m an g a n ese v alu es th an found fo r th e o th e r s u l­
fa te c o n c e n tra tio n s.

T h e m a n g a n ese content of th e ro o ts w as s ig n ifi­

c a n tly re d u c e d with th e use of 672 ppm of su lfa te in th e solution.

T he

b o ro n co n ten t of th e ro o ts w as in c r e a s e d w ith m edium co n c e n tra tio n s
of su lfate, but h ig h e r c o n c e n tra tio n s of su lfate re s u lte d in a lev el of
b o ro n c o m p a ra b le to that found when the sulution contained no su lfa te s
High s u lfa te (672 ppm ) c a u se d a sig n ifican t d e c re a s e in th e zinc
content of th e ro o ts .

T h e c o p p er content of the ro o ts w as s ig n ifi­

c a n tly in c r e a s e d with h ig h e r c o n c e n tra tio n s of sulfate.

Also, the

c o p p e r conten t w as h ig h er fo r th e solution con tain in g 480 ppm of s u l­
fa te th an fo r th e so lu tio n s co n tain in g 672 ppm of sulfate.

28

In flu en ce of C h lo rid e C o n ce n tratio n

G ro w th
A m o d e ra te ly high le v e l o f c h lo rid e (247 ppm ) did not have
an y in flu e n c e upon g ro w th (T ab le

8 )-

I n c re a s in g th e c h lo rid e content of

th e n u trie n t so lu tio n to a c o n c e n tra tio n of 671 ppm sig n ific a n tly re d u c e d
a ll m e a s u re m e n ts of g ro w th (F ig u re 3) w ith som e c h lo rid e in ju ry o c c u r ­
r in g w hen th e so lu tio n c o n tain ed 671 ppm of ch lo rid e .

L e a f C o m p o sitio n
L e a f n itro g e n , p h o sp h o ru s, and c h lo rin e le v e ls in c r e a s e d
s ig n ific a n tly w ith in c r e a s in g am ount of c h lo rid e in n u trie n t solutions, a s
show n in T a b le 9.

T h e re w as a n o n -sig n ific a n t in c r e a s e in th e su lfu r

co n ten t o f th e le a v e s w ith in c r e a s e d c h lo rin e co n ten ts.

P o tassiu m le v e ls

d e c r e a s e d as th e c h lo rin e c o n c e n tra tio n in c re a s e d , and th e d ifferen ce
b etw een th e tw o e x tre m e s (671 and 0. 0 ppm of ch lo rid e) w as highly s ig ­
n ifica n t

C alciu m le v e l s h a rp ly d e c re a s e d w hen th e c h lo rid e lev el w as

in c r e a s e d fro m 0. 0 to 247 ppm , but in c r e a s e d ag ain w ith h ig h er co n cen ­
tr a tio n s of c h lo rid e .

T h e s e ch anges w e re sig n ifican t.

M agnesium , a l ­

though not sig n ific a n tly influenced, follow ed th e sa m e tr e n d a s shown
fo r c a lc iu m .

Iro n an d z in c content of th e le a v e s show ed no sig n ifican t

29

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Influence of Chloride Concentrations in Nutrient Solutions upon the Growth of M ontm orency
Cherry T re e s,

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F ig u re 3, C h lo rid e in ju ry to M ontm onency c h e r r y t r e e s .
L eft, grow th r e s u ltin g fro m 671 ppm ch lo rid e ;
R ight, v is ib le sy m p to m s of c h lo rid e in ju ry . C h lo rid e
con ten t of le a v e s 1 236 p e r cent.

32

d iffe re n c e s r e s u ltin g fro m th e v a rio u s c o n c e n tra tio n s of c h lo rid e .
H ig h er c o n c e n tra tio n s of c h lo rid e sig n ific a n tly in c r e a s e m an g an ese
in th e le a v e s .

R oot C o m p o sitio n
N itro g e n in th e ro o ts (T able
w ith th e h ig h e r c h lo rid e tr e a tm e n ts .

10)

had th e h ig h est v alu e s

T h e r e w as a sig n ifican t in ­

c r e a s e in th e n itro g e n p e rc e n ta g e when th e c h lo rid e w as in c re a s e d
fro m 247 to 671 ppm .
c h lo rid e .

P h o sp h o ru s w as h ig h est w h ere th e r e w as no

W ith a m o d e ra te ly high c h lo rid e lev el (247 ppm ), th e p h o s ­

p h o ru s co n ten t d e c r e a s e d sig n ifican tly .

F u r th e r in c r e a s e s of ch lo rid e

p ro d u c e d slig h t, n o n -sig n ific a n t in c r e a s e s in p h o sp h o ru s q u an tities,
but th e p h o sp h o ru s content w as lo w er th an th a t found when th e solution
c o n ta in e d no chlorides..

P o ta ssiu m and m ag n esiu m in th e ro o ts a p p e a re d

to be re d u c e d w ith th e h ig h est le v e l of c h lo rid e in th e solution.

In c re a s­

in g a m o u n ts of c h lo rid e in th e so lu tio n sig n ifican tly re d u c e d the calciu m
co n ten t of th e ro o ts .

M an g an ese content d e c re a s e d sig n ific a n tly w ith

th e h ig h e r (672 ppm ) c h lo rid e le v e l in th e solution.

C opper content of

th e ro o ts in c re a s e d , an d z in c content of th e ro o ts d e c re a s e d w ith in ­
c r e a s in g am o u n ts of c h lo rid e in th e so lu tio n s.
affec ted .

Boron lev el w as not

33

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The Chemical Composition of Fibrous Roots from Montmorency Cherry Trees in Relation to
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Influence of Sulfate-Chloride Combinations
Growth
T a b le

11

show s th a t c h lo rid e an d su lfate content of n u trie n t

so lu tio n s m a y be v a r ie d to a c o n s id e ra b le ex ten t w ithout too m uch in flu ­
en ce upon gro w th .

A s shown in T a b le 5, an in c r e a s e in su lfa te co n cen ­

t r a tio n fro m 190 to 480 ppm d e c r e a s e d grow th.

T h e addition of 177 ppm

o f c h lo rid e to a so lu tio n co n ta in in g 432 ppm of su lfate (as c o m p a re d to
480) r e s u lte d in sig n ific a n tly l e s s in c r e a s e in d ry w eight, but c o m p a r­
a b le te r m in a l g r o w th .

W hen s u lfa te w as kept a t 432 ppm , but

c h lo rid e in c r e a s e d fro m 177 to 350 ppm , th e r e w as ag ain a sig n ifican t
re d u c tio n of grow th.

F u r th e r m o d e ra te v a ria tio n s of c h lo rid e and s u l­

fa te in tr e a tm e n ts 4, 5,

6

and 7 r e s u lte d in grow th c o m p a ra b le to th a t

o b ta in e d fro m 350 ppm of ch lo rid e .

L e a f C o m p o sitio n
L e a f co m p o sitio n , in re la tio n to v a rio u s com b in atio n s of
s u lfa te s w ith c h lo rid e s , i s p r e s e n te d in T a b le 12.

When s u lfa te s w e re

m a in ta in e d a t a low le v e l, an d c h lo rid e s in c re a s e d , th e r e w as an in c r e a s e
in n itro g e n , p h o sp h o ru s, c h lo rin e , calciu m , m ag n esiu m , iro n and m a n ­
g a n ese, but a d e c r e a s e in p o ta s s iu m .

An in c r e a s e in c h lo rin e , calciu m ,

Influence of Sulfate-Chloride Combinations in Nutrient Solutions upon the Growth of M ontm orency
Cherry T re e s .

35

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37

magnesium and manganese, but a decrease in potassium and iron oc­
curred when sulfates were at a moderate level, and chlorides were in­
creased. Maintaining a moderate level of chlorides, and increasing
the concentrations of sulfates in the solution resulted in only minor
changes in leaf composition, except for an increase in manganese.
Root Composition
The effects of various combinations of sulfates with chlor­
ides in the solutions upon root composition (Table 13) were in some
respects similar to the effects of anions when varied separately. An
increase in the concentration of chlorides with a low level of sulfates
resulted in an increase in nitrogen, chlorine and copper, while potassium,
calcium, magnesium, manganese and zinc decreased. With a moderate
level of sulfates, an increase in chloride concentration resulted in a de­
crease in potassium, an increase in copper, and no significant changes
for the other elements. When the concentration of chlorides was main­
tained at a moderate level, and sulfates increased, there was a decrease
in potassium and manganese, but no significant effect upon the other
elements.

38

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39

Influence of Sulfate-Nitrogen and Chloride-Nitrogen Combinations
Growth
High nitrogen (630 ppm) content in nutrient solutions did
not relieve the detrimental effect of high chloride (671 ppm), or high
sulfate (672 ppm) concentrations. Table 14 shows that when nitrogen
was increased from 210 to 630 ppm the growth was not changed signi­
ficantly. High sulfate and high nitrogen decreased the growth more
than high chloride and high nitrogen, When nitrogen was increased in
the presence of high chlorides there was a slight increase in length of
shoots, weight of leaves, and weight of shoots, but a decrease in
weight of fibrous roots and total increase in dry weight. Increasing
the nitrogen level in the presence of high sulfates resulted in a
slight increase in length of shoots, and a decrease in all other growth
measurements with fibrous roots being reduced significantly, Figs. 4 and 5.
Leaf Composition
High nitrogen content in solution, together with high sul­
fate, given in Table 15, significantly increased the nitrogen and calcium
levels in leaves, The same trend was apparent with phosphorus, mag­
nesium, iron, manganese, and zinc. However, the potassium level was
decreased slightly.

Influence of Sulfate-Nitrogen, and Chloride-Nitrogen Combinations in Nutrient Solutions upon the
Growth of Montmorency Cherry T re e s

40

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41

Relationship of Sulfate-Nitrogen and Chloride-Nitrogen Combinations in Nutrient Solutions
to Chemical Composition of Montmorency Cherry Leaves.

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content of nutrient solutions in the presence of high
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Right, 630 ppm nitrogen.

Figure 5» Terminal growth in relation to increasing nitrogen
content of nutrient solutions in the presence of high sul­
fate supply (672 ppm). Left, 210 ppm nitrogen;
Right, 630 ppm nitrogen.

44

When th e sa m e c o n c e n tra tio n of n itro g e n w as com bined
w ith high c h lo rid e , n itro g e n show ed a sig n ifican t in c re a s e , w hile
c h lo rin e an d c a lc iu m d e c r e a s e d sig n ifican tly .

P hosphorus, m anganese,

an d zin c w e re in c r e a s e d slig h tly , but p o ta ss iu m and m ag n esiu m v alu es
re m a in e d a lm o st co n sta n t.

Root C o m p o sitio n
W hen th e n itro g e n c o n c e n tra tio n w as in c r e a s e d in the
p r e s e n c e of high c o n c e n tra tio n s of e ith e r c h lo rid e s o r s u lfa te s (T able
16)

th e r e w as a sig n ifican t in c r e a s e in root n itro g e n and iro n , and a

d e c r e a s e in ro o t p o ta ss iu m .

T h e com bination of high n itro g e n w ith

high c h lo rid e s sig n ific a n tly d e c re a s e d the c h lo rin e content of th e ro o ts.
T h e in c r e a s e in n itro g e n content w ith e ith e r high c h lo rid e s o r high
s u lfa te s r e s u lte d in a slig h t in c r e a s e in p h o sp h o ru s, calciu m and co p p er
content of th e ro o ts .

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tr e a tm e n ts , but a lso w e re lo w er than in tre a tm e n t 1.

M anganese lev el

w as sig n ific a n tly h ig h e r in tre a tm e n ts which had little o r no su lfate or
c h lo rid e .
and zinc.

It w as difficult to d etect any p a tte rn in th e uptake of boron

45

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46

Influence of Sulfate-Phosphorus and Chloride-Phosphorus Combinations
Growth
With 480 ppm of sulfate in solution (Table 17) growth
(as measured by weight) was noticeably decreased by increases of
phosphorus content from 31 to 150 ppm. However, the increase in
phosphorus significantly increased linear growth. This was evident
also with combinations of chloride and phosphorus. A decrease of chlor­
ide from 247 to 140 ppm coupled with an increase in the phosphorus con­
centration from 31 to 338 ppm significantly decreased all measurements
of growth. Further increases in the concentration of chloride and phos­
phorus resulted in a noticeable, but non-significant additional decrease.
Leaf Composition
Calcium, phosphorus, and manganese contents of leaves
(Table 18) increased significantly when the phosphorus level was raised
from 31 to 150 ppm, while the sulfate concentration was kept at 480 ppm.
The other elements increased slightly when the phosphorus concentration
was increased.
There was a significant increase in nitrogen, and a signifi­
cant decrease in calcium content of the leaves with increasing amounts

47

Influence of Sulfate-Phosphorus, and Chloride-Phosphorus Combinations in Nutrient Solutions
upon the Growth of Montmorency Cherry T re e s.

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49

of p h o s p h o ru s in th e so lu tio n s co n tain in g c h lo rid e s.

U nder th e sam e

c o n d itio n s, p o ta s s iu m , m a g n e siu m and iro n d eclin ed slig h tly , but m a n ­
g a n e s e a n d z in c le v e ls re m a in e d a lm o st co n sta n t.

C h lo rid e uptake w as

h in d e re d by h igh p h o sp h o ru s.

R oot C o m p o sitio n
T a b le 19 show s th a t an in c r e a s e of p h o sp h o ru s fro m 31 to

-

150 p pm w ith 480 ppm o f su lfa te in th e so lu tio n c a u s e d a sig n ifican t r is e
in p h o sp h o ru s co n ten t of th e ro o ts , but only an in c o n sid e ra b le in c r e a s e
in ro o t n itro g e n le v e ls .

At th e sa m e tim e , th e zin c and m an g an ese le v e ls

w e re re d u c e d sig n ific an tly .

C h lo rin e, p o ta ssiu m , calciu m and m an g an ­

e s e c o n te n ts a ls o w e re re d u c e d .

M agnesium , iro n , copper and b o ro n

le v e ls d id not change.
W ith m edium high le v e ls of c h lo rid e (140 to 327 ppm ) an in ­
c r e a s e o f p h o sp h o ru s in th e so lu tio n s brought about v e ry sig n ifican t in c r e a s e s
of n itro g e n , p h o sp h o ru s an d b o ro n p e rc e n ta g e s .

C h lo rin e, calciu m , m a g n e s ­

iu m , an d m a n g a n e se le v e ls d e c r e a s e d v e ry sig n ifican tly ; iro n d e c re a s e d
slig h tly ; but c o p p e r and zin c did not change to any g re a t extent.

An in c r e a s e

in th e c h lo rid e c o n c e n tra tio n a p p e a re d to h in d er th e ab so rp tio n of p h o sp h o ru s
fro m so lu tio n s h av in g a high p h o sp h o ru s co n cen tratio n .

50

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In flu en ce o f S u lfa te -C a rb o n a te an d C h lo rid e -C a rb o n a te C om binations

G ro w th
S u b stitu tio n o f s u lfa te by c a rb o n a te in th e p r e s e n c e of c h lo rid e
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20

).

H ow ever, th e r e w as a

tr e n d show ing th a t su lfa te in m o d e ra te am ounts (192 ppm ) w as le s s b e n e ­
f ic ia l th a n 180 p p m o f c a rb o n a te .

C arb o n ate added to n u trie n t so lu tio n s

c o n ta in in g m o d e ra te ly high (432 to 480 ppm ) of su lfate p ro d u c e d a slight,
n o n -sig n ific a n t in c r e a s e in g ro w th a s m e a s u re d by in c r e a s e in d ry w eight,
le n g th of grow th, an d w eight of fib ro u s ro o ts .

L e a f C o m p o sitio n
S u b stitu tio n of su lfa te by c a rb o n a te at m edium high co n cen ­
tr a tio n s of c h lo rid e (T ab le 21) d id not change th e le a f co m position n o tic e ­
ably, ex cep t fo r a sig n ific an t d e c re a s e in m an g an ese.

T h e addition of

c a rb o n a te to a m o d e ra te ly high le v e l (432 to 480 ppm ) of su lfate c a u se d
a sig n ific a n t in c r e a s e in p o ta s s iu m uptake.

Root C o m p o sitio n
S ulfate re p la c e m e n t by c a rb o n a te at a m o d e ra te ly high
c h lo rid e c o n c e n tra tio n in so lu tio n did not change th e co m p o sitio n of ro o ts

52

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The Chemical Composition of Fibrous Roots from Montmorency Cherry Trees in R elation
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55

ex cep t fo r a sig n ific a n t in c r e a s e in calc iu m and m an g an ese (T able
22),

C a rb o n a te ad d itio n s to so lu tio n s con tain in g m o d e ra te ly high s u l­

fa te did not change th e n itro g e n , p h o sp h o ru s, ch lo rin e , m agnesium ,
m an g a n ese,
c a lc iu m ,

co p p er,

and b o ro n co n ten ts of th e ro o ts .

P o tassiu m ,

and iro n show ed sig n ifican t in c r e a s e when 150 ppm of c a r ­

b o n ate w as ad d ed to th e so lu tio n containing m o d e ra te ly high co n cen ­
tr a tio n s of su lfa te s .

56

DISCUSSION

In c re a s in g th e su p p ly of c e r ta in anions (ch lo rid e, su lfate,
p h o s p h o ru s , n itro g e n and carb o n ate) had a sig n ifican t effect upon grow th
a s m e a s u r e d by in c r e a s e in d ry w eight of th e tr e e , len g th of te rm in a l
grow th, an d w eight of le a v e s , sh o o ts and fib ro u s ro o ts .

W hen th e supply

of th e s e an io n s ( p a rtic u la r ly c h lo rid e and sulfate) w as in c r e a s e d to a
hig h le v e l, a p p a re n t to x ic ity developed a s in d ic a te d by a d e p re ss io n of
grow th.

H ow ever, th e only v isib le sym p to m s th at developed w e re fo r

c h lo rin e e x c e s s an d s u lfu r d eficien cy
T h e sy m p to m s fo r c h lo rin e e x c e s s w e re not p re s e n t in a ll
tr e a tm e n ts re c e iv in g th e h ig h est c o n c e n tra tio n s o f ch lo rid e .
T r e e s of tre a tm e n t

8

, w ith 671 ppm of c h lo rid e in th e

n u trie n t so lu tio n show ed le a f b u rn ty p ic a l to c h lo rid e in ju ry .

T he le a v e s

show ed tip an d m a rg in a l burning, and th e r e w as som e a b s c iss io n .

T h is

d e s c rip tio n a g r e e s w ith th e one given by H ayw ard and Long (26).
T h e c h e r r y le a v e s fro m tre a tm e n t

8

show ed a c o m p a ra tiv e ly

low p o ta ss iu m (2. 08 p e r cent) and a r a th e r high (3. 42 p e r cent) calciu m
v a lu e a s c o m p a re d w ith

1

c a lc iu m in tre a tm e n t

th e ch eck tre a tm e n t, w hich a lso show ed the

1,

, 91 p e r cent p o ta ssiu m , and 1.18 p e r cent of

h ig h est in c r e a s e in d ry w eight.

B o resh (3) found that c h lo rid e f e r tiliz e r s

57

fre q u e n tly c a u s e c u r r a n t le a v e s to show b lig h tin g at th e edges re se m b lin g
a sy m p to m o f p o ta s s iu m d eficiency.

He th e o riz e d f u rth e r th at th e p o ta s ­

siu m co n ten t m ay be p r e s e n t fo r n o rm a l re q u ire m e n ts , but not su fficien t
to co m b in e w ith a ll th e c h lo rin e in th e leav es.

A cco rd in g to him the

e x c e s s c h lo rin e is co m b in ed w ith calciu m , and an antagonism betw een
p o ta s s iu m an d c a lc iu m p ro d u c e s th e sym ptom s of p o ta ssiu m deficiency.
H ow ever, a l a t e r w ork by S id e ris and Young (49) gives a
m o re p la u s ib le th e o r y about c h lo rid e to x ic ity and p o ta ssiu m deficiency
in p la n ts.

T h e y co n clu d e th at th e te rm in a l le a f n e c r o s is of pin eap p le

p la n ts i s a ffe c te d by changes in th e m etab o lic conditions of the tis s u e s
r e s u ltin g fro m high c h lo rid e c o n c e n tra tio n s in a s so c ia tio n w ith p o ta ssiu m
d eficien cy .

P in eap p le p la n ts am ply su p p lied w ith p o ta ssiu m , even in

th e p r e s e n c e of r e la tiv e ly g re a t ch lo rid e co n c e n tra tio n s, faile d to d e ­
velop le a f n e c r o s is .

T h e ch em ical d iffe re n c e s in le a f tis s u e co m p o si­

tio n b etw een p la n ts w ith am p le, and w ith deficient p o ta ssiu m , a r e m ainly
in th e c o n c e n tra tio n s of p o ly s a c c h a r id e - - s ta r c h and s u g a rs .

It is p o s ­

s ib le th at s ta r c h and s u g a rs p ro d u ced w ith am ple p o ta ssiu m in c re a s e
th e to le ra n c e of th e c e lls to high c h lo rid e c o n c e n tra tio n s
F ro m th is d isc u s s io n and th e data of ch em ical a n a ly sis of
\

c h e r r y le a v e s and ro o ts an a p p ro ach m ay be c h a rte d how to o v erco m e
c h lo rid e to x ic ity , o r th e a p p a re n t p o ta ss iu m d eficiency

P o tassiu m

58

c h lo rid e w ould have to be av o id ed b e c a u se of its double actio n in p r e ­
v e n tin g th e uptake of p o ta s s iu m and in c re a s in g th e le v e ls of ch lo rin e
in p la n t t i s s u e s .

In s te a d of p o ta ssiu m c h lo rid e , su lfate o r carb o n a te

of p o ta s h m ay be p r e f e r r e d .

In addition, a hig h er lev el of n itro g en and

p h o sp h o ru s a p p e a re d to re d u c e c h lo rin e a b so rp tio n .

M a rsh a ll and U pchurch

(36) s ta te d th a t a m onovalent cation, such a s sodium o r p o ta ssiu m , is m o re
e x te n s iv e ly ta k e n up fro m a so lu tio n of th e b ic a rb o n a te th an from c h lo rid e
o r s u lfa te .

P o ta ssiu m uptake m ay be influ en ced by s e v e ra l fa c to rs as

given by P i e r r e and Bower (45).
A lso th e sy m p to m s fo r su lfu r d eficien cy w ere not p re s e n t
in a ll tr e a tm e n ts re c e iv in g no su lfate.
y ello w in g of le a v e s.

P lants of th e tre a tm e n t 10 exhibited

Since th is tre a tm e n t did not include any su lfate ,

th e r e w e re in d ic a tio n s th a t th is m ay be th e a p p e a ra n c e of su lfu r deficiency.
T h e m id r i b s of th e le a v e s began to show yellow ing, w hich s p re a d fu rth e r
alo n g th e m id rib and v ein s.

M any of th e le a v e s dropped e a r lie r , a s

c o m p a re d w ith th e t r e e s fro m o th er tre a tm e n ts
S ym ptom s s im ila r to th e s e w ere o b s e rv e d by Chapm an and
Brown (7) on c itr u s .

T h e y a lso found a ten d en cy for th e m id rib to be a

little m o re yellow th an th e m eso phyll tis s u e s .

When th e le a v e s aged,

th e m id rib s on m any w e re m o re yellow than the r e s t of the le a f
n o tic e d p r e m a tu r e d ro p p in g of the su lfu r deficient leav es.

They

V ery s im ila r

59

p h en o m en a w e re o b s e rv e d by M cM u rtre y (38) on s u lfu r-d e fic ie n t tobacco
p la n ts , an d by E rg le (18) on s u lfu r-d e fic ie n t cotton p la n ts.
T h e le a v e s fro m tre a tm e n t
fu r an d w as th e lo w est of a ll tre a tm e n ts .

10

con tain ed 0 .1 3 p e r cent s u l­

T h is am ount would ap p e a r to

be som ew hat low if T h o m a s and o th e rs (50) w ork is consulted.

T hey

found th a t th e o rg a n ic s u lfu r content of le a v e s w as u su a lly betw een
an d 0 4 p e r cen t, th e lo w e r ran g e in d icatin g su lfu r deficiency.

0

.2

T he

m eth o d s u se d in th is study did not p e r m it th e ev alu atio n of o rg an ic s u l­
fu r, th e r e fo r e , th e fig u re s a r e not s tr ic tly c o m p arab le
s u lfu r co n ten t of th e le a v e s fro m tre a tm e n t

10

H ow ever, the

would in d icate su lfu r

d e ficien c y
M o reo v er, K re ts c h m e r and o th e rs (30) in d icated that
v a ria tio n in S0 ^ content of s u b s tra te had little effect of SO^ content in
p la n ts.

T h is g iv e s f u rth e r evidence that th e lim it betw een high and low

s u lfu r content is r a th e r n a rro w .

A som ew hat w id er ran g e in su lfu r co n ­

ten t w as found fo r th e c h e r r y le a v e s p ro d u ced in th is study, and the
SO4 con ten t of th e s u b s tr a te had a m ark ed effect upon th e su lfu r content
of th e le a v e s .

M a rs h (35) found only fro m 0. 22 to 0. 48 p e r cent

of s u lfu r in ap p le le a v e s .
It is in te re s tin g to note that tre a tm e n ts 3 and
any su lfa te applied, and did not show v is ib le d efic ie n c ie s.

8

did not have

T h e ch em ical

60

a n a ly s is show ed s lig h tly h ig h e r p e r cent o f su lfu r in th e s e tre a tm e n ts
th a n in tr e a tm e n t

10

;. how ever, th e d iffe re n c e s w e re not sig n ifican t.

It m a y be su g g e ste d th a t h ig h e r am ounts of c h lo rid e in th e solution m ay
have c a u s e d a g r e a te r uptake and u tiliz a tio n of th e av ailab le su lfu r o r
m a y have m a sk e d th e v is ib le sy m p to m s of s u lfu r deficiency^

At th e

s a m e tim e , th e r e is ev id en ce of a c o n sid e ra b le in c r e a s e in pho sp h o ru s
w hich in c r e a s e d fro m 0. 15 p e r cent in tre a tm e n t 10 to 0 53 p e r cent in
tr e a tm e n t

8

. As th e c h lo rid e content w as in c r e a s e d in solutions not

co n ta in in g s u lfa te s , th e a b so rp tio n of o th e r n u trie n ts a lso v aried .
In g e n e ra l, th e a b so rp tio n of v a rio u s anions, m e a s u re d
a s le a f and fib ro u s ro o t com p o sition, w as p ro p o rtio n a l to th e supply.
C e rta in in te ra c tiv e e ffe c ts w e re d etected .

T he c h lo rin e and su lfu r c o n ­

te n t of le a v e s and ro o ts w as re d u c e d when th e supply of n itro g en and
p h o sp h o ru s w as in c re a s e d .

T h e supply of su lfate, how ever, did not

have any in flu en ce upon th e a b so rp tio n of ch lo rin e .
w as not a ffe c te d by th e p r e s e n c e of ch lo rid e .

Sulfate ab so rp tio n

T he p r e s e n c e of high c o n ­

c e n tra tio n s of SO4 ” and C l” a p p e a re d to in c re a s e the a b so rp tio n of n itro g e n fro m
so lu tio n s c o n tain in g la r g e am o u nts of n itro g en .

H ow ever, n itro g en a b ­

so rp tio n w as fa v o re d by th e p r e s e n c e of la rg e q u an tities of c h lo rid e and
p h o sp h o ru s in co m b in atio n .

T h e p r e s e n c e of la rg e q u an tities of ch lo rid e

and n itro g e n in co m b in atio n a p p e a re d to in c r e a s e p h o sp h o ru s ab so rp tio n .

61

High p h o sp h o ru s a p p lic a tio n s in tre a tm e n ts 11, and 12
c a u s e d a s h a rp in c r e a s e in le a f n itro g e n and p h o sp h o ru s, and a d e c re a s e
in c a lc iu m .

T h e sa m e phenom enon is ex h ib ited by th e ro o t a n a ly sis;

th e n itro g e n v a lu e s a r e high, although not e x tre m e ly high if co m p ared
w ith o th e r tr e a tm e n ts ; p h o sp h o ru s v alu e s a r e e x tre m e ly high; calciu m
is am o n g th e lo w est of a ll tre a tm e n ts .

T he t r e e s of th e s e tre a tm e n ts

show ed th e sy m p to m s of n itro g e n d e fic ie n c y --le a f c o lo r w as yellow ish
an d sh o o ts w e re spindly.

T h e high v alu e s of n itro g en and pho sp h o ru s

fro m both le a f and ro o t a n a ly s is in d ic a te d th at th e grow th phenom ena
e x h ib ite d m ay have b e en c a u se d by p h o sp h o ru s to x icity .

T he high n itr o ­

gen co n ten t did not o v e rc o m e th e to x ic effect of p h o sp h o ru s, although the
sy m p to m s r e s e m b le d n itro g e n sh o rta g e .

T h e s e in d icatio n s, re g a rd in g

p h o sp h o ru s and n itro g e n , a r e v e ry w ell in lin e w ith th o se of H am ner
(25) and M u lliso n (40).
Top (w eight of le a v e s and shoots) and fib ro u s root ra tio s
show ed th at e ith e r ro o t g ro w th w as p ro m o ted , o r shoot grow th w as r e ­
ta r d e d by high su lfa te , high ch lo rid e , high p h o sp h o ru s, o r in the t r e a t ­
m e n ts w h e re su lfa te and c h lo rid e w e re of th e sam e co n cen tratio n .
to p -ro o t ra tio of th e s e tr e a tm e n ts v a rie d from 1. 44 to 1. 75.

T he

Top grow th

w as g r e a te r th a n ro o t grow th in tre a tm e n ts that show ed th e best growth.

T h e r a tio fo r th e s e tr e a tm e n ts w as fro m 3. 80 to 3.

11

. High nitrogen,

to g e th e r w ith e ith e r high c h lo rid e o r high sulfate, p ro m o te d top grow th
and r e s u lte d in to p -ro o t r a tio s of
fo r high c h lo rid e and

1

2

. 42 and

, 53 fo r high su lfate.

2

.

99

, a s c o m p a re d to

1

. 62

Low su lfate (tre a tm e n t

1)

o r low c h lo rid e (tre a tm e n t 3) had to p -ro o t r a tio s of 3. 43 and 2 73
A lthough th e catio n content of th e so lu tio n s w as not v a rie d ,
c e r ta in sig n ific an t e ffe c ts upon catio n a b so rp tio n w e re found to be a s s o ­
c ia te d w ith an in c r e a s e d supply of th e v a rio u s anions.

P o tassiu m le v e ls

in le a v e s and ro o ts w e re g e n e ra lly h ig h er w h ere su lfate w as p re s e n t
th a n w h e re c h lo rid e w as p r e s e n t.

W hile in c r e a s e d supply of su lfate

did not have a sig n ific an t effect upon p o ta ssiu m a b so rp tio n , th e p re s e n c e
o f la r g e q u a n titie s of c h lo rid e sig n ific a n tly red u c e d p o ta ssiu m ab so rp tio n .
P o ta ss iu m a b so rp tio n , a lso , w as fav o re d by th e p re s e n c e of c a rb o n a te s,
w hile th e p r e s e n c e of e x c e s s n itro g e n d e p re s s e d p o ta ssiu m ab so rp tio n .
C alciu m a b so rp tio n was not influ en ced sig n ifican tly by the
p r e s e n c e of in c r e a s in g am o u n ts of ch lo rid e , but w as d e p re s s e d sig n ifi­
c a n tly w ith la r g e q u a n titie s of su lfate.

In c re a s in g the supply of n itrogen

and p h o sp h o ru s in th e p r e s e n c e of high le v e ls of c h lo rid e a p p e a re d to
d e p r e s s c a lc iu m a b so rp tio n , but th e in c re a s e d supply of n itro g en and
p h o sp h o ru s a p p e a re d to re d u c e th e d e p re ss in g e ffects of su lfate upon

63

c a lc iu m a b so rp tio n .

T h e p r e s e n c e of c a rb o n a te in th e solution also

im p ro v e d th e a b s o rp tio n of ca lc iu m .
T h e a b s o rp tio n of m ag n esiu m w as d e p re s s e d w ith in c re a s e d
am o u n ts of su lfate, but h ig h e r c o n c e n tra tio n s of ch lo rid e did not a p p ear
to have any sig n ifica n t effect.

T h e supply of th e anion a lso a p p e a re d to

re d u c e th e in flu en ce o f g r e a t e r a b so rp tio n of p o ta ssiu m and calciu m
upon th e a b s o rp tio n of m ag n esiu m .
Iro n content of th e le a v e s w as d e p re s s e d w ith an in c re a s e d
su p p ly of p h o sp h o ru s, w hile so lu tio n s co n tain in g c a rb o n a te s and su lfa te s
in la r g e q u a n titie s in c r e a s e d th e iro n content of th e ro o ts

L a rg e r supply

of su lfa te , c h lo rid e and n itro g e n a p p e a re d to in c r e a s e th e copper content
of th e ro o ts .

Z in c ab so rp tio n , how ever, w as d e c re a s e d w ith la r g e r

su p p lie s of su lfate.

A la r g e r supply of c h lo rid e s d e p re s s e d th e zinc

content of th e ro o ts .
M an g an ese a b so rp tio n w as in c re a s e d w ith high le v e ls of
c h lo rid e

T h e ad d itio n of la r g e r am ounts of n itro g e n in th e p re s e n c e of

high le v e ls of c h lo rid e r e s u lte d in a fu rth e r in c r e a s e in m an g an ese a b s o rp ­
tion.

H ig h er le v e ls of p h o sp h o ru s a p p e a re d to d e p re s s th e m anganese

content of th e ro o ts , but in c r e a s e d the m an g an ese content of the leav es.
S im ila r e ffe c ts upon m an g a n ese a b so rp tio n w e re found a s sulfate and
c a rb o n a te re p la c e d c h lo rid e in th e solution.

64

In th is e x p e rim e n t w ith c h e r r ie s , th e accu m u latio n of
h eav y m e ta ls in th e ro o ts w as evident, which w as in a c c o rd with the
fin d in g s of R e u th e r and S m ith (46)

Iro n , m an g an ese and co p p er a c ­

c u m u la te d in ro o ts to a g r e a te r extent than in le a v e s.

T h is effect w as

m o re p ro n o u n c e d w ith iro n and co p p er than w ith m anganese.

Z inc a c ­

cu m u la tio n in ro o ts w as not alw ays g r e a te r than in th e leav es.

High

su lfa te , high su lfa te and high n itro g en , o r high p h o sp h o ru s, tended to
in c r e a s e z in c a b s o rp tio n by le a v e s.
A c o m p a riso n of ro o t a n a ly s is w ith le a f a n a ly s is showed
th a t p h o sp h o ru s co n ten t w as h ig h er in ro o ts than in leaves,.
r a tio s a p p ro a c h e d unity,

N itrogen

P o tassiu m , calciu m , and m agnesium was

a b s o rb e d m o re by le a v e s th a n by th e ro o ts .

C hlorine w as a b so rb e d

m o re by le a v e s th an ro o ts w h en ever th e r e w as c h lo rin e supplied in
th e n u trie n t so lu tio n s.

W hen c h lo rid e w as not applied, th e tr a c e s of

th is elem e n t w e re r e ta in e d by th e ro o ts.

C alcium and m agnesium a b ­

so rp tio n , w hich w as h ig h e r in le a v e s than in ro o ts, w as fav o re d by high
c h lo rid e w ith o r w ithout high n itrogen, and high ch lo rid e w ith a m o d e r­
a te am ount of su lfa te (tre a tm e n ts 7,

8

, and 16).

M edium high sulfate

lev el in n u trie n t so lu tio n s fa v o red th e uptake of calciu m and m agnesium
by ro o ts .

In g e n e ra l, th e ch e m ical co m p o sitio n of ro o ts w as not as

v a r ia b le a s th e co m p o sitio n of leav es.

65

G oodall an d G re g o ry (22) r e p o rte d fro m 2. 06 to 2 13 p e r
cen t of p o ta s s iu m , 0. 0104 p e r cent of boron, and 0. 0053 to 0. 0071 p e r
cen t of m a n g a n e se in c h e r r y le a v e s ,

K enw orthy (28) found under fie ld

co n d itio n s, th e follow ing a v e ra g e am o u n ts of e le m e n ts in c h e r ry le a v e s:
n itro g e n , 2. 83; p h o sp h o ru s, 0. 267; p o ta ssiu m , 1, 54; calciu m , 1. 91;
m a g n e siu m , 0 .7 4 0 ; m a n g an ese, 0.0114; iro n , 0 0280; copper, 0.0055;
an d b o ro n , 0. 0067 p e r cent d ry w eight.

T h e se v alu es c o m p a re r a th e r

fa v o ra b ly w ith le a f a n a ly s is v a lu e s of th is ex p erim en t if tre a tm e n t
m a y be ta k e n a s a check.

1

P h o sphorus, m agnesium , iron, m an g an ese

an d c o p p e r w e re below , w hile p o ta ss iu m and n itro g en w ere above the
v a lu e s r e p o r te d by K enw orthy (28).
It m ay not be a s su m e d th at all th e se re la tio n s h ip s m e n ­
tio n e d e a r l i e r w ill be in fa llib le u n d er all conditions.
S in ce th e e ffe c ts of c h lo rid e s and s u lfa te s upon th e a b s o r p ­
tio n of p o ta ss iu m , c a lc iu m and m ag n esiu m w e re m o re pronounced at
high c o n c e n tra tio n s, th e ir in flu ence m ay have e sc a p e d field o b se rv a tio n s
b e c a u s e above n o rm a l a p p lic a tio n s of f e r tiliz e r would be re q u ire d .

To

o b tain th e le v e l of c h lo rid e o r s u lfa te s that re s u lte d in a d e p re ssio n of
gro w th and a lte r e d c a tio n a b s o rp tio n ap p licatio n of a p p ro x im a te ly

1, 000

p o u n d s p e r a c r e o f p o ta ss iu m c h lo rid e o r p o ta ssiu m su lfate would be
r e q u ir e d

In addition, th e p r e s e n c e of c a rb o n a te s and the bu fferin g

c a p a c ity of s o ils w ould p re v e n t c h lo rid e s and s u lfa te s fro m having a s
m a r k e d e ffe c ts a s o b s e rv e d w ith th e u se of n u trie n t solution.

Since

m an y o r c h a r d s o ils in e a s te r n U nited S tates a r e a c id in re a c tio n , th e
u s e of lim e , m ulch, an d good c o v e r cro p p in g p r a c tic e s m ay te n d to
re d u c e th e to x ic e ffe c ts of c h lo rid e s o r s u lfa te s a s in d ic a te d by th e
in flu e n c e o f c a rb o n a te s upon p o ta ss iu m a b so rp tio n .
T h e r e s u l t s of th is study su g g est th a t ap p licatio n s of p o ta s ­
siu m c h lo rid e m ay a c c e n tu a te p o ta ss iu m deficiency under conditions of
low s o il p o ta s s iu m co u p led w ith conditions conducive to th e fixation of
p o ta s h in th e so il.

C alciu m and m ag n esiu m d eficien cy m ay be induced

by th e p r e s e n c e o f e x c e s s s u lfa te s.

T h u s, a b alan ce of th e anions a p p e a rs

to be a s e s s e n tia l a s a b a la n c e of c a tio n s.

In addition, th e supply of anions

w ould n eed to be stu d ie d in o r d e r to be s u re of a s a tis fa c to ry ap p ro ach of
c o r r e c tin g an u n b alan ced co n d ition of catio n s.

67

SUMMARY

T h e in flu en c e of anion supply upon grow th and the c h e m i­
c a l c o m p o sitio n of le a v e s and fib ro u s ro o ts of M ontm orency c h e r ry
t r e e s w as s tu d ie d by m e a n s of n u trie n t c u ltu re m ethods

T he am ounts

of c a tio n s (p o ta ssiu m , ca lciu m , and m agnesium ) and m in o r elem en ts
w e re kept co n sta n t.

A nions (su lfate, c h lo rid e , p h o sp h o ru s, nitrogen,

an d c a rb o n a te ) w e re v a r ie d w ithout a lte r in g th e catio n content by usin g
d iffe re n t am o u n ts of v a rio u s c h e m ic a ls containing th e anions involved.
E ig h te e n d iffe re n t so lu tio n s w e re obtained.

Seventy-tw o o n e -y e a r-o ld

M o n tm o re n cy c h e r r y t r e e s w e re se le c te d , p ru n e d uniform ly, weighed,
and p la n te d in c la y p o ts in th e g reen h o u se.
g ro w in g m ed ia.

C o a rs e sand w as u sed as

T r e e s w e re a rra n g e d in four r e p lic a te s and random ized.

At th e b eg in n in g of th e e x p e rim e n t, th e n u trie n t so lu tio n s w ere applied
e v e ry sec o n d day.
a p p lie d daily.

D u rin g th e l a tte r p a r t of th e te s t, the solutions w ere

T r e e s w e re h a rv e s te d and th e lin e a r grow th w as m e a s u re d

an d d ry w eight of le a v e s , sh o o ts, ro o ts, and tru n k was obtained.

L eav es

and fib ro u s ro o ts w e re an a ly ze d fo r tw elve e le m e n ts --n itro g e n , phosphorus,
c h lo rin e , su lfu r, p o ta ss iu m , c alciu m , m agnesium , iro n , m anganese,
c o p p e r, b o ro n and zinc

68

In c re a s in g th e su p ply of anions had a sig n ifican t effect
upon gro w th a s m e a s u re d by in c r e a s e in d ry weight of th e tre e , length
of te r m in a l grow th, and w eight of le a v e s, shoots, and fib ro u s ro o ts.
W hen th e su p p ly of th e s e an io n s w as in c r e a s e d to a high lev el ap p aren t
to x ic ity a p p e a re d a s in d ic a te d by re d u c tio n of grow th and th e a p p e a r ­
an c e of c h lo rid e to x ic ity sy m p to m s.

O m issio n of su lfate under c e r ta in

co n d itio n s r e s u lte d in v isib le su lfu r d eficien cy sym ptom s,
In g e n e ra l, th e a b so rp tio n of v a rio u s anions w as p ro p o rtio n a l
to th e ir supply; how ever, so m e in te ra c tio n s w e re p re se n t.
ten t w as re d u c e d by n itro g e n and p h o sp h o ru s
not affect th e a b s o rp tio n of each o th e r

C hlorine co n ­

Sulfur and c h lo rin e did

T he p re s e n c e of high co n cen tratio n s

of S0^~ and Cl~ a p p e a re d to in c r e a s e th e ab so rp tio n of n itro g en fro m
so lu tio n s co n ta in in g la r g e am o u nts of nitro g en .

N itrogen a b so rp tio n was

fa v o re d by th e p r e s e n c e of la r g e q u an titie s of c h lo rid e and p hosphorus in
co m b in atio n .

T h e p r e s e n c e of la r g e q u an tities of ch lo rid e and n itro g en in

co m b in atio n a p p e a re d to in c r e a s e p h o sp h o ru s ab so rp tio n .
P o ta ssiu m le v e ls in le a v e s and ro o ts w e re g en erally higher
w hen s u lfa te w as p re s e n t than when c h lo rid e w as p re se n t
tie s of c h lo rid e re d u c e d p o ta ss iu m a b so rp tio n .

L a rg e q u an ti­

P o tassiu m ab so rp tio n

w as fa v o re d by c a rb o n a te , but w as d e p re s s e d by high nitrogen.
an d m ag n esiu m a b s o rp tio n w as d e p re s s e d by sulfate.

C alcium

In c re a s in g

69

su p p lie s of n itro g e n and p h o sp h o ru s re d u c e d th e su lfate effect upon
c a lc iu m a b s o rp tio n .
c a lc iu m u p tak e.

High n itro g e n in p r e s e n c e of c h lo rid e d e p re s s e d

T h e supply of anion a p p e a re d to re d u c e th e influence

of p o ta s s iu m and c a lc iu m upon th e a b so rp tio n of m agnesium .
te n t in le a v e s w as d e p r e s s e d by p h o sp h o ru s.

Iro n co n ­

C arb o n ate and su lfate in

la r g e q u a n titie s in c r e a s e d iro n in ro o ts.
L a r g e r su p p lie s of sulfate, ch lo rid e, and n itro g en a p p e a re d
to in c r e a s e th e c o p p e r content of th e ro o ts .

Z inc ab so rp tio n by le a v e s

w as d e c r e a s e d by la r g e r su p p lies of sulfate, w hile c h lo rid e d e p re ss e d
z in c co n ten t in th e ro o ts .

M anganese a b s o rp tio n w as in c re a s e d w ith

high le v e ls of c h lo rid e , an d w as fu rth e r aid ed by n itro g e n additions.
H ig h er le v e ls of p h o sp h o ru s d e p re s s e d m an g an ese content of th e ro o ts,
but in c r e a s e d it in th e le a v e s .
T h e r a tio s of top (weight of le a v e s and shoots) to fib ro u s
ro o t w e re a ffe c te d by th e anion supply.

Root grow th w as re la tiv e ly p r o ­

m o ted , o r shoot gro w th r e ta rd e d , by high su lfate o r ch lo rid e , high p h o s ­
p h o ru s, o r by co m b in atio n s of su lfate and c h lo rid e in ap p ro x im a te ly
equal c o n c e n tra tio n s.
T h e v is ib le sy m p to m s of c h lo rid e to x icity and su lfu r deficiency
w e re d esc rib e d .

Som e su g g estio n s w e re advanced in r e g a rd to the p rev en tio n

of c h lo rid e to x ic ity of p la n ts .

T he b alan ce and supply of anions and th e ir

im p o rta n c e in plan t n u tritio n w e re e m p h a siz e d

70

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U npublished data.

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L e o n ard , O. A ., A n d erso n , W. S ., and G ieg er, M, Effect of n u trien t
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32. L ipm an, C. B. Im p o rta n c e of silico n , alum inum , and ch lo rin e fo r
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35

M arsh , R, S S easonal v a ria tio n of su lfu r content in c e rta in tis s u e s
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38.

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M u ld er, E. G.

40.

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Annual R eview of Plant P hysiology

1:

1-24.

1950.

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7th Ed. , A ssoc

O fficial

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Sulfur content

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Biol. A bst. 20(1): 1688. 1946).

APPENDIX

75

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