DISTRIBUTION OP THE CARDUALES (CCMPOSITAE)
IN MICHIGAN.

Thesis submitted to the faculty
of Michigan State College in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the
M* S. degree

Simon Ei Jplff
1928

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DISTRIBUTION OP THE CAHDUALES (COMPOS ITAE) IN MICHIGAN.

Sine© 1904, the year that Dr* Beal published his Flora of Michigan,
no survey of the Michigan Carduales(Compositae) has been attempted*

The

survey the writer has undertaken has helped, he believes, to fill in and
show Increased or decreased ranges of some of our native and introduced
plants*
The order Carduales is used here for the old and well established
name Compositae.

Under it are placed for convenience the three families,

Cichoriacea(Chicory Family), Ambrosiaceae(Ragweed FaPdly) and Carduaceae
(Thistle Family}*

These are used in Gray* s Manual as divisions or tribes

of the family Compositae*

The Carduaceae here is the Compositae in

Britton & Brown* s Illustrated Flora.
For the compilation of this distribution list the writer has con­
sulted the herbaria of the university of Michigan, Michigan State College,
Kent Scientific Museum, Michigan state Normal College, the private her­
baria of Messrs. C. Billington of Detroit, C* W* Fallass of Petoskey, B.
A. Walpole of East Lansing, P* J. Hermann of Ann Arbor and M* W* Schnute
of East Lansing, as well as his own personal collection.

All available

distribution lists have been used.
In general the nomenclature of Britton & Brown’s Illustrated Flora
of the Northern States and Canada is followed.

Other names are applied

where recent findings indicate their priority or permanency*

No attempt

is made to bring the nomenclature up-to-date, especially in cases where
there is disagreement*

The genus Troximon has priority over Cynthia (see

Hhod. 26:126. 1924). The genus Megalodonta is united with Bidens. In
every case where generic and specified names are substituted, the synonyms

used in the standard manuals, especially Britton & Brown's, are inserted.
In this paper 'tegules* is used in place of 'bracts of involucre’,
'pedicel' for stalk of a single head of flowers, *m . S. C.* for specimens
sent in to and identified by members of the Department of Botany in Michi­
gan State College*

The county is used as the unit of distribution except

where the reports^from the islands of the Great Lakes,

certain distri­

butional records are omitted from this paper because the writer believes
they are unreliable,
Solidago, Aster, Helianthus, Achillea, Antennaria and Artemisia are
extremely critical genera.

Considerable disagreement exists among com­

petent systematists as to what constitutes specific differences in cer­
tain of these genera.

Field observations with more extensive collect­

ing throughout the state should aid in clearing up some of the points
of difference in the various groups and might assist future investigators.
In this order are included 254 species.

Of these, fifty-three are

adventive or naturalized from Europe or Asia, five from the western
states, twelve from both the western and southern states and two from
the Atlantic Coastal Plain.
The three families of the order ares Cichoriaceae with fifteen
genera and thirty-eight species, Ambrosiaeeae with three genera and nine
species, Carduaceae with fifty-four genera and 207 species.
Of the thirty-nine species in the Cichoriaceae, twenty-one are ad­
vent ive and almost without exception

are considered weeds.

mostly plants of fields and waste places.

They are

Laetuca virosa and Leontodon

taraxacum may be classed as pernicious weeds.

Hieracium aurantiacum

and Sonehus arvensis are fully as plentiful in certain sections.
native species only Lactuca canadensis is a weed1.

Of the

All the advent ive

species of Cichoriaceae may he called undesirables.
Of the nine species of Ambrosiaceae, only xanthium spinosum is
advent ive from the Old world.
ported.

Iva ciliata from the west is rarely re­

Ambrosia elatior is a pernicious weed.

psilostachya, all other species are infrequent.

Except Ambrosia
All in the state are

weeds or weedy plants.
Of the 208 species of Carduaceae, thirty-one sure advent ive from
the Old world, but only eight of these are considered weeds.
cotula, Arctium minus and Cirsium arvense are bad weeds,

Anthemis

cirsium lan­

ce olatum, Anthemis arvensis and chrysanthemum leucanthemum sure plenti­
ful or even bad weeds in some sections.

Aster subulatus and pluchea

Camphorata, plants of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, are found in salt
marshes of Wayne County,

One wonders how these species ever became es­

tablished in such isolated areas.

Five species are from the western

states while twelve others are from both southern and western states.
Matricaria mat icarlo ides, from the Pacific Coast, has only been found
In two or three localities but is probably present in others.
squarrosa, introduced in alfalfa seed, is spreading.
need be considered in our weed flora.

Grindelia

Hone of the others

Of the native weeds, Achillea

Millefolium, Erigeron Annuus and Erigeron ramosus are the commonest in
dry soils, while Solidago canadensis and Euthamia graminifolia occupy
the moister areas.
Some members of this order are cultivated for ornament, medicine
and food and may be found as escapes.

Helianthus tuberosus, the

Jerusalem Artichoke, bears tubers which are a substitute for potatoes.
They also contain inulin.

Inula helenium, Elecampane, a coarse plant

advent ive and found along roadsides in the southern counties is used
in medicine.

The root "contains about 44 percent of Inulin".

others of the order contain volatile oils.

Many

Tragopogon porrifolius,

the Vegetable Oyster, is grown as a garden vegetable.

Cichorium

intybus, Chicory, is cultivated in certain sections of the state and
the root is dried, roasted and used as an adulterant or substitute for
for coffee.
Some members of the order spread rapidly.

Their achenes are usually

supplied with a special form of pappus so as to be easily carried by
the wind.
A study of the general ecological distribution of the order reveals
the fact that 147 species (58^) inhabit dry open soil, 57 {22%) moist
open soil, 17 (7%) swamps, 17 {7%>) rich woods, 15 {&%) dry woods, while
Bidens beckii grows in water*
or moist open soil.

More than 200 species grow either in dry

The composites are sun-plants.

A study of the record sheets reveals an interesting regional dis­
tribution.

The greater majority have a state-wide distribution. Six

species are confined to the shores of the Great Lakes and nearby areas,
five to the southwestern comities, eleven to the two or three southern
tiers of counties, twenty-three south of a line drawn between Saginaw
Bay and Ottawa County, seventeen to the Lower peninsula and ten to the
Upper Peninsula.

Ten species of Solidago alone are confined to the

Lower Peninsula, six of which are south of Saginaw Bay.

This genus of

24 species shows a wide range of habitats, having representatives in
each.

The habitats and ranges of the genus Aster are similar to those

of Solidago. Nine species are state-wide, thirteen confined to the

Lower Peninsula, six to the Upper peninsula and one to the confines of
the Great Lakes*

Their habitats vary from swampy to very dry situations.

Members of other genera, distributed or localized in the southwestern
counties, are from the western and southwestern states.

It is in these

counties and in other southern counties that species reported from
northern Ohio and northern Indiana may be sought,e.g. ionactis linariifolius, Eupatorium serotinum and Lactuca villosa.
Aster faxoni, Solidago gillmani, Cirsium pitcheri, coreopsis lanceolata, Tanacetum huronense and Solidago racemosa are native and inter­
esting species along the Great Lakes.

Coreopsis lanceolata and Tanace­

tum huronense are to be found north of Alcona and Benzie counties, while
Solidago racemosa is recorded from rocky shores of Keweenaw Peninsula.
Cirsium pitcheri and Solidago gillmani form a part of the interesting
flora of the sand dunes.

The former is endemic to the Great Lake region;

the latter has not been reported south of Cheboygan county on the east­
ern side of the Lower Peninsula.
Certain species of the Upper Peninsula such as Achillea borealis,
Artemisia borealis, Erigeron acris and Senecio pauciflorus with its var.
fallax are limited to Keweenaw County.

Erigeron glabellum is reported

from the "plains” of the Upper Peninsula by Dr. A. B. Lyons,

others,

as Adenocaulon bicolor, a peculiar plant of the wet woods, and Solidago
lepida, var. fallax range farther east, Adenocaulon as far as Chippewa
County.

Aster nemoralis, an interesting "sand bog" species, and Aster

novae-belgii seem to be confined to the eastern counties of the Upper
Peninsula.

Further examination may prove the presence of the latter to

be a mistake, since it is mostly a Coastal plain species.

Other native composites are rare in the state.

Eupatorium sessili-

folium is present in Jackson and Washtenaw counties and should be
sought in other southern counties.

It is a plant of dry banks, with

the aspect of Eupatorium perfoliatum which, however, grows in moist
places.

Eupatorium urticaefolium, a plant of rich woods, is interest­

ing because cows eating it produce poisonous milk.

Mikania scandens,

our only twining or climbing composite, is recorded from Biskegon
county.

Bidan altemifolius is reported from a few southern counties.

It seems to be very rare.

Solidago houghtonii is a rare goldenrod of

sandy swamps bordering the upper ends of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron.
One specimen of Agoseris glauca (Pursh) D. Dietr., a plant of the
western prairies, was collected by Dr. H. T. Darlington in Oscoda County.
It should be sought on the "Sand Plains" of the Lower Peninsula.
The writer is very grateful to Dr. H. T. Darlington and Dr. E. A.
Bessey for suggestions and recommendations, and for the criticism and
correction of the manuscript, also to Dr. E* E. Watson for the key to
Helianthus and for his identification and verification of specimens
of that genus.

CARDUALES (Compositae)
Flowers in a close head, on a common receptacle, surrounded by an in­
volucre of separate or united bracts(tegules), and with 5(rarely 4)
stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube. The
1-loculed ovary inferior; the limb of the calyx(called a pappus) arising
at its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth or crowns,
or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular. Style
2-cleft at the apex(in sterile flowers usually entire). Fruit seed-like
(achene), dry, containing a single erect anathropous seed, with no endo­
sperm. An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without
stipules, and with perfect, polygamous, monoecious, or dioecious flowers.
All the flowers of the head with strap-shaped
corollas(rays or ligules)
1. Cichoriaceae.
All the flowers of the head with tubular corollas
(none or reduced to a short tube or ring in
pistillate flowers of Ambrosiaceae) or the mar­
ginal ones(or some of them) with strap-shaped
corollas.
Stamens distinct or nearly so, the anthers mere­
ly connivent; coarse monoecious herbs(in ours)..2. Ambrosiaceae.
Stamens united by the anthers, forming a tube
around the stigmas (except In KUhnia)
3. Carduaceae.

CICHORIACEAE (Chicory Family)
1. Pappus wholly or in part of scales, or none.
2. Pappus none; achenes 20-30-nerved.
2. Lapsana.
2. Pappus of scales and bristles(scales only in
Cichorium).
3. Pappus of scales only; flowers blue or white.. 1. Cichorium.
3. Pappus of scales, with an inner series of
bristles; flowers yellow or orange.
4. Pappus-scales 5, rounded; annual
3. Krigia.
4* Pappus-scales 10-15, linear to oblong;
perennials
4. Troximon.
1. Pappus of capillary or plumose bristles.
5. Bristles plumose.
6. Leaves basal; flowers scapose.
7. Receptacle chaffy; inner achenes longbeaked..................................5. Hypochaeris.
7. Recpetacle naked;inner achenes not beaked..6. Apargia.
6. Leaves cauline.
8. Stem rough-pubescent....................... 7. picris.
8. Stem glabrous......................... .....8. Tragopogon.
5. Bristles smooth or somewhat scabrous, not
plumose.
9. Achenes with spiny processes near the summit..9. Leontodon.
9. Achenes without spiny processes.

10. Achenes flat or somewhat flattened.
11. Achenes narrowed at the summit or beaked;
heads 6-30-flowered.................. .....11.
11. Achenes mostly truncate, not beaked; heads
more than 30-flowered.
......10.
10. Achenes not flattened, columnar and narrowed
at the base, or spindle-shaped.
12.Flowers cream-color or purplish.............. ..15.
12. Flowers yellow to orange-red.
13. Pappus white.
14. Achenes slender-beaked(rarely beakless);
leaves entire
12.
14. Achenes beakless; leaves toothed or
runcinate-pinnatifid..................13.
13.
Pappus tawny
14.

Lactuca.
sonchus.

Habalus.

Agoseris.
Crepis.
Hieraeium.

1. CrCHORIUM (Tourn.) L.
CICHORIUM INTYBUS L. (Ancient Arabic name)
Chicory. Blue Sailors,
Roadsides and waste places throughout the state, naturalized from
Europe. July-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Jackson Co. (ex. Herb. S. H. & D* R. Camp, 1893);
St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Alcona Co. (J. van Buskirk, 1909);
Cheboygan Co. (F. C. Gates, 1911); Manistee Co. (G. W. Hull, 1912); Liv­
ingston Co. (E. W. Howard, 1914); Berrien Co. (E. W. Strong, 1914);
Hillsdale Co. (G. Patch Sr.* 1914); Allegan Co. (G. S. Gillet, 1914);
Osceola Co. (C. W. VanAntwerp, 1915); Genesee Co. (G. Geiger, 1915);
Kent Co. (J. H. Ashley, 1915); Van Buren Co. (Mrs. wm. Lee, 1915); Kala­
mazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1922); Clinton Co. (A. E. Cobb, 1915); Oakland
Co. (C. Billington, 1915); Washtenaw Co. (F. J* Hermann, 1927); Wayne Co.
(M. W* Schnute).
Reported from;- Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge); Grand Traverse Co. (H. T.
Darlington, 1919); Bay to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Schoolcraft Co.
(C. K. Dodge); Ionia Co. (Wheeler & Smith); Emmet CO. (Fallass & Swift);
Gratiot Co. (M. S. C-, 1918); Antrim Co. (M. S. C., 1927); Ottawa Co.
(M. S* C«, 1922); Eaton Co. (M. S. C., 1919); Lenawee Co. (M. S. C.,
1926); Saginaw Co. (M. S. C., 1927); Lapeer Co. (M. S. C«, 1924); Muske­
gon Co. (M. S. C., 1923); Mecosta Co. (M. S. C., 1924); Cass Co. (M. S.
C., 1915); Ingham Co. (M. S. C., 1913); Clare Co. (M. S. C., 1927);
Presque Isle Co. (M. S. C., 1927); Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell).
2. LAPSANA L.
LAPSAHA CQMMLHTIS L. (growing in colonies).
Nipplewort.
Occasional in wqste places. Advent ive from Europe.
June-3 ept ember.
Specimens examined:- Ingham Co. (C. F* wheeler, 1896); Berrien Co. (H.
T. Darlington, 1927); Mackinac Island, (C. K. Dodge, 1913); Oakland Co.
(C. Billington, 1916); Chippewa Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1927).
3. KRIGIA Schreb.
KRIGIA VIRGINICA (L.) Willd.
Adopogon carolinlanum Britton.
Dwarf Dandelion.
Probably not uncommon on the sandy areas of the Lower Peninsula.
Native. April-August.
Specimens examined:- Muskegon CO. (C. D. McLouth, 1895); Antrim Co.
(W. S. Cooper, 1902); Arenac Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1912); Allegan Co. (c.
Billington, 1917); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1922); Grand Traverse Co.
(ex. 6oll. Mary H. Clark, 1910); Berrien Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910);
Kent Co. (Enina J. Cole, 1901).

Reported from:- Iosco Co., Alpena Co. (C. K. podge); Tuscola co. (C.
A. Davis); Beaver Island, (H. T. Darlington, 1923); Clare Co. (Wheeler &
Smith catalog); Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Benzie Co. (M. S. C., 1920);
Walton, Elk Rapids, Bay City (Beal's Catalog).

4. TROXIMOR Gaertn.
TROXIMON VIRGINICUM (L.) Gaertn.
KTigia amplexicaulis Nutt.
Cynthia virginica D. Don.
Cynthia*
In moist woods and meadows throughout the state. Showy in flower.
May-Oct•
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1827); Ionia Co. (C. F.
Wheeler, 1890); Kent Co. (J. Shaddiek & H* 0. Skeels, 1896); St. Clair
Co, (C. K. Dodge, 1897); Marquette Co. (B, Barlow, 1901); Ingham Co. (H.
T. Darlington, 1916); Roscommon Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1919); Baraga Co, (H.
T. Darlington, 1920); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1922); Wayne Co. (C.
Billington, 1914); Eaton Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927); Washtenaw CO. (C. D.
LaRue, 1915); Berrien Co. (G. L. Ames, 1867); Cheboygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Tuscola Co. (C. A. Davis);
Manistee Co., St. Joseph Co. (F. P« Daniels).
5. HYPOCHAERIS (Valll.) L.
HYPOCHAERIS RADICATA L. (having roots, referring to the long tap-roots)
Long-rooted cat'.s-ear.
Waste places. Rare. Adventive from Europe.
Specimens examined:- Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1917. "Open field”);
Kalamazoo Co., in grassland of Kalamazoo Country club (S. E. Wolff, 1924).

6* APARGIA Scop.
APARGIA AUTOMHALE (L.) Hoffm. (autumnal)
Leontodon autumnale L.
Fall Dandelion.
In fields and waste places. Rare. june-Nov.
Specimens examined:- St. Clair Co. (C* K, Dodge, 1897).
Reported from:- Ionia Co. (C. F. Wheeler, in Beal's Catalog); Gratiot
Co. (C. A. Davis, in Beal's Catalog).

7. PICRIS L.
P ICR IS HIERACIOIDES L. (resembling Hieracium, the Hawkweed)
Hawkweed Pieris*
Waste places. Rare. june-Sept.
Specimens examined:- Ingham Co. (C. F* Wheeler, 1896).
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co., Crawford. Co. (W. I*. Me Atee, 1919);
Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell).

8. TRAGOPOGON (Tourn.) L.
Flowers purple; bracts of involucre longer than
the rays; marginal achenes conspicuously tubercled; peduncle thickened at the sumnit....... ...1. T. porrifolius.
Flowers yellow; bracts of the Involucre equaling
or shorter than the rays; marginal achenes
smooth or roughened; peduncle little thickened. • .2. T. pratensis.
1. TRAGOPOGON PORRIFOLIUS L. (having leaves like Allium porrum, the Leek)
Oyster Plant. Salsify.
Generally distributed along roadsides and in waste places through­
out the state. The root is the familiar vegetable known as
oyster^-plant. JPune-Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Keweenaw Co. (0. A.
Farwell, 1886); Washtenaw Co. (U. of M., 1887); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels,
1894); St. Clair CO. (C. K. Dodge, 1906); Ottawa Co. (0. L. Boynton,
1912); Iosco Co. (Wells Parish); Wayne Co. (0. Billington, 1915); Kala­
mazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1922); Houghton Co. (F« J. Hermann, 1926); Kent
Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1901).
Reported from:- Magician Lake district (H. S. Pepoon); Mackinac Island,
Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., near shore of Lake Huron, Schoolcraft Co.,
Tuscola Co. (0. K. Dodge); Eaton Co. (H. L. Clark); Clinton Co. (M» S.
C., 1912); Saginaw Co. (M. S. C*, 1926); Wexford Co. (M. S. C., 1924);
Gratiot Co. (0. A. Farwell).
2. TRAGOPOGON PRATENSIS L. (meadow)
Yellow Goat* s-beard.
Generally distributed along roadsides and in waste places through­
out the state. Naturalized from Europe. june-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Ionia Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1890); Kent Co. (H. C.
Skeels, 1895); Washtenaw Co. (A. W. Cavanaugh, 1896); St* Clair Co. (C.
K. Dodge, 1904); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Lenawee Co. (D.
Woodward, 1912); Allegan Co. (L. E. Parmelee, 1915); Muskegon Co. (E. A.
Bessey, 1916); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1922); Houghton Co. (F. J.
Hermann, 1926) ; Keweenaw Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Mackinac Island, Schoolcraft
Co., Tuscola Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., near shore of Lake Huron (c.
K. Dodge); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass); St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels);
Grand Traverse Co. (M. S* C., 1922); Clare Co. (M. S. C., 1915); Mont­
calm Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1915); Ottawa Co. (21. S. C«, 1914); Isabella Co.
(M. S. C., 1915); Shiawassee Co. (m . S. C.); Oceana Co. (M. S. C», 1923);
Oakland Co. (M. S. C., 1924); Mecosta Co. (M. S. C., 1926); Barry Co.
(M. S. c*, 1927); Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell)*
9* LE0NT0D0N L.

Dandelion

Heads dense in fruit; achenes greenish-brown, the
beak 2-3 times their length; pappus white.......1. L. taraxacum.
Heads looser in fruit; achenes red or reddish, the
beak not more than twice their length; pappus
dull-white.............................
L. laevigatum.

1. LEONTODON TARAXACUM L.
Taraxacum officinale Weber
Taraxacum taraxacum Karst*
Common Dandelion*
Very common as a weed throughout the state. Naturalized from
Europe. April-Sept.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Keweenaw Co. (0. A.
Farwell, 1887); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1895); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906) ; Cheboygan Co. (F. c.
Gates, 1911); Mecosta Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Gogebic Co. (E. A.
Bessey, 1919); Cass Co. (F. C. Gates, 1906); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff,
1922); Washtenaw Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926); Kent Co. (Enina J. Cole,
1901).
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Berrien
Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Mackinac Island (C. K. Dodge, 1912); Dickinson Co.
(G. H. Coons, 1909) ; Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLOuth); 3ay Co. to Mackinac
Co., near shore of Lake Huron, Tuscola Co., Chippewa Co., Charitv
Islands, Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge); Manistee Co. (f. p. Daniels);
Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); Emmet Co. (Fallass & Swift); Charlevoix Co.
(E. A. Bessey).
2. LE0NT0D0N LAEVIGATUM
Willd. (smooth)
Leontodon erythrospermum (Andrz.) Britton
Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz.
Red-seeded Dandelion.
Generally distributed throughout the state but not as common
as the preceding. Usually has two blossoming periods, one in
the spring, the other in late summer.
Specimens examined:- Berrien Co. (H* S. pepoon, 1906); Wayne Co. (j.
M. Sutton, 1916); Gogebic Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1919); Washtenaw Co. (C.
Billington, 1920); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1922); Jackson Co. (S* E.
Wolff, 1927).
Reported from:- Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham); M&Okinac Co., Chippewa
Co., Antrim Co., (E. A. Bessey, 1920); Montcalm Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1915)
Delta Co. (M. S. C*, 1920).
10. SONCHUS (Toum.) L.
Heads bright yellow, about 2 cm. high; involucre
glandular-pubescent (glabrous in one variety);
perennial, with slender creeping rootstocks
1. S. arvensis.
Heads pale yellow, 1.2-1.6 cm. high; involucre
usually glabrous; annuals, with fibrous roots. ,
Lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, mostly obovate,
denticulate with soft spiny teeth, the ter­
minal segment largest; upper leaves with
auricled bases acute or acuminate; achenes
transversely rugose.......
. . . 2 . s* oleraceus.
Lower leaves rarely lyrate-pinnatifid (if pinnatifid, the terminal segnent no larger
than the others), oblanceolate to obovate,
denticulate with hard spiny teeth; upper

leaves with auric1od bases rounded; achenes
not transversely rugose............... .......3, s* asper.
1. SONCHUS ARVENSIS L. (of cultivated ground),
Sonchus arvensis L., var. glabrescens wimm & Graeb.
Perennial or Field Sow-Thistle.
Generally distributed throughout the state. A bad weed in places.
Spreads by seeds and by rootstocks. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of Asia. july-Oct.
Specimens examined:- St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1894); Bay Co. (C. F.
Wheeler, 1898); Hillsdale Co. (C. J. wrlght, 1901); Tuscola Co. (Mrs.
John Bush, 1914); Allegan Co. (C. B. Cook, 1915); Missaukee CO., Roscom­
mon Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919);
Alger Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1916); Oakland co. (C. Billington, 1915); Mecosta
Co. (J. C. Schlegel, 1927); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. walpole, 1921).
Reported from:- Bay Co. to Mackinac, near shore of LakB Huron, School­
craft Co. (C. K. Dodge); Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham); Wayne Co. (0. A.
Farwell); Kent Co* (Wheeler & Smith Catalog); Manistee Co. (F. P.
Daniels); Chippewa Co., Iosco Co., Sanilac Co., Macomb Co., (M. S. C.,
1925); Midland Co., Montcalm Co. (M. S. C#, 1926); Lapeer Co. (M. S. C.,
1924); Isabella Co. (M. S. C», 1921); Genesee Co. (M. S. C., 1927); Liv­
ingston Co. (M. S. C., 1918).
2. SONCHJS OLERACEUS L. (suitable for a pot-herb)
Coumon Sow-Thistle.
Generally distributed. A weed of waste places. Not so difficult
to eradicate as the preceding species. Naturalized from Europe.
May-Nov.
Specimens examined:- Kent Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1895); St. clair Co. (C.
K. Dodge, 1897); Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1885); van Buren Co. (H.
S. Pepoon, 1905); Ingham Co. (M. Craig, 1905); Gogebic Co. (Bessey &
Darlington, 1919); Wayne Co. (J. Iff. Sutton, 1914); Washtenaw Co. (C. D.
LaRuo, 1915); Kalamazoo Co. (8. E* Wolff, 1923); Houghton Co. (F. J.
Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Calhoun
Co. (C. E. Barr); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., near the shore of Lake Huron
(C. K. Dodge); Dickinson Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909); Muskegon Co. (C. D.
McLouth); Schoolcraft Co., Chippewa Co., Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge);
Montcalm Co., Macomb Co. (Wheeler & Smith catalog); St. Joseph Co.,
Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Ionia Co. (M. S. C., 1914); Huron Co. (M.
S. C., 1918); Ottawa Co. (M. S. C., 1924); Charlevoix Co. (E. A. Bessey,
1920); Gratiot Co. (C. A. Davis).
3. SONCHUS ASPER (L.) Hill (rough)
Spiny-leaved Sow-Thistle.
Distribution general. In situations similar to the preceding.
Annual. Naturalized from Europe. May-Nov.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1888); Mecosta Co.
(H. M. Bailey, 1892); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1893); Ingham Co. (H.
C. Skeels, 1894); Kent Co. (J. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1896); Alger Co.
(C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901); VanBuren Co.
(H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Cheboygan Co. (F. C. Gates, 1911); Charlevoix Co.

(E* A* Bessey, 1912); Jackson Co. (0. S* Ludlow, 1914); Roscommon Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1916); Wayne Co* {B* F. Chandler, 1916); Gogebic Co.
(H. T.
Darlington, 1919); Emmet Co. (j. H. Ehlers, 1920); Washtenaw Co.
(B. A.
Walpole, 1920); Mackinac Co. (J. H. Ehler'; 1916).
Reported from:- Dickinson Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909); Muskegon Co. (C. D.
McLouth); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. ("cities & villages” , C. K. Dodge);
Schoolcraft Co., Chippewa Co., Tuscola Co. Charity Islands (c. K. Dodge);
Calhoun Co. (C. c. McDermid); St. Joseph Co. (F* P. Daniels); Osceola Co.
(M. S. C., 1923); Sanilac Co. (M. S. C., 1925); Gratiot Co. (C. A. Davis).

11. LACTUCA (Tourn.) L.

Wild Lettuce.

Pappus tawny; achenes thickish, narrowed above, but
not beaked, several-nerved; flowers pale blue....l.
Pappus white; achenes flattened, tapering to a
short slender firm beak, or to a filiform beak;
flowers yellow or blue.
Achenes oblong, tapering to a short slender firm
beak; flowers blue; involucre 1.5-2 cm. long;
perennial.
...................... 2.
Achenes oblong or oval, with filiform beaks;
flowers mostly yellow, often drying blue; in­
volucre 1.3 cm. long or less; annuals or bi­
ennials.
Leaves with prickly margins and midribs; achenes
several-nerved; heads 6-12-flowered..........3.
Leaves without prickly margins or midribs;heads
12-20-flowered.
Lower leaves pinnatifid, rarely entire, not
sagittate at the base, or only slightly so.
Lower leaves hirsute or hiepid-setose on
the midrib beneath; stem usually hairy
at the base...
4.
All leaves glabrous; stem glabrous and
glaucous.........
....5.
Lower leaves entire or merely toothed, lanceo­
late to oblong, with conspicuous sagittate-clasping b
a
s
e
s
.
.
6.

L. spicata.

L. pulchella.

L. virosa.

L. hirsuta.
L. canadensis.

L. sagittifolia.

1. LACTUCA SPICATA (Lam.) Hitchc. (spiked)
Mulgedlum leucophaeum DC.
Damp thickets, in rich soil. Common. Generally distributed.
Nat ive . jnly-Oct •
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1845); Keweenaw Co. (F. E.
Wood, 1883); Ingham Co. (W. J. Beal, 1887); Kent Co. (j. Shaddick & H.
C. Skeels, 1896); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth, 1898); Arenac Co. (C.
F. Wheeler, 1900); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1904); Van Buren Co.
(H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Bramet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1894); Charlevoix Co.
(B. A. Bessey, 1912); Marquette Co. (A. Dachnowski, 1906); Washtenaw
Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Che­
boygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1923); Berrien Co. (C. Billington, 1920);
Mackinac Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1917); Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge. 1914);

Houghton Co. (F. j. Hermann, 1926) 5 Kalamazoo Co. ( s . E. Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Dickinson Co. (G. H. Coons,
1909); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., Schoolcraft Co., Tuscola Co., Charity
Islands, Mackinac Islands (C. K. Dodge); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell);
Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Oceana co. (M* S. C., 1922).
2. LACTUCA PULCHELLA (Pursh) DC. (beautiful)
Lactuca integrifolia Nutt.
Large-flowered Blue Lettuce.
Apparently Introduced into the Lower Peninsula. Probably na­
tive to a part of the Upper Peninsula. Rare, june-sept.
Specimens examined:- St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1913. "Apparently
introduced")*
Reported from;- Cheboygan Co. (H. Gleason, 1911); isle Royale ("clear­
ings, bare burned ridges",(W. S. Cooper); Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell,
"frequent"); "Upper Michigan" (Prof. T. Porter); wayne Co. (0. A.
Farwell) •
3. LACTUCA VLROSA L. (fetid)
Lactuca scariola L.
Lactuca scariola L., var. integrate Gren. & Godr.
Common in Michigan* Widely distributed across the northern part
of the continent. The species and its variety may be found
growing together. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Sept.
Specimens examined:- Kent Co. (j. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1895); Cal­
houn Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1904); Ingham
Co. (M. Craig, 1905); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Cheboygan Co. (F.
C. Gates, 1911); Wayne Co. (O. A. Farwell); Berrien Co. (H. T. Darling­
ton, 1917); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Huron Co. (C. K. Dodge,
1909); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Muskegon Co. (c. D. Mc­
Louth); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., near Lake Huron shore, Schoolcraft Co.,
Chippewa Co., Tuscola Co., Charity Islands (C. K* Dodge); Manistee Co.,
St. Joseph Co. F. P. Daniels); Emmet Co. (Fallass & Swift); Lenawee Co.
(F. L. Stearns); Charlevoix Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1920); Montcalm Co. (E.
A. Bessey, 1915); Sanilac Co. (M. S. C.).
4. LACTUCA HIRSUTA MUhl. (hairy)
Lactuca sanguinea Bigel.
Hairy Wood-Lettuce.
Dry open woods or banks. Rare. Size of heads intermediate be­
tween L. virosa and L* puchella. July-Sept.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1845); Emmet Co. (C. F.
Wheeler, 1890); St* Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1892); Muskegon Co. (w. J.
Beal, 1898); Kent Co. (H. M. Bailey, 1892); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon,
1905); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1917); Ontonagon Co. (B. A. Bessey,
1923); Muskegon Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from:- Tuscola Co. (C. A. Davis); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell,
"frequent"); Gratiot Co., Washtenaw Co. (G. A. Davis); Ionia Co. (wheeler
& Smith Catalog)•

5. LACTUCA CANADENSIS L.
Wild Lettuce.
Common. In moist or dry, open places. Native. June-Nov.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1845); Keweenaw Co. (0. A.
Farwell, 1888); Benzie Co. (c* F. Wheeler, 1888); ingham co. (H. C.
Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Calhoun Co. (w. J.
Beal, 1898); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth, 1898); Cheboygan Co. (F. C.
Gates, 1911); Charlevoix Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1912); Berrien Co (L. H.
Pennington, 1910); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910); Delta Co. (A.
Dachnowski, 1906); Kent Co. (H. M. Bailey, 1893); Gogebic Co. (H. T.
Darlington, 1918); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Alpena Co.,
Oscoda Co. (E. A* Bessey, 1918); Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1918); Kala­
mazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Chippewa Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1927); Jack­
son Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from;- Mackinac Co., Schoolcraft Co., Tuscola Co., Charity
Islands, Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Manistee Co., St* Joseph
Co. (F. P. Daniels); Grand Traverse Co. (W. L. McAtee, 1919); Dickinson
Co. (G. E. Coons, 1909; Isle Royale (W. S* Cooper); Emmet Co. (Fallass &
Swift); Oakland Co. (M. S. C., 1922).
6. LACTUCA SAGITTIFOLIA Ell. (arrow-leaved)
Lactuca integrifolia Bigel.
Arrow-leaved Lettuce.
In dry, open soil* Rare. Biennial. This does not seem to be
distinctly separated from forms of L. canadensis. July-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Emmet Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1890); Emmet Co. (C* W.
Fallass, 1894); Cheboygan CO. (F. C. Gates, 1911); Cheboygan Co. (C. W.
Fallass, 1924) •
Reported from:- Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell); St. Joseph Co. (F. P.
Daniels, "rare").
12. AGOSERIS Raf.
AGOSERIS GLAUCA (Pursh) D. Dietr. (bluish-gray, referring to the bloom)
Troximon glaueum Pursh.
Large-flowered Ago seri s.
Only one specimen examined. It should be looked for on the ’Sand’
Plains' of the state. A plant of the western prairies. Perenn­
ial. May-July.
Specimens examined:- Oscoda Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1918).

13. CREPIS L.
Plant 60-100 cm. high, bristly-hairy, at least be­
low; heads 2.5-3.5 cm. broad; achenes 13—stri­
ate, glabrous......................
Plant 30-80 cm. high, smooth or puberulent; heads
1-2 cm. broad; achenes 10-striate, scabrous or
smooth.
Upper leaves linear, revolute-margined; achenes

......I.C.biennis.

4 mm* long, narrowed above into a fira short
beak, the ribs scabrous*.«••••
•••*••2. C. tectorum.
Upper leaves shorter, lanceolate, not revolutemargined; achenes 2*5 mm* long, slightly
narrowed at both ends, the ribs smooth*
3* C. capillar is.
1. CREPIS BIENNIS L. (biennial)
Hough Bawksbeard.
Rare* Adventive in clover seed from Europe. Seldom persisting.
June-Aug.
Specimens examined:- Ingham co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900).
Reported from;- Emmet Co. (C. w. Fallass, "clover field")
2. CREPIS TECTORUM L. (of dwellings)
Narrow- leaved Hawksbeard.
Rare. In waste places. Adventive from Europe, june-july.
Specimens examined;- Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); port Huron, St.
Clair Co* (C. K. Dodge, 1888).
3. CREPIS CAPILLARIS (L.) Wallr. (hair-like)
Smooth Hawksbeard.
Rare* In waste places and around dwellings* Adventive from
Europe. July-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Antrim Co. (C. K. Dodge, Sep. 1915. "A weed in
gardens, yards and fields, near Kewadin").
(CREPIS RUNGINATA (James) T. & G. (saw-toothed).
son Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909). No other record.
Great Plains Region* June-July.

14. HIERACIUM (Tourn.) L.

Reported from Dickin­
Adventive from the

Hawkweed.

Leaves all basal, or 1-2 also on the stem near its
base.
Plants with elongated stolons; root-stocks slender,
creeping.
Leaves tomentose beneath; flowers yellow....... ...I.
Leaves hairy beneath; flowers orange-red..... .....2.
Plants without elongated stolons; root-stocks
short, stout, not creeping.
Leaves elliptic-oblong, oblong-spatulate, or ob­
ovate, usually purple-veined or mottled;
stem glabrous, not glaucous................... 3,
Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, not purple-veined;
stem glaucous.
4.
Leaves mostly cauline, scattered, the upper often
reduced.
Heads small or of medium size, 1-2.3 cm. in diam­
eter.
inflorescence elongated, subcylindrie, not leafybracted.

H. pilosella.
H. aurantiacum

H. venosum.
H* florentinum

Lower part of stem and leaves covered with
brown, bristly hairs 8-20 mm. long...........5.
Lower part of stem and leaves villous or hir­
sute with short hairs less than 6 mm. long. ..6.
Inflorescence a corymbiform panicle, or if subcylindric, then leafy-braeted.
Leaves thin, lanceolate,acute,glabrous........... 7.
Leaves thickish, elliptical, oblanceolate or
obovate, mostly obtuse, not glabrous.
Stem stout, rough-hairy; leaves hairy on
both surfaces.... ............
8.
Stem more slender, setose, at least below,
not rough-hairy; leaves glabrous above,
hairy at least ontheveins beneath......... 9.
Heads large, 2.5-4.5 cm. in diameter.
Stem with 1-5 leaves, these narrowed to the base. .10.
Stem very leafy to the inflorescence; at least
the upper leaves rounded or subcordate at
the base*. ••••••
.11.

H. longipilum.
H. gronovii.

H* paniculatum,

H. scabrum.

H. marianum.
H. vulgatum.
H. canadense.

1. HIERACIUM PILOSELLA L. (somewhat hairy)
Mouse-ear Hawkweed.
Lawns and fields. Hare. Apparently has not become established
in any locality. Introduced from Europe. May-sep.
Specimens examined;- Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1922. "Lawn at Cranbrook”); Benzie Co. (G-. A. Clark, 1861).
2. HIERACIUM AURANTIACUM L. (orange-colored)
Orange Hawkweed.
Well established throughout. Spreading by stolons and by seeds.
Difficult to eradicate. Naturalized from Europe. june-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Alpena Co. (0. F. wheeler, 1895); Genesee Co.
(E. N^ Farrar, 1915); Midland Co. (B. D. Lindsey, 1915); Oakland Co. (B<
F. Chandler, 1915); Eumet Co. (C. H. Swift, 1914); Alpena to Mackinac
City (C. K. Dodge, 1912); Chippewa Co. (Mrs. B. Fisk, 1916); Montcalm
Co. (A. J. Holcomb, 1917); Cheboygan Co. (1917); Gogebic Co. (H. T.
Darlington, 1919); Clare Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1925); Houghton Co. (F. J *
Hermann, 1926); Tuscola Co. (N. Reed, 1927).
Reported from;- Mackinac Island (c. J. Dodge, 1912); Muskegon Co. (C.
D. McLouth); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell); Keweenaw Co. (f . j. Hermann,
1926); Calhoun Co. (C. C. McDermid); Ogemaw Co. (M. S. C.); Gratiot Co.
(M. S. C.); Manistee Co. (M. S. C*, 1912); Lapeer Co., Bay Co., Charle­
voix Cp. (M. S. 0., 1918); Benzie Co. (M. S. C., 1916); Lenawee Co.,
Kent Co. (M. S. C., 1924); Saginaw Co., Newaygo Co. (M- S. C., 1926);
Ionia Co. (M. S. C., 1927).
3. HIERACIUM VENOSUM L. (veiny)
Rattlesnake-weed. Poor Robin* s Plantain.
Generally distributed, m dry woods and thickets. May-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Kent Co. (H. M.
Bailey, 1892); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); Lake Co. (W. J. Beal,
1890); Alpena Co. (C. F. wheeler, 1895); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge,

1896); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis, 1896); Leelenaw Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1898);
Muskegon Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); Montcalm Co. (B. Barlow, 1900); Cheboygan
Co. (F. C. Gates, 1911); Alpena Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1918); Washtenaw Co.
(C. D. LaRue, 1915); Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1914); Oakland Co. (C.
Billington, 1914); Roscommon Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Emmet Co. (C.
W. Fallass, 1920); Grand Traverse Co. (C. 'V. Fallass, 1924); Jackson Co.,
Eaton Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927); Clare Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1925).
Reported from:- van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr);
Grand Traverse Co., Crawford Co. (W. L. McAtee, 1919); charity islands,
Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Manistee Co., St. Joseph Co. (F.
P. Daniels); Tuscola Co. (C. A. Davis).
4. HIERACIUM FLORENTINUM All.
King-devil.
Established and becoming common in Houghton and Keweenaw counties.
A troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. june-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Houghton Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1923); Houghton Co.
(F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Keweenaw Co. (f . J. Hermann, 1926).
5. HIERACIUM LONGIPILUM Torr. (long-haired)
Lon&*bearded Hawkweed.
Local in the Lower Peninsula, in dry soil. July-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1827); Jackson Co. (ex.
herb. S. H. & D. R. Camp, 1894); Allegan Co. (A. J. Pieters, 1894); Big
Charity Island, Huron Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1910); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauff­
man, 1910); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole,
1901).
Reported from:- Tuscola Co. (C. A. Davis); Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham);
St. Clair Co. (W. S. Cooper); Southwestern Mich, (wright’s Catalog).
6. HIERACIUM GRONOVII L.
Hairy Hawkweed.
Distribution similar to the preceding, m dry soil. July-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Calhoun Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); Cass Co., Van Buren
Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1904); Berrien Co. (G. L* Ames, 1867); Charity Islands,
Huron Co. (0. K. Dodge, 1908); Ingham Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1922); Washte­
naw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1921); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E* Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Mackinac Island (c. K. Dodge,
1912); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); Southwestern Michigan (Wright’s
Catalog); Ionia Co., Flint, Macomb Co., Alma (Beal’s Catalog).
7. HIERACIUM PANICULATUM L. (having an open, branched f lower-cluster)
Panicled Hawkweed.
In dry woods. Rare. Probably in the Lower peninsula only.
July-sep.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Washtenaw Co. (M.
W. Harrington, 1862); Eaton Co. (C. F. wheeler, 1895); Allegan Co. (C.
F. Wheeler, 1896); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Oakland Co. (C. Billing­
ton, 1916).
Reported from:- Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham); southern Michigan (wright’s
Catalog); Macomb Co., Ingham Co. (Beal’s Catalog); Bay Co. (M. S. C., 1920);
Cheboygan Co. (H. A. Gleason).

8. HIERACIUM SCABRUM Michx. (rough)
Rough Hawkweed.
In dry woods and clearings throughout the state, common, july-sep.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1844); Keweenaw Co. (0. A.
Farwell, 1888); Gratiot Co. ( c . A. Davis, 1889); Emmet Co. (C. F. Wheeler,
1892); Jackson Co. (Ex. herb. S. H. & D. R. Camp, 1893); Arenac Co. (C.
F. Wheeler, 1900); Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901); St. Clair Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1902); Huron Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1908); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1904);
Ottawa Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910);
Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1914); Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1914); Baraga
Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1916); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Gogebic Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1919); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Crawford Co., Grand Traverse Co. (w. L* McAtee); School­
craft Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Manistee Co., St. Joseph
Co. (F. P. Daniels); Isle Royale (W. S* Cooper).
9. HIERACIUM MARIANUM Willd. (from or of Maryland)
Maryland Hawkweed.
Specimens of this collected by F. C. Gates in Berrien Co. are
better placed under H. gronovii. Other specimens labeled H* mar-ianum are nearer H. scabrum. I have seen no good specimens of H.
marianum. It may be looked for in the southern part of the
Lower Peninsula. May-July.
10.HIERACIUM VULGATUM Fries- (well known)
Hawkweed.
Specimens from Oakland Co. only. Probably a recent introduction,
since Beal’s Flora does not mention it. july-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Oakland Co. (B. F. Chandler, 1916); Oakland Co.
(B. A. Walpole).
11. HIERACIUM GANADENSE Michx.
Canada Hawkweed.
In dry woods and thickets throughout the state. Common. July-sep.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Isle Royale (A. E.
Foote, 1868); Keweenaw Co. (F. E. Wood, 1883); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels,
1894); Kent Co. (J. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1896); Enmet co. (C. W.
Fallass, 1896); Calhoun Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); Jackson Co. (Mary J.
Fallass, 1894); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1899); Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Delta Co. (A. Dachnowski,
1906); Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1913); Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1914) ;
Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1915); Houghton Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1916);
Roscommon Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Oakland Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918);
Clinton Co., Alpena Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1918); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Dar­
lington, 1919); Cheboygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1920); Manistee Co. (E. A.
Bessey, 1921); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E* Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); charity island, Tuscola
Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis); St.
Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Montcalm Co. (M. S. C. )♦

12. HIERACIUM PRATENSE Tans ch. has been found in Cheboygan Co. by F. C.
Cat68, 1911* It should be looked for in other places.

15 NABALUS Cass.
Heads in a long narrow thyrsus, nearly erect; tegules
hirsute; flowers purplish.. .......
l
Heads in axillary or terminal panicles or both,
drooping; tegules glabrous; flowers greenishwhite or nearly white.
Heads 5-6—flowered; principal bracts of involucre
.2
about 5...........
Heads 7— 15-flowered; principal bracts of involucre
about 8.....•••••••«........
3

H. racemosus.

N. altissimus.
IT. albus.

1. NABALUS RACEMOSUS (Michx.) DC. (having racemes)
Prenanthes racemosa Michx.
Glaucous White-Lettuce.
Frequent. Low prairies, moist open places. Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); isle Royale (F. E.
Wood, 1886); Ingham Co. (W.J* Beal, 1885); Kent Co. (H. M. Bailey, 1892);
St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1894); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1914);
Emmet Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1916); Berrien Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1917);
Chippewa Co. (j. H. & Lois Ehlers, 1920); Mackinac Co. (j. H. Ehlers, 1920)
Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1924).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Cheboygan Co., Schoolcraft
Co., Charity Island (C. K. Dodge); St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Isle
Royale (W. S. Cooper); Bay Co., Jackson Co., Huron Co., Washtenaw Co.
(C. A. Davis); Southwestern Michigan (Wright’s Catalog). Flint (Beal’s
8atalog); Lenawee Co. (G. F. Comstock) .
2. EABALUS ALTISSIMUS (L.) Hook. (very tall)
Prenanthes altissima L.
Tall White Lettuce.
Frequent in the lower half of the Lower Peninsula. Reported
from two counties of the Upper Peninsula. Moist woods and
thickets. July-0ct.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Gratiot Co. (C. A.
Davis, 1890); Jackson Co.
(ex. Herb. S. H. & D. R.Camp, 1893); Ingham
Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894);
St. Clair Co. (C. K.Dodge,1899); Cass Co.
(H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1914); Washtenaw Co. (C.
D* LaRue, 1915); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1917); Kent Co. (Emma J.
Cole, 1901); Berrien Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Tuscola Co., Mackinac Island
(C. K. Dodge); Schoolcraft Co. (W. T. S. Cornell); Muskegon Co. (V. 0.
Graham); St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels).
3. NABALUS ALBUS (L.) Hook. (white)
Prenanthes alba L.
Rattlesnake-root. White Lettuce.
Common. In woods, throughout the state.

Aug.-Sep.

Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1886) ; Ingham Co.
(W. J. Beal, 1887); Gratiot Co. (C. A. Davis, 1893); Kent Co. (J. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1896); St. Clair Co. (C. K • Dodge, 1899); Alger Co
(C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Montcalm Co. (B. Barlow, 1900); Cass Co. (H. S.
Pepoon, 1906); Roscommon Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Berrien Co. (H.
T. Darlington, 1917); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1916); Gogebic Co. (E
A. Bessey, 1923); Livingston Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1923); Charlevoix Co.
(H. L. Wolff, 1922); Kalamazoo Co. {S. E. Wolff, 1923); Washtenaw Co.
(B. A. Walpole); Houghton Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co.,
Schoolcraft Co., Tuscola Co., Charity Islands (C. K. Dodge); Dickinson
Co. (G. H. Coons); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); St. Joseph Co., Mani­
stee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell); Isle Royale (W. S.
Cooper); Sanilac Co. (M. S. C., 1927).

AMBROSIACEAE

(Ragweed Family)

Staminate and pistillate flowers in different heads...
Tegules of staminate heads united into a cup; in­
volucre of pistillate heads with 1-8 tuber­
cles near the summit and containing one achene..2. Ambrosia.
Tegules of staminate heads distinct; involucre of
pistillate heads covered with many hooked
spines and containing two achenes
3. Xanthium.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads;
tegules few and rounded
1. iva.

1. IVA L.
Heads subtended by linear or oblong leaf-like bracts;
fertile flowers with evident corolla
1. I. ciliata.
Heads scarcely bracteate; fertile flowers with a
mere rudiment or no corolla
2. I. xanthiifolia
1. IVA CILIATA Willd. (fringed with hairs)
Rough Marsh Elder.
Rare. Adventive from farther west and south. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Wayne Co. (B* F. Chandler, 1916); Wayne Co., near
Mulkey Salt works (C. Billington, 1916).
2. IVA XANTHIIFOLIA Nutt, (having leaves like Xanthium, the Clotbur)
Marsh Elder.
Infrequent. In moist soil, or in wast places, introduced from
the West. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A*Farwell,
1888); St. Clair Co.
(0. K. Dodge, 1908); Ingham Co. (G. H. Hicks,1893); Emmet Co. (j. H.
Ehlers, 1920).
Reported from;- Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge); Muskegon Co. (V. 0.
Graham); Tuscola Co., Kent Co. (M. S. C«, 1924); Mason Co. (M. S. C.,
1927); Cass Co. (M. S. C*, 1921); Wayne Co. (Farwell & Gladewitz); Wash­
tenaw Co. (M.
C., 1927).
2. AMBROSIA (Tourn.) L.

Ragweed.

Leaves opposite, palmately 3-5-lobed or undivided;
receptacle naked.
1* A. trifida.
Upper leaves alternate, the lower opposite, pinnatifid to bipinnatifid; receptacle chaffy.
Leaves thin, bipinnatifid, smoothish above, paler
or hoary beneath; fruit glabrate, armed with
4-6 spines or tubercles near summit; annual..... 2. A. elatior.
Leaves thickish, pinnatifid, hoary on both sides,
not paler beneath; fruit pubescent, unarmed,
or with 4 short tubercles near summit; per­
ennial, with slender rootstocks................ .3* A. psilostachya

1. AMBROSIA TRIFIDA L. (three-cleft)
Giant or Great Ragweed.
Common in some localities in the southern part of the state. Less
frequent farther north. River bottoms and moist hanks. A coarse
and unsightly weed* The var. integrifolia (Muhl.) T. & G.
(having entire leaves) is occasional with the typical form.
Specimens examined;- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1887); St. Clair Co.
(C. K. Dodge, 1893); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); Kent Co. (j. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1896); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Lenawee Co.
(C. Billington, 1914); Washtenaw Co. (C. D. LaRue, 1915); Berrien Co. (C.
Billington, 1920); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Enmet Co. (J* H.
Shiers, 1923); Ottawa Co. (S. E*Wolff, 1927).
Reported from;-, Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge); Muskegon Co. (v . 0. Graham);
Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Baraga Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1920);
Mackinac Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1920); Manistee Co. (P. P. Daniels); Sanilac
Co. (M. S. C«, 1921); Charlevoix Co. (M* S. C*, 1924).
2. AMBROSIA ELATIOR L. (taller)
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L.
Common Ragweed.
Abundant. Throughout the state. One of our commonest weeds. In
dry soil. Jul.-Oct.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1844); Keweenaw Co. (0. A.
Farwell, 1886); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge,
1898); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Cheboygan Co. (F. C. Gates, 1911)
Barry Co. (H. W* Payne, 1914); Wayne Co., Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1914);
Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919);
Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1901); Grand Traverse Co. (H. T.
Darlington, 1919); Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Tuscola Co., Chippewa Co.,
Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge); Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham); Manistee Co.,
St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Emmet Co. (Fallass & Swift); Mackinac Co.,
Antrim Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1920); Charlevoix Co. (M. S. C., 1922); Midland
Co. (M. S. C., 1926).
3. AMBROSIA PSILOSTACHTA DC. (bare-spiked)
Western Ragweed.
Frequent in the Upper Peninsula. Gradually spreading into the Lower
Peninsula. From the western states. Similar to the Common Ragweed.
Perennial. Jul.-Oct.
Specimens examined;- Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels, 1900); St. Clair Co.
(C. K. Dodge, 1903); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Hewaygo Co. (H. T.
Darlington, 1916); Osceola Co. (Miss Bessie Hale, 1916); Mackinac Co. (C.
K. Dodge, 1913); Roscommon Co., Gogebic Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1919); Emmet Co.
(J. H. Ehlers, 1921); Cheboygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers); Houghton Co. (F. J.
Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Schoolcraft
Co., Mackinac Island (C. K. Dodge); Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell); Baraga
Co. (H. T. Darlington); Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); Kalkaska Co. (M. S. C.,
1921); Charlevoix Co. (E. A* Bessey, 1922).

3. XANTHIUM L.

Cocklebur.

Axillary spines 3-pronged, yellow; leaves mostly lan­
ceolate, tapering at both ends
.............. 1.
Axillary spines absent; leaves broadly ovate.
Bur glabrous or resinous-glandular and sometimes
puberulent, ovoid or fusiform; prickles glab­
rous or sparingly glandular-pubescent at the
base; beaks nearly straight
2.
Bur usually pubescent, cylindrical to ovate-oblong;
prickles sparingly pubescent to densely hispid;
beaks incurved and hooked.
Body of bur usually cylindrical, resinous-glandu­
lar and puberulent; prickles hispid near the
base..
....3.
Body of bur oblong or broader, pubescent; prickles
numerous, densely hispid to or above the
.4.
middle. ••••• ....

X spinosum.

X. chinense

X. pennsylvanicum.
x. itall cum.

1. XANTHIUM SPINO SUM L. (spiny)
Spiny or Thorny Clotbur.
Rare. In waste places. Introduced from Europe or Asia. Aug.-Nov.
Specimens examined;- Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1893); Emmet Co. ("shore
of little Traverse Bay", C. W. Fallass, 1896).
2. XANTHIUM CHINENSE Mill.
Xanthium americanum Walt. Britton & Brown 111. Fl., ed. 2. ? X*
Americanum Walt. 1788.
Xanthium glabratum Britton
American Clotbur or Cocklebur.
Rare. In moist soil. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined?- St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1892); Wayne Co. (c.
Billington, 1914); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1918).
Reported from:- Berrien Co. (H* S. Pepoon).
3. XANTHIUM PENNSYLVANICUM Wallr.
Pennsylvania Clotbur.
Frequent* Moist soil. Aug.-Oet.
Specimens examined;- Ingham Co* (H. T. Darlington, 1918); Kent Co.
(Emma J. Cole, 1893); Wayne Co. (0. A# Farwell, 1918); Kalamazoo Co. (S.
E. Wolff, 1924); Sanilac Co. (T. B. Poole, 1927); Gratiot Co. (C. A.
Davis, 1895)♦
Reported from;- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Tuscola Co., Schoolcraft Co.
(C. K. Dodge); Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham); Manistee Co., St. Joseph Co.
(F. P. Daniels); St. Clair Co. (Millspaugh & Sherff).
4. XANTHIUM ITALI CUM Moretti
Xanthium commune Britton.
Frequent. Moist grounds. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1892); Manistee Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1918); Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1918); Kalamazoo
Co., Van Buren Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1924); Berrien Co. (C. Billington, 1920);
Washtenaw Co. (C. D. LaRue, 1915).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C* E. Barr).

CARDUACEAE (Thistle Family)
• Heads discoid; corollas tubular*
2* Pappus none or composed of bristles.
3* Pappus composed of bristles.
4. Pappus double(rarely none), the inner of long,
the outer of short bristles(or scales),
orf the inner of short and the outer of
long bristles.
5. Receptacle bristly.
6. Heads subtended by upright spiny leaves;
inner tegules tipped with long pinnate'
ly branched spines.......................53. Cnicus.
6. Heads not subtended by upright spiny
leaves; inner tegules not tipped with
long pinnately branchedspines............ 52. Centaurea.
5. Receptacle naked(not bristly).....
.1. Vernonia.
4. Pappus simple, the bristles of nearly equal
length.
7. Pappus-bristles plumose.
8. Receptacle bristly-hairy*.................. 48. Cirsium.
8. Receptacle nAked(not bristly-hairy).
9. Corollas rose-color or purple; heads race­
mose or spicate....... ................ 5. Lacinaria.
9. Corollas cream-color; heads corymbose or
panicled
4. Kuhnia.
7. Pappus-bristles smooth or roughened, not
plumo se•
10.
Stem twining...
....3. Mikania.
10. Stem not twining.
11. Receptacle naked(not bristly or chaffy).
12. Principal tegules in one rank.
13. Principal tegules 5; receptacle bear­
ing a central projectionor nipple.44. Mesadenia.
13. Principal tegules more than10.
14. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo­
late; marginal flowers pistil­
late; receptacle concave;
annual.
43. Erechtites.
14. Leaves triangular-lanceolate or
hastate; all the flowers per­
fect; receptacle flat; per­
ennial.......................... 45. Synosma.
12. Principal tegules in 2 or more ranks.
15. Heads 1-flowered, aggregated in dense
globular terminal clusters;
thistle-like herb........ ....... 54. Echinops.
15. Heads 3-many-flowered; plant not
thistle-like in appearance.
16. Tegules scarious or conspicuously
scarious-tipped; plant woolly.

17. Pistillate and perfect flowers in the same
head..........................
19. Gnaphalium.
17. Staminate and pistillate flowers on differ­
ent plants.
18. Plants stoloniferous and forming patches;
pappus-bristles of the staminate flow­
ers thickened above; those of the pis­
tillate flowers united in a ring at
the base and falling off together
17. Antennaria.
18. Plant not stoloniferous; pappus-bristles
distinct, not thickened above.......... 18. Anaphalis.
16. Tegules herbaceous, not scarious; plant not
woolly.
19. Leaves whorled or opposite; flowers perfect....2. Eupatorium*
19. Leaves all alternate; outer flowers of the
head pistillate, their corollas filiform.
20. Leaves linear; achenes 2-3-nerved........... 12. Brachyactis.
20. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate; achenes
4-5-nerved
16. Pluchea.
11. Receptacle bearing chaff or bristles.
21. Receptacle deeply honeycombed; the margins of
the cups chaffy.
51. Onopordon.
21. Receptacle not honeycombed.
22. Leaves prickly.
23. Tegules or some of them armed with huge
spreading or recurved spines; leaves
not decurrent
50. Mariana.
23. Tegules very prickly but not armed with
iarge spreading or recurved spines;
leaves de current
.49. Carduus.
22. Leaves not priekly(in ours), entire, serrate
or pinnate.
24. Leaves very large, ovate, entire,floccosewoolly beneath; tegules armed with
long hooked prickles; achenes transversely wrinkled
.......47. Arctium.
24. Leaves smaller, linear to oblong-lanceo­
late, entire, serrate or pinnate, not
floccose-woolly; tegules armed with
straight spines or pectinate; achenes
not transversely wrinkled...............52. Centaurea.
3. Pappus none.
25. Tegules imbricated in 2 or more ranks, scarious;
achenes not glandular, not exceeding the up­
Artemisia.
right Involucre..... ............ .40.
25. Tegules few, nearly in one rank, not scarious;
achenes club-shaped, glandular above and
much exceeding the reflexed involucre......... 20. Adenocaulon.
2. Pappus a short crown or of 2-4 barbed awns.
26. Receptacle
naked; pappus a short crown......... 39. Tanacetum.
26. Receptaclechaffy; pappus of 2-4 persistent barbed
awns............................................ 31. Bidens.

1. Heads radiate, i.e. the marginal flowers or some of
them with strap-shaped corollas.
27. Pappus none or of capillary bristles.
28. Pappus of capillary bristles.
29. Bristles in two ranks, the outer much shorter
than the inner.
30. Tegules imbricated in 3-5 ranks; diskDoellingeria.
flowers white to greenish....... .....15.
30. Tegules in 1-2 ranks; disk-flowers yellow.....13. Erigeron.
29. Bristles equal or nearly so, not in two dis­
tinct ranks.
31. Rays yellow(white in Solidago bicolor).
32. Principal tegules in one rank.
33. Heads solitary at the ends of very scaly
scapes......... ... ................. 41. Tussilago.
33. Heads more than one (in ours), corymbose;
stem leafy......... .............. ..46. Senecio.
32. Principal tegules imbricated in three or
more ranks;
34. Receptacle hairy; rays usually more
numerous than the disk-flowers.........8. Euthamia.
34. Receptacle naked, at least not hairy.
35. Leaves tomentose beneath; involucre 2
cm. or more high.................... 21. Inula.
35. Leaves glabrous or pubescent, not to­
mentose; involucre not exceeding
1.2 cm. in height.................. ..7. Solidago.
31. Rays not yellow.
36. Principal tegules in one or two ranks.
37. Basal leaves large(5 cm. or more wide),
cordate, woolly; plant with a very
scaly scape.
42. Petasites.
37. Basal leaves small, less than 4 cm.
wide, not cordate or woolly; plant
leafy-stemmed.....
..13. Erigeron.
36. Principal tegules in three(two in a few
species of Aster) or more ranks.
38.
Rays inconspicuous, in several rows....... 14.Leptilon.
38.
Rays usually showy, in onerow............ 11. Aster.
28. Pappus none.
39. Receptacle naked.
40. Tegules imbricated in two ranks, nearly
equal, not scarious; achenes flattened
9. Beilis.
40. Tegules imbricated in usually three or more
ranks, scarious; achenes angled or terete.
41. Leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected; achenes
3-5-ribbed; receptacle usually conic
in fruit.....
......38. Matricaria.
41. Leaves(in ours) serrate, lobed or pinnately parted; achenes 5-10-ribbed(often
3-angled in those of the rays);
receptacle flat or convex
37. Chrysanthemum.

39. Receptacle chaffy.
42. Tegules scarious or scarious-margined.
43. Receptacle flat or convex; rays broadfin ours),
orbicular or nearly so; achenes somewhat
flattened and margined.................... .35.
43. Receptacle conic; rays oblong-lanceolate or
narrower; achenes terete and ribbed or
striate..................................... 36.
42. Tegules not scarious-margined.
44. Achenes flat or flattened, winged.
45. Rays pistillate, fertile, imbricated in 2-3
rows; disk-flowers with entire styles,
sterile................................... 23.
46. Leaves alternate; tegules in 2-4 ranks, the
inner not distinctly different from the
25.
outer.....................
46. Leaves opposite; tegules in two distinct
ranks, these different in size and
color...........
30.
44. Achenes not flattened or winged.
47. Leaves alternate; rays neutral; receptacle
columnar to subulate......................26.
47. Leaves opposite; rays pistillate; receptacle
flat, convex or conic.
48. Plant scabrous or smooth; rays persistent;
tegules oblong, rigid, striate at the
base; receptacle convex or conic.........24.
48. Plant viscid-pubescent(at least above);
rays deciduous; outer tegules ovate,
leaf-like, not striate.........
22.
7. Pappus of awns, chaffy scales, teeth, or a crown.
49. Pappus a crown or 2-8 awns, or 2-4 short teeth.
50. Receptacle naked or pitted.
51. Tegules scarious or scarious-margined, upright,
not glutinous.
52. Achenes flattened, winged; pappus of 2-4 slen­
der awns intermixed with short scaly
bristles; leaves entire................. ..10.
52. Achenes not flattened or winged; pappus a
short crown or none; leaves not entire.
53. Leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected; achenes
3-5 ribbed; receptacle usually conic in
fruit........................
53. Leaves(in ours) serrate, lobed or pinnately
parted; achenes 5-10-ribbed(often 3angled in those of the rays); receptacle
flat orconvex.
...................... 37.
51. Tegules glutinous, squarrose, not scariousmargined..................................... 5.
50. Receptacle chaffy or bristly.
54. Tegules distinctly scarious-margined; pappus
none or a minutecrown. .............
54. Tegules herbaceous, not scarious-margined.

Achillea.

Anthemis.

Silphium.

Rudbeckia.

Coreopsis.
Ratibida.

Heliopsis.

Polymnia.

Boltonia.

Matricaria.
38.

Chry sant hemum.
Orindelia.

Anthemis.
36.

55. Pappus of 2-12 awns.
56. Chaff of receptacle consisting of bristles;
plant mostly scapose; rays reddish or
purple
34. Gaillardia.
56. Chaff of receptacle broader, not bristly; plant
branched above; rays yellow.
57. Leaves opposite; stem not winged; achenes not
winged; awns 2-6, persistent, barbed....... 31. Bidens.
57. Leaves alternate; stem winged; achenes winged;
awns two, deciduous, smooth
......... 29. Rldan.
55. Pappus a crown(often toothed) or 2-4 teeth, or
none.
58. Leaves opposite.
59. Rays pistillate, persistent; tegules rigid,
striate at base, not in two distinct
ranks; achenes 3-4-angled
.24. Heliopsis.
59. Rays neutral, not persistent; tegules in two
distinct ranks, not rigid or striate;
achenes flat, winged(in ours).............. 30. Coreopsis.
58. Leaves alternate.
60. Rays purple, crimson or pink(in ours); pappus
a toothed crown............................ 27. Echinacea.
60. Rays yellow(often brownish or purplish near
the base).
61. Receptacle columnar to subulate; achenes
somewhat flattened, margined; tegules
small, not leaf-like.....................26. Ratibida.
61. Receptacle conic or columnar; achenes
3-4-angled, not margined; tegules
larger, leaf-like...
..25. Rudbeckia.
49. Pappus of blunt, sharp-pointed or awned chaffy
scales.
62. Receptacle naked
.......33. Helenium.
62. Receptacle chaffy or bristly.
63. Rays purple(in ours); receptacle bristly;
pappus-scales distinctly awned............... 34. Gaillardia.
63. Rays yellow or white(in ours); receptacle
chaffy (not bristly); pappus-scales acute
or acuminate, not awned.
64. Rays yellow, neutral, 1 cm. or more long,
usually 10 or more; tegules imbricated in
3-5 ranks; pappus-scales not fimbriate
28. Helianthus.
64. Rays white, 4—5 pistillate, less than 0.5 cm.
long; tegules in two ranks; pappus-scales
fimbriate.
32. Galinsoga.

1* VERNONIA S chret>.

Ironweed.

Leaves tomentose beneath, at least along the veins,
acute or rounded at base; heads (30-]34-55flowered; involucre 6-8 ram. high; pappus tawny
or purple......................................................................................
v. missurica.
Leaves puberulent beneath, or tomentose along the
principal veins, gradually attenuate at base;
heads (13-*) 18-29-f lowered; involucre 4-5 mm.
high; pappus purple#............................ 2. V. altissima.
1. VERNONIA MISSURICA Raf.
Vernonia altissima var. grandiflora A. Gray,
Vernonia drummondii Shuttlw.
Vernonia illinoensis Gleason
Drummond*s Iron-weed.
Common. In moist or rather dry open places, m the southern
part of the state. No record of it north of Kent Co. and Bay
Co. Often mistaken for V* noveboracensis and V. fasciculate,
species more southern and eastern in distribution. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined;- St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1892); Kent Co. (H.
M. Bailey, 1892); Clinton Co. (W. J. Beal, 1893); Calhoun Co. (W. J.
Beal, 1898); Ingham Co. (C. F* Wheeler, 1895); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon,
1905); Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1914); Washtenaw co. (B. A. Walpole);
Ionia Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1924);
Jackson Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from;- Tuscola Co. (C. A. Davis); Bay Co. (G. M. Bradford).
2. VERNONIA ALTISSIMA Nutt.
(very tall)
Tal 1 Iron-we ed .
Apparently rare. Southern part of the state. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Ionia Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1924); Washtenaw Co.
(U. of M. herbarium); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905).
Reported from:- Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham); wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell).
Other species of Vernonia have been reported from Michigan (see Beal’s
Catalog). They are probably referable to the two species here given.
2. EUPATORIUM (T o u m . ) L. Thoroughwort. Boneset.
Leaves whorled, in 3*s-6*s.
Florets 9-15; corolla 5 mm. long; stem usually con­
spicuously speckled with purple; leaves finely
crisp—puberulent beneath.••*•.••••••*•••.••.••..•..1.
Florets 3-6(7); corolla 5.5-7 mm* long; stem
scarcely speckled with purple, deep purple at
the nodes; leaves with looser pubescence beneath. ..2.
Leaves opposite.
Leaves connate-perfoliate........•.••••.•••••*.•••.•.3.
Leaves sessile or petioled.
Leaves sessile, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate*...4.
Leaves petioled, ovate....
..5.

E. maculatum.

E. faleatum.
E. perfoliatum.
E. sessilifolium
E. urticaefolium

1. EUPATORIUM MACULATUM L. (spotted)
(see Rhodora 22:57* 1920)
Eupatorium purpureum L., var. maculatum (L.) Dari.
Eupatorium bruneri A. Gray
Spotted Joe-Pye Weed.
Open grounds and borders of thickets, along streams in mucky
soil, generally in calcareous regions. Common. Throughout
the state. Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (F. E. wood, 1883); Kent Co. (H. M.
Bailey, 1891); Washtenaw Co. (Lewis Foote, 1862); Macomb Co. (D. Cooley,
1837); Ingham Co. (1871); Ingham Co.(L. J. Cole, 1894); Marquette Co.
(B. Barlow, 1901); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Oakland Co. (ex.
Herb. D. A. Pelton, 1905); Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1914); St. Clair
Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1915); Cheboygan Co. (F. C. Gates, 1911); Clare Co.
(Bessey A Darlington, 1916); Mecosta Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Alger
Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1916); Mackinac Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1920); Emmet Co.
(J. H. Ehlers, 1921); Berrien Co. (C. Billington, 1920); Gogebic Co.
(H* T. Darlington, 1919); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1924); Houghton
Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (c. E. Barr); Dickinson Co. (G. E. Coons,
1909); Shores of Lake Huron from Bay Go. northward (c. K. Dodge);
Schoolcraft Co., Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge); Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham);
Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper).
2. EUPATCRIUM FALCATUM Michx. (sickle-shaped)
Eupatorium purpureum l .
Eupatorium trifoliatum L.
Joe-Pye Weed.
Seemingly not as common as the spotted Joe-Pye Weed. Open
woods and borders of thickets, m damp soil. Frequent
throughout. Aug. Sep.
Specimens examined:- St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1892); Keweenaw Co.
(0. A. Farwell, 1886); Genesee Co. (D. Clark); wayne Co. (C. K. Dodge,
1911); Berrien Co. (C. Billington, 1919); Magician Lake district (H. S.
Pepoon, 1906)•
Reported from:- It has been reported from other parts of the state;
but one cannot be certain that these reports apply to this or to the
preceding species.
3.

EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM L.
(with leaves meeting around the stem)
Bone set. Common Thoroughwort.
Low open grounds. Common and generally distributed, jul.-sep.
Specimens examined:- Kent Co. (A. A. Crozier, 1886); Keweenaw Co.
(0. A. Orwell, 1886); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); St. clair Co.
(C. K. Dodge, 1896); Calhoun Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); Marquette Co. (B.
Barlow, 1901); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1901); Cheboygan Co. (f . C.
Gates, 1911); Clare Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Gogebic Co. (E. A.
Bessey, 1919); Allegan Co* (C. H. Kauffman, 1910); Delta Co. (A. Dachnowski, 1906); Barry Co. (J. M. gutton, 1914); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E.
Wolff, 1923); Chippewa Co. (E. A. Bessey# 1927); Jackson Co. (S. E.
Wolff, 1927).
Reported from:- Dickinson Co. (<S. H. Coons, 1909); Manistee Co.,
St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., Charity island,

Tuscola Co., Schoolcraft Co. ( c . K. Dodge); Baraga Co. (H* T. Darling­
ton, 1920); Emmet Co. ( c . W. Fallass); Charlevoix Co. (E. A. Bessey,
1922); Ottawa Co., Oceana Co. (M. S. C., 1922).
4. EUPATORIUM SESSILIFOLIUM L.
Upland Boneset.
Dry woods and banks. Scarce. To be looked for in the two south­
ern tiers of counties. Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Washtenaw Co. (Ann Arbor) (E. C. Allemndinger);
Jackson Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from:- Macomb Co., Southern Michigan (Beal’s Catalog).
5. EUPATORIUM URTICAEFOLIUM Reichard
Eupatorium ageratoldes L.f.
White Snakeroot.
in rich woods. Throughout. Frequent.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1850); Kent Co. (A. A.
Crozier, 1886); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1895); Ottawa Co. (ex. Herb. w. E. Mulliken, 1885); Muskegon Co.
(C. D. McLouth, 1899); Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901); Cass Co. (H. S.
Pepoon, 1904); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910); Berrien Co. (R. T.
Darlington, 1917); Van Buren Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1924); Kalamazoo Co. (S.
E. Wolff, 1926)..
Reported from:- Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis);
Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington); St. Joseph Co. (F. P* Daniels); Emmet
Co. (C. W. Fallas); Calhoun Co. (C. C. McDermid); Genesee Co. (M. S. C.,
1923).
^EUPATORIUM SEROTINUM Michx. with slender-petioled, lanceolate, 3-5-ribbed
leaves has been reported from the Magician Lake region by H. S. Pepoon.
It may be in south-western Michigan.

3. MIKANIA Willd.
MIKANIA SCANDENS (L.) Willd. (climbing)
Willoughbya scandens Kuntze
Climbing Hempweed or Boneset.
From one locality, the bank of the Muskegon river. Moist soil.
Specimens examined:- Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth, 1894).
4. KUHNLA L.
KDHNIA EUPATOR10IDES L.
(like Eupatorium)
False Boneset.
Frequent. In dry soil. Southern and southwestern part of the state.
Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined;- Kent Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1895); Jackson Co. (ex.
Herb. S. H. & D. R. Camp, 1896); Berrien Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1917);
Ionia Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1924).
Reported from:- St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Ionia Co. (wheeler &
Smith Catalog); Southern Michigan (Beal’s Catalog).

5. LACINARIA Hill

Blazing Star.

Coro11a— lobes hairy within; tegules with short and
rounded abruptly-mucronate tips..................1. L. cylindracea.
Corolla—lobes smooth within; tegules with rounded
and blunt tips, not mucronate.
Heads 25—60-flowered, 12—25 mm. broad; tegules
usually with broad scarious margins....... .••••2. L. scariosa.
Heads 5— 15— flowered, 4-8 mm. broad; tegules with­
out scarious margins or scarious only at the
apex........... ......................... .... 3. L. spicata.
1. LACINARIA CYLINDRACEA (Michx.) Kuntze (cylindric)
Liatris cylindracea Michx.
Cylindric Blazing Star*
In dry soil. Appears to be less common in the Upper Peninsula.
Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined;- Hawley* s Point, Lake Michigan; Keweenaw Co. (0.
A. Farwell, 1888); Oakland Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1892);Huron Co.
(C. A.
Davis, 1896); Kent Co. ( J . Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1896);Arenac
Co.
(C. F. Wheeler, 1900); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1907); Newaygo Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1916); Oceana Co. (B. F* Beach, 1916); Washtenaw Co.
(B. F. Chandler, 1917); Allegan Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1921); Cheboygan Co.
(J. H. Ehlers, 1922); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Charity islands, Presque
Isle Co., Montmorency Co., Oscoda Co., Ogemaw Co. (c. K. Dodge); Tuscola
Co.
(C. A. Davis); Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham);LenaweeCo. (G. F. Com­
stock); Macomb Co., Ionia Co. (Beal*s catalog).
2. LAC INARIA SCARIOSA (L.) Hill
(thin and dry)
Liatris scariosa Willd.
In dry soil. Throughout. Consists of several races. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1848); Kent Co. (B. E.
Livingston, 1894); Jackson Co. (ex. Herb. S. H* & D* R. Camp, 1894);
St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1904); Allegan Co. (F. A. Loew, 1904); Van
Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Wayne Co. (B. F. Chandler, 1914); Lapeer
Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1911); Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1915); Newaygo Co.
(E. A. Bessey, 1916); Roscommon Co. (Bessey & Darlington, 1916); Mason
Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1918); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Lena­
wee Co. (C. Billington, 1920); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Grand Traverse CO. (W. L.
McAtee); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K.
Dodge); St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Huron Co. (M. S. C-, 1925); Mont­
calm Co. (M. S. C., 1912).
3. LACINARIA SPICATA (L.) Kuntze (spiked)
Liatris spicata Willd.
Dense Button Snakeroot.
In moist soil. Lower Peninsula. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:— Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1844); Washtenaw Co. (C*
F. Wheeler, 1892); Kent Co. (J. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1895); St. Clair
Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Bay Co. (C. F. wheeler, 1898); Muskegon Co. (C.
D. McLouth, 1901); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Berrien Co. (H. T. Dar­
lington, 1917); Oakland Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1920); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E.

WOlff, 1924).
Reported from:- Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Tuscola Co., Huron Co.
(C. A. Davis); Ionia Co. (Wheeler & Smith Catalog); Calhoun Co. (M. S.
C., 1920).

6. GRIHDELIA Willd.
GRINDELIA SQUAEtROSA (Pursh) Dunal
(with spreading scales)
Broad-leaved Cum-piant•
Becoming well distributed throughout the state. Introduced in alfal
fa seed from the west. Dry soil. June-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Lapeer Co. (Mrs. M. Owen, 1897); St. Clair Co.
(C. K* Dodge, 1904); Kent Co. (F. W. Bull, 1912); Ottawa Co. (C. M.
Shearer, 1912); Cass Co. (J. Finley, 1914); Oakland Co. (B* F. chandler,
1914); Roscommon Co. (Minnie L. Love, 1915); Schoolcraft Co., (C. K.
Dodge, 1915); Marquette Co. (A* Dachnowski, 1906); Washtenaw Co. (B. A.
Walpole, 1918); Tuscola Co. (A. Mac Vittie, 1918); Kalamazoo Co. (L. A.
Kenoyer, 1924); Clare Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1924); Cheboygan Co. (J. H.
Ehlers, 1923); Wayne Co. (J. M. Sutton, 1916); BOis Blanc Island (C.
Billington)•
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co. (W. L. McAtee, 1919); Bay Co. to
Mackinac City (C. K. Dodge); Muskegon Co. (V* 0. Graham); Gogebic Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1919); Isabella Co. (M. S. C.); Benzie Co., Manistee
Co. (M. S. C., 1913); Hillsdale Co., Jackson Co. (M. S. C., 1914); Ing­
ham Co. (M. S. C., 1915); Mecosta Co. (M. S. C., 1921); Charlevoix Co.
(M. S. C., 1922); Lapeer Co., Ionia Co., Livingston Co. (M. S. C*, 1925)

7. SOLIDAGO L. Goldenrod.
• Heads in axillary clusters, or in a narrow or
dense panicle(thyrse), not secund on the as­
cending or upright branches.
2m Hays cream-color or white; plant pubescent; heads
usually in a narrow thyrse; achenes glabrous.
1 s. bicolor.
2* Rays yellow.
3. Heads mostly in axillary clusters.
4. Leaves lanceolate to oblong............... .....2. S. caesia.
4. Leaves oval or ovate.
5. Involucre 3-6 mm. high...........
3. S. flexicaulis.
5. Involucre 8-12 mm. high
4. S. macrophylla.
3. Heads in a narrow or broad dense thyrse, not
secund on its branches.
6* Entire plant usually conspicuously pubescent
or hirsute.
7. Panicle narrowly thyr so id (sometimes branch­
ed and broadly thyrsoid or pyramidal);
leaves obovate, oblanceolate or ellip­
tical, not 3-ribbed; achenes glabrous....5. S. hispida.
7. Panicle somewhat pyramidal or corymbiform,
the branches ascending, not at all or
only slightly recurved; leaves lanceo­
late, 3-ribbed; achenes pubescent.
6. S. lepida, var.
6 . Stem and leaves glabrous below (often puberfallax.
ulent in S. randii); at least the inflor­
escence pubescent or puberulent.
8* Pedicels( stalks of heads) short, 2-4 mm.
long.
9. Tegules acute or acutish, usually gluti­
nous; achenes appressed-hairy..........7. S. randii.
9. Tegules obtuse or the inner acutish;
achenes glabrous or rarely sparing­
ly pubescent above.
10.Basal leaves lanceolate or oblonglanceolate, serrulate; inflores­
cence wand-like, with appressed
branches; tegules somewhat keeled,
not glutinous; plants of wet soil....8. S. uliginosa.
10.Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate to
ovate or oval, serrate or entire;
inflorescence pyramidal or thy­
rsi form, the branches ascending;
tegules usually glutinous, yellow­
ish.
11.Stem stout; lower stem and basal
leaves ovate or oval, serrulate,
much exceeding the lanceolate
upper ones; inflorescence densely
pubescent
9* S. conferta.

... .

.

11* stem more slender; leaves more
nearly uniform, oblong-lanceo­
late to lanceolate, entire;
inflorescence sparingly pubes­
cent ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••10a S* spec!os&|var•
9.
Pedicels of mature specimens averagangustata.
ing 5 mm. in length or more.
12. Plant 15-40 cm. tall; leaves 7-12
cm. long; heads about 6 mm.
high*....... .................. 1 1 . s. racemosa.
12. Plant 40-90 cm. tall; basal leav­
es 15-30 cm. long; heads 7-9
mm. high. ••.••••••••.•.••••••««.12. S • gillmani.
• Heads in a narrow or broad terminal panicle, so­
und on its spreading or recurved branches, or,
crowded at or near the ends of the braches and
forming a rounded or flat-topped inflorescence*
13. Heads in a narrow or broad terminal panicle,
secund on its spreading or recurved branches,
not flat-topped.
14. Basal leaves much exceeding the greatly re­
duced upper ones.
15. Leaves glabrous and smooth (except the
margins).
16. Panicle narrow, its branches pubescent
or puberulent; rays 3-8; plants of
wet soil
••*••• 13. s. neglecta.
16. Panicle widely spreading, its branches
glabrous or with a few scabrous
hairs; rays (7-)8-12; plants of
dry s
o
i
l
*
14. S . juncoa*
15* Leaves very rough above or canescent on
both surfaces,
17. Upper surface of leaves very scabrous,
the lower glabrous and smooth;
stem coarse, angled above, smooth;
plants of swamps and wet soil..•....15. S. patula.
17. Both surfaces of leaves hoary-pubescent, not scabrous; stem slender,
terete, canescent; plants of dry
soil.
15. S. nemo rail s.
14. Basal leaves similar in size to the upper
stem-leaves.
18. Stem-leaves glabrous below the inflores­
cence (decurrent hairy lines may be
present)•
19. Branches of the panicle few, very long
and wide-spreading, flowerless to­
ward the base; leaves pinnatelyveined; ray 3—5.•*•••••*••*••• •••••• 17• S • ulmifolia.
19. Branches of the panicle usually numer­
ous, not very long nor wide-spread­
ing; leaves 3-ribbed; rays 6-15.

20. Involucre 2-3 mm. high; stem never glau­
cous
.....18. s. canadensis.
20. Involucre 3.2-5 mm. high; stem usually
glaucous.......
19. S. serotina.
18. Stem pubescent throughout or glabrate to­
ward the base.
21. Leaves 3-ribbed, not rugose-veined.
22. Leaves thiekish, subentire, densely
short-hairy beneath; inflorescence
a pyramidal panicle; heads secund
on the spreading or recurved
branches; tegules firm, lanceolate
or linear, bluntish..................20. S. hirsutissima.
22. Leaves thinner, merely scabrous on the
nerves beneath (in forms the lower
surface and stems are densely
white-pilose); inflorescence some­
what corymbiform or pyramidal, the
branches ascending, not at all or
only slightly recurved, the lower
subtended by elongate leaves; teg­
ules linear-lanceolate, thin,
acute, the tips often spreading.......6. S. lepida, var.
21. Leaves pinnately-veined, not 3-ribbed,
fallax.
sparingly long-hairy and rugosev e m o d beneath.........................21. S . altissima.
13. Heads crowded at or near the ends of the branch­
es, forming a rounded or flat-topped inflor­
escence.
23. Leaves flat, pinnately-veined.
24. Stem and leaves rough; heads more than
30-flowered; plants of dry soil..............22. S. rigida.
24. Stem and leaves smooth; heads 16-25-flowered;
plants of wet soil...........................25. S • ohioensis.
23. Some of the stem-leaves somewhat folded, the
lower and basal usually 3-nerved.
25. Heads many in a large, dense, corymbose cyme;
inflorescence usually densely upwardly
scabrous-pubescent; leaves numerous, the
cauline clasping or sheathing and mostly
recurved.
...24. S. riddellii.
25. Heads few in a small corymbose cyme; inflores­
cence sparingly upwardly scabrous-pubescent
or glabrous; leaves somewhat scattered, the
cauline but little folded or clasping and
nearly straight
....25. S. houghtonii.

1* SOLIDAGO BICOLGR L.
(two-colored)
White Goldenrod.
Scarce. Lower Peninsula only. On dry bahks or in dry woods.
Specimens examined were accepted as they were named, because
many forms of this species, in the herbaria, were difficult to
separate from s. hispida.
Specimens examined;- Kent Co. (J. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1896); St.
Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Gratiot Co. (c. A. Davis, 1894); Oakland
Co. (C. F* Wheeler, 1895); Oscoda Co. (1888); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauff­
man, 1910); Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1840); Wayne Co. (B. A. Walpole,
1920); Washtenaw Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from?- Ionia Co. (Wheeler & Smith).
2. SOLIDAGO CASSIA L. (gray of the eyes; bluish-gray)
Solidago caesia L*, var. axillaris (pursh) A. Gray
Blue-stemmed Goldenrod.
Common. In woods and thickets. In the Lower peninsula. Rare
or absent in the Upper peninsula, Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, (1840); St. Joseph Co.
(1877); Kent Co. (Helen Sauris, 1892); Washtenaw Co. (A. J. Pieters,
1892); Jackson Co. (ex Herb. S. H. & D. R. Camp, 1893); Gratiot Co. (C.
A. Davis, 1888); Ingham Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1892); St. Clair Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1896); Montcalm Co. (B. Barlow, 1900); Van Buren Co. (H. S.
Pepoon, 1905); Wayne Co. (B. F. Chandler, 1915); Charlevoix Co.
(Henrietta L. Wolff, 1922); Arenac Co. (E. Heim, 1922); Emmet Co. (C. W.
Fallas, 1923); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1918); Kalamazoo Co. (s. E.
Wolff, 1924); Berrien Co. (C. Billington, 1920).
Reported from;- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Cass Co.
(H. S. Pepoon); Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Dickinson Co. (G. H. Coons);
Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham); Charity Islands, Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge);
Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Benzie Co. (M. S. C., 1924).
3. SOLIDAGO FLEX ICAUL IS L. (zigzag- stemmed)
Solidago latifolia L.
Broad-leaved Goldenrod•
In r^ich woods, throughout the state. Frequent. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1842); Kent
Co.
(H.M.
Bailey, 1891); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); St. Clair
Co.
(C.K.
Dodge, 1896); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1897); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauff­
man, 1910); Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1912); Washtenaw Co. (C. D. LaRue
1915); Oakland Co. (B. F. Chandler, 1916); Mecosta Co. (H. T. Darling­
ton, 1916); Baraga Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1916); Berrien Co. (H. T. Darling­
ton, 1917); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Eaton Co. (B. A. Wal­
pole, 1922); Wayne Co. (M. W. Schnute, 1922); Ontonagon Co. (H. T. Dar­
lington, 1923).
Reported from:- Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Bay Co., Mackinaw Island
Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge); Huron Go. (C. A. Davis); Beaver Island (H. T.
Darlington); Calhoun Co. (G. W. Davis); Manistee Co., St. Joseph Co.
(F. P. Daniels); Benzie Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1924).

4# SOLIDAGO MACROPHYLLA Pur sh (large-leaved)
Large-leaved Goldenrod.
Ho specimens seen. Reported from Lake Superior in Gray’s Manual,
ed. 7 and in Britton & Brown 111. FI., ed. 2.
5. SOLIDAGO H ISP IDA Muhl.
(rough-hairy)
Solidago bieolor concolor T. & G.
Hairy Goldenrod.
In dry woods and on dry hanks. Common throughout the state.
Variable in pubescence and outline of inflorescence. Much more
common than S. bicolor, which it resembles.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1837); Keweenaw Co. (0. A.
Farwell, 1888); Crawford Co. (1388); Ingham Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1892); St.
Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1895); Arenac Co. (C* F. Wheeler, 1900); Kent Co.
(Emma J. Cole, 1901); Montcalm Co. (B. Barlow, 1900); Mackinac Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1912); Wayne Co. (C* Billington, 1914); Marquette Co. (A. Dachnowski, 1906); Oakland Co. (B. F. Chandler, 1915); Cheboygan Co. (j. H.
Ehlers, 1920); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass,1922); Ontonagon Co. (E* A. Bessey, 1923); Ionia Co.
(B* A. Walpole,
1924); Jackson Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927); Muskegon Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927);
Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr);Dickinson Co. (G. H. Coons,
1909); Grand Traverse Co. (W. L. McAtee, 1919); Charity Islands,Bay Co..
to Mackinac Co., Tuscola Co., Chippewa Co., Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge);
Huron Co. (C. A. Davis); Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); Gratiot Co. (C. A.
Davis).
6. SOLIDAGO LEPIDA DC., var. fallax Femald (scaly)
South shore of Lake Superior. A recently described variety (see
Rhodora 17:8. 1915). Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0* A. Farwell, 1888); Hoxighton Co.
(C. K.2>odge, 1916); Baraga Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1916).
7. SOLIDAGO RANDII (Porter) Britton
Solidago virgaurea randii porter
Solidago virgaurea redfieldii Porter
Solidago virgaurea monticola Porter
Solidago virgaurea deanei Porter
Rand’s Goldenrod.
In dry, mostly rocky situations. Aug.-Sep. Forms of S. gillmani
with compact inflorescences and narrow leaves approach this
species. A specimen from rocky situations in Keweenaw Co. coll­
ected by F. J. Hermann may be S- randii. Otherspecimens
label­
ed S. randii are placed under S. gillmani.
8 . SOLIDAGO HDMILIS Pursh (low)
Solidago uliginosa HUtt.
Bog or Swamp Goldenrod.
In swamps and wet places. Generally distributed. Frequent.
See Rhodora 17:6. 1915, for change of name,
specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1888); Ingham Co. (GH. Hicks, 1891); Jackson Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1892); Charlevoix Co. (C. F.

Wheeler, 1894); Arenac Co., Alger Co. (c. F- Wheeler, 1900); Marquette
Co. (B. Barlow, 1901); Kent co. (Emma j. Cole, 1901); Tuscola co. (c. A.
Davis, 1902); St. Clair Co. (c. K. Dodge, 1907); Cheboygan CO. (F. C.
Gates, 1911); Oakland Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1912); Presque Isle Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1913) ; Chippewa Co. (c. K. Dodge, 1914); Schoolcraft Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1915); Emmet Co. (C.
w.
Fallass, 1915); Alcona Co.(H. T. Darling­
ton, 1918); Gogebic Co. (H.
T.
Darlington, 1919); Mackinac Co. (j. H.
Ehlers, 1920).
Reported from:- Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Calhoun Co. (C.
E. Barr); Dickinson Co. (G.
H.
Coons, 1909); Muskegon Co.(C. D. McLouth);
Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C.
K.
Dodge); Isle Royale (W. S.Cooper); Alpena
Co., Washtenaw Co. (C. A. Davis).
9. SOLIDAGO COHFERTA Mill, (brought together, referring to the upper and
compact part of the inflorescence)
Solidago speciosa Hutt. of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7 and Britton & Brown
111. Fl., ed. 2 (see Rhodora 29;17. 1927.)
In mostly rich soil. Frequent in the Lower peninsula. Rare or
absent In the Upper Peninsula. Specimens from the Huron and por­
cupine mountains may belong here.
Specimens examined:- Oceana Co., Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1840); Jackson
Co. (ex. Herb. S. H. & D. R. Camp, 1894); Ingham Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1891);
Oakland Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1913); Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1901); Allegan
Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910); Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1914); Washtenaw Co.
(C. D. LaRue, 1915); Livingston Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1923); Ionia Co. (B* A.
Walpole, 1924).
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Calhoun Co.
(C. E. Barr); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels)
Genesee Co. (D. Clark).
10. SOLIDAGO SPECIOSA HUtt. (showy), var. AHGUSTATA T. & G. (narrow)
Should probably be classified now as a variety of S. conferta Mill.
Forms of this are difficult to separate from the species, in
mostly dry soil. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Ionia Co. (B. A. Walpole); Kent CO. (J. Shaddick &
H. C. Skeels, 1895); Montcalm Co. (B. Barlow, 1900); Cheboygan co. (j. H.
Ehlers, 1920); Lake Co. (M. S. C. Herb., 1888); Oakland Co. (B. F. Chand­
ler, 1915).
(SOLIDAGO RIGIDIUSCULA Porter (a little stiff)
Solidago speciosa rigidiuscula T. & G.
Slender Showy Goldenrod.
Rare, in dry soil. Aug.-Oct. Many forms of S. conferta (S.
speciosa Hutt.) in the herbaria have been called s. rigidiuscula.
Only one specimen (Van Buren Co., H. S. Pepoon, 1905) agrees with
the description. It should be looked for in the extreme southern
or southwestern part of the state.

11* SOLIDAGO RACEMOSA Greene (having racemes)
Solidago humilis Pursh
Solidago purshii Porter
River-bank Goldenrod.
Rare. Only from Keweenaw Co., in rocky places, small forms
of S. gillmani from the sandy shores of the Great Lakes have
been called this.
.Specimens examined;- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1921); Keweenaw Co.
(F. J. Hermann, 1926).
12. SOLIDAGO GILLMANI (A. Gray) Steele
Solidago racemosa Greene, var. gillmani (A. Gray) Fernald
Solidago humilis gillmani A. Gray
Solidago virgaurea gillmani Porter
Giliman* s Goldenrod.
Confined to the sandy shores of takes Michigan, Superior and
northern Huron. Variable in stature, leaf-form and size of
inflorescence. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined;- Emmet Co. (C. W* Fallass, 1894); Beuzie Co. (C.
A. Davis, 1905); Cheboygan Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1913); Chippewa Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1914); Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1915); Van Buren Co. (S. E.
Wolff, 1924); Berrien Co., Oceana Co., Muskegon Co* (S. E. Wolff, 1927);
Allegan Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1896); Delta Co., Chandler* s Falls (C. F*
Wheeler, 1892).
13. SOLIDAGO UNILIGULATA (DC.) Porter (having one ray-flower), var. neglecta (T. & G.) Femald.
(neglected) (see Rhodora 23:292. 1921.)
Solidago neglecta T. & G.
Swamp Goldenrod.
In swamps and bogs. Throughout. Infrequent. Aug.-Sep. Forms
with heads little secund resemble S. humilis Pursh.
Specimens examined:- Jackson Co. (ex. Herb. S. H. & D. R. Camp, 1893);
Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); Ottawa Co. (Emma j. cole, 1896); Allegan
Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Emmet Co.
(Fallass & Swift, 1915); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, .1917); Washtenaw Co.
(B. A. Walpole, 1918); Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1901).
Reported from:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1914); Marl Lake (o. A.
Farwell, 1920); Ionia Co. (Beal’s Catalog).
14. SOLIDAGO JUNCEA Ait. (like Juncus, the Rush)
Solidago juncea scabrella T. & G.
Solidago juncea ramosa Porter & Britton
Early Goldenrod.
Common. Throughout the state, in dry or rocky soil. ^Une-Oct
Specimens exaTnined:— Lenawee Co. (W. J. Beal, 1866); Crawford Co* (G.
H. Hicks, 1888); Gratiot Co. (C. A. Davis, 1892); Ingham Co. (H. C.
Skeels, 1894); Kent Co. (Mary B. Fallass); Jackson Co. (S. H. camp, 1896)
St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Calhoun Co. (w. J. Beal, 1898); Muske­
gon Co. (C. D. McLouth, 1896); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1895); Arenac
Co. (C. F* Wheeler, 1900); Marquette Co. (A. Dachnowski, 1906); Van Buren
Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Oakland Co. (B. F. Chandler, 1915); Newaygo Co.

(E. A. Bessey, 1916); Clare Co., Roscommon Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916);
Berrien Co. (Dodge & Darlington, 1917); Oscoda co. (c. K. Dodge, 1913);
Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910); Washtenaw Co. (C. D. LaRue, 1915);
Alpena Co. (Bessey & Darlington, 1918); Egmet Co. (c. W. Fallass, 1920);
Cheboygan Co. (j. H. Ehlers, 1921); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923);
Ontonagon Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1923); Genesee Co. (D* Clark).
Reported from;- Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); Manistee Co., St. Joseph
Co, (F. p. Daniels); Chippewa Co., Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge).
15. SOLIDAGO PATULA MUhl. (slightly spreading)
Rough-leaved Goldenrod.
Common. Southern half of the Lower peninsula. Rare or absent
in the remainder of the state. Swamps. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co.
(D. Cooley, 1842); Kent Co. (C. W.
Fallass, 1880); Ingham Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1890); Gratiot Co. (C. A.
Davis, 1892); Washtenaw Co. (1877); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1904);
Muskegon Co. (1895); Van Buren Co., Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905);
Allegan Co. (C. E. Kauffman, 1910); Berrien Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1917);
Oakland Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1919); Kalamazoo Co* (S. E. Wolff, 1926).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge);
Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels).
16. SOLIDAGO REMORALIS Ait. (sylvan)
Gray Goldenrod.
Common. In dry gravelly or sandy, mostly sterile fields. Jul.-Nov.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co.
(D. Cooley, 1840); Kent Co. (C. W.
Fallass, 1886); Crawford Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1889); Clare Co. (W. J. Beal,
1890); Ingham Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1891); Washtenaw Co. (A. J. Pieters,
1892); Ionia Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1890); St* Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1895);
Alger Co. (C. F. wheeler, 1900); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905) ;
Delta Co. (A. Dachnowski, 1906); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910);
Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1914); Houghton Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1916); Oak­
land Co. (J. M. Sutton, 1914); Mason CO. (H. T. Darlington, 1918); Goge­
bic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Cheboygan Co. (j. H. Ehlers, 1920);
Lake Co. (C. Goodrich, 1922); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1924).
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Tuscola
Co., Schoolcraft Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Huron Co.
(C. A. Davis); Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); Magician Lake (H. S. Pepoon).
17. SOLIDAGO ULMIFOLIA Muhl. (elm-leaved)
Elm-leaved Goldenrod.
Infrequent. On dry, rocky or gravelly banks, often in thin woods.
Resembles S. altissima L. The latter usually grows in moister
soil and is more pubescent. Aug.-Sep. Southern half of the
Lower peninsula.
Specimens examined:- Berrien Co. (G* L. Ames, 1867); Kent Co. (Emma j.
Cole, 1893); Ingham Co. (H. 0. skeels, 1894); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon,
1904); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Lenawee Co. (C. Billiu&ton,
1924); Washtenaw Co. (S. E. WOlff, 1927).
Reported from:- St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Flint (D. Clark); Ionia
Co. (Beal’s Catalog).

18. SOLIDAGO CANADENSIS L.
Solidago canadensis L., var. hargeri Fernald
Canada Goldenrod.
Rather common and variable. Throughout the state. The typi­
cal specimens are found In the Upper peninsula. Those of the
Lower Peninsula, especially in the southern part and on the
heavier soils, are more pubescent and resemble S. hirsutissima
Mill.
.Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1840); Keweenaw Co. (A. E.
Foote, 1868); Kent Co. (H. M. Bailey, 1891); Washtenaw Co. (A. J. Pieters,
1892); St. Clair Co. ( c . K. Dodge, 1892); Calhoun Co. (R. L. Brown, 1902);
Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Delta co. (A. Dachnowski, 1906); Mar­
quette Co. (A. Dachnowski, 1906); Cheboygan Co. (F* C. Gates, 1911) ; Chipp­
ewa Co. (0. K. Dodge, 1914); Luoe Co. (c. K. Dodge, 1915); Baraga Co. (C.
K. Dodge, 1916); Wayne Co. (J. M. Sutton, 1916); Iosco Co., Clare Co. (H.
T. Darlington, 1916); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Ontonagon Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1923); Kalamazoo CO. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Jackson Co.,
Branch Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from:- Cass Co., Berrien Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Dickinson Co. (G.
H. Coons, 1909); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co.,
Schoolcraft Co., Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis);
Beaver Island, (H. T. Darlington, 1923); Manistee Co., St. Joseph Co. (F.
P. Daniels); Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); Emmet Co. (Fallass & Swift);
Sanilac Co. (M. S. C., 1915).
19. SOLIDAGO SEROTINA Ait. (late)
Solidago gigantea Ait.
Solidago serotina gigantea A. Gray
Late Goldenrod.
Common. In moist soil. Throughout. The common name is mis­
leading, for it begins blossoming as soon as many of our
Goldenrods. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1847); Kent Co. (C. W.
Fallass, 1886); Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1888); Gratiot Co. (C. A.
Davis, 1890); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge,
1896); Alger Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1904);
Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kaufftaan, 1910); Chippe­
wa Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1915); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth, 1899); Oakland
Co. (0. Billington, 1916); Marquette Co., Baraga Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1916);
Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Clare Co., Missaukee Co. (C. K. Dar­
lington, 1916); Kalamazoo Co. (Kenoyer & Wolff, 1924); Berrien Co.,
Jackson Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from: Grand Traverse Co. (w. L. McAtee); Charity Islands, Bay
Co. to Mackinac Co., Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis);
Wayne Co., (0. A. Farwell); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Manistee
Co., St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass).
20. SOLIDAGO HIRSUTISSIMA Mill, (very hairy)
Solidago altissima L. of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7 and Britton and Brown
111. FI., ed. 2. (see Rhodora 29:73. 1927.)
Solidago procera Ait.
Tall Goldenrod.
Common. Throughout the state. Resembles S. canadensis, but
that species has smaller heads and is typically less pubescent.
Dry or moist rich soil. Aug.-Nov.

Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1840); Ottawa Co. (D. Clark,
1867); Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1888); St. Clair Co. {C. K. Dodge,
1896); Montcalm Co. (B. Barlow, 1900); Allegan Co. (C* H. Kauffman, 1910);
Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1915); Washtenaw Co. (C. D. LaRue, 1915);
Marquette Co., Baraga co. (c. K. Dodge, 1916); Ingham Co., Manistee Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1918); Mackinac Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1920); Berrien Co.
(C. Billington, 1920); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1922); Ontonagon Co. (H.
T. Darlington, 1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1924); Chippewa Co. (E.
A. Bessey, 1926).
Reported from;- charity Islands, Bay Co., Tuscola Co. (C. K* Dodge);
Isle Royale (W. S. cooper).
21. SOLIDAGO ALTISSIMA L. (very tall)
Solidago rugosa Mill, of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7 and of Britton &
Brown, 111. FI., ed. 2. (see Rhodora 29;73. 1927.)
Solidago aspera Ait.
wrinkle-leaved Goldenrod.
Common. Throughout the state. In rather dry or moist soil.
Very variable, the specimens differing in leaf-form, leaf-thickness, pubescence and in shape and leafiness of inflorescence.
Aug.-Nov.
Specimens examined:- St. Joseph Co. (1877); Kent Co. (C. W. Fallass,
1884);
Gratiot Co. (C. A. Davis, 1890); Ingham Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1891);
St. Clair Co* (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Alger Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Enmet
Co* (C. W. Fallass, 1897); Delta Co. (A. Dachnowski, 1906); Ottawa Co.
(C. 5. Kauffman, 1910); Huron Co. (C. K* Dodge, 1912); Luce Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1915); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1915); Cheboygan Co. (J. H.
Ehlers, 1916); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Berrien Co. (c . Bill­
ington, 1920); Mackinac Co. (C. Goodrich, 1922); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E.
Wolff,
1924); Chippewa Co. (E. A.
Bessey, 1926); Jackson Co. (S.E. Wolff,
1927);
Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon).
Reported from:- Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., Tuscola Co. (c. K. Dodge); Mus­
kegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels).
22. SOLIDAGO RIG IDA L. (stiff)
Oligoneuron canescens Rydb.
Stiff Goldenrod.
Frequent. In dry sandy or gravelly soil. Confined to the lower
half of the Lower Peninsula. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:— Macomb Co. (D. Gooley, 1827); Kent Co. (H. M* Bailey,
1892); Washtenaw CO. (A. J. Pieters, 1892); Jackson Co. (ex. Herb. S. H. &
D. R. Camp, 1894); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Monroe Co. (B. F.
Chandler, 1915); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1918); Kalamazoo (S. E. Wolff,
1923); Lenawee Co. (C. Billington, 1924).
Reported from:- St. Joseph Co., Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Van Buren
Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Calhoun Co. (G. W. Davis); Ionia Co., Flint, (Beal’s
Catalog).
23. SOLIDAGO OHIOENSIS Riddell
Ohio Goldenrod.
Frequent. Lower Peninsula, mostly in the southern half.
swamps or wet prairies. Aug.-Sep.

In

Specimens examined:- Macomb co. (D. Cooley, 1842); Genesee Co. (D.
Clark, 1870); Kent co. (H. M. Bailey, 1891); Jackson Co. (C. F. Wheeler,
1892); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1894); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass,
1897); Tuscola Co. (C. A. Davis, 1902); Cass Co. (H. S. pepoon, 1905);
Charlevoix Co. (1927); Oakland Co. (B. F. Chandler, 1916); Washtenaw Co.
(B. A. Walpole, 1919); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. wolff, 1924).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Ionia Co., Bay co. (Beal’s
Catalog); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis).
24. SOLIDAGO RIDDELL 11 Frank '
Riddell’s Goldenrod.
Frequent. Southern part of the state only. Wet grassy prairies.
Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Washtenaw Co. (M. W* Harrington, 1868); Ionia Co.
(C. F. Wheeler, 1890); Ingham Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1891); Jackson Co. (ex.
Herb. S. H. & D. R. Camp, 1893); Kent Co. (B. Livingston, 1894); St. Clair
Co. (C* K. Dodge, 1899); Ottawa Co. (Erma j. cole, 1899); Tuscola Co. (C.
A. Davis, 1902); Oakland Co. (J. M* Sutton, 1914); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E.
Wolff, 1926).
Reported from:- Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Calhoun Co. (C. E.
Barr); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell); St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Flint
(D. Clark, in Wheeler & Smith Catalog).
25. SOLIDAGO HOUGHTONII T. & G.
Houghton’s Goldenrod.
Rare. In swamps and on sandy beaches.
In the state apparently
limited to the northern part of the Lower peninsula and to the
eastern end of the Upper peninsula. Jul.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1915); Emmet Co.
(J • H. Ehlers, July 20, 1920).
Reported from:- Mackinac Co., Bois Blanc Island, sandy beach of Lake
Superior (C. K. Dodge); Drummond’s Island (Winchell’s Catalog).
8. ECJTHAMIA Greene
Leaves distinctly 3-5-ribbed, linear-lanceolate;
heads 20-32-flowered; involucre 4-5 ram. high
Leaves 1-ribbed or indistinctly 3-ribbed, narrowly
linear; heads 10-18-flowered; involucre 3-4 mm.
high..................................

1. E. graminifolia.
E. tenuifolia.
2.

1. EUTHAMIA GRAMINIFOLIA (L.) Nutt, (grass-leaved)
Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb.
Bushy Goldenrod.
Common. Throughout the state. In moist or dry soil. In some
places it is a weed. The variety, E. graminifolia nuttallii,
with more pubescent leaves and branches is as common as the
species. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1837); Isle Royale (univer
sity Party, 1868); Hillsdale Co. (H. B. Crosby, (1885); Keweenaw Co. (0.
A. Farwell, 1886); Shiawassee Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1890); Cheboygan Co.

(C. A* Kofoid, 1890); Washtenaw Go. (A. J. Pieters, 1892); m g h a m Co.
(H. C. Skeels, 1894); Kent Co. (W. E. Mulliken, 1897); Marquette Co. (B.
Barlow, 1901); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1903); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon,
1905); Luce Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1915); Roscommon Co. (H. T. Darlington,
1916); Mackinac Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1916); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington,
1919); Ontonagon Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff,
1924); Chippewa Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1926); Muskegon Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Manistee
Co. (F. p. Daniels); Bay Co., Charity islands, (c. K. Dodge).
2. EUTHAMIA TENUIFOLIA (Pursh) Greene (narrow^-leaved)
Solidago texmifolia Pursh
Slender Fraijgrant Goldenrod.
Rare. Sandy shores of lakes. Now limited to the southwestern
counties. Forms intermediate between this and the preceding
ate not uncommon farther north. They have been placed with E.
graminifolia. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Cass Co. (H* S. Pepoon, 1906); Cass Co. (F. C.
Gates, 1906); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1924).

9. BELLIS (Tourn. ) L.
BELLIS PERENNIS L. (perennial)
European or Garden Daisy.
Occasional on lawns. Apr.-Nov.
Specimens examined:- St. Clair Co. (C. K. ^odge, 1897); Washtenaw Co.
(B. A. Walpole).
Reported from:- Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels).
10. BOLTONIA L’Her.
BOLTONIA ASTEROIDES (L.) L ’Her. (aster-like)
Aster-like Boltonia.
Rare. Mostly as an escape. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Cass Co., Dowagiacswamp (H. S. Pepoon, Aug. 1905);
Wayne Co. (C. Billington, Oct. 1918); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole);
Monroe Co., Monroe Piers (B. A. Walpole).
Reported from:- Detroit (A. Alexander, 1911).

11. ASTER L.
Basal and lower stem-leaves cordate and petioled.
2 . Plant glandular; heads corymbose.
3* Glands abundant on the stem and leaves; grow­
ing plant clammy; leaves of inflorescence
ovate and conspicuous.
................ 1.
3. Glands confined to the inflorescence; growing
plant usually harsh, always so when dry;
leaves of inflorescence various, rarely
conspicuous............................ ...2.
2. Plants not glandular; heads paniculate.
4. Leaves thickish, entire or nearly so; tegules
abrupt ly acut e (rare ly taper ing), wi th
conspicuous green rhomboid tips.
5. Leaves harsh above, sparingly pubescent be­
neath, those of the middle and upper
stem lanceolate and tapering to the
base; inflorescence and tegules glab­
rous
...3.
5. Leaves smooth above, densely and finely
pubescent beneath, all heart-shaped or
rounding at the base, with slender
petioles; inflorescence and tegules
finely pubescent....................... .4.
4. Leaves thin or thickish, the lower serrate or
dentate; tegules merely acute, without
conspicuous green tips.
6 . Involucre 4-6 mm. high, the tegules appressed, often with purplish or green tips;
heads numerous, paniculate, on leafy
branchlets.
7. Leaves minutely scabrous above, pubescent
or glabrate beneath, thin, the lower
on slender or narrowly margined pet­
ioles.......
.5.
7. Leaves smooth, often greasy to the touch,
thickish, the lower and middle on
mostly winged petioles...
6.
6. Involucre 6-10 mm. high, the tegules loose­
ly imbricated, acute, acuminate or sub­
ulate.
8. Rays 10-14 mm. long, blue or violet; the
tegules acute or somewhat acuminate,
the tips appressed
7.
8. Rays 6-10 mm. long, light blue or white;
tegules tapering into awl-shaped,
spreading tips
....8.
None of the stem leaves at the same time cordate
and definitely petioled.

A. roscidus.

A. macrophyllus.

A« azur eus •

A. shortii.

A. cordifolius.
A. lowrieanus.

A. lindleyanus,
A. sagittifolius.

9, Leaves all sessile; some of the stem-leaves more
or less auriculate-clasping or cordate*
10* Stem hispid or hirsute-pubescent*
11* Leaves conspicuously cordate-clasping; inner
tegules subulate.
12. Stem densely hirsute-pubescent; inflores­
cence and tegules glandular or viscid;
rays purple or rose.
.......
.9. A. novae-angliae.
12. Stem hispid; inflorescence hispid in lines,
not glandular; tegules glabrous on the
back, cillate on the margins; rays blue
or violet..
10. A. puniceus.
11. Leaves obscurely cordate-clasping; inflores­
cence glandular-pubescent; inner tegules
linear, acute.............................11. A* oblongifolius.
10. Stem glabrous or essentially so.
13. Stem glaucous; leaves smooth, glaucous; teg­
ules* gfc*een rhomboid acute(sometimes
acuminate) t i
p
s
.12. A. laevis.
13. Stem and leaves not glaucous; tegules with­
out green rhomboid tips.
14. Tegules about equal, in 2 ranks, the outer
usually herbaceous, rarely foliaceous.
15. Leaves numerous, crowded, lanceolate, to
oblong, thick, often glossy above,
with conspicuous auricled bases
.13. A. lucidulus.
15. Leaves scattered, thin, elongate-lanceo­
late or narrowly lanceolate, slight­
ly cordate or narrowed to the base. ...14. A. longifolius.
14. Tegules in 3-4 ranks, imbricated, unequal
(sometimes equal in A. junceus),
rarely herbaceous.
16. Heads terminating minutely foliose slen­
der branchlets; tegules linear-spatulate to linear, the outer obtusish;
leaves of the inflorescence linearoblong to o
b
l
o
n
g
.
15. A. dumosus*
16. Heads not terminating minutely foliose
branchlets; tegules acute or acumi­
nate; leaves of inflorescence lin­
ear or lanceolate.
17. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate,
contracted below the middle and
again dilated at the base, clasp­
ing, strongly serrate.
•••••16. A. prenanthoides.
17. Leaves linear or elongate-linear, not
contracted, only slightly cordate,
entire or nearly s
o
.
17, A. junceus.
9. Leaves sessile or somewhat petioled, not cordate
nor auriculate-clasping*

* Leaves densely silvery-white pubescent on both
sides.....................
13.
. Leaves merely pubescent or glabrous.
19. Heads mostly racemosely unilateral on the
branches.
20. Tegules subulately green-tipped; leaves of
inflorescence spinose-tipped.
21. Hays short, scarcely exceeding the disk;
local around salt mines or in salt
marshes... .........
.19.
21. Rays showy; plants of sandy or dry, not
salty soil.
22. Involucre (5-)6-7 mm. high; rays 6-10
mm. long; plant glabrous; inflores­
cence somewhat t h y r s o i d . .20.
22. Involucre 5 mm. high; rays about 6 mm.
long; plant glabrous to villous; in­
florescence with spreading branches*..21.
20. Tegules obtuse or acute; leaves of in­
florescence obtuse or acute, not
spino se-t lpped.
23. Tegules obtuse{ sometimes acute in A.
dumosus) •
24. Plant hoary-pubescent; heads numerous,
crowded; tegules herbaceous,
bristly-clliate, spreading. *
22.
24. Plant glabrous, rarely pubescent; heads
terminating minutely foliose slend­
er branchlets, not crowded; tegules
with only the tips green, not
s
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
.
15.
23. Tegules acute.
25. Leaves elongate-linear or linear-lanceo­
late, scarcely serrate; tegules
narrowly linear......................23.
25. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
serrate at least in the middle;
tegules linear, the midrib dilated
and green.
26. Plant glabrous or sparingly pubescent;
leaves broadly lanceolate or ob­
long-lanceolate; inflorescence
broad, the lateral branches widespreading..........................24.
26. Plant hirsute or woolly-pubescent;
leaves lanceolate; inflorescence
narrow, the lateral branches
short, with few heads..............25.
19. Heads paniculate or corymbed, not racemosely
unilateral on the branches.
27. Heads corymbed or corymbose.

A. sericeus.

A. subulatus.

A. faxoni.
A. ericoides.

A* multiflorus.

A. dumosus.

A. vimineus.

A. lateriflorus

A. hirsuticauli

28. Lower leaves shining, 3-5 ribbed; heads 1.6-2.4
cm. broad; rays white; achenes glabrous...... .26. A. ptarmicoides.
28. Leaves green, pinnately-veined; heads 2-3.5 cm.
broad; rays violet-purple to rose-pink.
29. Leaves 2-4 cm. long, lanceolate, revolutemargined.
27. A. nemoralis.
29. Leaves 5— 15 cm. long, oblong to linearlanceolate, not revolute-margined.......... .28. A. novae-belgli.
27. Heads definitely paniculate.
30. Rays short, scarcely exceeding the disk; tegules
subulate-tipped; plant local, around salt
mines or in salt marshes..............
19.A.subulatus.
30. Rays showy, much exceeding the disk; tegules ob­
tuse to acuminate, not subulate-tipped.
31. Tegules linear, acute or acuminate; rays
usually white.
32. Tegules acute, green down the back; heads
(including rays)mostly less than 1.6 cm.
broad.......... ................
29.A.tradescanti.
32. Tegules acuminate, green chiefly near the
tip; heads mostly more than 1.6 cm.
broad.
....................
30.A.paniculatus.
31. Tegules linear^-oblong, with conspicuous ellip­
tic green tips, acute or obtusish; rays
bluish-violet
..................
31.A.salicifolius.
1. ASTER ROSCIDUS Burgess
Dewy-leaf Aster.
Rare or not recognized. Perhaps a race of A. macrophyllus.
Specimens examined:- Wayne Co. (B* A. walpole. #844).
Reported from;- "Flint, ex. coll. P. Clarke” (Burgess, in Mem. Torr. Bot.
Club 13:348. 1906).
2. ASTER MACROPHYLLUS L. (large-leaved)
Large-leaved Aster.
Common. Throughout the state. In mostly dry shaded places. Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co* (P. Cooley, 1840); Lenawee CO. (W. J. Beal,
1866); Kent Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1886); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); St.
Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1895); Ottawa Co. (ex. Herb, W. E. Mulliken, .1895);
Calhoun Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); Alger Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Montcalm
Co. (B. Barlow, 1900); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1904); Marquette Co. (A.
Dachnowski, 1906); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910); Chippewa Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1914); Cheboygan Co. (F. C. Gates, 1911); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis);
Newaygo Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1916); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919);
Washtenaw Co. (Miss Allmendinger); Mackinac Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1920); Berr­
ien Co., Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1920); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1923);
Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Houghton Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926); Sani­
lac Co. (T. B. Poole, 1927).
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T* Darlington, 1919); Dickinson
Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909); Muskegon Co. (C. D. Me Louth); Manistee Co.,

St. Joseph Co. (F. p. Daniels); Bay Co., Schoolcraft Co., Tuscola Co.
(C. K. Dodge); Isle Royale (w. S. Cooper); Wayne Co. (J. M. S utton).
3. ASTER AZURETJS Lindl. (sky-blue)
Sky-blue Aster.
More conmon in the Lower Peninsula. Borders of woods. Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1837); Kent Co. (C. W.
Fallass, 1886); Ingham Co. (G. H* Hicks, 1891); Washtenaw Co. (A. J. Piet­
ers, 1892); Jackson Co. (ex. Herb. S. H. & D. R. Camp, 1893); Muskegon Co.
(C. D. McLouth, 1898); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Oakland Co.
(C. Billington, 1914); Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1914); Osceola Co. (H.
T. Darlington, 1916); Lake Co. (c. Goodrich, 1922); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E.
Wolff, 1923).
Reported from;- Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Tuscola Co., Charity
Island (C. K. Dodge); St. Joseph Co. (P. P. Daniels); Cheboygan Co. (F. C.
Gates); Bay Co. (G. M. Bradford); Flint, Ionia (Beal’s Catalog).
4. ASTER SHORTII Hook.
Short’s Aster.
Rare. Southern half of the Lower peninsula. On banks and along
edges of woods. Sep.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Ionia Co., near pewamo (C. F. wheeler, 1890); Kent
Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1901); Monroe Co. (C. Billington, 1918); Lenawee Co.
(C. Billington, 1920).
Reported from;- Oakland Co. (W. A. Brotherton).
5. ASTER CORDIFOLIUS L. (having heart-shaped leaves)
Blue Wood Aster.
Common, In the southern half of the Lower Peninsula. In woods and
thickets. Sep.-Nov.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1845); Kent CQ. fc* W.
Fallass, 1881); Three Rivers, St. Joseph Co. (Ypsilant:fjiferb.,0'
,?ei877);
Ingham Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1892); Jackson Co. (ex. Herb. S. H. & D. R. Camp,
1893); Van Buren Co. (L. H. Pennington, 1910); St.
Clair Co.(c. K. Dodge,
1913); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1913); Wayne Co., MuskBgon Co. (C.
Billington, 1914); Berrien Co. (C. Billington, 1920); Washtenaw Co. (C. 0.
Erlanson, 1921); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Eaton Co. (Edith
Spaulding, 1926); Gratiot Co. (C. A. Davis, 1890).
Reported from:-Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge); Oak­
land Co. (0. A. Farwell); Bay Co. (Beal’s Catalog).
6 . ASTER LOWRIEANUS Porter.
Lowrie’s Aster.
Rare. Sep.-Nov.
Specimens examined:- Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1918).
7. ASTER LINDLEYANQS T. & G.
Lindley’s Aster.
Conmon, in the Upper peninsula. Range extending into the north­
ern part of the Lower Peninsula. In open places. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1888); Mackinac Co.
(C. F. Wheeler, 1892); Marquette Co. (A. Dachnowski, 1906); Emmet Co.

(C. w. Fallass); Alger Co. (C* F. Wheeler, 1900); Schoolcraft Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1915); Mackinac Co. (j. h . Ehlers, 1920); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Dar­
lington, 1919); Alcona Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1918); Chippewa Co. (J. H.
Ehlers, 1921); Houghton Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Ghippewa Co., Presque Isle co. to Mackinac Island (C.
K. Dodge); Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper).
8. ASTER SAG ITT IFOL HJS WedemQyer
Arrow-leaved Aster.
Common, in localities. Dry, Open places.
Speclmens_examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1837); Ingham Co. (H. C.
Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co. (c. K. Dodge, 1895); Genesee Co. (D. Clark);
Berrien Co., Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Washtenaw Co. ( s . Alexander,
1907); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910); Emmet Co. (Fallass & Swift,
1914); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1914); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff,
1923); Crawford Co. (W. Heim, 1922).
Reported from:- Kent Co. (Emma j. Cole); Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Bay
Co. to Mackinac Island, charity islands (C. K. Dodge); Dickinson Co. (G.
H. Coons, 1909); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Tuscola Co. (C. A. Davis);
Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell); St. Joseph Co. (F. p. Daniels).
9. ASTER NOVAE-ANGLIAE L.
New England Aster.
Frequent. Fields and roadsides, in moist, often mucky soil.
Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. cooley, 1847); Berrien Co. (G. L.
Ames, 1867); Lake Co. (H. T. Blodgett, 1890); Kent Co. (H. M. Bailey,
1892); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894) ; Huron Co. (C. A. Davis, 1896);
St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1908); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1914);
Washtenaw Co. (C. D. LaRue, 1915); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923);
Jackson Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from:- Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Calhoun Co. (c.
E. Barr); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge); Saginaw Co.
(C. A. Davis); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell); St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels);
Cheboygan Co. (F. C. Gates); Emmet CO. (Fallass & Swift).
10. ASTER FDNICEUS L. (crimson)
Red-stalk Aster.
Common. In wet, usually open places, Variable. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:— Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1840); ingham co. (M. S. C.
herb., 1871); Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1888); Gratiot Co. (C. A.
Davis, 1889); Clinton Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1894); Jackson Co. (Mary B. Fallass, 1894); Alger Co. (C. F.
Wheeler, 1900); Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901); Kent Co. (Emma j. Cole,
1901); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Ottawa Co. (C. H. Kauffman,
1910); Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1914); Schoolcraft Co., Luce CO. (c. K.
Dodge, 1915); Washtenaw Co. (C. D. LaRue, 1915); Mackinac Co. (J. H.
Ehlers, 1916); Missaukee Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1916); Gogebic Co. (H. T.
Darlington, 1919); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1922); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E.
Wolff, 1923); Wayne Co. (M. W* Schnute, 1923); Houghton Co. (F. J.'
Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Dickinson Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909); Grand Traverse Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1919); Crawford Co. (W. L. McAtee, 1919); Muskegon Co.

(C. D. McLouth); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge);
HuronCo. (c. A. Davis); Manistee Co., St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels);
Beaver Island (H* T. Darlington, 1923); Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper).
11. ASTER OBLONGFOLIUS Nutt, (ohlong-leaved)
Aromatic Aster.
No specimens examined. Reported from Detroit by o. A. Farwell.
It is to be looked for in the southern tiers of counties, on
dry prairies and bluffs.
12. ASTER LAEVIS L. (smooth)
Smooth Aster.
Common, in the Lower Peninsula. Infrequent in the upper Penin­
sula. Sep.-Oct.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1837); Kent Co. (C. W.
Fallass, 1886); Crawford Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1888); St. Clair Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1892); Mackinac Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1890); Ingham co. (H. C.
Skeels, 1894); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Benzie Co. (C. A.
Davis, 1905); Marquette Co. (A. Dachnowski, 1906); Allegan Co., Ottawa
Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910); Presque Isle Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1913); Che­
boygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1916); Berrien co. (H. T. Darlington, 1917);
Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1919); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1920);
Lake Co. (C. Goodrich, 1922) ; Saginaw Co. (W. Heim, 1922); Kalamazoo Co.
(S. E. Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., Tuscola Co., Schoolcraft Co.,
Charity Islands (C. K. Dodge); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis); Beaver Island
(H. T. Darlington, 1923); Manistee Co., St. Joseph Co. (f . p. Daniels);
Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell).
13. ASTER LUCIDULUS (A. Gray) Wieg. (shining)
Aster puniceus L., var. lucidulus A. Gray
This is distinctive enough in Michigan to warrant specific rank.
The stems are usually smooth and angled above. The leaves are
very numerous, even in the inflorescence. Rays are lilac. Teg­
ules rather straight. Frequent throughout the state. In moist
open soil. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1840); Shiawassee Co. (G.
H. Hicks, 1889); Gratiot Co. (C. A. Davis, 1890); Ingham Co. (M. S. C.
Herb., 1887); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1894); Montcalm Co. (B. Barlow,
1900); Lenawee Co. (W. J. Beal); Ingham Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1923); Kala­
mazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1893).
Reported from:- Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Emmet Co. (C. 7/. Fallass)
Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell).
14. ASTER LONGIFOLIUS Lam. (long-leaved)
Long-leaved Aster.
This has been reported from various parts of the state. Speci­
mens labeled this belong under A. junceus. it should be looked
for In the Upper Peninsula.
Specimens examined:- Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge, Aug. 1914). "Low open
ground, frequent".)
Reported from:- Upper Peninsula (Whitney Catalog); Bois Blanc Island
(C. K. Dodge).

15. ASTER DUMOSUS L. (bushy)
Bushy Aster.
Frequent, in the southern half of the Lower Peninsula. Sandy
soil. Jul.-sep.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1837); Oceana Co. (D. Cool­
ey, 1840); Emmet Co. (D. Clark, 1878); Jackson Co. (ex. Herb. S. H. & D. H.
Camp, 1893); Oakland Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1895); Montcalm co. (C. A. Davis,
1897); Calhoun Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1896); Kent Co. (Emma j. Cole, 1901);
Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Van Buren Co. (H* S. Pepoon, 1906); St.
Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1908); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E* Wolff, 1924).
Reported from;- Manistee Co. (f . P. Daniels); Gratiot Co., Ionia Co.,
Cheboygan Co. (Beal’s Catalog).
16. ASTER PRENANTHOIDES MUhl. (like Prenanthes, the Rattlesnakeroot)
Very rare. In moist soil.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1890).
17. ASTER JUNCEUS Ait. (like Juncus, the Rush)
Rush Aster.
Frequent. Throughout. In moist soil and swamps. jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1842); Ionia Co. (D. Cooley,
1847); Ingham Co. (L. H. Bailey ^r., 1886); Gratiot Co. (C. A. Davis,
1892); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910);
Kent Co. (Enina J. Cole, 1901); Huron Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1913); Chippewa Co.
(C. K. Dodge, 1914); Schoolcraft Co. (C* K. Dodge, 1915); Washtenaw Co.
(B. A. Walpole, 1918); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Mackinac Co.
(J. H. Ehlers, 1920); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1922); Kalamazoo Co. (S.
E. Wolff, 1924).
Reported from;- Magician Lake region (H. S* Pepoon); Bay Co. to Macki­
nac Co., Tuscola Co., Charity islands (C. K. Dodge); Cheboygan Co. (F. C.
Gates); Isle Royale (W* S. Cooper); Oakland Co. (0. A. Farwell).
18. ASTER SERICEUS Vent. (silky)
Silvery or Silky Aster.
Rare. In dry, sterile soil. Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined:— Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1885); Kent Co. (Emma
J. Cole, 1896).
Reported from?- Southern Michigan (Winchell’s Catalog); Van Buren Co.
("Dry sandy ridges, Keeler", H. S. Pepoon).
19. ASTER SUBULATUS Michx. (awl-shaped)
Salt-marsh Aster.
Local. Around salt mines. Sep.
Specimens examined:- Wayne Co. (B. F. Chandler, 1915); Wayne Co. (B. A.
Walpole, 1918)•
20. ASTER FAXOWI Porter
Aster polyphyllus Willd.
Faxon* s Aster.
Locally common. Chiefly confined to the shores of the Great
Lakes. On sandy ground and moist cliffs. jul.-Sep. Often
mistaken for a . ericoides.

Specimens examined;- Oceana Co. (Mary B. Fallass, 1893); Bois Blanc
Island (ex. Herb. S. H. & D. R. Camp); Alpena Co. (C. F* Wheeler, 1895);
Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth, 1896); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1897);
Allegan Co. (c. F. Wheeler); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1904); Berrien Co.
(H. C. Skeels, 1905); Huron Co. (C. K* Dodge, 1908); Cheboygan Co. (C.
K. Dodge, 1913); Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1915); Mackinac Co. (J.
H. Ehlers, 1916); Roscommon Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Chippewa Co.
(J. H. Ehlers, 1921); Ontonagon Co. (H* T. Darlington, 1922); Van Buren
CO. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from:- Charity Islands (C. K. Dodge).
21. ASTER ERICOIDES L. (like Erica, the Heath)
Aster ericoides L., var. villosus T. & G.
Aster ericoides L., var. platyphyllus T. & G.
Aster ericoides L., var. pringlei A. Gray
White Heath Aster.
Rare. In dry soil. Sep.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Huron Co., Charity islands (C. J. Dodge); St.
Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1895); Washtenaw Co. (A. Alexander, 1906); Kala­
mazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Ingham Co. (B. A. Walpole,1924).
Reported from:- Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr);
Tuscola Co. (C. A. Davis); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell).
22. ASTER MULTIFLCRUS Ait. (many-flowered)
White wreath Aster.
Frequent. In dry, open places. Southern half of the Lower penin­
sula. Local. Aug.-Nov.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1837); St. Clair Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1894); Livingston Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1897); Kent Co. (Mary B. Fall­
ass, 1900); Van Buren Co. (H* S. Pepoon, 1905); Wayne Co. (B. F. Chandler,
1915); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1919); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff,
1924) .
Reported from:- Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon).
23. ASTER VIM INBUS Lam. (bearing long flexible twigs)
Small white Aster.
Rare. In moist soil. Perhaps not distinct from narrow-leaved
forms of A. lateriflorus. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Go. (D. Cooley, 1840); Oceana Co. (D. Cool­
ey, 1840); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1884); Kent Co. (Mary B. Fallass,
1893); Berrien Co. (C. Billington, 1920).
Reported from;- Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Wayne Co. (0. A.
Farwe 11) •
24. ASTER LATERIFLORUS (L.) Britton (bearing one-sided flower-clusters)
Starved Aster.
Common. Throughout. In moist soil. Very variable In leaf-form,
inflorescence and pubescence. Forms seem to intergrade with A.
paniculatus and A. tradescanti. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1888); wayne Co. (0.
A. Farwell, 1892); Delta Co., Charlevoix Co. (C. F. feeler, 1892); Wash­
tenaw Co. (A. J. Pieters, 1892); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1892);

Menominee Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1893); ingham co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894);
Kent Co. (Mary j. Fallass, 1894); Gratiot co. (C. A. Davis, 1895);
Ottawa Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1896); Emmet Co. (c. W. Fallass, 1897); Alle­
gan Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1913); Chippewa Co* (C. K. Dodge, 1914); Alger
Co*, Houghton Co., Marquette Co* (C. K* Dodge, 1916); Oakland Co. (0.
A* Farwell, 1918); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth);
Berrien Co. (C. Billington, 1920); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919);
Mackinac Co. (J* H. Ehlers, 1916); Eaton Co. (Edith Spaulding, 1926);
Jackson Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from?- Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., Tuscola Co., Schoolcraft Co.
(C. K. Dodge); Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); Dickinson Co. (G. H. Coons,
1909); Calhoun Co. (c. E. Barr).
25. ASTIR HIRSUTICAULIS Lindl. (hairy-stemmed)
Aster lateriflorus hirsutieaulis Porter
Damp woods and thickets* Frequent. In Michigan this is better
placed as a variety of A. lateriflorus. It intergrades with
that species. Sep.-Oct.
Specimens examined;- Gratiot CO. (C. A. Davis, 1891); Wayne Co. (0.
A. Farwell, 1892); Delta Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1892); Alger Co. (C. F.
Wheeler, 1900); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1919); Cheboygan Co. (J.
H. Ehlers, 1920); Ontonagon Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1923); Ingham Co. (s.
E. Wolff, 1927).
26.

ASTER PTARMIG0IDI23 (Nees) T. & G. (like Ptarmica, the sneezewort)
Unamia alba Rydb.
Upland Aster.
Rather rare. In dry sandy or rocky soil* Throughout the
state, jul.-sep.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1827); Oakland Co. (D.
Clark, 1880); Keweenaw Co. ("rocky shores, rare", 0. A. Farwell); Lake
Co. (D* Cok, 1888); Agate Bay, Lake Superior (L. H. Bailey, jr., 1888);
Delta Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1892); Tuscola Co. (C. A. Davis, 1897); Lake
Superior (Herb., W. J. Beal); Ogemaw Co., Oscoda Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1913);
Washtenaw Co. (C. Billington, 1919); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1920);
Wayne Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1920)*
Reported from;- Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper).
27. ASTER NEMCRALIS Ait. (sylvan)
Bog Aster.
In sandy bogs. In the eatern counties of the upper Peninsula.
Through a mistake it has been reported as common in the state.
(see Beal’s Catalog, 1904.) Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined;- Chippewa Co., vicinity of Whitefish Point, (Andrews,
1915, in C. Billington Herb.); Chippewa Co. ("south of Emerson in open
sphagnum swamp, abundant throughout", C* K. Dodge, 1914).
Reported from;- Schoolcraft Co. ("bogs and swamps, often abundant", c.
K. Dodge).
28. ASTER NOVI-BELGI L.
New York Aster.
Rare. Damp open ground.

Sep.

Specimens examined:- Chippewa Co. ("Damp open ground near Emerson,
plentiful", c. K. Dodge, Sep. 1914).
29. ASTER TRADESCANTI L.
No sharp lines can be drawn between this and the next species.
Both are reported as common throughout the state. The specimens
examined form a series from which it is difficult to separate the
two species. Moist meadows or low grounds. Sep.-Oct.
Specimens examined;- Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1901); Ingham Co. (H. T.
Darlington); Ingham Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1899); van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon,
1905); Wayne Co. (B. F. Chandler, 1916); Delta Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1892);
Alger Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1924); Emmet
Co. (C. W. Fallass); Houghton Co. (F. j. Hermann, 1926); St. Clair Co. (C.
K. Dodge); Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1848).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E* Barr); Mackinac Island (c- K. Dodge,
1912); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., Tuscola Co., Chippewa Co., Schoolcraft Co.,
Charity Islands (C. K. Dodge); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Mani­
stee Co., St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels).
30. ASTER PANICULATUS Lam. (panicled)
Tall White Aster.
Common. Throughout. In moist soil. Sep.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Van Buren Co. (L. H. Bailey, jr., 1880); Oceana
Co., Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1840); Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1886);
Ingham Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1891); St. Clair Co. (c. K. Dodge, 1892); Alger
Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901); Gogebic Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1919).
Reported from:- Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Calhoun Co. (C. E.
Barr); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., Tuscola Co., Chippewa Co., Schoolcraft
Co. (C. K. Dodge); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell); Manistee Co., St. Joseph
Co. (F. P. Daniels); Oakland Co. (0. A. Farwell); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass).
31. ASTER SALICIFOLIUS Lam. (willow-leaved)
Willow Aster.
Apparently rare. Sep.-Oct. Swamps and moist soil.
Specimens examined:- Ionia Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1890); Macomb Co. (D.
Cooley, 1846); Washtenaw Co. (C. D. LaRue, 1915).
Reported from;- Magician Lake region ("Swamps, bogs", H. S. Pepoon);
Cheboygan Co., Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth).
(Aster undulatus L. has been reported as common in Michigan (Beal’s Cata­
log, 1904) but no specimens were seen answering description.
(Aster multiformis Burgess. There are thin-leaved forms corresponding to
this species in Michigan herbaria, in the present study they are re­
ferred to A. macrophyllus.
(Aster schreberi Nees is reported from Michigan in Britton & Brown 111. Fl.
ed. 2.
by Burgess in Torr. Bot. Club Mem. 13:279. 1906. No speci­
mens were seen answering the description.
(Aster divaricatus L. is reported from Michigan in Beal’s Flora, 1904. No
specimens that could be referred to it were seen.

12. BRACHYACTIS Ledeb.
BRACHYACTIS ANGUSTA (Lindl.) Britton (narrow)
Aster Augustus T. & G.
Rayless Aster.
Rare. In yards and waste places. Native farther west. Jul-Oct
Specimens examined;- St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1900); Wayne Co. (B
F. Chandler, 1915); St. Clair Co. (B. A. Walpole, Oct. 1923); Wayne Co
(C. Billington, Oct. 1914).

13. ERIGERON L.

Fleabane.

Rays inconspicuous or short; a row of tubular pis­
tillate flowers inside the row of rays.......... 1.
Rays conspicuous, usually equalling or longer than
the diameter of the disk.
Some of the stem-leaves oblong, partly clasping;
pappus simple; perennials.
Stem simple; heads 2.5-3.8 cm. broad; rays
about 50, 1-1.5 ram. wide
...2.
Stem branched above; heads 1.2-2.5 cm. broad;
rays very numerous, 100-150, about 0.5 mm.
wide.......
...3.
None of the stem-leaves oblong or clasping;
pappus double; annuals or biennials.
Stem and leaves green, pubescent with spreading
hairs or nearly glabrous; all the leaves
usually sharply serrate; involucre glabrous
or with a few long hairs.
.4.
Stem and leaves usually hoary with short stiff
appressed hairs; middle and upper stem
leaves entire or nearly so; involucre
appressed-pubescent.
5.

E. acris.

E. pulchellus.
E. phi lade lphicus.

E. annuus.

E. ramosus.

1. ERIGERON ACRIS L. (acrid or biting)
Erigeron droebachianus 0. F. Mueller
Erigeron acris droebachianus Blytt
Blue Fleabane*
Very rare. A northern species found in the Upper peninsula.
Specimens examined;- Isle Royale (A. E. Foote, 1858); Marquette Co.
(B* Barlow, 1901); Houghton Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926)*
Reported from;- Upper Peninsula (A. B. Lyons); portage river, Houghton
Co. (Vk— L^-McAtee, Aug. 1865).

T- Po K

r

2. ERIGERON PULCHELLUS Michx. (beautiful)
Erigeron bellidifolius Muhl.
Robin* s Plantain.
Frequent. Lower Peninsula. In dry woods and on dry banks.
Apr.-June.
Specimens examined;— Kalamazoo Co. (R. M. Gibbs, 1877); Cass Co* (C.
F. Wheeler, 1890); Ingham Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1891); Kent Co. (L. J. Cole,
1895); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon,
1906); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1914); Washtenaw Co. (J. H. Ehlers,
1918); Ionia Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1924); KalamazooH'S. E. Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Berrien Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr);
Bay Co. ("frequent", C. K. Bodge); Tuscola co. (C. A. Davis); St. Joseph
Co. (F. P. Daniels); Cheboygan Co. (F. C. Gates).
3. ERIGERON PHILADELPHICUS L.
Fleabane.
Common. In fields and woods, in rather moist soil.

Apr.-Jul.

Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Keweenaw Co. (0. A.
Farwell, 1888); Cass Co. (C. F. wheeler, 1890); Gratiot co. (C. A. Davis,
1890); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896);
Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Kent Co* (Enma j. Cole, 1895); Cheboy­
gan Co. (F. c. Gates, 1911); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1914); Shiawassee
Co. (J. smith, 1915); Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1915); Emmet Co. (J. H.
Ehlers, 1917); Berrien Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1917); Alpena Co. (H. T. Dar­
lington, 1918); Washtenaw co. (b. A. Walpole, 1919); Mackinac Co. (J. H.
Ehlers, 1920); Cheboygan Co. (J. H. & Lois Ehlers, 1920); Gogebic Co. (H.
T. Darlington, 1920); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Houghton Co. (F.
J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (c. E. Barr); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth);
Charity Islands, Schoolcraft Co., Tuscola Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co.
(C. K. Dodge); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis); Sanilac Co. (M. S. C., 1914);
Allegan Co. (M. S. C., 1913); Alcona Co. (M. S. C., 1920); Livingston Co.
(M. S. C., 1915); Saginaw Co. (M. S. C., 1926).
4. ERIGERON ANNUUS (L.) Pers. (annual)
Sweet Scabious. White-top.
Very common. A weed in fields. This and the following are found
growing together. May-Nov.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Keweenaw Co. (0. A.
Farwell, 1886); Kent Co. (G. D. Sones, 1889); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge,
1896); Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901) ; Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon,
1905); Cheboygan Co. (F. C. Gates, 1911); Charlevoix Co. (E. A. Bessey,
1912); Ontonagon Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff,
1924); Houghton Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926); Chippewa Co. (E. A. Bessey,
1927); Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1914).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Magician Lake region (H. S.
Pepoon); Tuscola Co., Schoolcraft Co., Charity island, Bay Co. to Macki­
nac Co. (C* K. Dodge); Emmet Co* (Fallass & Swift); Manistee Co., St.
Joseph Co. (F« P. Daniels); Clare Co. (M. S. 0., 1920); Mecosta Co. (M.
5. C., 1921).
5. ERIGERON RAMOSUS (Walt.) B.S.P. (branching)
Erigeron strigosus Muhl.
Daisy Fleabane.
Very common. A weed In fields everywhere. May-Nov.
Specjmens examined:- Macomb Co., Oceana Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Ingham
Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Jfciskegon Co.
(W. J. Beal, 1898); Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1888); Menominee Co. (c.
F. Wheeler, 1892); Marquette Go. (B. Barlow, 1901); Kent Co. (Emma J.
*Cole, 1901); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Wayne Co. (C. Billington,
1914); Cheboygan Co. (F. C. Gates, 1911); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauffman,
1910); Roscommon Co* (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darling­
ton, 1919); Emmet Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1921); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole,
1919); Allegan Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1921) ; Ontonagon Co. (E. A. Bessey,
1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. B. Wolff, 1922); Houghton Co. (F. J. Hermann,
1926).
Reported from;- Crawford Co. (W* L. McAtee, 1919); Isabella co. (M. S.
C., 1912); MaAistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Tuscola Co., Chippewa Co.,
Schoolcraft Co., Bay to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge).

14. LEPTILON Raf.
LEPTILON CANADENSE (L.) Britton
Erigeron canadensis L.
Horseweed.
Everywhere in the state, common throughout nearly all of North
America. june-Nov.
Specimens examined:- Isle Royale (E. A. Foote, 1868); Keweenaw Co. (0.
A. Farwell, 1886); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1896); Kent Co. (j. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1896); Van Buren Co.
(H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Cheboygan Co. (f . C. Cates, 1911); Marquette Co.
(A. Daehnowski, 1906); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1919); Lake Co. (C.
Goodrich, 1922); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1922); Jackson Co., Branch
Co., Berrien Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927); Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1914);
Houghton Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Tuscola
Co., Schoolcraft Co., Chippewa Co., Charity Islands, Bay Co. to Mackinac
Co. (C. K. Dodge); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis); Manistee Co. (f . p. Daniels);
Eranet Co. (Fallass & Swift); Isabella Co. (M. S. C., 1912); Dickinson
Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909).

15. DOSLLINGERIA Nees.
DOELLINGERIA UMBELLLATA (Mill.) Nees (umbellate)
Aster umbellatus Hook.
Flat-top Aster.
Common. In moist soil, especially in rich woods and thickets.
Suitable for cultivation. Jul.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Hillsdale Co. (H. B. Crosby, 1885); Keweenaw Co.
(0. A. Farwell, 1888); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); Montcalm Co. (B.
Barlow, 1900); Marquette Co. (A. Daehnowski, 1906); St. Clair Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1900); Newaygo Co., Osceola Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1916); Berrien Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1917); Alcona Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1918); Gogebic
Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Van
Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Mackinac Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1920) ;
Ontonagon Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1923); Arenac Co. (W. Heim, 1922); Kalama­
zoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Chippewa Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1926); Wayne
Co. (C. Billington, 1914).
Reported from:- Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1901); Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr)
Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); Charity Islands, Tuscola Co., Schoolcraft
Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge).
16# PLUCHEA Cass.
PLUCHEA CAMPHORATA (L.) DC. (having the odor of camphor)
Salt-marsh Fleabane.
Local. Around salt mines In WAyne Co. Sep.
specimens examined:- Wayne Co. (B. F. Chandler, 1914); Wayne Co. (B.
A. Walpole).

17. ANTENNAE IA Gaertn.
Basal leaves and those of the tips of the stolons
bright green and glabrous or glabrate above
from the first.
Basal leaves small, less than 5 cm. long, spatulate, with 1 nerve prominent; stem, stolons
and leaves not bearing purple glandular
hairs; middle and upper cauline leaves termi­
nated by an involute or flat scarious appen­
dage; styles brownish or cream-color......... ..1.
Basal leaves large, 5-12 cm. long, broadly obovate or obovate-spatulate, definitely 3-nerved; stems, stolons and leaves bearing pur­
plish glandular hairs; middle and upper caul­
ine leaves subulate-tipped or mucronate;
styles crimson............... ..................2.
Basal leaves and those of the tips of the stolons
more or less arachnoid or tomentose, only the
oldest becoming glabrate.
Basal leaves rather large, 0.7-5.5 cm. wide, ob­
long to obovate, 3-7-nerved beneath; staminate plants often common.. .................... 3.
Basal leaves smaller, 0.2-2.2 cm. wide, cuneatespatulate to obovate, with only 1 nerve
prominent, or a pair of lateral nerves con­
spicuous near the base.
Middle and upper stem-leaves terminated by an
. involute or flattened scarious appendage;
rosette-leaved cuneate-spatulate to spatulate-oblanceolate; stolons flagelliform,
creeping, their leaves small; staminate
plants common...
••.•••••.4.
Middle and upper stem-leaves subulate-tipped or
mucronate; rosette-leaves broadly oblanceolate to obovate; stolons short, assurgent,
their leaves conspicuous; staminate plants
rare. .....
*.... •
•••••••••5.

A. canadensis.

A. pari ini i.

A. plantaginifolia.

A. neglecta.

A. neodioica.

1. ANTENNAE IA CANADENSIS Greene
Cat* s-foot.
In dry soil. Infrequent or local. May-jul.
Specimens examined:- Leelanaw Co., shores of Grand Traverse Bay (C.
E. Wheeler, 1898); Crawford Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1899); Emmet Co. (C. W.
E^llass, 1922); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1920).
Reported from:- Charity Islands, Tuscola Co., Mackinac Island, Bay Co.
to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham); Iosco Co.
{H. 0. Hilton, 1919).
2. ANTENNAE IA PARLINII Feraald
Parlin*s Gat*s-foot.
Hare.
Specimens examined:- Washtenaw Co. (A. J. Pieters, 1892).

3. ANTENNARIA PLANTAGINIFOLIA (L.) Richards (plantain-leaved)
Plantain-leaved Everlasting.
Includes A. occidentalis Greene and A. fallax Greene.
Frequent. In dry soil, sterile pastures, fields and open woods.
Staminate plants often common. May-June.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Mecosta Co. (C. W.
Fallass, 1881); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); Calhoun Co., Muskegon
Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); Kent Co. (j. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1895);
Charlevoix Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905);
St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1908); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1920);
Eranet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Che­
boygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1923); Wayne Co. (J. M. Sutton).
Reported from;- Magician Lake region (H. S. pepoon); Manistee Co., St.
Joseph Co. (F. p. Daniels); Lenawee Co. (F. L. Steams).
4. ANTENNARIA NEGLECTA Greene (neglected)
Antennaria petaloidea Fernald
Field Cat*s-foot.
Rather common throughout the state. In fields and pastures.
Staminate plants common. A distinctive species. Apr.-June.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Keweenaw Co. (0. A.
Farwell, 1884); Washtenaw Co. (Eva Ferguson, 1885); Gratiot Co. (C. A.
Davis, 1890); Kent Co. (L. J. Cole, 1895); Livingston Co. (Wheeler &
Longyear, 1898); Muskegon Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); St. Clair Co. (C.
K. Dodge, 1901); Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901); Oakland Co. (C. Bill­
ington, 1915); Ingham Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1816); Houghton Co. (F. J.
Hermann, 1926); Clinton Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Tuscola Co., Schoolcraft Co.,
Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. ("plentiful, often abundant", C. K. Dodge);
Wayne Co. ("common", 0. A. Farwell); Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels).
5. ANTENNARIA NEODIOICA Greene
Antennaria rupicola Fernald
Cat* s-foot.
Frequent. In dry open places. Apr.-jul.
Specimens examined;- Isle Royale (A. E. Foote, Aug. 1868); Keweenaw
Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1887); Muskegon Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); Ingham Co.
(C. F. Wheeler, 1898); Clinton Co. (C. F. wheeler, 1901); Kent Co.
(Emma J. Cole, 1901); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1902); Marquette Co.
(A. Daehnowski, 1906) ; Berrien Co. (Dodge & Darlington, 1917); wayne Co.
(J. M. Sutton, 1916); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Gogebic Co.
(E. A. Bessey, 1920); Ontonagon Co, (H. T, Darlington, 1922); Cheboygan
Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1923); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1924); Houghton Co.
(F. J. Hermann, 1926); Allegan Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from:- Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Chippewa Co., Schoolcraft
Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Island (C. K. Dodge); Baraga Co. (H. T. Darling­
ton, 1920); St. Joseph Co. (E. L. Greene, 1909).

18. ANAPHALIS DC.

Everlasting,

ANAPHALIS MARGARITACEA (L.) Benth. & Hook. (pearly)
Pearly Everlasting.
Hare in the southern tiers of counties, but more common as one goes
northward. Very common in the Upper peninsula. Often mistaken for
Gnaphalium obtusifolium. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Isle Royale (A. E. Foote, Aug. 1868); Keweenaw Co.
(0. A. Farwell, 1888); Cheboygan Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1890); Kent .Co. (J.
Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1896); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1896); St. Clair
Co. (c. K. Dodge, 1898); Alger Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Muskegon Co.
(C. D. McLouth, 1901); Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901); Chippewa Co. (M.
H. Rogers, 1907); Wayne Co. (B. M. Starkweather, 1910); Oakland Co. (B*
F. Chandler, 1916); Roscommon Co. (E. A* Bessey, 1916); Missaukee Co.
(Bessey & Darlington, 1916); Iosco Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1918); Bois
Blanc Island (C. Billington, 1914); Washtenaw co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918);
Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Baraga Co. (S. R. Bailey, 1893);
Houghton Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from;- Grand Traverse Co. (H* T. Darlington, 1919); Dickinson
Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909); Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Tuscola Co.,
Schoolcraft Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Beaver Island
(H. T. Darlington, 1923); Montcalm Co. (Wheeler & Smith Catalog); Newaygo
Co., Kalamazoo Co. (M. S. C.); Manistee Co. (M. S. C., 1912); Charlevoix
Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1922)•

19. GNAPHALIUM L.

Cudweed.

Pappus-bristles united at the base into a ring; outer
tegules tawny, the inner purplish; heads spicate.••• 1. G. purpureum.
Pappus-bristles distinct; tegules not purplish; heads
not spicate.
Plant 5-25 cm. high, diffuse; heads about 4 mm.
high, in capitate clusters subtended by leaves;
tegules brown or brownish................
2.G.uliginosum.
Plant 30-70 cm. high, erect; heads about 5 mm. high,
not in leafy capitate clusters; tegules white
or yellowish^white.
Leaves decurrent; plant glandular-viscid; tegules
yellowish-white................................ 3. G. decurrens.
Leaves sessile, not decurrent; plant not glandularviscid; tegules white
4 G. obtusifolium*

...

1. GNAPHALIUM PURPUREUM L. (purple)
purplish Cudweed.
Rare. Lower half of the Lower Peninsula. May-Sep.
Specimens examined.— Washtenaw Co. (ex. *coll« Mary H. Clark, 1869); St.
Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1895); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1904); Oakland Co.
(C. Billington, 1915); Ionia Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1921).
Reported from;- Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge); Wayne Co. ("rare", 0. A. Farwell); Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, in Wheeler & Smith Catalog); Eaton Co. (H.
L.Clark); Monroe Co. (Farwell & Gladewitz).

2. GNAPHALIUM ULIGINOSUM L* {growing in marshes)
Low Cudweed*
Frequent. Throughout the state. In ditches, along roadsides in
the heavier soils. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined;- Ingham co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); Kent Co. (H. C.
Skeels, 1895); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1904); Cheboygan Co. (F. c . Gates,
1911); St. Clair Co. (B. F. Chandler, 1915); Missaukee Co. (H. T* Darling­
ton, 1916); Roscommon Co. (Bessey* Darlington, 1916); Gogebic Co. (E.
A. Bessey, 1919).
Reported from:- Muskegon Co. (c. D. McLouth); Tuscola Co., Chippewa Co.,
Schoolcraft Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Wayne Co. (0. A.
Farwell); Manistee Co., St. Joseph Co. (F. p. Daniels); Emmet Co. (Fall­
ass & Swift); Newaygo Co. (M. S. C*, 1919).
3. GNAPHALIUM DECURRENS Ives (decurrent)
Clammy Everlasting.
Common. In dry, open soil. Throughout. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Keweenaw Co. (0. A.
Farwell, 1887); Ingham Go. (G. D. Sones, 1891); Kent Co. (H. C. Skeels,
1895); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1898); Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901);
Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Van Buren Co. (F. C. Gates, 1906); Che­
boygan Co. (F. c. Gates, 1911); Oakland co. (B. F. Chandler, 1915);
Berrien Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1917); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919);
Lake Co. (C. Goodrich, 1922); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E* Wolff, 1923); Houghton
Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from;- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth);
Charity Islands, Tuscola Co., Chippewa Co., Schoolcraft Co., Bay to
Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); St. Joseph Co., Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels);
Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); Antrim Co. ("abundant", E. A. Bessey, 1920);
Ottawa Co. (M. S. C*, 1925).
4. GNAPHALIUM OBTUSIFOLIUM L. (blunt-leaved)
Gnaphalium polyeephalum Michx.
Sweet Everlasting.
Common in the Lower Peninsula; less coranon in the Upper. Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined:— Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); St. Clair Co. (C.
K. Dodge, 1893); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); Kent CO. (J. Shaddick &
H. C. Skeels, 1895); Montcalm Co. (B. Barlow, 1900); Marquette Co. (A. Dachnowski, 1906); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1913); Oakland Co. (C. Bill­
ington, 1914) ; Berrien Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1917); Washtenaw CO. (B. A.
Walpole, 1918); Cheboygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1920); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E.
Wolff, 1924).
Reported from:— Cass Co. (H. S* Pepoon); Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Mus­
kegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); Schoolcraft Co., Tuscola Co., Bay Co. to Macki­
nac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell); St. Joseph Co., Manistee
Co. (F. P. Daniels); Emmet Co. (Fallass* swift); Newaygo Co. (M. S. C.,
1919); Oscoda Co. (M. S. C., 1921); Van Buren Co., Hillsdale Co. (M. S.
C., 1925).

20. ADEN0CAUL0N Hook
ADENOCAULON BICOLGR Hook, (two-colored, referring to the green upper
surface of the leaves and to the white-wooly lower surface)
Rare. Confined to the northern side of tbs Upper Peninsula. An
interesting plant, with club-shaped achenes beset with glands near
the apex. In moist woods. May-Jul.
Specimens examined:- Marquette Co. (A. E. Foote, 1868); Huron Mts.,
Marquette Co. (c. K. Dodge, 1916); Grand Marais, Alger Co. (R. Ford,
1921); Ontonagon Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1923); Houghton Co. (F. J. Her­
mann, 1926).
Reported from;- Chippewa Co., 6 miles southwest of sault St. Marie.
(Thomas Porter, 1865); Ontonagon River (Beal's Catalog).

21. INULA L.
INULA HELENIUM L. (classical name)
Elecampane.
Not uncommon. Along roadsides in the Lower peninsula. Often culti­
vated. Naturalized from Europe. Native also in Asia. Summer.
Specimens examined;- Ingham Co* (J. Shaddick & H* C. Skeels, 1890); St.
Clair Co. (c. K. Dodge, 1895); Calhoun Co. (W. J. Beal, 1896); Kent Co.
(Emma J. Cole, 1901); Berrien Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Wayne Co. (C.
Billington, 1914); Washtenaw Co. (C. D. LaRue, 1915); Kalamazoo Co. (S.
E. Wolff, 1924).
Reported from:- van Buren Co. ("rare", H. S. Pepoon); Bay Co., Tuscola
Co., Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge); Beaver Island (H. T* Darlington, 1923);
Osceola Co. (E. A* Bessey, 1927); Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham).

22.

POLYMNIA L.

Leaves abruptly narrowed into winged petioles; rays
10-15, yellow, 1.2-2.5 cm. long; achenes manystriate.. ................ •.....
Leaves slender-petioled, the petioles wingless ex­
cept at base of blade; rays 5, whitish-yellow,
1 cm. or less long; achenes 3-ribbed, not manystriate

1. p. uvedalla.

2. p. canadensis.

1. POLYNMIA UVEDALIA L.
Yellow Leaf-cup.
Rare. Southern half of the Lower peninsula, in rich, moist woods.
Jul.-Aug.
S-pecimens examined:- Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1897); Montcalm co. (C. A.
Davis, 1898).
Reported from;— Lapeer Co. (W* A. Brotherton); Southern Michigan
{Wright*s Catalog).
2. POLYMNIA CANADENSIS L.
Leaf-cup,
Rich shaded banks.

Rare.

June-Sep.

Specimens aramrmfl.- Macomb co* (D. cooley, 1840); Ingham co* (G. H*
Hicks* 1892); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth* 1899); Oakland Co. (B. F.
Chandler, 1917); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Oakland Co. (J. M.
Sutton, 1918); Kent Co. (Emma j. Cole, 1901).
Reported from;- Ionia, Flint (Beal's Catalog).

23. SILPHIUM L.

Rosin-weed.

Stem leafy throughout; leaves alternate, opposite or
vert ici Hate.
Leaves connate-perfoliate; stem square...........................1.
Leaves not connate-perfoliate, sessile or petioled;
stem terete or slightly 4-angled.
Leaves alternate, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, the
basal 30 cm. long or more.................... 2.
Leaves opposite or verticillate, entire or den­
tate, the basal less than 20 cm. long.
Leaves opposite, sessile, often partly clasp­
ing, ovate or ovate-lanceolate....... ...........3.
Leaves mostly verticillate in 3's or 4*s,
petioled, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate...4.
Stem
leafless except toward base
........... 5.

s. perfoliatum.

S. laciniaturn.

s. integrifolium.
S. trifoliatum.
S. terebinthinaceum.

1* SILPHIUM PERFOLIATUM L. (having leaves that meet around the stem)
Cup-plant.
Rare. Mostly in the southern counties. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Mozn’oe Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1911); wayne Co. (B. F.
Chandler, 1914); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1919).
Reported from:- Cass Co. ("rare", H. S. Pepoon); Muskegon Co. (V. 0.
Graham); Southern Michigan (Wright's Catalog).
2. SILPHIUM LACINIATUM L. (slashed)
Compass-plant•
Rare. Along railroads. Distributed from the prairies of the
West. Jul.—Sep.
Specimens examined:- Ingham Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1926); Washtenaw Co.
(B* A. Walpole, 1919).
Reported from:- Southern Michigan (Wright's Catalog); St. Clair Co.
(J. W. Stacy); Berrien Co. (M. S. C*, 1923); Eloise, Wayne Co. (b.
Gladewitz)•
3. SILPHIUM INTEGRIFOLIUM Miohx. (entire-leaved)
Entire-leaved Rosin-weed.
Becoming frequent in the southwestern counties. Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Berrien Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1917); Cass Co. (C. Billington, 1917); Kalamazoo Co.
(S* E. Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Southwestern Michigan (Beal's Catalog).
4. SILPHIUM TRIFOLIATUM L. (three-leaved)
Whorled Rosin-weed.
Rare. Southern part of the state. In woods.

jul.-Oct.

, Specimens examined:- Ionia Co. (b . A. Walpole, 1923); Washtenaw Co.
(B. A. Walpole, 1919).
Reported from:- Avon (w. A. Brotherton, in Beal's Catalog).
5* SILPHIUM TEREBINTHINACEUH Jacq. (resinous)
Prairie Dock.
Frequent. Roadsides and prairies. Lower peninsula. Conspicuous
for its large leaves and tall slender, nearly naked stem. Jul.-sep.
Specimens examined;- Washtenaw co. (D. Cooley, 1827); Macomb Co. (D.
Cooley, 1840); Ionia Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1890); Kent Co. (B. Livingston,
1894); Jackson Co. (ex. Herb. S. H. & D. R. Camp, 1894); Tuscola Co. (C.
A. Davis, 1897); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1903); Monroe Co. (B. F. Chand­
ler, 1915); Roscommon Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Lenawee Co. (C. Bill­
ington, 1917); St. Joseph Co. (Gladys Lloyd, 1927); Ingham Co. (S. E.
Wolff, 1927).
Reported from;- van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr);
Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge); Huron co. (C* A. Davis); wayne Co. (0. A.
Farwell); Livingston Co. (M. S. C.); Saginaw Co. (M. S. 0., 1924).

24. HELIOPSIS Pers.
Stem glabrous; leaves smooth or somewhat scabrous,
acuminate; achenes glabrous when young; pappus
none, or of 2-4 stout teeth.... •. ............ .1. H. helianthoides.
Stem rough-pubescent above; leaves rough, acute or
short-acuminate; achenes pubescent on the mar­
gins when young; pappus a short crown, or of
1-3 sharp teeth.••••.................
2.H. scabra.
1. HELIOPS IS HELIANTHOIDES (L.) Sweet, (like Helianthus, the Sunflower)
Ox-eye.
Infrequent. Alluvial bottoms, stream banks and open places.
Southern counties. jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1837); Lenawee Co. (W. J.
Beal, 1866); Kent Co. (H. M. Bailey, 1892); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge,
1904); Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1915); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1916);
Ingham Co. (M. W. Schnute, 1922); Washtenaw Co. (F. G. Gustafson, 1923);
Washtenaw Co. (E* Beach * S. E. Wolff, 1924).
2. HELIOPS IS SCABRA Dunal (rough)
Rough Ox-eye.
infrequent. Thickets, dry soil. Throughout. In these two species
the ray-flowers are persistent on the achenes.
SpecImens examined:— Menominee Co. (C. A. Davis, 1905); Marquette Co.
(A. Daehnowski, 1906); Oakland Co. (B. F. Chandler, 1916); Clare Co. (E.
A. Bessey, 1916); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Cheboygan Co. (J.
H. Ehlers, 1920); Emmet Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1922); Keweenaw Co. (F. J.
Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell);
Wexford Co. (M. S* C., 1920).

25. RUDBECKIA L.
Disk globose or ovoid, purple or dark brown in fruit;
lower leaves entire, dentate or lobed.
Lower leaves deeply &-lobed; chaff awn-pointed,......1.
Lower leaves not three— lobed; chaff acute or
obtusish.
Plant hispid; pappus none; chaff hairy at the tip..2.
Plant not hispid, pubescent; pappus a short crown;
chaff smooth..................................
Disk elongated or cylindric in fruit, yellowish or
gray; lower leaves pinnately divided or pinnati........ ...................... ............... 4.

R. triloba.

R. hirta.
r

. speciosa.

R. laciniata.

1. RUDBECKIA TRILOBA L. (three-lobed)
Thin-leaved Cone-flower.
Rare. Lower Peninsula, in moist soil. june-Oct.
Specimens examined:- St. Clair Co. (0. A. Harwell); Kent Co. (W. E.
Mulliken, 1897); Ionia (B* A. Walpole, 1921).
Reported from:- Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham); Jackson Co. (M. S. C.);
Alpena Co. ("conmon on the shores of Thunder Bay", C. P.Wheeler);
Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, in Beal's Catalog).
2. RUDBECKIA HIRTA L. (hairy)
Black Eyed Susan.
A weed in cultivated fields, along roadsides and in low places.
Once thought to have been introduced from the west. May-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Lenawee Co. (W. J. Beal, 1866); Isle Royale
(University Party, 1868); Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1829); Keweenaw Co.
(0. A. Harwell, 1888); Cheboygan Co. (C. P. Wheeler, 1890); Ingham Co.
(H* C. Skeels,
1894); St. Clair Co* (C. K. Dodge, 1896). Muskegon Co.,
Calhoun Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); Montcalm Co. (B. Barlow, 1900); Arenac
Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Kent co. (Emma J. Cole, 1901); Marquette Co.
(B. Barlow, 1901); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); wayne Co. (C.
Billington, 1914); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1916); Osceola Co. (E.
A. Bessey* 1916); Newaygo Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Gogebic Co. (H.
T. Darlington,
1919); Emmet Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1917); Chippewa Co. (J. H.
& Lois Ehlers,
1920);Kalamazoo Co. (S. E* Wolff, 1922); Ontonagon Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1923); Grand Traverse Co. (J. H. Ehlers); Houghton
Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926) ; Washtenaw Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1927).
Reported from:- Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Dickinson Co. (G.
H. Coons, 1909); St. Joseph Co., Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Huron Co.
(C. A. Davis); Schoolcraft Co., Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge).
3. RUDBECKIA SPECIOSA Wenderoth (showy)
Rudbeckia sullivanti Boynton * Beadle
Showy Cone-flower.
Frequent. In the four southern tiers of counties. In low
meadows and moist thickets. Aug.—Oct.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1844); Ionia Co. (C. F.
Wheeler, 1890); Ingham Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1891); Kent Co. (j. Shaddick
& h. 0. Skeels, 1895); Berrien Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1904); Oakland Co.

(0. A. Farwell, 1917); Kalamazoo Co. (Kenoyer & Wolff, 1924).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Flint, Ann Arbor, Alma (Beal's
Catalog).
4. RUDBECKIA LACINIATA L. (slashed)
Tall Cone-flower.
Frequent. Throughout. In moist thickets. jul.-Sep. A double­
flowered form in cultivation is called "golden-glow.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1849); Gratiot co. (C. A*
Davis, 1890); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894) ; Kent Co. (j. Shaddick &
H. C. Skeels, 1895); Washtenaw co. (Ypsilanti Normal College Herb., 1894);
St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Muskegon Co. (c. D. McLouth, 1899);
Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Cass Co. (F. C. Gates, 1906); Wayne
Co. (C. Billington, 1915); Clare Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Berrien Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1917); Gogebic Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1919); Kalamazoo Co.
(S. E. Wolff, 1924); Keweenaw Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from;- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Tuscola Co. (C. A. Davis);
Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge); Carp river, Mackinac Co. (Whitney Catalog,
1849); Baraga Co* (H. T. Darlington, 1920); St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels);
Antrim Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1920); Oceana Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1922).

26. RAT IB IDA Raf.
Rays 2.5-7 cm. long; leaf-segments lanceolate... .... 1. R. pinnata.
Rays 1 cm. or less long; leaf-segments narrowly
linear
2. R. tagetes.
1. RAT IB IDA PINNATA (Vent.) Barnhart (pinnate)
Lepachys pinnata T. & G.
Gray-headed Cone-flower*
Frequent and local. Throughout. On dry plains. June-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Kent Co. (J. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1895); Cal­
houn Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); Lenawee Co. (W. J. Beal); Van Buren Co.
(H. S. Pepoon, 1903); Mackinac Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1916); Berrien Co. (H.
T. Darlington, 1917); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Kalamazoo Co.
(S. E. Wolff, 1922); Keweenaw Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Ionia Co. (Beal's
Catalog)•
2. RAT IB IDA TAGETES (James) Barnhart
Lepachys tagetes A. Gray
Short-rayed Cone-flower.
Only along railroads. Native of the Great plains.
Specimens examined:- Shanghai Pit, Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1919).
(RAT IB IDA COLUMNAR IS (Sims) D. Don. has been reported from the Upper
Peninsula by W. Cornell. It has the long cylindric or elongated-conic
disk.

27.

ECHINACEA Moench

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly dentate.....*!. E* purpurea.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate or linear,
entire.
Rays 2-3 cm. long, purplish to white, spreading.....2. E. angustifolia.
Rays 3-7 cm. long, rose-purple, narrow, drooping.•..3. E. pallida.
1. ECHINACEA PURPUREA (L.) Moench (purple)
Brauneria purpurea Britton
Purple Cone-flower.
Rare. Southwestern counties. In rich soil. Jul.-Oct.
Reported from;- Kent Co., St. Joseph Co. (Beal's Catalog).
2. ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA DC. (narrow-leaved)
Brauneria angustifolia Heller
Purple Cone-flower.
Rare. In dry soil. A species of the western prairies. Jul.-Oct
Specimens examined:- Emmet Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1920).
3. ECHINACEA PALLIDA (Nutt.) Britton (somewhat pallid)
Brauneria pallida Britton
Pale Purple cone-flower.
Rare. In dry open places.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell); Cass Co. (Ruth Jones
1916).
Reported from?- Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham).

28. HELIANTHUS L.

Sunflower.

A. Lobes of the disc—florets red or purple*
Involucral bracts ovate, either obtusish or
acuminate.
Bracts obtusish, glabrous, appressed; disc
not more than 2.0 cm. wide; perennial..... 1. H. rigidus.
Bracts acuminate, pubescent, loose; disc
usually more than 2.5 cm. wide; annuals.
Leaves and young parts white-lanate, the
latter densely so
2. H. argophyllus.
Leaves and young parts pubescent, but not
lanate......... ..................... .3. H. annuus.
Involucral bracts lanceolate.
Chaff toward the center of the disc longbearded at the tip....,
.....A. H. petiolaris.
Chaff not so bearded......................... 5. H* debilis.
A. Lobes of the disc-florets yellow.
Disc more than 3.0 cm. wide (cultivated annual).3* H* annuus.
Disc not more than 2.5 cm. wide; perennials.
Leaf-blade contracted to a long, narrowly
margined petiole as long as, and usually
longer than the blade................... .6. H. occidentalis.
Leaf-blade tapering below, or if abruptly
contracted, the petiole much shorter
than the blade. (B)
B. Leaves round or subcordate at the base, sessile
or subsessile.
Leaves ovate, sessile and more or less clasp­
ing. .......................
7.H.
mollis.
Leaves broadly lanceolate, subsessile, the
apparent petiole not more than 1-3.0 mm.
long
..........................
8.H. divaricatus.
B. Leaves acute or pointed at the base. (C)
C. Leaves prevailingly ovate or broadly ovatelanceolate.
Involucral bracts linear, much longer than the
disc and very loose
9. H. de cape talus.
Bracts lanceolate, only a little longer than
the disc and not conspicuously loose.
Stems smooth; main branches of the inflores­
cence opposite ..........................10. H* strumosus.
Stems rough; main branches of the inflores­
cence alternate.
Leaves short-hirsute beneath, smooth to
the touch; rhizomes with tubers........ 11. H. tuberosus.
Leaves scabrous beneath, rough to the
touch; rhizomes without tubers......... 12. H. laetiflorus.
C. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic.
Heads very small; disc less than 1.0 cm. wide..13. H. glaucus.
Disc more than 1.0 cm. wide* (D)

D. Loaves with a short distinct petiole* or else the
blade so narrowly decurrent that the leaf
appears petioled.
Leaves opposite* distinctly petioled; involucral
bracts scabrous and recurved
........ ..14. H* hirsutus.
Leaves alternate,,1d lade briefly decurrent below
the confluence of the lateral nerves*
apparently petiolate; bracts subglabrous,
not recurved.
Leaves deeply serrate, usually more than 4.0
cm. wide..*....... ............ .......... .15. IT. grosse-serratus.
Leaves serrulate, usually less than 3.0 cm.
wide........................................16. H. instabilis.
D. Leaves not even apparently petiolate* the blade
decurrent to the base of the petiole. (E).
E. Inflorescence racemose from the axils of the
upper leaves; peduncles normally less than
5.0 cm. long and rarely more than 1-flowered;
leaves slightly conduplieate...
17. H. maximiliani.
E. Inflorescence paniculate; peduncles more than
5.0 cm. long, often 3-4-flowered; leaves flat.
Leaves broadest toward the base, gradually
acuminate toward the tip, either opposite or
alternate
18. H. ambiguus.
Leaves broadly linear-elliptic, acute or abrupt­
ly acuminate at the tip*
Leaves 3-5 cm. wide, 5-15.0 cm. long........... 19. H. altissimus.
Leaves 2-3 cm. wide, 5-12.0 cm. long.
Involucral bracts linear, very long and
loose; leaves remotely long-hispid be­
neath
20. H. giganteus.
Bracts lanceolate* a little longer than the
disc; leaves evenly short-pubescent be­
neath.
.*••••.•• 21 . H. boreal is •
1. HELIAHTHUS RIGIDUS Desf. (rigid)
Helianthus scaberrimus Ell.
Stiff Sunflower.
Infrequent* In dry open soil. Throughout. Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined;- Lapeer Go. (C. K. Dodge, 1911) ; Van Buren Co. (H.
S. Pepoon, 1906); Wayne Co. (B. F. Chandler* 1915); Ontonagon Co. (H. T.
Darlington, 1923); Washtenaw Co. (E. E. Watson, 1923); Houghton Co. (F.
J. Hermann* 1926).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth);
Ann Arbor (Winchell's Catalog); Houghton Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1912); Monroe
Co. (Farwell & Cladewitz, 1927).
2. HELIAHTHJS AHCOPHTLLUS T. & G.
Rare. Along railroads. A southern plant.
Specimens examined:— Ingham Co. (B* A. Walpole).

3# HELIANT HUS ANNUUS L. (annual)
Common Sunflower*
Rare. Mostly as an escape. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1908); Gratiot Co. (C.
A. Davis, 1895); Kent Co. (J. shaddick & H. C* Skeels, 1895); Washtenaw
Co. (b . A. Walpole, 1919); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Wayne Co. (Farwell &
Gladewitz).
4. HEL IANT HUS PETIOLARIS Nutt. (provided with leaf-stalks)
Prairie Sunflower.
Rare. Mostly along railroads or as an escape. In dry soil.
June-Sep. Native to the western prairies. A pretty species.
Specimens examined:- St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, Sep. 6, 1908); Grand
Rapids (C. W. Fallass, Oct. 8, 1894).
Reported from:- wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell, Sep. 15, 1918); HUbbardston,
Ionia Co. (Beal’s Catalog).
5. RELIANT HUS DEBILIS Nutt. (weak)
Only along railroads. Fugitive from the south.
Specimens examined:- Lansing (B. A. Walpole).
6. RELIANT HUS OCCIDENTAL IS Riddell
Few-leaved sunflower.
Frequent. Lower Peninsula. In dry soil, often along railroads.
Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Oceana Co. (D. Cooley, 1847); Lenawee Co. (W. J.
Beal, 186-); Crawford Co., Lake Co. (M. S. C. Herb., 1888); Ionia Co.
(C. F. wheeler, 1890); Kent Co. (G. D. Sones, 1891); Oakland Co. (G. H.
Hicks, 1892); Jackson Co. (ex. Herb. S. H. & D. R. Camp, 1894); Montcalm
Co. (B. Barlow, 1900); Arenac Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Allegan Co.
(F. A. Loew, 1904); Oscoda Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1913); Berrien Co. (Dodge
& Darlington, 1917); Mason Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1918); Washtenaw Co.
(B. A. Walpole, 1918); Cheboygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1920); Kalamazoo Co.
(S. E. Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Calhoun C°* (G « E* Barr);
Flint, Macomb Co. (Beal’s Catalog); St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels).
7. HELIANTHUS MOLLIS Lam. (soft hairy)
Rare. Along railroads.
Specimens examined:- Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels, 1900).
Reported from:- Wayne Co. ("fence rows in dry ground near Wayne”, 0.
A. Farwell, 1924).
8. HELIANTHDS DIVARICATUS L. (widely diverging)
Woodland Sunflower.
Common. Throughout. In dry woodlands and dry thickets. Jul.-Sep
specimens examined:- Lenawee Co. (W. J. Beal, 1866); Macomb Co. (D.
Cooley, 1867); Kent Co. (H. M. Bailey, 1892); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge,
1895); Gratiot Co. (C. A. Davis, 1895); Calhoun Co. (w. J. Beal, 1898);
Genesee Co. (D. Clark); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1904); Ingham co. (M.
Craig, 1905); Ottawa Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910); Wayne Co. (C. Billington

1915); Newaygo Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1916); Roscommon Co. (Bessey & Darling­
ton, 1916); Berrien Co. (Dodge & Darlington, 1917); Washtenaw Co. (B. A.
Walpole, 1918); Gogehic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Jackson Co. (Kanouse
& Kauffman, 1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. wolff, 1923).
Reported from;- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); van Buren
Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Muskegon Co. (c. D. McLouth); Tuscola Co., Oscoda Co.,
Ogemaw Co. (c. K. Dodge); St. Joseph Co., Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels);
Bay Co. (M. S. C., 1920).
9. HEL IANT HUS DECAPETALUS L. (having ten petals)
Wild Sunflower.
Frequent. Throughout, but seemingly less common in the Upper
Peninsula, in moist rich woods. Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1867); Gratiot Co. (C. A.
Davis, 1890); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth, 1899); Ionia Co. (C. F. Wheel­
er, 1900); Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1901); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905);
Van Buren Co. (F. C. Gates, 1916); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1907);
Berrien Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1917); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington,
1920); Ingham Co. (E. E. Watson, 1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1925).
Reported from;- Tuscola Co. (C. A. Davis).
10. HELIANTHUS STRUMOSUS L. (bearing wens or swellings)
Wild Sunflower.
Frequent. In thickets and dry woods* Variable. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Oakland Co. (D. A. Pelton, 1885); Washtenaw Co.
(A. J. Pieters, 1892); Jackson Co. (S. H. Camp, 1897); St. Clair Co. (C.
K. Dodge, 1896); Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1901); Roscommon Co. (Bessey &
Darlington, 1916); Berrien Co. (Dodge & Darlington, 1917); Kalamazoo
Co. (E. E. Watson, 1923).
Reported from;- Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge); St. Joseph Co. (F. P.
Daniels)•
11. HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS L. (bearing tubers)
Jerusalem Artichoke.
Frequent. Roadsides and waste places, seldom far from cultivated
fields. Now grown for its edible tubers. Sep.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Ingham Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1892); St. Clair Co. (c.
K. Dodge, 1894); Kent Co. (Mary B. Fallass, 1894); Washtenaw Co. (E. E.
Watson, 1923); Livingston Co. (E. E. Watson, 1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E.
Wolff, 1923).
12.

HELIANTHUS LAETIFLCRUS Pers.
(showy-flowered)
Showy Sunflower.
Rare. On prairies and shores. Southwestern counties. Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Van Buren Co. (E. E. Watson); Kent Co. (E. E.
Watson, 1922).
13. HELIANTHUS GLAUCOUS Small (covered with bloom)
Rare.
Specimens examined;- Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, Aug. 1903), "verging
on H. microcephalus” , E. E. Watson, 7/12/26.

14. HELIANTHUS HIRSUTUS Raf. (hairy)
Stiff-haired Sunflower.
Rare. In dry soil. Southern counties, jul.-oct.
Specimens examined;- Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1921); Ionia Co.
(B. A. Walpole, 1924); Jackson Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from;.- Wayne Co. (o. A. Farwell).
15.

HELIANTHUS GROSSE-SERRATUS Martens (coarsely toothed)
Saw-tooth Sunflower.
Rare. In dry soil. Southern counties. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Kent Co. (E. E. Watson, 1922); St. Clair Co. (C.
K. Dodge, 1896).
16. HELIANTHUS INSTABILIS E. E. Watson (unstable)
Infrequent, in the southern counties, in dry soil.
Specimens examined:- St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Ionia Co. (B.
A. Walpole, 1921); Ingham Co., Cass Co. (E. E. Watson).
17. HELIANTHUS MAXIM ILIANI Scbrad.
Rare. In dry soil. A plant mainly of the Great plains. Aug.-Oct
Specimens examined:- Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1920); Kent Co.
(E. E. Watson, 1922); Emnet co. (J. H. Ehlers, Aug. 11, 1926).
Reported from:- Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell); Washtenaw Co. (Farwell &
Gladewitz, July 20, 1928).
18.

HELIANTHUS AMBIGUUS (A. Gray) Britton
Southern counties. Rare.
Specimens examined:- Clinton Co. (E. E. Watson, 1922); Ingham Co.,
Washtenaw Co., Kalamazoo Co. (E. E. Watson, 1923).
19. HELIANTHUS ALTISSIMUS L. (very tall)
Rare • southern count ie s«
Specimens examined:- Kent Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1895); Washtenaw Co. (B.
A. Walpole).
Reported from:- Washington, Macomb Co. (Farwell & Gladewitz, 1927).
20. HELIANTHUS GIGANTEUS L. (gigantic)
Tall Sunflower.
Common. Throughout. In swamps and wet meadows. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1847); Kent Co. (H. M.
Bailey, 1891); Washtenaw Co. (A. J. Pieters, 1892); Gratiot Co. (C. A.
Davis, 1895); Genesee Co. (D. Clark); Cass Co. (F. C. Gates, 1906);
St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1902); Allegan Co. (C. H* Kauffman, 1913);
Wayne Co, (J. M. Sutton, 1916); Newaygo Co., Mecosta Co. (H. T. Darling­
ton, 1916); Berrien Co. (Dodge & Darlington, 1917); Oakland Co. (B. A.
Walpole, 1920); Ingham Co. (E. E. Watson, 1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E.
Wolff, 1923); Ontonagon Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1922); Clinton Co. (E.
B. Watson).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth)
Tuscola Co., Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge); St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels);
Ionia Co. (Beal’s Catalog).

21. HELIANTHUS BOHEALIS E. E. Watson (northern)
Rare. Dry open soil.
.Specimens examined:- Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905).
Reported from:- m gham Co. (E. E. Watson).

29. RID AN Adams
RIDAN AI/PERNIFOLIUS (L.) Britton (alternate-leaved)
Verbesina alternifolia Britton
^ Actinomeris alternifolia DC.
Yellow ironweed.
Rare, in rich soil. Confined to the two tiers of counties
farthest south. Aug.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Washtenaw Co. (at. V. Harrington, 1866); Along
Huron river, Wi&yne Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1911); Lenawee Co. (C. Billington,
1915); Berrien Co. (Dodge & Darlington, 1917); Washtenaw Co. (B. A.
Walpole, 1918).
Reported from:- Southern Michigan (Wright’s Catalog).

30. COREOPSIS L.

Tickseed.

Leaves entire; achenes broadly winged.
1. C. lanceolate.
Leaves 3-lobed or divided; achenes narrowly winged.
Leaves sessile, 3-lobed to about the middle, the
lobes broadly linear; rays toothed
.2. C. palmata.
Leaves petioled, all but the uppermost 3-divided,
the divisions lanceolate; rays entire....... ....S. C. tipteris.
1. COREOPSIS LANCEOLATA L. (lance-shaped)
Tickseed.
Local, but frequent. On the sandy shores of Lake Huron and Lake
Michigan, also on sand hills and sandy plains in the interior.
A pretty species. May-Aug.
Specimens examined:- Oceana Co. (D. Cooley, 1837); Emmet Go. (C. W.
Fallass, 1879); Iosco Co. (Beal & Wheeler, 1888); Grand Traverse Co. (C.
F. Wheeler, 1892); Muskegon Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Kent Co. (Emma j.
Cole, 1901); Antrim Co. (W. S. Cooper, 1902); Mackinac and Bois Blanc
islands (0. K. Dodge, 1914); Alpena Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1918); Allegan
Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1921); Emnet Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1920).
Reported from:- Cheboygan Co. (C. K. Dodge).
2. COREOPSIS PALMATA Nutt, (palmately lobed or divided)
Stiff Tickseed.
Rare. In the southwestern counties. In thickets and on plains,
june-jul.
Specimens examined:- Cass Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1890); Berrien Co.
(Dodge & Darlington, 1917); Cass Co. ("Silver Creek valley & Dowagiac
Swamp” , H. S. Pepoon).
Reported from:- Southern Michigan (Wright’s Catalog); Gull prairie
(Dr. Houghton, 1838, in Beal’s Catalog).

3* COREOPSIS TRIPTSRIS L. (three-winged)
Tall Tickseed.
Frequent. In thickets and open places. Southern part of the
state. Jul.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1840); Lenawee Co. (W. J*
Beal, 1862); Jackson Co. (ex. Herb. S. H. & D. R. Camp, 1894); Kent Co.
(A. Rogers & H. C. Skeels, 1895); Calhoun Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); Cass
Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Berrien Co. (Dodge & Darlington, 1917); tffashtenaw Co. (B. A. walj>le, 1918); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1922).
Reported from:- Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon) . Wayne Co. (0. A.
Farwell); Southern Michigan, Oakland Co., Ionia (Beales Catalog); Eaton
Co. (H. L. Clark); St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels).
{COREOPSIS TINCTORIA Nutt., the Garden Tickseed, has been reported in
Beal’s Catalog as an escape from Bay City; also from Wayne Co. by
Farwell & Gladewitz, 1927.
(COREOPSIS VERTICILLATA L. , the Whorled Tickseed, has been reported from
Macomb Co. and Grand Rapids in Beal’s Catalog. This species has a
more southern distribution.

31. BIDENS L.
Plant aquatic; submerged leaves finely dissected;
rays showy......................................
Plant terrestrial; leaves toothed, lobed or com­
pound, not finely dissected.
Rays large and showy, usually much exceeding the
disk.
Leaves simple, the upper often connate at the
base; heads nodding; achenes 4-angled, 4awned..................
2.
Leaves pinnately divided; heads not nodding;
achenes flat, 2-awned.
.............
3.
Rays inconspicuous or wanting.
Leaves distinctly pinnatifid or tematifid;
margins of achenes upwardly barbed, except
rarely toward the top.
Outer tegules 4-8, ciliate; inner tegules ob­
long, equaling the disk; ray-achenes, when
present, hairy, minutely awned; diskachenes narrow, hairy, the margins warty,
upwardly barbed to base of awns.
Leaf-divisions 3, long-acuminate; heads
small, about 6 mm. high; achenes 4-5.5
mm. long; awns upwardly barbed; outer
tegules 4.............................. .4.
Leaf-divisions 3-5, pinnately arranged,
acute or short-acuminate; heads larger,
12 ran. high; achenes O#8-1.2 cm. long;
awns downwardly barbed; outer tegules
6-8.
5.
Outer tegules 10-16, more ciliate; the inner
tegules ovate-triangular, short; rayachenes, when present, glabrous, awnless;
disk-achenes broad, flat(one-half as
broad as long), nearly smooth and glab­
rous, the uppermost fourth of margin
•••••...•6*
downwardly barbed......
Leaves simple or irregularly lobed; margins of
achenes downwardly barbed, or with mixed
ascending and reflexed barbs.
Corolla 4-toothed, stamens included; achenes
broad, flat, 8-11 mm. long, 3-awned, the
margins downwardly barbed; outer tegules
very foliaceous, 2-4 times the length of
the disk
7.
Corolla 5-toothed, stamens exserted; achenes
4—6 mm. long, warty, the outer ones 3awned, the inner 4-awned, the margins
with mixed ascending and reflexed barbs;
outer tegules rarely twice exceeding the
disk.
8.

B. beckii.

B. cernua.
B. trichosperma.

B* discoidea.

B* frondosa.

B. vulgata.

B. comosa.

B« connata.

1. BIDENS BECKII Torr.
Megalodonta beckii (Torr.) Greene
Water Marigold.
Frequent. In ponds and streams. Throughout the state. Aug.-Sep.
S_peclmens examined;- Muskegon Co. (1868); Cheboygan Co. (c. F. Wheeler,
1890); Washtenaw Co. (W. H. Rush, 1891); Jackson Co. (ex. Herb. S. H. &
D. R. Camp, 1893); Kent Co. (R. Matteson, 1894); Manistee Co. (F. P.
Daniels, 1900); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1903); Lenawee Co. (C. Billings
ton, 1914); Iosco Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1918); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darling­
ton, 1919); Cheboygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1920); Mackinac Co. (C* Goodrich,
1922).
Reported from;- Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); Wexford Co., Orion {Beal’s
Catalog).
2. BIDENS CERNUA L. (stooping)
Nodding Bur-Marigold.
Common. In wet soil, ditches and muddy shores. Throughout. A
closely related species, B* laevis, with a more southern distribu­
tion, has been confused with this. Variable. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Montcalm Co. (C. F. Wheeler); Keweenaw Co. (0. A.
Farwell, 1887); Shiawassee Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1889); Ionia Co. (C. F.
Wheeler, 1890); Gratiot Co. (C. A. Davis, 1890); Jackson Co. (ex. Herb.
S. H. & D. R. Camp, 1893); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co.
(C. K. Dodge, 1895); Kent Co. (J. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1896); Alger
Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Marquette Co. (B* Barlow, 1901); Van Buren Co.
(H. S. Pepoon, 1903); Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1914); Baraga Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1916); Gogebic Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1919); Chippewa Co. (j. H. &
Lois Ehlers, 1920); Emmet CO. (j. H. Ehlers, 1921); Washtenaw Co. {E* W.
Erlanson, 1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Livingston Co. (F. J.
Hermann, 1927).
Reported from:- Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Calhoun Co. (C. E.
Barr); Dickinson Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909); Grand Traverse Co. (w. L. McAtee,
1919); Muskegon Co. (C. D- McLouth); Tuscola Co., Schoolcraft Co., Bay Co.
to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); St. Joseph Co., Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels);
Montcalm Co. (M. S. C., 1912); Newaygo Co. (M. S. C-, 1919).
3. BIDENS TRICHOSPERMA (Michx.) Britton (with hairy seeds)
Bidens trichosperma tenuiloba Britton
Coreopsis trichosperma Michx.
Coreopsis trichosperma var. tenuiloba A. Gray
Tall Tickseed-Sunflower.
Rather common. In wet meadows and swamps. Lower Peninsula,
especially the southern half. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Ottawa Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1892); Ingham co. (H. C.
Skeels, 1894); Oakland Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1895); St. Clair Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1896); Emmet Co. (C. W* Fallass, 1896); Kent Co. (j. Shaddick*
H. C* Skeels, 1896); Montcalm CO. (B. Barlow, 1900); Cass Co. (H. S.
Pepoon, 1906); Van Buren Go. (F. C. Gates, 1906); Calhoun Co. (C. E. Barr,
1906); Lenawee Co. (C. Billington, 1914); Newaygo Co. (H. T. Darlington,
1916); Wayne Co. (J. M. Sutton, 1916); Berrien Co. (Dodge & Darlington,
1917); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Oakland Co. (C. Billington,

1920) 5 Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1924); St. Joseph Co. (Gladys Lloyd,
19 27 J•
Reported from:- Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); Tuscola Co., Charity
Islands (C. K. Dodge); Flint (Beal’s Catalog).
4. BIDENS DISCOIDEA (T. & G.) Britton (having only disk-flowers)
Coreopsis discoidea T. & G.
Small Beggar-ticks*
Rare. Perhaps not recognized. In swampy thickets and wet woods.
Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Muskegon Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1894); St. Clair Co.
(C. K. Dodge, 1894); Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1901); Ingham co. (M. Craig,
1904); Huron Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1912); Berrien Co. (C. Billington, 1920);
Ionia Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1923); Houghton Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Manistee Co. (F. p. Daniels).
5. BIDENS FRONDOSA L. (leafy)
Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight.
Common. In moist soil, along roadsides, cultivated ground and
waste places. Throughout. jul.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Ingham co. (C. F.
Wheeler, 1899); Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1901) ; St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge,
1903); Van Buren Co., Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Gogebic CO. (H. T.
Darlington, 1919); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1920); Wayne Co. (C. Bill­
ington, 1914); Cheboygan Co. {J. H. Ehlers, 1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E.
Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); Charity Islands, Tuscola
Co., Chippewa Co., Schoolcraft Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (c. K. Dodge);
St. Joseph Co., Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Ottawa Co. (M. S. C*f 1922).
6. BIDENS VULGATA Greene (common)
Tall Beggar-ticks.
Frequent.
In moist soil. Aug.-Sep. Similar to the preceding
species.Perhaps confused with it.
Specimens examined:- Kent Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1880); Ingham Co. (H. C.
Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1904); Washtenaw Co. (C. D.
LaRue, 1915); Ingham Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1921); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass,
1919).
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Cass Co.
(H. S. Pepoon); Muskegon Co. (V. 0. Graham); Cheboygan Co. (F. c. Gates);
Genesee Co. (M. S. C., 1920).
7. BIDENS COMOSA
(A. Gray) Wieg. (bearing a tuft of hairs)
Bidens connata, var. comosa A. Gray
Leafy-bracted Tickseed.
Infrequent. Possibly throughout the state. In wet soil. Aug.-Sep
Specimens examined:- Ingham Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1891); Kent Co. (Mary b .
Fallass, 1893); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1894); Gratiot Co. (C. A. Davis
1895); Alger Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Berrien Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906);
Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1916); Gogebic Co. (H. T# Darlington, 1919).
Reported from:- Chippewa Co., Tuscola Co., Bay co. to Mackinac Co. (C.
K. Dodge); Ottawa Co. (M. S. C., 1922).

8* BIDENS CONNATA Muhl. (born organically united)
Purple-stemmed Beggar-ticks.
Frequent. Throughout the state. On muddy shores, in swamps and
moist soil. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1843); Montcalm Co. (B.
Barlow, 19,00); Kent Co. (Enrma J. Cole, 1901); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels,
1894); Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1887); Ionia Co. (C. F. Wheeler,
1890); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1892); Jackson Co. (ex. Herb. S. H.
& D. R. Camp, 1893); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1895); Van Buren Co. (H.
S. Pepoon, 1904); Huron Co. (c. K. Dodge, 1909); Berrien Co. (Dodge &
Darlington, 1917); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1922); Kalamazoo Co. (S.
E. Wolff, 1924).
Reported from;- Tuscola Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C* K. Dodge);
Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell); Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Cheboygan Co.
(Mr. Loew, 1910).

32. GALINSOGA Cav.
GALINSOGA PARVIFLORA Cav. (small-flowered)
In door—yards and waste places, only in towns and cities. Naturalized
from tropical America. June-Nov.
Specimens examined:- Wayne Co. (W. S. Cooper, 1901); Port Huron (C. K»
Dodge, 1914); Ann Arbor (c# D. LaRue, 1915); Newaygo Co. (H. T. Darling­
ton, 1916); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Ingham Co. (S. E. Wolff
1925).
Reported from:- Calhoun Co. (M. S. C., 1925); Kalamazoo (L. A. Kenoyer)
33. HELENIUM L.
Leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate.
Leaves dentate; rays fertile; disk yellow....••••. 1. H. autumnale.
Leaves mainly entire; rays neutral; disk brown
or purple.................................... 2. H. nudiflorum.
............. 3* H. tenuifolium.
Leaves linear-filiform, entire
1. HELENIUM AUTUMNALE L. (autumnal)
Sneezeweed.
in swamps, wet meadows and on moist river-banks. Frequent.
Throughout. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1847); Gratiot Co. ( c* A.
Davis, 1892); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels,1894) ;Kent Co. (J. Shaddick &
H. C* Skeels, 1896); Ottawa Co. (ex.Herb. W. E.Mulliken, 1895);
Osceola Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918)
Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Ontonagon Co. (Bessey & Darlington,
1923).
Reported from:- Berrien Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Dickinson Co. (G. H. Coons,
1909); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); Tuscola Co* (C. K. Dodge); Wayne Co.
Oakland Co. (0. A. Farwell); Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Alger Co. (H.
S. C.).

2. HELENIUM NUDIFLOHUM Nutt* (naked-flowered)
Purple-head Sneezeweed.
A plant of the southern states from the Atlantic seaboard west
to Texas* Found only as stray plants in waste places farther
north.
Specimen examined;- Wayne Co., on Detroit Golf Club sub-division (Mrs
Morten Noble, Aug. 1, 1920).
3. HELENIUM TENUIFOLIUM NUtt. (fine-leaved)
Fine-leaved Sneezeweed.
A plant of the southern states. Specimens found had probably
escaped from cultivation.
Specimens examined;- St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1899).
Reported from;- Wayne Co., waste ground in Detroit (o. A. Farwell,
Sep. 3, 1919).

34. GAILLARDIA Foug.
(Gaillardia aristata Pursh (awned) has been reported from Oakland co.
along railroad right-of-way by B. F. Chandler, 1916). The specimen
was probably a stray from the west.
(Gaillardia pulchella Foug. has been collected from Allegan Co. (M. S.
C., 1914).

35. ACHILLEA (Vaill.) l .

Yarrow.

Leaves bipinnately parted.
Tegules with dark-brown or almost black margins;
involucre 5-6 nm. high, 4-5 mm. broad.......... 1. A. borealis.
Tegules with light brown to whitish margins; in­
volucre 4-4.5 mm. high, 2.5-4 ram. broad.
Ultimate leaf-segments linear; leaf-segments
ascending, crowded...........................2. A. lanulosa.
Ultimate leaf-segments ovate or lanceolate, not
crowded.
Stem-leaves linear to' lance-oblong in outline,
the pairs of primary divisions numerous;
outer tegules obtuse...................... .3. A. millefolium.
Stem leaves oval or ovate in outline, with 6-8
pairs of primary divisions; outer tegules
acute........................
.4,A.
ligustic
Leaves simple, serrate. ..................
5.A.
ptarmica.
1. ACHILLEA BOREALIS Bong, (northern)
Northern Yarrow.
Rare. Keweenaw Co. only. On rocks.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, Aug. 1921).
2. ACHILLEA LANULOSA Nutt. (woolly)
Woolly Yarrow.
In dry soil. Upper Peninsula, n o specimens have been seen.
June-Sep.
Reported from:- Upper peninsula (0. A. Farwell, in Beal’s catalog).
3. ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L. (thou sand-leaved)
Common Yarrow.
Common. A weed in fields everywhere. There is some question
whether this species is native or naturalized. june-Nov.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1886); Ingham Co.
(H. C. Skeels, 1894); Kent Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1895); St. Clair Co. (C.
K. Dodge, 1896); Calhoun Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); Marquette Co. (B.
Barlow, 1901); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Cheboygan Co. (F. C.
Gates, 1911); Jackson Co. (0. S* Ludlow, 1914); Alger Co. (C. K. Dodge,
1916); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Emmet Co. (J. H. Ehlers,
1920); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff,
1923).
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Magician
Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Dickinson Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909); Bay Co.
to Mackinac Co., Tuscola Co., Chippewa Co., Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge)
Huron Co. (C. A. Davis); Antrim Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1913); Montcalm Co.
(E. A. Bessey, 1915); Roscommon Co. (M. S. C., 1917); Isle Royale (W. S.
Cooper); St. Joseph Co., Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); V/ayne Co. (0. A.
Farwell)•

4. ACHILLEA LIGUSTICA All. (referring to the Ligurians)
Reported from Michigan by Rydberg in N. Amer. Fl. 34: 226. 1916.
specimens have been seen. Adventive from Europe*
5. ACHILLEA PTARMICA L.
Sneezewort.
In moist soil. Naturalized from Europe.
Reported from:- Michigan (Gray’s Manual, ed. 7; Britton* Brown 111.
ed. 2; N. Amer. Fl. 34: 226. 1916). No specimens have been seen.

36. ANTHEMIS (Micheli) L.
Rays white, 10-18.
Plant ill— scented; leaves 1—3—pinnately dissected
into narrow or almost filiform lobes; rays
neutral; chaff not subtending outer diskflowers; achenes tuberculate-roughened on the
ribs.............................
cotula. 1 .
Plant not ill-scented; leaves 1-2-pinnately parted
into lanceolate or broadly linear lobes; rays
pistillate; chaff subtending all the diskflowers; achenesnearly smooth on the ribs......2. A# arvensis.
Rays yellow, 20-30; leaves pinnately divided; pappus
a distinct crown................................ 3. A. tinctoria.
1. ANTHEMIS COTULA L. (like Cotula, the Buck’s-horn)
Maruta cCtula(L.) DC.,
Mayweed.
Everywhere in dooryards and waste places. Except for the fetid
odor it would be worthy of cultivation. Naturalized from
Europe. June-Nov.
Specimens examineds- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1888); Gratiot Co.
(C. A* Davis, 1891); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); Kent Co. (J. Shaddick * H. C. Skeels, 1896); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); St. Clair
Co. (0. K. Dodge, 1906); Cheboygan Co. (F. C. Gates, 1911); Otsego Co.
(E* A. Bessey, 1912); Oakland Co. (B. F* Chandler, 1913); Jackson Co. (0.
S. Ludlow, 1914); Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1914); Saginaw Co. (H. T*
Darlington, 1916); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Gogebic Co. (H.
T. Darlington, 1919); Kalamazoo Co. {s* E. Wolff, 1925); Houghton Co. (F.
J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Tuscola Co.,
Chippewa Co., Schoolcraft Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge);
Dickinson Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909); Huron Co. {C. A. Davis); Baraga Co.
(H. T. Darlington, 1920); St. Joseph Co., Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels);
Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); Eaton Co., Branch Co. (M. S. C., 1913);
Montcalm Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1915); Emmet Co. (Fallass & Swift) ; Alger Co.
(M. S. C., 1917); Osceola CO. (M. S. C., 1927).
2. ANTHEMIS ARVENSIS L. (of cultivated ground)
Corn Camomile.
Becoming comnon. A weed resembling Mayweed. Begins blossoming
nearly a month earlier than the preceding May-Aug. Naturalized
from Europe.
Specimens examined:— St* Joseph Co. (C* F. Wheeler, 1890) ; St. Clair
Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1902); Berrien Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Kent Co.
(Edna J. Cole, 1901); Washtenaw Co. (E. Penfield, 1909); Jackson Co.
(0. S. Ludlow, 1912); Oakland CO. (B. F. Chandler, 1913); Ingham Co.
(B. W. Cade, 1914); Barry
Co. (R. A. Carpenter, 1915); Cass Co. (E.
D. McKenzie, 1915); Wayne Co. (J. M. Sutton, 1916); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E.
Wolff, 1922).
Reported from:- Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth).
3. ANTHEMIS TINCTORIA L. (used for dyeing)
Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay
Rarely an escape from cultivation. Native of Europe and Asia.
May-Aug.

Specimens examined:- Emmet Co* ("margin of Little Traverse Bay”, c. ”/•
Fallass, 1922).

37. CHRYSANTHEMUM (Tourn.) L.
Bays present, white.
Stem?-leaves pinnately—divided; heads numerous;
rays 5-8 mm. long; •outer tegules lance-linear,
rigid; pappus a short dentate crown.......... ..1. C. parthenium.
Stem-1 eaves somewhat pinnatifid near the base to
serrate-dentate; heads few, solitary at the
ends of the branches; rays 1-1.5 cm. long;
outer tegules oblong, scarious, with a brown
line inside the margins.
•....... •••••••••2. C. leucant hemum.
Rays none; heads numerous, corymbed; leaves oblong,
crenate or crenate-dentate, often deeply lobed
near the base
3. C. balsamitae, var.
tanacetoides.
1. CHRYSANTHEMUM PARTHENIUM (L.) Bernh.
Matricaria parthenium L. (ancient name of some plant)
Common Feverfew.
Rare as an escape from cultivation. Adventive from Europe.
Summer.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (F. E. Wood, 1883); Van Buren Co. (L.
D. Foster, 1915); Berrien Co. (Dodge & Darlington, 1917); Cheboygan Co.
(J. H. Ehlers, 1920).
Reported from:- Emmet Co. (C. E. Barr); Bay to Mackinac Co., ("waste
places in villages and cities", C. K. Dodge); Manistee co. (F. P. Daniels);
Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1925).
2. CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM L. (white-flowered)
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.
Ox-dye Daisy.
Common. Throughout. Meadows and pastures. Naturalized from
Europe. Native also of Asia. May-Nov.
Specimens examined:- Wayne Co. (Lewis Foote, 1870); Keweenaw Co. (0. A*
Farwell, 1888); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1892); Ingham Co. (H. C.
Skeels, 1894); Alger Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Marquette Co. (B* Barlow,
1901); Cheboygan Co. (F. C. Gates, 1911) ; Sanilac Co. (B. Elder, 1914);
Van Buren Co. (L. D. Foster, 1915); Osceola Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916);
Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Gogebic Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1919);
Emmet Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1920); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923); Hough­
ton Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon); Tuscola Co., Chippewa Co.,
Schoolcraft Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Baraga Co. (H. T.
Darlington, 1920); Dickinson Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909); Muskegon Co. (C. D.
McLouth); Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole); St. Joseph Co., Manistee Co. (F. P.
Daniels); Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); Calhoun Co. (c. C. McDermid);
Ottawa Co. (M. S* C., 1921); Clare Co. (M. S* C., 1924).

3. CHRYSANTHEMUM BALSAMITA L., var. tanacetoides Boiss. (like tanacetum)
Balsamita balsamita (L.) Rydb.
Costmary. Mint Geranium.
A frequent escape from cultivation, along roadsides and in fields.
Native of the Old World. Summer.
Specimens examined;- Kent Co. (J. shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1897); Kewee­
naw Co* (0. A. Farwell, 1889); St. Clair Co. (c# K. Dodge, 1904); Cheboygan
Co. (F. c. Gates, 1911); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1915); Oakland Co. (B.
F. Chandler, 1916); Mecosta Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916); Berrien Co.
(Dodge & Darlington, 1917); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Chippewa
Co. (E. a . Bessey, 1927).
Reported from;- Tuscola Co., Schoolcraft Co., Bay co* to Mackinac Co. (C.
K. Dodge); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis); MAnistee Co. (F. P. Daniels).

38. MATRICARIA (Toum.) L.
Rays none; disk corollas 4-lobed; receptacle conic;
bruised heads emitting the odor of pineapple...... 1. M. matricarioides.
Rays present, white; disk-corollas 5-lobed.
Receptacle hemispheric or slightly elongated,
solid; achenes 3-ribbed on the inner side;
pappus-crown distinct, entire............... ...2. M. inodora.
Receptacle conic, acute, hollow; achenes 5-ribbed
on the inner side; pappus none or a minute
crown...... ................ ................ ...3. M. chamomilla.
1. MATRICARIA MATRICARIOIDES (Less.) Porter (like Matricaria)
Matricaria suaveolens (Pursh) Buchenau
Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb.
pineapple-weed.
Uncommon as yet. Introduced from farther west. A weed along
roadsides, in yards and waste places. Resembles Anthemis
arvensis and Anthemis cotula, except it has no ray-flowers.
June-Aug.
Specimens examined:- Houghton Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1921); Houghton Co.
(F. J. Hermann, 1926); Ingham Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1927).
Reported from:- Commence, Oakland CO.("along railway tracks where it
gave evidence of becoming plentiful”, Farwell & Gladewitz, #7382, June 8,
1925).
2. MATRICARIA INODORA L. (odorless)
Chamomilla inodora (L.) Gilib.
Scentless camomile.
Roadsides, fields and waste places. Recorded from Michigan in
Gray’s Manual, ed. 7 and Britton & Brown 111. Fl. ed. 2. No
specimens have been seen.
Reported from?- Flint (Beal’s Catalog).

3. MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA L. (classical name for this plant)
Chamomilla chamomilla (L.) Rydb.
Wild Camomile.
Rare. Waste ground, roadsides. May he mistaken for the pre­
ceding or for Anthemis cotula and Anthemis arvensis. Summer.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (F. EL wood, June 1883); Clifton,
Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1886); Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901).

39. TANACETUM L.

Tansy.

Stem glabrous or nearly so; heads numerous, dense,
6-10 mm. broad
............................ 1 . t. vulgare.
Stem villous-pubescent; heads 1-8, 12—16 mm. broad...2. T. huronense.
1. TANACETUM VULGARE L. (common)
Tanacetum vulgare crispurn DC.
Tansy.
Rather common along roadsides as an escape from cultivation.
Naturalized from Europe. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1886); St. Clair Co.
(C. K. Dodge, 1893); Ingham co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); Kent Co. (J.
Shaddick * H. C. Skeels, 1895) ; Calhoun Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); Mar­
quette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901); VanBuren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Oakland
Co. (C. Billington, 1914); Roscommon Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1916);
Houghton Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1916); Macomb Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1911); Chippewa
Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1917); Grand Traverse Co. (J. H. Ehlers); Kalamazoo Co.
(S. B. Wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Dickinson Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909); Tuscola Co., School­
craft Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K* Dodge); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis);
Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell); Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1920); St. Joseph
Co., Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); Emmet Co.
(C. V/. Fallass); Lapeer Co. (M. S. C., 1921); Oceana Co., Charlevoix Co.
(M. S. C., 1922).
2. TANACETUM HURONENSE Nutt.
Lake Huron Tansy.
Shores of Lake Superior, Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, north of
Benzie and Alcona counties. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Emmet Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1890); Antrim Co. (W. S.
Cooper, 1902); Alpena Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1912); Schoolcraft Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1915); Alger Co. (E. C. Mandenburg, 1917); Mackinac Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1914); Presque Isle Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1913); Alger Co. (R. Ford,
1921); Charlevoix Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1922).
Reported from:- Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge).

40. ARTEMISIA* L. Wormwood.
Ovaries developed in the marginal) pistil late) flow­
er s( rays) of the heads, abortive or undeveloped
in the central(perfect) flowers.
Heads 2-3 mm. broad; leaf-divisions narrowly lin­
ear to thread-form; racemes in a wand-like long
panicle.
Plant glabrous or nearly so; rays 7-8........... . 1.
Plant decidedly pubescent; rays 15-20............. 2.
Heads 4-6 mm. broad; leaf-divisions linear to
linear-lanceolate•
Leaf-divisions linear; heads in panicled racemes;
involucre green, glabrous; rays 10-15......... .3.
Leaf-divisions linear-lanceolate; heads subracemose; involucre brownish, somewhat silky; rays
15-25...... ................. ................ .4.
Ovaries developed in both the marginal(pistillate)
flowers and in the central(perfect) flowers.
•5.
Receptacle hairy; plant shrubby at the base.
Receptacle naked(not hairy).
Plant shrubby at the base; leaves 1-3-pinnately
parted into revolute linear-filiform segements; involucre 5mm. broad, arachnoid........ .6.
Plant herbaceous throughout; leaves dissected into
lanceolate or broader segments.
Plant glabrous throughout.
Heads drooping, about 2 mm. broad, in a loose
spreading panicle; rays 5-6.... .......... 7.
Heads erect, about 3 mm. broad, in axillary
clusters, forming a leafy spike-like pan­
icle; rays 10-15.......................... 8.
Plant woolly-pubescent (only on the lower surface
of the leaves in A. vulgaris).
Stem and leaves hoary with a thin wool or
densely white-woolly throughout.
Leaves white-woolly, lanceolate, entire, on
the lower oblanceolate and with 2-4
teeth.
.........
*.... 9.
Leaves broader, pinnatifid or dissected.
Heads 6-8 ran. broad, erect; leaves whitewoolly, obovate to spatulate, pinna­
tifid into oblong, blunt lobes; rays
about 10............... .............. 10.
Heads 3-4 mm. broad, drooping; leaves
hoary with a thin wool, 2-3-pinnate­
ly dissected into short sharp lobes;
11.
rays 10-15......... ..... .
Stem glabrous; leaves green above, densely
white-woolly beneath, all, except the
12.
upper, deeply pinnatifid.

A. caudata.
A« forwoodii.

A. canadensis.

A. borealis.
A. absinthium.

A. abrotanum.

A. annua.
A. biennis.

A. gnaphalodes

A. stellariana

A. pontica.

A. vulgaris.

♦Although not with developed ligules, the marginal(pistillate) flowers in
this genus are functionally considered and called rays in this key.

1. ARTEMISIA CAUDATA Michx.
(tailed)
Tall Wormwood.
Frequent,or rather common locally, m sandy, mostly sterile soil.
On the sand dunes near Lake Michigan it was observed that this
species was apparently perennial and had a woody root, it was also
more or less pubescent under those conditions, hence not readily
separable from the next. july-Sep.
Specimens examined;- Kent Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1884); Keweenaw Co. (F. E.
Wood, 1883); Benzie Co. (C. A. Davis, 1895); Ottawa Co. (L. J. Cole,
1895); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis, 1896); Menominee Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1905);
St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1897); Emmet Co. (c. W. Fallass, 1922); Kala­
mazoo Co. (S. E. wolff, 1923); Cheboygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1921); Macki­
nac Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1920); Newaygo Co. (B* A. Walpole, 1924); Montcalm
Co. (B. Barlow, 1900); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905).
Reported from;- Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. ("sandy beaches of Lake Huron
and sandy ridges of interior",
c. K. Dodge); Tuscola Co., Chippewa Co.
(Beal’s catalog); Allegan Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1922).
2. ARTEMISIA F0RW00DII S. Wats.
Resembles A* caudata. Acording to Rydberg (Fl. N* Amer. 34:253.
1916), this species has 15-20 marginal flowers(ray-flowers) and
is found in Michigan. No specimens have been seen.
3. ARTEMISIA CANADENSIS Michx.
In rocky soil.
Reported from:- Along the Great Lakes (Britton & Brown ill. Fl., ed. 2);
Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); by various other collectors from counties
bordering the Great Lakes* The only specimens seen that approached the
description are those collected in Keweenaw Co. by 0. A. Farwell and F. J.
Hermann. Yet those fall short of the minimum requirements for size of
heads and number of marginal flowers.
4. ARTEMISIA BOREALIS Pall. (northern)
Northern Wormwood.
Reported from:- Keweenaw Point, Mich. (Gray’s Man., ed. 7). Fl. N.
Amer. 34:256. 1916., gives the distribution as "Eastern Siberia and Alaska
to Hudson Bay and Greenland". No specimens have been seen.
5. ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM L. (classical name for this plant.)
Common womwood.
A very common escape from gardens and cultivation.
Throughout. July-Oct. Naturalized from Europe.
Specimens examined:- Kent Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1884); St. Clair Co. (C.
K. Dodge, 1893); Huron Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1910); Presque Isle Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1913); Cheboygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1917); Oakland Co. (B. F. Chand­
ler, 1915); Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1918); Roscommon Co. (H. T. Darling­
ton, 1916); Ingham Co. Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1924); Houghton Co. (F. J.
Hermann, 1926); Washtenaw Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1927).
Reported from:- Dickin^son Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909); Tuscola Co., Chippewa
Co., Schoolcraft Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Kent Co.
(Emma J. Cole); Flint, ionia Co., Gratiot Co. (Beal’s Catalog); Keweenaw
Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1890); Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels); Midland Co. (M. S.
C., 1923); Ontonagon Co. (M. S. C.).

6. ARTEMISIA ABROTANUM L. (classical name for this species)
Southernwood.
Rare as an escape from gardens. Adventive from Europe.
, Specimens examined:- St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1895); Oscoda Co.
(C. K. Dodge, 1913).
Reported from:- Wayne Co. (Farwell * Gladewitz, Oct. 26, 1917); Kewee­
naw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1890); Alpena Co. (C. K. Dodge).
7.

ARTEMISIA ANNUA L. (annual)
Annual Wormwood.
Rare. Yards and waste places. Summer. Advent ive from Asia.
Specimens examined:- Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1893); Detroit (C. Bill­
ington); Jackson Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1924).

8.

ARTEMISIA BIENNIS Willd. (biennial)
Wormwood.
Frequent. Waste places. Native to the central and western parts
of the U. S. and to western Canada. Now distributed as a weed in
southern Canada and northeastern U. S. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- St. Clair Co. (C. K. D0dge, 1894); Ingham Co. (H.
C. Skeels, 1894); Kent Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1895); Berrien Co. (A. E. Beebe,
1910); Arenac Co. (M. J. Reed, 1914); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1914);
Wayne Co. (C. Billington); Manistee Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1918); Gogebic
Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Emmet Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1921); Washtenaw Co.
(S. E. Wolff, 1924).
Reported from:- Tuscola Co., Schoolcraft Co., Chippewa Co., Bay Co. to
Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Montcalm
Co. (M. S. C., 1918); Ottawa Co. (M. S. C., 1923).
9. ARTEMISIA GNAPHALODES Nutt. (like Gnaphalium, the Cudweed)
Artemesia ludoviciana var. gnaphalodes T. & G.
prairie Mugwort.
Along railroads and in waste places. Rare. Summer.
Specimens examined:- St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge,1899);
Oakland Co. (C.
Billington); Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, Sep. 19, 1887);
Reported from:- Detroit (0. A. Farwell, July 21, 1917);.Cheboygan Co.
(F. C. Gates); Niles (Wheeler * Smith catalog).
10. ARTEMISIA STELLARIANA Bess.
Beach wormwood.
Rare. An escape. Common wormwood. July-Aug. Naturalized from
Asia.
Speci™g>ns examined:— Huron Co. (C. A. Davis, 1896); St. Clair Co. (C.
K. Dodge, 1904); Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1917).
Reported from:- Cass $ 0 .(H. S. Pepoon); Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. ("per­
manent escape", C. K. Dodge).
11. ARTEMISIA PONTICA L.
Roman Wormwood.
Rare. An escape from cultivation.
Summer.

Adventive from Europe.

.Specimens examined:- Mio, Oscoda co. (c. K. Dodge, Oct. 1913); St.
Clair co. {C. Billington, 1915); Bay Co. (G. W. Bradford, Aug. 31,
1905).
Reported from:- Near -Marl Lake ("an escape from cultivation", 0. A.
Farwell, Aug. 5, 1917).
12.

ARTEMISIA VULGARIS L. (common)
Common Mugwort.
Infrequent as an escape from cultivation. Advent ive from
Europe. July-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Detroit (L. Holzer, 1066); St. Clair Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1892); North Island, Huron Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1908); Luce Co. (C.
K. Dodge, 1915); Y/ayne Co. (C. Billington, 1918); Washtenaw Co. (B. A.
Walpole, 1918); Ionia Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1922).
Reported from;- Schoolcraft co. (c. K* Dodge).

41. TUSSILAGO L. Coltsfoot.
TUSSILAGO FARFARA L. (classical name for this species)
Coltsfoot.
Very rare. In wet soil. Naturalized from Europe. Apr.-June.
No specimens have been seen.
Reported from;- Sault St. Marie (Whitney’s Catalog); Macomb Co. (Beal*
Catalog); Manistee Co. (M. S. C., 1924).
42. PETASITES (Tourn.) Mill.
PETASITES PALMATUS (Ait.) A. Gray (palmate)
Sweet Coltsfoot.
Apparently confined to the eastern counties of the Lower Peninsula
and to the Upper Peninsula. Frequent, often common. A composite
flowering in the springl Apr.-june.
Specimens examined:- Ontonagon Co. (A. E. Foote, 1868); Keweenaw Co.
(0. A. Farwell, 1887); Oscoda Co. (1888); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge,
1893); Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901); Alcona Co. (H. T. Darlington,
1918); Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1916); island near Drunmond* s
Island (Lee A. White, 1918); Mackinac Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1916); Gogebic
Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1920); Cheboygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1926); Emmet
Co. (1926); Houghton Co. ("in alder swamp", F. J. Hermann, June 1926).
Reported from:- Chippewa Co., Mackinac Island (1912); Bay Co. to
Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Schoolcraft Co. (W. T. S. Cornell); Isle
Royale ("bog forest, common", W. S. Cooper).

43, ERECHTITES Raf.
ERECHTITES HIERACIFOLIA (L.) Raf. (having leaves like Hieracium, the
Hawkweed)
Fire-weed.
Common. In thickets, woods and burned areas, usually in rich soil.
Often abundant after fires, hence the common name. July-Sep.

Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (P. Cooley, 1843); CentreVille, St.
Joseph Co. (Mich. State normal Herb*, 1869); Oceana Co. (L. Foote, 1870);
Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); Kent Co. (j. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels,
1896); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901);
Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Allegan Co. (C. H. Kauffman, 1910);
Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1914); Newaygo Co. (Bessey & Darlington, 1916);
Washtenaw Co. (C. D. LaRue, 1916); Mackinac Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1916);
Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Berrien Co. (c* Billington, 1920);
Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. wolff, 1923).
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Dickinson
Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth); Charity Islands,
Tuscola Co., Schoolcraft Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge);
Huron Co. (C. A. Davis); Manistee Co., St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels);
Emmet Co. (Fallass & Swift).

44. MESADENIA Raf.
Stem terete, glaucous; lower leaves triangular-kidneyform, palmately veined and angulate-lobed, glau­
cous beneath
Stem angled, grooved, not glaucous; lower leaves
lance-ovate or oval, 5-7-nerved, entire or repand,
not glaucous.....

1. m * atriplicifolia
2. M. tuberosa.

1. MESADENIA ATRIPLICIFOLIA (L.) Raf. (having leaves like Atriplex)
Cacalia atriplicifolia L.
Pale Indian Plantain.
In thickets and woods. Frequent in the southern half of the
Lower Peninsula only. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined;- Kent Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1895); Jackson Co. (S. H.
& D. R. Camp, 1896); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Allegan Gol (0.
H. Kauffman, 1910); Berrien Co. (Dodge & Darlington, 1917); Washtenaw Co.
(B. A. Walpole, 1919); Ionia Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1923J; Kalamazoo Co. (S.
E. Wolff, 1923); St. Joseph Co. (Mlcfv. state Normal^dirb.).
Reported from:- Magician Lake region (H* S. Pepoon); Eaton Co. (H. L.
Clark); Southern Mich. (Wright’s Catalog); Manistee Co. (F. P. Daniels);
Battle Creek (W. S. Cooper).
2. MESADENIA TUBEROSA (Nutt.) Britton (bearing tubers)
Cacalia tuberosa Nutt.
Tuberous Indian Plantain.
Rare or local. In wet marshes or low prairies, southern coun­
ties and the "Thumb". June-Aug.
Specimens examined;- Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Huron Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1909); Cass Co. (C. Billington, 1917).
Reported from:- Magician Lake region ("marshes, common", H. S. Pepoon);
Tuscola Co. (C. K. Dodge); Tuscola Co. (C. A. Davis); Bay Co., (Kalamazoo
Co., 1828 (Beal’s Catalog); Southern Mich. (Wright's Catalog).

45. SYNOSMA Raf
SYNOSMA SUAVEOLENS (L.) Raf. (sweet— smelling)
Cacalia suaveolens L.
Sweet-scented Indian Plantain.
Very rare. Southern part of the Lower Peninsula, in woods.
Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Ionia Co. (B. A. Walpole).
Reported from:- Lodi, Washtenaw Co. {Miss Clark, in winchell's Catalog).

46. SENECIO (Tourn.) LHeads discoid.
Short outer tegules black-tipped; lower leaves
oblanceolate, pinnatifid; annual.... ......I.
S. vulgaris.
None of the tegules black-tipped; lower leaves
oval to ovate, crenate to sharply dentate;
perennial
2. s. pauciflorus.
Heads radiate.
Lower leaves obovate, occasionally subrotund or
oblong, or, broadly ovate and cordate.
Lower leaves obovate, occasionally subrotund
or oblong, never cordate; stolons when
well developed slender and creeping.... ...3. s. obovatus.
Lower leaves broadly ovate, deeply cordate;
stolons, when present, stout, assurgent.....4. S. aureus.
Lower leaves subrotund-ovate to oblongoblanceolate, gradually narrowed to the base
and 0.5-2 cm* broad.
Lower leaves subrotund-ovate to oblonglanceolate, mostly rounded at the base,
1-2.5 cm. broad; heads 8-12 mm. high.
Stem white-tomentose, rarely glabrate; lower
leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, or
somewhat oblanceolate, tomentose, at
least beneath; heads 8-10 mm. high; plants
of dry soil
5. S* plattensis.
Stem glabrous; lower leaves broadly ovate,
glabrous; heads 10-12 mm. high; plants
of moist places.......................... 6. S. pauciflorus,
Lower leaves oblong^-oblanceolate, gradually
var. fallax
narrowed to the base, 0.5-2 cm. broad;
heads 5-10 ram. high
...7. S. pauperculus.
1. SENECIO VULGARIS L. (common)
Common Groundsel. .
In waste places. More frequent in the upper peninsula. Naturaliz­
ed from Europe. Apr.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Houghton Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1887); Marquette Co.
(B. Barlow, 1901); Mackinac City (C. K. Dodge, 1914); Gogebic Co. (E. A.
Bessey, 1919).

Reported from:- wayne Co. (o. A. Farwell); Keweenaw Co., Flint, Macomb
Co. (Beal's Catalog).
(Senecio sylvaticus L. (growing among trees) has been found by c. A.
Davis at Bessemer, Gogebic Co., Aug. 1905. It resembles S. vulgaris
but lacks the black-tipped tegules of that species. Advent ive from
Europe.
2. SENECIO PAUCIFLORUS Pursh, (few-flowered)
Senecio discoideus (Hook.) Britton
Northern Squaw-weed.
Recorded from the northwestern part of the Upper Peninsula.and
Isle Royale. In moist soil. June-Aug.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1890).
Reported from:- Keweenaw Peninsula (Robbins, 1863); Marquette Co. (E. J.
Hill, July, 1889); Isle Royale (Wheeler).
3. SENECIO OBOVATUS Muhl# (inversely egg-shaped; the broad end up)
Round-leaf Squaw-weed.
Rare. In moist soil. Apr.-June. Only a few specimens of this
seen were typical and possessed the slender stolons.
Specimens examined:- Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Clinton Co.
(S. E. Wolff, 1927); Edison (B. A. Walpole, May 18, 1921),
Reported from;- St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels).
4. SENECIO AUREUS L. (golden)
Golden Ragwort.
Common. Throughout the state. In wet meadows and swamps. May-June.
Specimens examined:- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1840); Keweenaw Co. (0. A.
Farwell, 1886); Gratiot Co. (C. A. Davis, 1889); Livingston Co. (C. F.
Wheeler, 1890); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); Kent Co. (G. Fyfe & J.
Shaddick, 1896); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906); Tuscola Co. (W. J. Musselman, 1814); Alpena Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1918); Oakland Co. (C. Billington,
1914); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918); Baraga Co., Gogebic Co. (H. T.
Darlington, 1920) ; Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1919); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E.
Wolff, 1923); Montcalm Co. (Ida^Fallass & C. W. Fallass, 1926); Houghton
Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926); Chippewa Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1927).
Reported from:- Mackinac Island (C. K. Dodge, 1912); Muskegon Co. (C. D.
McLouth); Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Schoolcraft Co., Bay Co.
(C. D. Dodge, 1896); Shiawassee Co. (G. H. Hicks, 1889); Calhoun Co. (C. C.
McDermid); Lenawee Co. (F. L. Steams).
5. SENECIO PLATTENSIS Nutt.
Prairie Ragwort.
Frequent. Sandy dry soil in oak openings, dry woods or fields.
May-June •
Specimens examined:— Hillsdale Co. (ex. Herb* D. A. Pelton, 1885);
Mecosta Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1881); Kalamazoo Co. (R. M. Gibbs, 1877);
Clinton Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1899); Jackson Co. (wheeler & Longyear, 1898);
Kent Co. (G. syfe & J. Shaddick, 1895); Macomb Co. (B. F. Chandler, 1917);
Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1920); Ionia Co. (B. xi. Walpole, 1924);
Iosco Co. (W. R. Heim, 1924); Roscommon Co. (Ida E. Fallass & C. W.
Fallass, 1926); Crawford Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1899); Oscoda Co. (M. S. C.

Herb., 1888); Barron Lake, Cass Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1890); Oceana Co.
(D. Cooley, 1840).
Reported from;- Oakland Co, (0. A. Farwell, 1912); Van Buren Co. (H.
5. Pepoon, 1906).
6. SENECIO PAUCIFLORUS Pursh, var. FALLAX Greenman (deceitful)
With the species in the northwestern counties of the Upper Penin­
sula and Isle Royale.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926); Houghton Co.
(F. J. Hermann, 1926).
7. SENECIO PAUPERCULUS Michx. (poor little)
Senecio balsamitae Muhl.
Frequent. Absent or rare in the southern counties, m dry,
mostly sandy soil. May-Jul.
Specimens examined:- Alpena Co., Montmorency Co. (C* F* Wheeler, 1895);
Grand Traverse Bay (c. F. Wheeler, 1898); Muskegon Co. (C. F. Wheeler,
1900); Roscommon Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1919); Gogebic Co. (E. A. Bessey,
1920); Baraga Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1920); Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge,
1912); Schoolcraft Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1915); Cheboygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers,
1923); Ontonagon Co. (H. T* Darlington, 1922).
Reported from:- Mackinac Island, Bay Co. to Mackinac Co., Tuscola Co.,
Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge); Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); Manistee Co.
(F. P. Daniels); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell); Lapeer Co. (M. S. C., 1917);
Van Buren CO. (H. S. Pepoon).
47. ARCTIUM L. Burdock.
Involucre 2.5 cm. broad or more; inner tegules
equaling or exceeding the flowers; petioles
solid, deeply furrowed..........
Involucre 1.2-1.8 cm. broad; inner tegules not ex­
ceeding the flowers; petioles hollow, not
deeply furrowed.
............

.1. A. lappa.
2. A. minus.

1. ARCTIUM LAPPA L. (a bur)
Great Burdock.
Occasional. In waste places. Naturalized from Europe. Jul.-Aug.
Recorded in many cases for the Common Burdock.
Specimens examined:- Van Buren Co. (F. C. Gates, Aug. 24, 1906).
2. ARCTIUM MINUS Scbk. (smaller)
Common Burdock.
Common. Roadsides and waste places everywhere. Jul.-Oct. Natural
ized from Europe.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1890); St. Clair Co.
(C. K. Dodge, 1892); Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole, 1899); Washtenaw Co. (B. A.
Walpole, 1918); Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1912); wayne Co. (C. Billing­
ton, 1914); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1919); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff
1923); Houghton Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from:- the various counties of the state.

48. CIRSIUM (Tourn.) Hill
Leaves strongly decurrent,^forming prickly-lobed
wings on the stem; Aa!fl€dipped with spreading
prickles....... .......................... •••••••I* C lanceolatum.
Leaves not decurrent or scarcely so; inner or all
*
the tegules without prickles.
Heads numerous, small, 2.5 cm. broad or less;
flowers partly dioecious; perennial, with
horizontal rootstocks and forming patches...... 2. C* arvense.
Heads few, large, 2.5-8 cm. broad; flowers per­
fect, fertile; perennial or biennial, with­
out horizontal rootstocks, not forming
patches.
Leaves white-woolly on both sides.
Leaves pinnately-parted, the segments linear,
mostly entire; flowers cream-color;
plant^ of the sand dunes.
3. C. pitcheri.
Leaves pinnatifid, the segments triangular or
lanceolate; flowers reddish-purple.........4. c. undulatum.
Leaves green above, pubescent or white-woolly
beneath.
Outer tegules prickly-pointed.
Leaves white-woolly beneath; stems 1-3.8 m.
high.
Leaves spinose-toothed or shallowly lobed..5. C* altissimum.
Leaves obviously pinnatifid, the lobes
spinose-toothed.
6. C. discolor.
Leaves hirsute, not white-woolly, beneath;
stems 0.3-1 m. high.....
7. C. hillii.
Outer tegules acute or mucronate, not pricklypointed; leaves with loose webby hairs
beneath.
8. C. muticum.
1. CIRSIUM LANCEOLATUM (L.) Hill {lance-shaped)
Carduus lanceolatus L.
Cnicus lanceolatus willd.
Common or Bull Thistle.
Common. Throughout the state. In waste places and fields,
naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Jul.-Nov.
Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (D. Cooley, 1853); m g h a m Co. (H. C.
Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Emmet Co. (C. 7.
Fallass, 1894) ; Marquette Co. (B. Barlow, 1901); Kent Co. (Emma J. Cole,
1901); Van Buren Co. {H. S. Pepoon, 1905); Washtenaw Co. (C. D. LaRue,
1915); Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1918); Berrien Co. {C. Billington,
1919); Ontonagon Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1923); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff,
1923); Houghton Co. (F. J. Hermann, 1926); Jackson Co. (S. E. Wolff,
1927).
Reported from:- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); Dickinson
Co. (G. H. Coons, 1909); Crawford Co. (W. L. McAtee); Tuscola Co.,
Chippewa Co., Schoolcraft Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge);
Manistee Co., St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Huron Co. (C. A. Davis);
Gogebic Co., Baraga Co. (H. T. Darlington); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell).

2# CIRSIUM ARVENSE (L.) Scop#
(of cultivated ground)
Carduus arvensis Robs.
Cnicus arvensis Hoffm.
Canada Thistle.
Common. In fields and waste places, usually most common in
the richer and moister parts of any given locality. Persist­
ent because of its long rootstocks. Naturalized from Europe.
The common name, therefore, is unfortunate and misleading.
June-sep.
Specimens examined;- Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); St. Clair Co.
(C. K. Dodge, 1895); Kent Co. (J* Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1896); Che­
boygan Co. (P. C. Gates, 1911); Van Buren Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1905);
Wayne Co. (C. Billington, 1914); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1918);
Oakland Co. (C. Billington, 1919); Emmet Co. (J. H. Ehlers, 1920); Kala­
mazoo Co. (S.E.Wolff, 1923); Houghton Co. (P. J. Hermann, 1926).
Reported from;- Grand Traverse Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1919); charity
Islands, Sanilac Co., Chippewa Co., Schoolcraft Co., Tuscola Co., Bay
Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge); Huron Go. (C. A. Davis); Manistee Co.,
St. Joseph Co. (P. P. Daniels); Gogebic Co., Baraga Co. (H. T. Darling­
ton); Isle Royale (W. S. Cooper); Ionia co. (M. S. C*, 1916).
3. CIRSIUM PITCHERI (Torr.) T. & G.
Carduus pitcheri Porter
Cnicus pitcheri Torr.
Pitcher's Thistle.
Endemic. Confined to the shores of Lake Michigan, Lake Huron
and Lake Superior. An interesting thistle because of its as­
pect and place of growth. June-Aug.
Specimens examined;- Emmet Co. (C. W. Wheeler, 1879); Iosco Co., Oscoda
Co.(Beal & Wheeler, 1888); Huron Co. (C. A.
Davis, 1896); Ottawa Co.
(Mrs. H. B. Pallass, 1895); Leelenaw Co. (C. P. Wheeler, 1898); Muskegon
Co. (W. J. Beal, 1898); Antrim Co. (W. S. Cooper, 1902); Benzie Co. (C.
A. Davis, 1905); Arenac Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1912); Cheboygan Co. (C. K.
Dodge, 1914); Berrien Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1917); Alger co. (R. Ford,
1921),
Reported from;- Charity Islands, Mackinac Island, Arenac Co. to Macki­
nac Co., Schoolcraft Co., Chippewa Co. (C. K. Dodge); Manistee Co. (F.
p. Daniels).
4. CIRSIUM UNDULATUM (Nutt.) Spreng. (wavy)
Carduus undulatus Nutt.
Cnicus undulatus A. Gray
On plains and along railroads, in dry soil. Rare, perhaps only
native to the upper part of the Lower Peninsula. june-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Mackinac Co* (H. C. Voight, 1896); Washtenaw Co.
(B. A. Walpole, 1919).
Reported from;- Drummond's Island (yinchell's catalog).
5. CIRSIUM ALTISSIMUM (L.) Spreng. (very tall)
Carduus altissimus L.
Cnicus altissimus Willd.
Tall Thistle.
In fields and thickets. Frequent. Apparently confined to the
southern half of the Lower peninsula. Aug.-Sep.

Specimens examined;- Macomb Co. (d . Cooley, 1843); Oceana co. (p.
Cooley, 1844); Ingham Co. (H. C. Skeels, 1894); Berrien co. (H. T. Dar­
lington, 1917); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. TWalpole, 1922).
Reported from;- Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Ionia Co., Flint,
Bay Co. (Beal's Catalog); St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Gratiot Co.
(M. S. C., 1916); Oakland Co. ("scarce", Farwell & Gladewitz, #8144).
6. CIRSIIIM DISCOLOR (Muhl.) Spreng. (of different colors)
Cnicus discolor Muhl.
Carduus discolor Nutt.
In fields and along roadsides. Frequent. Perhaps throughout
the state. More common than the preceding.
Jul.-Oct.
Specimens examined;- Lenawee Co. (W. J. Beal, 186-); Kent Co. (L. J,
Cole, 1895); St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Calhoun Co. (Ned Mayo,
1897); Berrien Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1917); Oakland Co. (C. Billington,
1920); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1922); Jackson co. (S. E. Wolff,
1927); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1922).
Reported from;- Magician Lake region (H. S. Pepoon); Chippewa Co.,
Schoolcraft Co., Mackinac Island, Bay Co. to Mackinac Co. (C. K. Dodge);
Tuscola Co. (C. A. Davis); Wayne Co. (0. A. Farwell); Montcalm Co.,
Ionia, Flint i( Beal* s Catalog) ; St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Hillsdale
Co. (M. S. C., 1921).
7. CIRSIUM HILLII (Canby) Femald
Hill's Thistle.
Infrequent. In fields and pastures. June-Jul. Most of the
material in the herbaria is inadequate. It all seems to fall
under this rather than C. odoratum with which it has been con­
fused.
Specimens examined:- Cheboygan Co. (J. H. Ehlers, Aug. 8, 1920, #1175);
Muskegon Co. (C. F. Wheeler, 1900); Oscoda Co. (M. S. C. Herb., July 28,
1888); Oakland Co. (D. Cooley, 184-); Jackson Co. (ex. Herb. S. H. & D.
R. Camp, 1896); Cass Co. (H. S. Pepoon, 1906).
8. CIRSIUM MUTICUM Michx.
(pointless)
Carduus muticus Pers.
Cnicus muticus Pursh
Swamp Thistle.
Common. Throughout. In moist soil and swamps. Jul.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Oceana Co. (D. Cooley, 1844); Ingham Co. (H. C.
Skeels, 1894); Kent Co. (J. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, 1896); St. Clair
Co. (C. K. Dodge, 1896); Keweenaw Co. (0. A. Farwell, 1888); Calhoun Co.
(W. J. Beal, 1898); Montcalm Co. (B. Barlow, 1900); Marquette Co. (B.
Barlow, 1901); Cass CO* (H. S. Pepoon, 1904) ; Cheboygan Co. (F. C. Gates,
1911); Ottawa Co. (L. H. Pennington, 1910); Wayne Co. (C. Billington,
1914); Missaukee Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1916); Berrien Co. (H. T. Darlington,
1917); Alpena Co., Oscoda Co., Gogebic Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1918)j
Oakland Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1920); Kalamazoo Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1923);
Emmet Co. (C. W. Fallass, 1923); Houghton Co. (F. j. Hermann, 1926);
Chippewa Co. (E. A. Bessey, 1927); Muskegon Co. (C. D. McLouth).
Reported from;— Tuscola Co., Schooioraft Co., Bay Co. to Mackinac Co.,

Charity Islands (C. K. Dodge); St. Joseph Co. (F. P. Daniels); Sanilac
Co. (M. S. C.* 1913); Baraga Co. (H. T. Darlington, 1920); Dickinson Co.
(G. H. Coons, 1909).
(Cirsium horridulum Michx.
(somewhat prickly)
Carduus spinosissimus Walt.
Cnicus horridulus Pursh
Yellow Thistle.
Reported in Beal's Catalog from the Upper Peninsula.
mostly a Coastal Plain species.

This is

49. CARDUUS (Vaill.) L.
Heads solitary and nodding at the ends of woollypubescent stems or branches................
Heads usually several, crowded at the ends of
spiny-winged branches....................

1. C. nutans.
2. C. crispus.

1. CARDUUS NUTANS L. (nodding)
Plume less Thistle.
Rare. In waste places. Adventive from Europe. Biennial. Jul.-Oct.
Specimens examined;- Lapeer Co. (C. S. Farrar); Washtenaw Co. (B* A.
Walpole, Aug. 1920); Shiawassee Co. (Homer Dennison, 1919); Eaton Co.
(P. Fendler, 1924).
Reported from;- Isabella Co., Clinton Co., Clare Co. (M. S. C., 1924).
2. CARDUUS CRISPUS L. (curled)
Curled Thistle.
In waste places. Rare. Adventive from Europe. Biennial.
Specimens examined:- Kent Co. (G. Wieland, Aug. 1914); Oakland Co.
("barnyard of J. C. Townsend", C. Billington, 1922).
50. MARIANA Hill
MARIANA MARIANA (L.) Hill, the Milk Thistle is sometimes cultivated.
In Beal's Catalog reported "occasional", presumably as an escape. No
specimens have been seen. Annual or biennial.
51. 0N0P0KD0N (Vaill.) L.
0N0P0RD0N ACAHTHIUM L.
Cotton Thistle.
Rare. In waste places, as an escape. Adventive from Europe.
B iennial• june-Sep.
Specimens examined:- St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, Sep. 1905); Kent Co.
(Emma J. Cole, June 1896); Mecosta Co. (W. J. Beal)*
Reported from;- Wayne Co. ("escape, infrequent", 0. A. Farwell).

52. CENTAUREA L.
Tegules tipped with stout yellow spines.
1. c. solstitialis#
Tegules lacerate or pectinate, not spiny.
Leaves simple, linear or lanceolate, entire........2. C. cyanus.
Leaves, all but the upper, pinnatifid into linear
............ 3. C. maculosa.
segments
1. CENTAUREA SOLSTITIALIS L. (mid-summer)
Bamaby* s Thistle.
Frequent. Annual. Introduced from Europe with various legumes.
Perhaps not persisting. Jul.-Nov.
Specimens examined;- Eaton Co. (G. E. Field, Oct. 1903); Kent Co. (J.
B. Field, Oct. 1908); Mason Co. (F. Morell, July 1908); Alcona Co. (J.
VanBuskirk, Sep. 1909); Ionia Co. (V. W. Clark, July 1909); Wayne Co.
(S. E. Campbell, Nov. 1910); Wexford Co. (R. Nichols).
Reported from:- Newaygo Co. (M. S. C., 1913); Hillsdale Co. (M. S. C.,
1921); Cass Co., Van Buren Co., Oakland Co. (M. S. C., 1922); Genesee
Co. (M. S. C.t 1927);
2. CENTAUREA CYANUS L. (classical name for the species)
Blue-bottle. Bachelor’s-button.
Annual. Escaped from gardens. Rare. Seldom persisting. Jul.-Sep.
Specimens examined:- Keweenaw Co. (0* A. Farwell, 1890); Ingham Co.
(M. S. C. Herb., 1905); Washtenaw Co. (B. A. Walpole, 1919); Kalamazoo
Co. (S. E. Wolff, 1922).
Reported from;- Van Buren Co. (M. S. C., 1913); Wayne Co. (Farwell®&
Gladewitz, 1925).
3. CENTAUREA MACULOSA Lam. (spotted)
Spotted Knapweed.
Infrequent. Annual or Biennial. In waste places. Adventive from
Europe. Jul.-Oct.
Specimens examined;- Washtenaw Co. (C. Billington, 1918); Washtenaw
Co. (B. A. Walpole, July 1918); Clare Co. (B. A. Walpole, Oct, 1924).
Reported from:- Newaygo Co. (M. S. C., 1911); Montcalm co. (M. S. C.,
1913); Menominee Co., Osceola Co. (M. S. C., 1917); Oakland Co. (Farwell
& Gladewitz, Sep. 12, 1917); Mecosta Co. (M. S. C., 1922).
53. CNICUS (Tourn.) L.
CNICUS BENEDICTUS L., Blessed Thistle, is reported from Michigan in
Britton & Brown 111. Fl., ed. 2. Annual. Adventive from Southern
Europe.
54. ECHINOPS L.
ECHINOPS SPHAEROCEPHALUS L. (round-headed)
Globe Thistle.
An occasional escape. Perennial, Adventive from Europe. Aug.-Oct.
Specimens examined:- Kent Co. (J. Shaddick & H. C. Skeels, Aug. 1896)*
Reported from;- Cass Co. (0. A. Farwell).