6 9 -2 0 ,9 3 1

SHAFFER, Bernard Leroy, 1935PAL YNOLOGY OF THE MICHIGAN "RED
BEDS".
Michigan State University, Ph.D., 1969
Paleontology
University Microfilms, Inc., A nn Arbor, M ichigan

PALYNOLOGY OP THE MICHIGAN "RED BEDS"
By
B ernard L ero y S h a f f e r

A THESIS

S u b m itte d t o
M i c h ig a n S t a t e
In p a r t i a l

U n iv e rsity

f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts
f o r th e d eg ree o f

DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY

D e p a rtm e n t o f G eo lo g y

1969

ABSTRACT
PALYNOLOGY OP THE MICHIGAN "RED BEDS"
BY
BERNARD L . SHARPER

A p a l y n o l o g l o a l s t u d y o f t h e p r o b l e m a t i c "R ed B eds"
In t h e s u b s u r f a c e M ic h ig a n B a s in h a s b e e n u n d e r t a k e n
p rim a rily to e s ta b lis h

th e ir tlm e -s tra tlg ra p h lc p o s itio n ,

a n d t o d e v e l o p i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e g e o g r a p h i c ,
e o o lo g ic , and c lim a tic
a re a s f o r th e

flo ra l,

h i s t o r y o f th e b a s in and a d j a c e n t

tim e I n t e r v a l r e p r e s e n t e d .

A c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e "R ed B e d s" s p o r e / p o l l e n a s s e m b l a g e
w ith e s ta b lis h e d

tim e r a n g e s o f d i a g n o s t i c

C anada, E u ro p e, and A u s tr a l ia ,
b e tw e e n e a r l y

s p e c i e s fro m

in d ic a te s a J u r a s s ic age

B a th o n ia n and l a t e

O x fo rd ia n .

P re v io u sly ,

th e s e d e p o s its have been c o n s id e re d " P e rm o -C a rb o n ife ro u s".
T h is i s

th e

f i r 3t d o c u m e n ta tio n o f J u r a s s l o

th e M is s is s ip p i R iv e r,

ex cep t in

A tla n tic C o a sta l P ro v in c e s .

ro o k s e a 3t o f

t h e s u b s u r f a c e G u lf and

A s im ila r age i s

e sta b lis h e d

f o r t h e F o r t D odge F o r m a t i o n o f c e n t r a l I o w a .
S i x t y - f o u r s p o re and p o lle n

sp e o ie s a ssig n e d to

g e n e ra a re d e s c rib e d and i l l u s t r a t e d .
e x a m in e d ,

In a l l

31

sa m p le s

th e genus C la s s o p o llls I n v a r ia b ly a c c o u n ts f o r

m o re t h a n 70 p e r c e n t ( r e l a t i v e a b u n d a n c e ) o f t h e e n t i r e
a sse m b la g e .

P te rid o p h y te

s p o r e s p e c i e s , a l l o f w h io h have

lo w r e l a t i v e

fre q u e n c ie s,

c o m p r i s e 39 p e r c e n t o f t h e f l o r a

They h a v e b e e n a s s i g n e d

to

th e E q u is e t a o e a e , L y o o p o d ia o e a e

B ern ard L. S h a f f e r
S e la g in e lla c e a e ,
C y a th e a c e a e .
to

O sm undaoeae, H y m e n o p h y lla c e a e , and

S ix ty -o n e p e ro e n t o f th e s p e c ie s a re a s s ig n e d

t h e g y m n o sp e rm f a m i l i e s C y o a d a c e a e , G l n k g o a o e a e ,

P in a o e a e ,

P o d o o arp aceae, A ra u o a ria c e a e ,

C h la m y d o sp e im a le s.

One p t e r i d o s p e r m

No a n g i o s p e r m p o l l e n
I t is

C u p re ssa c e a e , and

s p e c i e s w as r e c o r d e d .

o r m a r in e b i o t a w ere i d e n t i f e d .

o o n o lu d ed t h a t d e p o s i t i o n o f t h e

o o c u rre d in f l u v i a t l l e

and s h a llo w ,

"R ed B e d s "

o x id iz in g la c u s tr in e

e n v iro n m e n ts s u b s e q u e n t t o s t r u c t u r a l s u b s id e n c e o f th e
M ic h ig a n B a s i n .
Ju ra ss ic

A m a rin e t r a n s g r e s s i o n

seas in to

t h e M ic h ig a n B a s in i s p o s s i b l e ,

n o t n e c e s s a ry a s a so u rce
a rid

to

o f W este rn I n t e r i o r
but is

f o r t h e o a lc lu m s u l p h a t e .

su b a rld c lim a te s a re

Warm

i n d ic a t e d by th e p o s i t io n

o f t h e M ic h ig a n B a sin w i t h i n a g l o b a l J u r a s s i c e v a p o r i t e
b e lt,

b y t h e o l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d a n d w i d e s p r e a d gy psu m a n d

th e red b e d f a c i e s , and by th e i n f e r r e d x e ro p h y tio a s p e c t
of lo c a l flo ra s .

E x t e n s i v e p l a i n s p e r i p h e r a l t o t h e "R e d

B eds" b a s i n w e re p r o b a b l y i n h a b i t e d

by a d e s e r t - l i k e

flo ra

d o m in a te d by t h e p l a n t w h ic h p ro d u c e d G l a s s o p o l l l s .
C o n i f e r o u s c o m m u n i t i e s m i g h t h a v e o o c u r r e d on u p l a n d s t o
th e n o r t h and n o r th w e s t.
to

T he l e s s

common m e s i o t r o p i c a l

s u b t r o p i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t s o f t h e p a ly n o lo g lo a l a sse m b la g e

o o n c e lv a b ly w ere d e r iv e d

fro m r l v e r l l n e

stre a m v a ll e y s p e n e t r a t i n g th e u p la n d s .

a s s o c ia tio n s in

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T h is s t u d y was I n s t i g a t e d
th e d ir e c tio n
i n t e r e s t in
th e f i e l d

and c a r r i e d

o f D r. A u re a l T. C r o s s .

th e s tu d y ,

th ro u g h u n d e r

F o r h i s keen p e rs o n a l

f o r u n t i r i n g o f f e r o f h i s tim e f o r

c o lle c tio n o f referen ce m a te ria ls ,

g e n i a l a tm o sp h e re p r o v id e d ,

and f o r t h e

th e a u th o r e x te n d s a deep

sense o f g r a titu d e .
D r. J .
a n d D r.

E. S m ith ,

D r. J .

E . C a n t l o n , D r . C. E. P r o u t y ,

B. T S a n d e f u r o f f e r e d m any s u g g e s t i o n s w h i c h a r e

in c o rp o ra te d

in

th e t e x t .

D r . S t a n l e y A. P o c o o k g e n e r o u s l y

m ade a v a i l a b l e a n u n p u b l i s h e d m a n u s c r i p t o f h i s c o m p r e ­
h e n s iv e p a l y n o l o g l o a l s tu d y o f t h e w e s te r n C an ad ian J u r a s s i c .
N u m e ro u s "R ed Beds** t h i c k n e s s d a t a w e r e s u p p l i e d by D r . J .
A. D o r r ,

U n i v e r s i t y o f M ic h ig a n .

A c k n o w l e d g m e n ts a r e a l s o

e x te n d e d

to

th e M ic h ig a n

G e o lo g ic a l S u rv ey and th e S u b s u rfa c e L a b o ra to ry o f th e
U n i v e r s i t y o f M io h ig an f o r m ak in g a v a i l a b l e
to rie s

of su b su rface

sa m p le s.

th e ir re p o si­

E q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p l i e s w e r e

p r o v i d e d b y t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f G e o lo g y , M ic h ig a n S t a t e
U n iv e rsity .
The w r i t e r i s

e sp e c ia lly

g ra te fu l

to D r. N a p ie r S.

A ld r ic h f o r h i s g e n u in e i n t e r e s t and c o n s t a n t e n c o u ra g e m e n t.

TABLE OP CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ I
PALYNOLOGIC MATERIALS AND METHODS OP STUDY...........................4
DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY OF THE "RED B E D S " ......................................8
AGE OF THE "RED B E D S " ............................................................................ 22
FLORA OF THE "RED B E D S " ....................................................................... 37
PALEOGEOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS....................................................... * 7
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, CLIMATE, AND ECOLOGY OF
THE "RED BEDS".............................................................

60

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................... 79
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS ....................................................
|

. . .

85

I n t r o d u c t i o n .............................................................................................85
G l o s s a r y o f D e s o r l p t l v e T erm s .

.

.

D e s c rip tio n s o f P te rld o p h y te S p o res
D e s c r i p t i o n s o f G ym nosperm P o l l e n

........................ 86
..........................

91

.................................1 1 3

BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................... 1 7 7
PLATES...................................................................................................................1 8 7
APPENDIX - L IS T OF WELLS FROM WHICH SAMPLES WERE
OBTAINED FOR PALYNOLOGICAL ANALYSES......................................2^5

J

I

111

LIST OF TABLES

T a b le 1

- B o ta n io a l A f f i n i t i e s

o f t h e “ Red B e d s"

P a l y n o m o r p h s ................................................................................. U6
T a b le 2

- L i s t and L o c a tio n o f

tv

W e l l s S a m p l e d ................. 2^6

LIST OP FIGURES

F ig u re

1 . L o c a t i o n s o f w e l l s I n c e n t r a l M i c h i g a n fro m
w h i c h "R ed B e d s" w e r e s a m p l e d f o r p a l y n o l o g l ­
o a l a n a l y s i s ..............................................................................................6

F ig u re

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e M i c h i g a n "R ed B e d s "

F ig u re

3* I s o p a o h map o f t h e M i c h i g a n "R ed B e d s " ......................... 1 3

F ig u re

4 . S t r u c t u r a l p a n e l d i a g r a m , w i t h r e s t o r e d "Red
B e d s " l l t h o f a c l e s ............................................................................1 6

F ig u re

5 . H i s t o g r a m s o f s e l e c t e d p a l y n o m o r p h s I n "Red
B e d s " a n d o t h e r N o r t h A m e r ic a n J u r a s s i c a n d
E a r l y C r e t a c e o u s f o r m a t i o n s ............................................... 30

F ig u re

6 . R a n g es o f s e l e c t e d M e so z o lo p a ly n o m o rp h
s p e o l e s . . • .................................................... .............................36

F ig u re

7 . Ju ra ss ic

F ig u re

8 . Map s h o w i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n o f J u r a s s i c b e l t o f
e v a p o r l t e s f o r th e n o r t h e r n h e m is p h e re , and
t r a n s i t i o n b e l t I n w h lo h b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n
S i b e r i a n and I n d o - E u r o p e a n p a l e o f l o r l s t l o
p ro v ln o e s m ig ra te d In th e J u r a s s i c o f E u r a s ia

. 69

9* M o r p h o l o g y o f some s e l e c t e d

. 90

F ig u re

• .

p a le o g e o g r a p h y o f N o r th A m e ric a.

v

.

. . .

g y m n o sp e rm p o l l e n

• 10

^9

INTRODUCTION

The t i m e - s t r a t l g r a p h i c p o s i t i o n
"R ed B eds" o f M ic h ig a n h a s r e m a in e d ,

o f th e s o -c a lle d
sin o e t h e i r d is c o v e ry

in 1908, an e n ig m a tio and c o n t r o v e r s i a l c h a p te r in
g e o l o g i c h i s t o r y o f t h e M L ohigan B a s i n .
e v a p o rite

sequence, c e n tr a lly lo c a te d

o f t h e M ic h ig a n B a s in , l i e s
and P l e ls to o e n e d r i f t .
g ra p h io r e la tio n s h ip ,

th e

T h is re d b e d and

in th e

su b su rface

b e tw e e n L a t e P a l e o z o i c

stra ta

T h is i n c o n c lu s iv e p h y s i c a l s t r a t i and th e f a c t t h a t no p a le o n to lo g io

e v id e n c e had b een d is c o v e r e d p r e v i o u s l y ,

have been th e

p r in o lp a l cau se s f o r th e u n c e r ta in ty re g a rd in g th e age o f
th e se

stra ta .

In th e p a s t th e y have g e n e r a lly been con­

s id e re d to be "P e rm o -C a rb sn ife ro u s".
P re lim in a ry

in v e s tig a tio n

o f t h e p a ly n o m o rp h s p r o v i d e d

e v id e n c e t h a t th e y a r e n e i t h e r P e n n s y lv a n ia n n o r P e rm ia n ,
a s p re s u m e d , b u t r a t h e r o f m e d i a l M e so z o lo a g e .
t h i s age have n o t been p r e v io u s ly re c o g n iz e d

S tra ta of

in th e U n ite d

S t a t e s and s o u th e r n Canada e a s t o f th e M i s s i s s i p p i
e x c e p t in th e

R iv e r,

s u b s u r f a c e A t l a n t i c and G u lf C o a s ta l P r o v in c e s .

T h e r e f o r e , d i s c o v e r y o f M e so z o lo s e d i m e n ts in t h e M lo h ig an
B a sin

is

s i g n i f i c a n t and w a rra n ts a r e - e v a l u a t i o n

s tra tlg ra p h lo ,

p a le o g e o g ra p h lc ,

p a le o o llm a tlo ,

o f th e

and f l o r a l

h i s t o r y o f M lo h ig an a n d a i j a o e n t a r e a s o f t h e n o r t h e a s t
c e n t r a l U n ite d S t a t e s .

2
The s o o p e a n d p u r p o s e o f t h i s
d e ta ile d

stu d y i s

t o make a

ta x o n o m ic and s y s t e m a t i c a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e p a ly n o ­

l o g l o a l a s s e m b la g e r e c o v e r e d fro m t h e
th e d e riv e d d a ta ,

"R e d B e d s " , a n d f r o m

to d e v e lo p in fo rm a tio n

on t h e f o l l o w i n g

o b je c tiv e s*
1)

To e s t a b l i s h

and to o o r r e l a t e

f o r t h e "R ed B e d s " a r e a s o n a b l e g e o o h r o n o l o g y
th e s e s t r a t a w ith th o se o f s i m i l a r age

d e p o s i t e d i n a r e a s o u t s i d e t h e M lo h ig an B a sin *
2)

To c o n s i d e r t h e g e o l o g y a n d p a l e o g e o g r a p h y r e l a t i v e

to

t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e s t r u c t u r a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e M ic h ig a n
B a sin and a d j a c e n t a r e a s f o r th e tim e I n t e r v a l r e p r e s e n t e d
b y t h e "R ed B e d s " .

I t is

hoped

some c o n t r i b u t i o n

c a n b e m ade

to w a rd r e s o l v i n g q u e s t i o n s o o n o e m ln g th e o r i g i n and d e p o s i­
tio n o f th e s e ro o k s,
o ra to n io

f r e s h w a te r b a s i n , o r by an e p e l r l o

tra n s g re ss e d
3)

e . g . . w ere t h e y d e p o s i t e d i n an i n t r a -

fro m o u t s i d e t h e M lo h ig an B a s in ?

To d e m o n s t r a t e , w h e n e v e r p o s s i b l e ,

b e t w e e n m e m b e rs o f t h e s p o r e / p o l l e n
c a te g o rie s,

s e a w h lo h

g e n e tlo c o n sa n g u in ity

f l o r a and n a t u r a l p h y l e t l o

and t o r e o o n s tr u o t th e t e r r e s t r i a l

f l o r a s w h lo h

in h a b ite d a re a s p e rip h e r a l to th e d e p o s ltlo n a l s i t e
"R ed B e d s " .

P r e lim in a ry e x a m in a tio n s re v e a le d

o f th e

t h a t gym no-

s p e r m o u s p o l l e n a r e f a r m o re a b u n d a n t t h a t p t e r l d o p h y t e
sp o res,

b o th in te rm s o f r e l a t i v e

d iv e rs ity .
in

p e r c e n t a g e and s p e o le s

B ecause o f th e u n iq u e n e s s o f s t r a t a o f t h i s age

th e n o r t h e a s t c e n t r a l U n ite d S t a t e s ,

o f th e f lo r a
trib u te

r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e p a ly n o m o rp h s s h o u ld con­

to fu tu re

flo rls tio

a th o ro u g h In v e n to ry

s y n t h e s e s o f N o r th A m erican M e so z o ic

and v e g e ta tio n

zones.

3
k)

To a n p l o j b o t h b i o l o g i c a l a n d p h y s i c a l c r i t e r i a

to

d e t e r m i n e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d o l l m a t l o r e g i m e s i n w h lo h
t h e s e s e d im e n ts w ere d e p o s ite d *

An a t t e m p t w i l l a l s o b e

m ade t o p l a c e t h e "R ed B e d s " i n p r o p e r p e r s p e c t i v e r e l a t i v e
t o g l o b a l M e so z o lo o l l m a t l o an d f l o r a l
P a ly n o lo g y i s

e m p lo y e d i n

zones.

t h i s s tu d y f i r s t and fo re m o st

t o a p p ro a o h a lo n g s ta n d in g g e o o h ro n o lo g lo p ro b le m .
d e te rm in a tio n o f th e b lo s tr a tlg r a p h io p o s itio n
d e p o s i t s 18 t h e r e f o r e o f p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e .

The

o f th e se
The o t h e r

o b j e c t i v e s w i l l h a v e maximum m e a n i n g o n l y w hen I n t e r p r e t e d
w ith in

t h e c o n t e x t o f an a d e q u a te tim e s t r a t i g r a p h y .

p a l y n o l o g l o s t u d y o f t h e "R ed B e d s " p r o v i d e s ,
t im e , an o p p o r t u n i t y t o e l u o l d a t e

A

f o r th e f i r s t

th e g e o lo g lo and f l o r a l

h i s t o r y o f a p r e v i o u s l y u n re o o g n lz e d segm ent o f tim e
re p re se n te d

in

L akes re g io n .

th e s tr a tlg r a p h lo

s u c c e s s io n o f th e G reat

PALYNOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND METHODS OP STUDY

SOURCE OP SAMPLES
As t h e
It

" R e d B e d s'* a r e

w as n e c e s s a r y

C o re

e x p lo it

s a m p le s w o u ld h a r e

auoh p ro v ed
th a n

to

fu tile .

and s u p e rio r

C a b le

to

ro ta ry

a b u n d a n t,

of

of

su rfao e

sa m p le s.

b u t a searo h

o u ttln g s

o u ttln g s ,

ex p o su res,

su b su rfao e

p re fe ra b le ,

to o l

ro ta ry

S u ite s

are

so u rces o f

been

w ere a v a i l a b l e .
to o ls

unknown fro m

fo r

a r e m ore r e l i a b l e

b u t o n ly a

few s u i t e s

s a m p le s from w e l l s d r i l l e d

w ith

and w ere

b u lk

th e

so u ro e

of

th e

sa m p le s s t u d i e d .
R e p o sito rie s

o lu d e d

th e

v e rs ity ,

M lo h ig an

and th e

o f M lo h ig a n .
lo o a tio n

fro m w h lo h m a t e r i a l s
G e o lo g lo a l S u rv e y ,

A lis tin g

of a ll

In te rv a l,

The g e o g r a p h l o

lo c a tio n s

of

w ere

show n I n

P ig .

a re

s a m p le s

Is

I n t e r v a l w ere

g ra p h lo

se le c te d

d is trib u tio n .

In

to

rep resen t

p lo k e d w ith

tw e e z e rs.

U n iv e rs ity

th e

fro m w h lo h

llth o lo g le s

fro m w e l l s

w ith

th e ir

A p p e n d ix .
sa m p le s

C u ttin g s

fro m

fro m

th e

"R ed

o v e r a w id e g e o ­

eaoh d e p th

w e re e x a m in e d u n d e r a b i n o c u l a r m ic r o s c o p e ,
b e lie v e d

U n i­

1.

S a m p le s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
B eds"

th e

stu d ie d ,

In c lu d e d

th e w e lls

In -

M lo h ig an S t a t e

S u b su rfao e L a b o ra to ry a t

and d e p th

ta k e n

w ere o b ta in e d

and

In te rv a l
ro o k o h lp s

t h a t p a r t i c u l a r I n t e r v a l w ere h a n d The p o s s i b i l i t y

4

o f In c o rp o ra tin g

5
o o n ta m in a n ts r e s u l t i n g
m in im iz e d .

fr o m d o w n - h o l e c a v i n g w as t h u s

In a d d itio n *

s a m p le s o f s t r a t a u n d e r l y i n g t h e

"Red B e d s" w e re s e l e c t e d

fo r a n a ly sis.

F or c o m p a ra tiv e p u rp o ses*

sa m p le s w ere a l s o o b ta in e d

fro m t h e L o w er C r e ta o e o u s M a tta g a m i S e r i e s o f t h e Ja m es
Bay r e g i o n o f n o r t h e r n O n t a r i o *

fr o m t h e J u r a s s i c M o r r i s o n ,

S u n d an o e, and " R a ls to n C reek" F o rm a tio n s o f t h e w e s te r n
U n ite d S ta te s *

fr o m t h e J u r a s s l o a n d e a r l y

th e G u lf C o a s ta l P ro v in o e ,

C re ta o e o u s o f

and fro m t h e J u r a s s l o

F o r t Dodge

F o rm a tio n o f n o r t h o e n t r a l Io w a.
SAMPLE PREPARATION
A few g ram s o f m a t e r i a l fro m e a o h sa m p le was w ash ed
in w a te r o r d i l u t e

h y d r o o h l o r l o a o ld t o rem ove o a k ed d r i l l i n g

m uds and o t h e r p o s s i b l e

s o u r c e s .o f s u r f i o l a l c o n ta m in a tio n .

C a r b o n a t e s w e r e t h e n re m o v e d b y t r e a t m e n t w i t h h y d r o c h l o r i c
a c i d a n d , a f t e r w ash in g *
in

h y d ro flu o rlo a d d .

s i l i c a t e s w ere d i g e s t e d

F l u o r o s l l l c a t e s and s l l i o a

r e m a in in g i n t h e r e s i d u e w ere d i s s o l v e d
o h lo rlo a o id .

f o r Zk h o u r s

In h o t d i l u t e

g e ls
hy d ro ­

M i n o r a m o u n t s o f o o m m ln u te d o r g a n i o d e t r i t u s

r e m a in in g i n t h e r e s i d u e w ere u s u a l l y r e a d i l y o x i d i z e d and
d i s p e r s e d b y b r i e f t r e a t m e n t i n f i v e p e r c e n t s o d iu m h y p o ­
c h lo rite

(o o m m e ro ia l C l o r o x ) .

te ris tlo a lly

d e e p b ro w n t o a m b e r c o l o r e d p a l y n o m o r p h s w as

re d u c e d by t h i s b r i e f o x i d a t i o n
s u ffic ie n tly
to

The o p a c i t y o f t h e o h a r a o -

tra n sp a re n t.

ln o re a se c o n tr a s t.

t o a p o i n t w h e r e t h e y w e re

S t a i n i n g w as r a r e l y n e c e s s a r y

The s w i r l i n g t e c h n i q u e w a s s o m e t i m e s

u s e d t o rem ove e x o e s s i v e p a r t i o u l a t e m i n e r a l m a t t e r an d
l a r g e r o rg an io d e t r i t u s .

OS CEOLA

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25
MILES
KENT

F i g u r e 1« - L o c a t i o n s o f w e l l s I n c e n t r a l M i c h i g a n f r o m w h i c h
"R ed B e d s ” w e r e s a m p l e d f o r p a l y n o l o g i c a n a l y s i s *

7
M l o r o s l l d e s o f t h e r e s i d u e s w e re p r e p a r e d by t h e d o u b le
l a y e r e d m o u n t i n g m edium m e t h o d .
o e llu lo se

A th in

film

o f h y d ro x y e th y l

o o n t a l n l n g t h e r e s i d u e w as s p r e a d u n i f o r m l y o v e r

a c o v e rsllp ,

a n d w hen t h i s

f i l m w as d r y ,

I n v e r te d o n , and th e r e b y a f f i x e d
o f C a n a d a B a ls a m p l a c e d

to

t h e c o v e r s l l p w as

th e s l i d e by, a d ro p

In th e o e n t e r o f th e s l i d e .

SOME PRELIMINARY RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS
A t o t a l o f 1 1 3 s a m p l e s t a k e n f r o m 29 w e l l s s p r e a d o v e r
s e v e n o o u n t l e s In o e n t r a l M lo h ig an w ere p r e p a r e d .
m o r p h s w e r e r e o o v e r e d f r o m 7** o f t h e s e

sa m p le s.

P a ly n o The m o s t

p r o d u c t i v e l l t h o l o g l e s w ere l i g h t g r a y t o g r e e n i s h - g r a y
s h a le s and s l l t s t o n e s .

T hese l l t h o l o g l o u n i t s a l s o u s u a l ly

y ie ld e d b e tt e r p reserv ed
a ls o

sp e c im e n s.

S p o r e s and p o l l e n w ere

fo u n d In b ed d ed gypsum , and r e d d is h - b r o w n o l a y s t o n e s ,

sh a le s,

and s l l t s t o n e s .

L a te P a le o z o lo g ray to b la o k s h a le s

a n d s l l t s t o n e s u n d e r l y i n g t h e "R e d B e d s " .w e re f r e q u e n t l y
q u ite p ro d u c tiv e .
R e d e p o s lte d p a ly n o m o rp h s d e r i v e d
P a le o z o lo

from t h e e r o s i o n o f

s t r a t a d u r i n g "R ed B e d s " d e p o s i t i o n w e r e p r e s e n t

I n a fe w s a m p l e s , b u t t h e y w e r e a l w a y s r a r e .

P e n n sy lv a n ia n

and p e rh a p s M ls s ls s lp p la n s p o r e s and p o lle n n o te d In th e
"R ed B e d s " I n c l u d e s p e o l e s o f C a l a m o s p o r a . F l o r l n l t e s .
L a e v l g a t o s p o r l t e s . D e n s o s p o r l t e s . and V e r r u o o s o s p o r l t e s .
P r o b a b l e D ev o n ian s p o r e s and m lo r o p la n k to n o b s e r v e d w ere
E m p h a n l s p o r l t e s . B a l t l s p h a e r l d l u m . V e ry h ao h lu m . L e l o s p h a e r l d l u m .
L e lo f u s a , and T a s m a n lte s .

C h ltln o z o a ,

a g e , and s o o le o o d o n ts w ere a l s o

p r o b a b l y o f D e v o n ian

reco rd ed .

r e d e p o s l t e d P a l e o z o i c fo x m s a r e I l l u s t r a t e d

S e v e ra l o f th e se
on P l a t e

22.

DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY OP T IE "RED BEDS"

P re -P ie ls to o e n e

stra ta

c o m p r i s i n g t h e M l o h i g a n "R ed

B eds" a r e a p p a r e n t l y r e s t r i c t e d
C e n t r a l M lo h ig an B a s i n .

th e su b su rfa o e o f th e

E v id e n c e o f t h e i r v e r y e x i s t e n c e ,

a s w e ll a s t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
stra tlg ra p h lo

to

th ic k n e s s , lith o lo g y ,

p o s i t i o n w as u n a v a i l a b l e u n t i l

th e ad v en t o f

b e d ro c k w a te r w e ll and d e e p e r e x p lo r a to r y d r i l l i n g
c e n tr a l p o rtio n

and

In th e

o f th e S o u th e rn P e n in s u la .

P r io r to 1930,

t h e r e w e re b u t few o a s u a l r e f e r e n c e s t o

th is

s tra tlg ra p h lo u n it,

le ss

th a n one p e r c e n t o f th e s e d im e n ta r y r e o o r d o f M ich i­

g a n , and I t

I s u n o e rta ln

w h lo h v o l u m e t r l o a l l y r e p r e s e n t s

j u s t when t h e e x l s t e n o e o f t h e

"R ed B e d s " b e c a m e d o c u m e n t e d .
w ritte n

P ro b a b ly th e e a r l i e s t

a o o o u n t s w as b y L a n e , e t a l

(1 9 0 9 )*

In th e 1908

a n n u a l r e p o r t o f th e G e o lo g ic S u rv e y o f M lo h ig an .
(1 9 1 ?),

S m ith

r e p o r t e d a p p a r e n t "R ed B e d s " gyp sum o v e r l y i n g

P e n n s y lv a n ia n r e d s a n d s to n e s a t a d e p th o f 93 f e e t i n
w e l l i n c e n t r a l I o n i a C o u n ty .
stra tlg ra p h lo
th e s e

S tric tly

a

on t h e b a s i s o f

s u p e r p o s i t i o n and l l t h o l o g l c

sim ila rity ,

e a r l i e r a o o o u n t s u n d e r s t a n d a b l y l n o l u d e d t h e "R ed

B eds" In a se q u e n o e o f P e n n s y lv a n ia n

s a n d s t o n e s now r e c o g ­

n i z e d a s t h e G ra n d R i v e r G r o u p .
The d e r i v a t i o n
I s lik e w is e o b scu re,

a n d e a r l y u s a g e o f t h e n am e "R ed B e d s"
a l t h o u g h Newoombe ( 1 9 3 1 * 1 9 3 3 )

8

Is

9
c r e d ite d w ith In tro d u c in g th e
s t r a t l g r a p h l o n o m e n c la tu re ,
In c o rp o ra tin g th e se s t r a t a
gan.

term I n t o

in a d d itio n
o n to

K e lly (1 9 3 6 ) d i s c u s s e d

th e M lo h ig an
to d e s c r ib in g and

t h e g e o l o g i c map o f M i c h i ­

t h e se q u e n o e In h i s s tu d y o f

P e n n s y lv a n ia n d e p o s i t s o f M lo h ig an .

Two u n p u b l i s h e d

M a ste r o f S o le n o e t h e s e s have c o n tr i b u te d
o f t h e "R e d B e d s " .

t o t h e k n o w led g e

One, by S w a r tz ( 1 9 5 1 ) t r e s u l t e d

d i s t r i b u t i o n a l map w h l o h a l s o I l l u s t r a t e d

In a

th e n a tu r e o f th e

t o p o g r a p h i c s u r f a c e on w h lo h t h e "R ed B e d s " w e r e d e p o s i t e d .
The o t h e r ( S a n d e r ,

1959) a p p lie d m ln e ra lo g io ,

and th ic k n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n
c o n sid e ra tio n s.

a n a ly s e s to p a le o g e o g ra p h ic

Up t o t h e p r e s e n t t h e "R e d B e d s " ,

o f b lo o h ro n o lo g lo e v ld e n o e ,
sid e re d

se d lm e n to lo g io ,

fo r la c k

have been p r o v i s i o n a l l y con­

" P e rm o -P e n n sy lv a n la n ".

Prom t h e t i m e o f t h e
M lo h ig an B a s i n ,
d is trib u tio n
w ith t h i s
e x o e p tlo n ,

f i r s t m a jo r e x p re s s io n o f th e

p r o b a b ly In t h e L a te S i l u r i a n ,

p a tte rn s

have b o m

s t r u c t u r a l c o m p lex .
b e in g c o n fin e d

se d im e n ta ry

some g e n e t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p
The "R e d B e d s " a r e n o

to th e o e n tr a l p o rtio n

o f th e

S o u th e rn P e n in s u l a w here th e y a r e p r e s e n t o v e r a l l o r m ost
o f C l a m , O s c e o la , M e o o sta ,
C o u n tie s.

Isa b e lla ,

G ra tio t,

a n d M o n tc a lm

P e r i p h e r a l d e p o s i t s and o u t l y i n g e r o s i o n a l

r e m n a n t s o o o u r i n p a r t s o f Ogemaw, Roscom m on, M i s s a u k e e ,
W e x fo rd , L a k e , N ew aygo, K e n t,

Io n ia ,

C l i n t o n , S ag in aw ,

M id la n d , G la d w in , and p o s s i b l y O oeana C o u n tie s .
Irre g u la rly oval d is trib u tio n

p a tte m (F lg .

T h is

2) i n o l u d e s

an a r e a l e x t e n t o f a p p r o x im a te ly 5»500 s q u a r e m i l e s .

10

RED B E D S

M IC H.

IND.

P ig u ro

2m -

OHIO

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h a M i c h i g a n "Rod B e d s " .

11
The b u l k o f t h e t o t a l v o l u m e o f "R e d B e d s " , w h l o h
may o r may n o t r e p r e s e n t I t s d e p o o e n t e r , l i e s

so m e w h a t w e s t

o f t h e o e n t e r o f t h e p r e s e n t M lo h ig an B a s in c o n f i g u r a t i o n ,
as I llu s tr a te d
sto n e

b y s t r u o t u r a l c o n t o u r s on t h e T r e n t o n L im e ­

(C o h ee, 1 9 6 5 , P ig .

d istrib u tio n ,

2 ).

T h r o u g h o u t m o s t o f t h e i r know n

t h e "R ed B e d s " a r e

su p e rJa o e n t to v a rio u s

l l t h o f a o i e s b e l o n g i n g m a i n l y t o t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a n G ra n d
R i v e r G roup.

I n som e p e r i p h e r a l a r e a s o f K e n t , N e w a y g o ,

a n d Ogemaw C o u n t i e s ,
When s a m p l e q u a l i t y
I s a d e q u a te ,

th e y o v e r lie M ls s ls s lp p la n

s tra ta .

In any p a r t i c u l a r s u i t e o f w e ll c u t t i n g s

t h e u n o o n f o r m a b l e b a s e o f t h e "R ed B e d s " c a n

be p ic k e d p h y s i c a l l y and p a l e o n t o l o g l o a l l y w ith o u t d i f f i ­
c u lty .
are

L lth o lo g io a lly ,

s a n d s t o n e s o f t h e G ra n d R i v e r G ro u p

so m e tim e s m ic a c e o u s an d s l i g h t l y

fe ld s p a th lo ,

h a v in g h e m a tltlo p ig m e n ta tio n a r e o f te n
re d d ish -b ro w n

to p u r p lis h

c o lo r th an

n o n - f e l d s p a t h i o b a s a l "Red B e d s " .
are

a ls o o fte n

fria b le

s t a i n e d a m uch d e e p e r

th e n o n -m io a c e o u s and

U n d e rly in g s a n d s to n e s

b e t t e r c e m e n te d , and l e s s

t h a n t h e b a s a l "R ed B e d s " , w h lo h l o c a l l y

g y p slfe ro u s.
sh a le s,

c o a rs e r g ra in e d ,

and th o s e

are

slig h tly

Unknown f r o m t h e "R e d B e d s " a r e g r a y t o b l a c k

and g r a y , m ic a c e o u s ,

so m e tim e s o a rb o n a o e o u s s l l t ­

s t o n e s an d s a n d s t o n e s w h lo h a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
M l s s ls s lp p la n and P e n n sy lv a n ia n

stra ta .

o f u n d e rly in g

F a v o ra b le l l t h -

o l o g i e s on o p p o s i t e s i d e s o f t h e u n c o n f o r m i t y b e t w e e n t h e
"R ed B e d s " a n d P a l e o z o i c
p a ly n o lo g io a lly .

r o o k s oan b e r e a d i l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d

The L a t e P a l e o z o i c

s t r a t a d ip to w ard t h e

o e n t e r o f t h e M ic h ig a n B a s i n , and t h e u p d ip e d g e s o f t h e s e

12
stra ta ,
th e

b e v e le d by e r o s i o n ,

In te rse c t

th e u n c o n fo rm ity a t

b a s e o f t h e "Red B e d s " a t a n a n g l e .

e ro slo n a l

T e o h n lo a lly ,

th e

s u r f a o e c o u ld t h e r e f o r e b e c o n s i d e r e d an a n g u l a r

u n c o n fo rm ity .

The a n g l e o f I n t e r s e c t i o n

a n d some o f t h e d i p o f t h e l a t e
a ttrib u ta b le

to

w ere d e p o s i t e d ,

is

P a le o z o lo

slig h t,

h ow ever,

s t r a t a may b e

t h e p a l e o s l o p e o f t h e s u r f a o e on w h l o h t h e y
r a t h e r th a n to

s t r u c t u r a l d o w n w arp ln g

e n tire ly .
T h l o k n e s s o f t h e "R e d B e d s " r a n g e s f r o m a fe w f e e t a t
th e p e rip h e ry o f t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n
o v e r 200 f e e t I n M e c o s t a C o u n t y .
t h l o k n e s s e s o f 300 t o 4 0 0 f e e t ,
f ro m n u m e r o u s w e l l s f a i l e d
m a g n itu d e .

la ritie s

a maximum o f s l i g h t l y

W h il e C o h e e ( 1 9 6 5 ) r e p o r t e d
an e x a m in a tio n o f sa m p le s

t o o o n flrm th lo k n e s s e s o f t h a t

T h lo k n e ss v a r i e s

of d istrib u tio n ,

to

c o n s id e ra b ly w ith in th e a re a

h a v in g been e x te n s i v e l y m o d ifie d by I r r e g u ­

o f t h e p r e - " R e d B eds" t o p o g r a p h y ,

B eds" and p r e - P l e l s t o o e n e e r o s i o n ,

by p o st-" R e d

and by P l e is to c e n e

g la c ia tio n .
An l s o p a o h map ( F i g .
2 ,0 0 0 w e l l s ,

3 ),

I n c o r p o r a t i n g d a t a fro m o v e r

sh o w s I n a g e n e r a l i z e d m a n n e r t h e "R ed B e d s "

th lo k n e ss tr e n d s .

B ecause o f e x tre m e ly d i s p a r a t e

th lo k n e ss e s

w i t h i n v e r y s h o r t d i s t a n c e s , w h l o h may b e o n l y a p p a r e n t
because o f poor d a ta q u a lity ,
s h i p w as d e t e r m i n e d .

t h e m ean t h i c k n e s s p e r to w n ­

T h is p r o b a b ly te n d e d t o a v e ra g e o u t

u n re a l th lo k n e ss d i s p a r i t i e s ,

a n d p r o v i d e d d a t a m o re

a p p ro p ria te

b e in g used and f o r th e

f o r t h e map s c a l e

I n t e n d e d p u r p o s e o f t h e l s o p a o h m ap.

The a r e a I n c e n t r a l

CONTOUR INTERVAL

2 5 FEET

F i g u r e 3« - I s o p a c h map o f t h e M i c h i g a n "Rod; B e d s "

Ik
M e o o s t a C o u n t y , w h e r e an e x o e s s o f 200 f e e t o o o u r ,

Is p art

o f a m o re o r l e s s n o r t h - s o u t h t r e n d i n g maximum r e p r e s e n t e d
b y t h l o k n e s s e s g r e a t e r t h a n 15 0 f e e t I n c e n t r a l a n d s o u t h e r n
M e o o s t a a n d n o r t h w e s t e r n M o n to a lm C o u n t i e s .

Iso la te d a re as

e x o e e d ln g 125 f e e t I n th lo k n e s s o o o u r In O s o e o la , C la r e ,
and I s a b e l l a C o u n tie s .
The MRed B e d s " t h i n

p r o g r e s s i v e l y fro m t h e s e a r e a s o f

maximum t h l o k n e s s I n t h e o e n t r a l r e g i o n t o
of th e ir areal d istrib u tio n ,

th e p e rip h e r y

and n o m a jo r t h l o k n e s s t r e n d s ,

w h l o h may h a v e r e p r e s e n t e d a x e s o f t h e "R e d B e d s " d e p o s i ­
tio n s ! b a sin ,
tio n

a re a p p a re n t.

H o w e v e r, t h e g r e a t e s t p r o p o r ­

o f th e th lo k e r a re a s I s s itu a te d

s l i g h t l y w e st o f th e

o e n te r of th e p re s e n t d is t r ib u t i o n a l p a tte r n .

T h is u n e q u a l

d is trib u tio n

t h e "R ed

i m p a r t s an a s y m m e tr lo a l a s p e c t t o

B eds" b a s i n .

W h eth er t h i s

o a l s t r u c tu r a l b a sin
w h e th e r I t

r e f l e c t s an o r i g i n a l l y a sy m m e trl­

r e o e l v l n g "R e d B e d s* s e d i m e n t s ,

s i m p l y r e f l e c t s m o re i n t e n s e

on t h e e a s t e r n

s id e of th e b a s in ,

L o b e , w o u ld b e d i f f i c u l t

or

g la o ia l a b ra sio n

e s p e c i a l l y b y t h e S a g in aw

to a s c e r ta in .

Gypsum a n d d o m i n a n t l y r e d d i s h - b r o w n o o l o r e d s h a l e ,
s ilts to n e ,

and s a n d s to n e o o n s t l t u t e

t y p e s o c c u r r i n g I n t h e "R e d B e d s " .
q u a n tita tiv e ly
are

th e

re la tiv e

th e m a jo r l l t h o l o g l c
A tte m p ts to a s s e s s

p r o p o r tio n s o f th e s e se d im e n ts

fa c e d w ith th e I n h e r e n t d i f f i c u l t i e s o f w o rk in g w ith

r o t a r y o u t t l n g sa m p le s,
a ttrib u te d

c h i e f am ong w h l o h a r e s a m p l e m i x i n g

t o down h o l e o a v l n g , a n d t h e q u e s t i o n a b l e r e l i ­

a b i l i t y o f s a m p lin g p ro c e d u re s a t

th e w e ll s i t e .

In a d d itio n ,

15
so ft,

p o o rly in d u ra te d

sa n d sto n e s a re

s h a l e s and* f r i a b l e , w e a k l y c e m e n t e d

o f t e n w ashed o u t an d t h u s a r e u n d e r - r e p r e s e n t e d ,

w h i l e gypsum , b e i n g l e s s

su s c e p tib le to

d is a g re g a tio n d u rin g

t h e d r i l l i n g p r o c e s s , w o u ld t e n d t o b e r e l a t i v e l y o v e r ­
re p re se n te d *
U tiliz in g

th e m o st c o m p le te s e t s o f sa m p le s a v a i l a b l e ,

l i t h o l o g l o l o g s f r o m 56 w e l l s w e r e p r e p a r e d ,

and a s t r u c ­

t u r a l th r e e - d im e n s io n a l p a n e l d iag ra m

(F ig *

fro m t h o s e s a m p le l o g s c o n t a i n i n g t h e

t h l o k e s t and m ost

c o m p le te r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

*0 w as c o n s t r u c t e d

o f t h e "R e d B e d s " i n t e r v a l ,

a n d fro m

t h o s e p r o v i d i n g a maximum g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n *

tio n

The s t r u c t u r a l p r o f i l e s

illu s tra te d

p r o v i d e som e i n d i c a ­

o f th e p re s e n t a tt i tu d e

o f th e u n o o n fo rm a b le s u r f a c e

l y i n g b e n e a t h t h e "R e d B e d s " .

From t h e n o r t h e a s t s e c t o r o f

t h e "R ed B e d s " d i s t r i b u t i o n

s o u t h e a s t O g e m a w 'C o u n ty , w h e r e

In

t h e b a s e o f t h e "R ed B e d s " i s
sea le v e l,

t h e u n c o n f o r m i t y s l o p e s p r o g r e s s i v e l y dow n w ard

in a s o u th w e s te rly d ir e c tio n *
C o u n ty t h i s
sea le v e l,

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 700 f e e t a b o v e

In s o u th w e s te rn O so eo la

s u r f a o e h as p lu n g e d to a lm o s t 400 f e e t above
w hereupon th e s lo p e

to w a rd th e w e s te r n l i m i t s

is

rev ersed

in a d ir e c tio n

o f ^ t h e "R e d B e d s " , r i s i n g t o

a b o u t 460 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v e l

in s o u t h - c e n t r a l L ake C o u n ty .

I n n o r t h - c e n t r a l M id lan d t h e b a s a l u n c o n f o r m i ty i s
a b o v e s e a l e v e l , and from t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n
w here i t

Is

20 f e e t h i g h e r ,

it

430 f e e t

p a r t o f th e o o u n ty ,

s lo p e s u n ifo rm ly w e stw a rd ,

r e a o h e s a maximum d e p t h o f 350 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v e l i n
n o rth w e ste rn

Isa b e lla

C o u n ty , and th e n a s o e n d s v e r y g r a d u a l l y

16

O

iLOCATION OF WELL
Q

DATUM

5 0 0 ’ ABOVE

S.L.

SANDSTONE
r ^ £ | SHALE

\

"\

GYPSUM

fry
100-

MILES

F i p i r e k« -

S t r u c t u r a l p a n e l d ia g ra m , w ith r e s to r e d
"R e d B e d s " l i t h o f a c i e s *

17
s o u t h w e s t e r l y t o a n e l e v a t i o n o f n e a r 300 f e e t I n e a s t o e n t r a l N ew aygo C o u n t y .
u n i f o r m l y w e stw a rd

The u n c o n f o r m i t y l i k e w i s e d i p s

fro m an e l e v a t i o n

o f ^30 f e e t i n n o r t h ­

w e s t e r n G r a t i o t C o u n t y t o a d e p t h o f 320 f e e t I n n o r t h o e n t r a l K e n t C o u n ty ,
It

re v e rts

and from t h i s p o i n t s o u th w e s tw a r d ly ,

s h a r p l y u p w a r d t o a h e i g h t o f a l m o s t 500 f e e t i n

w e s t - e e n t r a l K ent C o u n ty .
In a g e n e ra l s e n s e ,

th e

s u r f a o e m ark in g th e b a se o f th e

"R ed B e d s " s l o p e s b a s l n w a r d a t a so m e w h a t m o re g e n t l e a n g l e
on t h e e a s t e r n

fla n k s o f th e b a sin

r e s u l t i n g a sy m m e try ,
o f th e lim ite d

t h a n on t h e w e s t .

The

th o u g h I m p e r f e c t ly d e fin e d b e c a u se

q u a n ti t y and q u a l i t y o f d a ta ,

ro u g h ly c o in c id e s

w ith th e a sy m m e tric a l th lo k n e s s p a t t e r n s d is c u s s e d p r e v io u s ly .
R e sto re d l l t h o f a o l e s ,

c o n stru c te d

llth o lo g io d a ta f o r each w e ll,
d e v e lo p m e n t, and a s v a r i a b l e
n ess d istrib u tio n s*

a re e x tre m e ly l o c a liz e d

in l a t e r a l

in

c o n tin u ity as th ic k ­

One o f t h e m o s t p e r s i s t e n t l l t h o f a o l e s

i s a b a s a l f i n e t o m edium g r a i n e d
fo rm a b ly upon th e P a le o z o lo

sa n d sto n e r e s t i n g unoon-

su rfao e.

a lm o st th ro u g h o u t th e e n t i r e t y o f th e
e x te n t.

fro m s u p e rim p o s e d

T h is f a c i e s

Is p resen t

"R ed B e d s " a r e a l

T h is q u a r t z o s e s a n d s t o n e so m e tim e s g r a d e s l a t e r a l l y

i n t o and i s

In te rb e d d e d w ith s l l t s t o n e s and s h a l e s .

A m ax­

imum t h l o k n e s s o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60 f e e t h a s b e e n r e c o r d e d
f o r t h i s u n i t in s e v e r a l w e lls ,
30 f e e t t h i c k .

but It

R e d d ish -b ro w n h u e s a r e

Is u su a lly le s s
th e r u l e ,

th an

b u t th e

18
v a ria b le

I n t e n s it y o f th e h e m a titlo p ig m e n ta tio n

a fu n o tlo n

o f th e p ro p o rtio n o f s l i t

Is la rg e ly

and o la y m a tric e s *

G le a n a n d w e l l s o r t e d

san d s o f te n have o n ly a f a i n t l i g h t

red t i n t ,

and c la y e y sa n d s h av e a d e e p e r r e d d i s h -

w h ile s i l t y

bro w n c o l o r .
In t h i n

G re e n ish m o ttlin g has been r a r e l y o b se rv e d

p e r i p h e r a l sa n d s t h a t p re su m a b ly r e p r e s e n t u p d lp

e q u iv a le n ts o f th is u n it.

The w e l l -

to p o o rly -s o rte d

r a n g e from an u n c o n s o l i d a t e d and f r i a b l e
m o d e ra te c e m e n ta tio n .
te rlstio

sta te

w ith th e r e d d is h p ig m e n ta tio n o f th e sa n d ,
and re d m o ttle d a p p e a r a n c e .

C o n o e iv a b ly t h i s

and,

a o h arao to g e th e r

p ro d u o es a w h ite

I n m any s a m p l e s t h e q u a r t z

sand g r a i n s a r e c o m p le te ly I s o l a t e d
m a trix .

t o one o f

W h it e g y p s i f e r o u s c e m e n t i s

f e a t u r e o b s e rv e d In n um erous w e l l s ,

sands

in

th e g y p s ife ro u s

gyp sum c e m e n t r e p r e s e n t s t h e

t r a c e o f l o c a l i z e d a u to c h th o n o u s s e d i m e n t a r y p a t t e r n s w h ich
have been m o d ifie d and a lm o s t o b l i t e r a t e d , by a d o m in a tin g
a llo o h th o n o u s o l a s t i o

in flu x .

A s so c ia te d re d d ish -b ro w n

s h a l e s and s i l t s t o n e s

o f th e b a s a l u n i t a r e

s o f t and u s u a l l y

have an e a r t h y t e x t u r e .
Gypsum i s

th e o n ly r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f an a u to c h th o n o u s

se d im e n ta ry p a t t e r n
c a rb o n a te s,

known.

a re la c k in g .

m ost a b u n d an t c o n s t i t u e n t ,

S a lt, o th e r e v a p o rite s,
V b lu m e trlo a lly ,

gypsum may b e t h e

a lth o u g h a s p r e v io u s ly n o te d ,

t r u e p r o p o r tio n s o f th e v a r io u s l l t h o l o g i e s
c ise ly assessed .

and

o a n n o t be p r e ­

M in o r o c c u r r e n c e s i n o l u d e ,

in a d d itio n

to

g y p s i f e r o u s c e m e n t w h i c h may b e e i t h e r p r i m a r y o r s e c o n d a r y ,
l n t e r l a m l n a t e d g y p su m a n d r e d d i s h s i l t s t o n e s .

M ost o f t h e

19
g ypsum o o c u r s a s b e d d e d e v a p o r l t e b o d i e s p o s s i b l y e x o e e d i n g
80 f e e t I n maximum t h i c k n e s s .

In c o m p a riso n to c l a s t i o s ,

t h e s e gy p su m f a c i e s t e n d t o b e c o n c e n t r a t e d m o re t o w a r d t h e
n o r t h - a n d w e s t - c e n t r a l p o r t i o n o f t h e "R e d B e d s " b a s i n ,
and th e In c o n s ta n c y o f t h e i r th lo k n e s s and r e l a t i v e
g ra p h lo p o s itio n

stra tl-

b e tw e e n o l o s e l y a d j a c e n t w e l l s s u g g e s t s

g e o g r a p h l o a l l y and te m p o r a lly s h i f t i n g l o c i o f e v a p o r l t e
d e p o sitio n .
M o s t o o m m o n ly , t h e b e d d e d gypsum I s
c h a l k y , o p a q u e fo rm a lm o s t t o t a l l y

In a s o f t ,

w h ite ,

fre e of Im p u ritie s.

It

I s m o st p r o b a b l y h i g h l y w e a th e re d and le a o h e d by g ro u n d w a t e r .
W e ll-o u ttln g s o f t h is

t y p e oom m only d i s p l a y o l e a v a g e f a c e s ,

and t r a n s p a r e n t s e l e n i t e
In c lu s io n s w ith in
ta llin e

(?)

may b e p r e s e n t e i t h e r a s m i n u t e

th e o h a lk y fra g m e n ts , o r a s i s o l a t e d

fra g m e n ts .

cry s­

B ed ded gypsum a l s o o o c u r s I n a h a r d e r ,

d e n s e r , l e s s w e a th e r e d fo rm h a v in g a l i g h t g r a y i s h c o l o r
due to d e t r l t a l

Im p u ritie s

I n t h e fo rm o f s i l t ,

c la y ,

and

fin e o rg a n ic d e b ris .
B e d d e d g yp su m h a s n o t b e e n o b s e r v e d I n d i r e c t c o n t a c t
w ith th e u n d e rly in g e r o s lo n a l P a le o z o ic s u r f a c e ,
It

is

se p a ra te d

c o lo re d

sh a le s,

by t h e s i l t y
s ilts to n e s ,

fro m w h lo h

and san d y b a s a l u n i t .
and s i l t y

sa n d sto n e s o f v a ry in g

t h l o k n e s s e s a r e I n t e r b e d d e d w i t h t h e gyp su m f a c i e s ,
la te ra lly

th e g y p s ife ro u s b o d ie s phase I n to

s t o n e s and s a n d s to n e s
B e d s" s u b o r o p .

R e d d ish -

and

sim ila r s l l t -

t o w a r d t h e p e r i m e t e r o f t h e "R ed

20
S e v e ra l v e ry th in

l i g h t g re e n ish to

g re e n ish -g ra y

s h a le l a y e r s o c c u r In t h e m id d le t o u p p e r p o r t i o n s o f th e
"R ed B e d s " w h e r e t h e y a r e l n t e r b e d d e d w i t h r e d

slits

and

s h a l e s a n d a r e I n many p l a c e s o l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i c k
gypsum b o d i e s .

W h ile t h e y a r e g e n e r a l l y q u i t e l o c a l i z e d

d e v elo p m e n t, one g r e e n is h

in

s h a l e bed a t t h e b a s e o f a m a s s iv e

gyp sum h a s b e e n I d e n t i f i e d

In a p p r o x i m a t e ly t h e

same s t r a t l -

g ra p h lc p o s itio n

In s e v e r a l w e l l s s p a n n in g a d i s t a n c e o f

o v e r te n m ile s .

Ju d g in g by th e v e ry r e s t r i c t e d

v e rtlo a l

o c c u rre n c e o f g re e n is h sh a le c u ttin g s w ith in a p a r t i c u l a r
s e t o f w e ll sa m p le s, a lo n g w ith
o th e r llth o lo g le s a t

t h e ir In freq u en cy r e la tiv e

th o s e I n t e r v a l s w here th e y a r e p r e s e n t ,

a maximum t h l o k n e s s o f l e s s

t h a n 10 f e e t I s e s t i m a t e d ,

m ost o f th e s e b eds a r e u n d o u b te d ly l e s s
N e v e rth e le ss,

to

th a n

fiv e

feet

and
th ic k .

th e g re e n is h sh a le beds a r e o f p a r t i c u l a r I n t e r ­

e s t p a ly n o lo g lo a lly ,

f o r th e y have a lm o s t I n v a r ia b ly con­

t a i n e d a b u n d a n t and w e l l p r e s e r v e d

s p o re and p o lle n

c o m p le m e n t.

I n sum m ary t h e "R ed B e d s " a r e a s e q u e n c e o f o l a s t l o
and g y p s i f e r o u s s e d im e n ts l y i n g u n o o n fo rm ab ly above P e n n s y l­
v a n ia n and M l s s l s s l p p l a n

stra ta

T h e ir p r e s e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n
w ere p r o b a b ly c o n t r o l l e d
gan B a s in .
fa c ie s
sh a le s.

and b e lo w P l e l s t o o e n e d r i f t .

and t h l o k n e s s oonform t o a n d

by th e c o n f i g u r a t i o n

L lth o lo g lo p a tte r n s

ln o lu d e a b a s a l a llo o th o n o u s

co m p rise d o f d o m in a n tly r e d d i s h c o lo r e d
T h is b a s a l c l a s t i c

o f th e M ic h i­

fa c ie s Is

sa n d s and

r e p l a c e d by an o v e r -

l y i n g a u to c h th o n o u s f a c i e s c o m p rise d o f I s o l a t e d
gy psu m d e p o s i t s o f v a r i a b l e

bedded

t h l o k n e s s and d i s t r i b u t i o n .

21
B e d d e d g y p su m l a c e n t r a l l y c o n f i n e d w i t h i n
b a s i n , and I s

t h e "H ed B e d s "

In te rb e d d e d w ith re d d is h s i l t s ,

o c c a sio n a l th in

g r e e n is h sh a le s*

s h a l e s , and

S tr a tlg r a p h lo s y n th e s is In v o lv in g I n te r p r e ta ti o n s
d e p o s l t l o n a l e n v iro n m e n ts , e o o lo g y ,

o llm a te ,

of

g e o g r a p h y , an d

o r g a n i c e v o l u t i o n m ust o f n e o e s s l t y be s o u n d ly p r e d l o a t e d
on e i t h e r r e l a t i v e
to p o s i t i o n

o r a b so lu te

g e o ch ro n o lo g y *

g e o lo g lo e v e n ts o u ts id e

p o r a l fram ew o rk .

It

Is

fu tile

t h e c o n t e x t o f a te m ­

B eoause o f an a b se n o e o f c o n v e n tio n a l

p a l e o n t o l o g l o e v id e n c e , and b e o a u se o f t h e i r n o n c o m m itta l
s t r a t l g r a p h l o p o s i t i o n b e tw e e n P e n n s y lv a n ia n an d P l e i s t o c e n e
d e p o sits ,

t h e "R ed B eds" h a v e n o t p r e v i o u s l y b e e n a m e n a b le t o

c o n sid e ra tio n s

t h a t a r e d e p e n d e n t f o r t h e i r o r e d i b l l l t y upon

an a d e q u a te t i m e - s t r a t i g r a p h y .
p r e ta tio n s d e riv e d
a lly
Is

P r i o r a ssu m p tio n s and I n t e r ­

from e r r o n e o u s a g e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s ,

e sp e c i­

p a le o g e o g ra p h lo I n f e r e n c e s , a r e re g a rd e d a s w eak.

th u s th e fu n d a m e n ta l o o n o e m o f t h i s

It

s tu d y to d e v e lo p a

re a so n a b ly a o o u ra te o h r o n o s tr a tlg r a p h lo asse ssm e n t w ith
w h lo h o t h e r p r e v i o u s l y o u t l i n e d o b j e c t i v e s can b e c o o r d i n a t e d .
M o tiv a te d by th e u n iq u e p o t e n t i a l o f p a ly n o lo g lo a l
a p p lic a tio n s to

su ch o h r o n o s t r a t l g r a p h l o p ro b le m s, p r e lim in a r y

In v e s tig a tio n s a sc e rta in e d

w ith o u t q u e s tio n

th a t n e ith e r a

P e n n s y l v a n i a n n o r a P e r m i a n a g e c a n b e a s s u m e d f o r t h e "R ed
B eds".
te ria ,

On t h e s t r e n g t h o f b o t h p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e
a M i d d l e M e s o z o i c a g e I s now e v i d e n t .

e x c e p tio n o f o b v io u s ly re d e p o s lte d

W it h t h e

P a le o z o lo s p o re s ,

c ri­

23
p h y to p lan k to n ,

and o h l t l n o z o a , n o I n d i g e n o u s p a ly n o m o rp h s

w e r e r e o o v e r e d t h a t oom monly o o o u r I n o r a r e e n t i r e l y r e strlo te d

to L ate P aleo zo lo s t r a t a .

Even a o u r s o r y c o m p a riso n

o f t h e "B ed B e d s " p l a n t m l o r o f o s s l l c o m p l e m e n t w i t h t h a t o f
any P e n n sy lv a n ia n sed im en t I n s i d e o r o u ts id e

t h e M ichigan

B asin r e a d i l y and u n e q u lv o o a ll y s u p p o r t s t h a t f a o t .
in g ly s ig n if ic a n t I s

S trik ­

th e v ir tu a l absenoe of p ro x lm a lly -s tria te d

s a c c a t e p o l l e n o f gym nospeim ous and p t e r l d o s p e r m o u s a f f i n i t y ,
such a s the g en era S t r l a t l t e s ,

L u e o k ls p o r lte s and T a e n la e -

s p o r l t e s . w h ic h so u b i q u i t o u s l y c h a r a c t e r i z e Perm ian and
L o w e r M e s o z o i c s e d i m e n t s , a n d w h o s e s t r a t l g r a p h l o r a n g e s do
n o t ex ten d above th e

T rlasslo p erio d .

W ithout e x o e p tlo n ,

the p o lle n genus C la s s o p o llls

th e dom inant e le m e n t In a l l
observed.

is

"R ed B e d s " a s s e m b l a g e s t h u s

far

R e la tiv e abundance peaks f o r t h i s genus t y p i f y

many J u r a s s i c a n d l o w e r C r e t a c e o u s s t r a t a *

S peoles o f

E u o o m m l l d l t e s . E x e a l p o l l e n 11 e s . a n d some p r i m i t i v e t s u g o l d
p o llen ,

h ere in o lu d ed in the genus Z o n a la p o lle n lte s « a r e

p r e s e n t In m ost s a m p le s , and t o g e t h e r w ith C l a s s o p o l l l s
abundanoes I n d ic a te

a M iddle to L a t e M esozoic a g e .

a re lo n g ran g in g ta x a w ith in

th e M esozolo, and t h e i r u p p e r

ran g e i s e s p e c i a l l y am biguous.

However, t h e f i r s t a p p e a r a n o e

o f eao h In t h e s t r a t l g r a p h l o r e c o r d i s
d e fin itiv e .

These

c o n s i d e r a b l y more

P o lle n o f C l a s s o p o l l l s and E u o o m m lld ltes have

b e e n r e p o r t e d from E u ro p e a n R h a e t o - L l a s s l o d e p o s i t s
1 9 5 8 | C h a l o n e r , 1 9 6 2 ) , a n d may t h e r e f o r e e x t e n d i n t o
Upper T r l a s s l o .

(N ilsson ,
the

214T e t r a d s f i g u r e d b y KLau s ( 1 9 5 9 i I 9 6 0 )

from th e Upper

T rla s s lo o f A u s tria a re a ls o probably th o se o f C l a s s o p o llls .
M o G reg o r ( 1 9 6 5 )
T rlasslo

h a s i d e n t i f i e d E u o o m m lld lte s from u p p erm o st

(N o rlan o r R h a e tla n ) d e p o s i t s o f A ro tlo Canada.

The w i d e l y o o o u r r i n g g e n u s Exe s i p o l l e n l t e s
r e p o r te d belo w th e J u r a s s l o .
ex ten d i n t o
tio n s,

has n o t been

A n o e s t r a l t s u g o i d p o l l e n may

th e Upper T r l a s s l o .

These p r e l i m i n a r y o b s e r v a ­

in o lu d ln g th e lao k of m u ltis tr la te d

saooate p o lle n ,

e n a b l e a maximum a g e f o r t h e "Red B e d s " t o b e p l a o e d w i t h
some d e g r e e o f c o n f i d e n c e a t u p p e r m o s t T r l a s s l o o r L o w e r
Ju ra sslo .
The o o n s p l o u o u s a b s e n o e o f a n g i o s p e r m p o l l e n
e s t a b l i s h a m inim um a g e .

serv es to

At p r e s e n t th e r e a re no f u l l y

docum ented a c c o u n t s o f p r e - C r e t a o e o u s p o l l e n o f t h i s
(S o o tt e t a l ,

i 9 6 0 ; Hughes, 1 9 6 1 ).

type

I n N o rth A m erioa p r e -

A lb lan Lower C re ta o e o u s ang iosperm p o l l e n

have n o t been r e ­

c o r d e d from t h e Potom ao Group o f t h e A t l a n t i o C o a s t ( B r e n n e r ,
1963)*

from w e s te r n

Canada (Pooook, 1962;

S ingh,

A r t l o C a n a d a ( M o G r e g o r , 1 9 6 5 ) o r f r o m N ova S o o t i a
and M oG regor, 1 9 6 3 ) .
p o llen

in

196*0,

from

(S tevenson

The w r i t e r h a s n o t o b s e r v e d a n g i o s p e r m

s i m i l a r l y aged sed im ents o f th e

o e n t r a l G ulf C oast

reg io n .
In m ost o f E urope, u n q u e stio n e d an g lo sp erm s lik e w is e
m ake t h e i r f i r s t a p p e a r a n c e I n L o w e r A l b l a n o r p o s s i b l y U p p e r
A ptian s e d im e n ts .

The m o n o o o l p a t e g e n u s C l a v a t l p o l l e n l t e s .

w h l o h may b e e i t h e r g y m n o s p e r m o u s o r a n g i o s p e r m o u s , h a s b e e n
reported in

t h e W ealden an d A p t i a n o f B r i t a i n by C o u p e r (1 9 5 8 ) *

T his p ro b le m a tic p o lle n
(1963)

from A p tia n

s e d im e n ts o f t h e Potom ac g r o u p .

p o l l e n l t e s . w hatever i t s
Ju ra sslo .

h a s a l s o b e e n r e p o r t e d by B r e n n e r

a ffin ity ,

I s n o t known f r o m t h e

B u rg e r (1966) h a s i d e n t i f i e d

trio o lp o rate

p o llen

C lav ati-

anglosperm ous

o f t h e " C a s t a n e a " ty p e from E a r l y

C re ta o eo u s se d im e n ts n e a r th e J u r a s s io - C r e ta o e o u s boundary
In

the N e th e rla n d s .

G ro o t and G ro o t (1962) n o t e an a b sen o e

o f angiosperm p o l le n in
P o rtu g al.

p re -A lb la n C retaceo u s sedim ents o f

P re -A lb la n angiosperm p o l le n a r e l ik e w i s e m is s in g

in A u s tr a l ia

(D e ttm a n n 1964-).

A lthough th e f o l i a g e

g e n u s S a n m l g u e l l a i s r e g a r d e d by

some a s a p o s s i b l e T r l a s s l o

palm f r o n d ,

the p o lle n re c o rd

d o e s n o t a s y e t s u p p o r t s p e c u l a t i o n on p r e - C r e t a o e o u s a n g i o ­
sperm a n o e s t r y .

The a p p a r e n t c o s m o p o l i t a n a b s e n o e o f p r e -

C re ta o e o u s ang io sperm p o l le n l e n d s s t r o n g i f n o t i n c o n t r o ­
v e rtib le

e v i d e n c e f o r a minimum a g e f o r t h e "Red B e d s " .

The r e l e v a n o e o f t h e a b s e n o e o f c e r t a i n

sohlzaeaoeous sp o re s,

e s p e c i a l l y A p p e n d l o l s p o r l t e s . and o t h e r f e r n

s p o r e s w hich

f i r s t a p p e a r a t o r n e a r th e J u r a s s io - C r e ta o e o u s boundary,
w i l l be d i s c u s s e d l a t e r .

The p a l y n o l o g l o a s s e m b l a g e i s

u n q u e s t i o n a b l e m ld -M eso zo io a s p e o t ,

of

and th e e v id e n c e th u s

f a r p r e s e n t e d b r a o k e t s t h e "Red B e d s " b e t w e e n u p p e r m o s t
T r l a s s l o and lo w e rm o st C r e ta o e o u s a g e s .
would b e d i f f l o u l t
"Red B e d s " a r e

to c h a lle n g e

a t the

th e o o n o lu sio n t h a t the

ex clu siv ely Ju ra sslo

A t t e m p t s a t a m ore p r e c i s e
stag e le v e l,

At t h i s p o i n t i t

in a g e.

geoohrononology,

fo r in stan ce

a r e p la o e d a t a d is a d v a n ta g e by s e v e r a l

26
d iffic u ltie s,

any o r a l l

o f w hich c o u ld r e s t r i c t o r a t l e a s t

d e la y th e u l ti m a t e in re fin e m e n t o f age d e te r m in a tio n .
F i r s t t h e r e a r e b u t a few p u b l i s h e d a o o o u n t s o f N o r t h Ameri­
can J u r a s s l o p a l y n o l o g y ,

a n d some o f t h e s e h a v e l i m i t e d

a p p l i c a b i l i t y o r b e a r i n g o n t h e "R e d Beds'* p r o b l e m .
s t u d y by J u x ( 1 9 6 1 ) ,
re stric te d

to

G ulf C o ast;

fo r in stan ce,

is

stra tlg rap h lo a lly

t h e Louann F o r m a tio n and d i a p i r i o

h is

The

s a l t o f the

taxonom ic t r e a t m e n t and c o n c l u s i o n s a r e

n o t c o n s i d e r e d a d e q u a t e l y docum ented f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n h e r e .
A r e p o r t by Rouse ( 1 9 5 9 )
ica lly

confined

to

is

s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l l y and g e o g ra p h ­

th e p ro b le m a tic J u r a s s i c a n d /o r C retaceo u s

K o o t e n a y c o a l o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , a n d P0 0 0 0 K ( 1 9 6 2 ) p r e s e n t s
an e x h a u s t i v e p a l y n o l o g l o t r e a t m e n t o f s t r a t a a t
C re ta o e o u s b oundary in W estern Canada.
germ ane t o

the p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n

the J u r a s s lo

These s t u d i e s a r e

only I n s o f a r as th ey

b e a r on t h e p o s s i b l e minimum a g e o f t h e “ Red B e d s " .
illu stra te d
T rla sslo ,

s p o r e and p o l l e n a s s e m b la g e s from s e l e c t e d

Ju rasslo ,

Canada (M oG regor,

and Lower C r e t a o e o u s s a m p le s from A r o t l o

1965) a re u s e f u l f o r com parative p u rposes,

b u t o n ly Lower and U pper J u r a s s l o a s s e m b la g e s a r e
trated ,

The

th e r e i s no form al s y s te m a tic tre a tm e n t,

illu s­
and t h e r e

a r e no s ta te m e n ts oon o eznln g r a n g e s o r abundanoes o f i l l u s ­
trated

form s.

Beoause t h e r e

i s a d e a r t h o f p u b lis h e d m onographic

t r e a t m e n t s o f N o r t h Am erioan J u r a s s i c

s p o r e s and p o l l e n ,

a s w e ll a s an i n v e n t o r y o f t h e i r s t r a t l g r a p h l o d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
e s p e c i a l l y f o r th e v a s t J u r a s s l o d e p o s i t s In t h e W estern

27
and G u l f C o a s t r e g i o n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ,
necessary to

I t Is th erefo re

oom pare t h e "Red B eds" a s s e m b l a g e w i t h e x t r a -

co n tin en ta l d ata souroes,
E urope and A u s t r a l i a .

p rln o lp a lly

from B r i t a i n ,

In terco n tin en tal

W estern

tim e c o r r e l a t i o n s

fo u n d e d on p a l y n o l o g y a r e a f f e c t e d a n d r e n d e r e d d i f f i c u l t
by p r o b l e m s o f h o m o t a x l s , w h i c h may o r may n o t p l a y a
sig n ific an t ro le,

and by dynam lo t i m e - s p a c e p h y t o g e o g r a p h lo

a n d c l l m a t l o p a t t e r n s on a g l o b a l s o a l e .
It

Is th is

s e t o f o lro u m stan o es,

to g e th e r w ith the f a c t

t h a t t h e "Red B eds" a s s e m b l a g e o a n n o t be " p l u g g e d "
lo c a l p a ly n o lo g lo al J u r a s s lo zo n atlo n ,

In to a

w hich p ro d u c e s th e

seoond m a jo r d i f f i c u l t y , nam ely th e p ro b lem o f c o r r e l a t i o n
m ethodology.
T rad itio n a lly ,

t h r e e a p p r o a c h e s h a v e more o r l e s s

usage in b lo s tr a tlg r a p h y .

These I n c lu d e

the zonal o r "Index f o s s i l "

co n cep t,

(1)

oommon

some f o r m o f

( 2 ) . t h e t o t a l know able

r a n g e o f a t a x o n , and ( 3 ) v a r i o u s d e g r e e s and m e th o d s o f
q u a n tlflo a tIo n .
refle o ts

The p r e f e r e n c e o f a n y o n e m e t h o d u s u a l l y

t h e b i o o h r o n o l o g l o a l p h i l o s o p h y a d h e r e d t o be a

p a rtic u la r p aleo n to lo g ist.

P roponents o f th e use o f th e

Index o r guide f o s s i l a s the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
zone I n c lu d e ,

o f course,

Sohlndew olf.

Jeletzk y

such n o t a b l e s a s A rk e ll and

(1965)*

a r e o e n t spokesman o f t h i s

fu n d am en tally q u a l i t a t i v e approach,
fied

speoles of a

h a s condemned q u a n t i ­

b i o o h r o n o l o g l o a l m e t h o d s on t h e g r o u n d s t h a t s u c h

sta tistic a l

m e th o d s e r r o n e o u s l y assum e t h a t a l l members o f

a b io ta have equal b io o h ro n o lo g lo a l v a lu e .
J e l e t z k y * s view s no doubt a re

Ju stifie d .

Some o f
However, h i s

28
to ta l

rejectio n

of q u an tified

c o r r e l a t i o n m ethods h a s been

c h a l l e n g e d In a m ost p r o v a o a t i v e m an n er by Coekbain ( 1 9 6 6 ) ,
who h a s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e d e g r e e o f b i o o h r o n o l o g l o a l
u sefu ln ess of a f o s s il

can p o s s i b l y be e x p r e s s e d n u m e r i c a l l y

w ith th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f an I n f o r m a tio n

fu n ctio n .

Shaw ( 1 9 6 * 0

has a l s o d e v elo p ed a u n iq u e and I n t r i g u i n g q u a n t i f i e d
tio n

co rrela­

t e c h n i q u e b a s e d on s o u n d b l o s t r a t l g r a p h l o p r i n c i p l e s .

T his m ethod,
the b a s is

w h i c h e m p l o y s t h e known r a n g e o f a t a x o n a s

fo r c o rre latio n ,

is not e n tirely

t o t h e o r l t l o l s m s l e v e l e d by J e l e t z k y
The o v e r w h e l m i n g r e l a t i v e
in p r a c t i c a l l y a l l
sid eratio n

If at a ll

su b ject

(1965)*

abundanoe o f C l a s s o p o l ll s

"Red B e d s " s a m p l e s m a k e s w o r t h y a c o n ­

o f th e p o s s ib l e u se o f suoh abundance d a t a in

geoohronology.

If

It

oould be d e m o n s tra te d t h a t th e

"Red

Beds" abun d an o e peak o f C l a s s o p o l l l s r e p r e s e n t e d an e v o lu ­
t i o n a r y aome, o r ,

in z o n al p e rla n o e ,

then o o n c e lv a b ly , a t h e o r e t i c a l l y
o o u ld be e s t a b l i s h e d .

T h is I s n o t

its

hem era o r e p l b o l e ,

sound b a s i s f o r c o r r e l a t i o n
the c a se ,

how ever, beoause

num erous and p r a o t l o a l l y c o s m o p o lita n abundanoe p e a k s o f t h i s
genus a r e found th ro u g h o u t

th e m id-M esozoic.

n o t only th ro u g h o u t th e J u r a s s l o ,
as w ell.

In th e B r i t i s h J u r a s s lo ,

b u t in th e Lower C re ta o e o u s
Couper (1959) r e c o r d s

C l a s s o p o l ll s abundances g r e a t e r than
L lasslo ,

B ajo o lan ,

o o o u r In t h e L i a s ,
E ngland ( L a n t z ,
A u stralia

and P u rb e o k lan
B ath o n lan ,

1958).

(B alm e, 1 9 5 7 ) .

They o o c u r

fifty

stages*

per oent in

the

S im ila r peaks

and P u r b e o k l a n o f S o u th e r n

A L o w e r J u r a s s l o maximum o o o u r s i n
At l e a s t s i x r e g u l a r l y s p a c e d

29
Abundanoe p e a k s have b e en I d e n t i f i e d

in th e L ate J u r a s s lo

and E a r l y C r e t a o e o u s o f t h e N e t h e r l a n d s

(B urger,

1966).

B renner ( 1 9 6 3 ) i n d i c a t e s s e v e r a l som etim es r e g u l a r l y spaoed
p e a k s from t h e Low er C r e t a o e o u s Potom ao Group o f M a r y la n d .
In a d d i t i o n ,
p o llls in

t h e a u t h o r h a s o b s e rv e d a dom inance o f C la s s o ­

several Ju rasslo

s a m p le s from t h e w e s te r n U n ite d

S t a t e s , n o t a b l y In th e R lerd o n ,
" R a lsto n Creek" F o rm a tio n s.
w ise been o b se rv e d i n
certain

Sundance,

M orrison,

and

S im ila r abundances have l i k e ­

the J u r a s s l o

B u o k n e r A n h y d r i t e and

Lower C r e ta o e o u s sa m p le s o f t h e G u lf C o a s t P r o v i n c e .

These d a t a a r e g r a p h i c a l l y

sum m arized In

fig .

5*

Beoause o f th e d i s p e r s a l m echanism s o f c e r t a i n
an d p o l l e n ,

t h e h e m e r a o f some p l a n t s p e o l e s s h o u l d b e

m ore r e a d i l y d e t e o t a b l e
organism .

spores

However,

it

th an t h a t o f p r a o t l o a l l y any o t h e r
would be i m p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e i f

any one o f th e above m entioned C l a s s o p o l l l s dom inances i s
hem erlo In n a t u r e ,
a re n o t am enable t o

and i t

i s a m p l y c l e a r t h a t s u o h maxim a

hem eral c o r r e l a t i o n .

More p r o b a b l e ,

th e m u l t i p l e and som etim es r h y th m ic a l abundanoes o f t h i s
po llen a re a m a n ife s ta tio n

o f a com plex o f e o o l o g l o a l and

s e d l m e n to l o g l o a l phenomena, and a s suoh a r e c o m p le te ly
Inadequate c r i t e r i a

f o r tim e c o r r e l a t i o n s ,

on a v e r y l o o a l b a s i s .
sig n ifican ce
is th at

exoept perhaps

P robably th e o n ly b lo o h ro n o lo g lo

s u c h m a x im a h a v e , o t h e r t h a n on a l o o a l b a s i s ,

th ey a re oonflned w ith in

the t o t a l

stratlg rap h lo

range o f C l a s s o p o l l l s .
Index f o s s i l s ,

e i t h e r as c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f fo rm atio n s

o r z o n e s , and v a r i o u s z o n a l o o n o e p ts ,

a r e am o n g t h e m o s t

50-

50-

50

R a l s t o n C r . Fm
C olorada

B u c k n e r Pm
A rkansas

P t . Dodge Fm.
Iow a

"Red Beds"
M ichigan

50

%

0

8

12

R i e r d o n Pm
Wyoming

S u n d a n c e Fm.
Wyoming
SO

50-

5 0 -----

8

12

3 4 5 6 7 8

12

3 4 5 6 7 8

M attagam i S e r i e s
E arly C re t.
O nt.

12

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3 4 5 6 7 8

3 4 5 6 7 8

so

L . P a t u x e n t Fm.
E arly C ret.
M aryland

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

I I - C lasso p o llls
3 - S p h erlp o llen ltes
5 - Z o nalapollenltes
2 - E x eslp o llen ltes
JJ- - c j r o a d o p l t e s
6 - B1 s a c c a t e s
7y- I n a p e r tu ro p o lle n lte s
8 - t r l l e t e spores
F i g u r e 5 . - H is to g r a m s o f s e l e c t e d p a ly n o m o rp h s i n "Red Beds" and o t h e r N o r t h
American J u r a s s i c and E a r l y C re ta o e o u s f o r m a t i o n s .

31
w i d e l y a o o e p t e d a n d oommon ly u s e d c o r r e l a t i o n m e t h o d s .
The b l o z o n e ( b l o o h r o n )
recen tly d isc re d ite d

s t r a t l g r a p h l o ran g e o f an in d e x

upon w hich a b io z o n e i s d e f i n e d ,

unknow able and u n a t t a i n a b l e .
zone sim p ly a s a t h e o r e t i c a l

is g en erally

Shaw f u r t h e r r e g a r d s t h e b i o ­
o o n o e p t from w hich a m ore

p r a o t l o a l ap proach to the u t i l i t y
deriv ed .

concept

b y Shaw ( 1 9 6 4 ) on g r o u n d s o f i m p r a o t i -

o a lity beoause th e tru e
fo ssil,

I s a c t u a l l y an a b s t r a c t

o f f o s s i l r a n g e s c an be

The o o n o e p t d e v e l o p e d b y Shaw i s b a s e d on t h e

know able and e s t a b l i s h a b l e
"to ta l stra tlg rap h lo
d elin eated

by t h e

stra tlg rap h lo

range",

is

range.

T h is,

the

the s tr a tlg r a p h lo in te rv a l

f i r s t and l a s t

re c o v e ra b le specim ens o f

a p a r t i c u l a r tax o n .
J u r a s s lo p aly n o lo g y has n o t p ro g re sse d
ment o f s p o r e / p o l l e n

zones o o r r e la ta b le

and a s p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d ,

rela tiv e

tio n

th e m ost p l a u s ib le

palynom orphs e s t a b l i s h e d

stra tlg rap h lo

geographio b a s is ,

a range c h a rt

r a n g e s on a c o m p a r a ­

(P ig .

t a x a was o o m p ile d f o r e a c h o f f o u r r e g i o n s .
i n c l u d i n g W estern Canada,

ranges

from p u b l i s h e d l i t e r a t u r e .

In o r d e r t o sum m arize s t r a t l g r a p h l o
tiv e

R e g a r d i n g t h e "Red

a p p r o a o h would be an a g e d e t e r m i n a ­

f r o m t h e o u r r e n t l y known t o t a l

of selected

in te ro o n tin e n ta lly ,

abundanoes a re t o t a l l y

in ad eq u ate f o r lo n g range c o r r e l a t i o n .
Beds",

to th e e s t a b l i s h ­

6) o f s e l e c t e d
These r e g io n s ,

A r o tlo Canada, W estern Europe

( o h i e f l y B r i t i s h I s l e s and N e t h e r l a n d s )

and A u s t r a l i a ,

were

ohosen b e o a u se th e y r e p r e s e n t a r e a s w here t h e J u r a s s i c h as
b een more t h o r o u g h l y i n v e s t i g a t e d

p a ly n o lo g lo ally ,

and,

32
a s In t h e o a s e o f W estern and A r o t l o C anada, b e o a u s e o f
t h e i r geographic p ro x im ity to
In r e v ie w in g l i t e r a t u r e

th e M ichigan Basin*

p e r ta in in g to J u r a s s lo palynology,

a num ber o f p a p e r s were e n c o u n te re d w hich p r o v id e d I n s u f ­
ficien tly

d o c u m e n te d ,s tr a tlg r a p h lo data*

In o t h e r s t h e

q u a l i t y o f I l l u s t r a t i o n s and ta x o n o m ic t r e a t m e n t was su o h
t h a t th e y were o f l i m i t e d
e ith e r to d isregard
se le c tiv e ly .

t h e i r d ata

The p r i n c i p a l r e f e r e n c e s I n c o r p o r a t e d I n t o
f o r W estern E u ro p e,

C o u p e r (1958*

C o u p e r and Hughes ( 1 9 6 3 ) , L a n t z (1 9 5 8 )*

Sprum ont (1955)*
(1957,

I t was f e l t n e c e s s a r y

suoh p a p e r s , o r to u t i l i z e

t h e r a n g e o h a r t were*
1964),

u sefu ln ess.

and B u rg e r (1 9 6 6 );

1 9 6 4 ) , and D ettm ann ( 1 9 6 3 ) ;

C anada, Pooook ( 1 9 6 2 ) ,
G regor ( 196 5 ).

fo r A u stralia,

Balm e

f o r W estern and A r o t l o

R o u se ( 1 9 5 9 ) .

In a d d i t i o n ,

D e lo o u rt and

Singh (1 9 6 4 ),

a n d Mo­

Dr. S t a n l e y Pooook h a s k i n d l y

made, a v a i l a b l e a m a n u s o r l p t o f a p a l y n o l o g l o s t u d y on t h e
W estern C anadian J u r a s s i c .

T his s tu d y ,

soon t o be p u b l is h e d ,

i s u n q u e s tio n a b ly th e m ost co m prehensive a n a l y s i s o f th e
J u ra s s lo in

t h e W e s te r n H e m is p h e r e , an d was o f i n d l s p e n s i b l e

v alu e th roughout th e oourse o f t h i s

study.

An a n a l y s i s o f t h e s t r a t l g r a p h l o
d escrib ed

ranges of p rev io u sly

s p e o i e s o c c u r r i n g I n t h e "R e d B e d s " f o o u s e s a t t e n ­

t i o n on s e v e r a l I s s u e s .

A h eteroohronism o f th e f i r s t

re­

corded ap p earan o e o f th e s e s p e o ie s In th e v a r io u s re g io n s
begs th e v a l i d i t y o f i n t e r c o n t i n e n t a l
d is ta n t reg ion s as A u stra lia .
tum ulus I s r e s t r l o t e d

to

c o r r e l a t i o n s w ith suoh

F or exam ple, E x e s l p o l l e n l t e s

the L ia s o f A u s tr a lia ,

w h i l e In

W estern Canada I t d o es n o t a p p e a r u n t i l
an d e x t e n d s I n t o

the C re ta o eo u s.

It

th e upperm ost L ia s

I s n o t r e p o r t e d from

A r o tlo Canada and I t s p r e s e n c e In W este rn E urope I s n o t f u l l y
docum ented.

O th erw ise p r a o t l o a l l y co sm o p o litan

s p e o ie s suoh

a s E u oom m lldltes t r o e d s s o n l l , Z o n a l a p o l l e n l t e s m e s o z o lo u s.
and S p h e r l p o l l e n l t e s
A u stralia.

s o a b r a t u s a r e n o t a b l y a b s e n t from

The r e o o r d

of Z o n alap o llen ltes trllo b a tu s

oommenoes I n t h e u p p e r L i a s I n W e s t e r n C a n ad a *

In th e

B a jo o la n o r B a th o n la n o f W estern E u ro p e , and I n t h e O x fo rd ia n
of A u stralia;

t h a t o f Z o n a la p o l1e n 11 es m esozolous b e g in s In

th e m id d le L ia s o f W estern E u ro p e , and In t h e B a jo o la n o f
W estern C anada.

T hese and o t h e r h e t e r o o h r o n o u s f i r s t a p p e a r -

anoeB a r e t h e r e s u l t o f o l l m a t l o an d p h y t o g e o g r a p h l o p a t t e r n s ,
m ig ratio n

rates,

i n some c a s e s .
a b ility

e to .,

as w ell as in ad eq u ate d a ta ,

W hatever th e o a u se ,

th ey s t r e s s

o f a N o r t h Am erloan J u r a s s l o

In co rp o ra tin g s tr a tlg r a p h lo

th e d e s ir ­

stan d ard of re fe re n c e ,

r a n g e s from t h e G u lf C o a st and

W estern U n ited S t a t e s i n a d d i t i o n
The l o n g s t r a t l g r a p h l o

at least

to Canada.

ra n g e o f m o st o f th e form s t h a t

oan be I d e n t i f i e d w i t h p r e v i o u s l y d e s o r i b e d t a x a h a s a l r e a d y
been m e n tio n e d .

As p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d ,

o f th o s e s p e o ie s p r e s e n t o n ly In th e

a co n sid eratio n

"R ed B e d s " h a s t h e

l i m i t a t i o n o f n o t p r o v i d i n g a p r e o l s e minimum a g e l i m i t .
The

youngest sp eo ies p re se n t are

Z o n alap o llen ltes dam p lerl.

and

Z o n alap o llen ltes tr llo b a tu s .

the

y o u n g e st s p e c ie s I s used a s a d e te r m in a n t,

mum

a g e f o r t h e "R ed B e d s " o o u l d

If

th e en tran o e le v e l o f
then a m axi­

be p la o e d In th e upperm ost

3^
L lassio

(T oaroian).

sim ilar,

Z o n a la p o lle n l te s m esozolous i s v e ry

h a v in g an e n tra n o e l e v e l

In th e P lle n s b a o h la n .

C o n sid erin g f u r t h e r o nly those sp e o ie s p r e s e n t,

a Lower

t o M i d d l e C r e t a o e o u s minimum a g e w o u l d b e s u g g e s t e d .
the use o f n e g a tiv e
lish ed

ranges

e v ld en o e,

1. e.

Again

the use o f w ell e s ta b ­

f o r t a x a n o t p r e s e n t I n t h e "Red B e d s " ,

n ecessitated .

Is

There I s a p r o d i g io u s num ber o f suoh t a x a ,

and t a k e n t o g e t h e r t h e y would n o t o o n t r l b u t e
to the r e s o lu tio n

sig n ific a n tly

o f th e problem b eo au se ra n g e s o f th e

r e s p e o t l v e t a x a would o v e r l a p

th ro u g h o u t the J u r a s s l o .

p o s s i b l e a p p r o a o h would be t o s e l e c t a r b i t r a r i l y
o f s p e o i e s o o n f l n e d m ore o r l e s s

to

a group

th e Lower J u r a s s l o ,

a n o th e r group h a v in g e n tr a n o e l e v e l s In

A

and

th e Upper J u r a s s l o .

I f C alam ospora m eso zo lo a and C o n o a v l s p o r l t e s s u b g r a n u lo s u s
oonsldered,

a low er l i m i t

t o t h e "Red B eds" o o u l d be

plaoed a t th e base o f th e B athonlan o r th e base o f th e
C allo v lan .

A nother p o s s ib ly s i g n i f i c a n t ab sen o e I s th e

gen u s L a t e n s l n a . w hloh d o e s n o t e x te n d a bo v e t h e Lower
J u r a s s l o o f W e ste rn Canada (P o o o o k 196*0*
The a b s e n o e o f A p p e n d l o l s p o r l t e s . T r l l o b o s p o r l t e s
b e m l s s a r t c n s l s , and P l l o s l s p o r l t e s t r l o h o p a p l l l o s u s I n d i ­
c ate a pre-P urbeokian age,

a n d t h a t o f Co n o a v l s s l m l s p o r l t e a

v e r r u o o s u s would s u g g e s t a p r e - K lm m e r ld g la n a g e .

The

e n tr a n o e o f C o n o a v l s s l m l s p o r l t e 0 p u n c t a t u s and S t a p l l n l s p o r l t e s oam lnus o o o u rs In

the O x fo rd ian .

has n o t been r e p o r t e d below th e P o r t l a n d l a n
may o o o u r r a r e l y
A u stra lia .

in

C lo a tr l00s i s p o r l t e s
o f Canada, b u t

th e M iddle J u r a s s l o o f E urope and

35
If

t h e u p p e r r a n g e l i m i t s o f C a la m o s p o r a m e s o z o l o a and

C o n o a v la p o rlte s s u b g ra n u lo su s a re c o n sid e re d a lo n g w ith the
low er range l i m i t s
verruoosus*

o f C o n o a v l s s l m l s p o r l t e s p u n o t a t u s . C.

and S t a p l l n l s p o r l t e s

o a m l n u s , t h e n an a g e b e ­

tween t h e b a s e o f t h e B a t h o n l a n a n d t h e t o p o f t h e O x f o r d i a n
c a n be a s s i g n e d

to

t h e "Red B e d s " .

The a o o e p t a n o e o f t h i s

a g e d e t e r m i n a t i o n l a r g e l y d e p e n d s on t h e o r e d e n o e on w i s h e s
t o p l a o e on t h e n e g a t i v e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d .

Any r e f i n e ­

m e n t o f t h i s d e t e r m i n a t i o n w i l l h o p e f u l l y come a b o u t t h r o u g h
f u t u r e d a t a a c c u m u la tio n f o r th e J u r a s s l o o f th e W estern
H e m i s p h e r e I n g e n e r a l and f o r N o r t h A m e r i c a I n p a r t i c u l a r .
At t h i s

stag e I t

I s probably reaso n ab le to regard th e

Beds" a s b e i n g o f m i d d l e t o l o w e r U p p e r J u r a s s i c

"Red

In a g e .

36

Ok J

<m
0 e<
io
loatg]

111< U1] . l J > M
04 < o <
r
o2(t9z® 9zc 2q:o! o 1 1 9 tc i 59<a03 <
<s
i-Sai* 53 h: 53 h z i nn z id n z 111t-»
z3oZuoZ|iiwZu«
i3“ Sioj;<uMoj<oin o o j< 4u >
f3
<
<

LOWER
CRETACEOUS

PO R TLANOIAN
KIMMERIDGIAN
O XFORDIAN

CALLOVIAN

BAJOCIAN
TOARCIAN
PLIENSBACHIAN

HETTANGIAN

TRIA SSIC

FIGURE 6 , - RANGES OF SELECTED MESOZOIC PALYNOMORPH S P E C I E S .

oil

FLORA OF THE '♦RED BEDS"

C o m p arativ e
o r o f d isp ersed
from

spore

and p o lle n

fo ssil

fru o tiflo a tio n s

re la te d

to

m o rp h o lo g y o f e x t a n t

p aly n o m o rp h s and

a ttao h e d

id e n tifia b le

to

rem ain s,

o n ly p o s s ib le

m eans o f p a l e o f l o r l s t i c

th e J u r a s s l o

o f M ich ig an and a d j a c e n t

gym nosperm s,
e x iste n ce .
found

in

g en erlo
to

a s w ell

th e

"Red

Beds" and

c o u n te rp a rts
th at

can

fa m ilie s

on t h e

of

b asis
is

w ith in
w h ile
of

w ell

a p lan t

b o d ies.

fam ilie s

w ere a lr e a d y

of

in

c o m p a ris o n s b etw een

be m ade,

g en erio

lim ite d

th em selv es

form s

and

supra-

of oourse,

w ith in

be r e a d ily

and

b etw een

d istin g u ish ed

c h aracters.

fam ily

so m etim es m a rk e d ly e u ry p a ly n o u s ,

are

re la te d

g en era and sp e o ie s

tend

to

b e m ore s t e n o p a l y n o u s .

e x ist

in

the

in

th e

few J u r a s s i c

th e ir p aren t

for

o lo se ly

p lan t m lo ro fo sslls

to

th e

known t h a t

c o n d itio n s

O nly a

present

taxonom ic l e v e l s

sp o re /p o llen

o th e r fa m ilie s

th ese

can

p ro v id e

be

areas.

th e ir liv in g

th u s

v ario u s

e x ta n t p la n t

th e

to

reco n stru ctio n

p terid o p h y te s,

D ire c t m o rp h o lo g ica l

th e e x te n t

It

m ost o f

as

recovered

o r o t h e r w i s e known

m ag a flo ra l

By t h e m i d - M e s o z o i c ,

th o se

tax a,

p lan ts

"Red

spores

rep re se n te d

by

B eds".
and p o lle n

by v i r t u e

The b o t a n i o a l a f f i n i t i e s
37

fa m ilie s

B oth

have been

o f t h e i r presence
of

few er s t i l l

rela te d
in

have

fru itin g
been

38
d e m o n stra ted
m ao ro flo ras
tio n
th e

f o r N o rth A m erica,
have been d e s c rib e d

on J u r a s s l o
d earth

ty p es

eu ry p aly n o u s

and

re o o n stru c tio n

g e n etic

th e ir

c o n d itio n

sp e c u la tiv e .

than

p a ly n o lo g y i s

for

perhaps P le is to c e n e

from

25 ( 3 9 p e r o e n t )
p ercen t)
fig u re

are

Many o f t h e s e
th e

th at

nearby

P a leo z o lo

D evonian,

are

sin g ly

to

o ccu rrin g

be a t l e a s t

p o llen

B eds".

in

in

assum ing

sed im en ts

source

sp eo ies a re

d escrib ed

to ta l

fig u re,

of p terld o p h y te s,

w h ile

39 ( 6 l

rare

known o n l y

T h is l a t t e r

and

from

R ecy cled

and P e n n sy lv a n ia n
ra rity

sin g le

specim en s.
id en tifie d

reg io n al

th o se

a s young a s m ld -M eso zo lo

age have,

flo ra.

is

from

in

fac t,

com pared
from p l a n t s

When t h e s e

certain ly

age,

It

p aly n o m o rp h s o f

d e riv a tio n

Ju ra ssic

exoept

reo y o led

of spores,

may i n d i o a t e

a ffin ity .

b u t a few

ten ta tiv ely

t a x a may b e

areas.

sp eo ies,

a ll

on M e s o z o lo p a l y n o l o g y .

The e x tr e m e

th e

o th er

Of t h i s

u n o e rta ln

to gym nosperm ous p o l l e n ,
n o n in d lg en o u s

and

hove been o n ly

M ississip p ian

reco g n ized .

d lsp ersae

e x trem ely

rep o rts

several

at

m ust be c o n sid e re d

s p e o i e s o f known p t e r l d o s p e r m o u s

spores

lik e ly

th e

a ttem p ts

m ust be e x e r c i s e d

"Red

group a re

p u b lish ed

spore

as w ell a s

o f gym nosperm ous a s p e c t .

spores

of th is

e x tin c t

o r L ate T e r tia r y .

spores

in o lu d e s one

sp eo ies

been

are

p o lle n

P te rld o p h y te

from

th e

in fo rm a­

Beoause o f

fa m ilie s,

flo ras

sporae

A p p ro x im ately 64 sp o re
or illu stra te d

betw een

among e x t a n t

G reat c au tio n

Ju ra ssic

yet a v aila b le.

parent p la n ts,

of an cien t

co n san g u in ity

few r i c h

and w here v e ry l i t t l e

o f known r e l a t i o n s h i p s

and p o lle n

th e

w here

known t o

a re d e le te d

from

39
flo rlstio

c o n sid e ra tio n s,

a

flo ra

p terid o p h y te s

an d 77 p e r c e n t

E i t h e r way i t

is

flo ra

is

in v en to rie d ,

p te rld o p h y te

can be a s c e r t a i n e d ,
from

sin g le

ly o o p sld s

are

at

fo ssil

to

is

from

fam ily l e v e l,

ooourrenoes

in

th e

"Red B e d s" .

and

the

a lso

is

(B alm e,

re la te d

th e L ate

o o u ld

stra ta ,

The F l l l o a l e s

G reat
are

w here
1

B alm e,

m ay a l s o

P aleo zo ic

it

is

q u ite

in d istin g u ish a b le
synonym ous w ith ,

from ,
th e

o a la m a rlan s,

common.

sp eo ies of

of

genus I t s e l f

and c o n sid e re d

P a leo z o ic

It

oom m only

osm undaoeous a f f i n i t y ,

th e

from

1953).

by tw o

The s p e c im e n

and

be r e la te d

p r o d u o e d by.‘ M e s o z o i o

C y a t h l d l t e s , w h i c h may b e r e l a t e d

is n o t w ell p reserv e d

p rev io u sly

have been reo y o le d

(C ouper,

rep re se n te d

ferns.

su g g ested

A p e c u lia r spore,

a s p e o i e s w hich i s

B rita in

T o d lsp o rltes. o f p o ssib le

o r d lo k so n lao eo u s

P o ssib le

1963).

to

specim en

known

produoed by l i v i n g

of A u stra lia ,

w i t h a n d m ay h a v e b e e n
in

are

by L y c o p o d lu m s p o rlte s ,

S elag ln ellales.

som ew hat s i m i l a r t o

e q u lsetale a n s

group

a ffin ity

and D e n s o l s p o r l t e s . whose

T ria ssio

P e n n sy lv a n ian

of

th is

as L u n d b lad isp o ra w illm o tti

"Red B eds"

asso ciated

sp eo ies

in

resem b lin g th o se

th e

th e S e la g ln e lla le s

nearby
is

w ith

th e

C alam o sp o ra

s p o r e s w hose b o t a n i c a l
th e

rep re se n te d

id en tified

recorded

a d o m in a n tly gym nosperm ous

at

ly o o p o d la les,

re la tio n sh ip
here

in d ic ate d .

lea st

a spore m o rp h o lo g ic a lly
and

gym nosperm s I s

23 p e r c e n t

e v id e n t.

A ll o f th e

o n ly

o o m p rised o f

to

th is
is

and

one

o y ath eao eo u s
la tte r

genus

p rao tlo ally

b y some t o

genus L e l o t r l l e t e s .

be
It

is

1*0

su sp ected
very

th at

th e

sim ila r to

"Red B ed s"

specim en

some I d e n t i f i e d

M a t o n l s p o r l t e a may h a r e

been

haps eren

fem s.

a ffin ity

so h lzaeao eo u s
of

spores

p h y llu m . o f

th e

sim ila r to

fam ily

In a d d itio n ,

a

A g rain

by B u rg er ( 1 9 6 6 ) a s

produoed
Rouse

by m a to n la e e o u s

or per­

(1957)

an

su g g ests

B lre tlsp o rlte s

group o f 16 f e r n
at

and

In clu d ed

d lstav e rru o o su s.

reo y o led .

w ith

Hymeno-

H y m en o p h y llao eae.

c a n n o t be r e l a t e d
Illu stra te d .

Is

th e

fam ily
In

ty p e

lev e l

th is

spore

s p e o i e s w hich

have been d e s o rlb e d

group a re

C ln g u la tlsp o rlte s

C o n v e r ru o o s ls p o r lte s , C o n v o lu t1s p o r l t e a .

U n d u l a t l s p o r l t e s . V e r r u o o s l s p o r l t e s , and 11 o t h e r s p e o ie s
n o t assig n a b le

to

e x istin g

3 p o rlte s d lstav e rru o o su s
o nly

tax a

re p re se n te d

observed.

Mo s p o r e

genera.

and

Spore

by m u ltip le

t y p e s w hloh

to n o n -v a s o u la r p la n ts

are

Of t h i s

group G ln g u la tl-

T y p e s "A" a n d
specim ens

In

"F" a r e

th e

oan be d e f i n i t e l y

known

from

the

th e

sam p les
rela te d

"Red B eds"

assem b lag e.
F or th e m ost p a r t ,

th ere

Is no p a r tic u la r d i f f ic u lty

In d i s t i n g u i s h i n g

M esozolo p t e r i d o s p e r m

from p t e r l d o p h y t e

spores

gym nosperm ous t y p e s ,
g ro u p in g s

oan be

in a p e rtu ra te
su lo a te ,
b lsao o ate

four d is tin c t

reo o g n lzed ;

group,

n o n -aao o ate

(2)

th ese

a p o rate

g ro u p and

p o lle n .

p o lle n
In clu d e

m o rp h o lo g io al
(1)

o r lep to m ate

(**•) a

Among t h e

su lo a te

an a p p a re n tly
group,

(3)

a

o r lep to m ate

group.

The f i r s t
sp h erlo al

o r a n g io sp erm

a n d gym nosperm p o l l e n

to

group

is

oom p rlsed o f m o r p h o lo g ic a lly

su b sp tie rlo a l p o lle n

h a v i n g tw o e x l n a l

sim p le,
lay ers

1+1

o f m ore o r l e a s
c lo sely

app ressed

In fra-sex ln al
In

th is

un ifo rm

t h i c k n e s s w h l o h may o r may n o t b e

a n d w h lo h may o r may n o t h a v e e x t r a -

o rn am en tatio n *

group I s

th at

The s a l i e n t

they b e a r no v is ib le

o r any o th e r o rg an iz ed

g e rm in a l m echanism .

sp eo ies o f t h is

type a r e

but beoause o f
and w a ll

p o lle n
its

th ey have a l l

In a p ertu ro p o llen ltes
a rau o arlan
The

p o lle n ,

seoond

present

ex tre m e ly v a r ia b le

stru o tu re,

featu re

sp.

"A".

lep to m a,

P o ssib ly
th e

size,

several

"Red B e d s " ,

o rn am en tatio n ,

been lum ped t o g e t h e r u n d e r

I t m ost s tr o n g ly

b u t may w e l l

o f p o lle n

pores,

In

be p o ly p h y le tlo

group encom passes p o ra te

resem b les
In

o rig in .

and le p to m a te

h av in g r a d i a l

sym m etry and a

o i r o u l a r amb.

of

th e

w eak ly o r I n c o n s i s t e n t l y

th is

oped,

group

and

The e x i n e
from

th o se

o ften
of

lep to m a I s

u n d e te o ta b le

th is

form s

group

appressed,

a lly

produoe

has

p o lle n lte s
and

are

illu stra te d

th e

p o lle n

in

in co rp o rated
and d ls o u s s e d

Is

and

ranges

e ith e r tig h tly

w hloh I t

Is

sep arated
P o llen

group.

a co m p ariso n

of

of

th e

th e m o rp h o lo g ical

Is

or

e q u a to rith e

genera

and

C ouper (1958)

betw een S p h e r l ­

o th e r sp eo ies of

tum ulus

by f o s s i l

P o llen

th is

e x t a n t m em bers o f

E x e slp o lle n lte s

sperm ous f a m i l i e s .

In

a s w ell as

of c ertain

p ro b a b ly produoed

p o s s e s s many o f

th o se

sex ln e

d ev el­

c o n tra st.

E x e slp o lle n lte s. Z o n alap o llen ltes.

so ab ratu s,

and T axaoeae.
a lso

to

tw o -lay ered ,

a m onosaooate o o n d l ti o n .

S p h e rlp o lle n lte s.
C lasso p o llls

u su a lly

p o llen

On s o m e m e m b e r s

ex cep t under phase

In w h lo h t h e

lo o se ly
to

is

or

a

m em bers o f

th e

th e

genus,

C upressaoeae

sim ila r
th ese

form

gymno­

genus Z o n a la p o lle n lte s
a ttrib u te s

o f Tsuga.

1*2

including the dlstally pendant saoous and the leptomate
germinal area oentered at the distal pole.

The proximal

trlradlate tetrad mark whloh oharaoterlzes many of the fossil
grains has likewise been observed on m o d e m Tsuga pollen.
Six speoies of this highly variable pollen genus are recog­
nized in the "Red Beds", Indicating a considerably diverse
tsugold representation In the regional flora.

The genus

Classopollls. having a distal leptomate pore, a distal ring
tenultas, an lnfra-sexlnal striated equatorial band, and a
trllete or triangular tetrad mark at the proximal pole,
Is among the most morphologically complex of all gymnosperm
and most angiosperm pollen.

Fortunately Its botanical

affiliation Is also well documented by Its presence In
stamlnate cones of Chelrolepls and less oertalnly In those
of the closely related conifers Braohyphyllum and Paglophyllum.

Dispersed grains of Classopollls are frequently

associated with the foliage of these three genera, whloh
are considered more olosely allied with the arauoarlans than
any other oonlferous family.

Four speoies of this unique

pollen are herein recognized from the Mlohlgan deposits.
Eleven speoies distributed among the pollen genera
Cyoadopltes. Glnkgoretectlna, Chasmatosporltes, and
Euoommlldltes make up a non-saooate morphological grouping
characterized by a single distal sulous or suloate leptoma.
Those speoies of Cyoadopltes having a straight, simple sulous
with somewhat Irregular margins and without thickened lips
flanking the sulous resemble the pollen of the Glnkgoales.

43
One s u o h s p e o l e s ,
Form s o f

th is

genus w ith

sh ap ed* * s u l o u s
c lo sely

flan k ed

re la te d

w ere p r e s e n t .
a lso
the

d esig n ated

to

e ith e r a

o y oadales*

of

to

th e m o n o su lo ate

B e n n e ttlta le s,

C y o ad ales
F ive

the

sp eo les

p rev io u sly

of

reoorded

So g r e a t

Its

Is

o rig in a lly

and p o lle n

E.

is

te n u lta te s

th e

ty p e

ty p e

B ecause o f

to

several
In clu d in g

p ro b ab ly b e st

sp ecim en s

In

p o lle n 'I n
th e

trlo o lp ate

seed

Hughes

m ore a p p r o p r i a t e

th e
to

u n it.

In

The

h av in g a p a i r

p o llen

su lo u s.

th at

It

H lghes

(1961)

S p e rm atlte s

p e tte n sls

and B re n n e r (1963)

su g g ests

was

th e m lo ro p y le

th e m lo ro p y la r tub e

(1961)

genus than

d istal

H ow ever,

d e lo o u rtll

gym nosperm

and t h i s

fo r th is

C re ta c e o u s o f M aryland.

S p e r m a t lt e s and

gym nosperm p o l l e n .

"Red B e d s " ,

flan k in g

C retaceo u s,

tro ed sso n ll

stru c tu re ,

to

o f E.

th e

early

early

o o m p lex p o l l e n

stra tlg ra p h lo

a n g lo sp erm o u s.

cham ber o f

th e

from

from a s i n g l e

resem b lan ce

B ritish

s e e d s from

It

th is

w ith a G in k g o a le s-B e n n e ttlta le s-

sp eo les d iv e r s ity

co n sid ered

found num erous

betw een

b e m ore

C h asm ato sp o rltes

form s a r e

from m o st m o n o s u lo a te

su lo o ld

of Its

p o llen

p e c u l ia r and

d eso rlb ed

o f p ro x im al

rep o rted

of

oyoad p o l l e n .

m ld -M eso zo lc

th e

a g rea ter

d iffers

th e

appear to

o o m p lex .

c o n stitu te s

from

was n o te d *

o r "k ey h o le-

gym nosperm ous g r o u p s ,

h av in g a f f i n i t y

E u o o m m lld ltes a r e

p o lle n

"A",

Two s p e o l e s

some m o d e m

p terld o sp ex m o u s a s w e ll a s

as

stra ig h t

by th lo k e n ed l i p s

th e

b e a r sem b lan ce

co n sid ered

sp.

The g e n e r a G l n k g o r e t e o t l n a a n d

sim ila rity

the

C y o ad o p ltes

of

has

sim ila r

On t h e

b a sis

a re la tio n sh ip

C h lam y d o sp erm ales.

c o n s id e r E u co m m lld ltes

At

th e

p resen t,

sim p ly a s

a

D lsta lly
known t o

su lo a te

and le p to m a te

have been produced

In

b isao o ate

p o lle n ,

but

P aleo zo lo

th e

it

c e rta in ly n o t p o ssib le

and M esozolo b i s a o o a t e

In a few o a s e s

it

is

p o ssib le

and gym nosperm p o l l e n
zo ic

p terld o sp erm

Beds"

is

of

sp eo les

a ffilia tio n s

ty p e.

p a lIld u s.

o f C ay to n an th u s.

th e

to

It

th ese

M eso­

th e

"Red

found

in

th e

have

alth o u g h

p terld o sp ex m o u s.

The f a m i l y

Podooarpaoeae

of P o d o o a rp ld lte s, a p o llen
by P o d o o arp u s,

o f P h y llo c la d i d 11e s . w hich p a r t i c u l a r l y

m ale

C a y to n lale s.
th ree

taxonom ic
some

g e n e r a may w e l l
Is

L ate

tw o f a m i l i e s *

w ith one and

m ost l i k e l y

fam ily P ln ao eae,

produced

in

b e lo n g in g to

to

th o se

a ll

p terld o sp erm

has been

assig n a b le

sim ila r to

th ese

rare ly

sp eo les p re s e n tly

by tw o s p e o l e s

ascrib e

Just
suoh

One c o s m o p o l i t a n

and A l l s p o r l t e s .

resp ec tiv e ly ,

w ith in

to

produce

d ifferen tiate

w hich o c c u r s

The g e n e r a P i t y o s p o r l t e s
"Red B ed s"

g rain s

to

th is

p o lle n

V itre isp o rite s

fru o tifio a tlo n s

C u rren tly ,

F ln a o e a e and P o d o earp ao eae,

is

are

th e p a s t by a num ber o f

p te r ld o s p e x m s and o t h e r gym nosperm s a l i k e .
two f a m i l i e s ,

p o lle n

be

rep re se n te d

m o rp h o lo g ica lly

and by s i x
resem b les

sp eo les

th e

p o llen

o f D ao ry d lu m .
Two s p e o l m e n s o f A u m a n o l s p o r l t e s
a ctu ally

b e lo n g in g

in

a m o rp h o lo g lo al

p ro x im a lly m u l t i - s t r i a t e d
P erm ian

and

T rla ssio

group h as been

p o llen

sed im en ts,

th o u g h t

to

C hlam y d o sp erm ales,

In d e t a i l

th e

sim ila rity

o f A.

to

T h is w hole

p rim itiv e

P o oook (196*0

o retao eu s

to

of

p ro m in en t in

w ere o b s e r v e d .

and

a form

g ro u p com prised

w hich a r e

be r e l a t e d

a n ce stral

o retao eu s.

th e

or

d lso u sses
p o lle n

of

^5
W elw ltso h la.

Those m u l t i - s t r i a t e d

verse

a s d o e s A.

su lo u s,

re la te d
(W ilso n ,
Beds"

to

th e

1962).

fo rm s w hloh h a v e a

o retao eu s.

C o n ifera le s

th an

to

ap p ear to
th e

a ssem b lag e a re

be m ore o l o s e l y

C hlam ydosperm ales

The b o t a n l o a l a f f i l i a t i o n s

sp o re /p o llen

tran s-

of

sum m arized i n

th e

"Red

T able

1.

T ab le 1 - B o ta n ic a l a f f i n i t i e s

of th e

"Red B eds-

p aly n o m o rp h s.

E q u lsetao eae

C alam o sp o ra *

L y o o p o d iaceae

L y o o p o d lu m sp o rites

to
M

S e lag ln ellao e ae

D en so isp o rites
L u n d b lad lsp o ra w lllm o tti

P*
8

O sm undaoeae

T o d isp o rites

H ym en o p h y llao eae

B ire tisp o rlte s

C y ath eao eae

C y a th id ite s *

M ato n lao eae

M a to n lsp o rltes #

P t e r l d o s p e r m a e ___ —
------ ------------ C a y t o n l a l e s

V ltre isp o rlte s

C y cad ales B e n n ettltale s
G ln k g o a le s

C y cad o p ites
G ln k jro reteo tin a
C h a o m a to sp o rlte s

e

to
§
ro,
fX
co
o

n

-

*

p a llld u s

Taxaceae C upressaoeae

E x e s lp o l l e n l te s tu m u lu s *
S p h e rlp o lle n ite s so ab ratu s

Podooarpaoeae

P o d o o a rp ld ites
P h y llo c la d ld lte s

A rau o ariao eae

In ap e rtu ro p o llen ltea
C lasso p o llls

P in ao eae

P lty o sp o rltes
A llsp o rlte s
Z o n alap o llen ltes

C hlam ydosperm ldae

A u r a a n c l s p u r 1t e s

* In d ic a te s

46

p ro v isio n al

*

*

cretaceu s

*

a ssig n m en t.

PALEOGEOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS

In
to

co n sid erin g

the

Ju ra ssic

h e lp fu l
tio n

"Red

Ju ra ssic

Subsurface

p o sitio n

B eds".

lim itin g

It

o e rta in

th at

a b rasio n

o rig in a l

areal

and w e d g e -o u t
but

th is

A latera l
resto red
b etw een

site

and

reaso n ab le

p o st-Ju ra sslc

reduoed,

d istrib u tio n
tow ard

th e

p ro je c tio n
llth o fa o le s

mum e x t e n t

th e

lin e s

w ould be

d u rin g d ep o si­

t h e m aximum e x t e n t

o o u ld be

estim ated .

sp e cu la tio n
ero sio n

ero sio n

of

on t h e s e m a t t e r s .

th ese d e p o s its .

u p d lp l i m i t s

of

th e ir d istrib u tio n ,

e ro slo n al

p ro file s,

*0

sh o re lin e

beyond th e

to

a

form er

tru n ca tio n ,

trim o ated

and P le ls to o e n e

th e

They do t h i n

e it h e r p ro x im ity

P ig .

are

and P le ls to o e n e

o f ero slo n ally

"Red B ed s"
of

it

re la tio n

by an u n d e te r m i n a b le am o u n t,

o r p o st-d e p o sitio n a l

th e

sp a tia l

p o st-d e p o sitio n a l

t h i n n i n g may r e f l e o t

sh o re lin e ,

in

K now ing t h i s ,

sam p le q u a l i t y

fac to rs

g la c ia l

B asin

o f stran d

d e p o sltlo n a l

again
is

M ich ig an

g e o g ra p h y o f N o rth A m erica,

t o know t h e

o f th e

of th is

the

stra ta

alo n g th e
d rift

o r b o th .
(see

u n co n fo rm ity

i m p l i e s a m axi­

present lim its

of

areal d istrib u tio n .
A v a ila b le

p ale o n to lo g lo

a m arin e g e n e s is
p h y to p lan k to n
n e o essarlly

fo r th e

from th e

ru le

out

in fo rm atio n

"Red

B eds",

p a ly n o lo g lo al

but

does n o t
th e

^7

absenoe

assem b lag e

s p e c u la tio n s o f a m arin e

support
o f m arin e

does no t

In flu en ce,

^8
w h i c h may h a v e b e e n a s o u r c e
p o ssib ility
B asin ,
Beds"
begs

of a

sh o re lin e

co u p led w ith
to

q u e stio n

ora to n ic

b asin ,

o r by a t r a n s g r e s s io n

t h a t w as,

ocourred
b asin

b asin

an e r o s l o n a l
d u r in g an

w here

O r,

T he
no c lu e s
ro u te

th e

stra tig ra p h lc
p e rta in in g

ero sio n ,

of

rooks

(F ig .

7),

sp e o lflo a lly

"Red

tra n sg re ssio n
w ould

th u s

so u th

In

sea

eroded P a le o z o ic
dow nw arped t o
pre­

c o u ld a ls o

In to

have

a p re-e x istin g

by an e p e l r i o

se d im e n ta tio n

w ere

con­

In to

"Red B e d s " ,

e v id en ce p ro v id e s

p o in t of o rig in

th lo k n e ss

In flu x

p a tte rn s

th e

In

p a le o g eo g ra p h lo

e x te n sio n

In d ica te

B asin .
re la tio n

The
to

sed im en tary
p o ssib ilitie s.

tran sg re ssio n

G u lf C oast P ro v in c e .

Im p lies a b r i e f

do n o t

M ich ig an

co n sid ered

f o r an e p e l r i o

o r th e

B eoause o f p o s t-

o f N o r t h A m erioan

several

th e

e p e lrio

c o n tro lle d .

sed im en t

source

th e

be b a th y m e trio a lly

such tr a n s g re s s io n .

poses

b asin ,

an i n t r a -

Beds" a r e

D e p o sitio n

e i t h e r th e

p a ttern

O ne p o s s i b l e
from th e

th e

in

by a sh allo w
slo p in g

HR e d

o f th e

from o u t s i d e

and se d lm e n to lo g lc

to

th e

th e d i s t r i b u t i o n

be

e p e lrio

and t e o t o n l o a l l y

presenoe

w hich

rem n an t.

so u rce o f sed im en t

very

h isto ry

d e p o sitio n ,

dow nw arplng and

ta k e n by any

Ju ra sslo

in

to

M ich ig an

o f th e

t h e y may h a v e b e e n d e p o s i t e d

s e a w here b a s l n a l
current

o r g e n tly

se d im e n ta tio n

c o n tro lle d .

d e p o site d

subsequent

form a s t r u c t u r a l
as

stru c tu ra l

The

th e

w h e th e r th e y w ere d e p o s i te d

tran sg re ssin g over a f l a t

served

e v a p o rite s.

u n c le ar re la tio n s h ip

T hey may h a v e b e e n

surfaoe

th e

e x te n d in g beyond

th e p o s t-P a le o z o lo

th e

b asin .

th e

for

w ould

T h is p o s t u l a t e

o f G u lf C oast J u r a s s lo

F ig u re

7m -

J u r a s s i c p a le o g o o g ra p h y of N o rth A m erica
( a fte r E ard ley , 1962).
A rrow s i n d i c a t e
courses of p o s s ib le e p e ir lc tra n s g re s s io n s
i n t o th e M ich ig an B asin *

50
seas

th ro u g h

th e

M ississip p i

V alley ,

and

in to

m ile s.

The M io h ig a n

a ttrib u te s
e v a p o rite
and

th e

w ith
and

M ich ig an

G u lf C oast J u r a s s l o ,

th e

d isju n ct

d u rin g

Embayment i s
m en ts,
perhaps

east

record

C re ta ce o u s
Itse lf

C re ta c e o u s,

Illin o is.

F in a lly ,

actu ally

of

sites.

th e
to

th e

of

th e

th e

G ulf

tem p o ral

w h atso ev er to

b etw een

th ese

of

th e

commend

w id ely

C e n tra l

co n g lo m era tic
T h is

stro n g ly

lim its

Ju ra sslo
se d im e n ts
th e

in to

o e n tra l

G u lf

su g g ests

-fBie" M i s s i s s i p p i
se d i­

so u th east o r
M ississip p i

lim it,

th ere

u n d erly in g

e x iste n c e

Embayment w h ic h

e q u iv a le n ts

C re tao eo u s

M ississip p i

sy stem

G u lf

a p p ro x im ate ly
lim it.

by e a r ly

oome i n t o

th e

in

T hroughout th e

th e

of Ju ra ssic

o la stio s

d e p o sltlo n a l

re p re se n te d

e x te n d in g

alth o u g h a d ra in a g e

th e v i c i n i t y

volum e o f

C retao eo u s

o v erlap .

d id n o t

e q u iv a le n ts

fad es

o ften

o v e rla in

of

B uokner,

Ju ra ssic .

id re o tio n .

n o rth

p articu la r,

com ponent o f

e v id e n ce

d istrib u tio n a l

o e n tra l

some 700

common

N o rp h let,

c o n tin u ity

th e

of

y e t u n d eterm in ed

no

c la stic ,

oourse

Itse lf,

no

be

and a s
is

In

th e n o th e m m o st J u r a s s lo

w ith l a t e r

Embayment
is

of

to

M ississip p i

several

Im p o rta n t

se d im e n ta ry

have

present

o o ln o ld es w ith

in

lik e ly

u p d ip n o rth w a rd
th eir

do have

o h ro n o lo g io a l

th ere

not a ll

C oast J u ra s s lo

w ise

are

th e

a d istan c e

(L ouann,

an

of a g e n e tic

reg io n s

M ost i f

th at

and

e x ist,

p o stu late

an

are

W h ile l i t h o l o g i o

sim ila ritie s

in

fac ies

S h u ler fo rm atio n s)

C o ast.

up

G u lf C o ast J u r a s s l o .

bed

M ich ig an J u r a s s l o

B asin ,

"Red B eds"

th e

red

© inpaym ent,

lik e ­

th e

Embayment

u n til

was p r e s e n t
su p p lies

early
som ew here

a c o n sid era b le

C oast J u r a s s ic

51
E p elrio
n o rth ,

co n n ec tio n s

n o rth east

o o u ld a ls o

or east,

b u t ag ain

of Ju ra sslo

se d im e n ts le n d

Ju ra ssic

a n o rth w ard

th e

in

C anadian

m ents

have been

H a tte ras,
th e

A rc tic

and

e n tire ty

o o n o e iv a b ly

The A p p a l a c h i a n
ag ain st

ex cep tio n

S t.

m a te ly 1 ,1 0 0 m ile s

are

p re se n t in

C o astal

th e

in te rv e n in g

and s t i l l
of th is

is

th is

age.

th e

age

series

T here i s

may u n d e r l i e
m iles d i s t a n t
rep o rted

so u th ern

referred

sequence,

C retao eo u s
of

at

th e

(B e ll,
c le a rly

to

th e

th e

such h is to r y

of

in

b a rrie r

p o ssib le

B asin

o f ap p ro x i­

from

th e

se d im e n ts,

except

Sc M c G r e g o r 1 9 ^ 3 )

age.

The m e g a f l o r a

su g g ests

a p re-A p tla n

B asin ,

and

asse m b la g e

stra ta

ro u g h ly
th ere

H u d s o n 's

C an ad ian

an e a r l y

C re ta o eo u s

th a t Ju ra sslo
w hich i s

sed i­

Bay h a s b e e n

p a ly n o lo g io

b en ea th

the

rem oved

th e

lig n ite -b e a rin g

th e

suspect

occurrences

Cape

th ro u g h o u t

A d lstan o e

S e ries,

and

M ich ig an

The M e s o z o ic h i s t o r y
am ount o f

w ith

o f Jam es

M attag am l S e r i e s ,

from

Ju ra ssic

tip

in d ic a te s
to

off

d istan ce.

M attag am l

no reason

sed i­

an e f f e c t i v e

(S tev en so n

os Ju ra sslo

1928),

in

and M aritim e P r o v in c e s .

and n o m ld-M esozolo

Nova S o o t l a

is

Ju ra sslo

M ich ig an

A sm all e x p o su re o f n o n -m a rin e ,
m ents l o o a t e d

d ire o tio n

offshore

E ast,

th e

th e

The n e a r e s t

subsurfaoe

Im posed

th e

sep arates

in

th e

L aw rence V a lle y .

L aw renoe,

Lower C re ta o e o u s

from

in

ex ten d

sy stem no d o u b t

o f th e

G ulf o f S t .

they

A tlan tlo

tra n sg re ssio n s

su p p o rt.

G reen lan d .

deep

to w ard

present d istrib u tio n

and n o rth e a stw a rd

and E a s te rn

th e

th e

v ir tu a lly no

en co u n tered

of

be p o s tu la te d

a r e no

Bay.

S h ie ld ,

by P l e is to c e n e

500

and

g la c ia l

th e
ero sio n ,

52

are two great intangibles vitiating any postulates involving
a Jurasslo transgression aoross the Canadian Shield into
Michigan.

Paleozoic seaways at times apparently traversed

at least part of this vast expanse, and It Is certainly
not inconceivable that a veneer of Jurasslo or other Meso­
zoic strata was completely stripped from the Shield by
continental ice sheets.

This Imponderable must remain so

until the fragmentary Mesozoic reoord on and peripheral to
the Shield area, and the paleogeographlo conclusions presently
deduced from it, Is supplemented by additional discoveries.
Jurasslo strata of the Western Interior extend almost
as far east as the western margin of Minnesota, and this
relatively close proximity to the Michigan Basin has appeal
as a possible paleogeographlo relationship between the "Red
Beds" and the Western Interior Jurasslo.

As in the oase

of the Gulf Coast, however, little more than a postulate oan
be advanced.

There Is no tangible evidence of an eastward

transgression of that magnitude, with the exception of one
notable ooourrenoe whloh does strengthen the postulate.
In Webster County, Iowa, located in the north-central portion
of the state, a sequence of gypsum and dominantly reddish
oolored shales, sandstones, and conglomerates ooours.

This

deposit, the Fort Dodge Formation, is restricted to the
northern half of Webster County where it occurs as isolated
erosional remnants spread over an area of approximately
1 2 5 square miles.

An original distribution covering a con­

siderably larger area has no doubt been diminished by prePleistooene erosion and Plelstooene glacial abrasion.

A

53
■

m axim um t h i c k n e s s n o t
(H ale,

1955).

th ic k n esse s
to w ard

th e

p erip h ery

of

Its

facies

san d sto n e

facies

at le a st

co n g lo m erate

of

In

a n o rth

oom posed

p e b b le s

Is

P le lsto o e n e

alth o u g h

w estern

e x tre m itie s.

have
Its

p rev io u sly

stra tlg ra p h lc

u su a lly

been

and,

C re tao eo u s

In

o v erly

p o sitio n ,
as

as

A th in

d eriv ed
In

In

For th is
th e

F ort

P erm ian

or

th e

th e

3t r a t a .
In m ost
th e

ex trem e

o b v io u sly

basal

reason,

re­

c o n g lo m era te

to g e th e r w ith

Dodge F o r m a tio n
perhaps

so u th ern

u n c o n fo rm ab ly

fo rm atio n

than

basal

P a leo z o ic

s e d i m e n t s may o v e r l a p
o th er

sh ale

gypsum

M lsslsslp p lan
th e

reach

do a l s o

red

th e

Dodge F o r m a tio n

In v erte b ra tes

regarded

beyond

some e x p o s u r e s

lo c a lly ,

found.

reoorded

ra d ia lly

lim its,

of lo c a lly

No f o s s i l s

been

th in s

and w est d i r e c t i o n .

present

P en n sy lv an ian

been

O v e rly in g

la te ra lly

d e p o sits

p laces,

cy cled

d istrib u tio n

The F o r t

g la c ia l

has

o o m m ero lal q u a n t i t i e s
The g y p su m

la rg e ly

P en n sy lv a n ia n

feet

80

fo rm atio n .

ex ten d

of occurrence.

o v erlies

th e

of

In

feet.

and

area

Bedded gypsum
30

o la stlo

lim e sto n e

excess

of about

th e

beds,

in

has

P e n n sy lv an ian

In a g e .
P aly n o lo g lo
recovered
c le a rly
In
the

from

ev ld en o e
th e

in d io a tes

fact a

gypsum a s
a Ju ra ssic

strik in g

Ju ra sslo

p relim in ary

by

far

w ell
age

o f M ich ig an

i n v e stlg a tlo n

th e

an a b u n d a n t

o o m p o sltlo n al

d e p o sits

sp eo les-fo r-sp eo ies
Is

from

on t h e

co m p ariso n

m ost a b u n d an t

Is

form

as

th e

for

sp o re -p o lle n
a sso ciated

th is

th o se

la tte r

th e

e x ists
of

Iow a,

In d ic a te s

p o ssib le .
In

sh ales

Iow a d e p o s i t .

resem b lan ce
and

flo ra

F ort

b etw een
and

a lm o st

a

C la sso p o llls
Dodge F o r m a tio n ,

5 1*
tu t

tt

I s n o t alw ay s th e

th e

"Red B e d s " .

are

som ew hat m ore a b u n d a n t

P te rid o p h y te

D o dg e F o r m a t i o n
early

Is

In

"Red

In

a d d itio n

In

age,

Beds" and
to

the

regarded

p ro b ab le

o th e r n o tew o rth y

p o in ts

b etw een

th e

In

two d e p o s i t s

o t h e r way r e l a t e d
c o n fig u ra tio n
th an

th at of

the

of

d e fin ite ly
base

of

u n d erly in g

rence

th e

of

re la tiv e

has

th at

Dodge F o r m a t i o n ,

p o ssib le
com-

In,

of

o r In

some

The s t r u c t u r a l

th e
th e

d isju n ct
fo rm atio n ,

stru c tu ra l
Itse lf

su b tle

a ttitu d e
as w ell

a s by

been m o d ified

by th e

F o r t Dodge F a u l t ,

m iles

but

fa u ltin g ,

w id th

through

Dodge F o r m a t i o n .
of

In

the

th e

The
Fort

tim e

The s t r u c t u r a l
a

tre n d in g approx­
area
of

of occur­
fa u ltin g

Dodge F o r m a tio n h a s

t h e r e now seem s t o
w hich d o e s

but

of

1955)*

th ree

of

d e p o sited

(H ale,

d e p o sitio n

th e

are

fo rm atio n s

lo n g been a c o n tr o v e r s y ,
q u estio n

th e

re la tio n sh ip ,

som ew hat m ore

ow ing to

th e

e a st-n o rth ea st

F ort
th e

Is

rem n an ts

by

betw een

have been

b asin .

Dodge a r e a
B asin ,

to

p a le o ellm a to lo g lo

and p re s e rv e d

Iso la te d

up to

20 m i l e s

to

F ort

m id d le

s im ila r su o o e sslo n s

F o r t Dodge F o r m a tio n

P a leo z o ic

th e

of

stru c tu ra l

refle cted

stru c tu re

im ately

a

M ich ig an

Is

th e

c o n fig u ra tio n
graben

th e

th e

d istrib u tio n
It

of

to ,

to

p o lle n

B oth e x h i b i t

and

In

Im p lied .

B oth a p p e a r t o

th o u g h now r e s t r l o t e d

late

co m p ariso n

q u e stio n .

a h isto ry

sed im en tary e n v iro n m en ts.
In,

In

Is

The F o r t

synchronous

stra tlg ra p h lc

p a t t e r n s w hloh I n d i c a t e

as

F o r t Dodge I s

several

p arab le llth o lo g lo ,

P o r t Dodge.

and a sy n ch ro n ism

th e

th is

th at

s p o re s and b is a o o a te

ten ta tiv e ly

Upper J u r a s s l o

M lohlgan

o v erw h elm in g d o m in an t

In v o lv e

was a p o s t - d e p o s l t l o n a l

ev en t.

be l i t t l e
th e

Fort

The

p reserv a tio n
a ttrib u te d
If

In

to

th ere.

M ich ig an

w hloh,

m ust a c c o u n t

upon

"Red

calciu m

Is

th is

th e

graben.
c h ro n o lo g ica lly

It

p lay s

a p ro m in en t

of th e

of

surface

and

th e

any

In ter­

gypsum p r e s e n t

exposures

of pre-

v lo ln lty

o f n o rth

o e n tra l

w e a th e r in g and

ero sio n ,

c o u ld

to

th e

F ort

re -p re o lp ita te d
w hloh w ould

at

a lso

"Red

The Io w a d e p o s i t

p ro b lem s,

source

oan be

Is

concerned.

fo r th e

In

B id s",

u n so lv ed

su lfa te

m echanism ,

of

In te rp re ta tlo n

ex te n siv e

c h em ic al

have been

lik e ly

Dodge b a s i n

a la te r

Iow a

have

w here

tim e.

of

m ore a d e q u a te ly

e x p la in

Iow a d u r i n g

th e

d e p o sitio n
w ith

th e

of

Ju ra sslo

e x istin g

In

B eds"

th at
are

e p le rlo

seas

of

h av in g a

F ort
so le

tim e p e rio d

req u ired

o e n tra l
for

th e

F o rm atio n .
A sh a llo w c o n n e c tio n
!i
t h e W e s te r n I n t e r i o r o n l y 200

re stric te d

c lim a tic

c o n d itio n s

th e
th e

g e o lo g lo

th e

F o r t Dodge

an a r i d

re q u isite
be

b rief

th e

m iles d i s t a n t ,

t h e r e , w ould b e t h r o u g h
I
m arin e w a te r flo w in g In to

h y p ersalln e

It

A m ore

volum e o f gypsum p r e s e n t

ev ap o ratio n

It

several

e v ap o rlte s

su p p lied
co u ld

areas

no

13odge F o r m a t i o n

Dodge F o r m a tio n

a p a le o g rap h lo

T here a re

Ju ra sslo

P ort

presense

th e

p resen ts

p re ta tio n

th e

F ort

and a d j a c e n t

Itse lf

th e

to

th e

th e

In so far as

Beds"

th e

part

Indeed

eq u iv a le n t
ro le

o f rauoh o f

c irc u la tio n

reg im e,

for

w ould u l t i m a t e l y

e v ap o rlte

d e p o sitio n .

Dodge F o r m a tio n a n d t h e
!i
known e r o s l o n a l r e m n a n t s

tran sg re ssio n

ex te n d in g a t

p a tte rn

le a st

as

and
d ev elo p

C ould

M ich ig an

"Red

of a Ju ra sslo
far

east

as

M ich ig an ?
S u b sta n tia tin g
f o r new,

and

e v id e n ce

m ig h t be

a re-ex am in atio n

of

rev ealed

mown,

In

d e p o sits

a

searoh

of u n certain

56
age
In

In a d ja o e n t
th e

areas.

"D rlftle ss

p ro b ab ly

ila rly ,

A rea” o f W lso o n sln .

P le lsto o e n e

e x am in atio n ,

or as

O t h e r s may b e

p o st-P a leo z o lo
by t h e s e

and

and

The p o s s i b l e
S u p e r io r B asin

M lo hlg an

of great

M lohlgan a r e a

sen t,

sh o u ld

and

If

th e

"Red

co n sid ered

C retao eo u s

may be

rep re se n te d

and p re s e n tly

In terio r.

and

eastw ard
m id -

to

th e

lin k a g e

is

w ith

o o n tex t of

betw een

U n lik e
Is

th e

o th er

a stru c tu ra l

part

o ould

have

In to

th e

The o r i g i n

problem

based

can

pre­

o n ly

on s p e c u l a t i o n .

by an e p e l r i o
th e

th e

n o t w e l l known a t

of o th ers

B asin ,

th e

tra n sg re ssio n

"Red B ed s"

d e p o site d

M lohlgan

in

th e Lake

la te-Ju rasslo .

S u p e rio r b asin
to

In

o o n n eo tio n

a n tiq u ity ,

th e

of

tran sg re ssio n

m ost en g a g in g p o s t u l a t e
Ju ra sslo

Seas o f

th e

In terio r.

A fin al
"Red

Sim ­

A c o n sid era b le

reoord

o f Lake S u p e r i o r

f o r an

B eds" w ere

be a g e n e tlo

W estern

la te

In flu en ce

e p e lrio

th at

re la tio n

th e

re­

teo h n lq u es.

age.

co n sid ered

W estern

g e o lo g ic

th e

be

among a m u l t i t u d e

from o u t s i d e
w ould

a lso

th e

d u rin g

of

and I t s

be l i s t e d

do m e rit a

are

d e p o sits.

p aleo g eo g rap h lo

an a v e n u e

h isto ry

in

p re-P lelsto o en e

G reat Lakes b a s in s ,

and

T e rtia ry

th e

ooour

th ese

d e p o s i t s w hloh m o s tly a r e
rem n an ts o f

fo r a d lreo t

B asin

p ro v id ed

th ey

o th e r m o stly u n f o s s ll l f e r o u s

in a d e q u a te ly d a te d

a p o stu late

but

d e p o sits

Many o f

by p a ly n o lo g lo a l

c o n ta in s

e ith e r P le lsto o e n e

b asin

se d im e n ts,

e sp ec ially

Illin o is

o v erlap .

In a d e q u a te ly d a te d

Bed’ s"

p o stu late

d em an d in g c o n s i d e r a t i o n

d e p o sitlo n a l

h isto ry

has no d lr e o t

is

th at

th e

o r g e n etlo

57
re la tio n sh ip
o u tsid e
o zo lo ,

th e
th e

w ith

Ju ra sslo

M lohlgan
M lohlgan

dow nw arplng t o
o f sed im en t

B asin ,
B asin

has

of

th e M lo h lg an

th e

great

re su ltin g

th lo k n e ss

a

P ale-

o tu stal

and| v o l u m e

T h e r e I s ^thus n o

a Ju ra sslo
In

the

e p iso d ic

th ere*

e n v isio n in g

B asin ,

tra n sg re ssio n s,

T hroughout m ost o f

accu m u lated

p articu lar d iffic u lty

e sp ec ially

has undergone

aooom m odate

th at

e v en ts,

rea ctiv atio n

stru c tu ra l,

ln tra j

o rato n lo

se d im e n ta ry b a s in

d e p o site d .

U n lik e

th e

Dodge a r e a ,

S ilu ria n ,

w here

th e

p a le o g eo lo g lo

"Red B eds"

oou ld

se ttin g

the

at

be

F ort

i

frin g in g

th e

p o ten tial

b asin ,

source

D evonian,

If

exposed,

re -p re o lp ita tlo n

th e

g y p slfero u s

age w ith a m arin e

body.

In

su p p o rts

th e

"Red B ed s"

c o n d itio n s

In

c o n ce iv a b ly

have

v e n tin g m ig ra tio n s

o f m arin e

san d sto n es

a lso

p ro v id ed

"Red

Beds"

n o rth w est
ness

b a sin .
In

th e

d istrib u tio n

sed im en ts
By t h e
and

a lik e ly

th e

source

for

U pland a r e a s n o
Upper P e n in su la ,
p a tte rn s

do n o t

th ese

aooount fo r

o f m arin e m lo ro p lan k to n
a lth o u g h

w ith

o rg an ism s

G rand

of

In v o k in g a l i n k ­

th e

effe ctiv e

of a d ja o e n t

of

w eath erin g

re a d ily

th e sis,

an

stra ta

b e en an a m p le

w ith o u t

co n n ectio n

c reated

W eath erin g p ro d u c ts
e sp ec ially

oou ld

fac ies,

th is

have

C hem loal

The a b s e n c e

an e p e l r i o

o o u ld

M lsslsslp p lan

w ould

o f e v a p o rtle s.

e v a p o r lte s and
"Red B e d s "

and

from

W estern

th e w e st.
sed im en ts,

R iv e r G roup,

doubt

w ould h av e

d e p o site d

e x iste d

but llth o lo g lo
In d ica te

In terio r

b a rrie r pre­

P a leo z o ic

o la stlo s

lly p ersalln e

In

th e

to w ard

th e

pnd

th lo k ­

a provenance

for

from a n y p a r t i c u l a r d i r e c t i o n .
above m en tio n ed

p re -la te

p o stu late,

M esozoic p a le o g e o g r a p h lo

th e

p o st-P e in sy lv a n la n

h isto ry

of th e

58
M lohlgan

B asin m ig h t be

ex p erien ced

a lo n g

b etw een l a t e
In terv e n in g
pre-"R ed
th e

lak e

sed im e n ta ry

Beds"

m ore

stru c tu ra l

ero sio n ,
in

M id-

or less

P aleo zo ic

th e la k e

fille d

w ith

to

o r has

yet

to

of

th e

N e ith e r

th e

by th e

m ust have been

w ell

sed im en t

and

on

sh a llo w .

stag e

was a l s o

ao o o m p an led

w here e v a p o r a tio n

exceeded

p re o ip ita tlo n .

in g

"Red B e d s"

en v iro n m en t
d e ta il
o r even

of

la te r.
e arly

by e r o s io n

and

b a sin .
th e
If

"Red

lak es

d e p o sitio n

C re ta o eo u s,
g la c ia l

The p o s t u l a t e
h av in g no d l r e o t

o f an

th e

is

known,

T o ta l downth e

in

by a c l i m a t i c

over th e

w ill

L o ca liz ed

Iso la te d

b asin

o y o le

of

reoord

in to

has

gypsum

th e

and
sh rin k ­

and d e p o s itlo n a l

be d lso u ssed

c o n tin u ed

reg im e

tem p o rally

surfaoe

The p a l e o o l l m a t i o
Beds"

ero slo n al

by in te r n a l- d r a in a g e .

m ig h t h av e b een d e p o s i t e d
p lay a

In itia lly ,

u n d e rw en t a g eo m orphlo

T h is l a t t e r

sh iftin g

o ld

a c tiv ity

o h arao terized

sp a tia lly

a p lu v ia l

n o r maxim um b a t h y ­

ty p io a l o f b a sin s

facies

e sta b lish e d

sed im en t a c c u m u la tio n ;

th u s

W ith

stru c tu ra l

B asin ,

th e

in itia l

fa irly

by

d ev elo p ed .

stru c tu ra l

to ta l

of a

M lo h lg an

th e

any

be d i s c o v e r e d .

L ate-Ju rassio ,

was d e p o s i t e d

exceed

ero sio n

M id -Ju ra sslo ;

b u t unknown e x t e n t

allo w ed

w arp in g d id n o t

E arly

and

was e i t h e r d e c im a te d

to

fad e s

surfaoe.

m etric l im i ts

and

The a r e a

record

c o n fig u ra tio n

c la stic

fo llo w ss

o f n o n -d ep o sitio n

c o in c id e n t w ith

of c o n sid e ra b le

a basal

but

p erio d

P en n sy lv a n ia n

fo rm atio n ,

b asin ,

sum m arized a s

in

la te st

ag ain

been

g rea ter
Ju ra sslo
strip p ed

ab rasio n .
ln tra o ra to n io

p h y slo al

rela tio n sh ip

stru c tu ra l
to

b asin

e x te rio r Ju ra ssic

59
ev en ts

Is

an

e n tire ly

stru c tu ra l

h isto ry

It

th e

is

a lso

ex cessiv e
lim its

th e

unfounded

co n clu sio n ,

M ich ig an

sim p le st one;

of e x istin g

p ro b ab le

of

lo g lo a l

it

su p p o sitio n
ev id en ce,

p a le o g eo g ra p h io

B asin

oan

be

and

it

th at

The se o o n d m o s t p l a u s i b l e

an e p e l r i o

tra n sg re ssio n

en gag in g p o s tu la te

p o ssib ility .

but

th e
is

as

th e

w ith o u t
of

th e

m ost

can p r e s e n tly

e x p lan atio n

W estern
s till

past

co n sid ered .

fo rm u lated

stan d s

advanced.

a less

is

o r tran scen d en ce

p o stu late

from

when t h e

in v o lv e s

In terio r.

w ith in

th e

be

T h is

realm

of

is

DE PO SIT IONA L ENVIRONMENTS, CLIMATE,
ECOLOGY OP THE HRED BEDS"

Any d e t a i l e d
m en ts o p e r a t i n g
m ust be

In te rp re ta tio n
in

and

sp e cu la tiv e

d e p o sits

are

geo g rap h io

im p ro b a b ility

m arin e

fo ssils

a narrow ,
co u ld

be

sh a llo w ,

been

h y p ersalin e

The

th e

lim ite d

W hile

fu tu re

least

m arg in al

The a b s e n c e
of

spores

crite ria
basin

and
in

itse lf.

p a rticle s
b u t m any.

sam p les

are

except

of lim ite d
c o u ld

to
th e

th e

a m arin e

rem ain

source

in to

b lo tlo

the

in v asio n

u n d e te cted

f o r e x am in atio n *

p o ssib ility

a v a ila b le

te rre stria l

n e ce ssitates

reco n stru ctio n
Red o l a s t l o s

T here

w ith

d iscu ssed ,

of at

e v id e n ce

fu rth e r c o n sid era tio n .

p o lle n ,

of

p a le o -

No i n d i g e n o u s

a v a ila b le

open

in flu e n c e ,

of a ll

th e

th e

o r m a rg in a l m arin e

co n n ectio n

reoord

s t u d i e s m ust be
m arin e

sam p les

b u t as p rev io u sly

co n ce iv a b ly

subsurface

does n o t w arran t

subsurfaoe

th ese

b a r r i e r a g a in s t m ig ra tio n

fo ssil

t h a t m ig h t hav e o o o u rre d
in

For one,

For a n o th e r,

a m arin e

found,

e ffe ctiv e

B asin .

th ro u g h

en v iro n ­

"Red B eds" b a s i n

reasons*

q u a n tity *
of

th e

c o m p lete ly d isc o u n te d *

have

im pose an

M ich ig an

and

o n ly

q u a lity

cannot

to

fo r several

of lim ite d

in flu e n c e

o f d e p o sitio n a l

a d ja ce n t

a cc essib le

AND

course
is

and

of

relian o e

th e

form

on p h y s i c a l
th e

oom ponent d e t r i t a l

of no

a v aried

60

in

en v iro n m en ts w ith in

th e ir

in d ic a tiv e

p ro b ab ly

heavy

b io ta ,

sin g le

array

en v iro n m en t

o f en v iro n m en ts

61
rep re se n te d
o la stlo s

by th e

M lohlgan

d e p o sits.

do how ever r e f l e o t no n m arin e

clay m in e ral c o n s titu e n ts ,
th is

d e p o sitio n

u n d er m arin e c o n d itio n s
th e

been

Is

and

p red o m in ates In

has

1111te

o ccu rrin g ,

c la y

given

fra c tio n

such u b iq u ity

oan b e a o o o u n te d

In clu d in g

one

th e

b e d s many d a y s ,
w ill

th at

be c o n v e r te d

to

from d e p o s i t l o n a l
oom monness o f

ln d io a to r of

sites

calo lu m

from

fac to rs,

In

may e i t h e r

areas,

or resu lt

en v iro n m en ts.
In

source

a m arin e

course,

source

th e

red

The

beds Is no

areas

sp eci­

o r d e p o sitlo n al

gypsum

c o n n ectio n

of

th e

se ttin g

a

Is

stru c tu ra l

c o n d itio n s

basal

d e p o site d

d e p o sitlo n a l

facies
as a

of

of v a lley

source

and

o f L ate

fac ies.

fills

P a leo z o ic

req u ired

seasonal

p lu v ia l

d u rin g d e p o sitio n

of th e

These

and

d om ­

In itia l

surfaoe,

sed i­

m ig h t have

sim ila r flu v ia l

c o n d i t i o n s w ould

of o la stlo

and

dow nw arplng w ould have

P a leo z o lo

channel

w ith in

d e p o sits.
At l e a s t

th e

s im p le s t and m ost

fo r d e p o sitio n

"Red Beds"

on an e ro d e d

h isto ry

th e

A fte r a lo n g p e rio d

fav o rab le

co n sisted

of

but

su lp h a te .

E a r ly M esozoic e r o s i o n ,

m ents,

C lay s,

F in a lly ,

req u ire

lo g lo a l approach.

sandy,

se d im e n ts,

by s e v e r a l

p a rticu la r,

a n o n m arin e p a le o g e o g ra p h lo

in an tly

o f m ost red

Illlte

c la y s,

196*4-).

An I n t e r p r e t a t i o n

p ro v id ed

1959)*

am orphous and k a o l I n i t i o

in h e rite d

in

In d ica te

o f red

en v iro n m en ts

"Red B ed s" do n o t
f o r th e

(S ander,

a n d /o r d la g e n e tlc

(Van H o u t e n ,

ev ld en o e to

d lag e n esls

illlte .

Illlte ,

Am ong t h e

t h e m o s t com m only

as

for

p igm ented

c o n d itio n s.

u n d er p ro lo n g ed

such a s

be w e ath ered d e t r i t u s

fic

M ost r e d

fao ies

to

have been
p ro v id e

62
ero sio n al

runoff

In

th e

f o r th e

tra n sp o rta tio n

sites.

No e x t e n s i v e

o b s e rv e d w h lo h w ould
to rren tia l

stream

lead

stru c tu ra l

u ltim ately

m ent.

to

th e

several

sm a ller,

o e n tra l

of a llu v la tlo n

d e tritu s

stream

steep

and th e

fo rm a tio n
as

a larg e

p o rtio n

of

th e

Iso la te d

In

th e

la tte r,

p lay a

o e n tra l

but

t h e y may s i m p l y
of

g rea ter

w ater d e p o s itio n

In

la c u strin e

su b a erla l

B asin ,

o r as

o v er th e

p lain

cannot

be d e t e r ­

such as

en v iro n m en t.

d e p o sits

beaches,

m ig h t

facies
th e

bars,

q u iet

O th er

la c u strin e

p lain s

shrunken

c o n tin u ity .

co m p arativ ely

a llu v ia l

reaso n ab le
o rig in a lly
stream s

to

assum e

fresh

phase

g rad in g

In to

and d e l t a i c

have accu m u lated

su p p lied

advent of

c lim a tic

th at

w ater,

th e

lak e,

becam e

d isso lv e d

c h em ic al w e a th e rin g o f a d ja c e n t
W ith t h e

e n v iro n ­

represent

th e

w ould

on t h e

p lain s.

Is

as

ln d lo a te

th e

c o m p lete ly

e x te n t and

o o n co m m lten t w ith

ln o lu d e d
d e p o sits

w hloh w ere
sa lin e

th e

reg im es

area,

In

c o n d itio n s

d ev elo p m en t o f g y p s lf e r o u s

w ould

It

and

d rain ag e

M ich ig an

b asin

fac ies

a d ja ce n t

g ra d ie n ts

lak e

scattered

S h aly and o la y e y

A eo lian

have been

of a lao u strin e

e x iste d

rem n an ts o f a f o r m e r l a k e

areas.

stream s

d e p o sitlo n al

sig n ify

p lu v ia l

th e

nearshore

produce

sed im en ts

b asin

suggest

have

th e

In tern al

The l o c a l i z e d

m ig h t

to

to

of p o stu lated

m in ed .

se d im en tary

and

co n g lo m era tic

th e

W hether t h i s

fillin g

of

areas

flo w .

The c o m b i n a t i o n
Ju ra sslo

source

sa lts

P a leo z o ic

c o n d itio n s

o r la k e s,

In c re a sin g ly
d eriv ed

from

e v a p o rlte s.

w here

e v ap o ratio n

63
exceeded

p re c ip ita tio n

p lu s

en v iro n m en t was s u p e rc e d e d
su lp h a te ,

and

h y d rated ,

was d e p o s ite d *

g reen ish

th e e v a p o r i t e s ,

w ith

sodium

l i k e w i s e unknown i f
phase

d e p o sitio n

th e

h a lite .
in d ic a te s

occurred,

any a s s o c ia te d

moved b y s u b s e q u e n t
R eg ard less
o x id iz in g
sites

In

the

process
th e

e x cep tio n

g reen ish -g ray
le a st

of

h a lite

of

th e

th e

sa lts,

and

red u cin g

th e

th e

p o sitio n

of

th e

e p iso d es

have been

re­

fe rric
at

o x id es,

th e

w hloh

d e p o sitlo n al

Im p arts

the

w ould h a v e been
aqueous
and

O x id a tio n

in

e n v iro n m en ts
th o se

was

th e

to

p e rio d s

The

aspect

d e p o sitio n

d eep er w ater f a r t h e r o ffs h o re .

of

sub-

w ith

when g r e e n i s h

w ere d e v e lo p e d

g reen ish

p a rts

d o m in an t

se d im e n ta tio n ,

e n v iro n m en ts.
th ese

is

to

o r p e rio d ic a lly

slltsto n e s

it

lea d in g

fin er-g rain e d
in

of

b rie f

and

w ater s o lu tio n .

d e tritu s,

of

the

w a t e r was a l s o

facies

h e m a tite

d u ratio n

several

preceded

e v a p o rlte

w e ll-o x y g e n a te d

w eath erin g .

w ith

o f gypsum was an

o r ground

o rg an ic

sh ales

m o d erately

several

c o n tin u o u sly

th ro u g h o u t

th e

Suoh c o n d itio n s

sh a llo w ,

o x id ativ e

if

m ust have p r e v a ile d

c o lo r.

exposed

carb o n ates

e v ap o rite s

d e riv a tio n

preserve

a p p re cia b le

b asin

a erial

th e

o rd e r to

m et in

lao k ln g

e ro sio n

c o n d itio n s

c h a rac te ristic
a p tly

of

th at

becam e

a sso c ia tio n

The s t r a t l g r a p h l c

gypsum b o d i e s
but

c lo se

and o th e r

of

calciu m

and m in o r am ounts o f

p re c ip ita tio n

of a su c ce ssio n
of

in

w ater

w ith

w hloh l a t e r

i s n o t known
c h lo rid e

fresh

satu rated

but a p p a re n tly no
It

th is

Red e l a s t i c s

w ere d e p o s ite d

gypsum d e p o s i t i o n .

early

by o n e

gypsum o r a n h y d r i t e

sh ales,

satu rated

runoff,

in

and
at

re la tiv e ly

se d im e n ts

in d ic a te s

64

The p o l l e n

genus

c ia a so p o llls

and l o w e r C r e t a o e o u s
ooourrenoe
tic u larly

and

facies

m o rp h o lo g y

am enable t o

a g en c ie s o f
{1 9 6 1 ) ,

Its

se d im e n ts,

th is

genus

fre q u e n tly

abundance

T h is

i s w e ll docum ented

in

of

m ents o f th e
In

flan k in g
of

th e

and

In

are

very

d o m in ated

In to

Its

stra ta

stead

abundance

of

by

w here

m arine

assem b­

re la tio n sh ip

c y o llo a l

p o lle n

to

exoess

offshore

1962).

and Lower

w here

abundance peaks

of

(Foobok,

Upper J u r a s s i c

N eth erlan d s,

are

shore

B urger

o f C lasso p o llls

u su a lly

(1961),

ex trem e

asso ciated

w ith

sed i­

u n d e r sh allo w

w ater c o n d itio n s

lin e s.

abundanoes are

w ith

and l l t h o l o g l o
to

in

phases.

ty p e d e p o s ite d

and o t h e r a u t h o r s

far

Pooook and J a n s o n lu s

th is

sh allo w n e a r

e m e rg e n t S w e e tg r a s s A rch

farth e r
in

th e

reg re ssiv e
to

then

C la sso p o llls

occurs

com m only a s s o c i a t e d

p aly n o lo g io

la te ra lly

Inverse

d e p o site d

c lo se p ro x im ity

a lso

stra ta

In m arin e

w here

se d im e n ts

A cco rd in g

genus

S ask atch ew an ,

has r e la te d

abundances

Pooook and J a n s o n lu s

so u th w estern

stra ta

to n e a r sh o re

by th e

U pper V anguard

A sim ila r situ a tio n

(1966)

was n o t p a r ­

L ate J u r a s s i c

an abundance

C retaceo u s

It

th e

shore d e p o s its

e q u iv a le n t

grade

Ju ra sslo

mode o f a b u n d a n t

tran sp o rt

and t h a t

I s d im in ish ed

la g e s p red o m in ate.

of

In

a sse m b la g e s w here p h y to p la n k to n

or absent a lto g eth e r,

c o n tain

Its

th a t g re a t abundances of th is

o oour In

F o rm atio n

w id esp read

In d ic a te s

o r w ater.

rare

Its

but

lo n g d is ta n c e

e i t h e r w ind

n o te

Is

These

e v a p o rite s.

a sso c ia tio n s

co n clu d e

th at

th e

The oom blned

have le d

th ese

parent p lan ts

of

C lasso p o llls
m en ts.

favored

The "Red

e d ly o b serv ed

dry o r w ell d rain ed

Beds"

d a ta

o n ly c o n je c tu re
fate

se d im e n ta tio n
w arp in g ,
as

th e

can

of

rates

fin al

"Red

been e f f e o t e d

Beds"

becam e

fille d

been

rate s

th is

rep e at­

C e ssa tio n
by m ild

fin al

p h a se s and

b asin .

If

s t r u c t u r a l down-

se d im e n ts.

su p p la n te d
th e

of

ero sio n ,

se d im e n ta tio n

w ith

in

th e

se d im e n ta ry

subaqueous

of a llu v ia tlo n ,

phase.

p o st-d e p o sitio n a l

exoeeded

and

m ents w ould h av e
a p lain

aooord w ith

be made r e g a r d i n g

th e

flu v ia l

b asin

In

en v iro n ­

p a tte rn .

Because o f u n e s tlm a b le

u ltim a te

are

o o astal

by an

w ould

Aqueous e n v iro n ­

a eo lla n

event of a rid ity

o f se d im e n ta tio n

stru c tu ra l u p lif t

cease

o o uld
o f th e

reg im e

on

d u rin g
a lso

th e

have

M lohlgan

B asin a r e a .
C llm a to lo g lo ally ,
o v e r a l l w arn in g
and

tren d

c o n tin u in g w e ll

co o lin g

tren d

c llra a tio ,

th e

Ju ra sslo

b e g in n in g

in

C re ta o eo u s,

th e

end

of

tow ard

th e

faunal

present la titu d e s

oan

be d e fin e d

b o u n d aries
w hloh a r e

zone a t

M eso zo ic.

z o n a tlo n s

th an

th o se

m ore c l e a r l y

d efin ed

by exp an d ed

tem p erate

zones,

h ig h er la titu d e s .

p ale o o llm atlo

and
The

In
in

tro p ic ,

L a titu d in a l

th ese

n o rth ern

d a ta

is

to

zones,

h em isp h ere,

su b tro p ic,

co n clu sio n

th o ug h

d istin c t

a muoh c o m p r e s s e d

and p a le o g e o g ra p h lo

by a

Ju ra ssic ,

general

th e

e a rlie r

ap p ro x im atin g

fo r th e

of to d ay .

o f an

or

fo llo w ed

w ere muoh b r o a d e r w i t h much l e s s

w ere c h a r a c t e r i z e d
esp ecially

was p a r t

T ria ssio

th e

and

zones

th e

in to

flo ral,

th e

P erio d

and
boreal

be draw n

th at

from

a h ig h d eg ree

66
of tem p eraten ess
F ao to rs

(B a iley ,

c o n trib u tin g

to

the m o d e ra tin g e f f e c t
lie f

and a l t i t u d e

more e q u a b l e

sig n ific a n c e
A xelrod

th is

o f e p e lrio

fo r Ju ra sslo

flo ral

is

by Sew ard

d lso u ssed

V akhram eev

The s y n t h e s i s o f E u r a s i a n

th e

"S ib erian

the

C retao eo u s,
for

th is

b etw een t h e s e

th e ir

(1931)*

o llm a tio

A rk e ll

E u rasian

flo ras

w ith

p resen t-d ay

S m iley
M esozolo

flo ral

can

o f warm c u r r e n t s

as w ell

as

by t h e
th at

sig n !flo a n tly ,

in

P re v ailin g

th e J u r a s s lo
if

at

a ll,

For th e

a so u th ern

and

a n o rth ern

The b o u n d a r y b e tw e e n
ste a d ily

th ro u g h M iddle

(1967) has n o ted
flo ral

(19*4-0),
If

th e

w hloh i n

tu rn

th e n o rth w ard
(F ig .

f o r by

A tlan tic

th e

c o ln o id e
d eflec­

8) n e a r th e

the

am elio ra tin g

and P a o ifio

W e ste rly w in ds,
flo ral

a sim ila rity

b o u n d a rie s and

b o u n d aries

be a cc o u n te d

e ffe cts

of flo ra l

a c o r r e s p o n d i n g g l o b a l w arm ing

iso th erm s.

o f th e J u ra s s lo

c o n tin e n t a l m argin

P ro v in ce"

(1967).

by V akhram eev

C retao eo u s p e rio d s .

P ro v in ce".

o f Chaney

(1956),

( 1 9 6 *+), a n d S m i l e y

from E a r l y J u r a s s l o

p erio d .

iso flo rs

be assum ed

and

in d ic a tin g

T ertia ry

tio n s

In clu d e

w hloh w ould p e n u l t a

zones m ig rated n o rth w ard

in te rv a l

th u s

Ju ra sslo .

th e lo w er r e ­

z o n e s and

M esozolo

P a le o flo rlstlo

two v e g e t a t i o n

th e

and

V akhram eev r e c o g n i z e s

P a le o flo rlstlo

th ro u g h o u t

tren d

Ju ra ssic

co n tin en t,

"Indo-E uropean

th ese

o o n d ltio n

a p a r t i c u l a r l y n o tew o rth y d e m o n stra tio n

zones d u rin g
E u rasian

seas,

th e

exchange.

(1963* 1966),

(196*4-) i s

ao o en ted

tem p erate

of th e-o o n tln e n ts

heat

E vid en o e

i 9 6 0 , 196*0

then

it

b asin s,
can

zones d id n o t d e p a rt

from p r e s e n t l i n e s

of la titu d e .

67
Ju ra sslo

m ao ro flo ras

o f N orth

a s num erous o r w id e s p re a d
may n e v e r b e p o s s i b l e
m anner o f V akhram eev
In d ic a tio n

P o c o o k ( 1 9 6 U)

C y o a d o p ltes.

th e

abundance

by c o n i f e r o u s

b asis

for

c lim atic

abundance

than

In

fo re sts,

and

zones.

T h is no d o u b t

a p p aren tly

u n ifo rm

flo ras

ln o rea se s

c o n ife r-ty p e

and
p o lle n

la titu d e s.

have been
i 9 6 0 )*

In

observed

C lim ates

p o ssib ly

accen ted

ch aracterized

th e

are

co n sid ered

In n a t u r e ,

g e n erally

th ere

A rc tic

Is, s u b s ta n tia l

co n tro lle d

to m odem

a s narrow

of

th e

flo ral

and

v e g etatio n ,

th ese

o r as w ell-d e fin e d .
to

e v a p o rlte

as

mapped

c o n tro lle d

w ith a d i s t r i b u t i o n
n o rth la titu d e

Ju ra ssic ,

th e

w id esp read

tem p erate

c lim ates.

hem isphere J u r a s s i c ,
la tltu d in a lly

so u th

tem p erate,

can be a t t r i b u t e d

The p o s i t i o n

z o n atlo n .

C an ad ian

to

tren d s

By c o m p a r i s o n

ness of J u ra s s ic

some p a l y n o l o p c l c a l

Z o n alap o llen 11es,

Im p ly in g l a t l t u d i n a l l y

and

th e

and I t

c o m p reh en siv e

c lim a tic

(K ara-M urza,

cool

zones w ere n o t n e a r l y

M ichigan

and

b isao o ate

A lthough J u r a s s l o

co sm o p o litan

th e

tow ards h ig h e r n o rth e rn

Ju ra sslo

rig o ro u s

reg io n .

flo ral

C o n v ersely ,

In

T here I s

of C lasso p o llls,

R ussian

no m ore

them

p rin c ip a lly

S im ilar n o rth -so u th
In

( I 96U ).

of E u rasia,

r e c o r d s m arked n o r t h

the abundances

in

th o se

treat

of la titu d in a l

For N o rth A m erica,

Increase

to

as

A m erica a r e n o t n e a r l y

arid

Iowa a r e

1961).
w ith in

for

by L o tz e
to

ap p ro x im ate ly

(G reen,

b e lt

th e n o rth e rn

(1957)*

su b arld
b etw een

h o m o clim ate
25 and

The J u r a s s i c
th is

b e lt

Infers

(F l« .

b e lt

50 d e c r e e s

e v ap o rite s
8).

a

T h is

of

68
b e lt

Is

co n sid erab ly n o rth

of th e

cant ev ap o rite d e p o s itio n ,
to

the

su b tro p ical

b etw een

The J u r a s s i c
plained

20 t o

warm a r i d

by a n o r t h w a r d

pressure

P ro v in ce"

and

P ro v ln o e"

lie s

to

n orthw ard

d e fle ctio n

m arg in ,

Just

co n fin ed

30 d e g r e e s n o r t h

p rim a rily

a p p ro x im ately

and

so u th .

best

be ex­

can

ex p an sio n

su b tro p ical

th e

of

th e

w arm er " In d o -E u ro p e a n

th e

c o o le r "S ib e ria n

th e n o r t h

o f th e

e v ap o rite

In N o r th

A m erica,

situ ated

w ith in

by a w a r m - a r i d

b e lt.
then

to

If

th e

hig h

p ro x im ity

to

a

P a le o flo rlstio

except

for

th e

boundary a t

th e

co n tin en ­

th e n o rth e rn

M ichigan

sem l-arld

P aleo -

m argin

of

a sim ila r re la tio n sh ip

th e n o rth e rn
to

of an,

flo ral

ro u g h ly p a r a l l e l

Ju ra ssic

c lo se

presence

hom ocllroate b e l t

b etw een

flo rlstlo

in

b e lts

sig n ifi­

b e lt.

The b o u n d a r y

tal

zone o f

w hich owes I t s

h ig h p r e s s u r e

the l a t i t u d e s

present

B a sin was n o t

m argin
flo ra,

flo ral

o f an a r i d
b u t may a l s o

tra n sitio n

th e

e x iste d

o n ly

b e lt

In h ab ited

have

been

zone a s h o r t

d ista n c e n o rth w ard .
Among t h e
facies

rank; a s

c lim ate,
w ith in
red

p h y sical
th e m ost

and c o n f i r m

a Ju ra ssic

e la stic s

th e e l a s t i c s
m an ifestatio n

c rite ria ,

are

th e

warm ,
th e

th e

th e

u n av o id ab ly

lead s

B eds",

c lim a tic

M iohigan

b e lt.

th e

B asin

A sso ciated

w id esp read

of a ll

a n d may b e a
c o n d itio n s

Any i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
to

gypsum

In d ica to r of

th e

ev ap o rite

"Red

p rev alen t

d u rin g t h e i r d e p o s itio n .
e la stic s

p rim ary

placem ent o f
arid ,

"Red B ed s"

m o st volum inous and

co m p risin g
of

reliab le

th e

of

lo n g stan d in g

e x istin g

th ese

red

co n tro v ersy

69

F i g u r e 8* -

Map s h o w i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n o f J u r a s s i c b o l t o f
o v a p o rito s f o r th e n o r th e r n h em isp h ere ( a f t e r
L o t z e , 195>7) » a n d t r a n s i t i o n b e l t i n w h i c h
th e b o u n d ary b e tw e e n th e S i b e r i a n and th e
Indo-E uropean p a l e o f l o r l s t l o p ro v in ce s
m ig rated In th e J u r a s s ic i n E u ra s ia ( a f t e r
V a k h r a m e e v , 196J*) »

70
and o o n f u s l o n
beds.

co n o em in g

No u n i f i e d

em ployed.

th e

c lim a tic

In te rp re ta tio n

They m u st be

form ed u n d e r v a r i o u s

regarded

sig n ific a n c e

of

redbed

as

a llth o fa o le s

g eo g rap h ic,

te c to n ic ,

of red-

g en esis

and

can be
th at

c lim a tic

com plexes.
C urrent

tren d s

In w h lo h r e d b e d s
(1961,

1964,

of

form a r e

1 9 6 8 ,),

opposing v ie w p o in ts
c e n te r s upon
tw o p o i n t s

th e

In

th at

d e p o sitio n

by th e

arid

was l a t e r

to

th e

h e m a tite

a lte ra tio n

from l a t e r l t e s

from warm,

hu m id ,

tio n

th e

In

The I n f l u e n c e

on r e d b e d s a n d

th e ir

the

of

accep tan ce

areas.

In te re stin g
to

th e

T h is

In d e s e r t - l l k e

1940*s,

sohool

In

th e

to

and

w ould

e n v iro n s

at

(1935*

m odem

fav o rin g

c lim ates,

Is

of

In

th o u g h t
to

tran sp o rte d

be

w ould
at

th e

th e

th u s
tim e

preserva­

d e p o sltlo n al
1949*

an alo g u es

p o p u lar h y p o th esis

th e

a

h e m a tite

The h e m a t i t e

o f K ry n ln e’ s

th is

cy cle

a n d /o r a f t e r

s e d i m e n ts w ould be r e d

p u rp o rted

These

Iro n -b e a rin g m in e rals

d ev elo p ed

The f o r m e r h y p o t h e s i s ,
h e m atite

p ig m en t.

w ho b e l i e v e d

o x id izin g

Two

c o n tro v e rsy

d u rin g

A f u r th e r c o n d itio n

o f h e m a tite

lo ci.

u p lan d

b y V an H o u t e n

e v a p o rlte s led

form ed
of

by th o s e

th e

P rio r

and

c o n d itio n s

W alker ( 1 9 6 7 ) .

and

o llm a te .

be d e r i v e d

of d e p o sitio n .

and

h e m a tltlc

decades.

se m l-a rld

and

th e

o f redbeds

disavow ed

be a l l o g e n i c ,

sum m arized

be c i t e d ,
of

cllm atlo

h a v e u n d e rg o n e an

common a s s o c i a t i o n

a h o t,

oan

recent

h y p o th esis

a p tly

th e

McKee ( 1 9 6 4 ) ,

o rig in

o f view

of p o p u la rity

t h o u g h t on

1950)

stu d ies

su sta in ed

f o r o v e r 20 y e a r s .

Ijn s i t u

fo rm atio n o f

com ing b a ck I n t o

71
vogue.

T h is

(1967),

who w as u n a b l e

red,

rev iv al

flu v ia l

M exico,

as

n o rth eastern
and

sta in e d

a lte ra tio n
facies

in

p erlo d lo
a lso

redbeds

flu v ia l

in

from

ev id e n ce

la te rlz a tio n
as

th e

silic a te s.

P lio cen e

desert

to

facies

are

b e in g

in tra stra ta l

or at

e v ap o rite
lea st

R eo en t.

are n o t

of

P le isto ­

N um erous

c o n tin u o u s

tro p i­

redbeds

P lio cen e,

redbeds

of

hum id

u p lan d s

a m eohanlsm

d rain ag e

th e h ig h

ra in fa ll

P re-C am b rian

rin g

sim u lta n eo u sly

W alker

f o r L ate

P aleo zo io

an

p ig m en ted

p r o b a b ly w ould

th e

it

w ith
of

been

to

th e

d iffic u lt

th e n o rth

and

to

in

p o stu ­

th e

occur­
b asin .

and W isco n sin

iro n

b earin g

su p p lied

from

th ese

and m asked

th e

reco n cile
in

for

d ilu te d

of

n o rth w est

d e p o sitio n

Upper P e n n ln su la

d ep o si-

e x te n t

fo r la te rlz a tio n

source

d e tritu s

have

is

w ith

su b tro p ical

g eo g rap h ic

e v a p o rite

th e

am ple

to

or

h em atite

lim ite d

area,

c o n sisten t

tro p ic a l

su p p ly in g

u p lan d s

u p lan d s
been

in

req u ire m e n ts

lated

any red

T here,

Ju ra ssic

B asin

have

p ig m en t

of

Sonoran

o rig in

M ich ig an

would

th e

sim ila r

W ith in

th ese

g e n eratio n

for a

tio n a l b a sin .

W hile

Recent

o th e r hand,

flu v ia l-m a rin e

co n firm

of

C olo rad o .

The M i c h i g a n

o llm ates

h e m a tite

th ro u g h p ro g re s s iv e

b earin g

reg io n

a rid ity

and

W alker

e x iste n ce

On t h e

th e

to

hum id u p l a n d s o f

by K ry n ln e .

by h e m a ti t e

th is

c ite s

w arm ,

C a lifo rn ia .

iro n

th e

th e ir

en v iro n m en ts o f

B a ja ,

of

in

h a s d o cu m en ted

Reoent

red

d eriv in g

claim ed

in m odern d e s e r t

a ttrib u ta b le

docum ent

of la te rlte s

W alker ( 1 9 6 7 ) ,

cene,

p artly
to

se d im e n ts

from e r o s i o n
cal

Is

d e tritu s,

sources

by n o n - r e d

72
d e tritu s,

Just

d e r i v e d from l a t e r l t l c
I
u p la n d s I s (V an H o u te n , 1 9 6 ^ ; W e a lk e r , 1 9 6 ? ) .
C o n sid e rin g
Ii
th e c lo s e a s s o c i a t i o n o f e v a p o r i t e and red b ed f a c i e s In
th e M lohlgan
th ey
to

form ed

th o se

a s m odem

Ju ra ssic ,

by W a l k e r ( 1 9 6 7 ) ,
B a ja ,

It

u n d e r w arm ,

o p e ra tin g

to
in

allu v iu m

lfe m o r e

a rid

c lim a tic

produce
th e

ten a b le

to

co n clu d e

c o n d itio n s

s im ila r fac ies

Sonoran

th at

co m p arab le

d escrib ed

D esert o f n o rth e a s te rn
i

C a lifo rn ia .
j

The

in h eren t b ias

co n clu sio n s
ch ro n icled
as

o ld

p o lle n
tin g

reg a rd in g
w ith in

th e ir

c lo se

a ll

is

in a b ility

p lan ts

and

M ost o f

th e

"Red

rela te d

o n ly a t

th e

fam ily

ex tre m e ly

p o rt.

rare

T herefore,

g e n e ra litie s

P te rld o p h y te
th a t

th ey

th e

little

th ey

can

to

s p o re s and

taxonom lo l e v e l s

p erm it­

a n a l o g yj w i t h m o d e m

o r g en eric

in

assem b lag es

sp o re s and p o lle n

on b o t a n i c a l

c o n trib u te

re la te

re stric ts

h isto ry

fa o to r in

le v e l.

co u n ter-

can be

Many o f

lo n g d is ta n c e

sw eep in g e o o lo g lo

spores

W ith o u t e x c e p tio n

Beds"

sam p les

c lim a tic

to

a n d may r e p r e s e n t
o n ly

based

at

c lim a tic

p arts.

are

and

A lim itin g

th e

parent

e o o lo g lo

p a ly n o lo g ib a l

any e o o lo g lo

stra ta .

as Ju ra ssic
to

in

and

them

tran s­

o lim a tio

e v id e n ce a re p o s s ib le .
Ii
j
a sse m b la g e a r e so r a r e
o lim a tio

o n ly be

in te rp re ta tio n .

id en tifie d

at

th e

fam ily

j

le v e l,

and

m ost o f

any p a r t i c u l a r
absent

from

They a r e
In

th ese

clim ate.

arid

are n ot d ia g n o stic

L i v i n g L y c o p O (|ia le s

reg io n s,

m ore a b u n d a n t

te m p e ra te and

fa m ilie s

in

su b a rctic

but

are

o th erw ise

th e

tro p io s

reg io n s.

and

are

of

g en erally

c o sm o p o litan .

su b tro p ics

M em bers o f

th e

th an

73

S e lag ln ellales
but are

p resen tly

w id esp read

E q u lsetale s,
are

are

E x tan t s p e c i e s
m ajo rity

of

th ro u g h o u t

q u e stio n a b le

c o sm o p o litan

except

In h ab it

th e

a lth o u g h

tem p erate

realm s.

and

p rim a rily

D elicate

ferns

shady e n v ir o n s

Beds"

Is not

presence

Is

tro p ic a l,
they a r e

b elo n g in g

to

th e

warm h u m id

o ften

tro p ic s

C y ath eao eae,
and

sp eo les

of

su b tro p ica l

d rain ed

h a b ita ts

e x tin c t

B e n n e ttlta le s
liv in g

p lan t

re stric te d ,

areas

of

th e

u su a lly

In

th e

w hloh

reg io n s.

w here

of

th is

e x te n d

in to

th is

fam ily

In

In clu d es

are

th ey

to

tree

th e

"Red

ferns

reg io n s

w here

to

p refer d rier,

tro p i­
w e ll-

P resu m ab ly th e

s i m il a r e n v iro n m en ts.

to

Is

sm all

a tem p erate
iso la te d

C h in a.

S p eo les

b e lo n g in g

are m o stly te m p e ra te ;

to

th e

Taxaceae

a few s p e c ie s

of

v e g etatio n .

o o n fln ed

G in k g o a le s
tim e s,

warm

o f d o u b tfu l

o f m o n tan e

u pland a r e a s .

of th e

favor

and

ele m e n t

h isto ric a l

M lohlgan

su b aq u atlo

A n o th er fa m ily

w ere a d a p te d

sp eo les
In

of

C y o ad ales

reg io n s

In

over

S p eo les

warm t e m p e r a t e

a co n sp icu o u s

cal and

T he s i n g l e

th e

flo ra,

su b tro p ica l

tem p erate

reg io n s.

w e ll d o cu m en ted .
th e

and

o ccu p y in g
to

The

and th e

H y m en o p h y llao eae

The e x i s t e n c e

su b tro p ica l,

L iv in g

ferns

tro p ic s

A u stra lia .

sites,

rep re se n te d

tro p ic

zones.

and

tro p ic a l

In

fam ily o c c u r th ro u g h o u t
tem p erate

are

th e

" R e d B e d s '*

a q u a tic

h a b ita ts

In

th e

w id e ly d i s t r i b u t e d

p o ssib ly

by tw o s p e o l e s ,

te rre stria l

In

to

N o rth A m erica.

f o r New Z e a l a n d

som e a r e

The O s m u n d a o e a e ,

m o stly

tem p erate

m em bers o f

sp eo les liv e

c lim ates,

Ju ra ssic

co n fin ed

and

e x te n d

C upressaoeae
In to

th e

74
su b tro p ics.

Some s p e c i e s

p h y tio ,

w h ile

a q u atlo

to

sp ecies
n a tiv e
are

som e s p e c i e s

su b aq u atio

are la r g e ly

so u th ern

ex ten d
to

in to

sim ila r to

D aorydlum a r e

reg io n s.

It

is

en v iro n m en tal
of

duced th e
dence

th e

and

in

at

le a st

The P l n a o e a e
Beds"

resem b lin g

reg io n s o f
in

th at

produced
of

th ro u g h o u t

th e n o rth e rn

su b a rctic

and

presuppose
p lan ts,

is

th e

but
th at

in

th e

pro­

su fficie n t

ev i­

a sso c ia tio n s

to

Fooook and

C h e lro le p ls.

o r w e ll-d ra in e d
o lim a tio

rep re se n te d

o o astal

c o n d itio n s.
in

th e

"Red

and n o n -p terld o sp erm o u s b lsa o o a te

by m o n o s a o o a t e p o l l e n

comm only r a n g e

w arm ,

u n d o u b ted ly

by n o n - p o d o c a r p o id

p o lle n ,
as

se m l-a rld ,
are

to

A ooord lng to

dry

P o llen

t o warm t e m p e r a t e

(1962, 1964),

favored

fam ily

so u th ern

gym nosperm ous p l a n t

Pocock

th is

P resen t-d ay

th e

and l ith o lo g io

a presum ed a r a u o a r l a n ,
areas

to

th ere

A few

Podooarpus and

e x tin o t

sp e c u la tio n .

of

but none are

fo re sts.

tem p erate

of

are

Podooarpaoeae

of

B eds".

p e rilo u s

xero -

d istrib u tio n .

genera

"Red

C la 3s o p o l l l s .

(1961),

th e

h em isp h ere,

en d em io

req u ire m e n ts

reaso n ab le

Jan so n iu s

th e

g en erally

p o lle n

in

su b tro p ical

in h ab it

from p a l y n o l o g l o

en ab le

to

e n tire ly

C h e lro le p ls.

C upressaoeae

R ep resen tativ es

In

th ey

tw o g r o u p s a r e

M em bers o f

th e l i v i n g

present

h em isp h ere w here

th e

th e n o rth ern

of

A rau o ariao eae a re

of

h e m isp h e ric

tem p erate

th o se

th ese

h a b it.

N o rth A m erica.

common i n

case

of

by e x ta n t p i n e s ,

tsu g o ld

tem p erate

h em isp h ere;

su b tro p ical

asp ect.
to

cool

th ey

ex tre m e s.

are

as

w ell

The p i n e s
tem p erate
a lso

E x ta n t

found

sp ecies

75
o f Tsuga a r e

comm on

to

c o o le r tem p erate

a lso

i n h a b i t m o n tan e a r e a s

in to

th e

so u th ern

S in ce m ost o f
at

the

fa m ilia l,

In te rp re ta tio n

and,

th e
and

rare ly

o f e c o lo g ic

at

th e

and
on

be i n f e r r e d

fo r th e

M ich ig an

rep re se n te d

in

p art

Podocarpaceae,

A u a u ca ria c ea e ,

ty p e

M ore m e s l c

C a y to n iale s,
lage

is

perhaps in

part

abundance,

p o lle n

siste n tly

of

th e

by th e
and

assig n ed

th an

based

an alo g y

un­

flo ra.

s p e o l e s may a o c o u n t

A x eric

asso ci­

P in ao eae,

C upressaoeae

(Ju n ip er-

in clu d e

by th e
In

x e ric

fo r as

L y o o p o d ia le s,

H y m en o p h y llao eae

(?),

o r m arsh assem b­

E q u lsetale s
term s

of

of

th e

m uch a s

and

re la tiv e

a sso c ia tio n

p ercen t

90

oan

C y cad ales,

An e s t u a r i n e

th e

is

c ateg o ries

C y ath eaceae,

to

le v e l,

c o n d itio n s

form

C upressaoeae.

c o m p r is e m ore

X ero p h y tio

life

rep re se n te d

by th e

an

Ju ra ssic

G in k g o ales.

q u e stio n a b ly

g en eric,

c o n stitu e n ts

Osm undaoeae,

and

o n ly

flo ristio

g en eralized

S e lag in ellales,

e x ten d

can be a s s ig n e d

c lim a tic

S everal

p o lle n ).

N o rth A m erioa,

p aly n o m o rp h s

av o id a b le .

is

They

A p p a lac h ia n s.

on p h y s i o g n o m y r a t h e r t h a n

a tio n

in

fo re sts.

con­

a ssem b lag e.
70 p e r c e n t

flo ra.

The "R ed

B eds" a sse m b la g e

d o m in ated

a sse m b la g es

Jan so n lu s

(1961);

In

th at

th e

is,

abundance o f C l a s s o p o lll s ,
am ounts o f
p o lle n lte s.

ln a p e rtu ra te

is

ty p ic a l

sense

In

p o lle n

is

C la sso p o llls-

d escrib ed

a d d itio n

th ere

of

to

th e

by Pocock and
o v erw h elm in g

m o d erate b u t

su b o rd in a te

(S p h e rlp o lle n lte s,

I n a p e r t u r o p o l l e n l t e s ) , and m o n o su lo ate

(C y c ad o p lte s) o f

th e

ty p e

produced

by

oycads.

E x eslp o lle n

P te rld o p h y te

76
sp o re s and
rare

and

W hile

sao o ate

c o n if e r p o lle n

so m etim es a b s e n t ,

th e

e n tire

flo ra

as

c o n ta in s

c lim ates v a ry in g

from

t o h um id a n d d r y

su b tro p ica l

are

th e

wh en

d o m in an ts.

co n sid erin g

form s a r e

p terld o p h y te s,
abundance

X e ric

th e

and

th e ir

b e in g m asked

p o lle n

p ro d u ctio n

of th e

gym nosperm s.

long d is ta n o e

co m p o n en ts

o r even

and

tro p ic a l,

x ero p h y tes

e sp ec ially

The r a r e

to

a q u atic

of q u e stio n a b le

consequence

from

accen ted

form s a re

may b e a m a t t e r o f

e ffe o tlv e

of

th eir

th e

g rea ter

d isp e rsal

o f many

f o r m s may a l s o
o u tsid e

of

su b arid

a n d /o r q u e stio n a b le

a

and m ore

tran sp o rt

a rid

o r even

sp a rcity

as

in d ic ativ e

th e m ore m e s o p h y tic

rare

rare

in v ariab ly

m arin e m io ro p la n k to n .

d o m in an ce i s

e x tre m e ly

M ost o f

a lm o st

suoh ex trem es a s

t h a t many o f

e ith e r

presence.

are

are

th e

In d ic a te

M io h ig an

B asin

area.
The s e e m i n g l y

Incongruous

a sso c ia tio n

tem p erate m esic e le m e n ts

in

clim ate

by th e

can

be

e x p la in e d

m ic ro -h a b ita ts
B asin

area.

u n d o u b ted ly
on t h e

on t h e

Ju ra ssic

B road l a k e s h o r e
e x te n d ed

eastern ,
A desert

terized

p rin cip ally

have o c c u p ie d

for

to

w ell

of

p ro x im ity

th e

to

th e

lan d so ap e

p la in s

and

of

parent

b a sin .

su b arid

o f th e

re lie f

d lstan o es,

esp ec ially

p erim eters

of

site s

C la sso p o llls

or

M iohigan

a lo n g

su g g ests

asso ciated

th e

p o ssib ly

and m in o r oyoads,

d ro u g h ty

and

to

to

of lo o allze d

a sso c ia tio n ,

by C h e lr o le p ls
d rain ed ,

a rid

tro p ic a l

o f v ery l i t t l e

w estern

se m i-d e se rt

The d o m in a n c e

d istrib u tio n

presence

c o n sid e ra b le

so u th ern ,

b asin .

p lain s.

a d o m in a n tly

of

p lan ts

charac­
m ig h t

th ese
e x ten siv e
in

clo se

77
U pland

reg io n s

enough to

have

area.

th e

In

to

th e n o r th

su p p lied

A rvon

H ills

and t h e

H uron

M o u n tain s

A c o n sid e ra b le
th ese a r e a s
tra st,
is

rise

effected

Ju ra ssic

a ltitu d in a l

reg io n s

sid erab ly
sep arate

fe e t.

of

e le v atio n

less

th an

desert

m id d le a l t i t u d e
desert

feet

in

sea le v e l,

e le v a tio n .
from

to p

o f th e

"Red B eds"

H ie t o p o g r a p h i c

re lie f

of th ese

c ertain ly

1 ,0 0 0

feet

have

on t h e

z o n a tio n s.
U n ited
re lie f

to

is

from

a d ja ce n t

to

p ln y o n -Ju n ip er

lo c a liz e d

co m m u n ities

con­

needed

S im ila rly ,

sep arated

have

In m odem

S ta te s,

from

zones.

p lain s

By c o n ­

was s u f f i c i e n t

of

life

c o n ife ro u s

a sso c ia tio n

above

th e

of

so u th w estern

co u ld

M o u n tain s

was p r o b a b ly l o s t

sh ru b and g ra s s la n d s

u p lan d s

feet

b asin

ero sio n .

and o t h e r h i g h e r a l t i t u d e
Ju ra ssic

c e n tral

g la c ia l

v e g etatio n al

th e

th e

P o rcu p in e

2 ,0 0 0

th ro u g h P le is to c e n e

th e

to

ex ceed 1 ,6 0 0

t h e maxim um e l e v a t i o n

u p lan d s in

th e

alm o st

am ount o f

J u s t o v e r 700

desert

som e p o l l e n

Upper P e n in s u la ,

and t h e

and n o rth w e s t w ere n e a r

th e

low

to

a m ore e x t e n s i v e

to

th e

"Red

Beds" b a s i n .
In m any m o d e m
p ro teo ted

stream

a rid

reg io n s

v a lle y s

c o n tra stin g

e o o lo g lo a l

o f th e

S o u th w est and

a rid

and m ixed m e s o p h y tio
ash,
o r in

m ap le,

and

lo w lan d

array s.

Such s i t e s may b e

th e

T h is

th e

h a b ita ts

is

Sonoran

co m m u n ities

w here

w o rld , n arro w ,

p ro v id e lo o a l

o o tto n w o o d

areas

of th e

w ith

w ell

p h re a tio

refu g la

in

w hich

syoam ore,

stream

th ese

p a rts

w here p alm s

cy p ress,

w ater Is

sh arp ly

known I n

d e sert,

o c c u r in n a rro w

for

v a lle y s

a v a ila b le .
T e rtia ry -lik e

78
assem b lag es
tie s

o ften

s till
lie

in

ju n lp e r u p lan d s
riv erin e
to

and

have o c c u rre d
from

P slynom orphs

In

a ssem b lag e

c o n ife ro u s

th e

e n c e s draw n
cal

and

a lo w lan d

th e

cut

degree

on d r y

in to
of

of

M iohi­

account
th e

"Red

C h e lro le p lse x te n d in g

a d o m in a n tly

m esio l o c a l i z e d

re stric te d

th e

lan d scap e

re lie f

b a sin ,

u p lan d s.

sp e c u la tio n

reaso n ab ly
c rite ria

to

and

en v iro n m en tal,

p h y sical

c o u ld

desert

w est of

zone

are

th e

and n o r th w e s t.

Ju ra ssic

and

v a lle y s

th e

M ich ig an

o f low

in

tio n s,

in to

c o n stitu e n ts

te rra in

and n o r t h w e s t ,

a c o n sid era b le

th e n o rth
sites

Local

be e x p ected

d rain in g

th ese

p in y o n -

d o w n stream .

a

the n o r t h
stream

from

in clu d e

so u th ,

life

to

a q u a tic

of

in h ab itin g

e ast,

arid

coram unl-

flo ra.

v iew

c o n c e iv a b ly w ould

to

p lay as

v a lle y s

sources

to

riv erin e

a s s e m b la g e s w ould

tran sp o rte d

A sy n o p tic

th e

d rier

stream

u p lan d

sp o re /p o lle n

These m eslc

Ju sta p o sitio n

even

th e m in o r roesic

Beds"

to

c lo se

a n d /o r p h re a tlc

gan b a s i n

for

p e rsist.

c lim a tic ,

in
and

c o m p atib le
c u rre n tly

u p lan d s

riv erin e

co m m u n ities

Though t h e r e
th ese

b o th

a v a ila b le .

is

in te rp re ta ­

e c o lo g ic a l

w ith

to

th e

in fer­
b o tan i­

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

A lth o u g h
cent of

th e

th e

"Red B eds"

to ta l

s e d im e n ta r y volum e

they a re

th e m ost re o e n t

from

area.

th e

represent le s s

p lay

th e

g e o lo g ic

h isto ry

phase

th at offered
p o sitio n

b etw een

stra tig ra p h ic
to

in

aug­
of

h isto ry

th e

has

p e n d in g a g e o c h ro n o lo g y m ore a d e q u a te

by a n o n d e f i n i t i v e

m ary o b j e c t i v e

cedent

of b a sin al

B asin ,

e v e n t s known

ro le

b asin .

obsoure

M iohigan

o ritio a l

of

th is

one p e r ­

a

m en tin g o u r u n d e r s ta n d in g

rem ain ed

of th e

of p re-P leisto o en e

They t h u s

K n ow ledge o f

th an

la te

of

P a leo z o ic

th is

and

s t u d y was

re la tio n s

g eo g rap h ic,

p h y sical

of

th e

to

"Red

than

stra tlg ra p h lc

P le isto c e n e .

The p r i ­

e sta b lish

th e

tim e-

B eds",

an a n te ­

e n v iro n m en ta l,

as

o lim a tio ,

and e c o lo g io

c o n sid era tio n s.
P a ly n o lo g io a l m eth o d s w ere u sed
o u tlin e d

o b je c tiv e s.

113 sa m p le s

from

p o lle n

sp eo les,

cy cled

from

is

ad d itio n

P a leo z o io

from f l o r l s t i c
percent

subsurfaoe
in

and u n i d e n t i f i e d

A th o ro u g h

spores

c o n sid e ra tio n ,

a

o rig in

flo ra

som e o f

6k

spore

sin g ly
are

co m p rised

p o lle n

79

and
re­

o c cu rrin g

d e le te d
o f 77

23 p e r o e n t p t e r i d o p h y t i o

No a n g i o s p e r r a

th e

stu d y o f

p aly n o m o rp h s

When s e v e r a l

o f u n o e rta in

gym nosperm ous an d

in d ic a te d .

y ield ed

several

stra ta .

a tta in

p a ly n o lo g lo

sources
to

to

was r e c o r d e d .

sp ecies,

80
P o ssib le
In clu d e

th e

p te rid o p h y tic
E q u isetao e ae ,

O sm undaceae,
th ese

are

n o t w ell

One p t e r i d o s p e r r a o u s

C a y to n iale s
to

th e

is

p resen t.

p ro v isio n ally
The n o t a b l e

c h arac teristic
to g e th e r w ith
p o llen

"Red

B e d s."

Canada,

W estern

betw een

of th e

and

c ertain

P a leo z o ic

In

P roblem s o f
stress

an

of

th e

ranges
and

and

E arly

absence

"Red

A u stra lia

are

to

th e

Taxaoeae

upon n e g a tiv e

th e

up p er age

p a ly n o lo g io

W estern and

G u lf C o a s ta l

for

th e

assem b lag e
sp ecies

in d ic a te s

from

a Ju ra ssic

O x fo rd ian .

Many

th ro u g h o u t

above

age
th at

was u t i l i z e d

p a ly n o lo g lc a l

f o r a N o rth

U n til

age

th e

assess­
is,

absence

p a rtic u la rly

lim it.

in te rc o n tln e n ta i

reference.

stra ta ,

C re ta ce o u s

Beds"

ev id e n ce ,

Suoh e v id e n c e

p o lle n

o f a n g lo sp erm

E arly

and l a t e s t

and

and

M esozoic

lo n g -ran g in g

C re ta c e o u s,

th e need

G in k g o a le s,

of d ia g n o stic

B ath o n lan

sp eo les.

assem b­

can be a s s ig n e d

e x c e p t a m id -M eso zo ic

sp eo les

part

spore

b e lo n g in g

spores

c h arac te ristic

E urope,

e arly

in e s t a b l i s h i n g

tio n s

tim e

Beds"

ment r e l i e s
of

a ll

th e

A ra u ca rla ce a e , P in aceae,

in d ig e n o u s

e q u ally n o tab le

e a rlie st

"Red

Ju ra sslo

of

A co m p ariso n

w ith e s ta b lis h e d

age

L ate

p reclu d es

by

M ost o f

C hlam ydosperm ae.

and a num ber o f

spores,

flo ra

S elag in ellaceae,

sp eo les

B e n n e ttita le s,

absence

th e

d o cu m en ted
p o lle n

th e

C y ath eaceae.

P odooarpaceae,

th e

of

and

of

Gym nosperm p o l l e n

C y o ad ales a n d /o r

a n d /o r C u p ressao eae,
and

L y co p o d laceae,

H y m e n o p h y llao e ae ,

fa m ilie s

lag e.

re p re se n ta tiv e s

A m erican

d a ta ,

p ro v in ces

stan d ard

e sp ec ially
of

th e

c o rre la ­

for

U n ited

of
th e

S ta te s

81
are

fo rth co m in g ,

degree

th e

of co n fid en ce

Ju ra ssic

In

age.

c en tral

No c l e a r
Beds" and
stra ta ,

b e in g

a lo ca l

g e n e tic

re la tio n sh ip

d istrib u tio n

th e

very

presence

In to

the

e ith e r

Bay r e g i o n ,

is

and

of

th e

facies

are m o stly
d o u b tfu l

if

source

source.

a re m ere
ex te n sio n

th e

P ort

In

an ce stral
th e

Is

In v o lv ed ,

D evonian
In

o f W estern

th e

F ort

ten a b le

e sp ec ially
Iow a.

su lp h a te .

The

D odge may h a v e

by th e

L o ca liz ed

subsurface,

In

of

and

M ich ig an

preserved

rem n an ts

of

seas.

are

req u ired

Iow a and

In terio r

Iow a

an

a

c o n sid era b le

th e

W estern

M ari­

su p p o rt.

som ew hat m ore

of

th e

B ay-Jam es

th e

calciu m

of Ju ra ssic

H udson’ s

and

connec­

L aw rence v a l l e y ,

M lsslssip p lan

th e

stru c tu ra lly

and

and

for

C o n ceiv ab ly

th ro u g h

In

tran s­

e p eirio

and w ith o u t

Dodge F o r m a ti o n

e n tire ly

S t.

"Red

age

m arin e

C o astal

tra n sg re ssio n

rendered

th is

o f an

A tlan tic

th e

Ju ra ssic

of

P ro v in ce

sp e c u la tiv e

seas

th e

not

p o stu late

th e

eastw ard

F ort

In

volum e o f gypsum
m arine

to

b etw een

o f p o ssib le

by way o f

sh o rte r d istan c e

presenoe
gypsum

or

la rg e ly

b rief

e x ists

G u lf C o a s ta l

A rc tic

In te rio r Ju ra ssic
by t h e

The

by way o f a n

C anadian

A narrow

th e

em baym ent,

tim e P r o v i n c e s
th e

some

L ate

redbeds d e p o sit

of d e p o sits

area.

or

w ith

m id d le

o f N o rth A m erican

g ressio n

M ississip p i

regarded

can be a s s ig n e d

gypsum and

c o n sid e ra tio n

w ith

be

o f lo w er to

M ichigan w a r r a n t s

tio n

can

Iow a.

th e

but

as

Beds"

A s im ila r age

Dodge F o r m a t i o n ,
n o rth

"Red

a

d e p o sits

eastw ard

82
M arine
but none

b io ta

la c k in g

w ould n e o e s s a r i l y

h y p ersalin e
P aleo zo ic
fo r th e

are

"Red

Beds"

In

th e

ev ap o rite
tic s,
w ere

fao ies

appear to

B asin .

ltth o fa o le s
out

by,

S in ce

to

p la u sib le

are

th e

ln tra o ra to n ic

p a le o g eo g ra p h lc

p a tte rn

b asin ,

a basal

surface

su lted
w ith

sandy

co m p rised

P o stu la te d
in

th e

m o stly

a

fresh

calciu m

w ater

su lfa te

of

Gypsum w a s d e p o s i t e d
sp a tia lly

M ich ig an
tio n

p lu s

B asin

as

sh iftin g
when

runoff.

th e

and

a g e n tle

re su ltin g
is

th e

of

p lu v ia l

be advanced.

th e

oft

rep eated

stru c tu ra l

a

sa lin e

fao ies

In terb ed d ed

becam e

gypsum

sa tu rated

d eriv ed

In

from

tem p o rally
th e

exceeded
and

re­

e v ap o rlte s.

p lay a w ith in

ev ap o ratio n

a P a leo z o ic

c o n d itio n s

sa lts

P a leo z o ic

lo c a liz e d

m ost

P a leo z o ic .

w hich l a t e r

exposed

in

can

se d im e n ts.

o th er

w ith ­

m ld -

P e n n sy lv an ian

perhaps

to ta l

o f th e

upon

and

e la s­

some e x t e n t

was d e p o s i t e d

lak e

and

coarser

b asin ,

to

the

source,

B asin ,

th at

source.

e x p lica b le

e v en ts,

conform ed

I n te r io r d rain ag e

ch em ical w e a t h e r i n g

and

of

for

to

sed im en t

e stab lish m en t

fao ie s

and

se d im e n ta ry

in

account

c o n fig u ra tio n

M ich ig an

e sta b lish e d

C om m encing w i t h

to ,

p o stu late

The d o w n w a r p l n g e s s e n t i a l l y
stru c tu ra l

e sp ec ially

g e n e tic a lly

Ju ra ssic

of

co u ld

som e p e r i p h e r a l

b io ta ,

o f exposed

In v o k in g a m arin e

re la tio n

th e

o u tsid e

rea ctiv atio n

a stru c tu ra l,

B asin

stru c tu ra l

d istrib u tio n s

reference

Ju ra ssic

th e

d e p o sits,

narrow ,

M ich ig an

p a tte rn s,

some

b rief,

w e ath erin g

perhaps

bear

c o n tro lle d

M ichigan

and

th ese

C hem ical

gypsum w i t h o u t

S ed im en tary d i s t r i b u t i o n

of

accom pany a

tra n sg re ssio n .

e v a p o rlte s

from b o th

c en tral
p re c ip ita ­

redbed

facies

83
In d ica te

several

d istrib u tio n

of

e v ap o rite
red

c o n d itio n s d u rin g

e p iso d es.

o la stlc s

th e

"Red

in d ic a te s

of

th in ,

S tru c tu ra l
accu m u latio n
su g g ests

late st

dow nw arplng d id

d e p o sitio n

in

sh a llo w ,

o r even

of d e p o sitio n

accom panied

of

th e

su p p o rted

a g lo b al

a sso c iatio n
d o m in ated

of

c o u ld

been

b a sin ,

p h y tic a s p e o t

Ju ra ssic

of

th e

flo ra,

ex ten d in g

fo r c o n sid era b le

and n o r t h w e s t
th is

desert

c o n ife ro u s

o r w e ll-d ra in e d

"Red

w ould

B eds"
have

eroded

caused

th e

of

by

away.
stru c ­

su b sid e n c e

b a sin .
c lim ate

th e

is

M ich ig an

B asin

by

th e

c lo se

fao ie s,

by

th e

C la sso p o llls-

by

th e

in ferred

xero-

gym nosperm ous f l o r a .

sites

to

A

by C h e l r o l e p l s ,

on l a k e s h o r e

d istan c es
b asin .

in to

b e lt,

p ro b a b ly d o m in ated

dry

th e

and

d o m in an tly

flo ra,

c o n tin u in g

been

su b arid

p o sitio n

redbed

In h ab ited

and w e s t o f

to

of

e v a p o rite

gypsum a n d

desert

fillin g

d a ta

e n v iro n m en ts.

by d is c o n tin u e d

or

g eo g rap h ic

sp o re /p o llen

shore

has

sed im en t

p a ly n o lo g lc

se d im e n ta tio n

o f a warm a r i d

by th e

near

exceed

and

C re ta o eo u s

by se d im e n ta ry

A p o stu late

g re a tly

have

th e

sh a les.

llth o lo g ic

o f d o w nw arplng and

u p lift

low land

not

b o th

Ju ra ssic

w ith in

green

as

C e ssa tio n
tu ral

lo c a liz e d ,

o x id iz in g

p erio d .

w ere p r e s e n t d u r in g

rate s,

Any r e c o r d

d o m in a n tly

Beds" d e p o s l t i o n a l

M ild ly r e d u c i n g e n v iro n m e n ts
d e p o sitio n

The w i d e s p r e a d

th e

U p lan d s

e ast,
to

p lain s
so u th ,

th e n o rth

had

su ffic ie n t

relief

to

a sso c ia tio n

from

re stric te d

low

m id -a ltitu d e

co m m u n ities.

The

re la tiv e ly

less

to

sep arate

comm on m e s l o ,

8*f
tro p ic al

to

su b tro p ical

a sso c ia tio n

o c cu rrin g

form s m ig h t

a lo n g

stream

represent
v a lle y s

a riv erin e

p e n etratin g

th e u p la n d s .
The u n i q u e n e s s
B asin

sh o u ld ,

of a Ju ra ssic

by d i n t

of

Its

geo g rap h ic

p o sitio n ,

flo rlstic ,

p h y to g eo g ra p h lo ,

Ju ra ssic
P ro v in ces
th e
of

d e p o sits
w ith

C anadian
the

"Red

th o se

A rc tic ,
Beds"

enough N o rth
av aila b le

of

for

th e
of
and

flo ra

A m erican
such

serve

Iso la te d

as

a

focal

and

G reen lan d .

th e

M ich ig an

som ew hat

p o in t

for

o e n tra l

fu tu re

c o m p a riso n s
and

C o astal

G u lf

of

C oast

p ro v in ce,

The s i g n i f i c a n c e

u n d o u b ted ly

Ju ra ssic

sy n th eses.

and

In te rio r

A tlan tic

w ill

in

c lim atic

W estern
th e

flo ra

be

p a ly n o lo g lcal

re a liz e d
d a ta

when

becom e

SYSTEMATIC D E S C R IP T IO N S
INTRODUCTION
In

th is

d escrib ed
ic a lly

stu d y ,

from

th e

th e

p rin c ip le s

by t h e

to .

lo g ic ally ,

of

as

an

to

a b a sis

p ro v isio n al

and

o f m any o f
it

of

a rtific ia l

th e

th e
"Red

was n o t

m orphographio

are

p h o to g rap h ­

id e n tifia b le
e p ith e ts,

ty p lflc a tio n ,

fo rm ally

as

d escrib ed

re fe rrin g
In

th e

to

sp ecies
and

e x istin g

th ese

governed

to

th e

are

m orpho­
"Red

was

recorded,
It

has

genera.
to ta lly

u n id e n tifie d

was a l s o

m ost

been
S in ce
Inade­

o f new t a x a ,
form s

taxonom io d e s i g n a t e s .
a p p lied

to

It

in

To a
som e o f

gym nosperra p o l l e n .

p ro v isio n al

and

u n c ertain

p aly n o m o rp h s

p articu la rly

c la ssific a tio n

and

fu tu re.

sp ecim en s

p ra c tic e

B eds"

g en eric

c irc u m scrip tio n

encom pass

th is

A ll

sp ecim en s,

a n d /o r u n id e n tifie d

B ecause

le v e l,

th e

th ey a re

22.

spore

b u t a few

for

to

le s s e r degree,
rare

sin g le

sp eo les

B o ta n ic a l N o m en clatu re,

anyone

th e num ber o f

was n e c e s s a r y

th e

to

Is

and

form

a ssem b lag e

from

assig n

In m o st c a s e s
as

Code o f

p o lle n

1 -

and

2k p t e r l d o p h y t e

known o n l y

q u ate

to

sp e cie s

p a ly n o lo g lcal

p o ssib le

P la te s

p rio rity

aid

and

B eds",

referred

Each

Of t h e
are

on

In te rn a tio n a l

adhered

Beds"

"Red

Illu stra te d

p aly n o m o rp h s a r e

spore

6k

co n v en ien t

sy stem ,

85

at

th e
to

such a s

assig n m en t
g en eric
em ploy a
th at

of

86
P otonlfe.
the

W h ile a n a t u r a l

b o tan ica l

n o t w ell
sy stem ,

a ffin itie s

c la ssific a tio n

p terld o p h y te

spores

d istin g u ish a b le
The s p e o l e s

h ig h

to

p erm it

gym nosperm

en ab le

d escrib ed

to

th e

tax o n o m ic l e v e l s .

and

d e sirab le,

o f many s p o r a e d l s p e r s a e

enough e s ta b lis h e d
except a t

Is

a

here

broad
are

o r d e r o f I n c r e a s in g m o rp h o lo g lo

are

sim p le

arranged

of

suoh

a

M o rp h o lo g ica lly ,

p o lle n
and

use

are

su ffic ie n tly
g ro u p in g .

ap p ro x im ately

co m p lex ity w ith in

in

th ese

tw o h i g h e r t a x o n o m i c r a n k s .
GLOSSARY OP D E S C R I P T I V E TERMS
The f o l l o w i n g
In

the

little

sy ste m a tic

g iv en

P o to n le

t K rem p

ment o f

th e
and

In

g lo ssary

Ambs

d e sc rip tio n s

(1955) •

term s

been

(1952),

em ployed

a d o p te d ,

from

th e

H a rris

w ith

p rev io u s

(1955)»

A m uch m o re c o m p r e h e n s i v e

and v a r io u s

Illu stra tio n s

S pores

have

p rim a rily

by E rd tm an

h isto ry

tio n s,

A lete:

o f m o rp h o lo g lo al

o r no m o d ific a tio n ,

d e fin itio n s

th e

lis t

In te rp re ta tio n s,

o f p a ly n o lo g lo

o f K rem p

(1965).

o r p o lle n

la c k in g

tetrad

cuid
tre a t­

d e fin i­

term s

can be

found

m arks

or ap ertu res.

Shape o f th e e q u a to r ia l o u t li n e o f a sp o re o r p o lle n
when v i e w e d w i t h t h e p o l a r a x i s d i r e c t e d t o w a r d t h e
observer.

A p ertu res
An o p e n i n g , o r w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d o p e n i n g , o f t h e
e x ln e s u r f a c e , u s u a l ly f u n c tio n in g In th e g e rm in a l
e x it o f ln tra e x ln o u s c e llu la r c o n te n ts.
A p ic u la et
S m all
e x ln e .

c o n ic a l

processes

of

th e

surface

of

th e

A u ricu lae:
T h io k en ed o r v e s i c u l a t e e x t e n s i o n s o f th e
ex ln e ( o r s e x ln e ) , u s u a lly e q u a t o r l a l l y d is p o s e d a t
th e r a d i a l re g io n o f t r l l e t e s p o re s and th e l o n g i ­
tu d in a l e x tr e m itie s o f b i l a t e r a l l y sy m m etrical sp o re s
o r p o lle n .

87
B acu late*
E x ln e o r n a m e n ta tio n o o m p rlse d o f s t r a i g h t - s i d e d ,
f l a t - t o p p e d , ro d -s h a p e d p r o j e c t i o n s (B ao u lae) w ith o u t
expanded o r m o d ifie d t i p s and whose l e n g t h I s g r e a t e r
th an t h e i r d ia m e te r.
C a n a lic u la te * E x ln e o rn am en ted w ith p a r a l l e l o r co n ce n ­
t r i c narrow g ro ov es.
H ie I n t e r v e n i n g a r e a s a r e n a r r o w
and f l a t .
C a n a l l o u l a e may b e e x t r a - o r i n f r a - s e x l n o u s .
Cappai
On t h e c e n t r a l b o d y o f s a o o a t e p o l l e n , t h e p r o x lm ally s itu a te d s e x ln a l cap .
I t is d e lin ea ted l a t ­
e r a l l y by th e p ro x im a l s a o o u s b a s e s .
C apula*
On s a c c a t e p o l l e n , t h e d i s t a l a r e a o f t h e c e n t r a l
body b etw een th e d i s t a l s a o c u s b a s e s and l n o l u d l n g
th e g e rm in a l a p e r t u r e .
C e n t r a l body*
The I n n e r s p h e r i c a l t o s u b - s p h e r i c a l p o r ­
tio n o f a sp o re o r p o lle n co m p rised o f n e x ln e e i t h e r
e n t i r e l y o r p a r t i a l l y su rro u n d e d by l o o s e ly o p p re sse d
sex in e.
C lav ate:
E x ln e o rn am en ted w ith ro d -s h a p e d p r o j e c t i o n s
w ith expanded t i p s ; l e n g t h g r e a t e r th an b a s a l d ia m e te r .
C om m issure*
The l i n e o f w e a k n e s s o r d e h l s o e n o e on m onole te o r t r l l e t e rays o f sp o res.
I t r e f e r s o n ly to
t h e t r a c e o f t h e s i l t on t h e s e x i n e a n d e x c l u d e s
l i p s , m argo, o r c o n ta c t a r e a s .
D istal*
T h a t p o r t i o n o f a s p o re o r p o l le n s u r f a c e w hich
I s d i r e c t e d o u tw a rd s from t h e o e n t e r o f i t s t e t r a d .
A p e rtu re s and o o lp l o f gym nospennous p o l le n a r e
oom monly d i s t a l .

Exlne*

The main, outer, usually resistant layer of a

sporoderm .
S im ple e x ln e s t r a t i f i c a t i o n , I f p r e s e n t ,
c o n s i s t s o f an I n n e r n e x ln e and an o u t e r s e x in e .
P oveolate*
E x ln e o r n a m e n ta tio n c o m p rise d
2.0 m lo ra In d ia m e te r o r , i f l a r g e r ,
s e p a r a t e d t o form a r e t i c u l u m .

o f p i t s up to
a r e to o w id e ly

G e m m a te :
E x ln e o rn am en ted w ith s u b s p h e r i o a l , u s u a l l y
r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e , p r o j e c t i o n s (gem m ae) w i t h c o n ­
stric te d bases.
G ran u late*
to 2 .0
w ith c
h e ig h t

S m all e x l n a l s c u l p t u r a l p r o j e c t i o n s from 1 .0
m icro n s in d ia m e te r.
In d iv id u a l g ran u lae
ir c u la r b a ses, e it h e r lso d la m e trlo o r w ith
s l i g h t l y l e s s th an b a s a l d ia m e te r .

In ap e rtu ra te :
A spore
ap ertu res.

o r p o llen

d e v o id o f a p p a re n t e x in o u s

88
In terrad ia l*
The r e g i o n o f a t r i l e t e s p o r e b e tw e e n a d j a ­
c e n t co m m issu re s and th e amb.
Synonym*
in te ra p lo a l.
L aesuraes
T r i l e t e o r m o n o le te t e t r a d m arks o f s p o r e s ,
i n c l u d i n g c o m m i s s u r e s , l i p s , m a r g o , e t o . when p r e s e n t *
Lvptom a*
An e x l n a l t h i n n i n g , w i t h o r w i t h o u t d e a r l y
d e l i n e a t e d m a r g i n s , w h i c h may s e r v e a s a g e r m i n a l
a p e r t u r e on t h e d i s t a l f a c e o f p o l l e n g r a i n s *
A
l e p t o m a may b e p o r a t e t o s u l c a t e i n s h a p e .
L ips*

T h ick en ed and f r e q u e n t l y r a i s e d e x ln a l m a rg in s
f la n k in g t r i l e t e o r m o n o lete co m m issu res.
Synonym1
lab ra .

M arginal c r e s t s
T h lo k en ed e x ln e
o f t h e o a p p a on t h e c e n t r a l

a t th e e q u a to ria l reg io n
body o f sa o o a te p o lle n .

Margos
An a r e a m a r g i n a l t o c o m m i s s u r e s o r a p e r t u r e s d i s ­
tin g u i s h e d by d i f f e r e n t i a l e x i n a l t h i c k e n i n g , o r by
th e absence o r re d u c tio n o f su rfa c e sc u lp tu re in
th at area.
The m a r g o m ay o r may n o t c o r r e s p o n d t o
th e c o n ta c t a re a .
N exlne:
The I n n e r , u s u a l l y u n s c u l p t u r e d l a y e r o f s t r a t i ­
fied e x ln e s.
Synonym ss
in te x ln e ; en d ex ln e.
P erin e:
An o u t e r m o s t , u s u a l l y
e x in o u s sporoderm l a y e r .

lo o s e ly en v elo p in g , e x tr a Synonyms*
p erlum ; p e r is p o r e .

P o la r a x is*
A p e rp e n d !o u la r l i n e c o n n ec tin g
and d i s t a l p o le s o f a sp o re o r p o lle n .
Pore:

th e

p ro xim al

A d i s t a l c i r c u l a r to s u b - c ir c u la r g erm in al a p e r tu r e
u s u a lly h av in g a d i s t i n c t m arg in .
S uch an a p e r t u r e
w i t h a p o o r l y d e f i n e d m a r g in , o r an a p e r t u r o l d s t r u c ­
t u r e o o m p rls e d o f t h i n n e d e x l n e , w ould be te rm e d a
lep to m ate pore o r lep to m a.

P roxim al*
T h a t p o r t i o n o f a s p o r e o r p o l l e n s u r f a c e w hich
i s in w ard ly d ir e c te d in i t s t e t r a d .
T r i l e t e and
m o n o le te t e t r a d m arks a r e p ro x im a l.
P slla te *
E x ln e s u r f a c e sm ooth and e s s e n t i a l l y d e v o id
s c u lp tu ra l elem en ts.
Synonym*
L aev lg ate.

of

R ad ial*
The r e g i o n in t h e im m e d ia te v i c i n i t y o f t h e p r o x i ­
m al c o m m issu re s o f t r i l e t e s p o r e s and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
d is ta l reg io n .
Synonym*
a p ic al
R eticu lu m *
E x tra - o r i n f r a - s e x l n a l s c u lp tu re p a tte rn con­
s i s t i n g o f a n etw o rk o f w e ll-d e fin e d e le v a te d r id g e s
(m u rl) w hich su rro u n d r e g u l a r o r i r r e g u l a r d e p r e s s io n s
(lu m ln a)•

89
R ugulatei
S u rfao e o rn am en tatio n o f e x ln e c o n s is tin g o f
e lo n g a te , n a rro w , w rin k le d and I r r e g u l a r l y d i s t r i b u t e d ,
r a is e d s c u lp tu r a l elem en ts ( r u g u la e ) .
R ugulae a r e
I r r e g u l a r In b a s a l o u t l i n e , o f te n w ith co n v erg in g
o r d iv e rg in g s id e s , and w ith f l a t o r rounded o r e s t s .
Saoous*
A s a o -llk e s tr u o tu r e , w ith v a ry in g d e g re es of
i n f l a t i o n , o o m p rlsed o f s e p a r a t e d o r l o o s e l y a p p r e s s e d
s e x in e w hich e i t h e r p a r t i a l l y o r c o m p le te ly e n v e lo p s
th e n e x ln a l o e n tr a l body a t th e e q u a to r ia l re g io n o f
p r i n c i p a l l y gym nosperm ous o r p t e r l d o s p e r m o u s p o l l e n .
Saccus b a s e s t
The a r e a o r a r e a s o f a t t a c h m e n t o f s a o o u s
s e x in e t o th e s e x in e w hloh s u r r o u n d s and i s u s u a l l y
t ig h t l y ap p ressed to th e n e x ln e o f th e o e n tra l body.
B l s a o o a t e p o l l e n g r a i n s may p o s s e s s a p a i r o f p r o x i m a l
saoous b a se s f la n k in g th e oappa, and a p a i r o f d i s t a l
saoous b a ses fla n k in g th e d i s t a l s u rfa c e o f th e
o e n tra l body.
S o ab rate:
S u rfa o e o f e x ln e s o u lp tu re d w ith m in u te
o r g ra n u la e l e s s th a n 1 . 0 m icro n In d ia m e te r .

p its

S exinex
The o u t e r , f r e q u e n t l y s c u l p t u r e d l a y e r o f
fied e x ln e s.
Synonym st
E x o ex ln e; e k te x ln e .

stra ti­

S plnose;
E x ln e o r n a m e n ta tio n c o m p ris e d o f n a rr o w , t a p e r i n g
p r o j e c t i o n s , w ith p o i n te d a p i c e s , w hose h e i g h t I s
g r e a t e r th an tw ic e t h e i r b a s a l d ia m e te r .
Synonymt
eo h ln a te .
S triate*
S u rfa o e o rn am en ted w ith elo n g a te -, p a r a l l e l to
s u b p a ra lle l, s tr a ig h t o r s lig h tly sin u o u s, lin e s
o r g ro o v es t h a t a re s e p a ra te d by r a is e d s e x ln a l r i b s
o r bands.
S ulcus*
On t h e d i s t a l f a o e o f p o l l e n g r a i n s , a n e l o n g a t e
a p e r tu r e , w ith d i s t i n c t m a rg in s, h a v in g a le n g th
c o n s id e ra b ly g r e a t e r than w id th .
The t e r m s u l o o i d
l e p t o m a i s a p p l i e d when t h e a p e r t u r e m a r g i n s a r e
p o o rly d e lin e a te d .
T en u ltasi
( p lu r. te n u ita te s )
E x ln al th in n in g p ro b ab ly
n o t fu n c tio n in g as a g erm in al a p e r tu r e .
T en u ita tes
m ay b e p r e s e n t e i t h e r p r o x l m a l l y o r d i s t a l l y , a n d
m ay a p p e a r a s e l o n g a t e o r r l n g - 1 4 . k e f u r r o w s .
V erru o atet
E x ln e s c u l p t u r e o o m p rls e d o f l a r g e , m ore o r
l e s s I r r e g u l a r , b ro a d ly rounded to f l a t - t o p p e d p ro ­
tu b e ra n c e s h a v in g a h e ig h t s l i g h t l y l e s s th an w id th .

90

su lcu s w ith o u t
lip s

su lo u s w ith
lip i

d ista l

su lcu s

p ro x im al
te n u itates
d istal
pore

d 1 s tail
rin g ten u ltas
d istal

saocus

d istal
bases

d ls ta l p o rate

sacous

su lo u s

m arg in al
crest

A
B
C
D
E

F i g u r e 9* -

lep to m a

M orphology o f

- W id th o f c e n t r a l body
- L en g th of c e n tr a l body
- W idth o f s a c o u s
- L en g th of saeeus
- T o ta l w id th o f g r a in

som e s e l e c t e d

gym nosperm p o l l e n *

DE SC RIPTIO NS OP PTERIDOPHYTE SPORES

G e n u s CALAMOSPORA S c h o p f
19*+!+ C a l a m o s p o r a h a r t u n g l a n a

Sohopf;

pp.

$1 -

$2,

DIAGNOSIS:
T rile te
sim p le
ex ln e

m lo ro sp o res;

silts;

g ran u lo se

sin g le-lay ered ,

istic a lly

arnb c i r c u l a r ;

o o n tao t a re a s

v ery

th in ,

laesu rae

sh o rt,

so m etim es d e v e lo p e d ;

p slla te ,

and

ch aracter­

fo ld ed .
C alam o sp o ra s p .
P la te

1;

P ig s.

'»A1*

16,

17

DE SCR IP TIO N:
T rile te
sp h e rica l.

m lo ro sp o res;
L aesurae

com m issures n a rro w
C o n tact a r e a
g ran u la te .
th ic k ,

slits

slig h tly
E x ln e

fin e,

D im ensio n*

-

p ro b ab ly o r ig in a lly

10 m lo r a In l e n g t h ,

w ith

slig h tly

th ic k en e d ,

h y a lin e ,

sh o w in g l i t t l e

sc attere d ,

8 .0

amb c i r c u l a r ,

th ick en ed

darkened,

sin g le-lay e red ,

ten d en o y

to

sim p le;

fo ld ;

and

m arg in s.

fa in tly

a b o u t 1 .0

o rn am en ted

m icro n

by

g ran u les.

d iam eter

1+8

m lc ra

DIS C U S SIO N :
T h is
C ouper,

a

spore

Is

very

c h arac teristic

M iddle J u r a s s i c .

sim ila r
spore

The s i n g l e

to
of

C alam o sp o ra m e so z o lo a
th e

specim en

91

B ritish

L ow er and

d escrib ed

here

has

92
a slig h tly
b ility

to

th ic k e r e x ln e ,
th e

C alam o sp o ra.
to th e

ch aracteristic
In

th e

C a lam a rlan s,

th u s

shows l e s s

fo ld in g

P a leo z o ic ,

su sce p ti­

o f m ost s p e o le s o f

C alam o sp o ra h a s been

a n d may h a v e

K eso zo lo e q u i s e t a l e a n s
pA leozolo

and

been produoed

m o rp h o lo g ically

re la te d

by th o se

com p arab le

to

th e

C alam arlan s.

Genus CINGULATISPORITES Thomson
1953 Clngulatlsporltes Thomson ( I n Thomson & Pflug; p .

58)

DIAGNOSIS*
T rile te

m lo ro sp o res;

sin g le-lay e red ,

sm ooth

cln g u lu m e q u a t o r l a l l y
tow ards b u t n o t o n to

amb r o u n d e d

3;

d isp o sed ;
th e

laesu rae

d lstav e rru o o su s
3,

8,

9 , 10,

d lstav e rru o o su s

p i.

sim p le ,

ex te n d in g

cln g u lu m .

fig s.

1963 C l n g u l a t l s p o r l t e s

ex ln e

to v a r i o u s l y o rn am en ted ; n a rro w

C ln g u la tlsp o rlte s
P la te

tria n g u la r;

13,

fig s.

6,

B renner
15,

16

B renner;
7;

p i.

p.

l*f,

58,

fig .

1.

DESCRIPTION *
T rile te

m lo ro sp o res;

tria n g u la r.
a p ic al

E x ln e

e x tre m itie s

ooraralssures f l a n k e d
w ide.

R aised

sexine

(7).

of proxim al
sexine

lip s

amb o o n v e x l y

tw o -lay ered .
o f o o n v ex ly
by d a r k ,
slig h tly

sex in e

th in ,

b earin g d en sely

L aesurae

sin u o u s,
m icro n

p sllate

spaced,

e x te n d in g

subto

tria n g u la r n e x ln a l la y e r;

raised

N exlne a b o u t 0 .5

tr ia n g u la r to

to

U ps

1 .0

o o m p rlsed
th ic k ,

from

2 - 5

2 . 0 ml o r a
of

th lo k en ed

p sllate;

so ra b rate;

Irreg u larly

h a v i n g a m ax im u m d i a m e t e r r a n g i n g

-

th ic k

surfaoe
d istal

shaped v e rru o a e
m lo ra.

91
V erruoae
sectio n
basal
a lly

so m etim es
at

th e

co alesce,

eq u ato r,

c o n stric tio n s.
to

p rised

th ey

2-1*

f o r th e m ost p a r t

at le a st

In

o p tio a l

so m etim es a p p e a r to

V erru o ate

form a o ln g u lu m

n o t c o m p letely

and,

sex ln e

th io k en s

m ie ra w id e.

re su ltin g

in

e q u ato rl-

C i n g u l u m com­

of d i s t in c t verruoae

co alesced ,

have

w hich a r e

a h ig h ly d isse c te d

cin g u lu m .
D im en sio n s:

D iam eter

32

(3**)

37 m l o r a

(3

specim ens)

D IS C U S SIO N :
The f o r m s d e s c r i b e d
to

th o se

d escrib ed

w here

Potom ao G ro u p .

Is

"R ed

Beds” ,

are

s im ila r in

by B re n n e r (1 9 6 3 )

oeous o f M ary lan d ,
It

here

it

B o tan lo al a f f i n i t y

th e

ooours r a r e ly

e x trem ely

b e in g reco rd ed

from

from

rare

in

o n ly

th ree

th e

M ich ig an
sam p les.

unknown.

trlq u e tru s

C o n v e rru o o slsp o rlte s

& Krerap

Ibrahim; p . 2 6 , p i .
fig .

1955

Lower C r e ta -

th ro u g h o u t th e

G e n u s CONVERRUCOSISPORITES P o t .
1933 V e r r u o o s l - s p o r l t e s

every re sp e o t

trlq u e tru s
p.

6 l,

ty p e

(Ib r.)
65,

P o t.

p i.

13,

7*

sp ecies.
& Kremp;
fig .

191-

DIAGNOSIS:
T rllefce m ic r o s p o r e s ;

tria n g u la r

e q u ato ria l

o u tlin e .

o rnam ented

w ith w a rts o r v e rru o a e

shRpe.

One- o r

to

tw o -lay ered
of

s u b t r l a n g u l a r in
ex ln e

irreg u lar

d en sely
size

and

C o n v e rru o o slsp o rlte s
P la te

3!

flR S .

sp.

5, 6,

"A"
7

DESCRIPTION*
T rlle te

m ic ro sp o re s;

amb e o n v e x l y

a p ices b ro a d ly

rounded.

E x ln e

12 m io ra l o n g ,

ex ten d

a p lo a l

n ex in al
raised

la y e r.
lip s

surface

C om m issures

w hloh a r e

o f sex in e

of d ista l

to

1 .0

p sllate

s u r f a c e m arked

or Irreg u larly

shaped

eq u ato r.

D im en sio ns*

2 .0

to

D ia m eter

by s l i g h t l y

so ab rate;

th in ,

P ro x im al

m io ra),

V erruoae

V erru o ate

sin u o u s

th ick en ed

(2 - 7

sex ln e
c irc u la r

c lo se ly

s e x ln e up

10 -

of su b trlan g u lar

m io ra w id e.

by l a r g e

N exine

L aesurae

e x tre m itie s

verruoae.

som etim es c o a l e s c i n g .
th ick a t

tw o -lay ered .

flan k ed

-

su b trlan g u lar,

to

packed,

5*0 m i o r a

o f In d eterm in ate

th ic k n e ss.

32 m i o r a

DISCUSSION*
O nly one
spore has

been

B o tan ical

specim en

of

recovered
a ffin ity

th is
from

m o rp h o lo g ically d i s t i n c t
th e

"Red

B e d s.".

unknown.

G e n u s CYATHIDITE5 C o u p e r
1935

D e lto ld o s p o r a M iner;

1937

L e lo trlle te s

1953

C y a th ld lte s

p.

Naumova ( i n
a u stra lis

6l 8
p art)

C ouper;

p.

27,

p i.

2,

(ty p e
1955

L e lo trlle te s

(Naum)

P o t.

& K rem p;

p.

36
of

1956

fig .

sp eo les)

(assig n m en t
type

Deltoldospora (Miner) Potonie; p . 1 3 , p i . 1 ,
(A ssignm ent o f

ty p e

sp ecies

"D ".

11

sp eo les)

fig. 1 .

h a l l 11 M in e r )

95

DIAGNOSIS t
T rlle te
sid es

raio ro sp o res;

stra ig h t

p o in ted .
lip s,

to

amb t r i a n g u l a r

oonoave;

C om m issures s i m p le ,

e x ten d in g o v e r h a lf

ap io a l

a p io a l

e x tre m itie s.

of

E x ln e

to

a n g le s

stra ig h t
spore

sin g le

su b trlan g u lar;

rounded

slits,

rad iu s

to

w ith o u t ra is e d

but not

lay ered ;

b lu n tly

reach in g

p silate

to

In frap u n o tate .

DISCUSSION i
The v a l i d
C y a th ld lte s

p u b lic a tio n

of

th e m o rph o g rap h lo genus

by C ouper (1953)*

p red ated

N a u m o v a 's

(193?)

genus L e lo tr lle te s

in 1955.

A lth ough L e l o t r l l e t e s

used g e n e r i c name w e ll
th at p e rta in in g

to

P a leo z o ic

a J u n i o r synonym o f
The e x t a n t
sim p le

spores

by P o to n ie

is

ensconced

th e v a lid a tio n

p resen tly

in

a n d Kremp

a w id e ly

lite ra tu re ,

spores,

it

is

of

th u s

esp ec ially
tec h n ic ally

C y a th ld lte s.

fem

genus

sim ila r

to

C y ath ea p ro d u c e s m o r p h o lo g ic a lly

th o se o f

C y a th ld lte s.

C y a th ld lte s

sp.

"A"

P la te

fig .

1

1,

DESCRIPTION!
T rllete
ap ices

rounded,

to a p io a l

sid es

e x tre m itie s,

out flan k in g
th ick en ed .
th ic k ,

m lo ro sp o res;

raised

oonoave.
sim p le,

lip s,

to

fa in tly

d iam eter

30

L aesurae
o o m lssu re s

to

su b trlan g u lar,

ex ten d a lm o st
stra ig h t,

w ith ­

b u t m a r g i n s may b e s l i g h t l y

E x ln e o n e - l a y e r e d ,

p silate

D im ensions*

amb t r i a n g u l a r

th in

(1 .0

m lo ro n ),

so ab rate.
m io ra

(one

sp ecim en )

u n ifo rm ly

96

DISCUSSION*
W h ile m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y
one d e s c r i b e d
o f th e

here

M esozoic,

o n ly a s i n p i e

are

it

one o f

is

p o o rly

sim p le

spores

s i m i l a r fco t h e

th e m ost u b iq u ito u s

rep re se n te d

preserved

in

th e

spores

"Red B eds"

by

sp ecim en .

DENSOISPORITES ( W e y l a n d & K r l e g e r )
1953

D e n s o l s p o r l t e s W eyland & K r l e g e r ,

1963

D en so lsp o rltes

p.

(W eyland & K r l e g e r )

D ettm ann
12.

D ettm an n ,

p.

83,

8*f.
DIAGNOSIS *
T rlle te

m lo ro sp o res;

or su b circu lar;
to ria lly

e x ln e

tw o -lay ered ,

and d l s t a l l y

be e q u a t o r l a l l y
in te rra d ia l

sep arated

th ic k en e d ;

pro x im al

am b t r i a n g u l a r

to

o av ate,

su b trlan g u lar
sex ln e

from n e x l n e .

n ex ln e

th in ,

equa-

S e x l n e may

sm ooth,

and w ith

p a p illa e .

DISCUSSION*
A ly o o p o d lao eo u s,
been s u g g e s te d
spores

p o ssib ly

se la g ln e llid

a ffin ity

f o r D e n s o ls p o rlte s , as w ell a s

b elo n g in g

to

and L u n d b l a d l s p o r a

th e

genera E n d o sp o rltes

B alm e,

(see

D ettm ann

some s i m i l a r

W i l s o n & Coe

(.I9 6 3 J f o r d e t a i l e d

d isc u ssio n ).
D en so lsp o rltes
P la te

2;

fig s.

sp.

"A "

17*

18

DESCRIPTION*
T rllete

m lo ro sp o res;

amb c i r c u l a r ,

p robably b lo o n v ex .

L aesurae

stra ig h t,

m argin o f c in g u lu m ;

com m issures

flan k ed

has

p o la r o u tlin e
ex ten d

to

in n er

by v e r y n a rr o w

97
(2 .0 m io ra w id e ),

low ,

E x in e t w o - l a y e r e d |
a h y alin e

sex in e

o ln g u lu m ,

to n ex ln e,

b earin g

m en tatio n

on

th e

10 m i c r a

from

3*0 m i o r a w i d e ,
a m lc ro ru g u la te

m lo ro n ),

D im ension*

w ith

resu lt

p silate

of

to

d iam eter

raised

lip s.

fchiokened

sex in e

to

lo o se ly

o f o ln g u lu m .

appressed

c o rro sio n .

fo r about

S ex in e

ir r e g u la r g ran u la te

fin ely

form

to m io ro v e rru o a te o rn a ­

e x te n d in g po lew ard

i n n e r m arg in

proxim al p o l a r r e g io n

0 .5

e q u a to ria lly

o ln g u lu m and

th e

w h i c h may b e t h e

w eakly d e v e lo p e d

N exlne

at

sc u lp tu re
th in

(about

so ab rate.

53 m i o r a

(one

specim en )

DISCUSSION*
A ccord ing to
b e lo n g in g

to

th e

by i n t e r a p i o a l
proxim al

th e

em endation

genus

D en so lsp o rltes are

p a p illae

p o lar a re a .

situ ated

the

illu stra te d

by W eyland & K r l e g e r

p e rln a tu s

B r e n n e r ( 1 9 6 3 )*
stru c tu ra l
on t h e

w ise co n fo rm s

illu stra te d

of

th e

specim en
to

th e

sp eo les

o h arao terized

p a p illae

at

th e

are not

D en so lsp o rltes v e la tu s ,
(1953)*

311(1 b y

may t h u s n o t b e a

genus.

observed

o r on P e n s o l -

by C ouper (1 9 5 8 )

These p a p i l l a e

featu re

sin g le

sp e o les,

(1963),

on t h e n e x l n e

The i n t e r a p i o a l

a p p a r e n t on

sporl te s

ty p e

by D ettm ann

c o n stan t

They a r e n o t p r e s e n t
in

th is

o lro u m so rlp tlo n

stu d y ,

of th e

w hioh o t h e r ­

genus.

G e n u s LUNDBLADISPORA B a l m e
1963

L u n d b lad lsp o ra w lllm o ttl

B alm e*

fig s.

p.

1 - 3 .

21,

22,

(ty p e

p i.

5*

sp eo les)

DIAGNOSIS*
T rile te
trla n g u la r

m lo ro sp o res;
in

e q u a to ria l

c irc u la r
o u tlin e .

to

su b c iro u la r to

E x ln e

o av ate w ith

sub­

98
orn am en ted

sex in e e n c lo sin g

t h i n n e r on t h e

p ro x im al

th an

e q u a to ria lly .

Surface of

a

th in -w a lle d n e x ln e .
on th e

sex ln e

d ista l

so ab rate;

sid e,

sp in es,

surfaoe o f

c o n sid era b ly

o rn am en tatio n .
p a p illae

at

cen trally

sm ooth o r w i t h

N exln e

sm o o th ,

w ith

p ro x im al p o la r a r e a .

th ick en ed

d istal

may o r m a y n o t b e a r s m a l l c o n e s ,
sex ln e

S ex ln e

surfaoe

o r grana.

th ree

P ro x im al

reduced

ln te rra d la l

N ex ln al

body o fte n n o t

d isp o sed .

DISCUSSION t
S pores o f

th e

genus L u n d b la d lsp o ra p o sse ss

m o rp h o lo g lo al a t t r i b u t e s

freq u e n tly

o o o u rrin g in

th e m lo ro -an d m e g a -sp o re s o f m odem
esp ecially
may b e a t

se la g ln e llld ,
le a st

in

part

p lan ts

several

and

fo ssil

(B alm e,

1 9 6 3 )*

b o th

ly o o p la o eo u s,
The g e n u s

synonym ous w i t h A o u l e l s p o r l t e s

A rtuz 1957*
L u n d b lad lsp o ra w lllm o ttl
P la te

3;

L u n d b lad lsp o ra w lllm o ttl

1963

fig *

B alm e

19

B alm e; p .

22,

p i.

5» f i g s .
1 - 3

DE SC RIP TIO N!
T rlle te
tria n g u la r.

m lo ro sp o res;
L aesurae

p o la r a r e a w here

In d istin c t,

e x in e a p p e a rs

ex ten d o v e r t h r e e - f o u r t h s
irreg u larly

at

by v e r y n a r r o w ,
n ex ln e

th in ,

amb c i r c u l a r

th e ir

p silate,

o f spore

a p io a l

slig h tly

to

to

esp ecially
be

at

ru p tu red ;

rad iu s,

e x tre m itie s,

sin u o u s l i p s .

and fo rm s an

slig h tly

sub-

p ro x im al
laesu rae

b ifu rc a te

a n d may b e f l a n k e d
E x ln e

o av ate;

e o o e n trio a lly

d isp o sed

99

cen tral
rad lal

body a p p ro x im a te ly
p a p illa e

th lo k ,

to

v isib le *

so a b rate

About 2 to

rounded s p i n e s ;
about 2 m io ra
and p r o j e c t

Dimensional

S ex ln e

on p r o x i m a l

3 m io ra ,

basal

beyond

th e

re la tiv e ly

surfaoe;

If

th in

d istal

3 ralora In

d iam eter,

spaced

e q u a to ria l

sex ln e
to

u su a lly

3 to

8 m io ra a p a r t,

p erip h ery *

An e q u a t o r i a l

th ic k en in g appears

Total diameter

len g th ,

pres­

and

orn am en ted w ith p o in te d

s p in e s up to

In

band o f s e x l n a l

In ter-

on p r o x i m a l p o l a r a r e a o f n e x l n e ,

e n t, n o t r e a d ily
p silate

35 m i o r a I n d i a m e t e r *

to

be p r e s e n t*

5 9 miora

DISCUSSION
The s i n g l e
th a n optim um
slig h tly

specim en

sta te

of

s m a lle r th an

observed

been

se d im e n ts o f W estern

a som ew hat l e s s

b u t,

th e

m inim um s i z e

ln d lo a ted

recorded

o th e r than

th e d e s c rip tio n

o f L u n d b lad lsp o ra w lllm o ttl

has p r e v i o u s ly

In

p reserv a tio n ,

conform s r e a s o n a b l y w e ll w i t h
tratio n s

Is

o n ly

B alm e.

b ein g

range,

and

Illu s­

The s p e o l e s

from L ow er T r l a s s l o

A u stra lia .

G e n u s LYCOPODIUMSPORITES T h l e r g a r t
193^

S p o rltes

ag ath o eo u s

P o t.;

p.

^3»

pl»

1*

ty p e
1939

L v o o p o d lu m sp o rltes a g ath o eo u s

(P o t.)
p i.

flflf*

25,

sp ecies.

T h le rg * ; p.
22,

fig s*

293»

9 - 1 0 .

DIAGNOSIS*
T rlle te
amb,

m lo ro sp o res w ith

L aesurae u s u a lly

ex ten d

tria n g u la r
to

a p io a l

to

su b trlan g u lar

e x tre m itie s.

E x ln e

100

two-layered.

Proximal surface psilate to granulate; distal

surface bearing regular to Irregular reticulum.
-*'*

Lyoopodlumsporltes sp. "A"
Plate 2; figs. 12, 13

DESCRIPTION«
Trllete mlorospores; amb triangular, apioes rounded,
sides convex; Exlne two-layered.
of subtrlangular nexinal body.

Laesurae extend to apioes
Commissures flanked by

narrow raised lips up to 2.0 miora in width.

Nexlne thin

(0.5 mioron), olosely appressed to sexlne, which Is 1.0 1.5 ralcra thick.

Distal surfaoe characterized by Irregu­

lar, open-mesh reticulum comprised of convolute, sinuous,
membraneous murl up to ^.0 miora high and 1.0 - 1*5 miora
wide, which rarely enolose lumina.

Proximal surfaoe

psilate.
Dimensions!

diameter

32

miora

(one speolmen)

DISCUSSION!
One specimen of this spore, having possible affinity
with the Lycopodlaoeae, was observed in the Michigan "RedBeds".
Genus TOPISPORITES Couper
1958

Todlsporltes ma.lor Couper; pp. 13^-135» pi* 16,
Pigs. 6-8.

DIAGNOSIS:
Trllete mlorospores.

Arab circular.

Laesurae simple

silts without raised lips, relatively long, usually extend­
ing more than half of spore radius.
more or less psilate.

Exine single-layered,

101
DISCUSSIO N*
T o d lsp o rltes
m ou s w i t h

th e

Is

genus

very

sim ila r

to

and p o s s ib ly

P u n o ta tlsp o rlte s

( I b r . ) P o t.

T o d lsp o rltes

"A "

synony­
& Krem p

(195*0•

P la te

1;

sp.
fig .

8

DESCRIPTION*
T rlle te

m lo ro sp o res;

amb c i r c u l a r

pro b ab ly o r i g i n a l l y

sp h e ric a l.

a lm o st e n t i r e

spore

rad iu s,

raised

E x ln e

tw o -lay ered

uniform

lip s.
In

th ic k n ess,

D im en sio n s*

to

L aesurae

su b c ircu lar;
sim p le,

co m m issu res w ith o u t
(?),

1 .5

-

e x ten d
th ick en ed

2 .0 m io ra

th ic k ,

p sila te .

d iam ete r

36

m io ra

m o rp h o lo g ica lly

sim p le

DISCUSSION*
Ib is
sin g le
th is

ooourrenoe

In

t y p e may h a v e

th e

been

i

spore

M ich ig an
produced

"Red
by

is

known

B eds".

fo ssil

from

a

S pores

m em bers o f

of
th e

.

Osmundaoeae.
T o d lsp o rlte s
P la te

1;

sp.

fig s.

"B"

12,

13

D E S C R IP T IO N *
T rlle te
o rig in a lly

m lo ro sp o res;

sp h e rlo al.

co m m issu res w i t h o u t
sin g le-lay ered ,
D im ensions*

amb o l r o u l a r ,

L aesurae

flan k in g

u n ifo rm ly

d iam eter

39

co m p rised

lip s,

th ic k
m io ra

spore
of

p ro b ab ly
sim p le

13 m io ra lo n g .

(2 .0

m io ra ),

E x in e

so ab rate.

102
DISCUSSION:

Only one specimen of this possible osmundaoeous spore
was observed in the Michigan "Red Beds".
Genus UNDULATISPORTTES Pflug
1953

Undulatlsporltes mlorooutls Pflug; p. 52, pi. 1,
fig. 18.

DIAGNOSIS:
Trllete mlorospores.

Amb triangular to subtrlangular,

sides straight to convex, apices rounded, Laesurae extend
almost to equatorial margin, frequently bifurcating near
their tips.

Exine two-layered, psilate to granulate.
Undulatlsporltes sp. "A"
Plate 2, fig. 16

DESCRIPTION:
Trllete mlorospores; amb triangular, sides convex,
apices slightly rounded.

Commissures Indistinct, flanked

by parallel-sided raised lips extending 0.5 to 0.75 micron
on each side of oomralssures.

Raised lips strongly undulate,

especially for about one-half the radius from the proximal
pole.

Raised lips extend almost to apioal extremities and

bifurcate Irregularly 2.0 to 3.0 miora from apioes.

Exlne

stratification Indeterminate; exlne about 1.0 mioron thick.
Surfaoe psilate to faintly soabrate, with small granules
scattered infrequently.
Dimensions:

Total diameter

28

miora

DISCUSSION:
Only one specimen was observed.

This spore, of un­

known botanical affinity. Is very similar, if not identloal, to

103
U n d u la tlsp o rlte s
in freq u e n tly

In

u n d u lap o lu s
th e

B re n n e r 1963*

Lower C re ta c e o u s

w hich o o o u rs

P otom ac G roup o f

M aryland.
G e n u s VERRUC0SISP0BITES
1932

S p o ro n ites

verruoosus

in

(Ib rah im )
P o t.v Ib r.

p i.
1933

P o t.

15.

V e rru o o sl-sp o rlte s v erruco su s

Sc K r e m p

4 K lau s;

flfif* 1 7 *

ty p e

Ib r.;

25*

p.

p.
sp e o les.

p i-

2,

fie195**

V e rru o o slsp o rlte s

verruoosus
p.

69,

(Ib r.)
p l-

P o t.

13.

17-

& K rem p;

fig s.

196-199.

D IA G N O SISI
T rlle te
to ria l

m lo ro sp o re s;

o u tlin e .

o lro u la r

E x ln e o n e -

m ented w i t h w a r t s

or

o r verruoae

of

3;

su b c ircu lar

tw o -lay ered ,
irre g u la r

V e rru o o slsp o rlte s
P la te

to

sp.

fig s.

1,

in

d en sely
size

and

equa­
orna­
shape.

"A"
2

DESCRIPTIONt
T rlle te
d istal

faoe

L aesurae
body;
lip s

m lo ro sp o re s;
m ore

w hioh beoome

N exlne

oonvex th an

stra ig h t,

co m m issu res

th in ,

th ick en ed ,

up

ex ten d
flan k ed

fin ely

m argin

by narrow
w id er a t

m lo ro n ;

g ra n u la te ;

surfaoe.
d ista l

to

p ro x im al.

E x ln e

(1 .5

tw o -lay ered .
cen tral

m io ra ),

rad ia l

raised

e x tre m itie s.

d ifferen tially
surfaoe,

P ro x im al
surfaoe

su b o lro u lar;

o f n e x ln o u s

S ex in e

5 - 0 m i o r a on d i s t a l

t h i n n e r on p r o x i m a l
to

to

slig h tly

about 0 .5
to

amb o l r o u l a r

co n sid era b ly

surfaoe

w ith

larg e,

so a b rate
c lo se ly

10^

crow ded,
in

size

c irc u la r
from

3 .0

D im en sio n s!

to
to

slig h tly

e lo n g a te ,

9*0 m io ra

d iam eter

37

In

verruoae

ran g in g

d iam eter.

m io ra

DISCUSSIONi
One s p e c i m e n

of

th is

spore

was o b s e r v e d

in

th e

M ich ig an

"Red B e d s " .
T rlle te
P la te

2;

Spore
fig s.

"AM
1 - 9

DESCRIPTION!
T rllete
ap io es

m lo ro sp o res;

rounded

slig h tly

and

concave

rad iu s

stra ig h t
lip s

of

to

so m etim es

in

spore

from

o o m p rised

ex h ib it a

slig h t

o f some
1 .0

to

on p r o x i m a l
D im en sio n s!

to

of

to

P o lar o u tlin e

p ro b ab ly

b ico n v ex .

a p ic a l

d iam eter

e sse n tia lly
is
22

raised
and

30

lip s

of

d ev elo p m en t
th e

laesu rae

sin g le-lay e red ,
so u lp tu reless,

c o n sp icu o u sly
( 26)

raised

so m etim es

o f kyrto m e

e x tre m itie s

a p p aren tly

co m m issures

by n a rro w ,

e x ln e ,

A h in t

a p io a l

th ree-fo u rth s

e x tre m itie s;

flan k ed

th io k e n ed

E x in e

w h ich

from

3*0 m i o r a w i d e ;

th e

th ic k ,

faoe,

stra ig h t

sin u o u s,

at

sp ecim en s.
m io ra

th e

su b trlan g u lar,

sid e s

e x te n d in g

sin u o sity .

observed

2 .0

to

1 .0

darkened,

has been

len g th ,

slig h tly

ran g in g

fo ld ed ,

o r convex.

L aesurae v a r i a b le
th e

amb t r i a n g u l a r t o

about

except

p u n o tate.

m lo ro

DISCUSSION!
Form s a s s i g n e d
and m o rp h o lo g y o f
so m etim es o b s o u r e s

to

th eir

th is

sp eo les

raised

th e n a tu r e

lip s,
of

th e

v a ry -ln
and

th e

a p io a l

siz e,

shape,

a p io a l

fo ld in g

e x tre m itie s

105
o f the

spores

and

A ll p r o x lm a lly

th e ir lae su rae,

p u n c ta te

above d e s c r i p t i o n
d esig n ate.

are

spores

th e

enoom passed w ith in

In clu d ed

The p r e c i s e

and d i s t o r t s

In

th is

b o tan ica l

tem p o rary

a ffin ity

of

shape.
th e

sp e cific

th ese

spores

Is unknown.
T rlle te
P la te

3;

spore
fig s.

"B"
17,

18

D E S C R IP T IO N I
T rlle te

m lo ro sp o res;

ap io es

rounded,

alm o st

to

by n a r r o w

sid es

I n n e r m arg in
(1 .0

-

amb t r i a n g u l a r

convex.
of

L aesurae

o ln g u lu m ;

1 .5 m io ra ),

to

su b trlan g u lar,

sin u o u s,

o o m m lssu res

raised

lip s.

e x te n d
flan k ed

E x ln e

tw o -lay e red ;

sex ln e

d iffe re n tia lly

th ic k en e d ,

fo rm in g a th ic k e n e d

to ria l

b e lt

m io ra

c o m p lete ly

3 .0

-

spore.

D ista l

sex in al

ele v atio n

from

th e

ab ly

th in n e d

3 .5

face

22 m io r a

In

S ex ln e

N ex ln e l e s s

th an

c en tral

and d i a m e t e r o f d i s t a l
im al s u r f a o e

p sila te .

D im en sio n al

d iam eter

d i a m e t e r w hich

th ic k en e d

sex ln e.

fo rm in g a n e x ln o u s

e n c irclin g

m arked by a o lro u m p o la r,

e q u ato ria lly

ru g u late.

w ide

by a

of d ista l
1 .0

m ic ro n

(one

Is

surfaoe
th ic k ,

e le v atio n .

m io ra

su b trlan g u lar,
sep arated

zone o f

body m ore o r l e s s

se x in al

32

b e lt

equa­

c o n sid er­

co arse ly
p sila te ,

of

sam e

shape

E x ln e o f p ro x ­

sp ecim en )

DISCUSSION 1
T h is
b e lt of

spore,

sex ln e

In

h a v in g o n ly an e q u a to r ia l

th ic k en in g ,

d iffers

from

c irc u la r

T au ro o u sp o rltes

106
S to v e r and
terized

D lsta la n u llsp o rlte s

K lau s,

b y tw o o r m o re o o n o e n t r l o

th ic k e n in g ; on t h e

d ista l

s p o r a D ettm ann i n

lac k in g

faoe.

w hloh a r e

charac­

o lro u la r b e lts

It

d iffers

in te ra p io a l

from

of

sex in al

C o ro n atl-

crassitu d e s*

O nly

one s p e o lm e n o b s e r v e d .
T rlle te
P la te

spore

1$

"Gw

fig s.

6,

7

DESCRIPTIONl
T rlle te
ap io es

m lo ro sp o res;

rounded;

alm o st t o

sid e s

a p io a l

th ick en ed m arg in s

slig h tly

e x tre m itie s,
flan k in g

E xlne s i n g l e - l a y e r e d ,
D im en sio n s;

amb t r i a n g u l a r

sim p le ,

th e

so ab rate

d iam eter

25

oonvex.

su b trlan g u lar,

L aesurae
w ith v e ry

slig h tly
or

to

agape

fa in tly

ex te n d in g
slig h tly

o o m m issures.

p u n o tate.

m io ra

d isc u ssio n ;

O nly one

speolm en o f

o f unknown b o t a n l o a l

th is

a ffin ity

m o rp h o lo g ica lly
was o b s e rv e d

In

sim p le
th e

spore

M ich ig an

" R e d Beds**.
T rllete
P la te

2;

spore

MD"

fig s.

l*f,

15

DE SCRIP TIO N;
T rlle te
C om m issures
o n e-h alf
raised

m lo ro sp o res;
sim p le ,

spore

lip s

R aised l i p s

amb o l r o u l a r t o

stra ig h t

rad iu s,

slits

flan k ed

w hloh e x te n d

about

pronounced

e x te n d in g ap p ro x im ate ly

by n a rro w ,

h ig h ly u n d u late

tw o -th ird s o f

b efu ro a te n e a r th e ir

lim b s becom ing l e s s

su b o irc u la r.

as

e x tre m itie s,

spore
th e

th ey approach

rad iu s.
in d iv id u a l

th e

eq u ato r.

107
E x in e

2 ,0

o f ex in e

m io ra

th lo k ,

p silate

D im en sio n s!

to

T o ta l

ap p aren tly

fa in tly

sin g le-lay e red ;

surface

so ab rate.

d iam eter

37

m io ra

DISCUSSION:
O nly o n e
W ith t h e
a lly

e x ce p tio n

sim ila r

p recise

speolm en

to

of

th e

b o tan ical

of

th is

Its

d lstln o t

s p o r e was o b s e r v e d .

o l r o u l a r amb,

It

Is

genus U n d u la tls p o rlte s

a ffin ity

of

T rlle te
P la te

th is

spore

m o rp h o lo g ic­

P flu g .

is

The

unknown.

spore
1;

fig .

5

DESCRIPTION «
T rlle te
L aesurae

m lo ro sp o res;

ex ten d

com m issures

a lm o st

flan k ed

amb c i r c u l a r

to

e q u ato ria l

by ra is e d

en in g o r o n ly a r t i f a c t s

of

fo ld in g a lo n g

com m issu res.

m icro n

surfaoe

th lo k ;

D im en sio n s*

lip s

to

m arg in ;

fa in tly

T o ta l d ia m e te r

sim p le ,

stra ig h t

w h lo h may b e e x i n e

p re se rv a tio n
E x ln e

su b o lro u lar.

th in ,

produoed
le ss

th an

th ic k ­

by e x ln e
1 .0

so ab rate.
30

m io ra

DISCUSSION*
O nly o n e r a t h e r p o o r l y
The s p o r e

is

the

T o d lsp o rlte s.

genus

unknown.

m o rp h o lo g ica lly
Its

preserved
sim ila r

sp eo lm en was o b s e r v e d .
to

b o tan ical

a n d may b e l o n g
re la tio n sh ip s

to

are

108

Trllete spore "F"
Plate 3; flS* 11 - 1^
DESCRIPTIONl
T rlle te
ap io es w e ll
L aesurae
flan k ed
catio n

m lo ro sp o res;
rounded,

e x te n d in g
by r a i s e d

sid es

to

stra ig h t

a p io a l

lip s

in d eterm in ate.

c irc u la r to

amb t r i a n g u l a r

D ista l

surface

shaped

reg io n .

verruoae

s p a r s e l y on

th e

and

pro x im al

fin e

surfaoe.

at

E x in e

w ith

m io ra a c r o s s .

d ista l
are

1 .0

s tra tifi­

covered

2-1 *

packed

g ran u lae

E x ln e

d en sely

verruoae

convex.

co m m issures

2 .0 m io ra w id e .

V e rru o a e l a r g e r an d m ore d e n s e l y
L arge

su b trlan g u lar,

slig h tly

e x tre m itie s;

1*5 -

irreg u larly

to

to

p o lar

so a tte re d
-

2 .0

m io ra

th ic k .
D im en sio n s!

d iam eter

23

m io ra

DISCUSSION!
S everal
observed
atio n s

in

are

rare ly
th e

o c cu rrin g

M ich ig an

spores

of

MR e d B e d s " .

th is

Its

ty p e

have

b o tan ical

been

a ffili­

unknown.

Trllete spore "G"
P la te

1;

fig s.

9*

10

DESCRIPTION I
T rlle te

m lo ro sp o res;

ap io es

b ro ad ly

ex ten d

to

lip s

2 .0

rounded,

a p io a l
-

form w i d t h ,
D im en sio n s!

2 .5
1 .0

amb s u b t r l a n g u l a r

sid e s

e x tre m itie s;

m io ra
-

w id e.

1 .5 m io ra

d iam eter

J6

convex.

th ic k ,
m io ra

su b o lro u lar,

L aesurae

co m m issu res

E x ln e

to

stra ig h t,

flan k ed

sin g le-lay ered ,
p silate

to

by r a i s e d
of u n i­

fa in tly

so ab rate

109
DISCUSSION I
O nly on e
has been

speolm en

observed

In

of

th e

th is

spore

M ich ig an

T rlle te
P la te

"Red B eds"#

spore
I?

o f unknown a f f i n i t y

fig .

"H"
4

DESCRIPTION «
T rlle te
rounded,
tie s;

m lo ro sp o re s;

sid e s

convex.

oom m lssures
by r a i s e d

sex in al

e x te n sio n s.

th ic k ,
less

n ex ln e

lip s

tap er

tw o -lay ered ,

th an

1 .0

D im en sio n s!

e x te n d

agape

at

w h l o h may be

L ip s

4 .0

to w ard

-

th lo k ,

to

a p ic es

a p io a l

o lo se ly

ex tre m i­

form ed by u p tu rn e d

E x ln e 1 . 0

p silate;

b ro ad ly

p ro x im al p o la r a re a ,

5»- m io ra w id e a t

a p io e s.

surfaoe

m lo ro n

(ab o u t 0 .5

L aesurae

slig h tly

flan k ed

p o lar re g io n ,

amb s u b t r l a n g u l a r ,

sex ln e

-

p ro x im al

1*5 folora

ln frap u n o tate,

appressed

to

th in

m lo ro n ).

d iam eter

26

m io ra

DISCUSSION!
T h is
the

spore

N lo h lgan

ty p e

"Red

Is

known

B eds".

Its

from a

sin g le

b o tan ical

occurrence

re la tio n sh ip s

In
are

unknown.
T rlle te
P la te

1;

spore

"I"

fig s.

2,

3

DESCRIPTION 1
T rlle te
rounded,

sid es

e x tre m itie s,
w id e),

m lo ro sp o res;

lip s

slig h tly

o o m m lssu res
co m p rised

of

amb s u b t r l a n g u l a r ,

convex.
flan k ed
u p tu rn ed

L aesurae
by narrow

ap io e s

ex ten d
(1 .0

e x te n sio n s

of

to

b ro ad ly
a p io a l

m lo ro n
p ro x im al

110
ex ln e.

E x ln e

sin g le-lay e red ,

th ic k ) , u n ifo rm
D im en sio n s!

In

th io k n e ss,

d iam eter

25

th in

(less

th an 1 .0

very

fa in tly

m lo ro n

so ab rate.

m io ra

DISCUSSION! ...........
T h is

spore

is

very

D elo o u rt & S prum ont,

s im ila r to

from w h lo h I t

B lre tlsp o rlte s
d iffers

In

t h in n e r e x ln e and a som ew hat s m a l l e r s i z e .
men w a s o b s e r v e d
a ffin ity

is

of sim ila r

In

th e

u n certain ;
form s w ith

M ich ig an
Rouse

h av in g a

O nly one s p e c i ­

"Red B e d s " .

(1957)

p o to n la el

Its

su g g ests

b o tan lo al

an a f f i n i t y

H ym enophyllum L .

Trllete spore "J"
P la te

b-; f i g s .

1,

2

DESCRIPTION!
T rlle te

m lo ro sp o res;

shape p r o b a b ly o r i g i n a l l y
C om m issures i n d i s t i n c t ,
2.0 ra lo ra w id e ,
E x in e t h i c k ,

2 .0

to

sp h erlo al

su b sp h erlo al.

a p p aren tly

ex ten d in g

up to

amb c i r c u l a r

to

m io ra in

o rn am en ted w ith

verruoae;

surfaoe

In d iv id u al

o la v a e up

v a ls

of

2 .0

tip s

to

form a ro u n d e d

d iam eter.
bulbous
it

to

to

from

term in a l knob up

th e

sin g le-lay ered .

Irreg u lar,

spaoed a t

to

ooours

expanded a t

about

sin u o u s

60

o lav ae.

in te r­

expanded a t
2 .0

th eir

m io ra in

J u s t b e n ea th
its

e x ln e .

T o ta l d ia m e te r

about

e x tre m itie s.

eaoh o th e r,

is

slits

co v ered by l a r g e

5»0 m io r a l o n g ,

and eao h o la v a e

m erges w ith

D im en sio n s!

sm all,

u n ifo rm ly

5*0 m io r a

open

th io k n e ss,

T he maximum c o n s t r i c t i o n

tip ,

sim p le ,

e q u ato ria l

P roxim al s u r f a o e
d ista l

to

su b o lro u lar;

m io ra

th e

b a se w here

Ill
DISCUSSION I
O nly one

broken

was o b s e r v e d .

sp ecim en

The b o t a n i c a l

of

1;

d istin c tiv e

a ffln lte s

T rlle te
P lA te

th is

spore
fig s.

spore

a r e n o t known.

"K”
1*4-, 1 5

DESCRIPTION 1
T rlle te
ap io e s

m icro sp o res;

slig h tly

sim p le,

e x ten d

a n g u la r,
over

com m issures w ith o u t
Jagged.

E x ln e

o p tic a l

sectio n ,

than n e x l n e ;

amb s u b t r l a n g u l a r t o
sid e s

th ree -fo u rth s
flan k in g

th lo k ,

m easu rin g

fin ely

th e

raised

tw o -lay ered ,

sex ln e

convex.

rad iu s

-

sex in e

surfaoe.

D im en sio n s;

m io ra

of

stra ig h t,
spore;

m arg in s

3*0 m i o r a
o n ly

fa in tly

at

e q u a to ria l

slig h tly

in fra p u n o ta te ;

m ore p r o m i n e n t on p r o x i m a l
d iam ete r

L aesurae

lip s,

2 .5

su b c ircu lar,

th ic k er

ln fra p u n c ta tlo n

DISCUSSION t
T h is d i s t i n c t ,
sp ecim en .

Its

tw o -lay ered

b o tan ical

spore

is

re la tio n sh ip s

known fro m

are

a

sin g le

unknown.

Trllete Spore "L"
P la te

2;

fig s.

10,

11

D E S C R IP T IO N :
T rllete
sid es

stra ig h t

p o in te d .
flan k ed
E x ln e

m l o r o s p o r e s ; amb t r i a n g u l a r
to

slig h tly

L aesurae
by n a rro w

th ic k ,

ex ten d
raised

dense;

in d eterm in ate.

e x ln e

D istal

convex,
to

a p ic e s

a p io a l

lip s

1 .0

to

su b trlan g u lar,

rounded o r b lu n tly

e x tre m itie s;
2 .0

stra tific a tio n ,

surfaoe

to

d en sely

m io ra In
If

co m m issu res
w id th .

p resen t,

o rn am e n te d w ith

112
sin u o u s,

v erm io u late

eaoh o th e r?

c o n v o lu t i o n s w hich a p p e a r to

In d iv id u a l

c o n v o lu tio n s about

Proxim al

s u r f a o e m ore o r l e s s

d isp o sed

fo ld s o r

D im ensions*

cross

2 m io ra w id e.

sm ooth w i t h m in o r,

rad ia lly -

o ren u la tlo n s.

to ta l

d iam eter

28

m io ra

DISCUSSION i
O nly o n e
b o tan ical

speolm en

re la tio n s,

was r e o o rd e d .

may b e l o n g i n

T h is

the

spore,

o f unknown

genus

C o n v o lu tl-

o rig in a lly

sp h erlo al,

sp o rltes.
T rlle te
P la te

spore
1;

"K"

fig .

11

DESCRIPTION t
T rlle te

m io ro sp o re;

amb o l r o u l a r t o

su b o lro u lar.

about th re e -fo u rth s

the

slig h tly

th lo k e n ed .

so ab rate

o r p u n o tate.

D im en sio n s!

p ro b ab ly

d iam eter

spore

L aesurae
rad iu s;

E x in e 0 .5 -

27

1 .0

stra ig h t,
m arg in s

m lo ro n

of

ex te n d in g
o om m lssures

th ic k ,

fo ld ed ,

m io ra

DIS CUSSION!
One s p e o l m e n
observed

from

th e

of th is
M ich ig an

spore

o f unknown a f f i n i t y

"Red B e d s " .

was

DESCRIPTION OP GYMNOSPERM POLLEN

G e n u s CYCAD0PITE5 ( W o d e h o u s e )
1933

C y o a d o p ite s W odehouse;

1946

C y o a d o p itea

p.

e x W i l s o n Sc W e b s t e r

1+93.

fo lllo u la rls

W ilso n & W e b ste r;
fig .

194-7

M o n o su lo ltes

Cookson;

p.

1953

M o n o su lo ltes

(C ookson)

C ouper;

1958

M o n o su lo ltes

(C ookson)

Potonlfc;

p.

7 * ty p e

274,

sp eo les

134
p.

65

p.

95

(o lta tlo n

of

h o lo ty p e)
DIAGNOSIS I
M o n o su lo ate p o l l e n ,
o u tlin e .

E lo n g ate

or n early

th e

su lo u s

e n tire

may b e e l o n g a t e - o v a l
lo n g itu d in a l
R aised
u su a lly

oval

of

th e

o u tlin e ,

e x tre m itie s

e x ln a l l i p s

fu sifo rm

trav e rsin g

len g th ,
In

to

th an

at

th e

S urfaoe

eq u ato ria l

e n tire

p o lle n

or it

may o r may n o t

tw o l a y e r e d .

th e

in

len g th ,

g rain .

S u lo u s

may b e w i d e r a t

d ista l

flan k

th e

th e

p o la r reg io n .
su lo u s.

E x ln e

o r n a m e n t may be p s i l a t e

to

so ab rate.
DIS CUSSIONt
In clu d ed
may o r m a y n o t

in

th is

have l i p s

laok l n f r a s o u l p t u r a l
the

sim ila rity

genus a re m o nosuloate

of

fla n k in g th e

e lem en ts

th is

p o lle n

in

th e

ty p e

113

to

g rain s

su lo u s,
e x ln e .
several

w hloh

and w hloh
B ecause o f
p terld o sp erm o u s

11^
and g y m n osperm o us g r o u p s ,
are

best

co n sid ered

B e n n ettltale s-

as

sp eo les

referred

h ay in g a f f i n i t y

C y o ad ales

to

C y o ad o p ltes

w ith a G ln k g o ales-

o o m p lex .

C y o ad o p ltes
P la te

sp.

P ig s.

"A "

3 - 5

D ESCR IP TIO N!
M o n o su lo ate p o l l e n ,
lin e ,
tal

lo n g itu d in al

faoe and

S ulous n o t

a t lo n g itu d in a l
In r e g i o n
mi e r a

of

th lo k ,

ends rounded.

trav erses

flan k ed

e lo n g a te -o v al

th e

d is ta l p o le.
surfaoe

len g th

lip s,

e x tre m itie s,

T w o -lay ered

p silate

to v ery
and

th e

o u t­

on d i s ­

g rain .

(3 - 5

m arg in s o fte n

m io ra)

o v e rla p p in g

ex ln e

1 .0

- 1*5

f a in tly so ab rate;

to

D im en sio n s!

3**

(37)

39

m io ra

19

( 22)

25

m io ra

w id th

of

w id est

sex ln e o l o s e ly a p p re s s e d
len g th

e q u a to ria l

S u lo u s o e n te re d

e n tire

by r a i s e d

in

t h i c k e r th an n e x ln e .

DISCUSSION!
T h is

is

a rare ly

o o o u rrln g

sp eo les

C y o a d o p ltes S p .
P la te

fig s.

in

th e

"Red

B eds".

"B"

6 - 1 1

DE SCRIP TIO N!
M o n o su lo ate p o l l e n ,
e q u a to ria l
oonvex,

o u tlin e ,

ends sh a rp ly

len g th o f d i s t a l
at lo n g itu d in a l
p o lar re g io n ,

fu sifo rm

sid e s n e a rly
rounded.

faoe,

u su a lly

e x tre m itie s

w here

it

is

to

e lo n g a te -o v a l

stra ig h t

to

in

slig h tly

S u lo u s e x te n d in g e n ti r e
slig h tly

than

c lo sed

at

th e

w id er (2 c en tral

by o v e r l a p

of

*4- m i o r a )

d istal
th e m arg in s

115
o r form s

a m ore o r l e s s

tn lcra In

w id th .

one e n d .

S u lo u s

w ell d ev elo p ed
at

the d i s t a l

ex tre m itie s

S o m etim es
flan k ed

lip s

of

th e

w hloh a t t a i n

-

a t o n ly

blo o n v ex ,

a maximum w i d t h

and t a p e r

2.0

darkened,

o f 6 m io ra

to w ard s l o n g it u d i n a l

s u lo u s w here t h e y m erge w ith e x in e
E x in e

th io k n e ss.

D im ensions t

su lo u sgapes w id ely

by m ore o r l e s s

p o la r reg io n

norm al t h io k n e s s .
m io ra in

u n ifo rm ly n arro w s i l t 0 .$

tw o -lay ered ,

S ex ln e

p silate,

and n e x ln e

1 .0

o lo se ly

len g th

26

(33)

**7 m i o r a

w id th

10

(1*4-)

19

-

of
2 .0

oppressed.

ml o r a

DISCUSSIONl
T his
of th e

sp eo les

"Red

Is

rare

but

present

in

a ll

sam p les

B eds".

C y o ad o p ltes

su b g ran u lo su s

P la te
195®

Is

M o n o su lo ltes

5t

P ig s.

su b g ran u lo su s

(C ouper)

Pocook

1 - 3

C ouper,

p.

15®*

Pi*

fig .
1965

C y o ad o p ltes su b g ra n u lo su s

(C ouper)

26,

28-30

Pocook (In

press)

DE SCRIP TIO Nl
M o n o su lo ate p o l l e n ,
p o in ted .

S u lo u s e x te n d in g

slig h tly
than a t

w id er a t
d ista l

developed
p u n o tate

lo n g itu d in al

lip s

2 - 3

or in fra g ra n u la te ,
E x ln e

th io k n e ss;

In

e n tire

p o la r reg io n .

raised

e x tre m itie s.
ab le

oval

1 -

len g th

S u lo u s

to

th in ,

th ic k ,

ends

faoe,

m io ra)

by w eakly

R aised

g e n tly

n e x ln e

1 .5 m io ra

( 3.0

flan k ed

m io ra w id e.
ta p e rin g

o u tlin e ,

of d istal

e x tre m itie s

tw o -lay ered ;

sex ln e

e q u a to ria l

lip s

ln fra -

lo n g itu d in a l
o f in d eterm in ­

In frag ra n u la te

116
(te g llla te );
than t h a t
fa in tly

In fra g ra n u la tio n

of d ista l

sid e.

o f p ro x im al

Surfaoe

of

s i d e muoh f i n e r

ex ln e p s i l a t e

to

so ab rate.

D im en sio n s i

len g th
w id th

1+9

m lcra
m io ra

23

DISCUSSION t
O nly o n e

speolm en

of

th is

found w hloh c o m p a re s c l o s e l y
1958!

p it

26,

type b o th

fig .

have

28).

In

ln frasex ln al

C y o ad o p ltes s u b g r a n u lo s u s

d lstln o t

w ith

th e

p o lle n

has

h o lo ty p e

(C ouper,

t h a t my s p e o l m e n a n d
o rn am e n ta tio n ,

been

th e

h o lo ­

perhaps

sh o u ld be tr a n s f e r r e d

to

th e

genus G ln k g o r e te o tln a .
G e n u s CHASMATOSFORITES N i l s s o n
1958

C h asm ato sp o rltes m ajo r N ilsso n ;

p.

5^*

pi*

3* f i g s .
10 -

DIAGNOSIS

1

M o n o su lo ate p o l le n
su lcu s o r lep to m a.
u su ally

15

re la tiv e ly

ex te n d in g a b o u t
g en erally

O u tlin e

w ith a s in g le

o lro u la r to

lo n g itu d in a l

o v a l.

S u lo u s

w ide an d o f v e r y l n g l e n g t h ,

th ree-fo u rth s

tw o -lay ered .

be f l a n k e d

g rain s

by s e x in a l

of len g th

freq u e n tly

of g rain .

E x ln e

S u l o u s o r l e p t o m a may o r may n o t
lip s.

D IS C U S SIO N !
T h is

genus

G ln k g o rete o tln a
oval

Is

d istin g u ish ed

by I t s

sh ap e and I t s

from C y o a d o p lte s and

m ore o r l e s s

re la tiv e ly

short

o lro u la r

to

rounded-

and w ide

su lo u s.

117
C h asm sto sp o rltes
P la te

sp.

1*; f i g .

"A"

19

DESCRIPTION!
Oval p o l le n
w idth.

D ista l

or su lo o id
g rain .
ex in al

g rain s;

surfaoe

o n ly

trav e rsed

slig h tly

g r e a t e r th an

by p a r a l le l - s i d e d

le p to m a w hloh e x te n d s a lm o s t e n t i r e

S u lo u s

( o r leptom a)

th ic k en in g s.

form w i d t h

flan k ed

S u lo u s ab o u t

th ro u g h o u t

m io ra t h l o k ;
appressed

len g th

sex ln e

(5 -

o n ly

to n e x ln e .

of

by w e a k ly d e v e lo p e d

6 m io ra w id e ).

S urface

len g th

35 m i o r a l o n g ,

slig h tly

su lo u s

th lo k e r

of sex in e

o f u n i­

E x ln e a b o u t
than

2

and o lo s e ly

ru g u late

to

Irreg u la rly v erru o ate.
D im ensions*

T o ta l le n g th

*4-0

m io ra

T o ta l w id th

3**

m io ra

DISCUSSION*
O nly one
lo g ic a lly

sp eo lm en was o b s e r v e d .

s im ila r to

o o n o elv ab ly

th e

an a b e r r a n t

podooarp a f f i n i t y ,

p o lle n

of

b lsao o ate

w hose

saool

T h is

form i s

some o y o a d s ,
p o lle n ,

have

but

p o ssib ly

failed

to

m orpho­
it

Is

of

d ev elo p .

G e n u s GINKGORETECTINA M a l j a w k i n a
1953

G ln k g o rete o tln a

p u n o ta ta M a i.;

p.

136,

p i.

20,

ty p e

1,

fig .

sp eo les

DIAGNOSIS*
P o llen
to ria l

g ra in s m o n o su lo ate,

o u tlin e .

e x ten d in g th e
narrow er a t

D istal

fu ll

to

fu sifo rm

in

equa­

s u l o u s may b e w e l l d e v e l o p e d ,

len g th

lo n g itu d in al

oval

of

the

g rain ,

e x tre m itie s

e i t h e r w id er o r

th an

at

cen tral d is ta l

118
p o lar a re a ,
leptom a)

o r may b e an e l o n g a t e

flan k ed

ln frap u n o tate

by s e x in a l

lep to m a.

lip s.

E x ln e

or in fraretio u late

S ulous

(or

tw o -lay ered ,

(te g llla te ).

DISCUSSIONS
T h is

genus,

o f p ro b ab le

gym nosperraous a f f i n i t y ,

from C y o a d o p l t e a

in

ln frap u n o tate

In frA re tieu la te

or

enco m p assin g o n ly

5;

sp ecies

w ith

sex ln es.

G ln k g o retectln a
P la te

th o se

d iffers

P ig s.

sp.

"A"

4 -

7

DESCRIPTION I
M o n o su lo ate
sh arp ly

rounded.

of d ista l

faoe,

tie s

at

than

larly

th e d i s t a l

S u lou s

reg io n .

S u lo u s

L ip s

th ic k ;

ln frap u n o tate

len g th

59

m lo ra

w id th

31

m lo ra

ends

fu lllen g th

a t lo n g itu d in al

w hich a r e

ln frap u n o tate.

d istin c tly

D im en sio n al

e x te n d in g a lm o st th e

lip s

a p p ro x im a te ly 0 . 5 m io ro n
th ic k ,

in e q u a to r ia lo u t li n e ,

p o lar area.

raised

p o lar

o o arsely

oval

w i d e r ( 5*0 m lo r a )

d istal

developed

m lo ra,

p o lle n ,

flan k ed

ex trem i­

by i r r e g u ­

m ore p r o m in e n t a t

h a v e maximum w i d t h o f 5*0
E x ln e

tw o -lay ered ,

sex ln e 1 .0

-

2.0

n e x in e

m lo ra

(te g illa te ).

D ISC USSIO Nt

been

O nly o n e

specim en

found

in

th e

M lohigan

w ith

th e

o y o ad ales.

a ffin ity

of th is
"Red

d istin c tiv e
B eds".

It

p o lle n

has

p ro b ab ly b e a rs

119
G ln k g o re te o tln a
P la te

*f;

fig s.

13.

sp.
1^.

MB"
17*

13

DE SCRIPTION*
M o n o su lo ate p o l l e n
lin e .

D istal

m ost th e

surface

e n tire

3 m lcra w id e,

len g th

each

In

e q u a to ria l

trav ersed

by a

su lo u s

ex ten d in g a l ­

o f th e p o lle n

g rain ;

su lcu s 1 to

p a ra lle l-sid e d ,

o u t­

except a t

it

tap ers

som ew hat.

S u lo u s u s u a lly

by th ic k e n e d

e x ln a l

lip s

3»0 m l o r a w id e on

sid e

lay e red ;

of

su lo u s.

sex ln e

sex ln e.

E x ln e 1 . 0

ln frap u n o tate

c lo sely oppressed
than

oval

m ore o r l e s s

e x tr e m i t ie s w here
flan k ed

g rain s;

to n e x ln e ;

Surface

up to
to

to

1*5 m lc ra

fin ely

n e x in e

th ic k ,

tw o-

in fra g ra n u la te ,

may b e

slig h tly

o f e x l n e may b e a r s c a t t e r e d

th in n e r

punotae

or g ran u lae.
D im en sio ns*

T o tal

len g th

T o ta l w id th

26

(31)

3^

m lo ra

14

(16)

17

m lo ra

DIS CUSSION*
O nly f o u r g r a i n s
oycad eo id

a ffilia tio n

so m e s p e c i e s

of

th is

rare

have been

o f C y cad o p ltes w ith

sex ln al o rn am e n ta tio n .
may b e a r e s u l t

of

e x ln e

sp eo ies

observed.
th e

T he g r a n u l a t e

of p o ssib le
It

resem bles

ex ce p tio n

of in fra -

o r p u n c ta te

surface

c o rro sio n .

G e n u s EUCOMMIIDITES ( E r d t m a n )

Hughes

19^3

T rlc o lp ite s

( E u o o m m lld lte s ) t r o e d s s o n l l E rd tm an ;
p. 267, ty p e sp e c ie s

19 57

T r lf o s s o p o lle n 1t e s

1953

E u o o m m lld ltes

(E rdtm an)

C ouper;

p.

160

1961

E u o o m m lld ltes

(E rdtm an)

H ughes;

p.

293

(In

p art)

Rouse;

p.

372

120

DIAGNOSIS 1
C om plex p o l l e n
on t h e

som ew hat

ten u itates,

or

fla tte n e d

surface*

s u b o iro u la r in

ten u ita te s

b e a rin g one
d ista l

so m etim es a r i n g

convex p r o x im a l
to

g rain s

p a ra lle l

may b e s m o o t h ,

th e

face,

o u tlin e ,

p u n c ta te ,

su lcu s

p a ir o f

on

t h e m ore

e lo n g a te d -e llip tic a l
and

lo n g e r a x is*

sc ab ra te,

and a

ten u ltas,

G rain s a re

e q u a to ria l

o o n sp io o u s

su lc u s and

T w o -lay ered

p itte d ,

ex ln e

or te g llla te

(ln frap u n o tate).
D IS C U S SIO N i
O rig in a lly ,
as

trlo o lp a te

E rdtm an

p o lle n ,

and

C re ta ceo u s an g io sp erm s*
ever,

th at

th e

m ore

crescen tic

or o iro u la r

(te n u ita te s)
do t h e
are n o t

on

th e

su lo u s and

th u s

and

th at

e x in a l

p ro x im al

trlo o lp ate
Hughes
d e lo o u rtll

from

(1963)

has

is

th ese

e v ld e n o e

d iffe r

th e

w ith
case

th e
in

tw o

"colpi** w e re

in

Jagged

eq u ato r.

stru c tu re

respect

how­

was o f

th in n in g s w ith
of

fo r pre-

rev ealed ,

"co lp u s"
o th e r

g rain s

to

edges
N ot o n ly

but

each

th ey
o th er

m ost a n g lo sp erm o u s

p o lle n .
( 1 9 6 1 ) found
in

num erous

th e m lo ro p y le

specim ens o f t h e
Hughes

as

th e

sid e

te n u ita te s

m anner,

p o ssib le

d ev elo p ed

sy m m etrically d isp o se d

in a r a d i a l

In terp rete d

L a te r e x am in atio n

fu lly

gym nosperm ous a s p e o t ,

(19^8)

th e

sp ecim en s

and p o lle n

gym nosperm ous

seed

o f E u o o m m lld ltes

cham ber o f

S p e rm a tlte s

Lower C re ta c e o u s o f E n g la n d ,

rep o rted

th e m io ro p y la r tu b e

E u o o m m lld ltes
of

tro e d sso n ll

12 sp ecim en s

of a

and

several

p e tte n sls
B renner

E rd tm an

sim ila r

in

121
gym nosperm ous s e e d
o f M aryland.
w ith

from

th e Low er C re ta o e o u s

E u o o m m lld ltes

Is

gym nosperm ous a f f i n i t y ,

present
On t h e

to

d e fin ite ly

b asis

su g g ests

of

th e

th e

sta te

th is

genus

Is

th e

range

T rlo o lp lte s

8;

form s
to

tro ed sso n ll
P ig s.

1*4- -

at

b e lo n g s.
H lghes

m ost l i k e l y

of

from Low er J u r a s s i c

P la te

group I t

G roup
p o lle n

Is n o t p o ssib le

o f S p e rm a tlte s.

C hlam ydospexm ales a s

E u o o m m lld ltes

1948

It

t o w hloh

The know n s t r a t l g r a p h l o
to

th u s w ith o u t doubt a

but

stru c tu re

P otom ac

(1961)

group.

a ssig n a b le

Low er C re ta o e o u s.
E rd tm an
17

( E u o o m m lld ltes) tr o e d s s o n l l

E rd tm an ;
P.

26?

DE SC R IP T IO N 1
M o n o su lo ate

p o lle n ,

su lo u s p a r a l l e l i n g
e n tire

len g th

In l e n g t h ,
(2 - 5
pole

( 1 - 3

d isp o sed
or less
m lo ra,

and n a rro w e s t
On t h e

te n u ita te s

p a ra lle l
and

tap e r

flan k
to

to w ard s

sex ln e

oppressed

th e
In

th e

th e

te rm in a l
reg io n

d ista l

vary

In

to n e x ln e

of

Is

In

th e

35 m l o r a

th e

d ista l

a p a ir

w id th

m lo ro n

w hloh

a lm o st

of

and a r e

T en u ita te s

Irreg u larly

w ith

e x tre m itie s

su lo u s

lo n g itu d in a l

1.0

24 t o

faoe,

e q u ato r.

u su a lly

averages

S u lo u s

th e

th e

o u tlin e ,

and t r a v e r s i n g

p ro x im al

eq u ato r,

ten u itates

tw o -lay e red ;
tig h tly

th e

e q u a to ria l

faoe.

w id est a t

m lo ra )•

In

lo n g a x is

d ista l

J u s t p ro x im al

M argins o f

Is

th e

u su a lly

m lo ra)

o reso en tlo

of

th e

oval

from

m ore

2 - 4

e x tre m itie s.
se rrate.

E x ln e

th lo k n e ss

ap p ro x im ate ly

and

122
0 .5 m lo ro n

th io k .

E x ln e

o f u n ifo rm

th lo k n e ss

p slla te

except

to

fa in tly

so ab rate,

over ten u itates

c o n sid era b ly

th in n ed *

D im en sio n s!

len g th

3**

(39)

^3 m lo ra

w id th

23

( 26)

36 m l o r a

w here

It

and
Is

D IS C U S S IO N !
T h is

sp eo ies

sam p les.
rin g

e x te n d in g

size,

rare

by

o o m p le tely around
g rain .

from E.

and

th e

th e

u n ifo rm

in

a ll

"Red

Beds"

In w h lo h a p ro x im a l

m erger o f

th e

lo n g itu d in a l

E uoom m lId1t e s

m in o r by I t s

g en erally

ooourrence
observed

had d ev elo p ed

p o lle n

g u ish ed

of

No s p e c i m e n s w e r e

ten u itas

o f th e

is

e x tre m itie s

tro ed sso n ll

d e o ld e d ly

oval

th lo k n e ss

of

ten u itates

Is

d istin ­

shape,

th e

larg er

e x ln e ,

E u o o m m lld lte s m in o r G ro o t & Penny i 960
P la te

85

P ig s.

18 -

22

D E S C R IP T IO N !
M o n o su lo ate
to ria l

o u tlin e ;

len g th

of

len g th ,

v a ria b le

h a v in g a

th e

su lo u s

p o lle n ,

w ith su lo u s

d is ta l faoe.
In

w id er a t

p o lar area,

area

at

m lo ra.

zone o f d i s t a l
p o lar a re a ,
tie s.

E x ln e

flan k ed
e x in a l

su b o iro u lar

e x te n d in g a lm o st
S u lo u s

18

to

by a d i s t i n c t ,

w hloh t a p e r s
tw o -lay ered ,

tow ard

p sllate

to

th e
of

sp ecim en s
than

d ista l

su lo u s

u su a lly

3 - 8

th e

in

e x tre m itie s

M a x im um w i d t h

p o lar

3 - 5

darkened,

m lo ra w ide

lo n g itu d in a l
fa in tly

equa­

th ee n ti r e

som e

w id er a t

th ic k en in g ,

in

25m l o r a

w ith

lo n g itu d in a l

and o th e r s

e x tre m itie s.

S u lo u s

to

shape and w id th

at d istal
than

o iro u la r

at

e x tre m i­

so ab rate,

123
uniform

in

th lo k n e ss,

exoept fo r

and t h i c k e n i n g m a r g i n a l
to ria l
ness,

reg io n ,
and

th e

D im en sio n ss

to

th e n e x ln e
sex ln e

Is

len g th

22

w id th

20

th in n in g

d istal
ranges

over te n u ita te s,

su lo u s*
up

to

At th e

0 . 5 m lo ro n

ap p ro x im ately 1 .0
( 2 6 ) 29
( 23)

equa­

m lo ro n

in

th io k -

th lo k .

m lo ra

28 m l o r a

DISCUSSION I
The b r i e f

d e sc rip tio n

of

th is

sp eo les

by G rout and

Penny ( i 9 6 0 )

d o e s n o t m en tio n th e b ro a d ,th ic k e n e d l i p s

b o rd erin g

su lo u s,

v a tlo n ,
it

th e

and q u a l i t y

d iffio u lt

n o stic

to

featu re

and

of

d e te rm in e
is

broad,

present

of P o rtu g al

th lo k en ed

T h is

lip s

sp eo les

o rien tatio n , sta te of

illu stra tio n

a s E. m in o r by G ro o t and
C retao eo u s

th e

h o lo ty p e

renders

p o te n tia lly

o r n o t.

sp eo lm en d e s i g n a t e d

Penny
to

from

suggest
th e

rarely

P igs*

th e

th e

d iag ­

Low er

presence

of

sulo u s*

in

E uoom m lid1 1 e s
9*

The

(1962)

flan k in g

P la te

th e

w h eth er t h i s

seem s

ooours

of

p erser-

th e

HR e d B e d s ” .

s p » "A”
1 -

6 , 10

D E S C R IP T IO N t
M o n o su lo ate
o u tlin e ,

g rain s

to l a t e r a l

e x ln e

p o lle n ,
o ften

oval

assum e

fo ld in g

p a ra lle l

e n tire

m lo ra

m ore o r l e s s

len g th ,

a t lo n g itu d in a l

len g th

e x tre m itie s

Two w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d

s u b - o lr o u la r In

e q u a to ria l

su b -re ctan g u la r o u tlin e

e x te n d in g a lm o st
In

to

of

to

th e

d istal

u n ifo rm

than

te n u ita te s

at

in

lo n g a x is .
faoe,
w id th ,

d ista l

18 -

due
S u lo u s
27

o r w id er

p o la r a re a ..

p l a c e d n e a r e q u a t o r on

124
p roxim al

fa o e , n o t e x te n d in g around

e x tre m itie s
of

of

te n u ita te s

e x ln e ,
less

p o lle n

g e n erally

E x ln e

th an

th e

0 . 5 m lo ro n

o o lu m e lla e

sm a ll,

dense,

to n e x ln e ,
g rain s,

0 ,5

th io k ;

e x te rn ally

form

obscured

tw o -lay ered ,

th lo k n e ss,

h e ig h t,

to

-

rin g

up to

te g llla te

beooralng s l i g h t l y

le ss

fo ld in g
th io k ;

of

n e x ln e

m lo ro n

1,0

th an

in

0#5 m lo ro n

o lo se ly

on l e s s

th lo k n e ss,

D e ta ils

(ln frap u n o tate),

S ex ln e

lo o se

th lo k e n s

ten u itas.

1*0 m lo ra

spaced,

E x ln e o f u n ifo rm

lo n g itu d in a l

by l a t e r a l

lso -d lam e trlo ,

it

a

sex ln e

sm ooth,

u n ifo rm ly

th e

w here

D im ensions*

len g th

26

(30)

35

m lo ra

w id th

16

( 22)

26

m lo ra

oppressed

w ell p reserv e d

exoept a t

e x tre m itie s,

In

lo n g itu d in a l

slig h tly .

D IS C U S S I O N !
The t h i n
ib le

to

a p p aren tly

pronounced,

In v aria b ly
g rain .

e x ln e

present

co m plex,
a lo n g

th e

These

fo ld s

p a ra lle l

sy m m etrica lly

flan k

th e

It

is

su g g ested

n e s s w here

in fo ld in g

co m p ressio n
g rain .
of th e

th at

T h is

th e
of

e x p la in

form

su scep t­

f o l d i n g w h lo h i s

la te ra l

e x tre m itie s

th e

lo n g
and

te n u ita te s
th e

th is

aro u a te

su lo u s,

e x ln e

o f an o r i g i n a l l y
w ould

renders

a x is

of

in v o lv e
o reate

th e

g rain ,

ten u itate s.

zone o f

weak­

may h a v e o o o u r r e d d u r i n g

a sy m m e tric ally

th e

th e

th e
a

of

g e n erally

b lo o n v ex p o lle n

obsoure n a tu re

te n u itates.

Form s a s s i g n e d
and E.

m in o r In

sexlne

is

to

th is

h av in g a

d istln o tly

tax a

slig h tly

te g llla te

d iffe r

from

E.

t h in n e r e x ln e

o r in frA p u n o tate,

tro ed sso n ll
whose
T h is

125
sp eo les b e a rs
d escrib ed
C areful
la te

as

som e s e m b la n c e
so ab rate

by Saad

re-ex am ln atlo n

(ln fra p u n o tate)

a s p e o lflo nam e,

to

of h is

(1963)

h o lo ty p e

9 1 P ig B .

P la te

th e

16;

S in ai

may r e v e a l

Saad d id n o t

g iv e

R eg io n .

a te g ll­

h is

form s

was d e s i g n a t e d .

E u o o m m lld ltes s p .
P la te

sp ecim en s b r i e f l y

from

m aterial

sex ln e.

and n o

several

? -

9,

P ig s.

"BH
11 -

1^,

20

15

D E S C R IP T IO N t
M o n o su lc ate
o u tlin e
to ria l

p o lle n ;

convex;

lo n g itu d in a l

o u tlin e

a n g u la r

to

to

23 m l o r a

len g th

of d ista l

m lo ra)

th ro u g h o u t,

e x tre m itie s.

fo ld in g
e x te n d

te n u ita s.
th ic k ,

faoe;

of

o r o n ly

2.0

fin ed
to ria l

to

slig h tly

in

w id th

w id er a t

flan k ed

oppressed
surface

p its
in

o u tlin e .

to n e x ln e
p slla te ;

a p p aren tly

v a ria b le
d iam eter,

p ro x im al

sex ln e

surface,

in

faoe

p ro x im al

th an

from l e s s

ran d o m ly s c a t t e r e d
but

T en u ita tes
form

rin g

m icro n
0*5 m lo ro n

surfaoe

p en etratin g

size

by m in o r

to

a b o u t 1 .0

(less

3*0

lip s.

reg io n s.

tw o -lay ered ,

to

lo n g itu d in a l

by n arrow

p ro x im al

e n tire

(1.0

e q u a to ria l

D ista l

m lo ra

u n ifo rm

around

equa­

trav ersin g n e arly

a lo n g l a t e r a l
co m p letely

of

oonvex o r p o in te d .

obsoured

o u s ly m arked by p i t s

to

n early

e x tre m itie s

ten u itates

E x ln e

and s e x l n e ;

len g th ,

of e q u a to ria l

p ro x im al

tig h tly

th io k ).

in

sh a rp ly

S u lo u s m arg in s

C h a ra c te ristic s

do n o t

e x tre m itie s

g e n tly

S u lcu s 17

ex ln e

la te ra l

co n sp icu ­

b o th n e x ln e
than

0 .5

o v e r and

can be o b se rv ed

m lo ro n
con­

alo n g equa­

126
D im ension s*

len g th

20

(2*0

28

m lo ra

w id th

11

(1 5 )

17

m lcra

DISCUSSIONI
The m o s t d i a g n o s t i c
the p i t t i n g
of

of

th e

p ro x im al

th e l o n g it u d i n a l

Is a g e n e tlo a lly
sp u rio u s

o h arao ters

c o n tro lle d

observed

appears

and

It

Is

flan k in g
T h is

th e

to

d ista l

sp e o les

d e lc o u rtll
bears

Is

H ughes,

tw o d i s t i n c t

mal f a o e .
p ro h ib it

observed

and

a d o se
a

q u ite

In

a

on a l l

a

sp ecim en s

criterio n .

may b e

th e

c o n tro lle d

sim ila r

to

w hloh,

a o co rd ln g

siz es

of p lttln g s

of

re su lt

by th e

of

ten u itates

size

The

to

Hughes

o o n fln ed

few s a m p le s o f

rare
th e

E uoom m lId1 t e s
9!

"Red

P ig s.

and

"Red
sp.

o f E.

(1961),
to

th e

p ro x i­

d e lc o u rtll

Beds" m a t e r i a l

d istrib u tio n

ex trem ely

P la te

E u o o m m lld ltes

Illu stra tio n s

c o m p ariso n .

Is

Is

su lcu s.

b lm o d al

sp e cie s

p ittin g

o a n n o t be

tax o n o m ic

e x tre m itie s
p o ssib ly

th e

o r w h eth er I t

c o rro sio n ,

to be a v a l i d

The q u a l i t y

not possess
T h is

fea tu re,

are

a n g u la r a sp ect

a co n stan t fe a tu re

The a n g u l a r l o n g i t u d i n a l
co n fin ed

th e

sp eo les

W h eth er o r n o t

produot o f d i f f e r e n t i a l
but

th is

and

e x tre m itie s.

a scertain ed ,

fo ld in g

e x ln e

of

of
has

th e
o n ly

does

p its.
been

B e d s* '.
"C"

21 -

30

D E S C R IP T IO N 1
M o n o su lca te

p o lle n

g rain s;

In e q u a t o r i a l

o u tlin e .

G aping

e n tire

of d is ta l

faoe,

len g th

rounded
su lo u s

oval

to

su b o lrc u la r

e x te n d in g a lm o st

w id est a t

th e

d ista l

p o lar

127
reg io n

and

tap e rin g

rounded a t ,

th e

not flan k ed

by

in l e n g t h ,

and

d isp o sed

and b eoom lng p o i n t e d

lo n g itu d in al
th ic k en e d

P ro x im al

su lo u s

J u s t p ro x im al

to

bears

th e

eaoh

sid e

of

th e

d ista l

are n arro w ,

le ss

th an

2 .0 m lo ra w id e,

form w i d t h

th ro u g h o u t,

p a ra lle l

gin

p o lle n ,

ex te n d

of

th e

e x tre m itie s
to

of

and

th e

p o lle n

g rain ,

ten u ita s.

A sm a ll,

co m p rised o f a

th ick en ed

e x te n sio n

present a t

lo n g itu d in a l

th e

The b l u n t a u r l o u l a t e - l l k e
th e en d s o f

th e

m lo ra,

and a r e

of

e x ln e

th e

accen tu ates
lay e red ,

-

a lo n g
th e

3 .0

th e

in d eterm in ate
m ore

m lo ra

sex ln e

of

pronounoed
P its

L en g th

23

W idth

18

on,

average
(26)
(20)

th e

21

m lo ra
m lo ra

g rain .

9«0

in fo ld in g
so m etim es

E x ln e

tw o -

th ro u g h o u t
lo n g itu d in a l
and o f

d en sely

re stric te d

about 1 .0

is

aoross
-

appressed

freq u e n tly

28

e x ln e

ten u itates

th ic k en e d

c lo se ly

m erge

process,

p o lle n

6.0

L ateral

th lo k n e ss

but no t

ap p ear to

th e

from

m ar­

lo n g itu d in a l

a ttach ed

prooesses.

exoept a t

E x ln e

of

u n i­

e q u a to ria l

e q u a to ria l

are

w id th

u n ifo rm

and n e x ln e

th ic k n ess.

of

lo n g .

p o sitio n

th io k ),

surfaoe.

D im en sio n ss

in

T e n u ita te s

a u rlo u late -llk e

processes

a u rlo u late -llk e

m lo ro n

ex tre m itie s;

p ro x im al

2 .0

th e

e x tre m itie s

range

o f m ore o r l e s s

(about 1 .0

p ittin g

su lo u s,

to

b u t do n o t

form a r i n g

d ista l

o f m ore o r l e s s

la te ra l

a lm o st

th e

sy m m etrically

su lo u s.

th e

22 m lo ra

a p a ir o f arc u ate

e q u a to r and

on

at

sh arp ly

S u lo u s

S u lo u s 16 -

I n m axim um w i d t h

surface

to

e x tre m itie s.

e x in a l l i p s .

m lo ra

7 - 9

p o lar re g io n .
ten u itates

to w ard ,

to ,

m icro n

In

p itte d ;
th e
d iam eter.

128
DISCUSSIONl
The a b o v e

In te rp re ta tio n

fo u r sp ecim en s.

T h is

from o t h e r s p e o l e s
su lcu s,

th e

of

b ro ad ly

a u rlo u late -llk e

rare
th e

oval

te rm in a l

Is

based

sp eo les

Is

e q u a to ria l
e x ln a l

th ic k e n in g s,

p ittin g

th e

p ro x im al

th e

p e r h a p s m ore

fact

of o o rro slo n

of

of

th e

on

d istin g u ish ed

g a p in g ,

o u tlin e ,

fea tu re

common o n

re a d ily

genus by th e

a re a u n iq u e m o rp h o lo g ic
so

on o b s e r v a t i o n s

e llip tic a l

and th e
w hloh a p p a r e n t l y

genus.

The e x l n e

s u r f a o e may b e an a r t i ­
su so ep tlb le

p ro x im al

e x ln e .
G e n u s INAPERTU ROPOLLENITES T h o m s o n & P f l u g ,

1953

D IA G N O S IS !
P o llen
tu res;

g rain s

o rig in a lly

l a c k in g , .o r a p p a r e n tly
sp h e rica l

one- o r tw o -la y e re d ;
late.

N exlne

o r lo o se ly

and

or

surfaoe

sex ln e

appressed.

of

lao k ln g ,

su b sp h erlo al.

p sllate,

S e x l n e may h a v e

E x ln e e i t h e r

so ab rate,

tw o -lay ered

aper­

to

granu­

f o r m s may b e

tig h tly

In fra-o rn a m e n tatio n .

DISCUSSION!
S trlo tly
Is

sim ila r to

and a s

p o lle n

suoh has

Some s p e o l e s
p o lle n

a m o rp h o lo g ic

a ffin ity .

produoed

In

been
th is

In ap e rtu ro p o llen ltes

by a num ber o f

p ra o tlo a lly no

have

In clu d ed

genus,

com pared

b o tan lo al
to

genus a re

p lan t

tax a,

c o n n o ta tio n .

a ra u o arla n
p ro b ab ly

of

p o lle n .

M ost

gym nosperm ous

129
In ap e rtu ro p o llen ltes
P la te

21;

F ig s.

Sp.

” A”

1 -

D E S C R IP T IO N l
In ap e rtu ra te
g rain s

p ro b ab ly

p o lle n ;

o rig in a lly

m echanism o r e x l n e
lay ered ;
up t o

1*5 m lo ra

surfaoe

S e x l n e may b e

v ery

Surfaoe
due to

of

e x ln e

shape*

fo ld ed

so m etim es h a s

o u tlin e ;
No g e r m i n a l

observed.

E x ln e

th io k ;

ln frap u n o tate

so ab rate

o r lo o se ly

E x ln e com m only i n t e n s e l y

In

a b o u t 0*5 m lo ro n
fin ely

o f e x ln e

tig h tly

s u b c lr o u la r In

(lep to m a)

th in *

th io k ,

to

sp h erlo al

th in n in g

sm ooth n e x ln e

g ra n u la te ,

oval

to

fin ely

appressed
and

sex ln e
ln fra -

g ran u la te *

to n e x ln e .

so m etim es

roughened

or

tw o -

ru p tu red .

appearanoe,

p ro b ab ly

co rro sio n .

D im en sio n s!

T o ta l d ia m e te r

35

(56)

m lo ra

78

D IS C U S S IO N !
S ize,
tiv e

o rn am e n ta tio n ,

d egree

sid ered

of

sa lie n t

The n u m e r o u s
p lete

appears

to w hloh

th at

th e

a product
p o llen

sp ecim en s

o f m ore

to

c rite ria

c lo se ly

of a ll

th an

b o th

th lo k n e ss,

a ttac h m en t

tax o n o m ic

in te rg ra d a tio n

e n tia tio n
It

sex ln e

e x ln e

one

occurred

th ese

stra tig ra p h lo

arau carlo n

a ffin ity

can

th e n e x ln e

are

con­

th e

to

be

e x h ib it

and

th e

and

th e

com­

d iffe r­
u n w arran ted .

d egree

th e n e x ln e

M lohlgan

sig n lflo a n e e ,
o n ly

le v e l.

was c o n s i d e r e d

p re se rv a tio n .
th e

sp e cie s

asp eo ts,

o rn am e n ta tio n

ooraraonly i n

has l i t t l e

rela ­

at

s e x l n e may b e a p p r e s s e d

of d iffe re n tia l

th e

ex am in ed h e r e

sp eo les

e x ln e

and

can

be

T h is

gym nosperm ous

HR e d

Beds” .

and

a p o ssib le

c o n je c tu ra l.

It

130

G e n u s S P H E R I POLLENI TES C o u p e r
1953

In ap ertu ro p o llen ltes

1958

S p h e rlp o lle n lte s

Thoms,

a o ab ratu s

& P flu g

C ouper;

P ig s.

12 -

(In
p.

14,

p a rt);

158,

p.

p i*

66.

31*

ty p e

sp eo les.

p o lle n

g rain s

P I AG NOSISI
O rig in a lly
w ith a d i s t a l
d istin c t
E xlne

to

la te ,

re a d ily

fo ld ed ,

ln frap u n o tate,

of

su b sp h erlo al

g erm in al a p e rtu re

th ro u g h o u t,

S urfaoe

to

o o m p rlsed

so aro ely d is c e rn ib le

th in ,

un ifo rm ly

sp h erlo al

b e in g

pore,

of e ith e r a

o r a lep to m a.

tw o -lay e red ;

s e x l n e may b e

o r ln fra g ra n u la te ,
absent a t

s e x l n e may b e

th e

p sllate,

pore

ln fra o a n a llo u o r lep to m a.

so ab rate

o r g ran u la te .

D IS C U S S I O N l
A o o m p arlso n
certain

b etw een

sp eo les

e x t a n t m em bers o f

has been

d lso u ssed

pore o r le p to m a

Is

and

th e

C upressaoeae

Illu stra te d

o ften

d e te c ta b le

S p h e rlp o lle n lte s
P la te
1958

5?

P ig s.

S p h e rlp o lle n lte s

of S p h e rlp o lle n lte s

15*

so ab ratu s

Taxaoeae

by C o uper (1 9 5 8 ) .
u n d er phase

so ab ratu s

16.

and

and

P la te

6;

C ouper;

The

o a n tra st.

Couper
P ig s.
p.

1 - 4

158, p i.

P ig s.

12 -

31*
14.

D E S C R IP T IO N !
P ro b ab ly le p to m a te
su b sp h erlo al

In

d istal

form ed

p o le,

over a o lro u la r
d iam eter.

shape.

to

p o lle n ,

o rig in a lly

In d istin c t

by d i f f e r e n t i a l
su b c ircu lar area

T w o -lay ered

e x ln e

1 .0

-

lep to m a

sp h erlo al
cen tered

sex ln al

(?)

av erag in g
2 .0

m lo ra

or
at

th in n in g

6 m lo ra In
th ic k ,

o ften

131
fo ld ed ;

n ex ln e

th in

u su a lly about 1.0
g ran u la te ,

(less

m lo ro n

o lo se ly

than 0 .5
th io k ,

appressed

m lo ro n

th io k );

ln frap u n o tate

to n e x ln e ,

sex ln e

or in fra-

surfaoe

o f ex ln e

p sllate.
D im ensions*

D iam eter

(3*0

27

37

m lo ra

D IS C U S SIO N *
C ouper (1950)
so ab rate

d escrib ed

o rn am en tatio n ,

th is

but n o ted

e x ln e was sm o o th In o p t l o a l
h is

fig u red

sex in al,

and a r e

"Red B e d s " .
m ic ro sc o p y ,
tra st.

specim en

(p i.

th u s

and

sectio n .

3 1 * fiff*

Is

rarely

can u s u a l l y

S p h e rlp o lle n lte s

ooourrenoe,

Is

th at

present

In

h av in g a
surfaoe

of

The s o u l p t u r e
appears

th o se

Is

to

found

observed

be d e te c te d

so ab ratu s

as

th e

1^)

oom pA rable t o

The l e p t o m a
but

sp eo les

of

be i n f r a -

In

th e

by n o rm a l

under phase

rare

alm o st a l l

th e

to

con­

common i n

sam p les

o f th e

"Red B e d s " e x a m i n e d .
G e n u s EXE SIPO LL E N ITE S B a l m e
1953

In a p e rtu ro p o lle n 1tes

1 9 57

E x e slp o lle n lte s

Thoms.

tu m u lu s

& P flu g

B alm e;

p.

(In

39*

p a rt);

pi*

11*

ty p e

p.
Pig*

66.
123*

sp eo les.

DIA GNO SIS*
P o llen
In

shape;

g rain s
d ista l

o rig in a lly
p o l e m arked

pore o r a o i r o u l a r a r e a
P o r e o r l e p t o m a may b e
th ick en ed

sp h erlo al

su b sp h erlo al

by a w eak ly d e v e lo p e d

o f ex ln e
surrounded

a n d /o r darkened

or

e x ln e .

th in n in g

fo rm in g a le p to m a .

by a o i r o u l a r
E x ln e

o iro u la r

zone

tw o -lay ered ,

of
p sllate,

132
so ab rate,

o r g ra n u la te .

present a t a l l .
th e d i s t a l

Is

In fra-sex ln al

u su a lly

g erm in al

area*

T h is m o n o ty p lo

genus

o o n fin ed

o rn am e n ta tio n .

to

th e

area

If

su rro u n d in g

D I S C U S S IO N l

S p h e rlp o llen ltes
by i t s

general

and by t h e

lao k

it

Is

of

L ik e

th e

d istal

re la te d

to

oan be d i s t i n g u i s h e d
o rn am e n ta tio n ,

g erm in al a p e rtu re

and

and o t h e r s i m i l a r

some m e m b e rs o f

th e

Taxaoeae*
E x e slp o lle n lte s
P la te

1957

s im ila r to

ln fra-se x ln al

S p h e rlp o llen lte s

p ro b ab ly

C upressaoeae and

from w h lo h I t

o f u n ifo rm

stru c tu re

a d ja c e n t area*
p o llen ,

C ouper,

Is m o rp h o lo g ic a lly

E x eslp o llen lte s

5;

t u m u l u s B alm e

F ig s.

tu m u lu s

9 - 1 ^

B alm e;

p*

39,

pi#

11,

fig .
123.

DESCR IP TIO N!
M onoporate o r le p to m e te
in ally

sp h erlo al

toma s i t u a t e d
a c irc u la r

to

on d i s t a l

zone o f e x in a l
w hich i s

th ick en ed

(7),

In d i a m e t e r .
exlne

su b sp h erlo al

c en trally

d iam eter,

en clo sed

T h is d ark en ed
th ic k n ess.

surfaoe

th e

surfaoe

sp h erlo al

"o rb io u le s",

is

p ro b ab ly o r ig ­

shape.

Pore

faoe,

or lep ­

d e lin e a te d

by a o h a r a o t e r l s t l o
o f e x ln e

by

dark,

a v e ra g in g 18 m lo ra

zone m erges e q u a t o r l a l l y
T w o -lay ered

so ab rate

a d d itio n ,

in

g rain s;

th in n in g a v e ra g in g 6 m lo ra in

o iro u la r area

o f norm al

m lo ra t h i c k ,

p o lle n

o ften

to

fin ely

e x ln e up to

1 .5

g ra n u la te .

In

o rn am en ted

av erag in g

w ith

slig h tly

w ith

sm a ll,

less

th an

1.0

133
m icro n i n
in

d iam eter*

d u ste rs,

appressed

to

random ly a t t a c h e d ,

th e

e x ln e .

to n ex ln e,

w here t h e y

are

D im en sio n st

in

S ex ln e,

D iam eter

sin g ly

when p r e s e n t ,

exoept over th e

c lo se

e ith e r

d ista l

or

lo o se ly

p o lar area

c o n ta c t.
23

(29)

38

m lo ra

D IS C U S SIO N i
Pooook (1 9 6 5 )
lay ered

ex ln e

in

has

th is

c o n v in c in g ly d em o n strated
sp eo les,

sp ecim en s c o m p le te w ith
In

fao t,

th e n e x ln o u s

c irc u la r area

on

th e

tetrad

p ro x im al
m ark.

sp u rio u s

th e

faoe

T h is i s

b e liev e d

on t h e

o e n tra l

e n tity

in

its

"o p ero u la te

body"

sex ln e

b earin g

Is

sex ln e

th at

are

th e

tw o -

rare.

darkened

t h e m o s t common s t a t e
an o c c a s io n a l
as a

featu re

trlra d ia te

by Pooook

(1965)

re su ltin g

from

to

8e a

fo ld in g of

body.
is

own r i g h t ,

V e n k a ta o h a la a n d Goozan
an

pore

fu rth er

w hloh he I n t e r p r e t e d

t e x e s l p o l l e n l t e s . tu m u lu s
p o llen

body,

B renner (1963) n o ted

featu re

th e n ex ln o u s

en v elo p in g

c en tral

e n circlin g

of p re se rv a tio n .

th e

and n o te d

th e

(196*0,

w ith o u t doubt a d i s t in c t
and

th e

th at

sep arated

from

oommon i n

a ll

It

su g g estio n
p ro b ab ly

C o ro llln a ,

Is

of

re p re se n ts
w ith o u t

b asis.
T h is
observed,
cen tral

sp eo les
and

body.

Is

is

a lm o s t alw ay s

"Red

Beds"

rep re se n te d

sam p les

by th e n e x ln o u s

13**
Genus
1950

CL ASSOPOLLIS ( P f l u g )

C o n ifer P o lle n ,

R e lssin g e r;

Pooook A Ja n son l u 3
p.

11**,

p i.

1**,

P ig s.

15 1953

C la sso p o llis

o lasso id es

P flu g ;

p.

9 1 1 p l«

29 1961

C la sso p o llis

o lasso id es

(P flu g )

31,

P.

1^,

ty p e

A J.j

16.
F ig s.

sp eo ies.

p.

****3» p i *

F ig s.

1 - 9 .

1*

DIA GNOSISt
C om plex p o l l e n
to m ate;

sp h erlo al

g rain s;

to

o r s u b tr ia n g u la r in
n e x ln e

o v o id

in

shape

e q u a to ria l

sex ln e.

N exlne

b earin g a v e s tig ia l

p o le,

and

is

or lo o se ly

u su a lly

to n e x ln e ,

or ln fra g ra n u a lte

to

In w ard ly d i r e c t e d

rods

w ell d e v e lo p e d ,
produce

In tern al

a

and

of

at

th e

at

th e d i s t a l

p o le

Is

present

th e

n ex ln al

e q u a to ria l

In

tetrad

e q u a to ria l

th e

to

sex ln e.
band,

th e

of

th e

th e

th lo k n e ss
som e­

p ro x im al

S ex ln e

tig h tly

ln frap u n o tate
eq u ato r,

sex ln e

are

th e
u su a lly

fused

in

an o r d e r ly

band

of

striae

S ex ln e

is

u su a lly

and

reduced

Is

on

m anner
th e

th lo k e n ed

o r absent

A t r i a n g u l a r o p en in g

p ro x in al

Just d ista l
band,

p o le.

At th e

form a p o r e .
at

tw o -lay ered ;

m ark a t

a n d may b e

e q u a to ria l

sex ln e

striated

d ista l

la te ra lly

stria te d

m ark.

tetrad

o r b ao u lae

are

E x in e

o v a l,

so u lp tu reless,

ln frab a cu late .

pronounced

surfaoe

at

or lep -

o iro u la r,

of v a ria b le

trile te

th in n e d

appressed

and

e sse n tia lly

tim es

m o n o p o rate

o u tlin e .

fo rm in g a o o n tln u o u s l a y e r

b en eath

to

d lsta lly

and

sex ln e

p o le

p a ra lle l
Is

o p p o site
to

a tten u a ted

th e
or

th e

135
absent to

form a n a rro w

th e e x ln e

is

sm ooth t o

rin g

ten u itas.

p sllate

The s u r f a o e

or fa in tly

of

g ran u la te .

DISCUSSION t
P o llen

of

stru c tu ra lly

th e

genus

C la sso p o llis

and m o rp h o llo g ic a lly

and th e y u n d o u b t a l l y

o u tran k

liv in g o r f o s s il,

co m p lex ity .

m an ifesta tio n s
p reserv a tio n ,

in

th ese

o rien tatio n ,

p risin g

th at

(1953),

wflS g r o s s l y

a stu te

th e

(1962),

o rig in a l

th at

of

th e d e t a i l s

w ere e l u c i d a t e d .

have

It

en ab led

th e

the

c lo sely

p h y llu m . and
w ith in

sectio n s

s te rl ).

(see

There i s
th e

of

w ith ,

a n d may h a v e

th e

taxon om ic tr e a tm e n t

of

la tte r

of

C lasso p o llis
m lcro so o p lo
and

C h alo n er

in te rp re ta tio n

g rain s

found

(Schenk)

in

th e

T ak h taJan .

have been

found

been produoed by,
P ag lo -

( C h elro lep ld lu m

196***

d ifferen ce
th is

t h e m ore

have o n ly been observed

& C h alo n er,

c o n sid e ra b le

sur­

C h alo n er

c o n i f e r g e n e ra B rao h y p h y llu m .

cones o f

P e tti t t

and

C la sso p o llis

th ey

of

genus by P flu g

by P e t t i t t

o f C la sso p o llis

C h e lro lep ls.

th e m ale

not

a f a r m ore a o o u r a t e

p o lle n

re la te d

is

e le c tro n

o f C h elro lep ld lu m m u e n ste rl

a sso c iated

it

(1961),

p o llen

clo sely

sta te s

C ouper (1958)*

stru o tu re

A lthough th e

to

th e

of th e w a ll
sacs

due

stru o tu re

More r e c e n t l y ,

th e v a rio u s

w a s n 't u n t i l

(1957)*

o f th e

e x am in atio n s o f u l t r a - t h i n
( 1 9 6 *4- ) ,

C o n sid e rin g

d iag n o sis o f

Pooook & J a n s o n lu s

known*

gym nosperm ous p o lle n *

and m a tu r ity ,

H arris

among t h e m ost

com plex p o l l e n

can assum e,

in a c c u ra te .

o b serv atio n s

K laus ( i 9 6 0 ) ,

p o lle n

a ll

are

for
of

e la b o rate

muen­

fu rth e r d iscu ssio n ).

o p in io n
p o lle n .

o o n o em in g
Couper

136
(1958)*

and

C h alo n er (1 9 6 2 ),

one s p e c i e s ,

w h ile

B alm e

and P o o o o k & J a n s o n i u s
In

th is

stu d y ,

fa v o r th e

(1957)

(1961)

reco g n ized

reco g n ized

P r in c ip a l m o rp h o lo g ic c r i t e r i a

tio n

so u lp tu re,
o f sex ln e

siz e

reco g n ized ,

e x istin g

em ployed

of d istal

is

pore,

sp ecies.

in clu d e

siz e,

and d e g re e o f

"R ed-B eds"

th e m ost a b u n d an t
sam p les

o f speoim ens o b s e rv e d

stu d ied ,

have en ab led

to be fo u n d e d on m u l t i p l e

shape,

separa­

P la te
C la sso p o llis

form

and

in

a ll

th e

t h e many h u n d r e d s

sp ecific

d e te rm in a tio n s

o b serv atio n s.

C lasso p o llis

1953

fo u r sp ecies.

and n e x ln e .

C lasso p o llis
M ich igan

to

o f on ly

tw o s p e c i e s ,

fo u r s p e c ie s have been

only one o f w hich h a s b e en a s c r i b e d

ex ln e

re c o g n itio n

75

o lasso id es

fig s• 2 -

o lasso id es

12,

P flu g ;

P flu g
1*4-, 1 5

p.

91*

p i*

16,

fig s.

29 -

31

DESC RIP TIO NI
O rig in ally
slig h tly
a x is;

sp h erlo al

s h o r te r alo n g

g rain s

E x ln e t w o - l a y e r e d ;
m ore o r l e s s

th e

o iro u la r to

D is ta l p o re o r leptom a

p o lle n

p o lar a x is

o iro u la r,

5 to

in

th lo k n e ss,

body b e n e a th

th e p o s i t i o n

p o re w here

o r ab sen t.
0.5

to

S ex ln e v a r i a b le

2 .5 m lo ra

th io k ;

th e

in

e q u ato ria l

11 m i o r a i n
about 1 .0

sex ln e,

trile te

th e d i s t a l

it

o u tlin e .
d iam eter.

m lo ro n

th io k ,

form s a

exoept a t p ro x l-

m a r k may o c c u r ,

th lo k n e ss,

sex ln e

u su a lly

and a p p a r e n tly

n a l p o le w here a v e s t i g i a l
of

g rain s

than a lo n g e q u a to r ia l

s u b o lr o u la r in

n e x in e la e v ig a te ,

u niform

co n tin u o u s n e x ln o u s

o r o void

and a t

may b e t h i n n e d
ran g in g

from

o f p ro x im a l h em isp h ere

137
is

sep arated

a narrow

from

(1 - 2

a rin g

te n u itas

A th in

band o f

At t h e

sex ln e

of

th e

d istal

h em isp h ere

m lo ra w ide)

band o f s e x ln a l

th in n in g

p a ra lle l

and

to

se x ln al

in g th e d i s t a l
of sex ln e,

th e

to

Just d ista l

th ic k en in g

b o rd er o f th e

rin g

is

o ften

th e

fo rm in g

e q u ato r.

observed

ten u itas.

by

flan k ­

A n arrow

5 to

8 m lo ra w ide,

surrounds

pro x im al

p o la r reg io n ,

a tr ia n g u la r a re a o f sex ln e

red u ctio n

o r absence

Is

th e

a common f e a t u r e .

d ista l

b e lt

pore.

The s u r f a o e

of

exlne i s s m o o t h a n d w i t h o u t v i s i b l e o r n a m e n t ; s e x l n e b e t w e e n
the e q u a t o r i a l
p u n o tate

to

band and

in fra g ra n u la te

so w e a k ly d e v e lo p e d
ing th e

e q u ato ria l

in frase x in al
d irec te d

th e

as

to

reg io n

p o la r reg io n s
sc u lp tu re

be

from a p o le w a rd

ornam ent g ra d e s

zone o f

In tern al

o f an n u la r s tr i a e .

th is

e q u a to ria l

sex ln al

band.

so m etim es
A pproach­

d ire o tlo n ,- th e

I n to w eakly d e v e lo p e d ,

an e q u a t o r i a l

p rise

w hloh i s

an l n f r a ­

so aro ely p e ro e p tlb le .

"ro d s” o r in frab a o u la e,

band

bears

w hloh f u s e

th lo k e n in g

to

Up t o 9

The c o l o r I s

ra d ia lly

la te ra lly

at

p ro d u c e an

stria e

may com­

u su a lly

p a le

y ello w .
D im en sio ns*

E q u a to ria l

d iam eter

16

(29)

3**

m lo ra

DISCUSSION*
The s p e c im e n s d e s c r i b e d
conform

re a so n a b ly w e ll w ith

o lasso id es
in a l l

and I l l u s t r a t e d
th e

emended o o n o e p t o f

by Pooook and J a n s o n l u s ,

M ich ig an

"Red

here,

3 e d 9M s a m p l e s .

ooour In

w hich
C.

abundance

138
C lasso p o llis
P la te

6;

fig s.

s p > "A"

5 - 1 8 .

P la te

7?

fiff.

1

D E SCR IP T IO N »
i

P o llen
shape,

g rain s

freq u e n tly

o rig in a lly

su b sp h erlo al

su b trian g u lar

In

of

reg io n .

re g u la rly
D ista l

d iam eter.

to

ap p aren tly

sex ln e,

of

*4- m l o r a ;

n e x ln e

p o le w here a v e s t i g i a l

pore.

d istal

oped r i n g

o iro u la r,

S ex ln e

ranges

and p ro x im al

ten u itas

in

sex ln e

border o f

th e

d istal

sex ln e d is p la y

In fra g ra n u la tio n
reg io n

som e s p e c i m e n s
about 2 m lo ra

tetrad s

and

th ese
in

th is

a w ell
th e

d istal

The p r e c i s e

sp eo les

persed

g rain s

tio n .

The o u t l i n e o f

is

have been

in v ariab ly
th e

ooour in

exoept

m a r k may

p o sitio n

up to

of

of

about

by w e ll

sid e

th e

flan k s

d ev el­
equa­
th e

in frap u n o tatio n
sc u lp tu re

sa lie n t

in w ard ly d ir e o te d

band

and

B oth p r o x im a l and

In fra b a o u la te

striated

th e

th ic k en in g

d ev elo p ed

a p a rticu la rly

o lo se ly

sex ln e,

sep arated

ten u itas.

len g th .

in te rn a lly
of

is

rin g

17 m lo ra in

te tra d

at

th e

e q u a to ria l

th lo k n e ss

th lo k n ess

d i s p o s e d on t h e

d istal

to ria l

7 to

trile te

A c o n s p l o u o u s b a n d o f #s e x l n a l

e q u a to ria l

ap p aren tly

lae v ig a te,

o r absent

in

o u tlin e .

th ic k en in g a t

in d eterm in ate

N e x l n e may b e t h i n n e d

the d i s t a l

to r.

tw o -lay ered ;

o u tlin e

form s a c o n tin u o u s l a y e r b e n e a th

a t p ro x in al
occur.

e x ln a l

pore o r leptom a

E x in e

appressed

spaced

ovo id

e q u ato ria l

S u b trian g u lar a sp e c t o f e q u a to ria l
resu lt

to

obsoure,
observed,

of

On

rods are
th e

equa­

because no
and

p ro x lm o d lstal

t r i a n g u l a r o p en in g

th e

fea tu re.

sex ln al
n a tu re

at

or

in

th e

d is­

o rien ta ­
th e

sex ln e

139
at

t h e p r o x i m a l p o l e may b e s t r a i g h t

concave.

The o o l o r i s

Dimensionst

u su a lly

sid ed

a dark

Equatorial diameter

o r stro n g ly

am ber.

30

(38)

mlora

50

DISCUSSION*
The r e l a t i v e l y
the d ia m e te r o f
and

the

w ell

th is

"Red

o v erall

d istal

d ev elo p ed

to d is tin g u is h
M lohigan

th e

larg e

pore,

th e

s u b t r i a n g u l a r amb,

in fra-sex in al

sp eo ies

B eds".

e q u a t o r i a l d ia m e te r and

It

o rn am en tatio n ,

from o t h e r s

is

present

serve

en co u n tered

in

a ll

in

sam p les,

th e

but is

a lw a y s uncommon.

Classopollis sp. "B"
P la te

7s

f i f* s . 1 3 .

16 -

21

DE S C R I P T I O N *
O rig in ally
slig h tly

sp h e rica l

s h o r te r alo n g th e

s u b c irc u la r in

e q u a to ria l

5 to 9 m lo ra in
g ate,

th in ,

or less

ab sen t.
as

or at

th e

appressed

S ex ln e
th io k

c o n sists

g ran u la tio n ,

of
on

d istal

to

sex ln e

b o th d i s t a l

sex ln e,
trile te

and

pore

o r lep to m a

n ex ln e, l a e v i -

exoept a t
te tra d

the

m a r k m ay

In frasex in al

p ro x im al

th e

to

fo rm s a m ore

in fra p u n c ta tio n

at

o iro u la r

or

a n d may b e a s m uch

reg io n .

in frab aeu late
fuse

and

U su ally

may b e t h i n n e d

th ic k n e ss

a co n sp icu o u s

The i n f r a b a e u l a e

g rain s

D istal

w here i t

e q u ato ria l

w hich becom es s t r o n g l y
reg io n .

p o le

of v a ria b le
at

g rain s.

E x ln e tw o - l a y e r e d ;

p o le w here a v e s t i g i a l

2 m lo ra

tu re

o u tlin e .

d iam eter.

o lo se ly

p o lle n

p o lar a x is;

c o n tin u o u s l a y e r b e n eath

p ro x im al
occur,

o r o v oid

at

scu lp ­

or in fra-

h em isp h eres,
th e

e q u a to ria l

e q u a t o r i a l .reg io n

p

140
to produce

o s many a s

rin g te n u ita s ,

lo ca te d

w eakly d e v e lo p e d ,
flan k in g i t s

as

d ista l

stra ig h t

sid ed

sex ln e.

C o lo r I s

D im en sio n al

ten

an n u la r In te rn a l

Just d ista l

is

th e

to

band o f

border.

th e

striae .
eq u ato r is

sex ln al

o ften

th ic k e n in g

P ro x im a l p o le m arked by a

o r concave t r i a n g u l a r o p e n in g
u s u a lly a p ale

E q u ato ria l

The

in th e

y ello w .

d iam eter

24

(26)

27

m lo ra

DIS CUSSION!
The r e l a t i v e l y
in frase x in al

sm all

o rn am en tatio n

co n sp icu o u sly d e v elo p ed ,
n e a r the

e q u a to ria l

e q u a to ria l

featu res

of

th is

sam p les,

and

is

on b o t h

ra d ia lly

reg io n

are

sp eo les. I t

h em isp h eres,
d isp o sed

th e

is

d iam eter,

th e

stro n g

and

the

ln fra-b ao u lae

d istin g u ish in g

present

in a l l

"Red

Beds"

common i n m o s t .
C lasso p o llis
P la te

sp.

"C"

8 ; fig s.

1 - 8

to

p o llen

D E SCR IP T IO Ni
O rig in ally
c irc u la r to
n ex ln e

oval

th ic k ,

or n early

nrea
to

p o le

3 to

m icra

is

th e

at

o u tlin e .

very lo o s e ly

in

pore o f

is

E x ln e

alw ay s opaque

sex ln e.

or absent

sex ln e.

e q u a to ria l

th in ,

The l o o s e l y
u su a lly

reg io n ,

cen tral
At th e

over a c irc u la r

d i a m e t e r w hich a p p a r e n t l y
th e

sub­

tw o -lay ered ;

sm ooth n e x l n a l

appressed

reduced

tran sp aren t,
th e

g rain s;

th ic k n ess,

form s a d i s t i n c t

8 m io ra

th io k

e q u a to ria l

th e n e x ln e

o ften

ovo id

in d eterm in ate

and

th e d i s t a l

sexlne

in

of

so,

body b e n e a t h
d istal

sp h erlo al

less

corresponds
appressed
th an

a n d may p o s s e s s

2
a

141
tr ia n g u la r o p en in g a t

th e

sex in al

Is

rin g

o rn am e n ta tio n

ten u itas

Is lik e w ise

and

th e

p ro x im al
reduced

have been

observed.

and o f t e n

fo ld ed

D im ensions*

to

e q u a to ria l

w eak ly d e v e lo p e d .

p o lar

Infra­

a lm o st a b s e n t,

in te rn a lly

Up t o

The t h i n

reg io n .

six

sex ln e

Is

and

striated

e q u a to ria l

th e

band
stria e

e x te rn a lly

sm ooth

and w rin k le d .

D ia m e te r o f n e x ln a l
T o ta l

e q u a to ria l

body

d iam eter

14

(IB )

25

m lc ra

22

(2?)

34

m lo ra

DISCUSSION*
The

th in ,

lo o se ly

appressed

d istin g u ish a b le

fea tu re

to ,

from ,

but d iffe rs

h av in g a
is

th io k ,

p resen t in

of

C.

th is

sex ln e
sp eo les.

p flu g ll

opaque n e x ln a l

m ost M ich ig an

Is

It

re a d ily

is

sim ila r

Pooook & J a n s o n lu s

c e n tral

"Red

th e

Beds"

body.

T h is

sam p les,

in
sp eo les

and

Is

ooramon I n m a n y .
G e n u s ZONALAPOLLENITES P f l u g
1931

S p o ro n ltes

lg n lo u lu s

1934

T suagae- p o lle n lte s

(In

P o to n le;

lg n lo u lu s

p.

Thomson & P f l u g )
556,

P o t.

fig .

& V e n .;

2.
p.

p i.
1938

Tsuga- p o l l e n l t e s

R aatz;

p.

1953

Z o n alap o llen ltes

lg n lo u lu s

T su g a e p o lle n lte s

P o t.

1958

C e re b ro p o lle n lte s

N ilsso n ;

1961

C a llla la sp o rlte s

Dev;

P o to n le

& Ven.

1962

P flu g lp o lle n lte s

Pooook;

p.

p.

ex P flu g

& P flu g );
ex P o to n le ;
72.

48.
p.

1.

15-

Thomson
1958

17*

72.

p.
p.

(in
66.
48.

142
DIA G N O SIS!
M onosaooate,
in a p e rtu ra te

ra d ia lly

o r p o ssib ly

sy m m etrical

d ista lly

p o lle n

g rain s;

lep to rn ate.

P ro x im al

s u r f a c e may o r may n o t b e m a r k e d b y a t r i r a d l a t e
m ark.
tin c t

When p r e s e n t ,
o r o n ly

m ore o r l e s s
se p ara tin g
c o n d itio n

c lo se ly

th ree

appressed

of

saoous,

e ith e r a

ab ly th in n ed

over

Type s p e o l e s t

to

sim p le ,

th e

d ista lly
or

d ista l

th e

m ay .b e d i s ­

tw o -lay ered ,
p o lar

reg io n ,

form a m o n o sa o o a te

o r o f num erous

g ra n u la te ,

rid g es

E x in e

about

reg io n

Saoous u s u a lly

p u n c ta te ,

rad ial

rep re se n te d .

e q u a to ria l

co m p rised

or cren u late

la te ,

fa in tly

at

v esicu lae.

th e

tetrad

ra d ia lly

h ig h ly

o o n v o lu te

p en d an t.

o o n v o lu te ,

fo ld ed

E x ln e

u su a lly

p si-

co n sid er­

p o lar area.

Z o n alap o llen ltes

lg n lc u iu s
( in

P o to n le

ex P flu g

T h o m s o n Sc P f l u g ) •

D IS C U S S I O N !
C o n fu sio n

reg ard in g

th e

v a lid ity

has

Pooook (1 9 6 8 ) . In

th e

"R ed*B eds” a sse m b la g e ,

o o n v o lu te a s p e c t

of

to

o o n v o lu te

p lace

These
cal

form s.

On t h i s

C e reb ro p o lle n lte s

fo ssil

p o lle n

a ttrib u te s

d istally

som e g r a i n s

of

pendant

g rain s

th o se

in

c le are d

it

is

synonym y w i t h

o f m odern

by e x ln a l

stro n g ly

appear g ra d a tio n a l
b asis,

th e

u p by

th e

fe lt

T suga.

at

d e sirab le

m o rp h o lo g i­

in clu d in g

assum ed le p to m a te

th in n in g

w ith

Z o n alap o llen 1t e s .

p o s s e s s many o f t h e

sa o o u s and

m eohanism p r o d u c e d

been

Z o n alap o llen ltes

and T s u g a e p o l l e n l t e s

less

recen tly

of

th e

th e
g erm in al

d ista l

p o le.

l<+3
A p ro x im al
on m o d e m

fcrlrad ia te
T suga

te tra d

m ark h a s

P la te
Z o n a la p o lle n 1t e s

1961

C a llla la sp o rlte s

1 9 -;

trllo b a tu s

fig s.

T rla n g u lo p sls

trllo b a tu s

B alm e;

trllo b a tu s

trllo b a tu s

P flu p c lp o lle n ltes

(B alm e)

trllo b a tu s

T su g a e p o lle n 11es

p i.
91•

Dev;

p.

fig .

l? f

(B alm e)
p i.

92.
*4-8,

p.

fig .

Pooook;

12,

8,

28,

D o rln g ;

(B alm e)

trllo b a tu s

33#

fig .

4,

(B alm e)

p i.
1963

B alm e

p.

p i.
1962

observed

5 - 1 1

p i.
1961

been

p o lle n .

Z o n alap o llen 11es

1957

even

fig .

29.
119-,

9- p.

29,

73#

186,

D ettm an n ;
fig .

8.

187.
p.

100,

6 - 1 0 .

DESCRIPTIO Nt
M o n o sao o ate p o l l e n ,
e q u a to ria l
te tra d

a lm o st

fa in tly

se x ln al

lip s.

se x ln e

d lsta lly

a

so a b rate

concave,
in

5 to

beyond

of

o u tlin e

to

(about

e q u a to ria l
th e

1

1 .5

produced

of

face,

w ith la e s u ra e
A co m m issu re

slig h tly

saoous

c en tral

th in ,

e q u a to ria l

th lo k ),

body w h ich

o u tlin e .

Saoous
m arg in

raised ,

o lro u la r,

g ra n u la te ,

m lo ra

by

A trlle te

saoous.

S ex ln e

fa in tly

n e x ln o u s

su b trlan g u lar

p ro x im al

b etw een n a rr o w ,

su b trlan g u lar.

th ic k e r

16 m lo ra

on

saoous

and n e x ln e .

o u t e r m arg in

E q u a to ria l
or

th lo k ,

e n o lo sln g

to

re p re se n te d

su b c ircu lar,
m icro n

of

m ark m ay b e p r e s e n t

e x te n d in g
Is

se p a ra tio n

e n o lro lln g

ab o u t 1 .0
o o m p le tely
b ico n v ex
Is

or

co n v ex ly

ex te n d s

o f n e x ln e ,

from

144
m ay o r m a y n o t
tio n s a t
o u tlin e

th e
to

be r a d i a l l y

a p io a l

th e

D im en sio n s*

fo ld ed ,

reg io n s

a fte n

and

saoous

im p a rt a

c o n stric ­

trilo b a te

g rain s.

D iam eter o f
T o ta l

c e n tral

body

(*+3)

36

d iam eter

43 (5 7 )

49

m lo ra

66

mi e ra

DISCUSSION*
When p r e s e n t ,
observed

th e

trira d la te

from

th e

MRed

saoous beyond

th e

e q u a to ria l

body,
th e

and

I

b e liev e

sex ln e.

observed,

th at

S everal

a ll

Beds"

d e a rly

th e

on

ex te n d s

m arg in

of

tetrad

m ark

Iso la te d

o f w hich l a c k

lae su ra e

c en tral

o n to

th e

th e n e x ln o u s
In v o lv es

b o d ies

any tra c e

sp ecim en s

of

c en tral

on ly

have

been

a p ro x im al

tetra d

m ark.
A ll
o u sly
th e

p u b lish ed

cen tral

reg io n s
T h is

sp ecim en s o b se rv e d

and

th e

fo ld s

Jo in in g a t

fo ld in g a cc o u n ts
cen tral

the

a p io a l

th e

trl-lo b a te
T h is

m o s t "Bed

th is

Illu stra tio n s,

body,

th e

in

body,

th e
for

and

Is

c o n stric tio n s
o u tlin e

sp e cie s

is

of

e x h ib it

o o o u rrln g
a p ic es

th e

th e

th e

of

o rd erly
at

th e

th e

fo ld in g

saoous

to

body.

and

of

o o n tro ls

w hloh r e s u l t s

sacous.
is

of

ln te ra p lo a l

cen tral

re la te d

n e v e r abundant b u t

B e d s 1’ p r e p a r a t i o n s .

and m ost p r e v i­

su b trlan g u lar o u tlin e

p ro b ab ly
of

stu d y ,

present

in

In

145
Z o n alap o llen ltea
P la te

12;

fig s.

3 - 1 2

d a m p l e r l B alm e

P la te

13;

fig s.

1,

P la te
1957

Z o n alap o llen ltes

d am p lerl

B alm e; p .

32,

6 -

8

14;

fig .

4

p i.

8,

fig .

88 - 9 0 .
1961

C a llla la sp o rlte s

d am p lerl

(B alm e)

Dev;

p.

48,

fig .
A p p lan o p sls d a m p lerl

1961

(B alm e)

D o rln g ;

p.

26,

113*

fig .
1962

P flu g lp o lle n lte s

d am p lerl

(B alm e)
p i.

T su g aep o llen 11 es d a m p le rl

1963

Pocook;
12,

(B alm e)

pl«

16,

15.

72,

183,

D ettm an n ;

4,

27.

11 p.

fig .

p i.

p i.

p.

24 f i g .

184.
100,
1 - 5 *

DESCRIPTION:
M onosaooate p o l l e n

e q u ato ria l

o e n tra l

body c i r c u l a r to

o u tlin e

so m etim es u n d u l a t e

fo ld in g .
th lo k ,
p letely
2 .0

E x ln e

p sllate

or

tw o -lay ered ;
to

en clo sed

m lo ra th lo k ,

so a b rate,
by th e
tig h tly

and p r o x i m a l p o l a r
at e q u ato ria l

rounded

reg io n

freq u e n tly

d lstally

A c irc u la r

to

to

c ren u late
n e x ln e

sex ln e

due

th in ,

sex ln e;

to

0 .5

saoous

of th in n e d

fo rm s a le p to m a 13 to

rad ia l
to 1*5 m lo ra
b o d y com­

at

and n e x ln e

3*0 t o

saoous

sex ln e

to n e x ln e

produoe a n arro w ,

su b o lro u lar a re a

p o ssib ly n ex ln e,

s a o o u s and

fo rm in g a o e n t r a l

appressed

pendant

of

su b -trian g u lar;

e n v elo p in g

reg io n s;

o u tlin e

1 .0

to

b o th d i s t a l

sep arated

slig h tly
1 1 .0

m lo ra w id e.

sex ln e,

35 m l o r a

In flated ,

In

and
d iam eter

1 *4-6
at

the d i s t a l

p o le.

The p r o x i m a l

bear a t r l l e t e

te tra d

la e su ra e ,

p resen t,

rid g es

when

about

of n e x ln a l

or p u n c ta te ,

ery.

In

In

th e

form

d ev elo p ed ;

of raised

sex ln al

fu ll

rad iu s

S e x l n e may b e g r a n u l a t e ,

so ab rate,

a n d w eak c o n v o l u t i o n s may s o m e ti m e s b e d e v e l ­
pro x im al

surface,

e sp ec ially n ear

c o n v o l u t i o n s may a l s o

surface

D im ensio ns*

are

body.

a d d itio n ,

the d i s t a l

C om m issures r a r e l y

2 . 0 m l o r a w i d e w h i c h may e x t e n d

o e n tra l

oped on t h e

m ark.

s u r f a c e m ay o r may n o t

flan k in g

D iam eter o f
T o ta l

th e

th e

p erip h ­

be p r e s e n t

on

lep to m a.

o e n tr a l body

d iam eter

27

(**2)

58

m lcra

30

(51)

65

m lo ra

DISCUSSION I
The o v e r a l l
fo ld in g o f th e

size,

w id th and

e q u a to ria l

saoous,

sex ln e

are

e x trem ely v a r ia b le

above,

and

th e

c rite ria

"Red

B eds"

and

of

betw een

T.

and T.

(B alm e)

D ettm an n .

assig n ed
3eds"

to

T.

sam p les

d am p lerl

are

ex am in ed ,

o ren u late

th lo k n ess

th ese

of

m o rp h o lo g lo al

sp ecim en s a p p e a r to

d lo t a d is tin c tio n
seg m en tatu s

th e

of

among s p e c im e n s d e s c r i b e d

g ra d a tio n a l n a tu re

among t h e

In te n sity

d am p lerl

present

(B alm e)

o o n tra-

D ettm an n

The fo rm s h e r e
th ro u g h o u t

th e

"Red-

b u t a re n e v e r ab u n d an t,

20NALAPOLLENITES S £ . " A "
P la te 11;

P ig s.

10 - 1 2 , P l a t e 1 2 ;
P la te 13;

P ig s.
P ig s.

1,
3,

2,
5»

DESCRIPTION*
M onosaooate p o l l e n ;
o e n tra l

body o l r o u l a r to

tw o -lay ered ; n e x ln e

th in ,

e q u a to ria l
b ro ad ly
1 .0

to

o u tlin e

of

s a o o u s and

su b trian g u lar.
1 .5 m lo ra th lo k ,

E x ln e
p sllate

1^7
to s o a b r a te ;

sex ln e

en v elops n e x ln a l

o e n tra l

n ex ln e a t

pro x im al

sep arated

e q u a to ria lly

w ide),

Is

o ften

co n v o lu tio n
P roxim al
late,

and

rad ia l

26 m l o r a

e x ln e .

Is

fo ld in g

surrounded

to

D im ensions*

d istal

o o n v o lu te

surfaoe.

In ten se

sex ln e.

o o n v o lu te,
are

around

rugu-

u su a lly ,

th e

p erip h ­

s u b o ir o u la r lep to m a,

L eptom a i s

sex ln e.

T rile te

co m m issu res,

When p r e s e n t ,

e q u a t o r i a l m argin

T o tal

due to

featu res

p o le.

rid g es about

D iam eter o f

7 m lo ra

com prised o f u n o m am en te d ,

th e

sex in al

saoous

A o iro u la r to

of

c en tral

2 .0

freq u e n tly

te tra d

may o r m ay n o t

lae su ra e

are

pre­

body.

33 ( ^ 0 )

d iam eter

th in n e d

m lo ra w ide w hich

c en tral

body

to

s a o o u s whose

d ev elo p ed

lac k in g apparent

raised

may e x t e n d

at

to

(2

p ro fu se ly

so u p tu ral

in te n se ly

by h ig h ly

e x i s t on p r o x i m a l
sent a t

o ften

In d ia m e te r,

u su a lly

o f th e

oppressed
beco m ing

o r o ren u la te

g rain .

c en tered

p o la r reg io n s,

u n d u late

These

p o llen

c lo se ly

pendant

o r v erru o ate.
m ore

Is

o o m p letely

d ista lly

sex ln e

ery o f th e

and

produce a narrow

of

but n o t a lw ay s,

m ark,

body,

to

h ig h ly

surfaoe

2 .0 m lo ra t h l o k ,

and d i s t a l

w eakly i n f l a t e d ,

o u tlin e

9 to

to

1 .0

38

^9

(*4-8 )

m lo ra

57

m lo ra

DISCUSSION*
The f r e q u e n t l y
co n v o lu tio n s,
the d i s t a l

sp eo les

present

surfaoe

n g en erally
from

I n m o s t ” Red

in te n se
on

ru g u late

th e

w here th e y

s m a lle r lep to m a,
Z. d a m p l e r l

p ro x im al
surround
serve

B alm e.

Beds” sa m p le s

to

but is

to

T h is

v e rru o ate

surfaoe,
and

sex in al

and a ls o

c le a rly

d istin g u ish
sp eo ies i s

n e v e r ab u n d an t.

d efin e
th is

present

148
Z o n a la p o lle n 1t e s
P la te

13;

sp.

P ig s.

"BM

4 - 1 6

DESCRIPTION t
M onosaooate
to

su b circu lar;

o ren u la te ,

p o lle n ,
o u tlin e

E x ln e

m icron

th lo k ,

and I s

tig h tly

re la tiv e ly
at

over

n ex ln e e x c e p t e q u a t o r i a l l y
sep arated

to

2 .0 m lo ra o r l e s s .

to ria l

and

5 to

tered

at

over e n tire

ru g u late

o ften

It

Is

0 .5

Is

area

o n ly

p o le.

th e

Is

a lso

o p ed on t h e p r o x i m a l

and d i s t a l

m ark r a r e l y

in

at

th e

d e te c ta b le ;

o f th in n ed

to

o v er th e

be m ore d e v e l ­

reg io n s.

b u t when p r e s e n t ,

th ic k en e d ,

sex in al

3»0 m l o r a w i d e w h i c h m ay e x t e n d

a lm o st

to

e q u ato ria l

s u re s have n o t

been

m argin o f
observed

In

m ore o r l e s s

th e

p o lle n

th is

P ro x i­
Is

o ren u la te

g rain .

sp ecies.

to

a r e a w here

com prised o f r a i s e d ,
rid g e s up to

equa­

The o o n v o l u t e

reduced

e q u a to ria l

fa in tly

o o n v o lu te

lep to m ate

ten d s

about

a leptom a cen­

o r lao k ln g .

general

In clin a ­

dense,

su b o lro u lar area

fre q u e n tly

and

of th e

u su a lly

sex ln e

exoept a t

reduced

body,

saoous 1 .0

S ex lne d e l i c a t e l y

surfaoe

1 .0

slig h tly

by th e

In d ia m e te r d e l i n e a t e s

g re a tly

ornam ent

to

to

o e n tra l

w hich i s

of

slig h tly

o r no d i s t a l

obscured

pro x im al p o l a r a r e a ,

mal t e t r a d

e n tire

saoous,

but a o lro u la r

d istal

o rn am e n ta tio n
to

Is

23 m l o r a

th e

reg u la te

w here

o o n v o lu te a s p e c t

reg io n ,

ex ln e

th e

Saocus has l i t t l e

The e x a c t w i d t h o f

In flated ,

th in ,

p ro d u c e a som ew hat r u d im e n ta r y

to 4 .0 m lo ra w id e .
tio n .

n ex ln e

en v elo p s n e x ln a l

appressed

arab o l r o u l a r

e q u a t o r sm ooth to

tw o -lay ered ;

c o m p lete ly

sm a ll;

Commis­

149
D im en sio n al

D iam eter o f
T o ta l

o e n tra l

body

d iam eter

26

(31)

37

m lo ra

28

(34)

40

m lo ra

Discussioni
The r e l a t i v e l y
sep ara tio n
tim es

of

sex ln e

sm a ll
to

size

of th is

sam p les,

but

th e

saoous a re

B p eo les.

It

Is

1954

th e

present

10;

P ig s.

11 -

18,

P o lle n lte s aao ro serratu s

In m ost

(C ouper) n .

P la te

11;

T h le rg .;

T s u g a e p o lle n lte s m eso zo lo u s

“ Red

Beds"

oomb.

P ig s.

In

C ouper;

C e r e b r o p o lle n lte s m esozolous

1958

some­

d istin g u ish in g

1 - 7

R o g alsk a;

p i.
1958

e q u a to ria l

I s n e v e r ab u n d an t.

Z o n a la p o lle n 11es m eso zo lo u s
P la te

slig h t

produoe a v e ry n arro w and

so aro ely d la o e m lb le

featu res

and

9.

fig s.

p.

155»

fig .

8,

(C ouper)
p i.

p,
5,

pi*

6.

30*

h o lo ty p e .

N ilsso n ;
6,

20,

fig s.

p.

72,

10, 12.

DESCRIPTION!
M onosaooate p o l l e n
la r to
to

su b o lro u lar,

su b sp h erlo al.

th lo k ,
obsoure

g rain s

E x ln e

o e n tra l

o u tlin e

p ro b ab ly o r i g in a lly

tw o -lay ered ;

n ex ln e

body o o m p le tely en v elo p ed

sex ln e;

p a c tn e s s and

degree

In te n sity

p u n c ta te ,

spaoed,

of

of

g en erally

to p ro d u o e an I r r e g u l a r
d en sely

e q u ato ria l

sex in al

m ore I n f l a t e d

saoous

v e slo u la te

sp h erical

h ig h ly

m loron

fo rm in g an

by d e n s e ,

In fla tio n ,

co n v o lu tio n s,

o lro u ­

about 1 .0

sm ooth, w ith o u t a p p a r e n t o r n a m e n ta tio n ,

co n v o lu te

sex ln e

g rain s;

h ig h ly

a n d com ­
v a ria b le ;

e q u ato ria lly

com p rised

o f num erous,

c o n v o lu tio n s,

w hloh e x te n d

150

d istal
in

to

size

th e

eq u ato r*

C o n v o lu tio n s

and m ore l o o s e l y

spaced

and g e n e r a l l y

absent

d istal

C iro u la r to

p o le,

ten d

on th e

o v e r a lep to m ate

to

p ro x im al
area

su b circu lar

be reduced
surface,

cen tered

lep to m a 12

at

to

mlora i n d i a m e t e r , m a r k e d b y t h i n n e d ,

c o m p arativ ely

e x in e ,

o o n v o lu te

and

is

surrounded

W eakly d e v e l o p e d
O rnam en tation

p ro x im al

ranges

sin u o u s.
p letely
size
lar

th at

These

D im en sio n s*

In

th e

co n v o lu tio n s

in

so u p tu ral

p o lle n

and

to

d lam ter

sex ln e.

to

o o rre la te
th e

spaced

irre g u la rly

w ith

c om ­
o v e ra ll

oom paot,

be a s s o c ia te d

w ith

37

m lo ra

59

rare.

lo o se ly

elem en ts a re

(^6 )

sm ooth

co n v o lu tio n s

and

g ra in s w ith

33

e x tre m e ly

spaced

e lo n g a te ,

asp ect,

ten d in g

T o ta l

co m p actly

n arrow ,

ex tre m e s

v a ria tio n s,

m arks a r e

su b c ircu lar o u tlin e ,

are

g ra d a tio n a l

zone o f

tetrad

from

h av in g a o l r o u l a r t o
c o n v o lu tio n s

by a

th e

c irc u ­

sm a lle r g ra in s .

D IS C U S S I O N *
C o rresp o n d in g
red u ctio n

In

e x p eo lally

tin u o u s,
present

th e

above o u tlin e d
PI.

10,

p ro x im al

area,

sex ln e

th o u g h
on

fig s.

in crease

and d e n s ity

e lo n g a te

lep to m ate

e q u ato ria l

gradual

to

h ig h ly
ty p ic a l
tren d s

11 -

18,

Z.
are
and

an

a m ore

fo ld ed

sex ln e

a

a g rea ter

produoe

in

d iam eter i s

p ro g ressio n

e n la rg em en t
se p a ra tio n
c le a rly

and o r e n u la te ,

from

P I.

11,

of

th e

saoous

1 - 9 .

th o se

th e

d efin e d ,

con­
th an

The

Illu stra te d

fig s.

to

of

m eso zo lo u s m o rp h o lo g y .
su c c e ssiv e ly

a

co n v o lu tio n s,

o lro u la r o u tlin e s

o u tlin e s,
and

of

surfaoe,

h a v in g m ore o r l e s s

h av in g n a rro w ,
d istal

a

In te n sity

on t h e

co n v o lu tio n s

to

on

The e x t r e m e

151
d evelopm ent o f
Z. d a m p l e r l
g ested
9.

th ese

and

by th e

tren d s

re la te d

re su lts

form s.

In

but Is u s u a lly

Is

present

sim ila r

Suoh a t r a n s i t i o n

sp ecim en s I l l u s t r a t e d

z, m eso zo lo u s

a form

In

In m ost

P I.

"Red

11*

to

Is

sug­

fig s.

B eds"

8,

sam p les,

rare.
Z o n alap o llen 1te s
P la te

10;

sp.

P ig s.

"C"

1 - 1 0

DESCRIPTION t
M onosaooate
c irc u la r

to

o rig in a lly
th in ,

p o llen

su b circu lar or
sp h e rica l

p silate

to

n e x ln e

from ,
S exlne

o lo se ly

Is

on

slig h tly

where s o m e tim e s

d istal

surfaoe

to

th e

unornaraented,
from 6 t h

E x ln e
th lo k

a saoous.

p ro b ab ly

tw o -lay ered ;
or less,

th e

sep arated

surfaoes.

e q u a to ria l

sm all v e s i c u l a t e

C o n v o lu tio n s u s u a lly

s u b c l r o u l a r le p to m a w hich

d iam eter.
spaced,

p ro x im al

a sm ooth,

S ex ln e

trlle te

m ore o r l e s s

to

27

and

laesu rae

(31)

ranges

su b c lro u la r
elo n g a te

are

rare ly

sex ln e.

T o ta l d ia m e te r

on

o rn am en tatio n

o lro u la r

sp aced , narrow

R aised

con­

ex ten d

c irc u la r
In

reg io n

D en sity of c o n v o lu tio n s

surround

to

form ­

c o m p le te ly by s e x ln e

at

spaced,

am b

e q u a to r and

ous c o n v o lu tio n s .

D im ensions*

g rain s

o r o n ly lo o a lly

m ore I n f l a t e d

to lo o s e ly

th e

sm all;

p ro x im al and d i s t a l

from d e n s e l y

c o n v o lu tio n s,

p r e s e n t on

th e

to ,

v a ria b le .

22 m l o r a

g rad a tio n a l

m lo ro n

body e n c lo se d

o o m p actly

v o l u t i o n s may f o r m
D roxlm al

su b sp h erlcal.

appressed

th e n e x ln e

re la tiv e ly

su b trlan g u lar,

a b o u t 1 .0

in g a sm ooth o e n t r a l
w hich i s

g rain s,

36

m lo ra

sin u ­

152
DISCUSSION*
T h la

sp ecies

T. m e s o z o l o u s .
tren d s
th e

o lte d

tren d s

th is

stru c tu ra lly

even

e x h ib its

appear to

blm odal s i z e

w ith

th e

Beds"

th e
to

ex cep tio n
a size

p a tte rn

and

from

sam e m o r p h o lo g i o a l

correspond

Z. m e s o z o lo u s .

I n m an y "Bed

re la tiv e ly

th e

d istrib u tio n

fo r reco g n izin g

present

In d istin g u ish a b le

a b o v e T. m e s o z o l o u s .

s p e o le s and

criterio n
Is

It

do n o t

A stro n g ly

Is

Is

th u s

tw o s p e o l e s .

th at

g rad ie n t.

e x ists

b etw een

th e p rim ary
The s p e c i e s

sam p les b u t I s

In v aria b ly

rare.
G e n u s VITREISPORITES ( L e s o h l k )

1950

P lty o p o lle n lte s

1955

V ltre lsp o rlte s

Jan so n lu s

R e lssln g er.
slg n a tu s

L eso h lk ;
fig .

1958

C ay to n lp o lle n lte s

C ouper;

1962

V i t r e i s p o r l t e 3 (L eso h lk )

p.

p.

10,

53»

8*

ty p e

sp eo les.

1*4-9.

Jan so n lu s;

p.

55*

DIAGNOSIS*
B lsao o ate
o v a l.

p o lle n

E x ln e tw o - la y e r e d .

c irc u la r

o e n tra l

by n e x l n a l l i p s .
crests

body,

a ttao h e d ,

p en d an t.

sm a ll,

D istal

e q u ato ria l

surfaoe

o u tlin e

of oval to

body b e a r s w id e s u lo u s o r lep to m a
P ro x im al

may o r may n o t

cen tral
a lly

g rain s,

be p re s e n t.

g en erally
fin ely

oappa ln fra p u n o ta te ;
Saccl

se m i-o lro u la r,

ln fraretio u late,

larg e

flan k ed

m arg in al
re la tiv e

in fla te d ,
o n ly

sub­

to

e q u ato rl-

slig h tly

d ista lly

153
DISCUSSIO N i
The g e n u s
(1959)
m ale

to

C a y to n lp o lle n lte s

encom pass p o lle n

fru c tific a tio n s

C a v to n a n th u s.

It

of

is

a

of th e
been

A b ie tin ea e

produced

and

g rain s

th e

of

th e

ty p e

P odooarpaoeae,

from

it

p a llid u s

1938

P ity o sp o rites

1950

P ity o p o lle n ite s

1955

P o llen

of

15;

p a llid u s

C a y to n lp o lle n lte s

p a llid u s

N ilsso n

115i

C arp,

in

fiffs.

D elo.

(R e iss.)
150,

1 9 58

V itre isp o rite s

p a llid u s

may h a v e

p.1^

R e iss.; p.

M aso u lo stro b u s E.

p o lle n

C a y to n ia le s.

p.
1958

in

l f 2

R e iss;

p a llid u s

th e

(R e iss.)

P ig s.

th e

p o ssib ly

by p te r ld o s p e r m s o t h e r th a n

P la te

found

synonym o f V i t r e i s p o r i t e s .

d istin g u ish a b le

V itre isp o rite s

by C o u p e r

M eso zo ic p te r id o s p e r m

Ju n io r

A lthough m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y

was e r e c t e d

(R e iss.)

51,

26,

5«

-ft S p r u m . ;

C ouper;

p i.

1 -

fig .
pp.

fig s.

N ilsso n ;

pp.

6.

1^-97* 8.

77-78.

D E S C R IP T IO N !
B isa co a te

p o lle n ;

body o v al

to

n ex ln e

o e n tra l

th in

of

and

su b c lro u la r,

fin e ly

p a ra lle l-sid e d
7*0 m lo r a w i d e ,
Sacol
len g th

p en d an t,

th in ;

in frap u n o tate.
or la te ra lly
ex te n d in g

o u tlin e

slig h tly

body v e ry

s e m i- c ir c u l a r in
equal

e q u a to ria l

l o n g e r th an
sex ln e

C e n tra l

oonoave

e n tire

len g th

of

o e n tra l

body,

d ista l

saoous

bases la te r a lly

i t

Is

bod y m arked

of

o e n tra l

w id e;
cap
by a

lep to m a,

a tta in in g

to

C e n tra l

o f p ro x im al

su lo o ld

len g th

p o la r v iew ,

o v a l.

3 .0

body.

a maximum

slig h tly
bound th e

d lsta lly
su lo o ld

-

15*+
lep to m a,

Saool

in g ten d e n o y
w ith

sex ln e

fin ely

to w ard
of

D im en sio n s:

ln fraretlo u late,

rad ial

lin e a rity ;

retlo u lu m

e x h ib it­

s a c o l m erge p ro x im a lly

oappa.

T o tal

w id th

L ength
W id th

o e n tra l
o e n tra l

L en g th
W id th

body
body

saoous
saoous

21+

(28)

35

m lo ra

11+

(17)

20

m lo ra

10

(12)

13

m lo ra

11+

(17)

21

m lo ra

10

(13)

15

m lo ra

DISCUSSION I
T h is
p o llen

co m p arativ ely

ooours

rare ly
Genus

In

A llsp o rlte s

th e

p ro b ab ly

M ich ig an

p terld o sp erm o u s

"Red

Beds” .

ALISPORITES D a u g h e r t y ,

re str.
19^1

sm all,

P o to n le

o p ll

& K rem p,

D au g h erty ;

p.

l^ l*

1956

98,

p i,

3**,

(ty p e
1956

A llsp o rlte s

o p ll

D au g h erty ;
p.

1959

A llsp o rlte s

D au g h erty ,

re str.
176 -

em end.

P o t.
177*

R ouse;

2,

sp e o les).
& K rem p,

fig .

p.

fig ,

82.

31*4-, p i .

fig s.

10 -

1,
16.

DIA GNO SIS:
B lsao o ate
sao o l,

m ore o r l e s s

d efin ed ;
Sacol
a n t,

p o lle n

len g th

th in ,

of

o v a l.
o e n tra l

m arked by n a r r o w
p a ra lle l-sid e d

e q u a to ria l

C e n tra l

o n ly

e q u a to ria lly
su lo u s

d istal

re la tiv e ly

o u tlin e ,

to

th at

slig h tly

o o n n e o te d .

o r le p to m a w h lo h I s

saoous
th in

bases.

sex ln e

ln o lu d ln g

body u s u a lly n o t

body e q u a l

in fra re tlo u la te ,

o o o a slo n ally

m erge w i t h

g rain s;

of

sa o o l.

d lsta lly
D ista l

pen-

faoe

flan k ed

P ro x im al
oappa.

of

o le a rly

saoous

by
bases

155
D IS C U S SIO N l
The m o r e d e f i n i t i v e
Kremp,

1956,

is

1959.

P o llen

here

favored

o f th e

a ffilia tio n s

w ith

g en eric

genus

th e

d iag n o sis

over th e

o f P o to n ie

em en d ation

A l l s p o r l t e s m ay h a v e

of

and

H ouse,

taxonom lo

fam ily P in ao eae.
A llsp o rlte s

P la te

15;

sp.

fig s*

"A"
5 - 7

D E SC R IP T IO N t
B lsa o ca te
o u tlin e ;

ends of

su b c lro u la r,
N exlne v e r y
sex ln e

p o lle n

of

saool

its
th in ,

of

d eveloped

at

o n ly

th e

o v a l-sh ap e d

surfaoe

of o e n tra l

saoous

le n g th

equal

p ro x im al

su lo o ld
body;

bases.
to

p ro x lraally ,

a t e q u ato ria l

m argin

at

p o in t o f

D im en sio n s:

T o ta l

to

w id th *
p sllate;

th lo k ,

fin ely

A w id e,

by t h i n ,

slig h tly

m ore

less

th an

bases

th at

fla tte n e d

body

a ttac h ed

h y a lin e ,

p en d an t,
of

o e n tra l

d lsta lo -

to

3*0 m lo ra

a p p ro x im ate ly

Saoous b ases n o t

o e n tra l

body

th in ,

in d istin c t

d lsta lly

w ith lu m ln a up

saoous

o e n tra l

its

m lo ro n

som ew hat

o e n tra l

th an

body o val

o f lep to m a v e ry

slig h tly

to

o e n tra l

o r e s t may s o m e t i m e s b e

w id th

L en g th
W id th

1 .0

of oappa.

a ttac h m en t

e q u a to ria l

th ic k n e ss,

la te ra lly

ln fraretlo u late,
P roxim al

in

saoous b a se s.

e x in e

In flate d ,

In d i a m e t e r .

oval

lep to m a o o o u p les m ost o f d i s t a l

Saool

o r o n ly

m o d era te ly

th an

m arg in al

lep to m a b o rd ere d

d istal

body,

less

fain t

or less

b e in g lo n g e r

in d e term in ate

oappa th in ,
a

b ro ad ly

som ew hat b l u n t ;

len g th

in frap u n o tate;

p sllate;

g rain s;

o o n strio te d

body.
50

(55)

6l

m lo ra

42

(46)

52 m lo ra

27

(30)

34 m l o r a

156
L en g th

saoous

^0

W id th s a o o u s

m lo ra

^8

17

(21)

m lo ra

Zk

DISCUSSION t
T h is
"Red

sp eo les

ooours

in fre q u e n tly

th e

M ich ig an

B eds".
A llsp o rlte s
P la te

DESCRIPTION

In e q u a t o r i a l

p o lle n

I s w ide;
th in

to

o u tlin e
e x ln e

fin ely

p sllate;

of

to

bases a tta c h e d

strictio n

len g th

tiv e ly narrow ,
than d i s t a l

th in ,

of

d ista lly

at

1 .0

su lo u s,

body.

thu s

Saool

th lo k ,

h av in g a
tra ­

S u lo u s

flan k ed

o reso en tio

p ro x im al

saoous

reg io n

o f oappa;

oappa w ith o u t con­

Im p artin g
e n tire

th lo k -

S tro n g ly

e q u a to ria l
of

m icro n

p o lar area,

th e u n ifo rm ly

g rain .

s a o o u s b a s e s m ore

p en d an t.

co n tin u o u sly u n ite d

in d eterm in ate

th an

body;

sex ln e

c o n to u r o f th e

bases.

lo n g e r than

oappa I n d is tin c t

of

o e n tra l

ap p ro x im ate ly a t

saoous

rounded.

o f m a rg in a l o r e s t dev elo p m ent.

of o e n tra l

pro x im al

su b c lro u la r

slig h tly

body and

saoous b a se s.

saoous b ases,

oval e q u a to ria l

slig h tly

len g th

to

u n ifo rm ly

15 m lo ra a t d i s t a l

sa o o l m erges w ith
of

oval

An o v a l - s h a p e d

oonoave d i s t a l

equal

of

9

o n ly

se x ln e o f oappa lesB

v e rse s alm o st e n t i r e

sex ln e

o e n tra l

n e x ln e v ery

maximum w i d t h u p t o

saool

8,

b ro ad ly

su b o lro u lar,

ln frap u n o tate.

by t h i n ,

fig s.

"BM

ends of g rain s

and la o k

E xlne t w o - l a y e r e d ?
ness,

g rain s;

o u tlin e ,

C en tral body o v a l

due t o

15;

sp.

I

B isao o ate

It

In

Saool

stro n g ly

In fra re tlo u la te ,

Saool n e a rly

e q u a to r ia l m arg in .

rela ­
oonoave

o n ly

but n o t q u ite

157
D im en sions!

T o ta l w id th
L en g th c e n t r a l
W idth o e n t r a l
L en g th

body

41

(49)

56

m io ra

45

(4?)

51

m io ra

body

30 ( 3 6 )

saoous

W id th sa o o u s

39 m i o r a

44

(46)

48

m io ra

17

(1 9 )

22

m io ra

DIS CU S SIO N !
The r o u n d e d
o f th e

e q u ato ria l

saooi d is tin g u is h e s

A llsp o rite s

sp.

o u tlin e
th is

and o re s o e n t

very ra re

shape

s p e c i e s -from

"/I".
A llsp o rlte s
P la te

16;

sp.

fig s.

"C"
1 - 3

DESCRIPTION>
B isao o ate

p o lle n

o u tlin e ,

ends of

C e n tral

body o v a l

len g th .

E x in e

less

e lo n g a te

saool u n ifo rm ly
in

e q u ato ria l

rounded
o u tlin e ,

th ic k n ess,

th an

1 .0

p sllate;

m ic ro n

f o r a p p aren t m arg in al

betw een

oappa and th e

su lo u s
body,

17 m io r a w ide

tow ard l o n g i t u d i n a l
oonoave,

c ir c u la r to

o reso en tlo

atta o h e d

slig h tly
at

or

at

d istal
in

d istal

b lu n tly

J u s t p ro x im al

len g th

p en d an t;
to

th e

th an

body t h in ,

o f oappa i n f r a th ic k ­

o ccu rrin g
D istal

of o e n tra l

p o lar area,

saoous b a se s.

p o in te d .

w id th g r e a t e r

and o f u n ifo rm

flan k ed

e q u ato ria l

d ista lly

e q u a to ria l

saoous b a se s.

e n tire

e x tre m itie s,

to s l i g h t l y

in fla te d ,

in

th ic k e n in g s

pro x im al

t r a v e r s e s m ore o r l e s s
up to

to

sex ln e

th lo k ,

ness except
th e

oval

tw o -lay ered ; n e x ln e o f o e n tra l

of in d eterm in ate
p u n c ta te ,

g rain s;

tap e rs

by t h i n ,
Saool

stra ig h t
sem i­

o u tlin e ,

m o d erately

pro x im al

saoous bases

e q u a to r ia l m arg in .

158

i
Saool

equal

to

body;

saool

a lm o st b u t n o t q u ite

to ria l

m argin

or slig h tly

of o e n tra l

surfaoe o f g rain
su lo u s.

Saool

In d i a m e t e r .

body,
for

th e

Saoous b a ses n o t
sex ln e

of

a r e a oo ou p led

L ength

equa­

up to

o o n strlo te d

at

body
body

saoous

W idth s a o o u s

d ista l

by d i s t a l

retlo u lu m

T o ta l w id th

W idth o e n t r a l

of o e n tra l

o o n tln u o u s around

o e n tra l

L ength o e n t r a l

len g th

and c o v e r m ost o f th e

ln fra re tlo u la te ,

attac h m en t w ith
D im en sio ns*

except

lo n g e r than

2 .0

area

m lo ra
of

body
56

(63)

69

m lo ra

32

(37)

40

m lo ra

37

(42)

48

m lo ra

36

(40)

44

m io ra

23

(25)

26

m lo ra

DISCUSSION I
T h is

sp eo les,

w h l o h m ay b e l o n g I n

d l t e s . ooours r a r e ly
been o b s e r v e d

In

th e

M ich ig an

"Red

genus P o d o o arp lB eds",

h av in g

o n l y a few t i m e s .

Genus PITY0SP0RITES ( S e w a r d ,
1914

th e

P lty o sp o rltes a n ta ro tlo u s

1914)

Sew ard; p .
fig .

1954

P l t y o p s o r l t e s (Sew ard)

1958

P ln u sp o lle n lte s

I960

P l t y o s p o r l t e s (Sew ard)

emend.

P o to n le

Manum ;

23,

45,

p i.

type

& K lau s;

R aatz ex P o to n le ; p .

Manum , i 9 6 0
8,

sp eo les.
p.

534.

62.

p p . 11 -

15»

pi*

fig s.

1 - 4 .

tw o -lay ered ;

saool

DIA GNOSIS:
B lsao o ate
In flated ,
at

p o lle n

g rain s;

In fra re tlo u la te ,

ex ln e

d lsta lly

t h e i r b a se s o f a tta c h m e n t and

set

p en d an t,
off

o o n strlo te d

from o e n t r a l

body.

159
Saool
are

ex ten d

o n to d i s t a l

sep arated

saoous b a s e s

surfaoe

by a n a rro w
a ttac h ed

and d i s t a l

su lo u s o r lep to m a;

e q u a to ria lly

onto oappa w h ere th e y m erge w i th
th in

and

face o f

sm ooth;

sex in e

oappa u s u a lly

of

pro x im al

o r may e x t e n d

sex in e

of

p ro x lm a lly

oappa.

N exine

c a p p a may b e i n f r a p u n o t a t e ;

sm ooth o r o n ly

E xine o f o a p p a o f m o d e r a t e

th io k n ess

th ic k e n in g to w ard

sao o l.

ro o ts

saoous b ases

of

fin ely

sur­

sc u lp tu re d .

and w ith o u t oo n sp lo u ou s

DISCUSSION 1
U n lik e
d iag n o sis

th at

of

f o u n d e d on a
found t h a t
ex clu d ed
n a te s

th e

of th e

th e

th e

rela tio n

o f P otonl&

co n fu sio n

p e rta in in g

is

b lsa co a te

p o lle n ,

M esozoic.

to

to

and

some

Manum

d iag n o sis
th e

e lim i­

tax o n o m lo

in clu d ed

th o se

was

and K laus

esp ecially

P o llen

sim ila r

e q u iv o o a l,

be o f p t e r i d o s p e r m o u s

emended

b y Manum ( I 9 6 0 )

H is r e s t r l o t e d

and

th e

o f Sew ard’ s h o lo ty p e .

d ia g n o sis

genus a r e m o r p h o lo g ic a lly
but

(1954),

sp eo les.

fo ssil

P aleo zo ic

and K la u s

genus P lty o s p o r lte s

g en eric

ty p e

some o f

treatm en t o f

P o to n le

re-ex am ln atlo n

th e

th e

of

of

th o se
in

th e

th e
P in ao eae,

s p e o l e s m ay e v e n

a ffin ity .

P lty o sp o rltes
P la te

15;

sp.

fig s.

"A"

10 -

14

D E SCR IP T IO Nt
B lsao o ate

p o lle n ;

oval

to

s u b o ir o u la r in

than

it

is

sex in e

w id e.

o u tlin e

e q u ato ria l

P slla te

o f oappa th in ,

b ro ad ly

n e x in e

fin ely

o v a l;

o u tlin e ,
less

than

o e n tra l

slig h tly
0 .5

m io ro -o o n v o lu te

body
lo n g er

m icro n

th lo k ;

to m ic ro -ru g u la te ;

160

w eakly d e v e lo p e d
tre m itie s
d istal

of

oappa.

e x ln e ,

Is

saoous b a s e s ;
of cen tral

c en tic

body,

the

Saool
to

Jo in

lep to m a,

by t h i n ,

lep to m a

g reatest

slig h tly

trav e rses

I s m ore o r l e s s
Its

co m p rised

oval

w id th a t

som ewhat I n f l a t e d ,

o e n tra l

o o n strlo te d
equal

sex ln e
at
to

area

body s l i g h t l y
of oappa.

In

o u tlin e ,

o r o n ly

d istal

p o lar

p en d an t,

to

th e

slig h tly

o e n tra l

less

len g th

averag­

th e d i s t a l

d lstally

to

d istal

alm o st e n t i r e

cres­

en v elo p in g
saoous
eq u ato r,

Saoous b ases v e ry

o f attao h m en t

ex­

of th in n ed

oonoave,

body d l s t a l o - e q u a t o r l a l l y ; p ro x im al

m erging w ith

len g th

flan k ed

present a t la te r a l

a lm o st s e m lo lr o u la r In p o l a r o u t li n e ;

o e n tra l

bases

A su lo o ld

su lo o ld

i n g 17 m l o r a a t
reg io n .

m arg in al o r e s t s

slig h tly

body.

than l e n g t h

Saoous
of o e n tra l

body.
D im en sio n si

T o ta l w idth
L en g th

o e n tra l

W idth o e n t r a l

body
body

L ength i n d iv i d u a l

30

(i+i+)

52

m lo ra

3*+

(37)

**8

m lo ra

31

(35)

1+3

m lo ra

(36)

1+6

m lo ra

(17)

23

m lo ra

th e

M ich ig an

saoous
32

W id th I n d i v i d u a l

saoous
15

DISCUSSIONi
T h is d i s t i n c t
"Red

B eds",

but

p o llen

ha B b e e n

is

a lw ay s

observed

in

rare

In

a num ber o f

sam p les.

161

G e n u s PODOCABPIDITES C o o k s o n & P o t o n i S ,
P o d o o a rp ld ltes e l l l p t l c u s

1947

Cookson;

p.

fig .
P o d o o a rp ld ltes

1958

e lllp tlo u s

9;

Cookson;

d e sig n atio n

of

131,
ty p e

In

1958
pi*

13*

sp eo les.

P o to n le;
type

p.

68;

sp eo les.

DIAGNOSISI
B lsao o ate
lar

to

ta lly

oval

p o llen

In

e q u a to ria l

pend an t,

a broad

g rain s;

ex ten d

su lo o ld

o u tlin e .

o n to d i s t a l

lep to m a;

so m etim es e x h i b i t i n g

a

saool

rad ial

b u t n o t alw ay s l o n g e r th a n
th lo k ,

th ic k en e d
surround

ru g u late,

or

o a p p a o r may b e

oappa and

th e

surfaoe

a lig n m e n t.

and

w here

d ls-

th ey

flan k

retlo u lu in

Saool u s u a lly

body.

Cappa r e l a t i v e l y

s u r f a o e may be r o u g h e n e d ,
oappa f r e q u e n tly

w ith

o r e s t w h lo h may c o m p l e t e l y

re stric te d

pro x im al

body c ir c u ­

in fla te d ,

ln fra re tlo u la te ;

o o n v o lu te;

s e x in a l m arg in al

o e n tra l

Saool

o e n tra l

may b e i n f r a p u n o t a t e ,

g ran u lo se,

the

d istin c t

to

th e

area

b etw een

saoous b a ses.

DISCUSSION1
The a b o v e d i a g n o s i s
p o llen

sim ila r to

The f o r m - g e n u s

th o se

is

In ten d ed

o f th e m odem

P o d o o a rp ld ltes

encom pass f o s s i l

fa m ily Podooarpaoeae.

does n o t how ever In clu d e

p o lle n

o f podooarpaoeous a f f i n i t y

sao o l,

a s proposed

(1953)*

to

h a v in g m ore t h a n

by th e u n a o o e p ta b le

em en d atio n

tw o
of

C ouper,

162

P o d o o a rp ld ltes
P la te

16;

sp.

fig .

"A"
b

DESCRIPTION t
B lsao o ate p o lle n ;
In e q u a t o r i a l
th in ,

o u tlin e ,

at latera l

d istal

surfaoe

to

^ .0 m lo ra w id e ) ,
d istal
ta lly

of o e n tra l body.
to

2 .0 m lo ra

band a b o u t

In d iv id u a l

w ith le n g th

in

Saool

of oappa;

lip s,

c o n sid era b ly

Jo in ed
th e

th e

(up to

w hloh a l s o

form

In flated ,

d ls-

se m l-o iro u la r to

2 .0 m io ra w ide a ro u n d

t o r i a l m argin

faoe o f oen­

by n a rro w

sao o l w ell

saool

fin ely

o v e r m ost o f

o reso en tlo

lo n g e r th an

In fra re tlo u la te ,

d iam eter;

and

N exine

muoh m o r e p r o n o u n c e d

flan k ed

o reso en tlo

m ore o r l e s s

In p o l a r v i e w ,

oappa th in

th in n ed

form a le p to m a
oonoave,

su b o lro u lar

E x ln e o f d i s t a l

co n sid erab ly

saoous b a se s .
p en d an t,

of

o r e s ts narrow ,

m arg in s o f oap p a.

to

lo n g e r th a n w id e.

sex in e

M arg in al

body p s l l a t e ,

body o v al

slig h tly

a b o u t 0 .5 m io ro n ;

In frap u n o tate .

tra l

o e n tra l

th at

w ith lu m ln a up

by a n a rro w

lo n g itu d in a l

p ro x lm a lly

th e

o f p o lle n

66

m lo ra

JU

m lo ra

30

m lo ra

L ength sa o o l

t o .

m lo ra

W idth s a o o l

26

m lo ra

sex in al
equa­

s a o o l m erge w ith

sex ln e o f oappa.
D im en sio n ss

T o ta l w id th

L en g th o e n t r a l
W id th o e n t r a l

body
body

D IS C U S SIO N i
Th e a b o v e
men o b s e r v e d

In te rp re ta tio n

from

th e

M iohlgan

Is

based

"Red

on a

B eds".

sin g le

sp eci­

163
P o d o o a rp ld ltes
P la te

16;

sp,

fig s.

"BM

8 - 1 1

DESCRIPTION I
B lsao o ate
cen tral

tio n s

w id e r than

p sllate;

body,

th e

h ig h ly

m arg in al

long*

saool

around

saoous b a s e s .
averages

about

m ore o r l e s s

to m argin
of oappa.

to

len g th

bases o f

saool

is

a lso

saool

o f oappa;

are

co n v o lu ­

^ .0

m io ra w id e,

w ith and

oappa.

faoe o f

oen­

o o ln o ld e n t w ith d i s t a l

in

be

o u tlin e ,

w id th .

to le n g th
ra d ia lly

a t m arg in

Saool

m o d erately

som ew hat r a d i a l l y

of

o o n n eo ts

by p a r a l l e l - s i d e d ,

o r equal
to

ThlB

E x ln e th in n e d

p o lar o u tlin e ,

ten d s

of

o e n tra l

su b re o ta n g u la r in

a ttac h ed

sex ln e

-

and 17 m io ra

lo n g e r th an
of

0 . 5 m icro n

som ewhat d l s t a l l y

area of d is ta l

flan k ed

se m ic irc u la r in

in frareticu lu m

P roxim al

of th e

L eptom a o v a l

sex in e

th an

m arg in o f

Jo in s

w hloh a p p a r e n t l y

slig h tly

body,

3 .0

frill

th e m argin

2b m io r a i n

in fla te d ,

e q u a to ria l

form a le p to m a

lip s

freq u e n tly

to w ard e q u a t o r i a l m arg in s

a lm o st o v e r e n t i r e

body to

o u tlin e ;

o o n v o lu te,

form a o o n s p lo u o u s ,

frill

in

N exlne l e s s

o f oappa f in e ly

o o n v o lu te m a rg in a l

th lo k en ed

th e

sex ln e

co n v o lu tio n s

and p s l l a t e

tral

is

A long l o n g i t u d i n a l

d isp o sed ,

tra l

it

b ro ad ly o v al

su b reo tan g u lar,

b ecom ing m ore i n t e n s e

cappa.

the

g rain s;

body s u b c l r o u l a r t o

slig h tly
th lo k ,

p o lle n

or

o f oen­

fo ld ed

and

a llfp ied .
Just d ista l

sa o o l m erges w ith

sex ln e

1 6 *1-

D im en sio n s*

T o ta l

w id th

L en g th
W id th

o e n tra l
o e n tra l

L ength
W id th

body

50

(55)

65

m lo ra

26

(30)

39

m lo ra

body

26 ( 2 8 )

saoous
saoous

m lo ra

32

28

(32)

*f0

m lo ra

19

( 21)

25

m lo ra

DISCUSSION*
The c o m p a r a t i v e l y
sid ed

lo n g itu d in a l

m arg in al
tic

orest

featu res

w ide

body w ith

oappa m arg in s b e a rin g

o o n n e o tln g

of

o e n tra l

th is

th e

rare ly

sao o l,

G e n u s PH YLLO CLADIPITES C o o k s o n ,
1 9 *1-7

D lsa o o lte s

133*

D a o ry d lu m lte s m aw sonll

m ost d ia g n o s­

sp e o les.

19^7 ex C ouper,

P i*

1^*

(C ookson)

p i.
1953

th e

( P h y l l o o l a d l d l t e s ) m aw sonll
P.

1953

a frlll-lik e

are

o c cu rrin g

9,

D a o ry d lu m lte s m aw sonll

fig .

(C ookson)

D aorydlum m a w s o n ll

(C ookson)

i 960

D a o ry d lu m lte s m aw so n ll

22 -

C ookson;

p.

(ty p e

fig s.

C ookson;

C ookson;

p.

C ouper,

28.
38,

sp eo les).

C ookson;
1,

1953

C ookson;

fiss.

135

p i.
1957

stra ig h t­

p.

fig s.

p.

66,

9 -

26.

53*
**3, p i .
7,

8.

D IA GNO SIS*
B isao cate
tin c t
sm a ll,

c en tral

p o lle n

body o l r c u l a r

so m etim es o n ly

In fra re tic u la tio n ,
d isp o sed
flan k

g rain s;

e n tire ly

to

slig h tly

e q u a to ria l
o v a l.

o u tlin e

Saccl

In flated ,

d lsta lly

pendant

on d i s t a l

surfaoe.

D istal

a w ell d e fin e d

su lo u s.

S ex ln e

of

g e n erally

w ith

stro n g ly

of d is­

sacol

in d istin c t
a n d may b e
saoous

bases

com m only

3*

165
th ic k and

rig id .

In frap u n c ta te,
freq u e n tly

S ex ln e

of

g ra n u la te ,

e x te n d s

cappa u su a lly

ru g u late,

beyond

th ic k ,

may b e

o r o o n v o lu te .

e q u a to r o n to d i s t a l

Cappa

surfaoe.

DISCUSSION:
F o ssil
d lte a

p o lle n

b elo n g in g

to

th e

form -genus

are

p ro b ab ly

o f podocarpaoeous

tic u la rly

resem b le

th e

th is

p ro b ab le

(19 53)
1957)

the

tax o n o m lo

changed

th e

referred

D aorydlum .

th at

of

D ao ry d lu m .
w ith

p o lle n

to

P h y llo o lad ld lte s

th e

genus

th e

use

In

d e n o tin g
Cookson

and l a t e r

th e n a tu r a l
Is

a v a lid

of n a tu ra l

d lsp ersae

u n accep tab le.

p la n t

P h y llo o la d ld lte s
18;

sp•

fig s.

tax a

(C ookson,

genus

form -genus,

D a o ry d lu m lte s by Cookson

and

P la te

and p a r ­

D ao ry d lu m .

D a o ry d lu m lte s.

fo ssil

un w arren ted ,
Is

of

a ffin ity

name t o

th ese

In

erectio n

p o lle n

a ffin ity ,

P h y llo o lad l-

Is

fo r sporae

”

1 - 5

DESCRIPTION I
B lsao o ate
th ic k en e d

cappa oval

w id er th an
th e

p o lle n

It

Is

e q u ato ria l

E x ln e

o u tlin e

sex ln e

o rn am en tatio n

of

e x tre m ity

sex in al

p ro tru sio n

the

base,

of o e n tra l
th in ,

o u tlin e ;

to

th e

cappa,

body

ex ten d

body
beyond

p o l a r v iew .
m icro n

th lo k ,

1 .5 m lo ra

th lo k ,

o o n sp io u o u s

to
a

v erru o ate.

th ic k en e d ,

*4-.0 m i c r a l o n g

observed

In

o e n tra l

about 0 .5

g ra n u la te

up t o

haB b e e n

body and d i s t i n c t ,

s a o o l m ay o r may n o t

oappa 1 .0

of

o e n tra l

e q u a to ria l

n e x in e

co arsely

la te ra l

at

In

lo n g ;

tw o -lay ered ;

p sllate;

g rain s;

on

At e a c h

rounded,

and 8 .0

som e g r a i n s .

m lo ra
These

w ide

166

p ro tu b ern n o ea

are

oappa and a r e

lo ca te d

saoous b a s e s .
in fla te d ,
at

th e ir

form ed a t
Just

ro o ts;

maximum l e n g t h

len g th

of

maximum l e n g t h

rad ial

body.

the d i s t a l

saoous b a se s .
ex ln e ,

pro x im al

m ore o r l e s s

saool

g re a tly

o f o e n tra l

co n sid erab ly le s s
saool

body;

than

lep to m a o o o u p les

betw een

th e

th in ,

th e

in d istin c t,

about

7*0 m l o r a w id e a t

d istal

d istal
p sllate

p o la r reg io n .

(39)

43

m lo ra

28

(31)

3^

m io ra

T o ta l w id th
body

saoous

area of

of th in ,

o e n tra l

len g th

In d istin c t;

le p to m a oom p rised

L en g th

slig h tly

B oth u n th lo k e n e d

D ista l

averages

fu lly

o o n strlo te d

so m etim es

surfaoe

of

of th e

so m etim es d e v e lo p e d n e a r d i s t a l

d e lim ited

surfaoe

m arg in

th e

and

body.

In fra re tlo u lu m

fo ld s

A p o o rly

of

on d i s t a l

o f saoous b ases

sex in al

bases.

o e n tra l

to

sm all,

som ew hat b u l b o u s ,

saoous b a se s a tta o h e d

of o e n tra l

p ro x im a lly

Saool r e la tiv e ly

rounded,

n rreater th an

th e e q u a to ria l

W idth o e n t r a l

body

33

(37)

39

m lo ra

L en g th

(m axim um )

23

(27)

31

m io ra

13

(16)

18

m lo ra

saoous

W idth s a o o u s
DISCUSSION I
The l a o k
and t h e

o f w e ll d eveloped

presence

o f a th ick en ed

eq u ato ria l

la te ra l

raents,

th e d la g n o s tlo

are

sp ecies.

e x tre m itie s

th ic k en e d
e x ln a l
of

fea tu res

th e
of

saoous b a ses,

p ro tru sio n
o a p p a on
th is

at

th e

some s p e c l -

rarely

o ccu rrin g

167
P h y llo o lad ld lte s
P la te

18*

sp.

f ig s • 6,

"B"

?,

9* 1 0

d esc r iptio n *

B lsao o ate
to ria l

p o lle n

o u tlin e ;

w id th o f

In p o l a r v i e w ,
extend

beyond

g rain s;

saool

2.0

e q u a to ria l

D istln o t

extend

th e

o n to

of

p ro jec tin g

th e

d lstally

at

at

w id e and

th eir la te ra l

In d istin c t;

sh arp ly

fo ld s p a r t i c u l a r l y

of

L ength o f s a o o l

alm o st a s

sacol

at

If

maximum l e n g t h
bases.

P ro x im al

of cappa,
in g s.

of

and

A w ell

a ll

saoous

the

and

ra d ia lly

of

Saoci

saool

fo ld ed ;

of c e n tra l

th eir

rad ial

of sao o l.

ro o ts,

body;
and

ooours a t o r n e a r th e

d istal

bases a ttao h e d

to

su lo u s

or

d istal

by s e x i n a l

su lo o ld

p a ra lle l-sid e d

sex in al

lip s

w hioh

to

saoous b a s e s .

C onspiouous d i s t a l

saoous

th e e q u a to r
th ic k en ­

lep to m a I s

by t h i c k e n e d ,
the d i s t a l

sectio n

c o lla p se d ,

surfaoe

th at
at

surface

som ew hat p o i n te d

on d i s t a l

g reat as

or

b arely

oappa.

o ften

to

s o m e t i m e s m ay b e m a r k e d
d efin ed

ru g u late

In frare tio u lu m

c o n stric te d

saool

of

rounded

saool o ften

n o tlc a b le

oappa up to

In o p t l o a l

In flated ,

e x tre m itie s.

sex ln e

little

eq u ato r,

e q u a t o r i a l m arg in
m o d erately

to

Its

n e x ln e

o rn am en tatio n

of th e

len g th ;

and u s u a l l y

p sllate

surfaoe v e rru o a te

sid e

equa­

body a t

sex ln e o f

oappa can be o b se rv e d

p en d an t,

re la tiv e ly

o e n tra l

th lo k

oap p a and I t s

d ista l

o rn am en tatio n

of

tw o -lay ered ;

th lo k ;

th ic k n e ss,

o o n v o lu te.

In

body g r e a t e r th a n

o u tlin e

E x ln e

a b o u t 0 . 5 raloron

m lo ra In

o e n tra l

body o v a l

h a v e an i r r e g u l a r o u t l i n e ,

lA teral e x tre m itie s .
th in ,

c en tral

flan k ed

correspond
saoous

168
bases up

to

4 .0

m lo ra w ide a t

ta p e r to w ard t h e i r
d ista l

lo n g itu d in a l

saoous b ases

len g th o f
e n tire

cen tral

len g th

e x tre m itie s
cappa.

equal

body.

to

The s u l o u s

th e

e x tre m itie s;

body,

u n ifo rm

th u s

of

less

th an

m ore o r l e s s

in

a b ru p tly

th ick en ed

len g th

slig h tly

trav erses

and te r m in a te s

ag ain st

o e n t e r and g e n e r a l l y

o r o n ly

S u lcu s

of c en tral

9 .0 m lo ra w id e ,

th e ir

w id th

at

its

5-0

to

lo n g itu d in al

e q u a t o r i a l m arg in

of th e

assu m es a som ew hat r e c t a n g u l a r

shape.
D im ensions*

41

(44)

^9

m lo ra

27

(29)

31

m lo ra

33

(33)

35

mi o ra

L en g th -sao o u s

25

(27)

32

m lo ra

W id th s a o o u s

17

(22)

24

m lo ra

T o ta l w id th
L en g th

cen tral

W id th c e n t r a l

body
body

DISCUSSION*
D istin g u ish in g
freq u en tly

fea tu res

c o lla p se d ,

of

th is

re la tiv e ly

rare

w ide

sp eo les

saool

are

h a v i n g an

irreg u lar o u tlin e

and m ore o r l e s s

p o in te d

as

th lo k en ed

s a o o u s b a s e s w hloh

th e pronounoed

flan k
tio n

th e
is

rectan g u lar

v a ria b le

d ista l

shaped

su lo u s.

P la te

18;

P la te

20;

fig s.
fig s.

sp.

11 -

ends,

as w ell

The o a p p a o r n a m e n ta ­

b u t alw ay s c o m p a ra tiv e ly
P h y llo o lad ld lte s

th e

ooarse.

HCH
14

9 - 1 2

DESCRIPTION*
B isaco ate
to ria l

o u tlin e ;

p o llen
w id th

g rain s;

cen tral

of d istin c t

body o v al

c en tral

in

equa­

body g r e a t e r

169
than le n * ? th |
at a ll,

In

beyond

of c e n tra l

p o l a r v iew ,
e q u a to ria l

body.

E x ln e

th ic k ,

p silate;

fin ely

ln frap u n o tate,

v erru o ate
stro n g ly

body;

spaoed,

and

d lstally .

d ista l

th e

S exln e o f

retlcu lu m .

a ttao h e d

tend
sacol

to

th ic k

b lu n t,

la te ra l

of sacol
body.
and a r e

equal

to

P ro x im al
little

rauoh t h i c k e n e d ,

or slig h tly

at

a ll

ex ten d

d istal

su lo u s

u n ifo rm

body,

ag ain st

th e

to g iv e

a reo ta n g u la r o u tlin e

D im ensions*

7 .0

Its

sex ln e

cen tral

W id th c e n t r a l

d istal

len g th
3 .0
to

at
to

body
body

th e
th e

prox lm o -

ln frarounded;

ro o ts,

len g th
to

and th e

L ength

o f c en tral
e q u ato r,

sacous bases
of

m lo ra

c en tral
th ic k

body

flan k in g

1 0 .0 m lo ra w ide,
a lm o st f u l l

lo n g itu d in al

T o ta l w id th
L en g th

of

p a rticu la rly

b lu n tly

d istal

ex ten d s

cen tral

th ic k en e d

at

sid e

o o n v o lu te.

th an

fu ll

up to

w id th ,

and a b u ts

o ften

th ick en ed ;

lip s

more o r l e s s

In flated ,

In d istin c t

sacol

less

a lm o st

D ista l

and d e n s e ,

attao h e d

to form p a r a l l e l - s i d e d
su lo u s.

fin ely

sacous b a se s n o t w id ely

of

are

saoous b ases
If

on d i s t a l

fo ld s n e a r th e ir

te rm in a tio n s

to

m o d erately

and w ith

e x tre m itie s

so m etim es b e a r r a d i a l

th ic k ,

be som ew hat f l a t t e n e d

e x tre m itie s,

L ateral

m icro n

1 .0

If

a b o u t 0 .5 m lo ro n

o f oappa g ra n u la te

and p ro x im al

sacol

to

far,

e x tre m itie s

n ex ln e

Sacol narrow ,

p en d an t,

at th e ir la te ra l

sacol

surface

ex ten d

of la te ra l

o f oappa 0 .5

o r o o n v o lu te.

cen tral

o u tlin e

tw o -lay ered ;

sex ln e

d lstally

sn o o i do n o t

of

len g th

of

e x tre m itie s

eq u ato r o f

th e

oappa

su lcu s.

27

( 32)

38

m lo ra

22

(26)

29

m lo ra

zh

(29)

35

ml e r a

170
L ength

saoous

23

( 2 5 ) 28

m lo ra

9

( 1 2 ) lU-

m lo ra

W idth s a o o u s
DISCUSSIONt
T his

sp eo les i s

o la d ld lte s

sp.

"B"

stro n g ly d i s t a l l y
rounded e n d s ,
oappa.

sim ila r to

in

from

p o s s e s s i n g m ore n a r r o w ,

pendant saool

and a l e s s

The s p e o l e s

but d iffe rs

is

h a v in g b lu n t

P h y llo -

fla tte n e d ,
to

b ro ad ly

pronounced o rn a m e n ta tio n

o f th e

a lw ay s r a r e .

P h y llo o lad ld lte s
P la te

19;

"D "

S£.

fig s.

1 - 3

DE SCR IP TIO Nt
B lsao o ate
In e q u a t o r i a l
e x tre m itie s
rounded.

p o lle n

g rain s;

o u tlin e ,

w id th

of

o e n tra l

E x ln e

le ss

1 .0

m io ro n

to

p u n c ta te *

body,

oappa e x te n d s

slig h tly

less

than

d istally

p en d an t,

o n to d i s t a l

th ic k en e d
of

fa in tly

and w ith

sdooi*

of

narrow ,
Saool

on d i s t a l

c lo se ly

in fra re tio u la te
fo ld in g

d istal

of

eq u ato r.

body.

th in ,
of

oappa

o e n tra l
Reduoed

w ith

len g th

stro n g ly

surfaoe;

spaced;

to

in

p o lar

o e n tra l

body.

in frap u n o tate,

at la te ra l

saoous b ases

- “

of

surfaoe

beyond e q u a to r o f

o o n v o lu te

D istin ct

oappa t h i n ,

th in ,

e n tire ly

saoous b ases

latera l

sh arp ly

e x tre m itie s

sid e

c o llap sed ,

sa o o l do n o t e x te n d

S ex in e o f oappa

som ew hat

ln fra p u n o ta te ,

At l a t e r a l

a ttao h e d

len g th ;

oval

o f oappa r e l a t i v e l y

th a t o f o e n tra l

proxim al and d i s t a l

tie s

sex ln e

th lo k ,

sa o c l w eakly i n f l a t e d ,

view ,

g r e a te r th an

tw o -la y e re d ; n ex in e o f

th ic k n e ss;

g ran u late

body e lo n g a te

body so m etim es

in d eterm in ate
th an

o e n tra l

e x tre m i­

th ic k en e d ,

171
up t o

2 .0

m lo ra

th lo k ,

e x ten d

body,

and

flan k

a w ide

s u lo u s o r le p to m a 11

w id th .
than

P ro x im al

d istal

alm o st e n ti r e

saoous b ases

c o n sid e ra b ly

len g th

of

o e n tra l

to 15 m lo ra In
less

th ick en ed

saoous b a se s.

D im en slo n si

T o ta l w id th
L en g th o e n t r a l
W id th o e n t r a l
L en g th
W idth

body
body

saoous
saoous

3^

(36)

38

m lo ra

26

(29)

32

m lo ra

3^

(36)

38

m lo ra

2*4- ( 2 6 )

28

m lo ra

11

1**

m lo ra

(13)

DISCUSSION I
O nly a
observed

few sp e cim en s o f

from

th e

M lo h lg an

th is

"Red

rare

19;

have been

B eds".

P h y llo o la d ld lte s
P la te

sp eo les

fig s.

sp.

"E"

6 - 1 1

D E SC R IP T IO N !
B lsao o ate
c irc u la r
u su a lly

In

slig h tly

E x ln e

ex ten d

surfaoe

oappa

onto
Sacol

th e

a ttao h e d

th e

d ista l

th in ,

beyond

fin ely

sid e

narrow ,

e n tire ly

len g th

w id th ;

th in

m argin

of

of e q u ato r a t

on d i s t a l

o u tlin e

to

to

of

saool
o e n tra l

th lo k ,

m lo ro -o o n v o lu te.
Is

o ften

Cappa e x te n d s

la te ra l

fre q u e n tly
of

body

1*5 m lo ra

m lo r a w ide

its

sub­

In d eterm in ate

oappa.

in fla te d ,
surfaoe

o e n tra l

p u n c ta te

3 .0

to

p o la r v iew ,

of

oappa 1 .0

sex ln e up to

w eak ly

of

in

n e x in e

g ra n u la te ,

e q u a to ria l

body oval

e q u a to ria l

of d istin c t

th lo k en ed

present a t

o u tlin e ;

tw o -lay ered ;

sex ln e

A band o f

o e n tra l

g r e a te r th an

th ic k n ess;
of

g rain s;

e q u a to ria l

do n o t u s u a l l y
body.

p o lle n

o e n tra l

e x tre m itie s.
o o lla p se d ,
body,

172
stro n g ly
th an ,

d ista lly

but

O u tlin e

so m etim es

of

saool

o o n v o lu te ly

Saool

fin ely

and d i s t a l

and
w ide
7 .0

b o th

on d i s t a l

m ore

len g th

of

tu d in a l

d ista l

m lo ra

in

o e n tra l

th an

body,

dense,

e x tre m itie s.
P ro x im al
o lo se ly

of

body.

o e n tra l

p ro x im al
len g th
lip s

saoous
of

S u lo u s

o e n tra l

about

ex te n d s

slig h tly

D istal

bases,
body,

2 .0 m lo ra

o r le p to m a w hich r a n g e s

may b e

and

th ic k en e d ,

p a ra lle l-sid e d

w id th .

less

body.

ln fra p u n o ta te .

surfaoe

su lcu s

o e n tra l

la te ra l

th ree -fo u rth s

form m ore o r l e s s
flan k in g

to

of

u su a lly

th ick en ed ,

th e ir

th lo k e n ed

sacol

len g th

Saool
at

of

b ases m o d era te ly

a p p ro x im ate ly

to 1 1 .0

to ,

In fra re tlo u la te

saoous b a s e s
ex ten d

fo ld ed

saoous

and

equal

len g th

rounded.

o ften

spaced,

p en d an t,

from

a lm o st- f u l l

w id er a t

lo n g i­

e x tre m itie s.

D im en sio n s 1

T o ta l w id th
L en g th

o e n tra l

W id th o e n t r a l
L ength
W id th

body
body

saoous
saoous

29

<3 *0

38

m lo ra

30

(33)

35

m lo ra

28

(30)

31

m lo ra

25

(28)

30

m lo ra

11

(15)

20

m lo ra

DISCUSSION 1
The a l m o s t
body h a v in g
the

rlra -llk e

featu res

of

o lro u la r

a len g th
m arg in al
th is

e q u a to ria l

slig h tly
cre st,

rare ly

o u tlin e

g re a te r
are

o o o u rrln g

than

among t h e
sp eo les.

of
its

th e

o e n tra l

w id th ,

and

d istin g u ish in g

173
P h y llo o la d ld lte s
P la te

19;

fig s.

12,

sp.

"F"

13,

15 -

18

DESCRIPTION »
B lsao o ate
c irc u la r

In

E x ln e

th ic k n ess;

what I n f l a t e d ,
A m arg in al

tw o -lay ered ;

cappa ru g u la te

co m p rised
Saool

body,

o o n sp lo u o u sly
o th er,

len g th

so m etim es

saoous

B oth d i s t a l
of

stro n g ly

P ro x im al

o f rounded,

dense,

ere a lm o st a s

l o n g a s m aximum l e n g t h

d istal

saoous

saoous

opaque

bases

bases.

are

e x ln e .

lo n g itu d in a l

e x tre m itie s

p letely

band o f th lo k e n e d

oappa a t

oval
th e

e q u ato ria l

e q u a to ria l

band

oval

of

shape

are

th e

w ith

e q u ato ria l

bases

of

are

saoous

of

on

eaoh

body;

at

th eir

so m etim es

Incom ­

w hloh e n o i r o l e s
saoous
a

sin g le

bases

as lo n g as

b a s e s m erge

The

bars

saoous

o e n tra l
h a lf

saool

bases

to

The d i s t a l

in

fo ld in g

su b -o y lin d rlc a l

ex ln e

m ore o r l e s s

len g th

so m etim es

p a ra lle l

a sim ila r,

reg io n .

th in ,

e x tre m itie s

a p p ro x im ate ly

B oth s a o o u s

sex ln e

o o n v o lu te

and d i s t a l

m ore o r l e s s

co m p rised

and

saoous

som e­

o o n v o lu te,

g r e a t e r th an

fin e

te rm in a l

th ic k ,

p en d an t,

bear ra d ia lly

of th lo k e n ed ,

p roxim al

or

very

and p ro x im al

th lo k e n ed ,

and a re

to

In d eterm i­

o o n v o lu te

d ista lly

equal

bases;

oappa.

to

sub­

lo n g er

of

m lo ra

2 .0

In flated ,

in fraretio u lu rn

saool

sid e

of

to

n e x ln e

of

of o e n tra l

d istal

p slla te

to

slig h tly

surfaoe

In flated ,

rounded.

u su a lly

oappa up

m o d erately

d istal

o u tlin e ,

body o v a l

of

orest

In d istin c t;

o e n tra l

sex ln e

may b e p r e s e n t .

n e a r th e

g rain s;

e q u a to ria l

th an w id e .
n a te

p o lle n

bases

and

p lan e.

b a n d may b e d i s r u p t e d

th e
th e
The

at

th e

174
ln te ra l
tim es

e x tre m itie s

recessed

th ic k ,

and

flan k

alm o st

th e

e n tire

In

la te ra lly
by t h e

th e

cen tral

and m erges w ith

The p a r a l l e l - s i d e d

29 m l c r a

of

d ista l

an

len g th ,

of

e q u ato rla lly

oval

saoous

band

W id th c e n t r a l
L en g th
W id th

body
body

saoous
saoous

It

Is

saocus

bases.

3 m lc ra

w hich

e x te n d s

S u lo u s

and

som e­

2 to

body.

bases

T o ta l w id th
o e n tra l

are

su lo u s,

In w id th ,

th lo k e n ed

L en g th

p ro x im al

o e n tra l

9 m lc ra

by t h e d i s t a l

th e

saoous bases

e lo n g a te

len g th

body w here

Is

averages

d e lim ite d

and lo n g itu d in a lly

of

e x ln e .

31

(36)

42

m lo ra

3*

(37)

40

m lo ra

27

(31)

34

m lo ra

34

(38)

41

m lc ra

14

(17)

18

m lo ra

DISCUSSION x
The s t r u c t u r e
sacous bases
to ria l
of

Beds".

c o n fig u ra tio n

and

th e

th lo k e n ed

of

th e

o e n tra l

sp eo les.

It

The

In te rp re ta tio n

reg io n

th is

and

above

ooours

of

e x ln a l

body

Is

rarely

band
th e

In

is

th e

th e

based

G e n u s AUMANCISPORITES ( A l p e m )
1958

A u m an o lsp o rltes

strla tu s

A lp em ,

p.

th ic k en e d
at

th e

equa­

d ia g n o stic
M ich ig an
on

fiv e

A u m a n clsp o rlte a

(A lp em )

Jan so n iu s,

"Red
sp ecim en s.

Jan so n iu s
89-,

p i.

2,

(ty p e
1962

aspect

p.

fig .

53

sp e cie s).

76 .

DIAGNOSIS*
B ila te ra l
n o n -sao o ate
P roxim al

or

p o lle n

p o ssessin g

surface

o ccasio n ally

g rain s;

oval

ru d im e n ta ry

lo n g itu d in a lly

b e fu ro a tln g ;

in

e q u a to ria l
term in a l

stria te ;

e q u a to ria l

rib

rib s

o u tlin e ;

sa co l.
(tae n ia e)

u su a lly

o o n tin u o u s.

175
A tran sv erse
sex ln al

su lo u s,

lip s,

bordered

trav erses

by th lo k e n ed

th e d i s t a l

p a ra lle l-sid e d

p o le*

DISCUSSION 't
T h is
to

the

a

strik in g

genus V ltta tln a .

a d istal
Pooook,
to

genus bears

th e

tran sv erse
(1 9 6 * 4 - ) ,

from

su lo u s

o o n sld ers

oh lam y d o sp erm ae,

sim ila rity

to

the

flan k ed

d iffers

p o lle n

o retao ea

sim ila rity
in

p o ssessin g

by th lo k e n e d

and d l s o u s s e s

P la te
V ltta tln a

w hioh i t

A u m an o lsp o rltes
in

to

lip s.

be

re la te d

d e ta il

its

o f W elw ltso h la .

A u m an o lsp o rltes

1962

m o rp h o lo g ica l

o retao eu s
16;

fig s.

Pooook;

(Pooook)
12,

p.

Pooook

13

70;

p i.

12;

fig s.

181, 182.
196*4

A u m an o lsp o rltes

o retao eu s

(Pooook)
1*4-1;

Pooook;

p i.

1,

p.

fig s.

139 3 - 5 .

DESCRIPTION >
P o llen
m en tary
the

saool

g rain

to b l u n t

sex ln e.

lac k in g

d isp o sed

Just d ista l

sy m m etrica l,

n ex ln e

g rain s

oval

ends,

w id th

tran sp aren t
S ex ln e

in

at
to

saool
th e

th e

and

in

on p r o x i m a l

surfaoe.

m ately 7 to

10 l o n g i t u d i n a l

to

5»0 m l o r a w i d e ,

branch;

rib s

eq u ato r.
o u tlin e

th an

h y a lin e ,

v a ria b le

th ic k n e ss,

P ro x im al

surfaoe

stria e ;

by g ro o v e s

ru d i­

e x tre m itie s

P o llen
w ith

len g th .

sm ooth,

ta p e r to w ard s

sep arated

tw o v e r y

lo n g itu d in a l

e q u a to ria l
g rea ter

o r w ith

of

b ila te ra lly
b ro ad ly

E x ln e

rounded

tw o -lay ered ;

and

th in n e r th an

up to

2 .0 m lo ra

rib b ed

In d iv id u a l

ends and

w ith
rib s

th ic k

ap p ro x i­
2 .0

o o o a slo n ally

a b o u t 0 .5 m io ro n

w id e.

176
An a p p a r e n t l y
e q u a to rla lly
in fla te d

co n tin u o u s

of

of
th e

by a t r a n s v e r s e
p o lar a re a .

g rain .

com p ressio n

th e

of

su lo u s

D ista l

saool

o f p ro x im al

lo n g

su lo u s

and

of

and

due

th e

d istal

of

g rain ,

to

c o lla p se

and

by tw o o o n s p l o u o u s ,

to

2 .0

lo n g itu d in a l

sm o o th 9 t r a v e r s e d

th ro u g h

flan k ed

faoe

slig h tly

th e

as le n g th

eaoh ab o u t

stria e

p ro x im al

at

surfaoe

In d eterm in ate

g rain ;

sex ln al lip s ,

th e

th ic k en e d

ru d im en tary

S u lo u s a lm o st a s
of

S exlne

th e

th e

s u lo u s w hich p a s s e s

o r ig in a l w id th

th lo k e n ed

e n o lro le s

and m erges w ith

sex ln e

e x tre m itie s

rib

3*0 m lo r a w id e .

ru d im en tary

saool

fin ely

In f r a p u n o t a t e .
D im ensions*

T o ta l

len g th

a p p ro x im ate ly

T o ta l w id th

31

m lo ra

40

m lo ra

ap p ro x im ately

DISCUSSION*
Two s p e o i m e n s
w hich w as In
specim en
su lo u s

is

1 Ips a r e
to

th e

aspect
and,

Is

of th is

a poor s ta te
com pressed,

c o lla p se d ,

are

of

oommon I n

ao o o rd ln g

Is w id esp read

to
in

of p re se rv a tio n .

but

th e

The "R ed

Pooook
P erm ian

Pooook
w estern

d ia g n o stic

(19 6* * -).
and

(196 * 1-),
C an ad ian

one o f

The f i g u r e d

som ew hat d i s t o r t e d ,

d istin g u ish a b le .

d e sc rip tio n

s p e o le s w ere o b s e rv e d ,

and

th e

th lo k e n e d

B e d s '*

se x ln al

speolm en

P o llen

of

d ista l

oonform s

sim ila r

some L o w e r M e s o z o l o
A u m an o lsp o rltes

stra ta

o retao eu s

Lower C re ta o e o u s

se d im e n ts.

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d e r K a m lso h e n S tu fe d e r
B u n d e s a n s t . , H. 2 , p p . 1 6 0

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r l a s s i o and th e Lower and M iddle J u r a s s l o in th e
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Manum, S . , i 9 6 0 , On t h e g e n u s P l t y o 3 p o r l t e s S e w a r d 1 9 1 ^ *
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Sew ard*
N y t t . Mag. f o r B o t . , v . b , p p . 1 1 - 1 5 *
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P a l a e o n t o g r a p h l o a Bd. I l l ,
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and S o h iz a e o e a e from U pper M a n n v llle s t r a t a o f th e
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P a l a e o n t o g r a p h l o a , B d . 9 8 , A b t . B, p p . 1 - 1 3 6 .
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Ages*

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The M a o m llla n
M cG raw -H ill,

In o .,

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33#

The o i l s h a l e s
B u ll T o rre y B ot.

PLATES

187
PLATE 1
(A ll
fiat

. :L
2,

Fixes.

C y a t h l d l t e s s p . ” AM.
P b 5312* s i . 1 ,
o o o r d . 3 7 - T 2 6 , ( f l a m . 3 28 m l c r a .
3

T r lle te sp^re "I" (o f. B lr e tls p o r ite s ).
P b 3 6 8 4 , s i . 1 , o o o r d . 4-7.7 - 1 1 9 * 5 * d l a m .
25 m l o r a .
Fix?. 2 - F o c u s o n e q u a t o r .
Fix?. 3 - F d c u s o n l a e s u r a e .
T r l l e t e s p o r e MHM.
P b 3684-,
50 - 128*76, d l a m . 26 m l c r a .

Flfr. ‘'*

Fix?.

5

Fixes. 6 ,

Fix?.

Ft*.

si.

1,

coord.

—

T r lle te score "E ".
Pb 5330, s i .
3 3 . 9 - 1 ^ 5 7 t F 7 d i e m . -3 3 0 m l o r a .

8,

ooord.

-

T rlle te
s p o r e " C " . P b 5315*
*<J1* 1* c o o r d . 4 3 . 8 - 1 T 6 .B 7 dTam. 25 m l o r a .
Flo:. 6 F o c u s on e q u a t o r .
Floe. 7 - F o c u s o n
com m issures.

7

8

Fixes. 9 ,

flxeures X 1000)

T o d l s p o r l t 3s s p . "A "•
Pb 5330, s i . 4 ,
o o o r d . 3 5 - ? ” - 1 1 8 . 7 * d l a m . 37 m l c r n .
10

11

Tr l l e t e s c o r e '*G " .
P b 5 3 1 9 * s i . 6* c o o r d .
l i d . 9 - l ^ T i T T dT am . 36 m l c r a .
Fix?. 9 F c o u s on e q u a t o r .
Fix?. 1 0 - ,,i’o o u s on
lfe su n e .

-

T rlle te
s p o r e "M ". Pb 5319*
4 l - 1 2 7 . 1 * d l a m . 26 m l o r a .

-

si.

6* c o o r d .

Flx?s. 1 2 ,

13

To d l s p o r l t e s s p . " B H.
Pb 5 3 3 0 , s i . 8 ,
c c o r d . * 3 3 ^ 1 2 5 . 1 , d la m . 37 m l o r a .
Fix?.
I P - F ocus on e q u a t o r .
F ix ? . 1 3 - F o c u s on
l a e s u r a e end e x ln e o rn a m e n t.

Fixes. 14-,

15

T rlle te
s c o r e ” fC", P b 5 3 3 0 , s i . 6 , c o o r d .
3 ^ , 6 - 1*54 74- d l a m . 4-6 m l o r a .
F ix ? . 1 4 F o o u s on l a e s u r a e a n d p r o x i m a l s u r f a o e
show lnx? f i n e I n f r a p u n o t a t I o n .
Fix?. 1 5 F o c u s o n e q u a t o r show lnx? t w o - l a y e r e d e x l n e .

Fixes. 1 6 ,

17

C a l a m o s p o i a s p . " AM•
Pb 5330, s i . 7 , c o o r d .
4 0 .7 - 12176, d lam . 47 m lc r a .
Fix?. 1 6 Focus on. e q u a to r.
F ix ? . 1 7 - F o c u s o n
com m issure s .

Fix?.

If-

U rd eterm ired t r l l e t e
o c o rd . 3 4 .2 - 1 1 4 .1 ,

spore.
?b 5 3 3 0 ,
d l a m . 40 m l c r a .

si.

8,

I
189
PLATE 2
(A ll
Fig.

X,

X 1000)

T r l l e t e s p o re "A ".
Pb 5330* s i . 6 ,
coord.
4 - 6 . 8 - 1 1 3 . H - , d T a m . 28 m l o r a .
F ig . 1 F o o u s on e q u a t o r .
F i g . 2 - F o c u s on
laesu rae.

2

T r l l e t e s p o r e ".A".
Pb 5315* s i . 4 , c o o r d .
4 0 . 3 - 1 2 5 . 3 , d l a m . 28 m l o r a .
F o c u s on
l a e s u r a e a n d p u n c t a t e p r o x i m a l s u *r f a c e .

FIk . 3

Figs.

4,

5

T r l l e t e s p o re "A".
Pb
5315* s i . 2 ,c o o r d .
3 5 . 2 - 1 2 1 . 4 , d T a m . 3 30 m l o r a . F i g . 4 Foous on e q u a t o r .
F i g . 5 - F o o u s on
laesu rae.

Figs.

6, ?

T r l l e t e s p o r e n A^ •
Pb 5319, s i . 4 , c o o rd .
3 5 .5 - 1 2 1 .3 * dTam. 22 m l o r a .
F ig . 6 F o o u s on e q u a t o r .
F i g . 7 - F o o u s on
lae su ra e.

Figs.

8, 9

T r l l e t e s p o r e " A M.
Pb 5315* s i . 4 , o o o r d .
4 9 * 7 - 125*8* dTam . 23 m l o r a .
F ig . 8 F o o u s on e q u a t o r a n d p u n c t a t e s u r f a c e .
F ig . 9 - Foous on l a e s u r a e .

Figs.

10,

11

T r l l e t e s p o r e "L" ( o f . C o n v o l u t i s p o r l t e s ) .
Pb $319* s i . 1 , “ o o o r d . - 3 3 . 9 - 1 2 7 . 6 ,
d l a m . 28 m l o r a .
F i g . 10 - F o o u s on c o n v o ­
lu te d is ta l su rface.
F i g . 11 - F o o u s on
la e s u r a e and p ro x im a l s u r f a c e .

Figs.

12,

13

L y o o p o d l u m s p o r l t e s s p . "A” .
Pb 3679* s i .
1 , o o o r d . 32.9- - 1 2 3 7 8 , H l a m . 32 m l o r a .
F i g . 12 - F o o u s on e q u a t o r a n d d i s t a l s u r ­
face.
F i g . 13 - F o o u s on l a e s u r a e .

Figs.

14,

15

T r l l e t e s p o re "D ".
Pb 5 3 3 0 , s i . 1 2 , ooord*
3 7 . 8 - 1 2 5 . 8 , d T a m . 36 m l o r a .
F ig . 14 Foous on s i n u o u s r a i s e d l i p s .
F ig . 15 F o o u s on s t r a i g h t o o m m l s s u r e s .

Fig.

Figs.

I

fig u res

l6

1 7 , 18

U n d u la tlsp o rltes s p .
o o o r d • 2 9 . 6 - I I 9T 2 ,

"A".
dTam.

Pb 5330, s i .
27 m lo r a .

8,

D e n s o l s p o r l t e s s p . " A M.
Pb 3653, s i . 2,
o o o rd .' 4 o . 5 - l T 5 . 4 , d la m . 53 m l o r a .
F ig .
17 - F o o u s on p r o x i m a l s u r f a c e a n d e q u a t o r
sh ow ing e q u a t o r i a l s e p a r a t i o n o f s e x ln e
and n e x l n e .
F i g . 1 8 - F o o u s on o p p o s i t e
e q u a t o r i a l o u t l i n e , sh ow ing e q u a t o r i a l
s e p a r a t i o n o f s e x l n e and n e x l n e .

L
w

i

I

\

I
N

PLATE 2

191
PLATE 3
(A ll

fig u res

X 1000)

Figs. I ,

2

V e r r u o o s l s p o r l t e s s p . WAW.
P b 5330* s i . 1 ,
o o o r d . - 4 3 .5 - 1 2 4 7 3 , d i a m . 35 m i o r a .
F i g . 1 - F oous on o o a r s e v e r r u o a e o f d i s t a l
surface.
F i g . 2 - Foous on l a e s u r a e .

F ig s.

3,

4

C l n g u l a t i s p o r i t e s o f . C. d i s t a v e r r u o o s u s
B rennerl
P b 5 3 3 0 , s i . 8 , c o o r d . - 3 9 «1 1 2 0 . 4 , d iam . 29 m io r a .
F i g . 3 - F o c u s on
v e r r u o a te d i s t a l su rfa c e and e q u a to r.
F ig .
4 - F o o u s on l a e s u r a e a n d p r o x i m a l s u r f a c e .

F ig s.

5,

6,

P ig .

7

9

C o n v e r r u o o s ls p o r lte s s p . "A ".
Pb 5319* s i . 4 ,
c o o r d . - 4 b . 7 - l l i . 3 * d ia m . 32 m io r a .
F i g s . 5* 6 - Two f o o u s l e v e l s s h o w i n g n a t u r e
o f d is ta l v erruoae.
F i g . 7 - F oous on l a e ­
surae .
C ln g u la tls p o rlte s of.
B r e n n e r Pb. 5 3 30,' s i .
d i a m . 29 m i o r a .

10

C. d l s t a v e r r u o o s u s
£ , o o o r d . 4 5 .2 - 117-S*

F ig s.

9,

F ig s.

II,

12

T r l l e t e spore "F ".
Pb 5315. s i . 4, o o o rd .
4 0 . 7 - 1 2 3 , d i a m . 23 m i o r a .
F I g . 11 F o o u s on d i s t a l v e r r u o a e .
F ig . 12 - Foous
on p r o x im a l s u r f a o e and l a e s u r a e .

F ig s,

13.

14

T r l l e t e spore »F".
Pb 5 3 1 5 . s i . 3, o o o r d .
3 b . 4 - 1 2 i , d i a m . 24 m i o r a .
F ig . 13 F o o u s on d i s t a l s u r f a o e .
F ig . 14 - Focus
on l a e s u r a e .

F ig s.

15.

F ig s.

17.

16

18

C ln g u la tis p o ri t e s d ls ta v e rru o o s u s B renner.
£b 5315. s i . 2 , o o ord. 4 9 .6 - 1 6 9 .1 . d iam .
34 m i o r a .
F i g . 9 - F o o u s on e q u a t o r a n d
d is ta l v erruoae.
F i g . 1 0 - F o o u s on l a e ­
surae .

C l n g u l a t l s p o r l t e s o f . C. d l s t a v e r r u o o s u s
B renner,
Pb 5 3 3 0 , s i . 5 . o o o r d . 3 8 . 2 1 2 2 . 2 , d ia m . 30 m i o r a .
F i g . 1 5 - F o o u s on
e q u a t o r and l a e s u r a e .
F i g . 1 6 - F o o u s on
v e rrv jo a te to c o n v o lu te d i s t a l s u r f a o e .
T r l l e t e sp o re "B ".
Pb 5315. s i . 2, o o o r d .
3 5 . 7 - 1 1 0 . 9 , d ie m . 32 m i o r a .
F ig . 17 F o o u s on d i s t a l s u r f a o e and e q u a t o r .
F ig .
18 - Foous on l a e s u r a e .

192
F ig.

19

L u n d b l a d l s p o r a . w l l l m o t t l B alm e; Pb 5 3 3 0 ,
s i . &, o o o r d . 3 1 . 6 - l i b . 7 , d i a m . 6 0 m i o r a .
O v e r a l l a s p e c t o f s p o r e sh o w in g d i s t a l
o rn am e n ta tio n , o av ate n e x ln o u s c e n tr a l body,
and r a d ia l e x tre m ity o f one la e s u r a .

P L ATE

3

P L ATE 3

194
PLATE 4
(A ll

Figs. 1 ,

2

fig u res

X 1000)

T r l l e t e s p o r e BJ H, P b 3 6 7 9 * s i . 2 , o o o r d .
*4-0.3 - 1 1 3 *7 * d T a m . 6 5 m i o r a .
F ig . 1 F o o u s on e q u a t o r s h o w in g o l a v a t e o r n a m e n t
and p ro x im al t e t r a d m ark.
F ig . 2 - Foous
on d i s t a l s u r f a o e sh o w in g d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
o lav a te p ro c e sse s.

F ig .

3

C y o a d o p l t e s s p . "A” .
P b 5330*
*4-5 - l i b . *4-, T e n g t E 39 m i o r a .

si.

F ig .

4

C y o a d o p lte s s p . "A ".
3 9 .3 - 1 ^ 2 . 8 , l e n g t h

Pb 3653*
38 m i o r a .

s i . 3* c o o r d .

F ig .

5

C y o a d o p l t e s s p . " A H.
5T.
11575 .l e n g t h

P b 5330*
4 2 m l. o r a .

s i . 9 * ooord.

F ig .

6

C y o a d o p ltes sp . "B".
5 1 .5 - 1 5 5 , " 6 , 1 en g th

P
PIb 5 3 1 9 *
33 m i o r a .

F ig.

7

F ig.

coord

6,

ooord.

C y o a d o p ltes s p .
” B " . P b 5315*
*4-9 . 9 - 1 0 8 . 5 , l e n g t h 3 4 m i o r a .

s i . 4,

ooord.

8

C y o ad o p ltes s p .
" B M. P b 5 3 3 0 ,
*4-2.2 - 1 ^ 5 , X e n g t K 3 5 m i o r a .

s i . 5,

ooord.

F ig .

9

C y o a d o p ltes s p .
" B " . P b 5 3 3 0 , s i . *4-, o o o r d .
*4-7.7 - 1 1 5 * 5 * l e n g t h 2 8 m i o r a .
S pecim en
w ith w ell d ev elo p ed th ic k e n e d s e x in a l l i p s
fla n k in g su lo u s.

F ig.

10

C y o ad o p ltes s p .
"B". Pb
5315* s i . 5 , o o o r d .
5 1 . 3 - 1 2 5 . 6 , l e n g t h 29 m i o r a .
S p ecim en
w ith w e ll-d e v elo p ed th ic k e n e d l i p s fla n k in g
su lo u s.

F ig .

11

C y o ad o p ltes s p .
" B " • P b 3653*
4 2 . 1 - 1 2 8 . 6 , l e n g t h 29 m i o r a .

F ig.

12

C y o a d o p ltes s p .
Pb 5315* s i .
3 7 - 1 1 3 . 6 , l e n g t h 21 m i o r a .

F i g s , . 13*

F ig.

15

14

si.

11,

4,

s i . 3*

ooord.

ooord.

G i n k g o r e t e o t l n a s p . " B 1*.
P b 5 3 1 9 * s i . 5*
o o o r a . *4-9*7 - 1 1 3 ^ 8 * l e n g t h 26 m i o r a .
F ig .
1 3 - F o o u s on d i s t a l s i d e s h o w i n g s u l o u s
and p u n c ta te (co rro d e d ?) e x ln e .
F ig . 14 F o o u s on e q u a t o r i a l o u t l i n e sh o w in g e x ln e
stru c tu re .
C y o a d o p l t e s s p . P b 5 3 2 9* s i . 6 ,
1 2 6 .*4- m i o r a , l e n g t h 4 2 m i o r a .

ooord.

38*5

195

F ig .

16

C y o ad o p ltes sp .
P b 5319* s i . 1 , o o o r d .
4 5 . 2 - i z o . 5 7 ^ - o n g t h 35 m i o r a .
T h is s p e c i­
m e n a p p e a r s t o b e I n f r a g r a n u l a t e t a n d m ay
b e l o n g t o C. s u b g r a n u l o s u s C o u p e r .

F ig .

17

G ln k g o re te o tln a sp . "B ".
Pb 3^84, s i . 1,
o o o r d . 5 4 . 4 - 1 2 7 7 4 , T e n g t h 34 m i o r a .
S peolm en e x h i b i t s l n f r a s e x l n a l o r n a m e n ta t io n .

F ig .

18

G ln k g o re te o tln a s p . "B ".
Pb 5330, s i .
o o o r d . 3 ^ . 2 - 1 1 * 2 7 3 , T e n g t h 30 m i o r a ,

F ig .

19

C h a s m a to s p o rlte s s p . "A ".
Pb 5330* s i . 1 ,
o o o r d . 1*6 - 1 1 1 . 8 , l e n g t h 4 0 m i o r a .
Foous
on d i s t a l s u r f a o e and s u l o u s .
T h i s may b e
an a b e r r a n t o r Im m atu re b l s a c o a t e p o l l e n
g rain w ith sa o o i.

4,

12
10

1 1

14

13

i

19

PLATE

4

197
PLATE 5
(A ll
Fig. 1 ,

2,

4,

F ig s.

fig u res
3

5,

6, 7

X 1000 u n le s s

o th erw ise

In d ic a te d )

C y o a d o p lte s s u b g r a n u l o s u s ( C ouper) P o o o c k .
P b ^ j i 9 * s T . 2 , o o o r d . 3o - 1 2 8 . 6 , l e n g t h
49 m l c r a .
F i g s . 1 a n d 2 - Two f o o u s l e v e l s
sh o w in g o v e r a l l a s p e c t o f g r a i n .
F ig . 3
(X 2 0 0 0 ) - F o o u s l e v e l s s h o w i n g l n f r a g ra n u la te n a tu re of se x ln e.
A rrow s p o i n t
to ln f r a g r a n u la tlo n .
G ln k g o rete o tln a

sp.

"A ".

P b 5319*

si.

2,

o o o r d . 3 ^ .5 - 1 2 8 7 9 , T en g th 59 m io ra .
F i g s . 4 a n d 5 - Two f o o u s l e v e l s s h o w i n g
o v e ra ll aspect of g rain .
F i g . 6 - F o o u s on
T e g llla te sex ln e.
F i g . 7 - (X 2 0 0 0 ) S a n e
view a s F ig . 6 .
A rrow s I n d i c a t i n g t e g l l l a t e
sex ln e.

Flo:.

8

F ig .

9

E x e s l p o l l e n l t e s tu m u lu s B alm e.
sT . 1 , o o o rd . 50 - 1 ^ 2 .5 * d ia m .

Flo:.

10

E x e 3 lp o l l e n 1 t e s t u m u l u s B a l m e .
P b 5315*
s i . 2 , o o o r d . 3*+*5 - 121.3, d i a m . 26 m i o r a .

F ig s., 11,

Flo;.

G l n k g o r e t e o t l n g o f . G. s £ . " A " .
Pb 5330,
s i . 9 , o o o r d • 4 0 . 7 - 1 1 5 7 2 , T ength 46 m iora.

12

13

Pb 5319*
21 m i o r a .

E x e s l p o l l e n l t e s tu m u lu s B alm e.
Pb 5315*
s i . 1 , o o o r d . 4 0 .7 - 1 1 8 . 6 , d ia m . 34 m io r a .
F i g . 11 - F oo us on e q u a t o r , sh o w in g p r o j e c t ­
in g g ra n u le s .
F i g . 1 2 - F o p u s on e x l n e
s u r f a o e , sh o w in g s o a t t e r e d g r a n u l e s .
B x e s l p o l l e n l t e s tu m u lu s B alm e.
Pb 5319*
s i . 1, ooord. 58.4 - l£ 8 .6 , diam. 25 miora.
Speoimen with granules clustered over d i s t a l
leptoma.

Flo:. 1 4

E x e s l p o l l e n l t e s tu m u lu s B alm e.
Pb 5319*
s i . 3 , o o o r d . 3 4 . 6 - 1 2 2 , d i a m . 28 m i o r a .
S p ecim en w i t h g r a n u l e s s o a t t e r e d o v e r e x ln e
surfaoe.

Figs, . 15* 16

Spher lp o lle n 1t e s soabratus Couper. Pb 5315*
s i . 1, ooord. 40 - 1 2 9 , diam. 36 miora.
F i g . 1 5 - F o o u s on e q u a t o r , s h o w in g sm o o th
su rfa o e of e x in e .
F i g . 16 - Foous on l n f r a s e x ln a l o rn am e n ta tio n .

PLATE 5

199
PLATE 6
(A ll

fig u res

X 1000)

F ig .

1

S p h e r l p o l l e n l t e s s o a b r a t u s C o u p er. Pb 3653,
s i . 3* o o o r d . j>7*6 - 1 1 5 *7 * d i a m . 3 6 m i o r a .
B roken sp ecim en r e v e a l i n g l n f r a s e x l n a l
n a tu re o f o rn am e n ta tio n .

F ig .

2

S p h e r l p o l l e n l t e s s o a b r a t u s C o u p e r . P b 5319*
s i . l f o o o r d . 5 7 * 3 - 126.44-, d i a m . 30 m i o r a .
S p ecim en sh o w in g s m a ll l e p to m a ( ? ) o r p i t .

F ig .

3

S p h e r l p o l l e n 1 t e s s o a b r a t u s C o u p e r . P b 3653*
s i . 3• o o o r d . 5 5 * 7 - 1 2 2 . l f d i a m . 36 m i o r a .
F oous on d i s t a l s u r f a o e sh o w in g f a i n t l e p to m ate p o r e .

F ig .

*4-

S p h e r l p o l l e n l t e s s o a b r a t u s C o u p e r . P b 3 6 8 *4-,
s i . 1 , o o o r d . 5 0 . 1 - 1 0 9 * *4-, d i a m . 3*4- m i o r a .
P h a s e c o n t r a s t s h o w i n g l e p t o m a t e p o r e on
d is ta l surfaoe.

F ig s.

5, 6, 7

C la s s o p o llls s p . "A ".
Pb 5319» s i . 2 , o o o r d .
44-3.1 - 1 2 5 , d i a m . 1+2 m i o r a .
F ig . 5 - Foous
on e q u a t o r sh o w in g l n f r a b a o u l a t e " r o d s ” .
F i g . 6 - F o o u s on t h i c k e n e d s e x l n a l b a n d
d l s t a l l y b o rd erin g rin g te n u lta s .
F ig . 7 F o o u s on d i s t a l p o l a r r e g i o n s h o w in g p o r e
And o o a r s e l n f r a s e x l n a l o r n a m e n t a t i o n .

F ig s.

8 , 9 , 10

C l a s s o p o l l l s s p . "A ".
P b 36.79* s i . 2 , o o o r d .
3 7 . S - 1 1 8 . 7 , d i a m T 4*4- m i o r a .
F ig . 8 F o o u s on e q u a t o r a n d l n f r a b a o u l a t e " r o d s " .
F i g . 9 - F oo us on r i n g t e n u l t a s and d l s t a l l y
fla n k in g , th lo k en ed s e x ln a l band.
F i g . 10 F o o u s on d i s t a l p o l a r a r e a , s h o w in g o o a r s e
ln f r a s e x ln a l o rn am e n ta tio n .

F ig s.

11,
13,

12,
1*4-

C l a s s o p o l l l s s p . " A " . P b 3 6 5 3 * s i . 3*
coord.
44-1.8 - l l * 4 - . 7 , ~ " d i a m 7 3 6 m i o r a .
F ig . 11 F o o u s on e q u a t o r .
F i g . 1 2 - F oous on r i n g
t e n u l t a s and d l s t a l l y f l a n k in g s e x l n a l band.
F ig . 13 - F oous on p ro x im a l p o l a r r e g io n
sh o w in g t r i a n g u l a r t e t r a d m ark .
F i g . 1*4- F o o u s on d i s t a l p o l a r r e g i o n s h o w in g l e p t o ­
m ate p o r e .

F ig .

15

C lasso p o llls sp . ”
• Pb 5319*
3 7 - 1 2 j), d i a m . 33*”m l o r a .

si.

5*

ooord.

F ig .

16

C l a s s o p o l ll s s p . "A ".
Pb 5319* s i . 1 , o o o r d .
44-3 . 44- - 1 2 4 ^ . 8 , d i a m . 3 9 m i o r a .
S peoim en w ith
co n sp icu o u s e q u a to r ia i ln f r a b a o u la te " ro d s " .

200
Fig. 17

C lassopollls sp. "A". Pb 5319* s i . 1, ooord.
39 - 1 1 0 . 2 , diam.
miora.
Foous on triangu­
l a r exlnal thinning a t proximal pole, and
on eq u ato rial lnfrabaoulate ’’rods."

Fig. 18

C lassopollls sp. "A". Pb
1+7 .8 - 1 2 *f.*+, diamT 3 *+ miora.

s i.

1,

ooord.

PLATE

6

202
PLATE 7

(All figures X 1000 unless indicated otherwise)

F ig . 1

C lassopollls sp. "A".
Pb 5313* s i . 7,
ooord. ^^.3 - 1 2 3 .T, diam. $1 miora.
An
abnormally larg e in div idu al.

Fig. 2

C lassopollls olassoldes Pflug.
Pb 5330*
s i . B# ooord. 3 2 . 7 - 1 1 5 * diam. of indiv­
idual grains & 30 miora.
A ra re ly ooourring
te tr a d .

Figa. 3,

4

C lassopollls olassoldes Pflug.
Pb 5319*
s i . 1, ooord. 46.1 - l i d . 7 , diam. 33 miora.
Pig. 3 - Side view of broken speoimen with
portion of proximal hemisphere missing, show­
ing sexlne, nexlne, in fra -s e x ln a l nature of
e q u ato rial s tr ia te d band, rin g te n u lta s,
and d i s t a l pore laoking sexlne.
Fig. 4 Same speoimen X 2000.
Note th a t ring tenu­
l t a s (lndloated by arrow) is a thinned,
indentation of sexlne whloh apparently
does not e ffeo t thiokness of nexlne. -

Fig. 5

C lassopollls
olassoldes Pflug.
Pb 3712,
s i . 2, ooord. ^ . 5 - 1 1 3 *1 * diam. 33 miora.
Compressed speoimen showing d i s t a l pore and
proximal tr l r a d l a t e te tra d mark.

Fig. 6

C lassopollls
olassoldes Pflug.
Pb 5319*
s i . 1 , ooord.
- 119.
diam. 30 miora.
Side view showing thiokened e q u ato rial band,
ring te n u lta s , thiokened sexlnal band d l s t a l l y
flanking te n u lta s , and d i s t a l pore.

Figs. 7*

8

Figs. 9,

10

C lassopollls
olassoldes Pflug.
Pb 3653*
s i . £, coord. 3 ^ .6 - 1 1 7 . 2 , diam. 28 miora.
Fig. 9 - Side view showing thiokened equa­
t o r i a l sexlnal band with i n f r a - s t r i a e , and
rin g te n u lta s formed by sexlne thinning.
Fig. 10 - Same speoimen X 2000.

F i g s . 11, 12

C lassopollls
olassoldes Pflug.
Pb 3653*
s i.
ooori. 3^*^ - 115*1* diam. 27 ralora.
Fig. 11 - Foous on equator.
Fig. 12- Foous
on ring te n u lta s and d l s t a l l y flanking
thiokened band.

C lassopollls
olassoldes Pflug.
Pb 5319, s i . 2,
ooord. 35 - 120.9, diam. 27 miora.
Fig. 7 Foous on equator.
Fig. 8 - Foous on proxi­
mal polar region showing tria n g u la r te tra d
mark oomprised of thinned or absent sexlne.

203
Fig. 13

C lassopollls gp. "B".
Pb 368 **-, s i . 1*
ooord.
- i l 9 . ^ f diam. 25 miora.
Foous
on ooarse in frag ran u latio n of sexlne.

Pig. lfc

C lassopollls olassoldes Pflug.
Pb 3712,
s i . £, ooord. 3 ^ .8 - 1 ^0 , diam. 26 miora.

Fig. 15

C lassopollls olassoldes Pflug.
Pb 3712, s i .
ooord. 39*7 - 112.1, diam. 29 miora.

Fig. 16

C lassopollls sp. "B*.
Pb 3688 , s i . 1, ooord.
3 2 .5 - 1 2 7 *3 ,"alamT 29 miora. L ateral view,
showing ooarse ln fra se x ln a l ornamentation,
esp eo ially near eq u ato rial region, and
eq u ato rial s t r i a e .

Fig. 17

C lassopollls sp. "B".
Pb 3^53f s i . 3* ooord.
29.4 - l l d . 9 , dlamT 30 miora.
Speoimen
shows ooarse ln fra se x ln a l ornamentation.

Figs ,

18, 19

C lassopollls sp. "B*• Pb 3^79• s i . 2, ooord.
40.8 - 1 2 1 . 8 , alamT 31 miora.
Fig. 18 Foous on equator, showing pronounoed, r a d ia lly
disposed lnfrabaoulate "rods*1.
Fig. 19 Foous on ooarse Infrag ran u latio n of sexlne.

Figs .

20, 21

C lassopollls sp. "B".
Pb 3653» s i . 2, ooord.
4^.8 - 1 1 § . 2 , ulamT 27 miora.
Fig. 20 Foous on equator and lnfrabaoulate "rods*•
Fig. 21 - Foous on coarsely in frag ran u late
sexlne.

PLATE

7

205
PLATE 8
(All fig u re s X 1000)

Fig. 1

C lassopollls sp. "C".
Pb 3^79* s i . 2,
coord. 3^.1 - ”121.T, diam. 35 n lo ra .
Note
dense, opaque nexlnal body enveloped by
loosely appressed, e q u a to rla lly s tr ia te d
sexlne.
Light area in center of nexlnal
body re p resen ts d i s t a l leptomate pore,
proximal te tra d mark, o r both.

2

C lassopollls sp. "C". Pb 5313* s i .
**3 - 113.1' dTam. 37 miora.

7* ooord.

Fig- 3

C lassopollls sp. "C". Pb 5330, s i .
41.5 - 119 * diam. 30 miora.

9,

Fig. 4

C lassopollls sp . " C . Pb 5330, s i . 4, ooord.
46.7 - l i d . a , alamT 28 miora.
The l i g h t
area In oenter of opaque nexlnal body co rres­
ponds to the d i s t a l deptomate pore oomprlsed
of thinned o r absent nexlne and sexlne (7 ).

Fig.

Fig.

5

C lassopollls sp.

"C".

Pb 5330, s i .

36.7 - 1 2 5 . 3 , dlamT 23 m io ra .

8,

ooord.

ooord.

Figs . 6, 7

C lassopollls s p . HC".
Pb 5315* s i . 4, ooord.
43.1 - 1 2 4 . 2 , dlamT 24 miora.
Fig. 6 Overall aspeot showing opaque nexlne and
loose, hyaline sexlne.
Fig. 7 - Poous on
lig h t area ( d i s t a l leptomate. pore?) In
oenter of nexlne.

Fig. 8

C lassopollls sp . "C".
Pb 5312,
46.7 - 1 1 1 . 2, dlamT 26 m io ra .

Fig. 9

C lassopollls sp. Pb 3^88, s i . 1, ooord.
31.5 - 123.6, diam. 42 miora.
Speoimen with
sexlne lo osely appressed to nexlnal o e n tral
body.
Note arouate e q u a to rla lly s tr ia te d
band of sexlne.

Fig. 10

C lassopollls sp.
Pb 5330, s i . 6, ooord.
39.4 - 1 2 1 . 7 , diam. 34 miora.
Speoimen
apparently laoklng e it h e r e x tra - or ln f r a sexlnous ornamentation of any kind.
Note
well developed d i s t a l leptomate pore and
oonsplouous dark thiokened sexlne band
d l s t a l l y flanking rin g te n u lta s .

Fig. 11, 12

C lassopollls sp.
Pb 3653* e l . 2, ooord.
43.3 - 1 2 7 . 3 , diam. 19 miora.
A very small.
Immature g ra in , possibly of C. o la sso ld e s.

s i.

3, ooord.

206
Pig. 11 - Foous e q u a to ria l o u tlin e .

Pig.

1 2 - Poous on proximal su rfao e 9 showing
trira d ia te

te tr a d mark.

Fig. 13

Cf. C orollina meyerlana (Klaus) Venkataohala
and Gooz&n.
Pb *>3l0, s i . 4, ooord. 39*9 116.1 v diam. of in d iv id u al g rain s 9 28
miora.
This may be a te tr a d of C lasso p ollls
in whloh the sexlne has been oorroded o r
not preserved.

Fig. 14-

Euoommlldltes tro e d sso n ll Erdtman.
Pb 5319•
s i . 2, ooord. 42 - 124.0, len g th 38 miora.
Pro x im al-d istal o rie n ta tio n of oompressed
grain showing "key-holeH-shaped d i s t a l sulous
flanked by a p a ir of proxlmally disposed
arouate te n u lta te s .

Fig. 15

Euoommlldltes tro e d sso n ll Erdtman.
s i . 4, ooord. 44.1 - 116.6, len g th

Pb 5315*
43 miora.

Fig. 16

Euoommlldltes tro e d sso n ll Erdtman.
s i . 6 , ooord. 37.4 - 122.4, len g th

Pb 5330*
35 miora.

Fig. 17

Euoommlldltes tro e d sso n ll Erdtman.
s i . £, ooord. 42.6 - 121.4, len g th

Pb 5319*
38 miora.

Fig. 18

Euoommlldltes minor Groot and Penny.
Pb 5319*
s i . 2 , ooord. 3 1 . tJ - 1 1 8 . 3 , len g th 27 miora.
Note dark, thiokened sex ln al l i p s flanking
d i s t a l sulous.
A p a ir of arouate te n u lta te s
are present n ear the equator on the proximal
su rfao e•

Fig. 19

Euoommlldltes minor Groot and Penny.
Pb
53jJ6, s i . 6 * ooord• 42.8 - 118.7, length
26 miora.

Fig.

20

Euoommlldltes minor Groot and Penny.
Pb
5319* s i . £, ooord. 34 - 110.9* length 26
miora.

F lS .

21

Euoommlldltes minor Groot and Penny.
Pb
5319* s i . 2 , ooord. 45*8 - 1 1 1 . 6 , length 24
miora.

Fig.

22

RnnnwHii l d l t e s minor Groot and Penny.
Pb
5 3 3 6 * s i . 4, ooord• 47.4 - 120, length
22 miora.

PLATE

8

208
PLATE 9

(all figures X 1000 unless Indicated otherwise)
Pigs* 1,

10

Euoommlldltes sp. " A " .
Pb 5319» s i . 2 #
ooord. 42.5 - T27«97 length 30 miora.
Pig.
1 - Overall aspeot showing l a t e r a l symmetri­
cal folding a t p o sitio n of te n u lta te s Just
proximal to equator.
Pig. 10 - Same speoimen
X 2000.
Arrows point to infrapunotate
( t e g llla te ? ) sexlne, and to Infolded tenui t a t e s flanking d i s ta l sulous.

Pigs. 2 ,

3

Euoommlldltes sp. " A " .
Pb 5319* s i . 1, ooord.
32.4 - 113*5, TengtK 31 miora. . Fig. 2 Poous on equator and d i s t a l faoe.
Arrow
p oints to Infrapunotate ( te g lll a te ? ) sexlne.
Pig. 3 - Poous on p itte d proximal surfaoe.

5

Euoommlldltes sp. " A " .
Pb 5319* s i . 5, ooord.
99.0 - lzd.5* TengtK 29 miora.
Pig. 4 Poous on d i s t a l faoe and sulous.
Pig. 5 “
Poous on p itte d proximal surfaoe.

Pigs.

Pig.

>

Pigs. 7,

Euoommlldltes o f. sp. "A*.
Pb 5319* s i .
ooord. 4 8 . 2 - 1 1 6 , lengKh 2 8 miora.

8, 9

l f

Euoommlldltessp. "B".
Pb 5319* s i . 5* ooord.
47.1 - 111*3* len g th 29- miora.
Pig. 7 Poous on d i s t a l faoe and sulous.
Pig. 8 Poous on p itte d proximal -faoe.
Pig. 9 Phase c o n tra s t.
Poous on proximal faoe
showing large p i t s In exlne.

Pigs. 11, 12
13* 14

Euoommlldltes sp. "B".
Pb 3684, s i . 1, ooord.
40.9 - 1 1 7 *3 * TengtK 22 miora.
Pig. 11
Poous on d i s t a l surfaoe and sulous.
Pig.
12- Phase o o n tra st.
Poous on d i s t a l surfaoe
and sulous.
Pig. 13 - Poous on p itte d proxi­
mal surfaoe.
Pig. 14 - Phase o o n tra st.
Poous on p itte d proximal surfaoe.

Figs. 15. 16

Euoommlldltes sp. ”B".
Pb 5315. s i . 1. ooord.
41 - T&57*r, length "26 miora.
Pig. 15 Poous on d i s t a l faoe.
Pig. 16 - Poous on
p itte d proximal faoe.

Figs. 17* 19

Euoommlldltes sp. *BH.
Pb 5330* s i . 5*
o o o rd . 3? . 5 - T l6 , T e n g th 23 m io r a .
F ig .
17 - Poous on d i s t a l faoe.
Pig. 18 - Poous
on p itte d proximal faoe.

Pigs. 1 9 *

E u o o m m lld lte s s p . "B * .
Pb 3712, s i . 1 ,
o o o rd .
^ - T2 7 . K , l e n g t h 2 5 m i o r a .

20

209
Pig. 19 - Poous on d is ta l.f a o e .
Fig. 20 Phase o o n tra st.
Poous on p itte d proximal
faoe.

Pigs. 21, 22,
23, 2k

F ig s .

P ig s .

Euoommlldltes sp. "C".
Pb 3653, s i . 3,
ooord. 3 6 .6 - T1 7 . 7T length 23 miora.
Pig. 21 - Poous on equator, showing terminal
au rlo u late processes.
Fig. 22 - Poous on
p itte d proximal faoe.
Pig. 23 - Phase
o o n tra st.
Poous on p itte d proximal surface.
Pig. 2 k - Phase o o n trast, showing nature of
terminal a u rlo u la te processes and outlines
of o ra l d i s t a l sulous and arouate proximal
te n u lta te s near equator.

25#

26 Euoommlldltea sp. "C".
Pb 5310, s i . 11,
ooord. s-l.fc - T i2 .37 length 28 miora.
Pig.
25 - O rerail aspeot of g rain . Pig. 26 Phase o o n tra st, showing o u tlin e s of terminal
au rlo u late prooesses, oral d i s t a l sulous,
and flanking proximal te n u lta te s .

27,

28 Euoommlldltes sp. **0". Pb 5330, s i . 6 ,
30 ooord. $ k - 12*279, Tength 26 miora.
Fig.
27 - Poous on d i s t a l sulous and terminal
au rlo u late prooesses.
Pig. 28 - Poous on
p itte d proximal surfaoe.
Pig. 29 - Phase
o o n trast.
Poous on d i s t a l sulous and terminal
au rlo u late prooess.
Pig. 30 - Phase o o n trast.
Poous on p itte d proximal surfaoe.

29,

P L ATE

9

211
PLATE 10
(All fig u re s X 1000)
Pigs.

,, 2

Z onalapollenltes sp. "C".
Pb 5315i s i . b,
ooord. bO. 5 - 11672, dTam. 33 miora.
Pig.
1 - Poous on equator and d i s t a l fade show­
ing extension of oompaot convolutions of
sexlne onto the d i s t a l faoe where jbhey
surround the small, o lro u la r leptomate pore.
Fig. 2 - Poous on proximal faoe showing
olosely spaoed, o lro u la r to oval s Oaped
sexlnal oonvolutions.

Pigs.

I, b

Z onalapollenltes a p. "C".
Pb 5319* s i . 1,
ooord. b8 - l l ? . 8 , diam. 32 miora.
Pig. 3 Foous on equator and d i s t a l faoe.
Note
small leptomate pore, surrounded by d i s t a l
extensions o f oompaotly spaoed sexlnal convo­
lu tio n s .
Pig. 4 - Poous on proximal p o lar
region showing d is tr ib u tio n of densely
spaoed sexlnal oonvolutions.
i

F ig s .

>,

Z o n alspo llen ltes sp. "C". Pb 533Q# -el. 8,
ooord. 3 !?.5 - 120 T0 , dTam. 31 miora.
Pig.
5 - Poous on equator and d i s t a l fa^oe, showing
r e la t i v e ly la r g e r leptomate pore and le s s
in te n se ly oonvolute sexlne.
Pig. 6 - Poous
on proximal faoe, showing comparatively
lo o sely spaoed oonvolutions having elongate,
slnous o u tlin e , r a th e r than a o lro u la r out­
l i n e as in Pig. 2.
Note trl'radlatje la e su ra e .

8

P ig s .

F ig s .

6

>,

10

Z onalapollenltes sp. "G". Pb 531<J, s i .
5#
- 11278, dTam. 32 mloij'a.
Pig.
7 - Poous on equator and d i s t a l faoe. Note
r e la t i v e ly larg e leptomate pore stirrounded
by le s s In ten sely oonvolute sexln^.
Pig.
8 - Foous on proximal faoe, showing lo osely
spaoed, elongate and sinuous sexlnal
oonvolutions.
j

o o o rd . 5 6 .7

Z onalapollenltes sp. "C". Pb 5319# s i .
1,
ooord. bo.b - 111 T5 # dTam. 31 miora.
Pigs.
9 - Poous on equator and d i s t a l fboe.
Leptomate pore, covering muoh of d i s t a l faoe,
i s poorly delineated by weakly oonvolute
sexlne.
Pig. 10 - Foous on extremely elongate,
narrow, sinuous, and lo o sely paok^d sexlnal
oonvolutions of proximal faoe.
Contrast
with the oonvolutions as developed in P ig s.
2 , b, 6, and 8 .

212

Pigs,

11, 12

Z onalapollenltes mesozoious (Couper) n.
oomb. Pb £ $ ± 5 , s i . i , ooord. 45*1» - 1 2 6 . 8 ,
diam. 41 miora.
Pig. 11 - Poous on equator
and d i s t a l faoe, showing in te n se ly oonvolute
sexlne extending d i s t a l l y from the equator
and surrounding small leptomate pore.
Pig.
12 - Poous on oompaotly spaoed proximal sexin a l oonvolutions.
Individual oonvolutions
suhoiroular to oval in o u tlin e .

Pigs. 13, 14

Z onalapollenltes mesozoious (Couper) n.
comb.
Pb 5315, s i . 4, ooord. 40*9 - 123*4,
diam. 46 miora.
Pig. 13 - Poous on equator
and d i s t a l faoe bearing leptomate pore
surrounded by t i g h t ly oonvolute sexine.
Pig. 1** - Poous on proximal faoe.
Convolu­
tio n s somewhat le s s densely spaoed and more
elongate in o u tlin e than those shown in
Pig. 12.

Pigs. 15* 16

Z onalapollenltes mesozoious (Couper) n.
oomb.
Pb 5 3 1 5 , s i . 2, ooord. 48.4 - 126.4,
diam. 44 miora.
Pig. 15 - Poous on equator
and d i s t a l faoe.
Note la r g e r leptomate pore
and le s s In ten sely oonvolute sexlne than
th a t shown in Pig. 11.
Pig. 16 - Poous on
oonvolutions of proximal sexlne.

Figs. 17, 18

Z onalapollenltes mesozoious (Couper) n.
oomb.
Pb 5319* s i . 6 , ooord. 34.9 - 113.1,
diam. 46 miora.
P ig. 17 - Poous on equator
and d i s t a l leptomate pore.
Pig. 18 - Poous
on oomparatlvely lo o sely paoked sexlnal
oonvolutions of proximal fao e.
Note the
narrow, elongate o u tlin e of sinuous oonvolu­
tio n s as oompared to those in Pig. 12.

PLATE

10

21k
PLATE 1 1
(A ll

fig u r e s

X 1000)

Pigs* 1,

Z onalapollenltes mesozoious (Couper) n .
oomb.
Pb 5330, s i . i l , ooord. 31 - 115.8,
diam. k-7 miora.
Fig. 1 - Poous on equator
and d i s t a l faoe, showing r e la tiv e ly la rg e
leptomate pore and le s s In ten sely oonvolute
sexlne surrounding leptomate pore.
Fig. 2 Foous on lo o sely spaoed, narrow, elongate
and sinuous convolutions, of proximal sexlne.

Pigs, 3*

Z onalapollenltes mesozoious (Couper) n .
oomb.
Pb 5 3 1 9 * s i . 1 , ooord. kk.6 - 1 2 k . 6 ,
diam. 51 miora.
Fig. 3 - Foous on compara­
tiv e ly weakly oonvolute sexlne a t e q u a to ria l
region, and on leptomate pore oooupylng
muoh of d i s t a l faoe.
Fig. k - Foous on
very lo o sely spaoed, extremely elongate,
narrow and sinuous proximal oonvolutions.

Pigs. 5t

Z onalapollenltes mesozoious (Couper) n .
oomb.
Pb ^319, s i . 3 , ooord. 35*3 - l l 6 .k ,
diam. 52 miora.
Fig. 5 - Foous on equator
and leptomate pore oooupylng most of d i s t a l
su rfao e.
Convolutions oooupylng most of
d i s t a l surfaoe.
Convolutions o f e q u a to ria l
and d i s t a l regions g re a tly reduoed.
Fig. 6 Foous on proximal su rfa ce .
Ornamentation
reduoed to a few narrow, elongate, sinuous
oonvolutions.

Fig. 7

Z onalapollenltes mesozoious (Couper) n .
oomb. Pb 5319* s i .
ooord. k-2.3 - 115*1*
diam. k6 miora.
Foous on proximal convolu­
tio n s .

Pig. 8

Z onalapollenltes a t • Z. mesozoious (Couper)
n . oomb.
Pb 3712, s i . 1 , ooord. 4-3.7 122.5* diam. 55 miora.
Foous on e q u a to ria l
o u tlin e showing la rg e leptomate pore surrounded
by moderately oonvolute sexlne.
Speoimen
bears t r i r a d i a t e te tr a d mark on proximal
surfaoe.

Fig. 9

Z onalapollenltes sp.
Pb 5319* s i . 1, ooord.
diam. 58 miora.
This speci­
men, sim ila r to the T. mesozoious type,
e x h ib its a degree of""equatorial separation
o f sexlne and nexlne oommon to the T.
damplerl type.

0-8 . 2 -

Z onalapollenltes b p . "A".
Pb 5330* s i . 5*
ooord. 3 ^ diem. 4-8 mlora.
Pig.
10 - Foous on equator and d i s t a l faoe.
Note
e q u a to ria l sep aratio n o f nexlne and sexlne,
and moderate to strong convolutions extending
4 1 s ta lly from equator to surround le p to mate pore.
Pig. 11 - Foous on proximal
sex ln al convolutions.
Z onalapollenltes sp. "A".
Pb 5319* s i . 2,
ooord. ^4.8 - 11573, dTam. **>8 mlora.
Foous
le v e l d ep letin g narrow, orenulate equa­
t o r i a l saoous and d i s t a l sexlnal convolutions
surrounding small leptomate pore.

217
PLATE 1 2
(A ll fig u r e s

X 1000)

P igs

l t 2

Z onalapollenltes ap. "A".
Pb 5315* s i . 1,
o o o r d . **7.6 - 1z7T7» dTam. 53 m io r a . Fig.
1 - Foous on e q u a to ria l saoous and d i s t a l
sex ln al convolutions surrounding leptornate
pore.
Fig. 2 - Foous on proximal t r l r a d i a t e
te tr a d mark.

F ig s

3»

Z onalapollenltes damplerl Balae. Pb 5315*
s i . 3, ooord. 40 - Ii9 . ?, diam. 45 mi ora.
Fig. 3 - Foous on equator and d i s t a l su rface.
Fig. 4 - Foous on proximal te tr a d mark 00 mp rise d of ra ise d sexlnal la e su ra e .

4

F ig .

5

Zonalapollenltes damplerl Balne. Pb 3*>79»
si. 2, ooord. 4 B.7 - 1 1 2 , diam. 50 miora.

F ig .

6

Z onalapollenltes damplerl Balme. Pb 5319*
s i . 3 , ooord. 3 2 . £ - l £ 6 . 5 * diam. $ 2 ml ora.
Only a f a in t tra o e of a proximal t r i l e t e
te tr a d mark i s presen t on t h i s g ra in .

F ig .

7

Z onalapollenltes damplerl Balme. Pb 5319*
s i . 1 , ooord. 34.7 - 126.6, diam. 48 mlora.
No h in t of a proximal te tr a d mark I s apparent
on t h i s specimen.

F ig .

8

Z onalapollenltes damplerl Balme. Pb 5330,
s i . 6 , ooord. *K>.? - i?278f diam. 48 mlora.
Overall aspect showing e q u a to ria l saoous
and proximal t r i l e t e mark.

F ig .

9

Zonalapollenltes damplerl Balme. Pb 3^79*
si. 1 , ooord. 2 9 .2 - 1 1 5 , diam. 48 mlora.

F ig .

10

Z onalapollenltes damplerl Balme. Pb 3712,
s i . 1 , ooord. *+3 - i l 7 . 3 , diam. 5 k mlora.
Speolmen with well-developed proximal te tr a d
mark and very narrow e q u a to ria l saoous.
Punotate sexlne without orenulatlons or
convolutions.

F ig .

11

Zonalapollenltes damplerl Balme. Pb 5315*
si. ij, ooori. 4^.3 - lio, diam. 41 mlora.

F ig . 1 2

Z o n a l a p o l l e n l t e s d a m p l e r l B a lm e .
P b 3^79*
s i . 2 , o o o r d . 4 o - 1 2 2 , d ia m . 57 m lo r a .

219
PLATE 1 3
(A ll

Fig. 1

fig u r e s X 1000)

Z onalapollenltes damplerl Balme.
Pb 3712,
s i . 2, ooord. 37.0 - 1 I 5 . 3 * diam. 57 mlora.

F ig *

2

Z onalapollenltes o f. Z. sp. "A".
Pb 5315*
s i . 1, ooord. 9-6 - 12T.2, diam. 62 mlora.
Foous on proximal surface showing oonsplouous
sexlnal convolutions.

F ig .

3

Z onalapollenltes sp. "A".
Pb 5315* s i . 1*
ooord. 4b.£ - ll8 7 o , dTam. $Q mlora.
Foous
on proximal sexlnal convolutions.

F ig . 4

Z onalapollenltes damplerl Balme.
Pb 3653*
si* 2, ooord. 33*5 - il7"«5» <11*®* 61 mlora.

5

Z onalapollenltes sp. “A".
Pb 5330* s i . 10,
ooorA.
- 11578, dTam. 51 mlora.
Foous
on equator and d Is t a l l y extending sexlnal
convolutions surrounding small leptomate
pore •

F ig .

F i g s , 6, 7

Z onalapollenltes of. Z. damplerl Balme.
Pb 5530, s i . 3* ooord. 4 l . l - l l l . l , diam.
28 mlora.
A very small o r Immature (?)
g ra in .
Fig. 6 - Foous on narrow e q u a to ria l
saoous.
Sexlne bears moderate convolutions.
Pig. 7 - Foous on proximal t r i l e t e mark.

F ig .

Z onalapollenltes o f . Z. damplerl Balme.

8

pb 5 ^ 5 * s i . 4 , o o o rd . 4 2 .6 - 1 2 8 .6 , diam .
32 mlora.
Foous on narrow, o ren u late,
e q u a to ria l saoous.

F ig .

9

Z onalapollenltes
sp. **BH.
Pb 5315* si* ^*
ooord. 33*t* - 119* diam. 32 mlora.
Speci­
men with very l i t t l e e q u a to ria l separation
o f sexlne and nexlne, r e s u ltin g In reduoed
o r absent saoous•

F i g s . 10, 11

Z onalapollenltes sp. "BH.
Pb 3712, s i .
2,
ooord. 4 l . 3 - 1 2 7 7 4 , dTam. 36 mlora.
Fig.
10 - Foous on e q u a to ria l region lacking well
defined saoous.
Note d e llo a te sexlnal con­
v o lu tio n s on d i s t a l surfaoe.
Fig. 11 Foous on f a in t proximal te tr a d mark.

Fig. 12

Z onalapollenltes sp*"B".
Pb 3712, s i .
1,
ooord. 38.^ - 11675, dTam. 38 mlora.
Foous
on e q u a to ria l region almost e n tir e ly lacking
separation of sexlne and nexlne.

220
F ig . 13

Z o n a la p o lle n lte s
s p . "B ".
Pb 5315*
s i. 1,
o o o rd . 4 - 5 .2 - i i o T ? , dTam. 3 3 m lo ra . S p e c i ­

men w ith o u t w e l l d e fin e d sa o o u s and w ith
d e l l o a t e o o n v o lu t io n s su rro u n d in g d i s t a l
le p to m a .

F ig s .

I**-, 15

F i g . 16

Z onalapollenltes sp. "B".
Pb 5330* s i . 6,
o o o rd . 3^.^ - l l l T S , dTam. 35m lo r a . Fie.
14 - Foous on equator and d i s t a l convolu­
tio n s of sexlne.
Fig. 15 - Foous on f a in t
proximal te tr a d mark.
Z onalapollenltes sp. "B". Pb 5315* s i . 1,
o o o rd . 34•£ - 117*73* dTam. 40 m lo r a . Folded

g r a in w ith v e r y narrow s a o o u s.

PLATE

13

222
PLATE 11*
(A ll fig u r e s X 1000)
P ig s

P ig .

l t

2

3

Z onalapollenltes sp.
Pb 3712, s i . 2, ooord.
3**. 3 - 1I3*1, die®* 1*2 mlora.
Speolmen
with narrow saoous, orenulate sexlnal margin
d elin eatin g la rg e d i s t a l leptomate pore,
and well-developed proximal te tr a d mark.

F i g . 1*
P i g s i *5.

Zonalapollenltes sp.
Pb 5330, e l . 8 , ooord.
****.& - 1 2 6 .6 , diam. 1*3 mlora.
Pig. 1 Poous on narrow eq u ato rial saoous laoklng
crenulations o r oomrolutlons.
Pig. 2 Poous on proximal surface densely ornamented
with verruoate soulptural elements on sex­
ln e .
Only one suoh speolmen was obserred.

Zonalapollenltes damplerl Balme.
Pb 5330,
s i . 3* ooord. 46.** - 1 ^7 , diam. 1*1 mlora.
6

Z o n a l a p o l l e n l t e s t r l l o b a t u s B a lm e .
Pb 5319.
s i . ' 2 , ooord. 3 3 .5 -T 53.7"; diam. 63 mlora.
Pig. 5 - Poous on eq u ato rial saoous.
Fig.
6 - Poous an proximal te tr a d mark.

P ig . 7

Zonalapollenltes tr llo b a tu s Balme.
Pb 5319*
s i . 1 , ooord. W .l - H 5 . 7 , diam. 6 3 mlora.
Speolmen with o lro u la r saoous o u tlin e and
Irre g u la rly folded and d is to rte d nexlnal
c e n tra l body.

P ig . 8

Z onalapollenltes trllo b a tu s Balme. Pb
53lf>* «!• 1* ooord. 9-7*5 - 122.8, diam.
% 50 mlora.
Note symmetrical nexlnal folding
to produce tria n g u la r aspeot of oentral
body.

P ig .

9

Zonalapollenltes tr llo b a tu s Balme. Pb
5 3 3 6 , s i . 5 , ooord. 3 9 .1 - 1 2 1 , diam. @
55 mlora.

F i g . 10

Zonalapollenltes tr llo b a tu s Balme. Pb
5319, s i . 2 , ooord. **7*5 - 119*5* diam.
**3 mlora.
Triangular ou tlin e of oentral
body due to symmetrioal folding of nexlne.

F i g . 11

Zonalapollenltes tr llo b a tu s Balme. Pb
53^9, s i . 1, ooord. 37♦ - 120.3, diam.
3 6 mlora. Nexlnal oen tral body completely
separated from sexlne.
Note symmetrioal
folding r e s u ltin g In tr ia n g u la r o u tlin e .

PLATE

14

224 PLATE 1 5
(A ll fig u r e s

Fig. 1

V itre ig p o rlte s

X 1000)

p a l l i d a s (R e is s ) N ils s o n .
ooor3T"42.1 - 126,4-, t o t a l

width 35 mlora.

•

F ig .

2

V l t r e l s p o r l te s p a llld u s (R e is s ) N ils s o n ,
pfe 5 3 1 9 , s i . 6 , o o o r i * 3 ^ . 7 - 1 1 7 , t o t a l
w id th 25 m lo r a .

F ig .

3

V ltre ls p o rlte s s p .
Pb 3^79,
1*
4 -1.4- t o t a l w id th 31 m lo r a .

F ig .

4

P lty o s p o rlte s sp .
Pb 5312. s i . 2 , o o o rd .
4-1.6 - 121.9, ^ o ta l width 4-2 mlora.
L ateral
view.

F ig .

5

A lls p o rlte s sp. "A".
Pb 5313* s i . 8, ooord.
31.9 - 121.4, t o t a l width 54 mlora.
Over­
a l l aspeot showing e q u a to ria l o u tlin e s of
saool and o e n tral body, and ln fra re tlo u lu a
of saool and ln frap u n o tatlo n of oappa.

o o o rd .

F ig s . 6 , 7

A lls p o rlte s sp .
"A ". P b 3712# s i .
1 , o o o rd .
5 1 . 3 - l i b . 3 , t o t a l width 50 mlora. Fig.
6 —Foous on saool and e q u a to ria l o u tlin e
of o e n tra l body.
Fig. 7 “ Foous an oappa
showing d e llo a te ly lnfrapunotate sexlne.

F ig .

8

A l l s p o r l t e s s£ *
o o o r d . 4 6 .4 - - 1 2 4 7

F ig .

9

A lls p o rlte s sp.
"B". Pb 5330, s i .
2, ooord.
33.4 - 121.9, t o t a l width 54 mlora.

•
pb 5330, s i .
13#
t o t a l w id th 36 m lo r a .

F i g s , 10, 11

P lty o s p o rlte s so. "A**. Pb 5319, s i . 1,
ooord. 49.5 - r20.3* t o t a l width © 50 mlora,
a o tu al 42 mlora.
Fig. 10 - Foous on saool
with s l i g h tl y o o n strio te d bases, and an
e q u a to ria l o u tlin e of o e n tra l body.
Fig.
11 - Foous on Infrapunotation of oappa sexlne.

F ig s , 1 2 , 1 3

P lty o s p o r lte s s p . "A ".
Pb
5319, s i . 3,
ooord. 34-.4- - 1 1 2 .4 , t o t a l width 42 mlora,
e x trap o lated width @46 mlora.
Fig. 12 Foous on saool.
F ig. 13 - Foous on oappa
showing sexlnal ln fra p u n o tatlo n .

Fig. 1 4

P lty o s p o r lte s s p . "A ".
Pb
5319, s i . 4,
ooord. 4<T.^ - T l7 .lT t o t a l width 44 mlora.
Aberrant g rain showing unequal saoous develop*
ment.

225
P ig #

15

P o d o o a r o l d l t e s s p # P b 5 3 1 5 * s i . 3* o o o r d #
4 ^ ,5 - 1 0 9 .4 , t o t a l w id th 53 a lo r a #
O ver*a l l a s p e o t o f g ra in #
N o te m a r g in a l o r e s t
d e v e lo p e d a t e q u a t o r i a l l a t e r a l e x tr e m i t ie s
o f oappa#

P ig #

16

A l l s p o r l t e s ( ? ) s j).
P b 5313* s i# 3* o o o r d .
^ • 9 - 1 2 0 .3 * to " 6 a l w i d t h 40 m lo ra #

PLA TE

15

227
PLATE 1 6
(A ll fig u r e s X 1000)
F ig . I

A lls p o rlte s s p . " C .
o o o rd . 4 1 .2 - 1 1 7 . 1 ,
2,

F ig s .

3

Pb 5330, s i . 1 0 ,
t o t a l w id th 58 m lo r a .

A lls p o r lte s s p . "C ".
Pb 3 ^7 9 , s i . 1 , o o o rd .
3 b .9 - n j , * B o ta l" w ld th 68 m l o r a .
F ig .
2 - F o o u s on e q u a t o r i a l o u t l i n e .
F ig . 3 Foous on I n f r a p u n o ta te s e x ln e o f o a p p a.

F ig .

4

P o d o o a r p l d l t e s s p . "A**.
Pb 5 3 1 9 , s i . 2 ,
o o o rd . 3 5 .4 - lT 3 .9 ,™ to ta l w id th e x t r a p o l a t e d
@ 66 m lo ra .

F ig .

*i

P lty o s p o rlte s

(7 ) so .
Pb 3 7 1 2 . s i . 2 .
t o t a l w id th 34 m lo ra .

o o o rd .

F ig s ., 6 ,

7

P o d o o a rp ld lte s s p .
P b 5 3 3 0 * s i * ®* o o o r d .
4 1 . 2 - 1 1 4 . 9 , t o t a l w i d t h $Q m l o r a .
F ig .
6 - F o o u s on s a o o l a n d on d i s t a l s u r f a o e
o f o e n t r a l b o d y s h o w in g o u t l i n e o f s u l o u s .
F ig . 7 - Foous on e q u a to r ia l o u tlin e o f
o e n t r a l body a n d on p ro x im a l s u r f a o e o f
oappa.

F ig s ., 8 ,

9

P o d o o a rp ld lte s s p . "B ". Pb
5319, s i. 1,
o o o rd . 4 4 .7 - l l 9 . 4 , “ t o t a l w id th $6 m lo r a .
F ig . 8 - F oous on s a o o l.
N o te o o n n e o tio n
o f s e x ln e o f s a o o l a o ro s s lo n g itu d in a l ex­
tr e m itie s o f o e n tr a l body a t e q u a to ria l
re g io n .
S u lo u s o o o u p le s m o st o f d i s t a l
fa o e .
F ig . 9 - F oous on o rn a m e n ta tio n o f
oappa.

Fie.

10

P o d o o a rp ld lte s s p . "B ". Pb
533® , s i . 2 ,
o o o r d . * 6 . 3 - lT 5 o , t o t a l w i d t h 4 4 m i o r a .

F ig .

II

P o d o o a rp ld lte s s p . "B ". Pb
5315, s i . 3,
o o o r d . 3*5.9 - l T z . 3 , " t o t a l w i d t h 4 3 m l o r a ,
e x t r a p o l a t e d w id th © 50 m lo r a .

F ig s ,, 1 2 , 1 3

F ig s ,. 1 4 , 1 5

A u m a n o ls p o rlte s o r e ta o e u s P o o o o k .
s i . 4 , o o o rd . 4 3 .9 - l l 5 * 2 , t o t a l
@ 40 m lo ra .
F ig . 12 - Foous an s
s e x ln e o f p ro x im a l s u r f a o e .
F ig .
F o ou s on c o lla p s e d th io k e n e d l i p s
d i s t a l s u l o u s , a n d on r u d im e n ta r y
a t l a t e r a l e x tre m itie s o f g ra in .

Pb 5315,
w id th
tria te d
13 fla n k in g
saoous

E u o o m m lid lte s s p . * B ".
Pb 5 3 3 0 , s i . 1 1 ,
o o o rd .
- 1 2 0 . 5 , " E o ta l l e n g t h 26 m l o r a .
F ig . 1 4 - F o o u s on d i s t a l f a o e and s u lo u s .

228
P ig * 1 5 - P o o u s o n p i t t e d p r o x i m a l s u r f a c e .
A p a i r o f a ro u a te te n u ita te s a re p r e s e n t
n e a r e q u a t o r ia l l a t e r a l m a rg in s .

PLATE

16

2 30
PLATE 1 7
(A ll

fig u r e s

X 1000)

Pigs. 1,

Podooarpldltes sp .
Pb 5330, s i . 1, ooord.
- 127.9, t o t a l width 79 mlora.
Pig. 1 Foous on saool and on exlne s t r a t i f l o a t i o n
a t p o la r region of proximal oappa.
Pig.
2 - Foous on sex ln al ornamentation of oappa.

Figs.

Podooarpldltes sp .
Pb 5319, s i . 1, ooord.
38.7 - llb .lJ , t o t a l width 74 mlora.
Pig.
3 - Poous on oappa and e q u a to ria l o u tlin e
o f o e n tra l body.
Pig. 4 - Foous on orna­
mentation of oappa.

3,

Pigs, 5.

Podooarpldltes sp.
Pb 5319, s i . 4, ooord.
37 - l l 4 . 7 , t o t a l width 65 mlora.
Fig. 5 “
Poous on saool and on•e q u a to ria l o u tlin e of
o e n tra l body.
Note marginal o re s t a t equator
o f o e n tra l body.
Fig. o - Foous an ornamen­
ta tio n o f oappa.

Figs. 7,

Podooarpldltes sp .
Pb 5330, s i . 5, ooord.
4 9 .5 - 112.9, t o t a l width 57 mlora. . Pig.
7 - Foous on saool and on e q u a to ria l marginal
o re s t of o e n tra l body.
Pig. 8 - Poous on
sex ln al ornamentation of oappa.

Fig. 9

Podooarpldltes sp .
Pb 5330* s i . 2, ooord.
48 - TI 6 . 6 , t o t a l width 42 mlora.

PLATE

17

232
PLATE 1 8
(A ll f ig u r e s X 1000 u n le s s

P i g s . 1» 2, 3

I n d ic a te d , o t h e r w is e )

P hyllooladldltes sp. "A".
Pb 5319. s i . 1,
ooord. 4-1.2 - i l l 7 4 , to ta l width 43 mlora.
Fig. 1 - Poous on saool, showing ra d ia l
folding near d i s t a l bases, and I n d is tin c t
lnfraretloulum .
Pig. 2 - Foous on equa­
t o r i a l o u tlin e of o en tral body. Note laok
of thickened d i s t a l saoous bases flanking
d i s t a l sulous.
Pig. 3 - (X 2000) Foous
on thlokened, sexlnal protuberance a t equa­
t o r i a l l a t e r a l ex trem ities of oappa, and on
verruoate ornamentation of proximal surface.

P ig s.

4,

5

P h y llo o la d ld lte s s p . "A ".
Pb 5330, s i , 9 ,
o o o r d . 3 1 . 4 - 110*72, t o t a l w i d t h 38 m l o r a .
Pig. 4 - Poous on bulbous saool with con­
s t r i c te d bases and laoklng thlokened d i s t a l
bases flanking sulous.
Pig. 5 - Poous on
▼erruoate sexlne of oappa.

P ig s.

6,

7

P h y llo o la d ld lte s sp . "B ".
Pb 5319. s i . 1 ,
o o o r d . 35*9 - l l 8 T s , t o t a l w i d t h 49 m l o r a .
Pig. 6 - Foous on r e la tiv e ly wide, womewhat
pointed saool bearing well-developed thlokened
bases flanking d i s t a l sulous.
Pig. ? Poous on verruoate proximal sexlne of oappa
and on thlok d i s t a l saoous bases flanking
sulous.

F ig .

8

P h y llo o la d ld lte s sp .
Pb 3653* s i . 1 , o o o r d .
34.3 - 1^5, t o t a l width 30 mlora.
Speol­
men shows narrow, elongate-oval d i s ta l
sulous.

F ig s.

9,

10

P h y llo o la d ld lte s sp . "B ".
Pb 5319. s i . 2,
o o o rd . 4 6 .1 - 1 2 8 7 9 . t o t a l w id th 46 m lo ra .
Pig. 9 - Poous on saool and thlokened d i s t a l
saoous bases flanking rectangular sulous.
Pig. 10 - Poous on ooarse, verruoate sexlne
of oappa.

P ig s.

11,

12

P h y llo o la d ld lte s . s p . "C ".
P b 5 3 1 9 . s i. 1 ,
o o o rd . 3 ^ .7 - 127T 7 , t o t a l w id th 32 m lo r a .
Fig. 11 - Poous on th in , weakly In fla te d
saool.
Fig. 12 - Foous on eq u ato rial o u tlin e
of o en tral body and on oappa.

F igs. 1 3 ,

14

P h y llo o la d ld lte s sp . "C ".
Pb 5315. s i . 3.
ooord.
- I 69 T2 , to t a l width 39 mlora.
Fig. 13 - Poous on saool.
Pig. l4 - Poous
on o en tral body.

233
Pigs. 15* 16,
17

P h y llo o la d ld lte s sp.
Pb 5330, a l. 8, ooord.
39 o - ll& .6 , t o t a l width h z a lo ra .
Pig.
15 * Foous on saool.
Pig. 16 - Poous on
e q u a to ria l o u tlin e of o e n tra l body, and on
sulous flanked by thlokened d i s t a l saoous
bases.
Pig. 17 - Poous on oxnaaentatlon of
oappa sexlne.

232
PLATE 1 8
( A ll f ig u r e s X 1000 u n le s s
Figs, 1 # 2f 3

I n d ic a te d o th e r w is e )

P h y l l o o l a d l d l t e s sp. "A".
Pb 5319, s i . 1 ,
ooord. b l . Z - ill*T9, to ta l width b j mlora.
Fig. 1 - Foous on saool, showing ra d ia l
folding near d i s t a l bases, and in d ls tin o t
lnfraretloulum .
Fig. 2 - Foous on equa­
t o r i a l o u tlin e of o en tral body.
Note laok
of thlokened d is ta l saoous bases flanking
d i s t a l sulous.
Fig. 3 - (X 2000) Foous
on thlokened, sexlnal protuberance a t equa­
t o r i a l l a t e r a l extrem ities of oappa, and an
re rru e a te ornamentation of proximal surfaoe.

Figs. 4,

5

P hyllooladldltes sp. "A*.
Pb 5 3 3 0 , s i , 9,
ooord. 31 .9 - ilOTz, t o t a l width 38 mlora.
Fig. b - Foous on bulbous saool with oons tr lo te d bases and laoklng thlokened d i s t a l
bases flanking sulous.
Fig. 5 - Foous on
▼erruoate sexlne of oappa.

Pigs. 6 ,

7

P hyllooladldltes sp. "B".
Pb 5319, ®1* 1,
ooord. 3 5 .9 - 118 T0 , to ta l width 99 mlora.
Fig. 6 - Foous on r e la tiv e ly wide, womewhat
pointed saool bearing well-developed thlokened
bases flanking d i s t a l sulous.
Fig. 7 Poous on verruoate proximal sexlne of oappa
and on thlok d is ta l saoous bases flanking
sulous.

Fig. 8

Phyllooladldltes sp.
Pb 3653, e l. 1, ooord.
39. 3 - 1^5, to ta l width JO mlora. "Speci­
men shows narrow, elongate-oval d is t a l
sulous.

F ig s. 9 ,

F ig s.

11,

Figs. 13,

10

Phyllooladldltes s p .
"B*.
Pb 5 3 1 9 , s i . 2 ,
ooord. 9 6 . 1 - 1 2 8 7 9 * t o t a l width k 6 mlora.
Fig. 9 - Poous on saool and thlokened d is ta l
saoous bases flanking rectangular sulous.
Fig. 10 - Foous on ooarse, verruoate sexlne
of oappa.
1 2 P h y llo o la d ld lte s•s p . " C " .
Pb 5 3 1 9 , s i . 1 ,
ooord. 39*7 - I 27T7 , to ta l width 32 mlora.
Fig. 1 1 - Foous on th in , weakly In fla te d
saool.
Fig. 1 2 - Foous on equatorial outline
of oentral body and on oappa.
1* P hyllooladldltes sp. «C".
Pb 5315, s i . 3,
ooord. 9 3 . 1 - i 0 9 T 2 , to t a l width 3 9 mlora.
Fig. 13 - Foous on saool.
Fig. 19 - Foous
on oentral body.

233
F ig s.

15, 16,
17

P h y llo o lad ld ltes sp.
Pb 5330, s i . 8, ooord.
3 9 o - 11^.6, t o t a l width 42 a lo ra .
Pig.
15 - Poous on saool.
Pig. 16 - Poous on
eq u ato ria l o u tlin e of o e n tra l body, and on
sulous flanked by thiokened d i s t a l saoous
bases.
Pig. 17 - Poous on oznanentation of
oappa sexlne.

PLATE

18

235
PLATE 1 9
(A ll fig u r e s X 1000)
F ig s

F ig .

l t 2

P h y llo o lad ld ltes sp. "D". Pb 3<>53» s i . 1 #
ooord. 33*5 - i277T, t o t a l width 36 mlora.
Fig. 1 - Foous on th in , weakly In fla te d
saool.
Pig. 2 - Foous on oval-shaped o en tral
body.

3

P hy llo o lad ld ltes sp. "D". Pb 5330, s i . 6,
ooord. 39.6 - 1237s, t o t a l width 33 a lo ra .
Overall aspeot, showing s n a il, th in , weakly
In fla te d saool d i s t a l l y attaohed to oval
o en tral body.

F ig s

4, 5

P hy llo o lad ld ltes sp. Pb 5330, s i . 6, ooord.
41*9 - 124.4, t o t a l width 35 a lo r a .
Fig.
4 - Foous on saool.
Fig. 5 ~ foous on
e q u a to ria l o u tlin e of o e n tral body.

Figs

6, 7

Phylloolad1d lto s sp. "E".
Pb 5315* el* 2,
ooord. 40.2 - l l 2 , t o t a l width 29 mlora.
Fig. 6 - Foous on small saool and on s lig h tly
thlokened sexlnal margin a t equator of
o en tral body.
Fig. 7 - Foous on ornamenta­
tio n of sexlne o f oappa.

F ig s

8, 9

P h y llo o lad ld ltes sp. "E".
Pb 531$. s i . 2,
ooord. 36.6 - 12079, t o t a l width 30 a lo ra .
Fig. 8 - Foous on saool.
Fig. 9 - Foous on
e q u ato rial o u tlin e of o en tral body and on
sexlnal oxnaaentatlon of oappa.

F ig s

10,

11

P h yllo o lad ld ltes sp. "E«.
Pb 3653. s i . 2,
ooord. *1.9 - 12277, t o t a l width 36 n io ra .
Fig. 10 - Foous on saool.
Pig. 11 - Foous
on thlokened e q u ato rial nargln of o entral
body and on ornamentation of oappa.

F ig s

12,

13

P h y llo o lad ld ltes sp. "F".
Pb 5319, s i . 1,
ooord. ;)i.4 - 11675. t o t a l width 42 mlora.
Fig. 12 - Foous on r e la tiv e ly la rg e saool
with d e llo a te Infraretloulum .
Fig. 13 Foous on d i s t ln o t , thlokened d i s t a l saoous
bases flanking sulous, and on s im ila r exlnal
thickenings a t e q u a to ria l region of o en tral
body.

Fig. 14

P h y llo o lad ld ltes sp.
Pb 53^5. el* 3. ooord.
42 - 1 2 7 . 1 , to t a l width 34 mlora.

236
Pigs.

15*16

P h y llo o lad ld ltes ap, «F«.
Pb 5319* * ! • 1*
ooord. 3 6 .^ - ^ . 1 9 0 * to t a l width 30 a lo ra .
Pig. 15 - Foous on saool. Pis* 16 - Foous
a t e q u a to ria l plane, showing eonsplouous
thlokened d i s t a l saoous bases extending f u l l
length o f o en tral bod?, and oanslderably
s h o rte r proxiaal saoous bases reoessed In
frow eq u ato rial o u tlin e of o e n tral body.
A p erip heral o lro u la r band of sim ila rly
thlokened exlne oonneots d i s t a l and proxi­
mal saoous bases.

Figs.

17*IS

P h y llo o lad ld ltes sp. •? " .
Pb 5315* »1. ^*
ooord. 3 b - 1 1 9 . 8 , t o t a l width 3 ^ a lo ra .
Fig. 17 - Poous on saool.
Pig. IS - Poous
on e q u a to ria l plane showing long, thlokened,
d i s t a l saoous bases, and s h o rte r, reoessed,
proximal saoous bases oonneoted by o lro u la r
band of thlok exlne a t e q u a to ria l margin
of o e n tral body.

PLATE 19

238
PLATE 2 0
(A ll

fig u r e s X 1000)

P ig s . 1,

2

P h y llo o lad ld ltes sp.
Pb 3$79, e l. 2,
ooord. 33.? - li?T 2 , to t a l width 44 miora.
Pig. 1 - Poous on saooi.
Pig.. 2 - Poous
on eq u ato rial o u tlin e of o ra l oentral body.

Pigs . 3,

4

P h y llooladldltes sp .
Pb 5315*
4, ooord.
<
17 . i - 126.1, t o t a l width 25 miora. Pig.
3 - Poous on eq u ato rial o u tlin e and verruoate sezine of oappa.
Pig. 4 - Poous on
d i s t a l surface showing narrow sulous flanked
by rudimentary o r underdeveloped f r i l l lik e saooi.

Fig. 5

Pigs , 6 ,

Podooarpldltes (7) sg.
Pb 5328, s i . 5*
ooord. 34.4 - 119-8, t o t a l width 70 miora.
Two foous le v e ls showing n atu re of saooi
and ornamentation of oappa sezine.
Saooi
are oonneoted e q u a to ria lly aoross lo n g i­
tudinal e z t r e a l t i e s of o e n tral body.
7

Fig. 8
Pigs , 9*

P hy lloo ladld ltes
sp. Pb 5330* s i . 8, ooord.
- l l l . i t , t o t a l width 20 a lo ra .
Pig*
6 - Poous on small thin saooi of an eztrenely
small pollen g ra in .
Pig. 7 - Poous on
ornamentation of oappa.
P h yllo olad ldltes
sp . Pb 5330, s i . 6, ooord.
*5 .6 - 1 1 3 . 7 , t o t a l width 26 miora.

10

P hy llooladldltes sp. "C".
Pb 3653. ®1- 3*
ooord. 2 b . 1 - 12179, t o t a l width 2 o miora.
Pig. 9 - Poous on th in , weakly in fla te d
saooi.
Pig. 10 - Poous on sezine ornamenta­
tio n of oappa.

Pigs . 11, 12

P hy lloo ladld ltes
sp. "C".
ooord. 4 l . 9 - 12275, t o t a l
Pig. 11 - Poous on saooi.
on sezine ornamentation o f

Fig. 13

P h yllooladldltes (7) sj>.
Pb 5330, s i . 3,
ooord. 3 0 .5 - I 2 3 . 8 , t o t a l width 30 miora.

Pig. 1*1-

P h y llo o lad ldltes sp.
Pb 5330, s i . 3 , ooord.
4 5 .7 - 1 2 2 . 1 , t o t a l width 30 miora.

P ig .

15

Pb 5315, al* 2,
width 27 n io ra .
Pig. 12 - Poous
oappa.

P hy llo o lad ld ltes (7) sp.
Pb 5330, s i . 6,
ooord. 4 3 .9 - 121.4, 'Eotal width 32 miora.

239
Pig. 16

P h y llo o lad ld ltes sp .
Pb 3712, s i . 1, ooord.
- 126*3, t o t a l width 33 n io ra .

Pig. 17

P h y llo o lad ld ltes s p .
Pb 5315* »!• 2, ooord.
3 6 .* - 114, to ta l width *1 miora.

Pigs. 18,

19

Unknown monosaooate (7) p o lle n .
Pb 5319*
s i . 1 , ooord. 33*2 - 1 2 6 . 6 , t o t a l width
38 miora.
Pig. 18 - Poous on d i s ta l faoe
showing oval sulous completely surrounded
by oonyolute aaoous attached e n tir e ly d ls ta lly .
This nay be an ab erran t blsaooate
grain of the genus P h y llo o la d ld lte s.
Pig.
19 - Poous on o lro u la r e q u ato rial ""outline
of o e n tra l body and on yerruoate sezine of
oappa.

Pigs. 20,

21

Unknown monosaooate (?) p o llen .
Pb 5319*
s i . 1 , ooord. 38.4 “ 1 2 5 . 9 , t o t a l dlam.
33 miora. Pig. 20 - Poous on d i s t a l faoe
showing subolroular sulous oompletely
surroinded by weakly in f la te d saoous.
17118
may be an ab erran t blsaooate grain o f the
genus P h y llo o la d ld lte s.
Pig. 21 - Poous
on e q u a to ria l o u t l i n e o f o lro u la r o e n tral
body.

Pigs. 22, 23

Unknown monosaooate (7) p o lle n .
Pb 5319,
s i . 1 , ooord. 44.7 - 1 2 3 . 1 , t o t a l width
31 miora.
Pig. 22 - Poous on saooi almost
oompletely surrounding ir r e g u la r ly shaped
d i s t a l sulous.
Pig. 23 - Poous on equa­
t o r i a l ou tlin e of o en tral body.

PLATE

20

24l
PLATE 21
(All figures X 1000)
P ig .

1

In a p e rtu ro p o lla n lte a sp."A".
Pb 5319* s i .
1, ooord. 34.9 - 116.1* dlam. 72 Miora.
Speolman shows considerable sep aration of
sezine and nezlne.

F ig .

2

In a p e rtu ro p o lle n lte s sp. "A**.
Pb 5319*
s i . 1 , ooord.
- To9 *8 , d la a . 65 miora.

P ig .

3

In a p e rtu ro p o lle n lte s sp . "A".
Pb 5330*
s i . 5 , ooord. 33 - il477» 3 la a . 55 a lo r a .

F ig .

4

In a p e rtu ro p o lle n lte s sp. "A".
Pb 5313*
s i . 6 , ooord. 4^.8 - 122.27 d la a . 44 miora.

F ig .

5

P ltz o s p o rlte s sp.
Pb 5330. s i . 7* ooord.
3 6 .1 - 116.3, ‘Eotal width 42 miora.

Pigs , 6 , 7

Undetermined Pollen Genus "A".
Pb 5329*
s i . 8 , ooord. 34 - 1 2 0 . 9 * len g th 51 miora.
Pig. 6 - Poous on p o ssib le su lo a te s tru c ­
ture and on term inal saooate (7) p ro je c tio n s .
Pig. 7 - Poous on p it te d exlne.

F ig .

8

Undetermined Pollen Genus "A".
Pb 5319*
s i . 1 , ooordT 41.5 - 1 1 8 . 3 * len g th 44 miora.
Speolmen showing o h a r a o te r ls tio rup tu re
s p l i t t i n g grain in two halves.

P ig .

9

Uhdetermined Pollen Genus "A".
Pb 5319*
s i . 1 , ooord. 46.2 * 118.7* len g th 42 miora.

F ig .

10

Uhdetermined Pollen Genus "A".
Pb 5313*
s i . l t ooord. 43*2 - 1 1 7 . 7 , le n g th 46 miora.

F ig .

11

Uhdetermined Pollen Genus "A".
Pb 5319*
s i . 1 , ooord. 35*5 - 126.4, le n g th 39 miora.

F ig .

12

Uhdetermined Pollen Genus "A".
Pb 5329*
s i . 9 , ooord. 3 3 .5 - 1 2 7 * len g th 36 miora.

F ig .

13

Undetermined Pollen Genus "A".
Pb 5315*
s i . 2* ooord. 38 - 117*7* le n g th 32 miora.

F ig .

14

Uhdetermined Pollen Genus "A".
Pb 5313*
s i . 3 , ooord. 36 - 121.9, len g th 34 miora.

F l g a , 15* 16

lAidetermlned Pollen Genus "A".
Pb 5330*
s i . 6, ooord. 45.4 - 118, len g th 40 miora.
Pig. 15 - Poous on p o ssib le su lo a te s tr u c ­
tu re .
P ig . 16 - Poous on p i t t i n g of ezin e.

PLATE

21

243
PLATE 22

(All figures X 1000 unless indicated otherwise)
Pig. 1

Eaphanlsporltee s p .
(Reworked).
Pb 5330,
s i . 9 , ooord. 30T5 - 11 **-.5 * diam. 50 miora.
A o h a ra o te ris tlo Devonian spore with ra d ia l
exinal thlokenlngs.

Pig. 2

Verruoososporltes (?) sp.
(Reworked?).
Pb 5319* s i . 6 , ooord. “ 3 8 .2 - 1 1 7 . 3 , length
3** n io ra .
This nap be a reworked Pennsyl­
vanian nonolete spore.

Pig. 3

B altlsphaerldlun sp.
(Reworked?).
Pb 5330,
s i . 7 , ooord. 3 0 .XT’- 118.6, diam. 47 miora.

Pig. 4

B altlsphaerldlun sp.
(Reworked).
Pb 5330,
s i . 7 , ooord. 28 - 1 2 6 .4 , d la a . 45 n io ra .

Pig. 5

Vervhaohlun sp.
(Reworked)
(Phase o o n tra st).
Pb 5330, s i . o, ooord. 33*1 - 122.1, d laa.
9 37 n io ra .
Probably reworked from Devonian
o r older s t r a t a .

Pig. 6

Tasnanltea sp.
(X 500)
(Reworked).
Pb
5330, s i . 5 , ooord. 44 - 111.5* diam. 9 110
n io ra .
S ln il a r to frequently ooourring
forns in Devonian sedln ents.

Pig. 7

Lelofusa sp . (X 250)
(Reworked).
Pb 5330,
s i . 8 , ooord. 28 - 124.7, length 256 n io ra .
S ln ila r forns are oonnon in sone Devonian
sediments of Michigan.

Pig. 8

B altlsphaerldlun (?) sp.
(Reworked?).
K»' 3330. s i . 11, coorfr 47.7 - 117-1* to t a l
dlan. 9 80 miora.

Pig. 9

Leiosphaeridla sjg.
(Reworked).
Pb 5330,
s i . 9 , ooord. 3^*5 - 1 1 2 . 5 * dian. 62 miora.
A oomnonly ooourring palynomorph in Devonian
s t r a t a of Mlohlgan.

Pig. 10

Sooleoodont (X 500)
(Reworked?).
Pb 5330,
s i . 7 , ooord. 43.6 - 115.2, length 126 miora.
Probably a reworked Paleozolo annelid worn
Jaw.

PLATE

22

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

L is t of w ells from whloh samples were obtained fo r
palynologioal analyses.
name, lo o a tio n ,

L istin g s lnolude company and well

permit number, rep osito ry catalogue number,

and depth In te rv al and Mlohlgan S tate University maoora­
tion number fo r eaoh sample stu d ied .

Sources of samples

lnoluded re p o s ito rie s a t Michigan S tate University (MSU),
the University of Michigan (MU), and the Michigan Geologic
Survey (MGS).

245

T ab le

Well

2 -

L ist

and

L o c a tio n

L o c a t io n

of

P e r m it

W e lls S em p led

C a ta lo g u e N o. D epth

HSU Mao. N o.

Clare County
Sohlo #1 Loker

see. 7-17N-6W

10687

M
SU 39*5

570-585'

Pb 3717

Bauer #1 Loker

sec. 7-17N-6W

1691 *

M
SU 5739

560- 570 '
595-600'
600 - 610 '
6 *0- 650 '
690-695'

Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb

Pure #1 Boot

seo. 7-l8N-*W

12236

M
GS 17-7-C

650- 660 '

Pb 5319

Sohlo #1 McKay

sec. 33- 18 n-*W

1336^

M
GS 23-1-H

500- 510 '

Pb 5331
Pb 5316

570-580'
Burton #1 Thompson

sec. 13-18N-5W

10380

M
SU *355

6*5- 656 '
656- 665 '
665- 67 *'
67 *-688 '
668- 69 *'
720- 722 '
738-762'
836- 8*2 '

Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb

3551
3679

3662
3680
3663
3666
366U
3665

Isabella County
Mogul #1A Dent

sec. 5-15N-6W

13018

M
GS 22-6-L

*90-500'
580-590'

Pb 5332
Pb 5318

Brazos #1 State-Sherman

sec. 21-15N-6W

198*2

M
GS *0-3-C

**0- 500 '

Pb 5311

Mich. 0. St G. #1 Parker

sec. 7-16N-3W

11*9

M
GS 21-7-L

300-305'
325-330'
370-375'

Pb 5320
Pb 5321
Pb 531*

9*2

3713
3719
3705
3695
3696

Well_________________________ L o ca tio n ___________ P en n lt

C a ta lo g u e N o. D epth

MSU Mao.

Wiekland #1 Gamble

s e c . 23-16N-5W

12635

M
GS 18-6-R

420-440*
490-510*
510-520*

Pb 5324
Pb 5325
Pb 5326

Sohlo #1 Gilmore

sec. 25-16N-5W

11849

M
SU W96

330-340*
340-350'
390-400*
420-430'
510-520*
560-570'
680- 690 *
700- 710 *
750-760*

Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb

580-590*

610 - 620 *

Pb 5315
Pb 5333

Sohlo #1 Chapman

sec. 30-16N-6W

12182

M
GS 17-6-C

3693

3686

3691
3692
3729
3685
3721
3694a
3720

Kent County
MoGerry #1 Vanderhyde
Mich. Consol. #1 Phillips

sec. 14-9N-11W

12966

M
GS 15-3-R

303-312*

Pb 5328

sec. 3-10N-10W

11288

M
SU 4218

520-530'

Pb 5310

M
SU 3516

600 - 610 '
670 - 680 '

Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb

Mecosta County
Gulf #1 Warner

sec. 21-15N-7V

9841

680-690*
700- 710 '
710-720'
730-740*
780-790*
780-790*
790-800*

3698
3676
3675
3723
3724
3672
3673
3697
3674

C a ta lo g u e N o. D epth

HSU Mao. No*

s e c . 9-15N-9W

M
SU 3819

520-525*
550-555*
555-560'
610-615*
625-630'

Pb 3507
Pb 3681*
Pb 3508
Pb 3722
Pb 3510

Gulf #2 Colfax Project

see. 1-15N-10V

M
SU 3825

1*00-405'
1*05-410'
415-420'
455-460*
480-485'
490-495*
495-500*
560-565*
590-595*
600-605*
670-675*

Pb 3656
Pb 3677
Pb 3657
Pb 3661
Pb 3660
Pb 3653
Pb 3655
Pb 3678
Pb 3658
Pb 3659
Pb 3654

Gulf #2 Compson

sec. 6-16N-7W

10630

M
SU 3890

565-570*
580-585*
595-600'
615-620*
630-635'
660-665*
665-670*
670-675*
675-680*
695 - 700 *

Pb 3513
Pb 3514
Pb 3725
Pb 3515
Pb 3726
Pb 3516
Pb 3727
Pb 3728
Pb 3517
Pb 3518

Gulf #3 Bottoroff

sec. 1-16n-8W

11260

M
SU 4075

590-600'
635-640*
680-685'
680-685'
700-705'
1

Pb 3716
Pb 3715
Pb 3714
Pb 3714A
Pb 3701

W ell

L o c a tio n

Gulf #1 Colfax Project

P e r m it

Well____________________________Looat Ion____________Permit

C a ta lo g u e N o. D epth

MSU Mac'. N o.

Gulf #2 Daggy

M
SU 4046

605-610*
605-630'
610*615'
620 - 625 '
630 - 635 '
645-650'
670-675'
720-725'
730-735'

Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb

sec. 1-16N-8W

1115**

3667A
3667
3668
3671
3702
3670
3703
3669
3700

Montoala County
Sun #1 Marten8

seo. 36-11N-8V

11099

M
U 17-H

490-500*

Pb 5309

Union #1 Douglas

seo. 3-12N-8W

11919

M
SU 4424

435-440'
530-535'
540-550'
580- 590 *
600-610'
620-630'
630-640*

Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb

3683
3712
3682
3706
3707
3708
3681

510- 520 *

3688

560-570'
600-610'
680-690'
460-500'
510-520'

Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb

445-450'
490-495'

Pb 5323
Pb 5334

Gordon #1 Paris

seo. 6-12N-8W

10922

M
SU 4223
■
«
n
M
U 24-A
«

3689
3687
3690
5312
5313

Newaygo County
Sun #1 Woodard-Brown

sec. 29-12N-11W

17132

M
GS 25-3-C

l\)
P
vO

W ell

L o c a t io n

P e r m it

C a ta lo g u e N o. D epth

Sun #5 Cons. Power

aeo.

28-13N-11W

14886

M
GS 27-l-C

490- 495 '

*0

Cordell #1 Gorman

seo.

31-13H-11W

16361

M
GS 10-2-L

387-390'

Pb 5329

Pure #1-A Miller

seo.

23-14N-11V

15127

, M
GS 17-4-R

591-599*

Pb 5330

CM
CM
C\

or*

MSU Mao. N o.

22-17N-7W

16192

M
GS 27-7-C

585-590*

Pure #1-A Halst

seo.

25-17N-10W

11282

M
SU 4108

630-640*
670-680*

Pb 3718
Pb 3699

Pure #1-A Jones

seo. 24-19N-7W

10009

M
SU 3^40

580- 585 *

Pb 5305
Pb 5306
Pb 5307

CM

250

570-575'
560 *565 '

or

seo.

n

Slusser #1 Wood

►
0

Osoeola County