A ST U D Y O F T H E C O M M O N E F F O R T S O F T H E C O M M U N IT Y
O R C H E S T R A A ND T H E P U B L I C S C H O O L M U SIC
P R O G R A M IN P R O V ID IN G L I S T E N IN G
E X P E R I E N C E S F O R SC H O O L
STUDENTS

By
CHARLES RUSSELL H O FFE R

A T H E S IS
S u b m i t t e d t o t h e S c h o o l of G r a d u a t e S tu d i e s of M i c h i g a n
S ta te U n i v e r s i t y of A g r i c u l t u r e a n d A p p l i e d S c i e n c e
i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s
f o r t h e d e g r e e of

D O C T O R O F P H IL O S O P H Y

D e p a r t m e n t of M u s ic

1955

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Y

ABSTRACT

T h e s tu d y c o n c e r n s c o m m o n f a c t o r s b e t w e e n th e s c h o o l m u s i c
program

a n d t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a i n d e v e lo p i n g m u s i c a p p r e c i a ­

tio n in sch oo l s tu d e n ts .

T h e tw o a r e a s u s e d w e r e c h i l d r e n ' s

c o n ce rts

fo r e le m e n ta ry sch o o l stu d e n ts and a tte n d a n c e a t o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r ts
by s tu d e n ts in th e ju n io r and s e n io r h ig h sc h o o l.
m u n itie s p o s s e s s in g
s o u r c e of d a t a .

Six M i c h i g a n c o m ­

re la tiv e ly s im ila r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s fu r n is h e d th e

S c h o o l t e a c h e r s o n a ll l e v e l s , t h e m u s i c

su p e rv iso r,

s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of s c h o o l s , o r c h e s t r a c o n d u c t o r , a n d s e v e r a l m e m b e r s
of th e o r c h e s t r a b o a r d w e r e c o n t a c t e d i n e a c h c i t y .

In fo rm a tio n w as

g a th e re d by p e rs o n a l in te rv ie w and q u e stio n n a ire .
T h e s tu d y f i r s t a n a l y z e d e a c h c i t y a s a u n it.

A. h ig h d e g r e e

of i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t e d b e t w e e n t h e s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m

and th e

s u c c e s s of th e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a i n th e a r e a of m u s i c e d u c a t i o n .
T h e n e e d f o r e f f e c t i v e l e a d e r s h i p in m u s i c a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l e f f o r t s
w as a ls o in d ic a te d .
T h e s t u d y t h e n p r o c e d e d to g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g to t h r e e
q u e stio n s.

O n e , w h a t i s t h e p r e s e n t s t a t u s of th e e f f o r t s ?

r e a s o n a b l y s h o u ld b e th e d e s i r e d s t a t u s ?

Two, w hat

T h r e e , ho w c a n th e d i f f e r ­

e n c e s b e tw ee n th e ex istin g and d e s ir e d s ta tu s be a c c o u n te d fo r ?

362971

T h e p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n of t h e e f f o r t s a t t h e e l e m e n t a r y l e v e l
a m o u n t e d to l e s s t h a n h a l f of w h a t w a s t e r m e d r e a s o n a b l y d e s i r a b l e .
T h e e ffo rts f o r c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r ts sh o u ld be im p r o v e d to in c lu d e
m o r e and b e tte r c o n c e r ts , m o r e and b e tte r p r e p a r a t i o n and fo llo w u p, a n d t h e u s e of s c h o o l t i m e a n d m o n e y .
The

e f fo rts at th e ju n io r an d s e n io r h ig h

o n ly a f r a c t i o n of w h a t w a s d e s i r a b l e .

school le v el w e re

A t t e n d a n c e b y s t u d e n t s s h o u ld

b e g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d , a s s h o u ld t h e e f f o r t s

r e la te d to c o n c e r t a tte n d ­

ance.
The
t h e s u m of

c o n c e p t of d e s i r a b l e s t a t u s w a s

a rriv e d at la rg e ly

th e v ie w s o ffe re d b y th e in f o r m a n ts .

P u b lic a tio n s

fro m
of t h e

M u sic E d u c a to r s N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e and th e A m e r i c a n Sym phony
O r c h e s t r a L e a g u e a l s o s e r v e d i n th e f o r m u l a t i o n of t h e c o n c e p t .
T he d a ta c le a rly in d ic a te d th a t t h e r e e x iste d a la r g e d is c r e p ­
an cy b e tw e e n th e p r e s e n t s itu a tio n and th e d e s i r e d s itu a tio n .
re a s o n s f o r th is d iffe re n c e w e re h y p o th e size d .

C ertain

S o m e d i f f e r e n c e s of

p h i l o s o p h y a n d m e t h o d o l o g y b e t w e e n th e t e a c h e r s a n d t h e o r c h e s t r a
o ff ic ia ls w e r e e v id en t.

T he o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia ls e n v isio n e d t h e i r o r ­

g a n i z a t i o n a s a v o c a t i o n a l i n n a t u r e , w h ile th e m u s i c t e a c h e r s
c u ltu ra l and p sy c h o lo g ic a l o b je c tiv e s fo r sch oo l m u s ic .

sta te d

E x trem e

a t t i t u d e s o r m i s i n f o r m a t i o n b e t w e e n th e p a r t i e s w a s d i s c o v e r e d i n
o n ly a f e w c a s e s .

A l t h o u g h t h e i n f o r m a n t s w e r e n o t w e ll i n f o r m e d

a b o u t t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e o p p o s i t e g r o u p , t h e y d i d n o t h o ld h o s t i l e
a ttitu d e s to w a rd one a n o th e r.

C i r c u m s t a n c e s of t i m e , m o n e y , a n d

le a d e rs h ip w e re a lso c o n sid e re d .

T i m e w a s f o u n d to b e i m p o r t a n t

f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t of r e h e a r s a l of t h e o r c h e s t r a a n d t h e h o u r s of
p erform an ce.

F in a n c ia l c o n d itio n s w e r e no t fo u n d to b e s ig n ific a n t

in th e s itu a tio n s .

On th e o th e r h a n d , c o n d itio n s r e l a t e d to l e a d e r ­

s h ip w e r e f o u n d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t .

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t s of s c h o o l s d id

n o t a p p e a r to h o l d v i e w s t h a t w o u ld h a m p e r i m p r o v e m e n t i n s c h o o l c o m m u n ity o r c h e s tr a re la tio n s h ip s .
T h e r e s u l t s of t h e s t u d y sh o w t h a t t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n of
s c h o o l- c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a e ffo rts to a c h ie v e m u s ic a p p r e c ia tio n
w a s b e l o w r e a s o n a b l e s t a n d a r d s of a c c o m p l i s h m e n t .
th e e x istin g s ta tu s a re :

The c a u s e s fo r

(1) t h e s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s h a v e n o t b e e n

su ffic ie n tly i n t e r e s t e d in th e s itu a tio n to m a k e th e n e c e s s a r y e ffo rts
f o r i m p r o v e m e n t , (2) t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s l i k e w i s e h a v e
n o t i n d i c a t e d a n i n t e r e s t i n i m p r o v i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n , a n d (3) s u c c e s s
in th e a r e a of s c h o o l - c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a r e l a t i o n s h i p s o c c u r r e d
w h e r e v e r a c o n s c i o u s e f f o r t h a d b e e n m a d e o n t h e p a r t of b o t h p a r ­
tie s fo r im p ro v e m e n t.

FOREW ORD

F o r th e p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s th e a u t h o r of t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n h a s
p la y e d in c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s in M ic h ig a n , an d h a s ta u g h t m u s ic
in th e p u b lic s c h o o ls .

It h a s a p p e a r e d th a t sch o o l m u s ic t e a c h e r s

h av e te n d e d to e m p h a s iz e p e r f o r m a n c e w ith o u t a c o r re s p o n d in g e m ­
p h a sis on a p p re c ia tio n .

A lso , it s e e m e d th a t c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s

h a v e h a d to s t r i v e c o n s t a n t l y t o m a i n t a i n a n i n t e r e s t e d a u d i e n c e f o r
th e ir c o n c e rts.

I m p r o v e m e n t i n b o th t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s c o u l d l o g i c a l l y

b e b r o u g h t a b o u t i f t h e s c h o o l a n d o r c h e s t r a w o u ld w o r k t o g e t h e r i n
se e k in g an d p r o m o tin g so lu tio n s to t h e i r c o m m o n p r o b l e m s .
It w a s w i t h t h i s th o u g h t i n m i n d t h a t t h e s u b j e c t w a s e v o l v e d .
T h e r e s e a r c h is b a s e d on t h r e e fu n d a m e n ta l q u e stio n s:

(1) w h a t i s

b e i n g d o n e n o w , (2) w h a t s h o u l d b e d o n e , a n d (3) w h a t a r e t h e r e a ­
so n s f o r th e d iffe re n c e s b e tw e e n th e a c tu a l a c c o m p lis h m e n t and th e
d e s ir e d co n d itio n s.

A fo u rth

q u e stio n

w h ic h

s e e m e d sig n ific a n t

c o n c e rn e d th e c o n d itio n s w ith in e a c h c ity th a t h av e in flu e n c e on th e
re su lts.
m u sic

H e n c e , t h e s t u d y b e c o m e s a d i s s e r t a t i o n i n t h e f i e l d of

e d u c a t i o n , a n d a s o u r c e of p r a c t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n t o p e r s o n s

i n te r e s t e d in th e to p ic .

v

S p e c ia l m e n tio n a n d th a n k s a r e due D r . W illia m R. S u r, who
as c o m m itte e c h a ir m a n g ave m u ch tim e and e ffo rt in o fferin g m an y
v a lu a b le s u g g e s tio n s .

T h e w r i t e r w i s h e s a l s o to e x p r e s s h i s g r a t i ­

t u d e to t h e m e m b e r s of t h e c o m m i t t e e f o r t h e i r c o m m e n t s o n t h e
m a n u s c r i p t , D r . M i l o s h M u n ty a n , D r . J . M u r r a y B a r b o u r , D r . H. O w e n
R eed , and D r. R oy U nderw ood.

F i n a l l y , t h e a u t h o r w o u ld l i k e to

t h a n k h i s w i f e , M a r j o r i e , f o r h e r a s s i s t a n c e i n ty p in g a n d e d i t i n g .

TA B LE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
I.

Page

I N T R O D U C T I O N ...............................................................................
N a t u r e of S tu d y

................................................................

I m p o r t a n c e of S tu d y

.............................................................

R e la tio n s h ip to P r e v i o u s S tu d ies

II.

III.

IV .

1
2
6

..................................

14

M e t h o d o l o g y .................................................................................

15

IN D IV ID U A L A N A L Y S IS O F C I T I E S

..................................

25

C i t y A.................................................................................................

29

C ity B

...........................................................................................

34

C ity C

...........................................................................................

37

C ity D

...........................................................................................

44

C ity E

...........................................................................................

47

C ity F

...........................................................................................

51

P e r t i n e n t F a c t o r s ....................................................................

56

E X IS T IN G P R A C T I C E S AND C O N D I T I O N S .....................

64

C h i l d r e n ' s C o n c e r t s .............................................................

64

T e e n -A g e C o n c e rt A tte n d a n c e

78

.......................

I M P R O V E M E N T O F P R A C T I C E S AND
C O N D IT IO N S .................................................................................

88

CHAPTER

Page
I m p r o v e m e n t of C h i l d r e n ’ s C o n c e r t s

Y.

Y I.

. . . . . . . .

89

I m p r o v e m e n t of Y o u th C o n c e r t A t t e n d a n c e . . . .

94

S u g g e s t e d I m p r o v e m e n t s b y A u t h o r i t i e s .................

101

C o n clu sio n s

.................................................................................

110

P O S S IB L E CAUSES FO R D ISC R E P A N C IE S
B E T W E E N E X IS T IN G S T A T U S A ND
D E S IR E D S T A T U S
.......................................................................

114

P h i l o s o p h i c a l - M e t h o d o l o g i c a l D i f f e r e n c e s ..............

119

M is u n d e rs ta n d in g s o r E x tr e m e A ttitu d e s

.............

129

C i r c u m s t a n c e s of T i m e , M o n e y , a n d
L e a d e rsh ip
.................................................................................

135

S U M M A R Y A N D C O N C L U S IO N S

.............................

153

S u m m a r y ........................................................................................

153

R ecom m ended P ra c tic e s

.....................

158

F i n a l C o n c l u s i o n s ....................................................................

168

A P P E N D I X E S ............................................................................................................

176

B I B L I O G R A P H Y .....................................................................................................

20 9

v iii

and A c tio n s

L IS T OF T A B L E S

TABLE
I.

II.

III.

IV .

Page
S e l e c t e d P r a c t i c e s a n d C o n d i t i o n s of t h e
C o m m u n i t y O r c h e s t r a in R e l a t i o n to S c h o o l
M u s i c P r o g r a m i n S ix M i c h i g a n C i t i e s ,
1954 ............................................................................................................

60

S e l e c t e d P r a c t i c e s a n d C o n d i t i o n s of S c h o o l
M u s i c P r o g r a m i n S ix M i c h i g a n C i t i e s ,
1954 ............................................................................................................

62

C o m p a r i s o n of E x i s t i n g S t a t u s of S c h o o lC o m m u n i t y O r c h e s t r a E f f o r t s w ith D e s i r e d
S ta tu s as In d ic a te d b y F i f t y - F o u r In f o rm a n ts
a n d A u t h o r i t a t i v e S o u r c e s , a n d A p p l i e d to
S e l e c t e d P r a c t i c e s a n d C o n d i t i o n s i n Six
M i c h i g a n C i t i e s , 1954 ..................................................................

115

C o m p a r i s o n of O p in io n s H e ld b y S c h o o l
M u sic T e a c h e r s and C o m m u n ity O r c h e s t r a
O f f i c i a l s R e g a r d i n g D e s i r a b i l i t y of S e l e c t e d
P r a c t i c e s an d C o n d itio n s in C o m m o n A r e a s
of M u s i c E d u c a t i o n i n S ix M i c h i g a n C i t i e s ,
1954 ............................................................................................................

126

ix

CHAPTER I

I N T R O D U C T IO N

In th e p a s t t h i r t y - f i v e y e a r s m u s ic in th e p u b lic

s c h o o l s of

th e U n ited S ta te s h a s e x p e r ie n c e d a tr e m e n d o u s g ro w th .

M u sic ed u ­

c a t i o n h a s g a i n e d b e c a u s e of t h e b e l i e f t h a t t h e r e a r e m a n y w a y s i n
w h ic h m u s i c c a n c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e p e r s o n a l i t y a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of
t h e c h i l d , a n d t h e b e l i e f t h a t m u s i c a s a p a r t of o u r c u l t u r e s h o u l d
be u n d e rsto o d and u tiliz e d by school stu d e n ts.

T h e re fo re , m u sic

e d u c a t o r s g e n e r a l l y f e e l t h a t o n e of t h e i r t a s k s i s g iv in g t h e s t u d e n t s
a k n o w l e d g e of a n d t a s t e f o r m u s i c w h i c h i s c u l t u r a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t .
S o m e w h a t p a r a l l e l i n g t h e g r o w t h of m u s i c i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e
s c h o o l s h a s b e e n t h e r a p i d f o r m a t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of a m a t e u r
m u s i c a l g r o u p s of a d u l t s w h o p l a y o r s in g t o g e t h e r a s a n a v o c a t i o n .
C h ie f a m o n g t h e s e g r o u p s is t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a .

In a d d i t i o n

to i t s a v o c a t i o n a l a s p e c t s t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a , t h e o r e t i c a l l y
s p e a k i n g , i s a n i n s t i t u t i o n w h ic h s e e k s to b e t t e r t h e l i v e s of t h e
p e o p l e of t h e c o m m u n i t y t h r o u g h t h e e n j o y m e n t of m u s i c .

L ik e th e

sch o o l m u s ic p r o g r a m , th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a h as a re la tio n s h ip
w i t h t h e k n o w le d g e of a n d d e s i r e f o r o r c h e s t r a m u s i c .

1

In t h e c a s e

2
o f t h e o r c h e s t r a t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p c o v e r s a l l t h e p e o p l e of t h e c o m ­
m u n ity .
I n s o m e a r e a s t h e e f f o r t s of t h e s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m
th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a a lm o s t d u p lic a te one a n o th e r.
a c e r t a i n a m o u n t of o v e r l a p p i n g .

and

T h e re e x ists

S o m e of t h i s o v e r l a p p i n g i s d u e

to th e f a c t th a t b o th o rg a n iz a tio n s a r e c o n c e rn e d w ith c h ild r e n and
y o u n g p e o p l e f r o m t h e a g e of n i n e to a p p r o x i m a t e l y e i g h t e e n .

T h ere

is a ls o d u p lic a tio n in th e f a c t th a t b o th o r g a n iz a tio n s a r e c o n c e r n e d
w ith m u s i c u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d / o r m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n .

It i s a b o u t

t h e s e a r e a s of d u p l i c a t i o n o r c o m m o n i n t e r e s t s a n d t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s
th e y h av e f o r m u s ic e d u ca tio n th a t th is d is s e r ta tio n is w ritte n .

N a t u r e o f S tu d y

I n t h i s s tu d y t h e c o m m o n i n t e r e s t s a n d t h e i r r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s
a r e c l a s s i f i e d f o r p u r p o s e s of s tu d y i n tw o c a t e g o r i e s .
is

One c a te g o r y

s o m e t y p e of s p e c i a l c o n c e r t o r p r o g r a m f o r s t u d e n t s i n t h e e l e ­

m e n ta ry sc h o o ls.

T h e o t h e r i n c l u d e s a v a r i e t y of a c t i v i t i e s s u c h a s

p u b lic ity , tic k e t a r r a n g e m e n t s , and s p e c ia l c o n c e r ts c e n te rin g o n th e
p r o b l e m of i n d u c i n g s t u d e n t s in j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h ig h s c h o o l to a t ­
ten d o r c h e s tr a c o n c e rts .

C om m on p ro b le m s

are

v ie w ed f r o m

tw o d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n s ; n a m e l y , t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e s c h o o l , a n d t h a t
of th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a .

3
T h e e s s e n c e of t h e p r o b l e m i s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a p p r e c i a t i v e
a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g l i s t e n i n g i n s t u d e n t s of s c h o o l a g e .

M a n y of t h e

v a r i o u s m e a n s t o w a r d a c h i e v i n g t h i s a p p r e c i a t i o n a r e h e l d in c o m ­
m o n b y th e sch o o l and th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a .

T h is stu d y a tte m p ts

t o e x p l o r e c e r t a i n f u n d a m e n t a l q u e s t i o n s p e r t a i n i n g to t h i s

situ a tio n .

A. m a j o r , s p e c i f i c p u r p o s e i s t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of w h a t t h e
s i t u a t i o n i s i n r e l a t i o n to c o m m o n c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a - - s c h o o l
e ffo rts at th e p r e s e n t tim e .

E f f o r t s w h ic h a r e r e f e r r e d to i n t h i s

d i s s e r t a t i o n a r e c o n s t r u e d to i n c l u d e a c t i v i t i e s c o n c e r n e d w i t h a
c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t f o r th e e le m e n ta r y sc h o o l age c h ild r e n , an d th o s e
p e r t a i n i n g to c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e b y s t u d e n t s i n j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r
h ig h sc h o o l.

U n d e r e a c h a r e a t h e r e i s a l i s t of s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t i e s

t h a t is u s e d to a s s i s t in d e te r m in in g w hat th e s itu a tio n i s .

In c lu d e d

u n d e r th e c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r t a r e su ch p o in ts a s p r o g r a m in g , f in a n c ­
i n g , t i m e , a c t i v i t i e s a t t h e c o n c e r t , n u m b e r of c o n c e r t s , a c t i v i t i e s
of sch o o l t e a c h e r s in r e la tio n to th e c o n c e r t, in s tr u c tio n a l p r a c t i c e s
a t c o n c e r t s , a n d t h e a m o u n t a n d t y p e of c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e
o r c h e s t r a and sch o o l.

U n d e r th e a tte n d a n c e by ju n io r and s e n io r

h ig h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s a t c o n c e r t s , t h e f a c t o r s a r e :

p ro g ra m in g ,

tic k e t a r r a n g e m e n ts , s p e c ia l c o n c e rts and c o n c e rt a c tiv itie s , and
t h e a m o u n t a n d t y p e of c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s c h o o l a n d o r c h e s t r a .

4
T h e s e c o n d p u r p o s e i s to d e t e r m i n e w h a t i m p r o v e m e n t s s h o u l d
b e m a d e , o r c a n b e m a d e , r e g a r d i n g t h e tw o a r e a s .

A g a in , th e s a m e

s e t of t o p i c s w ill b e u s e d a s a b a s i s f o r j u d g in g t h e s i t u a t i o n s , i . e . ,
f i n a n c i n g , t i m e , p r o g r a m i n g , a c t i v i t i e s a t t h e c o n c e r t , n u m b e r of c o n ­
c e r t s , i n s t r u c t i o n a l p r a c t i c e s , a n d c o o p e r a t i o n w ith r e g a r d to t h e
e le m e n ta ry sch o o ls; and p ro g r a m in g , tic k e t a r r a n g e m e n ts , s p e c ia l
c o n c e rts , c o n c e rt a c tiv itie s , and c o o p e ra tio n re g a rd in g te e n - a g e
c o n c e rt a tte n d an c e.
T h e n o t i o n of w h a t c o n s t i t u t e s a n " i m p r o v e m e n t " i s v i t a l in
any s u c h c o n s id e r a tio n .

In t h i s s t u d y t h e c o n c e p t of i m p r o v e m e n t w i l l

b e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e c o m p o s i t e of o p in io n s o f f e r e d b y t h e i n f o r m a n t s
a n d f r o m t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s of t h e M u s i c E d u c a t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e
and th e A m e ric a n Sym phony O r c h e s tr a L eag u e.

E a c h in f o r m a n t is

a s k e d w hat v iew s he h o ld s c o n c e rn in g im p r o v e m e n t.

W hen h is v ie w s

a r e c o m b i n e d w i t h t h o s e of t h e o t h e r i n f o r m a n t s , t h e y m a y d i v u l g e a
d e f i n i t e c o n c e p t i o n i n t e r m s of d e s i r e d a c t i o n s .

It i s b e l i e v e d t h a t

t h i s m e t h o d of a r r i v i n g a t a c o n c e p t of w h a t i m p r o v e m e n t i s i n t h i s
a r e a i s t h e m o s t v a l i d o n e u n d e r th e c i r c u m s t a n c e s .

In o n e w a y o r

a n o t h e r , a l l t h e i n f o r m a n t s a r e i n v o l v e d i n th e p r o b l e m
c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a r e l a t i o n s h i p s a n d th e p r o b l e m
cia tio n .

of s c h o o l -

of m u s i c a p p r e ­

T h e y k n o w t h e l i m i t a t i o n s a n d p o s s i b i l i t i e s of t h e i r p a r t i c ­

u la r c irc u m stan c e.

T h e y h a v e a p r a c t i c a l e x p e r ie n c e and k n o w le d g e

5
o f t h e q u e s t i o n s c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s s t u d y t h a t no o u t s i d e r c o u l d p o s ­
sib ly h a v e .

E v e n t h o u g h e a c h i n d i v i d u a l h a s o n ly l i m i t e d e x p e r i e n c e

w ith t h e s u b j e c t , t h e s u m of i n d i v i d u a l o p i n i o n s s h o u l d b e of m u c h
v a lu e in th is c o n n ec tio n .

T h is p r o c e d u r e w ill o ffe r th e p r a c t i c a l

v ie w s of t h e p e r s o n s i n t h e m e d i u m - s i z e d c i t i e s of M i c h i g a n .
In a d d i t i o n t o t h e c o m p i l e d a n s w e r s of t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s
a n d o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s , t h r e e m a j o r s o u r c e s of a u t h o r i t y w i l l b e
c ite d .

T h e s e s o u r c e s w ill o ffe r a n a tio n a l v iew p o in t on th e s itu a ­

tio n s,

O n e w i l l b e t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e A m e r i c a n S y m p h o n y O r ­

c h e s t r a L e a g u e , In c ., T he C o m m u n ity Sym phony O r c h e s t r a , by M rs .
H elen M. T h o m p so n .

T h e o t h e r s w ill b e p u b l i c a t i o n s of t h e M u s i c

E d u c a to rs N a tio n al C o n fe re n c e , M u sic E d u c a tio n S o u rce B o o k ,

2

e d i t e d b y H a z e l N o h a v e c M o r g a n , a n d t h e 1930 Y e a r b o o k of t h e
M u sic S u p e r v is o r s N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e .

3

T h e t h i r d p u r p o s e of t h e s tu d y c o n c e r n s t h e i n d i c a t i o n of
s o m e f a c t o r s t h a t t e n d to h a m p e r i m p r o v e m e n t .

S ev eral such

H e len M. T h o m p so n , T h e C o m m u n ity S ym phony O r c h e s t r a
(C h a rle s to n , W est V irg in ia:
The A m e ric an Sym phony O rc h e s tra
L e a g u e , 1952).
2

M u sic E d u c a tio n S o u rc e B o o k , H a z e l N o h av ec M o rg a n , ed .
(C h ic a g o :
M u s i c E d u c a t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e , 1947).
Y e a r b o o k , P a u l J , W e a v e r , e d . ( I t h a c a , N ew Y o r k :
S u p e r v i s o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e , 1930).

M u sic

6
f a c t o r s a r e h y p o t h e s i z e d to f a c i l i t a t e t h e g a t h e r i n g of i n f o r m a t i o n .
Not a ll th e h y p o th e s e s a r e th o ro u g h ly te s t e d , b u t su ffic ie n t d a ta and
o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n a r e c o l l e c t e d to i n d i c a t e p o s s i b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n
im p o rta n t a r e a s .

It w o u ld r e q u i r e a n e x t e n s i v e s t u d y to t h o r o u g h l y

t e s t a l l of t h e h y p o t h e s e s .

N e v e r t h e l e s s , s o m e of t h e p r o b l e m s w h i c h

a r e h y p o t h e s i z e d f o r p u r p o s e s of t h i s s t u d y a r e :

(1) p h i l o s o p h i c a l

and m e th o d o lo g ic a l d iffe re n c e s b e tw ee n th e sch o o l te a c h e r s and c o m ­
m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s , (2) m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s of a n d a t t i t u d e s
t o w a r d e a c h o t h e r ’s p o s i t i o n s a n d p r o b l e m s , a n d (3) c i r c u m s t a n t i a l
o b s t a c l e s s u c h a s l a c k of a d e q u a t e f i n a n c e s a n d / o r t i m e , q u a l i t y of
p e r f o r m a n c e , o r l a c k of l e a d e r s h i p .

I m p o r t a n c e of S tu d y

T h e s u b j e c t of t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n h a s v a l u e f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s .
F i r s t of a l l , i t s r e l a t i o n t o m u s i c c o n s u m e r s h i p w o u ld s e e m t o b e
of g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e .

O ne n e e d th in k o n ly a m o m e n t to r e a l i z e t h a t

th e o n ly c o n t a c t t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y of t h e a d u l t p o p u l a t i o n h a s w ith
m u s ic is as a l i s t e n e r .
or tra n sfe r fro m

S tu d i e s m a d e on t h e p r o b l e m

of c a r r y - o v e r

sch o o l to a d u lt life in d ic a te th a t c a r r y - o v e r is l i m ­

ite d in a c tu a l p a r tic ip a tio n , b u t m a n if e s t s i t s e l f o fte n in c o n s u m e r s h ip

7
of m u s i c .

1, 2

A.s f a r a s m o s t a d u l t s a r e p e r s o n a l l y c o n c e r n e d , m u s i c

is so m e th in g to b e h e a r d .

H ence, a p p re c ia tiv e c o n su m e rsh ip has

g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e b e c a u s e of t h e q u a n t i t y o f p e o p l e in v o l v e d .
N o t o n ly i s q u a n t i t y i m p o r t a n t a s i n t h e c a s e of t h e g r e a t
n u m b e r s of m u s i c c o n s u m e r s , b u t s o a l s o i s q u a l i t y .

The im p o r­

t a n c e of q u a l i t y i n m u s i c c o n s u m e r s h i p i s r e l a t e d to s o m e v e r y
f u n d a m e n t a l b e l i e f s a b o u t m u s i c a s a n a r t f o r m — a s a p r o d u c t of
th e c u ltu re .

T h e v a l u e b e h i n d t h e p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e of q u a l i t y

of m u s ic h a s a lo g ic a l b a s i s .

M u s i c a s o n e of t h e a r t s r e p r e s e n t s

a n d e x p r e s s e s h u m a n e m o t i o n a n d e x p e r i e n c e t h r o u g h i t s m e d i u m of
sound.
Irv in g E d m an , a w e ll-k n o w n w r i t e r on p h ilo s o p h ic a l m a t t e r s ,
i n h is b o o k A r t s a n d t h e M a n h a s o f f e r e d t h e f o ll o w i n g t h r o u g h t s o n
t h e e x p r e s s i v e n e s s of m u s i c :
T h e r e i s , of c o u r s e , a s e n s e in w h ic h m u s i c i s u t t e r l y i n a d e ­
q u a t e to e x p r e s s e m o t i o n a t a l l .
T ones a r e to n e s, m e lo d ie s a r e
t o n a l r e l a t i o n s in t i m e ; h a r m o n i e s a r e t o n a l r e l a t i o n s a t a n i n ­
sta n t.
T h e y c a n , n o n e of t h e m , s a y w h a t l a n g u a g e c a n s a y s p e ­
c i f i c a l l y o r w h a t s o m e s i t u a t i o n in li f e c a n s p e c i f i c a l l y e x e m p l i f y .

W. O. A l e s h i r e , " A n E v a l u a t i o n of P o s t - G r a d u a t e M u s i c
A c t i v i t i e s of S t u d e n t s of P o m e r o y H ig h S c h o o l , " u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r ’s
t h e s i s , O h io S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , C o l u m b u s , O h io , 194 1, p . 37.
2

E u g e n e T i l l o t s o n , " T h e I n f l u e n c e of P u b l i c S c h o o l M u s i c o n
t h e D e v e l o p m e n t of A d u lt M u s i c a l A c t i v i t i e s , " u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r ' s
t h e s i s , E a s t m a n S c h o o l of M u s i c , R o c h e s t e r , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 3 6 , p. 83.

8
B u t j u s t b e c a u s e m u s ic can n o t b e s p e c ific it c a n r e n d e r w ith
v o l u m i n o u s n e s s a n d d e p t h s t h e g e n e r a l a t m o s p h e r e o r a u r a of
e m o tio n . It c a n s u g g e s t lo v e , th o u g h no lo v e in p a r t i c u l a r ; w o r ­
s h ip o r d e s p a i r , t h o u g h i t d o e s n o t s a y w h o i s w o r s h i p e d o r
w h a t is t h e c a u s e o f t h e d e s p a i r . In to t h e s a m e m u s i c , t h e r e ­
f o r e , a h u n d r e d d i f f e r e n t l i s t e n e r s w i l l p o u r t h e i r ow n s p e c i f i c
h i s t o r i e s a n d d e s i r e s . A. t h o u s a n d d i f f e r e n t s o r r o w s a n d a
t h o u s a n d d i f f e r e n t j o y s w i l l b e c a l l e d to f o c u s b y t h e s a m e m u s ­
i c a l m a t e r i a l . A n d t h e v e r y f a c t t h a t t h e r e i s n o th in g d e f i n i t i v e
o r e x c l u s i v e i n t h e e m o t i o n a l a t m o s p h e r e of a g i v e n c o m p o s i t i o n
w i l l m a k e i t a l l t h e m o r e a c c e s s i b l e a s a m e a n s of c a t h a r s i s
o r re lie f f o r th e lis te n e r .
W o r d s a r e to o b r i t t l e a n d c h i s e l e d ,
l i f e to o r i g i d a n d c o n v e n t i o n a l to e x h a u s t a l l t h e i n f i n i t y of h u ­
m a n em o tio n a l re s p o n s e .
The in fin ite s in u o u s n e s s , n u a n c e , and
c o m p l e x i t y of m u s i c e n a b l e i t to s p e a k i n a t h o u s a n d d i f f e r e n t
a c c e n t s t o a t h o u s a n d d i f f e r e n t l i s t e n e r s , a n d t o s a y w ith n o n ­
c o m m i t t a l a n d m o v i n g i n t i m a c y w h a t n o l a n g u a g e w o u ld a c k n o w l ­
e d g e o r e x p r e s s a n d w h a t no s i t u a t i o n s i n l i f e c o u ld c o m p l e t e l y
e x h a u s t o r m a k e p o s s i b l e .* '
B y its e x p r e s s iv e n e s s m u s ic p ro v id e s th e l i s t e n e r w ith an
av en u e to v ic a r io u s e x p e rie n c e s of a m o s t p ro fo u n d and in tim a te
ty p e.

In a s e n s e , to u n d e r s t a n d m u s i c a s a n a r t f o r m is to u n d e r ­

s t a n d a p a r t of l i f e i t s e l f .

It t h e r e b y g i v e s t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l a m e a n ­

in g a n d i n s i g h t t o a s s i s t i n l i v i n g a m o r e c o m p l e t e l i f e .
s u c c e e d s in e x p r e s s i n g

W hen m u s ic

s o m e t h i n g of l i f e , it b r i n g s to t h e h e a r e r a

s a ti s f a c tio n a n d a c o m p le te n e s s in a p s y c h o lo g ic a l s e n s e .
M o r e o v e r , s i n c e a w o r k of a r t p e r f o r m s t h e s e f u n c t i o n s , i t
h a s a h ig h d e g r e e of p e r m a n e n c e .

A. p o p u l a r s o n g i s h i g h l y t r a n s i t o r y

I r w i n E d m a n , A r t s a n d t h e M a n (N ew Y o r k :
L i b r a r y , 1 9 4 9 ), p p . 1 0 8 -0 9 -

N ew A m e r i c a n

9
w h e n c o m p a r e d to a g r e a t s y m p h o n y .
v a lu e f o r s o c ie ty .

A l s o , t h i s t y p e of m u s i c h a s

E d m a n g o e s o n to s t a t e :

T h i s a r t of s o u n d , t h e n , a t f i r s t h e a r i n g s o c o m p l e t e l y s p o n t a n e ­
o u s , a t c lo s e e x a m in a tio n so d is c ip lin e d and m a th e m a ti c a l, a t
o n c e stin g in g ly s e n s u o u s an d a u s t e r e l y in te lle c tu a l, h a s m o r e
c o n se q u e n c e on life and s o c ie ty th a n m ig h t be im a g in e d . In its
t w i n f r e e d o m a n d c o n t r o l , it i s a n a n a g r a m of w h a t a c i v i l i z e d
s o c ie ty m ig h t b e . In its in te lle c tu a l s t r u c t u r e a n d c l a r i t y it
o f f e r s a n a u d i t i o n o f s u c h r a t i o n a l i t y a s no s o c i e t y h a s a s y e t
e x e m p l i f i e d . In i t s u n s p o k e n b u t d e e p l y u t t e r e d r e f i n e m e n t of
e m o t i o n , i t m a k e s t h e p a s s i o n s a n d c r i s e s of t h i s w o r l d s e e m
a w k w a rd and g r o s s . P la to im a g in e d p h ilo s o p h y a s a f in e r k in d
of m u s i c . A n d h e s u g g e s t e d w h a t i s a p p a r e n t l y (b u t o n ly a p p a r ­
e n tly ) f a n t a s t i c :
th a t a re fin e d m u s ic a l s e n s ib ility m ig h t be th e
m o s t c iv iliz in g of e d u c a tio n a l i n s t r u m e n t s . F o r a m in d e d u c a te d
to m u s i c a l f o r m a n d a n i m a g i n a t i o n r e f i n e d to th e f i n e s s e of
m u s i c a l e m o tio n c a n n o t r e m a i n c o m p le te ly g r o s s in th e c o n ta c ts
of l i f e . M o r a l a n d m u s i c a l t a s t e m a y n o t b e a l t o g e t h e r u n r e l a t e d .
F o r a r a t i o n a l c i v i l i z a t i o n w o u ld i n i t s s e n s u o u s b e a u t y , i t s e m o ­
t i o n a l d e l i c a c y , a n d i t s i n t e l l e c t u a l o r d e r b e v e r y l i k e th e n o b l e s t
and th e b e s t in m u s ic .^
T h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s l e a d to t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e r e a r e d e f ­
in ite c h o ic e s to b e m a d e a s to q u a lity in m u s ic .

T h e re e x ists

som e

m u s i c w h ic h , b e c a u s e of i t s a b i l i t y t o e x p r e s s , is h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e .
O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e i s m u s i c w h ic h a p p e a r s to h a v e a l m o s t no
s ig n ific a n c e in e x p r e s s in g a h u m a n e x p e r ie n c e .

C le a rly in such

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t h e p a r a m o u n t p l a c e o f q u a l i t y is e v i d e n t .
I m p r o v i n g t h e q u a l i t y a n d q u a n t i t y of m u s i c c o n s u m e r s h i p
h a s r a m i f i c a t i o n s of i m p o r t a n c e f o r p r a c t i c a l l y e v e r y a r e a of m u s i c .

1 Ib id ., p.

109-10.

10
T h i s is d u e to t h e f a c t t h a t q u a l i t y a n d q u a n t i t y i n c o n s u m e r s h i p
h a v e a d i r e c t b e a r i n g o n t h e a m o u n t a n d t y p e of m u s i c w h i c h i s p e r ­
fo r m e d and c o m p o sed .

T h e a r t f o r m d e p e n d s upon an a u d ie n c e in

th e b r o a d e s t s e n s e of th e w o r d .

C o m p o sitio n s w h ic h h a v e no h e a r ­

e r s w ill g a th e r d u st on l i b r a r y s h e lv e s .

O r c h e s t r a s a n d c h o i r s w ill

c e a s e to b e u n le s s t h e r e e x is ts su ffic ie n t i n t e r e s t in t h e i r p r o d u c ts .
A. c i v i l i z a t i o n w h ic h s h o w s l i t t l e i n t e r e s t a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g of w o r k s
o f ail; w i l l p r o b a b l y p r o d u c e o n ly a f e w , a n d m a y e v e n i g n o r e t h o s e
w h ic h c h a n c e h a s g iv e n it.

By its own c u rio u s p r o c e s s e s , so c ie ty

d e c i d e s h o w m u c h s u p p o r t m u s i c s h a l l r e c e i v e , a n d w h a t t y p e of
m u s i c i s to b e s u p p o r t e d .

T h e a m o u n t of s u p p o r t a n d i n t e r e s t b y

so c ie ty h a s a d ir e c t b e a rin g on p r a c tic a l m a tte r s

such as m oney

av ailab le f o r o r c h e s t r a , c h o ir s , c o m m is s io n e d c o m p o s itio n s , m u s ic
l i b r a r i e s , a n d m u s i c t e a c h e r s . * M u s ic i s d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e c o n s t a n t
e d u c a t i o n of p e o p l e r e g a r d i n g i t s v a l u e s .

W ith o u t t h i s e d u c a t i o n

m u s i c r u n s t h e t h r e a t of a s lo w d e a t h , o r a t b e s t a p a r a l y s i s .
W r i t e r s i n t h e f i e l d of m u s i c e d u c a t i o n s t r e s s i n o n e w a y o r
a n o t h e r t h e i m p o r t a n c e of g iv in g s t u d e n t s a n a p p r e c i a t i o n a n d u n d e r ­
s t a n d i n g of m u s i c .

F o r e x a m p le , B ro o k s and B ro w n , in t h e i r bo o k

M u s i c E d u c a t i o n i n t h e E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l , p o i n t to a p p r e c i a t i o n a s
a m a jo r o b je c tiv e at th e e le m e n ta ry le v e l.

’ ’T h e y [th e o b j e c t i v e s ]

in c lu d e a b ilitie s and s k ill, u n d e rs ta n d in g s and in s ig h ts , and

a p p r e c i a t i o n .’r

In d i s c u s s i n g a p p r e c i a t i o n f u r t h e r , t h e y l i s t f o u r

p o i n t s to b e c o n s i d e r e d i n d e v e l o p i n g a p p r e c i a t i o n :

(1) d i s c r i m i n a -

t i o n , (2) s e n s i t i v e n e s s , (3) i n t e g r a t i o n , a n d (4) u n d e r s t a n d i n g .

2

S in c e

s o m a n y a u t h o r s i n t h e f i e l d of m u s i c e d u c a t i o n h a v e w r i t t e n b o o k s
c h i e f l y c e n t e r i n g o n m e t h o d o l o g y , t h e o b j e c t i v e s i n t h e f i e l d a r e o f te n
m o r e im p lie d by th e s e w r i t e r s r a t h e r th a n e x p lic itly s ta te d .

O ne of

th e o b je c tiv e s f r e q u e n tly im p lie d is a p p re c ia tio n a n d / o r u n d e r s ta n d ­
in g .

A l m o s t e v e r y b o o k o n t h e s u b j e c t of m u s i c e d u c a t i o n i n t h e

s c h o o l e m p h a s i z e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e of a p p r e c i a t i o n b y d e v o tin g c o n ­
s id e r a b le s p a c e , u s u a lly a c h a p te r , to it.
t e x t s t h a t do t h i s a r e :

S o m e of t h e b e t t e r k n o w n

P e t e r D ykem a and K arl G e h rk e n s, The A d -

m i n i s t r a t i o n of M u s i c in th e S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l ;
H u m a n V a l u e s in M u s i c E d u c a t i o n ;
f o r H ig h S c h o o l s ;

5

4

3

J a m e s M u rse ll,

A rth u r W a rd , M u sic E d u c a tio n

and L o u is e K ife r M y e r s , T e a ch in g C h ild re n M u s ic .

B.
M a r ia n B ro o k s and H a r r y A. B ro w n , M u sic E d u c a tio n in
t h e E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l (N ew Y o r k : A m e r i c a n B o o k C o ., 1 94 6), p . 113
2
I b i d . , p . 196.
3
P e t e r D y k e m a a n d K a r l G e h r k e n s , T h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of
M u s i c i n t h e S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l (B o s to n :
C . C . B i r c h a r d a n d C o .,
1941), p . 276.
4
J a m e s M u r s e l l , H u m a n V a l u e s i n M u s i c E d u c a t i o n (N ew
Y ork:
S i l v e r , B u r d e t t , a n d C o . , 193 4), p. 2 65 .
5
A r t h u r W a r d , M u s i c E d u c a t i o n f o r H ig h S c h o o ls (N ew Y o rk :
A m e r i c a n B o o k C o ., 1941), p . 175.
L o u i s e K i f e r M y e r s , T e a c h i n g C h i l d r e n M u s ic (N ew Y o r k :
P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1 9 5 0 ), p . 20.

12
T h e r e f o r e , t h e s u b j e c t a t h a n d , t h a t of c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s c h o o l r e l a t i o n s h i p s a n d a c t i v i t i e s in d e v e l o p i n g m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n ,
d e r i v e s a g r e a t d e a l of i t s i m p o r t a n c e f r o m t h e v a l u e i n h e r e n t i n
m u sic u n d e rstan d in g .

T h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e t o p i c r e f l e c t s d i r e c t l y

u p o n t h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e s c h o o l a n d t h e c o m m u n i t y
o rc h e stra .

T h e w o rk of b o th g ro u p s o fte n a tte m p ts to p r o m o t e m u s ic

a p p r e c ia tio n , an d t h e r e f o r e th e m e a n s (a c tiv itie s) d e r iv e v alu e b e ­
c a u s e of th e end (m u sic a p p re c ia tio n ).
i

T h e to p ic a ls o p o s s e s s e s v a lu e b e c a u s e it c o n c e r n s m u s ic ed ­
u catio n in a ll its fa c e ts .

T h e w h o l e n e s s of m u s i c e d u c a t i o n i s e m ­

p h a s i z e d i n t h e r e p o r t of t h e C o m m i t t e e o n G r a d u a t e S tu d y i n M u s ic
E d u c a t i o n of t h e M u s i c E d u c a t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e .

In th is re p o rt

o n e f i n d s t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e o b j e c t i v e s of g r a d ­
u a t e s tu d y in t h e f ie ld :
T h e e m p h a s i s h e r e s h o u l d b e u p o n a t h o r o u g h g r a s p of a l l
p h a s e s of m u s i c e d u c a t i o n in c l u d i n g n o t o n ly p h i l o s o p h y , m e t h ­
o d s , c u r r i c u l u m s , a n d m a t e r i a l s of m u s i c s u i t a b l e f o r t h e p u b ­
lic s c h o o ls b u t a c q u a in ta n c e a ls o w ith th o s e p r o b le m s of m u s ic
i n c o m m u n i t y l i f e w h ic h i n f l u e n c e d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y a n y
p a r t o f t h e t e a c h i n g of m u s i c .
T h e s t u d e n t , in o t h e r w o r d s ,
s h o u l d h a v e a c o m p r e h e n s i v e g r a s p of t h e p l a c e of m u s i c i n
A m e r i c a n life .*

" G r a d u a t e S tu d y i n M u s i c E d u c a t i o n , " J o u r n a l of R e s e a r c h
i n M u s i c E d u c a t i o n , V o l. II, N o. 2 ( F a l l , 1 9 5 4 ), p . 167.

13
M u s i c h a s lo n g s u f f e r e d f r o m a l a c k o f i n t e g r a t i o n o r u n ity
on b o th th e in s tr u c tio n a l le v e l and on th e in s titu tio n a l le v e l w ith in
\

so cie ty its e lf.

O f te n m u s i c t e a c h e r s h a v e n o t b e e n a w a r e of t h e

u n ity b e t w e e n a l l m u s i c - - c h o r a l a n d i n s t r u m e n t a l , m o d e r n a n d
c lassica l.

T h e sch o o l m u s ic t e a c h e r s h a v e te n d e d to c l a s s i f y t h e m ­

se lv e s a s b an d d ire c to rs,, o r c h e s t r a d i r e c t o r s , o r c h o ra l s p e c ia lis ts
r a t h e r t h a n a p p r o a c h i n g t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a s m u s i c i a n s c o n c e r n e d w ith
m u s ic as a u n ified a r t .
s o .th a t i t

A lso , m u sic h as b een c o m p a rtm e n ta liz e d

i s o f t e n th o u g h t of b y t h e p u b l i c a s e x i s t i n g o n ly f o r

s p e c i a l i s t s i n m u s i c , a n d n o t h a v in g m u c h r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith t h e l i f e
of t h e p e o p l e .

T h e l a c k of u n ity w a s s t r e s s e d o n ly r e c e n t l y (1955)

a t t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l d i v i s i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e of t h e M E N C b y W i l l a r d
E . G o s l i n of G e o r g e P e a b o d y C o l l e g e f o r T e a c h e r s .
s e e m , sh o u ld c r o s s b a r r i e r s
t h e l i f e of o u r c i v i l i z a t i o n .

M u s i c , i t w o u ld

a n d b e c o m e a n a g e n t of i n t e g r a t i o n i n
T h e i n t e g r a t i o n of t h e s c h o o l a n d t h e

c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a in t h e d e v e lo p m e n t of m u s ic u n d e rs ta n d in g is
o n e s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y w h ic h c o u l d l e a d t h e w a y t o w a r d a l a r g e r u n ity
t h a n no w e x i s t s .
T h e p r e s e n t s tu d y s h o u l d b e of s o m e v e r y p r a c t i c a l v a l u e to
p e r s o n s c o n n e c te d w ith c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s .

T he c o m m u n ity o r ­

c h e s t r a m o v e m e n t h a s g r o w n r a p i d l y in t h e l a s t s e v e r a l d e c a d e s .
I n f a c t , t h e r e a r e n o w o v e r s e v e n h u n d r e d o r c h e s t r a s of v a r i o u s

14
ty p e s in th e U n ite d S ta te s and C a n a d a .

1

T h is stu d y w ill p ro v id e i n ­

f o r m a t i o n o n m a n y f a c e t s of y o u th w o r k b y t h e o r c h e s t r a , a n d h o w
th is w o rk m ig h t b e im p ro v e d .

T h e f u t u r e of th e s y m p h o n y o r c h e s ­

t r a s l i e s , as it d o es in so m a n y o th e r in s ta n c e s , in th e a ttitu d e s
a n d i n t e r e s t s of t h e c h i l d r e n of t o d a y .
T h e t e a c h e r s of m u s i c i n t h e s c h o o l s s h o u l d l i k e w i s e f i n d
th e stu d y of p r a c t i c a l a s s i s t a n c e .

The c r u c ia l t e s t in a ll te a c h in g

a r r i v e s w hen th e su b je c t m a t t e r le a v e s th e c la s s r o o m
i n to t h e l i f e of t h e i n d i v i d u a l .

and m o v es

A jo in t, in te g ra te d p r o g r a m

w ith th e

c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a w o u ld f u r n i s h a g r e a t o p p o r t u n i t y n o t o n ly to
v i t a l i z e m u s i c i n t h e c l a s s r o o m , b u t a l s o to s t a r t t h a t v i t a l i z a t i o n
m o v i n g i n t o t h e l i f e of t h e s t u d e n t .

E e l a t i o n s h i p t o P r e v i o u s S tu d i e s

T h e p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h i n t h e a r e a of t h i s s tu d y h a s t e n d e d
t o f a l l i n t o tw o g r o u p s .
co m m u n ity m u s ic .

O ne g r o u p i s t h o s e s t u d i e s c o n c e r n e d w ith

C o m m u n ity m u s ic in c lu d e s su c h th in g s a s r e c r e ­

a tio n a l m u s ic , c o m m u n ity b a n d s, o r c h e s t r a s , c h o irs , o p e r a s , d an ce
g r o u p s , a n d m a n y o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s . s A. c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a i s o n e
p o r t i o n of t h e o v e r - a l l c o m m u n i t y m u s i c p r o g r a m .

T h o m p s o n , o p . c i t ., p . 11.

T h e re e x ists a

15
s i z a b l e n u m b e r of s t u d i e s on c o m m u n i t y m u s i c .

T h e n u m b e r of s t u d ­

ie s on th e 'c o m m u n it y o r c h e s t r a , h o w e v e r, is n o t at a ll l a r g e .
o f t h e m a r e l i s t e d i n t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y of t h i s r e p o r t .

M ost

T h e se stu d ie s

a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d f i n a n c e of s u c h o r c h e s t r a s .
S

T h e o t h e r g r o u p of s t u d i e s c o n c e r n s t h e a s p e c t o f t h e l i s t e n ­
in g e x p e r i e n c e of t h e s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m .

T h e s e d e a l w ith th e

v e r y b r o a d s u b j e c t of m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g .

Som e

a r e p s y c h o l o g i c a l i n n a t u r e , w h i l e o t h e r s a r e c o n c e r n e d w ith p e d a g o g i ­
cal p ro ced u res.

T h e v i e w p o i n t a l m o s t a l w a y s t a k e n i s t h a t of t e a c h ­

in g m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n in t h e c l a s s r o o m .

V e r y f e w of t h e s e n u m e r ­

o u s w o r k s c o u l d h a v e m u c h d i r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n to t h e s u b j e c t a t h a n d .
A s o n e c a n s u r m i s e f r o m th e p r e c e d i n g p a r a g r a p h s t h e r e
e x is t v e r y few r e s e a r c h w o rk s w ith a c lo s e re la tio n s h ip to th is stu d y .
A.s f a r a s c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d t h e r e e x i s t s n o s t u d y s i m i l a r t o t h i s
one.

T h o s e s t u d i e s a n d s o u r c e s t h a t h a v e a b e a r i n g on t h i s w o r k

a r e c i t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e t e x t a n d in th e b i b l i o g r a p h y .

M e th o d o l o g y

T h e m e t h o d o l o g y u t i l i z e d c o n s i s t s of a s u r v e y of s i x M i c h i g a n
c i t i e s c o u p l e d w i t h i n t e n s i v e i n t e r v i e w i n g a n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e of . s e l e c t e d
in d iv id u a ls in th e s e c o m m u n itie s .

T h e g a t h e r i n g of v a l i d d a t a w h ic h

16
w i l l p o i n t o u t s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s a p p e a r s to d e m a n d t h e tw o
t y p e s of a p p r o a c h .
4

F i r s t of a l l , i t s h o u l d b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t e a c h c o m m u n i t y
o r c h e s t r a - s c h o o l s i t u a t i o n p o s s e s s e s a c e r t a i n a m o u n t of u n i q u e n e s s .
No tw o s u c h s i t u a t i o n s a r e i d e n t i c a l a n y m o r e t h a n tw o c i t i e s m a y
b e s a i d to b e i d e n t i c a l .

E a c h s itu a tio n co n tain s re la tio n s h ip s and

f a c t o r s w h ic h m a k e i t l i k e no o t h e r .

T h e r e f o r e , i t i s n e c e s s a r y to

u s e a c a s e s tu d y a p p r o a c h i n o b ta in in g i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m
m u n ity .

each com ­

E a c h s itu a tio n is g iv e n a c a re fu l e x a m in a tio n r e g a rd in g th e

c i r c u m s t a n c e s a n d r e la tio n s h ip s w h ic h a r e in e a c h one.

M u c h of t h e

v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h i s o b t a i n e d b y t h i s m e t h o d w o u ld h a v e
b e e n in a c c e s s ib le by any o th e r m e th o d .

In t h e c a s e s t u d i e s , h o w ­

e v e r , a n e f f o r t i s m a d e t o r e f r a i n f r o m in v o lv in g p e r s o n a l i t i e s .

The

p e r s o n a l i t i e s of t h e i n d i v i d u a l s i n v o l v e d i n t h e s i t u a t i o n s , a l t h o u g h
so m etim es

s e e m i n g l y of m u c h i m p o r t a n c e , a r e h i g h l y i n t a n g i b l e .

W h e n a s t u d y c o n c l u d e s t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n s i t u a t i o n s is
a t t r i b u t a b l e to " p e r s o n a l i t y of i n d i v i d u a l s , " t h e n l i t t l e a s s i s t a n c e
c a n b e g a in e d in an aly z in g o th e r situ a tio n s.
H o w e v e r , to c e a s e e x a m i n a t i o n w ith o n ly t h e s i x
w o u ld o m i t i n f o r m a t i o n of m u c h v a l u e .
fo rm a tio n d e riv e d fro m c a s e

c a s e stu d ie s

T h e re is m u c h v a lu ab le in ­

s tu d ie s w h ich c a n be o b ta in e d by c o m ­

p a r i n g c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a l e n t i n a l l of t h e m .

T he c itie s c o v e r e d in

17
th e stu d y a r e h o m o g e n e o u s to th e d e g r e e th a t so m e c o m p a r is o n s an d
c o n tra s ts can be m ad e am ong th e m .

T h e r e i s , f o r e x a m p l e , v a lu e

in d e te r m in in g w h a t th e p o s itio n an d a ttitu d e of th e sc h o o l m u s ic
te a c h e r s is on th e v a rio u s m a t t e r s , w hat th e p o s itio n and a ttitu d e
of th e b o a r d m e m b e r s of th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s i s , an d w h at th e
r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s is to t h e p r o b l e m in t h e
c o m p o s i t e of t h e c i t i e s .

T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e a p p e a r s to be a d e m a n d

f o r a s u r v e y t y p e o f s tu d y .
T h e s e s i x c i t i e s p r o v i d e a w id e r a n g e of s c h o o l - c o m m u n i t y
o r c h e s t r a s i t u a t i o n s , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y f u r n i s h i n f o r m a t i o n w h ic h i s
l i k e l y t o b e f o u n d i n m o s t s c h o o l- * c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s i t u a t i o n s .
In o t h e r w o r d s , t h e s e s i x c i t i e s a r e f a i r l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e i n t h a t
a r e a w h ic h w a s stu d ie d .
R e s e a r c h th e o ry and e x p e rie n c e h ave d e m o n s tra te d th a t th e
s i z e of t h e s a m p l e i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a d e t e r m i n i n g f a c t o r i n i t s
q u a lity .

In d i s c u s s i n g t h e m e t h o d o l o g y of t h e s a m p l e i n t h e b o o k

T he T a lla d e g a S to r y , K im b a ll and P e a r s a l l state:
H o w e v e r , r e s e a r c h in t h e d y n a m i c s of h u m a n s y s t e m s d o e s n o t
c a ll f o r su ch e x h au stiv e in q u iry .
E m p iric a l e x p e rie n c e has
d e m o n s tr a te d th a t any su ch a tte m p t is u n n e c e s s a r y s in c e h u m a n
b e h a v i o r is r e p e t i t i v e i n t i m e a n d s p a c e in t e r m s of e x i s t i n g
sy ste m s.
T h e o b je c tiv e s c a n b e m e t w ith m o r e m o d e s t e f f o r ts
if i t c a n b e e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t th e a c t i v i t y u n d e r o b s e r v a t i o n e n ­
c o m p a s s e s t h e r a n g e of v a r i a t i o n . ^
S o lo n T . K i m b a l l a n d M a r i o n P e a r s a l l , T h e T a l l a d e g a S t o r y
(U n iv e rs ity , A la b am a :
U n i v e r s i t y of A l a b a m a P r e s s , 195 4), p . 14.

18
A t t e m p t s t o e n l a r g e t h e s a m p l e w i t h i n t h e s t a t e of M i c h i g a n
w o u ld h a v e h a d t o i n c l u d e c i t i e s w i t h r a t h e r d i f f e r e n t o r c h e s t r a l c i r ­
c u m stan c es,
c itie s.

T h e re a r e th o se o r c h e s tr a s

s u p p o r t e d b y tw o o r m o r e

T h e T w i n C i t i e s S y m p h o n y ( B e n to n H a r b o r - S t . J o s e p h ) , a n d

t h e W e s t s h o r e S y m p h o n y O r c h e s t r a ( G r a n d H a v e n , M u s k e g o n , H o lla n d )
a r e tw o e x a m p l e s o f t h i s .

In t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n p a r t of t h e s t a t e o n e

e n c o u n t e r s th e o r c h e s t r a s i n s u c h u s l e e p e r "
B irm in g h a m , and o th e rs .

c itie s as R oyal O ak,

T w o o t h e r t y p e s of c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a

w h ic h a r e s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t t h a n t h e s i x s t u d i e d a r e t h e n a t i o n a l ­
i s t i c t y p e ( S c a n d i n a v i a n S y m p h o n y O r c h e s t r a in D e t r o i t ) , a n d t h e t y p e
sp o n so re d by a b u sin ess firm

(Dow O r c h e s t r a i n M id la n d ) .

The in ­

c l u s i o n o f a n y of t h e s e o r c h e s t r a s w o u ld h a v e d e t r a c t e d c o n s i d e r a b l y
f r o m t h e h o m o g e n e i t y of t h e s a m p l e .
T h u s t h e s t u d y s e e m s to d e m a n d b o t h a v e r t i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n - o n e t h a t c o v e r s e x t e n s i v e l y in d i v i d u a l s i t u a t i o n s , a n d a h o r i z o n t a l
e x a m in a tio n - - o n e w h ich s e e k s to e x a m in e th e s ix s itu a tio n s in a
m o re g en eral m anner.

T o o m i t e i t h e r t y p e of s tu d y w o u ld s e r i o u s l y

i m p a i r t h e v a l u e of t h e r e s e a r c h .

B o th a r e n e c e s s a r y .

S in c e o n ly s i x c o m m u n i t i e s a r e s t u d i e d , e x a c t p e r c e n t a g e s
a n d c o r r e l a t i o n s i n t h e s t a t i s t i c a l m e a n i n g of t h e s e t e r m s a r e n o t
e m p h a s i z e d in r e p o r t i n g t h e f i n d i n g s .

H ow ever, in d ic a tio n s and g e n ­

e r a l i z a t i o n s a r e p o s s i b l e in m a n y i n s t a n c e s , a n d t h e s e w ill b e c i t e d .

19
T h e m e t h o d of o b t a in in g t h e d a t a a n d q u a l i t a t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n
w a s a c o m b i n a t i o n of i n t e r v i e w a n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

The f i r s t p ro b le m

e n c o u n t e r e d w a s t h a t of p r e p a r i n g a n i n t e r v i e w s c h e d u l e to s u i t e a c h
ty p e of in f o r m a n t.

I t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e s a m e s c h e d u l e c o u ld n o t b e

u s e d f o r a n o r c h e s t r a c o n d u c t o r , a j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r ,
a n d t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of s c h o o l s .

T h e r e f o r e , a sp e c ia l sch ed u le

w a s p r e p a r e d f o r i n d i v i d u a l s in e a c h of t h e f o ll o w i n g g r o u p s :

o r­

c h e s t r a o f f ic ia ls , e le m e n ta r y m u s ic t e a c h e r s , ju n io r a n d s e n io r h ig h
school m u sic te a c h e r s , and school a d m in is tra to rs .

In ad d itio n , th e r e

w e r e s u p p l e m e n t a r y q u e s t i o n s f o r t h e c o n d u c t o r of t h e o r c h e s t r a a n d
th e m u s ic s u p e r v i s o r in th e sch o o l s y s t e m - - i f th e scho ol s y s te m
had o n e .
T h e s c h e d u l e s w e r e p r e t e s t e d in a c t u a l i n t e r v i e w s .

A fte r th e

sc h e d u le s w e re te s te d and re v is io n s m a d e , a q u e s tio n n a ire w as d ra w n
fr o m th e m a te r ia l u s e d in th e in te rv ie w

sch e d u le .

The q u e stio n n a ire

w a s u s e d a l m o s t e n t i r e l y i n th e g a t h e r i n g of i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m

school

t e a c h e r s , s i n c e i t w a s f o u n d t h a t a l l t h e d a t a n e e d e d c o u ld b e o b t a i n e d
b y a tw o a n d a h a l f p a g e q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

W h e r e a l a r g e a m o u n t of

d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n w a s n e c e s s a r y , a s in t h e c a s e of t h e o r c h e s t r a
c o n d u c to r o r m u s ic s u p e r v is o r , in te rv ie w s w e re u sed .

P re te stin g

in d ic a te d th a t f o r th e in f o r m a tio n so u g h t in th e q u e s tio n n a ir e th e

20
a c c u r a c y of r e p o r t i n g w a s s u b s t a n t i a l l y a s v a l i d a s t h e r e p o r t i n g
d o n e in a n i n t e r v i e w .
I n c o v e r i n g t h e s i x c i t i e s a t o t a l of t w e n t y - f i v e p e r s o n s w e r e
in te rv ie w e d , and th irty -e ig h t w e re sent q u e stio n n a ire s.

T h irty -tw o

o u t of t h i r t y - e i g h t p e r s o n s r e p l i e d to t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

The p ro ­

c e d u r e w a s f i r s t to se n d an in d iv id u a lly ty p e d l e t t e r e x p lain in g th e
p u r p o s e o f t h e s t u d y w ith a q u e s t i o n n a i r e a n d s t a m p e d , s e l f - a d d r e s s e d
en v elo p e e n c lo s e d .

T h r e e w e e k s w e r e a l l o w e d t o p a s s , a n d if no

r e p l y w a s r e c e i v e d , a n o t h e r s h o r t r e m i n d e r l e t t e r w a s s e n t w ith
a n o t h e r q u e s t i o n n a i r e , b u t no s t a m p e d e n v e l o p e .

No a tte m p t w as

m a d e t o k e e p t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e a n o n y m o u s a s t h e n a m e of th e i n ­
f o r m a n t w a s w r itt e n on e a c h copy.

In te rv ie w s w e re a r r a n g e d by

lo n g d i s t a n c e t e l e p h o n e c a l l s .
D e f i n i t e p r o c e d u r e s w e r e s e t up a s to w ho s h o u ld b e i n c l u d e d
i n th e d a t a - g a t h e r i n g p r o c e s s .

R e p re s e n tin g th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a

w e r e t h e f o ll o w i n g i n d i v i d u a l s ;
(1) c o n d u c t o r of t h e o r c h e s t r a ;
(2) p r e s i d e n t of t h e g o v e r n i n g b o a r d of t h e o r c h e s t r a ;
(3) a s e c o n d i n f l u e n t i a l b o a r d m e m b e r .
T h e v ie w a n d a c t i v i t i e s of t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s w e r e p r o v i d e d b y p e r ­
s o n s h o ld in g t h e f o ll o w i n g p o s i t i o n s :
(1) s u p e r v i s o r of m u s i c ;

21

(

2)

a h ig h sch o o lm u s ic te a c h e r ;

(3) a j u n i o r h i g h

school m u sic te a c h e r;

(4) tw o e l e m e n t a r y m u s i c t e a c h e r s , o r t h r e e c l a s s r o o m t e a c h ­
e r s , d e p e n d in g o n t h e s y s t e m u t i l i z e d ;
(5) s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s .
F i r s t w as th e c o n d u cto r
in s ta n c e s h e is th e r e a l

of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a .

In m a n y

l e a d e r in t h e c o m m u n i t y m u s i c o r g a n i z a t i o n

b e c a u s e of h i s t r e m e n d o u s i n f l u e n c e i n s e l e c t i n g m u s i c , s e l e c t i n g
p l a y e r s , t r e a t m e n t of p l a y e r s , p la n n in g c o n c e r t s , t h e q u a l i t y o f p e r ­
f o r m a n c e , and in m a n y o th e r w ay s.

T h e p r e s i d e n t of t h e s y m p h o n y

b o a r d w a s i n t e r v i e w e d b e c a u s e of h i s o r h e r i n f l u e n c e o n p o l i c y
m a t t e r s c o n c e rn in g th e c o lle c tio n an d d is p o s itio n of o r c h e s t r a fu n d s .
A. s e c o n d b o a r d m e m b e r w a s s e l e c t e d w ho in t h e o p in io n of t h e c o n ­
d u c t o r h a d t h e m o s t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e o r c h e s t r a .
A ll of t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s w e r e i n t e r v i e w e d p e r s o n a l l y , e x c e p t f o r a
c o n d u c t o r w h o c o m m u t e s f r o m C h i c a g o to t h e w e e k ly r e h e a r s a l ,
a n d s p e n d s o n ly a f e w h o u r s in t h e c i t y .
W h e n t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m h a d a s u p e r v i s o r of m u s i c , h e o r
she w as in te rv ie w ed .

T h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e s u p e r v i s o r u p o n t h e

a m o u n t of t i m e a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t g i v e n to c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a
a c t i v i t i e s i s v e r y g r e a t b e c a u s e of h i s o r h e r i n f l u e n c e o n th e t e a c h ­
e r s u n d er su p e rv isio n .

I n f o r m a t i o n f r o m th e r e m a i n d e r of t h e

zz
t e a c h i n g s t a f f u s e d i n th e s tu d y w a s o b t a i n e d b y q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

In ­

c lu d ed in th is g ro u p w as a s e n io r h ig h sch o o l m u s ic t e a c h e r , a
j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r , tw o e l e m e n t a r y m u s i c t e a c h e r s o r
th re e c la ssro o m te a c h e rs .

A ll of t h e s e t e a c h e r s w e r e c o n t a c t e d b e ­

c a u s e of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e v a r i o u s e d u c a t i o n a l
s i t u a t i o n s c o n c e r n e d w ith t h i s s t u d y .

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t s of s c h o o l s

w e re c o v e re d by q u e stio n n a ire o r by in te rv ie w .

T h e i n f l u e n c e of

t h e s c h o o l s u p e r i n t e n d e n t i s v e r y g r e a t o v e r th e s c h o o l b o a r d a n d
th e o th e r a d m in is tr a to r s u n d e r h im on su ch m a t t e r s a s fin a n c e and
u s e of s c h o o l t i m e a n d f a c i l i t i e s .
T h e s a m p l e of c i t i e s w a s s e l e c t e d f r o m
c o m m u n itie s.

s ix c e n tr a l M ich ig an

The c itie s a r e Ann A rb o r, B a ttle C re e k , K a la m a z o o ,

F lin t, L a n sin g , and Ja c k so n .

H e n c e f o r t h t h r o u g h o u t t h e s tu d y t h e

c i t i e s w ill b e r e f e r r e d to o n ly b y a l e t t e r of t h e a l p h a b e t .

B ecause

m u c h of t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e c o n f i d e n ­
t i a l , n o n e of th e i n f o r m a n t s o r o t h e r p e r s o n s d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y
in v o l v e d i n t h e s t u d y w ill b e n a m e d .

W hen th e d a ta w e re o b ta in e d ,

t h e i n f o r m a n t s w e r e a s s u r e d t h a t n e i t h e r t h e i r i d e n t i t y n o r th e n a m e
of t h e c i t y w o u ld b e r e v e a l e d i n r e p o r t i n g t h e d a t a .
p o s e s of t h i s

F o r th e p u r ­

s tu d y t h e l a c k of p r o p e r n a m e s w ill n o t b e a d e t e r r i n g

f a c t o r s in c e it is c o n c e r n e d w ith p r i n c i p l e s an d p r o c e s s e s , and n o t
w ith p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n s o r c itie s .

23
F o r p u r p o s e s of c l a r i f i c a t i o n s e v e r a l t e r m s t h a t a r e u s e d
f r e q u e n tly in th is

s tu d y w i l l b e d e f i n e d .

A n i m p o r t a n t o n e i s th e

\

te rm

"c o m m u n ity o r c h e s tr a .”

H e len M. T h o m p so n h a s m a d e th e

f o ll o w i n g d e f i n i t i o n of a c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a :
T h e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s a r e c o n s id e r e d to b e th e o r c h e s t r a s
w hose m u s ic ia n s m ay o r m a y not re c e iv e fin a n c ial re m u n e ra tio n
f o r o r c h e s t r a w o r k , b u t i n no c a s e i s t h e s y m p h o n y r e m u n e r a t i o n
s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e to e n a b l e a l l m u s i c i a n s i n a g i v e n o r c h e s t r a to
d e p e n d o n i t f o r t h e i r s o l e s o u r c e of i n c o m e f o r e v e n a p o r t i o n
o f t h e year.-*S e v e ra l co n d itio n s a r e u su a lly im p lie d about a c o m m u n ity o r c h e s tr a .
O n e , t h e o r c h e s t r a is b a s i c a l l y a n a m a t e u r g r o u p ; tw o , t h e o r c h e s t r a
is a c o m m u n i t y p r o j e c t a n d n o t th e s p e c i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of a n y
p e r s o n o r g ro u p ; t h r e e , due to its n a tu r e t h e r e a r e d e fin ite l i m i t a ­
tio n s on its r e h e a r s a l and p e r f o r m a n c e s c h e d u le .
The te rm
such o rc h e s tra s .

" c i v i c " is a ls o f r e q u e n tly u s e d in c o n n e c tio n w ith
T h e o r e tic a lly , c iv ic o r c h e s t r a s m a y be p r o f e s ­

s i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h ic h u s e t h e n a m e of s o m e c i t y .
r e c e n t tim e s th e w o rd s

H o w e v e r , in

n c i v i c M a n d " c o m m u n i t y " w h e n a p p l i e d to

o rc h e s tra s a re synonym ous.
c-

The te rm

" c h i l d r e n ’s c o n c e r t " i s u s e d t o d e n o t e a c o n c e r t

sp e c ific a lly d e sig n e d fo r e le m e n ta ry school age c h ild re n .

T h o m p s o n , o p. c i t ., p .

10

U su a lly

24
s u c h a c o n c e r t h a s s o m e t y p e of e x p l a n a t i o n a n d i n s t r u c t i o n c o n n e c t e d
w ith i t .

A. s h o r t e r a n d l i g h t e r t y p e of m u s i c is a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of

such c o n c e rts.
The te rm s

" m u s ic a p p re c ia tio n "

a r e h ig h ly i m p o r ta n t in th is stu d y .

and " m u s ic u n d e rsta n d in g "

A c co rd in g to W e b s te r th e w o rd

" a p p r e c i a t i o n " u s u a l l y c o n n o t e s v a lu in g s o m e t h i n g j u s t l y .

The w o rd

" u n d e r s t a n d i n g " m e a n s t h e c o m p r e h e n s i o n of t h e m e a n i n g of s o m e ­
th in g .

It w o u ld a p p e a r t h a t w ith r e g a r d to m u s i c b o t h w o r d s a r e

n ecessary .

I n d e e d , i t w o u ld b e d i f f i c u l t to h a v e a t r u e a p p r e c i a t i o n

w ith o u t c o m p r e h e n s i o n .

A n d in t h e f i e l d of m u s i c o n e w o u ld n o t

w ant u n d e rs ta n d in g w ith o u t a p p re c ia tio n .

C o n se q u e n tly , th e t e r m

’ ’m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n " o r " a p p r e c i a t i v e l i s t e n i n g " c o n n o t e s n o t o n ly
p le a s u r e , but a lso an u n d e rstan d in g .

In t h i s s t u d y t h e t e r m s

are

u sed a lm o s t in te rc h a n g e a b ly .
Tw o t e r m s w h ic h a t ti m e s c a u s e co n fu sio n a r e
and " g e n e ra l m u s ic ."
o r one.

" in te g ra tio n "

I n t e g r a t i o n is t h e p r o c e s s of m a k i n g w h o le

If o n e w e r e t o i n t e g r a t e a r t a n d m u s i c , h e w o u ld u n ify t h e m

o r m ak e th e m one.

G e n e r a l m u s i c i n t h i s w o r k m e a n s th e m u s i c

c l a s s w h ich p r e s e n t s a c r o s s
lis te n in g , m u sic
a c tiv itie s.

s e c t i o n of m u s i c to t h e s t u d e n t - - s i n g i n g ,

re a d in g , r e c r e a tio n a l in s tr u m e n ts , and o th e r m u s ic a l

C H A P T E R II

IN D IV ID U A L A N A L Y S IS O F C IT I E S

T h i s c h a p t e r d e a l s w i t h t h e s t a t u s of s c h o o l - c o m m u n i t y o r ­
c h e s t r a e ffo rts in a h o r iz o n ta l m a n n e r .
e a c h s itu a tio n on a b r o a d b a s i s .

T h a t i s , i t w ill c o n s i d e r

B e f o r e i n d u lg in g i n a d i s c u s s i o n

of e a c h c i t y , i t s h o u l d f i r s t b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t b y a n d l a r g e t h e
v ie w s of t e a c h e r s o r o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s do n o t d i f f e r s u b s t a n t i a l l y
f r o m one c ity to a n o th e r.
w e re m in o r in n a tu re .

T h e re w e re so m e v a ria tio n s , b u t th ey

W h e n t h e r e a r e o p in io n s h e l d i n o n e c i t y

t h a t t e n d to d e v i a t e f r o m t h o s e w h ic h a r e e x p r e s s e d i n t h e o t h e r
c i t i e s , t h e y w ill b e n o te d .
A s w a s s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , th e s i x c i t i e s i n t h e s a m p l e c o n ­
t a i n e d m a n y s i m i l a r i t i e s a c c o r d i n g to U n i t e d S t a t e s B u r e a u of C e n s u s
d a ta .

The p o p u la tio n v a r ie d f r o m

4 7 ,0 0 0 to 1 6 5 ,0 0 0 .

The p e rc e n ta g e

of n a t i v e - b o r n c i t i z e n s i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n of e a c h c i t y w a s a p p r o x i ­
m a te ly th e s a m e .

A ll c i t i e s h a v e e x p e r i e n c e d s i m i l a r i n c r e a s e s in

p o p u l a t i o n o v e r t h e p a s t tw o d e c a d e s .
m a t e l y t h e s a m e a m o u n t of i n d u s t r y .

E a c h c ity c o n t a i n s a p p r o x i ­
The c itie s a re tru ly c o m m u n i­

t i e s i n t h e i r o w n r i g h t w ith a l m o s t a l l th e e m p l o y e d p e r s o n s w o r k i n g

25

26
and p u rc h a s in g goods in th e s a m e c ity w h e re th e y r e s id e .

A ll h a v e

s i m i l a r s c h o o l s i t u a t i o n s in t h a t t h e y r e c e i v e n e a r l y t h e s a m e f i n a n ­
c i a l s u p p o r t , a n d h a v e a s i m i l a r r a t i o of p a r o c h i a l a n d p u b l i c s c h o o l s .
K

.

The co m m u n ity o r c h e s tr a s a r e

s im ila r in n a tu re .

They re h e a rs e

*

one n ig h t w e ek ly , a r e o rg a n iz e d on a v o lu n te e r, a m a te u r b a s i s , and
a r e o r ie n te d as a c o m m u n ity in s titu tio n .
It m i g h t b e w e l l to m e n t i o n s e v e r a l p o i n t s w h i c h s h o u ld b e
k e p t i n m i n d w h e n e v a l u a t i n g th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d o n t h e m u s i c p r o ­
g ra m in th e school s y ste m .

F i r s t of a l l , i t i s d i f f i c u l t to m a k e a c ­

c u r a te g e n e r a liz a tio n s about th e m u s ic p r o g r a m in a school s y s te m .
T h e r e c a n b e t r e m e n d o u s v a r i a t i o n i n t h e t y p e a n d a m o u n t of i n s t r u c ­
tio n b e tw e e n sch o o ls w ith in a city .

T h e s i z e of t h e i n d i v i d u a l s c h o o l ,

f o r e x a m p l e , c a n v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y , a n d t h e s i z e of t h e s c h o o l in
t u r n c a n a l t e r t h e t y p e of m u s i c p r o g r a m .
I n e v a l u a t i n g s c h o o l s y s t e m s i t i s s o m e t i m e s s i g n i f i c a n t to
n o t e w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e c i t y h a s a s u p e r v i s o r of m u s i c .

W ith o u t

s o m e p e r s o n w ho is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o o r d i n a t i n g t h e m u s i c p r o g r a m ,
jo in t s c h o o l- c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a e ffo rts w ill h a v e a d ifficu lt tim e
b e in g s u c c e s s f u l.

M u c h of t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e s u p e r v i s o r l i e s i n

t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e p e r s o n h o ld in g t h a t p o s i t i o n .

I n t h i s s tu d y

s u p e r v i s o r s of m u s i c h a d v a r y i n g e f f e c t s o n th e s c h o o l m u s i c p r o ­
g ram .

27
I n e v a l u a t i n g i n s t r u c t i o n in t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s i t i s i m ­
p o r ta n t to n o te c e r t a i n th in g s .

F i r s t , is th e m u s ic ta u g h t by a m u s ic

s p e c ia lis t o r b y th e ro o m t e a c h e r ?
m u sic

A l l o t h e r f a c t o r s b e in g e q u a l a

s p e c i a l i s t i s p r o b a b l y t o b e d e s i r e d b e c a u s e h e o r s h e (1) i s

b e t t e r t r a i n e d f o r m u s i c t e a c h i n g , (2) i s m o r e i n t e r e s t e d in m u s i c ,
a n d (3) w ill t e a c h a u n i f o r m l e n g t h of p e r i o d .
p o rta n t.

T he la s t p o in t is i m ­

A. s u p e r v i s o r m a y w a n t t h e r o o m t e a c h e r s t o t e a c h 100

m i n u t e s of m u s i c a w e e k , b u t i t d o e s n o t f o l l o w t h a t t h i s w ill b e
done.

M any s u p e r v is o r s f r e e ly a d m it th a t th e r e a r e m a n y ro o m

t e a c h e r s w ho a r e l a x , v e r y l a x , a b o u t t e a c h i n g m u s i c .

The m u sic

s p e c i a l i s t s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t e a c h t h e a m o u n t of t i m e w h i c h is
s tated .

T h e r e f o r e , t h e a m o u n t of t i m e l i s t e d u n d e r e a c h c i t y m u s t

b e c o n sid e re d c are fu lly .
W ith j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l i n s t r u c t i o n i t is i m p o r t a n t t o n o te
tw o p o i n t s .

O ne i s t h e a m o u n t of m u s i c r e q u i r e d of a l l s t u d e n t s .

T h e o t h e r i s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of g e n e r a l m u s i c t o t h e s t u d e n t s .

G en­

e r a l m u s ic is s ig n ific a n t b e c a u s e it is u s u a lly ta u g h t so th a t a p o r ­
t i o n of t h e c l a s s t i m e i s d e v o t e d to m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n .

In p e r f o r m ­

in g g r o u p s t h e e m p h a s i s i s u p o n p e r f o r m a n c e a n d n o t a p p r e c i a t i o n .
A t h i r d f a c t o r t o b e n o t e d is t h e e m p h a s i s u p o n l i s t e n i n g i n
th e p r o g r a m

of t h e s c h o o l .

To a s s i s t in e v alu a tin g th is , th e a v a il­

a b ility of re c o r d in g s is c ite d .

G e n e r a l l y a c e n t r a l l i b r a r y of r e c o r d i n g s

28
\

i s n o t a s g o o d a s h a v in g t h e r e c o r d i n g s
sch o o l b u ild in g .

r e a d i l y a c c e s s i b l e in th e

T h e r e i s a n u i s a n c e f a c t o r in b o r r o w i n g r e c o r d i n g s

w h ic h t e n d s to d i s c o u r a g e t h e i r u s e .

T he to ta l tim e a v ailab le f o r

m u s i c i s s i g n i f i c a n t in c o n s i d e r i n g t h e e m p h a s i s o n l i s t e n i n g .

W hen

th e tim e f o r m u s ic is q u ite lim it e d , so th e n is th e tim e f o r lis te n in g
e x p e rie n c e .

I n f a c t , w h e n c o n f r o n t e d w ith l i m i t e d t i m e , t e a c h e r s

t o b e m o r e i n c l i n e d to s t r e s s
ing.

seem

s in g in g a n d a c t i v i t i e s o t h e r t h a n l i s t e n ­

It is s i g n i f i c a n t t o n o t e w h e t h e r o r n o t a c i t y h a s a p r e p a r e d

c o u r s e of s t u d y .

W ith a c o u r s e of s t u d y th e c h a n c e s of a c t u a l l y

h a v in g g o o d l i s t e n i n g e x p e r i e n c e s a r e i n c r e a s e d .
c o u r s e of s t u d y , a n y t y p e of l i s t e n i n g p r o g r a m

W h en t h e r e i s no

is p o s s ib le - - g o o d ,

bad, and in d iffe re n t.
F i n a l l y , th e s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n p r o g r a m o f t h e s c h o o l i s c i t e d .
T h i s is d u e to t h e p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a s
and c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s .

I n t e r e s t i n th e s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s in

s c h o o l s s h o u ld a s s i s t a n i n t e r e s t in o r c h e s t r a s a n d o r c h e s t r a m u s i c .
Of s i g n i f i c a n c e is t h e a m o u n t of t h i s ty p e of i n s t r u c t i o n g i v e n t h e
stu d en ts.

T h e n o n e s h o u ld n o t e t h e n u m b e r s of p l a y e r s

s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s in t h e c i t y .

s tu d y in g

O ne s h o u ld n o t r a t e o r c h e s t r a

s i z e t o o h ig h ly b e c a u s e s o m e c i t i e s t e n d to h a v e m o r e a n d s m a l l e r
sch o o ls th a n o th e r c itie s .

The c ity -w id e fig u re w hen a n aly z e d on a

c o m p a r a b le b a s is w ith to ta l p o p u la tio n is s ig n ific a n t.

29
s

T h i s r e p o r t a s s u m e s t h a t t h e q u a l i t y of i n s t r u c t i o n a n d s i n ­
c e r i t y of p u r p o s e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l f r o m

c i t y to c i t y .

No a t ­

t e m p t h a s b e e n m a d e t o e v a l u a t e t h e q u a l i t y of i n s t r u c t i o n .

E v a lu ­

a t i o n s of c i t i e s w i t h r e g a r d to s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m s a r e m a d e on
t h e b a s i s of th e f a c t o r s a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d .
T h e i n f o r m a n t s w e r e a s k e d to r a t e t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a
in t h e i r c ity as a p e r f o r m in g o rg a n iz a tio n .

By th is m e th o d so m e

i n d i c a t i o n of p e r f o r m i n g a b i l i t y i s a v a i l a b l e .

T h e ty p e of m u s i c

t h a t t h e o r c h e s t r a p e r f o r m s i s a l s o s o m e i n d i c a t i o n of t h e q u a l i t y
of t h e o r c h e s t r a , a l t h o u g h a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e d i f f i c u l t y of
m u s i c a n d th e q u a l i t y of p e r f o r m a n c e i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a p o s i t i v e
one.

In a d d i t i o n , t h e w r i t e r h a s p l a y e d in s e v e r a l of t h e o r c h e s t r a s u s e d

in t h e s tu d y .

T h e r e f o r e , s ta t e m e n ts r e g a r d in g o r c h e s t r a q u a lity

a r e b a s e d u p o n t h e s e t h r e e s o u r c e s of i n f o r m a t i o n l i s t e d a b o v e .

C ity A

C ity A i s t h e s e a t of a l a r g e s t a t e u n i v e r s i t y .
o r c h e s t r a h a s 65 m e m b e r s .

It g iv e s th r e e r e g u l a r c o n c e r ts e a c h

y e a r , one c o n c e rt f o r sch o o l stu d e n ts, and one " p o p s "
a d d i t i o n t o tw o o p e n r e h e a r s a l s .
in c h a r a c t e r .

T he c o m m u n ity

c o n c e r t in

T he o r c h e s t r a is d e fin ite ly a m a te u r

It m a k e s n o e f f o r t to h i r e w e l l - k n o w n o u t s i d e a r t i s t s

and d o e s not a tte m p t to h i r e p l a y e r s f r o m

o t h e r c i t i e s u n l e s s i t is

30
n ecessary .

T h e c o n d u c t o r of t h e o r c h e s t r a i s o n t h e m u s i c f a c u l t y

at th e u n iv e rs ity .

He is an e x p e r ie n c e d m u s ic ia n and c o n d u c to r and

h a s h a d a g r e a t d e a l of e x p e r ie n c e co n d u ctin g c iv ic o r c h e s t r a s .
T h e p r e s e n c e of th e u n iv e r s ity in th e c ity is b o th a boo n
and a d e tr im e n t to th e o r c h e s t r a .

O n t h e p o s i t i v e s i d e th e u n i v e r ­

s ity s u p p lie s th e o r c h e s t r a w ith m u c h of its p e r s o n n e l.

M o s t of th e

p l a y e r s a n d m e m b e r s of t h e g o v e r n i n g b o a r d of t h e o r c h e s t r a a r e
in s o m e w a y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e u n i v e r s i t y , e i t h e r a s s t u d e n t s o r a s
fa c u lty .

A lso th is s itu a tio n m a k e s it re a s o n a b ly e a s y f o r th e o r ­

c h e s t r a t o o b t a i n a h i g h q u a l i t y of p e r s o n n e l w i t h o u t a l a r g e e x p e n d i ­
t u r e of m o n e y .

O n t h e n e g a t i v e s i d e of t h i s s i t u a t i o n i s t h e f a c t

t h a t t h e u n i v e r s i t y m a i n t a i n s a v e r y l a r g e a n d h ig h q u a l i t y c o n c e r t
se rie s.

I n a d d i t i o n , it h a s m a n y f i n e s t u d e n t m u s i c g r o u p s s u c h a s

o r c h e s t r a , b a n d , o p e r a , an d c h o irs and g le e c lu b s.

T h e se o th e r

m u s i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e s f u r n i s h t h e o r c h e s t r a a t r e m e n d o u s a m o u n t of
c o m p e titio n f o r a u d ie n c e s .

In m a n y w a y s it is e v e n d i f f i c u l t f o r t h e

o r c h e s t r a to s c h e d u l e p e r f o r m a n c e d a t e s w h i c h w ill n o t c o n f l i c t w ith
so m e e v en t at th e u n iv e rs ity .
T h e o r c h e s t r a is fin a n c e d th ro u g h p r iv a te c o n trib u tio n s and
a s m a ll a llo c a tio n f r o m th e c ity .
one " p o p s "

T h e c ity f u r n i s h e s t h e m o n e y f o r

c o n c e r t in t h e m o n t h of J u n e , w h ic h i s p l a y e d in o n e

of th e c ity p a r k s .

The o r c h e s t r a does not c h a rg e fo r its c o n c e r ts .

It h a s t h e u s e of s c h o o l f a c i l i t i e s f o r r e h e a r s a l a n d u s e s t h e a u d i ­
t o r i u m o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y f o r m o s t of i t s p e r f o r m a n c e s .
T h e m u s i c d e p a r t m e n t i n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s is u n d e r t h e
s u p e r v i s i o n of a m e m b e r of t h e s c h o o l o f m u s i c of t h e u n i v e r s i t y .
S he d i v i d e s h e r t i m e a b o u t e q u a l l y b e t w e e n t h e s c h o o l s a n d t h e u n i ­
v e rsity .

In th e e le m e n ta r y sc h o o ls th e ro o m te a c h e r s in a ll g ra d e s

a r e e x p e c t e d to t e a c h t h e i r ow n m u s i c .

T hey h av e th e r e g u l a r a s si

t a n c e a m o u n t i n g t o o n e p e r i o d of t w e n t y m i n u t e s e a c h w e e k of a
m u sic s p e c ia list.

In a d d itio n to th is a m u s ic s p e c ia li s t c o n d u cts

a n a s s e m b l y s in g in g p e r i o d o n c e a w e e k f o r t h e u p p e r e l e m e n t a r y
g rad es.

T h e s in g u s u a l l y l a s t s f r o m t w e n t y to t h i r t y m i n u t e s .

In

a l l , t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m o f f e r s i t s s t u d e n t s i n th e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s
a b o u t a h u n d r e d to 120 m i n u t e s of b a s i c m u s i c

each w eek.

S in c e

t h e r o o m t e a c h e r s a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r m u c h of t h e i n s t r u c t i o n , t h i s
fig u re can v a ry c o n sid e ra b ly .

T h e r e i s a p r e p a r e d c o u r s e of s tu d y

f o r m u s ic on th e e le m e n ta r y sch o o l le v e l.
m e n ta ry songbook s e r ie s

Books fro m

s e v e ra l e le ­

a re used.

A t t h e j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l l e v e l t h e r e i s no r e ­
q u i r e d m u s i c in a n y g r a d e .
t h e j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l s .
g ra m v a rie s

S t u d e n t s m a y e l e c t g e n e r a l m u s i c in

O n t h e j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l l e v e l t h e p r o ­

s o m e w h a t f r o m b u ild in g to b u i l d i n g .

The m u s ic te a c h e

32
in t h e j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l s m e e t t o d i s c u s s c u r r i c u l u m a n d t o w o r k
to g e th e r to k e e p th e p r o g r a m

som ew hat sim ila r.

T h e m u s ic te a c h e r s fe e l th a t th e y p la c e c o n s id e ra b le e m p h a ­
s is upon lis te n in g e x p e r ie n c e s , e s p e c ia lly in th e e le c tiv e g e n e r a l
m u sic c la s s e s .

T he ju n io r h ig h s c h o o ls p o s s e s s w h at is t e r m e d by

th e s u p e r v is o r " l a r g e "
a v ailab le .

reco rd lib ra rie s.

No e x a c t f i g u r e s w e r e

T h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s m a k e u s e of a l a r g e c i r c u l a t i n g

l i b r a r y of r e c o r d i n g s w h ic h i s m a i n t a i n e d b y t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m .
T h e sch o o l s y s te m has an a ctiv e s trin g e d in s tr u m e n t p r o ­
g ram .

T h e stu d en ts a r e

s t a r t e d o n s tr in g e d in s tr u m e n ts in th e

f o u r t h g r a d e a n d g i v e n tw o p e r i o d s o f i n s t r u c t i o n l a s t i n g t h i r t y
m in u te s.

F o r th o s e e le m e n ta r y s tu d e n ts who h a v e s tu d ie d a y e a r

t h e tw o p e r i o d s a r e s p l i t u p .

O ne i s a n a d v a n c e d c l a s s a n d t h e

o t h e r c o n s i s t s of e n s e m b l e p l a y i n g .

T h e r e a r e 110 e l e m e n t a r y

s t u d e n t s s tu d y in g s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s .

T h e ju n io r h ig h sch o o l

o r c h e s t r a s v a ry b e tw e e n six ty and sev e n ty p l a y e r s .

T he h ig h sch o o l

o r c h e s t r a n u m b e r s a b o u t 45 o r 50.
A s f o r th e s c h o o l - c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a r e l a t i o n s , t h e o r ­
c h e s t r a i n C i t y A. h a s b e e n q u ite a c t i v e .
c o n c e rts f o r about sev e n y e a r s .

It h a s m a i n t a i n e d c h i l d r e n ' s

It a t t e m p t s to c r e a t e i n t e r e s t i n a n d

t o do s o m e of t h e p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e c o n c e r t s t h r o u g h t h e d e v i c e of
a m u s ic in fo rm a tio n c o n test.

T he stu d en ts a r e p r e p a r e d f o r th e

33
c o n te s t by th e o r c h e s t r a c o n d u c to r w ho p r e s e n t s h is m a t e r i a l o v e r
th e ra d io .

A t th e c o n c e r t th e c o n te s t w in n e rs a r e an n o u n ce d and

a s k e d to a p p e a r on t h e s t a g e a s a n h o n o r f o r t h e i r e f f o r t s .

The

c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t c o v e r s , in a d d i t i o n t o t h e c h i l d r e n in t h e c i t y ,
a l l t h e c h i l d r e n f r o m t h e s e v e r a l s c h o o l s i n t h e c o u n ty .

The y ear

t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n w a s b e in g o b t a i n e d , t h i s o r c h e s t r a w a s t r y i n g o n e
c o n c e r t f o r ju n i o r h ig h sch o o l s tu d e n ts .

T h e c o n d u c t o r of th e o r ­

c h e s tr a fe lt th a t e d u ca tio n a l o b je c tiv e s a r e th e m o s t im p o r ta n t f o r
th e o r c h e s t r a in its situ a tio n .

He fe lt th a t it cannot co m p ete a s a

m u s i c o r g a n i z a t i o n w ith t h o s e m a i n t a i n e d b y th e u n i v e r s i t y a n d t h o s e
on its c o n c e rt s e r ie s .

T h e r e f o r e , h e s t a t e d t h a t t h e o r c h e s t r a s h o u ld

b e a n i n s t r u m e n t of m u s i c e d u c a t i o n t o t h e s t u d e n t s i n t h e s c h o o l s
a nd a t th e s a m e tim e p ro v id e a v o c a tio n a l e x p e rie n c e f o r th o s e ad u lts
w h o p l a y i n th e o r c h e s t r a .

In t h i s c i t y t h e r e is a l s o a y o u th o r ­

c h e s t r a f o r t e e n - a g e s t u d e n t s f r o m th e c i t y a n d s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s .
T h e p r o g r a m p r e s e n t e d b y t h e o r c h e s t r a t e n d s to b e n o t to o
se rio u s.

The o r c h e s tr a p la y s such m u sic as

" I n v ita tio n to th e

D a n c e , " b y v o n W e b e r , " P r e l u d e to A c t III of L o h e n g r i n , " b y W a g n e r ,
" M e r r y W iv e s of W i n d s o r , " b y N i c o l a i , a n d u s u a l l y o n e s y m p h o n y a
year.

T h e r e i s l i t t l e m o d e r n m u s i c p e r f o r m e d b y th e g r o u p .

34
C ity B

T h e r e i s no c o l l e g e o r u n i v e r s i t y i n C ity B .

S o m e of th e i n ­

d i v i d u a l s m a d e w e a l t h y t h r o u g h th e l o c a l i n d u s t r i e s h a v e s h o w n i n t e r ­
e s t in th e c ity and h a v e d o n a te d m o n e y f o r s c h o o ls , p a r k s , a n d h o s ­
p i t a l s , b u t t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e o r c h e s t r a h a v e n o t b e e n so
generous.
T h e o r c h e s t r a h a s ab o u t six ty m e m b e r s .
c o n c e r t s a s e a s o n p l u s tw o ’’p o p s " c o n c e r t s .
ta in s r a t h e r s tric tly an a m a te u r s ta tu s .
m u sic ia n s as

It p r e s e n t s f o u r
The o r c h e s tr a m a in ­

It d o e s n o t e m p l o y o u t s i d e

so lo ists o r o r c h e s tr a m e m b e rs u n le ss n e c e s s a r y .

u s e s a b o u t t e n to f i f t e e n h ig h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s .

It

C ity B a n d C ity D

w e r e t h e o n ly c i t i e s to u s e a n y n u m b e r of h ig h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s i n
th e o r c h e s t r a .

T h e o r c h e s t r a a l s o s p o n s o r s a n a m a t e u r s o lo c o n ­

t e s t , a n d h a s t h e t h r e e w i n n e r s p l a y a c o n c e r t o m o v e m e n t w ith th e
o rc h e stra .

T h e c o n d u c to r is e m p lo y e d on a f u ll- tim e b a s is as a

t i m e s t u d y e n g i n e e r i n a f a c t o r y , a lt h o u g h h e i s a g r a d u a t e of a
s c h o o l of m u s i c .

He d ir e c ts th e o r c h e s t r a f o r a v e ry s m a ll s a la r y .

H i s w if e i s t h e c o n c e r t m i s t r e s s of t h e o r c h e s t r a .
T h ere has been som e c ritic is m

m a d e of t h e o r c h e s t r a b y

m e m b e r s of t h e c o m m u n i t y w h o a r e m u s i c i a n s .

They sta te th a t

t h e q u a l i t y of t h e o r c h e s t r a i s o n ly a l i t t l e b e t t e r t h a n t h a t of m o s t

35
h ig h sc h o o l g ro u p s .

E v e n t h o u g h th e o r c h e s t r a w a s f o u n d e d o v e r

f i f t y y e a r s a g o i t h a s n o t s u c c e e d e d in g e t t i n g t h e i n t e r e s t a n d p a r ­
t i c i p a t i o n of m a n y of t h e m u s i c i a n s w h o r e s i d e i n th e c o m m u n i t y .
U s u a lly th e o r c h e s t r a in C ity B c a n a t t r a c t a f a i r - s i z e d a u d ie n c e
(a b o u t a t h i r d of t h e s e a t i n g c a p a c i t y of t h e a u d i t o r i u m w h ic h w ill
s e a t a b o u t 1500 p e r s o n s ) .
co n cert s e r ie s .

T he c ity d o es not m a in ta in any m a j o r

T h u s t h e o r c h e s t r a d o e s n o t h a v e a g r e a t d e a l of

c o m p e t i t i o n i n a t t r a c t i n g p e o p l e to i t s c o n c e r t s .
T h i s o r c h e s t r a h a s t h e s m a l l e s t b u d g e t of th e s i x s t u d i e d .
It is m a i n t a i n e d v e r y l a r g e l y t h r o u g h s a l e of t i c k e t s , e s p e c i a l l y to
th e n p o p s M c o n c e rt.

It u s e s th e school f a c ilitie s f o r r e h e a r s a ls

and f o r p e r f o r m a n c e s .
T h e m u s ic d e p a r tm e n t in th e c ity 's

sch o o l s y s te m h a s w ith in

th e l a s t fe w y e a r s h a d a s u p e r v i s o r of m u s ic .

He d ev o tes about

h a l f h i s t i m e to s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k a n d t h e o t h e r h a l f to a c t u a l t e a c h ­
in g of i n s t r u m e n t a l m u s i c .

T he ro o m te a c h e r s in th e e le m e n ta ry

s c h o o l s t e a c h t h e i r ow n m u s i c .

T h e r e is o n ly o ne m u s i c s p e c i a l i s t

f o r a ll th e s ix te e n e le m e n ta r y s c h o o ls .

The s p e c ia lis t t r i e s d ili­

g e n t l y to b e i n e a c h b u ild in g o n c e a w e e k .
t h a t of c o n s u l t a n t r a t h e r t h a n a s u p e r v i s o r .

H e r s e r v i c e is m o r e
She h e l p s t h e e l e m e n t a r y

t e a c h e r s w h o r e q u e s t a s s i s t a n c e a n d t e a c h e s t h o s e t e a c h e r s w ho
v o lu n ta rily a tte n d tra in in g s e s s io n s .

T h e m u s i c s p e c i a l i s t h o p e s to

36
h av e th e c h ild r e n re c e iv e

100 m i n u t e s of m u s i c e a c h w e e k , b u t r e a l ­

i z e s t h a t t h i s o b j e c t i v e is s e l d o m r e a l i z e d .

Books fr o m

sev eral

songbook s e r i e s a r e u sed .
O n t h e j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l l e v e l g e n e r a l m u s i c i s r e q u i r e d of
e v e r y s e v e n th g r a d e stu d e n t one p e r io d a day f o r t h ir te e n w e ek s.
th e e ig h th g r a d e m u s ic is e le c tiv e .

A ll e l e c t i v e m u s i c c o n s i s t s of

p e r f o r m i n g g r o u p s w ith n o g e n e r a l m u s i c b e i n g a v a i l a b l e .

T h e r e is

a b o o k o f s u g g e s t e d u n i t s i n j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l g e n e r a l m u s i c w h ic h
t h e t e a c h e r m a y f o l l o w if s h e s o d e s i r e s .

T h e r e i s no o t h e r t y p e

of c o u r s e o f s t u d y f o r t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m .
T h e i n d i v i d u a l e l e m e n t a r y a n d j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l s c o n t a i n
v e ry few re c o r d in g s .

H o w e v e r, t h e r e is a l a r g e r e c o r d l i b r a r y in

c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m ' s a u d i o - v i s u a l c e n t e r w h ic h i s
a v a i l a b l e to a l l t e a c h e r s .

The te a c h e rs offer w hat liste n in g e x p e ­

r i e n c e s t h e y c a n w i t h th e l i m i t e d t i m e a t t h e i r d i s p o s a l .

U su a lly

o n e p e r i o d o u t of f i v e i s d e v o t e d to l i s t e n i n g w o r k i n t h e j u n i o r
h ig h sch o o l g e n e r a l m u s ic c l a s s .
I n s t r u c t i o n i n s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s i s b e g u n in t h e f o u r t h
g r a d e w ith c l a s s e s m e e tin g tw ic e a w eek f o r th i r t y m in u te s .

In

t h e e n t i r e c i t y t h e r e a r e a b o u t 70 to 75 s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t p l a y e r s
in th e e le m e n ta r y s c h o o ls .

In

T h e ju n io r h ig h sch o o l o r c h e s t r a s

37
a v e r a g e b e tw e e n f o r t y and fifty m u s i c i a n s , a n d th e h ig h sch o o l o r ­
c h e s tra n u m b e rs about fo rty -fiv e .
T h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n th e s c h o o l m u s i c
p ro g ram
m u sic

and th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a .

F u r t h e r m o r e , n e i t h e r th e

s u p e r v i s o r n o r t h e c o n d u c t o r of th e o r c h e s t r a a p p e a r to b e

v e ry i n t e r e s t e d in w o rk in g to g e th e r at th e p r e s e n t tim e .
n o f e e l i n g s of a n i m o s i t y b e t w e e n t h e m , h o w e v e r .

T h ere are

P a r t of th e p r o b le m

i n t h i s a r e a s t e m s f r o m th e f a c t t h a t t h e q u a l i t y of t h e c o m m u n i t y
o r c h e s t r a i s n o t o f a t y p e t o e l i c i t t h e i n t e r e s t of th e s c h o o l m u s i c
p e rso n n e l.
I n g e n e r a l t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a i n C i t y B p e r f o r m s q u ite
lig h t p r o g r a m s .

I n o t h e r w o r d s i t p l a y s a c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t of

w hat m ig h t b e te r m e d u p o p s " m u s ic .

O n ly a fe w t i m e s in r e c e n t

y e a r s h a s t h e o r c h e s t r a a t t e m p t e d to p e r f o r m

a w h o le s y m p h o n y .

C ity C

T h e o r c h e s t r a i n C ity C is m a d e up o f a b o u t e i g h t y - f i v e
m em b ers.

It p r e s e n ts

six c o n c e rts

each y ear.

I n c l u d e d in t h i s

n u m b e r i s t h e C h r i s t m a s c o n c e r t , of w h ic h o n e - h a l f i s d e v o t e d to
m u s i c w h i c h w o u ld e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t c h i l d r e n .
of i t s m e m b e r s h i p is u n i o n i z e d .

O v e r 60 p e r c e n t

T he o r c h e s t r a is c o n s id e r e d to b e

e x c e l l e n t , a n d i s r e g a r d e d v e r y h ig h ly b y t h e m u s i c i a n s in t h e

38
su rro u n d in g a r e a s

It m a k e s

s o m e s e r i o u s a t t e m p t s to b e p r o f e s ­

s i o n a l , a s i t e m p l o y s a t l e a s t o n e Mb ig n a m e " a r t i s t e a c h s e a s o n .
F o r in s ta n c e , R o b e rta P e t e r s
been guest a rtis ts .

and A r tu r R u b in stein h av e re c e n tly

T h e c o n d u c t o r of t h e o r c h e s t r a c o m m u t e s f r o m

C h i c a g o w e e k l y , w h e r e h e i s t h e c o n d u c t o r of a l a r g e u n i v e r s i t y
o r c h e s t r a a n d a n o th e r c o m m u n ity g ro u p in C h icag o .

He has been

t h e c o n d u c t o r of t h e o r c h e s t r a in C ity C f o r t h e p a s t 21 y e a r s .
T h e p r e s e n c e of th e c o lle g e s in th e c ity h a s h a d s o m e in ­
f l u e n c e o n t h e c i t y a s a w h o le , e s p e c i a l l y i n th e s c h o o l s y s t e m .
H o w e v e r , th e c i t y o r c o l l e g e s do n o t m a i n t a i n a n e x t e n s i v e c o n ­
cert s e rie s.

T h e c o n c e r t s e r i e s i s of v e r y h i g h q u a l i t y b u t th e

p r o g r a m s a r e not n u m e ro u s .

T h e r e f o r e , i t d o e s n o t f u r n i s h th e

o r c h e s t r a w i t h a n u n d u e a m o u n t of c o m p e t i t i o n .
c o n c e r ts a r e v e r y w ell a tte n d e d .
th e

average

c o n c e rt.
around
c h e stra

1,500

A lso
300

to

to

1,800

of m u c h
500

te en -ag e

It h a s b e e n c a l c u l a t e d t h a t on

p erso n s

in te re st

The o rc h e s tr a

to

stu d en ts

w ill b e
th e

p resen t

s tu d y

u su a lly

is

at

each

th e f a c t th a t

a tte n d

re g u la r

o r­

c o n c e rts.
I n f o r m a n t s a g r e e t h a t m u c h of t h e s u c c e s s of t h e c o m m u n i t y

o r c h e s t r a i n C ity C is d u e to t h e p e r s o n a l i t y of o n e p e r s o n .
t h e p e r s o n w h o c o n c e i v e d t h e i d e a of th e o r c h e s t r a

She i s

som e th irty -fo u r

39
y e a r s a g o a n d s e r v e d a s i t s b u s i n e s s m a n a g e r f r o m t h a t t i m e u n til
19 5 3 .

T o g iv e s o m e i n s i g h t i n to th e b e l i e f a n d a t t i t u d e of t h i s w o m a n ,

t h e f o ll o w i n g s e c t i o n i s q u o t e d f r o m th e t w e n t y —f i f t h a n n i v e r s a r y p r o ­
gram :
T h e f i r s t c o n c e r t w a s h e l d i n D e c e m b e r , 1921, a t t h e M a s o n i c
T e m p l e , a n d w e u s e d t h a t a u d i t o r i u m u n t i l 1926.
The f ir s t
n u m b e r on o u r f i r s t p r o g r a m w as th e P h e d r e O v e rtu re by M a s s a n e t.
I n o w q u o te f r o m M r s . . . , " T h e f i r s t c o n c e r t w a s w e l l r e ­
c e i v e d , a l t h o u g h I w e n t h o m e a n d s h e d b i t t e r t e a r s , t h in k in g of
th e m a n y b a d s p o ts . It s e e m e d a lm o s t h o p e l e s s - - t h e n I d e t e r ­
m i n e d t h a t t h e n e x t c o n c e r t w o u ld b e b e t t e r , t h a t w e w o u ld h a v e
a b e tte r sym phony o rc h e s tra .
We had m o re r e h e a r s a ls , w orked
h a r d e r , and th e n ex t c o n c e rt w as b e t t e r . "
T hat h a s b e en th e
s p ir it th a t h as m a d e th e id e a such a s u c c e s s .
A s t o t h e b u s i n e s s e n d of o u r o r c h e s t r a t h e f i r s t y e a r :
Our
b u s i n e s s m a n a g e r , M r s . . . ., s o l d a ll t h e t i c k e t s , h a d p r o g r a m s
p r i n t e d , a n d a t t e n d e d t o p r a c t i c a l l y a l l t h e o t h e r m a n y d e t a i l s w h ic h
w e re a b so lu te ly n e c e s s a r y .
A. g r e a t h e lp to u s d u r i n g t h e e a r l y
y e a r s w a s t h e f a c t t h a t M r . . . ., t h e n m u s i c c r i t i c of t h e G a ­
z e t t e , to o k a g r e a t i n t e r e s t i n o u r e f f o r t s .
T h e r e w a s m u c h to
c r i t i c i z e a n d l i t t l e to c o m m e n d i n t h o s e f i r s t c o n c e r t s , b u t h e
w as w ise enough to know th a t a g ro u p su ch a s o u rs n e ed e d e n ­
c o u r a g e m e n t a n d h e w a s k in d in h is r e v ie w s , m e n tio n in g th e few
g o o d t h i n g s , a n d a s k e d f o r t h e s u p p o r t f r o m t h e p u b l i c . H is
r e v i e w s a n d t h e l o y a l t y a n d s u p p o r t of th e m u s i c - l o v e r s w ho
c a m e to o u r c o n c e r ts r e g u la r ly , p o o r a s th e y w e r e , a c c o u n t
i n a l a r g e m e a s u r e f o r o u r s u c c e s s to d a y . ^
It i s of i n t e r e s t to n o t e t h a t M r s .

. . .

in th e e a r l y d a y s of

t h e o r c h e s t r a s o u g h t t o i n t e g r a t e i t s w o r k w ith th e s c h o o l s .

For

^ P r o g r a m n o te s f r o m T w e n ty -F ifth A n n iv e rs a ry C o n c e rt P r o ­
g r a m , O c t o b e r 14, 1 9 4 5 , p . 11.

40
e x a m p l e , s h e w e n t t o t h e p r e s i d e n t of o n e o f t h e l a r g e p a p e r p r o c e s s ­
in g f i r m s a n d a s k e d t h a t h e m a k e a c o n t r i b u t i o n to t h e o r c h e s t r a
b u d g e t f o r t h e p u r p o s e of g iv in g f r e e t i c k e t s a s a n a w a r d t o d e s e r v ­
in g s c h o o l s t u d e n t s .

H e r re q u e st w as g ra n te d and a c e rta in n u m b e r

of f r e e t i c k e t s w e r e g i v e n b y t h e m u s i c t e a c h e r s of t h e s c h o o l s to
d e se rv in g stu d e n ts.

In a d d i t i o n , s h e d id m u c h t o p r o m o t e t h e c o n ­

c e r t s b y p u b l i c i t y in t h e s c h o o l s a n d e v e n h a d t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s
s e l l t i c k e t s to t h e o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t s .
tic k e ts and th e te a c h e r s

T h e s e p r a c t i c e s of t h e f r e e

s e llin g t ic k e ts a r e no l o n g e r c a r r i e d on,

p a r t l y b e c a u s e t h e o r c h e s t r a f o u n d t h a t i t w a s no l o n g e r n e c e s s a r y
and p a r tly b e c a u s e th e sch o o l b o a r d h as

s i n c e p r o h i b i t e d th e s a l e

of t i c k e t s t o e v e n t s n o t s p o n s o r e d b y t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m .
T h e s c h o o l s y s t e m h a s e n jo y e d t h e b e n e f i t of a m u s i c
v i s o r f o r a t l e a s t th e p a s t n in e y e a r s .

su p er­

He is a stro n g le a d e r and

h ig h ly re c o g n iz e d in p r o f e s s i o n a l c i r c l e s .

The school m u sic p ro g ra m

i s a h i g h l y a r t i c u l a t e o n e w i t h m u c h e m p h a s i s o n a l l p h a s e s of m u s i c .
It i s th e b e l i e f of t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m t h a t e v e n t h e h ig h s c h o o l b a n d s ,
o r c h e s t r a s , a n d c h o i r s a r e no t o n ly p e r f o r m i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s , b u t
also ' m u s ic c la s s e s in a b r o a d s e n s e .
In t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s th e r o o m t e a c h e r s a r e e x p e c t e d
t o t e a c h t h e i r ow n m u s i c f r o m k i n d e r g a r t e n t h r o u g h th e s e c o n d o r
th ird g rad e.

(T h e l a t t e r f i g u r e v a r i e s f r o m

s c h o o l to s c h o o l.)

The

41
k i n d e r g a r t e n a n d f i r s t g r a d e c h i l d r e n r e c e i v e f i f t y m i n u t e s of m u s i c
e a c h w e e k , th e s e c o n d g r a d e r s a h u n d r e d m i n u t e s a w e e k , a n d s t a r t ­
in g i n t h e t h i r d o r f o u r t h g r a d e th e s t u d e n t s r e c e i v e
m u sic each w eek.

T e a c h e r s of k i n d e r g a r t e n , f i r s t ,

150 m i n u t e s of
second, and s o m e ­

t i m e s t h i r d g r a d e r e c e i v e a l i m i t e d a m o u n t of s u p e r v i s i o n a n d a s s i s ­
tan ce.

T h e s u p e r v i s o r a c t s a s b o th a s u p e r v i s o r a n d a c o n s u l t a n t

on th is le v e l.

In t h e t h i r d o r f o u r t h g r a d e a m u s i c s p e c i a l i s t a s ­

su m e s th e r e s p o n s ib ility f o r a ll th e m u s ic in s tru c tio n .

The m u sic

c o u r s e b e c o m e s n o t o n ly th e b a s i c v o c a l m u s i c t y p e of t r a i n i n g , b u t
a n i n t e g r a t e d v o c a l a n d i n s t r u m e n t a l c o u r s e ta u g h t b y t h e s a m e
te a c h e r.

T h e s tu d e n ts a r e a ll g iv e n e x p lo ra to ry e x p e r ie n c e s on

in s tr u m e n ts in th e e le m e n ta r y s c h o o ls.

S e v e ra l songbook s e r ie s

a re used.
I n th e s e v e n t h g r a d e a ll s t u d e n t s a r e r e q u i r e d to t a k e g e n ­
e r a l m q s i c f o r tw o a n d a h a l f p e r i o d s e a c h w e e k .
a ll s tu d e n ts a r e
w eek.
c la sse s.

In e i g h t h g r a d e

r e q u i r e d t o t a k e one p e r i o d of g e n e r a l m u s i c e a c h

In ju n io r h ig h sch o o l th e s tu d e n ts b e g in e lec tin g m u s ic
T h ere a re

s e v e r a l o p tio n s a v a i l a b l e to t h e m .

The s tu ­

d e n ts c a n ta k e c h o ir and g e n e r a l m u s ic , o r c h o ir and in s tr u m e n ta l
m u s ic , and o th e r su ch a rra n g e m e n ts .

I n n i n t h g r a d e th e s t u d e n t s

m a y e le c t g e n e r a l m u s ic f o r fiv e p e r io d s a w eek.

42
M u ch e m p h a s is is p la c e d on lis te n in g e x p e r ie n c e s by th e
m u s i c t e a c h e r s of t h i s c i t y .

The school m u sic d e p a rtm e n t h as a

v e r y c o m p l e t e c o u r s e of s t u d y w h ic h h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d a n d i s a v a i l ­
a b le to th e p u b lic .
from

T he m u sic p r o g r a m , th e re fo re , v a rie s little

sc h o o l to s c h o o l.

T h e c o u r s e b o o k r e f e r s f r e q u e n t l y to l i s t e n ­

ing a n d a p p r e c i a t i o n w o r k .
s ch o o ls a r e r a th e r s m a ll.

T h e r e c o r d l i b r a r i e s i n t h e in d i v i d u a l
H o w ev er, th e r e is a la r g e c irc u la tin g

l i b r a r y o p e r a te d by th e sch o o l s y s te m

w h ic h t h e y b o r r o w f r o m f o r

in stru c tio n a l p u rp o s e s.
B e c a u s e o f t h e u n u s u a l n a t u r e of th e m u s i c c o u r s e i n t h e
u p p e r e l e m e n t a r y g r a d e s , a v e r y l a r g e n u m b e r of c h i l d r e n , a b o u t
5 0 0 , s tu d y s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s .

The tim e sp en t on th is le v e l con­

s i s t s o f o n e c l a s s l e s s o n a n d tw o o r t h r e e g r o u p m e e t i n g s a w e e k .
I n t h e j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l t h e o r c h e s t r a s v a r y b e t w e e n 45 a n d 50
p la y e rs.

T h e h i g h s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a , w h ic h h a s y e t t o f e e l th e e f f e c t s

of th e e le m e n ta r y p r o g r a m , n u m b e rs about six ty p la y e r s .

The r e a ­

so n th a t th e s iz e of th e h ig h sch o o l o r c h e s t r a is s m a l l e r th a n m ig h t
b e e x p e c t e d i s t h e p r e s e n c e i n t h e c i t y of a n o t h e r l a r g e h ig h s c h o o l
o p e ra te d b y th e c o lle g e .
It is s i g n i f i c a n t to n o te t h a t t h e m u s i c t e a c h e r s i n t h i s s y s t e m
n o t o n ly h a v e a v e r y d e s i r a b l e s i t u a t i o n a t t h i s t i m e , b u t a l s o h a v e a
g r e a t m a n y id e a s and a s p ir a tio n s fo r th e f u tu r e .

T h is fa c t w as m o r e

43
e v i d e n t i n C ity C t h a n i n a n y o t h e r c i t y in t h e s t u d y .

The re a so n

f o r th is p r o b a b ly lie s in th e f a c t th a t th i s c ity h a s a c c o m p lis h e d
m u c h , and th e s u c c e s s f u l e x p e r ie n c e h a s g iv e n b i r t h to new id e a s
fo r e d u ca tio n a l c o n c e rts .
T h e o r c h e s t r a is fin a n c ed th ro u g h tic k e t s a le s and p riv a te
c o n trib u tio n s.

It h a s a l a r g e b u d g e t f o r a c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a ,

a n d t h i s p a s t y e a r i t a m o u n t e d t o $ 1 3 ,0 0 0 .
n b ig n a m e "
c h e stra uses

It p a y s m u c h m o n e y f o r

s o l o i s t s - - a s m u c h a s $ 2 ,5 0 0 f o r o n e n i g h t .

The o r ­

sch o o l f a c ilitie s f o r r e h e a r s a ls and p e r fo rm a n c e s .

M a n y o f t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s p l a y in t h e s y m p h o n y a n d tw o
of t h e m a r e o n t h e g o v e r n i n g b o a r d of th e s y m p h o n y .

The o rc h e stra

a l s o m a i n t a i n s a y o u th o r c h e s t r a w h i c h g i v e s a t l e a s t o n e p e r f o r m ­
a n c e of i t s o w n e a c h y e a r .
I n g e n e r a l a r a t h e r h ig h q u a l i t y of p r o g r a m i s p e r f o r m e d b y
th is o r c h e s tr a .

It w ill p e r f o r m

c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s .

w o rk s th at a r e so m ew h at u n u su al f o r

F o r ex am p le, such w o rk s as

"C a v a lle ria

F u s t i c a n a " b y M a s c a g n i i n c o n c e r t f o r m , w ith s o l o i s t s a n d s e l e c t i o n s
f r o m t h e ' ' D a m n a t i o n of F a u s t " b y B e r l i o z a r e p r e s e n t e d i n c o n c e r t
form .

The o r c h e s tr a a lso p e r fo r m s som e m o d e rn w o rk s.
T h e m e m b e r s of t h e o r c h e s t r a f e e l t h a t t h e c o m m u n i t y a s a

w h o le s u p p o r t s t h e o r c h e s t r a a n d t a k e s p r i d e in i t s w o r k .

They

44
f e e l , a n d It i s a p p a r e n t l y j u s t i f i e d , t h a t t h e o r c h e s t r a h a s w o n a
p l a c e in th e h e a r t s of th e p e o p le in C ity C.

C ity D

T h e o r c h e s t r a o f C i t y D c o n s i s t s o f 55 m e m b e r s ,

It p r e s e n t s

t h r e e c o n c e r ts a y e a r , b u t no s p e c ia l p r o g r a m s f o r c h ild re n .

Due

t o t h e s h o r t a g e of l o c a l o r c h e s t r a t a l e n t i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o h i r e a
g re a t m an y o u ts id e r s to p la y in th e c o n c e rts .

T he o r c h e s t r a u su a lly

u s e s s o l o i s t s b u t d o e s n o t a t t e m p t to h i r e u b i g n a m e ” a r t i s t s .
c o n d u c t o r of t h e o r c h e s t r a c o m m u t e s w e e k ly f r o m

a n o th e r c ity .

The
He

is a c o n s e r v a t o r y m u s ic ia n who h a s p r e v io u s ly ta u g h t f o r m a n y y e a r s
in a s m a ll c o lle g e .

H e h a s b e e n t h e c o n d u c t o r of t h i s o r c h e s t r a

f o r th e p a s t fiv e y e a r s .
T h e c ity does m a in ta in a c o n c e rt s e r i e s , but it is not a la rg e
one and d o es no t f u r n i s h c o m p e titio n f o r th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a .
T h e a t t e n d a n c e a t m o s t o f t h e o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t s i s o n ly f a i r .

T h ere

is no s e n io r c o lle g e in o r n e a r th e c ity .
T h e s i t u a t i o n in C ity D d i f f e r s f r o m t h a t of C ity C in t h a t it
la c k s an a ctiv e p r o g r a m .

T h e a b s e n c e of s o m e p e r s o n o r g r o u p

r e a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n p u s h i n g th e i d e a i s t h e m a j o r e x p l a n a t i o n f o r th e
d iffe re n c e .

T h e p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n of l e a d e r s h i p i s i n t h e h a n d s of a n

a m a t e u r b a s s o o n i s t w h o i s i n t e r e s t e d in h a v in g a n o r c h e s t r a so t h a t

45
h e m a y h a v e s o m e p la c e to p la y h is b a s s o o n .

He is not in te re s te d

i n o r g a n i z i n g o r p r o m o t i n g g r o u p s to r a i s e m o n e y orl^to f o r m t h e
\

n e c e s s a r y o rg a n iz a tio n s f o r a c o m m u n ity o r c h e s tr a .

In\ f a c t , h e h a s

b e e n a t t e m p t i n g f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s to f i n d s o m e g r o u p o r p e r s o n w ho
w o u ld t a k e o v e r t h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .

To d a te he h a s not b e e n s u c c e s s ­

fu l i n k e e p i n g , f o r m o r e t h a n o n e o r tw o y e a r s , a n y g r o u p to p r o m o t e
and m a in ta in th e o r c h e s tr a .

The o r c h e s t r a does not have a sta b le

h i s t o r y , a s i t h a s b e e n n e c e s s a r y t o r e o r g a n i z e it s e v e r a l t i m e s . T h e
l a s t c o m p le te r e o r g a n iz a tio n to o k p la c e fiv e y e a r s b e fo re th is stu d y
w as m ad e.
S t r a n g e a s i t m a y s e e m , t h e f i n a n c i a l s i t u a t i o n of t h e c o m ­
m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a i n C ity D i s r a t h e r g o o d .
com es fro m

M o s t of i t s m o n e y

c o n trib u tio n s b y in d iv id u a ls and b u s i n e s s e s , and it e a r n s

s o m e f u n d s t h r o u g h t h e s a l e of t i c k e t s .
T h e s c h o o l s y s t e m h a s no s u p e r v i s o r o n e i t h e r t h e s e c o n d a r y
o r e le m e n ta ry le v e ls.

O n t h e e l e m e n t a r y l e v e l t h e r e a r e tw o m u s i c

s p e c i a l i s t s who w o rk in c o n ju n c tio n w ith th e ro o m t e a c h e r s in p r o ­
v id in g m u s i c i n s t r u c t i o n .

The m u sic

s p e c ia lis t is ab le to r e a c h

e a c h r o o m i n g r a d e s tw o t h r o u g h s i x o n c e a w e e k f o r a b o u t t h i r t y
m in u te s.

T h e r o o m t e a c h e r i s t h e n e x p e c t e d to g i v e t h e s t u d e n t s

a n o th e r fifte e n m in u te s a day.

H ence th e to ta l tim e th e o re tic a lly

46
sp e n t on m u s ic is n in e ty m in u te s a w eek .

T he c ity u s e s a re c o g n iz e d

songbook s e r i e s .
In j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l m u s i c is e n t i r e l y e l e c t i v e .
no g e n e r a l m u s ic c l a s s e s .

The stu d en ts e le c t o r a r e

such c la s s e s as g irls ' ch o ru s o r band.

s c h o o l s of t h e c i t y .

se le c te d fo r

O c c a s io n a lly tim e is g iv e n

in v o c a l g r o u p s f o r m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n .
upon th e in d iv id u a l t e a c h e r .

T h ere a re

T h is, h o w ev er, depends

T h e p r o g r a m i s s i m i l a r i n a l l th e

J u s t t h i s y e a r t h e t e a c h e r s in th e j u n i o r h ig h

s c h o o l s h a v e p r e p a r e d a c o u r s e of s t u d y o u t l i n e in m u s i c .
The re c o rd lib ra ry v a rie s m uch fro m
M o st sch o o ls h av e a v e ry sm a ll lib r a r y .

s c h o o l to s c h o o l.

A g a in , th is d e p en d s upon

th e t e a c h e r , a s w a s e x e m p l i f i e d b y o n e j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l m u s i c
t e a c h e r w h o s p e n t o v e r $ 2 5 0 o n r e c o r d i n g s in o n e y e a r .

U n fo rtu ­

n a t e l y th e c i t y h a s no c e n t r a l r e c o r d l o a n s e r v i c e o p e r a t e d b y th e
sch o o l.

T h e l i m i t e d a m o u n t of r e c o r d s w i t h i n e a c h s c h o o l i s a ll

th a t is a v a ila b le .
S t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n is b e g u n i n th e f o u r t h g r a d e .
m e e t once a w eek fo r th irty m in u te s.

The c la s s e s

T h e r e a r e a b o u t 75 s t u d e n t s

in t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s s tu d y in g s t r i n g s .

T h e o r c h e s t r a s i n th e

ju n io r h ig h sch o o l h av e a b o u t f o r ty p l a y e r s .

T h e h ig h s c h o o l o r ­

c h e s t r a is a b o u t th e s a m e s i z e .

47
G e n e r a lly , th e o r c h e s t r a p la y s a r a t h e r s e r io u s p r o g r a m .

In

t h e p a s t tw o y e a r s , i t h a s p e r f o r m e d s u c h w o r k s a s t h e F i f t h S y m ­
p h o n y of B e e t h o v e n ,

' ' P o l o v e t z i a n D a n c e s " b y B o r o d i n w ith t h e c i v i c

c h o ru s, and B ra h m s ' Second Sym phony

C ity E

T h e o r c h e s t r a of C i t y E c o n s i s t s of 75 m e m b e r s .

It is

la r g e ly an a m a t e u r g ro u p a s th e n u m b e r of u n io n iz e d m u s ic ia n s is
v e ry sm a ll.

T h e r e i s no a t t e m p t t o h i r e

" b ig n a m e "

s o lo is ts , and

m u c h of t h e t i m e t h e o r c h e s t r a u s e s l o c a l t a l e n t f o r s o l o i s t s .

U su­

a l l y t h e a t t e n d a n c e a t c o n c e r t s i s j u s t f a i r w i t h a b o u t a t h i r d of th e
1,500 s e a t a u d i t o r i u m b e in g f i l l e d .

E a c h y e a r th e o r c h e s t r a p r e s e n ts

f o u r c o n c e r t s a n d tw o c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s .

T h e tw o c h i l d r e n ' s c o n ­

c e r t s o c c u r o n t h e s a m e a f t e r n o o n , o n e f o ll o w i n g i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r
th e o th e r.

N e a r th e c ity is a la r g e s ta te - s u p p o r te d u n iv e rs ity .

The

c o n d u c to r is a m e m b e r of th e m u s ic d e p a r tm e n t at th a t u n iv e rs ity .
H e h a s b e e n c o n d u c t o r of t h e o r c h e s t r a f o r a b o u t t h e p a s t 15 y e a r s .
T h e n e a r b y u n iv e r s ity ru n s a v e ry la r g e and e x te n siv e co n ­
cert se rie s.

T h e p r e s e n c e of th e c o n c e r t s e r i e s a n d th e p r e s e n c e

o f h i g h q u a l i t y m u s i c g r o u p s c o n n e c t e d w ith t h e u n i v e r s i t y f u r n i s h e s
t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a w ith s o m e v e r y s e r i o u s c o m p e t i t i o n .

In

f a c t t h e c i t y a t o n e t i m e m a i n t a i n e d a c o n c e r t s e r i e s of i t s ow n

48
w h i c h h a s h a d to b e d i s c o n t i n u e d b e c a u s e o f th e l a c k of i n t e r e s t in
it.
T h e m u s i c d e p a r t m e n t of t h e s c h o o l s h a s no o v e r - a l l s u p e r ­
v isio n .

I n t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s t h e r e i s a s u p e r v i s o r of m u s i c

w ho w i t h o n e a s s i s t a n t a t t e m p t s to h e l p t h e r o o m t e a c h e r s t e a c h
th e ir own m u s ic .

T h e s u p e r v i s o r s c a n o n ly h o p e t o b e in e a c h of

t h e 27 b u i l d i n g s (370 r o o m s ) o n c e a w e e k .
re q u e ste d to have m u sic
is s e ld o m

re a liz e d .

The ro o m te a c h e rs a re

100 m i n u t e s a w e e k , a lth o u g h t h i s o b j e c t i v e

T h e s e r v i c e o f t h e m u s i c s p e c i a l i s t t e n d s to

b e t h a t of a c o n s u l t a n t r a t h e r t h a n a s u p e r v i s o r b e c a u s e of t h e
l a r g e n u m b e r o f r o o m s in v o lv e d .

S e v e r a l of t h e s o n g b o o k s e r i e s

a re used.
A t t h e j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l l e v e l t h e r e is no r e q u i r e d m u s i c .
I n m o s t of t h e j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l s t h e r e i s n o e l e c t i v e g e n e r a l
m u sic .

A l l t h e m u s i c i n s t r u c t i o n c o n s i s t s of e l e c t i v e p e r f o r m i n g

g ro u p s s u c h a s g le e c lu b s an d b a n d s.

T h e r e is no c o o r d i n a t i o n of

s c h o o l s a t t h i s l e v e l , a n d n o c o u r s e of s tu d y .
T h e r e c o r d l i b r a r i e s a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l s
v ary ,

but m ost

seem

to

b e r e a s o n a b l y w e ll e q u ip p e d .

F o r in ­

s t a n c e , o n e l a r g e j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l h a d a b o u t 150 r e c o r d s i n i t s
lib ra ry .

T he e le m e n ta r y sch o o ls u se r e c o r d s on a lo a n b a s is fr o m

t h e c i t y ’s a u d i o - v i s u a l c e n t e r .

49
I n s t r u c t i o n i n s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s u n t i l tw o y e a r s a g o w a s
v e ry lim ite d .

S o m e of t h e j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l s h a d s t r i n g e d i n s t r u ­

m e n t i n s t r u c t i o n o f s o r t s , b u t i t w a s u s u a l l y t a k e n c a r e of a f t e r th e
n e e d s of t h e b a n d s h a d b e e n m e t .

L e s s t h a n tw o y e a r s a g o t h e f i r s t

c l a s s e s in s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s w e r e s t a r t e d o n a n e x p e r i m e n t a l b a s i s
in t h e s i x t h g r a d e s of s e v e r a l e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s .

T he p la n has b een

s u c c e s s f u l to t h e e x t e n t t h a t a n o t h e r s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t t e a c h e r i s
b e in g a d d e d to e n l a r g e t h e p r o g r a m .

T h e r e a r e a b o u t 115 e l e m e n t a r y

s t u d e n t s s tu d y in g s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s .
they r e c e iv e v a r i e s f r o m

s c h o o l t o s c h o o l , b u t u s u a l l y a m o u n t s to

tw o p e r i o d s of t h i r t y m i n u t e s e a c h w e e k .
s ix th g r a d e .

T h e a m o u n t of i n s t r u c t i o n

I n s tr u c tio n b e g in s in th e

T h e o r c h e s t r a s i n t h e j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l s n u m b e r a b o u t

30 t o 35 p l a y e r s of w h ic h l e s s t h a n h a l f p l a y s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s .
O nly o n e of t h e c i t y ' s t h r e e h ig h s c h o o l s h a s a n o r c h e s t r a , a n d t h a t
one n u m b e rs about fo rty p la y e r s .
T he o r c h e s t r a is fin a n c e d la r g e ly by p r iv a te c o n trib u tio n s ,
and th e a d u lt e d u c a tio n d e p a r tm e n t in th e c ity does f u r n is h a ro u n d
t h r e e h u n d r e d d o l l a r s a y e a r t o t h e o r c h e s t r a b u d g e t.

Each m em ­

b e r o f t h e o r c h e s t r a i s p a i d a t t h e r a t e of $10 a c o n c e r t .

The pub­

l i c is n o t c h a r g e d a d m i s s i o n f o r th e c o n c e r t s , w h ic h a r e h e l d on
Sunday a fte rn o o n .
T h e tw o c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s w h ic h a r e g iv e n o n o n e a f t e r ­
noon d u rin g

s c h o o l h o u r s r e a c h a l l th e s i x t h g r a d e s t u d e n t s in t h e

50
p u b l i c s c h o o l s of t h e c i t y a n d s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s .

T h e r e is a h ig h

d e g r e e of c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e e l e m e n t a r y m u s i c s u p e r v i s o r a n d
th e c o n d u c t o r of t h e o r c h e s t r a .

The e le m e n ta ry m u sic s u p e r v is o r

is t h e a n n o u n c e r a t t h e c o n c e r t a n d h a s s o m e v o i c e i n th e s e l e c t i o n
of m u s i c .

It is i n t e r e s t i n g to n o t e t h a t t h e e l e m e n t a r y m u s i c s u p e r ­

v i s o r , w h ile s h e w a s p r e s i d e n t of t h e s y m p h o n y b o a r d , i n s t i g a t e d
th e c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r ts .

A lth o u g h th e c o o p e r a tio n is r a t h e r h ig h at

th e e l e m e n t a r y l e v e l , a t t h e s e c o n d a r y l e v e l t h e r e is a l m o s t no c o ­
o p e ra tio n b e tw e e n th e sch o o l and th e o r c h e s t r a .

T h e l a c k of c o o p e r ­

a t i o n o n t h e s e c o n d a r y l e v e l i s p r o b a b l y d u e to t h e l a c k of s u p e r ­
v i s i o n a n d c o o r d i n a t i o n in t h e s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m .
t r a m a i n t a i n s no y o u th o r c h e s t r a .

The o rc h e s ­

H o w e v e r , th e l o c a l u n i v e r s i t y h a s

e s t a b l i s h e d a y o u th o r c h e s t r a w h ic h i s o p e n f o r s t u d e n t s in t h e h ig h
s c h o o l s of t h e a r e a .
F o r a c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a , t h e o r c h e s t r a i n C ity E u s u a l l y
p re se n ts a fa irly se rio u s p ro g ra m .

F o r e x a m p le , in r e c e n t y e a r s

s u c h w o r k s a s H a n s o n ' s S y m p h o n y N o. 2 a n d B r a h m s ' S y m p h o n y N o .
4 w ere p re se n te d .

T h e r e w e r e , h o w e v e r , t h e u s u a l s e l e c t i o n s of

o r c h e s t r a p ie c e s s u c h a s " R u s s i a n and L u d m illa " by G lin k a and
" L e s P r e lu d e s " by L isz t.

N e v e r t h e le s s , th e c o n d u c to r h a s b e e n

c ritic iz e d , and even h ad b o a rd m e m b e rs

r e s i g n , b e c a u s e of t h e

c h a r g e t h a t h i s s e l e c t i o n of m u s i c w a s to o h e a v y .

51
C ity F

T h e o r c h e s t r a of C i t y F i s m a d e up of a b o u t s e v e n t y —fi v e
p la y e rs.

It p r e s e n t s f o u r c o n c e r t s e a c h y e a r i n a d d i t i o n to th e " f a m ­

ily ” c o n c e rt.

A ll th e c o n c e r ts a r e h e ld on Sunday a fte rn o o n .

o r c h e s t r a t r i e s d ilig e n tly to be a tru ly c o m m u n ity o r c h e s tr a .
h i r e s no o u ts id e p la y e r s u n le s s it is a b so lu te ly n e c e s s a r y .
does not h ire

" b ig n a m e "

o th e r s o lo ists fro m

The
It

A lso , it

s o lo is ts but r a th e r u ses lo c al ta le n t and

aro u n d th e state.

T h e c o n d u c t o r of t h e o r c h e s ­

t r a i s e m p l o y e d o n a f u l l - t i m e b a s i s a s a s u p e r v i s o r of m u s i c i n
th e p u b lic sch o o l s y s te m .

H e a l s o h e a d s th e e n t i r e c o m m u n i t y m u s i c

a s s o c i a t i o n w h i c h h a s r e c e i v e d c o n s i d e r a b l e r e c o g n i t i o n in th e p a s t
f o r i t s e x c e l l e n t q u a l i t y of c o m m u n i t y m u s i c .

The co n d u cto r, a

f o r m e r s y m p h o n y m u s i c i a n , h a s b e e n in t h i s p o s i t i o n f o r a b o u t s i x
y ears.
T h e c ity h a s s o m e c o n c e r t s e r i e s on its own, but it is not
a s a c t i v e a s t h e c o n c e r t s e r i e s in e i t h e r C ity A o r C i t y E .

T h ere­

f o r e , i t s c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h t h e o r c h e s t r a is n o t a s e r i o u s m a t t e r .
T he c ity h a s f o r about th ir ty y e a r s h ad a fa v o ra b le re p u ta tio n f o r
m u s ic on th e c o m m u n ity le v e l.

In a d d i t i o n to t h e o r c h e s t r a , t h e

c o m m u n i t y m u s i c a s s o c i a t i o n i n c l u d e s a c iv ic b a n d , a c i v i c o p e r a
c o m p a n y , a c o m m u n ity c h o r u s , and a r e c o r d lo a n l ib r a r y .

52
T h e o r c h e s t r a b u d g e t is m a i n t a i n e d a l m o s t e n t i r e l y b y c o n t r i ­
b u tio n s f r o m th e lo c a l c o m m u n ity c h e s t.

In a d d i t i o n to t h e s e f u n d s ,

th e o r c h e s t r a r e c e i v e s a s m a l l g r a n t f r o m a p r i v a t e f o u n d a t i o n .

It

i s n o t n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e o r c h e s t r a to p a y th e c o n d u c t o r f o r h is s e r ­
v i c e s a s h i s s a l a r y f r o m t h e c i t y s c h o o l s y s t e m is e x p e c t e d to c o v e r
th a t a c tiv ity .

The o r c h e s tr a does not c h arg e fo r c o n c e rts; h o w ev er,

a c o l l e c t i o n is t a k e n d u r i n g th e c o n c e r t s .

T he o r c h e s t r a is g iv e n

th e u s e of s c h o o l f a c i l i t i e s f o r r e h e a r s a l , a n d th e u s e of a l a r g e
c ity a u d ito riu m f o r p e r f o r m a n c e s .
T h e r o o m t e a c h e r s i n g r a d e s o n e t h r o u g h t h r e e of th e e l e ­
m e n t a r y s c h o o l s a r e e x p e c t e d to t e a c h th e m u s i c .

The s u p e r v is o r

r e c o m m e n d s t h a t t h e y s p e n d 100 m i n u t e s a w e e k o n m u s i c .

The

s u p e r v i s o r c a n v i s i t th e r o o m s i n t h e s e e a r l y e l e m e n t a r y g r a d e s
o n ly i n f r e q u e n t l y .

S t a r t i n g w ith th e f o u r t h g r a d e a m u s i c s p e c i a l i s t

a s s u m e s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r th e i n s t r u c t i o n .

G e n e r a l l y th e m u s i c

s p e c i a l i s t c a n s p e n d a b o u t t w e n t y m i n u t e s a d a y , o r 100 m i n u t e s
e a c h w e e k w ith e a c h r o o m .
In j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l m u s i c i s r e q u i r e d of a l l s e v e n t h a n d
e ig h th g r a d e s t u d e n t s f o r tw o a n d a h a lf h o u r s a w e e k .
g ra d e stu d en ts m a y e le c t a g e n e ra l m u sic c la s s .

In n i n t h

In th e s e v e n th

53
and e ig h th g r a d e s

s t u d e n t s m a y t a k e b o th th e r e q u i r e d g e n e r a l m u s i c

and e le c tiv e in s tr u m e n ta l o r v o cal m u s ic .

The p ro g ra m v a rie s little

f r o m b u i l d i n g to b u i l d i n g a s t h e r e i s a p r e p a r e d c o u r s e of s t u d y on
th e j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l l e v e l .
T h e r e a r e a d e q u a te r e c o r d l i b r a r i e s a v a ila b le in th e in d i­
v id u a l j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l s .

T h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o ls h av e th e r e ­

c o r d i n g s t h a t go w i t h t h e s o n g b o o k s e r i e s .

O th e r re c o rd in g s a r e

a v a i l a b l e o n a l o a n b a s i s n o t f r o m th e s c h o o l s y s t e m , b u t r a t h e r
f r o m th e lo c a l c o m m u n ity m u s ic a s s o c ia tio n .
A b o u t f i v e y e a r s a g o th e c i t y s c h o o l s b e g a n e a r n e s t l y to
b u ild up a s tr in g e d in s tr u m e n t in s tr u c tio n p r o g r a m .

A t th e p r e s ­

e n t t i m e t h e r e a r e a b o u t 450 e l e m e n t a r y s t u d e n t s s tu d y in g s t r i n g e d
in stru m e n ts.

I n s tr u c tio n b e g in s in th e fo u r th g r a d e , an d c l a s s e s

m e e t tw ic e a w eek f o r h a lf an h o u r.

In th e j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l s

th e o r c h e s t r a s n u m b e r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 to 55 p l a y e r s .
r e b i r t h of t h e s t r i n g p r o g r a m

S in c e th e

o c c u r r e d o n ly f i v e y e a r s a g o , i t s

e f f e c t s h a v e y e t to r e a c h th e h i g h s c h o o l s .

O n e of th e c i t y ' s h ig h

s c h o o l s h a s no o r c h e s t r a , a n d th e o t h e r h a s a n o r c h e s t r a o f a b o u t
55 p l a y e r s .

54
S in c e th e o r c h e s t r a c o n d u c to r is a ls o th e m u s ic s u p e r v i s o r ,
t h e r e i s a h i g h d e g r e e of i n t e g r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s c h o o l a n d t h e c o m ­
m u n ity o r c h e s t r a .

T h e " f a m i l y " c o n c e r t , w h ic h i s a c t u a l l y a c h i l d ­

r e n ' s c o n c e r t t o w h i c h p a r e n t s a r e a l s o i n v i t e d , is v e r y e x t e n s i v e l y
p r e p a r e d fo r by th e sch o o l m u s ic te a c h e r s .

In c o n n e c t i o n w ith t h e

c o n c e r t , th e c h i l d r e n a r e o r g a n i z e d i n to " K n o w Y o u r M u s ic C l u b s . "
T h e s t u d e n t s a r e t e s t e d i n s c h o o l on t h e m a t e r i a l t h a t t h e o r c h e s t r a
w ill p l a y a n d o n o t h e r q u e s t i o n s a b o u t m u s i c .

T h e c h ild m u s t h av e

a c e r t a i n g r a d e b e f o r e h e c a n b e c o m e a m e m b e r o f th e c lu b .
q u e s tio n s on th e t e s t a r e not a t a ll e a s y .

The

F o r ex am p le, th e q u e s ­

t i o n s o n o n e n u m b e r i n t h e c o n c e r t a r e l i s t e d o n t h e f o llo w in g p a g e .
The " fa m ily "

c o n c e r t i s a l s o e x p e c t e d to i n c l u d e c h i l d r e n i n s e v e n t h

and e ig h th g r a d e a s w e ll a s s ix th g r a d e .

T he a tte n d an c e a t th is co n ­

c e r t is good.
In g e n e r a l t h e o r c h e s t r a p r e s e n t s a m o d e r a t e t y p e of p r o ­
g ram .

A t o n e of i t s c o n c e r t s t h i s p a s t y e a r it p e r f o r m e d " L a

F o r z a d e l D e s t i n o " b y V e r d i , i n c o n c e r t f o r m w ith s i n g e r s , a n d
" M a tin e e s M u s ic a le s " by B ritte n .

At a n o th e r c o n c e r t it p e r f o r m e d

th e M e s s i a h b y H a n d e l w ith th e c i v i c c h o r u s .

The o r c h e s tr a a lso

a c c o m p a n i e s t h e c i v i c o p e r a w h ic h i s g i v e n e a c h y e a r .

55
K N O W Y O U R M U S IC C L U B B U L L E T I N
Q U E S T IO N S

ANSW ERS

T h e B a r b e r of S e v ille O v e r t u r e

G io a cc h in o

1. H ow m a n y o p e r a s d i d R o s s i n i w r i t e ?

1.

O v e r 40

2. H o w lo n g d id i t t a k e h i m t o w r i t e u T h e
B a r b e r o f S e v i l l e 11?

2.

13 d a y s

3. W h a t w a s t h e o r i g i n a l n a m e of t h e o p e r a ?

3. A l m a v i v a

4. W h a t h a p p e n e d t o t h e o r i g i n a l o v e r t u r e ?

4. I t w a s l o s t

5. W h a t i n s t r u m e n t d i d h i s f a t h e r p l a y ?

5. T r u m p e t

6 . How o ld w a s R o s s in i w h e n h is p a r e n t s
b e g a n to t r a v e l a n d le a v e h im alo n e ?

6 . 4 y e a r s o ld

7. A s a y o u n g m a n h o w d id h e e a r n h i s
liv in g ?

7. H e s a n g i n
c h u rc h e s and
p l a y e d in
th e a tre s.

8 . T h e g r e a t v o l u m e o f h i s p r o d u c t i o n up
t i l l t h e t i m e h e w a s 37 g a v e p r o m i s e of
a s t i l l g r e a t e r f u t u r e . H ow m a n y c o m ­
p o s i t i o n s d id h e w r i t e i n t h e 39 y e a r s
th a t fo llo w e d ?

8, 2

9. W h a t w o r k b y R o s s i n i i s w e l l - k n o w n
as a ra d io th e m e song ?

9. W i l l i a m T e l l
O v e rtu re

10. W h a t k i n d of o p e r a i s n T h e B a r b e r of
S e v ille " ?

10 . C o m ic

R o ssin i

P ertinent F acto rs

A n a n a l y s i s of th e d a t a c o l l e c t e d o n e a c h c i t y w h ic h h a s b e e n
d e s c r i b e d a n d p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I, e l u c i d a t e s c e r t a i n s i g n i f i c a n t d if­
feren ces

r e l a t e d to c i r c u m s t a n c e s an d r e s u l t s .

T h e r e a r e s o m e p o in ts

w h ic h s h o u l d b e e m p h a s i z e d a n d e x p l a i n e d f u r t h e r .

C o n c l u s i o n s a s to

w h y t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n c i t i e s i n t h e a r e a of t h i s s t u d y
m a y th e n b e m o re c le a r.
A f a c to r th a t m e r its

s p e c ia l c o n s id e ra tio n is th e p r e s e n c e o r

la c k of s e r i o u s c o m p e titiv e c o n c e r t s f o r th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a .
It w a s f o u n d t h a t w h e r e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s h a v e t o f a c e t h e c o m ­
p e t i t i o n of a p r o f e s s i o n a l c o n c e r t s e r i e s t h e y h a v e d i f f i c u l t y i n d r a w ­
in g a n a u d i e n c e o f a n a p p r e c i a b l e s i z e .
C i t i e s A. a n d E .

T h i s is q u ite e v i d e n t i n

B o t h o r c h e s t r a s h a v e m u c h d i f f i c u l t y in i n t e r e s t i n g

p e o p le in t h e i r e f f o r t s .

T h e y h a v e t h i s p r o b l e m i n s p i t e of t h e f a c t

t h a t t h e i r p l a y i n g q u a l i t y i s a t l e a s t e q u a l t o t h a t of t h e o t h e r o r ­
c h e s tr a s in th e stu d y .

N e i t h e r c ity a p p e a r s to h a v e o v e r c o m e th e

p ro b le m c r e a t e d b y th e c o m p e tin g c o n c e r t s e r i e s .
It b e c o m e s c l e a r a s o n e s t u d i e s th e r e s u l t s of t h e d a t a f o r
th e s e c itie s th a t t h e r e e x is ts a stro n g in te rre la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e
a c tiv itie s of th e sch o o l m u s ic p r o g r a m
m u n ity o r c h e s tr a .

a n d t h e e f f o r t s of t h e c o m ­

T h is in te rre la tio n s h ip m a n ife s ts its e lf m o r e

57
c le a r ly a t th e s e c o n d a ry le v e l th a n at th e e le m e n ta ry .

W h e n o ne

c o m p a r e s t h e n u m b e r s of t e e n - a g e s t u d e n t s t h a t u s u a l l y a t t e n d o r ­
c h e s t r a c o n c e r t s i n o n e c i t y w ith t h e n u m b e r t h a t u s u a l l y a t t e n d s
in a n o t h e r , a n d t h e a m o u n t a n d t y p e of s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m i n
e a c h of t h e s a m e tw o c i t i e s , a c e r t a i n p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n
a tte n d an c e and p r o g r a m is a p p a re n t.

In o th e r w o rd s , a p o s itiv e

r e l a t i o n s h i p g e n e r a l l y e x i s t s b e t w e e n t h e t y p e of s c h o o l m u s i c p r o ­
g r a m an d a tte n d a n c e at c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r ts .

W hen good

a tte n d a n c e a t th e s e c o n c e r ts is o b s e rv e d , one can be re a so n a b ly
s u r e th a t th e sch o o l s y s te m in th a t city e m p h a s iz e s a b ro a d m u s ic
p r o g r a m f o r a l l s t u d e n t s . " It i s o n ly l o g i c a l t h a t if th e m u s i c i n s t r u c ­
t i o n h a s b e e n e f f e c t i v e , i t w o u ld m a n i f e s t i t s e l f i n a p p r e c i a t i o n a n d
u n d e r s t a n d i n g of m u s i c w h i c h i n t u r n b e c o m e s e v i d e n t in c o n c e r t
atte n d an c e.

F o r e x a m p l e , C ity C d r a w s m a n y m o r e s c h o o l s t u d e n t s

to i t s o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t s t h a n o t h e r c i t i e s .

T h is s u c c e s s c an p a r ­

t i a l l y b e a t t r i b u t e d to t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m is a r ­
tic u la te d an d in te g r a te d to lis te n in g and p e r f o r m in g .

T he stu d en ts

r e c e i v e a b o v e a v e r a g e a m o u n t s of g e n e r a l m u s i c , a s t r o n g b a s i c
m u sic p ro g r a m
p ro g ram

in th e e le m e n ta r y s c h o o ls , and th e s tr in g in s tr u c tio n

is v e r y a c tiv e .

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , in C ity D , w h e r e t e e n ­

a g e c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e i s v e r y lo w , o ne f in d s no m u s i c

su p e rv iso r,

58
l i t t l e i n t e g r a t i o n o r a r t i c u l a t i o n , a n d o n ly m o d e s t e f f o r t s in s t r i n g
in s tru c tio n .
T h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p i s f u r t h e r s u b s t a n t i a t e d b y th e c o n c l u s i o n s
o f P e t e r D o n n e lly a f t e r a s t u d y of c o m m u n i t y m u s i c .

He say s,

r,T h i s m e a n s t h e n t h a t t o a l a r g e d e g r e e t h e c o m m u n i t y d e p e n d s o n
th e s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m f o r i t s i m p e t u s .

G ood schoo l m u s ic is

v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o t h e s u c c e s s of t h e c o m m u n i t y m u s i c p r o g r a m . 1^
A n o t h e r f a c t t h a t s e e m e d to b e i n d i c a t e d i n t h e s tu d y i s th e
\

n e e d f o r s o m e i n d i v i d u a l t o b e s i n c e r e l y i n t e r e s t e d in t h e s u c c e s s of
th e o r c h e s t r a .

T h i s p e r s o n m u s t b e w illin g to e n d u r e s o m e of th e

th a n k le s s t a s k s th a t w ill b e f o r c e d upon h im o r h e r , and at tim e s
undergo c r itic is m

and d isc o u ra g e m e n t.

S e v e r a l of th e o r c h e s t r a

c o n d u c to rs c o m p la in e d th a t s o c ia l a m b itio n s a r e th e p r in c ip a l r e a ­
so n f o r s o m e p e r s o n s ' i n t e r e s t in th e o r c h e s t r a .

T h e r e f o r e , i t is

i m p o r t a n t t h a t p e r s o n s p r i m a r i l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e w e l f a r e of th e
o r c h e s t r a h o ld p o s i t i o n s of l e a d e r s h i p i n i t s o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

A g a in

it w a s C i t y C t h a t e n j o y e d m o s t t h e b e n e f i t of s u c h a p e r s o n .
F i n a l l y , t h e s i t u a t i o n s i n th e v a r i o u s c i t i e s

s tu d ie d in d ic a te d

t h a t t h e q u a l i t y of th e o r c h e s t r a h a d m u c h to do w ith a t t r a c t i n g b o th

* P e t e r J . D o n n e lly , " C o m m u n ity I n s tr u m e n ta l M u sic in S e ­
l e c t e d A r e a s of S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a a n d i t s R e l a t i o n t o t h e S c h o o l s , "
u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , L o s
A n g e l e s , C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 4 9 , p . 4.

59
a d u lts an d s tu d e n ts to c o n c e r ts .

Good o r c h e s tr a s have a m u ch

b e t t e r c h a n c e o f d r a w i n g a n a u d i e n c e t h a n t h o s e w h ic h a r e n o t so
good.

A l s o , g o o d o r c h e s t r a s h a v e a w a y of a t t r a c t i n g g o o d p l a y e r s

to t h e c i t y .

O c c a s i o n a l l y a f i n e i n s t r u m e n t a l i s t w ill t i r e of lif e in

a la r g e city lik e C h ic ag o o r D e tr o it and se e k a p la c e w h e re he c an
s till p la y an d ta k e life a b it m o r e l e i s u r e l y .

T h e o r c h e s t r a i n C ity

C has a ttra c te d such p e rso n s.
A s i n o t h e r a r e a s of h u m a n e n d e a v o r t h e r e i s no o n e c a u s e
f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r s u c c e s s o r l a c k of s u c c e s s of a c o m m u n i t y o r ­
c h e stra .

R a t h e r , i t i s m a n y f a c t o r s o p e r a t i n g i n r e l a t i o n to o n e

an o th er.

T h e c a u s e of th e a p p a r e n t s u p e r i o r i t y of th e s c h o o l -

c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s i t u a t i o n i n C i t y C h a s r e s u l t e d f r o m th e
e f f e c t s o f t h e s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m , t h e q u a l i t y of t h e o r c h e s t r a ,
i t s t i c k e t a n d s e a t i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s , t h e d e v o t e d e f f o r t s of a n i n d i ­
v i d u a l , a n d p o s s i b l y s e v e r a l o t h e r f a c t o r s w h ic h a r e n o t i n c l u d e d
in t h i s s t u d y .

60
TABLE I
S E L E C T E D P R A C T I C E S AN D C O N D IT IO N S O F T H E C O M M U N IT Y
O R C H E S T R A IN R E L A T I O N T O S C H O O L M U S IC P R O G R A M
IN SIX M IC H IG A N C I T I E S , 1954

P r a c t i c e o r C o n d itio n

N u m b e r of c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t s e a c h y e a r

........................

D e g r e e of c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n s c h o o l a n d c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a
o n c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t ................................................................
N u m b e r of s p e c i a l c o n c e r t s f o r t e e n - a g e s t u d e n t s

. .

A p p r o x i m a t e p e r c e n t a g e of p o t e n t i a l s t u d e n t a u d i e n c e a t t e n d i n g
r e g u l a r c o n c e r t s * * .......................................................................
A p p ro x im a te n u m b e r of t e e n - a g e s tu d e n ts u s u a lly a tte n d in g
r e g u l a r o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t s .....................................................................................
D e g r e e of c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n s c h o o l a n d c o m m u n i t y
o r c h e s t r a a t j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h i g h l e v e l .................
C o m m u n i t y y o u th o r c h e s t r a .........................................................
T y p e of f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t

.............................................................

C o n d u c t o r of o r c h e s t r a r e s i d e s i n c o m m u n i t y
S e r i o u s c o m p e t i t i o n w ith c o n c e r t s e r i e s
C h a rg e f o r c o n c e r ts fo r a d u lts

..............

...........................

...............................................

U s u a l c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e b y a d u l t s .....................................
T y p e of p r o g r a m

u s u a l l y p e r f o r m e d ..................................

Q u a lity of o r c h e s t r a .......................................................................

* O n e - h a l f o f a n n u a l C h r i s t m a s c o n c e r t i s d e v o t e d to m u s i c
of s p e c ia l i n t e r e s t to c h ild r e n .
** T h e f o ll o w i n g m e t h o d w a s u s e d t o o b t a i n t h e p o t e n t i a l a u d i ­
ence fig u re:
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e U. S. B u r e a u of C e n s u s , 5 p e r c e n t of
t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n a t t e n d s c h o o l in g r a d e s 9 - 1 2 .
T h is fig u r e is d i­
v i d e d b y t h e n u m b e r u s u a l l y a t t e n d i n g c o n c e r t s , t o d e t e r m i n e th e

61
T A B L E I (Continued)

C ity A.

C ity B

1

0

som e

C ity C

C ity D

C ity E

C ity F

1/ 2 *

0

2

1

/

m uch

/

m uch

v ery m uch

1

0

0

0

0

0

3%

1.4%

14%

1%

0.5%

1 . 8%

7 5 ***

35

3 0 0 -5 0 0

2 0 -3 0

2 0 -3 0

150

som e

little

m uch

little

little

som e

yes

no

yes

no

no****

yes

c o n tri­
b u tio n s

tic k e ts ,
c o n tri­
b u tio n s

tic k e ts,
c o n tri­
b u tio n s

tic k e ts
c o n tri­
b u tio n s

c o n tri­
b u tio n s

C o m m u n ity
C hest

yes

yes

no

no

yes

yes

yes

no

no

no

yes

no

no

yes

yes

yes

no

no

350

500

1800

400

400

800

li g h t

v e r y lig h t

som ew hat
se rio u s

se rio u s

som ew hat
serio u s

m o d e ra te

av erage

fa ir

ex c e lle n t

average

good

good

p e r c e n t of p o t e n t i a l a u d i e n c e .
S tu d en ts in g r a d e s 7 and 8 a r e not
c o u n t e d in th e p o t e n t i a l a u d i e n c e , b e c a u s e t h e y a r e u s u a l l y c o n s i d ­
e r e d to o y o u n g t o a t t e n d e v e n in g c o n c e r t s .
*** T h e f i g u r e d o e s n o t a c c o u n t f o r a t t e n d a n c e a t s p e c i a l
ju n io r h ig h c o n c e r t.
U n i v e r s i t y n e a r b y m a i n t a i n s y o u th o r c h e s t r a .

62
T A B L E II
S E L E C T E D P R A C T I C E S A N D C O N D IT IO N S O F S C H O O L M USIC
P R O G R A M IN SIX M IC H IG A N C I T I E S , 1954

P r a c t i c e o r C o n d itio n

S u p e r v i s o r o f m u s i c .........................................................................................................
T e a c h e r o f m u s i c i n g r a d e s f o u r t h r o u g h s i x ............................................

A m o u n t of s u p e r v i s i o n i n e l e m e n t a r y g r a d e s
R e q u ire d g e n e ra l m u s ic in se v e n th g ra d e

R e q u ire d g e n e r a l m u s ic in eig h th g r a d e

...............................................

......................................................

..........................................................

E le c tiv e g e n e r a l m u s ic a v a ila b le in ju n io r h ig h sch o o l

........................

P o s s i b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s f o r s t u d e n t s of g e n e r a l m u s i c a n d
p e r f o r m i n g g r o u p i n j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l ......................................................
R e c o rd in g s a v a ila b le in ju n io r h ig h sch o o l

R e c o r d i n g s a v a i l a b l e in e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s

...................................................

...............................................

N u m b e r o f s t u d e n t s s tu d y in g e l e m e n t a r y s t r i n g s
M e m b e r s h i p of h ig h s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a s

.....................................

.............................................................

Q u a l i t y of m u s i c p r o g r a m i n t e r m s of t h i s

s t u d y .....................................

* F i g u r e s w e r e a d j u s t e d to a c i t y of 5 0 ,0 0 0 .

63
T A B L E II (Continued)

C ity A

C ity B

C ity C

C ity D

C ity E

C ity F

yes

yes

yes

no

no

yes

ro o m and
sp ec ia list
(30 m in .)

room

sp e c ia list
(100 m in .)

ro o m and
s p e c ia list
(20 m in .)

ro o m

s p e c ia list
(150 m in .)

som e

little

som e

som e

little

som e

none

5 ho u rs
13 w e e k s

2- 1/2

none

none

2- 1/2

none

none

1

none

none

2 - 1/2

yes

no

yes

no

no

yes

no

no

yes

no

no

yes

few

som e

m any

m any

c irc u la tin g c irc u la tin g
lib ra ry
lib ra ry

c irc u la tin g c irc u la tin g c irc u la tin g
lib ra ry
lib ra ry
lib ra ry

v e r y fe w

c irc u la tin g c irc u la tin g
lib ra ry
lib ra ry

125*

70-75

490 *

75

65*

140*

6 5*

45

60*

40

25*

20*

good

fa ir

exc e lle n t

fa ir

poor

v e ry good

C H A P T E R III

E X IS T IN G P R A C T I C E S A ND C O N D IT IO N S

A. m a j o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h i s

s tu d y i s t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of

t h e e x i s t i n g p r a c t i c e s a n d c o n d i t i o n s of s c h o o l - c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a
e ffo rts to a c h ie v e m u s ic u n d e rs ta n d in g .

T h is c h a p te r is an a n a ly s is

a n d s u r v e y o f t h e s i x c i t i e s r e v i e w e d i n th e p r e c e d i n g c h a p t e r to
d e t e r m i n e w h a t i s b e i n g d o n e n o w in r e l a t i o n to t h e p r o b l e m .
c h a p te r u tiliz e s a s a b a s is f o r a n a ly sis th e f a c to r s

The

r e l a t e d to c h i l d ­

r e n ' s c o n c e r t s a n d y o u th c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e w h i c h w e r e m e n t i o n e d
in C h a p t e r I.

C h ild r e n 's C o n c e r ts

T h e f i r s t q u e s t i o n t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i s th e n u m b e r of c h i l d ­
r e n ' s c o n c e r t s g i v e n b y th e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s i n c l u d e d i n t h i s
stu d y .

Of t h e s i x o r c h e s t r a s e x a m i n e d i n t h e s u r v e y , t h r e e g a v e

w h at m a y b e t e r m e d a c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e rt a c c o rd in g to th e co n d itio n s
s t a t e d in C h a p t e r I.

A f o u r t h c i t y , C ity C , h a s a C h r i s t m a s c o n c e r t ,

of w h i c h t h e f i r s t h a l f i s d e v o t e d to m u s i c p r i m a r i l y of i n t e r e s t to
c h ild re n .

N o n a r r a t i o n o r g r o u p s in g in g i s u s e d , h o w e v e r .

64

S in c e

65
s o m e of t h e c o n c e r t i s

s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r c h i l d r e n , it w ill b e i n c l u d e d

i n t h e g r o u p of c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s f o r p u r p o s e s of a n a l y s i s .

C ity E

g iv e s tw o c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t s a y e a r , one a f t e r a n o th e r on th e s a m e
a fte rn o o n .

I t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h i s c i t y to g iv e tw o c o n c e r t s i n o r d e r

to in c lu d e a ll th e c h ild r e n in th e six th g ra d e .

C i t i e s B a n d D g iv e

n o t y p e of c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t w h a t s o e v e r .
T h e c o n c e r ts a r e fin a n c e d in s e v e r a l w ay s.

Of t h e f o u r c i t i e s

t h a t do g i v e c h i l d r e n s o m e t y p e of c o n c e r t , t h r e e f i n a n c e t h e m f r o m
t h e i r r e g u l a r o r c h e s t r a b u d g e t.

E a c h o n e of t h e s e c i t i e s a p p o r t i o n s

a b o u t o n e - f i f t h of i t s b u d g e t f o r e d u c a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s .
its c o n c e r t th r o u g h a d i r e c t d o n a tio n f r o m

C ity E f i n a n c e s

a lo c al d e p a rtm e n t s to re

w h o se c o n trib u tio n c o v e r s th e e n tir e am o u n t n e c e s s a r y f o r th e con­
c e rt.
T h e t i c k e t a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r t h e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s fo llo w
c l o s e l y t h e m e t h o d of f i n a n c i n g .

In t h r e e o f t h e f o u r c i t i e s t h a t

g iv e s p e c i a l p r o g r a m s f o r c h i l d r e n t h e r e i s no c h a r g e f o r th e c o n ­
c e rts.

In C i t y F , s t u d e n t s a r e g i v e n f r e e t i c k e t s to e n c o u r a g e a t ­

ten d an ce.

In C i t y C, a c h a r g e of t e n c e n t s i s a s k e d of e a c h s t u d e n t

w ho a t t e n d s .
T h e tim e th a t th e c o n c e r t is h e ld is a m u c h m o r e im p o r ta n t
f a c to r th a n m a y be r e a liz e d .

It i s i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e t h e t i m e of

d a y i t i s h e l d p a r t l y d e t e r m i n e s w h ic h c h i l d r e n c a n a n d do a t t e n d

66
th e c o n c e rt.

C o n c e r t s h e l d d u r i n g s c h o o l t i m e c a n a f f e c t a l l th e

c h ild r e n in th e e l e m e n t a r y g r a d e s in v o lv e d .

On th e o t h e r h a n d , c o n ­

c e r t s w h i c h a r e h e l d o u t of s c h o o l w ill u s u a l l y g e t a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l
p e r c e n t a g e of t h e c h i l d r e n .

I n m a n y c a s e s t h e c h i l d r e n , b e c a u s e of

t h e e f f o r t i t r e q u i r e s , w i l l n o t a t t e n d w h e n th e c o n c e r t i s h e l d o u t ­
s i d e of s c h o o l h o u r s .

T h e r e f o r e , i t s e e m s t h a t a n y s y s t e m w h ic h

s e e k s to r e a c h a l l t h e c h i l d r e n of t h e s c h o o l w i l l n e c e s s a r i l y h a v e
to h a v e t h e c o n c e r t d u r i n g s c h o o l t i m e .
H av in g th e c o n c e r t s
p ro b le m of tr a n s p o r ta tio n .

d u r i n g s c h o o l t i m e a l s o in v o lv e s t h e
W hen c o n c e r ts a r e h e ld d u rin g school

t i m e , t h e s c h o o l i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of p u p i l s to
and f r o m th e c o n c e r t.

T h is c r e a t e s f o r th e school s y s te m a p r o b ­

l e m w h ic h c a n b e q u i t e s e r i o u s .
O f t h e f o u r c i t i e s t h a t do g iv e s p e c i a l c o n c e r t s f o r c h i l d r e n ,
tw o h o ld t h e m d u r i n g s c h o o l t i m e .

In C ity E t h e s e c o n d of t h e c o n ­

c e r t s d o e s r u n b e y o n d th e e n d of th e sch o o l d ay , b u t th e sch o o l s till
t a k e s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f s e e i n g t h a t t h e c h i l d r e n a r e a b l e to g e t
hom e

safely . C itie s C and

F h o ld c o n c e r t s o n S u n d a y a f t e r n o o n .

O n e of t h e p r a c t i c e s s o m e t i m e s u s e d to i m p r o v e c h i l d r e n ' s
c o n c e r t s i s t h e l i m i t i n g of t h e c o n c e r t s to c e r t a i n g r a d e s .

In C i t i e s

A. a n d E c o n c e r t s a r e l i m i t e d to u p p e r g r a d e s w i t h C ity E in v i t i n g
s i x t h g r a d e r s o n ly .

I n C i t i e s C a n d F , w h e r e th e c o n c e r t s a r e h e l d

67
o n S u n d a y a f t e r n o o n , t h e r e i s n o p o s s i b i l i t y of l i m i t i n g g r a d e s .

The

m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e a s o n f o r l i m i t i n g g r a d e s is th e f a c t t h a t n o t a ll
t h e c h i l d r e n i n t h e e n t i r e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l of th e c i t y c a n b e s e a t e d
in t h e a u d i t o r i u m a t t h e s a m e t i m e .

H o w e v e r , m a n y of th e d i r e c t o r s

a n d s u p e r v i s o r s of m u s i c d id m e n t i o n t h a t t h e y f e l t t h e y c o u ld b e t t e r
p la n a p r o g r a m

an d c o n d u ct a c o n c e rt f o r a m o re hom ogeneous group.

T h e in s tr u c tio n a l e ffo rts m a d e a t th e c o n c e rt w e re la rg e ly
lim it e d to e x p la n a tio n s and d e m o n s tr a tio n s .

In m o s t c a s e s th e s e

e ffo rts w e r e e x p la n a tio n s of th e c h a r a c t e r of th e m u s ic and o th e r
s i g n i f i c a n t d e t a i l s a b o u t i t , a n d d e f i n i t i o n s a n d e x p l a n a t i o n s of i n s t r u ­
m e n ts.

T h r e e of t h e f o u r c i t i e s h a v e e x p l a n a t i o n s o r d e f i n i t i o n s i n

c o n ju n c tio n w ith t h e i r c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r ts .

In tw o of t h e t h r e e c i t i e s

th e c o n d u c to r h im s e lf m a k e s th e e x p la n a tio n s and an n o u n ces th e
nu m b ers.

T he t h ir d c ity h a s th e e le m e n ta r y m u s ic s u p e r v is o r a n ­

nounce th e p r o g r a m .
T h e r e s e e m s to b e l i t t l e d i s a g r e e m e n t u p o n t h e l e n g t h of th e
c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r ts .

In n o c a s e d i d t h e l e n g t h of t h e c o n c e r t v a r y

o u t of t h e r a n g e of 45 m i n u t e s t o o n e h o u r a n d 15 m i n u t e s .

The

a v e ra g e tim e w as about one h o u r.
It i s r a t h e r h a r d to g e n e r a l i z e a b o u t t h e p r o g r a m
m o s t c a s e s c o m p o sitio n s w e re
ofte n p r o g r a m m a tic .

used.

In

s e le c te d th a t w e re s h o rt, sim p le , and

I n t h e c a s e of C ity F t h e p r o g r a m w a s s o m e w h a t

68
m o r e m a t u r e t h a n i n t h e c a s e s of t h e o t h e r t h r e e c i t i e s , b e c a u s e of
t h e p r e s e n c e of j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s a t t h e c o n c e r t .
L i s t e d b e lo w a r e fiv e p r o g r a m s of m u s ic p la y e d at c h i l d r e n 's
c o n c e r t s b y c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s u s e d in t h i s s tu d y .
PROGRAM
T o a W ild R o s e

M a c D o w e ll

T h e M e r r y W iv e s of W i n d s o r O v e r t u r e

N ic o lai

T u rk e y in th e S tra w

a r r . D a v id G u io n

E in e K le in e N a c h tm u s ik
— F i r s t M ovem ent

M ozart

A lb u m f o r th e Young
--W o o d w in d Q u a rte t

R o b ert Schum ann

C o n c e r t o i n A. M a j o r (P ia n o )
— A lle g ro M ovem ent

M ozart

M ic h ig a n , M y M ic h ig a n
- - g r o u p so n g

M a llo c h -M e is s n e r

PROGRAM
T h i s i s t h e c h i l d r e n ' s h a l f of a c o n c e r t .
F a n ta sy on a C h ristm a s C arol

A n d erso n

T r u m p e t e r 's L u llab y

A n d erso n

W altzin g C a t

A nderson

S y n c o p a ted C lo c k

A n d erso n

T h u n d e r a n d L ig h tn in g P o lk a

J. S tra u ss

PROGRAM
D on G io v a n n i O v e r tu r e

M o zart

M in u et a n d F a r a n d o le
—fr o m " L 'A r l e s i e n n e "

B iz et

C ello d e m o n s tr a tio n

S u ite N o. 2

69
E leg ie

F au re

P i a n o C o n c e r t o N o. 2
— F in a le

R ac h m a n in o ff

PRO G RAM
P r e l u d e t o A c t III of ' ' L o h e n g r i n "

W agner

The In stru m e n ts P e rfo rm

a r r . D a iley

R e q u ie m f o r T h r e e Young C e llis ts
and O rc h e s tra

Popper

R o u m a n ian D an ces

B a r t ok

A lb u m L e a f

W agner

In v ita tio n to th e D an ce

von W eber

PROGRAM
T h e B a r b e r of S e v i l l e O v e r t u r e

R o ssin i

S y m p h o n y N o. 9 4 — " T h e S u r p r i s e "

H aydn

C o n c e rto f o r F r e n c h H o rn

M o zart

A i r f r o m S u ite N o. 3

J . S. B a c h

F l o w e r Song f r o m

B iz et

"C arm en "

B u g l e r 's H o lid a y

A nderson

P r o b a b l y m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n th e p a r t i c u l a r p r o g r a m s s e ­
le c te d , f o r th e p u r p o s e s of th is

s tu d y , a r e t h e r e a s o n s w h y a n d ho w

th e p a r t i c u l a r p i e c e s w e r e c h o s e n to b e p l a y e d a t a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n ­
c e rt.

In a l l c a s e s i t w a s t h e c o n d u c t o r of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a

w h o h a d t h e p r i m a r y v o i c e in t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e m u s i c .

In tw o

of t h e f o u r c i t i e s t h e c o n d u c t o r s s u b m i t t e d th e p r o s p e c t i v e p r o g r a m
to t h e s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s f o r a p p r o v a l .

In th e t h i r d c ity th e

c o n d u c t o r o f t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a i s a l s o th e s u p e r v i s o r of

70
m u s ic in th e p u b lic s c h o o ls .

In t h e f o u r t h c ity n o a t t e m p t w a s m a d e

to s e e k t h e a p p r o v a l of t h e s c h o o l m u s i c s t a f f .
In g e n e r a l , t h e c o n d u c t o r s of th e o r c h e s t r a s w e r e s o m e w h a t
v a g u e a s to t h e i r r e a s o n s f o r s e l e c t i n g m u s i c f o r c h i l d r e n ' s c o n ­
c e rts.

T h e c o n d u c t o r s ' f i r s t c o m m e n t m o s t o f te n s e e m e d to b e , " I

j u s t t h o u g h t t h e c h i l d r e n w o u ld l i k e i t . "
m e n t i o n t h e f o ll o w i n g t h r e e

H o w e v e r , t h e c o n d u c t o r s d id

r e a s o n s f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n of m u s i c .

F irst

w a s t h e s e l e c t i n g of m u s i c t h a t w o u ld s u i t t h e a b i l i t y of t h e o r c h e s t r a
b o t h a s t o t h e d i f f i c u l t y of th e w o r k a n d t h e r e h e a r s a l t i m e r e q u i r e d to
p r e p a r e th e w o rk f o r p e rfo rm a n c e .

I n f a c t , th e p r o b l e m of r e h e a r s a l

t i m e w a s o n e of t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y m e n t i o n e d r e a s o n s .

A second

c o n s i d e r a t i o n w a s f i t t i n g th e p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t o r l e n g t h of a n u m ­
b e r to a p r o g r a m .

S o m e t i m e s , th o u g h n o t o f te n , c h i l d r e n ’s c o n c e r t s

a r e b u i l t a r o u n d a t h e m e s u c h a s " M u s i c of F o r e i g n L a n d s , "
fo r F u n ,"

" M u s i c of t h e D a n c e , " e t c e t e r a .

th e p r o g r a m

"M u sic

In a n a t t e m p t to k e e p

a t a c e r t a i n le n g th , n u m b e rs w e re s o m e tim e s s e le c te d

b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e lo n g o r s h o r t e n o u g h to s u i t th e o v e r - a l l d e m a n d s
of t i m e .

A t h i r d c o n s i d e r a t i o n , w h ic h w a s m e n t i o n e d o n ly o n c e b u t

w a s h i g h l y I m p o r t a n t i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r c i t y , w a s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of
re c o rd in g s.

If r e c o r d i n g s w e r e n o t a v a i l a b l e w ith w h ic h to p r e p a r e

th e s t u d e n t s , t h e n t h e n u m b e r w a s n o t u s e d .

R e c o r d i n g s h a d to b e

a v a ila b le f o r a ll th e n u m b e r s p la y e d on th e c h il d r e n 's c o n c e rt.

71
In t h r e e of t h e f o u r c i t i e s t h a t g iv e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s , t h e r e
w as an a tte m p t m a d e to h a v e th e m e m b e r s of th e a u d ie n c e p a r t i c i ­
p a te in th e c o n c e r t .

T h e t e c h n i q u e m o s t o f t e n u s e d f o r g a in in g a u d i ­

en ce p a r t i c i p a t i o n w a s m a s s e d sin g in g .

The G o ld en B ook of F a v o r it e

So n g s w a s u s e d i n a l l t h r e e c i t i e s , p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e th e b o o k h a s
b e e n o r c h e s t r a t e d . 1-

A l s o of s o m e i n t e r e s t w o u ld b e th e f a c t t h a t

d u rin g th e p a s t few y e a r s a ll th r e e c itie s have u s e d th e song " A m e r ­
i c a " in m a s s e d s i n g i n g .

A n o t h e r p a r t i c i p a t i o n t e c h n i q u e w a s h a v in g

th e w i n n e r s o f a q u i z o n m u s i c c o n c e r n e d w ith t h e c h i l d r e n ’s c o n c e r t
a p p e a r o n t h e s t a g e to r e c e i v e r e c o g n i t i o n .

In t h i s c a s e t h e c h i l d r e n

w e re t e s t e d o v e r th e m a t e r i a l th ey h a d stu d ie d f o r c o n c e r t p r e p a r a ­
tio n , a n d t h e w i n n e r s w e r e a n n o u n c e d a t th e c o n c e r t .

A n o th e r te c h ­

n iq u e u s e d i n C i t y E s e v e r a l y e a r s a g o w a s th e p la y in g of a c o m p o ­
sitio n by a stu d e n t c o m p o s e r.

T h e l i m i t a t i o n to t h i s t y p e of p a r t i c i ­

p a t i o n is o b v i o u s .
N o c i t y i n r e c e n t y e a r s h a s a t t e m p t e d to b u i l d a c h i l d r e n ' s
c o n c e r t a r o u n d a p a r t i c u l a r t h e m e , s u c h a s " M u s i c of A m e r i c a " o r
" R h y th m in M u s i c ."

S o m e of th e m u s i c t e a c h e r s a n d c o n d u c t o r s of

t h e o r c h e s t r a s m e n t i o n e d t h a t t h e y f e l t t h i s p r a c t i c e t e n d e d to d e t r a c t
f r o m th e m u s ic .

1 T h e G o l d e n B o o k of F a v o r i t e S o n g s , r e v i s e d e d i t i o n , J o h n
W. B e a t t i e e t a l . , e d s . ( C h ic a g o : H a ll a n d M c C r e a r y C o ., [ n .d .] ) .

72
A ll of t h e e l e v e n t e a c h e r s w h o h a v e h a d e x p e r i e n c e w ith
c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s a n d t e a c h i n g m u s i c i n th e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s
c l a i m t o h a v e d o n e s o m e p r e p a r a t i o n in c o n n e c t i o n w ith t h e c h i l d ­
r e n 's c o n c e rt.

T h e a v e r a g e t i m e of p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e c o n c e r t w a s

a b o u t o n e h o u r of c l a s s t i m e .

Som e t e a c h e r s a llo w ed as littl e a s

f i f t e e n m i n u t e s f o r c o n c e r t p r e p a r a t i o n , w h ile a t th e o p p o s i t e e x ­
tre m e s

s o m e s p e n t m o r e t h a n tw o h o u r s of c l a s s t i m e i n p r e p a r a ­

tio n fo r th e c o n c e rt.
T h e p r e p a r a t i o n g iv e n b y th e sch o o l t e a c h e r s in e v e r y c a s e
i n c l u d e d s o m e d i s c u s s i o n of t h e c o n c e r t a n d w h a t w a s to b e h e a r d .
The te r m

" d i s c u s s i o n " in th is c a s e in c lu d e d su ch a c tiv itie s a s ta lk ­

ing a b o u t t h e c o m i n g e v e n t , w h a t th e c h i l d r e n w e r e to h e a r , s o m e t h i n g
a b o u t t h e c o m p o s e r , a n d p r o g r a m n o t e s o n th e m u s i c .
in g s

P la y in g r e c o r d ­

a n d r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e m e s w a s m e n t i o n e d b y t h r e e - f o u r t h s of

a l l t h e e l e m e n t a r y m u s i c t e a c h e r s , a n d e x p l a n a t i o n s of i n s t r u m e n t s
a n d i n s t r u m e n t f a m i l i e s w a s s t a t e d b y a b o u t o n e - h a l f of th e t e a c h e r s .
O ne t e a c h e r d i s c u s s e d c o m p o s e r s , a n o t h e r c i t e d c o n c e r t m a n n e r s ,
a n d a t h i r d t e a c h e r c o m m e n t e d t h a t s h e h a d th e s t u d e n t s d r a w p i c ­
t u r e s t o i l l u s t r a t e c e r t a i n p o i n t s a b o u t th e p r o g r a m .
T h e s u p e r v i s o r s of m u s i c o f te n s e n d i n f o r m a t i o n s h e e t s o n
th e c o n c e r t m u s i c t o t h e r o o m t e a c h e r s a n d m u s i c

sp e c ia lists.

B e lo w

73
i s a n e x a m p l e of t h e n o t e s g i v e n t h e t e a c h e r s o n " T h e B a r b e r of
S e v ille O v e r t u r e . "
T H E B A R B ER O F S E V IL L E O V E R T U R E

G io a cc h in o R o s s in i

R o s s i n i w a s b o r n in to a m u s i c a l f a m i l y in t h e to w n of
P esaro .
H is f a t h e r w a s a t r u m p e t e r a n d h i s m o t h e r w a s a
sin g e r.
B e c a u s e t h e y h a d to t o u r w ith a n o p e r a t r o u p e , G i o a ­
c c h i n o w a s l e f t a l o n e a g r e a t d e a l f r o m th e t i m e h e w a s f o u r .
A t a v e r y e a r l y a g e h e r e c e i v e d i n s t r u c t i o n i n p ia n o a n d v o i c e .
A.s a y o u n g m a n h e s a n g i n c h u r c h e s a n d p l a y e d i n t h e a t r e s to
e a r n h is liv in g .
R o s s i n i b e c a m e o n e of t h e g r e a t e s t c o m p o s e r s of t h e
1 9 th c e n t u r y a n d w r o t e o v e r f o r t y o p e r a s i n c lu d in g " T h e B a r b e r
of S e v i l l e " a n d " W i l l i a m T e l l . "
Y o u n g TV v i e w e r s a n d r a d i o
l i s t e n e r s r e c o g n i z e m e l o d i e s f r o m th e l a t t e r a s t h e " L o n e
R a n g e r " th e m e song.
T h e o p e r a , " T h e B a r b e r of S e v i l l e " w a s
w r i t t e n i n t h e s h o r t t i m e of j u s t 13 d a y s , w h ic h s h o w s th e a m a z ­
in g g e n i u s of t h e c o m p o s e r .
T h e o r i g i n a l o v e r t u r e , t h e o p e n in g
o r i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e o p e r a , w a s l o s t , a n d i t w a s o n ly a f t e r
t h e p r e s e n t o v e r t u r e w a s w r i t t e n a n d th e n a m e w a s c h a n g e d
f r o m " A l m a v i v a " to " T h e B a r b e r of S e v i l l e " t h a t i t b e c a m e
o n e of t h e m o s t p o p u l a r c o m i c o p e r a s e v e r c o m p o s e d .
R o s s i n i w a s t h e o n ly g r e a t c o m p o s e r w ho s t o p p e d h is
c r e a t i v e w o r k i n t h e p r i m e of h i s l i f e .
D u r in g t h e 39 y e a r s
h e l i v e d a f t e r a g e 3 7 , h e w r o t e o n ly tw o i m p o r t a n t w o r k s , h is
S tab at M a te r a n d P e t i t e M e s s e S o le n e lle .
F o llo w -u p e ffo rts w e re

r e p o r t e d by a l l of t h e m u s i c t e a c h e r s

in t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s , a lt h o u g h a f e w m e n t i o n e d t h a t t h e y d id
n o t f o ll o w up e v e r y c o n c e r t .
effort v a rie d fr o m

T h e l e n g t h o f t i m e g iv e n f o r f o l l o w - u p

a l m o s t n o th in g t o a b o u t o n e h o u r w ith th e a v e r a g e

t i m e b e in g f i f t e e n m i n u t e s .

A g a in , th e m o s t c o m m o n fo llo w -u p a c ­

tiv ity w a s w hat th e te a c h e r s t e r m e d " d i s c u s s i o n ."

T h is u su a lly

74
c o n s i s t e d o f a q u e s t i o n a n d a n s w e r p e r i o d a n d a n a t t e m p t b y th e
t e a c h e r s to g a i n t h e r e a c t i o n s of th e c h i l d r e n to t h e c o n c e r t .

O nly

one te a c h e r m e n tio n e d any su ch in te g ra tin g a c tiv itie s as w ritin g le t­
te rs o r sto rie s.

T h e re w as little re la tio n s h ip of th e c o n c e rt ex­

p e r i e n c e to o t h e r m a t e r i a l s u s e d i n m u s i c c l a s s .

S eem in g ly th e r e

w a s v e r y l i t t l e e f f o r t m a d e in t h e w a y of a p l a n n e d , c o m p r e h e n s i v e ,
in te g r a te d fo llo w -u p e ffo rt.
T h e r o l e of t h e m u s i c s p e c i a l i s t a t th e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t is
u s u a l l y t h a t of a p e r f o r m e r .
is ts c o n ta c te d in th is

T h e v a s t m a j o r i t y of th e m u s i c

sp e c ia l­

s tu d y w e r e m e m b e r s of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a .

T h o s e f e w w h o d id n o t p l a y a s s i s t e d i n th e c o n c e r t b y a n n o u n c in g o r
h e lp in g t h e r o o m t e a c h e r s .
G e n e r a lly th e m u s ic d e p a r tm e n t of th e school s y s te m an d th e
o f f i c i a l s of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a c o o p e r a t e w ith o n e a n o t h e r to
a h ig h d e g r e e i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n a n d p r e s e n t a t i o n of c h i l d r e n ' s coxice rts.

In C ity E th e c o n d u c to r and th e e le m e n ta r y s u p e r v i s o r w o rk

c lo s e ly to g e th e r in p la n n in g and p r e s e n tin g th e c o n c e r t.

The con­

d u c to r, h o w e v e r, s till s e le c ts th e m u s ic f o r th e c o n c e r t and m e r e ly
a s k s th e a p p r o v a l of it by th e e le m e n ta r y m u s ic s u p e r v i s o r .
a p p ro v a l is a lm o s t alw ay s g ra n te d .

In C ity C, t h e o r c h e s t r a a n d

th e s c h o o l c o o p e r a t e d w i t h o n e a n o t h e r .
an advance p ro g ra m

T h is

The o rc h e s tr a fu rn ish e d

of t h e c o n c e r t to t h e s c h o o l s , a n d t h e s c h o o l

75
m u sic

s u p e r v i s o r in t u r n o ffe re d , s u g g e s t i o n s a s to s e l e c t i o n o f m u s i c .

In C i t y A. t h e r e i s s o m e c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n th e s c h o o l a n d th e o r ­
c h e s t r a , a lth o u g h th e c o n d u c to r la r g e ly p la n s th e p r o g r a m

and s e ­

le c ts th e m u s ic .
It m i g h t b e w e l l a t t h i s p o i n t i n th e d i s c u s s i o n to i n t e r p o l a t e
a few s e n te n c e s as to why c o o p e r a tio n is

s h o w n to a r a t h e r h ig h

d e g r e e b e t w e e n t h e m u s i c d e p a r t m e n t of t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s a n d th e
c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a g iv in g th e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s .

P r o b a b ly th e

r e a s o n f o r t h i s d e g r e e of c o o p e r a t i o n i s d u e i n p a r t to th e v e r y
n e c e s s i t y of i t .

C l e a r l y t h e s c h o o l s c o u ld h a v e no c h i l d r e n ' s c o n ­

c e r t w ith o u t t h e h e l p a n d c o o p e r a t i o n of t h e o r c h e s t r a , a n d i n r e t u r n
t h e o r c h e s t r a f e e l s th e n e e d of t h e s c h o o l i n c a r r y i n g o u t t h e c o n ­
c e rt.

A n o r c h e s t r a c o n d u c t o r w ho h a s b e e n t r a i n e d i n a c o n s e r v a t o r y

of m u s i c a n d h a s w o r k e d w i t h a d u l t s m o s t of h is l i f e o f t e n f e e l s
t h a t h e d o e s n o t k n o w c h i l d r e n , o r w h a t to g iv e t h e m i n th e w a y of
m u sic .

A l s o , t h e p r o c e s s o f p r e p a r i n g th e c h i l d r e n f o r a c h i l d r e n ' s

c o n c e r t m u s t n e c e s s a r i l y b e d o n e i n t h e s c h o o l.
to f u r n i s h a n a d v a n c e p r o g r a m
on it.

The o r c h e s tr a has

and th e school b a s e s th e p r e p a r a tio n

A n o t h e r r e a s o n f o r t h e r a t h e r h ig h d e g r e e of c o o p e r a t i o n i s

t h e f a c t t h a t m a n y s c h o o l t e a c h e r s p l a y in t h e o r c h e s t r a s , a n d in
s o m e c a s e s a r e m e m b e r s of th e o r c h e s t r a b o a r d .

76
C e r t a i n l y t h e a t t i t u d e of t h e c h i l d r e n d u r i n g th e c h i l d r e n ' s
c o n c e r t sh o u ld not b e o v e rlo o k e d .

A c c o r d i n g to t h e r e s p o n s e s r e ­

c e i v e d f r o m t h e e l e v e n t e a c h e r s w ho a c c o m p a n i e d th e c h i l d r e n to
th e c o n c e r t a n d th e e ig h t o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia ls who h a d h e lp e d d u rin g
t h e c o n c e r t , a b o u t h a l f of t h e c h i l d r e n l i k e th e c o n c e r t " v e r y w e l l , "
and th e o th e r h a lf lik e th e c o n c e r t " q u ite w e ll."

In n o c a s e d id

a n y of t h e i n f o r m a n t s f e e l t h a t th e c h i l d r e n a s a w h o le w e r e j u s t
p a ssin g ly in te r e s te d , o r d is in te re s te d .

As f a r as can be d e te rm in e d ,

t h e r e w a s a h ig h a m o u n t o f a g r e e m e n t on t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c o n c e r t s
a r e v e r y p o p u la r w ith th e c h ild re n .
F r o m t h e d a t a p r e s e n t e d , t h e f o llo w in g c o n c l u s i o n s m a y b e
d r a w n r e g a r d i n g t h e e f f o r t s of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a a n d t h e
p u b lic sc h o o l a t th e e le m e n ta r y sch o o l le v e l.
(1)

Of t h e s i x c i t i e s s t u d i e d , t h r e e g iv e a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t , a
f o u r t h o f f e r s h a lf a c o n c e r t of m u s i c e s p e c i a l l y f o r c h i l d r e n .

(2)

Of t h e f o u r o r c h e s t r a s t h a t o f f e r c h i l d r e n ' s w o r k , t h r e e f i n a n c e
th e c o n c e r t s ou t of th e g e n e r a l b u d g et and th e fo u r th is s p o n s o re d
by a lo c al d e p a rtm e n t s to re .

(3)

T h e r e i s no a d m i s s i o n c h a r g e in t h r e e of t h e f o u r c i t i e s ; th e
fo u rth c h a rg e s a n o m in a l fee.

(4)

T w o c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s h o ld c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s d u r i n g s c h o o l
h o u r s , a n d t h e o t h e r tw o h o ld s u c h c o n c e r t s o n S u n d a y a f t e r n o o n .

(5)

W hen c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r ts a r e h e ld d u rin g school tim e , th e
c o n c e r t s a r e l i m i t e d to s t u d e n t s i n t h e u p p e r e l e m e n t a r y g r a d e s ;
no s u c h lim ita tio n is p o s s ib le w hen th e c o n c e r t is h e ld o u tsid e
of s c h o o l tim e .

(6)'

I n s t r u c t i o n a l e f f o r t s a t c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s c o n s i s t of e x p l a n a ­
t i o n s a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n s of m u s i c .

(7)

T h e a v e r a g e l e n g t h of a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t i s o n e h o u r .

(8)^ T h e c o n d u c t o r

of t h e o r c h e s t r a s e l e c t s t h e m u s i c f o r th e

c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t , a n d i n m o s t c a s e s s u b m i t s t h e p r o g r a m to
th e m u s ic s u p e r v i s o r f o r a p p ro v a l.
(9)

T h e f a c t o r s c o n s id e r e d by th e c o n d u c to rs in s e le c tin g m u s ic
f o r c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s a r e , in o r d e r of i m p o r t a n c e :
(a)

t h e a b i l i t y a n d r e h e a r s a l n e e d s of th e o r c h e s t r a ;

(b)

f i t t i n g t h e m u s i c in to a p r o g r a m

t h e m e o r in to t h e

a llo tte d

a m o u n t of t i m e .
(10)

A u d i e n c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s w e r e u s e d i n t h r e e of th e
f o u r c i t i e s t h a t g iv e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s , w ith m a s s e d s in g in g
b e in g t h e t e c h n i q u e m o s t o f t e n u s e d .

(11) - A ll t e a c h e r s w ho h a d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e p a r e f o r c h i l d r e n ' s
c o n c e r t s d id s o ; t h e a v e r a g e t i m e g i v e n to p r e p a r a t i o n w a s
about one h o u r.

78
(12)

T h e p r e p a r a t i o n f o r c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s u s u a l l y c o n s i s t e d of
d i s c u s s i o n , p l a y i n g r e c o r d i n g s , a n d e x p l a n a t i o n s of i n s t r u m e n t s .

(13)

A ll t e a c h e r s o f c h i l d r e n w h o a t t e n d e d a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t
m a d e s o m e f o l l o w - u p e f f o r t ; t h e a v e r a g e l e n g t h of t i m e g iv e n
fo llo w -u p a c tiv ity w as fifte e n m in u te s .

(14)

T h e f o l l o w - u p a c t i v i t y u s u a l l y c o n s i s t e d of d i s c u s s i o n , w i t h
a l m o s t n o e f f o r t s a t i n t e g r a t i n g t h e c o n c e r t e x p e r i e n c e w ith
o th e r su b jec t m a tte r .

(15)

G e n e r a lly , w h e r e c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r ts a r e h e ld , th e sch o ol
m u s ic d e p a r tm e n t and th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia ls r e p o r t
t h a t t h e y c o o p e r a t e d w i t h o n e a n o t h e r r a t h e r w e ll i n p r e s e n t i n g
th e m .

(16)

Of t h e t e a c h e r s w h o h a v e h a d e x p e r i e n c e w ith c h i l d r e n ' s c o n ­
c e r t s , h a lf f e lt th a t th e c h ild r e n lik e d th e c o n c e r ts v e r y w ell,
a n d t h e o t h e r h a l f t h o u g h t t h a t t h e y l i k e d t h e c o n c e r t s q u ite
w e ll; t h e r e w e r e no i n s t a n c e s of c h i l d r e n g e n e r a l l y d i s l i k i n g
o r b e in g j u s t p a s s i n g l y i n t e r e s t e d i n th e c o n c e r t s .

T e e n -A g e C o n c e rt A tte n d an c e

T h e o th e r a r e a of c o m m o n a c tiv ity by th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a
a n d t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s i s t h a t d e a l i n g w ith t h e s t u d e n t s i n j u n i o r a n d
s e n io r h ig h s c h o o l.

B a s i c a l l y , t h e p r o b l e m l i e s in t h e f a c t t h a t

79
c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e i s a m a n i f e s t a t i o n of a n i n t e r e s t i n g o o d m u s i c .
In a w a y i t s a b s e n c e o r p r e s e n c e i s a r e f l e c t i o n u p o n t h e q u a l i t y of
t h e s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m , a n d t h e q u a l i t y of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s ­
tra .

A l s o , a s w a s p o i n t e d o u t in C h a p t e r I, th e o r c h e s t r a n e e d s th e

c o n t in u o u s e d u c a t i o n of y o u n g p e o p l e t o i t s v a l u e s .

U n lik e t h e c h i l d ­

r e n ' s c o n c e r t , w h i c h c o n c e r n s o n e m a j o r a c t i v i t y , t h e p r o b l e m of
te e n - a g e c o n c e r t a tte n d a n c e in v o lv e s m a n y a c tiv itie s .

It a l s o d i f f e r s

fr o m th e a c tiv itie s f o r c h ild re n b e c a u s e a tte n d a n c e by te e n - a g e s tu ­
d e n ts a t th e r e g u l a r a d u lt o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r ts c o n c e rn s e v e ry o r c h e s t r a .
M o s t c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s t r e a t e d th e to p ic of t e e n ­
a g e c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e a s th o u g h t h e y w e r e n o t p r o u d of th e r e c o r d
in t h i s a r e a .

I t i s m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t to n o te t h a t a l m o s t n o n e of t h e

i n f o r m a n t s , t e a c h e r s o r o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s , h a d a c l e a r i d e a of ho w
m an y te e n - a g e s tu d e n ts a tte n d e d c o n c e r ts .

A p p a re n tly th e y w e r e not

s u f f i c i e n t l y i n t e r e s t e d in t h e p r o b l e m to m a k e a n y s e r i o u s e f f o r t a t
c h e c k in g t h e n u m b e r s a t t e n d i n g .

In m o s t c i t i e s t h e i n f o r m a n t c o u ld

o n ly s a y of t e e n - a g e c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e , " n o t v e r y g o o d , " o r " v e r y
p o o r," o r som e such re m a rk .

Q u ite o f te n th e i n f o r m a n t m e r e l y

r e p l i e d to t h e q u e s t i o n of n u m b e r s of s t u d e n t s a t t e n d i n g t h e c o n c e r t s ,
" I d o n 't k n o w . "

T h e b e s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n of t e e n - a g e c o n c e r t a t t e n d ­

a n c e t h a t c a n b e g i v e n i n n u m b e r s v a r i e d f r o m t w e n t y to f i v e h u n d r e d ,
w i t h m o s t of t h e c i t i e s a v e r a g i n g b e t w e e n t w e n t y - f i v e a n d s e v e n t y - f i v e .

80
T h i s m e a n s t h a t i n m o s t c a s e s a b o u t 1 p e r c e n t of t h e p o t e n t i a l a u d i ­
e n c e of t h i s a g e g r o u p a t t e n d s c o n c e r t s .

T h e o n ly e x c e p t i o n a l c i t y

in t h i s s i t u a t i o n s e e m e d to b e C ity C, w h ic h a l s o h a d t h e c l e a r e s t
i d e a of t h e n u m b e r o f s t u d e n t s t h a t d id a t t e n d c o n c e r t s .

In t h e c a s e

of C ity C , t h e n u m b e r a t t e n d i n g r e p r e s e n t s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 12 to 18
p e r c e n t of t h e p o t e n t i a l a u d i e n c e .

T h e n u m b e r of s t u d e n t s a t t e n d in g

c o n c e r ts w a s a ls o c h e c k e d w ith th e sch o o l m u s ic t e a c h e r s .

They,

to o , d i d n o t h a v e a c l e a r i d e a of t h e n u m b e r of t h e i r s t u d e n t s w ho
a tte n d .

T h e a n s w e r s t h a t t h e y w e r e a b le to g iv e d id n o t c o n t r a d i c t

t h o s e g i v e n o n t h e t o p i c b y th e o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s .

C le a rly th e

c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t s a r e n o t r e a c h i n g m a n y of th e s t u d e n t s
in th e j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l s a n d t h e s e n i o r h ig h s c h o o l s .
T he tic k e t and s e a tin g a r r a n g e m e n ts fo r school stu d e n ts at
c o n c e r t s d id s e e m to h a v e s o m e b e a r i n g o n t h e n u m b e r t h a t a t t e n d e d .
In C i t i e s A , E , a n d F t h e r e i s no a d m i s s i o n c h a r g e to th e p u b l i c .
T h e o t h e r c i t i e s , B , C , a n d D , o f f e r a r e g u l a r s e a s o n t i c k e t f o r th e
stu d en t a t h a lf p r i c e .

I n C i t y C t h e e l e m e n t a r y a n d j u n i o r h ig h

s c h o o l s t u d e n t s a r e s o l d t i c k e t s to t h e C h r i s t m a s c o n c e r t f o r th e
p r i c e of 10 c e n t s , a n d s e n i o r h ig h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s m a y p u r c h a s e
t h e m f o r 25 c e n t s .

In a d d itio n to th e a c tiv itie s f o r th e C h r is tm a s

c o n c e r t , t h e o r c h e s t r a a r r a n g e s a s p e c i a l s e c t i o n , in t h e s e c o n d
b a lc o n y , e x c lu s iv e ly f o r school s tu d e n ts.

It s e l l s t h e s e s e a t s a t a

81
v e r y lo w c o s t (25 c e n t s ) t o a n y g r o u p of y o u n g p e o p l e , w h e t h e r it
is a s c h o o l g r o u p , s c o u t s , o r c h u r c h g r o u p .

A t m o s t of i t s r e g u l a r

c o n c e r ts th e o r c h e s t r a c a n n e a r ly f ill th is se c o n d b a lco n y .

The

id e a w as c o n c e iv e d w h en it w as d is c o v e r e d th a t th e a d u lt p a tr o n s
d id n o t w a n t t o w a l k up th e m a n y s t e p s to t h e s e c o n d b a l c o n y , a n d
as a r e s u l t t h e s e s e a ts w e r e no t u s u a lly o c cu p ie d .

F o r tu n a te ly th e

s c h o o l s t u d e n t s s e e m e d to l i k e t h e i d e a of s i t t i n g w a y up i n t h a t
b a lco n y .

J u s t r e c e n t l y C i t y D h a s a t t e m p t e d t o fo llo w t h e p a t t e r n

of C ity C b y o f f e r i n g a s p e c i a l s t u d e n t t i c k e t .

O n ly o n e c i t y , C ity

C a g a i n , m a d e a n y p r o v i s i o n f o r h a v in g t h e s t u d e n t s s i t a s a g r o u p .
In c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t i c k e t p o l i c i e s , m a n y of t h e i n f o r m a n t s
f e l t t h a t i t w o r k e d b e t t e r to s e l l t h e s t u d e n t s a t i c k e t a t a s m a l l
p r i c e r a t h e r t h a n s i m p l y to g iv e t h e m a t i c k e t .

The fe e lin g w as

t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s w o u ld n o t a p p r e c i a t e s o m e t h i n g t h a t w a s g i v e n to
t h e m w ith o u t c o s t
A t th e p r e s e n t t i m e , no c ity w h ich c h a r g e s f o r a d m is s io n h a s
a n y p r o g r a m f o r d i s t r i b u t i n g f r e e t i c k e t s to s t u d e n t s .

M any y e a r s

ago C ity C d i s t r i b u t e d m a n y f r e e tic k e ts as a b a s is f o r o u tsta n d in g
in te r e s t o r w o rk in school m u s ic .

C ity B t r i e d t h e i d e a o n c e , a n d

d r o p p e d i t b e c a u s e th e o r c h e s t r a c o n d u c t o r f e l t t h a t th e s t u d e n t s
w h o w e r e g i v e n t h e t i c k e t s w e r e to o n o i s y d u r i n g t h e c o n c e r t .

82
T h e p u b l i c i t y b y t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a t e n d e d to b e r a t h e r
w e a k in i t s e f f o r t s t o o b t a i n t h e i n t e r e s t of t e e n - a g e s t u d e n t s .

In no

c a s e w a s t h e r e a n y e f f o r t m a d e to i n t e r e s t t h e s e s t u d e n t s w ith o t h e r
th a n th e u su a l p u b lic ity d e sig n e d f o r a d u lts.

T h i s ty p e of p u b lic ity

in c lu d e s su c h a c tiv itie s a s n e w s p a p e r a d v e r tis e m e n ts , ra d io an n ounce­
m e n ts, and p o s te r s .

T h e o n ly p u b l i c i t y w h ic h w a s e s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d

f o r t h e s e s t u d e n t s , if i t c o u l d t r u l y b e c a l l e d p u b l i c i t y , w a s t h e a n ­
n o u n c e m e n t of t h e c o n c e r t s b y th e t e a c h e r s i n t h e s c h o o l s .

About

t h r e e - f o u r t h s of t h e j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h ig h s c h o o l t e a c h e r s i n t e r ­
v i e w e d c l a i m e d t h a t m o s t of t h e t i m e t h e y a n n o u n c e d t h e c o n c e r t s
of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a a n d e n c o u r a g e d t h e i r s t u d e n t s t o a t t e n d .
A g a in it w a s i n C ity C t h a t th e t e a c h e r s i n t h e s c h o o l s o f f e r e d th e
m o s t e n c o u r a g e m e n t to t h e s t u d e n t s to a t t e n d t h e c o n c e r t s .
I t w a s s t a t e d t h a t a t t e n d a n c e h a d b e e n i m p r o v e d b y th e t e c h ­
n iq u e of j o i n t p e r f o r m a n c e s b y t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a a n d s o m e
m u s ic g ro u p f r o m th e s c h o o ls.

In m o s t c a s e s t h e j o i n t e f f o r t s in

c i t i e s t h a t m a i n t a i n a y o u th o r c h e s t r a a r e l i m i t e d .

The p ra c tic e

of a j o i n t p e r f o r m a n c e w a s u s e d o n c e i n C i t i e s C , E , a n d F , a n d
s e v e r a l t i m e s i n C ity A .
D.

It h a s n e v e r b e e n u s e d i n C i t i e s B a n d

In C i t y C , a c o m b i n e d y o u th o r c h e s t r a a n d c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a

w a s u se d ; in C ity F

a s o l o i s t ; i n C ity E , a s o l o i s t ; a n d c o m b i n e d

s c h o o l s t r i n g o r c h e s t r a a n d c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a i n C ity A.

A lth o u g h

83
t h i s p r a c t i c e h a s n o t b e e n u s e d o f t e n , t h e g e n e r a l r e s p o n s e of t h e
in fo r m a n ts w a s q u ite fa v o ra b le .

I n r e g a r d to t h e c o m b i n e d p e r f o r m ­

a n c e s w i t h s c h o o l g r o u p s , h o w e v e r , s o m e of t h e i n f o r m a n t s m e n t i o n e d
t h a t t h e y f e l t t h e u s e of t e e n - a g e s o l o i s t s w a s n o t to o s a t i s f a c t o r y .
T h e d e g r e e of c o o p e r a t i o n b y t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l a n d c o m m u n i t y
o r c h e s t r a w a s m u c h l e s s a t t h e s e c o n d a r y l e v e l t h a n a t th e e l e m e n ­
t a r y l e v e l , a l t h o u g h m o s t of t h e i n f o r m a n t s r e a l i z e d t h a t a t t e n d a n c e
a t c o n c e rts by s e c o n d a ry sch o o l stu d en ts w as a p ro b le m .

In o n ly

o n e c i t y , C i t y C , h a v e t h e o f f i c i a l s of t h e o r c h e s t r a a n d s c h o o l
t e a c h e r s m e t w i t h o n e a n o t h e r to s e e k a s o l u t i o n .
effo rt w as

A p p a ren tly th is

s u c c e s s f u l f o r C ity C i s w e ll a h e a d of t h e o t h e r c i t i e s in

a tte n d a n c e b y ju n io r and s e n io r h ig h sch o o l s tu d e n ts .
T h e s i t u a t i o n i s n o t o n e e n t i r e l y of tw o o r g a n i z a t i o n s d i s i n t e r ­
e s te d in one a n o th e r.

C i t i e s A , C , D, E , a n d F h a v e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s

o n t h e g o v e r n i n g b o a r d of th e s y m p h o n y .

I n C ity F t h e s c h o o l m u s i c

s u p e r v i s o r a n d o r c h e s t r a c o n d u c t o r a r e th e s a m e p e r s o n .

H ow ever,

in s p i t e of t h i s s i t u a t i o n no f o r m a l e f f o r t h a s b e e n m a d e a t a t t a c k i n g
th e p r o b l e m

of a t t e n d a n c e in t h i s a g e l e v e l .

T h i s l a c k of e f f o r t i s

a l s o i n d i c a t e d b y t h e c o n d i t i o n of t h e p u b l i c i t y , t i c k e t s , a n d j o i n t c o n ­
c e rts.
A l t h o u g h t h e r e w a s a l a c k of a n o r g a n i z e d , f o r m a l e f f o r t to
e n c o u r a g e s t u d e n t s t o a t t e n d c o n c e r t s , t h e t e a c h e r s in th e j u n i o r a n d

84
s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l s do c a r r y o n s o m e t y p e of p r e p a r a t i o n a n d f o ll o w up.

A p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e o u t of f o u r of t h e s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s

s t a t e d t h a t m o s t o f t h e t i m e t h e y m a d e s o m e e f f o r t s to p r e p a r e t h e i r
stu d en ts f o r a co m m u n ity o r c h e s tr a c o n c e rt.

T h e ty p e of p r e p a r a t i o n

v a r i e d f o r j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l a n d s e n i o r h ig h s c h o o l .

In j u n i o r h ig h

s c h o o l t h e p r e p a r a t i o n u s u a l l y c o n s i s t e d of p l a y i n g r e c o r d i n g s of t h e
m u sic and te llin g about m u sic and c o m p o se r.

A t t h e h ig h s c h o o l

l e v e l p r e p a r a t i o n w a s r a t h e r s u p e r f i c i a l , u s u a l l y c o n s i s t i n g of a
m o r e o r l e s s e x t e n d e d a n n o u n c e m e n t of t h e c o n c e r t a n d b r i e f d i s ­
c u s s i o n of t h e m u s i c a n d c o m p o s e r s .
s ig h t- r e a d th ro u g h
w a s g o in g
co n ce rt.

to

be

any

on th e

num ber

In one c a s e a c o n d u c to r

th a t he h ad

program

of t h e

in h i s

c o m m u n ity

lib ra ry

th a t

o rc h e stra

A t b o th th e ju n io r h ig h sch o o l and s e n io r h ig h sch o o l

le v e ls th e p r e p a r a t i o n w as n o t at a ll e x te n s iv e .
A b o u t h a l f of t h e m u s i c t e a c h e r s on t h e j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r
h ig h s c h o o l l e v e l c l a i m to h a v e m a d e s o m e f o l l o w - u p on c o m m u n i t y
o rc h e s tr a c o n c e rts.

H o w e v e r , m o s t o f te n t h i s e f f o r t c o n s i s t e d of

m e r e l y c h e c k i n g t h e n u m b e r of s t u d e n t s t h a t h a d a t t e n d e d t h e c o n ­
c e r t , o r p o s s ib ly e v alu a tin g th e p r o g r a m p la y e d a t th e c o n c e rt.

In

n o c a s e w a s t h e r e a n y m e n t i o n of i n t e g r a t i n g a c t i v i t i e s a t t h i s l e v e l .
I t is p o s s i b l e f o r a s c h o o l t e a c h e r to e n c o u r a g e a t t e n d a n c e
at th e o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r ts by o fferin g e x tr a c r e d it fo r su ch a c tiv itie s .

85
H o w e v e r , i n l e s s t h a n h a l f of t h e c a s e s w e r e t h e s t u d e n t s i n f o r m e d
t h a t s u c h a c t i v i t i e s w o u ld h e l p t h e i r s c h o l a s t i c g r a d e s .
th e te a c h e r s

T h r e e of

s t a t e d t h a t t h e y d id n o t k n o w w h e t h e r a t t e n d a n c e a t a n

o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t w o u ld h e l p o n e o f t h e i r s t u d e n t s i m p r o v e h i s o r
h e r m a r k in m u s ic .
O n ly o n e of t h e s i x c i t i e s c o v e r e d in t h e s tu d y p r e s e n t s a
s p e c i a l c o n c e r t f o r s t u d e n t s i n j u n i o r o r s e n i o r h ig h s c h o o l .

Re­

c e n t l y C i t y A. a t t e m p t e d s u c h a c o n c e r t f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e a t a
ju n io r h ig h sch o o l.
F r o m t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d b y i n t e r v i e w a n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e i n th e
s i x c e n t r a l M i c h i g a n c o m m u n i t i e s , t h e f o ll o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s m a y b e
d r a w n r e g a r d i n g t h e p r e s e n t s t a t u s of t h e c o m m o n s c h o o l - c o m m u n i t y
o r c h e s t r a e f f o r t s i n g iv in g y o u n g p e o p l e l i s t e n i n g e x p e r i e n c e s .
(1)

W ith r e g a r d t o t h e p r o b l e m of a t t e n d a n c e a t r e g u l a r o r c h e s t r a
c o n c e r t s b y j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h ig h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s , s c h o o l t e a c h ­
e r s a n d o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s g e n e r a l l y d id n o t h a v e a c l e a r i d e a
of h o w m a n y s u c h s t u d e n t s a t t e n d e d o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t s ,

(2)

M o s t c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s in th e s tu d y a v e r a g e d b e t w e e n 25
a n d 75 t e e n - a g e

stu d e n ts a t a r e g u la r o r c h e s t r a c o n c e rt.

e x tre m e s v a rie d fro m

10 t o 5 0 0 .

The

In t e r m s of p e r c e n t of p o t e n ­

tia l stu d en t a u d ie n c e , th e a v e r a g e a tte n d a n c e r e p r e s e n ts about

86
1 p e r c e n t , w i t h t h e e x t r e m e s v a r y i n g f r o m 0.5 p e r c e n t t o 18
p e rc e n t.
(3)

C le a rly th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a c o n c e rts a r e not re a ch in g
m a n y of t h e s t u d e n t s i n t h e j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h ig h s c h o o l s .

(4)

A ll c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s t h a t s e l l t i c k e t s o f f e r a s t u d e n t
tic k e t at h a lf p r i c e .

(5)

One o r c h e s t r a h a s
te e n - a g e stu d e n ts;

(6)

p r o v id e d s p e c ia l s e a tin g a r r a n g e m e n ts f o r
f i v e h a v e n o t.

T h e r e a r e no s y s t e m s in e x is te n c e f o r d is trib u tin g f r e e c o n ­
c e r t t i c k e t s to d e s e r v i n g s t u d e n t s .

(7)

T h e re is a lm o s t no p u b lic ity e ffo rt d ir e c te d e sp e c ia lly to w a rd
te e n -a g e stu d e n ts.
o n ly k n o w n f o r m

(8)

A nnouncem ent by school te a c h e rs w as

th e

of p u b l i c i t y in t h i s c o n n e c t i o n .

Jo in t p e r f o r m a n c e by s c h o o l-a g e m u s ic ia n s and c o m m u n ity
o r c h e s t r a s h a s b e e n t r i e d i n f r e q u e n t l y i n f o u r of t h e s i x c i t i e s
stu d ie d .

(9)

In f i v e of t h e s i x c i t i e s s t u d i e d , n o e f f o r t h a s b e e n m a d e b y
th e sch o o l a n d o r c h e s t r a to p r o m o t e a jo in t s o lu tio n to th e
p ro b le m

(10)

of t e e n - a g e c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e .

T h r e e - f o u r t h s of t h e m u s i c t e a c h e r s i n t h e j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r
h i g h s c h o o l s c a r r y on s o m e ty p e of p r e p a r a t i o n f o r o r c h e s t r a
c o n c e r t s , w h i l e l e s s t h a n h a l f f o ll o w up t h e c o n c e r t .

87
(11)

U s u a l l y t h e p r e p a r a t o r y a n d f o l l o w - u p e f f o r t c o n s i s t e d of s u c h
a c t i v i t i e s a s a n n o u n c e m e n t s of c o n c e r t s a n d t h e c h e c k in g of
s tu d e n ts who a tte n d e d .

(12)

T h e s e e f f o r t s w e r e n o t a t a ll e x t e n s i v e .

F e w e r t h a n h a l f of t h e s e c o n d a r y m u s i c t e a c h e r s e n c o u r a g e
a tte n d a n c e a t th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r ts by o fferin g
e x tr a c r e d i t f o r it.

(13)

One c ity is o ffe rin g f o r th e f i r s t tim e th is y e a r a s p e c ia l
c o n c e r t by th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a f o r ju n io r h ig h sch oo l
stu d e n ts.

T h e re m a in in g fiv e c itie s h a v e n e v e r a tte m p te d any

such a ctiv ity .

C H A P T E R IV

I M P R O V E M E N T O F P R A C T I C E S A ND C O N D IT IO N S

T h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r h a s d e a l t w ith s c h o o l - c o m m u n i t y o r ­
c h e s t r a r e l a t i o n s h i p s a s t h e y e x i s t a t th e p r e s e n t t i m e .

It p r e s e n t e d

a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p r a c t i c e s w h ic h t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a a n d
t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s n o w f o ll o w .

The p r e s e n t c h a p te r is a lo g ic a l

se q u e n c e to th e p re c e d in g one.

It d e a l s w i t h t h e p r o b l e m of w h a t

s h o u ld b e d o n e t o i m p r o v e t h e v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of th e s c h o o l - c o m m u n i t y
o r c h e s tr a re la tio n sh ip .
It i s f e l t t h a t t h e c o n c e p t of i m p r o v e m e n t s h o u ld b e l a r g e l y
t h e r e s u l t of t h e o p in io n s of t h e t e a c h e r s a n d o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s
w h o h a v e b e e n i n v o l v e d i n th e a c t i v i t i e s .

T h e r e f o r e , th e f i r s t p o r ­

t i o n of t h i s c h a p t e r r e p o r t s t h e o p i n io n s of t h e s e p e r s o n s t o w a r d t h e
v a rio u s p r a c tic e s and c o n d itio n s.

L a t e r in th e c h a p t e r t h e s u g g e s ­

tio n s w h ich a r e o ff e re d by th e A m e r ic a n Sym phony O r c h e s t r a L e a g u e
a n d t h e M u s i c E d u c a t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e w ill b e c i t e d .

88

89
I m p r o v e m e n t of C h i l d r e n ' s C o n c e r t s

T h e f i r s t a r e a of p o s s i b l e i m p r o v e m e n t a t t h e l e v e l of th e
c h i l d r e n ’ s c o n c e r t w a s i n t h e n u m b e r of c o n c e r t s t h a t e a c h c h i l d i s
a b le t o a t t e n d d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of a s c h o o l y e a r .

S in c e tw o c i t i e s

g iv e no c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t w h a t s o e v e r , i t i s s i g n i f i c a n t t o n o te w h a t
th e t e a c h e r s a n d o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia ls d e s i r e d in th is c o n n ec tio n .

The

t e a c h e r s of m u s i c i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y l e v e l w e r e a s k e d , " I f you h a d
a c h i l d i n t h e s i x t h g r a d e , h o w m a n y c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s w o u ld y o u
l i k e h i m o r h e r to a t t e n d e a c h y e a r ? "

T h e a v e r a g e of t h e r e s p o n s e s

to t h i s q u e s t i o n w a s b e t w e e n tw o a n d t h r e e .
l e a s t one c h ild r e n 's c o n c e rt.

A ll t e a c h e r s f a v o r e d a t

T h e m o s t o f te n m e n t i o n e d n u m b e r w a s

fo u r , w ith one c o n c e r t ra n k in g s e c o n d in fr e q u e n c y .

In t h e c a s e s of

c i t i e s w h e r e t h e c l a s s r o o m t e a c h e r i s e x p e c t e d t o t e a c h h e r ow n
m u s ic th e te n d e n c y w as to w a rd fe w e r c o n c e r ts .

O p in io n s of th e

b o a r d m e m b e r s of t h e s y m p h o n y o n th e s u b j e c t of n u m b e r s of c h i l d ­
r e n ' s c o n c e r t s v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e t h a n t h o s e of t h e s c h o o l
te a c h e rs.

T h e a n s w e r s of t h e s e v e n t e e n i n f o r m a n t s i n t h i s g r o u p

r a n g e d f r o m n o c o n c e r t s a t a l l up to n in e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s i n
o ne y e a r .

O ne o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia l ev en m e n tio n e d th a t, a lth o u g h he

r e a l i z e d i t w a s n o t a t a ll p r a c t i c a l , h e w o u ld l i k e to s e e c h i l d r e n ' s
c o n c e rts once each w eek.

T he a v e ra g e fig u re is ju s t a b it o v e r

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fo u r c h ild r e n s c o n c e r t s p e r y e a r , w h ich is a so m e w h a t h ig h e r a v e r ­
age th a n w as re p o r te d fo r th e te a c h e r s .

It s h o u l d b e p o i n t e d o u t

t h a t r e s p o n s e s to t h e q u e s t i o n of t h e n u m b e r of c h i l d r e n ’s c o n c e r t s
w e r e n o t s t a t e m e n t s of t h e n u m b e r of c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s t o b e g iv e n
b y t h e o r c h e s t r a , b u t r a t h e r t h e n u m b e r of c h i l d r e n ’s c o n c e r t s to b e
a tte n d e d by e a c h c h ild in th e u p p e r e le m e n ta r y g ra d e s .
T h e tw e lv e e le m e n ta ry m u s ic te a c h e r s w e re ask ed , " C o n ­
s i d e r i n g t h e t i m e t h a t m u s t b e d e v o t e d to o t h e r p h a s e s of m u s i c a n d
to o t h e r s u b j e c t s , do y o u f e e l t h a t t h e r e i s no w s u f f i c i e n t t i m e to
do a r e a s o n a b l y g o o d jo b of p r e p a r i n g a n d f o llo w in g up c h i l d r e n ' s
c o n c e rts? "

S ix o f t h i s n u m b e r f e l t t h a t t h e y d id n o t now h a v e s u f ­

f i c i e n t t i m e to p r e p a r e f o r t h e s e c o n c e r t s .
erro rs

E v e n if o n e a l l o w e d f o r

r e l a t i n g t o t h e s e m a n t i c s of t h e q u e s t i o n , t h i s b e l i e f o n th e

p a r t of t h e t e a c h e r s d o e s s e e m to r a i s e s o m e s e r i o u s q u e s t i o n s a b o u t
t h e p o s s i b l e n u m b e r of c o n c e r t s .

It s e e m s t o p o i n t to a n e e d f o r

m o r e o r g a n i z e d p r e p a r a t i o n f o r c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s , w h ic h m a y i n ­
v o lv e s o m e c u r r i c u l u m

re v is io n in th e e le m e n ta ry school m u s ic

program .
C o n c e r n i n g t h e f i n a n c i n g of c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s , o n e q u e s t i o n
w a s a s k e d , " D o y ou f e e l t h a t t h e b o a r d of e d u c a t i o n i n y o u r c i t y
s h o u ld a p p r o p r i a t e s o m e m o n e y to t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a f o r th e
s p e c i f i c p u r p o s e of e d u c a t i o n a l c o n c e r t s f o r s c h o o l c h i l d r e n ? "

The

91
" y e s "

r e s p o n s e s to t h i s q u e s t i o n o u t n u m b e r e d t h e " n o "

resp o n ses

b y a b o u t a f i v e to o n e m a r g i n a m o n g t h e e l e m e n t a r y m u s i c t e a c h e r s .
It s h o u l d b e n o t e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t s o m e of t h e s e " y e s "

an sw ers w ere

q u a l i f i e d w i t h s u c h s t a t e m e n t s a s f " I f t h e o r c h e s t r a w o u ld p l a y s i m ­
p le r m u s i c " an d th e lik e .

A m ong th e o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia ls t h e r e w as

n o t s u c h a h i g h d e g r e e of a g r e e m e n t , a lt h o u g h a m a j o r i t y of t h e m
fa v o re d fin a n c ia l a s s is ta n c e fro m

th e s c h o o l b o a r d .

T h ere w ere a

g r e a t m a n y p e r s o n s w h o r e s p o n d e d w i t h a " d o n ’t k n o w " a n s w e r , a n d
t h e r e w a s e v e n o n e c a s e of a " n o " a n s w e r .

T h e r e s e e m e d to b e

s o m e d i s a g r e e m e n t o n t h e p a r t of o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s in t h i s m a t t e r .
T h e y s e e m e d t o f e e l t h a t s u c h s u p p o r t w o u ld t e n d to r e d u c e t h e i r
i n f l u e n c e a n d p o s i t i o n in c o n n e c t i o n w ith t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n .
S in c e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s a r e u s u a l l y f r e e , t h e r e w e r e a l m o s t
no su g g e s tio n s f r o m t e a c h e r s o r o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia ls ab o ut tic k e t a r ­
ra n g e m e n ts.

T h e o n ly o n e t h a t w a s m a d e i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n w a s

m a d e b y a b o u t h a l f of t h e t h i r t y - t w o i n f o r m a n t s .

T h e y t e n d e d to

b e l i e v e t h a t a n o m i n a l f e e s h o u ld b e a s k e d of e a c h s tu d e n t a tte n d in g
a c o n ce rt.

T h e y f e l t t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s do n o t a p p r e c i a t e s o m e t h i n g

t h a t t h e y g e t f o r n o th in g .
T h e f a c t o r of tim e g r e a tl y c o n c e rn e d th e sch o o l m u s ic t e a c h ­
ers.
h e ld .

F i r s t w a s t h e q u e s t i o n a b o u t t h e t i m e t h e c o n c e r t s h o u ld b e
O ut of f i f t e e n t e a c h e r s a l l b u t o n e f a v o r e d h o ld in g c h i l d r e n ' s

92
c o n c e rts d a rin g school h o u rs .

T h e r e a s o n th a t th e in fo r m a n ts gave

w a s t h e i r b e l i e f t h a t a l l t h e c h i l d r e n i n t h e s c h o o l s s h o u ld h a v e th e
o p p o rtu n ity to s e e a n d h e a r a sy m p h o n y o r c h e s t r a s o m e tim e d u rin g
th e ir school life .

It i s i n t e r e s t i n g to n o te t h a t t h e t e a c h e r s to o k

t h i s p o s i t i o n i n s p i t e of th e f a c t t h a t h a lf of th e c o n c e r t s w h ic h h a v e
m u s ic e s p e c ia lly f o r c h i l d r e n a r e h e ld d u rin g o u t-o f -s c h o o l h o u rs .
A n o t h e r f a c t o r w a s t h e l e n g t h of t h e c o n c e r t .

About o ne-

f o u r t h of t h e t e a c h e r s of m u s i c c o m p l a i n e d t h a t th e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n ­
c e r t s a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e a r e to o lo n g .

S e v e ra l sta te d th at fo rty -

fiv e m in u te s is th e m a x im u m le n g th f o r a c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r t.
is b e t t e r , th e s e te a c h e r s

It

s ta te d , to h av e th e c h ild re n le a v e th e con ­

c e r t w a n tin g m o r e , t h a n to l e a v e th e c o n c e r t b o r e d , t i r e d , a n d d i s ­
g u sted .
T h e o f f i c i a l s of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a f a v o r e d h a v in g
c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s d u r i n g s c h o o l t i m e , b y a b o u t a t h r e e to tw o
m a rg in .

T h e o f f i c i a l s of t h e o r c h e s t r a t e n d e d t o f a v o r w h a t th e y

h a d a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e ; t h o s e h a v in g t h e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t d u r i n g
s c h o o l t i m e f a v o r e d t h e a r r a n g e m e n t , a n d a b o u t h a l f of t h o s e h o l d ­
ing c o n c e r t s d u r i n g o u t of s c h o o l h o u r s f a v o r e d t h a t p l a n .

T h e o f­

f i c i a l s of t h e o r c h e s t r a e x p r e s s e d no c o n c e r n a b o u t t h e l e n g t h of
t h e c o n c e r t ; t h e y f e l t c o m p l e t e l y s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n .

93
T h e r e w e r e no s u g g e s t i o n s o f f e r e d b y e i t h e r t h e s c h o o l t e a c h ­
e r s o r o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s c o n c e r n i n g t h e l i m i t i n g of c o n c e r t s to s p e ­
c if ic s c h o o l g r a d e s .
T h e a c tiv itie s s u c h a s e x p lan a tio n s and d e m o n stra tio n s a r e
c o n s i d e r e d q u i t e n e c e s s a r y b y th e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s .

T h is w as b ro u g h t

out e s p e c i a l l y i n th e c a s e of C ity C w h ic h h a s n e i t h e r of t h e s e a c t i v i ­
t ie s in c o n n e c tio n w ith th e C h r i s t m a s c o n c e r t.

T h ere w ere sev e ra l

s u g g e s t i o n s a s to t h e p e r s o n a l i t y of th e a n n o u n c e r a t th e c h i l d r e n ' s
c o n c e rt.

I n o n e c i t y t h e m u s i c s u p e r v i s o r w a s d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e

m a n n e r i n ^w hich t h e o r c h e s t r a c o n d u c t o r a n n o u n c e d a n d e x p l a i n e d
th e p r o g r a m .

I n a n o t h e r c i t y t h e c o n d u c t o r w a s d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith

t h e e f f e c t of t h e r e m a r k s m a d e b y t h e m u s i c s u p e r v i s o r a t t h e c o n ­
c e rt.

T he o b je c tio n s in th e s e in s ta n c e s w e re th a t th e a n n o u n c e r

t e n d e d to b e " d u l l fl a n d l o s e t h e i n t e r e s t of t h e c h i l d r e n , o r t h a t
th e c h i l d r e n c o u l d n o t u n d e r s t a n d th e s p e a k e r b e c a u s e h e u s e d to o
m a n y w o r d s t h a t w e r e u n f a m i l i a r to t h e c h i l d r e n .
In g e n e r a l m o s t of t h e i n f o r m a n t s w e r e s a t i s f i e d w ith th e
m u sic p la y e d at th e s e c o n c e rts .

T h e r e w a s s o m e c r i t i c i s m b y th e

t e a c h e r s t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h e m u s i c w a s to o i n t e l l e c t u a l o r to o
se rio u s.

A s w o u ld b e e x p e c t e d , t h e c o n d u c t o r s w e r e s a t i s f i e d w ith

th e m u s ic th e y th e m s e l v e s h a d s e le c te d .

O n ly o n e o r c h e s t r a b o a r d

m e m b e r h a d any c o m p la in t about th e m u s ic u sed .

He re p o rte d th a t

94
in h is o p in io n th e

c o n d u c t o r s o m e t i m e s c h o s e m u s i c w h ic h w a s to o

m odern.
A n o th e r su g g e s tio n m e n tio n e d fre q u e n tly w as a d e s ir e fo r
m o r e stu d e n t p a r tic ip a tio n in c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r ts .

O ne c o n d u c t o r

s ta te d th a t h e w a s v e r y a n x io u s to u s e c o m p o sitio n s by s tu d e n ts.
O t h e r s f e l t t h a t s t u d e n t s p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e c o n c e r t a l o n e o r in
g ro u p s a d d e d a g r e a t d e a l of i n t e r e s t f o r th e o th e r c h ild re n .
H a l f t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s f a v o r e d g iv in g e a c h c h i l d a p r i n t e d
p ro g ram

of t h e c o n c e r t , w h ile h a l f d id n o t. J M o s t of th e o r c h e s t r a

o f f i c i a l s w e r e o p p o s e d t o g iv in g o u t p r o g r a m s .

T he o fficia ls s e e m e d

to t h i n k t h a t t h e r e m i g h t b e a p o s s i b i l i t y of t h e s t u d e n t s m a k i n g
"g lid e rs"

out of th e p r o g r a m s .

C ity C is t h e o n ly c i t y i n t h e s tu d y

w h ic h g a v e c h i l d r e n a p r i n t e d p r o g r a m .

T h is c i t y h a s e x p e r i e n c e d

no tr o u b le in th is c o n n e c tio n .

I m p r o v e m e n t of Y o u th C o n c e r t A t t e n d a n c e

T h o s e a c t i v i t i e s d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n e d w ith e n c o u r a g i n g m o r e
t e e n - a g e s tu d e n t a tte n d a n c e at c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r ts w e re
a l s o e x a m i n e d f o r p o s s i b l e a r e a s of i m p r o v e m e n t .

The school

t e a c h e r s w e r e a s k e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w ith t h i s t o p i c , " W o u l d y ou l i k e
to s e e s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s e m p h a s i z e a n d e n c o u r a g e c o n c e r t a t ­
te n d a n c e m o r e th a n th e y have in th e p a s t ? "

Of t h e 15 s c h o o l

95
te a c h e rs

r e s p o n d i n g to t h i s q u e s t i o n , t w o - t h i r d s f a v o r e d m o r e e n ­

c o u r a g e m e n t b y t h e m s e l v e s of c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e , w h ile th e r e m a i n d e r
of t h e i n f o r m a n t s w e r e e v e n ly d i v i d e d a s to " n o "

o r " d o n 't k n o w ."

T he ju n io r and s e n io r h ig h sch o o l m u s ic t e a c h e r s w e re a ls o a sk e d ,
" D o y o u f e e l t h a t c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e s h o u ld a s s i s t t h e s t u d e n t s in
e a rn in g a n a w a rd o r a n e x t r a c r e d i t in th e b an d , c h o ir, o r o th e r
school m u sic a c ti v itie s ? "

A b o u t h a l f of t h e t e a c h e r s f a v o r e d t h i s ,

w h i l e t h e r e s t of t h e t e a c h e r s o p p o s e d w ith th e e x c e p t i o n o f a fe w
w h o s a i d t h e y d id n o t k n o w .

The school te a c h e rs w ere asked a

t h i r d q u e s t i o n , ,rD o y o u f e e l t h a t t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o u g h t to
m a k e m o r e e f f o r t t h a n i t h a s i n t h e p a s t to in d u c e s t u d e n t s to a t ­
te n d c o n c e r ts th ro u g h s p e c ia l p u b lic ity and o th e r a r r a n g e m e n t s ? "
A b o u t t h r e e - f o u r t h s of t h e g r o u p a n s w e r e d " y e s , " w ith t h e r e ­
m a in d e r d iv id e d b e tw e e n " n o " and " d o n 't k n o w ."

O ne t e a c h e r

m e n t i o n e d t h a t t h e o r c h e s t r a s h o u ld h a v e m o r e n e w s p a p e r , r a d i o ,
and te le v is io n a d v e r tis e m e n ts .
A. s i m i l a r q u e s t i o n w a s a s k e d of o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s a s to t h e
n e ed f o r i n c r e a s e d p u b lic ity by th e o r c h e s t r a .
sta te d th a t th e y b e lie v e d th e r e

A l m o s t a l l of t h e m

s h o u ld b e a n i n c r e a s e in t h e p u b l i c i t y ,

and e sp e c ia lly p u b lic ity slan ted sp ec ific a lly fo r te e n - a g e stu d en ts.
T h e r e w e r e n o t to o m a n y s u g g e s t i o n s a s t o t i c k e t a r r a n g e ­
m e n t s o r s e a t i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h ig h s c h o o l

96
s tu d e n ts.

M o s t of t h e t e a c h e r s a n d o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s e v i d e n t l y do

not c o n s id e r th is p r o b le m a s e r io u s one.

A. f e w of t h e t e a c h e r s a n d

o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia ls d id h a v e s o m e sp e c ific s u g g e s tio n s co n ce rn in g
tic k e ts an d sea tin g :
(1)

H av e th e s tu d e n ts a tte n d th e c o n c e r t in g ro u p s — s c o u ts , c h u rc h ,
s c h o o l, et c e te r a .

(2)

If p o s s i b l e , h a v e t h e t e a c h e r s
c e rts.

s e l l t i c k e t s to t h e o r c h e s t r a c o n ­

H o w e v e r , i n m a n y s c h o o l s y s t e m s a b o a r d of e d u c a t i o n

ru le fo rb id s th is p ra c tic e .
(3)

H av e lo w e r p r i c e s f o r stu d e n t tic k e ts .
T h e q u e s t i o n a r i s e s a s to h o w m u c h of t h e p o t e n t i a l a u d i e n c e

of t e e n - a g e s t u d e n t s c a n r e a s o n a b l y b e e x p e c t e d to a t t e n d c o n c e r t s ,
T h o m p so n in h e r book s ta te d th a t m o s t c o m m u n itie s c an ex p ect about
2 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o t e n t i a l a d u lt a u d i e n c e to p u r c h a s e t i c k e t s a n d
a tte n d o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t s .

I n l a r g e c i t i e s l i k e N ew Y o r k th e p e r ­

c en ta g e is u s u a lly s m a l l e r .

S o m e c o m m u n i t i e s of t e n to tw e n ty

t h o u s a n d h a v e s u c c e e d e d i n i n t e r e s t i n g o v e r 10 p e r c e n t of t h e p o t e n tia l aud i enc e .
It w o u ld s e e m l o g i c a l to c o n c l u d e t h a t s t u d e n t a t t e n d a n c e in
t e r m s of p o t e n t i a l a u d i e n c e s h o u l d b e s o m e w h a t h i g h e r t h a n t h a t of

T h o m p s o n , o p . c i t ., p . 43.

97
t h e a d u l t m e m b e r s of a c o m m u n i t y .
t i o n w o u ld n o t b e i m p r o v i n g .

If t h i s w e r e n o t t r u e , t h e s i t u a ­

T he t e a c h e r s a n d o r c h e s t r a o fficia ls

g e n e r a lly a g r e e th a t a p p r e c ia tio n is p o s s ib le f o r m o s t p e r s o n s .
H e n ce , it s e e m s th a t p e r s o n s c o n c e rn e d about te e n - a g e c o n c e rt a t­
t e n d a n c e s h o u l d n o t b e s a t i s f i e d w ith a f i g u r e w h ic h i s l o w e r t h a n
3 o r 4 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o t e n t i a l y o u th a u d i e n c e .
T h e q u e s t i o n w a s a s k e d of a l l i n f o r m a n t s , " W o u l d y o u li k e
to h a v e t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a p r e s e n t a s p e c i a l c o n c e r t f o r t e e n ­
a g e s t u d e n t s —-a c o n c e r t n o t a s h e a v y a s a n a d u l t c o n c e r t b u t m o r e
m a t u r e t h a n a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t - - w h i c h i s e s p e c i a l l y p l a n n e d to
c a p t u r e t h e i n t e r e s t of t h e t e ^ n - a g e s t u d e n t ? "

T h is su g g estio n had

t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g s u p p o r t of t h e s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s .

O ut of t h e

s ix te e n who w e r e a s k e d th is q u e stio n , n o t a sin g le " n o " a n s w e r w as
g i v e n a n d tw o m e n t i o n e d t h a t t h e y " .

. . h a d n 't th o u g h t of i t . "

T h r e e - f o u r t h s of t h e 17 c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s f a v o r e d s u c h
c o n c e rts.

O n ly tw o

of t h e i r

num ber

s ta te d

w h i l e s e v e r a l s a i d t h a t t h e y d id n o t k n o w .

a

"no"

response,

A s i n t h e c a s e of t i c k e t s

and s e a tin g a r r a n g e m e n t s , t h e r e w e r e s e v e r a l s u g g e s tio n s f r o m in ­
f o r m a n t s w i t h r e g a r d to t h e u s e of s p e c i a l c o n c e r t s f o r t h e t e e n ­
age s tu d e n ts.
(1)

They w ere:

H ave th e c o n c e r ts h e ld at th e sc h o o ls d u rin g sch oo l tim e .

98
(2)

Two in fo rm a n ts

s u g g e s te d th a t s o m e m e th o d be d e v ise d f o r a l ­

t e r n a t i n g th e s e l e c t i o n of m u s i c b e t w e e n th e s t u d e n t s w ho h a v e
to l i s t e n t o t h a t m u s i c , a n d t h e o r c h e s t r a c o n d u c t o r .
(3)

The co n cert

s h o u l d b e i n f o r m a l in n a t u r e .

(4)

It sh o u ld be

a b o u t f o r t y - f i v e m i n u t e s in l e n g t h .

(5)

It s h o u l d b e

c a r e f u lly w o rk e d out and p la n n e d b e fo re h an d .

(6)

T h e r e sh o u ld b e a t l e a s t one c o n c e r t p e r y e a r at e a c h ju n io r
h ig h s c h o o l, an d if p o s s ib le a t s e n io r h ig h s c h o o ls a ls o .
Jo in t p e r f o r m a n c e s by th e school g ro u p s and o r c h e s tr a s w e re

f a v o r e d b y a l l t e a c h e r s a n d o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s h a v in g h a d e x p e r i e n c e
w ith s u c h a c t i v i t i e s .

S o m e of t h e i n f o r m a n t s m e n t i o n e d t h a t j o i n t

p e r f o r m a n c e s a r e e s p e c ia lly good in c re a tin g in te r e s t am ong th e
stu d en ts.

O n e i n f o r m a n t s t a t e d t h a t s h e d id n o t f e e l t h a t t h e c a r r y ­

o v e r w a s v e r y g r e a t f r o m t h e c o n c e r t w ith t h e j o i n t p e r f o r m a n c e
to o th e r c o n c e r t s .

H o w e v e r, a ll th e sch o o l m u s ic t e a c h e r s r e a liz e

t h a t o n e w a y to i m p r o v e a t t e n d a n c e a t c o n c e r t s is to h a v e m o r e
p a r tic ip a tio n in th e c o n c e rt.

T h e y a r e a l s o w e ll a w a r e of th e f a c t

t h a t k n o w in g s o m e o n e p a r t i c i p a t i n g

i n t h e c o n c e r t i n c r e a s e s th e i n ­

t e r e s t of t h e l i s t e n e r s v e r y m u c h .
T h e q u e s t i o n of c o o p e r a t i o n
p u b lic

by th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a and

sch o o ls in th e a r e a s d is c u s s e d

a t th e ju n io r and s e n io r h ig h

s c h o o l l e v e l i s s o m e w h a t m o r e i n t a n g i b l e t h a n i t i s a t th e e l e m e n t a r y

99
le v el.

B o th t h e t e a c h e r s a n d th e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s a p ­

p e a r e d t o b e i n t e r e s t e d i n c o o p e r a t i n g w ith o n e a n o t h e r , if s u c h c o ­
o p e r a t i o n w o u ld p r o d u c e r e s u l t s .

H o w ev e r, ju s t w hat th e c o o p e ra tiv e

e ffo rts sh o u ld b e w as not to o c l e a r .

The r e a d e r m ay re c a ll th a t

in o n ly o n e c i t y , C i t y C , h a d t h e o r c h e s t r a a n d th e s c h o o l m u s i c
t e a c h e r s m e t to s e e k s o m e p r o g r a m

of i m p r o v i n g s t u d e n t a t t e n d a n c e

and i n t e r e s t in c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r ts .

So t h i s c i t y w ill

h a v e to s e r v e a s a g u i d e f o r t h e o t h e r c i t i e s .

It s h o u ld b e r e c a l l e d

t h a t t h i s c i t y h a d t h e g r e a t e s t n u m b e r a n d g r e a t e s t p e r c e n t a g e of
p o t e n t i a l a u d i e n c e a t t e n d i n g c o n c e r t s a m o n g th e t e e n - a g e g r o u p .
B o th th e o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia ls and sch o o l t e a c h e r s in th is city
w e r e s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e r e s u l t s a c h i e v e d b y t h e m e e t i n g .

The re su lts

s e e m e d t o i n d i c a t e t h a t e a c h p l a y s c e r t a i n r o l e s in th e s i t u a t i o n .
T h e o r c h e s t r a s h o u l d p r o v i d e p e r f o r m a n c e s of a q u a l i t y w h ic h w ill
e n c o u r a g e p e r s o n s to a t t e n d , n o t o n ly b e c a u s e t h e a c t i v i t y d e s e r v e s
s u p p o r t , b u t m o r e b e c a u s e t h e o r c h e s t r a is of a q u a lity t h a t i s a
p l e a s u r e to h e a r .

T h e o r c h e s t r a s h o u ld m a k e a r e a s o n a b l e p u b l i c i t y

e f f o r t w h i c h i s s l a n t e d f o r j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h ig h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s .
A n d f i n a l l y , t h e o r c h e s t r a s h o u ld p l a y s o m e m u s i c w h ic h th e s t u d e n t s
c a n u n d e r s t a n d a n d e n jo y .
ro le to p e r f o r m .

It w as f e lt th a t th e sch o o ls h av e a m a j o r

T h e r o l e l a r g e l y c o n s i s t s of u s in g th e m e a n s

a v a ila b le to e d u c a te a n d e n c o u ra g e s tu d e n ts in c o n c e r t a tte n d a n c e .

100
T h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s w e r e q u ite s t r o n g l y in c lin e d , to
f e e l t h a t w i t h o u t a g o o d s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m , a s d i s c u s s e d in
C h a p t e r II, t h e y w e r e l a r g e l y h e l p l e s s a t t h i s a g e l e v e l .

T he ro le

of t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s t a k e s tw o f o r m s :
(1)

T h e a n n o u n c e m e n t of a n d th e p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e c o n c e r t s a s
th e y o c c u r th ro u g h o u t th e sch o o l y e a r .

(2)

A. g o o d m u s i c p r o g r a m i n th e s e n s e t h a t i t g i v e s c h i l d r e n a
p r e p a r a t i o n a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g of g o o d m u s i c .

A l s o , w h e n p o s s i b l e , t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s s h o u ld s e l l t i c k e t s .
T h e f i n a l p o i n t c o n c e r n s th e m a i n t e n a n c e of th e y o u th o r c h e s ­
t r a by th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s tr a .

T h r e e of t h e s i x c i t i e s u s e d in

t h i s s t u d y h a v e y o u th o r c h e s t r a s w h ic h c o n s i s t of j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r
h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s f r o m t h e c i t y a n d c o u n ty a t l a r g e .
c h e stra s

These o r­

r e h e a r s e o nce a w e ek , u s u a lly on S a tu rd a y m o rn in g s , and

g iv e o n e o r tw o c o n c e r t s a y e a r .

C o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a o fficia ls

f e l t t h a t a y o u th o r c h e s t r a h e l p e d a t t e n d a n c e a n d s t u d e n t i n t e r e s t a t
th e ir re g u la r c o n c e rts.

T h i s i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y s o , h o w e v e r , a s tw o

of t h e t h r e e c i t i e s t h a t h a v e s u c h a n o r c h e s t r a d id j u s t a b i t b e t t e r
t h a n t h e a v e r a g e i n s t u d e n t a t t e n d a n c e a t th e j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h ig h
school le v el.

101
S u g g e sted Im p r o v e m e n ts b y A u th o ritie s

H a v i n g e x a m i n e d t h e s u g g e s t i o n s a n d c o m m e n t s of a l l t h e
in f o r m a n ts in te r v ie w e d , it is w ell to c o n s id e r w h at a u th o r itie s w ritin g
u n d e r th e a u s p i c e s of p r o f e s s i o n a l o r g a n iz a ti o n s c o n c e r n e d w ith th e
p r o b l e m h a v e to s u g g e s t .

T h e r e f e r e n c e s a r e p e r t i n e n t to th is stu d y

b e c a u s e th e y f u r n is h a c o m p a r is o n as to w hat th e te a c h e r s and o r ­
c h e s tr a o fficia ls h av e su g g e s te d and w hat th e s e w r i t e r s

s u g g e s t, and

b e c a u s e t h e y r e p r e s e n t t h e t h i n k i n g a n d v i e w s of t h e tw o m a j o r o r ­
g a n iz a tio n s in th is a r e a .

T h e s e r e f e r e n c e s h ave p la c e d th e e m p h a s is

upon c o n c e rts f o r c h ild re n .

A g a in , lik e th e t e a c h e r s an d o r c h e s t r a

o f f i c i a l s , t h e s e a u t h o r i t i e s h a v e t e n d e d to b y p a s s t h e q u e s t i o n of
te e n -a g e c o n c e rt a tte n d an c e.
T h e f i r s t a u t h o r i t y to b e c i t e d i s M r s . H e l e n M . T h o m p s o n ,
e x e c u t i v e s e c r e t a r y of t h e A m e r i c a n S y m p h o n y O r c h e s t r a L e a g u e .
In h e r b o o k T h e C o m m u n i t y S y m p h o n y O r c h e s t r a , w h i c h i s a p u b l i c a ­
tio n of th e L e a g u e , she m a k e s

s e v e ra l su g g estio n s.

M o s t of th e

i n f o r m a n t s , i t s e e m s , e i t h e r d id n o t k n o w o f, o r w e r e n o t i n t e r e s t e d
in m a n y o f t h e i d e a s

s u c c e s s fu lly t r i e d in o th e r c itie s and m e n tio n e d

by M rs. T hom pson.

The m a te r ia l w as f i r s t p u b lish e d as m a g a z in e

a r t i c l e s i n 1 9 4 8 , 1 9 4 9 , 1 9 5 0 , a n d w a s c o m p i l e d in b o o k f o r m

i n 195 2.

102
M r s . T h o m p s o n h a s t h i s t o s u g g e s t o n t h e q u e s t i o n of c h i l d r e n ’ s
c o n c e rts.

1

A. v e r y i m p o r t a n t p h a s e of t h e c u l t u r a l l e a d e r s h i p of c o m m u n i t y
s y m p h o n i e s i n t h e e d u c a t i o n f i e l d h a s t o do w i t h s t u d e n t s y m ­
phony c o n c e rts.
T h e S io u x C i t y S y m p h o n y p r e s e n t s 9 f r e e c o n c e r t s f o r c h i l d r e n
each year.
E x p e n s e s a r e p a id fro m th e re v e n u e a c c ru in g fro m
th e c ity 's m u n ic ip a l ta x f o r o r c h e s t r a su p p o rt.
T he B ato n R ouge
S y m p h o n y p r e s e n t s s ix f r e e c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r ts a y e a r , th e T o ­
le d o O r c h e s t r a fiv e .
I t i s n o t u n u s u a l f o r a c o m m u n i t y s y m p h o n y to p l a y t o 5 ,0 0 0
c h ild re n in a sin g le a fte rn o o n .
C h a lle n g in g id e a s a r e b e in g d e ­
v e lo p e d f o r th e s e s tu d e n t c o n c e r t s - - i d e a s d ir e c te d a t te a c h in g
t h e c h i l d r e n a l o v e f o r g r e a t m u s i c , a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e
c o m p o n e n t s o f a s y m p h o n y o r c h e s t r a a n d g iv in g t h e m a c h a n c e
t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e m a k i n g of f i n e m u s i c .
A d v a n ce p r o g r a m n o te s p r e p a r e d f o r o r by th e s c h o o ls , s p e c ia l
p r e - c o n c e r t ju v e n ile ra d io p r o g r a m s , e s s a y an d p o s t e r c o n te s ts
r e l a t i n g t o t h e p r o g r a m s , s e l e c t i o n of m u s i c c r i t i c s f r o m t h e
s t u d e n t a u d i e n c e s , s t u d e n t s o l o i s t s , a n d m a s s s in g in g w i t h t h e
o r c h e s t r a a r e a f e w of t h e s t u d e n t p a r t i c i p a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s m o s t
o fte n u s e d by th e o r c h e s t r a s .
T h e T o led o O r c h e s t r a a r r a n g e s f o r e a c h sch o o l to s e le c t one o r
m o r e s t u d e n t s d u r i n g t h e y e a r t o b e t h e s p e c i a l g u e s t s of t h e
o rc h e stra .
T h e s e y o u n g s t e r s a r e p e r m i t t e d to s i t r i g h t i n t h e
o r c h e s t r a d u r i n g a c o n c e r t , r e a d i n g (b ut n o t p la y in g ) t h e m u s i c
a lo n g w i t h t h e m u s i c i a n s .
T h e y th e n s h a r e th a t e x p e r ie n c e w ith
t h e i r c l a s s m a t e s b y t e l l i n g t h e m a l l a b o u t t h e " i n s i d e of t h e
o r c h e s t r a " in su c c e e d in g c la s s r o o m d is c u s s io n s .
T h e K n o x v i l l e S y m p h o n y i n v i t e d t h e s c h o o l m u s i c s u p e r v i s o r to
h a v e th e c h ild r e n c o m p o se an e ig h t- b a r m e lo d y s e v e r a l w eeks
b e fo re a c o n c e rt.
T h e c o n d u c t o r , D a v id V a n V a c t o r , t h e n e x p a n d e d

T h o m p s o n , o p . c i t ., p p . 1 0 7 - 0 8 .

103
and o r c h e s t r a t e d th e m e lo d y , and the c h ild r e n 's own m u s ic was
p la y e d in the c o n ce rt.
T h e C h a r l e s t o n (W. Va.) S y m p h o n y h a s m a d e w i d e u s e of s t u d e n t
g ro u p s a p p e a rin g on the s tu d e n t-c o n c e rt, one public school w as
a s k e d to d e velop a s im p le p a n to m im e w hich w ould r e l a t e the
e n g a g i n g s t o r y of t h e c o m p o s i n g of H u m p e r d i n c k ' s " E v e n i n g
P r a y e r and D r e a m P a n t o m i m e " f r o m H A N SEL AND G R E T E L ,
a n d w h i c h w o u l d a l s o g i v e t h e s t o r y of t h a t p a r t i c u l a r p o r t i o n
of t h e m u s i c .
The p a n to m im e w as staged im m e d ia te ly in fro n t
of t h e o r c h e s t r a a n d s e r v e d t o i n t r o d u c e t h a t w o r k o n t h e p r o ­
gram .
In a n o th e r student c o n c e rt title d " A F o lk Saga and D ance
C o n c e r t , ” f o u r p u b lic sch o o ls w e r e a s k e d to develop c o s tu m e d
folk d a n ce s to b e u sed in conjunction w ith th e o r c h e s t r a 's p la y ­
in g of t h e f o l k m u s i c of f o u r d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s , a n d a n a r r a t i o n
b a s e d on I b s e n 's p o e t r y w a s w o rk e d out f o r G r i e g 's P E E R GYNT
S U I T E N O . 1.
F r e q u e n t l y , o r c h e s t r a s a n d t h e i r w o m e n 's c o m m i t t e e s w o r k out
p l a n s w ith th e p u b lic s c h o o l s f o r th e c h i l d r e n to r e t u r n to t h e i r
c l a s s r o o m s a f t e r c o n c e r t s a n d , u s i n g a n y f o r m of e x p r e s s i o n
they c h o o se — c ra y o n s , w a te r c o lo rs , m odelling clay, soap scu lp ­
t u r e , e s s a y s , e t c . - - g i v e t h e i r r e a c t i o n to th e m u s i c and t h e i r
sym phony c o n ce rt experience.
A m azing re s u lts com e fro m such
p r o j e c t s , w h ich in c id e n tally often p ro v id e th e o r c h e s t r a w ith v e ry
fine p ro m o tio n and publicity m a te r ia l s .
In s tru m e n t d e m o n s tra tio n s at the schools p re c ed in g the student
c o n c e r t s a r e u s e d b y t h e F o r t W a y n e (Ind.) P h i l h a r m o n i c .
Mod­
e r n v i s u a l t e a c h i n g a i d s w h e r e b y t h e l i f e a n d t i m e s of t h e c o m ­
p o s e r s a r e r e l a t e d to th e m u s i c th e c h i l d r e n w ill h e a r a r e s t a n d ­
a r d p r a c t i c e s in p r e p a r in g the c h ilre n f o r m a n y student c o n c e rts .
T h e M u s i c E d u c a t i o n S o u r c e B o o k , w h i c h i s a p u b l i c a t i o n of
t h e M u s i c E d u c a t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e , i s a s o u r c e of t h e v i e w s
of t h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n .

The MENC has

s t r e s s e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e of o f ­

f e r in g m u s i c e x p e r i e n c e s f o r all c h ild re n .

T h is w as s ta te d in the

104
B i l l of M u s i c a l R i g h t s , p u b l i s h e d i n 1950 b y t h e M E N C . *
program

Hence, a

of e d u c a t i o n a l c o n c e r t s m u s t c o v e r a l l t h e c h i l d r e n i n a

com m unity.

The m a t e r i a l on educational c o n c e rts begins in C h ap ter

23 , " C o n c e r t s f o r C h i l d r e n a n d Y o u n g P e o p l e a s a P a r t of M u s i c
E d u cation."

2

E d u c a t i o n a l c o n c e r t s a r e p r o g r a m s p l a n n e d and p l a y e d not only
w i t h t h e i d e a of c a p t u r i n g t h e i m m e d i a t e a t t e n t i o n of t h e y o u n g
l i s t e n e r and giving h im a happy h o u r, b u t w ith c a r e f u l thought
t o h i s m u s i c a l p a s t a n d f u t u r e - - t o t h e c o n t i n u i t y of h i s l i s t e n i n g
e x p e r i e n c e ; p r o g r a m s p l a n n e d to i l l u s t r a t e an d i m p r e s s u n f o r ­
g e t t a b l y t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s of m u s i c — t o n e a n d t o n a l d e s i g n ; a b o v e
a ll, p r o g r a m s p la n n e d a n d p la y e d to p r e s e n t m u s i c not only as
a g r e a t a r t b u t a g r e a t e r h u m a n i t y , a s a t i s f y i n g e x p r e s s i o n of
t h e i n n e r l i f e o f m e n , w o m e n , a n d c h i l d r e n of a l l t i m e s a n d
p laces.
E d u c a tio n a l c o n c e r ts a r e p r o g r a m s with a p u r p o s e , c le a r ly d e ­
f i n e d i n t h e m i n d s of t h o s e w h o d o t h e p l a n n i n g a n d p l a y i n g b u t
n e v e r a p p a r e n t to th e young l i s t e n e r .
To le t a child know that
h e is h e a r i n g a H aydn m in u e t b e c a u s e it is m u s ic a lly good f o r
h im m a y give th e tune a " c a s t o r o i l " f l a v o r w hich it w ill n e v e r
lose.
They know th at M o z a rt and B eethoven w ro te t h e ir lovely
tu n e s long b e f o r e t h e r e w as s u c h a thing as a t e a c h e r s ' c o lle g e
o r a m u sic m ethods c o u rse.
T h e y e v e n k n o w t h a t m o s t of t h e
g r e a t m a s t e r s r a n aw ay f r o m school to fin d f r e e d o m in which
t h e i r i d e a s c o u l d g r o w , a s i t u a t i o n no l o n g e r n e c e s s a r y , s c h o o l s
b e in g w h at th e y now a r e - - a n d c a n be.
T h e m u s i c a l l i v e s of
t e a c h e r s m a y be quite re ju v e n a te d th ro u g h s h arin g the c h ild re n 's
co n cert experience.

" T h e C h i l d ' s B i l l of R i g h t s i n M u s i c , "
J o u r n a l , Vo l. X X X V I ( A p r i l - M a y , 1950), p. 15.
2

r

M usic E d u c a to rs

M u s i c E d u c a t i o n S o u r c e B o o k , op . c i t ., p p .

.

136-39.

105
One lis te n s m o s t effectively w hen one is n e ith e r re s p o n s ib le fo r
p e r f o r m a n c e n o r b u r i e d i n t h e m i d s t of t h e e n s e m b l e .
O bviously,
th e n , a u d ie n c e ed u ca tio n cannot be c o m p le te d in the c h o ru s o r
o r c h e s t r a r e h e a r s a l o r i n t h e c l a s s r o o m no m a t t e r h o w t h o r o u rg h and in te re s tin g m a y be the b a ck g ro u n d re a d in g s , the th e­
m a tic a n a ly s is and the c r i t i c a l d is c u s s io n s .
T hese a re but n ec­
e ss a ry preparation.
The re a l education ta k es p la c e in the lis te n ­
e r ' s own e x p e r i e n c e as he h e a r s and s e e s th e m u s ic a d e q u a te ly
p e r f o r m e d in its p r o p e r setting.
T h e l o v e a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g of m u s i c c o m e s n o t b y m a g i c b u t
b y t h e m i r a c l e of g r o w t h .
It i s r a t h e r s t u p i d t o e x p e c t m e r e
e x p o s u r e t o f i n e m u s i c t o c r e a t e a n a p p r e c i a t i o n of i t .
What
h a p p e n s t o t h e c h i l d a t h i s c o n c e r t i s t h e f l o w e r i n g of a l l t h a t
h a s b e e n p la n te d an d te n d e d in th e c l a s s r o o m in a f a v o ra b le
c l i m a t e of h a p p y a n t i c i p a t i o n .
T h is s h o u ld in no w ay b e l i t t l e
t h e t h r i l l of t h e p e r f o r m a n c e .
T h e o r c h e s t r a ' s a c t of c r e a t i o n
b rin g s the m u s ic to life.
T h e c o n c e r t is th e th in g , but it
r e a c h e s its m a x i m u m e d u catio n al v alu e only w hen c o m p le m e n te d
by effective p r e p a r a t io n and follow -up.
Som e Specific A im s A re:
1)
T h a t c o n c e r t p r o g r a m s be a d a p te d to th e c h ild 's c a p a c ity
f o r in te lle c tu a l s a tis fa c tio n , v a ry in g a c c o rd in g to his total m u s i ­
cal e x p e rie n c e ; th a t p r o g r a m s be p la n n ed (p erh ap s w ith student
a s s i s t a n c e ) to m e e t h is i m m e d i a t e n e e d s and to i n c r e a s e his
capacity fo r intellectual satisfaction.
2)
T hat s c h o o ls m a k e e v e r y effo rt to c r e a t e a d e s i r a b l e a tti­
tu d e to w a r d m u s ic in th e c l a s s r o o m and in the h o m e th ro u g h
c l a s s r o o m liste n in g to fine m u s ic and h o m e liste n in g to good
m u sical radio p ro g ra m s .
3)
That a p p ro p ria te b eh av io r habits and courteous listening be
e s ta b lis h e d in the c l a s s r o o m and at hom e by info rm ing p a re n ts
of th e b e h a v i o r d e s i r a b l e f o r all lis te n in g , w h e t h e r in th e c o n c e r t
h all, c l a s s r o o m o r h om e, and enlisting th e ir c o o p eratio n in en­
c o u r a g in g th e p r a c t i c e of t h e s e lis te n in g h a b its at h o m e.
4)
T h a t an e ffo rt b e m a d e to c r e a t e w ithin th e h o m e a n a w a r e ­
n e s s of a n d a d e s i r e t o i n c r e a s e s t a n d a r d s of m u s i c a l t a s t e
t h r o u g h c o n fid e n ce in th e a b ility to u n d e r s ta n d and enjoy good
m u sic.

106
5)
T h at th e t e a c h e r c o n trib u te to i n c r e a s e d liste n in g r e p e r t o i r e
by p r o v id i n g o p p o rtu n ity in the c l a s s r o o m , in a d d itio n to c o n c e r t
and ra d io e x p e rie n c e , fo r the child to b e c o m e thoroughly f a m ilia r
w ith th e m u s ic to be h e a rd .
6)
T h a t c h i l d r e n and young p e o p le c o m e to r e a l i z e th a t s a t i s ­
fying a n d e n jo y a b le e x p e r i e n c e s w ith good m u s i c a r e not only
a w o r t h w i l e p a r t of l e i s u r e t i m e , b u t a r e of v i t a l n e c e s s i t y to
t h e c o m p l e t e , w e l l - i n t e g r a t e d , a n d h a p p y l i f e of a n y c h i l d o r
adult.
A n e x a m p l e of h o w t h i s i s o r g a n i z e d i n a l a r g e m e t r o p o l i t a n
school s y s t e m is as follows:
F o r t h e p a s t t w e n t y y e a r s i n a l a r g e c i t y w h i c h i s t h e h o m e of
a fa m o u s sym phony o r c h e s t r a , c h ild re n 's c o n c e rts have b e e n the
r e g u l a r and a c c e p te d thing.
T h e School B o a r d h a s a c o n t r a c t 1
f o r the School Symphony S e rie s .
In s tru c tio n s and in fo rm atio n a re ;
not only d i s t r i b u t e d in b u lle tin f o r m an d b y p e r s o n a l v is its f r o m
th e v a r io u s s u p e r v i s o r s , but by city r a d i o c a s t s f r o m the s c h o o l's
ow n b ro a d c a s tin g station.
T h e p r o g r a m s a r e a r r a n g e d by a
school b o a r d em ployed m u sic education consultant.
T h e p r o g r a m s a r e one h o u r i n le n g th w ith no i n t e r m i s s i o n .
Pre-.
a r r a n g e d s e a t i n g s i m p l i f i e s t h e e n t r a n c e a n d e x i t s of t h e a u d i e n c e
a n d p r o v i d e s f o r r o t a t i o n of t h e m o s t d e s i r a b l e l o c a t i o n s .
Each
g ro u p is a c c o m p a n ie d by th e t e a c h e r — th e only a d u lts p r e s e n t .
E a c h f o u r t h - g r a d e c h ild m a y a tte n d one c o n c e r t.
C h ild re n in all
g r a d e s a b o v e t h e f o u r t h m a y a t t e n d tw o c o n c e r t s e a c h s c h o o l
year.
T h u s , a c h i l d c o u l d a t t e n d a m a x i m u m of s e v e n t e e n s y m ­
p h o n y c o n c e r t s as h e p r o g r e s s e d f r o m g r a d e f o u r to g r a d u a t i o n .
T h e following s c h e d u le w as follow ed f o r a r e c e n t school t e r m :

G rade
4
5-6 . .
7-12 .

N u m b e r of
C oncerts
3
10
8

Total
A ttendance
6 ,1 3 7
2 3, 180
1 7 ,9 3 4

107
T his e n tire school s y s te m (stu d en ts, faculty and a d m in is tra to rs )
l o n g h a v e t a k e n f o r g r a n t e d t h e e d u c a t i o n a l v a l u e s of t h e c o n c e r t
experience.
T h e c h a p te r co n clu d e s by m ak in g two r e c o m m e n d a tio n s p e r t i ­
nent to th e su b ject:
1)
T h a t c o n c e r t s f o r c h i l d r e n and young p e o p le b e in c lu d e d and
in te g ra te d w ith the r e g u la r school m u s ic w ork.
2)
T h a t t h e c o m m i t t e e ' s s t u d y of t h e s e c o n c e r t s a s a p a r t of
m u s i c e d u c a tio n c a n be e x te n d e d to c o n c e r t s b y s e m i p r o f e s s i o n a l ,
c o m m u n i t y a n d s c h o o l o r g a n i z a t i o n s so th a t w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e
t h e b e n e f i t s of a u d i e n c e t r a i n i n g m a y c o m e t o c h i l d r e n w h o l i v e
o u t of r a n g e of p r o f e s s i o n a l c o n c e r t s .
A n o t h e r s o u r c e f o r t h e v i e w s of t h e M E N C t o w a r d e d u c a t i o n a l
c o n c e r t s is th e

1930 Y e a r b o o k of t h e M u s i c S u p e r v i s o r s N a t i o n a l

C o n f e r e n c e ( t h e p r e d e c e s s o r of t h e M E N C ) ,

T h e r e p o r t of t h e R e ­

s e a r c h C o u n c i l c o n t a i n e d t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s o n t h e s u b j e c t of
c h ild re n 's c o n c e rts .
T h is " l a b o r a t o r y " e x p e r ie n c e is e s s e n t i a l i n ro u n d in g out th e
m u s i c a l d e v e l o p i n g of a l l c h i l d r e n .
F i r s t hand contact w ith a rt
e x p r e s s i o n f i l l s e a c h p r o p e r l y p r e p a r e d p u p i l w i t h a p o w e r of
a p p re cia tio n o th e rw ise not attainable.
M a t e r i a l of h i g h m u s i c a l q u a l i t y i s e x p e c t e d .
The p e r f o r m a n c e '
m u s t b e the b e st.
C h o i c e of p r o g r a m , h o w e v e r , i s a d i f f i c u l t
problem .
In g e n e r a l , th e p r o g r a m m u s t b e c h i l d - l i k e b u t not
childish.
It i s e a s i e r t o g a i n a t t e n t i o n a n d a c e r t a i n t y p e of
e n j o y m e n t t h r o u g h p r o g r a m m u s i c , b u t t h e h i g h e s t t y p e of a p p r e ­
c i a t i o n of s h e e r b e a u t y i n m u s i c c o m e s t h r o u g h c o n t a c t w i t h a b ­
solute m u s ic .
M u sic calling fo r involved em o tio n al r e a c t i o n o r
r e c o g n i t i o n of i n t r i c a t e s t r u c t u r e i s n o t u s u a l l y s u c c e s s f u l .

M u s i c S u p e r v i s o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e , o p . c i t ., p . 28 5.

108
P r e p a r a t i o n is the k e y -n o te to s u c c e s s f u l c o n c e rts f o r c h ild re n .
T h e r e m u s t be o p p o rtu n ity to b e c o m e f a m i l i a r with the v a r io u s
n u m b e r s b y m e a n s of r e p r o d u c i n g d e v i c e s a n d t o r e c e i v e s u c h
i n f o r m a t i o n a s will aid in te llig e n t lis te n in g . A ll this to b e s u c ­
c e s s f u l m u s t b e t i e d i n w i t h a f u l l y e a r ’s p r o g r a m i n t e n d e d t o
d e v e l o p p o w e r s of a p p r e c i a t i o n a n d j u d g m e n t .
O rg an izatio n and a d m in is tra tio n a r e decidedly im p o rtan t.
Every
d e ta il m u s t b e c a r e f u lly thought out and p r e p a r e d f o r in a d v an ce.
T he m a c h in e r y r e m a in s in the b a ck g ro u n d but m u s t ru n sm oothly.
A. s m a l l a d m i s s i o n c h a r g e s e c u r e s a b e t t e r a t t i t u d e ; c h i l d r e n
a n d a d u lts a r e a lw a y s p r o n e to e v a lu a te o p p o rtu n ity b y its c o st.
C o n c e r ts sh o u ld b e g iv e n d u rin g school h o u r s w ith the thought
t h a t t h e y a r e a d e f i n i t e p a r t of t h e s c h o o l c u r r i c u l u m .
O ne
te a c h e r f o r tw enty-five o r th irty ch ild ren pro v id es fo r p ro p e r
c a r e and o rg a n iz a tio n in attending c o n c e r t s .
B etter results a re
s e c u r e d i n a s m a l l h a l l w i t h i t s f e e l i n g of i n t i m a c y t h a n i n a
la rg e hall seating m any thousands.
S u c c e s s in the f i r s t y e a r is
e a s y ; s u c c e e d i n g y e a r s ' w i l l t e l l t h e t r u e s t o r y of m u s i c a l a d vanc em ent.
C a r e is n e e d e d to s e e th a t c o r o lla r y m a t e r i a l (such as p ic tu r e s
etc.) d o e s not p r o v e d i s t r a c t i n g and te n d to l e a d aw ay f r o m t r u e
m u sic a l experience.
D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of p r o g r a m a n d a p p r o a c h i s n e e d e d f o r v a r i o u s
ages.
P e r f o r m a n c e s fo r c h ild re n below the fo u rth g ra d e a r e "
a s a r u l e n o t s u c c e s s f u l , b e c a u s e of t h e s h o r t s p a n of a t t e n t i o n
available.
A n a tte m p t to p ro v id e one p r o g r a m f o r pupils fr o m
th e f o u r t h to tw e lfth g r a d e s w ill a s s u r e d l y fail; a t l e a s t two
divisions, e lem en ta ry and secondary, a re n e c e s sa ry .
If p o s s i b l e
p l a n a s e r i e s of t w o o r m o r e c o n c e r t s ; i t n o t o n l y t e n d s t o w a r d
e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e h a b i t of c o n c e r t g o i n g b u t p r o v i d e s m o r e f r e ­
quent m otivation and la b o ra to ry experience.
T h i s y e a r b o o k a l s o c o n t a i n s a r e p o r t of t h e S u b - C o m m i t t e e
o n S c h o o l C o n c e r t s w h i c h w a s u n d e r t h e c h a i r m a n s h i p of M a r g a r e t "
Low ry.

P arts

of t h e r e p o r t a r e p e r t i n e n t t o t h e s u b j e c t .

s e c t i o n w a s h e a d e d ’’S u g g e s t i o n s t o M a n a g e r s . "

The f ir s t

1

1 M u s i c S u p e r v i s o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e , o p . c i t ., p . 2 4 6 .

109
T h r e e o r fo u r c o n c e rts a s e a so n see m the b e s t a rra n g e m e n t
f o r m o s t tow ns.
P r o g r a m s s h o u ld b e not m o r e t h a n on e h o u r o r one h o u r and
f i f t e e n m i n u t e s i n l e n g t h w i t h no i n t e r m i s s i o n .
P r o g r a m s should be s e le c te d la rg e ly f r o m r e c o r d e d m a te r ia l
and s h o u ld b e s e n t to th e lo c a l s u p e r v i s o r at l e a s t s ix w e ek s
in a d v an c e of th e c o n c e r t.
T h e c o n t r a c t m a y b e u n d e r w r i t t e n b y th e B o a r d of E d u c a tio n ,
m e n 's o r w o m e n 's c lu b s, o r public s p irite d citiz en s, but c h ild re n
should p ay a re a s o n a b le su m for the tic k e ts.
A p o l i c y of f r e e
c o n c e r ts is a lm o s t in v a ria b ly d is a s tr o u s to s u b sta n tia l grow th.
P r o g r a m n o te s , teach in g su g g estio n s, th e m e s and o th e r aids f o r
p r e p a r in g th e c h ild re n should be fu r n is h e d with th e p r o g r a m .
A nother s e c tio n w as h e ad e d " S u g g e stio n s to S u p e r v is o r s ."
T h e s e s u g g e s tio n s a r e o ffe re d as a guide f o r c itie s having t h e i r
firs t concert se rie s.
T h e p r i m a r y p u r p o s e of c h i l d r e n ' s c o n ­
c e r t s i s t o d e v e l o p a t a s t e f o r a n d e n j o y m e n t of g o o d m u s i c
w hich w ill c a r r y o v e r into adult life.
T h e r e f o r e the m u s ic i t ­
s e l f s h o u l d r e c e i v e t h e g r e a t e s t p a r t of t h e a t t e n t i o n . I t s h o u l d
b e t h e f i r s t c o n c e r n of t h e d i r e c t o r of m u s i c t o s e e t h a t t h e
p r e p a r a t i o n p r e c e d in g e ac h c o n c e r t is done in su ch a w ay as
t o a w a k e n t h e i n t e r e s t of t h e c h i l d r e n a n d p r e p a r e t h e m t o
listen.
A l e t t e r f r o m t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o r d i r e c t o r of m u s i c t o t h e
p r i n c i p a l s s h o u l d n a m e t h e a t t r a c t i o n s , d a t e s of e a c h , p l a c e ,
hour and seaso n ticket p ric e .
It sho u ld a l s o a s k f o r s p e c i a l
t r a i n i n g of t h e c h i l d r e n i n c o n c e r t e t i q u e t t e .
T h e c h i l d r e n s h o u ld c o m e f r o m school to th e c o n c e r t w ith a
c h ap ero n e, p re fe ra b ly a te a c h e r, fo r every tw enty-five children.
T h e r e should be enough e x p e rie n c e d u s h e r s to s e a t the cro w d
quickly and in an o r d e r ly m a n n e r .
E ach u s h e r and d o o rm an
s h o u l d h a v e a n a l p h a b e t i c a l l i s t of s c h o o l s w i t h s e a t l o c a t i o n s
fo r each.

110
If c h i l d r e n a r e p r e p a r e d o n t h e p r o g r a m a n d t r a i n e d i n c o n c e r t
e tiq u e tte , they w ill be c o u rte o u s l is te n e r s and the n e c e s s ity f o r
po licin g at th e c o n c e r t s w ill be e lim in a te d .
C h i l d r e n should b e r e m in d e d b e f o r e th e l a s t n u m b e r on th e p r o ­
g r a m t h a t h a ts and c o a t s a r e n e v e r put on until th e p r o g r a m is
e n tire ly finished.

Conclusions

T h u s f r o m t h e o p i n i o n s of m u s i c t e a c h e r s a n d o r c h e s t r a o f ­
fic ia ls having h ad p r a c t i c a l e x p e r ie n c e w ith th e p r o b l e m , f r o m the
s u g g e s t i o n s of t h e A m e r i c a n S y m p h o n y O r c h e s t r a L e a g u e , a n d f r o m
t h e v i e w s of t h e M u s i c E d u c a t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e , t h e f o l l o w i n g
c o n c lu s io n s m a y b e d r a w n as gu id e s to i m p r o v e m e n t in the a r e a .
(1)

E a c h c h i l d s h o u l d h a v e a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o a t t e n d a m i n i m u m of
fo u r c h ild re n 's c o n c e rts p e r y ear.

(2)

T h e b o a r d of e d u c a t i o n of t h e c i t y s h o u l d a s s i s t c h i l d r e n ' s
c o n c e r ts by f is c a l g ra n ts .

(3)

The concerts

s h o u l d b e f r e e , o r a n o m i n a l f e e a s k e d of e a c h

child.
(4)

C oncerts

sh o u ld be q u ic k - m o v in g , not to e x c e e d f o r t y - f i v e m i n ­

u te s in length.
(5)

The concerts

s h o u l d b e h e l d d u r i n g s c h o o l h o u r s i n o r d e r to

r e a c h a l l t h e s t u d e n t s i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r g r a d e s of t h e a r e a .

Ill

(6)

M o re school tim e should b e allow ed t e a c h e r s f o r adequate
p r e p a r a tio n and follow -up.

(7)

T h e t y p e of p r e p a r a t i o n s h o u l d a l s o i n c l u d e s o m e d e m o n s t r a ­
tio n of i n s t r u m e n t s , s o m e i n s t r u c t i o n in c o n c e r t m a n n e r s , and
use of radio and te lev isio n instruction.

T h e t y p e of f o l l o w - u p

activ ity should include so m e efforts at in te g ra tin g the c o n c e rt
e x p e r i e n c e w i t h o t h e r a r e a s of m u s i c a n d o t h e r s u b j e c t m a t t e r
areas.
(8)

T h e m u s i c p la y e d a t s u c h c o n c e r t s sh o u ld not b e too c o m p le x .

(9)

T h e r e should be m o r e group p a rtic ip a tio n d ev ices and m o r e
dem onstrations.

(10)

There

should be m u c h m o r e joint p a r tic ip a tio n in th e c o n c e r ts

b y s o l o i s t s of s c h o o l a g e a n d s c h o o l m u s i c g r o u p s .
(11)

The co n certs

should be m o r e highly unified w ith school w ork.

(12)

The c o n c e rts and th e ir subsequent activ ities

should e m p h a siz e

a good attitude to w a rd th e m u sic .
(13)

T h e r e s h o u l d b e a g r e a t i n c r e a s e i n t h e u s e of t h e l a r g e n u m ­
b e r of s u g g e s t e d t e c h n i q u e s f o r t h e i m p r o v e m e n t of e d u c a t i o n a l
concerts.

T h e se te ch n iq u es a r e p r e s e n te d in the v a rio u s p u b ­

lic a tio n s dealing with the subject.
T h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s a r e m a d e c o n c e r n i n g t h e i m p r o v e m e n t of
c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e of j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s :

112

(1)

S e v e r a l m e e t i n g s of s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s

and o r c h e s t r a offi­

c i a l s s h o u l d b e h e l d t o s e e k a c t i o n o n t h e p r o b l e m of t e e n - a g e
c o n ce rt attendance.

T h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e m a t t e r t o t h e o r ­

c h e s t r a a n d i t s p a r a m o u n t p l a c e i n t h e o b j e c t i v e s of s c h o o l
m u s i c d e m a n d no l e s s th a n th is .
(2)

There

should be p la n n e d p r e p a r a t io n f o r r e g u la r o r c h e s t r a c o n ­

c e r t s by th e m u s ic t e a c h e r s in th e school.

T h e t y p e of p r e p ­

a r a t i o n s h o u l d b e i m p r o v e d t o i n c l u d e p l a y i n g of r e c o r d i n g s ,
and s o m e i n s t r u c t i o n in w h at w ill be p la y e d at th e c o n c e rt.
(3)

A school t e a c h e r should give e x t r a c r e d i t to th e s tu d en ts f o r
a tte n d a n c e at the r e g u l a r c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r ts .

(4)

Students sh o u ld b e able to atten d c o n c e r ts in g ro u p s and hav e
l o w - p r i c e t i c k e t s m a d e a v a i l a b l e to t h e m .

(5)

T h e r e should be an i n c r e a s e d p u blicity effo rt m a d e by th e o r ­
c h e s t r a w ith s p e c ia l e m p h a s is on sch o o l s tu d e n ts.

(6)

T h e o r c h e s t r a should give s p e c ia l c o n c e r t s f o r ju n io r high
school students.

It i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e s e c o n c e r t s b e h e l d

a t th e school d uring school ti m e , using m u s ic
co n d u cto r w ith a few n u m b e rs
p o ssib le , this p ro c e d u re
students also.

s e le c te d by th e

selected by the students.

If

should be available f o r high school

113
(7)

T here

s h o u l d b e a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e n u m b e r of j o i n t p e r f o r m a n c e s

by th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a and the school m u s ic groups.
(8)

There

should be c r e a t e d a youth o r c h e s t r a o r an a ll- c ity o r ­

c h e s t r a m a d e u p of j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s .

CHAPTER V

P O S S IB L E CAUSES FO R D IS C R E P A N C IE S B E T W E E N EXISTING
STATUS AND DESIRED STATUS

In C h a p t e r II I of t h i s r e p o r t s o m e i n d i c a t i o n s w e r e p r e s e n t e d
w h i c h g a v e a n a n s w e r t o t h e q u e s t i o n of w h a t t h e s i t u a t i o n i s n o w
concerning th e sch o o l-co m m u n ity o r c h e s tr a efforts in p re sen tin g
c h i ld r e n ’s c o n c e r t s and i n te r e s t in g ju n io r and s e n io r high school
students in com m unity o r c h e s tr a c o n c e rts .

C h a p t e r IV p r e s e n t e d

t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e c o n c e p t i o n of w h a t s h o u l d b e d o n e t o i m p r o v e t h e
situation.

A c o m p i l a t i o n of t h e d a t a f r o m t h e s e c h a p t e r s i s p r e ­

s e n t e d i n T a b l e III.
discrepancies

It i s c l e a r l y e v i d e n t i n t h e s e c h a p t e r s t h a t m a n y

e x i s t b e tw e e n w hat is b e in g done on the one h a n d , and

on the o th e r w hat ought to b e done.

S o m e of t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e

e x e m p l i f i e d i n s u c h a n a r e a a s t h e n u m b e r of c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s :
T h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r of c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s p e r o r c h e s t r a i s a b o u t
t w o - t h i r d s of a c o n c e r t p e r y e a r , w h e r e a s t h e d e s i r a b l e n u m b e r i s
four c o n c e rts.

A n o th e r ex am p le is the special c o n c e rt f o r the

ju n io r high school stu d en ts.

On ly o n e o r c h e s t r a i s t r y i n g s u c h a

c o n c e r t th is y e a r f o r th e f i r s t t i m e , and y et all p a r t i e s a g r e e th a t

114

115
T A B L E III
COM PARISO N OF EXISTING STATUS OF SCHOOL-COM M UNITY
O R C H E S T R A E F F O R T S W I T H D E S I R E D S T A T U S AS
I N D I C A T E D B Y F I F T Y - F O U R I N F O R M A N T S AND
A U T H O R IT A T IV E SOURCES, AND A P P L I E D TO
S E L E C T E D P R A C T I C E S AN D C O N D I T I O N S IN
SIX M I C H I G A N C I T I E S , 1954
P ractice

o r C ondition

P r e s e n t Status

D e s i r e d Status

N u m b e r of c h i l d r e n ' s
concerts p e r y e ar

2
1
2
1

School b o a r d a p p r o p r i a t e
m oney f o r educational
concerts

6 c i t i e s do n o t

yes

Ticket a rra n g e m e n ts

3 free
1 nom inal fee

f r e e o r nom inal
fee

T im e fo r c h ild re n 's
concert

2 during school
2 o u t of s c h o o l

during school tim e

L e n g t h of c h i l d r e n ' s
concert

60-75 m in u te s

45-60 m in u te s

P rin ted p ro g ram for each
child who a tte n d s c h ild ­
re n 's co n cert

3 do n o t
1 does

should be
attem pted

P a r t i c i p a t i o n of s t u d e n t s
in c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t

little

much m ore

E xplanations and d em o n ­
stra tio n s at c h ild re n 's
concert

3 do
1 d o e s not

all should have
them

C lass tim e f o r follow -up
of c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t

15 m i n u t e s

30 m i n u t e s

cities--none
c i t y - - 1/2 c o n c e r t
c i t i e s - -1 c o n c e r t
city--2 concerts

4 concerts

116
T A B L E III (Continued)
P r a c t i c e o r C ondition

P r e s e n t Status

D e s i r e d Status

T y p e of p r e p a r a t i o n f o r
c h ild re n 's c o n c e rt

discussion, re c o r d ­
ings, explain in ­
strum ents

e x p a n s i o n of p r e s ­
ent a ctiv itie s, c o n ­
cert m anners, ra ­
d io p r o g r a m s ,
d e m o n s t r a t i o n s of
instrum ents

T y p e of f o l l o w - u p a c ­
tivity a f te r c o n c e r t

question- andansw er period

integrating a ctiv i­
tie s w ith m u s ic
and other subjects

C ooperation betw een
school and o r c h e s t r a in
p re se n tin g c h ild re n 's
concert

quite high

m o re cooperative
effort to w a rd the
i m p r o v e m e n t of t h e
existing situation

P e r c e n t of p o t e n t i a l t e e n ­
age a u d ien c e attending
regular o rc h e stra concerts

1 percent

3 percent or m ore

Ticket a r r a n g e m e n ts fo r
te e n -a g e students

3 cities--half price
1 city--nom inal
2 c ities--n o charge

in so m e c a s e s
low er p ric e s

Special seatin g a r r a n g e ­
m ents fo r te e n -a g e
students

1 city has
5 c i t i e s do not

should be t r i e d by
all cities

System fo r distributing
c o n c e r t tic k e ts to t e e n ­
age stu d en ts

none

should be t r i e d

Special c o n c e r t p u b licity
fo r te e n - a g e students

som e announce­
m e n ts by t e a c h e r s

m o re announce­
m e n t s by t e a c h e r s ;
p o s t e r s , ra d io and
television, e n se m ­
ble p e r f o r m a n c e s b
orchestra m em bers

117
T A B L E III (Continued)
P r a c t i c e o r C ondition

P r e s e n t Status

D e s i r e d Status

Joint p e r f o r m a n c e s b e ­
tw een school m u s ic
groups and com m unity
orchestra

1 city s e v e ra l
tim es
3 cities once
2 cities nev er

should be u sed
much m ore

C ooperative efforts b e ­
tw een school and o r ­
c h e s t r a o n p r o b l e m of
teen-age concert a t­
tendance

1 city has m ade
ef fo r t
5 c i t i e s h a v e not

all c itie s should
have cooperative
effo rt on the p r o b ­
lem

P r e p a r a t i o n by school
t e a c h e r s of j u n i o r a n d
s e n io r high school s tu ­
dents f o r o r c h e s t r a
c one e r t s

12 t e a c h e r s y e s
4 no

all should p r e p a r e
students fo r con­
certs

Follow -up by school
t e a c h e r s of t e e n - a g e r s
who a tte n d e d o r c h e s t r a
c one e r t

8 yes
8 no

all should follow
up c o n c e r t s

T y p e of p r e p a r a t i o n g i v e n
te en -ag e students fo r o r ­
ch estra concerts

s o m e p l a y i n g of
recordings, brief
d is c u s sions

m o re recordings,
d is c u s s m u s ic and
com posers

Special c o n c e r t s b y c o m ­
m unity o r c h e s t r a fo r
te en -a g e students

1 city does
5 c i t i e s do no t

all should a tte m p t
som e

118

th is is a m o s t d e s i r a b l e f o r w a r d step.
III w i l l s u p p l y m a n y m o r e

A q u i c k r e f e r e n c e to T a b l e

such instances.

T h e f o r m t h a t t h i s c h a p t e r w i l l t a k e i s t h e r e p o r t i n g of i n ­
f o r m a t i o n g a t h e r e d w ith r e g a r d to s e v e r a l h y p o th e s e s .
behind the c h a p te r is as follow s.

The logic

T h e re exist d isc re p a n c ie s betw een

t h e p r e s e n t s t a t u s of c o m m o n s c h o o l - c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a e f f o r t s
and th e d e s i r a b l e

status as

stated by the in fo rm a n ts and quoted

fr o m au th o ritie s in the field.

T h i s i s a s t a t e m e n t of f a c t v e r i f i e d

b y t h e r e s u l t s of d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n C h a p t e r s III a n d I V .
hypothesized th at th e se d isc re p a n c ie s

I t is t h e n

a r e due to p h i l o s o p h i c a l-

m e th o d o lo g ic a l d if f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n the scho ol t e a c h e r s and th e of­
f i c i a l s of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a .

In a d d itio n to h y p o th e s iz in g

p h ilo so p h ical-m eth o d o lo g ical d ifferen ces as a c a u s e , s e v e ra l o th er
p o s sib le o b s ta c le s w ill be h y p o th esized .
are:

In o r d e r , th e h y p o th e se s

(1) p h i l o s o p h i c a l - m e t h o d o l o g i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s , (2) m i s u n d e r s t a n d ­

i n g s a n d e x t r e m e a t t i t u d e s , a n d (3) c i r c u m s t a n c e s of t i m e , m o n e y ,
and le a d e r s h ip .
T h e c a u s e of t h e d i f f e r e n c e s c i t e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s
is c r u c i a l i n a n y a t t e m p t t o r e c o n c i l e t h e t w o e x t r e m e s .

The im ­

p o r t a n c e of k n o w i n g t h e c a u s e s i s d u e t o t h e n e c e s s i t y of i d e n t i f y ­
ing t h e o b s t a c l e s i n o r d e r t o a c t u p o n t h e m .

T h e r e s u l t s of t h e

i n q u i r i e s c o n c e r n i n g p o s s i b l e c a u s e s m a y s h o w t h a t s o m e of t h e

119
d is c r e p a n c ie s b e tw ee n what ex ists and what is d e s ir e d a r e i r r e c o n ­
cilable.
It s h o u l d b e m e n t i o n e d a t t h i s p o i n t t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l s p r e ­
s e n t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r a r e o n l y i n d i c a t i o n s of p r o b l e m a r e a s .

To

e x p r e s s d e f i n i t e c o n c l u s i o n s o n a n y o n e of t h e h y p o t h e s e s w o u l d r e ­
q u i r e a n e x t e n s i v e s t u d y of e a c h o n e .

N e v e r t h e l e s s , the h y p o th e se s

a r e p r e s e n t e d along w ith all th e a v a ila b le e v id en c e .

A lthough not

as c o m p le te a s one m ig h t d e s i r e , the m a t e r i a l is p r e s e n te d b e c a u s e
i t m a y p r o v i d e a t e n t a t i v e o r p a r t i a l a n s w e r t o t h e q u e s t i o n , 11W h a t
ca u se s the d i s c r e p a n c i e s ? "

P h ilo so p h ic a l-M e th o d o lo g ic a l D iffe r e n c e s

T he f i r s t h y p o th e sis c o n s id e r e d in accounting f o r th e gap b e ­
tw een w hat ought to be and w hat is , is th at p h ilo so p h ic a l- m e th o d o lo g ic a l
d ifferen c es e x ist b e tw ee n school te a c h e r s and the co m m un ity o r c h e s t r a
officials.

E a c h g ro u p of i n f o r m a n t s w as a s k e d about the fu n d a m e n ta l

objectives in th e ir a r e a s .

Thus the school m u sic te a c h e rs w e re

a sk e d , " I n y o u r opinion w h at a r e the m o s t im p o r ta n t r e a s o n s why
the public school s y s te m
students?"
gories.

should p ro v id e m u s ic ed u catio n f o r its

T h e a n s w e r s te n d e d to gro u p t h e m s e l v e s into five c a t e ­

The m o s t often m e n tio n e d r e a s o n w as that m u sic is a p a r t

of o u r t o t a l c u l t u r e .

This

r e a s o n w a s s t a t e d b y 14 of t h e

36

120
inform ants.

N e x t w e r e s ta t e m e n ts th a t c h ild re n should have m u s ic

as an outlet fo r em otion or s e lf-e x p re s s io n .
re a s o n s w e r e m e n tio n e d nine t i m e s .

Such psychological

T h e t h i r d r e a s o n i n o r d e r of

f r e q u e n c y w a s n ot v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y b e c a u s e it w a s r a t h e r in d e fin ite .
These

six t e a c h e r - i n f o r m a n t s m e r e l y

s ta te d that m u sic is n e c e s s a r y ,

o r t h a t i t i s a p a r t of t h e t o t a l e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g r a m o r s o m e s i m i l a r
statem ent.

M u sic f o r enjoym ent and p l e a s u r e w as m e n tio n e d five
\

t i m e s , a n d m u s i c a s a b u i l d e r of c h a r a c t e r w a s a l s o m e n t i o n e d f i v e
t i m e s a s a f u n d a m e n t a l o b j e c t i v e of m u s i c

education.

The nu m b er

of r e s p o n s e s t o t a l e d 39 b e c a u s e s o m e i n f o r m a n t s m e n t i o n e d m o r e
th an one fa c to r.
T h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s w e r e a s k e d , " W h a t do yo u
fe e l a r e the m o s t i m p o r ta n t r e a s o n s why y o u r city should su p p o rt
and m a i n t a in a c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a ? "

E l e v e n of t h e s e v e n t e e n o f ­

fic ia ls m e n tio n e d th at the o r c h e s t r a w as an avocational activity fo r
p e o p l e w h o w o u l d o t h e r w i s e h a v e no o p p o r t u n i t y t o k e e p up t h e i r
in te r e s t in m u s ic .

It i s a p l a c e w h e r e t h e p e o p l e w h o h a v e b e e n

g iv e n t r a i n i n g in o r c h e s t r a w o r k in th e h ig h s c h o o ls and in th e c o l ­
l e g e s c a n k e e p up t h i s a c t i v i t y a s a n a v o c a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e i r a d u l t
life.

Seven officials m en tio n ed c u ltu ra l-c o m m u n ity v alu es.

included such s ta te m e n ts as

They

" I t a t t r a c t s a b e t t e r c l a s s of p e o p l e t o

the c ity ," o r " T h e city n eed s

such a c u ltu ra l in s titu tio n ."

One

121

o f f i c i a l m e n t i o n e d t h e r o l e of t h e o r c h e s t r a i n p r e s e r v i n g a n i n t e r ­
est in s trin g play in g .
O t h e r q u e s t i o n s w e r e a s k e d a b o u t p h i l o s o p h i c a l o b j e c t i v e s of
m u sic education.

A n e x a m p l e is:

" H o w i m p o r t a n t do y ou f e e l i s

t h e c r e a t i o n i n y o u r s t u d e n t s of a d e s i r e f o r g o o d ( c l a s s i c a l ) m u s i c ? "
The sch o o l t e a c h e r s te n d e d to s ta te th a t a d e s i r e f o r good m u s ic
was " .

. . of s o m e i m p o r t a n c e . "

stated, " .

. . very im p o rtan t."

little im p o rta n c e .

A r a th e r sizable group, how ever,
O n l y o n e t e a c h e r t h o u g h t i t w a s of

E l e m e n t a r y m u s i c t e a c h e r s te n d e d to be l e s s

i n t e r e s t e d in m u s i c a s a c u l t u r a l v a lu e th a n did th e ju n io r and s e n i o r
high school m u s ic t e a c h e r s .
C o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a officials w e re asked,

"D o you fe e l th at

i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of m u s i c t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a
s h o u l d a l s o a s s u m e s o m e of t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of e d u c a t i n g t h e
p e o p l e of t h e c o m m u n i t y t o g o o d m u s i c ? "

and, " D o you a g r e e th a t

t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of g o o d m u s i c a l t a s t e i n s c h o o l c h i l d r e n i s of t h e
utm ost i m p o r t a n c e ? "

T h e a n s w e r s t o b o t h of t h e s e q u e s t i o n s w e r e

overw helm ingly " y e s . "
B oth the c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a officials and school t e a c h e r s
w e re a sk ed a specific question, nam ely:

" W h i c h o n e of t h e f o l l o w ­

ing do y o u t h i n k i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o u t c o m e of a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n ­
cert:

(a) l e a r n i n g f a c t s a b o u t m u s i c , (b) t h e c r e a t i o n of a g o o d

122

a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s e r i o u s m u s i c , (c) a c h a n c e t o h e a r g o o d m u s i c , a n d
(d) a c h a n c e t o s e e a n d h e a r a s y m p h o n y o r c h e s t r a ? "
tary m usic te a c h e rs
outcom e.

The e le m e n ­

d i d n o t a g r e e on w h a t w a s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t

T h r e e of t h e 15 t e a c h e r s

s ta te d th a t l e a r n in g f a c ts about

m u s ic w as th e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o u tc o m e ; five w e r e i n t e r e s t e d in a
g o o d a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s e r i o u s m u s i c ; t h r e e t h o u g h t t h a t a c h a n c e to
h e a r good m u s ic w as m o s t im p o rtan t; and five thought th at a chance
to s e e a nd h e a r a sym p h o n y o r c h e s t r a w as the m o s t im p o r ta n t.
A m o n g th e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f f ic ia ls th e a n s w e r s w e r e not so
d iversified.

E l e v e n of t h e 17 w e r e m o s t i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e a t t i t u d e

of t h e s t u d e n t s a n d s i x c o n s i d e r e d a c h a n c e t o s e e a n d h e a r t h e
o rc h e stra m o st im portant.

No o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l f a i l e d t o h a v e a n

opinion on th is q u e stio n .
T h e r e i s a l w a y s t h e q u e s t i o n of w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e d e s i r e d
ends can be a c c o m p lis h e d .

H e n ce , the following in q u iry was m a d e

r e g a r d i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e m a j o r i t y of
the popu latio n .
m u s ic is

" D o you b e lie v e th a t a d e s i r e f o r good (c la ssic a l)

s o m e th in g th a t c a n w ith p r o p e r tr a in in g be a c h ie v e d by the

m a j o r i t y of t h e p o p u l a t i o n , o r do yo u f e e l t h a t i n s p i t e of t r a i n i n g
t h e r e a r e in h e re n t lim ita tio n s in people th at m a k e a p p re c ia tio n p o s ­
sible f o r only a s m a ll m i n o r i t y ? "

Of a l l t h e 31 m u s i c t e a c h e r s

q u e stio n e d in th is study, a p p ro x im a te ly t h r e e in e ac h fo u r s ta te d

123
t h a t m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n i s p o s s i b l e f o r t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e p o p u l a t i o n .
A few t e a c h e r s

s ta te d they did not know, and s e v e r a l fe lt that m u s ic

a p p r e c ia tio n w a s p o s s i b l e f o r only a m in o r ity .
f ic ia ls a p p e a r e d to be so m ew h a t m o r e

s u re , w ith about a fiv e -to - o n e

m a jo rity e x p re ssin g the belief that m u sic
f o r a m a j o r i t y of t h e p o p u l a t i o n .

The o r c h e s t r a of­

a p p r e c ia tio n is p o s s ib le

It s h o u l d b e n o t e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t

s o m e of t h e i n f o r m a n t s b o t h a m o n g t h e t e a c h e r s

and the o r c h e s t r a

o fficials h ad s o m e s e r io u s doubts, even though they still felt th at
a p p r e c i a t i o n of g o o d m u s i c i s p o s s i b l e f o r t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e p o p u ­
lation.
S e v e ra l qu estio n s w e r e a s k e d about m ethodology as re la te d
to giving c h i l d r e n m u s i c a p p r e c i a tio n .

" D o y ou f e e l t h a t a n a p p r e ­

c i a t i o n of m u s i c i s b e s t s t a r t e d w h e n t h e c h i l d r e n a r e y o u n g ( u n d e r
17), o r do y o u f e e l t h a t i t i s b e s t t o do i t w h e n t h e y a r e o l d e r a n d
m ore m a tu re ? "

w a s th e in itia l q u e s ti o n on th e to p ic .

Both te a c h e r s

a n d o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s w e r e a l m o s t u n a n i m o u s l y i n f a v o r of s t a r t i n g
when c h i ld r e n a r e young.

S e v e ra l m e n tio n e d , h o w ev er, th a t this is

not n e c e s s a r i l y so.
T h e o p i n i o n s of t h e s e i n f o r m a n t s a b o u t t h e u s e of t h e c h i l d ­
r e n ' s c o n c e r t a s a m e a n s of p r o d u c i n g m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n w e r e
sought.

E lem entary

school m usic te a c h e rs w ere asked, "O f what

v a l u e do y o u t h i n k t h e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t i s i n d e v e l o p i n g a d e s i r e

124
f o r good (c la ssic a l)

m u s ic in the c h i l d ? ”

T h e r e s p o n s e s of t h e

t e a c h e r s w e r e e v e n ly divided; one h a lf s t a t e d th a t a c h i l d r e n 's c o n ­
c e r t w a s of g r e a t v a l u e , a n d t h e o t h e r h a l f b e l i e v e d t h a t it w a s of
som e value.

T h e o r c h e s t r a officials te n d e d to r a t e the c h ild r e n 's

c o n c e rt in a so m ew h a t m o r e fa v o ra b le light.

T w o - t h i r d s of t h e m

f e l t t h a t i t i s of g r e a t v a l u e a n d a b o u t a t h i r d s t a t e d t h a t i t w a s of
so m e value.
A n o t h e r m a i n f a c e t of m e t h o d o l o g y t o b e e x a m i n e d i s t h e a t ­
titu d e t o w a r d adapting th e m a t e r i a l and m e th o d s to th e s tu d e n ts ' in ­
terests.

T h e a t t i t u d e s o n t h i s q u e s t i o n m i g h t b e t h o u g h t of a s a

continuum .

On th e one end w ou ld be th o s e who ho ld th a t m u s i c '

ed u catio n sh o u ld b e in flex ib le, and it should n e v e r bow its e lf b e f o r e
the students.

It is th e b e l i e f t h a t only th e b e s t m u s i c s h o u ld b e '

fo rce d upon the students

r e g a r d l e s s of o t h e r c i r c u m s t a n c e s .

At

t h e o t h e r e n d of t h e c o n t i n u u m a r e t h o s e p e r s o n s w h o m a i n t a i n t h a t
t h e s t u d e n t s s h o u l d b e p l e a s e d a n d i n t e r e s t e d no m a t t e r h o w m u c h
t h e q u a l i t y of m u s i c m a y s u f f e r .

In o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e w hat the

a t t i t u d e s of t h e i n f o r m a n t s i n t h i s s t u d y w e r e o n t h i s i s s u e , t h e
f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n w a s a s k e d , " I f t h e c h o i c e h a d to b e m a d e b e t w e e n
t h e s e tw o, w h ic h w ould you p r e f e r :

Have the o r c h e s t r a p lay a s o m e ­

w hat c o m m o n p la c e n u m b e r w hich the c h ild re n like v e ry m u c h , o r
w o u l d y o u h a v e t h e o r c h e s t r a p r e s e n t o n l y t h e b e s t m u s i c e v e n if

125
t h e s t u d e n t s do n o t l i k e i t s o w e l l a t t h e t i m e ? "

The resulting an­

s w e r s to th is in q u i r y d id not s e e m to b e a s o b je c tiv e as the r e ­
sp o n se s to o th e r q u e s tio n s u s e d in th is study, b e c a u s e the a s s u m p tio n
of e i t h e r e x t r e m e c a r r i e s w i t h i t u n d e s i r a b l e c o n n o t a t i o n s .

M a n y of

th e i n f o r m a n t s w e r e r e l u c t a n t to c h o o s e e i t h e r p o s i t i o n , and did so
only a f t e r m u c h e n c o u r a g e m e n t .

N e v e rth e le s s , the a n sw e rs

showed

t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s w o u l d s a t i s f y t h e i n t e r e s t s of
t h e s t u d e n t s i n p r e f e r e n c e t o t h e q u a l i t y of t h e m u s i c b y a b o u t a
tw o-to-one m ajo rity .

The c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a officials also fa v o re d

p leasin g the stu d en ts.

H ow ever, in this c ase the m a r g in was sm a lle r;

th e m a j o r i t y w a s about t h r e e to tw o.

T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e tw o

g ro u p s d o e s h a v e s o m e s ig n ific a n c e in th a t it show s th a t school t e a c h ­
e r s a r e s o m e w h a t m o r e in c l in e d to s a c r i f i c e q u a lity f o r th e s t u d e n t 's
interest.
T a b l e IV i n d i c a t e s t h e a t t i t u d e s of o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s a n d
school m u s ic t e a c h e r s

regarding

s e v e r a l of t h e s p e c i f i c f a c t o r s u s e d

in analyzing c h i l d r e n 's

c o n c e r ts and youth c o n c e r ts .

The evidence

p r e s e n te d in the tab le s u b sta n tia te s f u r th e r the conclusions stated at
t h e e n d of t h i s

section.

T h e r e s u l t s of t h e i n q u i r i e s j u s t d e s c r i b e d p r o v i d e t h e b a s i s
fo r som e ten tative conclusions

a s t o t h e s i m i l a r i t y o r l a c k of s i m i l a r i t y

126
T A B L E IV
C O M P A R I S O N O F O P I N I O N S H E L D BY S C H O O L MUSIC T E A C H E R S
AND C O M M U N ITY O R CH E STR A O F F IC IA L S REGARDING
D E S I R A B I L I T Y O F S E L E C T E D P R A C T I C E S AND
C O N D I T I O N S IN C O M M O N A R E A S O F M U S IC
E D U C A T I O N IN SIX M I C H I G A N
C I T I E S , 1954

P r a c t i c e o r C ondition

O p i n i o n s of S c h o o l
M usic T e a c h e rs

O p i n i o n s of O r r
c h e s t r a Officials

N u m b e r of c h i l d r e n ' s
concerts each y e a r

2 or

School b o a r d a p p r o p r ia te
m oney fo r educational
concerts

10 y e s
2 no
2 don't know

10 y e s
1 no
6 d on't know

Ticket a rra n g e m e n ts fo r
c h ild re n 's c o n c e rt

f r e e or nom inal
fee

f r e e o r nom inal
fee

T im e c h ild re n 's concert
held

13 d u r i n g s c h o o l
1 o u t of s c h o o l
hours
1 don't know

9 during school
6 o u t of s c h o o l
hours
3 don't know

L e n g t h of c h i l d r e n ' s
concert

45-60 m in u te s

60 m i n u t e s

T y p e of m u s i c p l a y e d at
c h ild re n 's c o n c e rt

a l l r i g h t now;
could be lig h te r

a l l r i g h t now

P r i n t e d p r o g r a m at
ch ild re n 's c o n c e rt

7 yes
7 no
1 d on 't know

3 yes
12 no
2 d on't know

P a r t i c i p a t i o n of s t u d e n t s
in c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t

m ore

m ore

3

127
T A B L E IV (Continued)

P r a c t i c e o r C ondition

O p i n i o n s of S c h o o l
M usic T e a c h e rs

O p i n i o n s of O r ­
c h e s t r a Officials

Explanations and d em o n ­
stra tio n s at c h ild re n 's
concert

yes

yes

Special c o n c e rt by o r c h e s ­
t r a fo r te e n -a g e students

14 y e s
0 no
2 don't know

11 y e s
2 no
4 d o n 't know

Joint p e r f o r m a n c e betw een
te e n -a g e students and o r ­
chestra

favored

favored

Seating and tic k e t a r ­
rangem ents fo r teen -ag e
students

a s t h e y a r e now

a s th e y a r e now

Publicity especially d e­
signed f o r te e n - a g e
students

m ore

m ore

128
b e t w e e n t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l - m e t h o d o l o g i c a l b a s i s of t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s
a n d t h o s e of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s .
(1)

T h e r e a p p e a r s to be a b a sic d ifferen c e b e tw ee n the s ta te d p h ilo s ­
o p h y of t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s a n d t h a t of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a
officials.

The co m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a officials c o n sid e re d th e ir

o rg a n iz a tio n as av o ca tio n a l in n a tu r e and not im m e d ia te ly con­
c e r n e d w ith m u sic

e d u c a t i o n of t h e c o m m u n i t y .

T he school

t e a c h e r s d i d n o t g i v e a n y o n e of t h e s e v e r a l o b j e c t i v e s w h i c h
w e r e m en tio n ed a p lu ra lity , but c u ltu ral and psychological r e a ­
sons w e re the m o s t freq u e n tly cited re a s o n s .

T hese divergent

v ie w p o in ts in a ll p r o b a b ilit y w ill te n d to h in d e r any i m p r o v e m e n t
in s c h o o l-c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a re la tio n s h ip s.
(2)

In o r d e r t h a t p r o g r e s s c a n b e m a d e i n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h
t h e s c h o o l s , t h e o b j e c t i v e s of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a w i l l h a v e
t o b e e n l a r g e d t o i n c l u d e m o r e e m p h a s i s o n t h e e d u c a t i o n of t h e
c o m m u n ity , b oth a d u lts and c h ild re n , to good m u s ic .
i n g s of t h i s

study s u b s ta n tia te th is and it is

The find­

s u p p o rte d by T h o m p ­

s o n , w h o , i n h e r b o o k , s t a t e s t h a t 11. . . s o o n e r o r l a t e r , o r ­
c h e s t r a s find t h e m s e l v e s in v o lv e d in m u s i c e d u c a tio n ."
an o th er p lace she w rite s ,

In

" B a s ic a lly , a com m unity symphony

T h o m p s o n , op . c i t ., p .

106.

129
o r c h e s t r a , m u s t b e c o n c e i v e d . at f i r s t i n t e r m s of m u s i c e d u c a ­
tion and second as a m edium fo r con cert p resen tatio n s

sim ply

b e c a u s e th a t is the w ay it i s . " *
(3)

A c h i e v e m e n t i n t h e a r e a s of s c h o o l - c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a r e l a t i o n s
c o u l d b e f a c i l i t a t e d g r e a t l y if t h e s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s h a d a
m o r e c l e a r a n d h o m o g e n e o u s c o n c e p t i o n of w h a t t h e i r o b j e c t i v e s
are.

T h e l a c k o f u n i t y o n t h e p a r t of t h e m u s i c

staff in the

s c h o o ls at t h e p r e s e n t t i m e m a k e s p r o g r e s s v e r y difficult.

M isu n d e rsta n d in g s o r E x t r e m e A ttitudes

T h e next h y p o th e s is th a t w as p o s e d to a ccount f o r the d i f f e r ­
e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e p r e s e n t s t a t u s a n d d e s i r e d s t a t u s w a s t h a t of
m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s of o n e a n o t h e r ' s p r a c t i c e s , a n d e x t r e m e a t t i t u d e s
to w ard the o th e r group.

In s e e k in g i n f o r m a t i o n in th i s a r e a th e

i n f o r m a n t s w e r e a s k e d t h e i r o p i n i o n s a b o u t s o m e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e
other group.

For

in s ta n c e , th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a officials w e re

a s k e d , " A s f a r a s you know , how w ell a r e the s tu d e n ts p r e p a r e d
f o r w h a t th e y a r e to do a n d h e a r w h e n th e y a tte n d a c h i l d r e n 's
co n cert?"

In o t h e r w o r d s , th e school t e a c h e r s an d o r c h e s t r a offi­

c i a l s w e r e a s k e d t o m a k e s o m e t y p e of e v a l u a t i o n of e a c h o t h e r .

I b i d ., p.

104.

130
T h e n e a c h e v a l u a t i o n w a s f ol lo w e d, w i t h a (Question c o n c e r n i n g i t s
basis.

E a c h i n f o r m a n t w a s a s k e d , " C a n y o u d e s c r i b e a ny s p e c i f i c

e v e n t o r r e a s o n w h i c h m i g h t h a v e i n f l u e n c e d t h e a n s w e r y ou g a v e t o
the p re c e d in g q u e s t i o n ? "

T h i s t y p e of i n t e r r o g a t i o n w a s a n a t t e m p t

to d e t e r m i n e th e b a s i s on w h ic h ju d g m e n ts a r e m a d e .

It w o u l d a p ­

p e a r th a t g a th e r in g s u c h in fo r m a tio n is im p o r ta n t b e c a u s e it in d ic a tes
th e b a s i s u p o n w h ic h e a c h p a r t y a c t s , a n d w h e t h e r o r not th is b a s i s
has m u c h validity.
F i r s t , the c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a officials w e re a sk ed a s e r ie s
of q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s - p r e p a r a t i o n , fo llo w -u p , te a c h in g o b je c tiv e s, and g e n e r a l e ffe ctiv en e ss
i n a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h e o b j e c t i v e s of m u s i c e d u c a t i o n .

Concerning

p re p a r a tio n by school te a c h e r s , the o r c h e s tr a officials r a te d it as
follows:

E x c e l l e n t - - 4, G o o d - - 4 , a n d D o n ' t k n o w - - 9.

Tw o t y p e s of

re a so n s w e re given to support the above evaluations.
the o r c h e s t r a official a s city m u s ic
him self,

supervisor

s o m e tim es over a radio p ro g ram .

t y p e of a n s w e r .

did

In one i n s t a n c e ,

the p r e p a r a tio n

T his was an objective

T h e s e c o n d g r o u p i n g of a n s w e r s w a s l e s s o b j e c t i v e .

" T h e c h i l d r e n a r e so r e s p o n s i v e to the c o n c e r t , " o r " W e l l , th e y
have h e a r d the m u sic b e f o r e ."
In ra tin g fo llo w -u p by th e s c h o o ls , th e o r c h e s t r a o fficia ls
w e re l e s s definite.

F o u r o r c h e s t r a officials

s a i d t h a t it w a s a v e r a g e ,

131
tw o s t a t e d t h a t it w a s f a i r , w hile e l e v e n did not know.

A l m o s t no

s u p p o r t i n g r e a s o n s c o u l d b e g i v e n o n t h e q u e s t i o n of f o l l o w - u p .

The

o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s w e r e a s k e d if t h e y f e l t t h a t t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s
w e r e t r y i n g t o c r e a t e i n t h e i r s t u d e n t s a n a p p r e c i a t i o n of g o o d
m usic.

E ig h t s a id " y e s , " two " n o , " an d s e v e n " d o n 't k n o w ."

Some reasons for
sonally,"

"yes"

answ ers w ere,

" I know th e t e a c h e r p e r ­

" T h e y on ce s o ld t i c k e ts to o u r c o n c e r t s , "

cial r e a s o n s . "

The " n o "

r e s p o n s e s both stated that th e r e was

" T o o m u c h e m p h a s i s on b a n d . "
te a c h e r s in in te re s tin g

A n e v a l u a t i o n of s u c c e s s of s c h o o l

s c h o o l s t u d e n t s i n g o o d m u s i c w a s a s k e d of

com m unity o r c h e s tr a officials.
- - 6 , and D on't k n o w --7 .

and "N o sp e­

T h eir replies w ere:

G ood--2, F a ir

The substantiating statem en ts that w ere

fa v o ra b le u s e d su c h s u p p o rt a s , " I know the school m u s ic t e a c h e r s , "
or,

"The

teachers

favorable ones

b r in g t h e i r stu d en ts to c o n c e r t s . "

The less

sa id su ch p h r a s e s a s , " T h e r e is su ch p o o r c o n c e rt

attendance by high school students.

. . .

e r s could b e doing v e r y w e l l , " o r , " .
m y own in the n inth and tw elfth g r a d e s , "

I d o n 't s e e how the t e a c h ­
. 1 h a v e t w o c h i l d r e n of
and, " .

. . t h e r e is too

m u c h i n t e r e s t in b a n d to r e a l l y show any i n t e r e s t in good m u s i c . "
In t u r n , th e m u s i c t e a c h e r s in th e s c h o o ls w e r e q u e s ti o n e d
i n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y a b o u t t h e e f f o r t s of t h e o r c h e s t r a .

The q u e s­

t i o n s a s k e d t h e m c o n c e r n e d a t t i t u d e s of o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s t o w a r d

132
ed u catio n al c o n c e r ts at the e le m e n ta r y and se c o n d a ry level.

On t h e

e le m e n ta r y le v e l the school te a c h e r s fe lt th a t the o r c h e s t r a officials
w e r e i n t e r e s t e d in e d u c a tio n a l c o n c e r t s , and a n s w e r e d with nine
"yes"

and five " d o n 't k n o w ."

S o m e of t h e s u p p o r t i n g s t a t e m e n t s

w e re , " T h e y have given m u c h tim e and effort to c h ild re n 's c o n c e r ts ,"
"C ooperation,"

" B u lle tin s and p r e p a r a t o r y efforts, and the conductor

of t h e o r c h e s t r a i s a l s o m u s i c s u p e r v i s o r i n t h e s c h o o l s . "
in fo rm an ts who gave " y e s "
statem ent.

Several

a n s w e r s c o u l d o f f e r no s u p p o r t f o r t h e

N e v e r t h e l e s s , th is in d ic a te d a f a v o r a b le attitude by the

school t e a c h e r s to w a rd the o r c h e s tr a .

At the se c o n d a ry level, the

te a c h e r s w e re a sk e d w h e th e r the com m unity o r c h e s tr a officials h ad
any i n t e r e s t in t e e n - a g e c o n c e r t a tte n d an c e.

The te ac h e rs appeared

to b e r a t h e r g e n e r o u s in t h e i r view s to w a rd the o r c h e s t r a .
w ere

11 " y e s , "

2 " n o , " and 4 " d o n 't k n o w " a n s w e r s .

the v ie w p o in ts, th e s ta t e m e n ts w e re as follows:

" P e rs o n a l feeling,"

conductor p e r s o n a lly ,"

the m u sic they p la y ,"

. .b y

In s u p p o rtin g

" S o m e high school

students play in the o r c h e s t r a , "
".

There

" I know the
and " .

. .

the s p e c ia l student tic k e t p r i c e s . "
A n a t t e m p t w a s a l s o m a d e t o d i s c o v e r if p r e j u d i c e s o r f e e l ­
i n g s of h o s t i l i t y e x i s t e d b e t w e e n t h e t w o g r o u p s .

T h ough it is diffi­

c u l t t o d e t e r m i n e if t h e s e a t t i t u d e s e x i s t , t h e y c a n b e d e t e c t e d w i t h
c a r e f u l a n d e x t e n s i v e e f f o r t s in the p r e p a r a t i o n and in th e a c tu a l

133
interview .

This

effort was m ade.

T h e r e w e r e s e v e r a l q u e s ti o n s in

t h e s c h e d u l e t h a t p r e s e n t e d a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e e x p r e s s i o n of e x ­
t r e m e opinions.

F o r e x am p le, school te a c h e rs w e re asked, "D o

yo u t h i n k t h a t t h e o f f i c i a l s of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a a r e s i n c e r e l y
in te r e s te d in educational c o n c e rts fo r c h i l d r e n ? "
O n t h e w h o l e , t h e s t u d y d i s c o v e r e d o n l y a f e w i n s t a n c e s of
e x tr e m e attitu d e s to w a rd v a rio u s individuals o r g ro u p s.
m unity o r c h e s t r a officials

The c o m ­

s e e m to r e s p e c t th e school m u s ic t e a c h ­

e r s and w hat th e y a r e try in g to a c c o m p lis h .

T h ere w ere instances

of d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h c e r t a i n p r a c t i c e s , o r l a c k of p r a c t i c e s , b u t
only in one i n s t a n c e w a s t h e r e any fe e lin g w hich c o u ld b e t e r m e d
prejudice.

One official in tim a te d that th e school t e a c h e r s w e r e ju s t

putting in t i m e w aiting f o r r e t i r e m e n t .

The school t e a c h e r s , on the

o t h e r h a n d , s e e m to r e g a r d o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia ls a s r e a s o n a b l y i n t e r ­
e s t e d i n t h e p r o b l e m s of e d u c a t i n g c h i l d r e n i n m u s i c .
w a s o n l y o n e i n s t a n c e of e x t r e m e f e e l i n g .

A gain th e re

A te a c h e r felt that, " .

. .

c o n d u c t o r X o u g h t t o c l i m b off h i s h i g h h o r s e , a n d g i v e t h e p e o p l e
som ething th at is in te re stin g !
co n cert."

T h e n s o m e s t u d e n t s m i g h t go t o t h e

A l t h o u g h t h e f e e l i n g s i n s o m e c i t i e s d o n o t b o r d e r on

w h a t m i g h t b e c a l l e d " m u t u a l a d m i r a t i o n , " t h e s e f e e l i n g s w o u l d no t
b e d e t r i m e n t a l to h aving a jo in t p r o g r a m b e tw e e n th e sch o o ls and the

134
c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a i n a n y of t h e s i x c i t i e s i n c l u d e d i n t h e i n t e r ­
view ing .
A. f e w c o n c l u s i o n s m a y b e d r a w n c o n c e r n i n g t h e h y p o t h e s i s
of m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g o r e x t r e m e a t t i t u d e s .
(1)

A. g r e a t m a n y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s h a v e l i t t l e i d e a o f w h a t is
b eing done, o r not being done, in m u s ic in the schools.

(2)

M a n y o f t h e o p i n i o n s of o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s a b o u t t h e a c t i o n s
of s c h o o l t e a c h e r s

could not be su p p o rte d by definite evidence.

M a n y of t h e r e a s o n s g i v e n f o r t h e o p i n i o n s s t a t e d c o u l d h a r d l y
b e d e s c r ib e d as valid evidence.
(3)

E v e n t h o u g h s o m e of t h e o p i n i o n s a r e r a t h e r i l l - f o u n d e d , o n t h e
w h o l e t h e o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s do n o t d e p r e c i a t e t h e w o r k of t h e
school m usic te a c h e rs.

(4)

The school m u s ic te a c h e r s in tu r n indicated a r a th e r sym pathetic
attitu d e t o w a r d the c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a officials.

(5)

A s i n t h e c a s e of t h e o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s , t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s '
assum ptions

(6)

a r e not alw ays w ell founded.

T h e r e a p p e a r e d t o b e v e r y f e w c a s e s of e x t r e m e f e e l i n g t o w a r d
t h e o t h e r g r o u p o n t h e p a r t of e i t h e r t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s o r t h e
o r c h e s t r a officials.

(7)

T h e r e i s a n e e d f o r a g r e a t d e a l of m u t u a l e d u c a t i o n a n d o r i e n t a t i o n
b e tw e e n school m u s ic d e p a r tm e n ts and the c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s .

135

C i r c u m s t a n c e s of T i m e , M o n e y , a n d L e a d e r s h i p

T h e f i n a l h y p o t h e s i s t o b e e x a m i n e d c o n c e r n s a l i s t of c i r ­
c u m s ta n c e s not dealing w ith b e lie fs o r attitu d es.
cum stances
like.

T h ese a r e the c i r ­

r e l a t e d to t i m e , m o n e y , o r c h e s t r a a d m in is tr a tio n , and the

T h e p r o b l e m of t i m e w as found to b e h ig h ly i m p o r t a n t f o r

several reasons.

F i r s t of a l l , t h e a m o u n t of r e h e a r s a l t i m e a v a i l ­

able to c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s is v e r y lim ite d .
included in this

A l l of t h e o r c h e s t r a s

stu d y a r e a b le to r e h e a r s e only one night e a c h w eek.

T h i s n a t u r a l l y a f f e c t s t h e q u a l i t y of m u s i c p l a y e d a n d d e f i n i t e l y
l i m i t s w h a t t h e o r c h e s t r a c a n d o , a n d c a n h o p e t o do.

F urtherm ore,

it g r e a t l y l i m i t s t h e n u m b e r of c o n c e r t s t h a t e a c h o r c h e s t r a c a n
give d u rin g th e y e a r .

T h e n u m b e r of c o n c e r t s i s d e t e r m i n e d b y

t h e a b i l i t y of t h e m e m b e r s of t h e a m a t e u r o r c h e s t r a t o p r e p a r e
quickly new m u s ic f o r p e r f o r m a n c e .

H e n c e , the t i m e e l e m e n t is

a d e c i d e d l y l i m i t i n g f a c t o r u p o n t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of b e i n g a b l e t o p e r ­
f o r m a n y g r e a t n u m b e r of c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s .

M ost com m unity

o r c h e s t r a s h a v e f o u n d t h a t a m a x i m u m n u m b e r of c o n c e r t s f o r o n e
y e a r is about six o r sev e n .
T i m e is a lso an i m p o r t a n t f a c to r in r e la tio n to th e h o u r w hen
the c o n c e r ts a r e p e r f o r m e d .

It i s e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t f o r a c o m m u n ­

ity o r c h e s t r a to h o ld c o n c e r t s d u rin g

school h o u rs.

T h is is due to

136
th e f a c t th a t th e m e m b e r s of the o r c h e s t r a a r e u s u a lly e m p lo y e d
at t h e i r r e g u l a r o c cu p a tio n s at that t i m e and a r e not alw ay s able
to be r e l e a s e d f r o m w o r k to p l a y i n a c o n c e r t .
m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s in c lu d e d in th is
c o n c e rt during

H o w e v e r, two c o m ­

s u r v e y a r e able to p e r f o r m

school h o u r s on one day e a c h y e a r .

a

S e v e r a l of t h e

o r c h e s t r a c o n d u c t o r s give th is a s a r e a s o n f o r not o fferin g c h ild ­
re n 's co n certs.

H o w ev e r, th is lim ita tio n does not p re v e n t the

h o l d i n g of c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s d u r i n g o u t - o f - s c h o o l t i m e

such as

Sunday a fte rn o o n .
S om e school b o a rd s have v e ry specific ru le s co ncerning the
u s e of s c h o o l t i m e .

In at l e a s t two school s y s t e m s , e x c u sin g s t u ­

dents f o r any a ctiv ity not d ir e c tly s p o n s o re d by the school is f o r ­
bidden.

No c h i l d i s a l l o w e d t o b e e x c u s e d f o r o t h e r t h a n s c h o o l

a c t i v i t i e s e v e n at t h e r e q u e s t of th e p a r e n t .

H o w e v e r, t h e r e is a

f u r t h e r point in conjunction w ith this m a t t e r th at is m o s t im p o rta n t.
T h e se sch o o ls sta te th a t c o n c e r ts could be h eld fo r school stu d en ts
if a n o r c h e s t r a c o m e s t o t h e s c h o o l , a n d p l a y s a f r e e c o n c e r t f o r
all th e c h ild re n du rin g th e school tim e .
T h e t i m e f a c t o r i s a l s o e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e t w o of
the six c itie s

s tu d ie d th a t hav e c o n d u c to r s who c o m m u te e a c h w e e k '

to the c ity to d i r e c t th e o r c h e s t r a .
than the re g u la r

C o n ce rts held at tim e s

other

s e t e v e n i n g s i n m o s t of t h e s e c a s e s w o u l d b e

137
im possible.

T h e re is a lso the p o s sib ility th at a n o th e r con d u cto r

m ight take the o r c h e s t r a fo r the sp e c ia l c o n c e r ts .
alw ays b e e n s u c c e ssfu l.

T his h a s not

T h e p r o b l e m of c h a n g i n g c o n d u c t o r s w i t h

an a m a t e u r o r c h e s t r a is a difficult one in a d d itio n to the p o s s ib ility
of c r e a t i n g f r i c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o n d u c t o r s .
T h e q u e s t i o n of t i m e i s v e r y c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e f a c t o r
of t h e p l a y i n g q u a l i t y of t h e o r c h e s t r a .
in th is

The c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s

study a r e l a r g e l y a m a t e u r o r c h e s t r a s and r e h e a r s e

a w e ek f o r about two h o u r s .
quite a c c e p ta b le p e r f o r m a n c e s

only once

S o m e tim e s th e s e o r c h e s t r a s can give
e v e n o n t h i s s m a l l a m o u n t of r e h e a r s a l .

A t o th e r tim e s th e quality in the p e r f o r m a n c e s is r a th e r u n s a tis fa c ­
tory.

T h i s l a c k of a c o n s i s t e n t l y g o o d q u a l i t y h e l p s t o k e e p t h e

audiences quite s m a ll.

A n o th e r p r o b le m co n nected w ith the quality

i s t h e a t t i t u d e of t h e c o m m u n i t y .

Often p e o p le fe e l th a t a tte n d in g <

a c o n c e r t by su ch an a m a t e u r o r c h e s t r a is not w o rth t h e i r tim e .
In a d d i t i o n , s e v e r a l of t h e o r c h e s t r a s h a v e no a d m i s s i o n c h a r g e f o r
concerts.
from

A lso t h e r e f r e q u e n tly o c c u r p e tty and je a lo u s a ttitu d e s

s o m e of t h e p r i v a t e m u s i c t e a c h e r s

and m u sic a lly inclined

p e o p l e of t h e c o m m u n i t y w h o a r e n o t c o n n e c t e d w i t h o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n
the co m m u n ity o r c h e s tr a .

F r e q u e n tly the p r o b le m w ith the c o m m u n ity

o r c h e s t r a is t h a t it i s not good enough, m u s i c a l l y

s p e a k in g , to d r a w

t h o s e m e m b e r s of t h e c o m m u n i t y w h o a p p r e c i a t e a n d l i k e g o o d m u s i c ,

138
a n d i t d o e s n o t p l a y t h e t y p e of p r o g r a m w h i c h c a n i n t e r e s t t h e l e s s
m u s i c a l m e m b e r s of t h e p o p u l a t i o n .

And finally, the c o m m u n ity o r ­

c h e s tr a m u s t fa c e the c o m p etitio n w ith re c o rd in g s , ra d io , and t e l e ­
vision p ro g r a m s .

S o m e p e o p le w ould r a t h e r stay at h o m e and h e a r '

a good ra d io p r o g r a m

o r a fine r e c o r d i n g t h a n ta k e the tr o u b l e to

a t t e n d a c o n c e r t t o h e a r a m e d i o c r e p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e s a m e m u s i c .
H o w s e r i o u s i s t h i s l a c k of q u a l i t y of p e r f o r m a n c e b y t h e
com m unity o r c h e s t r a ?

Is it p r e v e n t i n g a m o r e a c t i v e , jo in t e ffo rt

betw een th e schools and the o r c h e s tr a ?

Several inform ants, e sp e ­

cially school t e a c h e r s , m e n tio n e d th a t th is is an im p e d im e n t.
p le w ill go to an y th in g t h a t is good e n o u g h ,"

"Peo­

s a i d o n e of t h e t e a c h e r s .

A n o th er t e a c h e r stated , " I f th e o r c h e s t r a w e r e good, p eo p le w ould
attend."

O ne s c h o o l t e a c h e r e v e n w e n t so f a r a s to s t a t e t h a t h e

d id n o t r e q u e s t o r e n c o u r a g e h i s s t u d e n t s t o a t t e n d c o n c e r t s b y t h e
local o rc h e s tr a .

" W e a r e n o t p r o u d of o u r o r c h e s t r a .

incom petent p la y e r s - - k id s

They use

in j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o l on f i r s t v io lin who

c an 't even p lay in t h ir d po sitio n .

I know.

I am a v io lin ist."

C learly

s u c h s t a t e m e n t s a b o u t t h e q u a l i t i e s of m u s i c a n d t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s of
other such statem en ts a re

s e r i o u s , if t h e y a r e t r u e ;

and s o m e tim e s

t h e y do a p p e a r t o b e d e s c r i p t i v e of t h e s i t u a t i o n .
S o o n e r o r l a t e r , one a lw a y s c o m e s to the p r o b l e m

of m o n e y .

J u s t h o w i m p o r t a n t a f a c t o r i s i t i n i m p a i r i n g p r o g r e s s of a m o r e

139
joint e ffo rt b e t w e e n th e s c h o o ls and the c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s ?

Ac­

c o r d i n g t o m o s t of t h e i n f o r m a n t s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e c o m m u n i t y o r ­
c h e s tr a , it is a p r o b l e m , but not a s e r io u s one.

Many o r c h e s t r a

o f f i c i a l s f e e l t h a t if a c a u s e i s g o o d e n o u g h , t h e m o n e y a l w a y s m a k e s
itself available.

T h e ir attitude a p p e a re d to be th at th e r e is alw ays

m oney f o r th o s e things w hich a r e re a lly w anted.

The m ajor p ro b ­

l e m s of m o s t p r o j e c t s c o n n e c t e d w i t h c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s a r e o t h e r
than financial.

T h e y f e lt th a t if m o n e y is not a v a il a b le now, it is

b e c a u s e no one h a s s in c e r e ly sought m o n e y f o r th at p u rp o s e .
T h e r e w a s , h o w e v e r , a s m a l l m i n o r i t y who b e l i e v e d th a t th e
finances w e re a m o s t im p o rta n t p ro b le m .
governing b o a rd s

S o m e m e m b e r s of t h e

of c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s t a k e p e r s o n a l p r i d e i n '

t h e i r ab ility to m a n a g e an o r c h e s t r a on a v e r y b u s i n e s s l i k e b a s i s .
T h e i r v i e w d i c t a t e s t h a t f i r s t y o u h a v e t h e m o n e y t o do t h e t h i n g s
you w a n t , a n d t h e n y o u do t h e m .
"W e can 't afford c h ild re n 's

One b o a r d m e m b e r e v e n confided,

co n certs."

In f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n i n g , h e

s t a t e d t h a t h e w a s n ' t i n t e r e s t e d e v e n i n h a v i n g m o r e of t h e s c h o o l
students attend the r e g u la r o r c h e s t r a c o n c e rts .
w i t h i n o u r b u d g e t if w e f i l l m a n y m o r e s e a t s

"W e can 't keep

at th o s e p r i c e s .

And

w e h a v e t a p p e d a s c o m p l e t e l y a s p o s s i b l e o u r s o u r c e s of i n c o m e , "
he stated.

W h e n a s k e d if h e t h o u g h t i n d i v i d u a l s m i g h t m a k e a s p e c i a l

140
co n trib u tio n to m a k e an o r c h e s t r a c o n c e rt av ailab le fo r
d e n ts, his a n s w e r w a s,

school s tu ­

" I d on't k n o w ."

T h e next condition th at was c o n s id e re d c o n c e rn e d the fa c to r
of l e a d e r s h i p .

T h e q u e s t i o n of l e a d e r s h i p i n v o l v e s a s h o r t d i g r e s s i o n

into s o m e s o c io lo g ic a l th e o ry .
term ed "pow er
Structure:

stru ctu re."

The th e o ry is what so cio lo g ists have

H unter, in his book C om m unity P o w e r

A. S t u d y of D e c i s i o n M a k e r s , p o i n t s o u t t h a t i n e a c h

c o m m u n ity s itu a tio n w h e t h e r it is th e c h u r c h , sc h o o l, l a b o r union,
o r g o v e r n m e n t , t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n in d iv id u a ls o r g r o u p s who p o s s e s s
the r e a l in flu e n c e in th e p r o je c t . *

It i s t h e s e p e r s o n s w h o m u s t

s u p p o rt an id e a , o r e ls e th e id e a w ill n e v e r be put into p r a c t i c e .
A n e x a m p l e of t h i s , i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e p r o b l e m of t h i s d i s s e r t a ­
tion, m ig h t b e an in s ta n c e in w h ich m a n y p e r s o n s fa v o r e d th e ad d itio n
of c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s t o t h e o r c h e s t r a s c h e d u l e , b u t t h e c o n d u c t o r
of t h e o r c h e s t r a w h o h o l d s t h e r e a l p o w e r i n t h i s
fav o r c h ild re n 's

concerts.

s i t u a t i o n d o e s no t

T h e r e f o r e , b e c a u s e of h i s o p p o s i t i o n , t h e

b o a r d m e m b e r s f o l l o w a n d s u b m i t t o h i s p o i n t of v i e w .
sons o r g ro u p s hold th e r e a l " p o w e r "

These p e r ­

in the giv en situ a tio n .

The

t h e o r y g o e s o n t o s t a t e t h a t t h e s a m e p e r s o n of p o w e r i n o n e s i t u a t i o n

* F loyd H u n ter, C om m unity P o w e r S tructure:
A S t u d y of '
D e c is io n M a k e r s (C hapel Hill, N o rth C a r o lin a :
U n i v e r s i t y of N o r t h
C a r o l i n a P r e s s , 1 9 5 3 ) , p . 48.

141
m a y o r m a y not hold th e p o w e r In a n o th e r situation.

A lso the

t h e o r y s a y s th a t th e p o w e r in a s itu a tio n m a y o r m a y not lie in the
p l a c e of t h e d e s i g n a t e d a u t h o r i t y .

F o r e x a m p l e , t h e p r e s i d e n t of t h e

s y m p h o n y b o a r d m a y o r m a y not h o ld th e p o w e r in g o v e rn in g the
symphony.
H u n te r 's book r e p o r ts that individuals p o s se ss in g le a d e rs h ip
com bine into cliq u es o r w hat h e t e r m s

"cro w d s."

These pow er-

h o ld e rs i n t e r a c t w ith one a n o th e r and s e le c t e ac h o th e r as l e a d e r s
in v a r io u s p r o j e c t s .

A. p a r t i c u l a r c l i q u e o r c r o w d m a y s p o n s o r a

p r o j e c t a n d t h e n s e e k t o c o n v i n c e o t h e r c r o w d s of i t s m e r i t .

In th e

e a r l y s t a g e s of a p o l i c y d e c i s i o n , a f e w m e n i n t h e p o w e r g r o u p
m a k e th e b a sic d e c is io n s , and th e n o th e r individuals a r e b rought
i n t o t h e p l a n of a c t i o n .
T h e t h e o r y is m e n tio n e d in th is
t r a te d in the findings re g a rd in g
ships.

study b e c a u s e it is i l l u s ­

school-com m unity o rc h e s tra relation­

I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e d a t a g a t h e r e d i n d i c a t e t h a t " p o w e r is

w h e r e you fin d i t . "

E x c e l l e n t e x a m p l e s of t h i s o c c u r r e d e a r l y i n

the in terview ing p r o c e s s .

I n d i s c u s s i n g t h e i m p r o v e m e n t of t e e n - a g e

c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e , t h e p r e s i d e n t of a w o m e n ' s
o rg an izatio n stated,

symphony o r c h e s tr a

" W e l l , w e h a v e tw o s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s o n

o u r b o a r d , a n d th e y h a v e m a d e no s u g g e s tio n s f o r i m p r o v e m e n t s , o r
even e x p r e s s e d c o n c e r n o v e r the c o n c e r t a tte n d a n c e .

So w h y s h o u l d

142
we sa y anything w hen th ey d o n ' t ? "
p r e s s e d sentim ents m o re or le ss

S everal other o rc h e s tra s

s i m i l a r to t h e s e .

ex­

T h ese people

w e r e w a itin g f o r th o s e p e r s o n s who h o ld the p o w e r (le a d ersh ip )
the situation.

in

U n le ss the l e a d e r s act o r at l e a s t e x p r e s s fa v o ra b le

a t t i t u d e s , t h e i m p r o v e m e n t of t h e s i t u a t i o n w i l l w a i t .
A s a r e s u l t of t h i s s t u d y , c e r t a i n g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s c a n b e s t a t e d
about th e p o w e r s y s te m and c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s itu a tio n s and pub­
l ic s c h o o l m u s i c s i t u a t i o n s .
leadership

A s f o r the school m u s ic p r o g r a m , the

( p o w e r ) a l m o s t of n e c e s s i t y , i s p o s s e s s e d b y t h e s u p e r ­

v i s o r of m u s i c .

T his is tr u e f o r s e v e r a l re a so n s :

c a r r ie s w ith it the d esig n ated authority;

(1) T h e p o s i t i o n

(2) t h e s u p e r v i s o r of m u s i c

is u s u a l l y o l d e r , m o r e e x p e r i e n c e d , and m o r e p e r m a n e n t t h a n a r e
m o s t of t h e t e a c h e r s u n d e r h i m o r h e r ;
ordinate the p r o g r a m

(c) t h e s u p e r v i s o r c a n c o ­

of m a n y s c h o o l s ; a n d (d) t h e s u p e r v i s o r h a s

t h e m o s t c o n t a c t w i t h a n d i n f l u e n c e o n t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of s c h o o l s
a n d t h e b o a r d of e d u c a t i o n .

F o r e x a m p l e , a s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of s c h o o l s

would a l m o s t n e v e r ta k e a c t i o n in r e g a r d to th e m a i n t e n a n c e o r u s e
of t h e m u s i c p r o g r a m if t h e m u s i c
action.

s u p e r v i s o r d i s a p p r o v e d of t h e

T he p u b lic, th e r e g u la r t e a c h e r s , the m u sic t e a c h e r s , and

the a d m i n i s t r a t o r s

a r e f a r m o r e lik ely to follow the r e c o m m e n d a tio n

of t h e s u p e r v i s o r of m u s i c on m u s i c m a t t e r s t h a n t o f o l l o w a n y of
the m u sic te a c h e r s under h im or h e r.

143
T h e l o g ic a l q u e s t i o n to a s k h e r e i s , who p o s s e s s e s th e p o w e r
i n C i t y D w h i c h h a s no s c h o o l m u s i c

s u p e r v i s o r at all, o r C ity E

w hich h a s only a n e l e m e n t a r y m u s i c s u p e r v i s o r ?

The answ er, as

it a p p e a r e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s of a l l i n d i v i d u a l c i t i e s , i s t h a t a s c h o o l
m u s ic p r o g r a m w ithout s u p e r v i s i o n te n d s to be l e a d e r l e s s and w ith ­
out c o o r d i n a t i o n .

C onsequently, the co m m u n ity o r c h e s tr a is v ery

m u c h h a n d i c a p p e d i n a n y w o r k t h a t i t m i g h t do w i t h t h e s c h o o l
m usic p r o g r a m in th e se in sta n c e s.
T h e p o w e r in the c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s itu a tio n u su ally is
p a r t i a l l y d i v i d e d b e t w e e n t h e c o n d u c t o r a n d t h e g o v e r n i n g b o a r d of
the o r c h e s t r a .

In s o m e situ atio n s th e c o n d u cto r has tre m e n d o u s

i n f l u e n c e o v e r t h e f a t e of t h e o r c h e s t r a .

The conductor has a g re a t

d e a l of a u t h o r i t y d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t (a) h e a l m o s t a l w a y s

selects

t h e m u s i c t o b e p l a y e d , (b) h e i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e q u a l i t y of t h e
o rc h e stra 's p erfo rm an ce,

(c)

he

influences

the

m orale

of t h e

o r c h e s t r a th ro u g h his c o n ta c ts w ith p l a y e r s and his attitu d e to w a rd
t h e p r o j e c t , a n d (d) f r e q u e n t l y h e i s t h e m o s t p e r m a n e n t o r b e s t i n f o r m e d m e m b e r of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s .
T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l in s ta n c e s , h o w ev er, in w hich so m e m e m b e r
of t h e o r c h e s t r a b o a r d h a s c o m e o v e r a p e r i o d of y e a r s t o h o l d
t r e m e n d o u s i n f l u e n c e o v e r t h e r e s t of t h e b o a r d .
tial b o a rd m e m b e rs

The m o s t in flu e n ­

m a y b e re c o g n iz e d not so m u c h by title , but

144
r a t h e r b y t h e l e n g t h of t i m e t h e y h a v e b e e n c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e o r ­
c h e s t r a , a n d t h e a m o u n t of e f f o r t a n d i n t e r e s t t h e y p u t i n t o t h e
project.

A lthough it m a y s e e m

s o m e w h a t illo g ic a l on th e s u r f a c e ,

t h e s o u r c e of p o w e r i n c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s i t u a t i o n s s e l d o m h a s
m u c h co n n ectio n w ith fin a n c ial s ta tu s.

T h is condition is a p p a r e n tly

d u e t o t h e s m a l l b u d g e t of c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s , a n d t h e i r c o n s c i o u s
appeal to th e w hole c o m m u n ity .
T h e c o n c e p t of p o w e r i n a s i t u a t i o n c a n b e v e r y u s e f u l .

F irst

of a l l , b y u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p a r t i c u l a r p o w e r s t r u c t u r e i n s c h o o l c o m m u n ity s itu a tio n s , a b a s i s f o r i m p r o v e m e n t c a n be found.

R eal­

izing th a t t h e r e e x is t s a n i n f o r m a l h i e r a r c h y in a lm o s t e v e r y s o c ia l
situ atio n , one is b e t t e r able to d eal w ith th e situ atio n .

Its u s e in

this study in d ic a te s the p o s itio n s o r ind iv id u als w hich h a v e p o w e r
that can be u s e d to h in d e r im p ro v e m e n t.
positions

It s u g g e s t s t h a t c r u c i a l

should be fille d w ith c o m p eten t, i n t e r e s t e d p e r s o n s .

In

s o m e c a s e s , t h e l a c k of t h e p o s i t i o n w h i c h c a n y i e l d e f f e c t i v e l e a d e r ­
ship m a y b e th e c i r c u m s t a n c e w h ic h s e r i o u s l y h a m p e r s i m p r o v e ­
m ent.

I n o t h e r s i t m a y b e t h e t y p e of p e r s o n s h o l d i n g i m p o r t a n t

p o sitio n s that im p e d e s p r o g r e s s .
A. l o g i c a l p o s i t i o n t o c o n s i d e r i n d i s c u s s i n g t h e p o w e r i n
s c h o o l - c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s i t u a t i o n s i s t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of s c h o o l s .
H e i s t h e a c k n o w l e d g e d l e a d e r of t h e e n t i r e s c h o o l s y s t e m , a n d t h u s

145
has c o n sid e ra b le influence o v e r sch o o l-co m m u n ity o r c h e s tr a re la tio n ­
ships.

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s p o s i t i o n of a u t h o r i t y , h e h a s m u c h i n f l u e n c e

o v e r t h e m e m b e r s of t h e b o a r d of e d u c a t i o n b e c a u s e h e u s u a l l y p o s ­
s e s s e s t h e m o s t t h o r o u g h k n o w l e d g e of e d u c a t i o n a n d i t s f i n a n c i n g .
A lso he h o ld s m u c h in flu en ce o v e r o th e r a d m i n i s t r a t o r s in the school
s y s t e m due to th e f a c t th a t, a s i d e f r o m o th e r c o n s id e r a tio n s , he is
t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r of s c h o o l b o a r d p o l i c y .

T h i s p o s i t i o n i s of s u c h

i m p o r t a n c e th a t a q u e s ti o n n a ir e w a s p r e p a r e d s p e c ific a lly f o r the
school su p erin ten d en ts.
In t h e s i x c i t i e s i n c l u d e d i n t h e s t u d y , t w o s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s
w ere in terv iew ed and fo u r w ere sent a questionnaire.

One s u p e r in ­

te n d e n t r e p l i e d t h a t h e w a s u n a b le to f ill out t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e b e ­
c a u s e h e h a d a s s u m e d t h e p o s i t i o n of s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of s c h o o l s i n
th a t c ity only a m o n th o r so b e f o r e , an d h e did not fe e l th a t he
could give v alid a n s w e r s .

T h e r e f o r e , only five s u p e r in te n d e n ts gave

in fo rm atio n and th e r e s u lts
m ind.

should be i n t e r p r e t e d with this f a c t in

A s i s i n d i c a t e d i n t h e a p p e n d i x of t h i s s t u d y , t h e s u p e r i n t e n ­

d e n t s of s c h o o l s w e r e a s k e d m a n y of t h e s a m e q u e s t i o n s t h a t w e r e
ask ed the m u sic te a c h e r s
o u t c o m e of c h i l d r e n ' s

and o r c h e s tr a officials.

C oncerning the

c o n c e r t s , t h r e e f e l t t h a t t h e a t t i t u d e of t h e

s tu d e n ts w a s m o s t i m p o r t a n t , a n d two thought th a t a c h a n c e to see
and h e a r a sym phony o r c h e s tr a was a m o re im p o rtan t outcom e.

146
W hen a tte m p tin g to c h o o se th e m o r e fa v o r a b le p o s itio n in the co n tin ­
u u m b e t w e e n g i v i n g t h e s t u d e n t s w h a t e v e r t y p e of m u s i c t h e y w a n t e d
and p re s e n tin g

o n l y t h e b e s t m u s i c r e g a r d l e s s of s t u d e n t i n t e r e s t ,

fo u r su p erin ten d en ts felt th at the students' d e s ir e s

should be s a t i s ­

fie d , and one f e l t t h a t t h e o r c h e s t r a s h o u ld p la y only the b e s t m u s i c .
A s f o r t h e t i m e of c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s , t h r e e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s f a v o r e d
su ch c o n c e r t s d u rin g o u t - o f - s c h o o l h o u r s ; one f a v o r e d th e " s p l i t "
sy ste m w h e re the c o n c e rts

s t a r t in school but end a f te r school, and

one did n o t k n o w w h a t he f a v o r e d .

T h r e e of t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s

favored a special co ncert fo r teen -ag e
and one did not know .

stu d e n ts, one w as opposed,

F iv e b e lie v e d th at a d e s i r e fo r good m u s ic

sh o uld b e i n s t i l l e d in th e s tu d e n t by th e sch o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m , and
f i v e f e l t t h a t t h e a p p r e c i a t i o n of g o o d m u s i c w a s p o s s i b l e f o r t h e
m a j o r i t y of t h e p o p u l a t i o n .

A ll five fa v o r e d a jo in t c o o p e r a tiv e

effort b etw een th e school m u s ic te a c h e r s and the c o m m un ity o r c h e s ­
tra.

F o u r s t a t e d t h a t t h e y f e l t t h e r e w as now c o o p e r a tio n b e tw e e n

the tw o p a r t i e s , and one did not know .

F o u r of t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s

thought th a t th e o r c h e s t r a o fficia ls w e r e i n t e r e s t e d in e d u c a tio n a l
c o n c e r t s , a n d o n e d i d not k n o w .

H o w e v e r, only one s u p p o rtin g s t a t e ­

m e n t w a s g iv e n b y a s u p e r i n t e n d e n t as to why h e th o u g h t th e o r c h e s ­
t r a officials w e re i n te r e s t e d in such c o n c e rts .

The statem en t was

to the effect th at th e o r c h e s t r a h as alw ays b e e n v e ry c o o p e ra tiv e .

147
T h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of s c h o o l s t h o u g h t t h e g r e a t e s t p r o b l e m s t o a n
im p ro v e d effort b e tw e e n the school and the o r c h e s t r a w e re ,

"The

l a c k of a t y p e of s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m w h i c h w o u l d m a k e it w o r t h
w hile,"

or

" T im e and m o n e y --p a re n ts

of t a k i n g a c h i l d t o c h i l d r e n ' s

m ust a ssu m e responsibility

co ncerts."

In g e n e r a l, the s u p e r i n ­

t e n d e n t s of s c h o o l s h o l d o n l y o n e o p i n i o n w h i c h m i g h t i m p a i r i m p r o v e ­
m en ts as defined in th is
school tim e .

study.

T h i s o n e a r e a c o n f l i c t i s t h e u s e of

A.s h a s b e e n m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , t h e q u e s t i o n of t i m e

can b e c o m e quite involved w hen a d m is s io n p r i c e s , tra n s p o r ta tio n ,
and the like a r e c o n sid e re d .
A. f e w s p e c i a l q u e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g p u b l i c f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e
fo r educational c o n c e rts w e re a sk ed school su p erin ten d en ts.

As was

s t a t e d i n C h a p t e r III, o n l y o n e c i t y g i v e s d i r e c t o r i n d i r e c t f i n a n c i a l
contributions f o r educational c o n c e rts .

The superintendents w ere

a s k e d , " D o you f a v o r th e s c h o o l b o a r d ' s a p p r o p r i a t i n g a c e r t a i n
a m o u n t of t h e s c h o o l b u d g e t t o t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a f o r t h e
p u r p o s e of e d u c a t i o n a l c o n c e r t s

at the p r e s e n t t i m e ? "

intendent a n s w e r e d " y e s , " tw o a n s w e re d " n o , "
" d o n 't k n o w ."

O ne s u p e r ­

and two a n s w e r e d

T h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s w e r e a ls o a s k e d to s ta t e th e

co n d itio n s t h a t th e y f e l t s h o u ld be m e t b e f o r e the s c h o o l b o a r d w o u ld
budget any m oney f o r educational c o n c e rts .

The q u e s tio n r e a d ,

" P l e a s e c h e c k e a c h c o n d itio n th a t you fe e l m u s t be m e t b e f o r e you

148
w ould r e q u e s t th a t t h e sch o o l b o a r d p r o v id e s o m e fin a n c ia l a s s i s t a n c e
to th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a f o r e d u c a tio n c o n c e r ts :

(a) r e q u e s t s f o r

s u c h a c t i o n b y t h e s c h o o l m u s i c s t a f f , (b) r e q u e s t s f o r s u c h a c t i o n
b y c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s , (c) r e q u e s t s f o r s u c h a c t i o n b y
p a r e n t a n d c o m m u n i t y g r o u p s , (d) a g o o d c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a , a n d
(e) a g o o d s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m . "

F iv e superintendents stated that

s u ch a c ti o n w ould h a v e to be r e q u e s t e d by th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a
officials; fiv e a ls o s ta t e d th a t it should be r e q u e s te d by the m u s ic
staff.

Three

s ta te d th a t su ch actio n should be re q u e s te d by p a r e n t

and c o m m u n ity g ro u p s .

No s u p e r in te n d e n t m a d e any q u a lific a tio n s

as to c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s , but one s ta t e d th a t th e school m u s ic
program

s h o u l d b e of a q u a l i t y w h i c h w o u l d m a k e it w o r t h w h i l e .

T h e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a o fficia ls w e r e a s k e d to r a t e the
a t t i t u d e of t h e s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n .

The p a rtic u la r question was

w o rd ed , " D o you fe e l that th e school s u p e rin te n d e n ts and p rin c ip a ls
a re in te r e s t e d in having school c h ild re n attend educational c o n c e r t s ? "
A m ong t h e s e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a o fficia ls, eight a n s w e r e d " y e s , "
one " n o , "

and six " d o n 't k n o w ."

w e re qualified.
w ere,

S e v e r a l of t h e " y e s "

answ ers

S ta te m e n ts ' giving th e r e a s o n s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r r e p ly

" T h e y h av e b e e n quite c o o p e r a tiv e ,"

" I know th em p e r s o n a lly ,"

" T h e y a r e in te r e s t e d in a h a lf - h e a r te d w a y ,"

and " T h e y have given

the o r c h e s t r a a b a d tim e about r e h e a r s a l f a c ilitie s ."

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T h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of s c h o o l s i s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a n d m a n ­
a g e r of t h e e n t i r e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m i n t h e c i t y .
represents

He th e o re tic a lly

a l l s e g m e n t s of t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m , a n d t h e r e f o r e c a n n o t

p r o m o t e a n y p a r t i c u l a r p h a s e of t h a t s y s t e m
p o rtio n w ith o th e r p h a s e s .

s o t h a t i t i s o u t of p r o ­

U s u a l l y t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t f i n d s it a d v a n ­

t a g e o u s t o go a l o n g w i t h w h a t t h e p e o p l e w a n t .

T h e a t t i t u d e of t h e

com m unity o r c h e s t r a o fficials to w a rd the su p erin ten d e n ts ind icated
that th e s u p e r in te n d e n ts w e r e n e i t h e r p r o m o tin g n o r opposing th e
developm ent of s c h o o l-c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a a ctiv itie s.

This is also

i n d i c a t e d b y t h e a t t i t u d e of t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s o n f i n a n c i a l h e l p f o r
e d u c a t i o n a l c o n c e r t s , a n d t h e s t a t e m e n t s of c o n d i t i o n s t h a t s h o u l d b e
m e t b e f o r e s u c h f in a n c ia l a s s i s t a n c e c a n be given.
F r o m t h e r e s p o n s e s of t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s t o t h e v a r i o u s
q u e s t i o n s a n d t h e f e e l i n g s of t h e o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s t o w a r d h i s v i e w s ,
t h e c o n c l u s i o n c a n b e m a d e t h a t t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ’s p o s i t i o n i s n o t
a d e t r i m e n t a l f a c t o r in i m p r o v in g sch o o l m u s i c - c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a
efforts.
A n o t h e r f a c t o r w h i c h a p p e a r e d i n t h e inf o r m a t i o n - g a t h e r i n g
p r o c e s s w a s t h e l a c k of k n o w l e d g e of t h e i n f o r m a n t s a b o u t t h e s i t u a ­
tio n s w hich c o n c e r n e d t h e i r own p o s itio n s in the s c h o o l- c o m m u n ity
orchestra program s.

T h e a m o u n t of k n o w l e d g e a n d i n f o r m a t i o n w a s

a l m o s t n i l i n t h e c a s e s of m a n y m e m b e r s i n t h e g o v e r n i n g b o a r d of

150
the sym phony in m a t t e r s

r e l a t e d to th e o r c h e s t r a .

F o r e x a m p le , in

o n e c a s e a b o a r d p r e s i d e n t d i d n o t k n o w t h e n u m b e r of c o n c e r t s t h a t
h i s o r c h e s t r a g a v e e a c h y e a r , a n d d i d n ' t k n o w if t h e s c h o o l h e l p e d
in th e budget.

A n o th e r b o a r d p r e s id e n t in s is te d that the o r c h e s t r a

h a d s o lic ite d fin a n c ia l a s s i s t a n c e f r o m the school b o a r d , b u t a f te r
s o m e re c h e c k in g th is b e lie f w as show n to b e m is ta k e n .

L a c k of

k n o w l e d g e w a s a l s o i n d i c a t e d b y t h e r a t h e r l a r g e n u m b e r of " d o n ' t
k now " a n s w e rs by b o a rd officials about such m a tte r s as attendance,
b u d g e t , a n d e v e n t h e a g e of t h e o r c h e s t r a .

T h e r e is an a p p a r e n t

n e e d f o r t h e m e m b e r s of t h e g o v e r n i n g b o a r d of c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s ­
t r a s to b e b e t t e r in f o r m e d about th e o r c h e s t r a its e lf.
A. f i n a l p o i n t t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i n d i s c u s s i n g t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s
which te n d to h a m p e r im p r o v e m e n t in th e s c h o o l- c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a
s i t u a t i o n i s t h e l a c k of t r a i n i n g o n t h e p a r t of s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s
f o r d ir e c tin g an d guiding m u s i c at th e c o m m u n i ty le v e l .

N o r m a n C.

M ohn dev o ted a n e n tir e d o c t o r 's d e g r e e d i s s e r t a t i o n to the subject
of s c h o o l t e a c h e r s a n d c o m m u n i t y m u s i c .

He d isc o v e re d th at s o m e ­

w h e r e b e t w e e n t w o - t h i r d s a n d t h r e e - f o u r t h s of t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r s

1 N o r m a n C. M o h n , " T h e I m p l i c a t i o n of t h e C o m m u n i t y M u s i c
Program :
Its O rig in , V alues, N eed s, O rg a n iz atio n s, and A d m in is tr a ­
tio n W ith S p ecial E m p h a s i s Upon C o m m u n ity M usic L e a d e r s h ip in the
S t a t e of T e x a s , " u n p u b l i s h e d d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of
T e x a s , A u s t i n , T e x a s , 1950, p. 181.

151
q u e s t i o n e d i n t h e s t a t e of T e x a s f e l t t h e i r c o l l e g e t r a i n i n g to b e i n ­
adeq u ate to a s s i s t in c o m m u n ity m u s ic .
T h e following c o n c lu s io n s b a s e d on in q u ir ie s m a d e in th is
stu d y m a y b e d r a w n as to t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s w h ic h m a y t e n d to
h a m p e r im p r o v e m e n ts o r effo rts b e tw ee n school and the c o m m un ity
o r c h e s t r a in developing m u sic a p p re c ia tio n and understanding.
(1)

The fact th at a com m unity o r c h e s tr a is an a m a te u r o r c h e s tr a
unable to r e h e a r s e o fte n e r th a n once a w eek is a s e v e r e h andi­
c a p o n t h e n u m b e r of p e r f o r m a n c e s i t c a n g i v e .

(2)

U nless som e

s o l u t i o n i s f o u n d t o t h e p r o b l e m of r e l e a s i n g o r ­

c h e s tr a p e rs o n n e l f r o m th e ir re g u la r occupations, a m a x im u m
of one c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t p e r y e a r by an o r c h e s t r a a p p e a r s
likely.
(3)

U n l e s s t h e c o n d u c t o r of t h e o r c h e s t r a i s e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e t o
the com m unity, educational c o n c e rts during school tim e a re
n early im possible.

(4)

T h e r e l a t e d a m o u n t of t i m e a n d p l a y e r q u a l i t y of t h e c o m m u n i t y
o r c h e s t r a d e c i d e d l y l i m i t s t h e q u a l i t y of p e r f o r m a n c e .

(5)

T h e q u a l i t y of m a n y c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s t e n d s t o k e e p t h e
adult and t e e n - a g e a u d ien c e s m a ll at r e g u l a r c o n c e r ts .

(6)

F i n a n c i a l p r o b l e m s do not a p p e a r to b e a m a j o r h i n d e r i n g e l e ­
m ent.

152
(7)

W h ere in ad eq u ate p ro v is io n fo r le a d e r s h ip is found, inactivity
c o n stitu te s an im p e d im e n t to an im p ro v e d situation.

(8)

I n g e n e r a l , s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s of s c h o o l s do n o t h o l d v i e w s w h i c h
w ould te n d to i m p a i r p r o g r e s s in s c h o o l- c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a
efforts.

(9)

B oard m em bers

of t h e o r c h e s t r a a r e n o t a l w a y s f a m i l i a r w i t h

t h e p r o b l e m s o r t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e o r c h e s t r a .

CHAPTER

VI

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

T h e f i n a l c h a p t e r i n t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n d e a l s w i t h a s u m m a r y of
the e n t i r e w o r k , and p r e s e n t s

so m e o v e r - a ll conclusions and r e c o m ­

m e n d a tio n s about th e study.

Sum m ary

T h e d a ta r e p o r t e d in th is d i s s e r t a t i o n m a y be s u m m a r i z e d
as follow s.

A f t e r p r e s e n t i n g a r e p o r t o n e a c h of t h e s i x c i t i e s

u t i l i z e d i n t h e s t u d y i n C h a p t e r II, c e r t a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p s w e r e a p p a r ­
ent.

O n e s u c h r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t e d b e t w e e n t h e a b i l i t y of t h e o r ­

c h e s t r a i n s e c u r i n g a n a u d i e n c e a n d t h e p r e s e n c e of o t h e r c o n c e r t s
of s u c h a q u a l i t y a n d n u m b e r t h a t t h e o r c h e s t r a i s h a n d i c a p p e d .

A

m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e la tio n s h ip w a s found to e x ist b e tw e e n the school
m usic p ro g ra m
a r e a of t h i s

a n d t h e s u c c e s s of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a i n t h e

study.

A n a ctiv e m u s ic p r o g r a m in the schools a p p e a r e d

to m a n i f e s t i t s e l f i n a t t e n d a n c e a t c o n c e r t s b y s c h o o l s t u d e n t s .

The

p r e s e n c e of a p e r s o n of l e a d e r s h i p w i t h a d e s i r e t o i m p r o v e t h e
o r c h e s t r a and a n i n t e r e s t in school s tu d e n ts ' m u s ic t a s t e s

153

appeared

154
t o b e a n e c e s s i t y f o r a c h i e v e m e n t i n t h e a r e a of t h i s s t u d y .

F inally,

t h e p e r f o r m i n g q u a l i t y of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a i t s e l f h a d a n e f ­
f e c t on th e i n t e r e s t a f f o r d e d it by th e s tu d e n t s in th e school a s w ell
as the adult m e m b e r s

of t h e c o m m u n i t y .

C h a p t e r II I p r e s e n t e d t h e d a t a on t h e p r e s e n t s t a t u s of t h e
school-com m unity o rc h e s tr a efforts.

It w a s f o u n d t h a t f o u r of t h e

s i x c i t i e s s t u d i e d o f f e r e d a c o n c e r t o r p a r t of a c o n c e r t f o r c h i l d ­
ren.

T h r e e of t h e s e c o n c e r t s w e r e f i n a n c e d o u t of t h e g e n e r a l o r ­

c h e s tr a budget, and the fo u rth w as fin an ced by a local d e p a rtm e n t
store.

T h r e e h a d no a d m i s s i o n c h a r g e f o r th e c o n c e r t, and the o th e r

charged a nom inal fee.

T w o c i t i e s h e l d c h i l d r e n ’s c o n c e r t s d u r i n g

s c h o o l h o u r s , a n d t w o d u r i n g o u t of s c h o o l h o u r s .

I n s t r u c t i o n a l ef­

f o r t s a t t h e c o n c e r t c o n s i s t e d of e x p l a n a t i o n s a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n s of
m usic.

T h e a v e r a g e l e n g t h of a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t w a s o n e h o u r , a n d

t h e c o n d u c t o r of t h e o r c h e s t r a u s u a l l y s e l e c t e d t h e m u s i c .

M assed

singing w as th e m o s t f r e q u e n tly u s e d te c h n iq u e f o r achieving aud ien c e
participation.

P r e p a r a t i o n w a s c o n d u c te d b y all t e a c h e r s , an d a v e r ­

a g e d o n e h o u r of c l a s s t i m e .

F o llo w -u p a ctiv ity w a s a lso u s e d , and

a v e r a g e d fif te e n m in u te s in length.

P r e p a r a t i o n u s u a l l y c o n s i s t e d of

d i s c u s s i o n , p l a y i n g of r e c o r d i n g s , a n d e x p l a n a t i o n s of i n s t r u m e n t s .
F o l l o w - u p a c t i v i t y u s u a l l y c o n s i s t e d of d i s c u s s i o n .

C o o p eratio n was

155
r a th e r e x ten siv e b etw een the school and o r c h e s t r a re g a rd in g ch ild­
re n 's c o n certs.

The c h ild re n a p p e a r e d to like the c o n c e rts v ery m u ch .

W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e p r o b l e m of a t t e n d a n c e a t r e g u l a r o r c h e s t r a
c o n c e rts by ju n io r and s e n io r high school stud ents, school te a c h e r s
and c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a officials g e n e r a lly did not have a v e ry
c l e a r i d e a of h o w m a n y s u c h s t u d e n t s a t t e n d e d o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t s .
T h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e e s t i m a t e s a v e r a g e d b e t w e e n 25 a n d 75 s t u d e n t s
p e r c o n c e rt, w ith e x tr e m e s

of 10 t o 50 0.

A ll o r c h e s t r a s th a t c h a rg e d

a d m is s io n f o r c o n c e rts o ffered a student tic k et at a lo w er p r ic e , but
only one h a d s p e c i a l s e a tin g a r r a n g e m e n t s .

T h e r e e x is t e d no s y s t e m

of t i c k e t d i s t r i b u t i o n t o s t u d e n t s , a n d v e r y l i t t l e s p e c i a l p u b l i c i t y f o r
them .

Jo in t p e r f o r m a n c e s by te e n - a g e m u s ic g roups and the o r c h e s ­

t r a h a v e b e e n a t t e m p t e d i n f o u r of t h e s i x c i t i e s s t u d i e d .

Only one

city h a d m a d e a joint effo rt by th e school and o r c h e s t r a to im p r o v e
upon t e e n - a g e c o n c e r t a tte n d a n c e .

T h r e e - f o u r t h s of t h e m u s i c t e a c h ­

e r s i n t h e j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l s c a r r i e d o n s o m e t y p e of
p r e p a r a t i o n , a n d a l i t t l e l e s s t h a n h a l f of t h e t e a c h e r s o f f e r e d e x t r a
c r e d i t to th e s tu d e n ts f o r c o n c e r t a tte n d a n c e .
a ra tio n and fo llo w -u p w e r e not at all ex ten siv e.

The e ffo rts at p r e p ­
O n ly o n e o r c h e s t r a

has atte m p ted a sp ecial c o n c e rt fo r te en -ag e students.
C h a p t e r IV p r e s e n t e d t h e v i e w s of t h e i n f o r m a n t s a n d of a u ­
th o r i ta ti v e a u th o r s in th e fie ld as to what im p r o v e m e n ts should be

156
made.

T h e y s ta te d th a t e a c h c h ild should attend at le a s t fo u r c h ild ­

re n 's co n certs

each y ear.

T h e b o a r d of e d u c a t i o n s h o u l d a l l o c a t e

s o m e m o n ey to th e o r c h e s t r a sp ecifically fo r educational c o n ce rts.
The c o n c e rts
requested.

should be e ith e r f r e e to the students, o r a nom inal fe e

The concerts

should b e h e ld d u rin g school h o u r s , and

should not e x c e e d f o r t y - f i v e m in u te s to an h o u r in length.

M ore

t i m e s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d f o r p r e p a r a t i o n a n d f o l l o w - u p of c h i l d r e n ' s
c o n c e r t s , a n d t h e p r e p a r a t i o n s h o u l d i n c l u d e d e m o n s t r a t i o n s of i n ­
s t r u m e n t s , and i n s t r u c t i o n in c o n c e r t m a n n e r s in addition to the
existing p r e p a r a t o r y a c tiv itie s.
tute th e follow -up effort.
at the c o n c e r t.
great m usic.

Integrating activities

M ore p a rtic ip a tio n devices

should c o n s t i ­
should b e u s e d

The c h ild r e n 's c o n c e rt should s t r e s s attitudes to w a rd
T h e r e have b een a g re a t m an y te ch n iq u es w hich have

b e e n r e p o r t e d a n d s u g g e s te d by a u t h o r i t i e s in th e f ie l d to i m p r o v e
c h ild re n 's c o n c e rts .

These

should be a tte m p ted .

T h e c h a p t e r a l s o c o l l e c t e d d a t a o n w h a t s h o u l d b e d o n e to
im p r o v e c o n c e r t a tte n d a n c e by ju n io r and s e n io r high school stu d e n ts
at c o n c e rts .

F i r s t of a l l , a m e e t i n g of s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s a n d

com m unity o r c h e s t r a officials
the p r o b l e m .

sh ou ld be h e ld to f o r m u l a t e a c ti o n on

T e a c h e r s at th is level should allow so m e c l a s s tim e

f o r p l a n n e d p r e p a r a t i o n w h i c h w i l l i n c l u d e t h e p l a y i n g of r e c o r d i n g s .
E x t r a c r e d i t s h o u l d b e g i v e n b y s c h o o l t e a c h e r s t o a t e e n - a g e r w ho

157
attends o r c h e s t r a c o n c e rts .
publicity effort fo r th e s e

T h e o r c h e s t r a s h o u l d m a k e m o r e of a

students.

It should a ls o give a s p e c ia l c o n ­

c e r t f o r t e e n - a g e s t u d e n t s , a n d i n c r e a s e t h e n u m b e r of j o i n t p e r ­
f o r m a n c e s w ith school m u s ic g ro u p s.

And finally, t h e r e should be

an a ll-c ity youth o r c h e s t r a in th e com m unity.
C h a p t e r V a t t e m p t e d t o p o i n t out s o m e of t h e p o s s i b l e r e a s o n s
for the cleavage b etw een the p r e s e n t status and d e s ir e d status.
P h ilo so p h ic a l-m e th o d o lo g ic a l d ifferen c es betw een the school te a c h e r s
a n d o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s w a s t h e f i r s t r e a s o n h y p o t h e s i z e d to a c c o u n t
fo r the d ifferen c e.

It w a s f o u n d t h a t s o m e d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t i n t h i s

a r e a b e tw ee n the school t e a c h e r s and the o r c h e s t r a officials.

It w a s

d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e o b j e c t i v e s of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s h o u l d b e
e n la r g e d to in c lu d e s o m e e d u c a tio n a l o b je c tiv e s .

School t e a c h e r s ,

it w a s f o u n d , l a c k a c l e a r a n d h o m o g e n e o u s c o n c e p t i o n of t h e e n d s
of m u s i c

e d u c a t i o n , w h i c h t e n d s t o h i n d e r p r o g r e s s i n t h e a r e a of

this study.
M isunderstandings

of

o r e x tre m e attitudes tow ard the other

g r o u p w a s n e x t h y p o t h e s i z e d a s a c a u s e of t h e d i f f e r e n c e s .

It w a s

f o u n d t h a t a g r e a t m a n y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s h a v e l i t t l e i d e a of w h a t
is b e in g done in th e
m usic te a c h e rs '

schools.

H o w e v e r , t h e i r o p i n i o n s of t h e s c h o o l

e ffo rts w e r e not u n fa v o ra b le , even though the opinions

w e r e not too w ell founded.

T h e sch o o l t e a c h e r s te n d e d to h o ld

158
f a v o r a b l e o p i n i o n s of t h e e f f o r t s of t h e o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s , b u t a g a i n
th e s e w e r e not w ell founded.

T h e r e w e r e o n l y a f e w c a s e s of e x ­

t r e m e fe e lin g s to w a rd the o th e r g ro u p by e ith e r p a rty .
T h e fin a l h y p o th e sis m a d e in the chapter c o n c e rn e d c i r c u m ­
stances

re g a rd in g tim e , m oney, and le a d e rs h ip .

It w a s d i s c o v e r e d

t h a t d u e t o l a c k of t i m e a n d t h e u s e of a m a t e u r p l a y e r s , t h e c o m ­
m u n ity o r c h e s t r a is l i m i t e d in w hat it c a n a c c o m p l i s h both in n u m ­
b e r a n d q u a l i t y of p e r f o r m a n c e s .
m ajo r problem .

F in a n c in g w as not found to be a

I n s o m e c a s e s l a c k of e f f e c t i v e l e a d e r s h i p h a s b e e n

a h in d r a n c e to i m p r o v e m e n t .

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t s of s c h o o l s d i d n o t h o l d

v i e w s w h i c h w o u l d t e n d t o h i n d e r p r o g r e s s i n t h e a r e a of t h i s s t u d y .
A n d f i n a l l y , s e v e r a l of t h e m e m b e r s of t h e g o v e r n i n g b o a r d of t h e
o r c h e s t r a w e r e f o u n d t o b e p o o r l y i n f o r m e d a b o u t t h e a c t i v i t i e s of
the o r c h e s t r a .

Recommended P rac tic es

C h a p t e r IV of t h i s

and A ctions

study p r e s e n te d data p erta in in g to what

the g o als a r e in s c h o o l- c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a re la tio n s h ip s .

This

s e c t i o n i s i n t e n d e d t o s u p p l e m e n t C h a p t e r IV i n t h a t i t p r e s e n t s
s o m e p r a c t i c a l s u g g e s t i o n s f o r t h e i m p r o v e m e n t of t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p .
These

r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e l a r g e l y t h e r e s u l t of t h e m a t e r i a l p r e ­

sen ted in th is study.

159
B e f o r e s u c c e s s c a n b e a c h ie v e d in p ro v id in g good e d u ca tio n a l
c o n c e r t s , c e r t a i n r e q u i r e m e n t s m u s t b e f u l f i l l e d by t h e s c h o o l a n d
th e o r c h e s t r a .

I n d e e d , i t w o u ld b e l a r g e l y f r u i t l e s s to a t t e m p t a n y

c o o p e r a t i v e a c t i v i t y b e t w e e n t h e tw o o r g a n i z a t i o n s u n t i l t h e s e s p e c i f i ­
c a tio n s a r e in s u b s ta n c e m e t.

T h e r e f o r e , th e re c o m m e n d a tio n s c o n ­

c e r n i n g t h e a c t u a l c o o p e r a t i v e a c t i o n s w h i c h w ill f o ll o w l a t e r a r e
d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e c o r r e c t i o n of t h e f a c t o r s w i t h i n e a c h o r g a n i z a t i o n .
F i r s t , th e m u s ic p r o g r a m
in o r d e r . "

in th e s c h o o ls m u s t " s e t its h o u se

T h e s c h o o ls m u s t ru n an a d e q u a te and e ffe c tiv e p r o g r a m

of i n s t r u c t i o n w i t h d u e e m p h a s i s o n t h e l i s t e n i n g e x p e r i e n c e .
e le m e n ta ry sch o o ls

I n th e

100 t o 120 m i n u t e s a w e e k , a f i g u r e w h i c h h a s

lo n g b e e n r e c o m m e n d e d b y t h e M E N C , s e e m s n e c e s s a r y .

Good c o n ­

c e r t p r e p a r a t io n c an n o t b e c a r r i e d on w hen th e m u s ic p e r io d c o m e s
ju st once o r tw ic e a w eek .

I n th e j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l , g e n e r a l m u s i c

s h o u ld b e r e q u i r e d of a l l s e v e n t h a n d e i g h t h g r a d e s t u d e n t s f o r a t
l e a s t tw o a n d a h a l f p e r i o d s a w e e k .
m uch m u sic a l tra in in g .
d e sira b le .

A l l s t u d e n t s s h o u ld h a v e t h i s

N in th g r a d e g e n e r a l m u s i c

T h e n th e s c h o o ls

s e e m s h ig h ly

s h o u ld n o t l e a v e i n s t r u c t i o n to i n a d e ­

q u a tely s u p e r v is e d e le m e n ta r y ro o m te a c h e r s .

T h e c h a n c e s of o b ­

ta in in g s a t i s f a c t o r y i n s tr u c tio n by su c h m e a n s a r e v e ry s m a ll.
M u sic s p e c ia lis ts

s h o u l d t e a c h a g o o d p o r t i o n of t h e m u s i c i n t h e

upper e le m e n ta ry g ra d e s.

A ll g r a d e t e a c h e r s

sh o u ld h a v e s u p e r v is io n

160
at le a s t once a w eek.

T h e r e s h o u ld b e a n i n t e r e s t in an d ti m e a l ­

lo w ed f o r lis te n in g e x p e r ie n c e a t a ll l e v e l s , h ig h sch o o l in c lu d e d .
T o o o f t e n m u s i c p r o g r a m s a r e b u i l t a r o u n d a s o r t of " G r a d u s A d
P a r n a s s u m " t o t h e t e c h n i c a l h e i g h t s of m u s i c .

The e n tire e m p h a sis

is o n p e r f o r m a n c e , a n d n o t o n u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d a p p r e c i a t i o n .
school m u sic p r o g r a m

The

s h o u l d m a k e a n a l l o w a n c e of r o u g h l y a f o u r t h

to a h a l f of i t s e f f o r t f o r m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g .

T h is

d o e s n o t m e a n to s a y t h a t o n e s h o u l d p l a y r e c o r d s a f o u r t h to h a l f
t h e t i m e , b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e o t h e r w a y s to w o r k o n l i s t e n i n g .

W hen

o n e r e a l i z e s t h a t t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y of th e s t u d e n t s w ill b e l i s t e n e r s ,
c o n s u m e r s of m u s ic , th is

re c o m m e n d a tio n d o es not s e e m e x c e s s iv e .

F i n a l l y , t h e r e is a n e e d f o r a u n ified , c o o r d in a te d m u s ic
p rogram .

T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e r e m u s t b e s o m e o n e in c h a r g e o f th e

m u s ic i n s t r u c t i o n in th e e n t i r e c ity .

T h e r e m u s t b e s o m e o n e w ho

h a s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of s e e i n g t h a t t h e i n s t r u c t i o n i s p r o p e r l y c a r ­
r i e d o u t, t h a t t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m c a n b e o r g a n i z e d to h a v e a s e r i e s
of s u c c e s s f u l e d u c a t i o n a l c o n c e r t s , a n d , t h a t a n e f f e c t i v e i n s t r u c t i o n a l
p ro g ram

i n m u s i c i s p l a n n e d w ith th e t e a c h e r s .

T h e n th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a m u s t a lso fu lfill c e r ta in r e ­
q u ire m e n ts.

I t s r e q u i r e m e n t s , h o w e v e r , a r e n o t so n u m e r o u s .

p r i m a r y t a s k of t h e o r c h e s t r a i s th e p e r f o r m a n c e of m u s i c .

The
T h is

p e r f o r m a n c e m u s t b e of a q u a l i t y w h ic h w a r r a n t s t h e s u p p o r t a n d

161
i n t e r e s t of t h e c o m m u n i t y .

In s e v e r a l c a s e s i n t h i s s t u d y it w a s

fo u n d th a t m u s i c t e a c h e r s w e r e r e lu c ta n t to e n c o u r a g e th e s tu d e n ts
to a t t e n d c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t s b e c a u s e of t h e p o o r q u a l i t y
of p e r f o r m a n c e .
h e a rin g .

T h e o r c h e s t r a , to s ta t e it s im p ly , m u s t b e w o rth

A ls o , th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a m u s t e n la r g e th e c o n ce p t

of i t s o w n p u r p o s e t o i n c l u d e e d u c a t i o n i n t h e b r o a d e s t s e n s e of t h e
w ord.

M o s t c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s th i n k of t h e o r c h e s t r a a s

an a v o c a tio n a l g ro u p .

T h i s c o n c e p t m u s t b e e n l a r g e d to i n c l u d e

t h i n k i n g o f it a s a g r o u p w h o s e f u n c t i o n i n c l u d e s t h e p r o m u l g a t i o n
of o r c h e s t r a l m u s i c .

T h e o r c h e s t r a sh o u ld b e s in c e r e ly i n t e r e s t e d

i n o f f e r i n g c o n c e r t s to t h e s t u d e n t s i n th e s c h o o l s .
T h e l o g i c a l c u l m i n a t i o n of t h e a c h i e v e m e n t of a g o o d s c h o o l
m u sic p r o g r a m

a n d a g o o d c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a is a c o o p e r a t i v e

e f f o r t b e t w e e n t h e tw o .

B elo w a r e a s e r i e s

of s p e c i f i c r e c o m m e n d a ­

t i o n s f o r t h e a c h i e v e m e n t of e f f e c t i v e c o n c e r t s a t t h e e l e m e n t a r y
school le v el.
c o n ce rts

A s w as

s t a t e d i n C h a p t e r IV , t h e n u m b e r of c h i l d r e n ' s

sh o u ld b e a t l e a s t f o u r a y e a r .

S in c e n o c i t y i s e v e n a p ­

p r o a c h i n g t h i s f i g u r e , a p r a c t i c a l s u g g e s t i o n m i g h t b e to i n c r e a s e t h e
n u m b e r of c o n c e r t s b y o n e e a c h y e a r u n t i l t h i s f i g u r e is

reach ed .

In t h i s w a y t h e a d j u s t m e n t s w h i c h a r e n e c e s s a r y c a n b e m a d e g r a d ­
u a lly .

F in a n c ia l a s s i s t a n c e fo r th e c o n c e rts

t h e l o c a l b o a r d of e d u c a t i o n .

s h o u ld b e s o l i c i t e d f r o m

If t h i s is n o t e n t i r e l y s u c c e s s f u l , t h e n

162
s o l i c i t a t i o n s s h o u l d b e m a d e of d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s
firm s.
w ith

F r e q u e n tly b u s in e s s e s a r e g la d to h av e t h e i r n a m e c o n n e c te d
a p r o j e c t w h ic h b e n e f its th e c h ild r e n of th e c o m m u n ity .
T he sele c tio n

ta ry

and m a n u fa c tu rin g

of m u s ic to b e p la y e d a t a c o n c e r t f o r e le m e n ­

sch o o l c h ild r e n is a v e r y in v o lv e d m a t t e r .

It w o u ld b e m u c h

s i m p l e r if t h e r e w e r e m u s i c w h i c h i n h e r e n t l y w a s s u i t e d f o r c h i l d r e n .
T h e p r o b l e m b e c o m e s i n v o l v e d b e c a u s e of t h e v a r i a b l e s i n a n y g i v e n
c o n c e rt situ a tio n .

F o r i n s t a n c e , o n e m u s t c o n s i d e r t h e a g e of t h e

a u d ie n c e .

T h e n t h e r e i s t h e q u e s t i o n of h o w w e l l t h e s t u d e n t s a r e

p rep ared .

A ls o t h e r e is th e p r o b le m of how a p a r t i c u l a r w o rk fits

in to t h e r e s t o f t h e c o n c e r t p r o g r a m .
m u s i c a l b a c k g r o u n d of t h e s t u d e n t s .

T hen one m u s t c o n s id e r th e
T h e s e a r e a f e w of t h e v a r i a b l e s .

T h u s , it s h o u l d b e c l e a r t h a t t o s a y t h a t X p i e c e o f m u s i c i s g o o d
m a t e r i a l f o r a c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r t u n d e r an y and a ll c ir c u m s t a n c e s
is f a l l a c i o u s .

T h e s e c r e t of th e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s l i e s n o t s o m u c h

in th e m u s i c a s

s u c h , b u t i n t h e w a y it is h a n d l e d .

C e rta in g e n eral

r u l e s , h o w e v e r , c a n b e s t a t e d w h i c h s h o u l d g u i d e t h e s e l e c t i o n of
m u s ic fo r c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r ts .
(1)

T h e c o m p o s i t i o n s o r s e c t i o n of c o m p o s i t i o n s p e r f o r m e d s h o u ld
n o t b e lo n g .

A n a t t e n t i o n s p a n of f i v e to s e v e n m i n u t e s i s a

m a x im u m f o r m o s t e le m e n ta r y stu d en ts f o r m o s t o r c h e s t r a l

163
m u sic .

A. s o l o i s t o r a n a r r a t o r m i g h t s t r e t c h t h e f i g u r e s o m e ­

w h a t, b u t not a s m u c h a s m ig h t b e su p p o se d .
(2)

T he c o m p o sitio n s
tr a lite ra tu re .

sh o u ld b e a c r o s s

s e c t i o n of th e e n t i r e o r c h e s ­

T h e r e s h o u l d b e a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of a l l t y p e s a n d

s t y l e s of o r c h e s t r a m u s i c .

It m i g h t b e m e n t i o n e d t h a t t h i s i s e s ­

p e c i a l l y t r u e of m o d e r n c o m p o s i t i o n s .

C h ild r e n a r e o fte n m o r e

r e c e p tiv e to new th in g s th a n a r e a d u lts .

N ew m u s ic h a s a d e fi­

n i t e p l a c e i n t h e p r o g r a m s of s u c h c o n c e r t s .
(3)

T h e r e s h o u l d b e a t l e a s t o n e c o m p o s i t i o n o n e a c h p r o g r a m w h ic h
i s f a m i l i a r t o m o s t of t h e s t u d e n t s .

C h ild re n lik e new th in g s,

b u t t h e y a l s o e n jo y s o m e t h i n g t h a t t h e y k n o w .

T h is su g g e stio n

m a y c l e a r t h e w a y f o r m u s i c t h a t i s n o t to o d e s i r a b l e .

H ow ever,

o n e f a m i l i a r n u m b e r o f d o u b tf u l q u a l i t y i s b e t t e r t h a n n o f a m i l i a r
n u m b e r at a ll.
(4)

T h e m u s i c s e l e c t e d f o r s u c h c o n c e r t s s h o u l d b e of t h e h i g h e s t
q u a lity .

F re q u e n tly p e rso n s

s e le c tin g p r o g r a m s f o r c h ild r e n 's

c o n c e r t s h a v e p l a y e d n o th in g b u t s e l e c t i o n s b y L e r o y A n d e r s o n ,
T h e S k a te rs W a ltz , and th e lik e .

A s th e p r e c e d i n g p o i n t h a s

sta te d , one su ch p ie c e m ay be d e s ira b le .

H o w ev er, an e n tire

c o n c e r t of s u c h m a t e r i a l d e s t r o y s t h e r e a l f u n c t i o n , of t h e c o n c e r t ;
i . e . , g i v i n g c h i l d r e n a n a p p r e c i a t i o n of g o o d m u s i c .

164
It i s
school tim e .

s tro n g ly r e c o m m e n d e d th a t th e c o n c e r ts b e h e ld d u rin g
O n t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l l e v e l it s e e m s t h a t t h e o p ­

p o r t u n i t y to h e a r a n o r c h e s t r a s h o u l d b e th e r i g h t of e a c h c h ild .

If

u n d e r th e p r e s e n t c i r c u m s t a n c e s c o n c e r ts m u s t b e h e ld d u rin g out
of s c h o o l h o u r s , t h a t i s b e t t e r t h a n n o c o n c e r t s a t a l l .

H ow ever,

c o n c e r t s i n s c h o o l t i m e s h o u l d a l w a y s b e th e o b j e c t i v e .

C h ild re n

and f a m ilie s a lr e a d y p o s s e s s in g

s o m e i n t e r e s t in m u s ic w ill a tte n d

c o n c e r t s d u r i n g o u t of s c h o o l h o u r s .

T h e y w ill h a v e t h e i r i n f o r m a ­

ti o n a n d i n t e r e s t f u r t h e r e d b y t h e e x p e r i e n c e .

B ut m any c h ild re n ,

f o r l a c k of d e s i r e o n t h e i r p a r t o r t h a t of t h e i r f a m i l i e s , w ill m i s s
th e p e r f o r m a n c e .

W hat is u n fo rtu n a te is th e fa c t th a t m a n y of th e s e

c h ild re n w ill b e lo s t as m u s ic a p p r e c ia to r s

sim p ly b e c a u s e th e y h ad

no c o n t a c t o r e x p e r i e n c e of a c o n c e r t .
A n o th e r p o in t c o n c e r n s th e e ffo rts at p r e p a r a t i o n a n d fo llo w up of t h e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t .

S o m e p a r a g r a p h s ago it w as s ta te d

t h a t i t w a s n o t s o m u c h t h e m u s i c t h a t w a s p l a y e d a s ho w it w a s
approached.

H e n c e , th e n e e d f o r a g o o d p r e p a r a t i o n a n d f o l l o w - u p

of e a c h c o n c e r t .

S e v e r a l e x c e l l e n t s u g g e s t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d in

C h a p t e r IV w h i c h h a v e b e e n t r i e d s u c c e s s f u l l y b y s c h o o l s a n d c o m ­
m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s .

For

e a c h c o n c e r t , b e t w e e n tw o a n d f o u r h o u r s

sh o u ld b e s p e n t in c l a s s r o o m p r e p a r a t i o n .
p la y in g th e m u s ic th ro u g h at le a s t tw ic e .

T h i s w o u ld a llo w f o r
J u s t e x a c tly w h at sh o u ld

165
b e c o v e r e d w o u l d of c o u r s e d e p e n d u p o n w h a t t h e c h i l d r e n h a d h a d
p re v io u sly .
a ra tio n :

T h e se a c tiv itie s

sh o u ld be u s e d s o m e tim e in th e p r e p ­

(1) d i s c u s s i o n o f c o n c e r t m a n n e r s , (2) i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e

a p p e a r a n c e a n d t i m b r e of i n s t r u m e n t s ,

(3) s e a t i n g of t h e o r c h e s t r a ,

(4) t h e r o l e of t h e c o n d u c t o r , (5) t h e r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e m e s , (6) e l e ­
m e n t a r y t e c h n i q u e s u s e d i n c o m p o s i t i o n , a n d (7) f a c t u a l m a t e r i a l
about th e m u s ic and c o m p o s e r.

T h e o r c h e s t r a c o u ld b e of a s s i s t a n c e

In t h i s p r e p a r a t i o n b y s e n d i n g p e r f o r m e r s t o t h e s c h o o l s .

R a d io a n d

t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m s c a n b e u s e d a s a m e a n s of p r e p a r a t i o n .
F o l l o w - u p a c t i v i t y s h o u l d b e g i v e n b e t w e e n o n e a n d tw o h o u r s
of c l a s s t i m e .

O n e of t h e f o l l o w - u p a c t i v i t i e s s h o u l d b e a p e r i o d i n

w h ic h t h e s t u d e n t s c a n a s k q u e s t i o n s , a n d t h e g r o u p c a n m a k e a n
e v a lu a tio n of th e c o n c e r t.

In th is w ay th e t e a c h e r c a n g a th e r c o m ­

m e n ts f r o m th e s tu d e n ts w h ic h w ill b e h e lp fu l in p la n n in g th e n ex t
c o n c e rt.

P r o b a b l y t h e m u s i c s h o u l d b e r e h e a r d s o a s to m a k e c e r ­

t a i n t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s w i l l h a v e s o m e r e c o l l e c t i o n of i t i n t h e f u t u r e .
T h e n t h e f o l l o w - u p a c t i v i t y s h o u l d i n c l u d e e f f o r t s a t i n t e g r a t i n g th e
c o n c e rt e x p e r ie n c e w ith o th e r s u b je c t m a t t e r .

W ritin g and a r t s e e m

to b e tw o a r e a s i n w h i c h t h i s c a n b e e a s i l y a c c o m p l i s h e d .
F in a lly , a t th e c o n c e rt th e r e

s h o u ld b e m o r e e f f o r t m a d e to

h a v e t h e c h i l d r e n p a r t i c i p a t e in t h e p r o c e e d i n g s .

S tu d e n t p a r t i c i p a t i o n

w ill a d d g r e a t l y to th e i n t e r e s t c h ild r e n ta k e in th e c o n c e r t.

A g a in

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th e re a re

s o m e f i n e s u g g e s t i o n s m C h a p t e r IV ,

o r m e lo d ie s c o m p o se d by e le m e n ta ry

U sin g c o m p o s itio n s

stu d en ts is a v e ry good m o ti­

v a tin g f o r c e , a s i s h a v i n g s t u d e n t s s i t i n

w ith th e

o rc h e stra .

R ec-

o g n i t i o n of s t u d e n t s a t t h e c o n c e r t f o r a c h i e v e m e n t i n m u s i c i s a n ­
o th e r w ay to m a in ta in th e i r in te r e s t .
to g o o d a d v a n t a g e .

G r o u p s in g in g i s o f t e n u s e d

T h e u s e of s t u d e n t s a s s o l o i s t s h a s b e e n s u c ­

c e s s fu lly t r i e d in m a n y c itie s .

P o s s ib ly a c o m p o sitio n c o n te s t f o r

h ig h sc h o o l s tu d e n t s , o r a tte n d a n c e a t r e h e a r s a l s in s m a ll g ro u p s
w o u ld b e h e l p f u l .

M any id e as

sh o u ld b e tr i e d .

T h e e f f o r t s t o w a r d t h e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s h o u ld b e j o i n t
e ffo rts b e tw e e n th e sch o o l and o r c h e s tr a .

The m u sic

sh o u ld b e

jo in tly s e le c te d , th e a c tiv itie s a t th e c o n c e r t jo in tly p la n n e d , and
p o s s i b l y t h e p r e p a r a t i o n a n d f o l l o w - u p s h o u l d b e j o i n t l y c a r r i e d o n.
T h e tw o p a r t i e s

sh o u ld k e ep e a c h o th e r in fo r m e d a t a ll tim e s .

R e g a r d i n g t h e i m p r o v e m e n t of c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e b y s t u d e n t s
in ju n io r an d s e n io r h ig h sc h o o l, t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l sp e c ific r e c o m ­
m e n d atio n s th a t c a n be m a d e .

F i r s t , s e v e r a l m e e t i n g s of s c h o o l

m u s i c t e a c h e r s a n d c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s s h o u ld b e h e l d
to c h a r t a c o u r s e o f a c t i o n o n t h e p r o b l e m .

To d a te th e sch o o l

t e a c h e r s a n d o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s h a v e n o t s h o w n e n o u g h c o n c e r n w ith
th e s itu a tio n to s e e k any a c tio n .

The m e e tin g sh o u ld b e a m u tu a l

e x c h a n g e of i d e a s o n t h e s u b j e c t , a n d i t s h o u l d c o n c l u d e w ith th e

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tw o p a r t i e s

a g re e in g on s o m e sp ec ific a c tio n s.

been trie d , th e re

A fte r th e a ctio n s have

s h o u l d b e a n o t h e r m e e t i n g t o e v a l u a t e th e a t t e m p t e d

a ctio n s and f o r m u la te new o r re v is e d o n es.
T h e s c h o o l a n d o r c h e s t r a sh o u ld h a v e p la n n e d p r e p a r a t i o n f o r
th e r e g u l a r o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r ts .

T h e sch o o l m u s ic t e a c h e r s , b o th

ju n io r an d s e n io r h ig h s c h o o l, sh o u ld p la y s o m e r e c o r d i n g s , and
o ffe r s o m e i n s t r u c t i o n i n th e m u s ic th a t w ill b e p la y e d .

T h is m e a n s

a d e f i n i t e d e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e c o n c e p t m a n y t e a c h e r s h a v e of a h ig h
school band o r c h o ir re h e a rs a l.

H o w e v e r , i t s e e m s t h a t th e s p e n d in g

of a b o u t o n e c l a s s p e r i o d i n c o n c e r t p r e p a r a t i o n is m o r e t h a n j u s t i ­
f i e d b y t h e p h i l o s o p h y of m u s i c
s tu d y .

e d u c a t i o n a n d th e r e s u l t s o f t h i s

T h e e ffo rts a t p r e p a r a t io n by th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a co n ­

s i s t of a s s i s t i n g t h e s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s w h e n t h e y r e q u e s t s u c h
h e l p , a n d t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n of r a d i o a n d t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m s .
T h ere a re

s e v e r a l a c t i o n s w h i c h w o u ld a s s i s t i n p l a c i n g a n

e m p h a s is upon te e n - a g e a tte n d a n c e :

(1) T h e s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r

s h o u ld o f f e r e x t r a c r e d i t o n a c a d e m i c g r a d e s f o r t h o s e s t u d e n t s w ho
a tte n d c o n c e r ts .

(2) A n i n c r e a s e d p u b l i c i t y e f f o r t s h o u ld b e m a d e b y

b o th th e o r c h e s t r a an d th e sch o o l.
a v ailab le
c h e stra

(3) T h e o r c h e s t r a s h o u l d m a k e

stu d en t tic k e ts a t th e lo w e st p r ic e p o s s ib le .

(4) T h e o r ­

sh o u ld s e a t th e s tu d e n ts in s p e c ia l s e c tio n s a s a g ro u p .

T h e r e s h o u l d b e a n i n c r e a s e in t h e n u m b e r of p e r f o r m a n c e s u s in g

(5)

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stu d e n t m u s i c i a n s w ith th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a .

(6) A c o m m u n i t y

y o u th o r c h e s t r a s h o u l d b e f o r m e d w h i c h is c o m p o s e d o f j u n i o r a n d / o r
s e n io r h ig h sch o o l s tu d e n ts .
T h e r e w a s a g r e a t d e a l of i n t e r e s t e x p r e s s e d b y i n f o r m a n t s
i n t h e i d e a of s p e c i a l c o n c e r t s f o r t e e n - a g e s t u d e n t s .

T h e r e d e fi­

n ite ly is a n e e d f o r s o m e t r i a l c o n c e r ts f o r th is age g ro u p .

In g e n ­

e r a l t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s s t a t e d f o r c h i l d r e n ’ s c o n c e r t s w o u ld h o ld t r u e
at th is le v e l.

T h e i d e a b e h i n d t h e c o n c e r t is to m o r e o r l e s s b r i n g

th e o r c h e s t r a to th e stu d e n ts.
d e n ts a p r o g r a m
c e rts seem s

A ls o , th e o r c h e s t r a c a n g iv e th e s tu ­

e s p e c i a l l y s u i t a b l e to t h e m .

T h e i d e a of s u c h c o n ­

e s p e c ia ll y v a lu a b le in th e ju n io r h ig h s c h o o ls .

In

c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e s e c o n c e r t s i t m i g h t b e a g o o d i d e a to f o r m u l a t e
s o m e p l a n w h e r e b y t h e s t u d e n t s c o u ld s e l e c t a p i e c e o r tw o to b e
used in th e p r o g r a m .

F in a l C o n clu sio n s

T h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e p o r t e d i n t h i s s tu d y i n d i c a t e s c l e a r l y c e r ­
ta in co n clu sio n s.
T h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t c o n c l u s i o n i s th e d i r e s t a t u s of t h e e x i s t ­
in g s c h o o l - c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a e f f o r t s i n p r o m o t i n g m u s i c a p p r e c i a ­
tio n and u n d e rs ta n d in g .

T h e e x istin g

situ a tio n is e sp e c ia lly d is tr e s s in g

w h e n s u c h m a j o r f a c t o r s a s n u m b e r of c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s a n d t e e n - a g e

169
c o n c e rt a tte n d a n c e a r e c o n sid e re d .

The fa c ts speak f o r th e m se lv e s.

In o n ly tw o of t h e s i x c i t i e s i s e a c h c h i l d i n t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m a s ­
s u r e d of h e a r i n g a n a d u l t s y m p h o n y o r c h e s t r a .

A nd e v en in th e s e

tw o c i t i e s t h e c h i l d i s c e r t a i n of a t t e n d i n g o n ly o n e o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t ,
n o t d u r i n g a y e a r , b u t i n h i s e n t i r e s c h o o l lif e !

Two m o r e c itie s o ffe r

s o m e c o n c e r t e x p e r i e n c e t o t h e c h i l d , b u t o n ly o n a n o u t - o f - s c h o o l ,
v o lu n ta ry b a s i s .

T w o of t h e s i x c i t i e s do n o t o f f e r a n y o r c h e s t r a

c o n c e r ts f o r c h ild r e n o r young p e o p le at a ll.
c itie s c o n c e r t a tte n d a n c e by te e n -a g e

I n t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e

s t u d e n t s i s d e p l o r a b l y lo w .

M o s t c i t i e s s u c c e e d i n h a v i n g o n ly o n e s t u d e n t o u t of a p o s s i b l e
one h u n d re d a tte n d c o n c e r ts !

W h e n t h e s e a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s of th e

p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e c o n c e p t of d e s i r e d s t a t u s
p re s e n te d in th is stu d y , a g r e a t d iv e rg e n c e is r e a liz e d b e tw ee n th e
tw o .
T h is

s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s i n s p i t e of t h e s t a t e d v ie w s a n d o b j e c t i v e s

of b o t h p a r t i e s .

T h e sc h o o l m u s ic t e a c h e r s w e r e a lm o s t u n a n im o u s

in b e l i e v i n g t h a t m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n w a s a n i m p o r t a n t o b j e c t i v e i n
th e ir te a c h in g .

M o re th a n an y o th e r r e a s o n th e y f e lt th a t m u s ic

s h o u l d b e i n t h e s c h o o l c u r r i c u l u m b e c a u s e of c u l t u r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .
A l m o s t a l l t h e o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s a s s e r t e d t h a t t h e y s h o u ld a s s u m e
s o m e of t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r e d u c a t i n g t h e p e o p l e of t h e c o m m u n i t y
to good m u s i c , a n d th a t good m u s ic a l t a s t e in sch o o l s tu d e n ts w as

170
of t h e u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e .

B o th g ro u p s f e lt th a t m u s ic a p p re c ia tio n

w a s p o s s i b l e f o r t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e p o p u l a t i o n .

B o th f e l t t h a t c h i l d ­

r e n 's c o n c e r t s a r e v a lu a b le in d e v elo p in g m u s ic a p p r e c ia tio n .
a n o th er c o n c lu sio n m a k e s its e lf a p p a re n t.

H ence,

T h e re e x ists a g re a t

s c h is m b e tw e e n th e v e r b a lly s ta te d ends an d th e a c tu a l, o p e ra tio n a l
o b je ctiv es.

T h e o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia ls a n d sch o o l t e a c h e r s b o th s ta te

one th in g a n d p r a c t i c e a n o th e r .
T h e q u e s t i o n n o w b e c o m e s , ho w c a n t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n
t h e p r e s e n t a n d d e s i r e d s t a t u s , b e t w e e n t h e s t a t e d v ie w s a n d t h e
actu a l a c tio n s , b e e x p la in e d ?

W h ere does th e re s p o n sib ility lie ?

The e v id en c e r e p o r te d in th is

s tu d y s e e m s to p o i n t to b o t h t h e

m u s i c t e a c h e r s i n t h e s c h o o l s a n d t h e o f f i c i a l s of t h e c o m m u n i t y
o rc h e stra .
F i r s t th e sc h o o l m u s ic t e a c h e r s w ill be c o n s id e r e d .

A fte r

e x a m i n i n g t h e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s t u d y o n e c a n o n ly c o n c l u d e
t h a t t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f t h e m u s i c t e a c h e r s a r e n o t a w a r e of t h e
p r o b l e m s a n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s of t h e s i t u a t i o n w i t h r e g a r d t o d e v e l o p ­
in g m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n , o r t h a t t h e y a r e n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n i t .

In

o n e i n s t a n c e a f t e r a n o t h e r t h i s s tu d y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e t e a c h e r s
h a v e d o n e o n ly a s m a l l p o r t i o n of th e t a s k n e c e s s a r y t o f o r m a n
e f f e c t i v e s c h o o l - c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a r e l a t i o n s h i p d e s i g n e d to g iv e
s c h o o l s t u d e n t s a n a p p r e c i a t i o n of m u s i c .

S o m e of t h e i n s t a n c e s to

171
su p p o rt th is s ta te m e n t m ig h t be r e c a lle d .

M ost school m u sic te a c h ­

e r s h a d m a d e no e ffo rt to c o n ta c t th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a o fficia ls
w ith r e g a r d to im p r o v in g its p r e s e n t e f f o r t s , o r i n c r e a s i n g o r i n s t i ­
g a tin g f u r t h e r e f f o r t s .

T h e y h a d n o t b o t h e r e d to f i n d o u t h o w m a n y

te e n - a g e stu d e n ts a c tu a lly a tte n d e d o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r ts .

M ost te a c h ­

e r s <lo n o t b o t h e r t o o f f e r e x t r a c r e d i t f o r s t u d e n t s w h o do a t t e n d
c o n c e rts.

T h e a m o u n t a n d t y p e o f p r e p a r a t i o n a n d f o l l o w - u p is c o m ­

p l e t e l y i n a d e q u a t e t o g i v e t h e s t u d e n t s t h e t y p e of e x p e r i e n c e w h i c h
is e f f e c t i v e i n d e v e l o p i n g m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n .

F in a lly , and in m any

r e s p e c t s m & s t i m p o r t a n t , i s t h e t y p e of s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m w h ic h
th e sch o o l m a in ta in s .

T h e l a c k of s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n , t h e l a c k of

in s tr u c tio n in m u s ic a p p re c ia tio n , an d th e e m p h a s is upon p e rfo rm in g
o rg a n iz a tio n s te n d s to a c h ie v e ends o th e r th a n m u s ic a p p re c ia tio n .
C l e a r l y s u c h a c t i o n s , o r l a c k of a c t i o n , i n d i c a t e t h a t g e n e r a l l y th e
m u s i c t e a c h e r s i n t h e s c h o o l a r e n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n th e r e s u l t s of t h e i r
in s tru c tio n beyond th e c la s s ro o m .

T hey do no t s e e m to b e c o n c e rn e d

a b o u t a m a n i f e s t a t i o n of g o o d m u s i c i n s t r u c t i o n s u c h a s c o n c e r t a t ­
te n d an c e .

It i s h a r d l y c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t t h e s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s

a r e d o in g t h e w o r k t h e y s h o u l d a n d a c h i e v e s u c h m e a g e r r e s u l t s .
It w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h e m u s i c t e a c h e r s m u s t g iv e s e r i o u s th o u g h t
to t h e o b j e c t i v e s a n d p r a c t i c e s of t h e m u s i c p r o g r a m

i n th e s c h o o l s .

172
T h e i r r e c o r d t o w a r d t h e a c h i e v e m e n t of t h e i r ow n s t a t e d e n d s i n t h e
fie ld is not an a d m ir a b le one.
T h e r e c o r d of t h e o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s d i f f e r s l i t t l e f r o m t h a t
of t h e m u s i c t e a c h e r s .

A g a i n f r o m t h e e v i d e n c e o f t h i s s tu d y o n e

c a n o n ly c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s a r e u n a w a r e of t h e
i m p o r t a n c e of m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n i n s c h o o l s t u d e n t s , o r t h a t t h e y
a re not in te r e s te d in it.

T h e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a s by and la r g e

have done little to p r o m o te a n e ffe ctiv e s c h o o l-c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a
r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r t h e p u r p o s e of m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n .

T he o b jectiv e

of t h e o r c h e s t r a h a s b e e n o v e r l y c o n c e r n e d w ith a n a v o c a t i o n a l e x ­
p e r i e n c e f o r i t s p l a y e r s , a n d n o t e n o u g h w i t h i t s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s to
m u s ic e d u c a tio n .

T h e o r c h e s t r a o f f i c i a l s h a v e o n ly v a g u e n o t i o n s

of h o w m a n y t e e n - a g e

stu d en ts a tte n d c o n c e r ts .

They have not so ­

l i c i t e d t h e a s s i s t a n c e of m u s i c t e a c h e r s i n a t t a c k i n g t h e p r o b l e m s
of s t u d e n t c o n c e r t s a n d s t u d e n t a t t e n d a n c e .

L ittle effort has b e en

m a d e i n t h e w a y of p u b l i c i t y , t i c k e t s , o r s e a t i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r
school s tu d e n ts .

T h e o ffic ia ls a r e not in f o r m e d about w hat th e

s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m i s d o in g o r n o t d o in g .
te c h n iq u e s

A l m o s t n o n e of t h e

r e c o m m e n d e d by v a rio u s o rg a n iz a tio n s f o r th e im p r o v e ­

m e n t o f c h i l d r e n ’s c o n c e r t s h a v e b e e n u t i l i z e d .

Som e o r c h e s tr a s

h a v e n e v e r a t t e m p t e d a c h i l d r e n ’s c o n c e r t , a n d m o s t h a v e n e v e r
a tte m p te d a s p e c ia l c o n c e r t f o r te e n - a g e stu d e n ts.

T he c o m m u n ity

173
o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia ls h av e not b e e n in te re sted , in fu r th e r in g th e ir a c tiv ­
i t i e s t o i n c l u d e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a n a p p r e c i a t i o n i n th e o r c h e s t r a ' s
m u sic by sch o o l stu d e n ts.

T h e y a r e n o t c o n c e r n e d w ith th e m u s i c a l

d e v e l o p m e n t of s c h o o l s t u d e n t s .
th e c o n c lu s io n .

T h e r e s u l t s of t h i s s tu d y s u b s t a n t i a t e

It w o u ld a p p e a r t h a t t h e o f f i c i a l s of t h e c o m m u n i t y

o r c h e s t r a m u s t r e s h a p e t h e o b j e c t i v e s of t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d i t s
r e la tio n s h ip to th e s c h o o ls .

T h e r e c o r d of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a

o f f i c i a l s i n f u r t h e r i n g m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n l e a v e s m u c h to b e d e s i r e d .
T h e r e w e r e in s ta n c e s in th e stu d y w h e re one c ity had m o re
o r le ss

s u c c e e d e d i n g iv in g t h e s t u d e n t s a n e f f e c t i v e , j o i n t s c h o o l -

o r c h e s tr a e ffo rt.

T h e lo g ic a l q u e s tio n to a s k h e re is , how is th is

s u c c e s s to b e a c c o u n t e d f o r ?

F i r s t i t s h o u l d b e r e c a l l e d t h a t in

s u c h c o m p l e x s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n s t h e r e i s no s i n g l e , a l l - i n c l u s i v e r e a ­
son.

T h e r e a r e a l w a y s m a n y f a c t o r s w h ic h a c t u p o n t h e s i t u a t i o n ,

a n d t h e s e f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c e t h e r e s u l t s of a n y a c t i o n .
w ith s c h o o l- c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a r e la tio n s h ip s .

A nd so it is

T h e r e i s n o o ne

r e a s o n w h i c h a c c o u n t s f o r s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e in t h e a r e a of t h i s
stu d y .

T h e r e a r e tw o r e a s o n s w h i c h a c c o r d i n g to t h i s s t u d y s e e m

to b e m o s t p e r t i n e n t .
O n e:

W h e re a c o n s c io u s c o o p e r a tiv e e ffo rt h a d b e e n m a d e by

th e sc h o o l a n d th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a , f a v o r a b le r e s u l t s w e r e ob­
ta in e d .

In t h e i n s t a n c e w h e r e th e s c h o o l a n d o r c h e s t r a h a d j o i n t l y

174
a tta c k e d th e p r o b le m

of t e e n - a g e a t t e n d a n c e , t h e b e s t a t t e n d a n c e

fig u re by f a r w as re p o rte d .

W h e r e t h e tw o g r o u p s h a d w o r k e d t o ­

g e th e r to h a v e a c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t, a c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t soon b e c a m e
an a c tu a lity .
v a lid :

A.s s i m p l e a s i t m a y s e e m , t h e p r i n c i p l e a p p e a r s to b e

in o r d e r to a c h ie v e e ffe c tiv e s c h o o l-c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a e f­

f o r t s f o r p u r p o s e s of m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n , th e p a r t i e s i n v o l v e d m u s t
c o n sc io u sly w o rk f o r su ch e ffo rts .

W hat s e e m s in c r e d ib le is th e

f a c t th a t th e g r e a t m a j o r i t y of th e p e r s o n s in v o lv e d in s c h o o l - o r c h e s t r a
situ a tio n s h a v e m a d e no e f f o r t to w a r d jo in tly a c h ie v in g m u s ic a p p r e ­
ciatio n in sch o o l stu d e n ts.
Two:

T h e tw o o r g a n i z a t i o n s a r e to a l a r g e d e g r e e d e p e n d e n t

upon e a c h o th e r f o r s u c c e s s fu l jo in t u n d e rta k in g s.

The o rc h e s tr a

m u s t b e of a q u a l i t y w h i c h w a r r a n t s p r e p a r a t i o n f o r a n d e n c o u r a g e ­
m e n t of c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e .

T h e o r c h e s t r a h a s to m a k e a r e a s o n a b l e

e f f o r t t o o b t a i n s t u d e n t i n t e r e s t , o r e l s e t h e e f f o r t s of t h e s c h o o l
w ill b e l a r g e l y n u l l i f i e d .
on a p r o g r a m

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e s c h o o l m u s t c a r r y

w h ic h le a d s to m u s ic a p p re c ia tio n in th e s tu d e n ts .

The te a c h e r s m u s t p r e p a r e fo r and e n co u rag e c o n c e rt a tte n d an c e,
o r e l s e m u c h of t h e w o r k of t h e o r c h e s t r a w i l l h a v e b e e n i n v a i n .
In s o m e s itu a tio n s in th is

stu d y one g ro u p w as m o r e o r l e s s

b e c a u s e o f t h e i n a c t i o n of t h e o t h e r p a r t y .

sty m ie d

B o th th e s c h o o l a n d o r ­

c h e s t r a m u s t b e a c tiv e ly i n t e r e s t e d in m u s ic a p p r e c ia tio n f o r sch o o l

175
stu d e n ts,

an d b o th

m ust

su cc e ssfu lly

fu lfill t h e i r

ro le

in

re a liz in g

it.
T h e i m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e a r t of m u s i c of i n s t i l l i n g m u s i c a p ­
p re c ia tio n in sch o o l stu d e n ts cannot be u n d e rs ta te d .

The scho ol and

t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a b o t h a r e d e e p l y c o n c e r n e d w ith a p p r e c i a t i o n ,
a lth o u g h th is c o n c e r n i s f r e q u e n tly not r e a l i z e d by p e r s o n s c o n n e c te d
w ith t h e g r o u p s .

T h e a c t i o n s of t h e o r c h e s t r a a n d t h e s c h o o l s h o u ld

t h e n a c c o r d i n g l y b e r e c t i f i e d a n d a l t e r e d t o b e f i t t h e i m p o r t a n c e of
th e p h e n o m e n o n .

A P P E N D IX E S

176

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A P P E N D I X A.
LETTER

E N C L O S E D W IT H Q U E S T IO N N A IR E

D e a r S ir :
Y o u r n a m e h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d t o r e c e i v e a n d r e s p o n d t o th e
e n c lo se d q u e s tio n n a ir e .
D u e to t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s a m p l e i s of a
s m a ll s iz e , it is h ig h ly im p o r ta n t th a t th e q u e s tio n n a ire be fille d
out and r e t u r n e d a s so o n a s p o s s ib le .
Y o u r a s s i s t a n c e in t h i s m a t ­
t e r w ill b e a p p r e c ia te d v e ry m u c h .
T h e s t u d y i s b e i n g c o n d u c t e d b y m e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of
t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a D o c t o r of P h i l o s o p h y d e g r e e a t M i c h i g a n
S ta te C o l l e g e .
T h e d i s s e r t a t i o n i s a s t u d y of t h o s e c o m m o n a c t i v i t i e s
c a r r i e d on b y th e m u s ic p r o g r a m in th e sch o o l and th e c o m m u n ity
o rc h e stra .
S p e c ific a lly , th e y a r e c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r ts f o r e le m e n ta r y
s tu d e n ts a n d s p e c ia l a c tiv itie s f o r ju n io r an d s e n io r h ig h school s tu ­
d e n ts.
T h e r e f o r e , t h e p r o b l e m i s to f i n d o u t w h a t t h e s c h o o l m u s i c
t e a c h e r s a n d o f f i c i a l s a r e d o in g a n d th i n k i n g a b o u t t h e s e m a t t e r s ,
a n d w h a t t h e o f f i c i a l s of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a a r e d o in g a n d
th in k in g a b o u t t h e m .
T h e r e a r e t h r e e q u e s t i o n s to b e c o n s i d e r e d i n
s e c u rin g th e d a ta:
(1) W h a t is b e i n g d o n e n o w , (2) w h a t i m p r o v e ­
m e n t s s h o u l d b e m a d e , a n d (3) w h a t a r e t h e m a j o r o b s t a c l e s t o i m ­
p ro vem ent ?
P l e a s e b e a s f r a n k a s p o s s ib le in a n s w e rin g th e q u e s tio n s .
T h e d a t a w i l l b e r e p o r t e d in a n i m p e r s o n a l m a n n e r , s o t h a t n e i t h e r
y o u r n a m e n o r t h e n a m e o f y o u r c i t y w i l l b e c o m e in v o l v e d i n r e ­
p o rtin g th e fin d in g s.
T h e q u e s ti o n n a ir e th a t you r e c e iv e w ill n o t c o v e r a ll th e
a r e a s of t h e s u b j e c t , b u t w i l l c o n c e r n o n ly t h o s e q u e s t i o n s w h ic h
a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e s i t u a t i o n . A lth o u g h s o m e of t h e q u e s t i o n s m a y
a p p e a r t o h a v e a l i m i t e d r e l a t i o n s h i p to t h e s u b j e c t , a l l t h e i t e m s
do h a v e a d e f i n i t e a n d n e c e s s a r y f u n c t i o n w h e n th e t o t a l s tu d y is
ex am in ed .
Y ou a r e , t h e r e f o r e , s tro n g ly u rg e d to a n s w e r e a c h ite m
t o t h e b e s t of y o u r a b i l i t y .
T h a n k you f o r y o u r a s s i s t a n c e in th is m a t t e r .
S in c e re ly y o u rs ,
C h a rle s H offer

178

A P P E N D IX B
C O M P O S IT E IN T E R V IE W S C H E D U L E FO R SCHOOL
M U S IC T E A C H E R S A N D S U P E R V IS O R S

I t e m s m a r k e d w i t h a n a s t e r i s k (*) w e r e a l s o u s e d i n q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

In c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s i n t h i s c o m m u n i t y , I w o u ld
l i k e t o k n o w a b o u t s o m e of t h e t h i n g s t h a t t h e s c h o o l h a s d o n e a n d
y o u r v ie w s to w a r d th e m .
v *1.

H o w m u c h t i m e do y o u s p e n d i n p r e p a r i n g y o u r s t u d e n t s f o r
th e c h i ld r e n 's c o n c e r t by th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a ?
T h irty m in u te s o r le s s

(

)

1 hour (

)

2 h o u rs {

)

S o m e o t h e r n u m b e r ____________
*2.

W hat do you do to p r e p a r e th e s tu d e n ts f o r a c h ild r e n 's c o n ­
c e r t , a n d how m u c h u s e do you m a k e of th e te c h n iq u e s u tiliz e d ?
P r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e m e s

Y es

(

)

No

(

)

P o s t e r c o n te st

Y es

(

)

No

(

)

R e c o rd in g s and ex p lan a tio n s

Y es

(

)

No

(

)

D e m o n s t r a t i o n s of i n s t r u m e n t s

Y es

(

)

No

(

)

O th e r d e v ic e s and te c h n iq u e s
*3.

_______

__ __ _

H o w m u c h t i m e do y ou s p e n d i n f o ll o w i n g up a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n ­
cert ?
None (

)

F ifte e n m in u te s

(

)

O ne h o u r (

)

S o m e o t h e r n u m b e r __________
*4.

W h a t d o y o u do t o f o l l o w up a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t ?

R e v i e w by l i s t e n i n g

Yes (

)

No (

)

179
R ev iew by d is c u s s io n

Y es (

)

No {

)

In te g r a tio n w ith a r t w o rk , w ritin g
a c tiv ity , e tc .

Y es

( )

No

(

)

U se of c o n c e rt e x p e rie n c e a s a b a sis
f o r a d d itio n a l m u s ic stu d y

Y es

( )

No

(

)

A t a n y t i m e m r e c e n t y e a r s h a v e s o m e of t h e f o ll o w i n g a c t i v i ­
t i e s b e e n a tte m p te d a t c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r t s ?
M a s s e d s in g in g

Y es

S tu d e n ts a s c o m m e n ta to r s o r a n n o u n c e rs

6.

)

( )

No

(

)

{

)

No

( )

S tu d e n t c o m p o s itio n s

Y es

(

)

No

( )

C h ild r e n s ittin g in w ith o r c h e s t r a b u t
not p la y in g

Y es (

)

No ( )

S tu d e n ts i n g r o u p s f o r sin g in g ,
p a n to m im e , etc.

Y es (

)

No { )

D o e s t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m a llo w s c h o o l t i m e so t h a t t h e c h i l d r e n
m a y a tte n d an o r c h e s tr a c o n c e rt?
)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

D o e s t h e s c h o o l f u r n i s h s c h o o l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r s t u d e n t s to
a tte n d th e c o n c e rts ?
)

No ( )

D o n 't

know ( )

H ave th e o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia ls e v e r c o n su lte d th e school m u s ic
staff about p ro g ra m in g o r c o n c e rt a c tiv itie s ?
Y es (

^9.

(

Y es

Y es (
8.

No

S tu d e n t s o lo is t s

Y es (
7.

Y es

{ )

)

No ( )

D o n 't

know ( )

H o w w o u ld y o u r a t e t h e e f f o r t s of t h e m u s i c s u p e r v i s o r i n
h e lp in g you p r e p a r e f o r an d re v ie w c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r t s ?

180
E x c e lle n t (
Poor
*10.

)

No ( )

S a tisfa c to ry (

)

F a ir (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

How w e ll w o u ld you s a y th e c h ild r e n lik e th e c h i ld r e n 's co n ­
cert ?

V ery little (

)

Q u ite w e ll (

)

Som ew hat (

)

)

A s f a r a s y o u k n o w a r e t h e o f f i c i a l s of t h e o r c h e s t r a a n d t h e
m u s i c t e a c h e r s i n t h e s c h o o l s c o o p e r a t i n g w ith o n e a n o t h e r in
p r e s e n tin g th e c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t s ?
Y es (

*13.

)

)

V e ry w e ll (

*12.

Good (

C o n s i d e r i n g t h e t i m e t h a t m u s t b e d e v o t e d to o t h e r p h a s e s
o f m u s i c a n d o t h e r s u b j e c t s , do y o u f e e l t h a t
t h e r e i s now
s u f f i c i e n t t i m e t o do a r e a s o n a b l y g o o d jo b of p r e p a r i n g a n d
f o l l o w i n g up c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s ?
Y es (

*11.

(

)

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w ( )

A r e t h e r e s o m e a c t i v i t i e s t h a t y o u t h i n k s h o u l d b e a d d e d in
o r d e r to im p r o v e th e c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t s ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w ( )

If y e s , w h a t a r e t h e y ?
*14.

A r e t h e r e s o m e a c t i v i t i e s t h a t y o u w o u ld l i k e to e l i m i n a t e ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w ( )

If y e s , w h a t a r e t h e y ?
* 15 .

W o u ld y o u l i k e t o s e e a p r o g r a m p r i n t e d f o r e a c h c h i l d w ho
a tte n d s a c o n c e r t?

Yes (

)

No (

)

Don't know ( )

181
16.

W o u ld y o u l i k e t o s e e m o r e c o o p e r a t i o n o n t h e p a r t of t h e
s c h o o l s y s t e m in p r e s e n t i n g c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t s ?
Y es

*17.

()

No (

()

No (

22.

)

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

)

D o n ’t k n o w {

)

______

S o m e p e r s o n s p r e f e r h o ld in g c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t s d u rin g sch o o l
tim e .
O th e r s p r e f e r h a v in g th e m h e ld o u ts id e of sch o o l h o u r s
b e c a u s e t h e s u c c e s s of t h e c o n c e r t c a n b e m e a s u r e d i n t e r m s
o f t h e i n t e r e s t of c h i l d r e n i n s p e n d i n g t h e i r f r e e t i m e i n s y m ­
phony c o n c e rt a ctiv ity .
W h ic h d o y o u p r e f e r ?
D u rin g sch o o l (

*21.

D o n ’t k n o w (

S u p p o s e t h a t y o u h a d a c h i l d i n f i f t h o r s i x t h g r a d e . H ow
m a n y w e l l - r u n c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s w o u ld y o u l i k e t o s e e h i m
o r h e r a tte n d each y e a r ?
Num b e r

*20.

)

Do y o u f e e l t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s o u g h t t o p a y a s m a l l a d m i s s i o n
c h a r g e to a tte n d a c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r t by th e c o m m u n ity o r ­
c h e stra ?
Y es

*19*

No (

Do y o u f e e l t h a t t h e b o a r d of e d u c a t i o n i n y o u r c i t y s h o u l d a p ­
p r o p r i a t e s o m e m o n e y to th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a f o r th e s p e ­
c i f i c p u r p o s e of e d u c a t i o n a l c o n c e r t s f o r s c h o o l c h i l d r e n ?
Y es

*18.

()

)

O ut of s c h o o l (

)

W hat do you f e e l is th e m o s t d e s i r a b l e le n g th f o r a c h i l d r e n 's
c one e r t ?

Do you th in k it i s m o r e
s u ita b le f o r c h ild r e n in
s h o u l d b e a n a t t e m p t to
g rad es?
F o r in sta n c e ,
and a n o th e r c o n c e rt fo r
A ll g r a d e s

(

)

f e a s i b l e t o p l a n a c o n c e r t w h i c h is
g r a d e s 1 - 6 , o r do y o u t h i n k t h e r e
l i m i t t h e c o n c e r t to j u s t c e r t a i n
a c o n c e r t f o r 5 th a n d 6 th g r a d e r s ,
3 r d a n d 4 th g r a d e r s .

L im it g ra d e s

(

)

D o n ’t k n o w (

)

182
*23.

H o w w o u ld y o u r a t e t h e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s a s t h e y a r e n o w
p la n n e d a s to t h e i r e d u c a tio n a l v a lu e ?
E x c e lle n t (
Poor

*24.

(

)

S a tisfa c to ry (

)

F a ir (

)

)

Do you f e e l th a t th e m u s ic p la y e d at th e c o n c e r t is s u ita b le
f o r th e a g e g ro u p w h ic h a tte n d s th e c o n c e r t s ?
Y es (

*25.

) Good (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w {

)

D o y o u t h i n k t h a t t h e o f f i c i a l s of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a a r e
s in c e r e ly i n t e r e s t e d in e d u c a tio n a l c o n c e rts f o r c h ild r e n ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

*26.

D e s c r i b e an y s p e c ific e v en t o r r e a s o n w h ic h m ig h t h a v e in flu ­
e n c e d t h e a n s w e r y o u g a v e t o q u e s t i o n 2 5 .___________ ____________

*27.

H o w w o u ld y o u r a t e t h e p r e p a r a t i o n t h e c h i l d r e n r e c e i v e f o r a
c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t ?
E x c e lle n t
Poor (

*28.

Good ( )

S a tisfa c to ry (

)

F a ir (

)

)

H o w w o u l d y o u r a t e t h e f o l l o w - u p m a d e of t h e c h i l d r e n ' s
c e rts ?
E x c e lle n t
Poor (

29.

()

()

Good ( )

S a tisfa c to ry (

)

F a ir (

con­

)

)

H o w w o u l d y o u r a t e t h e i n t e r e s t of t h e p r i n c i p a l s a n d s u p e r i n ­
te n d e n t of sch o o ls ?
E x c e lle n t

Poor (

)

()

Good ( )

S a tisfa c to ry (

)

F a ir (

)

183
N o w , I w o u l d l i k e t o a s k y o u s o m e q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e p r o b l e m of
i n t e r e s t i n g y o u n g p e o p l e i n g r a d e s s e v e n t h r o u g h t w e l v e in a t t e n d i n g
o rc h e s tra c o n ce rts.
*1.

H ave youa tte m p te d
t o do s o m e p r e p a r a t i o n of y o u r s t u d e n t s
in th e s e g r a d e s f o r th e r e g u la r o r c h e s t r a c o n c e rts ?
Y es

(

)

No (

) D o n ’t k n o w (

)

If y e s , w h a t w a s d o n e ?
*2.

H a v e y o u m a d e a n y e f f o r t to f o l l o w up a c o n c e r t ?
Y es (

)

No (

) D o n ’t k n o w (

)

If y e s , w h a t w a s d o n e ?
3.

H ave any of th e o r c h e s t r a o fficia ls so lic ite d y o u r a s s is ta n c e ,
o r t h a t of a n y o n e y o u m a y k n o w a b o u t i n a t t a c k i n g t h e p r o b ­
l e m of t e e n - a g e c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e ?
Y es (

4.

)

)

)

No ( )

D o n 't k n o w (

)

D o y o u u s u a l l y e n c o u r a g e y o u r s t u d e n t s to a t t e n d a n o r c h e s t r a
co n cert ?
Y es (

6.

D o n ’t k n o w (

H a v e a n y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e o r c h e s t r a e v e r o f f e r e d t o y o u
i n f o r m a t i o n , t i c k e t s , p o s t e r s , e t c . , e s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d to i n t e r ­
e s t stu d e n ts in ju n io r and s e n io r h ig h sch o o l in c o n c e r t s ?
Y es (

*5.

No ( )

)

No ( )

D o n 't k n o w (

)

Do y o u r m u s i c g r o u p s h a v e a n a w a r d s y s t e m ?
Y es (

)

No ( )

D o n 't k n o w (

)

If y e s , c a n a t t e n d a n c e a t a c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a b e c o u n t e d
to w a rd e arn in g th e a w a rd ?

Yes (

)

No (

)

D o n ' t kn o w {

)

184
*7.

D oes a tte n d a n c e at a c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t by a stu d en t
of y o u r s g i v e h i m e x t r a c r e d i t t o w a r d h i s g r a d e ?
Y es (

8.

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

H as th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s tr a e v e r o ffe re d s p e c ia l c o n c e rts fo r
s tu d e n ts in g ra d e s 7 -1 2 ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

If y e s , h o w w e l l d id i t s u c c e e d i n i n t e r e s t i n g
m u sic ?

s tu d e n ts in good

*9.

A p p r o x i m a t e l y h o w m a n y o f y o u r s t u d e n t s w o u ld y o u s a y a t t e n d
th e r e g u l a r c o n c e r ts of th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a ?

*10.

H a v e s o l o i s t s of j u n i o r o r s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l a g e b e e n u s e d a t
o r c h e s tr a c o n c e rts ?
Y es ( )

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w

(

)

If y e s , h o w o f t e n ?
D id i t i n c r e a s e i n t e r e s t i n t h e c o n c e r t s ?
* 1 1.

H a s th e o r c h e s t r a e v e r h e ld a c o m b in e d p e r f o r m a n c e w ith
s c h o o l m u s i c g r o u p of s o m e t y p e ?
Y es ( )

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w

(

a

)

If y e s , h o w o f t e n ?
D id i t i n c r e a s e i n t e r e s t i n t h e c o n c e r t s ?
* 12 .

H a v e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of th e o r c h e s t r a e v e r m e t w ith th e sc h o o l
m u s i c t e a c h e r s i n o r d e r to i m p r o v e u p o n t h e c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e
of s c h o o l s t u d e n t s ?

Yes ( )

No (

)

D on't know

(

)

185
If y e s, w hat w e re th e c ir c u m s ta n c e s ?
W hat h a v e b e e n th e r e s u lts ?
How o fte n h a s

s u c h a th in g t a k e n p l a c e ?

13.

Is t h e r e an y th in g e ls e th a t yo u c a n th in k of th a t th e s c h o o l h a s
d o n e to i n c r e a s e c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e b y y o u n g p e o p l e ?

14.

N o w , a s f o r c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e b y s c h o o l s t u d e n t s in g r a d e s
7 -1 2 , do
yo u th in k th a t t h e r e ought
to b e s p e c ia lc o n c e r t s
g iv e n f o r th e s e young p e o p le ?
Y es (

15.

)

No (

) D o n ’t k n o w ( )

Do you th in k th a t th e tic k e t a r r a n g e m e n ts f o r school stu d e n ts
sh o u ld b e c h a n g e d ?
Y es (

)

No (

) D o n ’t k n o w ( )

If y e s , w h a t s h o u l d b e d o n e ?

* 16 .

Do you f e e l th a t th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a ought to m a k e m o r e
e ffo rt th a n it h a s in th e p a s t to in d u c e s tu d e n ts to a tte n d co n ­
c e r t s th ro u g h sp e c ia l p u b lic ity and a rra n g e m e n ts ?
Y es

*17.

No

( )

D o n 't k n o w (

)

D o y o u t h i n k t h a t t h e o r c h e s t r a o u g h t to p l a y s o m e m u s i c
w h i c h e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t s s t u d e n t s of t h i s a g e g r o u p e v e n
th o u g h it is not a lw a y s " g r e a t ” m u s ic ?
Y es

18.

( )

( )

No

( )

D o n ’t k n o w (

)

A r e t h e r e s o m e a c ti v itie s s u c h as u sin g s tu d e n t s o lo is t s th a t
y o u t h i n k o u g h t t-o b e i n c r e a s e d in o r d e r to b e t t e r i n t e r e s t t h e
te e n - a g e r in c o n c e r t a tte n d a n c e ?

Yes

( )

No

( )

D o n ' t kn o w (

)

186
If y e s , c o u l d y o u n a m e s o m e t h a t s h o u l d b e i n c r e a s e d ?

19 1 Do you th in k th a t t h e r e ou g h t to b e a c o o p e r a tiv e e f f o r t b e tw e e n
t h e s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s a n d t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a to g u i d e
s tu d e n ts th r o u g h o u t t h e i r s c h o o l life to e s t a b l i s h an a p p r e c ia tio n
of o r c h e s t r a m u s i c ?
Y es (
*20*

(

*2 3.

)

D o n 't k n o w

( )

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w

( )

W o u ld y o u l i k e t o s e e t h e s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s e m p h a s i z e
an d e n c o u ra g e c o n c e r t a tte n d a n c e m o r e th a n th e y h av e in th e
past ?
Y es (

22.

No (

Do y o u f e e l th a t c o n c e r t a tte n d a n c e s h o u ld a s s i s t th e s tu d e n t
in e a rn in g an a w a rd in b and, o r c h e s tr a , e tc .?
Y es

21.

)

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w

( )

A r e t h e r e a n y o t h e r c o m m e n t s o r s u g g e s t i o n s t h a t y o u w o u ld
lik e to m a k e c o n c e rn in g f u tu r e a c tiv itie s to i n t e r e s t t e e n - a g e r s
in th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a c o n c e rts ?

D o y o u f e e l t h a t t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a i s a w a r e of t h e p r o b ­
l e m of i n t e r e s t i n g j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

*24.

D e s c r i b e an y s p e c ific e v e n t o r r e a s o n w h ich m ig h t h a v e in flu ­
e n c e d t h e a n s w e r y o u g a v e t o q u e s t i o n 23.
___________________

*25.

C o n s i d e r i n g w h a t y o u k n o w of o t h e r c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s , h o w
w o u ld y o u r a t e t h e o r c h e s t r a h e r e ?
E x c e lle n t (

Poor (

)

)

G ood (

)

A verag e (

)

F a ir (

)

187
26.

H av e any of th e o r c h e s t r a o ffic ia ls e x p r e s s e d w hat he o r sh e
w o u l d l i k e t h e m u s i c t e a c h e r s t o do i n c o n n e c t i o n w ith c h i l d ­
r e n 's c o n c e r t s o r y o u th c o n c e r t a t te n d a n c e ?
Y es (

27.

*28.

)

No (

D o n 't k n o w (

)

A r e t h e r e a n y o t h e r c o m m e n t s y o u w o u ld c a r e t o m a k e a b o u t
w h a t t h e s c h o o l i s o r i s n o t d o in g i n c o n n e c t i o n w ith c o n c e r t s
b y th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a ?

I n g e n e r a l h o w w o u l d y o u r a t e t h e m u s i c d e p a r t m e n t in y o u r
s c h o o l s y s t e m a s c o m p a r e d to w h a t you know ab o u t m u s ic
d e p a r tm e n ts in o th e r sch o o l s y s te m s ?
E x c e lle n t (
Poor (

* 2 9.

)

)

Good (

)

A verag e (

)

F a ir (

)

)

H o w m a n y c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t s w o u ld y o u s a y t h a t
you a tte n d e d d u rin g th e y e a r ?
N um ber

*30.

W h a t w o u ld y o u s a y w a s t h e g r e a t e s t b a r r i e r e x i s t i n g to a
m o r e a c tiv e , jo in t e d u c a tio n a l e ffo rt b e tw e e n th e sch o o l s y s te m
and th e co m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a ?

N ow , I w o u ld lik e to k n o w how you fe e l abo ut th e a tte n d a n c e at c h ild ­
r e n 's c o n c e r ts and a tte n d a n c e by te e n - a g e r s at c o n c e rts .
You r e a l i z e
th a t a ll in f o r m a tio n w ill b e r e p o r te d in an im p e r s o n a l m a n n e r , so be
a s f r a n k a s you d e s i r e .
T h e s e q u e s tio n s a r e g e n e r a l in n a tu r e .
* 1.

In y o u r o p i n i o n w h y s h o u l d t h e p u b lic s c h o o l s y s t e m p r o v i d e
m u s i c e d u c a t i o n f o r i t s s t u d e n t s ? __________________________________

188

2.

S u r v e y s h a v e s h o w n t h a t o n ly a b o u t 2 p e r c e n t of t h e p o p u l a t i o n
o f a c o m m u n i t y p u r c h a s e t i c k e t s and. a t t e n d t h e o r c h e s t r a c o n ­
c e rts.
Do you f e e l th a t w ith p r o p e r tr a in in g th is p e r c e n ta g e
am ong th e y o u n g er g e n e r a tio n m a y b e im p ro v e d in fu tu r e y e a r s
t o , l e t u s s a y , 10 p e r c e n t ?
Y es (

*3.

)

No (

D o n 't k n o w (

)

F o r m in o rity (

)

)

)

)

D o y o u f e e l t h a t a n a p p r e c i a t i o n of m u s i c c a n b e s t b e t a u g h t
w h e n p e o p l e a r e y o u n g - - l e t u s s a y u n d e r s e v e n t e e n — o r do y o u
f e e l it is b e s t ta u g h t w h e n th e y a r e o ld e r and m o r e m a t u r e ?
W hen young (

)

W hen o ld e r (

)

D o n ’t k n o w (

)

Of w h a t v a l u e do y o u t h i n k a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t i s i n d e v e l o p ­
in g a d e s i r e f o r g o o d ( c l a s s i c a l ) m u s i c i n t h e c h i l d ?
1
Of g r e a t v a l u e ( )

*7.

D o n 't k n o w (

Of s o m e i m p o r t a n c e {

Of l i t t l e i m p o r t a n c e (

*6.

)

H o w i m p o r t a n t in y o u r t e a c h i n g do y o u f e e l i s t h e c r e a t i o n of
a d e s i r e f o r good m u s ic in y o u r stu d e n ts ?
V ery im p o rta n t (

*5.

)

Do you b e lie v e th a t a d e s i r e f o r go od (c la s s ic a l) m u s ic is
s o m e th in g th a t c a n w ith p r o p e r tr a in in g b e a c h ie v e d b y th e
m a j o r i t y of t h e p o p u l a t i o n , o r do y o u f e e l t h a t i n s p i t e of
tr a in in g t h e r e a r e in h e r e n t lim ita tio n s in p e o p le th a t m a k e
a p p r e c i a t i o n p o s s i b l e f o r o n ly a s m a l l m i n o r i t y ?
F o r m a jo rity (

*4.

)

Of s o m e v a l u e (

)

Of l i t t l e v a l u e (

)

W h ic h o n e of t h e f o l l o w i n g d o y o u t h i n k i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t
o u t c o m e of a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a n a p ­
p r e c i a t i o n of m u s i c ?
______ (1) l e a r n i n g f a c t s a b o u t m u s i c
(2) t h e c r e a t i o n of a g o o d a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s e r i o u s m u s i c
______ (3) a c h a n c e t o h e a r g o o d m u s i c
(4) a c h a n c e t o s e e a n d h e a r a s y m p h o n y o r c h e s t r a

189
*8.

If a c h o i c e h a d t o b e m a d e b e t w e e n t h e s e tw o , w h i c h w o u ld y o u
p refer:
h a v in g th e o r c h e s t r a p la y a so m e w h a t c o m m o n p la c e
n u m b e r w h i c h t h e c h i l d r e n l i k e v e r y m u c h , o r w o u ld y o u h a v e
t h e o r c h e s t r a p r e s e n t o n ly t h e b e s t m u s i c e v e n if t h e s t u d e n t s
do n o t l i k e it so w e ll at th e t i m e ?
P l e a s e th e s tu d e n ts (

*9.

()

No (

)

D o n ’t k n o w (

)

()

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

()

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

D o y o u f e e l t h a t s t r o n g s u p p o r t of t h e o r c h e s t r a b y t h e l o c a l
s c h o o l s y s t e m c a n b e of c o n s i d e r a b l e a s s i s t a n c e to t h e o r ­
c h e stra ?
Yes

13.

()

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w {

)

Do you lik e w is e f e e l th a t a good c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a c an be
of c o n s id e r a b le a s s i s t a n c e to th e lo c a l sch o o l s y s te m ?
Y es

()

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

H e r e a r e s o m e q u e s t i o n s r e l a t e d to th e m u s i c p r o g r a m
1.

)

Do you f a v o r th e u s e of s p e c ia l ra d io p r o g r a m s , e n s e m b le p e r ­
f o r m a n c e s , a d v e r tis e m e n ts , e tc ., to s p e c ific a lly i n t e r e s t th e
te e n - a g e stu d e n t?
Y es

12.

(

D o y o u f e e l t h a t t h e j u m p f r o m a c h i l d r e n ’s c o n c e r t t o a r e g ­
u l a r a d u l t s y m p h o n y c o n c e r t i s t o o g r e a t o r to o s u d d e n f o r
m o st c h ild re n ?
Y es

11.

P l a y o n ly g o o d m u s i c

W o u ld y o u l i k e t o h a v e t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a p r e s e n t a
sp e c ia l c o n c e rt fo r te e n -a g e s tu d e n ts -- a c o n c e rt not as heavy
a s a n a d u l t c o n c e r t b u t m o r e m a t u r e t h a n a c h i l d r e n ’s c o n c e r t
- - o n e w h i c h i s e s p e c i a l l y p l a n n e d t o c a p t u r e t h e i n t e r e s t of
th e te e n - a g e stu d en t ?
Y es

*10.

)

How m u c h m u s ic is
w eek ?

i n th e s c h o o l s .

r e q u i r e d of s e v e n th g r a d e s tu d e n ts e a c h

190
2.

H o w m u c h , m u s i c i s r e q u i r e d of e i g h t h g r a d e s t u d e n t s e a c h
w eek ?

3.

How m u c h m u s ic is

4.

A re e le c tiv e m u sic c la s s e s p e rfo rm in g o rg a n iz atio n s such as
g le e c lu b s , b a n d s, o r a r e th ey g e n e r a l m u sic c l a s s e s ?
P e rfo rm in g

5.

)

G e n e ra l m u sic

{

)

B o th (

)

I s t h e r e a g r e a t d e a l of v a r i a t i o n i n t h e j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l a n d
e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m f r o m b u i l d i n g t o b u i l d i n g in
th e c ity , o r a r e th e d iffe re n t sch o o ls r a t h e r e q u al?
V a ria tio n (

6.

(

r e q u i r e d of n in th g r a d e s tu d e n ts e a c h w e e k ?

)

Equal ( )

D o n 't k n o w

(

)

C o u ld y o u t e l l m e a p p r o x i m a t e l y h o w l a r g e a r e c o r d l i b r a r y
t h e r e i s in th e j u n io r h ig h s c h o o ls ? In th e e le m e n ta r y s c h o o ls ?
In th e h ig h s c h o o ls ?
E le m e n ta ry

__________________

J u n i o r h i g h ______ ______________
H ig h s c h o o l ______ _______ ______
7.

How m u c h is lis te n in g e x p e r ie n c e e m p h a s iz e d in th e c ity
school m u sic p r o g r a m ?
M uch (

8.

)

Som e ( )

L ittle {

)

W hat a r e s o m e lis te n in g p r o j e c t s in th e
In t h e 5 th g r a d e ?
In ju n i o r h ig h g e n e r a l m u s ic ?

6 th g r a d e ?

191
9.

A r e th e e le m e n ta r y ro o m s ta u g h t m u s ic by th e ro o m te a c h e r
o r a sp e c ia l m u sic te a c h e r ?
Room te a c h e r (

)

M u sic s p e c i a l is t {

)

10.

H ow m u c h tim e is g iv e n th e e le m e n ta r y ro o m s e a c h w e e k ?

11.

D o e s y o u r s c h o o l s y s t e m h a v e a p r e p a r e d c o u r s e of s t u d y f o r
th e m u s ic te a c h e r s to fo llo w ?
Y es (

<^12.

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

H ow m u c h s u p e r v i s o r y s e r v i c e is a v a ila b le o n th e ju n i o r h ig h
school le v e l?
On th e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l l e v e l ?

On th e s e c o n d a ry le v e l?
v 13.

D oes th e m u s ic s p e c ia lis t a ct as a s u p e r v is o r m a k in g r e g u la r
r o o m v i s i t s t o r a s a c o n s u l t a n t m a k i n g a r o o m v i s i t o n ly w h e n
re q u e ste d by th e te a c h e r?
S u p e rv iso r (

14.

)

C o n su ltan t (

)

How m a n y s tu d e n ts a r e stu d y in g a n d p la y in g
m e n ts on th e e le m e n ta r y s c h o o l l e v e l ?

strin g e d in s tru -.

On th e ju n io r h ig h s c h o o l le v e l ?
On th e s e c o n d a r y sc h o o l l e v e l ?
vl_5.
16.

At w hat g ra d e is s tr in g in s tr u c tio n b e g u n ?
H ow m u c h t i m e is g iv e n s tr in g in s tr u c tio n in th e e le m e n ta r y
sc h o o l?
In th e ju n io r h ig h s c h o o l?

192
A P P E N D IX C
IN T E R V IE W S C H E D U L E FO R O F F IC IA L S O F TH E
C O M M U N IT Y O R C H E S T R A

'i-

A t a n y t i m e i n r e c e n t y e a r s h a v e y o u d o n e s o m e of t h e f o l ­
lo w in g a c t i v i t i e s i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h c h i l d r e n ’ s c o n c e r t s b y
th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a ?
M a s s e d s in g in g

Y es (

)

No (

)

Y es (

)

No (

)

S tu d en t s o l o i s t s

Y es (

)

No (

)

C h ild re n s ittin g in w ith th e o r c h e s t r a
b u t not p la y in g

Y es (

)

No (

)

S tu d e n ts in g ro u p s f o r sin g in g ,
p a n to m im e , e tc.

Y es (

)

No (

)

S tu d e n ts a s c o m m e n ta to r s o r a n n o u n c e rs

2.

H as th e o r c h e s t r a a t any tim e a s k e d th e sch o o l m u s ic te a c h ­
e r s f o r s u g g e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e a c t i v i t i e s a t t h e c o n c e r t to
m a k e th e c o n c e r ts m o r e e ffe c tiv e ?
Y es

3.

No (

)

D o n ’t k n o w (

)

(

)

No (

)

D o n ’t k n o w (

)

D o es th e o r c h e s t r a f u r n i s h th e sc h o o ls w ith an a d v a n c e p r o ­
g ram ?
Y es

5.

)

D oes th e o r c h e s t r a h av e d e m o n s tra tio n s o r c o m m e n ts by an
a d u lt a t th e s e c o n c e r ts ?
Y es

4.

(

(

)

No (

)

D o n ’t k n o w (

Is th e r e a p rin te d p r o g r a m
th e c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r ts ?

Y es (

)

No (

)

)

of a n y t y p e u s e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w ith

D o n ’t kno w (

)

193
6.

W h a t a t t e m p t s h a v e b e e n m a d e t o o b t a i n t h e i n t e r e s t of t h e
stu d e n ts b e fo re th e c o n c e rt?
( p o s t e r c o n t e s t , e tc .)
None (

7.

)

T h e f o l l o w i n g : ________________________________________

D o y o u h a v e a n y v o i c e i n t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e p r o g r a m f o r a
c h i l d r e n 's c one e r t ?
Y es (

) ’

No (

)

a . If n o , w h o s e l e c t s t h e m u s i c f o r s u c h c o n c e r t s ?
b . If y e s , h o w w o u l d y o u r a t e t h e f o ll o w i n g a s t o t h e a m o u n t
o f in flu e n c e t h a t th e y h a d in t h e s e le c tio n of m u s i c f o r a
c h i ld r e n 's c o n c e r t?
So t h a t w e m a y u n d e r s t a n d e a c h o t h e r ,
l e t u s o n t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s u s e t h e w o r d s " a g r e a t d e a l 11 o r
" s o m e 11 o r irv e r y l i t t l e . "
In o t h e r w o r d s , " a g r e a t d e a l "
w o u ld m e a n t h a t t h e f a c t o r h a d a l o t of i n f l u e n c e , t h e w o r d
" s o m e " w o u ld m e a n th a t it h a d j u s t a m o d e r a te in flu e n c e
o n y o u r s e l e c t i o n of m u s i c , a n d t h e w o r d s " v e r y l i t t l e "
ex p la in th e m s e lv e s .
— A m o u n t of t i m e r e q u i r e d t o p r e p a r e t h e n u m b e r f o r p e r ­
form ance
A. g r e a t

d eal(

)

Som e ( )

V ery

little (

)

Som e ( )

V ery

little (

)

Som e ( )

V ery

little (

)

V ery little (

)

— T h e le n g th of th e w o rk
A. g r e a t

deal(

)

- - T h e t i t l e of t h e w o r k
A. g r e a t

deal(

)

T h e rh y th m ic and h a rm o n ic c o m p le x ity

A. g r e a t d e a l (

)

Som e (

)

194
T h e f a c t t h a t t h e w o r k c o a i d b e r e l a t e d to s o m e s c h o o l
w o rk of th e s tu d e n ts
A g re a t deal (

)

Som e (

)

V ery little (

)

- - Its a b ility to d e m o n s tr a te c le a r ly so m e in s tr u m e n t, o r so m e
rh y th m p a tte r n , e tc .
A. g r e a t

deal ( )

Som e

( )

V ery

little

( )

-1- T h e a b i l i t y of t h e w o r k t o f i t i n t o s o m e c o n c e r t t h e m e s u c h
a s ’ ’D a n c e s of t h e W o r l d , " o r " M u s i c f o r F u n , " etcr.
A. g r e a t

deal ( )

Som e

( )

V ery

little

( )

— T h e a b i l i t y of t h e w o r k t o h o l d t h e a t t e n t i o n of t h e c h i l d r e n
A. g r e a t

deal ( )

Som e

( )

V ery

little

( )

— T h e i m m e d i a t e r e s p o n s e of t h e s c h o o l c h i l d r e n to t h e p i e c e
of m u s ic
A. g r e a t

deal ( )

Som e

( )

V ery

little

( )

c . If y e s , a r e t h e r e a n y o t h e r f a c t o r s w h i c h i n f l u e n c e d y o u r
s e l e c t i o n of m u s i c f o r c h i l d r e n ’s c o n c e r t s ?
d . If y e s , d o y o u a t t e m p t t o s e l e c t . a p r o g r a m t h a t w i l l i n t e r ­
e s t a l l c h i l d r e n i n g r a d e s c h o o l , o r d o you t r y t o l i m i t a
p r o g r a m to ju s t fifth a n d s ix th g r a d e r s , le t us s a y ?
A ll (

)

L im it (

)

D o n ’t k n o w (

)

e . If y e s , h a v e y o u e v e r a t t e m p t e d t o b u i l d a p r o g r a m a r o u n d
s o m e th e m e su c h as " M u s ic A ro u n d th e W o rld ," fo r e x a m ­
p le ?
Y es (
8.

)

No (

)

D o n ’t k n o w (

)

A s f a r a s y o u k n o w , h a s t h e o r c h e s t r a m a d e a n y e f f o r t to f o l l o w
up a c o n c e r t p r o g r a m a n d a c tiv itie s by a sk in g s tu d e n ts o r t e a c h ­
e rs about it?

Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n ’t k n o w (

)

195
9.

H a s a n y e f f o r t b e e n m a d e b y t h e o r c h e s t r a t o c o n s u l t w i t h th e
sch o o l m u s ic te a c h e r s about th e p r o g r a m ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n ’t k n o w (

)

10.

H ow a r e th e c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r ts s p o n s o r e d ?
la rg e c o n trib u to rs.

11.

(If n o t m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s q u e s t i o n . )
b o a r d f u r n is h fu n d sf o r c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r ts ?
Y es (

)

No ( )

P le a se

s ta te any

D oes th e sch o o l

D o n 't k n o w ( )

If n o , h a s
th e o r c h e s t r a m a d e a n a tte m p t to s o lic it th e s u p p o rt
of th e s c h o o l b o a r d ?
Y es (

)

No ( )

D o n 't k n o w ( )

12.

How d o e s th e a m o u n t of th e o r c h e s t r a b u d g e t s e t a s id e f o r
c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r ts c o m p a r e w ith th a t s e t a s id e f o r th e r e g u l a r
s e a s o n ' s c o n c e r t s (in f i g u r e s o r p e r c e n t a g e ) ?

13.

A r e th e e le m e n ta r y stu d e n ts a s k e d to p a y a n a d m is s io n c h a r g e ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

If y e s , w h a t i s t h e c h a r g e ?
14.

H ow m a n y c h i ld r e n 's c o n c e r ts a r e p e r f o r m e d by th e o r c h e s t r a
each year ?
N um b e r

15.

_______

W h a t t i m e of t h e d a y o r e v e n in g a r e t h e c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s
h e ld ?

l6 i

H o w lo n g d o e s a c h i l d r e n ' s

c o n c e rt u su a lly l a s t ?

196
17.

A r e t h e r e s o m e a c t i v i t i e s t h a t y o u t h i n k s h o u l d b e a d d e d in
o r d e r to i m p r o v e th e c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t s ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

If y e s , w h at a r e th e y ?

18.

A r e t h e r e s o m e a c t i v i t i e s t h a t y o u w o u ld
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

l i k e to e l i m i n a t e ?

)

If y e s , w h at a r e th e y ?

19.

W h a t c h a n g e s , if a n y , do y o u t h i n k s h o u l d b e m a d e in t h e m u s i c
p la y e d a t c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r ts ?

20.

W o u ld y o u l i k e t o s e e a p r o g r a m p r i n t e d f o r e a c h c h i l d w ho
a tte n d s a c o n c e rt?
Y es

21*

(

)

( )

No ( )

D o n 't k n o w

(

)

( )

No ( )

D o n 't k n o w

{

)

S h o u ld t h e o r c h e s t r a a l l o w m o r e of i t s b u d g e t
w o rk th a n it d o es a t th e p r e s e n t tim e ?
Y es

24.

D o n 't k n o w

Do you th in k th a t th e s c h o o l b o a r d sh o u ld a p p r o p r ia te a c e r ­
t a i n a m o u n t of i t s b u d g e t f o r t h e p u r p o s e of e d u c a t i o n a l c o n ­
c e rts ?
Y es

23.

No ( )

W o u ld y o u l i k e t o s e e m o r e c o o p e r a t i o n o n t h e p a r t of t h e
s c h o o l s y s t e m in p r e s e n tin g c h i l d r e n 's c o n c e r t s ?
Y es

2 2.

{ )

( )

No ( )

D o n 't k n o w

(

)

Do you f e e l th a t a s m a l l a d m is s io n c h a rg e
e a c h stu d e n t?

Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't know (

f o r c h ild r e n 's

)

s h o u ld b e a s k e d of

197
25.

S h o u ld m o r e e m p h a s i s b e p l a c e d o n t h e y o u th a s p e c t s of t h e
o r c h e s t r a 's w o rk in f u n d - r a is in g c a m p a ig n s ?
Y es (

2 6.

)

)

D o n 't k n o w ( )

S u p p o se you h a d a c h ild in f if th o r s ix th g r a d e . How m a n y
w e l l - r u n c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s w o u ld y o u l i k e t o s e e h i m o r h e r
a tte n d e a c h y e a r ?
Y es (

27.

No(

)

No(

)

D o n 't k n o w ( )

Som e
p e r s o n s p r e f e r h a v in g c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r ts d u rin g sch o o l
tim e .
O th e r s p r e f e r h a v in g th e m h e ld o u ts id e of sch o o l h o u rs
b e c a u s e t h e s u c c e s s of t h e c o n c e r t c a n b e m e a s u r e d in t e r m s
o f t h e i n t e r e s t of c h i l d r e n i n s p e n d i n g t h e i r f r e e t i m e in s y m ­
phony c o n c e rt a ctiv ity .
W h ic h d o y o u p r e f e r ?
D u rin g sch o o l tim e

(

)

A fte r sch o o l (

)

28.

W hat do you f e e l is th e m o s t d e s i r a b l e le n g th f o r a c h ild r e n 's
co n cert ?

29.

Do y o u t h i n k i t i s m o r e
su ita b le fo r c h ild re n in
sh o u ld b e a n a tte m p t to
F o r in sta n c e , a c o n c e rt
c o n c e r t f o r 3 rd an d 4 th
A ll g r a d e s

30.

)

L im it g ra d e s (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

Do y ou f e e l th a t th e s c h o o l s u p e r in te n d e n t a n d p r i n c i p a l s a r e
i n t e r e s t e d in h a v in g s c h o o l c h i l d r e n a tte n d e d u c a tio n a l c o n c e r t s ?
Y es {

31.

(

f e a s i b l e to p la n a c o n c e r t w h ic h is
g r a d e s 1 - 6 , o r do y o u t h i n k t h e r e
lim it th e c o n c e rt to ju s t c e r ta in g r a d e s ?
f o r 5 th a n d 6 th g r a d e r s , a n d a n o t h e r
g rad ers.

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

D e s c r ib e any s p e c ific e v en t o r r e a s o n w h ic h m ig h t h a v e in flu ­
e n c e d t h e a n s w e r y o u g a v e t o q u e s t i o n 3 0 .__________ _____________

198
32.

F r o m w h a t y o u k n o w of t h e s c h o o l m u s i c t e a c h e r s , do y o u f e e l
t h a t t h e y a r e t r y i n g a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s to c r e a t e i n t h e i r s t u ­
d e n ts a lo v e of good m u s i c ?
Y es (

33.

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

F r o m w h a t you know of th e s c h o o l m u s ic t e a c h e r s , how w ell
do you f e e l th e y a r e su cc e ed in g in in te r e s tin g stu d e n ts in g r e a t
m u sic ?
V e ry w e ll (

)

N ot s o w e ll (

Q u ite w e ll (
)

)

V ery little (

Som ew hat (

)

)

34.

D e s c r i b e any s p e c ific e v e n t o r r e a s o n w h ic h m ig h t h a v e in ­
f l u e n c e d t h e a n s w e r y o u g a v e t o q u e s t i o n 33 ._____________________

35.

H ow w o u ld you r a t e th e r e s p o n s e of th e c h ild r e n to th e c h ild ­
r e n 's c o n c e r t as a w h o le ?
V ery in te re s te d (

)

Q u ite i n t e r e s t e d (

Som ew hat in te re ste d (
36.

)

)

S li g h tly i n t e r e s t e d (

)

H a s t h e o r c h e s t r a o f f e r e d to a s s i s t i n p r e p a r i n g t h e s t u d e n t s
f o r a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t , o r a s s i s t i n f o ll o w i n g up s u c h a c o n ­
cert ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

If y e s , w h a t w a s d o n e ?
W hat w e r e th e r e s u l t s ?

A n o t h e r p h a s e of t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a ' s w o r k c o n c e r n s c o n c e r t
a tte n d a n c e by s tu d e n ts in th e ju n io r and s e n io r h ig h s c h o o ls .
1.

F i r s t of a l l , h a s t h e o r c h e s t r a e v e r g i v e n a n y c o n c e r t s
c i a l l y f o r s t u d e n t s f r o m 1 2 -1 7 y e a r s of a g e ?

Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n ow (

)

espe­

199
If y e s , h o w m a n y ?
A tte n d a n c e ?
T y p e of c o n c e r t an d p r o g r a m ?
A t t i t u d e of s t u d e n t s t o w a r d c o n c e r t ?
2.

A s f a r a syou know , how m u c h p u b lic ity f o r y o u r r e g u la r co n ­
c e r t s h a s b e e n e s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d o r s l a n t e d to i n t e r e s t t h e
te e n - a g e school stu d e n t?
M uch {

3.

)

Som e (

)

L ittle (

)

H a s t h e o r c h e s t r a d o n e a n y of t h e f o l l o w i n g to e n l i v e n t h e i n ­
t e r e s t of t h e s e s t u d e n t s i n t h e r e g u l a r s e a s o n c o n c e r t s ?
Y es (

)

If y e s ,

No (

)

h o w m u c h u s e h a s b e e n m a d e of t h i s ?

R ad io p r o g r a m

Y es ( )

No

( )

S p e c ial sch o o l a n n o u n c e m e n ts

Y es ( )

No

( )

A d v a n c e e n s e m b l e p e r f o r m a n c e s in
th e sch o o ls

Y es ( )

No

( )

S cho ol stu d y g ro u p s

Y es (

No

( )

)

4.

A re th e r e any o th e r s p e c ia l a c tiv itie s to in te r e s t te e n -a g e
d e n ts w h ic h h a v e n 't b e e n m e n tio n e d ?

5.

D oes th e o r c h e s t r a o ffe r a stu d en t tic k e t a t a lo w e r p r ic e th a n
a n a d u lt tic k e t ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w ( )

If y e s , w h a t i s t h e p r i c e ?

stu ­

200
6.

H a s t h e o r c h e s t r a e v e r r e s e r v e d s p e c i a l s e c t i o n s of s e a t s f o r
te e n - a g e stu d en ts ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

If y e s , w h a t h a v e b e e n t h e r e s u l t s ?

7.

H a v e f r e e o r g if t t i c k e t s b e e n a w a r d e d to h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

If y e s , h o w w e r e t h e y f i n a n c e d ?
How w e re th e s e le c tio n s f o r d is trib u tio n m a d e ?
W hat h av e b e e n th e r e s u lts ?

8.

H a v e an y o t h e r a tte m p ts b e e n m a d e to s e e th a t ju n io r and
s e n io r h ig h sch o o l stu d en ts h av e o r buy tic k e ts fo r sym phony
o rc h e s tra co ncert ?
Y es

(

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

If y e s , w h a t a r e t h e y ?
W hat h av e b e e n th e r e s u l t s ?

9.

A p p ro x im a te ly how m an y stu d en ts a tte n d th e r e g u la r o r c h e s tr a
c o n ce rts ?
N u m b e r _____________

10.

H ave s o lo is ts of ju n io r o r s e n io r h ig h sch o o l ag e b e e n u s e d
at o rc h e s tra c o n c e rts?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

If y e s , h o w o f t e n ?
W h a t w a s t h e r e s p o n s e of t h e a u d i e n c e ?

201
11.

H a s th e o r c h e s t r a e v e r h e ld a c o m b in e d p e r f o r m a n c e w ith a
s c h o o l m u s i c g r o u p of s o m e t y p e ?
Y es (

)

No

( )

D o n 't k n o w

( )

If y e s , h o w o f t e n ?
W h a t t y p e s of g r o u p s ?
W h a t w a s t h e a t t i t u d e of t h e a u d i e n c e ?

12.

H a v e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e o r c h e s t r a e v e r m e t w i t h t h e s c h o o l
m u s i c t e a c h e r s i n o r d e r t o i m p r o v e u p o n c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e of
school stu d e n ts?
Y es (

)

No

( )

D o n 't k n o w

( )

If y e s , h o w o f t e n ?
W hat have b e en th e re s u lts ?

13.

H a v e t h e m u s i c t e a c h e r s i n th e s c h o o l s e v e r o f f e r e d s u g g e s ­
tio n s w h ic h m ig h t b e of a s s i s t a n c e in fin d in g so m e so lu tio n
to th e p r o b l e m of c o n c e r t a tte n d a n c e b y sc h o o l s tu d e n ts ?
Y es (

)

No

( )

D o n 't k n o w

{ )

14.

I s t h e r e a n y t h i n g e l s e t h a t y o u c a n t h i n k o f t h a t th e o r c h e s t r a
h a s d o n e in t h e w a y of i n t e r e s t i n g y o u n g p e o p l e i n c o n c e r t a t ­
te n d a n c e ?

15.

Do you th in k th a t t h e r e o ug h t to b e m o r e
i n t e r e s t te e n - a g e stu d en ts ?
Y es

16.

(

)

No

( )

D o n 't k n o w

s p e c i a l p u b l i c i t y to

( )

Do you th in k th a t t h e r e o u g h t to b e s p e c i a l c o n c e r t s g iv e n f o r
te e n - a g e stu d en ts ?

Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't kn ow (

)

202
17.

Do y o u th in k th a t t h e r e o u g h t to b e o th e r th a n th e e x istin g
tic k e t a rra n g e m e n ts m ad e fo r school stu d e n ts?
Y es

()

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

If y e s , w h a t s h o u l d t h e y b e ?

18.

Do y o u th in k th a t o r c h e s t r a ought to p la y so m e m u s ic w h ich
e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t s s t u d e n t s of t h i s a g e g ro'u p e v e n t h o u g h it
is not a lw ay s " g r e a t " m u s ic ?
Y es

()

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w ( )

19.

C o u ld y o u n a m e s o m e a c t i v i t i e s t h a t s h o u l d b e i n c r e a s e d in
o r d e r to b e t t e r i n t e r e s t th e te e n - a g e r in c o n c e rt atte n d an c e.

2 0.

Do you th in k th a t th e m u s ic t e a c h e r s in th e sch o o ls e n c o u ra g e
th e ir stu d e n ts to atte n d o r c h e s tr a c o n c e rts ?
Y es

()

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w ( )

21 .

D e s c r i b e an y s p e c if ic e v e n t o r r e a s o n w h ic h m ig h t h a v e in flu ­
e n c e d t h e a n s w e r y o u g a v e t o q u e s t i o n 2 0 ._______________ ________

22.

D o y o u b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e i s e n o u g h e f f o r t n o w o n y o u r p a r t in
g e ttin g t h e s e s tu d e n ts to a tte n d c o n c e r t s ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

N ow , I w o u ld lik e to l e a r n how you fe e l about s o m e th in g s c o n c e r n e d
w ith
t h e s e a c ti v itie s w h ic h w e h a v e j u s t c o v e r e d .
Y ou u n d e rs ta n d
th a t
a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o n y ou f u r n i s h w ill b e r e p o r t e d i n a n i m p e r s o n a l
m a n n e r , so p l e a s e b e a s f r a n k a s you d e s i r e .
T h e se q u e stio n s a r e
r a t h e r g e n e r a l in c h a r a c t e r .
1.

In y o u r o p i n i o n , w h y s h o u l d a c o m m u n i t y s u c h a s y o u r s m a i n ­
ta in and su p p o rt a c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a ?

20 3
2.

S u r v e y s h a v e s h o w n t h a t o n ly a b o u t 2 p e r c e n t of t h e p o p u l a t i o n
of a c o m m u n ity p u r c h a s e t i c k e t s a n d a tte n d th e o r c h e s t r a c o n ­
c e rts.
Do you f e e l th a t w ith p r o p e r t r a i n i n g th is p e r c e n t a g e
a m o n g th e y o u n g e r g e n e r a tio n m a y b e im p r o v e d in fu tu r e y e a r s
t o , l e t u s s a y , 10 p e r c e n t ?
Y es (

3.

)

No (

)

)

Som eone e ls e 's

(

)

)

of m u s i c t h e
of t h e r e s p o n s i ­
to a p p r e c ia te
e l s e 's jo b ?

D o n 't k n o w (

)

)

W hen o ld e r (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

W o u ld y o u a g r e e t h a t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of g o o d m u s i c a l t a s t e
i n c h i l d r e n a n d s c h o o l s t u d e n t s i s of t h e u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e ?
)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

Of w h a t v a l u e do y o u t h i n k a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t i s i n d e v e l o p ­
in g a d e s i r e f o r g o o d ( c l a s s i c a l ) m u s i c i n t h e c h i l d ?
Of g r e a t v a l u e (

8.

D o n 't k n o w (

Do you th in k th a t p e o p le c a n b e ta u g h t to a p p r e c ia te m u s ic
b e s t w h ile y o u n g - - le t us say u n d e r e ig h te e n — th a n w hen th ey
a r e o ld e r and m o re m a tu re ?

Y es (
7.

)

Do y o u f e e l t h a t in a d d itio n to th e p e r f o r m a n c e
c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a sh o u ld a ls o a s s u m e so m e
b ility of e d u c a tin g th e p e o p le of th e c o m m u n ity
g oo d m u s i c , o r do you f e e l th a t it is s o m e o n e

W hen young (
6.

)

F o r m in o rity (

O r c h e s t r a 's jo b (
5.

D o n 't k n o w (

Do you b e lie v e th a t a d e s i r e f o r good (c la s s ic a l) m u s ic is
s o m e th in g th a t c a n w ith p r o p e r tra in in g be a c h ie v e d b y th e
m a j o r i t y of t h e p o p u l a t i o n , o r do y ou f e e l t h a t i n s p i t e of
tr a in in g t h e r e a r e in h e re n t lim ita tio n s in p e o p le th a t m a k e
a p p r e c i a t i o n p o s s i b l e f o r o n ly a s m a l l m i n o r i t y ?
F o r m a jo rity (

4.

)

)

Of s o m e v a l u e (

)

Of l i t t l e v a l u e (

)

W h ic h o n e of t h e f o l l o w i n g do y o u t h i n k i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t
o u t c o m e of a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a n a p ­
p r e c i a t i o n of m u s i c ?

204
______ (1)
______ (2)
______ (3)
______ (4)
9*

le a rn in g fa c ts about m u sic
t h e c r e a t i o n of a g o o d a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s e r i o u s m u s i c
a c h a n c e to h e a r good m u s ic
a c h a n c e to s e e and h e a r a sym phony o r c h e s t r a

If t h e c h o i c e w e r e f o r c e d u p o n y o u , w h i c h w o u ld you p r e f e r :
h av in g th e o r c h e s t r a p la y a so m ew h a t c o m m o n p la c e n u m b e r
w h i c h t h e c h i l d r e n l i k e v e r y m u c h , o r w o u ld you h a v e t h e
o r c h e s t r a p r e s e n t o n ly t h e b e s t m u s i c e v e n i f t h e s t u d e n t s do
n o t lik e it so w e ll a t th e t i m e ?
P l e a s e th e stu d e n ts (

10.

O n ly g o o d m u s i c {

)

Do yo u f e e l th a t t h e r e s h o u ld b e a s p e c ia l e ffo rt m a d e b y th e
o r c h e s t r a t o e n c o u r a g e s t u d e n t s t o o o ld f o r c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s
to k e e p a c o n tin u in g i n t e r e s t in good m u s ic ?
Y es (

11.

)

)

No ( )

D o n 't k n o w (

)

W hat in y o u r o p in io n is th e g r e a t e s t p r o b le m th e o r c h e s t r a
f a c e s i n g iv in g c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t s o f g o o d q u a l i t y a n d i n s u f ­
fic ie n t n u m b e rs ?
F o r i n s t a n c e , i s i t l a c k of r e h e a r s a l t i m e ,
l a c k o f m o n e y , l a c k of i n t e r e s t b y t h e c o m m u n i t y , e t c . ?

205
A P P E N D IX D
>
Q U E S T IO N N A IR E F O R

O F F IC IA L S O F SCHOOL SYSTEM

T h e f i r s t q u e s tio n s a r e c o n c e r n e d w ith c h ild r e n 's c o n c e r ts f o r e le ­
m e n t a r y s c h o o l s tu d e n ts by th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a .
1.

D o e s t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m p r o v i d e t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a w ith
a n y f in a n c ia l a s s i s t a n c e to h e lp th e o r c h e s t r a p r e s e n t c o n c e r ts
sp ec ific a lly f o r school stu d e n ts?
Y es (

2.

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

P l e a s e c h e c k e a c h c o n d itio n th a t you fe e l m u s t be m e t b e fo re
yo u w o u ld s u p p o rt a r e q u e s t th a t th e sch o o l b o a r d p ro v id e
s o m e f in a n c ia l a s s i s t a n c e to th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a f o r e d u c a tio n a l c one e r t s .
______ r e q u e s t s f o r s u c h a c t i o n b y t h e s c h o o l m u s i c s t a f f
______ r e q u e s t f o r s u c h a c t i o n b y t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a o f ­
fic ia ls
______ r e q u e s t s f o r s u c h a c t i o n b y p a r e n t a n d c o m m u n i t y g r o u p s
______ a g o o d c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a
______ a g o o d s c h o o l m u s i c p r o g r a m
P l e a s e m e n tio n any o th e r co n d itio n s th a t you fe e l a r e n e c e s s a r y

3.

Do you f a v o r th e s c h o o l b o a r d a p p r o p r ia tin g a c e r t a i n a m o u n t
of t h e s c h o o l b u d g e t to t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a f o r t h e p u r p o s e
of e d u c a tio n a l c o n c e r t s at th e p r e s e n t t i m e ?
Y es (

4.

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

W h i c h of t h e f o l l o w i n g do y o u t h i n k i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t
s i n g l e o u t c o m e of a c h i l d r e n ' s c o n c e r t i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of
an a p p re c ia tio n of m u s ic ?

20 6

5.

______ (a-)

le a rn in g fa c ts about m u sic

----------(b)
______ (c)
(d)

t h e c r e a t i o n of a g o o d a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s e r i o u s m u s i c
a c h a n c e to h e a r good m u s ic
a c h a n c e to s e e a n d h e a r a s y m p h o n y o r c h e s t r a

I f t h e c h o i c e w e r e f o r c e d u p o n y o u , w h ic h w o u ld y o u p r e f e r :
h a v in g th e o r c h e s t r a p la y a s o m e w h a t c o m m o n p la c e n u m b e r
w h i c h t h e c h i l d r e n l i k e v e r y m u c h , o r w o u ld y o u h a v e t h e o r ­
c h e s t r a p r e s e n t o n ly t h e b e s t m u s i c e v e n if t h e s t u d e n t s do
n o t lik e it so w e ll a t th e t i m e ?
P l e a s e th e stu d en t (

6.

)

)

D o yo u f a v o r h o ld in g c h ild re n * s c o n c e r t s d u rin g sch o o l t i m e ,
o r a fte r school h o u rs ?
D u rin g sch o o l tim e (

7.

O n ly t h e b e s t m u s i c (

)

O ut of s c h o o l t i m e (

)

A r e t h e r e a n y c o m m e n ts you w o u ld c a r e to m a k e on th e to p ic
of c h i l d r e n ’s c o n c e r t s ?

T h e r e i s a n o t h e r p r o b l e m r e l a t e d t o t h e s u b j e c t of d e v e l o p i n g m u s i c
a p p r e c ia tio n in young p e o p le .
T h a t i s , in te r e s t in g young p e o p le in
g r a d e s s e v e n th r o u g h tw e lv e in a tte n d in g c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a c o n ­
c e rts.
8.

Do you k n o w of a n y a c tiv ity c a r r i e d on by th e sc h o o l f o r th e
s p e c i f i c p u r p o s e of e n c o u r a g i n g j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l
stu d e n ts to a tte n d c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a c o n c e rts ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

If y e s , w h at h a s b e e n done ?

9.

)

__________________________ __________

H ave any a tte m p ts b e e n m a d e by e ith e r th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s ­
t r a o r t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m t o s e e k a j o i n t e f f o r t in d e a l i n g w ith
te e n - a g e a tte n d a n c e at c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r ts ?

Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

207
10.

Do you f a v o r s p e c ia l c o n c e r t s by th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a f o r
t h e t e e n - a g e r s in j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l ?
Y es (

11.

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

A r e t h e r e a n y c o m m e n t s o r s u g g e s t i o n s y o u w o u ld c a r e to
m a k e a b o u t t h e p r o b l e m of t e e n - a g e c o n c e r t a t t e n d a n c e ?

N o w I w o u ld l i k e t o a s k y o u r o p i n i o n s a b o u t th e f o l l o w i n g m a t t e r s :
12.

W h at a r e th e m o s t i m p o r ta n t r e a s o n s w hy th e p u b lic sch o o l
s y s t e m sh o u ld p r o v id e m u s ic e d u c a tio n to its s tu d e n ts ?

13.

Do you th in k th a t t h e r e sh o u ld b e a jo in t e f f o r t b e tw e e n th e
s c h o o l m u s ic t e a c h e r s and th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a in d e v e l­
o p in g m u s i c a p p r e c i a t i o n i n t h e s c h o o l s t u d e n t s ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

14.

W h a t e v i d e n c e o f c o o p e r a t i o n h a v e yo u o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e
s c h o o l m u s ic te a c h e r s a n d th e c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a o fficia ls
in y o u r c o m m u n ity to a c h ie v e m u s ic a p p r e c ia tio n in th e sch o o l
s tu d e n ts ?

15.

Do you f e e l th a t th e o r c h e s t r a c o n d u c to r , m a n a g e r , and o th e r
o f f i c i a l s a r e s i n c e r e l y i n t e r e s t e d in e d u c a t i o n a l c o n c e r t s ?
Y es (

)

No (

)

D o n 't k n o w (

)

16.

D e s c r i b e any s p e c if ic e v e n t o r r e a s o n w h ich m ig h t h a v e in flu ­
e n c e d t h e a n s w e r y ou g a v e t o q u e s t i o n 15._^______________________

17.

C o n s i d e r i n g w h a t y o u k n o w of o t h e r c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a s , h o w
w o u ld y o u r a t e t h e o r c h e s t r a in y o u r c o m m u n i t y ?

20 8
E x c e lle n t (
Poor
18.

(

G ood (

)

A verage (

)

F a ir (

)

)

In g e n e r a l how w o u ld you r a t e th e m u s ic d e p a r tm e n t in y o u r
sc h o o ls as c o m p a r e d to w hat you know about m u s ic d e p a r tm e n ts
in o th e r s c h o o ls ?
E x c e lle n t (
Poor (

19.

)

)

Good (

)

A verage (

)

F a ir (

)

)

How m a n y c o m m u n ity o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r ts
y o u a t t e n d d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of a y e a r ?

w o u ld y o u s a y t h a t

N um b e r
20.

I n y o u r o p i n i o n w h a t i s t h e g r e a t e s t b a r r i e r to a m o r e a c t i v e ,
j o i n t e f f o r t of t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m a n d t h e c o m m u n i t y o r c h e s t r a
in m u s ic e d u c a tio n ?

B IB L IO G R A PH Y

A l e s h i r e , W . O ., " A n E v a l u a t i o n of P o s t - G r a d u a t e M u s i c A c ­
t i v i t i e s o f S t u d e n t s of P o m e r o y High. S c h o o l , M u n p u b l i s h e d
m a s te rs th e sis.
O h io S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , C o l u m b u s , O h io , 1941.
B l a c k , L o n a , ’ ’T h e R e l a t i o n B e t w e e n M u s i c E d u c a t i o n a n d C o m ­
m u n i t y M u s i c , 11 u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r s t h e s i s .
U n i v e r s i t y of C i n ­
c i n n a t i ( T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e ) , C i n c i n n a t i , O h io , 1937.
B r o o k s , B . M a r i a n , a n d B r o w n , H a r r y A . , M u s ic E d u c a t i o n i n
th e E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l. N ew Y o rk :
T h e A m e r i c a n B o o k C o .,
1946.
D o n n e lly , P e t e r J . , " C o m m u n ity I n s tr u m e n ta l M u sic in S e le c te d
A r e a s of S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a a n d I ts R e l a t i o n to t h e S c h o o l s , "
u n p u b lish e d m a s t e r s th e s i s .
U n i v e r s i t y of S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a ,
L o s A n g e l e s , C a l i f o r n i a , 194 9.
D u n c a n , R ic h a r d E ., " T h e D e v e lo p m e n t of M a jo r C o m m u n ity
M u s ic a l A c ti v i t i e s ," u n p u b lish e d d o c to rs d is s e r ta tio n .
E a st­
m a n S c h o o l of M u s i c o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y of R o c h e s t e r , R o c h e s t e r ,
N e w Y o r k , 19 53.
D y k e m a , P e t e r , a n d G e h r k e n s , K a r l , T h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of M u s i c
i n t h e S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l . B o s to n :
C . C . B i r c h a r d a n d C o ., 1941.
E d m a n , Irw in , A r ts an d th e M a n .
L i b r a r y , 194 9.

N ew Y o r k :

New A m e r i c a n

G lo v e r, J o h n , " C o m m u n ity M u s ic a l O rg a n iz a tio n s a s R e la te d to
M u s i c A c t i v i t i e s of t h e S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l , " u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r s
t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s , 1946.
" G r a d u a t e S tu d y i n M u s i c E d u c a t i o n , " J o u r n a l of R e s e a r c h i n
M u sic E d u c a tio n .

V o l. I I , N o . 2 ( F a l l , 1954).

209

210
10.

G r i f f e y , R o b e r t M i l t o n , " T h e E d u c a t i o n a l V a lu e of th e C iv ic
S y m p h o n y , 11 u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r s t h e s i s , A r t h u r J o r d a n C o n ­
s e r v a t o r y o f M u s i c , I n d i a n a p o l i s , I n d i a n a , 1946.

11.

H u n te r, F lo y d , C o m m u n ity P o w e r S tru c tu re :
A S tu d y of D e ­
c is io n M a k e r s . C h ap e l H ill, N o rth C a ro lin a :
U n i v e r s i t y of
N o r t h C a r o l i n a P r e s s , 1953.

12.

K i m b a l l , S o lo n T . , a n d P e a r s a l l , M a r i o n , T h e T a l l a d e g a S t o r y .
U n iv e r s ity , A la b am a :
U n i v e r s i t y of A l a b a m a P r e s s , 1954.

13.

M o h n , N o r m a n C ., " T h e I m p l i c a t i o n o f t h e C o m m u n i t y M u s i c
P ro g ram :
Its O rig in , V a lu es, N e e d s , O rg a n iz a tio n s , and A d­
m i n i s t r a t i o n W ith S p e c i a l E m p h a s i s U p o n C o m m u n i t y M u s ic
L e a d e r s h i p i n t h e S t a t e of T e x a s , " u n p u b l i s h e d d o c t o r s d i s s e r ­
t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of T e x a s , H o u s t o n , T e x a s , 1950.

14.

M u sic E d u c a tio n S o u rc e B o o k . H a z e l N o h av ec M o rg a n , ed.
C h ic ag o :
M u s i c E d u c a t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e , 1947.

15.

M u r s e l l , J a m e s , H u m a n V a lu e s in M u sic E d u c a tio n .
S i l v e r , B u r d e t t , a n d C o . , 1934.

N ew Y ork:

'-"16.

M y e rs , L o u ise K ife r, T e a ch in g C h ild re n M u s ic .
P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1950.

" 17.

P e c k , S a m u e l, " C o m m u n ity Sym phony O r c h e s t r a s - - T h e i r O r ­
g a n iz a tio n , O p e ra tio n , and M a in te n a n c e ," u n p u b lish e d d o c to rs
d i s s e r t a t i o n , C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y ( T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e ) , N ew
Y o r k , N e w Y o r k , 1953.

18.

' 19.

" R e s o lu tio n s f o r 1 9 5 0 ," T h e N a tio n a l E le m e n ta r y P r i n c i p a l .
V o l. X X X , N o . 4 ( F e b r u a r y , 1951).
T h o m p s o n , H e l e n M ., T h e C o m m u n i t y S y m p h o n y O r c h e s t r a .
C h a r le s to n , W est V irg in ia:
The A m e ric a n Sym phony O rc h e s ­
tr a L eague,

20,

N ew Y o rk :

1952.

T i l l o t s o n , E u g e n e , " T h e I n f l u e n c e of P u b l i c S c h o o l M u s i c o n
t h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f A d u lt M u s i c a l A c t i v i t i e s , " u n p u b l i s h e d
m a s te rs th e sis.
E a s t m a n S c h o o l of M u s ic of t h e U n i v e r s i t y
of R o c h e s t e r , R o c h e s t e r , N e w Y o r k , 1936.

211

21.

W a r d , A r t h u r , M u s i c E d u c a t i o n f o r H ig h S c h o o l s .
T h e A m e r i c a n B o o k C o . , 1941.

22.

Y e a r b o o k . P a u l J . W e a v e r, ed. Ith a c a , N ew Y ork:
S u p e r v i s o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e , 1930.

N e w Y o rk :

M u s ic