A PROPOSED PLAN FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OP THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING OF MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE By J a m e s M• A p p l e A THESIS S u b m itte d t o t h e S c h o o l o f G ra d u a te S t u d i e s o f M ic h ig a n S t a t e C o lle g e of A g r ic u ltu r e and A p p lie d S c ie n c e in p a r t i a l fu lfillm e n t f o r th e of th e re q u ire m e n ts d eg ree of MASTER OF SCIENCE D e p artm en t of M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e r in g 1952 ProQ uest Number: 10008740 All rights reserved INFORM ATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10008740 Published by ProQuest LLC (2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. P r e f a c e .............................................................................................. iv A b s t r a c t .............................................................................................. vi DISCUSSION OFACCEPTED PRIN CIPLES AND PRACTICE A. W h at i s B. R e l a t i o n s h i p B e tw e e n O r g a n i z a t i o n an d O r g a n i z a t i o n ............................................ A d m in is tra tio n II. III. IV . 1 1 .................................................................... 2 C. T he N e e d f o r O r g a n i z a t i o n ............................. 3 D. T he S c o p e o f O r g a n i z a t i o n ............................. 4 E. R e s p o n s i b i l i t y a n d A u t h o r i t y ............... F. T h e P h a s e s o f A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ....................... 6 G. A d m i n i s t r a t o r ’ s S p a n o f C o n t r o l ............. 10 H. I n d i v i d u a l s and G roups ......................................... 11 I. P ro g re s s iv e O rg a n iz a tio n ......................................... 15 J . S u m m a r y ............................................................................ . 4 16 ORGANIZATIONP L A N N I N G .............................................................. A. T h e N a t u r e o f t h e P r o b l e m ............................. B. G en eral P ro c ed u re fo r O v e ra ll O rg a n iz a tio n 20 20 22 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 30 A. G e n e r a l C om m ents 31 B. D e s c rip tio n of th e O rg a n iz a tio n C h art THE ORGANIZATION OF INSTRUCTION AREAS. . . . A. R e v ie w o f P r o c e d u r e ............................................ B. G e n e r a l C o m m en ts C. An E x a m p le ......................................................... • • 32 43 43 ......................................................... 43 ........................................................................ 47 6^ O ^ - V_P«.Jn£ > •. .5 ii s " !} -" 7 D. S u g g e s tio n s on th e O rg a n iz a tio n an d O p e ra tio n o f I n s t r u c t i o n a l A r e a s ..................................................7 4 V. V I. THE ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT H E A D ................................. 79 A. T h e J o b ..................................................................................... 79 B. F u n c t i o n s a n d D u t i e s ......................................................79 C. P r o b l e m s o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t H e a d .......................82 D. S u g g e s tio n s f o r D e p artm en t H eads . . • . • 83 RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................. 1 0 0 A. B. F o r Im p ro v ed O p e r a tio n In S p e c if i c A re a s . . 100 F o r F u r t h e r S tu d y by A d m i n is tr a t iv e P e r s o n n e l 121 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 1 2 6 L IS T OF FIGURES 1. A reas o f P la n n in g 2. S te p s 3* O rg a n iz a tio n C h art - S chool o f E n g in e e rin g 4. O r g a n iz a tio n C h a rt - M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e r in g 5. in G a th e rin g O u tlin e and C o r re la tin g In fo rm a tio n D e p a rtm e n t of M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e r in g D e p artm en t O rg a n iz a tio n 6. P ro p o s e d O r g a n i z a t i o n C h a r t - C h e m ica l E n g in e e r i n g D e p artm en t 7* P ro p o sed O rg a n iz a tio n C h a rt - E l e c t r i c a l E n g in e e rin g D e p artm en t 8. P roposed O rg a n iz a tio n C h a rt - M e ta llu r g ic a l E n g in e e r i n g D e p a rtm e n t 9. 10. S ta n d a rd P ro c e d u re - P u rch ase R e q u is itio n P u r c h a s e R e q u i s i t i o n F o rm iii PREFACE It is th e o b je c tiv e of th is th e s is to p re se n t a p la n f o r th e o r g a n iz a tio n and o p e ra tio n of t h e E n g in e e r i n g a t M ic h ig a n S t a t e The p r o p o s e d p l a n is C o lle g e * School of f o llo w e d by s u g g e s t i o n s and rec o m m e n d a tio n s f o r carry ­ in g o u t th e p la n * It sh o u ld b e p o in te d o u t t h a t t h i s in p re p a ra tio n f o r about som e o f t h e it o p e ra tio n . Much o f t h e h a s been d e v e lo p e d d u rin g th e p a s t fo u r y e a rs, a s a re s u lt to b rin g in th a t reaso n , on t h e p l a n i s a r e p o r t on t h e p r e s e n t o rg a n iz a tio n , a s It fo u r y e a rs, and fo r p la n i s a lre a d y a c tu a l w ritin g t h e s is h as been is f e l t , o f p r e l i m i n a r y w o rk on t h e h o w e v e r , t h a t much r e m a i n s t o b e d o n e t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n and o p e r a t i o n up t o e ffe c tiv e le v e l. be w e ll i f th e s is . In o rd er to a c c o m p lish t h i s , e v e r y m em ber o f t h e its m ost i t w o u ld s t a f f w o u ld r e a d t h i s r e p o r t a s b a c k g ro u n d m a t e r i a l f o r w ork to b e d o n e i n h i s own d e p a r t m e n t . Then e a c h o r g a n i z a t i o n a l u n i t o f t h e S c h o o l w o u ld b e b e t t e r p r e p a r e d to a t t a c k t h e p r o b l e m o f m ore e f f e c t i v e o p e r a t i o n It is in its own a r e a o f a c t i v i t y . s u g g e s te d t h a t eac h o r g a n iz a tio n a l u n i t fo llo w th e p ro ced u re o u tlin e d o rg a n iz a tio n a l p la n . C o m m itte e s h o u ld t r y i n P a r t I I i n w o rk in g o u t i t s F o r e x a m p le , a D e p a rtm e n t o r to e s t a b l is h i t s iv own o b j e c t i v e s , own in l i g h t of w hat i s p re s e n te d of a c tiv itie s , a c tiv itie s , h e r e , d e v e lo p i t s d e fin e each a c tiv ity , and p la n an o r g a n iz a tio n own l i s t g ro u p r e l a t e d fo r th e o v e ra ll ta sk . The d e t a i l s o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e E n g i n e e r i n g and School of i t s D e p a rtm e n ts, a s p re s e n te d h e r e , a re o n ly s u g g e s tio n s . T h e y m ay b e u s e d a s g u i d e s , hoped t h a t e a c h g roup w i l l s e r i o u s l y s tu d y i t s o f a c t i v i t y and fo llo w th ro u g h th e but i t is own s p h e r e p ro ced u re h e re in o u t­ lin e d . The a u t h o r w i s h e s t o ex p ress deep g r a titu d e L o r i n G-. M i l l e r f o r h i s e n c o u r a g e m e n t , g u i d a n c e , a n d m any s u g g e s tio n s th ro u g h o u t th e p e rio d o f tim e been in p re p a ra tio n . t o D ean He w o u l d a l s o l i k e t h i s w ork h a s to th a n k P ro ­ f e s s o r L e o n a r d C. P r i c e , H ead o f t h e M e c h a n ic a l E n g i n e e r ­ i n g D e p a r t m e n t , w i t h whom h e h a s h a d m any c o n v e r s a t i o n s on d e p a r t m e n t a l p ro b le m s • T hanks a r e a ls o due to o t h e r d e p a r t m e n t h e a d s , a s w e l l a s m an y f a c u l t y m e m b e rs w i t h whom h e h a s h a d c o n f e r e n c e s . E a s t L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n A ugust 4, 1952 v J a m e s M. A p p l e A PROPOSED PLAN FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING OF MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE By J a m e s M. A p p l e AN ABSTRACT OF A THESIS S u b m itte d to th e S c h o o l of G r a d u a t e S t u d i e s o f M i c h i g a n S t a te C o lle g e o f A g r ic u ltu r e an d A p p l i e d S c i e n c e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of th e f o r th e re q u ire m e n ts d eg ree of MASTER OF SCIENCE D e p artm en t of M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e r in g 1952 ABSTRACT T h is t h e s i s h a s b e e n w r i t t e n a s a g u id e to v e lo p m e n t o f an e f f e c t i v e th e d e­ o rg a n iz a tio n a l p la n f o r th e S c h o o l o f E n g in e e rin g * In s e c tio n one, b a sic c o n c e p ts o f o r g a n iz a tio n and a d m i n i s t r a t io n a r e b r i e f l y re v ie w e d i n background f o r th e iz a tio n are read er* o rd er to fo rm a S ev eral p r in c ip le s of o rg an ­ q u o te d a s g u id e p o s ts in o r g a n iz a tio n p la n n in g • S e c t i o n tw o d e a l s w i t h t h e tio n p la n n in g , lin in g th e o u t, a s i t first p ro ced u re f o r o rg a n iz a ­ d e fin in g th e s u b je c t, and th e n o u t­ s t e p s t o b e fo llo w e d * p e r t a i n s to E ach s te p is c a rrie d t h e S ch o o l of E n g in e e rin g * T h is s h o w s i n a b r i e f f o r m , how a n o r g a n i z a t i o n p l a n i s d e v e lo p e d * In th e th ird s e c tio n an o r g a n iz a tio n c h a r t f o r th e School i s p re se n te d . S u p p le m e n tin g t h e c h a r t i n a som e­ w h a t c o n d e n se d v e r s i o n o f a n o r g a n i z a t i o n m a n u a l, w h ic h d e sc rib e s each a re a o f a c tiv ity and l i s t s sev eral rep re­ s e n ta tiv e fu n c tio n s o f each. T he f o u r t h s e c t i o n i s of in d iv id u a l p ro ced u re is o rg a n iz a tio n c o n cern ed w ith th e i n s t r u c t i o n d e p a rtm e n ts* o rg a n iz a tio n The sam e g e n e r a l in d ic a te d f o r th e p la n n in g p r o c e s s . An c h a r t o f th e M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e r in g D e p a rtm en t i s p r e s e n t e d a s a n e x a m p le . A lso v ii in c lu d e d is a b rie f o r g a n iz a tio n m anual f o r th e d e p a rtm e n t. In se c tio n f iv e , th e ro le of t h e d e p a rtm e n t head i s c o n s i d e r e d fro m t h e p o i n t o f v iew o f h i s d u t i e s a n d r e ­ sp o n s ib ilitie s . Some o f t h e m a j o r p r o b l e m s o f t h e d e ­ p a rtm e n t head a re c o n s id e re d , and s e v e r a l s u g g e s tio n s a re m ade w i t h t h e a im o f m a k in g h i s t i o n s fo llo w jo b e a s i e r . a p a t t e r n w h ic h h a s p ro v e d The s u g g e s ­ s u c c e s s fu l in b u s i n e s s and i n d u s t r y . S e c tio n s ix co n cern s i t s e l f w ith re c o m m e n d a tio n s f o r im p ro v e d o p e r a t i o n o f t h e S c h o o l a n d i t s m e n ts. C e rta in s p e c ific o th e rs a re s u g g e s tio n s a r e m ade, w h ile i n d i c a t e d w h ic h i t s tu d y by th e se v era l d e p a rt­ is th o u g h t r e q u ir e f u r t h e r School A d m in is tra tio n . v iii A PROPOSED PLAN FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING OF MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE I. DISCUSSION OF ACCEPTED PR IN C IPL ES AND PRACTICES B efo re u n d e rta k in g th e ta s k o f s o lv in g a p a r t i c u l a r p ro b le m , it seem s w e l l t o re v ie w b r i e f l y w h i c h we w i l l b e d e a l i n g * th e f i e l d w ith T h is w i l l r e q u i r e a c o n s id e r ­ a tio n of o rg a n iz a tio n a s a sc ie n c e , a d m in istra tio n as a m eans o f c a r r y in g o u t o r g a n i z a t i o n , and r e l a t e d s u b j e c t s d e a lin g w ith r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , a u th o r i ty , o b lig a tio n , A. d e la g a tio n , e tc * W hat i s O r g a n i z a t i o n " O r g a n i z a t i o n i s a m e a n s t o m o re e f f e c t i v e c e rte d sa id e n d eav o r"1 M o re b r o a d l y d e f i n e d , th a t o rg a n iz a tio n arran g ed o r c o n s titu te d is th e sta te w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e w h o le * o r a c o n d itio n , m ay b e o r m anner of b e in g in in te rd e p e n d e n t p a r t s , each h a v in g a s p e c i a l f u n c tio n , a c t , s ta te , it con­ o ffic e , or re la tio n As o r g a n i z a t i o n i s a s o may i t a ls o be a p ro ce ss* ^B row n, A l v i n , " O r g a n i z a t i o n o f I n d u s t r y , " P r e n t i c e H a l l , I n c * , New Y o r k , 1 9 4 7 , p . 10* 2 In i t s a p p lic a tio n to an e n te r p r is e , o rg a n iz a tio n d e f i n e s t h a t p a r t w h ic h e a c h m em ber i s t o p e r f o r m , a n d t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n m em bers, i n a w ay t h a t t h e pose o f th e It e ffo rt sh a ll p u r­ s h o u l d b e u n d e r s t o o d t h a t w h e n we s p e a k o f is not m eant to in te rm s o f p e rs o n s * g a n i z a t i o n d o e s a p p ly to and i n serv e th e e n te rp ris e * "m em ber” i t d e a ls c o n c e rte d such th a t sense to im p ly t h a t o rg a n iz a tio n A l v i n B ro w n s a y s : "O r­ in d iv id u a l jo b s , ho w ev er, in d iv id u a ls , th o u g h t h e y b e n o t i d e n t i f i e d a t t h e tim e o f o r g a n i z a t i o n . " p In p r a c tic e , o rg a n iz a tio n d e fin e s re sp o n si­ b ilitie s o f jo b s an d fu n c tio n s t o b e p erfo rm ed — n o t ' r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o r f u n c tio n s o f p erso n s* B. R e l a t i o n s h i p B e tw e e n O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d A d m i n i s t r a t i o n If o rg a n iz a tio n i s th e d e f i n i t i o n of p a r t s to be p erfo rm ed , a d m in is tra tio n d e a v o r s o f t h e m em bers o f t h e its p u rp o se. i s th e sum o f t h e e n te rp ris e to en­ accom pany A d m in is tr a tio n d e n o te s p erfo rm an c e * " O rg a n iz a tio n s e rv e s a d m in is tra tio n and a d m in is tr a tio n s e r v e s th e p u r p o s e . A d m i n i s t r a t i o n p la n s — d e c id e s w hat i s to be done; tio n s , su p e rv ise s; e x e c u te s— g iv e s o rd e rs , ih stru c - an d c o n t r o l s — s e e s t h a t w o rk i s 2 B row n, A l v i n , " O r g a n i z a t i o n , ” H i b b e r t P r i n t i n g New Y o r k , 1 9 4 5 » P* 10* ^B row n, A l v i n , " O rg a n iz a tio n o f I n d u s tr y ," p . C o ., 11. 3 done a c c o r d in g to sp o n s ib ilitie s # to C# p la n s# O rg a n iz a tio n a s s ig n s r e ­ A d m in istra tio n a p p lie s o rg a n iz a tio n e n d eav o r# T he N eed f o r O r g a n i z a t i o n An i n d i v i d u a l p e r f o r m i n g a t a s k n e e d s o n l y t o best u tiliz e h is own e f f o r t t o a c c o m p lish a p urpose# T h a t i s a n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p ro b lem # o f o rg a n iz a tio n # h e lp e r, But l e t th e o r tw o , o r t h r e e , and d iv id e h is re s p o n s ib ilitie s . w i t h i n h i s own s h e l l # th e ta s k each i s He h a s n o n e e d in d iv id u a l ta k e on a im m e d ia te ly he m ust He c a n n o l o n g e r l i v e He m u s t d e f i n e t h a t p a r t o f t o p e r f o r m so t h a t t h e en d eav o r i s b e s t serv ed # T h is i s p u rp o se of o rg a n iz a tio n # th e num ber o f h e lp e r s i n c r e a s e s , th e As o rig in a l in d i­ v id u a l w i l l f i n d t h a t an in c r e a s in g am ount o f h is t i m e w i l l b e stp en t i n o v e r s e e i n g t h e w o rk o f o t h e r s , and a t some p o i n t h e h a s c r o s s e d t h e lin e in to ad­ m i n i s t r a t i o n — h e p l a n s , h e e x e c u t e s , he c o n t r o l s , t h e p r o g r e s s of th e e n d eav o r# W henever s e v e r a l p e rs o n s a r e in v o lv e d in t h e a c c o m p lish m e n t o f a p u r p o s e , o r g a n i z a t i o n i s to d e fin e n ecessary r e s p o n s i b i li t ie s and in te r r e la tio n s h ip s ; a d m in istra tio n a p p lie s o rg a n iz a tio n to The P r o d u c t io n H andbook s t a t e s w o rd s: fo r " O rg a n iz a tio n , th e th e th e en d eav o r# id e a in th e s e fram ew o rk w i t h i n w h ic h 4 i n d i v i d u a l s w ork i s an e s s e n tia l in r e a c h in g to w a rd a common o b j e c t i v e . ” **' D. The S c o n e o f O r g a n i z a t i o n O rg a n iz a tio n , in i t s b ro ad est sen se, in c lu d e s a c o n s id e ra tio n o f: 1. T he j o b s o r f u n c t i o n s r e q u i r e d t o b e p e r f o r m e d in th e o p e ra tio n of an e n te r p r is e 2. T he r e s p e c t i v e p l a c e e a c h o c c u p i e s 3* The r a n g e o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y an d a u t h o r i t y r e ­ q u ire d by each 4* The fra m e w o rk o f i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s d iv id u a l 3* b e tw e e n i n ­ jb h s and f u n c t i o n s The m ech an ism s th r o u g h w h ic h t a s k s a r e accom ­ p lis h e d and c o o rd in a te d in a tt a i n i n g th e p u rp o se o f th e E. e n te rp ris e R e s p o n s i b i li t y and A u th o rity Two i m p o r t a n t f u n d a m e n t a l s t h a t e n t e r i n t o o r­ g a n i z a t i o n a r e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and a u t h o r i t y . " R e sp o n sib ility w h ich i s p rise . is th a t p a rt o f a d m in istra tio n a ssig n e d t o a p a r t i c u l a r m e m b er o f a n e n t e r 5 I t s d e f in itio n is an a c t of o rg a n iz a tio n ." ^ A lf o r d , L .P . and B an g s, J . R . , R o n a ld P r e s s C o . , 1944* ^ B r o w n , _____ , o p . c it., p . 27* " P r o d u c t i o n H a n d b o o k ," 5 R e sp o n sib ility is c re a te d " • • • • w h e n o n e m em b er o f an e n te rp ris e d e fin e s a sh are in M s endeavor £ w h ic h he w i l l t r a n s f e r t o a n o th e r p e r s o n . . . " B ro w n 7 p u ts i t i n g r a p h ic a l fo rm , th u s : H a v in g a g r e a t e r r e ­ s p o n s ib ility th a n he can p e rfo rm h im s e lf R e sp o n sib ility b efo re D e le g a tio n d e le g a n V s r e s e r v e d res; s ib ility . R e le g a te d ssp o n sia b ility T he m em b er d e l e g a t e s a p o r tio n of i t to a n o th e r To q u o t e f u r t h e r f r o m B ro w n : A d e le g a tio n o f re s p o n s ib ility c re a te s an in ­ d iv id u a l p a rt in a d m in is tra tio n . B efo re a p e rs o n i s c lo th e d w ith i t , i t e x i s t s by d e f i n ­ i t i o n o r p re s c rip tio n ; i t is o fte n c a lle d a jo b s p e c i f i c a t i o n . A f t e r i t h a s b e e n assum ed by a p e r s o n , i t becom es a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n a f u l l s e n s e , f o r t h e n t h i s i s a m e m b er who i s re s p o n s ib le o r a c c o u n ta b le f o r th e p a r t in ad ­ m in is tra tio n . At th is tim e , a ls o , i t assum es tw o o t h e r a s p e c t s . B e s id e s b e in g a p r e s c r i p ­ t i o n of e n d e a v o r, i t becom es a l s o an o b l ig a t io n f o r p e rfo rm an c e and a pow er o f p e rfo rm a n c e . T hese a t t r i b u t e s a r e not m a tte rs of in v e n tio n o r a g re e m e n t; t h e y a r e t h e m a n i f e s t c o n se q u e n c e of th e o r ig in of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . The i n h e r e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f o b l i g a t i o n and a u t h o r i t y a r i s e a u to m a tic a lly fro m d e le g a tio n o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . " 8 It fo llo w s fro m w hat h a s b e e n s a id w hen a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y it is a c c e p te d , it th e n e c e s s a r y a u t h o r i t y to p e rfo rm above th a t c a r r i e s w ith it. A u th o rity h as been d e fin e d a s " . . . t h a t T B ro w n, ^ lo c . c i t . & op. c i t . , , op. p. 37* c i t •, p . 31• aspect 6 of re s p o n s ib ility 9 fo rm a n c e .• ." It w h ic h r e p r e s e n t s i t s i n c l u d e s a l l t h e m e a n s w h ic h w o u ld be c o n sid e re d n e c e ssa ry fo r th e sp o n s ib ility . It iz a tio n . is e x ac t p erfo rm an ce. in h e re n t in r e s p o n s ib ility . of re s p o n s ib ility i s an a c t of o rg an ­ A d m in istra tio n i s th e e f f o r t to g a n iz a tio n to F. p erfo rm an ce o f r e ­ i s t h e pow er t o A u th o rity , th e n , The d e f i n i t i o n pow er o f p e r - a p p ly o r ­ th e p u rp o se o f e n te r p r is e . T he P h a s e s o f A d m i n i s t r a t i o n A s i n d i c a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n com­ p r is e s th re e p h a ses; p la n n in g , 1. e x e c u tio n and c o n t r o l . P la n n in g W h a te v e r t h e endeavor to b e u n d e rta k e n , be p la n n e d . I f th e p urpose of th e be a tta in e d , each a c t i v i t y n e c e ssa ry to m ent m ust be d u ly c o n s id e r e d , its i t m ust e n te rp ris e its d e ta ils i s to a tta in ­ s tu d ie d and a p p r a is e d , and p ro p e r p ro c e d u re s p la n n e d f o r i t s e x e c u tio n . P la n n in g h a s i t s th e d a ta re q u ire d to b e g in n in g in th e c o l l e c t i o n of d e te rm in e o b j e c t i v e s a n d m eans o f a cc o m p lish m e n t. I t h a s b een su g g e ste d t h a t p la n n in g c o n s i s t s o f th e fo llo w in g su c c e s s iv e ste p s: 10 ---------- o p . c i t . , p . 61 -^ C o m sto c k , G l a s e r , " A d m i n i s t r a t i v e P r o c e d u r e , " A m e ric an C o u n c il o n P u b l i c A f f a i r s , W a s h in g to n , D . C . , 1 9 4 1 , p . 68 7 a . d e f i n i t i o n of p u rp o se b . fo rm u la tio n of p o l i c i e s , d e te rm in in g th e ex­ a c t lim its of p ro je c te d a c t iv i t y c . f o r m u la tio n o f p ro g ram a r r a n g i n g w ays a n d m eans i n a t e n t a t i v e pro g ram o f a c tio n d . d e s i g n of p l a n , b r i n g i n g w ays an d m eans i n t o exact q u a n tita tiv e , q u a l i t a t i v e and f u n c t i o n a l re la tio n sh ip s e. d iffe re n tia tio n o f p r o j e c t s , m ak in g e a c h a s in d e p e n d e n t a s p o s s ib l e H a rlo w S . P e r s o n p o i n t s o u t t h a t p l a n n i n g i s 11 a c t u a l l y m ad e up o f t h r e e l e v e l s o r p l a n e s : a * fli r e c t i v e p l a n n i n g - t h e m a k in g up o f a p r o ­ gram , i t s d iv is io n in to m ajo r p r o j e c t s , w i t h lu m p -su m b u d g e t s f o r e a c h a n d c o n t r o l o f b ro ad p o l i c i e s by th e a d m in is tr a to r . b . a d m in is tr a tiv e p la n n in g - th e ta s k s to a ssig n m e n t of s p e c i f i c w o rk in g u n i t s , and c o n t r o l b y c o m p a rin g a c t u a l a c c o m p lis h m e n t w i t h t h e p la n c * o p e r a t i v e p la n n in g - c a r r i e d on w i t h i n e a c h w o rk in g u n i t P la n n in g s t a r t s w ith r e s p o n s ib ility of th e id e a s. It a d m in is tr a to r to g a th e r id e a s , s o r t th em o u t , and a r r a n g e to p u t th e p ra c tic e # 11op• c i t . , p . 69* th e n becom es th e good o n e s i n t o B T hese th o u g h ts a re su m m arize d g r a p h i c a l l y i n F ig u re 1 . 2. E x e c u tio n The p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y th e p l a i n e d 3* in v o lv e d in f o llo w in g c o u rse. C o n tro l T he e x a m i n a t i o n o f r e s u l t s to in su re th a t en­ d e a v o r i s c a r r i e d on in a c c o rd a n c e w ith p la n s ; c o m p a rin g , d i s c u s s i o n , and c r i t i c i s m w ith th e a im t o s tim u la te p la n n in g , th e of o p e ra tio n s tre n g th e n o r ­ g a n iz a tio n , and in c re a s e e f f ic ie n c y . A ll a d m in is tra tio n e x h ib its th e se th re e p h ases; and th e y ta k e p la c e i n th e I t m ust not be t h o u g h t , h o w e v e r, t h a t t h e s e p h a s e s can b e s e p a r a te d . c o m p le te d b e f o r e th e o p e rla p o rd e r nam ed. th re e One p h a s e i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y n e x t is begun. They g e n e r a l l y each o th e r. R e s p o n s ib ility f o r P hases AREAS OF PLANNING12 ADMINISTRATIVE (WHAT) MANAGEMENT (HOW) D ire c tiv e M a jo r o b j e c t i v e s ^ B a s i c schem e o f f o p e ra tio n s ^ ' G en eral p o l i c i e s \ and c r i t e r i a l ; o f a c c o m p lish -, m eat (T o p L e v e l ) 1 . Fram e o f o r g a n i z a t i o n W ith resp ect to m ajo r fu n c tio n s 2 . A ssig n m e n t of m a jo r f i e l d s of a c t i v i t y 3* G e n e r a l c h a n n e l s o f re s p o n s ib ility and c o o rd in a tio n k* A d m i n i s t r a t i v e p r o ­ ced u res (in b ro ad term s) A d m in is tra tiv e (M id d le L e v e l) B reakdow n o f o p e r a t i o n s i n ­ t o s p e c i f i c f u n c t i o n s and p ro je c ts 1 . S p e c if ic a ssig n m e n t of d u tie s to su b o rd in a te u n its of o rg a n iz a tio n S ta n d a r d s o f a c c o m p lish m e n t: q u a n tity ( in c lu d in g tim e , m oney) q u a l i t y 2 . P r o c e d u r e s (m ore s p e c ific a lly ) A ssig n m e n t of p r i o r i t i e s w ith in o rg a n iz a tio n and m a jo r d iv is io n s O p e ra tiv e 3* T i m i n g a n d s c h e d u l i n g o p e ra tio n s k* M e a n s o f o b s e r v a t i o n and d i r e c t i o n (B o tto m L e v e l) D i v i s i o n of f u n c t i o n s and p r o je c ts in to ta s k s 1 . A ssig n m e n t o f t a s k s t o in d iv id u a ls A ssig n m e n t o f p r i o r i t i e s w ith in u n its 2© O p e r a t i n g p r o c e d u r e s S p e c i f i c a t i o n of and g roup jo b s in d iv id u a l P la n n in g of u n it p ro d u c tio n (w ork b u d g e t) 3* F l o w a n d t i m i n g o f ta s k s 10 As h a s b e e n s a i d p r e v i o u s l y , re s p o n s ib ility b e s h a r e d b y m e m b e rs o f a n e n t e r p r i s e * t h a t th e a d m in is tr a to r of th e is to T h is a ssu m e s e n te r p r is e h as d e fin e d a r e a s o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r n u m erous f u n c t i o n s , a n d d e le g a te d t h a t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , and th e a u th o rity , to n ecessary s u ita b le p erso n s* As th e a d m i n i s t r a t o r e x te n d s h i s c a p a o it y w ay, he f r e e s h i s tim e It o f th e is fo r su p e rv isio n * l i k e l y t h a t he w i l l f i r s t d e l e g a t e p o r t i o n s e x e c u tio n p h a se; m ent h i s in th is t h e n w hen n e c e s s a r y to su p p le ­ c a p a c ity f u r th e r , p o r tio n s of th e p la n n in g and c o n t r o l l i n g p h a s e s . As t h e e n t e r p r i s e grow s l a r g e r , th e re s e rv e d p o r t i o n s of p l a n n i n g and c o n t r o l l i n g w i l l becom e sm a lle r* The a d m i n i s t r a t o r r e s e r v i n g f o r h i m s e l f o n l y th e p la n n in g of fu n d a m e n ta l p o l i c i e s and t h e c o n tro l o f o v e r a l l en d eav o r* G. A d m i n i s t r a t o r *s S p a n o f C o n t r o 1 Span of c o n tr o l , r e f e r s to th e e ffe c tiv e ly in o r g a n iz a tio n te rm in o lo g y , num ber o f s u b o r d i n a t e s an e x e c u t i v e su p e rv ise . It is f a i r l y w e ll ag reed by stu d e n ts o f o rg a n iz a tio n t h a t six . th is I t m ay v a r y h o w e v e r - b e i n g num ber i s le ss near t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n , and m o re a t lo w e r l e v e l s . m ary r e a s o n s f o r t h i s a lim ite d ta c ts can about th e t o p o f The p r i ­ i s t h a t hum an b e i n g s h a v e o n l y span o f a t t e n t i o n , and u n le s s o f f i c i a l con­ a r e k e p t to an e f f e c t i v e m in im u m , t h e e x e c u tiv e 11 'w i l l f i n d it im p o s sib le to com prehend th e n u m ero u s p ro b le m s b r o u g h t to h im b y a n e x c e s s n u n b e r o f su b o rd in a te s» H. I n d i v i d u a l s and G roups 1* I n d i v i d u a l s In g e n e ra l, i n d i v i d u a l s s h o u ld h a n d le such t a s k s a s t h e y c a n p r o p e r l y c o n c e iv e , p l a n , and e x e c u te th e w o rk in g tim e a v a i l a b l e . stre tc h th is It o b v io u s s ta te m e n t is in try in g to in o v er­ t h a t m an y i n d i v i d u a l s f i n d t h e m s e l v e s " sw am p ed ” w i t h m o r e t o do t h a n t h e y can p o s s i b l y a c c o m p lis h i n It is th is th e a l l o t t e d tim e . d ile m n a w h ic h h a s b r o u g h t a b o u t , in in d u s tiy , th e p o s i t i o n of s t a f f a s s i s t a n t , o r a s i t i s m o r e c om m only k n o w n , " A s s i s t a n t t o a s s is ta n t a id s h is su p e rio r s ib ility i s t h e sam e, ..." . in h is w o rk . b u t none of th e a re d e le g a te d t o h im , a s a d e p u ty . T he H is r e s p o n ­ re s p o n sib ilitie s S in c e he c a n n o t d e l e g a t e , n o o n e ow es h im a n y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . He h a s b e en so m e tim e s d e s c r i b e d a s an a d d i t i o n a l " h a n d " f o r h is s u p e r i o r , w hose jo b i s t o w h ic h w o r r y t h e b o s s . " "w o rry about th e H is p o s i t i o n c r i b e d by U rw ie k a s f o l l o w s : p ro b le m s is w e ll d es- 13 T h e ’A s s i s t a n t t o ’ i s e s s e n t i a l l y a man who r e p r e s e n ts h i s c h ie f in m a tte rs of a d m in is tra tiv e d e ta il. H is f u n c tio n s a r e lim ite d to s tu d y , r e ­ s e a r c h , a n a l y s i s , re c o m m e n d a tio n a n d ab o ve a l l , to h e lp i n g h is c h i e f to g e t t h i n g s done by h a n d lin g th e p u b l i c a t i o n o f i n s t r u c t i o n s , e t c . , • ^ D a l e , E r n e s t , " P l a n n i n g a n d D e v e l o p i n g t h e Com pany O r g a n i z a t i o n , " A m e r i c a n M a n a g e m e n t A s s n . , New Y o r k , 1 9 5 2 , p* 6 3 . 12 w a tc h in g th e fo re s ta llin g tw een t h e s p no e x e c u tiv e o r g a n i z a t i o n , and f o r e s e e i n g an d any f a ilu r e in c o o rd in a tio n b e­ e c i a l i s t s and th e • l i n e , ' He h a s d u tie s* A s u r v e y b y t h e A m e ric an M anagem ent A s s o c i a t i o n h a s sh o w n t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n of " A s s i s t a n t t o . * . " is o ne of t h e m o s t u s e f u l , a n d y e t one o f t h e m ost m is ­ u n d e rsto o d in T h is a p p e a r s th e o r g a n i z a t i o n s t r u c t u r e * t o b e v e ry t r u e i n e d u c a tio n to o , w here e x e c u tiv e p o s i t i o n s a r e few , o f te n sta c k e d o n to p o f r e g u la r e d u c a t i o n a l d u t i e s , a n d a m a z in g ly d e m a n d in g of b r e a d t h i n th e in d iv id u a l. The s t a f f a s s i s t a n t , e d u c a tio n , c o u ld o f f e r a. if m ore w i d e ly u s e d i n th e f o l l o w i n g a d v a n t a g e s : re d u c e th e b u rd e n of e x e c u tiv e s * w ork b . a id i n p la n n in g and c o o r d in a tio n c . e x c e lle n t tra in in g fo r th e a s s i s t a n t , he a c q u ire s an o v e r - a ll p o in t in th a t of v ie w o f t h e e n tir e o p e ra tio n Some p o s s i b l e a c t i v i t i e s o r " A s s is ta n t to of a s t a f f a s s i s t a n t , * .." a re : a. c o o r d i n a te w o rk b. c o ll e c t and d isse m in a te in fo n n a tio n c. act as d. se c re ta ry of c o m m itte e s c o l l e c t , a n a l y z e and w r i t e up p l a n s an d p r o ­ ced u res e. s c r e e n v i s i t o r s and r e q u e s t s of t h e f . d e s i g n m anagem ent c o n t r o l c h a r t s c h ie f 13 g . k e e p o r g a n i z a t i o n m a n u a l up t o d a t e h . w ork o u t p l a n s f o r o ffic e i. im p ro v in g p e rfo rm a n c e o f fu n c tio n s a sse m b le f a c t s j ♦ su m m arize and i n t e r p r e t f a c t s k. rec o m m e n d c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n 1. d is c u s s p la n s w ith o th e r m en b ers o f th e de­ p a rtm e n t and o b t a i n t h e i r o p in io n s m. exp l a i n an d in te rp re t o rd ers, p ro ced u res, e tc . n* o b s e r v e o p e r a t i o n o f d e p a r t m e n t o . p ro m o te p r o p e r u s e of e s t a b l i s h e d p r o c e d u r e s and c a r r y i n g oufc o f p o l i c i e s p. in v e s tig a te p ro p o sa ls of o th e rs q. se ttle m in o r d i f f i c u l t i e s A n o t h e r m e th o d f o r t h e h e lp on s p e c if ic T h is t e c h n iq u e e x e c u tiv e to use in g e ttin g t a s k s is by s p e c i a l a ssig n m e n ts* is u s u a l l y u se d w hen a r a t h e r sp e c ific ta s k or a re a of a c tiv ity i s to be a c c o m p lish e d , b u t of su ch a n a tu r e i s b e s t h a n d le d b y an i n ­ d iv id u a l. th a t it is A s s i g n m e n t may b e m ad e o n a p e r m a n e n t b a s i s , o r o n ly te m p o r a r ily , E x a m p le s o f t h e u n t i l th e jo b i s acc o m p lish e d * s p e c i a l a ssig n m e n t te c h n iq u e a r e d ic a te d on th e c h a r t s in th is re p o rt. in ­ T h ey a r e , f o r th e m o st p a r t , p erm an en t a r e a s o f a c t i v i t y , h o w e v e r, th e t a s k may b e s h i f t e d t o tim e * am ong t h e p e r s o n n e l f r o m t i m e T h i s may b e d o n e t o p r e v e n t o v e r l o a d i n g a n 14 i n d i v i d u a l , o r t o b r o a d e n m e m b e rs o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n * 2* G roups Giro u p s , m o r e c o m m o n ly know n a s c o m m i t t e e s , a r e e x tre m e ly u s e f u l in o r g a n iz a tio n w o rk . a c t iv i t y o r fu n c tio n re q u ire s is W hen a n of s u c h a n a t u r e t h a t it c o n s i d e r a t i o n b y , o r d e l i b e r a t i o n o f m ore th a n one p e r s o n , a c o m m itte e can b e a p p o in te d t o u n d e r t a k e t h e p ro b lem * The c o m m i t t e e i s v a lu e a s a c o n s u ltin g te c h n iq u e , and o f p rim a ry sh o u ld b e u s e d ; a . t o a s s u r e t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a num ber o f in te re s ts b . to k e e p a num ber of p e r s o n s in fo rm e d c* t o a t t a i n a d e g r e e o f f o r m a l i t y d* t o g a i n v a r i o u s v i e w p o i n t s e* t o in s o lv in g a p ro b lem c o o r d i n a te a c t i v i t i e s and p o i n t s of v ie w , a s th e y f. in a c tio n t o m ore p e rta in to e a sily a s p e c i f i c p ro b le m g e t c o m p le te a c c e p ta n c e o f t h e c o n c l u s i o n re a c h e d on a p ro b le m g. to h e lp t r a i n m e m b e rs o f t h e t h e o v e r a l l o p e r a tio n of th e h* t o i. p ro v id e in te g r a te d to h e lp o rg a n iz a tio n in o rg a n iz a tio n g ro u p ju d g m en t se c u re c o o p e ra tio n in c a rry in g o u t p la n s j* t o a c t a s a c l e a r i n g h o u s e f o r k* t o 1. id e a s s e c u r e a m e e tin g o f m in d s t o m ake s t u d i e s o f im p o rta n t a c t i v i t i e s m* t o p r o v i d e w e l l c o n s i d e r e d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a s 15 a b a s is fo r a c tio n * n* t o p r o v i d e p o o le d ju d g m e n t i n l i e u an in d iv id u a l o r s p e c if ic group* C o m m itte e s a r e show n, on t h e o rg a n iz a tio n c h a rts i n t h i s m a n u a l, i n th o s e a r e a s w h ere i t a c tio n i s p r e f e r a b l e to a d v ic e t o an e x e c u tiv e of th a t of is in d iv id u a l a c tio n , sh o u ld r e p r e s e n t fe lt group o r w h ere se v e ra l p o in ts o f v iew * I* P ro g re s s iv e O rg a n iz a tio n L e t n o th in g w h ic h h a s b e e n s a i d t h u s f a r l e a d th e re a d e r to b e lie v e t h a t o rg a n iz a tio n , once d e fin e d , i s fix e d o r sta b le * It is g a n iz a tio n of a n e n te r p r is e on th e p a r t of t h e tru e t h a t th e o r i g i n a l o r ­ r e q u i r e s m u ch d e l i b e r a t i o n o r g a n i z e r s , a n d t h a t m uch o f w h a t h a s b e e n d e c id e d sh o u ld b e c o d if ie d * N e v e rth e le ss, cess* o rg a n iz a tio n B ro w n h a s t h i s to i s a c o n tin u in g p ro ­ sa y :^ O rg a n iz a tio n is n o t a s u i t o f c lo th e s , c u t i n a u n i v e r s a l p a t t e r n to an e x a c t d im e n sio n . I t s p r i n c i p l e s a r e u n i v e r s a l , t r u l y ; bub t h e a p p lic a tio n of th o s e p r i n c i p le s to a d m in is­ t r a t i v e re q u ir e m e n ts — w h ic h , on th e w h o le , a r e n e v e r t h e sam e i n tw o c a s e s — i s a n a r t * A rt i s n ev er p e rfe c t* T h e a r t i f i c e r who w o u l d p e r ­ suade h im s e lf t h a t h is t a s k i s p e r f e c te d i s r e a d y t o y i e l d i t t o a f r e s h e r w orkm an* T he p r a c t i c e o f I n d u s t r i a l E n g in e e rin g f r e e l y a d m its t h a t no i n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s i s ■^^Brown, , " O r g a n iz a tio n of so p e r f e c t b u t I n d u s t r y , p* 3 4 0 16 t h a t , g i v e n m ore s t u d y , i t T h is i s c e rta in ly tru e As a n e n t e r p r i s e can b e f u r t h e r im p ro v e d * of o rg a n iz a tio n * g r o w s , new p r o b l e m s a r i s e * M is t a k e s w i l l b e u n c o v e re d i n o p e r a t i o n a n d m u st be c o rre c te d * O r g a n i z e r s m u s t n e v e r c l o s e t h e i r m in d s t o v isio n , re­ o r t r i a l o f new m e t h o d s i n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e te c h n iq u e s* I • Sum m ary The p r e c e d i n g p a g e s h a v e p r e s e n t e d , w ay, a b a ck g ro u n d o f t h e f i e l d re la te d to p ic s* It in a b r ie f of o rg a n iz a tio n and i s hoped t h a t th e r e a d e r , h a v in g d ig e s te d t h i s m a te r ia l, w ill f in d h im se lf b e t t e r a c c lim a te d to th e d i s c u s s i o n s o f s p e c i f i c p ro b le m s w h ic h w i l l f o l lo w * In o rd er to m ore o r l e s s w hat h as been s e t f o r t h are i n th e su m m arize , o r c o d i f y , p r e c e d i n g p a g e s , b e lo w q u o t e d f r o m A l v i n B row n s e l e c t e d p r i n c i p l e s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n ^ w h i c h s h o u l d b e k e p t i n m in d n o t o n l y b y o r g a n i z e r s , b u t b y m e m b e rs o f t h e o rg a n iz a tio n * P u rp o se 1* O r g a n i z a t i o n i s a m eans t o m o re e f f e c t i v e c e rte d en d eav o r. ^op. c i t • , p* 1 - 8* con­ 17 Scope 2. O rg a n iz a tio n d e a ls e x c lu s iv e ly w ith in d i­ v id u a ls and t h e i r re la tio n s o P reced en ce 4* O rg a n iz a tio n p re c e d e s endeavor 6. O r g a n iz a tio n sh o u ld d e te rm in e th e se le c tio n o f p e rs o n n e l r a t h e r th an p e rs o n n e l d e te rm in e th e n a tu re of o rg a n iz a tio n * R e sp o n sib ility 8m R e s p o n sib ility in h e re s e x c lu siv e ly in in ­ d iv id u a ls . 9* R e s p o n s i b i li t y can n o t be s h a re d w ith a n o th e r* D e le g a tio n of R e s p o n s ib ility 11. Each r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i s c re a te d by d e le g a tio n fro m one h a v in g t h a t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . 12. E ach r e s p o n s ib ility is c r e a te d by d e le g a tio n fro m one la v in g a g r e a t e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . 14* A m em ber d o e s n o t , b y d e l e g a t i o n , d i v e s t h i m ­ s e lf of re s p o n sib ility . 16. The i n h e r e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s a u th o rity a r is e of o b l i g a t i o n and a u to m a tic a lly fro m d e le g a tio n of re s p o n sib ility . O b lig a tio n 17* The a c c e p t a n c e of a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y e q u iv a le n t o b lig a tio n fo r its c r e a te s an p erfo rm an ce. 18 A u th o rity 24 * In each re s p o n s ib ility is in h e r e n t an e q u iv a ­ le n t a u th o r ity • 25. A u t h o r i t y i n c l u d e s a l l m eans n e c e s s a r y an d p ro p e r f o r t h e p erfo rm an ce of r e s p o n s ib ility * P a rtitio n 3 of re s p o n s ib ility Du t i e s of l e s s im p o rt sh o u ld b e d e le g a te d and th o s e o f g r e a t e r im p o rt re s e rv e d * 39* D e le g a tio n of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y m ust b e s u f f i c i e n t in e x t e n t and d e g re e s ib ility w ill not so t h a t r e s e r v e d r e s p o n ­ exceed th e c a p a c ity o f th e d e le g a n t* D e fin itio n o f re s p o n s ib ility 45* R e s p o n s ib ilitie s f y in g and sh o u ld b e d e f in e d by i d e n t i ­ th e n g ro u p in g t h e e le m e n ts o f a d ­ m in istra tio n • 46 # D e f i n i t i o n o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y m ust be c l e a r and p re c is e * G rou p s 69* R e sp o n sib ility i s o n l y w hen i t s 70. tru ly e x e r c is e d by a g ro u p d e c i s i o n s a r e m ad e b y p r e p o n ­ d e ra n ce of th e o p in io n s of i t s m e m b e rs* A p a rtic u la r re s p o n s ib ility is b e t t e r p erfo rm ed b y o n e m e m b e r t h a n b y tw o o r m o r e * 71 * R e sp o n sib ility sh o u ld b e d e le g a te d to o n ly upon c le a r d e m o n s tra tio n t h a t a d m in istra tio n is u n d e sira b le * a g ro up in d iv id u a l 19 72. I n a group e x e r c i s in g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a s it i s t h e d u t y o f e a c h m em ber t o t o t h e d e c i s i o n a s h e w o u ld i f b i l i t y w ere h is such, c o n trib u te th e re sp o n si­ a lo n e . P ra c tic e 95* O rg a n iz a tio n m ust be a c o n tin u in g c o n cern o f a d m in istra tio n . 96. W hereas o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p r i n c i p l e th e p ra c tic e is a sc ie n c e , of o r g a n i z a t i o n i s an a r t . II. A. ORGANIZATION PLANNING The N a t u r e o f t h e P ro b le m The o p e r a t i o n o f a n e n t e r p r i s e a s co m p lex a s a n e n g in e e rin g sc h o o l c e r ta in ly c a l l s f o r th e a p p lic a tio n o r o rg a n iz a tio n p rin c ip le s fo r e ffe c tiv e o p e ra tio n . T h i n k f o r a m o m ent o f t h e m any a n d v a r i e d f u n c t i o n s and a c t i v i t i e s p e rfo rm e d by an e n g in e e rin g s c h o o l. How c a n t h e y a l l b e p r o p e r l y c a r r i e d o u t w i t h o u t so m e s e r io u s th in k in g and p la n n in g f o r th e p ro p e r p e r f o r ­ m ance of e a c h ? E ach f u n c t i o n and a c t i v i t y m u st o f n e c e s s i t y b e a n a ly z e d by i t s th a t it a d m in istra to rs in o rd er nay b e s t b e c a r r ie d o u t. In c lu d e d in t h i s s tu d y sh o u ld b e an a n a l y s i s , a l s o , o f t h e r e l a t i o n ­ s h ip b e tw e e n e a c h of t h e u n i t s and t h e s e a s s o c i a t e d w ith it. O rg a n iz a tio n p la n n in g h a s b een d e fin e d a s : 16 The p r o c e s s o f d e f i n i n g and g r o u p in g t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e e n t e r p r i s e so t h a t t h e y may b e m o st l o g i c a l l y a s s i g n e d and e f f e c t i v e l y e x e c u te d . I t i s co n cern ed w ith th e e s ta b ­ l i s h m e n t o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s am ong t h e u n i t s s o a s t o f u r t h e r th e o b j e c t i v e s of th e e n t e r p r i s e . The f o llo w in g b a s i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f o r g a n ­ i z a t i o n s h o u l d b e k e p t i n m in d i n a n y d i s ­ c u s s io n of o r g a n iz a tio n p la n n in g : 1 . O rg a n iz a tio n i s a p la n n in g p r o c e s s . It i s c o n ce rn ed w ith s e t t i n g u p , d e v e lo p in g and m a in ta in in g a s t r u c t u r e o r p a t t e r n ^ D a l e , ________ , o p . e it., p. 14. 21 o f w o rk in g r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f t h e p e o p le w ith in an e n te rp ris e * I t i s c a r r i e d on c o n tin u o u sly a s changes in e v e n ts, p e rs o n ­ a l i t i e s and e n v iro n m e n t r e q u i r e . Thus o r g a n i z a t i o n i s d y n a m ic . H ow ever, t h e r e ­ s u ltin g s tru c tu re i s s ta tic - i . e . , i t r e f l e c t s t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o n ly a s o f a g iv e n m om ent o f t i m e • 2 . O rg a n iz a tio n i s th e d e te m in a tio n and a s s ig n ­ m e n t o f d u t i e s t o p e o p l e so a s t o o b t a i n t h e a d v a n ta g e s o f f i x i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and s p e c i a l i z a t i o n th ro u g h s u b d iv is io n of w o rk . 3* O r g a n i z a t i o n i s a p l a n f o r i n t e g r a t i n g o r c o o r d in a tin g m ost e f f e c t i v e l y th e a c t i v i t i e s o f e a c h p a r t of t h e e n t e r p r i s e so t h a t p ro p e r r e la tio n s h ip s a re e s ta b lis h e d and m a i n t a i n e d am ong t h e d i f f e r e n t w o r k u n i t s and so t h a t th e t o t a l e f f o r t of a l l p e o p le in t h e e n t e r p r i s e w i l l h e lp a c c o m p lish i t s o b je c tiv e s. 4* O r g a n i z a t i o n i s a m e a n s t o a n e n d . Good o r g a n i z a t i o n sh o u ld b e one o f th e t o o l s o f a c c o m p lis h in g th e com pany’ s o b j e c t i v e s , b u t i t s h o u l d n o t becom e a n o b j e c t i v e i n i t s e l f . Some o f t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t a d v a n t a g e s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n p la n n in g , p a ra p h ra s e d fro m D a le , 17 are: 1 . D e fin e s, d is c u s s e s , and e v a lu a te s o b je c tiv e s 2 . I n d i c a te s i n c l e a r and e a s i l y u n d e rs to o d te r m s , w h ere r e s p o n s i b i l i t y l i e s 3* W it h t h e a i d of th e r e s u l t i n g o r g a n iz a tio n c h a r t a n d m a n u a l, an i n d i v i d u a l can g r a s p th e w h o le o r g a n i z a t i o n s t r u c t u r e and h i s re la tio n to i t 4 . C h a rt and m anual a re a id s in o r i e n t a t i o n and tr a in in g o f new p e r s o n n e l 5# T op e x e c u t i v e s sh o u ld b e r e l i e v e d o f o v e r ­ lo ad s o f r e s p o n s i b i li t y 1?D a le , op. c i t ., p . 16. 22 6* T h e y s h o u l d h a v e m o r e t i m e f o r l o n g r a n g e p la n n in g , re v ie w in g , c o o rd in a tio n , and in n o v a tio n 7» R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f d i f f e r e n t a r e a s o f a c t i v i t y m ay b e b e t t e r a b l e th e y see t h e i r t o w o r k t o g e t h e r w hen in d iv id u a l p la c e s in th e o rg a n iz a tio n 8* E x e c u t i v e s s h o u l d h a v e a g r e a t e r o p p o r ­ t u n i t y to re a liz e th e ir own a b i l i t i e s , p l a n t h e i r ow n a c t i v i t i e s , d e v e l o p a n d t r a i n t h e m s e l v e s an d o t h e r s * 9m A i d s i n d e t e r m i n i n g m a n p o w e r n e e d s 10* H e l p s t o i n t e g r a t e p e r s o n a l i t i e s w ith th e o b j e c t i v e s of th e e n te r p r is e * 11* M a k e s f o r b e t t e r c o o p e r a tio n and m u tu a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g — rem oves in n u m e ra b le a r t i f i ­ c ia l o b sta c le s to c o o p e ra tio n 12* May r e d u c e o r e l i m i n a t e d u p l i c a t i o n o f effo rt 13 * A s s i g n s d e f i n i t e re s p o n sib ilitie s 14* I m p r o v e s c o o r d i n a t i o n b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t fu n c tio n s 13* E l i m i n a t e s u n n e c e s s a r y f u n c t i o n s B. G en eral P ro c e d u re f o r O v e ra ll O rg a n iz a tio n The g e n e r a l p r o c e d u r e f o r i z a t i o n a l p la n f o r th e e n t i r e a rriv in g a t a n o rg an ­ S c h o o l o f E n g in e e r in g was 23 d iv id e d in to s e v e ra l ste p s* The f i r s t fo u r of th e s e s t e p s a r e show n i n g r a p h i c a l fo rm i n F i g u r e 2 . are T hese i n d i c a t e d and d i s c u s s e d b e lo w : S te p 1 ♦ S ta te m e n t o f O b je c tiv e s The f i r s t o rg a n iz a tio n m ent of th e s te p to be ta k e n in p la n n in g f o r th e of a n y s o r t o f e n t e r p r i s e o b je c tiv e s of th e sh o u ld be r a t h e r b ro a d i n g ro u p , in d ic a te th e fie ld s o rg a n iz a tio n * i n w h ic h th e T hese in School w ill o p e ra tin g The f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e o f E n g i n e e r i n g w e r e d r a w n up t o in th e sta te ­ sco p e, b u t sh o u ld , a s a o p e r a te and i t s p ro p o se d a c t i v i t i e s th o se f ie ld s * is th e in School f u lf ill th is f ir s t ste p o r g a n iz a tio n a l p ro ced u re* O b je c tiv e s a* To p r o v i d e a s o u r c e o f c o m p e t e n t e n g i n e e r i n g g r a d u a t e s , f o r r e c r u i t m e n t by M ic h ig a n i n ­ d u stry , in th e fo llo w in g f i e l d s : A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g in e e rin g C h e m ic a l E n g in e e r in g C i v i l and S a n i t a r y E n g in e e r in g E l e c t r i c a l E n g in e e rin g I n d u s t r i a l A rts an d E d u c a tio n M e ch a n ica l E n g in e e rin g M e ta llu r g ic a l E n g in e e rin g b* To d e v e l o p s t u d e n t s i n s u c h a way t h a t w h e n f a c e d w i t h a new a n d u n f a m i l i a r p r o b l e m , t h e y F OBJECTIVES DEFINITIONS I j■' **' STEPS t A ■ T: p r o v i d e sou * c r a COMP£TfcNT GRADUATES FOR c h i g a n by IH TRY, f i r u ds A C Mi f rtt PECPU! P r o m o te t * C & E E al n g n g AND THE s t u o v Work FiELD STUDENTS OF t h e t h a t WILL BE ATTRACTED Co . i/ e t a l l u r y/ i t h u n s e l s t u d e n t s C o u n s e l To - a i d ing . c h a n i c a l E n g . E n g . Th OUST£lAt- ARTS rlHO t o OC. W ith IN J STUDENTS WITH in s o l v ­ PERSONAL PROB­ THE L A c q u a i n t ACQUAINT S t u d e n t s s t u d e n t s THEIR LEMS •F..I. J l e c t p i c a l Me G r a d u a t e PROMOTE PROPER C i v i l E ng. E SO g r a d u a t e FOLLOWING h e m i c a l i c OUATEf■* 0. Rt To i n d u GATHERING : g r i c u l t u r a l g gra NL OI NQ Uf nt Pr omo t e of IN CORRELATING in f o r m a t io n TO MAKE AN O R G A N I Z A T I O N C H A R T INDUS* S t u d e n t s RELATED FUNCTIONS FUNCTION ENGINEERING a .« » « » « » ■ ■» » W ith Ind u s t r v To ASSURE NOT J S o n l y THAT THE K N O WS A C Q U A I NTED E n g i n e e r i nc STUDENT THEORY, WITH Re s e a r c h BUT INDUSTRY GRADUATE STUDIES To SERVE as TECHNICAL a s o u r c e ADVICE, of AND S AS G A CENTER FOR T he POOL­ ING A N D D I S S E MM I N A T | 0 N OF TECHNICAL t h e f o r use a t h e r t e c h n i c a l G i n f o r m a t i o n I To INFORMATION, Mi of THE c h i g a n T a t h e r e c h n i c a l The n f o r m a t i o n SERVE AS AN POOLING AGENCY OF jbt% r e c t i o n GJ KADUATE ^ T U D Y FOR IN TECHNICAL SlICF A of t u d e n t Re t s e ATTRACT t o : ,-~ r U ATE G O O D ^ -S T U D E N1 8 S T U Q E NTS Q i s s e m u i n a t e t e c h , i n f o r D» . s s e m m i n a t e T w ! INFORMATION To CAL ED SEE THAT NEEDED INFORMATION INTO THE -1 T p ^ l ND U S T R I AL NG I N E NGI N RE 3& * R C H PROGRAM. O B L E MS TECHNI-f IS RIGHT T J* E ACQUAINT STUDI e c h n i c a l Research J^OCRAM WAYv*3 I N F O R M A T I O N ........................ ... ....................... INDUSTRY. I ND US T R I AL. arch OlRECT-f Ma * CHANNELS. c u s e f u l ATION I NFOR­ A^AtLABLE^'TO INOUStRY BE \ P e r f o r m co ns u l . Ng w o p i * P e r f o r m TO TO PROVIDE ITY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT BERS of f a c u l t y SPECTIVE t he in AN OPPORTUN­ E THE SERVE £ p e r s o n a l I f o r AS A M i c h i g a n Work SOURCE t e c h n i c a l PERSONAL OF S E R- INDUS'TRY. K E E P CJWZLe CE A B R E A S T OF TEXH N I c a l . f 'i E L D S a d v i c e i n d u s t r y . f a c u lty // PERSONAL OF C o n s u l t i n g OF VI C & O - O R e s e a r c h / / / / ME M­ n g i n e e r i n g t h e i r FIELDS. r e * ff D i r e c t g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s D i r e c t G r a d u a t e To t h a t SEE JECTS t o Ke e p up in f i e l d ARE Work GRADUATE p r o p e r l y PRO­ g u i d e d s u c c e s s f u l c o m p l e t i o n Keep F ie ld Up in -Y To K E E P A B R E A S T OF T H E L A T E S T DEVELOPMENTS I N t e c h n i cal F ie l d s * 4. JAMES F ig . 2 M. JULY 1948 APPLE w ill be a b le t o h a n d le i t w i t h c o m p e te n c e i n ­ v o lv in g s k i l l , i n i t i a t i v e , and l e a d e r s h ip * c . To s e r v e a s a s o u r c e o f t e c h n i c a l a d v i c e , a n d as a c e n te r fo r th e p o o lin g and d is s e m in a tio n o f te c h n ic a l in fo rm a tio n , fo r th e use o f M ic h ig a n i n d u s t r y and e d u c a t i o n , d* To p r o v i d e a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e p e rso n al d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e m e m b e rs o f t h e E n g i n e e r i n g fa c u lty , in th e ir re s p e c tiv e fie ld s * e . To p e r f o r m r e s e a r c h in such a s w i l l be of b e n e f i t to S te p 2 * e n g in e e rin g f i e l d s in d u stry * L is tin g of A c tiv itie s T h is s t e p o b je c tiv e s w ith in v o lv e s a c o n s id e ra tio n of th e th e o v e ra ll i d e a o f m ak in g a l i s t o f a l l th e a c t i v i t i e s p erfo rm ed by th e S c h o o l. of These n eed n o t b e i n a n y p a r t i c u l a r o r d e r , b u t id e a s sh o u ld b e jo tte d down a s m in d . A n y o n e c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e a c t i v i t i e s m ay b e in v ite d r a p i d l y and a s o f t e n a s th e y to p a r t i c i p a t e i n c o m p ilin g th e come t o lis t. co u rse i t can n e v e r b e c o m p le te , so a w o rry * I t e m s may b e o f a n y n a t u r e , s u c h a s : Of t h a t need n o t be a . T h i n g s y o u do b. T h i n g s o t h e r p e o p l e , a s s o c i a t e d w i t h y o u , do c . T h in g s a d e p a rtm e n t d o e s d . T h in g s th e sch o o l does e . T h in g s w h ic h s h o u l d , o r m ig h t , b e d o n e b y a p r o g r e s s iv e E n g in e e rin g School 25 F o llo w in g is a lis t an id e a o f w hat is of a f e w a c t i v i t i e s to g iv e in te n d e d i n t h i s s te p : P a r t i a l L is t o f A c t i v i t i e s of th e S ch o o l o f E n g in e e rin g 1* P la n c u rric u la 2. P la n co u rses 3* S c h e d u le c l a s s e s 4* P ro cu re 5* T r a i n s t a f f m e m b e rs 6* A p p r a i s e s t a f f m e m b e rs 7* E n cou rage r e s e a r c h w o rk S. D e v e l o p s t a f f m e m b e rs 9* C ounsel s tu d e n ts s t a f f m em bers (c u rric u la , a c tiv itie s , jo b s, 10. C o o p e ra te w ith o th e r S c h o o ls i n th e 11. C o o p e ra te w ith o th e r C o lle g e s andU n i v e r s i t i e s 12 • C o o p e ra te w ith in d u s tr y 13 • P r o c u r e e q u ip m e n t f o r i n s t r u c t i o n p u r p o s e s 14* P re p a re b u d g e ts 15. H o ld 16. P ro v id e e x te n s io n t r a i n i n g 17. P u r c h a s e e q u ip m e n t 18. 19. 20. C o lle g e s h o rt c o u rses In v en t ory P u rc h ase O p e ra tin g S u p p lie s S ta ff T rav el 21. S tu d e n t t r i p s 22. P a rtic ip a te to in d u stry in p ro fe s s io n a l s o c ie tie s e tc .) 26 23. C o o p e r a te w ith g o v ern m en t a g e n c i e s 24. E q u ip m e n t a n d 25. P rep are b u lle tin s 26 • T e x t booic p r e p a r a t i o n 27. C o o p e ra te w ith p la c e m e n t b u re a u 28. P u b lic 29. T each c la s s e s 30. K eep c o s t r e c o r d s 31. H ig h s c h o o l c o o p e r a t i o n 32. (S ee f u n c t i o n s o f v a r i o u s c o m m itte e s f o r fu nd s f o r r e s e a r c h re la tio n s a d d itio n a l a c tiv itie s ) S te p 3. D e f i n i t i o n o f Each A c t i v i t y W hen a l i s t o f a c t i v i t i e s h a s b een a c c u m u la te d i t becom es n e c e s s a r y t o c o n s id e r each i n so m e d e t a i l i n o rd e r t o d e f i n e w hat i s m ea n t by e a c h o r w hat i s in c lu d e d o r re p re s e n te d i n t h e f e w w o r d s j o t t e d down* I n t h i s w ay i t w i l l b e p o s s i b l e id e n tify each a c tiv ity t o m ore a c c u r a t e l y in o rd er th a t in a group of r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s it c a n be p l a c e d f o r c o n sid e ra tio n as a p a r t of a m ajo r f u n c t i o n . A n e x a m p le o r tw o w i l l i n d i c a t e w h a t i s m e a n t b y th is ste p * a . P la n c o u rs e s - to d e te rm in e th e d e s ir e d c o u r s e , and to term s of o b je c tiv e of a so p l a n t h e c o n t e n t in l e c t u r e , r e c i t a t i o n , and s tu d e n t p a r ­ tic ip a tio n , t h a t a t th e end o f t h e c o u r s e th e o b je c tiv e w i l l have been m e t. 27 b . A p p r a i s e s t a f f m e m b e rs - t o d e v i s e a m eth o d w hereby th e a c c o m p lish m e n ts and c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f e a c h s t a f f m em b er t o t h e o v e ra ll o b je c ­ t i v e s o f t h e S c h o o l can b e d e te r m in e d a n d e v a lu a te d • O th e r e x a m p le s a r e show n on t h e d i a g r a m i n F i g u r e 2* S te p 4 * G ro u p in g of R e la te d A c t i v i t i e s i n t o M a jo r F u n c tio n s A f t e r h a v in g d e f in e d each a c t i v i t y n e c e s s a ry to it becom es d e te r m i n e w h ic h o n e s a r e r e l a t e d to each o t h e r and s h o u l d l o g i c a l l y becom e a p a r t of a m a j o r f u n c t i o n or stu d y in g group o f a c t i v i t i e s * each d e s c rip tio n in o rd er to f in d th e a c t e r i s t i c s of e a c h a c t i v i t y p a re d w ith o th e rs* T h is i s done b y so t h a t it ch ar­ may b e com­ T h o s e a c t i v i t i e s h a v i n g common c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o r l e a d i n g t o w a r d a common o b j e c t i v e , m ay t h e n b e p l a c e d It i n one g ro u p * s h o u l d b e s t a t e d h e r e t b a t m an y o f t h e s e r e ­ l a t i o n s h i p s w i l l b e o b v io u s w ith o u t th e d e sc rip tio n s m ade i n s t e p c ry s ta lliz e 3« S te p 3 m e re ly h e lp s to th o u g h ts re g a rd in g a s p e c if ic a c t i v i t y case o f d o u b t, t o and, in th e d e te r m i n e t h e o t h e r s w i t h w h ic h it may b e a s s o c i a t e d * A few r e l a t e d 2, a re: a c tiv itie s , f r o m th e lis t in ste p 28 a . p r e p a r e b u d g e ts b . p u r c h a s e e q u ip m e n t c. in v e n to ry d* p u r c h a s e o p e r a t i n g e. It of a l l su p p lie s keep c o s t re c o rd s w i l l b e s e e n t h a t a common c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e s e i s p la n n in g th e c o s t , o r m oney• o r g a n iz a tio n of th e T h erefo re, in School th e se a c t iv ­ i t i e s , and o th e r s of a s i m il a r n a tu r e , a re grouped i n to a f u n c t i o n w hose o v e r a l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o r c o s ts a s th e y p e r t a i n t o th e i s m oney o p e r a t i o n of t h e S c h o o l* S i m i l a r g r o u p i n g s a r e m ad e o f o t h e r r e l a t e d a c tiv itie s, and t h e r e u n t i l a l l a c t i v i t i e s have b e e n a ll o c a t e d re m a in s a r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll g ro u p o f f u n c t i o n s o r m a jo r a r e a s o f a c t i v i t y . in F ig u re S te p 5« T h is s te p is a ls o show n 2. P la n n in g I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p o f F u n c tio n s I n m o s t o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p l a n s t h e r e a r e tw o g e n e r a l ty p e s of fu n c tio n s : O p e ra tin g and a d v is o ry * T he o p e r a tin g f u n c tio n s a r e th o s e w h ic h a c t u a l l y p e rfo rm th e a c t i v i t i e s fu n c tio n s, of th e on t h e o rg a n iz a tio n * The a d v i s o r y o t h e r h a n d a r e , a s t h e i r nam e i m p l i e s , o f a n a d v is o ry n a tu re * O rd in a rily such g ro u p s c o n c e rn th e m se lv e s w ith p la n n in g f o r , an d a d v is in g th e o p e ra tin g gro u p s. 29 I n p la n n in g th e it is o rg a n iz a tio n c h a rt or s tru c tu re common p r a c t i c e t o p l a c e t h e s e tw o d i s t i n c t ty p e s of a c tiv i t y C h a rtin g sin c e it in se p a ra te c o n v e n tio n s w i l l not b e e x p la in e d h e r e , i s f e l t t h a t th e in t h i s c a s e . s p o t s on th e c h a r t . e x a m p le s show n w i l l s u f f i e e A d v iso ry f u n c t i o n s a r e g r o u p , e v e n s e p a r a t i n g th e m i n t o c h a rts; su b -g ro u p s on th e a d v is o r y c o m m itte e s, a n d s p e c ia l a s s ig n m e n ts . O p e ra tin g g ro u p s a r e o fte n in to areas, c h a rte d a s a re la te d lik e w ise c h a rte d s e p a r a te ly , and sub-g ro u p s such as la b o ra to ry o p tio n s , g ra d u a te w o rk , e t c . Ill* THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SCHDOL OF ENGINEERING I t w i l l be th e o b je c tiv e of t h i s s e c tio n to p resen t a su g g e ste d p la n f o r th e o r g a n iz a tio n of th e S chool o f E n g in e e rin g * a d h e re d to * P rin c ip le s se t fo rth i n P a r t One h a v e b e e n The p ro c e d u re d e s c r ib e d fo llo w e d i n s e t t i n g i n P a r t Two h a s b e e n up t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n p l a n . O ver a p e r io d o f s e v e r a l y e a r s , t h e o p e r a t io n o f th e S c h o o l o f E n g i n e e r i n g h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d , a n d m an y c o n ­ f e r e n c e s h av e b e e n h e ld w ith D e p artm e n t H ead s, and o t h e r s t a f f m em bers. S e v e r a l t r i a l p l a n s w ere w o rk ed o u t a n d d i s c u s s e d w i t h t h e D ean a n d o t h e r s . i n som e c a s e s p a r t i a l l y fo rth is o u t. The p l a n h e r e i n s e t a r e s u l t of t h i s p r o c e s s of s tu d y , d i s c u s s i o n , and e x p e r i m e n t . O b v io u sly i t no " o n e b e s t a n s w e r . " w i l l w o rk . th a t trie d E ach w as s tu d ie d and It is not p e rfe c t. T h ere i s O n l y t i m e w i l l t e l l how t h i s i s hoped t h a t t h e fram ew o rk i s p la n sound, and c h a n g e s f o u n d n e c e s s a r y w i l l b e m ade a s r e q u i r e d t o keep th e o rg a n iz a tio n o p e ra tin g e ffe c tiv e ly . T h e p r o p o s e d o r g a n i z a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n tw o fo rn s: 1) a n o r g a n i z a t i o n c h a r t , a n d , 2) a n a b b r e v i a t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n m a n u a l, t o c h a rt. ( F ig u r e 3)* su p p le m e n t a n d d e s c r i b e th e The c h a r t a n d m anual f o l l o w . 31 A* G e n e r a l C om m en ts A f te r h a v in g fo llo w e d th e th e s te p s o u tlin e d under s e c t i o n on O r g a n i z a t i o n P l a n n i n g , t h e w o rk o f th e S c h o o l o f E n g in e e r in g w as d iv id e d i n t o fu n c tio n s. v iso ry E ach of th e s e i s c o m m itte e . s i x m a jo r re p re s e n te d by an a d ­ T hey a r e a s f o l l o w s : 1. E n g in e e rin g E x te n sio n 2. F in a n ce and In v e n to ry 3. G ra d u a te S tu d ie s and R e se a rc h 4* In stru c tio n 5* P erso n n el 6. P u b lic R e la tio n s The a rr a n g e m e n t a n d i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p fu n c tio n s i s sh o w n o n t h e of th e se c h a r t , F i g u r e 3* T h e P o l i c y C o m m i t t e e , sh o w n n e a r t h e t o p o f t h e c h a r t , i s t h e g u id in g g ro u p of t h e S c h o o l o f E n g in ­ e e rin g . It is l o g i c a l l y c o m p rise d o f th e p e r s o n i n c h a rg e o f each o f th e s i x m a jo r f u n c t i o n s . be r e c a l l e d , fro m s e c tio n on e, t h a t t h i s gro u p t o th e D ean. to a c t. It i s an a d v is o ry I t h a s no a u t h o r i t y , a n d no p o w e r c a n o n l y d i s c u s s a m a t t e r , e a c h m em ber re p re se n tin g h is fu n c tio n , c o u rs e of a c t i o n . d e c is io n , and a c t . th is I t m ust c o m m itte e , if It is and a d v is e th e D ean on a up t o t h e D e a n t o m ake t h e I t sh o u ld a ls o be p o in te d out t h a t it la c k s p ro p e r in fo rm a tio n o r b ack ­ ground o n a s p e c i f i c p ro b le m , can se n d i t s m em bers Sz B• 3 1 7 E co n * 2 0 9 a P r i n c ip l e s of O rg a n iz a tio n G e n e r a l E c o n o m ic s 66 2 .8 2 2 4 P ow er O p tio n A. O b je c tiv e : To p r o v i d e a n o p p o r t u n i t y fo r s p e c ia liz a tio n in t h a t b ra n c h o f M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g w h ic h is de­ v o te d t o t h e p r o d u c tio n of e l e c t r i c pow er a s s u p p lie d by pow er u t i l i t y , in d u s tria l, B. and i n s t i t u t i o n a l p l a n t s T e c h n ic a l c o u rs e s r e q u ir e d 407c Pow er P l a n t E n g in e e rin g 407d Pow er P l a n t E n g in e e r in g 4 0 9e R e f r i g e r a t io n 409 f R e frig e ra tio n 413c A dvanced M a t e r i a l s T e s tin g or 4 1 3 e F u e l s , C o m b u s tio n a n d E v a p o r a t i o n 4 lS a H e a tin g & V e n t il a t i o n 41&b I n d u s t r i a l H e a t i n g & V e n t i l a t i n g 2 .8 2 3 S e rv ic e C o u rse s 2 0 5 a I n d u s t r i a l M anagem ent 205c I n d u s t r i a l E n g in e e rin g 209 R e frig e ra tio n 218 P i p i n g S y s te m s 233 Wood W o rk in g 261 M a c h in e S h o p 320 M e c h a n i c a l E q u ip m e n t o f H o t e l s 321 M e c h a n i c a l E q u ip m e n t o f H o t e l s 393 The rm o d y n a m ic s 394 H eat Pow er E n g in e e rin g 67 2*824 G ra d u a te C o u rse s 501 A u to m o tiv e E n g i n e e r i n g R e s e a r c h 502 A u t o m o ti v e E n g i n e e r i n g 511 T h e rm o d y n a m ic s R e s e a r c h 512 T h e rm o d y n a m ic s 513 H e a t T r a n s f e r a n d F l u i d F lo w 521 M a c h in e D e s i g n R e s e a r c h 522 M a c h in e D e s i g n 531 H e a tin g , A ir C o n d itio n in g , R e f r ig e r a tio n R e se a rc h 2*830 532 R e frig e ra tio n 533 H e a tin g an d A ir C o n d itio n in g 54 1 I n d u s t r i a l E n g in e e rin g R e se a rc h 542 I n d u s t r i a l E n g in e e r in g P ro b le m s 543 I n d u s t r i a l E n g i n e e r i n g S e m in a r 551 P ow er P la n t R e se a rc h 561 M e ta ls & A llo y s R e s e a rc h 571 F o u n d ry R e se a rc h 572 F o u n d r y E n g i n e e r i n g P r o b le m s 591 E n g in e e rin g A n a ly s is R e se a rc h 592 E n g in e e rin g A n a ly s is A d v i s o r y C o m m itte e s 2*831 C u rric u la A* O b je c tiv e : To m a i n t a i n t h e b e s t p o s s ib l e C u r r ic u la f o r th e d e p a rtm e n t 68 B* F u n c tio n s : 1 . S tu d y o t h e r c o l l e g e c u r r i c u l a 2* D e t e r m i n e i n d u s t r y n e e d s 3* S t u d y n e e d f o r new c o u r s e s 4* R e v ie w e x i s t i n g c o u rse s f o r : a* n e e d b* a d e q u a c y 5 . M a in ta in c o u rs e num ber p la n an d a s s i g n new c o u r s e n u m b e rs 6 . S u p e rv is e c a ta lo g r e v i s io n s 7* C h e ck w i t h o t h e r d e p a rtm e n ts f o r : a* n e e d s i n s e r v i c e c o u rse s b* a r e a s o f d u p l i c a t i o n 2#832 G ra d u a te S tu d y A* O b je c tiv e : To p l a n a n d d e v e l o p t h e b e s t p o s s i b l e g r a d u a te p ro g ra m f o r th e B* d e p a rtm e n t F u n c tio n s : 1* E x a m in e l e v e l o f i n s t r u c t i o n in g ra d u a te c o u rs e s 2 . S e e t h a t c o u r s e s a r e b r o u g h t up t o p ro p e r le v e l 3* P a s s o n a c c e p t a n c e o f g r a d u a t e s tu d e n ts 4 . C o u n sel g ra d u a te s tu d e n ts 3 . C o o p e ra te w ith G ra d u a te S c h o o l 69 6* C o o p e r a t e w i t h E n g i n e e r i n g School C o o r d in a to r o f G ra d u a te S t u d i e s 7• (S e e l i s t u n d er C u rric u la Com­ m itte e f o r o t h e r s u g g e s te d fu n c tio n s ) 2*833 F a c u l t y S e m in a r A* O b je c tiv e : To p l a n a n d c a r r y o u t p e r i o d i c s e m in a rs f o r d e p a rtm e n t s ta ff, in c lu d in g ite m s o f g e n e ra l i n t e r e s t t o a l l d e p a r t m e n t m em b ers B* F u n c tio n s : 1* C a n v a s s m e m b e rs f o r i d e a s a n d s u g g e s tio n s 2* A r r a n g e p r o g r a m s o n s u i t a b l e s u b je c ts 3* S e t u p s c h e d u l e 2 .8 3 4 o f s e m in a rs F in a n c e A. O b je c tiv e : To p l a n t h e f i n a n c i a l p r o ­ g ra m o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t and s e e t h a t i t B* is (e x c e p t s a la r ie s ) c a rrie d out F u n c tio n s : 1* D e te r m in e f i n a n c i a l n e e d s o f t h e d e p a rtm e n t 2* R e c e i v e a n d r e v i e w e s tim a te s 3« S u g g e s t r e v i s i o n s in d iv id u a l b u d g et 70 4* P l a n g e n e r a l f i n a n c i a l p o l i c i e s 5 . S u b m it b u d g e t t o D e p a r tm e n t H e ad fo r a p p ro v a l 6 . E s ta b lis h d e p a rtm e n t c o s t d a ta 7* S e t u p b u d g e t a r y c o n t r o l s t o a s s u re p ro p e r o p e ra tio n o f b u d g e t 8♦ Recom m end a c t i o n w h e r e n e c e s s a r y 9* S t u d y d e p a r t m e n t o p e r a t i o n t o a re a s fo r fin d c o s t re d u c tio n 1 0 . A id i n m a k in g d e c i s i o n s o n p u r ­ c h a s e s o f m a jo r im p o rta n c e a n d h ig h c o s t 2 .8 3 5 L ib ra ry A. O b je c tiv e : To m a i n t a i n a n a d e q u a t e c o l l e c t i o n o f b o o k s i n th e C o lle g e L ib r a r y to p e rm it p ro p e r te a c h in g and re se a rc h B. F u n c tio n s : 1 . R e v ie w a d e q u a c y o f e x i s t i n g c o lle c tio n 2 . P la n f o r c o n tin u o u s a d d it i o n s a s re q u ire d 2 .8 3 6 P o lic y A. O b je c tiv e : g ro u p t o To s e r v e a s a n a d v i s o r y th e d e p a rtm e n t h ead i n a l l m a t t e r s o f d e p a rtm e n t o p e r a tio n B. F u n c tio n s : 1 . M eet on r e q u e s t o f d e p a rtm e n t h e a d 2* C o n s i d e r p r o b l e m s a n d s u g g e s t s o lu tio n s 3* S e e k a d v i c e o f a p p r o p r i a t e m i t t e e s w hen n e c e s s a r y , f o r com ­ s tu d y and r e p o r t 2 .8 3 7 R e se arch A. O b je c tiv e : To p l a n a n d m a i n t a i n a n a d e q u a te r e s e a r c h p ro g ra m B. F u n c tio n s 1 . S u rv e y p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h p ro g ra m 2 . S tu d y p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r f u t u r e resea rch p ro je c ts 3 . C o o p e ra te w ith E n g in e e r in g E x p e r i ­ m ent S t a t i o n 4* E n c o u r a g e r e s e a r c h w o r k b y s t a f f m em b ers 5 . S e t up p l a n f o r a p r o g r e s s i v e r e s e a r c h p ro g ram 2 .8 4 0 S p e c i a l A s s ig n m e n ts C e r t a i n p h a s e s o f d e p a r tm e n t a c t i v i t y do n o t u s u a lly re q u ire th e a t t e n t i o n o f a c o m m itte e . T hey a r e , t h e r e f o r e , a s s ig n e d to in d iv id u a ls who a c t a s c o o r d i n a t o r s a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o 72 th e d e p a rtm e n t, o f th e a c tiv ity * 2 .8 4 1 s p e c ifie d a re a s o f T hese p h a s e s a r e a s f o llo w s : A l l C o l l e g e E d u c a t i o n R e s e a r c h C o m m itte e R e p re s e n ta tiv e S e e k c o u n s e l f r o m d e p a r t m e n t m e m b e rs a s n e c e s s a r y , i n h i s w o rk w i t h t h e A l l C o l l e g e C o m m itte e 2*842 E x te n s io n Be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r n e c e s s a r y re la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n E n g in e e r in g E x te n s io n a n d t h e C o n tin u in g E d u c a tio n S e r v ic e in a l l m a t t e r s c o n c e rn in g n o n -d e g re e t r a i n i n g 2 .8 4 3 H ig h S c h o o l C o o p e r a t i o n Be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r th e e n co u rag e m en t a n d c o o rd in a tio n of a l l m a tte rs r e l a te d to c o o p e r a tio n w ith h ig h s c h o o ls 2 .8 4 4 E n g i n e e r i n g P e r s o n n e l C o m m itte e R e p r e ­ s e n ta tiv e R e p re s e n t th e d e p a rtm e n t i n a l l m a t t e r s c o n c e rn in g th e e v a lu a tio n o f p e rs o n n e l and r e c o m m e n d a tio n f o r changes in s a la r y and ran k 2 .8 4 5 P la c e m e n t S e rv e a s o f f i c i a l r e p r e s e n ta tiv e of th e d e ­ p a rtm e n t in a l l m a tte r s c o n c e r n in g th e p la c e m e n t o f g r a d u a t e s ; becom e a s w e l l 73 a c q u a in te d a s p o s s ib le w ith a l l an d w ith , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of se n io rs, c o n cern s se e k in g g ra d u a te s 2 .8 4 6 P u b lic R e la tio n s M ake know n t h e w o r k o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t a n d i t s m e m b e rs ; e n c o u r a g e a n d c o o r d i n a t e d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n o f n e w sw o rth y v a l u e th r o u g h s u c h m ed ia a s n e w s p a p e r s , m a g a z in e s, 2 .8 4 7 ra d io , and t e le v i s io n S h ip p in g , R e c e iv in g an d I n v e n t o r y H an d le t h e r e c e i v i n g of a l l m a te ria ls (E x cep t m a il d e liv e r e d by th e P o s t O f f ic e D e p artm en t to th e d e p a rtm e n t o f f i c e ) c o m in g t o t h e d e p a r t m e n t , a n d s e e t h a t such m a te r ia ls a r e p ro p e rly d e liv e r e d to p e rso n s co n cern ed ; of a l l m a te r ia ls a lso h a n d le t h e sh ip m e n t se n t out fro m th e d e p a r t­ m e n t; a n d c o o r d i n a te t h e t a k i n g of t h e annual p h y sic a l 2 .8 4 8 in v e n to ry F a c u lty A d v iso rs to S tu d e n t O rg a n iz a tio n s P ro v id e a f a c u l t y c o n ta c t and a d v is o r t o each stu d e n t o rg a n iz a tio n in th e d e p a rtm e n t, such a s: 1 . P i T a u S ig m a 2 . A m e ric an S o c i e t y o f M e c h a n ic a l E n g i n e e r s 3 . S o c i e t y o f A u to m o tiv e E n g in e e r s 74 4* A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f H e a t i n g a n d V e n t il a t in g E n g in e e rs 5* A m e r i c a n F o u n d r y S o c i e t y 6* A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f R e f r i g e r a t i o n E n g in e e rs 7 . E tc * D* S u g g e s t i o n s o n t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d Ope r a t i o n o f I n s t r u c t i o n a l A reas 1* I n d i v i d u a l s a n d F u n c tio n s G e n e ra lly sp e a k in g , i n d i v i d u a l s sh o u ld n o t be c o n s id e r e d in a r r i v i n g a t an o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p la n * The p l a n s h o u ld b e b a s e d p u r e l y on a c t i v i t i e s f u n c tio n s to has to b e p erfo rm ed * and A f t e r a w o rk a b le p la n been d e v e l o p e d , i n d i v i d u a l s s h o u ld b e s e l e c t e d h e a d up o r p e r f o r m a c t i v i t i e s o r d u t i e s o n t h e b a sis o f t h e i r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r th e e s t a b l i s h e d ta sk * F o r e x a m p le , b e c a u s e Jo h n J o n e s i s ja c k a lo n g c e r ta in l i n e s , s e t up to sh o u ld not be h a n d l e t h o s e t h i n g s i n v fc ic h h e e x c e l s * I n s t e a d , a f t e r an a c t i v i t y h a n d le c e r t a i n se le c te d to fitte d an a c t i v i t y a craek er- has been e s ta b lis h e d to ta s k s or d u tie s , th e p e r s o n sh o u ld be ta k e ch arg e of th e a c t i v i t y t o do so . who i s b e s t The p e r s o n may b e s e l e c t e d f r o m am ong t h o s e a l r e a d y e m p l o y e d , o r i t may b e n e c e s s a r y Fig. 6 Fig. 7 v> a 2 I i 4 i. 3 I I r 5 | J uu X I SECRETARY OF THE FACULTY | | | DEPARTMENT SE C R ETA R Y 75 “t o e m p l o y a n o t h e r p e r s o n i n o r d e r t o q u a lifie d get a p ro p e rly su p e rv iso r* T here i s a n o th e r c a u tio n a lo n g th e sa m e l i n e * A f te r a m a jo r f u n c t i o n h a s been e s t a b l i s h e d and i t s a c t i v i t i e s d e f i n e d , do n o t a s s i g n r e la te d d u ty to p e rfo rm on t h e b a s i s t h a t John Jo n e s h a s h a d some e x p e r i e n c e a l o n g t h a t t o m in d th e t h a t gro u p an u n ­ lin e . T h is c a l l s s i t u a t i o n a t a n i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t w here t h e P l a n t P r o t e c t i o n f u n c t i o n w as a s s i g n e d t o C o n t r o l l e r on th e b a s i s t h a t d u r in g h i s th e rise to h is p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n , he had a t one tim e b een i n ch arg e o f t h e P la n t P r o te c tio n S e rv ic e * 2. A s s ig n in g P e rs o n s to P o s i t i o n s A f te r th e f u n c tio n s , a c t i v i t i e s , d u t i e s have been d e f in e d , t h e r e i n g th e m to and t a s k s a r i s e s th e p ro b lem o f a s s i g n ­ in d iv id u a ls . O b v io u sly th e p e rs o n b e s t s u i t e d f o r th e a ssig n m e n t sh o u ld b e p la c e d i n c h a r g e . G e n e ra lly sp e a k in g , th is sh o u ld b e r e g a r d l e s s o f age* se n io rity , p e rs o n a litie s , e tc . except in such f u n c tio n s a s dem and a c e r t a i n a c a d e m ic r a n k . If s e v e ra l p erso n s w is e to c a l l th e m i n , cuss th e m a tte r. seem w e l l f i t t e d , it e tc . o fte n s e p a ra te ly or to g e th e r, to O fte n th e y can a id th e d is­ e x e c u tiv e m a k in g th e d e c i s i o n b y t h e i r w o rd s , a c t i o n s , tio n s , is in sugges­ I t s h o u ld b e rem eo ered a l s o , t h a t one in ­ d i v i d u a l s h o u l d n o t b e g i v e n t o o m any a s s i g n m e n t s , 76 fo r at l e a s t tw o r e a s o n s : a# He c a n n o t do t o o m u c h , w e l l b. O th e rs a re d e p riv e d o f o p p o r tu n itie s It is u s u a l l y w i s e t o u s e a s m any p e r s o n s a s p o s s i b l e i n th e a s s ig n m e n t of m iz e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of ta sk s. T h is w i l l m in i ­ t o o much c o n t r o l o r p o w e r b e in g c o n c e n tr a te d in a s m a ll group of p e o p le . m ore i m p o r t a n t , i f m ore p e r s o n s a r e th in g s , a ssig n m e n ts a re Even sp read aro u n d , " i n o n t h e know” and t h e w o r k in g s o f a n d m o re p e r s o n s a r e b e i n g d e v e l o p e d f o r h ig h e r p o s itio n s . A n o th e r t h i n g to w a tc h i n a s s i g n i n g p e r s o n n e l i s to be su re th a t th e re le a rn in g each i s a l w a y s so m e o n e ” i n o n " o r j o b , so t h a t t h e r e w i l l b e a p e r s o n r e a d y t o m ove up w h e n t h e 3. need a r i s e s . O p e ra tio n of J u n c tio n s E ach o f t h e m a jo r f u n c t i o n s s e t up i n t h e E n g in e e r in g S c h o o l w as e s t a b l i s h e d b e c a u s e i t w as needed. T h is sh o u ld a l s o be t r u e i n s e t t i n g up d e ­ p a rtm e n ta l o rg a n iz a tio n p la n s • O n ce a f u n c t i o n i s e s t a b l i s h e d a s an o p e r a t i n g o r a d v is o r y g ro u p , th e p e rs o n n e l sh o u ld b e a s s ig n e d to i t b y t h e D e an o r D e p a r t m e n t H e a d . p erso n s sh o u ld th e n f e e l f r e e a c tiv itie s tiv e s T he p e r s o n o r to p e rfo rm w h a te v e r a r e deem ed n e c e s s a r y t o f u l f i l t h e se t fo rth . S u g g e s t i o n s may b e s o l i c i t e d o b je c ­ fro m 77 a ll s o u r c e s , and p la n s d is c u s s e d w ith p r o p e r p e rso n s# W h e re a u t h o r i t y may a c t a s i t h as been d e le g a te d to th e g ro u p , sees f i t to a c c o m p lish i t s a u th o rity , o r m ore a u t h o r i t y needed, sh o u ld b e s o u g h t. it in n a tu re , w o rk # it If th an h a s b een g iv e n , i s If th e g ro u p i s a d v i s o r y t h e r e s u l t s o f i t s w ork s h o u ld be r e p o r t e d to th e p ro p e r p erso n # O fte n , a d v i s o r y o r o p e r a tin g g ro u p s , o r c o m m itte e s f a i l t o a c h i e v e t h e a im s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r th e m t h r o u g h la c k o f a c tio h # th e T h i s g e n e r a l l y d o e s n o t m ean t h a t e sta b lis h e d fu n c tio n or a c t iv i t y i s unnecessary# I t m ay m ean t h a t t h e o b j e c t i v e s m u s t b e m o re c l e a r l y sta te d , t h a t o u ts id e a d v ic e is n ecessary , th a t th e p e r s o n n e l o f th e group i s n o t q .u a lif ie d , o r t h a t t h e r e i s a l a c k o f i n t e r e s t o n t h e p a r t o f g r o u p m e m b e rs# I t may o n l y b e t h a t t i m e i s not c o n v e n ie n tly a v a ila b le # Each o f t h e s e d i f f i c u l t i e s m u st be d e a l t w ith d i f f e r e n t w ay, b u t th e is in a p e r s o n t o whom t h i s a c t i v i t y r e s p o n s i b l e sh o u ld s e e k to d e te rm in e th e c a u se s and s e e t h a t t h e y a r e re m e d ie d # If it sh o u ld b e fo u n d , a f t e r due d e l i b e r a t i o n , th a t an a c tiv ity so lv e d # tiv ity i s n o t n ecessary i t L ik e w ise , o u tg ro w s i t s if it sh o u ld b e d i s ­ sh o u ld be fo u n d t h a t a n a c ­ g ro u p , o r expands In to o th e r a r e a s , p e r s o n n e l s h o u l d b e a d d e d o r new a c t i v i t i e s e s t a b l i s h e d , w h ic h e v e r seem s b e s t . 73 F re q u e n t m e e tin g s of be h e ld in o rd e r to c o o r d in a tin g b o d ie s sh o u ld c h e c k o n p r o g r e s s b e i n g m a d e by* in d iv id u a l g ro u p s or fu n c tio n s or a c tiv ity le a d e rs* to g iv e a d v ic e to C o o rd in a tin g b o d ie s w i l l u s u a lly b e m ad e u p o f g r o u p , a r e a , a c t i v i t y or d e p a rtm e n t c h a irm e n , d e p e n d in g on th e r e q u i r e d l e v e l , o r t h e need* F o r e x a m p le , th e S c h o o l w o u ld b e c o o r d i n a t i n g c o m m itte e f o r t h e th e p e rso n s f u n c t i o n s show n on t h e in c h a rg e of th e m a jo r c h a rt* The c o o r d i n a t i n g com­ m i t t e e f o r u n d e r g r a d u a t e i n s t r u c t i o n w o u ld b e D e p a r t ­ m ent H eads* T he c o o r d i n a t i n g c o m m itte e o f t h e M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t w o u l d b e m ade u p of th e p erso n s in charge of th e o p tio n s , and o th e rs a s m a y b e a p p o i n t e d by t h e D e p a r t m e n t H ead* The r e a d e r s h o u l d r e f e r to l a t e r r e p o r t w h ic h d e a l w i t h m ore s p e c i f i c o p e ra tio n ( IV -D a n d V X -A ). se c tio n s o f th is s u g g e s tio n s on V* B ecause i t THE ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT HEAD i s f e l t t h a t th e d e p a rtm e n t head i s k ey in d iv id u a l in th e o p e r a tio n o f th e e e rin g , t h is s e c t i o n w i l l t a k e up i n jo b , and su g g e stio n s fo r th e S c h o o l o f E n g in ­ som e d e t a i l , h i s c a r r y i n g o u t h i s r o l e m ore e ffe c tiv e ly * A. The Jo b No o r g a n i z a t i o n c a n f u n c t i o n e f f e c t i v e l y w i t h o u t p ro p e r le a d e rsh ip * th is I n an i n s t r u c t i o n d e p a r t m e n t , l e a d e r s h i p m ust be p r o v id e d by th e d e p a rtm e n t* The d e p a r t m e n t h e a d i s head o f th e th e a d m in is tr a to r of th e a c t i v i t i e s of h is d e p a rtm e n t. b le f o r i t t h a t t h e w ork o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t is se e in g to c a r r i e d o u t i n such a m anner t h a t j e c t i v e s a r e m et* He i s re sp o n si­ e sta b lis h e d ob­ I n c a rry in g out h is r b le , th e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d h a s m an y a n d v a r i e d d u t i e s t o p e r f o r m — i n f a c t m any m o re t h a n h e t h i n k s , if he w e r e t o a tte m p t t o w r i t e th e m dow n. F u n c tio n s and D u tie s I n m ost c a s e s , a d e p a rtm e n t h ead i s ( in te rm s o f i n d u s tr y f u n c t i o n s ) , a p r e s i d e n t , s a l e s m an ag er, p e r ­ sonnel d ir e c to r , p u rc h a sin g a g e n t, comp t r o l l e r , a n d 80 p r o d u c t i o n m anager* Some o f t h e f u n c t i o n s h e p e r f o r m s , o r i s p e c te d to ex­ p erfo rm a re : 1* P la n o v e r a l l d e p a rtm e n t p ro g ram 2. S u rround h im se lf w ith a q u a lif ie d group o f in stru c to rs 3* In itia te d e p a rtm e n t p o l i c i e s and p ro c e d u re s 4* A ssig n d u t ie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s 5* A p p o in t 6* M ake s p e c i a l a s s i g n m e n t s 7* P l a n f a c u l t y d e v elo p m e n t p ro g ram 8. I n t e r p r e t S chool a n d C o lle g e p o l i c i e s t o c o m m itte e s d e p a rtm e n t s t a f f 9* In sp ire fa c u lty t o do a g o o d j o b o f t e a c h i n g a n d research 10* C a rry d e p a r tm e n ta l p ro b lem s up f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a d v ic e , d e c is io n , or a c tio n 11* M eet th e p u b lic a s d e p a rtm e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e 12* R e so lv e o r a r b i t r a t e 13* K 3ep a " w a tc h d o g e y e " o n f i n a n c i a l m a t t e r s 14* R e v ie w c u r r i c u l a , 15* L i s t e n t o p e r s o n a l p ro b le m s o f s t u d e n t s and to d e p a rtm e n t p ro b le m s a s s u re t h e i r adequacy fa c u lty 16. A d v ise s t u d e n t s 17* P ro v id e g u id a n c e f o r f a c u l ty 18. C heck p r o g r e s s of p r o j e c t s and p ro b le m s SI 19* K e e p u p w i t h J i i s ow n f i e l d 20. Be r e a s o n a b l y a w are o f t h e f i e l d s o f t h e v a r i o u s s p e c ia lists in h is d e p a rtm e n t 21. T e a c h a c o u r s e o r tw o , i n h i s f i e l d o f s p e c i a l t y 22. K eep u p w i t h i n d u s t r y a s i t of a c tiv ity r e la te s to th e fie ld s o f h i s d e p a rtm e n t 23. E n eo u rag e s u g g e s tio n s fro m f a c u l t y 24• M ake r e p o r t s t o s t a f f and s u p e r io r s 25# W o rk t o w a r d h i s own a d v a n c e m e n t 26. H a n d le s c h e d u lin g p ro b le m s 27* A p p r a i s e f a e u l t y m e m b e rs 26. W ork t o w a r d a d e q u a t e p h y s i c a l f a c i l i t i e s 29* P r e s id e o v e r d e p a rtm e n t m e e tin g s 30. Recommend a p p o i n t m e n t s * p r o m o t i o n s , a n d d i s m i s s a l s 31. Recommend c o u r s e s t o b e o f f e r e d 32. P a ss on a c c e p ta n c e o f tr a n s f e r stu d e n ts 33. A p p ro v e a n d su b m it d e p a r tm e n t b u d g et to F in a n c e O ffic e 34. C heck c a t a l o g r e v i s i o n s 33. P ro m o te f a c u l t y c o n ta c t s and c o n t r i b u t i o n s to th e c o m m u n ity 36. P ro m o te f a c u l t y 37. R e p re s e n t d e p a rtm e n t 38. P ro m o te w e l f a r e Such a l i s t le a st. s o c i a l p ro g ram b e fo re c o lle g e f a c u lty of d e p a rtm e n t of a c t i v i t i e s is im p o s in g , t o A d e p a r t m e n t h e a d who d o e s e v e r y t h i n g and d o e s i t w e ll, is c e r t a i n l y a " su p e rm a n ." say th e in d ic a te d , It is 82 o b v i o u s t h a t n o m an c a n p e r f o r m a l l t h e d e t a i l s o f th e v a rio u s fu n c tio n s in d ic a te d above. 'The d e p a r t ­ m ent b e a d can o n l y c o n c e r n h i m s e l f w i t h o v e ra ll g u id a n c e of t h e d e p a rtm e n t pro g ram . C* P r o b le m s o f t h e D e p a r tm e n t H ead U n f o r tu n a te ly , m ost d e p a rtm e n t h ead s have n o t been tra in e d f o r th e ir jo b s. In i n d u s t r y , a new c o m p a n y e x e c u t i v e h a s u s u a l l y h a d some e x p e r i e n c e i n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e w ork— h e h a s m o st l i k e l y b een an a ssista n t i n m any f i e l d s o f com pany o p e r a t i o n * l i k e l y , ho w ev er, th e o n ly t r a i n i n g Y ery a d e p a rtm e n t head h a s r e c e i v e d i s w hat he h a s p ic k e d up b y o b s e r v a t i o n o f h is p r e d e c e s s o r . e n title d , "How t o T h ere a r e no c o lle g e co u rses b e a D e p artm en t H e a d .” Im m e d ia te ly upon p ro m o tio n , he h a s t h r u s t upon h im , a h o s t o f d u t i e s and p ro b le m s he n e v e r th o u g h t e x is te d . He t r u l y fa c e s a c h a lle n g e . He p r o b a b l y f in d s h im se lf in an a d m in is tr a tiv e p o s itio n first tim e . He i s n o t a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e p r i n c i p l e s , a n d p r a c t i c e s o f m an a g e m e n t. it a ll o ff, it is fo r th e p ro b le m s, And t o to p l i k e l y t h a t th e d e p a rtm e n t head i s a sc h o la r, not an a d m in istra to r. M en who a r e d r a w n i n t o t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n a re u su a lly in te re s te d in s tu d y , re s e a rc h , o th e r ty p e s o f s c h o l a r l y w o rk . They a r e w r itin g and l i k e l y to s u b j e c t i v e i n d i v i d u a l s , p o s s i b l y even, i n t r o v e r t s . be 83 S in c e th e d e p a rtm e n t head i s fa c e d w ith b r o a d g ro u p of r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s such a and p ro b le m s a s w e re p r e v i o u s l y l i s t e d , a n d h e m ay n o t b e p r o p e r l y p r e ­ p a re d to h a n d le such a n a r r a y o f t a s k s — w hat i s he to do? Do S u g g e s t i o n s f o r D e p a rtm e n t H eads F r a n k C . H oG kem a, i n d i s c u s s i n g "W h a t I n d u s t i y a n d B u s i n e s s G an Do F o r E n g i n e e r i n g E d u c a t i o n , " h a s sa id th a t "T he l e a d in g i n d u s t r i a l and b u s i n e s s i n ­ stitu tio n s have d e v e lo p e d a sy s te m o f o p e r a t i o n t h a t Id w o rk s sm o o th ly and e f f i c i e n t l y . " He t h e n g o e s o n to l i s t t h e m eans b y w h ic h t h i s i s a c c o m p lish e d : 1 . Sound P o l i c i e s 2 . D e v elo p m en t a n d u s e o f s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e in stru c tio n s 3* U n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e s y s t e m t h r o u g h t h o r o u g h t r a i n i n g of th o s e c o n cern ed 4 . A d e q u a te r e c o r d s — v i s u a l c o n t r o l i f p o s s i b l e , i n s t e a d o f re m o te c o n t r o l th ro u g h , r e c o r d s 5* A d e q u a t e r e p o r t s , p l a n n e d s o t h a t t h e y w i l l be u s e f u l to ev ery o n e co n cern ed 6 . P ro p er a d m in is tra tiv e c o n tro l 7 . P ro p er su p e rv isio n I t w o u ld seem a s th o u g h t h i s l i s t c o u ld b e a p p l i e d d i r e c t l y to head. L et u s, th e n , th e o f te c h n iq u e s jo b of th e e x a m in e e ac h i n d e t a i l , d e p a rtm e n t and s u g g e s t som e w a y s i n w h i c h t h e y m ay b e e f f e c t i v e l y a p p lie d to h i s jo b . 1 % o c k e m a , F r a n k C . , "A S t u d y o f H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n f o r E n g in e e rs ," S t u d i e s i n H ig h e r E d u c a ti o n L IX , P u rd u e U n iv e rs ity , L a fa y e tte , In d ia n a , 1947, p . 87. 84 1. "SOUND P O L IC IE S " F irst, le t A p o lic y i s a p rin c ip le fin e to us d e fin e w hat is m eant by a p o lic y . code, g en eral r u le , o r d ir e c tiv e u sed a s a g u id e f o r a c t i o n . a tru e i n t e r e s t o f th e be s tr iv e n f o r , I t sh o u ld d e ­ o rg a n iz a tio n , an id e a l o r a g e n e r a l p ro c e d u re to be fo llo w e d i n c a r r y in g out th e o b je c tiv e s o f t h e o r ­ g a n iz a tio n . An e x a m p l e o r t w o w i l l i l l u s t r a t e t h e d e fin itio n . a. "It is t h e p o l i c y o f G e n e r a l M o t o r s t h a t w h en a n o p e n in g o c c u rs i t be f i l l e d by th e p ro ­ m o tio n o r t r a n s f e r o f an e m p lo y ee , p ro v id e d he i s c a p a b le b. of d o in g th e w o rk r e q u i r e d . " T h e U . S . R u b b e r C om pany s t a t e s : t h a t we a r e re s p o n s ib le .. .to "We r e c o g n i z e our e m p lo y e e s ... a n d we w i l l g i v e t h e p e r t i n e n t f a c t s a b o u t o u r b u s in e s s to each of th e g ro u p s to w h ich we a r e r e s p o n s i b l e , i n t e r m s o f t h e i r own in te re s ts ." c. G en eral Foods say s: e sta b lis h e d p o lic y , p a y w ages in i t s " In acco rd an ce w ith lo n g - G en eral Foods in te n d s to p la n ts and o f f i c e s a s good a s o r b e t t e r th a n p r e v a i l f o r s i m i l a r w o rk under s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s i n c o m m u n itie s i n w h ic h it o p e ra te s ." 85 I t can b e s e e n t h a t th e s e a r e i n c a r r y i n g o u t t h e w ork o f su g g e ste d g u id e s f o r a c tio n th e o r g a n iz a tio n * It is t h a t each d e p a rtm e n t s e r i o u s l y s tu d y i t s o v e ra ll f ie ld of a c t i v i t y and d e v e lo p a s e t o f p o l i ­ c ie s on v a rio u s p h a se s o f o p e ra tio n , to g u i d e s i n t h e w ork o f t h e w ill serv e to m ak e i t d e p a rtm e n t* e a s ie r to serv e a s Such g u id e s e s ta b lis h o p e ra tin g p r o c e d u r e s , s e t up r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s , a n d p e r ­ fo rm r o u t in e ta s k s * A lfo rd s ta te s :* ^ S u c c e s s fu l o p e ra tio n can o n ly b e b a se d on a c c u r a te in fo rm a tio n and w ise d e c is io n s * P o li­ c i e s m ake e f f e c t i v e s u c h i n f o r m a t i o n a n d d e ­ c is io n s . Ho m a t t e r how e x p e r i e n c e d o r s k i l l e d a n e x e c u t i v e m ay b e , h e n e e d s t o b e g u i d e d b y e sta b lis h e d p o lic ie s . P o lic ie s in w ritin g . in g re a so n s : a. c* d. It H o ld e n , P i s h a n d S m ith g iv e t h e f o l l o w 20 i s a w e ll re c o g n iz e d f a c t t h a t p r o p e r ly fo rm u ­ p o l i c i e s a id ^ A lfo rd , 20 of c o u rse be c l e a r l y e x p re s s e d A l l m em bers o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n w i l l h a v e t h e sam e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e m . T h e y c a n be r e v ie w e d f r o m t im e t o t i m e a n d changed to m eet c u r r e n t c o n d it i o n s . T hey c an b e ch eck ed f o r c o m p lian c e and p ro p e r u n d e rs ta n d in g w ith in th e o rg a n iz a tio n * T h ey w i l l n o t becom e o b s c u r e t h r o u g h t h e p a ssa g e o f tim e . b. la te d sh o u ld in re a liz in g d e sire d r e s u lts L .P ., & B angs, I . R . , op. c i t . , and p . 8U H o ld e n , P . E . , F i s h , L . S . , S m ith , H . L . , "T op M anage­ m ent O rg a n iz a tio n and C o n tr o l," S ta n fo rd U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1 9 4 1 , P . 79 B6 se rv e a s a fo u n d a tio n fo r fric tio n . T hey a s s i s t o p e r a t i o n w i t h a m in im um o f in th e ta s k o f re d u c in g to r o u tin e t h e d e c is io n s c o n c e rn in g th e lem s o f t h e b u s i n e s s e n t e r p r i s e . 21 S m ith h a v e s t a t e d : a d a y -to -d a y p ro b ­ H o ld e n , F i s h , a n d F rom t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f m a n a g e m e n t, p o l i c i e s c o n s t i t u t e one o f th e p rim a ry in s tr u m e n ts o f c o -o rd in a tio n and c o n tro l. T h ey p r o v i d e c o n ­ s i s t e n c y o f a c t i o n , w ith o u t w h ic h c u r r e n t o p e r ­ a ti o n i s n o t e f f e c t i v e and d e s ir e d u ltim a te o b je c tiv e s a re not lik e ly to be reach ed . The d i s t i n g u i s h i n g f e a t u r e s o f p o l i c i e s seem t o b e t h a t t h e y c o n s t i t u t e th e b a s i s f o r g o v e rn in g f u t u r e a c t i o n s ; a c c o rd in g ly th e y m u st b e m ade known t o t h o s e w ho a r e r e s p o n s i ­ b l e f o r h a n d lin g such a c t i o n s . U nder th is i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , p o l i c i e s becom e th e la w s of c o n d u c t f o r th e b u s i n e s s , a n d a s such th e y a r e a d e v ic e f o r p e r m ittin g a u th o r ity to be d e le g a te d w ith in th e o r g a n iz a tio n . T h e ir p rim a ry p u rp o se i s to s a n c tio n in a d v an ce th e a c t i o n to b e ta k e n i n r e p e t i t i v e s i t u a t i o n s . T h is m akes i t u n n e c e s s a ry to r e f e r each c a s e a s i t o c c u rs to h ig h e r a u th o r i ty f o r d e c is io n : i t c an be h a n d l e d a t t h e p o i n t o f o c c u r an ce w ith o u t d e la y . P o lic ie s can b e g ro u p e d i n t o th e se B a s i c P o l i c i e s w h ic h e s t a b l i s h g en eral ty p e s: lo n g -ra n g e o b je c tiv e s . E x a m p le — A p r e d e t e r m i n e d p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e v a l u e th e p h y sic a l e q u ip m e n t of s h a l l b e i n v e s t e d i n new e q u i p ­ m ent e a c h y e a r* G en eral P o l i c i e s , of sh o rt ran g e, o r ev ery d ay o p e ra tin g sig n ific a n c e • E x a m p le — T r a n s f e r s t u d e n t s fro m o t h e r d e p a r t m e n t s w i l l n o t be p e rm itte d 21l o c . c i t . to e n r o l l in t h i s d e p a rtm e n t u n t i l 87 th e y have a p a ssin g g rad e p o in t averag e* D e p a rtm e n ta l P o l i c i e s , o f i n t e r e s t to a s in g le p a rtm e n t, fo r fie ld con d u ct of b u s in e s s in th e de­ im m e d ia te of a c t i v i t y . E x a m p le — E ac h c o m m itte e c h a irm a n s h a l l s u b m it a r e p o r t on th e a c tiv itie s of h is c o m m itte e , to th e d e p a rtm e n t h e a d , b e f o r e th e end o f each te rm . P o l i c i e s f o r d e p a rtm e n t g u id a n c e sh o u ld b e fo rm u la te d by a p o lic y sh o u ld pay h e e d to c o m m itte e . The c o m m itte e such p r in c ip le s as th e s e fo rm u ­ la te d by P a u l E . H o ld e n , a s q u o te d i n th e P r o d u c tio n 22 H andbook: a. b. o. d. e. f . g* h. T he s t a t e m e n t o f a n y p o l i c y s h o u l d b e d e f i n i t e , p o s i t i v e , c l e a r , and u n d e rs ta n d ­ a b le t o ev ery o n e i n th e o r g a n i z a t io n . P o l i c i e s sh o u ld be t r a n s l a t a b l e i n t o p r a c ­ t i c e s , te rm s , and p e c u l i a r i t i e s of ev ery d e p a rtm e n t o r d i v i s i o n of th e e n t e r p r i s e . P o l i c i e s , r e g a r d l e s s o f how f u n d a m e n t a l , sh o u ld n o t b e i n f l e x i b l e : t h e y s h o u l d , how­ e v e r , p o s s e s s a h ig h d e g re e of p erm an en cy . S t a b i l i t y of p o l i c i e s is e s s e n t i a l and con­ s t a n t l y c h a n g in g p o l i c i e s a r e f a t a l to b u sin e ss su c c e ss. T h e r e s h o u l d b e a s m any p o l i c i e s a s n e c e s ­ s a r y to c o v e r c o n d itio n s t h a t can b e a n t i ­ c i p a t e d b u t n o t t o o m an y p o l i c i e s t o b e c o m e c o n fu sin g o r m e a n in g le ss. P o l i c i e s sh o u ld be p r e d i c a t e d on f a c t and sound ju d g e m e n t a n d sh o u ld n o t c o n s t i t u t e m e re ly p e rs o n a l r e f l e c t i o n s . P o l i c i e s sh o u ld n o t p r e s c r i b e d e t a i l e d p r o ­ ced u re ex cep t in r a r e in sta n c e s * P o l i c i e s s h o u ld r e c o g n i z e e c o n o m ic p r i n c i ­ p l e s , be i n c o n fo rm ity w ith f e d e r a l and o th e r la w s , an d be c o m p a tib le w ith t h e p u b lic in te r e s t. 22A l f o r d , L .P ., and B angs, J . R . , op. c i t ., p . 1383 88 One© d e p a r t m e n t a l p o l i c i e s bave been fo rm u la te d , th e y sh o u ld b e w r i t t e n down, an d e x p la in e d to m ent p e rs o n n e l* T he d e p a r t m e n t h e a d m u s t s e e t o th a t th e y a re p ro p e rly are d e p a rt­ c a r r i e d o u t* it I f such p o l i c i e s e s t a b l i s h e d , p r o p e r ly p ro m u lg a te d , a n d e f f e c t i v e l y c a rrie d o u t, t h e r o l e of th e d e p a rtm e n t head w i l l be m uch s i m p l i f i e d • 2. "DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF STANDARD PRACTICE INSTRUCTIONS" A sta n d a rd p r a c tic e w rite -u p of a d e t a i l e d in stru c tio n is o p e ra tin g p ro ced u re* l a r g e b u s in e s s and i n d u s t r i a l m a n u a ls o f s ta n d a r d p r a c t i c e th em t o o p e r a t e e ffe c tiv e ly * d e a l w ith d e t a i l s M ost o rg a n iz a tio n s m a in ta in in stru c tio n s to e n a b le S u ch w r i t e - u p s u s u a l l y of o p e ra tio n . d e p a r t m e n t , m ig h t d e a l w ith In an in s tr u c tio n a l such ite m s a s : a. p u rc h a sin g b. tr a v e l re q u e sts c. g rad e d. c l a s s lo a d d e te rm in a tio n e. a c o d ifie d changes budget p re p a ra tio n f • fa c u lty a p p ra isa l g* c o u rs e n u m b e rin g sy s te m h. e tc . T he r e d u c i n g o f c is e w ritte n such m a t t e r s to b r i e f a n d c o n ­ s t a t e m e n t s c a n d o much t o im p le m e n t t h e 89 p o l i c i e s o f t i i e d e p a r t m e n t a n d m ake f o r o p e ra tio n # 10 An e x a m p l e i s sm o o th er sh o w n i n f i g u r e s 9 a n d . As a b r i e f g u id e in th e p r e p a r a t i o n of o p e ra tin g p ro c e d u re s , th e fo llo w in g sta n d a rd su g g e stio n s a re o f f e r e d by D a v is a# b# c. d. e. f. g. h. i. 3# R e la te th e p erfo rm an ce of f u n c tio n s i n e a c h p h a se of a p r o j e c t to i t s f i n a l ob­ j e c t i v e s , to th e end t h a t t h i s w i l l b e a p r o p e r c u m u la tio n o f v a lu e s . F a c i l i t a t e c o o rd in a tio n by s p e c ify in g th e o rd e r o f p erfo rm an ce of p h a s e s , and i f p o s s i b l e th e q u a n t i t a t i v e tim e r e q u i r e ­ m e n ts o f each p h a s e . S p e c ify th e k in d , e x te n t, a n d d e g re e in w h ich p h y s i c a l f a c t o r s of e n v ir o n m e n t s h o u ld b e p r e s e n t f o r maximum e c o n o m y a n d e f f e c t iv en e s s . S p e c if y t h e c o r r e c t c o m p lim e n ta ry r e l a ­ t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n f u n c t i o n s , f a c u l t i e s , and p h y s i c a l f a c t o r s , f o r each p h a s e o f th e p r o je c t# Make p o s s i b l e t h e p r o p e r a l l o c a t i o n o f r e ­ s p o n s i b i l i t y and d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a c c o u n t ­ a b i l i t y f o r each p h a s e . P ro v id e p erfo rm an ce s ta n d a rd s f o r each p h a s e , s t a t e w h e r e t h e y m ay b e o b t a i n e d , o r show th e m anner o f t h e i r d e t e r m i n a t i o n . H ave f l e x i b i l i t y , s t a b i l i t y and b a l a n c e . P ro v id e f o r p ro p e r i n i t i a t i o n and c lo s u re o f a c t i o n on each p h a s e of th e p r o j e c t , a s w e l l a s f o r th e p r o j e c t a s a w h o le . Be a s s i m p l e a n d e c o n o m i c a l a s i s c o n s i s ­ t e n t w ith e f f e c tiv e n e s s . "UNDERS TANDING OF THE SYSTEM THROUGH THOROUGH TRAINING OF THOSE CONCERNED* O b v io u sly i t tio n is e sse n tia l of any o rg a n iz a tio n , th a t to th e e ffe c tiv e o p era­ i t s m em bers u n d e r s t a n d 2 ? D a v is , R a lp h C• , I n d u s t r i a l O r g a n iz a tio n and M a n a g e m e n t , H a r p e r & B r o s . , New Y o r k , 1 9 4 0 , p . 122 90 O r i g i n a l D a ted 1 0 /1 5 /i.S R e v is io n No. I s s u e d 1 0 /1 5 /4 8 S u b je c t: O b je c tiv e s: MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING O p e ra tin g P ro ced u re M anual P r o c e d u r e No„ 2 .5 A Page No. 1 o f 1 P u r c h a s in g E q u ip m e n t, S e r v i c e s , S u p p lie s, e tc . 1 . to f a c i l i t a t e f in a n c ia l tra n s a c tio n s 2 . to c e n tr a liz e re c o rd s and a c tiv ity 3* t o a i d i n d e t e r m i n i n g o p e r a t i n g c o s t s - EXPLANATION 1. I n a n y i n s t a n c e , w h e r e m oney i s t o b e s p e n t b y a n i n ­ d iv id u a l f o r th e c o lle g e a B e q u est f o r R e q u is itio n C o v e r i n g P u r c h a s e o r S e r v i c e (F o r m N o . 2 . 5 A 1 ) m u s t b e f i l l e d ou t in d u p lic a te by th e in d iv id u a l. T h is w i l l c o v e r such c a s e s a s : a. b. c. d. p u rch ase re n ta l of m a g a z in e se rv ic e s of e q u ip m e n t an d s u p p l i e s f i l m s , e q u ip m e n t, e t c . su b s c rip tio n s ( r e p a i r , p lu m b in g , e l e c t r i c a l , e tc .) 2* A pp rov al m ust be by p e rs o n s d e s ig n a te d w ith in each D e p a r t m e n t b y t h e D ean f o r e a c h c o u r s e o r g r o u p o f co u rses. 3. A trip lic a te h is re c o rd s. 4. The o r i g i n a l and f i r s t c o p y s h o u ld b e s e n t t o F i n a n c e O f f i c e , Boom 1 1 2 , O l d s H a l l . 3. The F i n a n c e O f f i c e r w i l l i s s u e a r e q u i s i t i o n t o t h e P u r c h a s in g D e p artm en t and r e t u r n th e f i r s t c o p y . 6. A l l c o n t a c t s and q u e s tio n s r e g a r d i n g t h e ite m r e ­ q u e s t e d s h o u ld b e m ade t o t h e F i n a n c e O f f i c e . 7. M a t e r i a l s n a y be p r o c u r e d fro m S t o r e s D e p a rtm e n t a s in th e p a s t. 8. A ny q u e s t i o n s w i l l b e a n s w e r e d b y t h e c o p y may b e k e p t b y t h e F ig . 9 in d iv id u a l fo r th e F in a n c e O f f ic e . 91 rH 0 m (a 'd i—1 o 3 u *H * M 0 & 8 co S» s o d H O S rH s P o 0 is ® O a Ss; R © p 0 d © o fC f o o o d *H Q Q 0 ^ 0 O a 0 O U o 0 O *3 d O © *d © ref ia d * pq O £5 R © fp R O © i— i o d *rl d § o* R d p o n P © 0 R © R © co f t !» •H r-t © n ■H (ft P O 0 O 0d o* -p s M © p p *d © O p P (a d © su* > d © H O rH tlO PR *H p *d © o P 3 i a p d © © o E -i On d o •H P •H (ft •H d cr> © Pd d o *d © R © R p •H p 12! CO H P» • o 0 ■©H rH Pi d a 0 p O P © P 0 O *H i—1 Pi d *d d •H •d p • © P 0 • p o ♦H •H © o © «R © P R 0 P 9 i— i •* © o •H O CO <— I REQUEST MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE School of E n g i n e e r i n g EOR REQUISITION COVERING PURCHASE OR SERVICE d© O *0 R O -4I -ih I 02 > © R < tfN 02 O S 3 — * u\ oi r to o vO pc*'— t h e s y s te m a n d p r o c e d u r e s b y w h ic h i t is o p e ra te d # I n i n d u s t r y , t h i s u n d e rs ta n d in g o f t h e sy ste m , is p r o v id e d by e x e c u ti v e o r m anagem ent t r a i n i n g p ro g ram s# A lth o u g h such a p l a n is p ro b a b ly not f e a s ib le th e a v e ra g e i n s t r u c t i o n a l d e p a rtm e n t, s m a ll s i z e , o t h e r m eans a r e a v a ila b le # m ost d e s i r a b l e te c h n iq u e s f o r th e d e p a r t m e n t m e m b e rs a r e a ssig n m e n ts# re p o rt# It p ro p er and to tra in in g re v o lv in g Among t h e e d u c a tio n o f th e e ls e w h e re in t h i s be re -e m p h a siz e d h e re t h a t th e c a r e f u l a p p o in tm e n t of such p o s i t i o n s because of i t s c o m m itte e w ork a n d s p e c i a l T hese a r e d is c u s s e d sh o u ld in d e p a r t m e n t m e m b e rs i s a n e x c e l l e n t m e th o d o f p r o v i d i n g of p r o s p e c tiv e e d u c a tio n a l e x e c u tiv e s . By c o m m itte e s and s p e c i a l a s s i g n m e n t s on a p r e d e t e r m i n e d , p e r i o d i c a l b a s i s , m an y i n d i v i d u a l s c a n b e g iv en , v a r i e d o p p o r t u n it i e s to le a rn about d e p a rt­ m ent o p e r a t i o n a n d t r a i n f o r f u t u r e p ro m o tio n s* 4* "ADEQUATE RECORDS— VISUAL CONTROL I F PO SS IB L E , INSTEAD OF REMOTE CONTROL THROUGH RECORDS" A g a in , i n d u s t r y and b u s in e s s a r e head and s h o u l­ d e r s a b o v e e d u c a tio n in th e ta te p r o p e r o p e r a t i o n of t h e use of r e c o r d s to o rg a n iz a tio n . A r e c o r d h a s b e e n d e f in e d by D a v is a s : ^ d e v ic e f o r th e a c c u m u la tio n , fa c ili­ c la ss ific a tio n , " * ..A and p r e s e r v a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n i n a m anner t h a t w i l l 2 % > a v is, R a lp h C ., op* c i t . , p . 130 93 fa c ilita te t h e p e rfo rm a n c e of th e p a r t i c u l a r b u sin e ss f u n c tio n s co n cern ed * w D a v is l i s t s 25 a s fo llo w s: ^ a* th e p r i n c i p a l fu n c tio n s of r e c o r d s , T he a c c u m u l a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n f o r u s e i n p la n n in g and c o n tro l The p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n The m a in te n a n c e of a body o f f a c t s t h a t w i l l reduce th e e f f e c ts o f f o r g e tf u ln e s s , p r e ju ­ d i c e , e m o t i o n a l b i a s , e t c . , i n t h e m a k in g of d e c isio n s The m a i n t e n a n c e o f a n a c c o u n t o f t h e c o n ­ d i t i o n s and p r o g r e s s o f th e b u s i n e s s b* c* d* As i n d i c a t e d reco rd in th e p r in c ip le above, a v is u a l is p re fe rre d , sin c e i t th a n a w r i t t e n re c o rd * is e a s i e r to p e r c e iv e B o th a r e and each s h o u ld be u se d i n i t s e x tre m e ly u s e f u l , p roper p la c e . o f use in d e p a rtm e n ta l a d m in is tr a tio n a r e : R eco rd s c h a rts, g ra p h s , t a b l e s , m e c h a n ic a l, w r i t te n . R e c o r d s c a n b e o f vis e i n many w a y s . g e ste d u ses a re : c la ss Some s u g ­ b u d g e ts , c o s t s , s tu d e n t r e c o r d s , lo a d s , p e rso n n e l. It m itte e s is s u g g e s t e d t h a t d e p a r t m e n t h e a d s a n d com­ g iv e s e r io u s m ost e f f e c t i v e c o n sid e ra tio n to th e u se o f th e t y p e s o f r e c o r d s t o show t h e o f t h e i r p l a n s , and w o rk . Many p h a s e s o f d e p a r t m e n t o p e r a t i o n c a n b e m uch s i m p l i f i e d p r o p e r u se of r e c o r d s . re s u lts and e x p e d ite d by R ecords a re t h e of c o n tro l, and a p a r t o f th e *>op. c i t . , p . 131 in stru m e n ts s y s te m u n d e r w h ic h t h e 94 r o u t i n e b u s i n e s s o f tiie d e p a rtm e n t is h a n d le d . R eco rd s w i l l p o in t o u t e x c e p tio n s to n o rm a l and s e rv e a s d an g er s i g n a ls i n d ic a tin g need f o r a c tio n # R eco rd s o f th e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n , w hen com pared w i t h r e c o r d s o f p a s t p e r f o r m a n c e , a c t a s a m ean s o f s h o w in g sta tu s , It or p ro g re s s in a c e r ta in f i e l d sh o u ld he p o in te d o u t, of of co u rse, a c tiv ity * th a t n e c e s s a r y r e c o r d s s h o u l d h e m ad e an d k e p t * sary reco rd s, U nneces­ o r t o o m uch d e t a i l c an s p o i l t h e e f f e c t , a n d c a u s e m ore w o rk t h a n i f o n ly e n tire t h e r e w ere no reco rd s* 5* "ADEQUATE REPORTS, PLANNED SO THAT THEY WILL BE USEFUL TO EVERYONE CONCERNED" R a l p h C* D a v i s h a s d e f i n e d a r e p o r t a s : 26 * * * .a s t a te m e n t o f f a c t o r o p i n io n , o r h o t h , re n d e re d to a r e s p o n s ib le a u t h o r i t y , an d g iv in g an a cc o u n t of c e r t a i n f a c t o r s , c o n d itio n s and a c tiv itie s* I t s p u rp o s e i n b u s i n e s s i s to p r o v id e t h e r e s p o n s i b l e a u t h o r i t y w ith w h a t­ e v e r i n f o r m a t i o n may b e r e q u i r e d f o r c a r r y i n g on m a n a g e ria l fu n c tio n s * R e p o rts a re o rg a n iz a tio n of v a lu e t o t h e m anagem ent o f a n in : a. g iv in g f a c ts u s e fu l to o p e ra tio n b* m e a s u rin g th e p r o g r e s s of o p e r a t io n s by sh o w in g a c o m p a r is o n b e tw e e n p a s t a n d p resen t ^ D a v i s , R alph C ., op. c it., p . 129 95 c. p o i n t i n g out c a u s e s and e f f e c t s d* k e e p in g b rie f e x e c u tiv e s up to d a t e by p r o v i d i n g su rv ey s of v a rio u s f i e l d s o f a c t i v i t y in th e o r gan i z a t io n R e p o r t s m ay b e u s e d f o r m any d i f f e r e n t in th e e ffe c tiv e c la ss ifie s a# o p e ra tio n of any o rg a n iz a tio n # D a v is th em a s f o l l o w s : r e p o r ts f o r p u rp o ses o f b* p u rp o ses 1* re se a rc h re p o rts 2# re p o rts c re a tiv e p la n n in g of p ro p o se d p la n s R e p o rts f o r c o n tr o l p u rp o se s 1. o p e ra tiv e re p o rts 2. e x e c u tiv e r e p o r ts a. re p o rts f o r o p e ra tiv e c o n tro l b* re p o rts fo r a d m in istra tiv e c o n tro l M any o f t h e s e k i n d s o f r e p o r t s c a n m a k e t h e w o r k of th e d e p a rtm e n t head e a s i e r , if he r e q u e s t s th e m fro m c o m m itte e c h a irm e n a n d s p e c i a l a s s ig n m e n t p e r ­ so n n e l* E s p e c i a l l y u s e f u l in o p e r a t i o n sh o u ld h e r e p o r t s on p l a n s m ade by c o m m i tt e e s , a c h ie v e d , and p r o g r e s s to d a te * q u a te r e p o r t s O n ly t h r o u g h a d e ­ can a d e p a r t m e n t h e a d , k e e p up on t h e m an y a c t i v i t i e s b rie f su rv ey s, r e s u lts of h is d e p a rtm e n t* F re q u e n t, and r e p o r t s s h o u l d be c a l l e d f o r f r o m t h o s e charge of a l l fu n c tio n s* in 96 6. "PROPER ADMINL3TRA.TIVE CONTROL" C o n t r o l may b e d e f i n e d a s a s s u r i n g t h a t p e r ­ fo rm a n c e co n fo rm s to p l a n s . I t h a s been in d ic a te d p r e v i o u s l y t h a t p la n n in g th e w ork of an o r g a n i z a t i o n is e s s e n t i a l to re su lt in its success. su c c e ss o n ly i f assu re th a t But th e p l a n s can c o n tro ls are th e p la n s a r e c a r r i e d s e t up t o o u t. An a d e q u a t e p l a n f o r c o n t r o l s h o u l d b e co m po sed o f th e fo llo w in g e le m e n ts: a. s ta n d a rd s o f p erfo rm an ce b. c h e c k in g and r e p o r t i n g on p e rfo rm an c e c. ta k in g a c tio n fo r c o rre c tio n The sta n d a rd s sh o u ld , of co u rse, b e of n a t u r e t h a t th e y w i l l m ea su re th e c a r r y in g out th e o b je c tiv e s o f th e q u ire s t h a t th e set fo rth , s e le c te d check. such a e ffe c tiv e n e ss of p ro je c t. T h is r e ­ o b je c tiv e s w i l l have b een p r e v io u s ly and t h a t th e d e p a rtm e n t head w i l l h av e c e r t a i n a s p e c t s o f p e r f o r m a n c e o n w h ic h t o T hese p o i n t s s h o u l d g i v e h im a n i d e a o f t h e s t a t u s o f th e p r o j e c t a t th e tim e , and th e tre n d of f u t u r e w o rk . C h e ck in g can b e d o n e p e r s o n n a l l y by th e m ent h e a d by t a l k i n g w ith d e p a rt­ in d iv id u a ls in v o lv e d , o r i t m ay b e d o n e b y a s k i n g f o r a r e p o r t f r o m t h e p erso n in ch arg e. C o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n m u s t b e t a k e n when a p r o j e c t 97 seem s to h av e g o n e a s t r a y , 27 has s ta te d : o r b o g g e d down* Newman C o m p ariso n o f a c t u a l r e s u l t s w i t h t h e e s ­ t a b l i s h e d o b j e c ti v e s and s ta n d a r d s w i l l a lm o st a l w a y s r e v e a l som e p l a c e s w h e r e t h e r e s u l t s h a v e n o t com e up t o e x p e c t a t i o n s * As soon a s t h i s is d isc o v e re d i t is th e d u ty o f th e a d ­ m i n i s t r a t o r to t a k e s t e p s e i t h e r t o c o r r e c t t h e p a s t a c t i o n o r , m ore l i k e l y , t o b r i n g s i m i l a r a c t i o n i n t h e f u t u r e c l o s e r to t h e d e s i r e d g o a l* B ro a d ly s p e a k in g , t h i s c o r ­ r e c t i v e a c t i o n w i l l b e b r o u g h t a b o u t by som e c o m b in a tio n of th e f o llo w in g s t e p s : a . a d j u s t p h y s i c a l and e x t e r n a l s i t u a t i o n s , b . re v ie w th e d i r e c t i o n , t r a i n i n g , an d s e le c tio n of su b o rd in a te s, c . m o d ify p l a n s w h ere n e c e s s a r y , d* i m p t o v e m o t i v a t i o n s I n re g a rd s to c o n tr o l over s p e c if ic a c tiv ity H o ld e n , F i s h , a n d S m ith sta te areas of th e fo llo w in g : C o n tro l o v er P o lic ie s : To b e f u l l y e f f e c t i v e , p o l i c i e s m u s t b e c l e a r l y s ta te d in w ritin g , p ro p e rly d is trib u te d to th o s e a f f e c t e d , and p e r i o d i c a l ly checked a s to c o m p lia n c e * T h is i s D est a c c o m p lis h e d t h r o u g h m e a n s o f a w e l l - d e s i g n e d p o l i c y m a n u a l , com­ p i l e d and m a i n t a i n e d by a h i g h - c a l i b e r s t a f f agency* C o n tro l over O rg a n iz a tio n : B e s t p r a c t i c e p r o v id e s f o r c o m p re h e n s iv e , lo n g range o rg a n iz a tio n p la n n in g , r a t i o n a l i z a ti o n of th e s t r u c t u r e a s a w h o le , p ro p e r d e s ig n and c l a r i f i c a t i o n o f each p a r t , c o m p e te n t re v ie w o f p ro p o sed changes and th e p e r io d ic check o f a c tu a l o rg a n iz a tio n p ra c tic e * T h is i s th e l o g i c a l p r o v in c e of a c o m p e te n t s t a f f d e p a r t ­ m ent s p e c i a l i z i n g i n o r g a n i z a t i o n p ro b le m s , w o r k i n g t h r o u g h t h e m e d iu m o f a w e l l - d e s i g n e d o r g a n i z a t i o n m a n u a l* 2 7]tfewilia2i, W i l l i a m H . , " A d m i n i s t r a t i v e A c t i o n , " F r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , New Y o r k , 1 9 5 2 , p . 4 2 5 2 ^ H o ld e n , P . E . , et a l, op. c i t ., p. 9-10 28 9S C o n t r o l o v e r M e t h o d s a n d M a n p o w e r: The m o s t e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l i s a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h c u r r e n t c o m p a ris o n o f a c t u a l a g a i n s t s ta n d a r d c o s t s b a s e d o n o p tim u m e f f i c i e n c y i n h a n d l i n g a l l o p e ra tio n s and a c t i v i t i e s . T h is i s o f te n su p p le m e n te d b y a sou n d p l a n of b u d g e ta r y c o n ­ tro l. P ro p e rly q u a lif ie d and o o -o rd in a re d c e n t r a l a n d d i v i s i o n a l s t a f f a g e n c i e s m ak e t h e b a s i c a n a ly s e s and d e te r m in e t h e s t a n d a r d s , w h ile th e c o m p t r o ll e r 's o r g a n iz a tio n p r e s e n t s th e c u r r e n t c o m p a riso n s. C o n t r o l may a l s o b e h a d t h r o u g h th e p ro p e r u se o f c o m m itte e s, r e c o r d s , r e p o r t s , and o th e r te c h n iq u e s m e n tio n e d e ls e w h e re in t h i s p a p e r . 7. "PROPER SUPERVISION" T h is i s p r o b a b l y one o f t h e m o st d i f f i c u l t a r e a s o f o p e r a t i o n f o r th e d e p a rtm e n t d i f f i c u l t f o r one p e rso n to head. It is e x tre m e ly p ro p e rly su p e rv ise th e n u m erous a c t i v i t i e s o f p e r s o n s who w o r k i n r e l a t i v e l y s p e c ia liz e d f i e l d s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , a c a d e m i c p e r ­ s o n n e l sh o u ld r e q u ir e a m in im u m o f su p e rv isio n . w as h i r e d b e c a u s e he w as s u p p o s e d ly p r o f i c i e n t p a rtic u la r fie ld . O n ly t h e m e m b e r s , new i n t h e sh o u ld r e q u i r e p r e s u m e a b ly b y m ore e x ­ p e rie n c e d p e rso n s in t h e i r f i e l d It of in te re s t. i s n e c e s s a r y , h o w e v e r, f o r th e d e p a rtm e n t h e a d to m a in ta in s u p e r v is io n , of a g e n e r a l n a tu re w ork o f h i s d e p a r tm e n t. If th is If it is in h is r e l a t i v e ly young s t a f f te a c h in g p ro fe s s io n , m uch s u p e r v i s i o n — a n d t h i s Each re la tiv e ly is a la rg e it over th e i s a sm a ll d e p a rtm e n t, e a s y , by f r e q u e n t p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t . d e p a rtm e n t, and one sp re a d o u t o v e r 99 m u ch p h y s i c a l a r e a s u p e r v i s i o n b e c o m e s m o r e o f a p ro b lem * P r o b a b ly one o f th e b e s t w ays t o s u p e r v i s e w ork o f a n a c a d e m ic n a t u r e is by f r e q u e n t c o n t a c t w i t h s t a f f m em bers, i n t h e i r a r e a s o f a c t i v i t y . p a r t m e n t h e a d w o u ld d o w e l l t o se t a sid e c e rta in p e r i o d s d u r i n g t h e w e e k w h e n h e w o u ld p l a n o r m ake t h e ro u n d s of th e sin c e he is v i s i t i n g , a n d c a n l e a v e w hen h e i s w ith lo o k a t a c tiv ity to v i s i t d e p a rtm e n t p h y s ic a l p l a n t . T h i s n e e d n o t t a k e m uch t i m e , b rie f The d e ­ d o in g th e read y , a fte r in a p a rtic u la r a a re a , or chat a s t a f f m em ber. I t sh o u ld b e re -e m p h a siz e d h e re t h a t r e p o r t s a re a n e x c e l l e n t m eans o f f i n d i n g o u t w h a t i s §nd t h a t i s o n e way o f s u p e r v i s i n g t h e g o in g on, a c tiv itie s of th e d e p a rtm e n t. T h is s e c t i o n h a s a tte m p te d to in d ic a te b r ie f ly , some g e n e r a l m e t h o d s b y w h i c h t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d c a n im p ro v e th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s t i m e , m ak e i t found e a sie r. of h i s w o r k , a n d a t t h e sam e A d d itio n a l s u g g e stio n s w i l l be in th e n ex t s e c tio n , under s p e c ific a c tiv ity . a re as of V I. In t h is RECOMMENDATIONS s e e t i o n , a n a t t e m p t w i l l b e m ad e t o som e s u g g e s t i o n s f o r im p ro v ed e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n tio n a l a d m in istra tio n . tw o k i n d s : (1 ) f o r of a c tiv ity , and tra tiv e out to e x is tin g R e c o m m e n d a tio n s w i l l b e m ade o f (2 ) f o r th e educa­ im p ro v ed o p e r a t i o n i n s p e c i f i c p e rso n n e l of su g g e ste d t h a t g iv e th e areas f u r t h e r s tu d y by th e a d m in is ­ S c h o o l of E n g in e e r in g . It is l a t t e r re c o m m e n d a tio n s be p a r c e l l e d o r s p e c i a l c o m m itte e s f o r t h a t r e p o r t s b e su b m itte d a s to s tu d y , and th e ir fin d in g s in th e areas. I t s h o u ld b e m e n tio n e d t h a t se p a ra te t h e s u g g e s t i o n s i n t o tw o d i s t i n c t g r o u p s . ite m s l i s t e d ta il, to M any u n d e r WA" s h o u l d p r o b a b l y b e s t u d i e d i n d e ­ b u t w e r e p l a c e d u n d e r "A” b e c a u s e i t w a s f e l t t h e y p e rta in e d to A. i t w as d i f f i c u l t sp e c ific a re a s of a c t i v i t y . F o r I m p r o v e d One r a t i o n i n S p e c i f i c A r e a s I n a c c u m u la tin g m a t e r i a l and i d e a s f o r o p e r a tio n of th e th a t th e s p e c ific S chool of E n g in e e rin g , su g g e stio n s c e rta in a re as of a c tiv ity i n d i c a t e d b e lo w , and g iv e n . it im p ro v in g w as fo u n d c o u ld b e g ro u p ed i n t o or o p e ra tio n . Each a r e a i s su g g e stio n s p e rta in in g to it a re 101 1. A d m in is tra tio n a. Each a d m in is tr a to r (D e a n a n d D e p a r t m e n t heads) s h o u l d d o so m e s e r i o u s t h i n k i n g on th e su b je c t o f o v e ra ll p la n n in g f o r th e a c tiv ity d ic tio n . o v e r w h ic h h e h a s j u r i s ­ The o v e r a l l f u n c t i o n s h o u l d be s t u d i e d and b r o a d , o v e r a l l o b j e c t i v e s s h o u ld b e d e v e lo p e d and w r i t t e n o u t . P o lic ie s sh o u ld th e n b e fo rm u la te d to se rv e a s g u id e s f o r a t t a i n i n g th e s e ob­ je c tiv e s. T h is m a t e r i a l in c o rp o ra te d in to c o u ld t h e n b e an o rg a n iz a tio n o r o p e ra tin g m anual f o r th e g u id a n c e of a l l cone e r n e d . b. M o re u s e s h o u l d be m ade o f s t a f f p e r s o n n e l . T h i s d o e s n o t m ean " s t a f f , ” i n t h e o f th e I, w o rd , b u t a s d e f in e d p r e v i o u s l y , H, 1 . A d m in is tr a to rs sh o u ld p la n to o f t h e i r w ork to a c a d e m ic sense in s e c tio n d e le g a te some p e r s o n s w h o w o u ld b e c o m e s p e c i a l i s t s in v a rio u s phases of e d u c a tio n a l a d m in is tr a tio n . in sta n c e , th e re fo r i s a lr e a d y an A s s is ta n t I n s t r u c t i o n , and an A s s is ta n t to R e g is tra tio n * to For th e D ean t h e D ean f o r T h ere m i^ h t c o n c e iv a b ly b e o t h e r a r e a s of a c tiv ity t o w h ic h be a p p lie d , and a n o th e r r e l a t e d g ro u p of r e s p o n s i ­ b ilitie s a s s ig n e d to th e " a ssista n t an i n d iv i d u a l. to ..." In th e title c o u ld case o f 102 th e l a r g e r i n s t r u c t i o n d e p a r tm e n ts , t h e r e m ig h t w e l l be an A s s is ta n t to th e D e p a rtm e n t H ead . b e e m p h a siz e d th o u g h , t h a t It sh o u ld p ro p er re c o g n itio n fo r su c h s e r v i c e b e g iv e n , and t h a t such a p o s i t i o n n o t be c o n s id e r e d a s m e re ly a n " o f f i c e boy" f u n c t i o n . Newman o f f e r s t h e f o l l o w i n g com m en t a n d s u g g e s t i o n s on th e sta ff: use of 29 T he u s e o f s t a f f i s a r e l a t i v e l y c o m p l e x arran g em en t in a d m i n i s t r a t iv e o r g a n iz a tio n and s p e c i a l c a r e i s r e q u i r e d i f i t i s t o be f u l l y e ffe c tiv e . In a d d itio n to b e in g su re t h a t th e c o n c e p t i t s e l f i s u n d e r s to o d and t h a t t h e p r o p e r p e o p le a r e s e le c te d f o r s t a f f p o s i t i o n s , t h e r e a r e a num ber of p o i n t s t h a t d e s e r v e s p e c ia l c o n s id e ra tio n . Among t h e s e r e q u i s i t e s f o r s u c c e s s f u l s t a f f w o rk a r e th e f o llo w in g : 1. P r o v i d e t h e s t a f f m an r e a d y a c c e s s t o n e c e s s a ry in fo rm a tio n th ro u g h : a. I n tim a te and f r e q u e n t c o n ta c t w ith "th e b o s s ." b* E a sy c o m m u n ic a tio n w ith o p e r a t i n g e x ­ e c u t i v e s and o t h e r s t a f f m eh. 2. C o n s u l t t h e s t a f f m an b e f o r e t a k i n g a n y a c tio n in th e a re a o f h is r e s p o n s ib ility . 3. E x p e c t s t a f f m an t o t a k e i n i t i a t i v e i n p ro m o tin g need ed a c t i o n . 4. I n s i s t t h a t t h e s t a f f man r e l y p r i m a r i l y o n " s e l l i n g " h is id e a s , r a t h e r th a n r e s o r ti n g t o com m ands. c. Much w o r k c a n b e a c c o m p l i s h e d b y e f f e c t i v e c o m m itte e o p e r a t i o n a s w as p o i n t e d o u t i n S e c tio n I , H, 2 . M any p r o j e c t s a n d p r o b l e m s o f t h e School of E n g i n e e r i n g c o u ld w e l l a f f o r d d e l i b e r a t i o n by a p ro p e rly s e le c te d c o m m itte e . ^Newmanf op. c i t * , p. 186-7 Newman g i v e s t h e 103 fo llo w in g su g g e stio n s on e f f e c tiv e o p e ra tio n of c o m m itte e s: ^ 1. 2* 3* 4* 5* D e fin e th e d u t i e s and a u t h o r i t y o f th e c o m m itte e c l e a r l y . S e l e c t m em bers i n v ie w o f t h e d u t i e s o f t h e c o m m itte e * S u p p o r t t h e c o m m itte e w ith n e c e s s a r y s t a f f a ssista n c e * D e sig n p r o c e d u r e s t o o b t a i n p ro m p t an d e f f e c t iv e a c tio n * A p p o in t t h e r i g h t c h a irm a n * The a p p o in t m e n t o f E n g i n e e r i n g f a c u l t y m em bers to a ll- c o lle g e c o m m itte e s sh o u ld b e u rg ed * T h is w o u ld s e r v e a s a m eans n o t o n l y o f a s s u r i n g t h a t t h e E n g in e e r in g v ie w p o in t b ro a d e n in g th e b ers* i s m ad e k n o w n , b u t a l s o of v i e w p o i n t o f E n g i n e e r i n g f a c u l t y mem- H o ck em a h a s s t a t e d : 31 O p tim u m p e r f o r m a n c e b y t h e s t a f f i s p o s s i b l e o n ly i f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l i s e n c o u ra g e d to h av e a u n iv e r s ity r a th e r th a n an in d iv id u a l o r a de­ p a r tm e n ta l p o in t o f v ie w , and t h i s can be d e ­ v e lo p e d o n ly th r o u g h p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a c t i v i t i e s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e r e s t r i c t e d to a s i n g l e d e p a r t ­ m e n t* d* Good c o m m u n i c a t i o n c a n m ean m uch t o th e p ro p e r o p e r a tio n o f any o r g a n iz a tio n . A d e m o c r a tic g o v ern m en t p l a n f o r t h e E n g in e e rin g , m itte e School of s u c h a s w a s s u g g e s t e d b y a r e c e n t com­ s tu d y sh o u ld a id in th is a re a . F req u en t s t a f f m e e tin g s a n d /o r a s t a f f b u l l e t i n c o u ld be used to sta ff a c q u a in te d w ith th e School o p e ra tio n . •^u o p • c i t . , p* 2 31 ^ H o c k e m a , op * c i t . , p. 94 l a t e s t d e v e lo p m e n ts in keep 104 e. P ro p e r use o f c o n tr o l te c h n iq u e s a s d i s ­ cussed in s e c t i o n V , D , 6 w o u ld m ake f o r b e t t e r o p e ra tio n * The a d m i n i s t r a t o r c o u ld b e t t e r keep a b re a s t of o p e ra tio n s th e use of re c o rd s and re p o r ts th ro u g h su b m itte d by key p e rso n n e l. 2. S ta f f R e la tio n s h ip s U n d e r t h i s h e a d in g w i l l b e m e n tio n e d a few o f t h e p ro b lem s d e s e r v in g o f c o n s i d e r a t i o n , and f u r t h e r stu d y * Some o f t h e s e (B ) o f t h i s se c tio n , but a l l sin c e th e y p e r ta in a. ite m s p r o p e r ly b e lo n g u n d e r h ave been k e p t h e re to one a re a o f in te r e s t* G e n e ra l d u t i e s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f f a c u l t y m e m b e rs s h o u l d b e w r i t t e n d o w n — n o t w i t h a n y id e a o f lim itin g t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s , ta tin g or o f d i c ­ d u t i e s , b u t m ore fro m a n i n f o r m a t i o n p o i n t o f v i e w , s o t h a t a s t a f f m em ber c o u l d know m o r e a b o u t T«hat i s e x p e c te d o f t h e p o s itio n he h o ld s. b. C o n su ltin g p r iv ile g e s s h o u ld be e x p la in e d , e n c o u r a g e d , a n d m ade p o s s i b l e . c. L e a v e s o f a b s e n c e sh o u ld b e e n c o u ra g e d , w ith g u id a n c e a s t o th e m ost e f f e c t i v e tim e so sp e n t. o r lo a n s w ith o u t a v a ila b le * F e llo w sh ip s, in te re s t use o f th e research g ra n ts, s h o u l d b e m ad e 105 H a g g e rty h a s d is c u s s e d t h i s le n g th , H ere a r e q u o ted s e l e c t e d s u b je c t to th o u g h ts : som e 32 The l i f e o f t h e c o l l e g e t e a c h e r i s c a s t i n ro u tin e * E v e r y y e a r f r o m e a r l y a u tu m n u n t i l l a t e s p r in g he l i v e s a c c o rd in g to sc h e d u le * For f o r t y h o u r s e v e r y w e e k , i f we may b e l i e v e o u r f i g u r e s o f i n s t r u c t i o n a l l o a d , he i s o c c u p i e d w ith th e im m e d ia te t a s k s o f t e a c h i n g a d o l e s ­ c e n t y o u th * The m e n t a l l i f e o f t h e s e y o u n g p e o p l e i s i m m a t u r e , a n d h i s own p r o c e s s e s o f th in k in g m ust b e a d a p te d to i t . By a n d l a r g e , i t i s e a s y f o r h im t o d i s p o s e o f s u c h i n t e l ­ l e c t u a l c h a lle n g e a s i s o ffe re d by s t u d e n ts . B ecause th e scope of a g iv e n d e p a rtm e n t i s l i m i t e d and t h e i n s t i t u t i o n o f w h ic h i t i s a p a r t i s i t s e l f s h a rp ly c irc u m s c rib e d fro m th e stre a m of p r a c t i c a l a f f a i r s , and b e ca u se o f t h e s p e c i a l i z e d c h a r a c t e r o f m odern k n o w le d g e , w h ic h e n c o u r a g e s th e g ro w th of b a r r i e r s an d c le a v a g e s w ith in th e w o rld of i d e a s , t h e c o lle g e t e a c h e r i s f a c e d w ith a n a lm o st i r r e s i s t i b l e te m p ta tio n to p e m i t th e p a tte r n of h is id e a s t o b e c o m e f i x e d a n d t o g ro w d o g m a t i c i n h i s te a c h in g . I n a c o m p a ra tiv e ly sm a ll i n t e l l e c ­ t u a l f i e l d he i s b e t t e r in fo rm ed th a n m o st o f h is fe llo w s , and h is th in k in g is r a r e ly d i s ­ tu r b e d by o r i g i n a l id e a s fro m h i s c o lle a g u e s i n h i s own i n s t i t u t i o n . The s a b b a t i c a l l e a v e o f a b s e n c e s h o u ld b e n e i t h e r a bonus nor a p e n sio n b u t an o p p o rtu n ity f o r th e t e a c h e r to p r e p a r e h im s e lf f o r im p ro v in g s e r v i c e to a n i n s t i t u t i o n . I t is a jo in t in ­ v e stm e n t by t h e i n d iv i d u a l and th e i n s t i t u t i o n , in te n d e d to p ro v id e b e t t e r s e rv ic e to s tu d e n ts in th e f u t u r e . I t f o llo w s , th e n t h a t a le a v e of a b sen ce i s n o t in te n d e d t o r e l i e v e a t e a c h e r fro m h i s o b l i ­ g a t i o n s t o a c o l l e g e , t o g i v e h im u n c h a r t e d f r e e ­ dom t o d o a s h e l i k e s f o r a t i m e . I t i s a con­ t r a c t b e tw e e n t h e i n d i v i d u a l t e a c h e r and t h e i n s t i t u t i o n , i n w h ich e a c h p a r t y a c c e p t s c e r t a i n o b lig a tio n s . The i n s t i t u t i o n u n d e r t a k e s t o t a k e c a re of an i n s t r u c t o r ’ s d u tie s d u rin g h is ab­ s e n c e , t o p a y h im u n t i l h i s r e t u r n . The t e a c h e r u n d e r t a k e s t o im p ro v e h i m s e l f f o r f u t u r e s e r v i c e 32 H a g g e r t y , M. E . , " T h e E v a l u a t i o n o f H i g h e r I n s t i t u t i o n s , v o l . 2 , T he F a c u l t y , U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o P r e s s , C h i c a g o , 19 3 7 , P- 1 6 /* 106 to t h e i n s t i t u t i o n and to r e tu r n to th e in ­ s t i t u t i o n f o r a p e r i o d o f t i m e s o t h a t h e may ren d er th a t se rv ic e . In p la n n in g w hat h is a c t i v i t i e s s h a ll be d u r in g a p e r io d o f l e a v e , an i n s t r u c t o r sh o u ld be g iv e n th e g r e a t e s t p o s s ib le l i b e r t y . The on e c o n d i t i o n s h o u ld b e t h a t he e n g a g e i n g e n u in e ly e d u c a tio n a l a c t i v i t i e s , such a s s tu d y , re se a rc h , w ritin g , o r tr a v e l. Leave to te a c h i n a n o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n o r t o a c c e p t e m p lo y m e n t i n b u s i n e s s o r i n p u b l i c s e r v i c e , w h ere t h e m o tiv e i s p r i m a r i l y to su p p le m e n t th e i n ­ s t r u c t o r ^ in co m e, i s i n g e n e r a l n o t r e g a r d e d a s i n a c c o rd a n c e w ith t h e p u rp o se o f s a b b a t i c a l l e a v e , w h ic h i n v o l v e s p a y fro m t h e i n s t i t u t i o n . C l e a r l y t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r f a c u l t y im ­ p ro v em e n t o f f e r e d by a w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d p la n f o r s a b b a t i c a l le a v e re m a in to be r e a l i z e d . H eed f o r a w e l l - c o n c e i v e d , d e f i n i t e l y f o rm u ­ l a t e d , and a d e q u a te ly su p p o rte d p la n , in c o r ­ p o ra te d in a d m in is tra tiv e p o lic y , s t i l l e x is ts i n m an y i n s t i t u t i o n s . Even w h e re an a c c e p t a b l e p l a n e x i s t s , som e m e a n s a p p e a r t o b e r e q u i r e d to re n d e r i t s o p e ra tio n e f f e c tiv e . d. F a c u l t y m em b ers, a s i n d i v i d u a l s t r a i n e d a p p li c a t io n o f th e e n g in e e rin g a p p ro ach to p ro b le m s , sh o u ld b e en co u rag ed to in c o m m u n ity a f f a i r s . p a rtic ip a te T he e n g i n e e r w i t h h i s a n a l y t i c a l m e th o d o f t h i n k i n g , m any p l a c e s in th e is needed in i n t h e c o m m u n ity , s u c h a s s c h o o l b o a r d s , P a r e n t - T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n , Boy S c o u ts , ch u rch g r o u p s , c iv ic o rg a n iz a tio n , m u n ic ip a l a d v is o ry g ro u p s, and y e s — even i n p o litic s . e. F a c u l t y m e m b e rs s h o u l d l i k e w i s e b e e n c o u r a g e d t o b e c o m e a c t i v e m e m b e rs a n d l e a d e r s i n t h e p ro fe ssio n a l s o c ie tie s in th e ir fie ld . 107 It t h a t he is a n e c e s s a r y p a r t o f t h e t e a c h e r 1s t r a i n i n g keep a b re a s t of h is m e e tin g s. Many e x c e l l e n t w ith E n g in e e rs a c t i v e fie ld by a tte n d in g such c o n ta c ts a r e in h is fie ld * be o v e rly c a r e f u l of n o t b e co m in g t o o t o b e m ad e T he t e a c h e r m u s t th e o re tic a l, t h r o u g h t o o much c o n c e n t r a t i o n o n b o o k s a n d t o o l i t t l e c o n t a c t w i t h men i n p r a c t i c e . f * A d e f i n i t e p la n sh o u ld b e w orked o u t f o r t h e sta ffin g E n g in e e rin g * o f t h e S c h o o l of T e a c h in g l o a d s sh o u ld o u t, and f o r some p e r i o d i n a d v a n c e . w o u ld p r e c l u d e t h e h irin g T h is n e c e s s i t y of l a s t m in u te o f p e rso n n e l, re le a s in g be a c c u r a t e l y w o r k e d or even w o rs e , t h e of p e r s o n n e l . The P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m issio n o n H ig h e r E d u c a t i o n 33 m akes th e f o llo w in g p o s i t i v e re c o m m e n d a tio n s: R e c r u itm e n t o f n e e d e d f a c u l t y sh o u ld be a s w e l l o r g a n i z e d and c a r e f u l l y c o n d u c te d a s t h e p ro c u re m e n t e f f o r t of c o m p e tin g e m p lo y e rs . P r o m i s i n g s t u d e n t s who vd e s i r e t o p r e p a r e t h e m s e l v e s f o r c o l l e g e e m p lo y m e n t s h o u l d b e u rg ed to a p p ly f o r f e l l o w s h ip s . T he f a c u l t y o f e a c h i n s t i t u t i o n s h o u l d s t i m ­ u la te th e i n t e r e s t o f a l l s tu d e n ts in p r o f e s ­ s io n a l e d u c a tio n a l a c t i v i t i e s . An a g e n c y , n a t i o n a l i n s c o p e , s h o u ld b e c h a rg e d w ith th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p ro m o tin g and c o o r d i n a t i n g r e c r u i t m e n t e f f o r t s . ^ ^ P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m issio n on H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n , " H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n f o r A m e ric an D e m o c ra c y ," v o l . IV , S t a f f i n g H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n , U .S . G o vernm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C * , 1 9 4 7 # P« 3 0 - 3 1 108 3* Im p ro v em en t o f T e a c h in g In t h i s s e c tio n a re p re se n te d im p ro v in g t e a c h i n g . b e in g l i s t e d Some o f t h e s e h ere a s s p e c i f i c s e v e ra l id e a s fo r id e a s , b e sid e s s u g g e s tio n s ,, c o u ld a l s o b e ar fu rth e r stu d y . a. Due t o t h e fro m t h e g re a t in f lu x of s tu d e n ts r e s u l ti n g G-. I . B i l l , been l a r g e r th a n su lts. m any c l a s s is d e s ira b le C la ss s i z e s e c tio n s have fo r b est re ­ sh o u ld be re d u c e d to a b o u t 20 i n r e c i t a t i o n - t y p e c o u r s e s to p e r m i t : 1 . g r e a t e r p a r t i c i p a t i o n by s tu d e n ts 2 . d e v elo p m e n t o f s tu d e n t id e a s 3 . d e v e lo p m e n t o f c o n f id e n c e in s tu d e n ts , th ro u g h p a r t i c i p a t i o n 4# c l o s e r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n s t u d e n t and te a c h e r $ . m ore a c c u r a t e b. e v a lu a tio n of s tu d e n ts T h ere sh o u ld b e e s t a b l i s h e d a t r a i n i n g p r o ­ gram f o r E n g in e e r i n g t e a c h e r s . Such a p r o ­ g r a m w o u ld b e i n v a l u a b l e t o men who a r e new to th e te a c h in g p r o f e s s io n , a s w e ll a s to t h o s e who h a v e l e a r n e d a l i t t l e - th e h ard w ay. The P r e s i d e n t s C o m m issio n o n H ig h e r E d u c a t i o n has sta te d th e p ro b le m w e l l : 34 ^ P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m i s s i o n on H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n , c i t . , p . 1 6 , 17 op. 109 C o lle g e te a c h in g i s th e o n ly m a jo r le a r n e d p r o f e s s i o n f o r w h ic h t h e r e d o e s n o t e x i s t a w e l l- d e f in e d p ro g ram o f p r e p a r a tio n d i r e c t e d to w a rd d e v e lo p in g th e s k i l l s w h ic h i t i s e s ­ s e n t i a l f o r th e p r a c t i t i o n e r to p o s s e s s . The o b j e c t i v e s w h ic h h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n s e e k s t o a c h ie v e can n o t be re a c h e d u n le s s t h e r e i s r e a lis m i n th e p rog ram s f o r p r e p a r in g c o lle g e t e a c h e r s . O ne w o u ld b e u n d e r s t a n d a b l y c o n c e r n e d a b o u t s u b m ittin g h i s p e rs o n to th e m i n i s t r a t i o n s o f a s u r g e o n who h a d h a d n o o p p o r t u n i t y t o a p p l y h is th e o ry in a c tu a l p r a c tic e . One s h o u l d b e co n cern ed e q u a lly a t th e p r e p a r a tio n in th e c o n te n t of h is f i e l d and p r a c tic e in th e p r e ­ s e n ta tio n of su b je c t m a tte r. The l o n g - t e r m r e s u l t s a r e p e rh a p s l e s s v i s i b l e , b u t n o n e th e ­ l e s s a s d a m a g in g . Such a t r a i n i n g pro g ram s h o u ld in c lu d e i n s t r u c ­ tio n on: 1. C o u rse p la n n in g 2* H om ew ork 3* C la ssro o m te c h n iq u e s 4* S p e a k in g 5. T est p re p a ra tio n 6 T e st sc o rin g • 7. V isu a l a id s S. L a b o r a to r y m eth o d s 9. L i b r a r y w ork In c o n n e c tio n w ith t h i s an i n t e r n s h i p p ro g ra m , o f th e co u rse th e r e sh o u ld b e q u o tin g a g a i n fro m th e rep o rt 35 P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m issio n on H ig h e r E d u c a t i o n : A c a r e f u lly a rra n g e d p e rio d o f su p e rv ise d i n t e r n s h i p s h o u ld becom e t h e v e r y k e y s to n e o f an e f f e c t i v e p r e p a r a to r y program f o r c o lle g e ^ P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m issio n on H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n , o p . p . 2 0 - 2 1 c it., 110 te a c h e r* W hat i s c o n t e m p l a t e d h e r e i s s o m e t h i n g f a r m ore c o m p re h e n s iv e an d m ore e x p e r t l y a im e d a t d e v e l o p i n g t e a c h i n g c o m p e te n c e t h a n t h e t y p i c a l g r a d u a te a s s i s t a n t s h i p s , a lth o u g h b a se d upon t h e sam e p r i n c i p l e * I n m ost c a s e s , t h e s e a s s i s ­ t a n t s h i p s r e c e i v e l i t t l e o r no s u p e r v i s i o n i n t h e i r te a c h in g * The i n t e r n w o u ld n o t b e o n e w ho p e r f o r m s o n ly t h e s im p le and r e p e t i t i v e t a s k s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t e a c h i n g , n o r w o u ld h e d o o n e seg m ent o f th e t e a c h i n g jo b w i t h o u t h e l p i n g t o p la n th e w h o le . I n t e r n s h i p w o u ld b e o n - t h e - j o b t r a i n i n g in t h e f i n e s t se n se of th e te rm . T h is c o m m issio n reco m m en d s t h a t e a c h g r a d u a t e sc h o o l engaged in th e p r e p a r a tio n of in d iv id u a ls f o r c a r e e r s in h ig h e r e d u c a tio n ta k e s te p s im m e d ia te ly t o expand th e s u p e r v is io n of t h e i r i n s t r u c t i o n a l and re s e a rc h f e llo w s h ip s in to a p ro g ram o f r e a l i n t e r n s h i p . I n t e r n s h i p m i g h t w e l l c o n t e m p l a t e some f u l l ­ t i m e e m p lo y m e n t i n f i e l d s o t h e r t h a n t e a c h i n g . The c o l l e g e t e a c h e r n e e d s a r i c h b a c k g ro u n d o f e x p e r i e n c e i n o t h e r t h a n a c a d e m ic p u r s u i t s . c. A p p o in tm e n t o f a g r e a t e r num ber of r e s e a r c h a n d g r a d u a t e a s s i s t a n t s w o u ld p e r m i t h i g h e r sta ff t o h a v e m o re t i m e f r e e f o r p la n n in g , c o o r d in a tio n , and ad vanced w o rk . d. M o re c o n c r e t e s u g g e s t i o n s o n t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f te a c h in g a re o ffe re d by th e A s so c ia tio n of 36 A m e ric an C o l l e g e s , q u o te d h e r e fro m L u b b e r s . P r o c e d u r e s f o r Im p ro v in g I n s t r u c t i o n H ecom m ended b y A s s o c i a t i o n o f A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e s 1 . f a c u l t y a d v i s e r f o r e a c h new i n s t r u c t o r 2 . p e r i o d i c r e p o r t s b y new i n s t r u c t o r s 3* c l a s s r o o m v i s i t a t i o n ^ L u b b e r s , Irw in I . , " C o lle g e O r g a n iz a tio n and A d m in is tr a tio n ," N o rth w e ste rn U n iv e r s ity , S chool o f E d u c a ti o n , S e r i e s No. 7 , E v a n s to n , I l l i n o i s , 1 9 3 2 , p . 88 Ill 4. 5. 6. 7* 8. 9* 10* c o o p e r a tiv e c o u rs e s c o n d u cted by a d v i s e r and in stru c to r v i s i t a t i o n o f a d v a n c e d c l a s s e s b y new in stru c to rs o c c a s io n a l l e c t u r e s in ad v an ced c l a s s e s by in stru c to rs o c c a s i o n a l s t a f f c o n f e r e n c e s on i n s t r u c t i o n a l p ro b le m s c o o r d i n a t i o n b y one i n d i v i d u a l o f w o rk i n s e v e ra l se c tio n s a n n u a l r e p o r t o n new i n s t r u c t o r s b y b e a d s o f depa rtm e n ts s t a n d i n g c o m m itte e on t h e im p ro v e m e n t o f te a c h in g S i m i l a r re c o m m e n d a tio n s, b u t p e r t a i n i n g to f a c u l t y g ro w th a r e s u g g e s te d by H a g g e rty a s f o llo w s : 37 A i d s t o F a c u l t y G r o w th A r r a n g e d i n O r d e r o f F req u en cy of R e p o rt 1 . P e r s o n a l c o n fe re n c e s w ith s u p e r i o r o f f i c e r s 2 . S p e c ia l lib r a r y f a c i l i t i e s in f i e l d of i n s tr u c t io n and re s e a rc h 3* P r o v i s i o n o f b o o k s r e l a t i n g t o c o l l e g e e d u c a tio n 4* I n s t i t u t i o n a l s t u d y o f c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n a l p ro b le m s 5* O p p o r t u n i t y t o v i s i t c l a s s e s o f o t h e r i n ­ stru c to rs 6* T r a v e l i n g e x p e n s e s t o m e e t i n g s o f l e a r n e d so c ie tie s 7 . O b s e rv a tio n o f i n s t r u c t i o n by o th e r te a c h e r s 8 . In v e s tig a tio n of c o lle g ia te e d u c a tio n a l p ro b le m s 9# I n s t i t u t i o n a l e f f o r t t o i m p r o v e e x a m i n a t i o n p ro ced u re 1 0 . C ounsel o f s p e c i a l i s t s in c o lle g e te a c h in g 11. S p e c ia l la b o ra to ry f a c i l i t i e s in te a c h in g f i e l d 12. S a b b a tic a l o r o th e r le a v e 1 3 . C o lle c tio n o f s tu d e n t o p in io n ab o u t i n s t i t u ­ tio n a l p ra c tic e 1 4 . R e d u c tio n o f te a c h in g lo a d to p r o v id e s p e c i a l o p p o r t u n i t y f o r im p ro v e m e n t 1 5 . C o l l e c t i o n o f a lu m n i o p in io n a b o u t i n s t i t u ­ tio n a l p ra c tic e s 2 7H a g g e r t y , M. H . , o p . e i t . , p. 1 6 3 , T a b l e XJOTC 112 4* I n d u s tr y - C o lle g e R e la tio n s h ip s I n E n g in e e rin g and c l o s e e sp e c ia lly , th e re c o o p e ra tio n w ith in d u stry * o f g r a d u a t e s w i l l f i n d t h e i r w o rk i n e x tre m e ly im p o rta n t t h a t th e f a c u l t y m em bers b e i n c l o s e S e v e r a l m eans to w a rd t h i s a. sh o u ld b e m uch, S in c e a m a jo r ity in d u stry , S c h o o l and i t s it is in d iv id u a l c o n ta c t w ith in d u stry * end a re su g g e ste d h e r e . M o re c o n t r a c t r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s sh o u ld be s o u g h t a n d b e m ad e a m a j o r p a r t o f t h e w o r k o f th e S chool of E n g in e e rin g . C a re s h o u ld b e e x e r c i s e d , how ever, t o such p r o j e c t s a r e r e a l l y ro u tin e b. see th a t r e s e a r c h , an d n o t m e re ly te s tin g . T h e new c o o p e r a t i v e p r o g r a m s h o u l d b e m o r e w id e ly p u b lic iz e d an d e n c o u ra g e d . O th e r i n d u s t r i a l c o n t a c t s s h o u l d b e m ade* A d e fin ite th e c o o p e r a t i v e p r o g r a m s h o u l d be p l a n n e d , p l a n w r i t t e n d o w n , and e x p l a i n e d t o t h e sta ff. s t a f f m em b er s h o u l d b e p l a c e d i n c h a r g e o f t h e o p e r a tiv e p ro g ram , to c o lle g e and i n d u s t i y . serv e as a lia is o n A p la n n e d w ork s c h e d u le s h o u ld m ade b y h i m a t t h e e n d o f e a c h w o rk p e r i o d . sh o u ld a id in co­ b e tw e e n t h e be a r r a n g e d f o r each s tu d e n t], and a w r i t t e n rep o rt c o o rd in a tin g h is rep o rt Such a c o lle g e and i n d u s t r i a l w ork. c. A d d i t i o n a l g r a n t s and f e l l o w s h i p s s h o u ld b e so u g h t, A f o r b o th stu d e n ts and f a c u lty . 113 They s h o u ld n o t , h o w e v e r, b e m e r e ly a s o u r c e o f fu n d s , b u t sh o u ld b e p ro v id e d by th e d o n o r in r e t u r n f o r so m e s e r v i c e s f r o m t h e re c ip ie n t. W h eth er a s t u d e n t o r f a c u l t y m em ber, a p r o j e c t o f do m a r s h o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t a n d r e p o r t e d ic a lly . v a lu e to th e on p e r i o d ­ T h e s e p r o j e c t s m i g h t b© s u r v e y s , r e s e a r c h w ork, o r s p e c i a l s t u d i e s a lo n g l i n e s o f i n t e r e s t to th e donor • d. As i n d i c a t e d e lse w h e re in t h i s r e p o r t , sum m er a n d s a b b a t i c a l l e a v e s s h o u ld be e n c o u r a g e d , in c o o p e r a tio n w ith i n d u s t r y . I n som e c a s e s , is, " s w a p s " m ig h t b e a r r a n g e d — t h a t t r a d i n g m en f o r a p e r i o d o f t i m e . T h i s w o u l d b e h ig h ly f e a s ib le l o c a l l y , a n d w o u ld s e r v e t h e p u rp o se of a c q u a in tin g each w ith th e Above a l l , i t w o u ld a s s u r e th a t o th e r* s w ork. s t a f f m e m b e rs a r e i n c lo s e c o n ta c t w ith in d u s tr y , and g e ttin g th e p o i n t of v ie w on t h e In an a r t i c l e dual p ra c tic a l su b je c ts of th e ir s p e c ia ltie s . in th e " jo u r n a l of E n g in e e rin g E d u c a t i o n " , D e a n D a v i d L . Arm h a s l i s t e d th e fo llo w in g o b j e c t i v e s and b e n e f i t s to b e d e riv e d fro m a s i m i l a r p l a n w h ic h h e c a l l s a " Y e a r - i n - I n d u s t r y . " ^ 1) O b je c tiv e s 1 . To a c q u a i n t f a c u l t y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s w i t h t h e s p o n s o r in g o r g a n i z a t i o n b y g i v i n g th em ^ s A rm , D a v i d L . , "A Y e a r - I n - I n d u s t r y f o r E d u c a t o r s , " J o u r n a l o f E n g i n e e r i n g E d u c a t i o n , v o l . 4 2 , N o. 1 0 , p . 490 114 a b r o a d v iew o f i t s o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c ­ t u r e , i t s a c t i v i t i e s and i t s o p e r a tin g p ro b le m s• 2* To a c q u a i n t t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s w i t h t h e com pany1s p h i l o s o p h i e s a n d p r a c t i c e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o c u s t o m e r s , s t o c k h o l d e r s , em­ p l o y e e s a n d t o t h e c o m m u n ity , 3« To make a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e A m e r i c a n b u s i n e s s s y s t e m a n d how i t o p e ra te s, 4* To m ake kn ow n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e com pany f o r p o t e n t i a l e m p lo y e e s , 5* To g i v e p a r t i c i p a n t s a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o le a r n ab o u t c a r e e r s f o r g ra d u a te s w ith th e com pany o r w i t h t h e p a r t i c u l a r i n d u s t r y r e p r e s e n te d b y t h e com pany, 6 , T h ro u g h d i s c u s s i o n s , t o e n a b l e t h e com pany to b e n e f i t fro m i d e a s and o b s e r v a t i o n s o f th e e d u c a to rs , 2) B e n e fits 1 , T hrough an i n te r c h a n g e o f i n f o r m a t i o n , b o th i n d u s t r y and e n g in e e r i n g c o ll e g e s b e t t e r u n d e rs ta n d each o th e r * s p ro b le m s, 2 , I t s h o u l d make f o r e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g r a m s b e t t e r s u i t e d to t h e n e e d s o f i n d u s t r y , 3* I t s h o u l d r e s u l t i n b e t t e r c o u n s e l i n g o f stu d e n ts , 4* I t e n a b l e s t h e i n d i v i d u a l who p a r t i c i p a t e s t o o b s e r v e A t f i r s t hand e n g i n e e r i n g i n a c tio n , e. G r e a t e r u s e s h o u l d b e m ad e o f l e c t u r e r s f r o m in d u stry , I n m an y c a s e s t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r o f a c o u r s e c o u l d b e m a d e c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e i n t e r e s t i n g i f men f r o m t h e fie ld c o u ld f r e q u e n t l y b e u se d to p r e s e n t c e r t a i n to p ic s. It i s a lw a y s w o rth w h ile f o r h e a r fro m an o u t s i d e r t h a t w hat he i s b e in g u se d o r done i n th e f i e l d . s tu d e n t and te a c h e r f o r th e c e r t a i n t h i n g s th e th e stu d e n t to le a rn in g is And i t o u ts id e r to h e lp s b o th re -e m p h a siz e t e a c h e r h a s b e e n p o u n d i n g a w ay a t . 115 f. A d d itio n a l e x te n s i o n w o rk w i t h in i n d u s t r y sh o u ld be encou rag ed* T h e r e a r e m any s u b j e c t s w h ic h w o u ld b e o f a p la n t, in th e c o lle g e g re a t v a lu e to s e le c te d o r group o f p la n t s * c u rric u la g ro u p s fro m Such a r e a s o f s u b j e c t m a tte r sh o u ld be so u g h t o u t , an d p u b l i c i t y g iv e n to th e ir a v a ila b ility 6. fro m t h e c o lle g e * P h y sic a l F a c il i tie s T he g e n e r a l p r o b l e m i n d i c a t e d h e r e h a s b e e n w e l l p h r a s e d b y t h e P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m is s io n o n H i g h e r E d u c a 39 tio n as fo llo w s: T he m o s t e f f e c t i v e p o l i c i e s r e g a r d i n g s a l a r i e s and p e r s o n a l and p r o f e s s io n a l s e c u r ity w i l l f a i l t h e i r p u r p o s e u n l e s s th e i n s t i t u t i o n in x p ro v es t h e w ork c o n d i t i o n s of i t s f a c u l t y • O fte n t h e c o l l e g e o f u n i v e r s i t y m ay, by a s u p p le m e n ta r y and r e l a ­ t i v e l y m in o r in v e s tm e n t e n h a n c e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f i t s e n t i r e e d u c a tio n a l program . Even th e o b v io u s need f o r i n d iv i d u a l d e sk s and o f f i c e s p a c e f o r th e f a c u l t y i s to o o f t e n d isre g a rd e d . A d e q u ate l a b o r a t o r y a p p a r a t u s and su p p lie s a re as e s s e n tia l as re fe re n c e books, y e t r e q u i s i t i o n s f o r b o th a re f r e q u e n tly g iv e n n ig g a rd ly c o n sid e ra tio n . S p e c ific s u g g e s tio n s a r e g iv en i n t h e fo llo w in g p arag rap h s: a* To do a n e f f e c t i v e jo b , a te a c h e r needs a p r o p e r w ork p l a c e . T h i s m e a n s a m in im u m o f a n a d e q u a t e d e s k , a c o m fo rta b le c h a ir , 39 p. and i n a re a so n a b le lo c a tio n . P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m issio n o n H i ^ i e r E d u c a t i o n , o p . 5 S -9 * F ile c it.; 116 c a b in e ts , b o o k c a s e s , e tc * n ecessary * sh o u ld b e p ro v id e d a s Too o f t e n a n a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d d o l l a r s h a s b e e n m ade f o r a p i e c e o f m e c h ­ a n i c a l e q u ip m e n t t o b e u se d a few h o u r s a t e r m , a n d little c o n s i d e r a t i o n h a s b e e n g iv e n t o t h e m in o r needs of o ffic e e q u i p m e n t u s e d b y f a c u l t y m e m b e rs a p p ro x im a te ly 1000 h o u rs p e r y e a r . la b o ra to ry W hat p i e c e o f e q u i p m e n t i s u s e d b y t h e t e a c h e r f o r m o re h o u r s t h a n h e w o u ld u s e a g o o d d e s k o r c h a i r , he had one? T h is i s if a p ro b lem f o r s e r i o u s s tu d y , b e s id e s b e in g a s p e c i f i c rec o m m e n d atio n a s i n d i c a t e d h ere* b* A d e fin ite p o l i c y s h o u l d b e d r a w n up r e g a r d i n g th e d e p re c ia tio n , o b s o l e s c e n c e and r e p l a c e m e n t o f a l l t y p e s o f e q u ip m e n t u s e d i n l a b o r a t o r i e s , shops, and o f f ic e s . A p l a n m u st be w orked o u t w h e re b y e q u ip m e n t can be re p la c e d v a lu e o f a l l on a s o u n d , b u s i n e s s l i k e b a s i s . The e q u ip m e n t i n t h e S c h o o l s h o u ld be a c c u r a t e l y d e t e r m i n e d , and a p l a n w o rk ed ou t f o r t h e o r d e r l y re p la c e m e n t of a s p e c i f i e d am ount e a c h y e a r * Such a p l a n s h o u ld b e w o rk ed o u t f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s in advance, sin c e i t m ent can b e a p p r o x i m a t e d w h a t sh o u ld b e r e p la c e d , and w hen. e q u ip ­ ; 117 7. C o n s e r v i n g T im e Time i s w o r t h m o n e y . To b e s p e c i f i c , a t y p i c a l f a c u l t y m e m b e r , o n a n i n e m o n th a p p o i n t m e n t , w o r k s : 9 m o n t h s x 4 - 1 / 3 w e e k s / m o n t h x 40 h r s / w e e k , or 1560 h o u rs p e r y e a r If th is i s rounded o f f to 1500 h o u r s , a s im p le c a l­ c u la tio n w ill re v e a l th a t: - if h is s a la ry is $4500, h is tim e i s w o rth $ 3 * 0 0 /h o u r - if h is s a la r y i s $6000, h is tim e i s w o rth $ 4 ® 0 0 /h o u r - if h is s a la ry i s $7500, h is tim e i s w o rth $ 5 * 0 0 /h o u r - if h is s a la ry is $9000, h is tim e i s w o rth $ 6 .0 0 /h o u r H e n c e , h i s tim e is to o v a lu a b le to fo rm in g u n n e c e s s a r y , o r r o u t i n e d u t i e s . are th a t be w a ste d p e r ­ F o llo w in g som e s p e c i f i c s u g g e s t i o n s f o r s a v i n g t i m e , it a. so c a n b e s p e n t o n m o re d e s i r a b l e p r o j e c t s . F o r a d m in is tra tiv e p erso n n el 1 . P r o c u r e t h e s e r v i c e s o f a good s e c r e t a r y , n o t o n ly in t h e s te n o g r a p h ic a r e a , b u t one who c a n t a c t f u l l y h a n d l e s u c h o t h e r i t e m s as: - re c e p tio n of c a lle r s - s c r e e n i n g o f c a l l e r s , an d s e n d in g th em to a p p ro p ria te answ ers to s t a f f m e m b e rs f o r q u e stio n s sp e c ific 118 - a n sw e rin g q u e s t io n s , h e r s e l f - a n s w e r i n g r o u t i n e m a i l f r o m p e n c i l l e d memos - k e e p in g t h e b o ss p o s te d on a p p o in tm e n ts , m e e tin g s ,; w ork t o b e a tt e n d e d - o p e n in g and p r e lim in a r y 2 . D e le g a te r e s p o n s i b i li t y to , e tc . s o rtin g o f m a il and a u th o r ity to o t h e r s t a f f m e m b e rs* T h e o l d m a x im 6 f : " I f you w an t a t h i n g done r i g h t , d o i t y o u r s e l f " i s o l d f a s h i o n e d i n a m odern b u s in e s s o r i n d u s tr ia l co n ce rn . one t h a t A b e t t e r o n e, and i s f o llo w e d by s u c c e s s f u l e x e c u ti v e s i s : "D o n ’ t do a n y t h i n g y o u r s e l f t h a t som eone e l s e fo r you, even re a so n a b ly w e ll." d isc u sse d in an e a rlie r c a n do T h is t o p i c h a s b e e n p a rt of th is rep o rt (IE, I H ). As an i n d i c a t i o n of th e g a tio n , th e p o s s ib ilitie s of d e le ­ e x e c u tiv e sh o u ld keep a l i s t f o r a day o r tw o o f e v e r y t h i n g he d o e s , a n d t h e n r e v i e w how m an y o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s been d e le g a te d be s u r e see c o u ld h a v e , o r s h o u ld have to a n o th e r p e rs o n . He s h o u l d a l w a y s to c h a n n e l p r o b le m s t o t h e p r o p e r or sta ff i t to c o m m itte e p erso n . 3 . Be b r i e f in a n sw e rin g l e t t e r s , an d on t h e phone. 4. D ic ta te le tte rs. O n ly w r i t e o r re -w rite a f t e r d i c t a t i n g — th o se re q u irin g v e ry c a r e ­ f u l w o rd in g . 119 5. I n s t e a d o f a s k in g p e o p le t o th e o f f i c e , c a l l on th e m , i n t h e i r o f f i c e * w ay, b u s in e s s In th is can b e t r a n s a c t e d a n d l e a v e t a k e n c o u r t e o u s l y , w hen d e s i r e d . C a llin g on o th e rs h as th e a d d itio n a l b e n e f i ts of p r o v i d i n g an o p p o r t u n i t y to g e t a e x e rc is e , a s w e ll a s se e in g f i r s t w hat i s little hand, g o in g on i n th e v a rio u s a r e a s . 6 . L i k e w i s e , t r a n s a c t b u s i n e s s w i t h t h o s e who c a ll, don’t v i s i t u n n e c e ssa rily . 7 . P a rc e l o u t g e n e ra l p la n s , p o lic ie s , and a ssig n m e n ts. S e t o t h e r s to w ork on d e ­ t a i l e d p la n n in g , and e x e c u tio n of th e ta sk . 8 . R equest w ritte n I t ta k e s th a n to r e p o r t s on a s s ig n m e n ts . l e s s tim e to lis te n read a b r ie f t o an o r a l o n e . i s not c le a r or s a tis f a c to r y , If rep o rt rep o rt th e n re q u e s t o ra l s im p lific a tio n . b . G en eral 1 . Make u p s o m e s o r t o f a " T i c k l e r * f i l e . A tic k le r f ile or fo ld e rs, m o n th . is a file of card s, sh e e ts id e n tifie d by d a te s in th e T h in g s to b e done on c e r t a i n d a t e s are f ile d in t h e i r p ro p er p la c e s . on a s p e c i f i c d a t e , it T hen, i s p o s s i b l e to p u l l 120 o u t th e f o ld e r , p ro b le m . o r c a r d s and ta c k le each A l a r g e m o n th ly c a le n d a r can s e r v e t h e sam e p u r p o s e , t o a l i m i t e d e x te n t. T ask s o r a p p o in tm e n ts can be e n te r e d i n th e sq u ares. The s i n g l e sh e e t h as th e a d v a n ta g e o f g i v i n g an o v e r a l l v ie w o f a m o n th a t a g l a n c e . 2 . U se d i t t o e d o r m im e o g r a p h e d f o r m s f o r r o u t i n e m em o s, s u c h a s f o r a t t a c h m e n t t o m a t e r i a l to b e s e n t to so m eo n e e l s e , o r c irc u la te d . 3* Make maximum u s e o f a n ic a l d e v ic e s to c l e r i c a l h e lp a n d m ech­ s im p lif y w ork. a m p le , d ic ta p h o n e s a r e a v a i la b l e For ex­ and i f p r o p e r l y u s e d c a n s a v e m uch o f a s e c r e t a r y ’ s tim e ♦ k* I f b u s y w hen s t u d e n t s , o f o t h e r f a c u l t y m e m b e rs d r o p i n , s u g g e s t a t i m e w hen t h e y m ay r e t u r n . 5 . And l a s t , b u t n o t l e a s t — go t o w o r k e a r l y , b e fo re th e ru sh b e g in s . A l o t can be a c ­ c o m p lish e d i n th e h o u r b e f o r e e v e ry o n e e l s e a r r i v e s and th in g s b e g in to " h u m ." g o home e a r l y w h i l e e v e r y o n e e l s e Then is ru sh in g t o g e t c a u g b t up b e f o r e q u i t t i n g t i m e . 121 ff°r F u r t h e r S tu d y b y A d m i n i s t r a t i v e P e r s o n n e l As w as i n d i c a t e d th is in th e i n t r o d u c t i o n to P a r t A o f S e c t i o n , som e o f t h e m ade a s s p e c i f i c rec o m m e n d atio n s c o u ld n o t b e su g g e stio n s* They r e q u i r e fu rth e r stu d y and d e l i b e r a t i o n b y th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o r b y c o m m itte e s* Some c o u l d b e p a r c e l l e d o u t a s s p e c i a l s h o u ld a l s o b e re e m p h a siz e d h e re g e stio n s i n S e c tio n A m e r it f u r t h e r stu d y * 1. T hey w e r e th e y p e rta in e d to a re a s of o p e ra tio n . B e lo w a r e b r i e f l y w h ic h i t It t h a t m any o f t h e s u g ­ i n c l u d e d ab o v e b e c a u s e i t was f e l t sp e c ific a ssig n m e n ts. is fe lt lis te d re q u ire some p r o b l e m s o r p r o j e c t s f u r th e r stu d y . S tu d y , a m p lif y , and rew o rk th e o b j e c t i v e s o f th e S ch o o l of E n g in e e rin g a s s t a t e d of th is re p o rt. a t i o n o f th e fu lly It in i s e s s e n t i a l to se c tio n I I B th e b e s t o p e r ­ S chool t h a t th e o b je c tiv e s be c a r e ­ e sta b lis h e d , a s a b a sis fo r p o lic ie s , r i c u l a , p ro ced u res, e tc . The same cu r­ sh o u ld be done f o r each d e p a rtm e n t. 2. W ork o u t g e n e r a l p o l i c i e s , b a s e d on t h e a s g u id in g p r i n c i p l e s f o r th e S c h o o l, and i t s 3. o p e ra tio n of th e d e p a rtm e n ts. Make up a c o m p l e t e , o r g a n i z a t i o n m a n u a l f o r t h e School and fo r 4. o b je c tiv e s, each d e p a rtm e n t. D raw up o p e r a t i n g p r o c e d u r e s f o r a l l m a j o r d e ­ ta ils o f o p e r a t i o n of th e S ch o o l and d e p a r tm e n ts . 122 (S ev eral a re a s are th is 5* in d ic a te d i n w h ic h p r o c e d u r e s a r e n e c e s s a r y in th is l i s t , and in p a r t A of se c tio n )* W o rk o u t a p l a n f o r m a k in g up t h e a n n u a l b u d g e t o f th e S chool and d e p a rtm e n ts. 6* D raw up a p r o c e d u r e w h e r e b y i t is p o ss ib le fo r t h e F i n a n c e o f f i c e t o m ake a m o n t h l y r e p o r t t o each d e p a rtm e n t, on t h e sta n d in g o f each o f i t s a c c o u n t s* 7* O u tlin e th e g en eral d u tie s , sp o n s ib ilitie s a b e g in n in g , of th e th e re fu n c tio n s, and re ­ in stru c tio n a l a re q u o te d h e r e , sta ff* As fu n c tio n s o f a te a c h e r a s re p o rte d by th e P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m i s s i o n o n H i n d e r E d u c a t i o n : * 1*0 1* T e a c h e f f e c t i v e l y a l l t h o s e who a r e a d m i t t e d and w ish to b e ta u g h t • 2* T e a c h n o t o n l y t h e y o u t h b u t a l s o t h o s e a d u l t s who a r e s e e k i n g f u r t h e r k n o w l e d g e o r s k i l l s . 3* G u i d e a n d c o u n s e l s t u d e n t s i n t h e i r a d j u s t m e n t to a d u lth o o d and c a r e e r s * I n s t i l l some o f th e i n s i g h t , b ro ad l e a r n i n g , d e s i r a b l e s o c i a l a t t i t u d e s , i n t e l l e c t u a l c u r i o s i t y , and o th e r p e r s o n a l q u a l i t i e s w ith w h ic h t h e f a c u l t y m em ber h i m s e l f s h o u l d b e end ow ed* 4* C o n d u c t t h e r e s e a r c h t h a t i s b a s i c t o a n u n d e r ­ s t a n d in g an d m a ste ry o f t h e f o r c e s o p e r a t i v e in th is p h y s ic a l, s o c ia l, and s p i r i t u a l w o rld . 5 . A id t h e s t u d e n t i n c o m p re h en d in g t h e r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n r e s e a r c h and a c t i o n . 6 . A d m i n i s t e r t h e s y s t e m o f h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n so t h a t i t s e r v e s a s a m o d e l o f g o o d m anagem ent an d e v id e n c e s t h a t th e a c a d e m ic ia n h im s e lf can s y n th e s iz e re s e a rc h and a c tio n . 7 . D e v elo p a n d p r o v i d e th e i n s t r u c t i o n a l t o o l s p. ^ P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m is s io n on H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n , o p . c i t . , 3. 123 w ith w h ic h to f u r t h e r t h e s e e n d s . 8 . P la n c o n s t a n t l y to m eet th e dem ands t h a t s o c i e t y i n c r e a s in g l y p la c e s on th e h ig h e r e d u c a tio n sy s te m . 9* L e a d t h e c o m m u n ity i n s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l e n te rp ris e s . 8. C o n s id e r t h e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a pro g ram f o r th e tr a in in g of c a re e r o f f ic e r s in e d u c a tio n a l ad ­ m in is tr a tio n a t th e c o lle g e l e v e l. 9* M ake a d e t a i l e d stu d y of th e p ro b lem o f w o rk lo a d s f o r t e a c h e r s t o a r r i v e a t a fo rm u la by w h ic h an e q u i t a b l e l o a d can b e e s t a b l i s h e d . D ue c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o w o rk i n v o l v e d i n g u i d i n g g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s on t h e s e s , w o rk , a d v an ced s tu d y , w r i t i n g , sp e c ia l 10. a ssig n m e n ts, S tu d y t h e s a l a r y c o m m itte e w o rk , e tc . sc h e d u le i n te rm s of w hat a f a c u l t y m em ber w o u ld e a r n i f The e d u c a t i o n a l f i e l d e m p lo y e d i n a r e m any i n t a n g i b l e th e te a c h in g p ro fe s s io n , m e n su ra te w ith sa la ry s e r v ic e e x p e c te d . E n g in e e rin g sh o u ld b e a b le p ra c tic in g e n g in e e rs in to s a t i s f i e d w ith in d u stry . c a n n o t c o u n t e x c l u s i v e l y on f i n d i n g p e r s o n s who " w a n t t o t e a c h . " tru e th a t th e re research W h il e it is a d v a n ta g e s to s h o u l d b e com­ The S c h o o l o f t o draw to p n o tc h th e p ro fe s s io n — not be l e s s e r p e rso n s b e ca u se of th e ary s c a le . Some o f t h e P re s id e n ts C o m m issio n o n H ig h e r E d u c a t i o n sa l­ rec o m m e n d atio n s o f t h e 124 a r e q u o te d a s g u id e s : a. b. c. d. e. 11. 41 The b e g in n in g s a l a r y s h o u ld b e s u f f i c i e n t l y h i ^ i to m eet c o m p e titio n and to a t t r a c t o u t ­ s ta n d in g t a l e n t . T h e re s h o u ld be e a r l y i n c r e a s e s i n s a l a r y s u f ­ f i c i e n t to h o ld e x c e l l e n t t e a c h e r s and r e ­ search s p e c i a li s t s . T he s a l a r y s c h e d u l e s h o u l d p r o v i d e f o r r e a s o n ­ a b le in c r e a s e s i n s a l a r y , b a se d upon s a t i s ­ f a c to r y p erfo rm an ce, w ith in each c a te g o ry of ran k . The t y p i c a l s a l a r y s h o u ld p r o v id e f o r th e m a in te n a n c e of r e a s o n a b l e l i v i n g s t a n d a r d s and s h o u ld r e f l e c t r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e i n ­ d i v i d u a l 's w o rth to s o c i e t y . S a la ry p o lic ie s in in d iv id u a l i n s t it u t io n s sh o u ld be d e te rm in e d w ith th e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of fa c u lty re p re s e n ta tiv e s . C o n tin u e w ith th e d e v elo p m e n t o f th e m e rit r a tin g p la n a lre a d y in use. e x c e lle n t C heck i t s ad eq u acy , a c c u ra c y , and a p p l i c a b i l i t y . p la n i s in a c c o rd w ith th e th e P r e s i d e n t 's T h is rec o m m e n d atio n s of C o m m is s io n o n H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n . The r e p o r t d o e s , h o w e v e r, em p h a size th e o f p ro m o tio n i n ra n k a s w e l l a s in im p o rta n c e sa la ry , as p u b l i c r e c o g n i t i o n o f a d v a n c em en t, s i n c e are 12. re la tiv e ly S tu d y th e c o n fid e n tia l. need f o r and a d v is a b ility f u l l tim e s t a f f p e r s o n n e l to a i d tra tio n d e n t's o f th e of a d d i t i o n a l in th e a d m in is­ S c h o o l of E n g in e e r in g . The P r e s i ­ C o m m is s io n o n H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n t h a t one a d m i n i s t r a t o r i s te a c h e rs, sa la rie s needed f o r su g g e sts each f i f t e e n r e s e a r c h e r s , and c o u n s e lo r s . ^ o p . c i t . , p. 53, 54 I t fu rth e r 125 s ta te s th a t a p ro p o rtio n sh o u ld e x i s t a s f o llo w s : T each e rs, re s e a rc h e rs , and c o u n se lo rs A d m in is tra to rs S p e c ia l S e rv ic e P e rso n n e l 13* h2 85$ 9% 6$ M ake a s t u d y o f t h e n e c e s s a r y q u a l i f i c a t i o n s fo r a n a d m i n i s t r a t o r in t h e S c h o o l o f E n g in e e rin g * L i s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d e s ir e d and e v a lu a te e ach as a b a sis fo r s e le c tio n f u l l c o g n iz a n c e o f th e in th e fu tu re * fa c t th a t Take an a d m i n i s t r a t o r sh o u ld be an e x e c u t i v e , a n d n o t e x c l u s i v e l y a stu d e n t, sc h o la r, 14 * Conduct a c r i t i c a l or s c ie n tis t. s tu d y of th e v a lu e o f th e D o c to r o f P h ilo s o p h y d e g re e in th e a p p lie d sc ie n c e s. stu d e n ts , W eigh c a r e f u l l y t h e v a l u e t o d e p a r tm e n t, and t o th e th e p erso n h im s e lf, o f a d v a n c e d a c a d e m ic w o rk v e r s u s d o w n - t o - e a r t h , p r a c t ic a l e x p e rie n c e in h is fie ld of s p e c ia liz a ­ tio n . 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