PATTERNS OF FAMILY INTERACTION WITHIN THE HOME By A l i c e C u t l e r T h o rp e A DISSERTATION S u b m itte d t o t h e S c h o o l o f G ra d u a te S tu d i e s o f M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e and A p p lie d S c ie n c e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r th e d e g re e o f DOCTOR CF PHILOSOPHY D e p a rtm e n t o f S o c io lo g y an d A n th ro p o lo g y M arch , 1 956 ProQuest Number: 10008690 Al! rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10008690 Published by ProQuest LLC (2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am in d e b te d to many p e r s o n s f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h i s s t u d y . Among t h e s e a r e my c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s who h av e c o n t r i b u t e d i n d i r e c t l y t o i t s t h e o r e t i c a l fram ew o rk b y s t i m u l a t i n g my t h i n k i n g i n t h e a r e a o f f a m ily l i f e . S p e c i a l th a n k s a r e d u e , h o w e v e r, t o th e f o ll o w i n g p e r s o n s o r g ro u p s who have r e n d e r e d i n v a l u a b l e s e r v i c e i n th e p la n n i n g and e x e c u t i o n o f t h e r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t , i n a n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t a , a n d i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e m a n u s c r ip t : To t h e one h u n d re d fa rm an d tow n f a m i l i e s w hose c o o p e r a t i o n made th e s tu d y p o s s i b l e . To th e A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n a t M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y u n d e r whose a u s p i c e s th e r e s e a r c h was c o n d u c te d . To D r. Irm a G r o s s , who h a s g iv e n u n s t i n t i n g l y o f h e r tim e an d a d v ic e fro m th e b e g in n in g o f t h e s t u d y t o i t s c o m p le tio n , an d w ith o u t whose h e lp an d e n c o u ra g e m e n t i t m ig h t n e v e r h av e b e e n u n d e r ta k e n . To D r. Duane G ib so n f o r h i s e x c e l l e n t d i r e c t i o n i n p la n n in g th e s t u d y a n d i n s u p e r v i s i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f th e m a n u s c r i p t . To D r . W illia m B a te n f o r h i s a d v ic e on s a m p lin g a n d s t a t i s t i c a l p ro c e d u re s. To Ann G o ld o f ta s an d B a r b a r a F e r r a r who a s s i s t e d i n a n a l y s i s o f th e d a ta . To my c o m m itte e m em bers, D r . C h a r le s H o f f e r an d D r . Jo h n U seem , ■who r e a d t h e m a n u s c r ip t i n i t s l a t e r s t a g e s a n d s u g g e s te d r e v i s i o n s . To ray h u sb a n d an d c h i l d r e n who h av e p r o v id e d i n s p i r a t i o n an d e n c o u ra g e m e n t th r o u g h o u t my g r a d u a te w ork. 3HHWRKHBS# * ii VITA ALICE CUTLER THORPE C a n d id a te f o r th e d e g re e o f D o c to r o f P h ilo s o p h y F i n a l E x a m in a tio n s D is s e rta tio n s F e b ru a ry 21, 1956 P a t t e r n s o f F a m ily I n t e r a c t i o n W ith in th e Horae O u tlin e o f S t u d i e s : M ajo rs M in o rs S o c io lo g y a n d A n th ro p o lo g y Home M anagement B i o g r a p h i c a l I te m s : B o r n , Ju n e 1 8 , 1 9 0 3 , T o le d o , Ohio U n d e rg ra d u a te M ic h ig a n M ic h ig a n M ic h ig a n S tu d ie s : A g r i c u l t u r a l C o lle g e S t a t e N orm al C o lle g e S t a t e C o lle g e G ra d u a te S t u d i e s : M ic h ig a n S t a t e C o lle g e M ic h ig a n S t a t e C o lle g e M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y 19 22-1923 1923-192U 1 9 2 9 -1 9 3 1 19U6-19U9 1 9 5 1 -1 9 5 5 1 9 5 5 -1 9 5 6 E x p e rie n c e s P u b l i c S c h o o l T e a c h e r , L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n P u b li c S c h o o l T e a c h e r , S te p h e n s o n , M ic h ig a n M ic h ig a n D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r an d I n d u s t r y , B u re a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , P r i c e In d e x P u b l i c S c h o o l T e a c h e r , H a s l e t t , M ic h ig a n I n s t r u c t o r , M ic h ig a n S t a t e C o lle g e 192U -1925 1 9 2 5 -1 9 2 8 19lt3-19U 5 19U5-19U6 19U 6- Member o f O m icron N u, P h i Kappa P h i , A lp h a Kappa D e lta PATTERNS OF FAMILY INTERACTION WITHIN THE HOME By A l i c e C u t l e r T h o rp e AN ABSTRACT S u b m itte d t o th e S c h o o l o f G ra d u a te S tu d i e s o f M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e a n d A p p lie d S c ie n c e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r th e d e g re e o f DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY D e p artm en t o f S o c io lo g y a n d A n th ro p o lo g y F e b r u a r y 9 195>6 A pproved ABSTRACT T h i s s tu d y i s a n a n a l y s i s o f th e am o u n ts an d p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d b y v a r i o u s f a m ily members w i t h i n t h e home d u r in g t h e a c t i v e h o u r s o f t h e d a y . The p r im a r y d a t a w ere g a th e r e d i n 191*8 a n d 1953 a s p a r t o f a s tu d y o f h o u se u s a g e i n t h r e e s o u t h e r n M ic h ig a n c o u n t i e s . F i f t y fa rm a n d 50 tow n f a m i l i e s k e p t a c lo c k r e c o r d o f t h e tim e a n d a c t i v i t i e s o f e a c h f a m ily member o v e r t h e ag e o f s e v e n w h ile h e was i n t h e h o u s e , fro m tim e o f r i s i n g t o tim e o f r e t i r i n g , o n a S a t u r d a y , a S u n d a y , an d a w eek d ay . From g ra p h s d e p i c t i n g t h e am o u n ts o f tim e a n d k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d b y f a m ily m em bers, a v e r a g e am ounts an d p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h e t o t a l w ere c a l c u l a t e d . D iffe re n c e s b e tw e e n fa rm an d tow n f a m ily members w ere t e s t e d f o r s i g n i f i c a n c e b y m eans o f t h e s t a n d a r d 11t n t e s t . F in d i n g s showed t h a t : 1 . The w hole f a m ily s p e n t r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e tim e t o g e t h e r i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s , t h e l a r g e s t am ount b e in g s p e n t a t m e a l s . 2 . H usbands an d w iv e s s p e n t fro m 17 t o 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r tim e a t home i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith e a c h o t h e r e x c l u s i v e o f o t h e r f a m ily m em bers. The u s u a l a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ere e a t i n g and l e i s u r e . 3 . F a t h e r s s p e n t v e r y l i t t l e tim e i n th e h o u se i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n . T hose w h ich w ere s h a r e d w ere u s u a lly o f a r e c r e a tio n a l n a tu re . U* M o th e rs s p e n t m ore tim e i n th e h o u se w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n th a n d i d f a t h e r s . Time s p e n t w ith d a u g h te r s was u s u a l l y i n r o u t i n e h o u s e h o ld t a s k s . 5 . C h ild r e n s p e n t l i t t l e tim e i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith e a c h o t h e r e x c l u s i v e o f o t h e r f a m ily m em b ers. T hose s h a r e d w ere u s u a lly r e c r e a tio n a l in n a tu re . v The f o l l o w i n g s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n fa rm a n d tow n f a m ily members i n am ounts o f tim e s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w ere fo u n d : 1 . On a l l t h r e e d a y s fa rm f a m i l i e s s p e n t m ore tim e t o g e t h e r th a n d id to w n f a m i l i e s . 2 . Town c o u p le s s p e n t m ore tim e t o g e t h e r on S a tu rd a y t h a n d id fa rm c o u p l e s . 3 . Farm c o u p le s s p e n t m ore tim e e a t i n g t o g e t h e r on w eekdays th a n d id to w n c o u p l e s . 1*. On e v e r y d a y e x c e p t S u n d a y , tow n c o u p le s s p e n t m ore tim e t o g e t h e r i n l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s t h a n d i d fa rm c o u p l e s . 5 . N o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s s p e n t m ore tim e e n t e r t a i n i n g g u e s t s o n S a tu r d a y th a n e i t h e r fa rm o r t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s . 6 . On S a tu r d a y n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s s p e n t m ore tim e i n l e i s u r e t h a n fa rm c o u p le s b u t s p e n t l e s s t h a n t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p l e s . 7 . Town f a t h e r s s p e n t m ore tim e on Sunday w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s th a n d i d fa rm f a t h e r s . 8 . On w eekdays tow n m o th e rs s p e n t m ore t o t a l tim e w ith t h e i r so n s t h a n d i d fa rm m o th e rs a s w e l l a s more tim e i n e a t i n g a n d i n le is u re . 9 . On a l l t h r e e d ay s fa rm m o th e rs s p e n t more tim e w ith d a u g h te r s i n m eal p r e p a r a t i o n th a n d i d tow n m o th e r s . T hey s p e n t more tim e i n m e al c l e a r i n g t a s k s on S u n d a y . Farm m o th e rs a l s o s p e n t m ore t o t a l tim e w ith d a u g h te r s on e v e r y day e x c e p t S a tu r d a y . 1 0 . Town c h i l d r e n s p e n t more tim e e a t i n g t o g e t h e r on S a tu rd a y th a n d i d fa rm c h i l d r e n . The f o l l o w i n g s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n fa rm a n d to w n f a m ily members i n p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w ere fo u n d : 1 . Town f a m i l i e s s p e n t l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e o n w eekdays t h a n d id fa rm f a m i l i e s . 2 . Farm c o u p le s s p e n t l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e e a t i n g t o g e t h e r o n e v e ry day e x c e p t Sunday t h a n d id tow n c o u p l e s . 3 . On e v e r y d a y e x c e p t Sunday to w n c o u p le s s p e n t l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e th a n d i d fa rm c o u p l e s . U. Town c h i l d r e n s p e n t l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e t o g e t h e r i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e on S a tu r d a y a n d Sunday t h a n d id fa rm c h i l d r e n . The f i n d i n g s o f t h i s s tu d y s u p p o r t th e h y p o th e s e s t h a t co m p ara­ t i v e l y fe w a c t i v i t i e s a n d s m a l l am ounts o f tim e a r e s h a r e d i n t h e hom e, t h u s l i m i t i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r f a m ily i n t e r a c t i o n , f o r th e s o c i a l i ­ z a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n , f o r t h e f o r m a tio n o f c h ild r e n * s im ag es o f p a r e n t a l r o l e s , a n d f o r th e b u i l d i n g o f e m o tio n a l t i e s w h ich may p ro m o te f a m ily s o lid a rity . The d i f f e r e n c e s fo u n d b e tw e e n fa rm a n d to w n f a m i l i e s , p a r t i a l l y n e g a te th e h y p o th e s i s t h a t , due t o i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n a n d th e m e c h a n iz a tio n o f f a r m in g , t h e r e a r e no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t h e s e two r e s i d e n t i a l g r o u p s . TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. II. III. IV . V. V I. PAGE INTRODUCTION..................... .................................................................................... 1 O r i e n t a t i o n t o t h e P ro b le m ................................................. S ta te m e n t o f t h e P ro b le m ....................................................................... T e c h n iq u e U se d ............................................. , ............................................... T h e o r e t i c a l A ssu m p tio n s U n d e rly in g t h e S tu d y ........................ H y p o th e s e s ........................................................................................................ Summary............................................................................................................... 3 I* 5 6 9 11 REVIEW OF LITERATURE........................................................................................ 12 S t u d i e s R e l a t i n g t o M easurem ent o f Time C o s t ................... . . Time M easurem ent i n S tu d i e s o f House U s a g e ............................. Time E x p e n d itu r e s o f S t u d e n t s , E m ployed, a n d U nem ployed P e r s o n s ........................................................................................................ S tu d i e s o f L e is u r e Time A c t i v i t i e s .............................. . O th e r S t u d i e s R e l a t e d t o t h e P r o b l e m . . ...................................... 13 21 METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................. 39 S e l e c t i o n o f th e S a m p le .......................................... C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e S a m p le ....................................................... I n s tr u m e n ts U s e d .......................................................................................... M ethod o f A n a l y s i s .................. 39 Ill 1*3 1*1* TIME SPENT BY THE FAMILY UNIT IN SHARED ACTIVITIES.................. 1*9 Time S p e n t i n A l l S h a re d A c t i v i t i e s .............................. Time S p e n t i n E a t i n g ............................................................................... Time S p e n t i n L e i s u r e ................................. Summary ................................ 1*9 51 53 57 TIME SPENT IN ACTIVITIES SHARED BY HUSBANDS AND WIVES EXCLUSIVE OF OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS.................................................. 59 Time S p e n t i n A l l S h a re d A c t i v i t i e s ............................................ Time S p e n t i n E a tin g T o g e t h e r .......................................................... Time S p e n t i n L e i s u r e ..................................................................... Summary................................................. 61 61* 65 69 TIME SPENT BY FATHERS IN ACTIVITIES SHARED WITH THEIR CHILDREN............................................................................................................ 71 Time Time S p e n t i n th e Home b y F a t h e r s .......................... S p e n t b y F a t h e r s w ith S o n s ..................................................... 22 26 31 72 73 TABLE OF CONTENTS - C on tin u ed CHAPTER PAGE Time S p e n t b y F a t h e r s w ith D a u g h te r s ......................... . Time S p e n t b y F a t h e r s w ith Sons an d D a u g h te rs T o g e th e r Summary.......................................... ....................................... . ....................... V II. TIME SPENT BX MOTHERS IN ACTIVITIES SHARED WITH THEIR CHILDREN.......................................................................................................... 75 77 79 81 Time S p e n t i n t h e Home b y M o th e r s ................................. 81 Time S p e n t b y M o th e rs w ith S o n s .......................................... 81* 88 Time S p e n t b y M o th e rs w ith D a u g h te r s ............ . . ....................... Time S p e n t b y M o th e rs w ith Sons and D a u g h te rs T o g e th e r ^2 Summary.................................................... ............... ................ . ..................... 93 V I I I . TIME SPENT BX CHILDREN IN ACTIVITIES SHARED WITH EACH OTHER EXCLUSIVE OF PARENTS................................................................ Time Sipent i n t h e Home b y C h i l d r e n ................................... A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d b y C h i l d r e n ........................................ Time S p e n t i n L e i s u r e ............................................................................ S u m m a ry ................................................................................................... IX . 95 95 97 99 100 SUMMARX AND CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................102 F i n d i n g s ............ ..................................... ..................................................... .. lOij. I m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e S tu d y ............................................................. 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................................115 APPENDIX 121 LIST OF TABLES TABLE I. PAGE A v e ra g e Age a n d E d u c a tio n a l L e v e l o f F arm a n d Town H usbands an d W iv e s ....................................................................................... ij.2 II. Num bers o f Farm and Town C h ild r e n A c c o rd in g t o A g e ................ h-2 III. Numbers o f F arm a n d Town Homemakers i n V a rio u s O c c u p a tio n s P r i o r to M a r r i a g e .............................................................................................. 1*3 IV . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Days on W hich R e c o rd s Were K ep t b y Farm a n d Town F a m i l i e s .......................................................... ........................ .. 1*5> V . A v e rag e Time S p e n t T o g e th e r i n A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d b y The E n t i r e F a m ily U n it i n Farm an d Town Homes on T h re e D a y s . . . $0 V I . A v e rag e Time S p e n t i n t h e House b y V a rio u s Farm a n d Town F a m ily Members a n d P e r c e n ta g e s W hich W ere S p e n t i n A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d a s AF a m ily U n it on T h re e D a y s , . . . ................ 51 V I I . A v e rag e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n th e Home i n C e r t a i n S h a re d A c t i v i t i e s by Farm an d Town F a m i lie s on T h re e D a y s .52 V I I I . P e r c e n ta g e s o f T o t a l S h a re d F a m ily Time W hich Were S p e n t i n E a tin g T o g e th e r i n Farm a n d TownHomeson T h re e D a y s . . . IX . P e r c e n ta g e s o f T o t a l S h a re d F a m ily Time W hich Were S p e n t i n S h a re d L e is u r e i n Farm an d Town Homes on T h re e D a y s , . . . 53 $h X. A v e ra g e Number o f M in u te s Spent i n t h e Home i n V a rio u s T ypes o f S h a re d L e is u r e Time A c t i v i t i e s b y Farm an d Town F a m i l i e s o n T h re e D a y s................................ 56 X I. A v e rag e Time S p e n t i n t h e Home by Farm an d Town C o u p le s i n A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d E x c lu s iv e o f O th e r F a m ily Members on T h re e D a y s ...................................................................................... 62 X I I . A v e rag e Time S p e n t i n t h e House b y Farm an d Town H usbands an d W ives and P e r c e n ta g e s W hich Were S p e n t T o g e th e r i n A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d E x c lu s iv e o f O th e r F a m ily Members on T h re e D a y s............................................................................................................... 62 X I I I , A v e ra g e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n V a rio u s S h a re d A c t i v i t i e s W ith in th e Home by Farm a n d Town C o u p le s E x c lu s iv e o f O th e r F a m ily Members on T h re e D a y s ........................ 6h x LIST OF TABLES - C on tin u ed TABLE PAGE XIV. P e r c e n ta g e s o f T o t a l Time S h a re d By Farm an d Town C o u p le s i n th e Home W hich W ere S p e n t i n E a t in g T o g e th e r E x c lu s iv e o f O th e r F a m ily Members on T h re e D a y s..... 65 XV. P e r c e n ta g e s o f T o t a l Time S h a re d b y Farm a n d Town C o u p le s i n t h e Home W hich W ere S p e n t i n S h a re d L e i s u r e E x c lu s iv e o f O th e r F a m ily Members on T h re e D a y s..................... 66 XVI, A v erag e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n V a rio u s K in d s o f S h a re d L e is u r e W ith in th e Home b y Farm a n d Town C o u p le s E x c lu s iv e o f O th e r F a m ily Members on T h re e D a y s ..... 6? X V II. A v erag e Number o f H ours Farm a n d Town F a t h e r s S p e n t i n t h e Home i n A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d W ith T h e i r C h ild r e n an d i n A l l O th e r A c t i v i t i e s on T h re e D a y s .................................................... 12 X V III. P e r c e n ta g e s o f T o t a l Time S p e n t I n th e House b y Farm an d Town F a t h e r s W hich Were S p e n t i n A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d W ith T h e i r C h ild r e n o n T h re e Days ............................................ 73 XIX. A v erag e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n th e Home b y Farm an d Town F a t h e r s i n A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d W ith T h e i r Sons on T h re e D a y s ............................................................................................................ lh XX. A v e rag e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n th e Home b y Farm a n d Town F a t h e r s I n L e is u r e A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d W ith T h e ir Sons on T h re e D a y s.................................................................................................... 76 XXI. A v erag e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n th e Home b y Farm an d Town F a t h e r s i n V a rio u s A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d W ith T h e ir D a u g h te r s on T h re e D a y s * .......................................... 77 X X II. A v e rag e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n th e Home b y Farm and Town F a t h e r s i n V a rio u s L e i s u r e A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d W ith T h e i r D a u g h te rs on T h re e D a y s ................................................................ 78 X X III . A v e rag e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n th e Home b y Farm an d Town F a t h e r s i n A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d W ith B o th Sons an d D a u g h te r s on T h re e D a y s.............................................................................. 79 XXIV. A v e rag e Number o f H ours Farm an d Town M o th e rs S p e n t i n t h e Home i n A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d W ith T h e i r C h ild r e n a n d i n A l l O th e r A c t i v i t i e s on T h re e D a y s.................................................. 82 XXV i P e r c e n ta g e s o f T o t a l Time S p e n t i n th e Home b y Farm a n d Town M o th e rs W hich W ere S p e n t i n A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d W ith T h e ir C h i l d r e n on T h re e D a y s.................................................................. 83 xi LIST OF TABLES - C ontinued TABLE PAGE XXVI* A v e rag e Number o f H ours S p e n t i n t h e Home b y F arm an d Town M o th e rs a n d F a t h e r s i n A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d W ith T h e i r C h ild r e n on T h re e D a y s .............................. 83 XXVII. A v erag e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n V a rio u s S h a re d A c t i v i t i e s i n Farm an d Town Homes b y M o th ers w i t h T h e ir Sons on T h re e D a y s .......................................................................................... 8U X X V III. A v erag e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n The Home I n V a rio u s S h a re d L e i s u r e A c t i v i t i e s b y Farm a n d Town M o th e rs W ith T h e ir Sons on T h re e D a y s ................................... 86 XXIX. A verage Number o f M in u te s S p e n t b y Farm an d Town M o th ers an d F a t h e r s W ith T h e i r Sons on T h re e D a y s .................................... 87 XXX. A v erag e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n S h a re d A c t i v i t i e s i n t h e Home b y Farm a n d Town M o th ers W ith T h e ir Sons an d T h e ir D a u g h te rs on T h re e D a y s ...................................................... 88 XXXI. P e r c e n ta g e s o f Time W hich Were S p e n t i n R o u tin e A c t i v i t i e s i n t h e Home b y Farm an d Town M o th e rs W ith T h e ir D a u g h te r s on T h re e D a y s ................................................................ 89 XXXII, A v erag e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n V a rio u s S h a re d A c t i v i t i e s i n Farm an d Town Homes b y M o th ers W ith T h e ir D a u g h te rs on T h re e D a y s .............................................................................. 90 X X X III. A v erag e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n th e Home i n V a rio u s K inds o f S h a re d L e is u r e b y Farm a n d Town M o th e rs W ith T h e ir D a u g h te rs on T h re e D a y s .............................. 91 XXXIV. A verage Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n t h e Home b y Farm a n d Town F a t h e r s and M o th e rs W ith T h e i r Sons a n d D a u g h te rs T o g e th e r on T h re e D a y s ................................................................................ 92 XXXV. A v erag e Number o f M in u te s S p e n t i n t h e Home I n V a rio u s S h a re d A c t i v i t i e s b y Farm and Town M o th ers W ith T h e i r Sons an d D a u g h te rs T o g e th e r on T h ree D a y s .................................. 93 XXXVI. A v e rag e Number o f H ours Farm an d Town C h i l d r e n S p e n t i n th e Home I n A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d E x c lu s i v e l y W ith E ach O th e r a n d I n A l l O th e r A c t i v i t i e s on T h ree D a y s .................................. 96 XXXVII. P e r c e n ta g e s o f T o t a l Time S p e n t I n th e Home b y Farm a n d Town C h ild r e n W hich Were S p e n t i n A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d E x c l u s i v e l y W ith E ach O th e r on T h ree D a y s ............................. 96 x ii LIST OF TABLES - C on tin u ed TABLE PAGE XXXVIII. P e r c e n ta g e s o f T o t a l Time S h a re d i n t h e Home b y Farm a n d Town C h ild r e n E x c lu s iv e o f P a r e n t s W hich W ere S p e n t i n L e is u r e on T h ree D a y s ................................................................. 97 XXXIX. A verage Number o f M in u te s S p e n t T o g e th e r b y C h ild r e n E x c lu s iv e o f P a r e n t s i n V a rio u s A c t i v i t i e s i n Farm an d Town Homes on T h re e D a y s .......................................................................... 98 XL. A verage Number o f M in u te s S p e n t T o g e th e r b y C h i ld r e n E x c lu s iv e o f P a r e n t s i n V a rio u s K in d s o f L e i s u r e A c t i v i t i e s i n Farm an d Town Homes o n T h re e D a y s .....................100 x iii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The f a m i l y i s t h e m o st b a s i c o f a l l human g r o u p s . As f a r a s c a n b e d e te r m in e d i t h a s e x i s t e d , i n some fo rm , a s lo n g a s man h a s e x i s t e d a n d i s fo u n d i n e v e r y known human s o c i e t y . S in c e t h e f i r s t e x p e r ie n c e o f m ost i n d i v i d u a l s i s i n t h e f a m ily i t i s t h e m o st n a t u r a l an d f a m i l i a r o f a l l p r im a r y g r o u p s . an d e n d u r in g a p p e a l . As a f i e l d o f s t u d y i t h a s p e r s i s t e n t Much a t t e n t i o n h a s b e e n f o c u s e d on th e f a m ily b o t h a s a n i n s t i t u t i o n and a s a mode o f l i v i n g . As a n i n s t i t u t i o n i t s r e l a t i o n t o s o c i e t y i n g e n e r a l h a s b e e n a n a ly z e d and th e im p a c t o f v a rio u s s o c i a l fo r c e s d e s c rib e d . I t h a s b e e n s t u d i e d i n te r m s o f i t s g ro w th and change o v e r lo n g p e r i o d s o f tim e a n d i n many p a r t s o f th e ■world. S o c i a l a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s h av e s t r e s s e d i t s c o n tr ib u tio n to th e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f s o c i e t a l c o n t i n u i t y th r o u g h t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f c u l t u r e As a p s y c h o s o c ia l u n i t i t h a s b e e n s t u d i e d a s a sy ste m o f r o l e s and r e l a t i o n s h i p s w hich o p e r a t e s t o i n f l u e n c e an d c o n t r o l I t s m em b ers. R e s e a rc h I n t h e f i e l d o f c u l t u r e a n d p e r s o n a l i t y p o i n t s o u t th e r o l e o f t h e f a m ily a s a s o c i a l i z i n g a g e n t and s t r e s s e s t h e im p o r ta n c e o f e a r l y c h ild h o o d t r a i n i n g . T h is h a s b e e n a cc o m p a n ied b y a g ro w in g e m p h asis on p a r e n t a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r th e h e a l t h y p e r s o n a l i t y d e v e lo p m ent o f i t s m em bers. R e c e n t l y , h ig h d iv o r c e r a t e s an d o t h e r m a n if e s ­ t a t i o n s o f f a m ily d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n h av e s t i m u l a t e d i n t e r e s t i n f i n d i n g m eans o f p ro m o tin g f a m ily s o l i d a r i t y and i n t e g r a t i o n a s w e l l a s ways 2 o f r e d u c i n g t e n s i o n w i t h i n t h e f a m il y c i r c l e . T h is h a s l e d t o s t u d i e s o f t h e n a t u r e , n e e d s , and p ro b le m s o f f a m i l y l i f e an d o f t h e f a c t o r s w h ic h a i d i n i t s s o c i a l a d a p t a t i o n . The f a m i l y , a s a c o m p le te i n t e r a c t i v e s y s te m , i s a n e x c e l l e n t u n i t f o r s tu d y . A n o rm a l f e a t u r e i n o u r s o c i e t y , i t p r o v id e s a w e a lth o f c o n t i n u i n g an d r e c u r r e n t e v e n ts w ith t h e same i n t e r a c t i n g p e r s o n n e l , l i v i n g i n th e same d w e l l i n g , s a t i s f y i n g t h e same b a s i c b i o l o g i c a l n e e d s , 1-2 an d u s u a l l y d e p e n d in g on th e same s o u r c e f o r econom ic s u p p o r t . The home p r o v id e s a p h y s i c a l s e t t i n g f o r t h e f a m i ly i n i n t e r a c t i o n a n d h e lp s s t r u c t u r e th e r o u t i n e s a n d e v e n ts o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n i t . M e rto n r e c o g n iz e d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f th e h o u se on i t s mem bers w hen, i n a n a r t i c l e on t h e s o c i a l p s y c h o lo g y o f h o u s in g , he s t a t e d , The d w e llin g u n i t i s t h e lo c u s o f t h e i n i t i a l s o c i a l i z a t i o n o f th e c h i l d s i t i s th e re th a t h is c h a ra c te r s tr u c tu r e i s l a r g e l y s h a p e d . Wot o n ly a r e p a t t e r n s o f s o c i a l i z a t i o n t y p i c a l l y e n a c te d w i t h i n t h e hom e, th e y a p p e a r i n p a r t t o b e o r i e n t e d to w a rd th e h o u se an d i t s c o n t e n t s . 3 R ie m e r, - w r i t i n g on s o c i a l p o l i c y a n d s o c i a l r e s e a r c h i n h o u s in g , s t a t e s , "We n e e d l i v a b i l i t y s t u d i e s t h a t w i l l t e l l u s e x a c t l y w hat 4 A m erican f a m i l i e s do i n t h e i r h o m e s.” He s u g g e s t s t h a t ”we h av e t o 3. C a r t w r i g h t , D a rw in , a n d A lv in Z a n d e r , Group D ynam ics R e s e a r c h and T h e o r y , Row, P e t e r s o n an d Com pany, E v a n s to n , I l l i n o i s , 1 9 5 3 , p . 3 . 2 B o s s a r d , Jam es H. S . , an d E le a n o r S . B o l l , F a m ily S i t u a t i o n s , U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y lv a n ia P r e s s , P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1 9 ^ 3 , p . t l . 3 D e n n is , W ayne, a l , , C u r r e n t T re n d s i n S o c i a l P s y c h o lo g y . U n i v e r s i t y o f P i t t s b u r g P r e s s , P i t t s b u r g , 19 W , p . 1 8 1 . 4 R ie m e r, S v e n d , “A r c h i t e c t u r e f o r F a m ily L i v i n g , ” J o u r n a l o f S o c i a l I s s u e s . V o l. V I I , N o s . 1 an d 2 , 1 9 5 1 , p . 11*5. 3 s t a r t -with t h e r e c o r d i n g o f a c t u a l b e h a v i o r i n th e c o u r s e o f t h e h o u s 6 in g c o n su m e rs l i f e . ” Bos s a r d m a i n t a i n s t h a t p r o g r e s s i n t h e u n d e r s t a n d in g o f human b e h a v io r d e p en d s upon a s tu d y o f th e com m onplace i n c i d e n t s o f e v e r y day l i f e an d s a y s : “The m i n u ti a e o f l i f e -which we h av e b e e n e m p h a s iz in g 6 n e e d , h o w e v e r, t o b e c o n s id e r e d i n te rra s o f a fra m e w o rk .11 I t seem s l o g i c a l , t h e r e f o r e , t o exam in e t h e f a m ily a s i t c a r r i e s on i t s n o rm a l a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n i t s n o rm al p h y s i c a l s e t t i n g . O r i e n t a t i o n t o th e P ro b lem P r i o r t o th e i n d u s t r i a l r e v o l u t i o n t h e f a m i ly was a n e a r l y s e l f s u f f i c i e n t p ro d u c tio n u n i t . As s u c h , a l a r g e f a m ily was a n econom ic a s s e t and o f t e n s e v e r a l f a m ily u n i t s , r e l a t e d b y b lo o d o r m a r r i a g e , l i v e d i n c l o s e p r o x im ity an d c o o p e r a te d i n many an d v a r i e d ty p e s o f p ro d u c tiv ity . T h ese s h a r e d e x p e r ie n c e s p r o v id e d c o u n t l e s s o p p o r t u n i ­ t i e s f o r many an d v a r i e d i n t e r a c t i o n s an d fo rm e d t h e b a s i s f o r e n d u r in g e m o tio n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s among f a m ily m em bers. W ith t h e r a p i d c h an g e s i n te c h n o lo g y w hich h ave a cc o m p a n ied i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n and t h e d e c l i n e o f c o t t a g e i n d u s t r i e s , t h e e x te n d e d k i n s h i p ty p e o f f a m ily h a s n e a r l y d is a p p e a r e d fro m th e c o n te m p o ra ry A m e ric an s c e n e . T oday*s f a m ily i s a n u c l e a r o r im m e d ia te k i n s h i p u n i t a n d h a s c o m p a r a tiv e ly fe w m em bers. W here o n ce i t p ro d u c e d m o st o f i t s p h y s i c a l n e c e s s i t i e s , e d u c a te d i t s c h i l d r e n , a n d p r o v id e d f o r t h e i r s p i r i t u a l an d m o ra l g u id a n c e , many o f I b i d . , p . 11*8. 6 B o s s a r d , Jam es H. S . , P a r e n t an d C h i l d , U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y lv a n ia P r e s s , P h ila d e lp h ia , 19^3, p . 22. h t h e s e f u n c t i o n s a r e now b ey o n d i t s c a p a c i t y t o p e rfo rm a n d h av e l a r g e l y b e e n ta k e n o v e r by f a c t o r y , s c h o o l, and c h u rc h . T h is r e s t r i c t i o n i n t h e f u n c t i o n s o f th e f a m i l y seem s t o b e a n e c e s s a r y a d j u n c t t o t h e p r o c e s s o f c i v i l i z a t i o n a s i t t a k e s away more a n d m ore o f th e a c t i v i t i e s f o r m e r ly c a r r i e d on i n t h e home an d p u t s them i n t o th e h a n d s o f 7 s p e c ia liz e d i n s t i t u t i o n s . The d iv o rc e m e n t o f a c t i v i t i e s fro m t h e home h a s n e c e s s a r i l y d e ­ c r e a s e d th e am ount o f tim e f a m ily members sp e n d t h e r e . Thus t h e s h e e r o p p o r t u n i t y f o r th e i n t e r a c t i v e p r o c e s s a n d f o r t h e c a r r y i n g on o f f a m i l y r o l e s w i t h i n th e home i s l i m i t e d fro m th e s t a n d p o i n t o f tim e a v a i l a b l e a s w e l l a s from t h e s m a l le r num ber o f i n t e r a c t i n g p e r s o n n e l . S ta te m e n t o f th e P ro b lem To a i d i n u n d e r s ta n d in g c o n te m p o ra ry f a m ily l i f e we n e e d much d e s c r i p t i v e an d f a c t u a l m a t e r i a l a b o u t i t . new te c h n i q u e s f o r i t s s tu d y . We a l s o n e ed t o d e v e lo p T h e r e f o r e t h i s p ro b le m h a s tw o m ain p u rp o se s: (1 ) t o d e m o n s tra te t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a te c h n i q u e w hich h a s b e e n u s e d p r i n c i p a l l y i n s tu d y in g th e i n d i v i d u a l to a s t u d y o f th e f a m ily u n i t , and (2 ) t o i n c r e a s e know ledge o f one f a c e t o f f a m ily l i f e , th e a c t i v i ­ t i e s w h ic h a r e s h a r e d b y v a r i o u s f a m ily members i n t h e hom e. The s t u d y , th r o u g h th e u s e o f d e t a i l e d tim e r e c o r d s , shows th e o p p o r t u n i t i e s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e i n t e r a c t i v e p r o c e s s , f o r th e H om ans, G eorge C . , The Human G ro u p , H a r c o u r t, B ra c e an d Com pany, New Y o rk , 1 9 5 0 , p p . 2 7 6 -2 7 8 . 5 s o c i a l i z a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n , a n d f o r t h e c a r r y i n g on o f f a m ily r o l e s fro m th e s t a n d p o i n t o f tim e s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n th e p h y s i c a l c o n f i n e s o f th e hom e. B e c a u se th e i n f l u e n c e o f i n d u s t r i a l ­ i z a t i o n h a s e x te n d e d i n t o r u r a l a r e a s , d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n fa rm an d to w n f a m i l i e s a r e n o t a s p ro n o u n c e d a s th e y o nce w e r e . I n t h i s s tu d y fa rm an d to w n f a m i l i e s i n t h r e e s e l e c t e d M ic h ig a n c o m m u n itie s a r e com pared t o s e e i f t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n them i n t h e tim e s p e n t b y f a m i l y members i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s . T e c h n iq u e U sed The f o c u s o f t h e s tu d y i s on am ounts o f tim e an d k in d s o f a c t i v i ­ t i e s w h ic h a r e s h a r e d b y th e f a m il y u n i t a s w e ll a s b y v a r i o u s c o m b in a tio n s o f f a m i l y m em b ers. tim e r e c o r d . The te c h n iq u e u s e d i s t h a t o f t h e W ith t h i s te c h n iq u e i t i s assu m ed t h a t b e h a v io r c a n b e m e a s u re d on a tim e c o n tin u u m . The p o s s i b i l i t y o f s tu d y in g human r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n te rm s o f tim e s p a n h a s b e e n r e c o g n iz e d b y C h ap p ie who w r i t e s , I t i s e v i d e n t t h a t we may m easu re t h e d u r a t i o n o f a n e v e n t b y t a k i n g th e tim e a t t h e o r i g i n o f a c t i o n an d a g a i n a t th e end o f th e l a s t u n i t o f a c t i o n i n th e e v e n t . T h is g iv e s u s a ro u g h m e a su re o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n tw o i n d i v i d u a l s , an d b y c o m p a rin g th e m e a s u re s s e c u r e d fro m one p a i r w ith th o s e s e c u r e d fro m a n o t h e r , we f i n d t h a t t h e members o f some p a i r s i n t e r a c t l o n g e r p e r i o d s on th e a v e r a g e th a n o th e r s .® C h ap p ie d e v e lo p e d a s p e c i a l i n s tr u m e n t w h ich r e c o r d e d th e tim e span o f an i n t e r a c t i o n . 8 W ith i t he m e asu re d th e d u r a t i o n o f a c t i o n s C h a p p ie , E l i o t D . , " M e a su rin g Human R e l a t i o n s h i p s , I n I n t r o d u c t i o n t o th e S tu d y o f t h e I n t e r a c t i o n o f I n d i v i d u a l s , 11 G e n e tic P sy c h o lo g y M o n o g ra p h s, V o l. 2 2 , 19U 0, p . 3 1 . 6 9 and in a c tio n s w ith in e v e n ts . S o r o k in an d B e r g e r u s e d t h e tim e r e c o r d a p p ro a c h i n a d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f th e a c t i v i t i e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s o v e r a r e l a t i v e l y lo n g p e r i o d . I n t h e p r e f a c e to t h e i r s tu d y th e y s t a t e , I t i s s a i d t h a t a p r o p e r p e r s p e c t i v e o f human b e h a v io r s h o u ld e n a b le one t o s e e l i f e s t e a d i l y a n d t o s e e i t w h o le . U n d o u b t­ e d ly t h i s d o e s n o t im p ly a c o n c e rn w ith t h e d a i l y m in u tia e o f e x i s t e n c e , b u t i n t r a c i n g t h e b o l d e r d e s ig n s i n th e f a b r i c o f l i f e one may e a s i l y l o s e s i g h t o f th e m u l t i t u d i n o u s s t r a n d s o f w hich i t i s w oven. Seldom h a s a n y one b o t h e r e d t o make a d e t a i l e d e x a m in a tio n o f a l l t h e a c t i v i t i e s w i t h w h ich p e o p le f i l l t h e i r tim e and t o k eep a r e c o r d o f them d a y a f t e r d a y f o r a t w e n ty - f o u r h o u r p e r i o d . 10 I n t h i s s tu d y t h e tim e r e c o r d te c h n iq u e i s a p p l i e d n o t t o i n d i ­ v i d u a l s b u t t o members o f th e f a m il y a s t h e y i n t e r a c t w ith one a n o t h e r th r o u g h t h e medium o f s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n th e hom e. T h e o r e t i c a l A ss u m p tio n s U n d e rly in g t h e S tu d y I t i s r e c o g n is e d t h a t a l l i n d i v i d u a l s may b e lo n g t o many g r o u p s , o f w hich th e f a m ily i s o n ly o n e . I t i s f u r t h e r r e c o g n iz e d t h a t a n i n d i v i d u a l w i l l have d i f f e r e n t r o l e s i n th e v a r i o u s g ro u p s t o w hich h e b e lo n g s a n d t h a t h i s b e h a v io r a t a n y tim e i s i n f l u e n c e d b y th e IX p a r t i c u l a r r o l e he i s c a r r y i n g on a t th e m om ent. T h is s tu d y f o c u s e s o n ly on t h e members o f one g ro u p — t h e f a m i l y , i n a p a r t i c u l a r s e t t i n g — th e home, a n d e x am in es t h e i r b e h a v io r o n ly a s t h e y i n t e r a c t i n t h e C h a p p ie , E l i o t D . , lfThe I n t e r a c t i o n C h ro n o g ra p h , I t s E v o lu tio n an d P r e s e n t A p p l i c a t i o n , ” P e r s o n n e l , V o l. 25* 19U 9, p p . 2 9 5 -3 0 7 . io S o r o k in , P . A . , an d C . B e r g e r , Time B u d g e ts o f Human B e h a v io r , H a rv a rd S o c i o l o g i c a l S t u d i e s , H a rv a rd U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , C a m b rid g e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , 1939* p . V. ^N ew com b, T h e o d o re M ., S o c i a l P s y c h o lo g y , The D ryden P r e s s , New Y o rk , 1 9 5 0 , p p . 2 7 5 -7 8 . 7 c a r r y i n g on o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e f a m ily r o l e s th r o u g h th e medium o f sh ared a c t i v i t i e s . I t s t h e o r e t i c a l c o n c e p ts a r e d e r iv e d fro m t h e f i e l d s o f s m a ll g ro u p d y n am ics a n d r o l e t h e o r y . I n t h i s s tu d y th e f a m ily i s c o n c e p t u a l i z e d a s a s y ste m o f r o l e s and r e la t i o n s h i p s . A c c o rd in g t o Newcomb, “The ways o f b e h a v in g w h ich a r e e x p e c te d o f a n y i n d i v i d u a l who o c c u p ie s a c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n c o n s t i 2.2 t u t e s t h e r o l e a s s o c i a t e d w it h t h e p o s i t i o n . ” A f a m ily r o l e i s h e re d e f i n e d a s t h e e x p e c te d b e h a v i o r o f a p e r s o n i n a c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n i n t h e f a m ily r e l a t i v e t o o t h e r f a m ily m em b ers. i n t e r a c t i o n w ith o t h e r s i n t h e f a m i l y . 13 I t i s c a r r i e d on th r o u g h W ith in t h e m odern f a m i ly c i r c l e th e u s u a l r o l e s a r e th o s e o f h u s b a n d , w i f e , f a t h e r , m o th e r , b r o t h e r , s i s t e r , an d c h i l d . E ach r o l e c a r r i e s w i t h i t c e r t a i n e x p e c te d b e h a v io r p a t t e r n s i n th e v a r i o u s r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n i n t e r a c t i n g p e rs o n n e l. Among t h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e th o s e o f h u s b a n d - w if e , f a t h e r - s o n , f a t h e r - d a u g h t e r , m o th e r - s o n , m o th e r - d a u g h te r , a n d c h i l d - c h i l d . I t i s r e c o g n iz e d t h a t th e b e h a v io r o f p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l s may v a r y fro m f a m ily t o f a m ily a s t h e y o ccu p y t h e i r r o l e s . H ow ever, e a c h p e r s o n i n i n t e r p r e t i n g h i s r o l e i s a p t t o f o l l o w th e same b e h a v io r p a t t e r n s he h a s p r e v i o u s l y f o llo w e d i f th e e le m e n ts o f th e s i t u a t i o n an d th e p e r s o n s i n t e r a c t i n g a r e th e sam e. I t i s w i t h i n t h e home t h a t f a m ily r o l e s a r e m ost o f t e n a ssu m e d , and w i t h i n t h e fram e w o rk o f th e n o rm a l r o u t i n e s o f th e h o u s e h o ld t h a t th e s e r o l e s a r e c a r r i e d o n . 12I b i d . , p . 2 8 0 . 23 R o le s may b e l e a r n e d th ro u g h o b s e r v a t i o n 8 a s w e ll a s i n a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n . Thus c h i l d r e n fo rm t h e i r c o n ­ c e p t i o n s o f w hat t h e i r f u t u r e r o l e s a s f a t h e r o r m o th e r w i l l encom pass from o b s e r v a t i o n o f a n d i n t e r a c t i o n w ith t h e i r p a r e n t s , an d fro m a w a re ­ n e s s o f p a r e n t * s a c t i v i t i e s a s p a r e n t a l r o l e s a r e c a r r i e d on w i t h i n th e hom e. The i n c r e a s e d d iv o rc e m e n t o f a c t i v i t i e s fro m t h e home h a s l i m i t e d t h e am ount o f tim e s p e n t i n th e c a r r y i n g on o f f a m ily r o l e s . T h e re fo re th e s h e e r o p p o rtu n ity f o r r o l e p la y in g and o b s e r v a tio n o f th e r o l e s o f o t h e r s i s l i m i t e d from t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f tim e a v a i l a b l e . L i k e w is e , s i n c e i t i s p r o b a b le t h a t t h e s h a r i n g o f a c t i v i t i e s i s a n im p o r t a n t 1 \ p a r t o f s o c i a l i z a t i o n a n d t h a t many c h i l d r e a r i n g p r a c t i c e s a r e a by-V p r o d u c t o f h o u s e h o ld r o u t i n e s , t h e d e c r e a s e i n tim e s p e n t i n s u c h s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s l i m i t s t h e tim e a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n t h e home f o r th e 14 s o c ia liz a tio n p ro c e ss. B a s ic t o t h i s s t u d y i s th e a s s u m p tio n t h a t e m o tio n a l t i e s b in d f a m i l i e s t o g e t h e r a n d t h a t t h e s e t i e s a r e b a s e d on and s t r e n g t h e n e d th r o u g h t h e s h a r i n g o f r o u t i n e an d r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s . / A c c o rd in g t o Homans a d e c r e a s e i n th e s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s o f an y g r o u p , w ith i t s d e c re a se d o p p o r tu n itie s f o r i n t e r a c t i o n , le a d s to a d e c re a se i n th e num ber o f s e n ti m e n ts w h ic h i n t e r a c t i n g members have f o r one a n o t h e r . T h is d e c r e a s e i n num ber o f s e n ti m e n ts h a s a c y c l i c e f f e c t r e s u l t i n g i n 15 s t i l l l e s s d e s i r e f o r i n t e r a c t i o n w ith s t i l l fe w e r s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s . 14 B o s s a r d , Jam es H. S . , The S o c io lo g y o f C h il d D e v e lo p m e n t. H a rp e r and B r o t h e r s , New Y o rk , 19 L 8 , p . 1 6 2 . is H om ans, o p . c i t . , p p . 2 5 9 -2 6 2 . 9 B e c a u se r e l a t i v e l y fe w a c t i v i t i e s a r e b e in g s h a r e d i n t h e m o dern hom e, t h e r e a r e l i m i t e d o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r i n t e r a c t i o n among f a m i ly m em b ers. I f t h e num ber o f e m o tio n a l t i e s b e tw e e n tw o o r m ore i n d i ­ v id u a ls i s a f u n c tio n o f th e a c t i v i t i e s th e y s h a r e , th e re d u c tio n o f t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s , b y r e d u c in g o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r i n t e r a c t i o n , w i l l i n t u r n re d u c e t h e num ber o f e m o tio n a l t i e s h o ld in g f a m il y members to g e th e r. C o n v e r s e ly , i f s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s fo rm th e b a s i s f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f e m o tio n a l t i e s , t h e n a s m ore a c t i v i t i e s a r e s h a r e d , t h e g r e a t e r w i l l b e t h e i n t e r a c t i o n among f a m ily m em b ers. They w i l l f e e l a g r e a t e r d e g re e o f a f f e c t i o n f o r one a n o t h e r an d w i l l s e e k o p p o r t u n i ­ t i e s f o r f u r t h e r i n t e r a c t i o n th r o u g h t h e medium o f m ore s h a r e d xe a c tiv itie s . The f a m ily i s a ty p e o f g ro u p l i v i n g whose s t a b i l i t y c a l l s f o r t h e p ro m o tio n o f te c h n iq u e s w h ich a i d i n th e c o o p e r a tiv e f u n c t i o n i n g o f i t s m em bers. I f , a s i s assum ed i n t h i s s t u d y , f a m ily t i e s a r e b a se d o n an d s t r e n g t h e n e d th r o u g h th e s h a r i n g o f a c t i v i t i e s , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t we know w hat t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s a r e . When s u c h a c t i v i t i e s a r e n o t o n ly l i m i t e d i n t i m e , b u t a l s o i n s c o p e , th o s e w h ich do e x i s t assum e e v e n more im p o r ta n c e s i n c e g r e a t e r d e p en d e n c e f o r th e b u i l d i n g o f f a m i l y s o l i d a r i t y r e s t s on l e s s tim e s p e n t i n a d im in is h e d num ber o f a c tiv itie s . H y p o th e se s B a s e d on t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p o s i t i o n w hich h a s j u s t b e e n s t a t e d an d a ssu m in g t h a t d e c r e a s e d tim e s p e n t i n th e home i s a l o g i c a l c o n se q u e n c e 16I b i d . , p p . 1 1 0 -1 1 9 . 10 o f i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , t h i s s tu d y h a s b e e n g u id e d b y th e f o l l o w i n g f o u r m a jo r h y p o th e s e s : 1 . T h a t c o m p a r a tiv e ly fe w a c t i v i t i e s a r e s h a r e d a n d r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h e t o t a l tim e s p e n t i n th e h o u se b y f a m i ly mem bers d u r in g t h e w aking h o u r s a r e i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s , th u s l i m i t i n g th e o p p o r tu n itie s f o r i n t e r a c t i o n , f o r th e s o c i a l i z a t i o n o f c h i ld r e n , an d f o r th e b u i l d i n g o f e m o tio n a l t i e s w h ic h may p ro m o te f a m ily s o lid a rity . 2 . T h a t th e m a jo r p o r t i o n o f tim e s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s i n th e home i s i n r o u t i n e r a t h e r th a n r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s , n o t o n ly b y t h e f a m ily a s a w h o le b u t b y v a r io u s c o m b in a tio n s o f f a m ily m em b ers. 3 . T h a t c h i l d r e n h av e l i m i t e d o p p o r t u n i t i e s w i t h i n t h e home t o l e a r n w hat th e f a t h e r and m o th e r r o l e s encom pass an d t h a t much o f w hat th e y l e a r n t h e r e m ust b e d e p e n d e n t on c a s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n o f p a r e n t a l a c t i v i t i e s r a t h e r th a n th r o u g h a c t u a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n w ith them i n su c h a c tiv itie s . il. T h a t due t o th e w id e s p re a d i n f l u e n c e o f i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n an d t h e m e c h a n iz a tio n o f f a m i n g , t h e r e a r e r e l a t i v e l y few d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n fa rm an d tow n f a m i l i e s i n th e p r o p o r t i o n s an d am o u n ts o f tim e and k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s w hich a r e commonly s h a r e d b y v a r i o u s f a m ily m em bers, t h u s m ak in g f i n d i n g s o f th e s tu d y g e n e r a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o b o th ty p e s o f f a m ily . T h ese h y p o th e s e s w i l l b e t e s t e d b y u se o f t h e tim e r e c o r d te c h n iq u e . 11 Summary B ased on t h e p re m is e t h a t f a m il y members c a r r y on c e r t a i n r o l e s a n d l e a r n t h e r o l e s o f o t h e r s w i t h i n t h e home th r o u g h th e medium o f s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s , a n d t h a t th e am ount o f tim e s p e n t i n su c h J o i n t p a r t i c i p a t i o n i s a f a c t o r i n th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f f a m i l y s o l i d a r i t y , t h i s s tu d y h a s th e f o ll o w i n g f o c u s : 1 . To show t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r t h e i n t e r a c t i v e p r o c e s s an d f o r t h e c a r r y i n g on o f f a m ily r o l e s w i t h i n t h e home fro m th e s t a n d p o i n t o f tim e s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s . 2 . To le a rn w h ich f a m i ly mem bers m o st f r e q u e n t l y sh are a c t i v i t i e s . 3 . To le a rn w hich a c t i v i t i e s a r e m o st f r e q u e n t l y sh ared . ii. To le a rn i f s u c h s h a r i n g d i f f e r s b e tw e e n fa rm a n d tow n f a m i l i e s . W hile t h i s s tu d y d o e s n o t c o n t r i b u t e new t h e o r e t i c a l c o n c e p t s , i t i s hoped t h a t i t w i l l s u p p ly i n s i g h t s w h ic h w i l l b e v a lu a b l e i n th e a p p l i ­ c a t i o n o f p r e s e n t t h e o r y t o th e p ro b le m s o f th e f a m i l y , a n d w i l l d e m o n s tr a te th e u t i l i t y s tu d y . o f th e tim e r e c o r d a s a te c h n iq u e f o r i t s CHAPTER I I REVIEW OF LITERATURE Much o f t h e p r e s e n t know led g e o f s m a l l g ro u p b e h a v i o r i s d e r i v e d fro m s t u d i e s o f g ro u p s o t h e r th a n t h e f a m i l y . I n e x a m in in g b o th g ro u p s t r u c t u r e and f u n c t i o n i n g many d i f f e r e n t a p p ro a c h e s have b e e n used. M oreno a n d J e n n in g s h av e u t i l i z e d t h e s o c io m e tr i c te c h n i q u e t o m e a su re t h e a t t r a c t i o n and r e p u l s i o n o f members o f a g ro u p f o r one a n o th e r. B a le s h a s s t u d i e d a n d d e v is e d i n s tr u m e n ts t o r e c o r d t h e d y n a m ic s o f th e i n t e r a c t i v e p r o c e s s . Homans h a s a n a ly z e d g ro u p b e h a v io r i n te rm s o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s among t h r e e b a s i c e l e m e n t s , a c t i v i t y , i n t e r a c t i o n and s e n tim e n t. B o s s a r d , B a le s and o t h e r s have s t u d i e d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f th e s i t u a t i o n i n w hich i n t e r a c t i o n t a k e s p l a c e . F e s tin g e r, F r e n c h an d M i l l e r have s t u d i e d th e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f g ro u p phenom ena t h r o u g h th e u s e o f e x p e r im e n t a l s i t u a t i o n s i n w h ich v a r i a b l e s c a n b e m e a s u re d . Thus f a r th e tim e r e c o r d a p p ro a c h h a s n o t b e e n a p p l i e d t o a s tu d y o f s m a ll g ro u p i n t e r a c t i o n . S in c e t h i s m ethod r e p r e s e n t s a d e p a r tu r e fro m th e te c h n iq u e o f o t h e r s t u d i e s o f s m a ll g ro u p b e h a v i o r th e f o ll o w ­ in g r e v ie w w i l l p r e s e n t i n some d e t a i l s t u d i e s w hich h av e u t i l i z e d tim e m e a s u re m e n t. A lso p r e s e n t e d a r e s t u d i e s o f l e i s u r e t i m e , and o f s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s , a s w e l l a s c e r t a i n o t h e r s t u d i e s w h ic h have a b e a r i n g on th e p ro b le m . 13 S t u d i e s R e l a t i n g t o M easurem ent o f Time C o s ts Many s t u d i e s u s i n g t h e tim e r e c o r d a p p ro a c h h av e b e e n f o r t h e p u rp o s e o f m e a s u rin g t h e tim e c o s t s o f v a r i o u s a c t i v i t i e s i n r e l a t i o n t o hom em aking. F in d i n g s a r e u s u a l l y r e p o r t e d e m p i r i c a l l y i n te rm s o f a v e r a g e s and p e r c e n t a g e s o f tim e s p e n t i n hom em aking t a s k s . th e y a r e n o t p e r t i n e n t t o t h i s r e v ie w . As s u c h A s id e from t h e i r h i s t o r i c a l i n t e r e s t t h e i r m a in c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h i s p ro b le m i s i n th e m eth o d s u s e d t o o b t a i n th e d a t a a n d i n th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a c t i v i t i e s u s e d . T h is s e c t i o n w i l l t h e r e f o r e r e p o r t b r i e f l y on th e s e s t u d i e s an d w i l l f o c u s on m ethod a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n schem es r a t h e r th a n on f i n d i n g s . I n a 1913 s tu d y o f th e m anagem ent o f t h e fa rm hom e, B a i l e y a tte m p te d t o e s t i m a t e t h e l e n g t h an d a c t i v i t i e s o f th e hom em aker1s w o rk in g d a y b y t h e u s e o f r e c o r d s k e p t b y hom em akers f o r t h e p e r i o d fro m r i s i n g t o re tirin g . F o u r te e n k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s w ere d e s i g n a t e d an d t h e r e c o r d was k e p t i n 15 m in u te i n t e r v a l s . W ork tim e a n d a c t i v i t i e s on w eekdays 17 w ere fo u n d t o b e d i f f e r e n t th a n th o s e on S u n d a y . I n a l a t e r s tu d y B a i le y and S n y d e r u s e d i n t e r v i e w s w ith hom em akers t o o b t a i n a n e s t i m a t e o f th e l e n g t h o f t h e fa rm hom em aker*s w o rk in g d a y a n d t h e a v e r a g e d a i l y tim e s p e n t i n d a i r y , p o u l t r y , g a r d e n , and 18 l a u n d r y w o rk . JfC I n t h e 1920*s t h e F e d e r a l B u re a u o f Home E co n o m ics'' o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s D e p a rtm e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e p la n n e d a l a r g e c o o p e r a ti v e s t u d y o f 3'7B a i l e y , I l e n a , "A S tu d y o f th e M anagement o f th e Farm Home,” J o u r n a l o f Home E c o n o m ic s, 7 * 3 h 8 -3 5 3 , A u g u s t, 1 9 1 5 . 18B a i l e y , I l e n a M ., an d M e lis s a F . S n y d e r, ”A S u rv ey o f Farm H om es,” J o u r n a l o f Home Econom ics , 13 s3 ^ 6 -3 5 6 , A u g u s t 1 9 2 1 . * S in c e renam ed H o u se h o ld E conom ics R e s e a rc h B ra n ch o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l R ese arch S e rv ic e . Ill t h e tim e e x p e n d i t u r e s o f fa rm hom em akers. U n d er t h e d i r e c t i o n o f H ild e g a r d e K n e e la n d a n d H a ze l S t i e b l i n g , th e a g r i c u l t u r a l e x p e rim e n t s t a t i o n s o f s e v e r a l s t a t e s made a s t u d y o f t h e am o u n ts a n d p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e s p e n t b y fa rm homemakers i n v a r i o u s h o u s e h o ld a c t i v i t i e s . E s tim a te s o f tim e e x p e n d it u r e s w ere made b y fa rm women f o r s e v e n d a y s . Two ty p e s o f r e c o r d i n g d e v ic e s w ere u s e d . The f i r s t c o n s i s t e d o f two l a r g e c i r c l e s , one f o r t h e h o u rs fro m m id n ig h t t o noon a n d t h e o t h e r f o r t h e h o u r s fro m noon t o m i d n i g h t . The homemaker was a s k e d t o make seg m e n ts i n t h e s e c i r c l e s a t th e end o f e a c h d ay t o c o r r e s p o n d r o u g h ly t o th e p r o p o r t i o n o f tim e she h a d s p e n t i n e a c h a c t i v i t y . B ec a u se o f d i f f i c u l t y o f u se t h i s m ethod was d is c a r d e d i n f a v o r o f a r e c o r d ty p e o f a p p ro a c h i n w hich a t t h e en d o f e a c h d ay th e homemaker made a l i s t o f h e r a c t i v i t i e s f o r th e p a s t 2h h o u rs w i th a n e s t i m a t e o f t h e tim e s p e n t in each a c t i v i t y . o f f i v e m in u te s . span. I n b o th m eth o d s e s t i m a t e s w ere made i n u n i t s F in d in g s w ere r e p o r t e d i n te rm s o f a w eekf s tim e S in c e t h e i r p u rp o s e was t o e a s e t h e b u rd e n o f th e fa rm home­ m a k e r , t h e s e s t u d i e s f o c u s e d on p h y s i c a l homemaking a c t i v i t i e s . L a rg e q u a n t i t i e s o f d a t a w ere c o l l e c t e d , many o f w h ich w ere n e v e r u t i l i z e d . H ow ever, s e v e r a l e x p e r im e n t s t a t i o n b u l l e t i n s an d a r t i c l e s w ere p u b 1 9 —2 6 l i s h e d r e p o r t i n g some o f t h e f i n d i n g s . Of i n t e r e s t t o t h i s re v ie w 19 A r n q u i s t , In e z F . , an d E v e ly n H. R o b e r t s , The F r e s e n t Use o f W ork Time f o r Farm H om em akers, B u l l e t i n 2 3 li, S t a t e C o lle g e o f W a s h in g to n A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , F u llm a n , W a s h in g to n , J u l y 1 9 2 9 . 20 C l a r k , R u th M ., and G re ta G ra y , The R o u tin e an d S e a s o n a l W ork o f N e b ra s k a Farm Women. B u l l e t i n 2 3 8 , U n i v e r s i t y o f N e b ra sk a A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , L i n c o l n , N e b ra s k a , J a n u a r y 1 9 3 0 . 21 C ra w fo rd , I n e z Z . , The Use o f Time b y Farm Women, B u l l e t i n l i t 6 , U n i v e r s i t y o f Id a h o A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , Moscow, I d a h o , Ja n u a ry 1927. 15 i s t h e m ethod u s e d a n d th e l a r g e am ount o f m a t e r i a l fo u n d to b e o b t a i n ­ a b l e th r o u g h tim e r e c o r d s . The a c c u r a c y o f t h e f i n d i n g s i s l i m i t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t th e y a r e b a s e d on r e c a l l . The s a m p le s a l s o may h av e b e e n b i a s e d i n f a v o r o f t h e m ore i n t e l l i g e n t homemakers who h ad t h e a b i l i t y , t i m e , a n d i n t e r e s t t o k eep t h e r e c o r d s r e q u i r e d . A long w ith th e s t u d i e s o f fa rm hom em akers, th e B u re a u o f Home E conom ics g a th e r e d some c o m p a ra b le d a t a o f tim e e x p e n d it u r e s o f r u r a l n o n - f a r m , s m a ll c i t y , a n d u rb a n women. i n th e s t u d i e s o f fa rm hom em akers. M ethods w e re t h e same a s u s e d I n g e n e r a l , f i n d i n g s show ed t h a t r u r a l n o n -fa rm hom em akers s p e n t l e s s tim e i n t h e i r h o u s e k e e p in g a c t i v i ­ t i e s th a n d i d th e fa rm women. U rb an women s p e n t s t i l l l e s s t i m e , e s p e c i a l l y th o s e who l i v e d i n c i t i e s o f o v e r 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 . Some a n a l y s i s was made I n te rm s o f h o u s e k e e p in g , c h i l d c a r e , an d m a n a g e r ia l f u n c t i o n s , a n d a p p l i e d t o women w ith c h i l d r e n u n d e r 15 y e a r s o f ag e a s com pared K n e e la n d , H ild e g a r d e , ,fWomen on Farm s A v erag e 63 H ours W ork "Weekly i n S u rv e y o f 700 H om es,1* U n ite d S t a t e s D e p a rtm e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e Y e a rb o o k , 1 9 2 8 , p p . 6 2 0 -6 2 2 . 23 R ic h a r d s o n , J e s s i e F . , The Use o f Time b y R u r a l Homemakers i n M o n ta n a , B u l l e t i n 2 7 1 , M ontana S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , B osem an, M o n ta n a , F e b r u a r y 1 9 3 3 . 24 W asson, G race E . , The Use o f Time b y S o u th D a k o ta Farm H om em akers, B u l l e t i n 2k7 9 S o u th D a k o ta A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , B ro o k ­ i n g s , S o u th D a k o ta , M arch 1 9 3 0 . 26 W h itte m o re , M a r g a r e t, a n d B e r n ie c e N e i l , Time F a c t o r s i n th e B u s in e s s o f Homemaking i n Rhode I s l a n d , B u l l e t i n 2 2 1 , Rhode I s l a n d S t a t e C o lle g e A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , K in g s to n , Rhode I s l a n d , S e p te m b e r 1 9 2 9 . 26 W ils o n , M aud, The Use o f Time b y O regon Farm H om em akers, B u l l e t i n 2 5 6 , O regon S t a t e C o lle g e A g r i c u l t u r a l E^qperim ent S t a t i o n , C o r v a l l i s , O re g o n , Novem ber 1 9 2 9 . 16 t o women w ith no c h i l d r e n . 27-2 9 D ic k L n s , i n a s tu d y o f tim e e x p e n d it u r e s i n homemaking a c t i v i t i e s b y w h ite an d n e g ro tow n f a m i l i e s , em p lo y ed t h e same m eth o d s o f o b t a i n ­ i n g r e c o r d s a n d ty p e o f a n a l y s i s a s u s e d b y th e B u re a u o f Home E c o n o m ic s . F o r a d d i t i o n a l a c c u r a c y sh e em ployed home eco n o m ics te a c h e r s t o s u p e rv is e th e re c o rd -k e e p in g . The sam p le c o n s i s t e d o f tw o w h ite a n d two n e g ro incom e g ro u p s c l a s s i f i e d b y h o u s in g v a l u e . Two m a jo r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f a c t i v i t i e s w ere u s e d , w o rk tim e a n d p e r s o n a l a c t i v i t i e s , w ith w ork tim e s u b d iv id e d i n t o homemaking a c t i v i t i e s an d g a i n f u l w o rk . S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n was p a i d to th o s e home a c t i v i t i e s h a v in g t o do w ith fo o d p r e p a r a t i o n . A lth o u g h th e s tu d y was p r i m a r i l y o f hom em akers, some a tte m p t was made t o d e te r m in e t h e am ount o f a s s i s t a n c e g iv e n i n homemaking a c t i v i t i e s b y h u s b a n d s , c h i l d r e n , an d h i r e d h e lp i n o r d e r t o a r r i v e a t a n e s t i m a t e o f t o t a l tim e e x p e n d it u r e s in th a t a re a . Of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t i s th e u s e o f s u p e r v i s o r s t o o b t a i n a c c u r a t e r e c o r d s and t o a llo w a m ore r e p r e s e n t a t i v e sam p le th a n was p o s s i b l e i n th e B u re a u o f Horae E conom ics s t u d i e s . i n r e c a l l was n o t s o l v e d . The p ro b le m o f e r r o r 30 27 K n e e la n d , H ild e g a r d e , "Homemaking i n T h is M odern A g e ," J o u r n a l o f A m e ric a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f U n i v e r s i t y Women, J a n u a ry 193^-, p p . 7 7 -7 9 . 28 K n e e la n d , H ild e g a r d e , " I s t h e M odern H o u sew ife a Lady o f L e i s u r e ? 1* S u rv e y G r a p h ic , J u n e 1 , 1 9 2 9 , p . 3 0 1 . 2 9. K n e e la n d , H ild e g a r d e , an d H a z e l S t i e b l i n g , "The Farm B u s in e s s an d The Farm Home," U n ite d S t a t e s D e p a rtm e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e Y e a rb o o k , 1 9 3 3 , P P . 3 8 5 -3 9 7 . 30 . , D i c k i n s , D o ro th y , Time A c t i v i t i e s i n Homemaking, B u l l e t i n L 2 h , M i s s i s s i p p i S t a t e C o lle g e an d A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , S t a t e C o l l e g e , M i s s i s s i p p i , O c to b e r 1 9 ^ 5 . 17 W a rre n , i n a s tu d y o f th e u s e o f tim e i n i t s r e l a t i o n t o home m a n ag em en t, a tte m p te d t o overcom e t h e b i a s fo u n d i n t h e B u re a u o f Home E conom ics s t u d i e s b y u s i n g t r a i n e d i n t e r v i e w e r s who f i l l e d o u t r e c o r d s fro m th e hom em aker*s c h r o n o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t o f tim e s p e n t i n v a r i o u s a c t i v i t i e s o n t h e p r e c e d in g d a y a n d d u r in g t h e p r e c e d in g w eek . The U00 d i f f e r e n t a c t i v i t i e s r e p o r t e d w ere c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d in g t o s i x m a jo r c a t e g o r i e s . T h e se w e r e : home m a k in g , fa rm w o rk , o t h e r w o rk , p e r s o n a l c a r e a n d e a t i n g m e a l s , s l e e p i n g and r e s t i n g , an d l e i s u r e a n d m is c e lla n e o u s o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s . The a r e a r e l a t i n g t o homemaking was f u r t h e r s u b d iv id e d f o r s p e c i a l s t u d y , a n d a n a t t e m p t made t o m easu re a n d com pare w ork lo a d s i n h o u s e h o ld s b y c o n s t r u c t i n g w ork p r o d u c ti o n u n its . A v e rag e tim e s w ere r e p o r t e d on a w eek ly r a t h e r t h a n d a i l y b a s i s a lth o u g h v a r i a t i o n s due t o s e a s o n an d d a y o f th e w eek w ere n o t e d . The u s e o f s k i l l e d i n t e r v i e w e r s t o o b t a i n r e p o r t s o f tim e e x p e n d it u r e s a llo w e d f o r a m ore r e p r e s e n t a t i v e sam p le th a n i n t h e B u re a u o f Home E conom ic*s s t u d i e s . However th e p ro b le m o f e r r o r i n r e c a l l was s t i l l 3X n o t s o lv e d . W arren * s m eth o d was u t i l i z e d i n W ie g a n d 's l a t e r s t u d y o f th e u s e o f tim e b y f u l l - t i m e and p a r t - t i m e hom em akers i n r e l a t i o n t o home m an ag em en t. H ow ever, th e i n t e r v i e w e r s a s k e d c o o p e r a tin g hom emakers t o r e c a l l tim e e x p e n d ! tu r e s f o r t h e p r e c e d in g w eek d ay , S a tu r d a y , an d S u n d a y , r a t h e r t h a n f o r a n e n t i r e w eek. w ere c l a s s i f i e d u n d e r f i v e c a t e g o r i e s . 30. The h om em aker's a c t i v i t i e s T h e se w e re : t o t a l w o rk , W a rre n , J e a n , U se o f Time i n I t s R e l a t i o n to Home M anagem ent. B u l l e t i n 73U , C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , I t h a c a , New Y o rk , Ju n e 1 9 ^ 0 . 18 s l e e p i n g and r e s t i n g , p e r s o n a l c a r e , com m unity a c t i v i t i e s , an d le is u re . W ork a c t i v i t i e s -were s u b d iv id e d i n t o f o u r t y p e s . T h e se w e re : hom em aking, farm w o rk , p a i d e m p lo y m en t, a n d o t h e r . Homemaking a c t i v i ­ t i e s w e re c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d in g t o W arren * s s y s te m . C o m p a riso n s w ere made among t h r e e g r o u p s : fa rm f u l l - t i m e hom em akers, c i t y f u l l - t i m e ho m em ak ers, a n d c i t y em ployed hom em akers. F in d i n g s w ere r e p o r t e d i n te rm s o f a v e r a g e num bers o f h o u rs s p e n t d a i l y i n e a c h k in d o f a c t i v i t y . An e s t i m a t e o f t h e am ount o f h o u s e h o ld h e lp r e c e i v e d fro m o th e r f a m il y 32 mem bers w as a l s o o b t a i n e d . I n a s tu d y o f homemaking a c t i v i t i e s i n V erm ont farm ho m es, Muse u s e d t h e same m ethod o f o b t a i n i n g tim e e s t i m a t e s a s W arren an d a s i m i l a r s y s te m o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a c t i v i t i e s e x c e p t t h a t sh e u s e d 11 r a t h e r t h a n s i x m a jo r c a t e g o r i e s i n h e r a n a l y s i s . T h ese w e re : hom em aking, fa rm w ork an d b u s i n e s s , g a i n f u l em p lo y m en t, g a r d e n in g an d g ro u n d s , n e ig h b o r ly and com m unity, p e r s o n a l a c t i v i t i e s , e a t i n g , r e s t i n g , s l e e p a t n i g h t , i l l n e s s , an d m i s c e l l a n e o u s . The m a jo r e m p h a sis o f t h i s s tu d y was on th e t o t a l tim e s p e n t i n hom em aking, t h e r e f o r e th e d a t a w ere e x te n d e d t o i n c l u d e th e tim e s p e n t i n h o u sew o rk b y a l l p e r s o n s i n th e h o u s e h o ld o r b y h i r e d h e lp r a t h e r t h a n b e in g l i m i t e d t o th e hom em aker. R e s u l t s w ere r e p o r t e d b y m eans o f a v e r a g e am o u n ts o f tim e s p e n t i n t h e v a r i o u s homemaking a c t i v i t i e s . 33 32 W ie g a n d , E l i z a b e t h , Use o f Time b y F u ll-T im e an d P a rt-T im e Homemakers i n R e l a t i o n t o Hom e-M anagem ent, Memoir 3 3 0 , C o r n e ll U n i v e r s i t y A g r i c u l t u r a l fix p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , I t h a c a , New Y o rk , J u l y 195U. 33 M u se, M a r ia n n e , Time E x p e n d itu r e s on Homemaking A c t i v i t i e s i n 183 V erm ont Farm Homes, B u l l e t i n ^ 3 0 , U n i v e r s i t y o f V erm ont an d S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e , A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , B u r l i n g t o n , V e rm o n t, Ju n e 1 9 b 6 , 19 G ro ss , i n c o m p a rin g t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o homemaking a c t i v i t i e s o f h u s b a n d s o f em ployed an d n o n -e m p lo y e d m o th e rs o f young c h i l d r e n , fo u n d t h a t t h e em ployed m o th e rs r e c e i v e d more h e lp w ith a l l p h a s e s o f m eal p r e p a r a t i o n an d c l e a r i n g t h a n d i d t h e n o n -e m p lo y e d women, a n d a l s o i n hangxng o u t c l o t h e s a n d c a r e o f c h i l d r e n . 34 Van B o r t e l and G ro ss s t u d i e d th e u s e o f tim e b y two s o c io -e c o n o m ic c l a s s e s o f hom em akers. U p p e r-lo w e r a n d u p p e r-m id d le c l a s s homemakers w ere s e l e c t e d b y u s e o f W a rn e r, s In d e x o f S t a t u s C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . On a t i m e - s p a c e - i n t e r a c t i o n r e c o r d t h e homemakers r e c o r d e d t h e i r d a i l y a c t i v i t i e s i n 15 m in u te i n t e r v a l s f o r th e p e r io d o f one w eek , l i s t i n g t h e a c t i v i t y , w here i t to o k p l a c e , o t h e r p e r s o n s p r e s e n t , an d t h e p e r s o n s who s h a r e d i n i t . T h ese tim e r e c o r d s w ere c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d ­ i n g t o s i x m u tu a lly e x c l u s i v e r o l e s : m o th e r , w i f e , an d I n d i v i d u a l . m a n a g e r, h o u s e w if e , f a m ily m em ber, 4 m ark ed s i m i l a r i t y b etw ee n t h e two g ro u p s i n t h e i r u s e o f tim e was f o u n d . I n c l u d i n g h o u rs o f s l e e p , o v e r 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r tim e was s p e n t i n i n d i v i d u a l p u r s u i t s . The u p p e r - lo w e r hom em akers s p e n t s l i g h t l y l e s s tim e i n th e r o l e s o f m a n a g e r, w i f e , f a m ily m em ber, an d h o u s e w if e , an d s l i g h t l y more tim e i n th e r o l e s o f m o th e r a n d i n d i v i d u a l t h a n d id t h e u p p e r-m id d le c l a s s woman. O nly t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t h e two g ro u p s i n t h e i r r o l e s o f m anager an d 35 I n d i v i d u a l w ere s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . #34G r o s s , Irm a H. "Home M anagem ent o f W orking an d N on-W orking Homemakers w ith Young C h i l d r e n , 11 Q u a r t e r l y B u l l e t i n , M ic h ig a n S t a t e C o lle g e A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , E a s t L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n , V o l. 3 7 , N o. 3 , F e b r u a r y 1 9 5 5 , p p . 32l*-33U. 35Van B o r t e l , D o ro th y G reey an d Irm a H. G ro s s , A C o m p ariso n o f Home M anagem ent i n Two S o cio -E co n o m ic G ro u p s , T e c h n ic a l B u l l e t i n 2L 0, M ic h ig a n S t a t e C o lle g e A g r i c u l t u r a l - E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , E a s t L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n , A p r i l 195U. 20 S e v e r a l o t h e r tim e m e asu rem en t s t u d i e s have b e e n made o f s p e c i f i c h o u s e h o ld t a s k s . W ils o n , u s i n g t h e B u re a u o f Home Econom ics te c h n iq u e o f o b t a i n i n g r e c o r d s , com pared v a r i o u s am ounts o f tim e s p e n t b y home36 m a k e rs m d i f f e r e n t m e th o d s o f l a u n d e r i n g . She com pared am o u n ts o f tim e s p e n t on m e al p r e p a r a t i o n b y f a r m , r u r a l n o n -f a rm , v i l l a g e , and c i t y women. 37 S a t e r , u s i n g t h e same t e c h n i q u e s , i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e tim e e x p e n d it u r e s i n d is h w a s h in g an d la u n d r y o f t h e s e f o u r r e s i d e n t i a l 38-3© g ro u p s. M oser o b t a i n e d r e c o r d s o f th e tim e s p e n t i n fo o d a c t i v i t i e s b y r u r a l f a m i l i e s an d c o r r e l a t e d t h e s e w i th d i e t a r y 40 adequacy. Cushman s t u d i e d th e tim e s p e n t on d is h w a s h in g a c c o r d in g t o num ber o f w o r k e r s . 40. R u s t d id a s tu d y o f tim e s p e n t i n i n f a n t c a r e . 36 W ils o n , M aud, ”L a u n d ry Time C o s t s , ” J o u r n a l o f Home E c o n o m ic s, 22: 735-7U O, 1 9 3 0 . 37 W ils o n , M aud, “Time S p e n t i n M eal P r e p a r a t i o n , ” J o u r n a l o f Home E c o n o m ic s, 2Us 1 0 - 1 6 , 1 9 3 2 . 38 S a t e r , V . E n i d , Time a n d C o s t E v a lu a t io n o f D is h w a sh in g b y D i f f e r e n t M e th o d s , B u l l e t i n 3 0 3 , S t a t e C o lle g e o f W a sh in g to n A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , P u llm a n , W a s h in g to n , J u l y 1 9 3 ^ . 3© S a t e r , V . E n i d , Time an d C o s t E v a l u a t io n o f Home L a u n d ry , B u l l e t i n 3 1 7 , S t a t e C o lle g e o f W a sh in g to n A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , P u llm a n , W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 5 • 40 M o se r, Ada M ., Food C o n su m p tio n and Use o f Time f o r Food W ork Among Farm F a m ilie s i n th e S o u th C a r o l i n a P ie d m o n t, B u l l e t i n 3 0 0 , S o u th C a r o l i n a A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , C lem so n , S o u th C a r o l i n a , 1935. 41 C ushm an, E l l a M ., ”A S tu d y o f Time S p e n t i n D is h w a s h in g ,” J o u r n a l o f Home E conom ics , 22 s 2 9 5 , 1 9 3 0 . 42 R u s t , L u c i l e , A Time S tu d y o f I n f a n t C a r e , u n p u b lis h e d M a s te r* s t h e s i s , K an sas S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e , M a n h a tta n , K a n s a s , 1925. 42 21 Tim e M ea su rem en ts i n S t u d i e s o f House U sage Tim e m e asu re m e n t -was u s e d b y T h o rp e a n d G ro ss i n two s t u d i e s o f fa rm a n d s m a ll c i t y u s e o f h o m e s. Homemakers k e p t a c l o c k r e c o r d o f a l l tim e s p e n t i n th e h o u se b y e a c h f a m ily member o v e r t h e ag e o f seven. An i n d i v i d u a l ’ s r e c o r d b e g a n when he a r o s e i n th e m o rn in g a n d c o n tin u e d u n t i l he r e t i r e d a t n i g h t . S in c e t h e s e w ere s t u d i e s o f t h e u s e o f th e hom e, o n ly tim e s p e n t i n s i d e t h e h o u se was r e c o r d e d . T h e se r e c o r d s d e s i g n a t e d t h e ro o m s, l e n g t h o f tim e s p e n t , an d a c t i v i t i e s t a k i n g p l a c e i n th e m , f o r e a c h f a m ily member d u r in g t h e a c t i v e h o u rs o f th e d a y . R e c o rd s w ere o b ta i n e d f o r a S a t u r d a y , a S u n d a y , an d a w eekday d u r in g th e w in te r an d s p r i n g s e a s o n s . A w eek ly e s ti m a t e o f tim e s p e n t was made b y g iv in g t h e week d ay f i g u r e s a w e ig h t o f f i v e an d a d d in g t o th e S a tu r d a y an d Sunday t o t a l s . s i x c a t e g o r i e s o f f a m ily members w ere u s e d . I n th e a n a l y s i s o f d a t a T h ese w ere h u s b a n d s , w iv e s , b o y s 7 - 1 2 , b o y s 1 3 -1 8 , g i r l s 7 - 1 2 , and g i r l s 1 3 - 1 8 . k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s w ere d i s t i n g u i s h e d . T h e se w e re : F ifte e n h o u se c a r e , p e r s o n a l c a r e , c h i l d c a r e , l a u n d r y , s e w in g , fa rm c h o r e s , fo o d p r e p a r a t i o n , e a t i n g , c l e a r i n g away a f t e r m e a l s , l e i s u r e a l o n e , l e i s u r e w ith o t h e r f a m ily m em bers, l e i s u r e w ith g u e s t s , r e s t i n g d u r in g th e d a y , s tu d y in g an d b u s i n e s s a c t i v i t i e s , a n d m i s c e lla n e o u s . s t u d i e s w ere b o th a c t i v i t y a n d p e r s o n o r i e n t e d . T hese E r r o r s due t o r e c a l l w ere overcom e b y th e u s e o f a r u n n in g c lo c k r e c o r d o f tim e e x p e n d i t u r e s . However th e b i a s fo u n d i n th e B u re a u o f Home Econom ics s t u d i e s to w a rd u s i n g hom em akers who had th e a b i l i t y , i n t e r e s t , and tim e t o keep d e t a i l e d r e c o r d s p r o b a b ly o p e r a te d t o some e x t e n t , a lth o u g h i n a n 22 a tte m p t t o g a i n w id e r i n t e r e s t i n c o o p e r a t i n g , homemakers w ere p a id f o r r e c o r d k e e p in g . 43-4 4 A l a t e r P e n n s y lv a n ia fa rm h o u s in g s t u d y b y N o la n an d Jo h n u s e d t h e same m ethod o f r e c o r d - k e e p in g a s u s e d by T h o rp e an d G ro s s , b u t f o r a w eek r a t h e r th a n f o r t h e t h r e e k in d s o f d a y s . b o t h w i n t e r and summer r e c o r d s . D a ta in c lu d e d I n a d d i t i o n t o c a l c u l a t i n g am ounts o f tim e s p e n t , t h e y c o u n te d th e num ber o f a c t i v i t i e s t a k i n g p l a c e i n t h e v a r i o u s room s and r e p o r t e d t h e i r f i n d i n g s i n te rm s o f p e r ­ c e n ta g e s o f b o t h tim e s p e n t and num ber o f p a r t i c i p a t i n g f a m i l i e s . The s tu d y was a c t i v i t y o r i e n t e d . F in d in g s w ere s i m i l a r to th e T h o rp e 45 an d G ro ss s t u d i e s o f u s e o f fa rm homes i n M ic h ig a n . Time E x p e n d itu r e s o f S t u d e n t s , E m ployed, an d U nem ployed P e rs o n s I n t h e 1920*s s e v e r a l s t u d i e s w ere made o f s t u d e n t s t o d e te r m in e t h e p r o p o r t i o n a t e am ounts o f tim e s p e n t i n a ca d e m ic w o rk , r e c r e a t i o n , and o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s . A t M t. H o ly o k e , u n d e r t h e s p o n s o r s h ip o f a c l a s s i n s t a t i s t i c s i n t h e f a l l o f 1 9 2 1 , h a l f o f th e s t u d e n t s k e p t r e c o r d s o f t h e i r tim e and a c t i v i t i e s f o r a w eek . f i l l e d i n a t t h e end o f t h e d a y . The r e c o r d s w ere A c t i v i t i e s w e re c l a s s i f i e d u n d e r 43 T h o r p e , A lic e C . , a n d Irm a H. G r o s s , F a m ily Use o f Farm Homes, T e c h n ic a l B u l l e t i n 2 2 7 , M ic h ig a n S t a t e C o lle g e A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i­ m ent S t a t i o n , E a s t L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n , A p r i l 1 9 5 2 . 44 T h o r p e , A l i c e C . , an d Irm a H. G ro s s , How Homes a r e U sed on Farm s a n d I n S m a ll C i t i e s , T e c h n ic a l B u l l e t i n 2 $ k '^ A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e and A p p lie d S c i e n c e , E a s t L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n , D ecem b er, 1 9 5 5 . 45N o la n , F r a n c e n a L . , an d M. E . J o h n , Use o f Rooms i n Farm H o u s e s . B u l l e t i n 5 6 6 , The P e n n s y lv a n ia S t a t e C o lle g e A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , S t a t e C o l l e g e , P e n n s y lv a n i a , A p r i l 1 9 5 3 . 23 t h e f o ll o w i n g g e n e r a l h e a d in g s : s l e e p , m e a ls , a c a d e m ic a p p o in tm e n ts , s t u d y , r e l i g i o u s , r e m u n e r a t i v e , o u td o o r e x e r c i s e , e x t r a - c u r r i c u l a r , e n te r ta in m e n t, o th e r r e c r e a tio n , re a d in g n o t r e q u ir e d , t a l k in g , p e r s o n a l , an d m i s c e l l a n e o u s . 46 I n 1926 s t u d e n t s a t V a s s a r f i l l e d o u t r e c o r d s e a c h n i g h t o f t h e h o u rs and f r a c t i o n s o f h o u rs s p e n t i n 47 a c a d e m ic a n d n o n -a c a d e m ic a c t i v i t i e s , s l e e p , and e x e r c i s e . S im i l a r s t u d i e s w ere done a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic ag o an d B ry n Mawr. 4 S —4 9 F in d i n g s i n g e n e r a l i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s h a d a d e q u a te tim e f o r a w e ll ro u n d e d p ro g ram o f a c t i v i t i e s . An e a r l y s tu d y o f u s e o f tim e b y farm p e o p le was made by R an k in who u t i l i z e d th e 1919 an d 192k f i n d i n g s o f two r u r a l econom ic s u rv e y s c o n d u c te d f o r o t h e r p u rp o s e s t o o b t a i n a n e s t i m a t e o f t h e l e n g t h o f th e fa rm d ay f o r fa rm p e o p le o f N e b ra sk a an d th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e s p e n t b y them i n w o rk , m e a l s , s l e e p , r e s t , an d r e c r e a t i o n . t i a t i o n was made b e tw e e n d a y s o f th e w eek . o f s e a s o n , t e n u r e , an d a r e a d i f f e r e n c e s . No d i f f e r e n ­ D a ta w ere a n a ly z e d i n te rm s The s tu d y i s o f i n t e r e s t c h i e f l y b e c a u s e i t r e p r e s e n t s one o f t h e e a r l y a tte m p ts t o m easu re th e tim e c o s t s o f c e r t a i n b r o a d c a t e g o r i e s o f a c t i v i t i e s f o r m en, women, an d c h i l d r e n d u r in g a 2h h o u r s p a n . B ec a u se o f th e m anner i n w hich 46 C o m sto ck , A lz a d a , "Time an d The C o lle g e G i r l , " S c h o o l an d S o c i e t y . M arch 1925>. 47 G a m b r ille , M ., K. P o l i a k , e t a l . , wV a s s a r C o lle g e Time S u rv e y ," V a s s a r J o u r n a l o f U n d e rg ra d u a te S t u d i e s , V o l. 1 , 1 9 2 6 . 48 H a rv a rd C rim s o n , "Tim e S u rv ey a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o ," Ja n u a ry 7 , 1926. 4 C o l l e g e N ew s, "B ry n Mawr Time S u r v e y ," M arch 3 , 1 9 2 6 . 2b t h e d a t a w ere o b t a i n e d , t h e r e s u l t s w e re n e c e s s a r i l y o n ly ro u g h e s t i 5° m a te s o f tim e e x p e n d i t u r e s . L in d s tr o m , a s p a r t o f h i s s tu d y o f f o r c e s a f f e c t i n g p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f fa rm p e o p le i n r u r a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , r e c o r d e d th e tim e s p e n t b y v a r i o u s fa rm f a m ily members i n d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l and econom ic p u r s u i t s . By m eans o f q u e s t i o n n a i r e s he o b t a in e d e s t i m a t e s o f th e num ber o f h o u rs s p e n t a t home i n w ork on th e f a r m , s l e e p , r e s t an d r e f r e s h m e n t , a n d t r i p s away fro m hom e, f o r a y e a r . F in d in g s r e p o r t e d a t y p i c a l fa rm w ork day i n te rm s o f a v e r a g e number o f h o u rs s p e n t i n v a r io u s a c tiv itie s . ex B a k k e , i n s tu d y in g t h e u s e o f tim e b y th e unem ployed m an, fo llo w e d t h e same m eth o d o f o b t a i n i n g r e c o r d s a s u s e d by t h e B u re a u o f Home E c o n o m ic s. A r e c o r d was u s e d w hich a llo w e d s p a c e f o r e n t e r i n g tim e t o th e n e a r e s t q u a r t e r o f a n h o u r w ith th e a c t i v i t y o p p o s ite i t . a c t i v i t i e s d e s ig n a te d w e re : The m e a ls , s l e e p , lo o k in g f o r w o rk , r e a d i n g , r e c r e a t i o n , m e e t in g s , v i s i t i n g , p o l i t i c a l g a t h e r i n g s , and s c h o o l a tte n d a n c e . B akke fo u n d t h a t much o f t h e u n em ployed man*s tim e was 62 s p e n t i n lo o k in g f o r w ork an d i n u s e f u l t a s k s . 50 R a n k in , J . 0 . , The Use o f Time i n Farm Homes, B u l l e t i n 2 3 0 , U n i v e r s i t y o f N e b ra sk a A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , L i n c o ln , N e b ra s k a , D ecem ber 1 9 2 8 . 51 L in d s tr o m , D . E . , F o r c e s A f f e c t i n g P a r t i c i p a t i o n o f Farm P e o p le i n R u r a l O r g a n i z a t i o n s , B u l l e t i n 1+23 ♦ U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , U rb a n a , I l l i n o i s , May 1 9 3 6 . 52 B a k k e , E . W ig h t, The U nem ployed Man: an d Com pany, New Y o rk , 1 9 3 ^ . A S o c i a l S tu d y . E . P . D u tto n 25 S o r o k in an d B e r g e r u s e d t h e tim e r e c o r d te c h n iq u e i n an a n a l y s i s o f human b e h a v i o r . The p u rp o s e o f t h e i r s tu d y was t o o b t a i n a p i c t u r e o f th e s t r u c t u r e o r c o m p o s itio n o f human b e h a v i o r , th e a c t i v i ­ t i e s o f w h ic h i t c o n s i s t s , th e p e r c e n t o f p e r s o n s p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n th e m , t h e tim e e x p e n d i t u r e s f o r e a c h a c t i v i t y , and t h e fr e q u e n c y o f o c c u rre n c e , One h u n d re d r e l i e f w o rk e rs o f th e W orks P r o g r e s s A d m in is­ t r a t i o n k e p t c o n tin u o u s r e c o r d s o f tim e an d a c t i v i t i e s f o r 2b h o u rs a d a y d u r i n g a f o u r w eek p e r i o d . Time was r e c o r d e d when a n a c t i v i t y b e g a n a n d a g a in when i t e n d e d , u s in g a f i v e m in u te tim e s p a n . F ifty - f i v e k in d s o f o v e r t a c t i v i t i e s w ere c l a s s i f i e d u n d e r e i g h t m a jo r h e a d in g s : s a t i s f y i n g p h y s i o l o g i c a l n e e d s , econom ic an d c h o r e , s o c i e t a l , r e l i g i o u s , i n t e l l e c t u a l , a r t i s t i c , lo v e an d c o u r t s h i p , an d m is c e lla n e o u s p le a s u ra b le a c t i v i t i e s . S i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n s i n a c t i v i t i e s an d i n t h e i r d u r a t i o n a c c o r d in g t o a g e , s e x , an d d a y s o f t h e w eek w ere n o t e d . T u e sd a y was u s e d a s th e t y p i c a l w eek d a y , a lth o u g h e a c h day had i t s own c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e r e a p p e a re d t o b e a r e g u l a r w eekly rh y th m . I n t h e i r f i n d i n g s S o r o k in an d B e rg e r s t a t e : I f t h e im p o r ta n c e o f t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s i s d e te r m in e d b y th e e x p e n d it u r e o f tim e p e r p a r t i c i p a n t , t h e p l e a s u r a b l e , s o c i e t a l , e c o n o m ic , and p h y s i o l o g i c a l n e e d s a r e f i r s t ; i f d e te r m in e d b y t h e p e r c e n t o f p a r t i c i p a n t s , t h e n p h y s io ­ l o g i c a l n e e d s , e c o n o m ic , a n d s o c i e t a l a c t i v i t i e s a r e d o m in a n t. A g a in i f we ju d g e by th e a v e r a g e tim e p e r member o f th e w hole g r o u p , t h e n p h y s i o l o g i c a l n e e d s an d econom ic a c t i v i t i e s s t a n d f a r a h e a d o f th e o t h e r s ; th e p l e a s u r a b l e , i n t e l l e c t u a l , a n d s o c i e t a l come n e x t . 53 They d e f i n e d im p o r ta n c e i n te rm s o f am ount o f tim e s p e n t a n d dom inance i n te rm s o f p e r c e n t o f p a r t i c i p a t i o n . 53 z S o r o k in an d B e r g e r , o g . c i t . , p . 7 6 . I f im p o rta n c e an d dom inance 26 c o u ld b e co m b in ed i n a s i n g l e in d e x t h e y th o u g h t th e y m ig h t g e t a r e f e r e n t i a l b a s i s f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e c o m p a ra tiv e f a c t o r a l o r c a u s a ­ t i v e im p o r ta n c e o f e a c h k in d o f a c t i v i t y i n t h e b e h a v io r o f t h e g ro u p . T h e i r f i n d i n g s i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e f a m ily g ro u p p la y e d a c o n s t a n t r o l e i n b e h a v io r an d t h a t e a t i n g , r e a d i n g , a n d l i s t e n i n g t o th e r a d i o w ere t h e a c t i v i t i e s i n d i v i d u a l s m o st o f t e n s h a r e d a s members o f th e f a m ily g ro u p . S t u d i e s o f L e i s u r e Time A c t i v i t i e s Of th e l i t e r a t u r e t h a t h a s b e e n w r i t t e n c o n c e rn in g l e i s u r e tim e a c t i v i t i e s and r e c r e a t i o n , l i t t l e p e r t a i n s t o th e f a m ily a s a n i n t e r ­ a c t i n g g r o u p , an d e v e n l e s s h a s b e e n w r i t t e n t h a t i s b a s e d on s y s te m a ti c re se a rc h . A p i o n e e r s tu d y o f t h e w o rk in g m a n 's u s e o f l e i s u r e tim e was made by B evans i n 1 9 1 3 . B ev an s w a n te d a n e s t i m a t e o f th e am ount o f tim e w orkingm en s p e n t w ith t h e i r f a m i l i e s and o t h e r s o c i a l g r o u p s . To o b t a i n t h i s he u s e d a r e c o r d w hich l i s t e d a c t i v i t i e s on th e l e f t a n d t h e d a y s o f th e week a c r o s s th e t o p . The a p p ro x im a te num ber o f h o u r s s p e n t i n e a c h a c t i v i t y p e r d ay was e n t e r e d i n t h e p r o p e r p l a c e . T h is w as a t b e s t a c ru d e m e asu re o f tim e s p e n t . B evans h im s e lf s u g ­ g e s t e d t h a t t h e r e c o r d s w ou ld have b e e n much more v a lu a b l e i f a s m a ll g ro u p o f men h a d a g r e e d s y s t e m a t i c a l l y t o keep a c c u r a t e a c c o u n ts o f 64 h o u r s d u r in g one w eek. F r a y s e r u s e d a s im p le fo rm o f tim e r e c o r d i n a s tu d y o f th e u se o f l e i s u r e among r u r a l f a m i l i e s i n S o u th C a r o l i n a . 64 She l i s t e d some B e v a n s , G eorge E s c r a s , How W orking Men Spend T h e ir S p a re T im e » C o lu m b ia U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , New Y o rk , 1 9 1 3 . 27 30 k i n d s o f l e i s u r e tim e p u r s u i t s i n a colum n on th e l e f t an d a c r o s s t h e to p u s e d f o u r s p a n s o f tim e ; e v e n in g , S a tu rd a y a f t e r n o o n , S u n d a y , an d o t h e r tim e s * D u rin g a n i n t e r v i e w t h e e s ti m a te d number o f h o u rs p e r w eek w ere e n t e r e d i n th e p r o p e r s p a c e s , 66 f o r f o u r s e a s o n s o f th e y e a r . E s tim a te s w ere o b t a in e d I n o r d e r t o f i n d o u t how b u s i n e s s g i r l s s p e n t t h e i r l e i s u r e t i m e , J a n e t F o w le r N e ls o n o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Young Women*s C h r i s t i a n .A s s o c ia tio n g a th e r e d r e c o r d s o f t h e w eek ly tim e e x p e n d it u r e s o f $00 b u s i n e s s g i r l s c o n n e c te d w ith t h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n . She fo u n d t h a t a b o u t U8 h o u r s p e r w eek w ere s p e n t i n p r o d u c t iv e l a b o r , s i x i n o t h e r d u t i e s , 3 2 .5 i n p l e a s u r e , $6 i n s l e e p , an d 2h I n e a t i n g , p e r s o n a l c a r e an d 66 m is c e lla n e o u s o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s . The f i g u r e s F o w le r o b ta i n e d w ere l a t e r u s e d by T h o rn d ik e i n a n a tte m p t t o d e te r m in e th e p s y c h o l o g i c a l w an ts w h ic h a r e s a t i s f i e d i n e v e r y d a y b e h a v io r b y p a r t i c i p a t i o n I n v a r i o u s a c t i v i t i e s . From a l i s t o f 55 w a n ts , a J u r y o f s i x p s y c h o l o g i s t s t r i e d t o d ed u ce th e m o tiv e s b e h in d a l l a c t i v i t i e s o t h e r t h a n w ork f o r w a g e s, s l e e p , an d t r a n s p o r t a ­ t i o n t o an d from w ork p l a c e , an d t o e s t i m a t e th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e s p e n t i n e a c h k in d o f w ant s a t i s f a c t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n t o th e F o w le r d a t a , tim e e s t i m a t e s from r e c o r d s b y p r o f e s s i o n a l , s a l e s , and f a c t o r y w o rk e rs i n a l a r g e te le p h o n e company w ere u s e d . T h o rn d ik e r e p o r t e d 66 F r a y s e r , M ary E . , The Use o f L e is u r e i n S e l e c t e d R u r a l A re a s o f S o u th C a r o l i n a , B u l l e t i n 2 6 3 , S o u th C a r o l in a A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , C lem so n , S o u th C a r o l i n a , M arch 1 9 3 0 S0 N e ls o n , J a n e t F o w le r , L e is u r e Time I n t e r v a l s and A c t i v i t i e s o f B u s in e s s G i r l s , u n p u b lis h e d d a t a from I n t e r n a t i o n a l Young Womens C h r i s t i a n A s s o c i a t i o n s u rv e y made i n 193U . 28 a n a v e r a g e o f I4.O h o u r s p e r w eek l e f t f r e e f o r a d u l t s t o c a r r y o u t 67 t h e i r own d e s i r e s * L u n d b e rg , K om arovsky, and M c ln e rn y , i n a s u b u rb a n s tu d y o f l e i s u r e , u s e d tim e s c h e d u le s f o r one t o s e v e n c o n s e c u tiv e d a y s d u r in g a s e v e n m o n th p e r i o d . T h e i r te c h n iq u e o f o b t a i n i n g th e s e r e c o r d s was t h e same a s u s e d b y t h e B u re a u o f Home E c o n o m ic s. H ow ever, th e y l i m i t e d t h e i r r e c o r d s t o e s t i m a t e s o f tim e s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s t a k i n g 30 o r m ore m i n u t e s . A lth o u g h t h e y t r i e d t o i n c l u d e a S a tu r d a y , S u n d a y , a n d w eek d ay , th e h ig h tim e minimum em ployed e x c lu d e d many s h o r t tim e a c t i v i t i e s and d i d n o t g iv e a c o m p le te p i c t u r e o f how tim e was s p e n t. I n t h e i r a n a l y s i s o f d a t a iJU a c t i v i t y c a t e g o r i e s w ere subsum ed under le is u r e or n o n -le is u re . L e is u r e was s u b d iv id e d i n t o e a t i n g , v i s i t i n g , r e a d i n g , p u b l i c e n t e r t a i n m e n t , s p o r t s , r a d i o l i s t e n i n g , an d m o to r in g . The a v e ra g e num ber o f h o u rs sp en d i n e a c h k in d o f l e i s u r e was c a l c u l a t e d , w ith t h e t h r e e d a y s b e in g g iv e n e q u a l w e ig h t. A v e ra g e s w ere u s e d t o d e s c r i b e th e p a t t e r n o f b e h a v io r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e d a i l y l i f e o f th e e n t i r e s a m p le . w e re c o m p a re d . V a rio u s o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s T h ese w ere l a b o r , w h ite c o l l a r , p r o f e s s i o n a l and e x e c u t i v e , u n e m p lo y e d , h o u s e w iv e s , h ig h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s , an d c o l le g e s tu d e n ts . An undue p r o p o r t i o n o f s t u d e n t s in c lu d e d i n th e sam ple w ere p r o b a b ly a s o u r c e o f c o n s i d e r a b l e b i a s . Among o t h e r f i n d i n g s , th e s tu d y r e p o r t e d t h a t f a m i l i e s w ere t o g e t h e r m o st o f t e n a t m e al tim e , t h a t t h e y g a th e r e d more f o r l e i s u r e p u r s u i t s t h a n an y o t h e r ty p e o f a c t i v i t y an d t h a t Sunday was n o t a 11f a m ily ” d a y i n th e s e n s e o f s? T h o r n d ik e , E . L . , MHow We Spend Our Time an d W hat We Spend I t F o r , " S c i e n t i f i c M o n th ly , May 1 9 3 7 , p p . 1+6U-U69. 29 l a r g e a m o u n ts o f tim e b e in g s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d b y f a m ily m em b ers. 58 As p a r t o f a s o c i a l s u rv e y o f M e r e y s id e , E n g la n d , J o n e s in c lu d e d a tim e e s t i m a t e o f how w orkingm en s p e n t t h e i r l e i s u r e h o u r s . S 9 R i l e y made a s tu d y o f fo r m a l n o n - f a m ily l e i s u r e b y a n a l y z in g th e s o c i e t y colum ns o f n e w sp a p e rs o v e r a p e r io d o f 75 y e a r s , fro m 1857 to 1935. T h is was a fo rm o f tim e r e c o r d w h ich e n a b le d him t o n o te c h a n g e s i n ty p e s o f f o r m a l g ro u p l e i s u r e o v e r a lo n g sp a n o f tim e . 60 The N a t i o n a l R e c r e a tio n A s s o c i a t i o n d id a s tu d y o f th e l e i s u r e h o u r s o f 5000 p e o p l e . T hey u s e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s on w hich w ere l i s t e d 9h k in d s o f l e i s u r e tim e a c t i v i t i e s . E ach p e r s o n was a sk e d i n w h ich k in d s he h ad p a r t i c i p a t e d d u r in g th e p r e c e d in g y e a r , how o f t e n , an d w h e th e r more o r l e s s o f t e n t h a n b e f o r e . The p u rp o s e o f th e s tu d y was t o n o te c h a n g e s i n th e p o p u l a r i t y o f v a r i o u s k in d s o f l e i s u r e o v e r 61 tim e . A R hode I s l a n d s tu d y o f r u r a l h o u s in g an d f a m ily l e i s u r e , i n a n a tte m p t t o d e te r m in e t h e b a s i c s p a c e and e q u ip m e n t r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r a d u l t l e i s u r e and r e c r e a t i o n , c h i l d r e n * s a c t i v i t i e s an d p l a y , and th e L u n d b e rg , G e o rg e , M ir r a K om arovsky, an d A lic e M c ln e rn y , L e i s u r e s A S u b u rb a n S tu d y , C olum bia U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , New Y o rk , 193'ii. 5& “J o n e s , D av id C a r a d o g , The S o c i a l S u rv ey o f M e r e y s id e , V o l. 3 , U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s o f L i v e r p o o l , iLondon, 1 9 3 i . GO R i l e y , J o h n W ., J r . , S o c i a l L e i s u r e s D ynam ics o f N o n -F am ily Group L e i s u r e , u n p u b lis h e d P h . D . t h e s i s , H a rv a rd U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y , 19367“ G1 N a tio n a l R e c re a tio n A s s o c ia tio n , T h o u sa n d P e o p l e , New Y o rk , 193U . The L e is u r e H ours o f F iv e 30 e n t e r t a i n i n g o f g u e s ts , h a d f i v e f a m i l i e s keep r e c o r d s o f a l l l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s o f e a c h f a m ily member f o r f o u r c o n s e c u tiv e w e e k s . In a d d i t i o n , f i v e f a m i l i e s k e p t r e c o r d s f o r a t e n m onth p e r i o d . A ll r e c o r d s w e re k e p t d a i l y b y t h e homemaker an d c h e c k e d w eek ly b y a s u p e rv is o r. T hey d id n o t in c lu d e t h e tim e s p e n t i n e a c h a c t i v i t y b u t i n s t e a d n o te d e a c h a c t i v i t y a s i t o c c u r r e d . F in d i n g s w ere p r e s e n t e d i n te rm s o f p e r c e n ta g e s o f f a m i l i e s o f v a r io u s ty p e s who p a r t i c i p a t e d i n e a c h k in d o f l e i s u r e . F a c t o r s fo u n d to i n f l u e n c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n a n d ty p e o f l e i s u r e w ere econom ic l e v e l , fa rm a s com pared t o n o n -fa rm r e s i d e n c e , s i z e o f f a m i l y , an d a g e o f c h i l d r e n . F a m ilie s w ith c h i l d r e n 62 r e p o r t e d a l a r g e r v a r i e t y o f s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s th a n th o s e w i t h o u t . Hawkins and W a lte r s s t u d i e d th e f a m il y r e c r e a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s o f 85 f a m i l i e s i n S t i l l w a t e r , O klahom a. T h e i r m a jo r p u rp o s e was to d e v e lo p a r e l i a b l e in s tr u m e n t f o r m e a s u rin g f a m ily r e c r e a t i o n p a t t e r n s . D a ta w ere o b t a i n e d b y u s e o f a q u e s t i o n n a i r e . H usbands an d w iv e s w ere a s k e d t o c h e c k s e p a r a t e l y fro m a l i s t o f 88 r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s , t h o s e i n w hich tw o o r more members o f t h e i r f a m ily h ad p a r t i c i p a t e d t o g e t h e r a t l e a s t once d u r in g t h e p a s t y e a r . I n a d d i t i o n th e y w ere a s k e d t o com pare t h e i r f a m i l i e s w ith o t h e r s and r a t e them w ith r e s p e c t t o th e f o llo w in g ite m s r e l a t i n g t o f a m ily r e l a t i o n s h i p : p a rtic ip a tio n i n f a m il y l e i s u r e tim e and r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s o u t s i d e t h e hom e, am ount o f e n t e r t a i n i n g o f f r i e n d s an d r e l a t i v e s i n t h e h o u s e , g e t t i n g 62 G ra d y , M rs. E th y l R . , M iss G race H. S m ith , an d M rs. B la n c h e M. K u sc h k e , Rhode I s l a n d R u r a l H o u sin g and F a m ily L e i s u r e , B u l l e t i n 3 1 5 , A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f Rhode I s l a n d , K in g s to n , A p r i l 1 9 5 3 . 31 a lo n g w ith m a r r ia g e p a r t n e r , g e t t i n g a lo n g w ith c h i l d r e n , p u n is h in g c h i l d r e n , c o o p e r a t i o n o f f a m ily m em b ers, t e n s i o n i n th e home, a g re e m e n t o f p a r e n t s on d i s c i p l i n e , dom inance o f f a t h e r i n th e hom e, an d a t t e n d ­ a n c e o f h u sb an d an d w ife t o g e t h e r a t s o c i a l f u n c t i o n s . T h re e r a t i n g s w ere u s e d : C o rre la tio n s m o re , a v e r a g e , o r l e s s th a n m o st f a m i l i e s . w ere made b e tw e e n th e f a m ily r e l a t i o n s h i p ite m s and num bers o f r e c r e a ­ t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d b y f a m il y m em bers. c o n s i s t e n t l y lo w . T h ese c o r r e l a t i o n s w ere The a u th o r s s u g g e s te d t h a t a c o m p a riso n o f th e am ount j- o f tim e s p e n t , r a t h e r th a n num ber o f a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d , m ig h t have p ro d u c e d h i g h e r c o r r e l a t i o n s w it h f a m ily r e l a t i o n s h i p f a c t o r s . 63 O th e r S t u d i e s R e l a te d t o th e P ro b lem Thurow o b ta in e d a u to b io g r a p h ie s from 2C0 c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s . From t h e s e sh e w orked o u t a m e a su re o f f a m i ly i n t e g r a t i o n i n w hich she r e l a t e d am ounts o f t e n s i o n an d s a t i s f a c t i o n i n t h e home t o d e g r e e o f p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n c e r t a i n s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s , a s w e ll a s to o t h e r f a m ily c h a ra c te ris tic s . p a rtic ip a tio n . e a tin g . I l l r a t i n g s w ere i n te rm s o f m uch, medium o r l i t t l e She fo u n d t h e commonest j o i n t f a m ily a c t i v i t y was T h e re w as l e s s t e n s i o n and h i g h e r s a t i s f a c t i o n i n homes i n w h ic h many a c t i v i t i e s w ere s h a r e d , an d i n w hich f a m i l i e s a t e an d c e l e b r a t e d h o l i d a y s an d b i r t h d a y s t o g e t h e r . Much p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f f a m i l y members i n common a c t i v i t i e s a n d i n th e e n t e r t a i n i n g o f f r i e n d s i n th e home was a s s o c i a t e d w ith happy r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s . L i t t l e t e n s i o n i n th e home and h ig h s a t i s f a c t i o n w ere H aw k in s, H a r o ld , an d Jam es W a l t e r s , ‘‘F a m ily R e c r e a t i o n A c t i v i t i e s , ” J o u r n a l o f Home E c o n o m ic s , 14*: 6 2 3 -6 2 6 , O c to b e r 1 9 5 2 . 32 a s s o c i a t e d w ith much f a m ily a f f e c t i o n , much e n t e r t a i n m e n t o f b o th p a r e n t 1s a n d c h i l d r e n 1s f r i e n d s , much a t te n d a n c e o f s o c i a l f u n c t i o n s t o g e t h e r , h i g h e r l e v e l o f e d u c a t i o n , much c o n s e n s u s i n d i s c i p l i n e , little f a t h e r d o m in a n c e , medium t o much f a m i l y c o u n s e l l i n g , l i t t l e medium d i s c i p l i n e , a n d medium s u p e r v i s i o n o f c h i l d r e n . to 64 B e e rs s t u d i e d f a m ily r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n a g ro u p o f New Y ork farm fa m ilie s . He c h e c k e d on th e num ber o f f a m ily members who p a r t i c i p a t e d i n 12 s e l e c t e d a c t i v i t i e s , m o s tly r e c r e a t i o n a l , an d c o n s t r u c t e d an in d e x f o r e a c h f a m ily i n w h ich th e num ber o f a c t i v i t i e s a c t u a l l y s h a r e d was d i v i d e d b y t h e num ber w h ich c o u ld b e s h a r e d . He fo u n d t h a t f a t h e r s a n d s o n s , a n d m o th e rs an d d a u g h t e r s , s h a r e d more w ork t h a n r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s , an d t h a t t h e s h a r i n g o f home a c t i v i t i e s was a s s o c i a t e d w ith l e a d e r s h i p o f th e w ife i n e x t r a - f a m i l y g r o u p s . He u s e d Thurow f s m e a su re o f f a m ily i n t e g r a t i o n an d c o n c lu d e d t h a t i f th e in d e x o f s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s i n a n y f a m ily i s h i g h , i f a f f e c t i o n i s d e m o n s tr a te d , i f t h e r e i s a b s e n c e o f c o o e r c iv e d o m in a n c e , i f t h e r e i s a l a c k o f t e n s i o n , a n d i f f a m ily members e x p r e s s a t t i t u d e s o f s a t i s f a c t i o n i n t h e i r f a m ily 66 l i f e , th e n i t i s a w e l l i n t e g r a t e d f a m i l y . H i l l , i n a m o d i f i c a t i o n o f C avan*s s c a l e o f f a m ily i n t e g r a t i o n , 64 T h u ro w , M ild re d B . , A S tu d y o f S e le c t e d F a c to r s i n F a m ily L i f e a s D e s c r ib e d i n A u t o b i o g r a p h i e s , Memoir 1 7 1 , C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , I t h a c a , New Y o rk , 1 9 3 5 . 66 B e e r s , Howard W ., M easu rem en ts o f F a m ily R e l a t i o n s h i p s i n Farm F a m i l i e s o f C e n t r a l New Y o rk , Memoir 1 8 3 , C o r n e ll U n i v e r s i t y A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , I t h a c a , New Y o rk , 1 9 3 5 . 33 u s e d a s one o f h i s f i v e m e a s u re s o f f a m i ly s o l i d a r i t y , th e am ount o f 66 j o i n t a c t i v i t y o f f a m ily m em bers. J a n s e n , i n a s tu d y o f f a m i ly s o l i d a r i t y , fo u n d t h a t t h e am ount o f j o i n t a c t i v i t y i n f a m i l i e s c o r r e l a t e d h i g h l y -with o t h e r i n d i c a t o r s o f fa m ily s o l i d a r i t y . 67 R o e t h l i s b e r g e r and D ic k s o n , i n t h e i r H aw thorne i n d u s t r i a l s t u d y , f o u n d t h a t p e r s o n s who i n t e r a c t e d f r e q u e n t l y te n d e d t o l i k e one 68 a n o th e r. Snow a tte m p te d t o d e v e lo p a te c h n iq u e f o r d e te r m in in g th e am ount o f tim e a n d ty p e o f a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h f a m ily members s h a r e d . She c l a s s i f i e d f a m ily members who m ig h t s h a r e a c t i v i t i e s i n t o f o u r g r o u p s . T h e se w e re : -whole f a m i l y , h u s b a n d - w if e , p a r e n t - c h i l d , an d c h i l d - c h i l d . The l a t t e r two g ro u p s w ere s u b d iv id e d i n t o m o th e r - d a u g h te r , m o th e rs o n , f a t h e r - d a u g h t e r , f a t h e r - s o n , b r o t h e r - b r o t h e r , s i s t e r - s i s t e r , an d b r o t h e r - s i s t e r g ro u p s. F a m ili e s k e p t a d a i l y r e c o r d o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s i n w h ic h two o r m ore f a m ily members p a r t i c i p a t e d from tim e o f r i s i n g i n t h e m o rn in g t o tim e o f r e t i r i n g a t n i g h t . They n o te d th e f a m ily m em b ers, tim e o f d a y , an d l e n g t h o f tim e in v o lv e d i n e a c h a c t i v i t y . N in e c a t e g o r i e s o f s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w ere u s e d : e a t i n g , d o in g h o u s e ­ h o ld a c t i v i t i e s , d o in g o u td o o r a c t i v i t i e s , g o in g on e r r a n d s , h a v in g 66 67 68 H i l l , R e u b e n , F a m ilie s U nder S t r e s s , H a rp e r an d B r o t h e r s , New Y o rk , 191*9, p p . 1 3 0 -1 3 2 , 1*26-1*2 B. J a n s e n , L u th e r T . , " M e a su rin g F a m ily S o l i d a r i t y , " A m erican S o c io ­ l o g i c a l R e v ie w , V o l. 1 7 , N o. 6 , D ecem ber 1 9 5 2 , p p . 7 2 7 -7 3 3 . R o e t h l i s b e r g e r , F . J . , a n d W illia m J . D ic k so n , M anagement an d th e W o rk e r, H a rv a rd U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , C a m b rid g e , M a s s a c h u s e t ts , 1 9 3 9 . 3k f u n o r p l a y i n g , g o in g t o com m unity a f f a i r s , m ak in g p l a n s a n d d i s c u s s i n g p r o b le m s , t a k i n g c a r e o f p e r s o n a l n e e d s , a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s . w ere made o f e a c h f a m ily tw ic e a d ay f o r a w eek. R e c o rd s Snow fo u n d t h a t th e w hole f a m ily s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s a n a v e r a g e o f 1 .7 8 h o u rs p e r d a y , t h a t 27 .0 3 p e r c e n t o f them s h a r e d o n ly one a c t i v i t y d u r in g th e w eek , an d t h a t o n ly 11 p e r c e n t s h a r e d a s many a s f o u r o f th e n in e c a t e g o r i e s o f a c tiv itie s . A t l e a s t once a w eek a l l members o f t h e f a m ily a t e t o ­ g e t h e r , b u t o n ly 6 7 .5 7 p e r c e n t s p e n t l e i s u r e t o g e t h e r , and o n ly 37.81* p e r c e n t w ent on e r r a n d s t o g e t h e r . From th e s ta n d p o i n t o f am ount o f tim e s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s , 1*1*.2 p e r c e n t was s p e n t i n e a t i n g , an d 29 p e r c e n t i n l e i s u r e . When th e d a y s o f th e week w ere co m p ared , t h e r e was a m ark ed s i m i l a r i t y among w eekdays i n tim e s p e n t i n l e i s u r e and e a ti n g . Time s p e n t i n s h a r e d h o u s e h o ld a c t i v i t i e s was h i g h e s t on T h u r s d a y , F r i d a y , and S a tu r d a y . More s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s o c c u r r e d on S a tu r d a y an d S unday t h a n d u r i n g th e w eek . E a tin g t o g e t h e r was m o st u s u a l a t th e m o rn in g and e v e n in g m e a l s , an d was p a r t i c i p a t e d i n th e m o st number o f t i m e s . F o r 2 k . 32 p e r c e n t o f t h e g ro u p i t was th e o n ly a c t i v i t y s h a r e d b y th e w hole f a m i l y . i n t h e e v e n in g . L e is u r e was m o st a p t t o b e s h a r e d The m a j o r i t y o f h o u s e h o ld t a s k s s h a r e d w ere i n c o n n e c tio n w ith t h e p r e p a r i n g an d s e r v in g o f m e a l s . A bout 1*7 p e r c e n t o f th e h u sb a n d s s h a r e d h o u sew o rk w ith t h e i r w iv e s , u s u a l l y d is h w a s h in g . F a t h e r s d id n o t s h a r e i n a s w ide a v a r i e t y o f a c t i v i t i e s w ith c h i l d r e n a s d i d m o th e rs . M o th ers s h a r e d more a c t i v i t i e s w it h d a u g h te r s t h a n w ith s o n s , an d f a t h e r s s h a r e d more w ith so n s th a n w ith d a u g h t e r s . Snow c o n c lu d e d t h a t r e c o r d s o f a c t u a l tim e s p e n t t o g e t h e r an d a c t i v i ­ t i e s s h a r e d b y f a m ily g ro u p s form d e s c r i p t i v e and c o n c r e te m a t e r i a l 35 o n w h ic h t o b a s e a n u n d e r s ta n d in g o f c o n te m p o ra ry f a m ily l i f e . Snow*s f i n d i n g s on th e im p o r ta n c e o f m e a ltim e from t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f tim e s p e n t t o g e t h e r w ere r e i n f o r c e d b y Bos s a r d w ho, fro m d a ta o b ta in e d i n e x p e r im e n t a l s t u d i e s s p o n s o re d b y t h e W illia m T . C a r t e r f o u n d a t i o n , c o n c lu d e d t h a t many f a m il y members u n d e r th e s t r e s s o f d i f f e r e n t i n t e r e s t s g e t t o g e t h e r o n ly a t m e a ltim e an d t h a t much o f t h e f a m ily * s i n t e r a c t i v e p r o c e s s t a k e s p la c e d u r in g th e e a t i n g o f m e a l s . 70 T h a t t h e am ount o f tim e s p e n t b y f a t h e r s an d m o th e rs w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n may b e a n im p o r ta n t f a c t o r i n th e a t t i t u d e s d e v e lo p e d was one o f t h e c o n c lu s io n s o f H a rts h o rn e a n d M ay. In a s tu d y o f know ledge o f r i g h t and w rong i n w h ich t h e y c o r r e l a t e d s c o r e s o f f a t h e r s an d m o th e rs w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n i n a m o ra ls know ledge t e s t , t h e y fo u n d t h a t th e m o th e r f s i n f l u e n c e was c o n s id e r a b l y g r e a t e r th a n t h e f a t h e r 1s a s r e g a r d s th e m o ra l ju d g m e n ts o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n , th e c o r r e l a t i o n o f t e s t s c o r e s o f m o th e r an d c h i l d ( f a t h e r c o n s t a n t ) was .3 3 an d t h a t o f t h e f a t h e r an d c h i l d (m o th e r c o n s t a n t ) was o n ly .1 2 . They c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h i s w as a I d g i c a l f i n d i n g when one c o n s id e r s th e d i f f e r e n c e s i n 7X am o u n ts o f tim e e a c h p a r e n t s p e n d s w ith th e c h i l d r e n . R e l a t i v e am ount o f tim e s p e n t w ith m o th e rs a s com pared w ith f a t h e r s m ig h t a l s o b e a f a c t o r i n G ib s o n ’ s f i n d i n g s on th e a s p i r a t i o n a l 6& Snow, C a r o ly n B a ld w in , A S tu d y i n th e D evelopm ent o f a T e c h n iq u e f o r D e te r m in in g t h e Amount o f Time an d T ypes o f A c t i v i t i e s ffiiic h F a m ily Members S h a r e , u n p u b lis h e d M a s te r ’ s t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o rg ia , 1950. Vo B o s s a r d , S o c io lo g y o f C h ild D e v e lo p m e n t, o p . c i t . , p p . 1 6 1 -1 7 6 . 71 H a r ts h o r n e , H ugh, a n d M ark A . M ay, " T e s t i n g th e Knowledge o f R ig h t a n d W ro n g ," R e l ig io u s E d u c a ti o n , V o l. 2 1 , O c to b e r 1 9 2 6 , p p . 539-55U . 36 l e v e l o f h ig h s c h o o l s e n i o r b o y s . He fo u n d t h a t t h e i r a s p i r a t i o n l e v e l s m ore c l o s e l y c o in c i d e d w ith th o s e t h a t th e m o th e r h ad f o r them t h a n th o s e o f t h e f a t h e r * s , a lth o u g h t h e i r e x p e c t a t i o n a l l e v e l s w ere 72 m ore l i k e t h e f a t h e r * s . Some g e n e r a l s t u d i e s i n th e f i e l d o f h o u s in g may b e c i t e d w h ich i n d i c a t e t h a t s h e e r o p p o r t u n i t y f o r th e i n t e r a c t i v e p r o c e s s p l a y s a n im p o r t a n t p a r t i n th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f c l o s e p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . F e s t i n g e r , S c h l a c t e r , and B a c k , i n a s tu d y o f a s t u d e n t h o u s in g p r o j e c t a t t h e M a s s a c h u s e tts I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o lo g y , fo u n d t h a t p e r s o n s who h ad a h ig h o p p o r t u n i t y f o r i n t e r a c t i o n b e c a u s e o f r e s i d e n t i a l p r o ­ p i n q u i t y , w ere m ore a p t t o b e f r i e n d s th a n th o s e who w ere l e s s a c c e s s ­ i b l e , a n d t h a t e v en th e d i s t a n c e b e tw e e n h o u s e s an d th e way th e h o u s e s f a c e d , b y i n f l u e n c i n g th e num ber o f p o s s i b l e c o n t a c t s b e tw ee n f a m i l i e s , w ere d e te r m in e n ts o f th e c l o s e n e s s o f t h e p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s w h ich 73-75 d e v e lo p e d among th e m . C aplow an d Form an i n a s i m i l a r s tu d y o f n e ig h b o rh o o d i n t e r a c t i o n i n a s t u d e n t h o u s in g p r o j e c t fo u n d a c c e s s i b i l i t y h ad a n a lm o s t m e c h a n ic a l e f f e c t upo n in t i m a c y . 72 76 G ib s o n , Duane L . , u n p u b lis h e d d a t a from a 1950 s tu d y . 73 F e s t i n g e r , L e o n , S t a n l e y S c h a c t e r , and K u rt B a c k , S o c i a l P r e s s u r e s i n I n f o r m a l G ro u p s, H a rp e r and B r o t h e r s , New Y o rk , 19f>0. 74 F e s t i n g e r , L e o n , “A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d Group M e m b e r s h i p J o u r n a l o f S o c i a l I s s u e s . V o l. 7 , N os. 1 an d 2 , 1 9 5 1 , P P . 1 5 2 -1 5 3 . 75 C a r tw r ig h t and Z a n d e r , o£ . c i t . , p p . 9 2 -1 0 1 . V6 C ap lo w , T h e o d o re , an d R . F o rm an , “N e ig h b o rh o o d I n t e r a c t i o n i n a Homogenous C om m unity,“ A m erican S o c i o l o g i c a l R e v ie w , 1 5 • 3 5 7 -3 6 6 , 1950. 37 M e rto n a n d S a l t e r fo u n d c l o s e p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s to b e l a r g e l y a p r o d u c t o f r e s i d e n t i a l p r o p i n q u i t y and c o n c lu d e d t h a t i t •was a m a jo r f a c t o r i n d e te r m in in g th e p a t t e r n o f p e r s o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n s . T h e re i s some i n d i c a t i o n t h a t p r o p i n q u i t y f o s t e r s c l o s e r r e l a t i o n ­ s h ip s b e tw e e n d i s s i m i l a r p o p u l a t i o n s , D e u tsc h an d C o l l i n s i n a s tu d y o f i n t e r r a c i a l h o u s in g fo u n d g r e a t e r in tim a c y b e tw e e n n e g ro an d w h ite h o u s e w iv e s i n i n t e g r a t e d t h a n i n s e g r e g a te d p r o j e c t s , a n d more n e ig h b o r ­ l y r e l a t i o n s , and c o n c lu d e d t h a t p h y s i c a l p r o x i m i t y , b y p r o v id i n g in f o r m a l c o n t a c t s , was a p rim a ry f a c t o r i n d e te r m in in g th e p e o p le one 78 g e t s t o know and w ith whom one m akes f r i e n d s . S i m i l a r c o n c lu s io n s w ere re a c h e d b y W iln e r , W a lk le y , an d Cook i n t h e i r s tu d y o f b i - r a c i a l h o u s in g . They fo u n d t h a t p h y s i c a l p r o x im ity o f n e g ro and w h ite f a m i l i e s l e d t o m ore e n c o u n te r s u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s c o n d u c iv e t o r e c o g n i t i o n , g r e e t i n g , an d c o n v e r s a t i o n , and t h a t r e p e a te d c h a n c e e n c o u n te r s l e d t o t h e b e g in n in g s o f f r i e n d l i n e s s and i n c r e a s e d lik in g . T hose who l i v e d c l o s e r to one a n o th e r e x te n d e d t h e i r c o n t a c t s i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f i n c r e a s e d in t i m a c y . The f a c t t h a t i n b o th th e s e s t u d i e s th e f a m i l i e s p r o b a b ly h ad more f a v o r a b le a t t i t u d e s t o b e g in w ith a s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e i r w i l l i n g n e s s t o l i v e i n b i - r a c i a l p r o j e c t s , may 7& h av e b i a s e d t h e f i n d i n g s , 77 . D e n n is , e t a l . , o £ . c i t . , p . 2 0 h . 76 D e u ts c h , M o rto n , and M ary Evans C o l l i n s , I n t e r r a c i a l H o u sin g : A P s y c h o l o g i c a l E x p e r im e n t, U n i v e r s i t y o f M in n e so ta P r e s s , M in n e a p o lis , 1 9 5 1 . 79 W i l n e r , D a n ie l M ., R o s a b e lle P r i c e W a lk le y , and S t u a r t W. C ook, " R e s i d e n t i a l P r o x ir a ity an d I n te r g r o u p R e l a t i o n s i n P u b lic H o u sin g P r o j e c t s , 11 J o u r n a l o f S o c i a l I s s u e s , V o l. 8 , N o. 1 , 1 9 5 2 , p p . 145-69. 38 The r e v ie w o f r e s e a r c h h e r e p r e s e n t e d h a s c i t e d e x am p les o f th e u s e o f t h e tim e m e asu re m e n t te c h n iq u e i n s t u d i e s o f homemaking a n d h o u s in g , a n a l y s e s o f tim e e x p e n d it u r e s o f s t u d e n t s , e m p lo y e d , and u n em p lo y ed p e r s o n s , s t u d i e s o f l e i s u r e t i m e , an d c e r t a i n o t h e r r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s w h ich t e n d t o s u p p o r t a b a s i c a s s u m p tio n o f th e s t u d y , n a m e ly , t h a t th e tim e s p e n t b y f a m ily members i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s , by p r o v i d ­ i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r th e i n t e r a c t i v e p r o c e s s , i s a f a c t o r i n th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f f a m ily s o l i d a r i t y . CHAPTER I I I METHODOLOGY The d a t a f o r t h i s p ro b le m w ere g a th e r e d a s p a r t o f two p r e v i o u s l y eo p u b l i s h e d s t u d i e s o f h o u se u s a g e i n s o u t h e r n M ic h ig a n . One h u n d re d fa rm an d tow n hom em akers a s s i s t e d w ith th e s tu d y d u r in g th e w in te r a n d s p r i n g s e a s o n s o f 19U8 and 1 9 5 3 . The m a jo r s o u r c e o f d a t a was p r o v id e d th r o u g h tim e r e c o r d s k e p t b y t h e c o o p e r a t in g hom em akers. A d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n was o b ta in e d th r o u g h p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s . P r e t e s t i n g o f th e s c h e d u le and r e c o r d fo rm s was c a r r i e d on p r i o r t o a c t i v e c o l l e c t i o n o f d a t a and an y d e f i c i e n c i e s w h ich a p p e a re d i n t h e p r e t e s t i n g p e r i o d w ere c o r r e c t e d . S e l e c t i o n o f t h e Sam ple The r u r a l sam ple c o n s i s t e d o f 50 fa rm f a m i l i e s l i v i n g w i t h i n 30 m ile s o f L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n . The s a m p lin g a r e a was s e l e c t e d b y u s in g a d e t a i l e d hig h w ay map u p o n w hich was draw n a c i r c u l a r b an d s u r r o u n d in g th e c i t y , i t s i n n e r c ir c u m f e r e n c e t e n m ile s and i t s o u t e r c irc u m fe re n c e 30 m ile s fro m t h e c e n t e r o f th e c i t y . T h is a r e a in c lu d e d p a r t s o f t h r e e c o u n t i e s , C l i n t o n , E a to n , an d In g h am . S in c e c o u n ty maps showed t h a t t h e s e c t i o n s o f t h e c o u n ti e s I n c lu d e d were a b o u t e q u a l l y p o p u l a t e d , 17 fa rm f a m i l i e s w ere s e l e c t e d i n e a c h o f Ingham an d E a to n c o u n t i e s , a n d 16 i n C l i n t o n C o u n ty . 8O T h o rp e a n d G r o s s , T e c h n ic a l B u ll e tin s 2 2 7 and 25U, o £ . c i t . ho The sam p le fro m e a c h o f t h e s e g e o g r a p h ic a l a r e a s was randomlys e l e c t e d fro m fa rm f a m i l i e s w ith t h e f o ll o w i n g q u a l i f i c a t i o n s : 1 . E ach f a m ily c o n s i s t e d o f a h u s b a n d , w i f e , and a t l e a s t two c h i l d r e n l i v i n g a t home* 2* No o t h e r p e r s o n s , r e l a t e d o r n o n - r e l a t e d , l i v e d w ith t h e fa m ily . 3 . The f a m ily b e lo n g e d t o a m id d le incom e g r o u p . h . The p r i n c i p l e s o u r c e o f incom e was f a n n i n g . 5 . The w if e was a f u l l tim e hom em aker. 6 . She was n a t i v e b o r n . 7 . The f a m ily h ad l i v e d i n t h e i r p r e s e n t home a t l e a s t a y e a r . Many r u r a l n o n -fa rm f a m i l i e s l i v e i n th e a r e a s s u r r o u n d in g L a n s in g . To f a c i l i t a t e t h e s e l e c t i o n o f th e n e c e s s a r y 5>0 fa rm f a m i l i e s h a v in g t h e r e q u i r e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , th e c o u n ty a g r i c u l t u r a l a g e n t s o f th e t h r e e c o u n t i e s w ere c o n s u l t e d . T h e se a g e n ts h a d b e e n s e r v i n g t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c o u n t i e s f o r a number o f y e a r s an d w ere f a m i l i a r w ith t h e fa rm f a m i l i e s i n th e p o r t i o n o f t h e i r c o u n tie s i n ­ c lu d e d i n th e s t u d y . W ith t h e i r h e lp a l i s t was made o f a l l f u l l - t i m e o r n e a r l y f u l l - t i m e fa r m e r s i n th e a r e a . From t h e i r k n o w led g e, and fro m s c h o o l c e n s u s d a t a s u p p l i e d b y th e c o u n ty s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s , i t was p o s s i b l e t o e l i m i n a t e names o f many f a m i l i e s who d id n o t m e et one o r more o f th e c r i t e r i a e s s e n t i a l f o r i n c l u s i o n i n th e s a m p le . However th e nam es o f an y f a m i l i e s a b o u t whom i n f o r m a t i o n was l a c k i n g w ere r e t a i n e d p e n d in g f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . F a m ilie s w ere th e n s e l e c t e d fro m th e l i s t on th e b a s i s o f g e o g r a p h ic a l d i s t r i b u t i o n in th e a r e a . I f a f a m ily d i d n o t w ish t o be a p a r t o f th e s tu d y or. la d id n o t m e et a l l o f t h e c r i t e r i a f o r s e l e c t i o n i t was r e p l a c e d i n t h e sam p le w i t h a n o t h e r f a m ily i n th e im m e d ia te v i c i n i t y * The tow n sam ple c o n s i s t e d o f $0 f a m i l i e s l i v i n g i n t h e c o u n ty s e a t s o f t h e t h r e e c o u n t i e s from w h ich th e fa rm sam ple was ch o sen * T h e se w e re s m a l l c i t i e s w ith a p o p u l a t i o n o f 3500 t o 7000 p e r s o n s . S e l e c t i o n o f a f a m ily d e p en d e d on t h e same c r i t e r i a a s i n t h e fa rm sam ple w ith t h e e x c e p t i o n o f s o u r c e o f in c o m e . The s c h o o l c e n s u s i n e a c h tow n was c o n s u l t e d and w ith t h e h e lp o f th e s c h o o l s u p e r i n t e n d e n t l i s t s w ere made o f a l l f a m i l i e s l i v i n g w i th in t h e c i t y l i m i t s who had c h i l d r e n 18 y e a r s o f a g e o r y o u n g e r. From t h i s l i s t i t was p o s s i b l e t o e l i m i n a t e nam es o f many f a m i l i e s who d id n o t m eet one o r m ore o f th e c r i t e r i a n e c e s s a r y f o r i n c l u s i o n i n th e s a m p le . F i n a l s e l e c t i o n was made on th e b a s i s o f g e o g ra p h ic d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e to w n . I f a f a m ily t h u s c h o se n d i d n o t w is h t o b e a p a r t o f th e s t u d y o r d id n o t m eet th e s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a i t was r e p l a c e d i n th e sam p le w ith a n e l i g i b l e f a m ily i n th e same o r n e x t b l o c k . The num ber o f f a m i l i e s s e l e c t e d i n e a c h tow n c o r r e s p o n d e d t o th e num ber o f farm f a m i l i e s c h o se n f o r t h a t c o u n ty . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e Sam ple B e c a u se o f t h e c r i t e r i a u s e d i n s e l e c t i o n , th e two sam p les r e p r e ­ s e n t e d f a m i l i e s w h ich m ig h t b e p resum ed t o b e s i m i l a r i n a g e , c o m p o si­ t i o n , an d incom e l e v e l , b u t who d i f f e r e d i n s o u rc e o f incom e and p la c e o f re s id e n c e . F o llo w in g i s a c o m p a riso n o f c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e two g r o u p s . W ith one e x c e p tio n th e fa rm g ro u p was com posed o f f u l l - t i m e fa rm e rs. I n t h e tow n g ro u p th e f a m ily incom e was e a rn e d i n th e 1 U2 p r o f e s s i o n s ( 1 3 ) , i n b u s i n e s s ( 2 2 ) , an d i n s e m i - s k i l l e d o r s k i l l e d l a b o r (1 5 ) • A c o m p a riso n o f t h e a v e ra g e a g e an d e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l o f t h e h u s b a n d s an d w iv e s show ed t h e farm g ro u p t o b e s l i g h t l y o l d e r an d som ew hat l e s s w e l l e d u c a te d t h a n th e tow n g ro u p . See T a b le I . TABLE I AVERAGE AGE AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF FARM AND TOWN HUSBANDS AND WIVES Age (Y e a rs ) H usbands W ives F o rm a l E d u c a tio n (Y e a rs ) Husb a n d s Wive s Farm 1*0.5 36.1* 1 1 .3 1 2 .5 Town 3 8 .1 3 5 .7 1 3 .5 1 3 .1 The num bers o f c h i l d r e n i n th e two g ro u p s w ere a p p r o x im a te ly th e sa m e . The d i s t r i b u t i o n a c c o r d in g t o ag e i s shown i n T a b le I I . TABLE I I NUMBERS OF FARM AND TCWN CHILDREN ACCORDING TO AGE Y ears 7 -1 2 1 3 -1 8 T o ta l Farm 37 71 37 11*5 Town 35 81 28 11*1* T o ta l 72 152 65 289 h3 The homem akers* o c c u p a t i o n a l e x p e r ie n c e s p r i o r t o m a r r ia g e w ere s i m i l a r f o r t h e two g r o u p s . See T a b le I I I . TABLE I I I NUMBERS OF FARM AND TOWN HOMEMAKERS IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS PRIOR TO MARRIAGE None H ousew ork B u s in e s s T e a c h in g N u rsin g D ie te tic s T o ta l F arm 10 h 17 17 2 0 50 Town 12 h 16 Ik 3 1 50 T o t a l 22 8 33 31 5 1 100 I n s tr u m e n ts U sed S in c e t h i s was a q u a n t i t a t i v e s tu d y o f tim e s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n t h e p h y s i c a l c o n f in e s o f th e home, i t was e s s e n t i a l t o o b t a i n d e t a i l e d r e c o r d s o f i t s u s e b y e ac h f a m ily member on th e same d ay s. C o o p e r a tin g homemakers k e p t a r e c o r d on t h r e e d i f f e r e n t d a y s of a l l tim e s p e n t i n th e house d u r in g th e w aking h o u rs o f th e day b y a l l f a m ily members o v e r th e age o f s e v e n , p r e t e s t s o f th e in s tr u m e n t h a v in g shown t h a t , due t o t h e d e t a i l r e q u i r e d , i t was d i f f i c u l t f o r homemakers t o r e c o r d th e a c t i v i t i e s o f y o u n g e r c h i l d r e n . I t a l s o a p p e a re d t h a t s m a ll c h i l d r e n w ere w ith t h e i r m o th e r when sh e and t h e y w ere a t hom e, u n l e s s t h e y w ere s l e e p i n g , an d t h a t i n d i v i d u a l i s t i c u s e o f th e h o u se was n e g l i g i b l e u n t i l th e y had l e a r n e d t o r e a d and c o n d u c t o t h e r a c t i v i ­ t i e s b y th e m s e l v e s . The r e c o r d s w ere k e p t on m im eographed fo rm s (S ee A p p en d ix p ag e 12l*) . T h e re w ere t h r e e f o r e a c h p e r s o n , one f o r e a c h o f t h e t h r e e d a y s . A c ro s s t h e t o p o f t h e fo rm e a c h room i n th e h o u se was l i s t e d w ith a colum n u n d e r n e a th t o r e c o r d t h e a c t i v i t i e s t a k i n g p la c e t h e r e . A colum n a t t h e l e f t was u s e d t o i n d i c a t e th e tim e when an a c t i v i t y b e g a n and t h e tim e when i t e n d e d . I n t h i s way a ru n n in g r e c o r d was k e p t o f t h e t i m e , p l a c e , an d a c t i v i t y o f e a c h f a m i ly member w h ile he was i n th e h o u s e . An i n d i v i d u a l * s r e c o r d b e g a n when he a r o s e i n th e m o rn in g an d c o n tin u e d u n t i l he r e t i r e d a t n i g h t . W henever he l e f t th e h o u se i t c e a s e d a n d was resum ed o n ly when he r e t u r n e d . A S a tu r d a y , S u n d a y , a n d w eekday w ere s e l e c t e d f o r r e c o r d - k e e p in g s in c e f i n d i n g s o f p r e v io u s s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e u s e o f t h e home w ould b e d i f f e r e n t on t h e s e t h r e e k in d s o f d a y s . The homemaker c o u ld s e l e c t an y w eekday, S a tu r d a y , a n d Sunday t h a t w ere c o n v e n ie n t a s lo n g a s sh e k e p t r e c o r d s f o r a l l f a m ily members o n t h e day s s e l e c t e d . She was a l s o a s k e d to c h o o se a S a t u r d a y , S u n d a y , a n d w eekday t h a t sh e c o n s id e r e d to b e t y p i c a l o f h e r f a m ily * s u s e o f th e home on t h a t d a y . A lth o u g h th e homemaker u s u a l l y d id a l l o f th e r e c o r d - k e e p i n g , i n some c a s e s th e h u sb an d and th e o l d e r c h i l d r e n k e p t t h e i r own r e c o r d s u n d e r h e r s u p e r v i s i o n . homemaker was p a id f i v e d o l l a r s f o r h e r c o o p e r a t i o n . Each A t o t a l o f U99 fa rm and 1+82 tow n u s a b le d a i l y r e c o r d s was o b t a i n e d . M ethod o f A n a ly s is I n o r d e r t o g e t a n o b j e c t i v e u n d e r s ta n d in g o f a fa m ily * s home a c t i v i t i e s on a S a tu r d a y , a S u n d a y , and a w eek d ay , a f a m ily g ra p h was p r e p a r e d fro m t h e r e c o r d s o f th e i n d i v i d u a l members o f t h a t f a m i ly on ea c h o f th e s e d a y s . On a s i n g l e d a y , s g ra p h th e home a c t i v i t i e s o f a l l r e c o r d - k e e p i n g members o f a f a m ily w ere shown from tim e o f r i s i n g t o tim e o f r e t i r i n g . W henever th e g ra p h showed t h a t two o r more members w e re i n th e same room a t th e same tim e t h e i r r e c o r d s w ere c o n s u l t e d t o f i n d o u t w hat th e y w ere d o in g an d th e am ount o f tim e th u s s p e n t. I t w as assum ed t h a t i f b o th i n d i c a t e d th e same a c t i v i t y , f o r e x a m p le , l i s t e n i n g t o th e r a d i o o r e a t i n g , t h a t t h i s was a s h a r e d e x p e rie n c e . From 981 i n d i v i d u a l tim e an d u s e r e c o r d s i t was p o s s i b l e t o p r e p a r e 268 f a m ily g r a p h s , 138 f o r th e fa rm an d 130 f o r t h e tow n fa m ilie s . The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r e c o r d s among th e d a y s was a s f o ll o w s : TABLE IV DISTRIBUTION OF DAIS ON WHICH RECORDS WERE KEPT BT FARM AND TOWN FAMILIES Farm Town T o ta l S a tu rd a y hh 89 Sunday h3 88 b8 h3 91 138 130 268 W eekdays T o ta l When t h e g ra p h s w ere exam ined t h e r e a p p e a re d t o be 12 k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h w ere so m etim es s h a r e d by f a m ily m em bers. T h ese w e re : h o u se c a r e , p e r s o n a l c a r e , c h i l d c a r e , l a u n d r y , s e w in g , fa rm c h o r e s , fo o d p r e p a r a t i o n , e a t i n g , m eal c l e a r i n g ( i n c l u d i n g d is h w a s h in g ) , l e i s u r e , s t u d y in g o r b u s i n e s s a c t i v i t i e s , an d m is c e ll a n e o u s . he L a u n d ry i n c l u d e d th e c o l l e c t i n g , s o r t i n g , w a s h in g , d a m p en in g , i r o n i n g , f o l d i n g a n d p u t t i n g aw ay o f c l o t h e s . a c t u a l m ak in g o r m en d in g o f g a r m e n ts . Sew ing in c lu d e d o n ly th e Farm c h o r e s commonly c a r r i e d on i n t h e h o u se i n c l u d e d th e w a sh in g o f t h e m ilk in g m a c h in e , p a s t e u r i z i n g m i l k , t h e s o r t i n g , c a n d l i n g , c le a n in g a n d c r a t i n g o f eg g s f o r m a r k e t, an d p r e p a r i n g fo o d o r c a r i n g f o r a n im a ls i n t h e h o u s e . I f m ore th a n one p e r s o n i n th e f a m ily l i s t e n e d t o th e same r a d i o p ro g ra m , t h i s a c t i v i t y was c l a s s i f i e d a s l e i s u r e w ith o t h e r f a m ily m em bers, a s w ere a l s o c a r r y i n g on c o n v e r s a tio n s w i t h one a n o t h e r , an d p l a y i n g games o r m u s ic a l i n s t r u m e n t s t o g e t h e r . C a r r y in g on o f i n d i v i d u a l h o b b ie s o r h a n d i c r a f t s , s u c h a s m aking s c ra p b o o k s o r k n i t t i n g , was c l a s s i f i e d a s le is u re a lo n e , A ls o in c lu d e d i n t h i s c a te g o r y w ere s u c h a c t i v i t i e s a s l i s t e n i n g t o th e r a d i o b y one*s s e l f , r e a d i n g , sm o k in g , o r p la y in g w ith p e ts . S tu d y in g and b u s i n e s s in c lu d e d th e p r a c t i c i n g o f m u sic l e s s o n s and d o in g o f homework b y s c h o o l c h i l d r e n a s w e l l a s an y b u s in e s s a c t i v i t i e s c a r r i e d on b y an y f a m ily m em ber. T h is c o v e re d n o t o n ly p la n n in g a n d fa rm r e c o r d - k e e p in g b y h u sb an d s an d w iv e s , b u t a l s o s i m i l a r a c t i v i t i e s e n t a i l e d b y m em bership i n a d u l t o r y o u th g ro u p s su c h a s U-H o r E x te n s io n c lu b s o r Sunday S c h o o l c l a s s e s . M is c e lla n e o u s a c t i v i t i e s w ere com posed o f a l l th o s e w h ich d i d n o t seem t o f i t i n t o a n y o f th e o th e r c a te g o r ie s . Some o f t h e s e w ere “m ix in g p a i n t , 11 s p r a y i n g , 11 “• s o r t i n g c l o t h e s t o b e g iv e n a w a y ,” and “t e l e p h o n i n g . 11 The l a t t e r was p u t i n t h i s c a te g o r y b e c a u s e t h e r e was no c h e c k a s t o th e p u rp o s e o f t h e te le p h o n e c a l l s —-w hether f o r b u s i n e s s o r p l e a s u r e . House c a r e , p e r s o n a l c a r e , c h i l d c a r e , fo o d p r e p a r a t i o n , e a t i n g , c l e a r i n g away a f t e r m e a l s , and r e s t i n g a r e s e l f - e x p l a n a t o r y . A lth o u g h th e p e r s o n hi k e e p in g t h e r e c o r d j o t t e d down th e s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y b e in g c a r r i e d o n , i t was c o m p a r a tiv e ly e a s y t o c l a s s i f y th e s e a c c o r d in g t o th e f o r e g o in g p la n . T hus Hb a k in g a p i e M was c l a s s i f i e d a s fo o d p r e p a r a t i o n an d flb a t i l i n g t h e b a b y ” a s c h i l d c a r e . The d a t a w ere a n a ly z e d a c c o r d in g t o th e f o ll o w i n g c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f f a m ily m em bers who s h a r e d t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s . They w eres a l l re c o rd k e e p in g f a m ily m em bers, h u s b a n d s an d w iv e s , f a t h e r s an d s o n s , f a t h e r s a n d d a u g h t e r s , f a t h e r s a n d c h i l d r e n , m o th e rs an d s o n s , m o th e rs a n d d a u g h t e r s , m o th e rs an d c h i l d r e n , and c h i l d r e n . I n a d d i t i o n b o th f a t h e r s an d m o th e rs s h a r e d a few a c t i v i t i e s w i t h o n ly p a r t o f t h e i r c h ild re n , (S e e T a b le A , A p p e n d ix , p ag e 1 2 l) . The a v e r a g e am ount o f tim e s p e n t i n e a c h k in d o f s h a r e d a c t i v i t y b y e a c h o f t h e above c o m b in a tio n s o f f a m ily members was com puted f o r fa rm an d f o r tow n f a m i l i e s f o r e a c h o f t h e t h r e e d a y s . The two g ro u p s w ere com pared and t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n them t e s t e d by u s in g th e s t a n d a r d nt n t e s t f o r s i g n i f i c a n c e o f d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n m eans and p ro p o rtio n s . D i f f e r e n c e s a t th e 81 .0 5 l e v e l w ere c o n s id e r e d t o b e s ig n ific a n t. F in d in g s a r e p r e s e n t e d a c c o r d in g t o th e d i f f e r e n t c o m b in a tio n s o f f a m i l y members who s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s . I n some i n s t a n c e s s h a r e d tim e i s com pared t o th e t o t a l tim e s p e n t i n t h e h o u se b y i n d i v i d u a l members o f th e f a m i l y . T h ro u g h o u t t h i s r e p o r t f i n d i n g s w h ic h w ere fo u n d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 5 l e v e l o f p r o b a b i l i t y a r e i n d i c a t e d b y th e u s e o f one a s t e r i s k ( « ) . 0 3L S i g n i f i c a n c e a t th e .01 l e v e l i s shown b y th e H agood, M a r g a re t J a rm a n , and D a n ie l 0 . P r i c e , S t a t i s t i c s f o r S o c i o l o g i s t s , H enry H o lt and Company, Hew Y o rk , 1 9 5 2 , p p . 3 1 6 -3 2 3 . h8 u s e o f tw o a s t e r i s k s (*-#) f and a t th e (#**-) . .0 0 1 l e v e l b y t h r e e a s t e r i s k s CHAPTER IV TIME SPENT BY THE FAMILY UNIT IN SHARED ACTIVITIES I f t h e e m o tio n a l t i e s b in d in g f a m i l i e s t o g e t h e r a r e s t r e n g t h e n e d , a n d th e s o c i a l i z a t i o n p r o c e s s i s a i d e d , b y th e s h a r in g o f r o u t i n e and o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n t h e p h y s i c a l c o n f in e s o f th e home, t h e q u e s ti o n a r i s e s a s t o th e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r s u c h s h a r in g i n te rm s o f a c t u a l tim e t h u s s p e n t b y th e f a m ily a s a u n i t , a s w e ll a s t o t h e n a t u r e o f th e a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h a r e s h a r e d . I n t h i s s e c t i o n t h r e e m a jo r h y p o th e s e s o f t h e s tu d y w i l l b e t e s t e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e f a m ily u n i t . T hese a r e : ( l ) t h a t fe w a c t i v i t i e s a r e s h a r e d i n t h e home and t h a t r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e a r e s p e n t t o g e t h e r b y t h e f a m il y u n i t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s , th u s l i m i t i n g th e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r i n t e r a c t i o n , f o r t h e s o c i a l i z a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n , and f o r th e b u i l d i n g o f e m o tio n a l t i e s w h ich may p ro m o te fa m ily s o l i d a r i t y ; (2 ) t h a t th e m a jo r p o r t i o n o f th e tim e t h a t i s s p e n t t o g e t h e r b y t h e e n t i r e f a m ily i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s i s o f a r o u t i n e r a t h e r t h a n a r e c r e a t i o n a l n a t u r e ; and ( 3 ) t h a t fa rm an d tow n f a m i l i e s a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n t h e r e l a t i v e am ounts o f tim e and k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s w hich a r e s h a r e d b y t h e f a m ily a s a u n i t . Time S p e n t I n A l l S h a re d A c t i v i t i e s The am ount o f tim e f a m ily members s p e n t t o g e t h e r i n a c t i v i t i e s c a r r i e d o n a s a f a m ily u n i t was s m a l l . On an y day th e fa rm f a m ily s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s th a n d id th e tow n f a m i l y . 50 F o r b o t h g ro u p s Sunday was t h e p e a k d ay f o r tim e s p e n t t o g e t h e r , th e l e a s t am ount o f tim e b e in g s p e n t on w e ek d a y s. See T a b le V. TABLE V AVERAGE TIME SPENT TOGETHER IN ACTIVITIES SHARED BY THE ENTIRE FAMILY UNIT IN FARM AND TCWN HOMES ON THREE DAYS Farm Number o f Time F a m ilie s (M in u te s) Town Time Number o f (M in u te s) F a m ilie s S a tu rd a y 35 6 0 .3 38 U6.7 Sunday 35 7 1 .7 37 5U .3 W eekdays 38 3 9 .9 37 3 3 .2 When t h e t o t a l tim e s p e n t i n th e ho u se b y d i f f e r e n t f a m ily members was com pared w ith th e tim e th e y s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d a s a f a m ily u n i t , i t was fo u n d t h a t s h a r e d tim e r e p r e s e n t e d o n ly s m a ll p r o p o r t i o n s o f th e t o t a l . Some d i f f e r e n c e s among f a m ily members an d d a y s a p p e a r e d . M o th e rs s p e n t m ore tim e i n th e h o u se on any day th a n an y o t h e r f a m ily mem bers b u t t h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f th e t o t a l w hich t h e y s p e n t I n f a m ily — c e n t e r e d a c t i v i t i e s w ere l e a s t . They s p e n t a h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e i r tim e w ith th e f a m ily on Sunday t h a n on o t h e r d a y s . F a th e rs s p e n t t h e h i g h e s t p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e i r t o t a l tim e i n f a m i l y —c e n t e r e d a c t i v i t i e s on S a tu r d a y a n d th e lo w e s t on w e e k d a y s. Town f a t h e r s s p e n t more tim e i n th e h o u se on a l l t h r e e d ay s t h a n d i d farm f a t h e r s , i n s p i t e o f th e f a c t t h a t one t h i n k s o f t h e fa rm e r a s w o rk in g a t home w h ile th e c i t y man w orks e ls e w h e r e , b u t th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f th e t o t a l w hich w ere s p e n t 51 b y to w n f a t h e r s i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w i t h t h e f a m il y w ere l e s s . Town c h i l d r e n s p e n t l e s s tim e i n th e h o u se on w eekends a n d m ore on w eek­ d a y s t h a n fa rm c h i l d r e n a n d s m a l le r p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h e i r t o t a l tim e i n f a m ily c e n t e r e d a c t i v i t i e s . H ow ever, none o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n c o r r e s p o n d in g mem bers o f th e two g ro u p s be s ig n if ic a n t. was l a r g e en o u g h to See T a b le V I. TABLE VI AVERAGE TIME SPENT IN THE HOUSE BY VARIOUS FARM AND TCWN FAMILY MMBERS AND PERCENTAGES WHICH WERE SPENT IN ACTIVITIES SHARED AS A FAMILY UNIT ON THREE DAYS Farm Number T o t a l Time S h ared Time (p e rc e n t) of ( m in u te s ) C ases Town Number T o t a l Time S h a re d Time (p e rc e n t) (m in u te s ) of C ase s S a tu r d a y F a th e rs M o th e rs C h ild r e n 35 35 ' 51 2 9 2 .2 731. k 1*22.7 2 0 .0 8 .2 11*. 3 38 38 51* 3 5 8 .8 7 5 6 .6 1*01.9 1 3 .0 6 .2 1 1 .6 Sunday F a th e rs M o th ers C h ild re n 35 35 51 l*Ol*.i* 6 7 3 .8 1*28.3 1 7 .6 1 0 .6 16.6 37 37 52 1*57.8 6 0 6 .6 3 7 8 .1 1 1 .9 9 .0 lU .U W eekdays F a th e rs M o th ers C h ild r e n 38 38 51* 2 6 1 .0 7 3 2 .6 2 5 9 .3 1 5 .1 5.1* 15.h 37 37 52 296.1* 8 0 5 .2 2 8 7 .6 11.2 l* .i H .5 Time S p e n t i n E a tin g On a l l t h r e e d a y s b o th g ro u p s p a r t i c i p a t e d a s a f a m ily u n i t i n o n ly tw o a c t i v i t i e s , e a t i n g an d l e i s u r e . sp en t in e a tin g . Of th e tw o , t h e b u lk o f tim e was Farm f a m i l i e s s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r i n e a t i n g th a n 52 d id town, f a m i l i e s . s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e l e v e l on w e e k d a y s. H ere th e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n th e two g ro u p s w ere .0 1 l e v e l on S a tu r d a y an d S u n d a y , a n d a t th e .0 5 B o th g ro u p s s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r a t m e a ls on S a tu r d a y t h a n on Sunday an d s p e n t th e l e a s t am ount o f tim e e a t i n g t o g e t h e r on w e e k d a y s. See T a b le V I I . TABLE V II AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN THE HOME IN CERTAIN SHARED ACTIVITIES BY FARM AND TOWN FAMILIES ON THREE DAYS S a tu rd a y Farm Town Number o f F a m ilie s 35 38 Sunday Farm Town 37 35 W eekdays Farm Town 38 37 A c tiv ity : E a tin g 5 1 .1 3U.7 U 7.8 3 0 .9 * * L e is u r e 8.1 1 1 .7 2 3 .0 22.8 2.6 7 .7 A l l O th e r 1.1 .3 .3 .6 .k .0 A ll A c tiv itie s 6 0 .3 U6.7 7 1 .1 5k .3 3 9 .9 3 3 .2 3 6 .9 2 5 .5 * See p a g e s h i an d U8 i n C h a p te r on M eth o d o lo g y f o r v a r i o u s d e s ig n a t i o n s o f l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e . T h ese sym bols w i l l i n d i c a t e s ig n if ic a n c e i n a l l su b seq u en t t a b l e s . The p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e t o t a l s h a r e d a c t i v i t y tim e w hich was s p e n t i n e a t i n g a l s o d i f f e r e d b e tw e e n th e tw o g r o u p s . Farm f a m i l i e s on a l l t h r e e d ay s s p e n t a l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e i r t o t a l s h a r e d tim e i n e a t i n g t o g e t h e r th a n d id tow n f a m i l i e s . H ow ever, none o f th e s e d i f ­ f e r e n c e s i n p r o p o r t i o n was l a r g e en o u g h to be s i g n i f i c a n t . T a b le V I I I . See 53 TABLE V III PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL SHARED FAMILY TIME WHICH WERE SPENT IN EATING TOGETHER IN FARM AND TOWN HOMES ON THREE DAYS Farm Number of P e rc e n t F a m ilie s Town Number of P e rc e n t F a m ilie s S a tu rd a y 35 8i u 8 38 7 lt.3 Sunday 35 6 7 .2 37 5 6 .9 W eekdays 38 9 2 .5 37 76.8 A lth o u g h th e d a t a i n t h i s s tu d y c a n n o t b e u s e d t o t e s t s u c h a n a s s u m p tio n , t h e r e m ig h t b e a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t th e in c r e a s e d am ount o f tim e s p e n t b y fa rm f a m i l i e s i n e a t i n g r e f l e c t s a r i t u a l i s t i c w h ich fo o d an d e a t i n g may have f o r th e fa rm f a m i l y . fu n c tio n S in c e th e p r o ­ d u c t i o n o f fo o d i s th e m a in b u s i n e s s o f f a r m e r s , p e rh a p s m e a ltim e and e a t i n g a r e e s p e c i a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t t o them an d th u s command l a r g e r a m o u n ts o f t h e i r t i m e . I t i s a l s o p o s s i b l e t h a t fa rm f a m i l i e s a r e u n d e r l e s s tim e p r e s s u r e th a n a r e tow n f a m i l i e s , a n d th u s a r e a b le t o s p e n d more tim e t o g e t h e r a t m e a ls . Time S p e n t i n L e is u r e R e c e n tly t h e r e h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r a b le s t r e s s on th e im p o rta n c e o f s h a r e d f a m ily r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s f o r t h e a c h ie v e m e n t an d m a in te ­ n a n ce o f h appy f a m ily r e l a t i o n s h i p s . I n t h i s s tu d y s h a r e d l e i s u r e was t h e s e c o n d r a n k in g a c t i v i t y f o r b o th g ro u p s from th e s t a n d p o i n t o f am ount o f tim e s p e n t by th e f a m ily a s a u n i t . A lth o u g h tow n f a m i l i e s 51* s p e n t s l i g h t l y m ore tim e t o g e t h e r on S a tu r d a y an d ■weekdays i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e th a n d id fa rm f a m i l i e s th e am o u n ts w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y g re a te r. On S unday b o th g ro u p s s p e n t c o n s i d e r a b ly more tim e i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e th a n on o t h e r d a y s . The p r o p o r t i o n s o f t o t a l s h a r e d tim e w h ich w ere s p e n t i n l e i s u r e v a r i e d b e tw ee n t h e two g ro u p s on a l l t h r e e d a y s* O nly th e d i f f e r e n c e on w eekdays was s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . See T a b le IX . TABLE IX PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL SHARED FAMILY TIME WHICH WERE SPENT IN SHARED LEISURE IN FARM AND TOWN HOMES ON THREE DAYS Farm Number of P e rc e n t F a m ili e s Town Number of P e rc e n t F a m ilie s S a tu r d a y 35 1 3 .5 38 2 5 .1 Sunday 35 32. U 37 1*2.1 W eekdays 38 6 .6 37 2 3 .2 * ( a ) The d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n farm an d tow n f a m i l i e s on w eekdays was s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 5 l e v e l . L e is u r e a c t i v i t i e s w hich c a n be s h a r e d i n th e home may b e o f many d if f e r e n t ty p e s . T hey ra n g e fro m p a s s iv e en jo y m en t o f a r a d i o o r t e l e v i s i o n p ro g ram t o a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n games an d im a g in a tiv e p la y . When t h e d a t a were c o l l e c t e d f o r th e farm f a m i l i e s none o f them h ad t e l e v i s i o n s e t s . H ow ever, som ew hat more th a n h a l f o f th e tow n f a m i l i e s h a d a c q u i r e d t e l e v i s i o n b y th e tim e t h e tow n d a t a were g a t h e r e d . 55 I n o r d e r "bo i s o l a t e th e i n f l u e n c e o f t h i s new ty p e o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t , t h e to w n g ro u p was d iv id e d i n t o t e l e v i s i o n and n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning fa m ilie s . C o m p a riso n s w ere th e n made b e tw e e n t h e fa rm an d t h e non­ t e l e v i s i o n tow n f a m i l i e s , a n d a l s o b e tw e e n th e t e l e v i s i o n an d n o n t e l e v i s i o n tow n g r o u p s . The d a t a w ere exam ined t o d e te rm in e t h e a m o u n ts o f tim e s p e n t i n t h e home i n v a r i o u s k in d s o f s h a r e d r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s by th e s e th r e e g ro u p s. w e re fo u n d t o b e s h a r e d . E ig h t k in d s o f l e i s u r e p a s tim e s T h e se w ere v i s i t i n g , r e a d i n g a l o u d , p la y i n g g a m es, e n t e r t a i n i n g g u e s t s , p la y in g m u s ic a l in s t r u m e n ts o r s i n g i n g t o g e t h e r , p u r s u in g h o b b ie s , l i s t e n i n g t o t h e same r a d i o p ro g ra m , and v ie w in g t e l e v i s i o n t o g e t h e r . A lth o u g h none o f them w ere s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t , c e r t a i n d i f f e r e n c e s a p p e a re d among t h e t h r e e g r o u p s . See T a b le X. On a l l t h r e e d a y s th e t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n f a m i l i e s s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e t h a n d id th e o t h e r two g r o u p s , and th e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n f a m i l i e s s p e n t th e l e a s t . H ow ever, when t h e k in d s o f l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s w ere d i f f e r e n t i a t e d , th e b u lk o f th e tim e s p e n t b y t h e t e l e v i s i o n ow ning f a m i l i e s was i n t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g . In o th e r t y p e s o f s h a r e d l e i s u r e t h e am ounts o f tim e s p e n t b y t e l e v i s i o n ow ning f a m i l i e s w ere s i m i l a r to th o s e o f th e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n g ro u p . T hus i t a p p e a re d t h a t among tow n f a m i l i e s th e a d v e n t o f t e l e v i s i o n h ad n o t m a t e r i a l l y d e t r a c t e d fro m th e tim e s p e n t i n o t h e r ty p e s o f s h a r e d l e i s u r e b u t was i n a d d i t i o n to th em . Farm f a m i l i e s a s com pared t o n o n - t e l e v i s i o n owning tow n f a m i l i e s , s p e n t m ore tim e t o g e t h e r i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e p u r s u i t s on an y d a y . 56 TABLE X AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN THE HOME IN VARIOUS TYPES OF SHARED LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES BY FARM AND TOWN FAMILIES ON THREE DAYS S a tu r d a y Farm Town Non-TV TV Number o f F a m i l i e s 35 16 22 Sunday Town Non-TV TV 16 21 35 Farm W eekday Town Non-TV TV 38 15 22 Farm A c tiv ity s V is itin g 1 .3 R e a d in g (a ) k.7 (a ) (a ) P la y in g 2 .3 R a d io G u e sts 2.8 k.h 1 .9 (a ) 1 .9 (a ) 3 .7 11.0 5 .0 (a ) (a ) 1.0 3 .6 1 . 1* 2.6 (a ) H o b b ies M usic T e le v is io n 1 2 .3 2 8 .3 1 7 .5 M is c e lla n e o u s A ll le is u r e 8.1 3 .8 1 7 .5 23.0 7 .2 3 h .S 2.6 1.0 12.3 ( a ) L e ss t h a n one m in u te * On S u n d a y , tim e s p e n t a s a f a m ily i n e n t e r t a i n i n g g u e s ts a c c o u n te d f o r n e a rly h a lf o f t h e ir t o t a l . I t a l s o a c c o u n te d f o r th e m a jo r p o r t i o n o f l e i s u r e tim e s p e n t b y th e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n tow n f a m i l i e s on t h a t d a y . A r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e N a tio n a l P r o j e c t i n A g r i c u l t u r a l Communica­ t i o n s i n d i c a t e s t h a t on week d ay s th e number o f f a m i l i e s r e p o r t i n g 57 "th a t th e y e n t e r t a i n e d g u e s t s h ad d ro p p e d from 25 t o 10 p e r c e n t a f t e r t e l e v i s i o n -was a c q u i r e d . 82 Summary The d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n s u p p o r t t h e h y p o th e s i s t h a t fe w a c t i v i t i e s a r e s h a r e d i n th e home b y th e f a m ily a s a u n i t . Xn b o t h fa rm a n d to w n homes o n ly two a c t i v i t i e s w ere commonly s h a r e d b y th e e n t i r e fa m ily . le is u re . T h ese w ere e a t i n g t o g e t h e r an d p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n Of th e tw o , t h e e a t i n g o f m e als t o g e t h e r to o k th e b u l k o f t i m e , t h u s s u p p o r tin g t h e h y p o th e s is t h a t r o u t i n e r a t h e r t h a n r e c r e a ­ t i o n a l p u r s u i t s a c c o u n t f o r m ost o f t h e tim e t h a t i s s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a re d by th e e n tir e fa m ily . The h y p o th e s i s t h a t fa rm and tow n f a m i l i e s a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n th e k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d an d r e l a t i v e am ounts o f tim e s p e n t i n them was p a r t i a l l y s u p p o r te d b y th e d a t a . The s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s o f b o t h fa rm and to w n f a m i l i e s w ere a l i k e b u t t h e r e were d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e s p e n t i n th e m . Farm f a m i l i e s s p e n t more tim e i n e a t i n g m e a ls t o g e t h e r t h a n tow n f a m i l i e s . The d i f ­ f e r e n c e s i n am ounts o f tim e t h u s s p e n t w ere s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t on a l l t h r e e d a y s . Farm f a m i l i e s s p e n t s m a l le r am ounts o f tim e i n l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s th a n tow n f a m i l i e s . B e c a u se t e l e v i s i o n had c h an g ed th e l e i s u r e tim e a c t i v i t i e s o f p a r t o f th e tow n g r o u p , th e y were s u b d iv id e d i n t o t e l e ­ v i s i o n an d n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning f a m i l i e s . Farm and n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ^ N a t i o n a l P r o j e c t i n A g r i c u l t u r a l C om m unications — " L iv in g w ith T e l e v i s i o n , 11 A g r i s e a r c h , V o l. 1 , N o. 3 , A u g u st 1 9 5 5 . 58 tow n f a m i l i e s w e re com pared a s were a l s o th e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n and t e l e ­ v i s i o n ow ning tow n f a m i l i e s . A lth o u g h s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w ere n o t f o u n d 9 fa rm f a m i l i e s d i d sp e n d more tim e t o g e t h e r a n d i n a g r e a t e r v a r i e t y o f a c t i v i t i e s th a n d i d n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning to w n f a m i l i e s . E n te r ta in m e n t o f g u e s ts was p a r t i c u l a r l y im p o r ta n t t o fa rm f a m i l i e s on S u n d a y . T e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n f a m i l i e s w ere s i m i l a r t o n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n f a m i l i e s i n tim e s p e n t i n l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s e x c l u s i v e o f t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g . 'When t e l e v i s i o n tim e was a d d e d i t g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d th e tim e s p e n t i n l e i s u r e t o g e t h e r b y th e s e f a m i l i e s a s com pared t o th e o t h e r two g r o u p s , Thus among tow n f a m i l i e s t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g had a p p a r e n t l y n o t r e p l a c e d o t h e r ty p e s o f s h a r e d f a m i l y l e i s u r e b u t r a t h e r h a d b e e n a d d ed t o th e m . CHAPTER V TIME SPENT IN ACTIVITIES SHARED BY HUSBANDS AND WIVES EXCLUSIVE OF OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS The h ig h d iv o r c e r a t e o f th e p a s t fe w y e a r s h a s o c c a s io n e d co n ­ s i d e r a b l e s p e c u l a t i o n a s t o t h e re a s o n s u n d e r ly in g i t . W orkers i n th e f i e l d o f f a m ily l i f e have a d v a n c e d many p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n s . One o f t h e s e i s t h a t th e m odern h u sb a n d and w ife l a c k th e l a r g e com m unity o f i n t e r e s t s w h ich f o r m e r ly s e r v e d t o b in d them t o g e t h e r . A husbandfs w ork l i f e h a s become i n c r e a s i n g l y i s o l a t e d from h i s home l i f e . F o r th e w i f e , t o o , many a c t i v i t i e s f o r m e r ly im p o r ta n t i n h e r r o l e a s homemaker h av e b e e n ta k e n o v e r b y o u t s i d e a g e n c i e s . A t th e same tim e m odern i n ­ v e n t i o n s have d e c r e a s e d th e tim e n e c e s s a r y f o r th e r o u t i n e a c t i v i t i e s o f homemakLng, a llo w in g a woman tim e t o p u rs u e a v a r i e t y o f o t h e r i n t e r e s t s e i t h e r i n s i d e o r o u t s i d e th e hom e. The i n c r e a s e i n th e num ber o f women i n th e l a b o r f o r c e p r o b a b ly r e f l e c t s t h i s r e l e a s e from r o u t i n e h o u s e h o ld t a s k s . L in to n h a s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t one o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f m odern c i v i l i z a t i o n i s th e r a p i d l y d im in is h in g number o f c u l t u r a l u n i v e r s a l s i t c o n ta in s . As fo rm e r u n i v e r s a l i d e a s , h a b i t s an d c o n d itio n e d e m o tio n a l r e s p o n s e s move i n t o t h e a r e a o f c u l t u r a l a l t e r n a t i v e s , t h e r e i s a s m a l l e r c o r e o f s h a r e d e x p e r ie n c e s and b e l i e f s t o h o ld t h e mtembers o f a s o c i e t y t o g e t h e r a n d t h e c u l t u r e i n c r e a s i n g l y l o s e s p a t t e r n and c o h e r e n c e . L i n t o n , R a lp h , The S tu d y o f M an, D. A pple t o n -C e n tu ry Company, New Y o rk , 1 9 3 6 . 6 3 (jo 60 I n m odern m a r r ia g e s "the l i f e c h a n g in g r a p i d l y . s t y l e o f m a r r ia g e p a r t n e r s h a s b e e n T h is s h i f t i n p a t t e r n h a s p r o b a b ly b e e n acco m p an ied b y a n i n c r e a s i n g am ount o f i n s t a b i l i t y i n th e h u s b a n d -w ife r e l a t i o n ­ s h ip . The l o s s o f s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n th e home f o r c e s th e m odern h u sb a n d a n d w ife t o r e l y more an d more on s e x g r a t i f i c a t i o n and c o m p a n io n sh ip a s th e s t a b i l i z i n g f a c t o r s i n t h e i r m a r r i a g e . Where m a te s o nce w ere s e l e c t e d on th e b a s i s o f f a m ily t i e s , p r o p e r t y , o r t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f s k i l l s e s s e n t i a l f o r f a m ily s u r v i v a l , —t h e s o - c a l l e d f a m i l i s t i c i n t e r e s t s — young p e o p le to d a y s e l e c t e a c h o t h e r on th e b a s i s o f r o m a n tic lo v e a n d when t h i s f a d e s th e y m ust i n c r e a s i n g l y depend upon t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s a s com panions t o m a in ta i n t h e e m o tio n a l t i e s e s s e n t i a l t o h o ld t h e i r m a rria g e t o g e t h e r . A lth o u g h r e c e n t r e s e a r c h on th e a s s o c i a t i o n b e tw e e n m u tu a l i n t e r e s t s and m a rria g e a d ju s tm e n t i n d i ­ c a t e s t h a t th e ty p e r a t h e r t h a n th e number o f i n t e r e s t s s h a r e d may be a f a c t o r i n m a r i t a l s u c c e s s — a l a r g e num ber o f s h a r e d f a m i l i s t i c ©4 / i n t e r e s t s b e in g p o s i t i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w ith m a rria g e s t a b i l i t y — th is d o e s n o t p r e c lu d e th e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t i n s t a b i l i t y i n th e h u s b a n d -w ife r e l a t i o n s h i p may a l s o r e s u l t fro m th e d e c r e a s e d amount o f tim e now b e in g s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s i n th e m odern m a r r i a g e . I f , a s i s assum ed i n t h i s s t u d y , i n t e r e s t i n t h e home an d t h e s t r e n g t h o f th e h u s b a n d -w ife r e l a t i o n s h i p a r e a f u n c t i o n o f th e tim e th e y sp en d t h e r e t o g e t h e r i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s , i t i s im p o r ta n t t o l e a r n th e e x t e n t and n a t u r e o f s u c h s h a r i n g . 84 I n t h i s c h a p t e r two m a jo r B e n s o n , P u r n e l l , ,fThe Common I n t e r e s t M yth i n M a r r ia g e ,” S o c i a l P r o b le m s , J u l y 1 9 5 5 . 61 h y p o th e s e s a r e t e s t e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d b y h u sb a n d s a n d w iv e s i n t h e home e x c l u s i v e o f o t h e r f a m ily m em bers. T h ese a r e : 1 . T h a t r e l a t i v e l y fe w a c t i v i t i e s and s m a ll p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e a r e s p e n t b y h u s b a n d s and w iv e s i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith e a c h o t h e r i n th e home* th u s l i m i t i n g t h e i r o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r i n t e r a c t i o n an d f o r th e d e v elo p m en t o f th e common i n t e r e s t s w h ich a r e a s t a b i l i z i n g f a c t o r i n p r e s e n t day m a r r i a g e . 2 . T h a t fa rm a n d tow n h u sb a n d s and w iv es a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n th e k in d s o r r e l a t i v e am ounts o f tim e th e y s p e n d i n th e v a r i o u s a c t i v i t i e s w h ich t h e y s h a r e . Time S p e n t i n A l l S h a re d A c t i v i t i e s "When t h e two g ro u p s w ere com pared i t a p p e a re d t h a t tow n h u sb an d s an d w iv es s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r e x c l u s i v e o f o t h e r f a m ily members i n th e s h a r i n g o f a c t i v i t i e s i n th e home th a n d i d farm h u sb a n d s and w iv e s . T h is d i f f e r e n c e was s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e o n S a tu r d a y . .0 1 l e v e l I n b o th g ro u p s Sunday was th e p e a k day f o r tim e s p e n t t o g e t h e r i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w ith th e l e a s t am ount o f tim e on w eek day s. See T a b le X I . R e l a t i v e l y s m a ll p r o p o r t i o n s o f th e t o t a l tim e s p e n t i n th e h o u se b y e i t h e r fa rm o r tow n h u sb a n d s an d w iv es d u rin g t h e day were s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith e a c h o t h e r . The p r o p o r t io n s w ere somewhat h i g h e r f o r th e tow n th a n f o r th e farm c o u p le s . I n no c a s e w ere t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o p o r t i o n l a r g e enough t o b e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . See T a b le X U . 62 TABLE XI AVERAGE TIME SPENT IN THE HOME BY FIRM AND TOWN COUPLES IN ACTIVITIES SHARED EXCLUSIVE OF OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS ON THREE DAYS Farm Number of Co u p le s M in u te s S a tu r d a y Sunday W eekdays 1*5 1*5 1*8 Town Number of C o u p le s M in u te s ii 1*1* 1*3 1*3 1*0.2 6 2 .9 b 7 .0 ^ ■Z'Z-(a) 9 2 .3 103.8 6 7 .9 ( a ) The d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n fa rm an d tow n c o u p le s on S a tu rd a y was s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .0 1 l e v e l . TABLE X II AVERAGE TIME SPENT IN THE HOUSE BY FARM AND TOWN HUSBANDS AND WIVES AND PERCENTAGES WHICH WERE SPENT TOGETHER IN ACTIVITIES SHARED EXCLUSIVE OF OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS ON THREE DAYS Number of C ases ; Farm T o t a l Time S h a re d Time (M in u te s ) ( P e r c e n t) Number of C ases Town T o t a l Time S h a re d Time (M in u te s) ( P e r c e n t) S a tu r d a y H usbands W ives U5 U5 2 8 7 .5 7 3 8 .0 lii.O 5.1* kk I4.I4. 3 7 2 .0 7 5 3 ,6 2l i .8 12.2 Sunday H usbands W ives U5 h£ 3 9 6 .3 6 7 7 .2 1 5 .9 9 .3 U3 h3 U67 .1 623.1* 22.2 1 6 .7 W eekdays H usbands W ives ue us 2 5 3 .9 7U8 . 6 1 8 .5 6 .3 h3 h3 2 9 3 .3 8 0 3 .5 23.2 8 .5 63 -A lthough fa rm h u sb a n d s an d "wives s h a r e d i n f i v e d i f f e r e n t d a y tim e a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n t h e hom e, th e two c h i e f o n e s w ere e a t i n g an d l e i s u r e . T hey s p e n t a d d i t i o n a l s m a ll am o u n ts o f tim e t o g e t h e r i n h o u se c a r e , c h i l d c a r e , a n d c l e a r i n g away a f t e r m e a l s , i n c l u d i n g d is h w a s h in g . Town h u s b a n d s an d w ives s h a r e d th e s e same f i v e a c t i v i t i e s a s w e ll a s s p e n d in g tim e t o g e t h e r i n fo o d p r e p a r a t i o n an d i n v a r io u s b u s in e s s a c tiv itie s . As w ith th e fa rm g ro u p , h o w e v e r, e a t i n g an d l e i s u r e a c c o u n te d f o r t h e m a jo r p a r t o f t h e i r s h a r e d tim e .7 On a l l t h r e e d a y s tow n c o u p le s s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s t h a n i n e a t i n g , b u t f o r fa rm c o u p le s th e tim e s p e n t i n e a t i n g t o g e t h e r e x c e e d e d t h a t s p e n t i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e e x c e p t on S u n d a y . Town h u sb a n d s gave t h e i r w ives m ore h e lp i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n and c l e a r i n g away o f m e a ls th a n d id fa rm h u s b a n d s . The l a t t e r a t no tim e a s s i s t e d i n m e a l p r e p a r a t i o n a n d h e lp e d w ith m eal c l e a r i n g t a s k s o n ly a s m a ll am ount o f tim e on S u n d ay . T h is may be a n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t th e t r a d i t i o n a l r o l e s o f men a s th e b r e a d w in n e rs an d women a s th e homemakers a r e more s h a r p l y d e f i n e d among fa rm p e o p l e . See T a b le X I I I . R ecent fin d in g s o f a D e t r o i t a r e a s u r v e y s p o n s o re d b y th e I n s t i t u t e o f S o c i a l S c ie n c e R e s e a r c h a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f M ich ig an a l s o show t h a t c i t y h u sb an d s a s s i s t more o f t e n w ith h o u s e h o ld t a s k s t h a n farm h u sb an d s / C h i- s q u a r e a n a ly s is in d ic a tin g a d if f e r e n c e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e le v e l. 05 .0 0 1 65 B lo o d , R o b e r t 0 . , J r . , U n p u b lis h e d d a t a from th e D e t r o i t A re a S tu d y , I n s t i t u t e f o r S o c i a l R e s e a r c h , U n i v e r s i t y o f M ic h ig a n , Ann A r b o r , M ic h ig a n , 1 9 5 5 . 6h TABLE X III AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN VARIOUS SHARED ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE HOME BY FARM AND TOWN COUPLES EXCLUSIVE OF OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS ON THREE DAYS Number o f C o u p le s S a tu rd a y Farm Town 1*5 w* Sunday Farm Town hS b3 Weekdays Farm Town b8 k3 A c tiv ity : H ouse c a r e 1.3 C h ild c a r e 1 .3 Food p r e p a r a t i o n E a tin g (a ) 1 .1 (a ) 1 .7 5 .9 1 .8 2 0 .6 2 1 .6 2 0 .k 2 0 .6 3 1 .3 1 9 .8 3 .2 1 5 .6 6 5 .3 * * b.h 1 .1 3 8 . 6 7 1 .2 1U .7 U0.1 1 .2 (a) 1 .3 B u s in e s s M is c e lla n e o u s (a ) 1.5 M e a l, c l e a r i n g L e is u r e 1 .3 1 .1 1 .6 (a ) * 1 .7 ( a ) L e s s th a n 1 m in u te . Time S p e n t i n E a tin g T o g e th e r I n c o m p a rin g th e two g ro u p s o f h u sb an d s an d w iv e s , th e a v e ra g e am o u n ts o f tim e t h e y s p e n t t o g e t h e r a t m e a ls e x c l u s i v e o f o t h e r fa m ily members w ere fo u n d t o b e a lm o s t i d e n t i c a l on S a tu rd a y and S u n d a y . On w e e k d a y s, h o w e v e r, t h e fa rm c o u p le s s p e n t 1 1 .5 m in u te s m ore t o g e t h e r a t m e als th a n d i d th e tow n c o u p l e s , a d i f f e r e n c e w hich was s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 5 l e v e l . H ere i t s h o u ld be p o i n te d o u t t h a t fa rm c h i l d r e n o f t e n t r a v e l lo n g d i s t a n c e s t o s c h o o l an d a r e u n a b le t o r e t u r n home // 65 f o r "the noo n m eal th u s p r o b a b ly i n c r e a s i n g th e am ount o f tim e s p e n t b y fa rm c o u p le s e a t i n g t o g e t h e r w ith th e c h i l d r e n a b s e n t . On t h e o th e r h a n d , to w n h u s b a n d s f r e q u e n t l y e a t th e noon m e al away from home th u s d e c r e a s i n g tim e s p e n t e a t i n g w ith o t h e r members o f th e f a m i l y . On a l l t h r e e d a y s , th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h e i r t o t a l s h a r e d tim e t h a t w ere s p e n t i n e a t i n g t o g e t h e r w ere h ig h e r f o r fa rm th a n f o r tow n c o u p le s . T h e se d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o p o r t i o n were s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e l e v e l on S a tu r d a y an d a t t h e .001 l e v e l on w eek d ay s. .0 1 See T a b le XIV. TABLE XIV PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL TIME SEARED BY FARM AND TOWN COUPLES IN THE HOME WHICH WERE SPENT IN EATING TOGETHER EXCLUSIVE OF OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS ON THREE DAYS Farm Number of P e rc e n t UOUp-LfcJfci Town Number of P e rc e n t OOUP-LKS S a tu r d a y k$ 5 1 .3 1*1* 2 3 . ^ Sunday k$ 32.b 1*3 1 9 .8 W eekdays 1+8 66.$ 1*3 2 9 .2 ■iHHfr ( a ) The d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n farm and tow n c o u p le s w ere s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 1 l e v e l on S a tu rd a y an d a t t h e .001 l e v e l on w e ek d a y s. Time S p e n t i n L e is u r e On a l l t h r e e d a y s tow n h u sb an d s an d w ives s p e n t much more tim e t o g e t h e r i n l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s th a n d id farm c o u p le s . T h ese d i f f e r e n c e s i n tim e b e tw e e n th e two g ro u p s w ere s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .01 66 l e v e l on S a tu r d a y an d a t t h e .0 5 l e v e l on w eek d ay s. When th e p r o p o r ­ t i o n s o f t h e i r t o t a l tim e w hich were s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w ere com pared, tow n c o u p le s s p e n t l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n s i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e th a n d i d fa rm c o u p l e s . T h ese d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o p o r t i o n w ere s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 0 1 l e v e l on S a tu rd a y and a t th e w e e k d a y s. .0 1 l e v e l on See T a b le XV. TABLE XV PERCENTAGES CF TOTAL TIME SHARED BX FIRM AND TOWN COUPLES IN THE HOME WHICH WERE SPENT IN SHARED LEISURE EXCLUSIVE OF OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS ON THREE DAYS Farm Number of P e rc e n t C o u p le s Town Number of P e rc e n t C o u p les 3 8 .7 UU 7 0 .7 * * U ) Sunday us us 6 1 .3 US 6 8 .6 W eekdays U8 3 1 .3 US 5 9 .2 S a tu rd a y ( a ) The d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n fa rm and tow n c o u p le s was s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 1 l e v e l on S a tu rd a y a n d w e ek d a y s. I n o r d e r t o i s o l a t e th e e f f e c t o f t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g on th e am ounts o f tim e s p e n t i n l e i s u r e , th e tow n g ro u p was d iv id e d i n t o t e l e v i s i o n a n d n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning c o u p l e s . The farm and n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s w ere com pared a s w ere t e l e v i s i o n and n o n —te l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p l e s . See T a b le XVI. 67 TABLE XVI AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN VARIOUS KINDS OF SHARED LEISURE WITHIN THE HOME BY FARM AND TOWN COUPLES EXCLUSIVE OF OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS ON THREE DAYS Number o f C o u p le s S a tu rd a y Farm C ity Non-TV TV h$ 17 27 Sunday Farm i C ity Non-TV TV 17 26 U5 5.U 8 .0 Weekdays C ity Non-TV TV if.8 16 27 Farm A c tiv ity * V is itin g 8 .2 6 .7 1 2 .1 k.k U .5 7 .8 Games (a ) R a d io 2 .0 G u e sts 8 .1 (a ) 6 .3 5 3 .2 * * 9 .8 * 2 3 .9 50.6 T e le v is io n M is c e lla n e o u s A ll le is u r e 5.h 1 0 .6 I t .3 1 0 .3 1 1 .8 2 9 . k 5.9 7 .5 $k.k 1*2.3 (a ) 15.6 62.1***67.1 3 8 .6 3 k . k 9 5 .2 * l i t . 7 2 5 .6 1*8.7 ( a ) L e s s t h a n one m i n u t e . On S a tu rd a y t h e c h i e f d i f f e r e n c e b e tw ee n farm and n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s was i n th e l a r g e r am ount o f tim e s p e n t by t h e l a t t e r in e n te rta in in g g u e s ts . was s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e H ere a d i f f e r e n c e o f kS *1 m in u te s p e r c o u p le .0 1 l e v e l . When th e 62 .U m in u te s s p e n t b y non­ t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s i n l e i s u r e was com pared t o th e 1 5 . 6 m in u te s s p e n t by fa rm c o u p le s t h a t d i f f e r e n c e was a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t a t* * th e .0 1 l e v e l . 68 T e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s re s e m b le d fa rm c o u p le s more "than t h e y d i d t h e n o n —te l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s i n l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s © ngaged i n on S a t u r d a y , i f one e x c lu d e s t h e tim e th e y s p e n t i n t e l e ­ v i s i o n v ie w in g . Time s p e n t on S a tu rd a y w ith g u e s ts b y th e non­ t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s was g r e a t e r th a n t h a t s p e n t b y th e t e l e v i s i o n o w n e rs , w ith s i g n i f i c a n c e a t th e .0 5 l e v e l . However th e £ 0 .6 m in u te s s p e n t t o g e t h e r by t h e l a t t e r i n w a tc h in g t e l e v i s i o n b r o u g h t t h e t o t a l tim e th e y s p e n t i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e t o a s l i g h t l y h ig h e r a v e r a g e t h a n f o r t h e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n owning tow n c o u p l e s . Here i t w ould a p p e a r t h a t on S a tu r d a y , a t l e a s t , t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g h ad r e p la c e d tim e f o r m e r ly s p e n t i n e n t e r t a i n i n g g u e s t s . / 3 On Sunday th e fa rm c o u p le s s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r e n t e r t a i n i n g g u e s t s a n d som ewhat l e s s tim e i n v i s i t i n g w ith e a c h o th e r an d l i s t e n i n g t o th e r a d i o t o g e t h e r t h a n d id th e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n owning tow n c o u p l e s . However t h e t o t a l tim e s p e n t i n a l l s h a r e d l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s was s i m i l a r f o r th e two g ro u p s and none o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s was s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n ific a n t. The t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s d i f f e r e d somewhat from n o n ­ t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s on Sunday i n th e am ount o f tim e t h e y s p e n t i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s o t h e r th a n t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g . They s p e n t l e s s tim e i n v i s i t i n g t o g e t h e r b u t more tim e i n games th a n th e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning c o u p le s w h ile th e tim e th e y s p e n t e n t e r t a i n i n g g u e s t s was more n e a r l y l i k e t h a t o f th e fa rm f a m i l i e s . W ien t e l e v i s i o n tim e was a d d ed t o th e t o t a l , a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e a t t h e .05 l e v e l was fo u n d b e tw e e n th e 9 5 .2 m in u te s s p e n t p e r t e l e v i s i o n ow ning c o u p le 69 an d t h e 3lj..i|, m in u te s s p e n t b y th e non—te l e v i s i o n o w n e rs. On Sunday i t a p p e a r e d t h a t t e l e v i s i o n had n o t r e p l a c e d o t h e r s h a r e d l e i s u r e a c t i v i ­ t i e s f o r t h e s e tow n h u s b a n d s an d w iv es b u t was i n a d d i t i o n t o th e m . ~wee^ d a y s fa rm and n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s w ere f a i r l y s i m i l a r i n t h e i r l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s a lth o u g h th e l a t t e r s p e n t s l i g h t l y m ore tim e i n v i s i t i n g , r a d i o l i s t e n i n g and e n t e r t a i n i n g g u e s t s , m aking t h e i r t o t a l s h a r e d l e i s u r e tim e somewhat h i g h e r . The t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s s p e n t m o st o f t h e i r s h a r e d l e i s u r e tim e on w eekdays i n t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g . I n t h i s c a s e t e l e v i s i o n a p p e a re d t o h av e r e ­ p l a c e d tim e s p e n t b y tow n h u sb an d s an d w ives i n o t h e r ty p e s o f s h a r e d Summary A lth o u g h t h e r e were s e v e r a l d a y tim e a c t i v i t i e s i n w hich h u sb an d s a n d w iv e s so m etim es p a r t i c i p a t e d t o g e t h e r e x c lu s i v e o f o t h e r f a m ily m em bers, e a t i n g an d l e i s u r e w ere th e two a c c o u n tin g f o r th e b u lk o f t h e i r s h a r e d t i m e , th u s s u p p o r t in g th e h y p o th e s is t h a t r e l a t i v e l y fe w a c t i v i t i e s a r e s h a r e d b y h u sb an d s an d w ives i n th e hom e. A lso s u p p o r te d was th e h y p o th e s i s t h a t h u sb an d s and w iv es sp en d r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h e i r t o t a l tim e i n s h a r in g a c t i v i t i e s w ith e a c h o t h e r i n t h e h o u se d u r in g t h e w aking h o u rs o f th e d a y , f o r on no d ay d id th e p r o p o r t i o n e x c e e d 2% p e r c e n t f o r th e h u sb an d s o r 17 p e r c e n t f o r th e w iv e s . The h y p o th e s i s t h a t fa rm and tow n c o u p le s a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s and am ounts o f tim e th u s s p e n t was o n ly p a r t i a l l y s u p p o r te d b y t h e d a t a . A lth o u g h th e b u l k o f th e tim e th e y s h a r e d was i n th e same two a c t i v i t i e s , e a t i n g and l e i s u r e , th e 70 am ounts o f tim e s p e n t v a r i e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e tw e e n th e two g r o u p s . Town h u s b a n d s an d w iv e s s p e n t m ore tim e t o g e t h e r on a l l t h r e e d a y s t h a n d i d th e fa rm c o u p l e s , l e v e l on S a tu r d a y . T h is d i f f e r e n c e was s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 1 On w eekdays t h e farm c o u p le s s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y m ore tim e t o g e t h e r a t m e a ls t h a n d id th e tow n c o u p le s . On th e o t h e r h a n d , t h e l a t t e r s p e n t more tim e i n l e i s u r e t h a n d id th e fa rm g ro u p . On S a tu r d a y a n d w eekdays t h i s d i f f e r e n c e was s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 1 a n d ,0f> p e r c e n t l e v e l s r e s p e c t i v e l y . On Sunday tim e s p e n t b y t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s i n w a tc h in g t e l e v i s i o n was i n a d d i t i o n to t h a t s p e n t to g e th e r i n o th e r l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s , a p p e a r e d t o r e p l a c e tim e f o r m e r ly s p e n t w ith g u e s t s . was a lm o s t th e o n ly s o u r c e o f s h a r e d l e i s u r e t i m e . On S a tu rd a y i t On w eekdays i t CHAPTER VI TIME SPENT BY FATHERS IN ACTIVITIES SHARED “WITH THEIR CHILDREN I n t h i s s tu d y i t h a s b e e n assum ed t h a t s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s p l a y a n im p o r ta n t p a r t i n th e s o c i a l i z a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n . I t lias a l s o b e e n assu m ed t h a t c h i l d r e n l e a r n w hat th e f a t h e r r o l e en co m p asses th r o u g h o b s e r v a t i o n o f an d s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w ith t h e i r f a t h e r s . The m anner i n w h ich t h e f a t h e r c a r r i e s on h i s r o l e i n th e home p r o v id e s a t l e a s t th e b a s i s f o r h i s c h i l d r e n s u n d e r s ta n d in g o f t h a t r o l e . P ro b a b ly a l l c h i l d r e n a r e m ore o r l e s s aw are o f th e g e n e r a l r o l e p la y e d by t h e f a t h e r i n th e home a n d o f th e g e n e r a l a s p e c t s o f th e f a t h e r - c h i l d r e l a t i o n s h i p . B u t t h e q u e s t i o n a r i s e s a s t o how much a c t u a l c o n t a c t th e y have w ith t h e i r f a t h e r s i n th e home 5 an d how much tim e th e y sp en d t o g e t h e r i n jo in t p a r tic ip a tio n in ro u tin e o r re c re a tio n a l a c t i v i t i e s . One o f th e h y p o th e s e s o f t h e s tu d y was t h a t t h e r e a r e l i m i t e d o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n th e home f o r th e s o c i a l i z a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n th ro u g h th e medium o f s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s . A sec o n d h y p o th e s is was t h a t c h i l d r e n have r e l a t i v e l y fe w o p p o r t u n i t i e s w i t h i n th e home t o l e a r n w hat th e f a t h e r r o l e i s l i k e and t h a t much o f w hat th e y l e a r n t h e r e i s th ro u g h c a s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e i r f a t h e r * s a c t i v i t i e s r a t h e r th a n th r o u g h a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n th e m . I t was f u r t h e r h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t t h e r e a r e no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n fa rm and tow n f a t h e r s i n th e am ounts an d p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e th e y s p e n d i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith t h e i r c h ild re n . I t i s t h e p u rp o s e o f t h i s c h a p te r t o d e a l w ith th e s e 72 h y p o th e s e s b y i n v e s t i g a t i n g an d co m p arin g th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f th e t o t a l tijn e t h a t fa rm an d tow n f a t h e r s were a t home w hich w ere s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n , an d t o exam ine f u r t h e r th e a m o u n ts o f tim e t h e y s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w ith s o n s o r d a u g h te r s e x c l u s i v e o f o t h e r f a m ily members o r w ith b o th s o n s and d a u g h te r s when t h e m o th e r was a b s e n t . Time S p e n t i n t h e Home b y F a t h e r s Of t h e t o t a l tim e t h a t f a t h e r s s p e n t i n t h e ho u se d u r in g th e w aking h o u rs o f t h e d a y , a r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll am ount was s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith an y o f th e c h i l d r e n . A lth o u g h tow n f a t h e r s s p e n t more t o t a l tim e i n th e h o u se on a l l t h r e e d a y s t h a n farm f a t h e r s , th e y s p e n t l e s s o f i t w ith th e c h i l d r e n . B o th fa rm and tow n f a t h e r s w ere i n th e h o u se m ore on S a tu r d a y a n d Sunday t h a n d u r in g th e week an d th e am ounts o f tim e s p e n t w ith th e c h i l d r e n on th e weekend were a l s o som ewhat h i g h e r . On w eekdays n e i t h e r fa rm n o r tow n f a t h e r s s p e n t a s much a s a n h o u r a d ay i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith a n y o f th e c h i l d r e n . See T a b le X V II. TABLE XVII AVERAGE NUMBER OF HOURS FARM AND TOWN FATHERS SPENT IN THE HOME IN ACTIVITIES SHARED WITH THEIR CHILDREN AND IN ALL OTHER ACTIVITIES ON THREE DAYS S a tu rd a y Farm Town Sunday Farm Town W eekdays Farm Town Number o f F a t h e r s 35 38 35 37 38 37 H ours s p e n t : S h a re d A ll o th e r 1 .5 3.h 1 .2 k.8 1.8 h.9 1 .6 6.0 .9 3.5 .9 it.o T o ta l h.9 6.0 6.7 7.6 U.U U.9 73 The p r o p o r t i o n s o f th e t o t a l tim e t h a t f a t h e r s w ere i n th e home ’w hich w ere s p e n t w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n w ere l a r g e r f o r th e fa rm th a n f o r th e to w n f a t h e r s . be s ig n if ic a n t. However none o f th e s e d i f f e r e n c e s was l a r g e enough to See T a b le X V III. TABLE X V III PERCENTAGES CF TOTAL TIME SPENT IN THE HOUSE BY FARM AND TOWN FATHERS WHICH "WERE SPENT IN ACTIVITIES SHARED WITH THEIR CHILDREN ON THREE DAYS Farm Number of P e rc e n t F a th e r s Town Number of P e rc e n t F a th e r s S a tu r d a y 35 30.0 38 20.5 Sunday 35 26.9 37 20.3 W eekdays 38 20.0 37 18.7 Time S p e n t b y F a t h e r s w ith Sons T h e re may be o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r f a t h e r s t o s h a r e a c t i v i t i e s o u t s i d e t h e home w ith t h e i r so n s and th r o u g h t h i s s h a r in g n o t o n ly to f u r t h e r th e s o c i a l i z a t i o n p r o c e s s an d to d e m o n s tra te th e f a t h e r r o l e b u t a l s o t o s t r e n g t h e n th e t i e s o f m u t u a l i t y deemed t o be d e s i r a b l e i n th e f a t h e r —s o n r e l a t i o n s h i p . B ecau se o f g r e a t e r o p p o r tu n i ty f o r s h a r e d w ork e x p e r ie n c e s i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t fa rm f a t h e r s an d so n s sp en d more tim e t o g e t h e r o u t s i d e th e home th a n do tow n f a t h e r s an d s o n s . B ut w i t h i n t h e home th e tim e th e y sp e n d t o g e t h e r i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s 5 e x c l u s i v e o f o t h e r f a m ily members ^ may o r may n o t d i f f e r . Ik The d a t a i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e am ount o f tim e s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d i n t h e home b y f a t h e r s and so n s e x c lu s i v e o f o t h e r f a m ily mem bers was v e r y s m a l l . I t was somewhat l a r g e r f o r th e tow n t h a n f o r th e fa rm g ro u p a lth o u g h none o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s was s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n ific a n t. On S a tu rd a y an d w eekdays th e fa rm f a t h e r s a v e ra g e d o n ly a b o u t t h r e e m in u te s a day w ith t h e i r s o n s , b u t on Sunday s p e n t l £ . £ m in u te s w i t h th e m , 1 0 .U m in u te s o f i t b e in g i n l e i s u r e . The l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s t h e y s h a r e d w ere p l a y i n g t o g e t h e r a n d l i s t e n i n g t o th e r a d i o . Town f a t h e r s s p e n t 1 3 . 8 m xnutes w ith t h e i r s o n s on w eek d ay s, 1 5 .3 m in u te s on S a tu rd a y an d 1 9 .0 m in u te s on S u n d ay , m o st o f i t i n l e i s u r e . See T a b le XIX. TABLE XIX AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN THE HOME BY FARM AND TOWN FATHERS IN ACTIVITIES SHARED WITH THEIR SONS ON THREE DAYS Number o f F a t h e r s S a tu rd a y Farm Town 29 25 Sunday Farm Town 28 2h W eekdays Farm Town 26 ' 28 A c tiv ity : C h ild c a r e Farm c h o r e s E a tin g (a ) 1 .0 (a ) k.6 l.k 8 .3 10.h S tu d y in g M is c e l l a n e ous A ll a c t i v i t i e s (a ) 1 .9 2.U (a ) M eal c l e a r i n g L e is u r e (a ) (a ) 1 .6 (a ) 3 .0 1 3 .1 10 .U 1 .1 (a ) 1 .0 (a ) 2 .9 (a ) 15 .3 1 5 .5 1 9 .0 3 .1 ( a ) L e s s t h a n one m in u te . 1 3 .8 75 H hen "the ty p e s o f l e i s u r e t h a t t e l e v i s i o n a n d n o n - t e l e v i s i o n own­ i n g tow n f a t h e r s s h a r e d w ith so n s w ere com pared , on S a tu rd a y tim e s p e n t b y t h e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning f a t h e r s w ith so n s i n r a d i o l i s t e n i n g was s i m i l a r t o t h a t s p e n t b y t h e t e l e v i s i o n ow ners i n h o b b i e s . The l a t t e r s p e n t l e s s t h a n f o u r m in u te s t o g e t h e r on S a tu rd a y i n w a tc h in g te le v is io n . On Sunday t h e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n f a t h e r s an d s o n s s p e n t a n a v e r a g e o f lit. m in u te s t o g e t h e r i n r e a d i n g , r a d i o l i s t e n i n g a id h o b b ie s . The t e l e v i s i o n ow ning f a t h e r s and s o n s s p e n t a l l o f t h e i r tim e t o g e t h e r on S u n d a y , 1 2 .3 m in u te s , i n w a tc h in g t e l e v i s i o n . On w eekdays t h e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n f a t h e r s and so n s s p e n t v e ry l i t t l e to g e th e r in l e i s u r e . tim e The t e l e v i s i o n ow ning f a t h e r s and so n s how ever s p e n t 1 6 .9 m in u te s t o g e t h e r , 1 0 .9 o f w hich were i n w a tc h in g t e l e v i s i o n . I n t h i s c a s e t e l e v i s i o n h a d a p p a r e n t l y o n ly p a r t i a l l y r e p la c e d tim e s p e n t t o g e t h e r b y f a t h e r s an d so n s i n o th e r l e i s u r e p a s ti m e s . See T a b le XX. Time S p e n t b y F a t h e r s w ith D a u g h te rs I f f a t h e r s s p e n t c o m p a r a tiv e ly l i t t l e tim e i n th e h o u se w ith t h e i r s o n s t h e y s p e n t e v e n l e s s tim e w ith t h e i r d a u g h t e r s , t h e o n ly e x c e p tio n b e in g o n S a tu rd a y when th e fa rm f a t h e r s s p e n t more tim e i n th e h o u se w ith t h e i r d a u g h t e r s , a n a v e r a g e o f a b o u t 1 3 .7 m in u te s , th a n w ith t h e i r s o n s , a n a v e r a g e o f o n ly t h r e e m in u te s . T h is was more tim e t h a n tow n f a t h e r s a n d d a u g h te r s s p e n t t o g e t h e r on S a tu r d a y . On Sunday an d week­ d a y s , h o w e v e r, th e tow n f a t h e r s a n d d a u g h te r s s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r th a n th e fa rm g ro u p , t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e on S u n d a y . See T a b le XXI. .05 l e v e l 76 TABLE XX AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN THE HOME BY FARM AND TOWN FATHERS IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES SHARED WITH THEIR SONS ON THREE DAYS S a tu rd a y Town Non-TV TV 16 25 13 Farm Number o f F a t h e r s Farm 2h Sunday Town Non-TV 13 TV 15 Weekdays Farm Town Non-TV TV 26 12 16 A c tiv ity : V is itin g (a ) (a ) (a ) R e a d in g 1 .2 P la y in g (a ) 9 .6 R a d io G u e s ts 8 .1 k.2 1 .9 5 .8 (a ) 2 .1 1 .3 (a ) 1 .2 1 0 .0 H o b b ie s 3 .8 T e le v is io n 2 .2 1 0 .9 1 2 .3 3 .8 M is c e lla n e o u s A ll le is u r e l.U 9 .6 l l u 7 10 M 1U .0 1 2 .3 (a ) 1 .7 1 6 .9 ( a ) L e s s th a n one m i n u t e . On a l 1 t h r e e d a y s l e i s u r e "was th e c h i e f s h a r e d a c t i v i t y f o r th e tow n g ro u p . I t was a l s o th e m ain s h a r e d a c t i v i t y f o r th e fa rm g ro u p on S a tu r d a y when th e fa rm f a t h e r s s p e n t s m a ll am ounts o f tim e p l a y i n g , l i s t e n i n g t o th e r a d i o , and e n t e r t a i n i n g g u e s ts w ith t h e i r d a u g h t e r s . On Sunday and w e e k d a y s, h o w e v e r, th e farm f a t h e r s s p e n t v e r y l i t t l e tim e w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s i n a n y ty p e o f a c t i v i t y . For te le v is io n ow ning tow n f a t h e r s , w a tc h in g t e l e v i s i o n was th e m a jo r ty p e o f l e i s u r e 77 TABLE XXI AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPSNT IN THE HCME BY FARM AND TOWN FATHERS IN VARIOUS ACTIVITIES SHARED WITH THEIR DAUGHTERS ON THREE DAYS Number o f F a t h e r s S a tu rd a y Farm Town 26 25 Sunday Farm Town 26 2h ¥ee kdays Farm Town 28 25 A c tiv ity : C h ild c a r e F ood p r e p a r a t i o n E a tin g 1 .0 1 .2 (a ) (a ) (a ) (a ) M eal c l e a r i n g L e is u r e 1 .6 (a ) 9 .0 2 .0 1 .0 3 .3 (a ) 1 .6 (a ) 2 .h (a ) 1 .9 6 .3 1 .6 S tu d y in g M is c e lla n e o u s A ll a c t i v i t i e s 3 .7 2 .7 1 3 .7 1 0 .8 2 .9 7 .2 ( a ) L e s s t h a n one m in u te . s h a r e d w ith t h e i r d a u g h t e r s . The n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n f a t h e r s s p e n t no tim e w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s i n l e i s u r e on S a tu rd a y and w eek d ay s, an d o n ly v e r y s m a ll am ounts o f tim e i n p la y in g and e n t e r t a i n i n g g u e s ts w ith them on S u n d a y . See T a b le X X II. Time S p e n t b y F a t h e r s w ith Sons and D a u g h te rs T o g e th e r F a th e rs s p e n t v e ry l i t t l e tim e i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith so n s an d d a u g h te r s t o g e t h e r when th e m o th e r was a b s e n t . F o r farm f a t h e r s th e am ount in v o lv e d was l e s s th a n t h r e e m in u te s on S a tu rd a y an d a lm o s t 78 TABLE XXII AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN THE HCME BY FARM AND TOWN FATHERS IN VARIOUS LEISURE ACTIVITIES SHARED WITH THEIR DAUGHTERS ON THREE DAYS Number o f F a t h e r s S a tu r d a y Farm Town Non-TV TV 26 12 13 Farm (a ) 1 .2 Sunday Town Non-TV TV 12 12 26 Weekdays Town Farm Non-TV TV 12 13 28 A c tiv ity : V is itin g 1 .2 R e a d in g P la y in g 1 .7 R a d io 5 .8 G u e sts 1 .2 (a ) (a ) 2 .5 3 .8 T e le v is io n A ll le is u r e 2 .1 9 .0 - 3 .8 3 .5 7 .9 1 .9 k.6 7 .9 k.6 (a ) ( a ) L e s s t h a n one m in u te . none on "weekdays. On S u n d a y , farm f a t h e r s s p e n t t h r e e m in u te s e a t i n g w ith s o n s a n d d a u g h te r s and f iv e m in u te s w ith them i n l e i s u r e . The tow n f a t h e r s a t e w ith so n s a n d d a u g h te r s f i v e m in u te s on S a tu rd a y and s p e n t a b o u t t h r e e m in u te s w ith them i n l e i s u r e . On Sunday tow n f a t h e r s s p e n t l e s s t h a n f i v e m in u te s w ith so n s and d a u g h te r s i n e a t i n g and l e i s u r e c o m b in e d , and a t e w ith them o n ly f i v e m in u te s on w eek d ay s. See T a b le X X III. 79 TABLE XXIII AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN THE HOME BY FARM AND TOWN FATHERS IN ACTIVITIES SHARED “WITH BOTH SONS AND DAUGHTERS ON THREE DAYS Number o f F a t h e r s S a tu rd a y Farm Town 16 16 Sunday Farm Town 15 15 W eekdays Farm Town 16 16 A c tiv ity : 5 .0 E a tin g (a ) 5 .0 3 .0 2 .7 L e is u r e 2 .5 3 .1 h.9 2 .0 (a ) (a ) AH a c tiv itie s 2 .8 8 .1 1.9 h .l (a ) 5 .9 ( a ) L e ss t h a n one m in u te . Summary I n g e n e r a l th e d a t a o f t h i s c h a p te r s u p p o r t th e h y p o th e s is t h a t t h e r e a r e l i m i t e d o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n th e home f o r th e s o c i a l i z a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n th r o u g h th e medium o f a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d -with f a t h e r s . A lso s u p p o r te d i s th e h y p o th e s is t h a t c h i l d r e n have r e l a t i v e l y few o p p o rt u n i t i e s w i t h i n th e home to l e a r n w hat th e f a t h e r r o l e i s l i k e and t h a t a m a jo r p o r t i o n o f w hat th e y l e a r n t h e r e m u st be i n d i r e c t l y th r o u g h c a s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e f a t h e r * s a c t i v i t i e s r a t h e r th a n th ro u g h a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n th e m . F a th e rs s p e n t l i t t l e tim e i n t h e h o u se w ith t h e i r so n s e x c l u s iv e o f o t h e r f a m ily m em bers, e v e n l e s s tim e w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s a l o n e , an d s t i l l l e s s w ith s o n s and d a u g h te r s t o g e t h e r w ith th e m o th e r a b s e n t . •When t h e y d i d s h a r e a c t i v i t i e s w ith a n y o f th e c h i l d r e n , t h e s e w ere u s u a l l y o f a r e c r e a t i o n a l n a t u r e , r a d i o l i s t e n i n g , t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g , 80 a n d h o b b ie s b e in g t h e ty p e s t h a t t o r n f a t h e r s s h a r e d w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n , a n d p l a y i n g t o g e t h e r an d r a d i o l i s t e n i n g b e in g u s u a l f o r th e fa rm fa th e rs . little T hus i t would a p p e a r t h a t i n th e home t h e r e i s r e l a t i v e l y s h a r i n g o f a c t i v i t i e s b y f a t h e r s w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n , an d t h a t th o s e w h ich a r e s h a r e d a r e g e n e r a l l y o f a r e c r e a t i o n a l n a t u r e . The o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e fo u n d b e tw e e n farm an d town f a t h e r s was i n t h e l a r g e r am ount o f tim e s p e n t b y th e l a t t e r w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s on S u n d a y , t h u s s u p p o r tin g t h e h y p o th e s is t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw ee n fa rm an d to w n f a t h e r s i n am ounts o f tim e s p e n t w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s a r e seld o m l a r g e en o u g h t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t . CHAPTER V II TIME SPENT BY MOTHERS IN ACTIVITIES SHARED WITH THEIR CHILDREN I f f a t h e r s spend r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e o f t h e i r tim e a t home i n a c t i v i ­ t i e s s h a r e d w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n , th e q u e s ti o n a r i s e s a s t o w h e th e r th e same i s t r u e o f m o th e r s . Are c h i l d r e n g iv e n o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o form t h e i r c o n c e p t o f th e m o th e r r o l e th r o u g h a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n w ith h e r i n r o u t i n e a n d r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s o r m ust th e y a g a in , a s i n t h e c a s e o f th e f a t h e r s , r e l y p r i n c i p a l l y on c a s u a l o b s e r v a t io n o f t h a t r o l e ? Do m o th e r s , th r o u g h th e s h a r i n g o f a c t i v i t i e s w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n , p l a y a l a r g e r p a r t i n t h e s o c i a l i z a t i o n p r o c e s s th a n do f a t h e r s ? I n t h i s c h a p te r th e h y p o th e s is t h a t r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll p r o p o r t i o n s o f a m o th e r* s t o t a l tim e i n t h e home i s s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith h e r c h ild re n is te s te d . th o s e o f t h e f a t h e r . Amounts o f tim e t h u s s p e n t a r e com pared w ith A lso t e s t e d i s th e h y p o th e s is t h a t th e m a jo r p o r t i o n o f m o th e r - c h ild s h a r e d tim e i s s p e n t i n r o u t i n e r a t h e r th a n re c re a tio n a l a c ti v itie s . The am ounts o f tim e m o th e rs s p e n t w ith so n s o r d a u g h te r s e x c l u s i v e o f o t h e r f a m ily m em bers, o r w ith b o t h so n s an d d a u g h te r s when th e f a t h e r was a b s e n t a r e e x am in ed . Farm an d tow n m o th e rs a r e com pared t o s e e i f th e y were a l i k e o r d i f f e r e n t i n am ounts o f tim e s p e n t w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n . Time S p e n t i n th e Home b y M o th e rs Of th e t o t a l tim e t h a t m o th e rs w ere i n th e ho u se d u r in g th e m k in g h o u r s o f th e d a y , a r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll am ount was s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s 82 s h a r e d w i t h an y o f th e c h i l d r e n . Town m o th e rs s p e n t more t o t a l tim e i n t h e h o u s e on S a tu r d a y an d w eekdays b u t l e s s on Sunday t h a n t h e fa rm m o th e rs . However , on a l l t h r e e d a y s th e am ounts o f tim e s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w i t h t h e c h i l d r e n were som ew hat l e s s f o r th e tow n t h a n f o r t h e fa rm m o t h e r s . As w ould b e e x p e c te d , i n b o th g ro u p s m o th e rs s p e n t m ore tim e w ith th e c h i l d r e n on w eekends th a n on w eekdays when t h e c h i l d r e n w ere a t t e n d i n g s c h o o l . See T a b le XXIV.0.3 i \ si TABLE XXIV AVERAGE NUMBEE OF HOURS FARM AND TOWN MOTHERS SPENT IN THE HOME IN ACTIVITIES SHARED "WITH THEIR CHILDREN AND IN ALL OTHER ACTIVITIES ON THREE DAYS S a tu rd a y Farm Town 35 38 Sunday Farm Town 35 37 W eekdays Farm Town 38 37 S h a re d 2 .5 2 .2 2 .9 2 .0 1 .8 1 .5 A ll o th e r 9 .7 10 .U 8 .3 8 .1 10. b 1 1 .9 1 2 .2 1 2 .6 1 1 .2 1 0 .1 1 2 .2 1 3 .U Number o f M o th ers H ours s p e n t : T o ta l The p r o p o r t i o n s o f th e t o t a l tim e t h a t m o th e rs s p e n t i n t h e home w h ich w ere s p e n t w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n were l a r g e r f o r th e fa rm t h a n f o r t h e tow n g ro u p a lth o u g h none o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s was s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n ific a n t. See T a b le XXV.' "When th e tim e m o th e rs s p e n t w ith c h i l d r e n i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e home was com pared to t h a t s p e n t by f a t h e r s , on a l l t h r e e days 83 TABLE XXV PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL TIME SPENT IN THE HOME BY FARM AND TOWN MOTHERS "WHICH WERE SPENT IN ACTIVITIES SHARED WITH THEIR CHILDREN ON THREE DAYS Farm Number of P e rc e n t M o th ers Town Number of P e rc e n t M o th ers S a tu r d a y 35 2 0 .2 38 1 7 .3 Sunday 35 2 5 .9 37 2 0 .0 W eekdays 38 lM 37 1 1 .2 m o th e rs s p e n t more tim e w ith th e c h i l d r e n , The d i f f e r e n c e was a p p r o x i - m a te ly a n h o u r more on a l l t h r e e d ay s f o r th e fa rm m o th e rs . F o r th e tow n m o th e r s , a lth o u g h th e d i f f e r e n c e was one h o u r on S a tu r d a y , i t was som ewhat l e s s on Sunday an d w eek d ay s. See T a b le XXVI. TABLE XXVI 3 AVERAGE NUMBER OF HOURS SPENT IN THE HOME BY FARM AND TOWN MOTHERS AND FATHERS IN ACTIVITIES SHARED WITH THEIR CHILDREN ON THREE DAYS Farm 35 Town 38 Sunday Farm Town 37 35 M o th e r - C h ild r e n 2 .5 2 .2 2 .9 2 .0 1 .8 1 .5 F a th e r-C h ild re n 1 .5 1 .2 1 .8 1 .6 .9 .9 D iffe re n c e 1 .0 1 .0 1 .1 k .9 .6 Number o f C a s e s ¥e ek d ay s Farm Town 38 37 F a m ily m em bers: 81 Time S p e n t b y M o th e rs w ith Sons W ien t h e tim e s p e n t b y m o th e rs w ith so n s e x c lu s iv e o f o t h e r f a m i l y m em bers was s t u d i e d , on a l l t h r e e day s tow n m o th e rs s p e n t more tim e w ith t h e i r so n s i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s th a n d i d th e farm m o th e r s . On w eekdays a d i f f e r e n c e o f 2 3 .6 m in u te s was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e le v e l. .01 H ow ever, a l l th e am ounts o f tim e were s m a l l , r a n g in g fro m a lo w o f 9 .1 m in u te s f o r th e fa rm m o th e rs a n d so n s t o a h ig h o f 33 m in u te s f o r th e tow n g r o u p . See T a b le XXVII. t/ TABLE XXVII j / AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN VARIOUS SHARED ACTIVITIES IN FARM AND TOWN HOMES BY MOTHERS WITH THEIR SONS ON THREE DAYS Number o f M o th e rs S a tu rd a y Farm Town 35 29 Sunday Farm Town 28 2b W eekdays Farm Town 26 28 A c tiv ity : House c a r e C h ild c a r e 1 .0 3 .8 2 .5 3 .0 2 .7 1 .1 1 .7 (a ) L a u n d ry Food p r e p a r a t i o n 2 .1 2 .6 1 .0 2 .5 (a} E a tin g 2 .b 5 .2 1 .9 3 .1 1 .5 M eal c l e a r i n g 2 .1 (a ) 1 .7 (a ) L e is u r e 6 .0 13. b 1 3 .5 1 8 .6 b.b (a ) 1 .3 (a ) 1 .2 2 7 .1 2 2 .9 2 6 .8 9 .1 S tu d y in g A ll a c t i v i t i e s 3 .1 1 5 .7 ( a ) L e s s th a n one m in u te . 7 .9 * (a ) 1 7 .7 * 3 3 .0 * * 85 The num bers a n d k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ere s i m i l a r f o r th e two g ro u p s o f m o th e rs an d s o n s . B o th s p e n t some tim e t o g e t h e r i n c h i l d c a r e , fo o d p r e p a r a t i o n , e a t i n g , m eal c l e a r i n g , l e i s u r e , and s tu d y in g . The tow n m o th e rs an d so n s a l s o s p e n t a l i t t l e i n h o u se c a r e . tim e t o g e t h e r Of th o s e a c t i v i t i e s w hich w ere s h a r e d , tim e s p e n t i n l e i s u r e was more f o r th e tow n th a n f o r th e fa rm m o th e rs and s o n s . On S a t u r d a y , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f tim e s p e n t i n r o u t i n e a c t i v i t i e s e x c e e d e d t h a t s p e n t i n l e i s u r e b y a b o u t 2b p e r c e n t f o r th e farm g ro u p b u t was o n ly s l i g h t l y h ig h e r f o r th e tow n g ro u p . On S u n d ay , i n b o th g r o u p s , tim e s p e n t i n l e i s u r e e x c e e d e d t h a t s p e n t i n r o u t i n e a c t i v i t i e s . F o r th e fa rm m o th e rs and s o n s i t r e p r e s e n t e d 59 p e r c e n t an d f o r th e tow n g ro u p 69 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l s h a r e d t i m e . On w eekdays tim e s p e n t i n r o u t i n e a c t i v i t i e s e x ce e d ed t h a t s p e n t i n l e i s u r e b y a b o u t l i i p e r c e n t f o r th e fa rm m o th e rs and so n s b u t f o r th e tow n g roup tim e s p e n t i n l e i s u r e e x c e e d e d t h a t s p e n t i n r o u t i n e by a b o u t e i g h t p e r c e n t . On week­ d a y s th e am o u n ts o f tim e s p e n t i n e a t i n g an d i n l e i s u r e w ere h ig h e r f o r th e tow n th a n f o r th e farm m o th e rs and so n s w ith s t a t i s t i c a l s i g ­ n i f i c a n c e a t th e .05 l e v e l f o r b o t h a c t i v i t i e s . The am ounts o f tim e s p e n t i n l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s s h a re d b y m o th e rs a n d s o n s e x c l u s i v e o f o t h e r f a m ily members were com pared b e tw e e n fa rm a n d non—te l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n f a m i l i e s . See T a b le XXVTIl. On S a tu rd a y a n d w eekdays t h e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n owning tow n m o th e rs an d so n s s p e n t m ore l e i s u r e tim e t o g e t h e r th a n t h e fa rm group b u t s p e n t l e s s tim e t o g e t h e r on S u n d a y . The n o n —te l e v i s i o n owning tow n m o th e rs s p e n t more tim e i n l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s w ith so n s on weekdays th a n on o t h e r d a y s , 86 TABLE XXVIII AVERAGE NUMBER CF MINUTES SPENT IN THE HOME IN VARIOUS SHARED LEISURE ACTIVITIES BY FARM AND TOWN MOTHERS WITH THEIR SONS ON THREE DAYS Number o f M o th e rs S a tu r d a y Farm Town Non-TV TV 13 16 25 Sunday Town Non-TV TV 2h 13 15 Farm Weekdays Farm Town Non-TV TV 26 12 16 A c tiv ity : V is itin g 1 .0 1 .3 1 .3 R e a d in g 3.1* 1 .6 1 .3 P la y in g R a d io 1 .6 3 .1 1*.6 1 .5 7 .8 1*.2 5.1* T e le v is io n (a ) 2 .3 6 .3 1 .9 1 .0 5 .0 1 .3 1 .5 2 .9 2 .9 2 2 .0 1 1 .9 1 5 .3 (a ) M is c e lla n e o u s A ll le is u r e 1 .3 1 .2 6 .0 1 0 .8 1 5 .6 1 3 .5 1 0 .8 2 5 .3 It.U 1 5 .5 19 .U ( a ) L e s s t h a n one m in u te . w h e r e a s , th e fa rm m o th e rs a n d so n s s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r on S u n d ay . The n o n —t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n m o th e rs and so n s l i s t e n e d t o g e t h e r to th e r a d i o m ore on S a tu r d a y t h a n d i d th e fa rm g ro u p , b u t on Sunday an d w eekdays s p e n t a p p r o x im a te ly th e same am ount o f tim e i n t h i s a c t i v i t y . The fa rm m o th e rs p la y e d games w ith t h e i r so n s o n ly on S u n d a y , w h ereas t h e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n m o th e rs p la y e d games w i t h them on a l l th re e d a y s. Farm m o th e rs r e a d a lo u d t o t h e i r s o n s on th e w eekend b u t t h e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning town m o th e rs r e a d t o them d u r in g t h e week i n s t e a d o f on t h e w eekend. 87 I n c o m p a rin g th e two g ro u p s o f tow n m o th e rs an d s o n s , — th e t e l e ­ v i s i o n a s c o n t r a s t e d t o th e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n o w n ers— , on e v e ry d ay tim e s p e n t i n l e i s u r e b y th e t e l e v i s i o n ow ners e x c e e d e d t h a t s p e n t b y n o n ­ t e l e v i s i o n ow ners b y fro m f o u r t o ll* m in u te s , th e l a r g e s t p a r t o f tim e s p e n t t o g e t h e r b y t h e f o r m e r b e in g i n t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g — S a tu r d a y , 76 p e r c e n t ; S u n d a y , 87 p e r c e n t ; w e ek d a y s, 79 p e r c e n t . Thus t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g had a p p a r e n t l y i n l a r g e m easu re r e p l a c e d tim e f o r m e r ly s p e n t b y tow n m o th e rs an d so n s i n o t h e r ty p e s o f l e i s u r e . When tim e s p e n t b y m o th e rs i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith so n s was com pared t o t h a t s p e n t by f a t h e r s w ith s o n s , i t a p p e a re d t h a t on a l l t h r e e d a y s , m o th e rs an d so n s s p e n t s l i g h t l y more tim e t o g e t h e r . The d i f f e r e n c e s w ere n o t l a r g e , r a n g in g from a lo w o f 6 .3 m in u te s more f o r th e fa rm m o th e rs a n d s o n s t o a h ig h o f 1 9 .2 m in u te s more f o r th e tow n g ro u p . See T a b le X X IX .£ y T1BLE XXIXs'" AVERAGE NUMBER GF MINUTES SPENT BY FARM AND TOWN MOTHERS AND FATHERS TOTH THEIR SONS ON THREE DAYS Number o f G ases S a tu rd a y Farm Town 29 25 Sunday Farm Town 28 2h W eekdays Farm Town 26 28 F a m ily m em bers: M o th e r-S o n 1 5 .7 2 7 .1 2 2 .9 2 6 .8 9.1* 3 3 .0 F a th e r - S o n 3 .0 1 5 .3 1 5 .5 1 9 .0 3 .1 1 3 .8 D iffe re n c e 1 2 .7 1 1 .8 7.1* 7 .0 6 .3 1 9 .2 88 Time S p e n t b y M o th e rs w ith D a u g h te rs As r e p o r t e d e a r l i e r , w ith t h e e x c e p tio n o f th e farm g r o u p , on S a t u r d a y 9 f a t h e r s s p e n t l e s s tim e i n t h e h o u se w ith d a u g h te r s t h a n w ith s o n s . W ith th e m o th e r s , h o w e v e r, th e r e v e r s e was u s u a l l y t r u e . M o th e rs i n b o th g ro u p s s p e n t m ore tim e i n t h e h o u se i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith d a u g h te r s t h a n w ith s o n s , th e o n ly e x c e p tio n b e in g th e tow n m o th e rs on w e e k d a y s. See T a b le XXX. 7 TABLE XXX / AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN SHARED ACTIVITIES IN THE HOME BY FARM AND TOWN MOTHERS WITH THEIR SONS AND WITH THEIR DAUGHTERS ON THREE DAYS S a tu r d a y Farm Town Sunday Farm Town 1 5 .7 2 7 .1 2 2 .9 2 6 .8 9.h 3 3 .0 M o th e r-D a u g h te r (a) 8 0 .1 6 8 .7 8 5 .6 3 3 .8 6 7 .1 3 1 .6 W eekdays Farm Town F a m ily M emberss M o th e r-S o n ( a ) ( a ) See T a b le s XXIX and XX]fl f o r num bers o f c a s e s i n e a c h c a te g o ry . On a l l t h r e e d a y s th e b u l k o f tim e s p e n t by m o th e rs w ith d a u g h te r s was i n r o u t i n e r a t h e r t h a n r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s . See T a b le XXXI. The num bers an d k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ere s i m i l a r f o r th e two g ro u p s o f m o th e rs an d d a u g h t e r s . B o th s p e n t some tim e t o g e t h e r I n h o u se c a r e , p e r s o n a l c a r e , c h i l d c a r e , l a u n d r y , s e w in g , m e a l p r e p a r a t i o n , e a t i n g , m e a l c l e a r i n g , l e i s u r e a n d s tu d y . IP See T a b le XXXII. The g r e a t e s t 89 t TABLE XXXI PERCENTAGES OF TIME WHICH WERE SPENT IN ROUTINE ACTIVITIES IN THE HOME BY FARM AND TOWN MOTHERS WITH THEIR DAUGHTERS ON THREE DAYS Farm Number of P e rc e n t M o th e rs Town Number of P e rc e n t M o th ers S a tu r d a y 26 8 9 .0 29 8 9 .7 Sunday 26 8 1 .9 2h 8U .6 W eekdays 28 7 6 .3 29 9 0 .9 d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e two g ro u p s was i n th e l a r g e r am ounts o f tim e s p e n t t o g e t h e r b y fa rm m o th e rs w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s i n t a s k s c o n n e c te d w ith m e a l p r e p a r a t i o n an d m eal c l e a r i n g . The d i f f e r e n c e s i n tim e s p e n t i n m e al p r e p a r a t i o n w ere s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 1 l e v e l on S u n d a y , a n d th e .Of? l e v e l on S a tu r d a y 9 t h e .0 0 1 l e v e l on w eek d ay s. On Sunday a d i f f e r e n c e o f 2k m in u te s more s p e n t b y th e fa rm m o th e rs w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s i n m eal c l e a r i n g t a s k s was s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 0 1 l e v e l . The t o t a l tim e s p e n t b y fa rm m o th e rs w ith d a u g h te r s e x c e e d e d t h a t s p e n t b y t h e tow n g ro u p on a l l t h r e e d a y s . 5 1 . 8 m in u te s was s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e On Sunday a d i f f e r e n c e o f .0 0 1 l e v e l , a n d on w eekdays a d i f f e r e n c e o f 3 5 .5 m in u te s was s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 5 l e v e l . The farm m o th e rs an d d a u g h te r s s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r i n n e a r l y a l l t a s k s t h a n d i d th e tow n m o th e rs a n d d a u g h t e r s . The o n ly e x c e p tio n s w ere t h a t t h e tow n g ro u p s p e n t m ore tim e t o g e t h e r i n c h i l d c a r e on a l l t h r e e d a y s th a n d i d th e fa rm g ro u p an d a l s o s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r d o in g 90 Cf . TABLE XXXII AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN VARIOUS SHARED ACTIVITIES IN FARM AND TOWN HOMES BX MOTHERS WITH THEIR DAUGHTERS ON THREE DAYS Number o f M o th e rs S a tu rd a y Farm Town 26 25 Sunday Farm Town 26 2b W eekdays Farm Town 28 25 A c tiv ity : House c a r e 5 .7 P e rso n a l c are 1 .2 C h ild c a r e 6 .9 L a u n d ry 1 .6 1 .9 1 5 .8 2 .3 1 0 .6 l.b (a ) 1 .3 b.o U.5 1 .0 li.6 1 .0 (a ) F arm c h o r e s M eal p r e p a r a t i o n 2.U 2 5 .1 7 .6 * 3 0 .6 8.U 1 5 .7 2 .8 7 .2 1 6 .6 8 .2 3 .0 5 .0 7 .8 7 .9 M eal c l e a r i n g 2 3 .7 1 3 .7 2U .6 3 .5 i 4 .6 L e is u r e 1 2 .0 9 .8 1 5 .8 5 .2 1 5 .9 1 .2 1 .2 1 .5 1 .3 6 8 .7 8 5 .6 E a tin g S tu d y in g A ll a c t i v i t i e s 8 0 .1 3 3 .8 * * * 6 7 .1 2 .U*** • CO S e r v in g 1 .6 5 .5 3 1 .6 ( a ) L e s s th a n one m in u te . l a u n d r y on S a tu r d a y an d e a t i n g on S a tu rd a y and x-jeekdays. T hese f i n d i n g s i n d i c a t e t h a t th e t r a d i t i o n a l p a t t e r n o f a d a u g h te r s l e a r n i n g h o u s e h o ld r o u t i n e s b y h e lp in g h e r m o th e r i s more p r e v a l e n t i n fa rm th a n i n tow n hom es. 91 The k in d s o f l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s m o th e rs an d d a u g h te r s s h a r e d "were e x a m in e d . See T a b le X X X III. On a l l t h r e e d a y s t h e fa rm m o th e rs s p e n t i i) TABLE XXXIII AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN THE HOME IN VARIOUS KINDS OF SHARED LEISURE BY FARM AND TOWN MOTHERS WITH THEIR DAUGHTERS ON THREE DAYS Farm Number o f M o th e rs 26 S a tu rd a y Town Non-TV TV 12 13 Sunday Farm Town Non-TV 12 26 Farm TV 12 28 Weekdays Town Non-TV TV 12 13 A c tiv ity : V is itin g (a) R e a d in g 1 .2 1 .9 7 .3 2 .1 P la y in g 5 .0 R a d io 9.U G u e sts (a ) 3 .8 3 .3 k .l 6 .0 H obbies 2 .3 M usic (a ) T e le v is io n s .u 1 .9 1 6 .9 (a ) M is c e lla n e o u s A ll le is u r e (a ) 5 .7 1 2 .0 - 1 8 .8 1 5 .8 5 .0 5.U 1 5 .9 3 .8 2 .3 ( a ) L e s s th a n one m in u te . m ore tim e w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s i n l e i s u r e t h a n t h e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n m o th e rs . o n S a tu r d a y . The l a t t e r s p e n t no tim e w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s i n l e i s u r e They s p e n t o n ly f i v e m in u te s on Sunday an d l e s s t h a n f o u r 92 m in u te s on -weekdays p l a y i n g games w ith th e m . The t e l e v i s i o n ow ning m o th e rs s p e n t 1 8 .8 m in u te s w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s on S a tu r d a y —-6 .8 m in u te s m ore t h a n t h e fa rm g ro u p — , t h e b u l k o f i t b e in g s p e n t i n t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g . T hey s p e n t o n ly m in u te s t o g e t h e r on S unday i n r e a d i n g s t o r i e s an d p l a y i n g gam es, an d on w eekdays s p e n t o n ly 2 .3 m in u te s t o g e t h e r , m o st o f i t i n w a tc h in g t e l e v i s i o n . Thus i t w ould a p p e a r t h a t th e s h a r i n g o f r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s b y m o th e rs and d a u g h te r s i n th e home i s n o t i m p o r ta n t fro m th e s ta n d p o i n t o f am ount o f tim e t h u s s p e n t . Time S p e n t b y M o th e rs w ith Sons a n d D a u g h te rs T o g e th e r F a t h e r s s p e n t c o m p a r a tiv e ly l i t t l e t o g e t h e r when t h e m o th e rs w ere a b s e n t . tim e w ith so n s an d d a u g h te r s M o th ers u s u a l l y s p e n t somewhat m ore tim e w ith s o n s an d d a u g h te r s t o g e t h e r when t h e f a t h e r was n o t p r e s e n t , t h e o n ly e x c e p tio n b e in g i n t h e farm homes on S u n d a y . See ti T a b le XXXIV. The a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d b y b o th fa rm an d tow n m o th e rs w ith TABLE XXXIV AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN THE HOME BY FARM AND TOWN FATHERS AND MOTHERS WITH THEIR SONS AND DAUGHTERS TOGETHER ON THREE DAYS Number o f C a s e s S a tu rd a y Farm Town 16 16 Sunday Farm Town 15 15 W eekdays Farm Town 16 16 F a m ily M em bers: F a th e r - S o n s an d D a u g h te rs 2 .8 8 .1 7 .9 h.7 (a ) 5 .9 M o th e r-S o n s an d D a u g h te rs 6 .0 2 1 .3 7 .0 22.1* 6 .6 1 3 .2 ( a ) L e s s th a n one m in u te . 93 s o n s a n d d a u g h te r s t o g e t h e r w ere c h i l d c a r e , m eal p r e p a r a t i o n , e a t i n g an d l e i s u r e . O nly t h e tow n g ro u p i n d i c a t e d t h a t on S a tu r d a y m eal c l e a r i n g t a s k s w e re a l s o s h a r e d . F o r th e fa rm m o th e rs l e i s u r e was th e a c t i v i t y u s u a l l y s h a r e d w ith s o n s an d d a u g h te r s t o g e t h e r , b u t f o r th e tow n g ro u p b o t h e a t i n g a n d l e i s u r e w ere i n d i c a t e d . TABLE XJOnp See T a b le XXXV ’ AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN THE HOME IN VARIOUS SHARED ACTIVITIES BY FIRM AND TOWN MOTHERS WITH THEIR SONS AND DAUGHTERS TOGETHER ON THREE DAYS Number o f M o th e rs S a tu r d a y Farm Town 16 16 Sunday Farm Town 15 15 Weekdays Farm Town 16 16 A c tiv ity : C h ild c a re (a ) M eal p r e p a r a t i o n 1 .9 (a ) 9 .7 (a ) 1 0 .0 li.7 h .l 2 .2 7 .5 U .i 6 .0 (a ) (a ) O th e r A ll a c t i v i t i e s (a ) 9 .1 M eal c l e a r i n g L e is u re (a ) • CO E a tin g 1 .9 2 .7 6 .0 2 1 .3 7 .0 2 2 .it 6 .6 1 3 .2 ( a ) L e s s t h a n one m in u te . Summary The d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s c h a p te r s u p p o r t th e h y p o th e s is t h a t c h i l d r e n a r e g iv e n l i m i t e d tim e a n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s to l e a r n t h e m o th e r r o l e i n th e home th r o u g h a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n w ith h e r i n r o u t i n e an d 9h re c re a tio n a l a c t i v i t i e s . However t h e i r o p p o r t u n i t y i s n o t a s l i m i t e d a s i n th e c a s e o f t h e l e a r n i n g o f th e f a t h e r r o l e . A lth o u g h t h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f th e m o th e r* s t o t a l tim e t h a t w ere s p e n t w ith th e c h i l d r e n w ere u s u a l l y som ewhat l e s s th a n t h a t o f th e f a t h e r s , th e a c t u a l am ounts o f tim e i n v o lv e d w ere l a r g e r —m o th e rs s p e n d in g fro m n e a r l y h a l f a n h o u r t o o v e r a n h o u r more w ith th e c h i l d r e n th a n d id t h e f a t h e r . Thus i t a p p e a r s t h a t , fro m th e s t a n d p o i n t o f tim e s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e home, m o th e rs have a g r e a t e r o p p o r t u n i t y t o i n f l u e n c e th e s o c i a l i z a ­ t i o n o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n th a n do f a t h e r s . The h y p o th e s i s t h a t th e b u l k o f tim e s h a r e d b y m o th e rs an d c h i l d r e n i s i n r o u t i n e r a t h e r t h a n r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s was o n ly p a r t i a l l y s u p p o r te d i n th e c a s e o f m o th e rs an d s o n s . I t p ro v e d t o b e t r u e on S a tu r d a y and w eekdays f o r th e fa rm g ro u p o n l y . On Sunday tim e s p e n t i n l e i s u r e e x c e e d e d t h a t s p e n t i n r o u t i n e f o r b o th g r o u p s . On a l l d ay s to w n m o th e rs a n d s o n s s p e n t a s much o r m ore tim e t o g e t h e r I n l e i s u r e as i n ro u tin e a c t i v i t i e s . I n t h e c a s e o f th e m o th e rs and d a u g h t e r s , t h e h y p o th e s i s was s t r o n g l y s u p p o r te d . I n a l l i n s t a n c e s tim e s p e n t to g e th e r i n ro u tin e a c t i v i t i e s f a r exceeded th a t sp e n t in l e i s u r e . The h y p o th e s i s t h a t t h e r e w ould be no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n fa rm an d tow n m o th e rs i n tim e s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w ith c h i l d r e n was n o t e n t i r e l y u p h e ld b y th e d a t a . Farm m o th e rs an d d a u g h te r s s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y m ore tim e t o g e t h e r on Sunday an d week­ d a y s t h a n d id th e tow n g r o u p , w h ile tow n m o th e rs an d so n s s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more tim e t o g e t h e r on w eekdays t h a n d id th e fa rm g ro u p . CHAPTER V H I TIME SPENT BX CHILDRM IN ACTIVITIES SHARED WITH EACH OTHER EXCLUSIVE OF PARENTS I n t h i s s tu d y i t h a s b e e n assum ed t h a t one o f th e d e v ic e s f o r b u i l d i n g r a p p o r t among f a m ily members i s th e s h a r i n g o f r o u t i n e an d re c re a tio n a l a c t i v i t i e s . Do c h i l d r e n i n t h e home have o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o s h a r e w ith e a c h o t h e r common t a s k s an d p l e a s u r e s and th u s t o b u i l d up s tro n g e r f e e lin g s o f s ib lin g s o lid a r ity ? I t i s th e p u rp o s e o f t h i s c h a p t e r t o p r e s e n t f i n d i n g s show ing am ounts o f tim e an d k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d b y c h i l d r e n i n t h e home e x c l u s i v e o f p a r e n t s and t o t e s t t h e h y p o th e s i s t h a t t h e y s p e n d r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e tim e t o g e t h e r . As i n p r e v io u s c h a p t e r s fa rm a n d tow n g ro u p s w i l l b e com pared t o t e s t t h e h y p o th e s i s t h a t t h e r e a r e no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n th e tw o i n t h e am ounts o f tim e s p e n t b y t h e c h i l d r e n w ith e a c h o t h e r i n sh ared a c t i v i t i e s . Tim e S p e n t i n t h e Home b y C h ild r e n Of t h e t o t a l tim e t h a t c h i l d r e n w ere i n th e h o u se d u r in g t h e i r w aking h o u rs r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll am ounts w ere s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d e x c l u s i v e l y w ith e a c h o t h e r . On S a tu r d a y and w eekdays tow n c h i l d r e n s p e n t som ew hat m ore tim e t o g e t h e r t h a n d id th e fa rm c h i l d r e n . T a b le XXXVI. See The p r o p o r t i o n s o f th e t o t a l tim e t h a t c h i l d r e n w ere i n t h e h o u se w h ic h w ere s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith e a c h o t h e r were som ew hat h i g h e r f o r th e tow n c h i l d r e n , b u t none o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s was l a r g e enough t o be s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . See T a b le XXXVII. 96 TABLE XXXVI AVERAGE HUMBER GF HOURS FARM AND TOWN CHILDREN SPENT IN THE HOME IN ACTIVITIES SHARED EXCLUSIVELY WITH EACH OTHER AND IN ALL OTHER ACTIVITIES ON THREE DAYS Number o f C a s e s S a tu rd a y Farm Town 29 20 Sunday Farm Town 29 19 W eekdays Farm Town 31 20 H ours s p e n t : S h a re d .7 1 .2 .7 .7 .5 .6 A ll o th e r 6 .3 5 .5 6.1+ 5 .6 3 .8 it.2 T o ta l 7 .0 6 .7 7 .1 6 .3 li.3 It.8 TABLE XXXVII PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL TIME SPENT IN THE HOME BY FARM AND TOtfN CHILDREN WHICH WERE SPENT IN ACTIVITIES SHARED EXCLUSIVELY WITH EACH OTHER ON THREE DAYS Farm Number of P e rc e n t C a se s Town Number of C ases P e rc e n t S a tu r d a y 29 1 0 .0 20 1 7 .9 S unday 29 9 .9 19 1 1 .1 W eekdays 31 1 1 .6 20 1 2 .5 91 A c t i v i t i e s S h a re d b y C h i l d r e n The o n ly a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e home w hich w ere s h a r e d b y c h i l d r e n when t h e p a r e n t s w e re a b s e n t w ere e a t i n g , m e al c l e a r i n g , an d l e i s u r e . Of t h e s e th e l a r g e s t am ount o f tim e was s p e n t i n l e i s u r e . On al. 1 t h r e e d a y s tow n c h i l d r e n s p e n t a h ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e i r s h a r e d tim e t o g e t h e r i n l e i s u r e t h a n d i d th e fa rm c h i l d r e n . The d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o p o r t i o n w ere fo u n d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .0 1 l e v e l on S a tu rd a y , and a t th e .001 l e v e l on S u n d ay . S ee T a b le XXXVIII. TABLE XXXVIII PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL TIME SHARED IN THE HOME BT FARM AND TOWN CHILDREN EXCLUSIVE OF PARENTS WHICH WERE SPENT IN LEISURE ON THREE DAYS Farm Number of P e rc e n t C a se s Town Number of P e rc e n t C ases S a tu r d a y 29 5k. 6 20 7 7 .6 * * ( a ) Sunday 29 55.1 19 8 2 .lt* * * Weekdays 31 52.9 20 5 9 .3 ( a ) The d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n fa rm and tow n c h i l d r e n w ere s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 1 l e v e l on S a tu rd a y a n d a t t h e .001 l e v e l on S u n d ay . I n a d d i t i o n t o e a t i n g , m eal c l e a r i n g , and l e i s u r e , s m a ll am ounts o f tim e w ere s p e n t t o g e t h e r i n h o u se c a r e , c h i l d c a r e , and s t u d y i n g . The fa rm c h i l d r e n a l s o s p e n t a d d i t i o n a l s m a ll am o u n ts o f tim e t o g e t h e r i n s e w in g , p e r s o n a l c a r e , and fa rm c h o r e s . The o n ly d i f f e r e n c e 98 b e tw e e n t h e tw o g ro u p s w h ic h p ro v e d t o b e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t was i n t h e l a r g e r am ount o f tim e s p e n t by th e tow n c h i l d r e n e a t i n g t o g e t h e r on S a tu r d a y w here a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e a t th e .0 1 l e v e l was f o u n d . See T a b le XXXIX. TABLE XXXIX AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT TOGETHER BY CHILDREN EXCLUSIVE OF PARENTS IN VARIOUS ACTIVITIES IN FARM AND TOWN HOMES ON THREE DAYS Number o f C a se s S a tu rd a y Farm Town 20 29 Sunday Farm Town 29 19 Ifeekday Farm Town 20 31 A c tiv ity : House c a r e 2 .8 P e rso n a l c are Ca) (a ) C h ild c a r e (a ) (a ) (a ) Farm c h o r e s (a ) F ood p r e p a r a t i o n 3 .9 (a ) 1.1* E a tin g 2.1* 8 .3 5 .6 M eal c l e a r i n g 9 .3 5 .5 1 0 .0 2 3 .6 5U .7 23 .k 1 .3 1 .6 S tu d y 1 .1 (a ) 5 .8 3 5 .1 6 .9 9 .3 h.h 5 .5 11*. 7 2 1 .9 (a ) (a ) M is c e lla n e o u s A ll a c t i v i t i e s (a ) (a ) Sew ing L e is u re (a ) 1*3.2 7 0 .5 ( a ) L e s s th a n one m in u te . U 2.5 1*2.6 2 7 .8 3 6 .9 99 Time S p e n t i n L e is u r e On S a tu r d a y »i n th e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n f a m i l i e s , t h e c h i l d r e n s p e n t c o n s i d e r a b l y m ore tim e p l a y i n g t o g e t h e r t h a n t h e c h i l d r e n i n t h e fa rm g ro u p an d a l s o s p e n t more tim e l i s t e n i n g t o t h e r a d i o — th u s s h o w in g a l a r g e r am ount o f tim e s p e n t t o g e t h e r i n l e i s u r e . However t h e d i f f e r e n c e s w ere n o t l a r g e enough t o b e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . The c h i l d r e n o f t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n f a m i l i e s s p e n t n e a r l y a n h o u r t o g e t h e r o n S a tu r d a y e t c h i n g t e l e v i s i o n . They s p e n t c o n s id e r a b ly l e s s tim e p l a y i n g t o g e t h e r t h a n d id th e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n tow n c h i l d r e n . T hus i t a p p e a r e d t h a t t e l e v i s i o n h a d i n t h i s i n s t a n c e p a r t i a l l y r e p l a c e d o t h e r k in d s o f s h a r e d l e i s u r e . See T a b le XL. On S u n d a y , t h e t o t a l am ounts o f tim e s p e n t i n a l l k in d s o f l e i s u r e e x c l u s i v e o f t e l e v i s i o n were n e a r l y t h e same f o r t h e two tow n g r o u p s . An a d d i t i o n a l 3 2 .9 m in u te s was s p e n t b y th e c h i l d r e n o f t e l e v i s i o n ow ners i n w a tc h in g t e l e v i s i o n . The fa rm c h i l d r e n s p e n t a b o u t th e same am ount o f tim e t o g e t h e r i n l e i s u r e a s th e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n tow n c h i l d r e n b u t i n d i c a t e d a g r e a t e r v a r i e t y o f a c t i v i t i e s , a lth o u g h t h e c h i e f one was r a d i o l i s t e n i n g w h e rea s f o r t h e tow n g ro u p i t was p l a y i n g t o g e t h e r . On wee M a y s , th e t o t a l am ounts o f tim e s p e n t i n sh a red l e i s u r e b y t h e farm a n d n o n - t e l e v i s i o n tow n g ro u p s w ere a b o u t t h e sa m e. H ow ever, t h e l a t t e r s p e n t more tim e i n r a d io l i s t e n i n g and l e s s tim e i n p la y in g t o g e t h e r th a n t h e farm c h i l d r e n . N e a r ly a l l o f t h e tim e s p e n t b y t h e t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c h il d r e n was i n t e l e v i s i o n v ie w i n g , a b o u t t h r e e t im e s t h a t s p e n t b y t h e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n tow n group i n l i s t e n i n g t o th e r a d io . I n t h i s c a s e a p p a r e n t ly t e l e v i s i o n had r e p la c e d on e k in d o f p a s s i v e e n t e r t a in m e n t f o r a n o t h e r . 100 TABLE XL AVERAGE NUMBEE OF MINUTES SPENT TOGETHER BY CHILDREN EXCLUSIVE OF PARENTS IN VARIOUS KINDS OF LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN FARM AND TOWN HOMES ON THREE DAYS Number o f C a s e s S a tu r d a y Farm Town Non-TV TV 12 8 29 Sunday W eekdays Town Town Farm Non-TV TV Non-TV TV 12 8 12 7 29 31 Farm A c tiv ity ! V is itin g (a ) R e a d in g (a) P la y in g 1 5 .5 3 2 .6 It.5 R a d io G u e s ts 2 .2 1 .2 2 . it lit.8 7 .5 1 3 .1 6 .7 (a ) (a ) (a ) 1 3 .8 1 .1 2 3 .6 7 .U 2 .7 3 .9 1 0 .0 H o b b ies 1 .0 1 .0 M usic 3 .8 1 .3 5 9 .0 T e le v is io n M is c e lla n e o u s A ll l e i s u r e 1 .9 1 .3 3 2 .9 3 2 .5 2 .6 2 3 .6 li2 .6 7 2 .8 2 3 .il 2 2 .7 56.U l i t . 7 1 2 .7 3 5 .6 ( a ) L e s s th a n one m in u te . Summary The h y p o th e s i s t h a t c h i l d r e n s p e n d r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e tim e t o g e t h e r i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d among th e m s e lv e s i n th e home was c o n firm e d b y th e d a ta . Of t h e t o t a l tim e s p e n t by c h i l d r e n i n th e home d u r in g t h e i r w aking h o u r s o n ly fro m a b o u t t e n t o e i g h t e e n p e r c e n t was s p e n t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d e x c l u s i v e l y among s i b l x n g s . The h y p o th e s is t h a t 101 t h e r e w ould b e no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n fa rm an d to w n c h i l d r e n was o n ly p a r t i a l l y s u p p o r te d b y th e d a t a . The l a r g e r am ount o f tim e to w n c h i l d r e n a t e t o g e t h e r on S a tu r d a y was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e le v e l. .0 1 The p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e s p e n t i n a l l s h a r e d l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s w e re l a r g e r f o r th e tow n g ro u p on a l l t h r e e d a y s . On S a tu rd a y a n d S unday t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o p o r t i o n w ere s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 0 1 l e v e l s r e s p e c t i v e l y . .0 1 an d JQ .though s e v e r a l k in d s o f l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s w e re i n d i c a t e d , m o st o f th e s h a r e d l e i s u r e tim e o f f a n a c h i l d r e n on S a tu r d a y an d w eekdays was i n p l a y i n g t o g e t h e r w h ile on Sunday i t was s p e n t i n ra d io l i s t e n i n g . The n o n - t e l e v i s i o n tow n c h i l d r e n s p e n t th e b u l k o f s h a r e d l e i s u r e tim e i n p l a y i n g t o g e t h e r on S a tu rd a y an d Sunday a n d i n r a d i o l i s t e n i n g on w eek d ay s. The c h i l d r e n o f t e l e v i s i o n owning to w n f a m i l i e s s p e n t t h e l a r g e s t am ount o f t h e i r l e i s u r e tim e t o g e t h e r i n t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g . T hus d i f f e r e n c e s fo u n d i n k in d s o f s h a r e d l e i s u r e w ere p r o b a b ly a t t r i b u t a b l e t o th e new e n t e r t a i n m e n t medium p r o v id e d b y t e l e v i s i o n r a t h e r t h a n t o r e s i d e n c e on fa rm s o r i n to w n . CHAPTER IX ^SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Many s t u d i e s h av e b e e n made o f th e f a m il y b o th a s a n i n s t i t u t i o n a n d a s a mode o f l i v i n g . I n t h e l a t t e r a p p ro a c h th e f a m ily may be v ie w ed a s a s y ste m o f r o l e s an d r e l a t i o n s h i p s . T h a t i s th e a p p ro a c h u sed i n t h i s s tu d y . R a p id a n d d r a s t i c c h a n g e s i n te c h n o lo g y o v e r th e p a s t fe w d e c a d e s h av e b e e n a cc o m p a n ied b y c o r r e s p o n d in g c h a n g e s i n f a m ily l i f e . In c o n t r a s t t o t h e l a r g e k i n s h i p u n i t s o f e a r l i e r t i m e s , th e f a m ily o f to d a y i s s m a ll w ith r e l a t i v e l y few m em bers, an d w ith many o f i t s fo rm e r f u n c t i o n s s e p a r a t e d fro m th e hom e. As a c t i v i t i e s once c a r r i e d on a t home h a v e b e e n i n c r e a s i n g l y ta k e n o v e r b y o u t s i d e a g e n c i e s , th e o p p o r­ t u n i t i e s f o r th e i n t e r a c t i v e p r o c e s s , f o r th e s o c i a l i z a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n , a n d f o r th e c a r r y i n g on o f f a m ily r o l e s w i t h i n th e home have become c o r r e s p o n d i n g ly l i m i t e d , b o th fro m th e s ta n d p o i n t o f tim e a v a i l a b l e a s w e ll a s fro m t h e d e c r e a s e d number o f i n t e r a c t i n g p e r s o n n e l . I n t h i s s tu d y a t t e n t i o n i s f o c u s e d on th e f a m ily a s a c o m p le te i n t e r a c t i v e s y s te m . I t i s d e s ig n e d t o show th e o p p o r t u n i t i e s a v a i l a b l e f o r th e i n t e r a c t i v e p r o c e s s , f o r th e s o c i a l i z a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n , and f o r th e c a r r y i n g on o f f a m ily r o l e s , a s i n d i c a t e d b y th e am ount o f tim e s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n t h e p h y s i c a l c o n f in e s o f th e hom e. B a s ic t o th e s tu d y i s th e a s s u m p tio n t h a t e m o tio n a l t i e s b in d f a m i l i e s t o g e t h e r and t h a t t h e s e t i e s a r e s t r e n g th e n e d th ro u g h th e 103 s h a r i n g o f r o u t i n e an d r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n t h e hom e. I n th e t e c h n i q u e u s e d , t h a t o f t h e tim e r e c o r d , i t i s a l s o assum ed t h a t t h e r e i s a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n am o u n ts o f tim e s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s a n d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f f e e l i n g s o f f a m i ly s o l i d a r i t y . I t was n o t th e p u r p o s e o f t h e s tu d y t o t e s t e i t h e r o f t h e s e a s s u m p tio n s . R a t h e r , th e p u r p o s e was t o d e m o n s tr a te t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f t h e tim e r e c o r d t e c h n i q u e t o a s tu d y o f th e f a m ily an d i n s o d o in g t o s u p p ly in fo r m ­ a t i o n c o n c e r n in g t h e am ounts o f tim e a n d k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s w h ich a r e commonly s h a r e d by f a m ily members i n t h e home d u r in g th e a c t i v e h o u rs o f th e d ay . The s tu d y was g u id e d b y f o u r m a jo r h y p o th e s e s : 1 . T h a t c o m p a r a tiv e ly fe w a c t i v i t i e s a r e s h a r e d and r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n s o f th e t o t a l tim e s p e n t i n th e h o u se b y f a m ily members d u r in g th e w aking h o u rs a r e i n s h a r e d a c t i v i ­ t i e s t h u s l i m i t i n g th e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r i n t e r a c t i o n , f o r t h e s o c i a l i z a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n , an d f o r th e b u i l d i n g o f e m o tio n a l t i e s w h ic h may p ro m o te f a m ily s o l i d a r i t y . 2 . T h a t t h e m a jo r p o r t i o n o f tim e s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e home i s i n r o u t i n e r a t h e r th a n r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s n o t o n ly b y th e f a m i l y a s a u n i t b u t a l s o b y v a r io u s com bi­ n a t i o n s o f f a m ily m em bers. 3 . T h a t c h i l d r e n have l i m i t e d o p p o r t u n i t i e s w i t h i n th e home t o l e a r n w hat t h e f a t h e r an d m o th e r r o l e s encom pass an d t h a t much o f w hat th e y l e a r n t h e r e m u st b e d e p e n d e n t on c a s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n o f p a r e n t a l a c t i v i t i e s r a t h e r th a n th ro u g h a c t u a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n w ith them i n s u c h a c t i v i t i e s . loU i u T h a t , due t o th e -w id esp read i n f l u e n c e o f i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n a n d t h e m e c h a n iz a tio n o f f a r m in g , t h e r e a r e r e l a t i v e l y fe w d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n fa rm and tow n f a m i l i e s i n th e p r o p o r t i o n s a n d a m o u n ts o f tim e a n d k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h a r e commonly s h a r e d b y v a r i o u s f a m i ly m em bers. The d a t a u s e d t o t e s t t h e s e h y p o th e s e s w ere g a th e r e d a s p a r t o f a s t u d y o f h o u se u s a g e i n s o u t h e r n M ic h ig a n . F i f t y fa rm an d f i f t y tow n f a m i l i e s k e p t r e c o r d s o f th e tim e an d a c t i v i t i e s o f e a c h f a m ily member o v e r s e v e n y e a r s o f ag e w h ile he was i n th e h o u s e . The r e c o r d s w ere k e p t f o r a S a t u r d a y , a S u n d a y , a n d a w eekday from th e tim e o f r i s i n g to r e t i r i n g . G rap h s p r e p a r e d fro m e a c h f a m ily * s tim e r e c o r d s show ed th e am ounts o f tim e a n d k in d s o f a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d b y v a r i o u s f a m ily m em bers. D i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n fa rm and tow n f a m i l i e s w ere t e s t e d b y m eans o f th e s t a n d a r d " t " t e s t w ith d i f f e r e n c e s a t th e .0 5 l e v e l c o n s id e r e d t o b e s ig n ific a n t. F in d in g s F o llo w in g a r e th e m a in f i n d i n g s o f th e s t u d y : 1 . The w hole f a m ily u n i t s p e n t r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e tim e t o g e t h e r i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s , t h e o n ly two commonly s h a r e d b e in g e a t i n g and l e i s u r e . e a tin g . Of t h e s e t h e b u lk o f tim e s p e n t t o g e t h e r was i n The fa rm f a m i l i e s s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more tim e e a t i n g t o g e t h e r t h a n d id th e to w n f a m i l i e s . 2 . Town f a m i l i e s s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r i n l e i s u r e on S a tu rd a y an d w eekdays t h a n d id fa rm f a m i l i e s . H ow ever, when t h e tow n 105 f a m i l i e s w ere d iv id e d i n t o t e l e v i s i o n and n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow n ers , t h e l a t t e r s p e n t l e s s tim e t o g e t h e r on a l l t h r e e d ays t h a n d id t h e farm f a m i l i e s , none o f whom had t e l e v i s i o n , w h e rea s th e t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n f a m i l i e s s p e n t m ore tim e i n l e i s u r e t o g e t h e r th a n t h e o t h e r two g r o u p s . Jin a n a l y s i s o f k in d s o f l e i s u r e p a r t i c i p a t i o n show ed t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n a l am ount o f tim e s p e n t t o g e t h e r b y t e l e v i s i o n ow ning f a m i l i e s w as i n t e l e v i s i o n v ie w i n g . S in e e tim e s p e n t t o g e t h e r i n o t h e r l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s b y b o t h g ro u p s o f tow n f a m i l i e s was s i m i l a r , i t a p p e a r e d t h a t t e l e v i s i o n i n t h e tow n homes had n o t r e p l a c e d o t h e r t y p e s o f s h a r e d f a m il y l e i s u r e b u t r a t h e r had b e e n added t o th em . 3 . H usbands an d w iv es s p e n t from 17 t o 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r w aking h o u rs a t home i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith e a c h o t h e r e x c lu s i v e o f o t h e r f a m ily m em bers. The tow n h u sb an d s and w iv es s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more tim e t o g e t h e r i n th e house on S a tu rd a y t h a n t h e fa rm h u sb a n d s a n d w iv e s . The p r i n c i p a l s h a r e d a c t i v i ­ t i e s f o r b o t h g ro u p s o f h u sb an d s a n d w iv es w ere e a t i n g an d le is u re . F o r th e farm h u sb an d an d w ife tim e s p e n t t o g e t h e r a t m e a ls e x c e e d e d t h a t s p e n t i n l e i s u r e on S a tu rd a y and week­ d ay s. On S u n d a y s , h o w e v e r, th e y s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r i n l e i s u r e th a n i n e a tin g . On a l l t h r e e d a y s , t h e to w n h u sb an d a n d w ife s p e n t f a r m ore tim e t o g e t h e r i n l e i s u r e t h a n i n e a tin g . On S a tu rd a y an d w eekdays th e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t h e fa rm an d to w n h u sb a n d s a n d w ives i n p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e 106 s p e n t I n l e i s u r e w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r f o r th e tow n c o u p le s w h ile t h e l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e s p e n t b y fa rm h u sb a n d s and w iv e s i n e a t i n g t o g e t h e r on t h e s e same d a y s w ere s i g n i f i ­ c a n t l y h i g h e r th a n f o r th e tow n c o u p l e s . it. Mhen fa rm a n d n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n h u sb an d s an d w iv e s were com pared i n t h e i r c h o ic e s o f s h a r e d l e i s u r e tim e a c t i v i ­ t i e s , on S a tu rd a y t h e l a t t e r s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y m ore tim e t o g e t h e r , t h e b u l k o f i t b e in g i n e n t e r t a i n i n g g u e s ts i n th e home. The t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p l e s , on th e o t h e r h a n d s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s tim e i n e n t e r t a i n i n g g u e s ts on S a tu r d a y t h a n th e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s . I n s t e a d th e y s p e n t t h e b u l k o f t h e i r S a tu rd a y l e i s u r e tim e t o g e t h e r i n w a tc h in g t e l e v i s i o n . Sunday was th e day on w hich fa rm c o u p le s a n d t e l e v i s i o n owning tow n c o u p le s w ere m o st l i k e l y to e n te r ta i n g u e s ts . I n a d d i t i o n t h e t e l e v i s i o n ow ners s p e n t much tim e i n t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g . When th e two tow n g ro u p s w ere com pared a s t o t o t a l tim e s p e n t i n a l l ty p e s o f s h a r e d l e i s u r e th e t e l e v i s i o n ow ners s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more tim e t o g e t h e r on S u n d a y . On w eekdays th e b u l k o f tim e s p e n t b y t h e t e l e v i s i o n ow ners was i n w a tc h in g t e l e v i s i o n , a n a c t i v i t y w hich a p p a r e n t l y had r e p l a c e d o t h e r ty p e s o f l e i s u r e s h a r e d b y h u s b a n d s and w iv es d u r in g t h e w eek. 5 . Town f a t h e r s on a l l t h r e e d ay s s p e n t more tim e i n th e h o u se t h a n fa rm f a t h e r s b u t s p e n t s m a l le r p r o p o r t i o n s o f i t i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith a n y o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n . F a th e rs s p e n t 107 v e ry l i t t l e tim e w ith t h e i r s o n s . They s p e n t e v e n l e s s tim e w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s ( e x c e p t th e fa rm f a t h e r s on S a t u r d a y ) . M ien a c t i v i t i e s w ere s h a r e d by f a t h e r s a n d c h i l d r e n t h e y were u s u a lly o f a r e c r e a t i o n a l n a tu re such a s r a d io l i s t e n i n g , t e l e v i s i o n v ie w in g , and h o b b ie s f o r t h e tow n f a t h e r s , w ith p l a y i n g t o g e t h e r a n d r a d i o l i s t e n i n g b e in g u s u a l f o r th e farm fa th e rs . 6 . M o th e rs s p e n t m ore tim e i n th e home i n a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d w ith c h i l d r e n th a n d id f a t h e r s , fa rm m o th e rs s p e n d in g more tim e t h a n tow n m o t h e r s . However fa rm m o th e rs s p e n t l e s s tim e w ith t h e i r s o n s th a n d id th e tow n m o th e r s , th e d i f f e r e n c e b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t on w e e k d a y s. On t h e o t h e r hand fa rm m o th e rs s p e n t m ore tim e w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s t h a n d id th e tow n m o th e rs w ith a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e on Sunday an d w eek d ay s. 7 . The a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d by m o th e rs w ith t h e i r s o n s v a r i e d b e tw e e n t h e tw o g r o u p s . Town m o th e rs s p e n t more tim e w ith s o n s i n l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s t h a n th e fa rm m o th e r s . .A lthough on S a tu rd a y s tim e s p e n t i n r o u t i n e a c t i v i t i e s e x c e e d e d t h a t s p e n t i n l e i s u r e f o r b o t h g r o u p s , on Sunday an d w eekdays tow n m o th e rs an d so n s s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r i n l e i s u r e th a n i n o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s w h e re a s o n ly on Sunday d id fa rm m o th e rs sp e n d more tim e w ith s o n s i n l e i s u r e th a n i n r o u t i n e t a s k s . The d i f f e r e n c e i n am ount o f tim e s p e n t i n l e i s u r e was s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r f o r th e tow n m o th e rs and s o n s on w eek d ay s. Town m o th e rs a l s o s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more tim e on w eekdays e a t i n g w ith t h e i r 108 sons. On a l l t h r e e d ay s a lm o s t t h e e n t i r e tim e s p e n t i n l e i s u r e b y th e t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n m o th e rs an d s o n s was i n w a tc h in g t e l e v i s i o n . F o r th e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n m o th e rs an d so n s l i s t e n i n g t o th e r a d i o was th e roost f r e q u e n t l e i s u r e a c t i v i t y o n w eekends b u t on w eekdays t h e y s p e n t tim e t o g e t h e r i n r e a d i n g s t o r i e s a n d p la y i n g gam es. 8 . M o th e rs i n b o t h g ro u p s s p e n t f a r more tim e w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s i n r o u tin e th a n i n r e c r e a tio n a l a c t i v i t i e s . On a l l t h r e e d a y s t h e fa rm m o th e rs a n d d a u g h te r s s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more tim e t o g e t h e r i n m e al p r e p a r a t i o n t h a n d i d th e tow n m o th e rs and d a u g h te rs , T hey a l s o s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y m ore tim e t o g e t h e r i n m e al c l e a r i n g on S u n d ay . 9 . C h ild r e n s p e n t c o m p a r a tiv e ly l i t t l e a c tiv itie s . tim e t o g e t h e r i n s h a r e d The tow n c h i l d r e n on S a tu rd a y an d w eekdays s p e n t m ore tim e t o g e t h e r t h a n d i d t h e fa rm c h i l d r e n , t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r on S a tu rd a y and Sunday. Some tim e was s p e n t t o g e t h e r b y b o th g ro u p s o f c h ild re n i n ro u tin e a c t i v i t i e s . H ow ever, th e o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e fo u n d i n s u c h a c t i v i t i e s was i n th e l a r g e r am ount o f tim e s p e n t b y th e tow n c h i l d r e n e a t i n g t o g e t h e r on S a tu r d a y . L e is u r e was th e m o st u s u a l k in d o f s h a r i n g f o r b o th g ro u p s o f c h ild re n . The ty p e o f l e i s u r e s h a r e d was s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d b y w h e th e r o r n o t th e f a m i ly h a d t e l e v i s i o n , f o r on e v e r y d ay e x c e p t S u n d a y , t h i s fo rm ed th e p r i n c i p a l r e c r e a t i o n f o r th o s e who h a d a c c e s s t o t e l e v i s i o n s e t s . B o th th e fa rm a n d 109 n o n - t e l e v i s i o n tow n c h i l d r e n s p e n t much more t im e p la y in g t o g e t h e r on S a tu r d a y th a n d id t h e t e l e v i s i o n o w n e r s. On S u nd ay, r a d io l i s t e n i n g was t h e p r i n c i p a l s h a r e d a c t i v i t y f o r th e farm c h i l d r e n w h ile on w eekdays i t was t h e u s u a l r e c r e a t i o n f o r t h e n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c h i l d r e n . B o th tow n grou p s s p e n t more tim e p la y in g t o g e t h e r on Sunday th a n d id th e farm c h ild r e n . The l a t t e r p la y e d t o g e t h e r m ost on S a tu r d a y . I n g e n e r a l t h e s e f i n d i n g s su p p o r t th e h y p o t h e s is t h a t c o m p a r a tiv e ly f e w a c t i v i t i e s a r e s h a r e d and t h a t r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll p r o p o r t io n s o f th e t o t a l tim e s p e n t i n th e h o u se b y f a m il y members d u r in g t h e w aking h ou rs a r e i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s th u s l i m i t i n g t h e o p p o r t u n i t ie s f o r i n t e r ­ a c t i o n , f o r t h e s o c i a l i z a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n , and f o r th e b u i l d i n g o f e m o t io n a l t i e s w h ich may prom ote f a m il y s o l i d a r i t y . The h y p o t h e s i s t h a t t h e m ajor p o r t io n o f tim e s p e n t i n sh a red a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e home i s i n r o u t in e r a t h e r th a n r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s was o n ly p a r t i a l l y s u b s t a n t i a t e d b y th e d a t a . I t was t r u e i n t h e c a s e o f t h e e n t i r e f a m i l y c o n s id e r e d a s a u n i t , f o r e a t i n g t o g e t h e r was b y f a r t h e m o st u s u a l ty p e o f f a m il y sh a r e d a c t i v i t y . However i n th e c a s e o f tow n h u sb an d s and w iv e s more tim e was s p e n t i n sh a r e d l e i s u r e th a n in e a tin g . T h is was t r u e f o r farm h u sb an d s and w iv e s o n ly on S u n d a y, f o r on e v e r y o t h e r d a y t h e y s p e n t more tim e e a t i n g m e a ls t o g e t h e r th a n in any o th er a c t i v i t y . F a t h e r s w ere more a p t t o s h a r e l e i s u r e t h a n r o u t i n e a c t i v i t i e s w it h t h e i r s o n s and d a u g h t e r s . tr u e o f m o th e r s. T h is was n o t a lw a y s Farm m o th ers s p e n t more tim e w ith t h e i r s o n s i n r o u t i n e th a n i n r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s o n e v e r y day e x c e p t S u nday. 110 b u t to w n m o th e rs a n d t h e i r s o n s s p e n t m ore tim e t o g e t h e r i n r e c r e a t i o n t h a n i n r o u t i n e , t h e o n ly e x c e p t io n b e in g on S a tu r d a y . I n t h e c a s e o f b o t h fa rm an d tow n m o th e rs a n d d a u g h t e r s , tim e s p e n t to g e th e r i n r o u tin e ta s k s f a r exceeded t h a t s p e n t i n l e i s u r e . However c h i l d r e n i n b o t h g ro u p s s p e n t more tim e t o g e t h e r i n l e i s u r e th a n i n r o u tin e a c t i v i t i e s . The h y p o th e s i s t h a t c h i l d r e n have l i m i t e d o p p o r t u n i t i e s w i t h i n th e home t o l e a r n w hat th e f a t h e r an d m o th e r r o l e s encom pass and t h a t much o f w hat t h e y l e a r n t h e r e i s d e p e n d e n t on c a s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n o f p a r e n t a l a c t i v i t i e s r a t h e r t h a n th r o u g h a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n them was o v e r ­ w h e lm in g ly s u p p o r te d i n t h e c a s e o f th e f a t h e r r o l e . C h i l d r e n , h o w e v e r, h a d m ore o p p o r t u n i t y t o l e a r n th e m o th e r r o l e th ro u g h a s h a r in g o f a c t i v i t i e s w i t h h e r i n th e hom e. T h is was e s p e c i a l l y t r u e i n th e c a s e o f th e g i r l s . ^A lthough many l i k e n e s s e s a p p e a re d b e tw e e n fa rm and to w n g ro u p s i n t h e i r s h a r i n g o f a c t i v i t i e s , t h e num ber o f s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w h ich d i d a p p e a r p a r t i a l l y n e g a te d th e h y p o th e s i s t h a t th e re i s l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n fa rm and tow n f a m i l i e s i n t h i s re g a rd . The f o l l o w i n g s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n fa rm a n d tow n f a m i l y members i n am ounts o f tim e s p e n t i n s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w e re fo u n d : 1 . On a l l t h r e e d a y s fa rm f a m i l i e s s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more tim e e a t i n g t o g e t h e r th a n tow n f a m i l i e s . 2 . Town c o u p le s s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more t o t a l tim e t o g e t h e r on S a tu r d a y th a n d id farm c o u p l e s . I ll 3 . Farm c o u p le s s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more tim e e a t i n g t o g e t h e r on w eekdays th a n d id tow n c o u p l e s . it. On e v e r y day e x c e p t S u n d ay , tow n c o u p le s s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y m ore tim e t o g e t h e r i n l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s t h a n d id fa rm c o u p l e s . N o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more tim e e n t e r t a i n i n g g u e s ts on S a tu r d a y th a n e i t h e r farm o r t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p l e s . 6 . On S a tu r d a y n o n - t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s s p e n t s i g n i f i ­ c a n t l y m ore tim e i n a l l t y p e s o f l e i s u r e t h a n fa rm c o u p le s b u t s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s th a n t e l e v i s i o n ow ning tow n c o u p le s on S u n d ay . 7 . Town f a t h e r s s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more tim e on Sunday w ith t h e i r d a u g h te r s th a n d id fa rm f a t h e r s . 8 . On w eekdays tow n m o th e rs s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more t o t a l tim e w ith t h e i r s o n s th a n d id fa rm m o th e rs a s w e ll a s more tim e i n e a tin g and i n l e i s u r e . 9 • On a l l t h r e e d a y s fa rm m o th e rs s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more tim e w ith d a u g h te r s i n m eal p r e p a r a t i o n t h a n d id tow n m o th e r s , T hey a l s o s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more tim e i n m e al c l e a r i n g on Sunday. The t o t a l tim e s p e n t w ith d a u g h te r s b y fa rm m o th e rs was s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r t h a n t h a t o f th e tow n m o th e rs on e v e r y d a y e x c e p t S a tu r d a y . 1 0 . Town c h i l d r e n s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more tim e e a t i n g t o g e t h e r o n S a tu r d a y th a n d id fa rm c h i l d r e n . The f o ll o w i n g s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n fa rm an d tow n f a m ily members i n p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e w hich w ere s p e n t i n 112 s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w ere a s f o l l o w s : 1* Town f a m i l i e s s p e n t a s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n o f tim e i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e on w eekdays t h a n d id fa rm f a m i l i e s . 2 . Farm c o u p le s s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e i n e a t i n g t o g e t h e r on e v e ry d a y e x c e p t Sunday t h a n d i d tow n c o u p le s . 3 . On e v e r y d a y e x c e p t S unday tow n c o u p le s s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e t h a n d id fa rm c o u p le s . k . Town c h i l d r e n s p e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e t o g e t h e r i n s h a r e d l e i s u r e on S a tu r d a y and Sunday th a n d id fa rm c h i l d r e n . I m p l i c a t i o n s o f th e S tu d y S in c e th e f a m ily i s a p r o j e c t i n g ro u p l i v i n g , i t s s t a b i l i t y c a l l s f o r th e p ro m o tio n o f te c h n iq u e s w h ic h a i d i n t h e c o o p e r a tiv e f u n c t i o n i n g o f i t s m em bers. D e s c r i p t i v e d a t a su c h a s a r e h e re p r e ­ s e n t e d a d d t o o u r know ledge o f f a m ily p a t t e r n s o f i n t e r a c t i o n a s th e y t a k e p l a c e w i t h i n th e p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f th e hom e. I f f a m ily t i e s a r e s t r e n g t h e n e d th r o u g h th e s h a r i n g o f a c t i v i t i e s w i th in th e home i t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t we know w hat th e s e a c t i v i t i e s a r e . 'When, a s t h i s s tu d y i n d i c a t e s , s u c h a c t i v i t i e s a r e l i m i t e d i n tim e an d s c o p e , th o s e w h ic h do e x i s t assum e i n c r e a s e d im p o rta n c e f o r th e b u i l d i n g o f f a m ily s o l i d a r i t y a n d i n th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f f a m ily r a p p o r t . F o r e x a m p le , one m ig h t s p e c u l a t e o n th e im p o rta n c e o f a r e l a x e d an d p l e a s a n t a tm o s p h e re a t m e al t i m e s . As t h i s s tu d y sh o w s, i t i s a t th e d i n in g t a b l e t h a t 113 f a m i l y mem bers h av e t h e i r c h i e f o p p o r t u n i t y f o r f a m ily i n t e r a c t i o n a n d f o r t h e e x ch a n g e o f i d e a s , e s p e c i a l l y farm f a m i l i e s . I t is p r o b a b le t h a t t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n o f t e n t a k e s p l a c e i n crow ded o r c l u t t e r e d s u r r o u n d in g s b e c a u s e , from d a t a c o l l e c t e d d u r in g th e s t u d y , i t a p p e a r s t h a t many f a m i l i e s s p e n d more tim e e a t i n g m e a ls i n t h e k i t c h e n th a n i n t h e d in i n g ro o m . P e rh a p s i f p a r e n t s r e a l i z e d t h a t m e al tim e p r o v id e s a n im p o r ta n t o p p o r t u n i ty f o r d e v e lo p in g f e e l i n g s o f f a m i l y s o l i d a r i t y an d r a p p o r t , t h e y m ig h t ex p en d g r e a t e r e f f o r t t o make t h e f a m ily m e a l a p l e a s a n t e x p e r ie n c e i n s t e a d o f t h e h u r r i e d a f f a i r i t som etim es i s . M e c h a n iz a tio n o f many home t a s k s i s p r o b a b ly r e s p o n s ib le f o r t h e l a r g e am ount o f tim e b e in g s p e n t b y v a r i o u s f a m ily members i n l e i s u r e . T e c h n o lo g y h a s rem oved much o f t h e d ru d g e ry f o r m e r ly c o n n e c te d w ith r o u t i n e h o u s e h o ld a c t i v i t i e s , f r e e i n g tim e f o r o t h e r p u r s u i t s . The q u e s t i o n a r i s e s a s t o w hat u s e i s b e in g made o f t h e tim e th u s f r e e d . Do f a m ily mem bers u s e i t f o r i n d i v i d u a l o r f o r f a m i l i s t i c i n t e r e s t s e i t h e r i n s i d e o r o u t s i d e t h e home? T e le v is io n has d e f in i te l y i n f l u ­ e n c e d t h e u s e o f l e i s u r e tim e i n th o s e homes w hich h av e s e t s . c a s e s i t h a s s u p p la n te d o t h e r ty p e s o f s h a r e d r e c r e a t i o n . c a s e s i t h a s b e e n a d d ed t o t h o s e w h ich a l r e a d y e x i s t . I n some I n o th e r 'What i n f l u e n c e , i f a n y , w i l l t h i s s h i f t i n p a t t e r n o f home l e i s tir e have on t h e b u i l d i n g o f f a m ily r a p p o r t ? A lth o u g h t h i s s tu d y was made o f fa rm an d tow n f a m i l i e s i n s o u t h e r n M ic h ig a n , r e s r u l t s may be g e n e r a l i z e d t o o t h e r f a m i l i e s o f th e ty p e s re p re s e n te d . T h a t th e s tu d y h a s many in a d e q u a c ie s i s o b v io u s . The f a c t t h a t i t i s c o n f in e d t o s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s w hich o c c u r w ith in t h e home l i m i t s i t s a p p l i c a b i l i t y . I t d o e s } h o w e v e r, d e m o n s tra te th e v a lu e o f th e u s e o f tim e r e c o r d s a s a te c h n iq u e f o r t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f p a t t e r n s o f f a m ily i n t e r a c t i o n . A f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h s tu d y m ig h t w e ll u t i l i z e t h i s m ethod i n c o m b in a tio n w ith o t h e r ty p e s o f i n t e r a c t i o n a n a l y s i s t o o b t a i n a m ore c o m p le te u n d e r s ta n d in g o f f a m ily b e h a v io r t h a n i s p o s s i b l e w ith one te c h n iq u e a l o n e . T h is s tu d y h a s shown t h a t o p p o r t u n i t i e s w ith in th e home f o r t h e s o c i a l i z a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n , f o r t h e f o r m a tio n o f th e im ag es c h i l d r e n h a v e o f th e f a t h e r an d m o th e r r o l e s , a n d f o r th e b u i l d i n g o f f a m ily s o l i d a r i t y , a r e l i m i t e d fro m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f tim e s p e n t t h e r e i n sh ared a c t i v i t i e s . I s t h i s a l s o t r u e o f a c t i v i t i e s s h a r e d b y f a m ily m em bers o u t s i d e t h e home? A re t h e r e p e rh a p s w id e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r th e a c h ie v e m e n t o f t h e s e g o a ls i n l o c a l e s o t h e r t h a n t h e home? I t is s u g g e s te d t h a t a t some f u t u r e tim e a s tu d y b e made w hich w i l l in c lu d e t h e t o t a l tim e s h a r e d b y f a m ily members b o th i n s i d e and o u t s i d e th e hom e. C o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n am ounts o f tim e s p e n t i n v a r io u s k in d s o f s h a r e d a c t i v i t i e s and some m e asu re o f f a m ily s o l i d a r i t y w ould p r o b a b ly y i e l d m e a n in g fu l r e s u l t s . I t i s hoped t h a t t h i s s tu d y h a s a c h ie v e d i t s two m a jo r p u r p o s e s , t o d e m o n s tr a te th e a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f th e tim e r e c o r d te c h n iq u e i n a s tu d y o f t h e f a m i l y , a n d t o i n c r e a s e know ledge o f one f a c e t o f f a m ily l i f e , t h e a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h a r e s h a r e d by v a r io u s f a m ily members i n t h e hom e. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHT Books B a k k e , E . W ig h t, The U nem ployed M an: C om pany, New Y o rk , 1 9 3 4 . A S o c i a l S tu d y . E . P . D u tto n an d B e v a n s , G eorge E s c r a s , How W orking Men Spend T h e ir S p a re T im e, C olum bia U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , New Y o rk , 1 9 1 3 . B o s s a r d , Jam es H. S . , an d E le a n o r S . B o l l , F a m ily S i t u a t i o n s , U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y lv a n ia P r e s s , P h i l a d e l p h i a , 195/3. B o s s a r d , Jam es H. S . , P a r e n t an d C h i l d , U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y lv a n ia P r e s s , P h ila d e lp h ia , 1953. B o s s a r d , Jam es H. S . , The S o c io lo g y o f C h ild D e v e lo p m e n t. H a rp e r an d B r o t h e r s , New Y o rk , 1 9 5 7 . C a r t w r i g h t , D a rw in , and A lv in Z a n d e r, Group D ynam ics R e s e a rc h an d T h eo ry Row, P e t e r s o n an d Company, E v a n s to n , I l l i n o i s , 1 9 5 3 . D e n n is , W ayne, e t a l . , C u r r e n t T re n d s i n S o c i a l P s y c h o lo g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f P i t t s b u r g P r e s s , P i t t s b u r g , i9 5 & . 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U n p u b lis h e d d a t a from I n t e r n a t i o n a l Young Womens C h r i s t i a n A s s o c i a t i o n s u r v e y made i n 193U . R i l e y , J o h n W . , J r . , S o c i a l L e i s u r e : D ynam ics o f N on-F am ily Group L e i s u r e , u n p u b lis h e d P h . D t h e s i s , H a rv a rd U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y , 1936 . R u s t , L u c i l e , A Time S tu d y o f I n f a n t C a r e , u n p u b lis h e d M a s te r 's t h e s i s , K an sas S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e , M a n h a tta n , K a n s a s , 1 9 2 5 . Snow, C a r o ly n B a ld w in , A S tu d y i n th e D evelopm ent o f a T e c h n iq u e f o r D e te r m in in g t h e Amount o f Time an d Types o f A c t i v i t i e s W hich F a m ily Members S h a r e , u n p u b lis h e d M a s t e r 's t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o r g ia , 1 9 ^ 0 . APPENDIX 1ZL T1BLE A AVERAGE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT IN SHARED ACTIVITIES IN FARM AND TCWN HOMES BY FATHERS AND MOTHERS WITH PART OF THEIR CHILDREN ON THREE DAYS Number o f C ase s S a tu rd a y Farm Town 20 29 Sunday Farm Town 29 19 Weekdays Farm T o m 20 31 E a tin g 15 .U 1 2 .3 1 2 .3 1 6 .5 9.k 5 .8 L e is u re 1 .2 U .o Ik .2 1 3 .2 1 .1 1 .5 - 1 .0 - - - (a ) 1 7 .3 26.5 2 9 .7 io .5 8 .0 O th e r T o ta l 1 6 .6 ( a ) L e s s th a n one m in u te . C a se No De1*6 122 S tu d y o f U se o f Rooms i n Farm D w e llin g s P art I I n t r o d u c t io n I C o m p o s itio n o f F a m ily F a m ily Members_________ Names II R e la tio n s h ip ( w it h in 1 0 y r s fo r p a r e n ts) Age l a s t b ir t h d a y H ig h e s t Grade C om pleted o r Grade a t t e n d ­ in g S p e c i a l T r a in in g and E x p e r ie n c e o f Homemaker A . Horae E co n o m ics C l a s s e s In sc h o o l a. E le m e n ta r y b. H igh s c h o o l C h ild r e n L iv in g a t Home Y es No Number o f y e a r s c . C o lle g e 2. E x t e n s io n c l a s s e s 3 . O th er B. Em ployed b e f o r e m a r r ia g e ( a t l e a s t 6 m on ths) Y es _ _ _ _ _ No ________ I f y e s , w hat s o r t o f work? I ll Incom e A , D id y o u r e c e i v e a g r o s s in com e year? Y es B , D id more t h a n h a l f o f i t come Y es IV b e tw e e n $2000-i>5>000 No from fa rm in g ? No Type o f Farm A . I n w hat t y p e s o f fa r m in g do y o u en g a g e? th is p a st 123 Cane F o . pate « . „ _ Comparison o f J a n e t ' . o n a l U se o f Room4 i n Farm anc C i t y Hones Part I I n t r o r^uc t i o n I . Convoosi t i o n o f Fami l v F a m i ly Membern ( W it h in 10 y r n . Fames ' R elationnhip for parentn) Age l a n t b i r thday II, H i g h e n t grade c o m p l e t e d or grade a t t e n d ” ing Children L iving at home Yen ' Fo S p e c i a l T r a i n i n g and E x p e r i e n c e o f Homemaker A. Home Econ omic s C l a s s e n .LlUJilUl a. Elementary b. High s c h o o l c. C ollege i- WJ. tY L.LU M E xtension clannen 0 ther B. Employed b e f o r e m a r r i a g e ( a t l e a n t 6 months) Yen_______ Uo I f y e n , what n o rt o f work? 111 * IV, I ? C° I d you r e c e i v e an income b e f o r e t a x e s o f b etw een $3000-$bC00 _____ _ Fo— _--------------th in p an t year? Yen Hunbandn O c c u p a t i o n 12k 23 C a s e N° - From To Name 125 24 Date