70-9608
MUNGER, Benson Scott, 1942A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SELECTED VARIABLES AND THE ATTITUDES
OF MICHIGAN PRINCIPALS TOWARD
ORGANIZING FOR NEGOTIATIONS.
Michigan State University, Ph.D., 1969
Education, administration
University Microfilms, Inc., A nn A rbor, M ichigan

A STUDY OF THE RELA TIO N SH IP B ETW EEN
SE L E C T E D VARIABLES AND THE
A T TIT U D E S O F MICHIGAN PR IN C IPA L S TOWARD
ORGANIZING FOR NEGOTIATIONS
By
B en so n Scott M u n g er

A THESIS
S ubm itted to
M ich ig an S tate U n iv e rs ity
in p a r tia l fu lfillm e n t of th e r e q u ire m e n ts
fo r th e d e g re e of
DOCTOR O F PHILOSOPHY
C o lleg e of E d u ca tio n
1969

A BSTRA CT
A STUDY O F THE R ELA TIO N SH IP BETW EEN
SELECTED V A RIABLES AND THE
A TTITUDES O F MICHIGAN PR IN C IPA L S TOWARD
ORGANIZING FO R NEGOTIATIONS
By
B enson S co tt M u n g er

S tatem en t of P ro b le m
T h is stu d y d e a lt w ith a s e t of s e le c te d v a r ia b le s w hich have
b e e n tra d itio n a lly a s s o c ia te d w ith m ilita n c y in education.

The study
j

u se d th is s e t of v a ria b le s a s p r e d ic to r v a r ia b le s in an attem p t to
p re d ic t th e a ttitu d e s of M ichigan p r in c ip a ls to w ard th e ir rig h t to
n e g o tia te and th e ir d e s ir e to n e g o tia te a lo c a l m a s te r c o n tra c t fo r
p rin c ip a ls .
R e s e a rc h M ethodology
A q u e s tio n n a ire w as s e n t to a ran d o m sa m p le of 280 M ich i­
g an p rin c ip a ls .

The q u e s tio n n a ire c o n tain e d se v e n te e n p re d ic to r

v a ria b le q u e stio n s and two c r ite r io n v a r ia b le q u e stio n s.

The q u e s -

tio n s w e re not la b e le d a s p r e d ic to r o r c r ite r io n v a ria b le s .

The

B enson Scott M unger
u sa b le r e tu r n r a te fo r th e q u e s tio n n a ire , w ith one follow -up, w as
89%. Q u e stio n s elev en and tw elv e w e re e lim in a te d .

T h ese q u e s ­

tio n s d e a lt w ith the id e n tific a tio n of th e p rin c ip a ls w ith te a c h e r s o r
a d m in is tr a to r s .

The q u e stio n s w e re e lim in a te d b e c a u se th e s u b je c ts

fa ile d to a c c u ra te ly m a rk th e a n s w e rs a c c o rd in g to d ire c tio n s .

The

r e s e a r c h h y p o th e ses w e re :
The s e le c te d v a r ia b le s th a t h av e been tra d itio n a lly a s s o ­
ciate d w ith te a c h e r m ilita n c y cannot acco u n t fo r a p e rc e n ta g e of
v a ria n c e th a t i s sig n ific a n tly g r e a t e r th a n z e ro w hen u se d to p re d ic t
th e p rin c ip a ls ' re s p o n s e s to th e q u estio n of th e ir rig h t to n e g o tiate.
The s e le c te d v a r ia b le s th a t h av e b een tra d itio n a lly a s s o ­
c ia te d w ith te a c h e r m ilita n c y cannot acco u n t fo r a p e rc e n ta g e of
f
f

v a ria n c e th a t i s sig n ific a n tly g r e a t e r th a n z e ro when u se d to p re d ic t
th e p r in c ip a ls ' r e s p o n s e s to th e q u e stio n of th e ir d e s ir e to n eg o tiate
a lo c a l c o n tra c t.
A fa c to r a n a ly s is w a s com puted u sin g the red u ced s e t of
fifte e n p r e d ic to r v a r ia b le s .

The o b ject of u sin g th e f a c to r a n a ly s is

w as to re d u c e the n u m b e r of v a r ia b le s to be u se d in th e su b seq u en t
m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is .

T h is s u b s e t of v a ria b le s w as co m ­

p o sed of th e v a r ia b le s w ith th e h ig h e s t f a c to r loading in ea ch fa c to r
w ith a n eig en v alu e g r e a t e r th a n 1 .0 0 .

T h e se v a ria b le s a lso had

n e a r z e ro fa c to r lo ad in g s on th e o th e r sig n ific a n t fa c to rs .

B enson Scott M unger
A m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is w as com puted using the
su b se t of v a ria b le s id en tified th ro u g h fa c to r a n a ly s is .

T his r e g r e s ­

sio n a n a ly s is w as a le a s t s q u a re s d e le te w ith a sig n ifican ce le v e l of
.0 5 .
In a d d itio n a le a s t s q u a r e s m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly sis
w as com puted u sin g a ll fifte e n v a r ia b le s .
S e v e ra l g u id e p o sts w e re u se d to e v a lu ate th e data: (1) The
o rth o g o n ality of th e f a c to rs fro m th e fa c to r a n a ly s is , {2) The to ta l
2

v a ria n c e acco u n ted fo r (R ) by th e m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly sis
2

u sin g a l l fifteen v a ria b le s , (3) T he v a ria n c e acco u n ted fo r (R )
u sin g th e sig n ific an t v a ria b le s fro m the le a s t s q u a re s d ele te p ro 2

g r a m s , and (4) The re la tiv e d e c r e a s e in v a ria n c e accounted fo r (R )
w ith ea c h ite ra tio n in th e le a s t s q u a re s d ele te p ro g ra m .
M a jo r F in d in g s
R e s e a rc h h y p o th e sis one w as ac c e p te d .

The se le c te d

v a r ia b le s w e re not ab le to p ro d u c e a m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n coefficient
th a t i s sig n ific an tly g r e a te r th a n z e r o ((X .05) on th e c rite rio n v a r i ­
ab le w hich d ea lt w ith the p rin cip als* rig h t to n e g o tiate.
R e s e a rc h h y p o th e sis tw o w as re je c te d .

The se le c te d v a r i ­

a b le s w e re ab le to p ro d u ce a m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n co efficien t g r e a t e r
th a n z e ro {(X . 05) on the c r ite r io n v a ria b le w hich d e a lt w ith the
p r in c ip a ls ' d e s ir e to n eg o tiate a lo c a l c o n tra c t.

B en so n Scott M unger
The to ta l s e t of p r e d ic to r v a r ia b le s acco u n te d fo r only
7,1% of th e v a ria n c e on th e c r ite r i o n v a ria b le w hich d e a lt w ith the
rig h t of p rin c ip a ls to n eg o tiate a n d 16.5% on th e c r ite r i o n v a ria b le
th a t d e a lt w ith th e d e s ir e to n e g o tia te a lo c al c o n tra c t.
When th e two sig n ific an t v a r ia b le s fro m th e le a s t s q u a re s
d e le te a n a ly sis w e re u sed in a r e g r e s s i o n a n a ly sis , th e y accounted
fo r 3. 6% of the v a ria n c e on c r ite r i o n v a ria b le one an d 12. 9% on
c r ite r io n v a ria b le tw o.

T h ese v a r ia b le s w ere th e d i s t r i c t 's expe­

rie n c e w ith m e d iatio n and its e x p e rie n c e w ith a s tr ik e .

On c rite rio n

v a ria b le two th e v a ria b le s w e re e x p e rie n c e w ith a s t r i k e in the
d is tr ic t and the s iz e of th e sc h o o l d is t r ic t.
It w as a ls o found th a t 89. 8% of th e p rin c ip a ls fe lt th a t
p rin c ip a ls should have th e rig h t to n eg o tiate a m a s te r c o n tra c t and
61. 2% fe lt th at th e ir lo c a l p r in c ip a ls g roup should n e g o tia te a con­
t r a c t w ith th e ir lo c a l b o ard of e d u c a tio n .

To m y G ra n d p a re n ts
f o r th e ir w isdom an d love

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

W ithout the a s s is ta n c e of m a n y p e o p le , a stu d y su ch a s th is
w ould be m u c h m o re difficu lt.

A g r a te fu l thank you is extended to

th e follow ing people:
T o D r. D avid Sm ith, C h a irm a n of m y d o c to ra l co m m ittee,
w h o se stim u la tio n and in sig h t w e re a co n tin u o u s s o u rc e of su p p o rt.
T o D r. S h irley B reh m , D r. R o b e rt C ra ig , an d D r. J a m e s
H eald fo r t h e i r a s s is ta n c e , guidance and s u p p o rt, w hich m ad e th is
p r o je c t p o ssib le .
To D r. A ndrew P o r te r , w hose s u g g e stio n s co n cern in g
s ta t i s t i c a l p ro c e d u re s w ere m o st h elp fu l.
To L a r r y L ezo tte, w hose a s s is ta n c e w as g r e a tly a p p re c i­
a te d .
T o th e p ro fe s s io n a l s ta ff of th e M ich ig an E d u catio n A s s o ­
c ia tio n , e s p e c ia lly M r. Tom N orthey, D r. Jo h n M e ed er, M r. R ichard
A d am s, M r. Kai E ric k so n , and M r. T om P a tte r s o n .

W ithout the

u n d e rs ta n d in g and h elp of th e se p eo p le, th is p ro je c t would h ave been
le s s fru itfu l.

iii

T o m y fa m ily , w ho g ave b oth h e lp and e n c o u ra g e m e n t.
T o m y w ife, B e tte , an d m y c h ild re n , H eid i and C had, f o r
th e ir p a tie n c e , lo v e , an d w illin g n e s s to g iv e of th e m s e lv e s .

iv

TABLE O F CO NTENTS

P ag e
LIST O F TABLES

V I1

C h a p te r
I.

II.

III.

THE PR O BLEM
N eed . . .
P u rp o s e . .
D efin itio n s
H y p o th eses
R atio n ale
O v erv iew

21

REVIEW O F L IT E R A T U R E

22

I n t r o d u c t i o n ..............................................
B r ie f Review o f N e g o tia tio n s H is to ry
R eview of N e g o tia tio n s in E d u ca tio n
S tate N eg o tiatio n s L a w s ........................
T he P rin c ip a l in M ic h ig a n ...................
T h e H illsd a le C a s e .................................
C a u se s of U n r e s t ................................ .
S u m m a r y ...................................................

22

RESEARCH M ETHOD

69

P o p u latio n .
S am p le , .
S am ple Size
In s tru m e n ta tio n
R e s e a rc h H y p o th eses
A n a ly sis
S u m m ary

69
7*0
72
74
76
77
80

1

5
8
13
14

23
27
32
39
49
51
63

C h a p te r
IV .

P age
ANALYSIS O F R E S U L T S ....................................................

82

S u m m a r y ..................................................................................

98

CONCLUSIONS AND IM P L IC A T IO N S .............................

101

C o n c l u s i o n s ..............................................................................
F u tu re R e s e a r c h .....................................................................

108
110

V

.................................................

114

A.

C O R R E S P O N D E N C E .............................................................

119

B.

NUM BERING GUIDE TO THE F IF T E E N
PR E D IC T O R V A R IA B L E S ..................................................

125

RO TA TED FACTOR LOADINGS FOR FACTORS
WITH EIGENVALUES G R EA TER THAN 1 .0 0 . . .

127

VARIABLE INTERCO RRELA TIO N M ATRIX
BY F A C T O R ....................................

128

V.

B IB L IO G R A P H Y .....................................
A ppendix

C.
D.

vi

LIST O F TABLES

T ab le
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

Page
N u m b er of T e a c h e r S trik e s in U. S. b y
S chool Y e a r .............................................................................
E d u c a tio n a l S trik e s an d Slowdowns in M ich ig an

.

24

. . .

25

R e tu rn R a te s by S t r a t u m .......................................................

74

V a r ia b le s C o m p risin g F a c to r s w ith E ig e n v a lu e s
E x ce ed in g 1 .0 0

83

E ig e n v a lu e s fo r F a c t o r s w ith E ig e n v a lu e s
G r e a te r th a n 1 . 0 0 .....................................................................

85

V a r ia b le s w ith H ig h est F a c to r L o ad in g s

89

. . . . . .

M u ltip le R e g re s s io n A n a ly s is R e s u lts U sing
A ll P r e d ic to r V a ria b le s w ith C r ite rio n
Q u e s tio n s O ne an d T w o ............................................................

90

M u ltip le R e g re s s io n A n a ly s is R e s u lts U sing
th e Six V a ria b le s Id en tifie d th ro u g h
F a c to r A n a l y s i s ..........................................................................

91

.M u ltip le R e g re s s io n A n a ly s is R e s u lts U sing
V a r ia b le s th a t P ro d u c e a n Anova M eetin g
th e . 05 L e v e l of S i g n i f i c a n c e ..............................................

93

M u ltip le R e g re s s io n A n a ly s is R e s u lts A fte r
E a c h I te r a tio n in th e L e a s t S q u ares
D e le te P r o g r a m ..........................................................................

94

M u ltip le R e g re s s io n A n a ly s is R e s u lts A fte r
S e le c te d I te r a tio n s in th e L e a s t S q u a re s
D e le te P ro g r a m U sing A ll P r e d ic to r V a r ia b le s

96

v ii

. . .

T ab le
X II.

P ag e
F re q u e n c y C ounts on C r ite r io n V a ria b le s
O ne and T w o ..................................................................................

97

X III.

N u m b erin g G uide to th e F ifte e n P r e d ic to r
V a r i a b l e s ............................................................................................ 125

XIV.

R o tated F a c to r L o ad in g s f o r F a c to r s w ith
E ig e n v a lu e s G r e a te r th a n 1. 00

XV.

127

V a ria b le I n te r c o r r e la tio n M a trix by F a c t o r .........................128

v iii

C H A PTE R I
THE PRO BLEM

Need
In th e la s t h a lf of the I960* s th e s tru g g le f o r re s o lu tio n of
p o w e r w ith in th e p u b lic sc h o o ls h a s b ro u g h t co n flict an d tu rm o il.
M uch of th e a tte n tio n h a s b een fo cu sed on th e te a c h e r - s c h o o l b o ard
o r te a c h e r - a d m in is t r a to r r e la tio n s h ip s .

W hen th e a d m in is tr a to r

w a s m e n tio n e d , th a t d e fin itio n u s u a lly e n c o m p a sse d c e n tr a l office
p e r s o n n e l w ith p r in c ip a ls and se c o n d -lin e a d m in is tr a to r s r a r e ly ,
i f e v e r, in c lu d ed .

W ith c o lle c tiv e n e g o tia tio n s, the p r in c ip a l h as

b e c o m e th e fo rg o tte n m a n .

The N atio n al School P u b lic R e latio n s

A s s o c ia tio n B u lle tin d e s c r ib e s th e principal* s p o s itio n a s follow s:
The p r in c ip a l i s in d a n g e r of b ein g " tra d e d out o f e x is te n c e " by
te a c h e r - s c h o o l b o a rd n e g o tia tio n s. H is p o w e rs a r e b ein g
b a rg a in e d aw ay b y sc h o o l b o a rd s a s th e y a g re e to teach er* s
d e m a n d s f o r a g r e a t e r sa y in running th e s c h o o ls . T he p r in ­
c ip a l i s sta n d in g by h e lp le s s ly w atch in g h is a u th o rity v an ish
b e c a u s e he se ld o m h a s an y p a r t in n eg o tiatio n s. He is being
" b y p a s s e d an d b l i t z e d ." T e a c h e r s r e g a r d h im a s the b o s s .
T he b o a rd th in k s h e i s an u n d e rlin g . H e i s th e u n en v iab le m an
in th e m id d le - - a l o s e r in no-m an* s lane1

T

^ 'P r i n c i p a l s F ig h t f o r E x is te n c e , " E d u c a tio n U. S. A . (W ash­
in g to n : N a tio n a l School P u b lic R e la tio n s A ss o c ia tio n , 1968), p. 1.

2
A lthough m a n y v a r ia b le s th a t r e la te to t h i s p ro b le m a r e
m a n ife s t th ro u g h o u t th e U nited S ta te s , M ich ig an h a s b eco m e not only
a le a d e r b u t a m ic ro c o s m of a lm o s t a l l th e e v e n ts w hich a r e ta k in g
p la c e in v a rio u s o th e r s ta te s .
B eginning in 1965 w ith th e p a s s a g e of P u b lic A ct 379, w hich
g av e p u b lic e m p lo y e e s th e rig h t to n e g o tia te c o n tra c ts w ith th e ir
e m p lo y e rs , th e m o v e to w a rd g r e a t e r in v o lv e m e n t in lo c a l e d u c atio n
b e c a m e a r e a lity .

T he M ichigan E d u c a tio n A s so c ia tio n and th e

M ich ig an F e d e ra tio n of T e a c h e rs m oved a lm o s t im m e d ia te ly in to
f u ll- s c a le c o n tra c ts w ith the K -12 d i s t r i c t s in th e s ta te .

A t th is

tim e th e r e w as no p r e c e d e n t to in d ic a te th a t p r in c ip a ls m ig h t h av e
th e sa m e rig h t to n e g o tia te lo c a l c o n tra c ts .
W ith th e H ills d a le d e c is io n by th e M ich ig an S tate L a b o r
M e d iatio n B o a rd in D e c e m b e r of 1968, i t w as c l e a r th a t p r in c ip a ls
h ad th e s a m e n eg o tia tio n rig h ts a s te a c h e r s .

T h e ap p lica tio n of

th is p r o c e s s i s a t th is w ritin g a n u n a n sw e re d q u e stio n .
T he p r in c ip a ls in M ichigan w e r e faced n o t only w ith th e
u s u a l p ro b le m s a s s o c ia te d w ith co m p etin g te a c h e r s o rg a n iz a tio n s ,
b u t a ls o w ith a b a s ic s p lit in p h ilo s o p h ic a l and o rg a n iz a tio n a l
e m p h a s is betw een o rg a n iz a tio n s th a t w ish e d to r e p r e s e n t th em .
D r. C h a rle s T. S ch m id t, J r . , in an a r t i c l e on re c o g n itio n of
p r in c ip a ls , said :

3
T h e le g a l q u e s tio n s h av e not been e n tir e ly re s o lv e d , n o r have
th e o rg a n iz a tio n a l an d p h ilo so p h ic a l re la tio n s h ip s and p o sitio n s
b e e n fu lly e x p lo re d .
T he a d m in is tr a tiv e te a m a p p ro a c h w as o ffe re d b y one group
w ith a p r o m is e o f g r e a t e r co m m u n icatio n w ith t h e i r b o a rd s of e d u ­
c a tio n an d c e n tr a l a d m in is tr a to r s , in ad d itio n to m o re a u th o rity to
h an d le in d iv id u a l p ro b le m s .

M r. F r it z F in is , P a s t - P r e s i d e n t of

M A E SP, co m m e n te d on th is ap p ro ach :
T h e m a n a g e m e n t te a m concept w ill b e given s tro n g im p e tu s
th ro u g h r e la tio n s h ip s w ith th e C o n g re s s of A d m in is tra to r s and
th ro u g h th e a s s ig n m e n t to be u n d e rta k e n by p a s t p r e s id e n t Jo e
W h ite.
T h e m e e tin g s w ith th e C o n g re ss h a v e p ro d u c e d so m e i n t e r e s t ­
in g an d m o s t in fo rm a tiv e d is c u s s io n s . To m y know ledge, w e
h a v e n e v e r b e fo re h a d th e o p p o rtu n ity to a c tu a lly s it down a c r o s s
th e ta b le fro m s u p e rin te n d e n ts and b o a rd m e m b e r r e p r e s e n t a ­
tiv e s and d is c u s s o p en ly o u r p ro b le m s and c o n c e rn s . T h is
a v e n u e of co m m u n ic a tio n i s h e a lth y . It p ro v id e s a so u n d in g
b o a r d f o r a l l g ro u p s.
A n o th e r g ro u p p o in ted out th a t p rin cip al* s p o w e rs a r e being
re d u c e d and h is r e s p o n s ib ilitie s in c r e a s e d th ro u g h te a c h e r - b o a r d
n e g o tia tio n s .
th e a n s w e r .

P ro m p t o rg a n iz a tio n f o r n e g o tia tio n s w as te n d e re d a s
A l e t t e r fro m the M ich ig an E d u ca tio n A s so c ia tio n

e n c o u ra g e d p r in c ip a ls to ta k e a s tro n g stan d :
2

C h a r le s T. S chm idt, J r .., " T h e Q u e stio n of th e R e co g n i­
tio n o f P r in c ip a ls and O th e r S u p e rv iso ry U n its in P u b lic E d u ca tio n
C o lle c tiv e B a rg a in in g , " L a b o r Law J o u r n a l (M ay, 1968), p. 291.
3
F r i t z P in is , "N o T im e to L o s e , " T he M ich ig an E le m e n ­
t a r y P r in c ip a l, XXXXII, No. 5 (E a st L an sin g : M ay, 1968), p. 3.

4
Should p r in c ip a ls , th e n , ta k e h o ld of th e o p p o rtu n ity p ro v id ed
th e m u n d e r P A 379 an d fu lfill t h e i r r e s p o n s ib ility to th e m s e lv e s
and th e p ro fe s s io n to a c c e p t th is new and ch allen g in g le a d e rs h ip
r o le ? The a n s w e r i s a re so u n d in g " Y e s I"
The M ic h ig a n E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia tio n s ta n d s r e a d y to a s s i s t you
in y o u r m ove to w ard g r e a t e r p r o f e s s io n a l s e lf-d e te rm in a tio n .
The r ig h t to d o so is y o u r s by law . E x e r c is e it now.
T h e co m p lete la c k of in fo rm a tio n in th is a r e a m ade
d e c is io n -m a k in g d iffic u lt.
T h e tr a d itio n a l p r i n c i p a l 's re la tio n s h ip s h av e b een r a d ic a lly
a lte r e d .
tio n s .

T h e p rin c ip a l m a y a s s u m e a new ro le b e c a u s e of n e g o tia ­
T h a t new r o le w a s y e t to b e c o m e c le a r .

J o s e p h H. C ro n in

o f H a r v a r d co m m en ted on th is p ro b le m ;
It i s n o t enough to a s k p r in c ip a ls and s ta ffs to h av e id e a s o r to
e x p e c t th a t a p r in c ip a l lis te n to th e v o ic e s of sc h o o l c lie n ts ;
the b o a r d h a s an o b lig a tio n to re v ie w th e c u r r e n t e x p e c ta tio n s
h eld o f p r in c ip a ls and to re d e fin e th e r o le b e fo re , o r a s a r e s u lt
of n e g o tia tio n s . 5
T h e r o le s of p r in c ip a ls w e r e c o n s ta n tly b ein g re d e fin e d in
p r a c tic e .

T he d ir e c tio n of th is re d e fin itio n m a y w e ll be in flu en ced

p r i m a r i l y b y te a c h e r - b o a r d n e g o tia tio n s u n le s s th e p rin c ip a l i s ab le
t o e x e rt p r e s s u r e th a t i s a d e q u a te ly o rg a n iz e d and d ire c te d .

If
i

^

n e g o tia tio n s w e re to have a fra c tio n of th e im p a c t on p rin c ip a ls th a t
4

O ffice o f A d m in is tra to r S e r v ic e s , The P r in c ip a l and
P A 379 ( E a s t L an sin g ; M ic h ig an E d u c a tio n A s so c ia tio n , 1967), p. 2.
5
J o s e p h H . C ro n in , "S ch o o l B o a rd s and P r in c ip a ls B e fo re
a n d A fte r N e g o tia tio n s ," P h i D e lta K appan (B loom ington; N o v em ­
b e r , 1967), pp. 126-127.

i t h a s h ad on te a c h e r s , th e r e s u lt s m a y b e v e r y d iffic u lt to
ig n o re .
T he s ta te te a c h e r s o rg a n iz a tio n s h ad lit tle d ir e c t c o n tro l
of lo c a l u n its , y et h ad a g r e a t d e a l o f in flu e n c e th ro u g h su c h th in g s
a s m o d e l c o n tra c ts and r e le a s e of in fo rm a tio n of s p e c ific to p ic s .
B e c a u se of th is th e r a te an d d ir e c tio n of te a c h e r - b o a r d n e g o tia tio n s
h a s b e e n a su b tle in te ra c tio n b etw een th e te a c h e r s and th e ir s ta te
a s s o c ia tio n s .
A s th is s a m e lo o s e a ffilia tio n e x is ts w ith in th e p r in c ip a ls
a s s o c ia tio n s and th e ir in d iv id u a l p r in c ip a ls , th is s itu a tio n m a y w e ll
com e to e x is t in th e ir r e la tio n s h ip s .

The k e y sto n e of th is type of

r e la tio n s h ip i s ad eq u ate in fo rm a tio n .
In o r d e r to m a k e th e n e c e s s a r y d e c is io n s about o r g a n iz a ­
tio n , n a tio n a l, s ta te , and lo c a l le a d e r s w ill n e e d to h av e a c c u r a te
in fo rm a tio n -- in fo r m a tio n n o t only ab o u t th e p r e s e n t a ttitu d e s am ong
p r in c ip a ls but ab o u t th e v a r ia b le s th a t r e la te to th o s e a ttitu d e s .
P u rp o s e
T he p u rp o se of th is stu d y w as to e x a m in e a s e t of v a r ia b le s
w ith r e s p e c t to th e ir a b ility to p r e d ic t th e a ttitu d e o f M ich ig an
p r in c ip a ls to w a rd n e g o tia tio n s fo r th e m s e lv e s and o th e r p r in c ip a ls .
T h e se p r e d ic to r v a r ia b le s w e re u s e d b o th in d iv id u a lly and in g ro u p s.

6
T he in te n t w a s to u s e th e le a s t n u m b e r of p r e d ic to r v a r ia b le s to
m a k e a v alid p re d ic tio n of th e c r ite r io n v a r ia b le s .
T h e stu d y did n o t a tte m p t to p la c e a v alu e ju d g m e n t on th e
p r o c e s s of c o lle c tiv e n e g o tia tio n s in p u b lic e d u c a tio n .

It sim p ly

re c o g n iz e d th a t th e p r o c e s s is one w hich b e c a u s e of i t s g ro w th ,
e s p e c ia lly in th e S tate o f M ich ig an , is w o rth y o f s y s te m a tic e x p lo ­
ra tio n .
M any of th e d e c is io n s c o n c e rn in g c o lle c tiv e n e g o tia tio n s
th a t h av e b e e n m a d e by sc h o o l d i s t r i c t s and e d u c a tio n a s s o c ia tio n s
w e r e m ad e w ith r e la tiv e ly little in fo rm a tio n a b o u t th e n e e d s and
b ack g ro u n d of t h e i r c o n s titu e n ts .

If a s ig n ific a n t n u m b e r of lo c a l

p r in c ip a ls o rg a n iz a tio n s begin to u se th e p r o c e s s of n e g o tia tio n s,
th e need f o r in fo rm a tio n m a y b ec o m e ev e n g r e a t e r .
T he q u e stio n of w h e th e r p r in c ip a ls sh o u ld n e g o tia te and
if s o , u n d e r w hat co n d itio n s, h a s b een la r g e ly ig n o re d in the l i t e r a ­
tu r e .

The p r in c ip a l and h is r o le h a s b e e n d is c u s s e d in r e la tio n to

te a c h e r - b o a r d n e g o tia tio n s , b u t se ld o m fro m th e v iew p o in t of the
p r in c ip a l a s a m e m b e r o f h is ow n o rg a n iz a tio n w ith u n m e t n e e d s and
. c o n c e rn s .

S e p a ra te n e g o tia tio n s r e p r e s e n t o n e av en u e f o r p r in c ip a ls

to w a rd m o r e c o n tro l of th e i r p r o f e s s io n a l d e s tin y .
T h e a b ility to p r e d ic t th e a ttitu d e o f p r in c ip a ls to w a rd
n e g o tia tio n s w ill h a v e a good d e a l of im p o r ta n c e f o r s e v e r a l g ro u p s.

7
L o c a l c e n tr a l office a d m in is tr a to r s w ould u s e th e in fo rm a tio n to
a s s e s s th e s ta tu s of th e i r s ta ff a ttitu d e s to w a rd n e g o tia tio n s w ithout
a d ir e c t q u e stio n on th e s u b je c t.

T h is m a y h av e an e ffe c t on th e

re la tio n s h ip s b etw een the c e n tr a l o ffice and th e p r in c ip a ls and the
c e n tr a l office a ttitu d e to w a rd th o s e r e la tio n s h ip s .
T he lo c a l p r in c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n le a d e r s could u s e th e
in fo rm a tio n to a s s e s s i t s p o s itio n on n e g o tia tio n s b e fo re ta k in g a
p u b lic sta n d w ith i t s m e m b e r s .

It could a ls o give an in d ic a tio n of

th e typ e o f p rin c ip a l th a t w as lik e ly to s u p p o rt an y p o sitiv e m o v e ­
m e n t to w a rd n e g o tia tio n s.
T he s ta te p r in c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n s could u s e th e in f o r m a ­
tio n to a s s e s s i t s p o s itio n on n e g o tia tio n s and to allo w th e a s s o c i a ­
tio n to p la n its m eth o d and a r e a s o f im p le m e n ta tio n if a p o s itiv e
p o sitio n on n e g o tia tio n s i s ta k e n .
T he c h o ic e s m a d e by p r in c ip a ls o rg a n iz a tio n s su ch a s th o s e
found in M ich ig an w ill d e te r m in e th e d ir e c tio n of ed u c atio n , e s p e ­
c ia lly in th e a r e a of p e r s o n n e l r e la tio n s .
i s c le a r ly ev id en t.

T he n ee d f o r in fo rm a tio n

A ck now ledging th e lim ita tio n s of an y r e s e a r c h

of th is a r e a , th is stu d y w a s d e d ic a te d to the c o lle c tio n and a n a ly s is
of d a ta w hich m a y c o n trib u te u s e fu l in fo rm a tio n in th e a r e a of
p r in c ip a ls and t h e i r a ttitu d e to w a rd o rg a n iz in g fo r n e g o tia tio n s.

8
D efin itio n s
A FT
(A m e ric a n F e d e ra tio n
of T e a c h e r s )
A n o rg a n iz a tio n of te a c h e r s a ffilia te d w ith th e A F L -C IO
founded to p r e s s fo r c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g in p u b lic ed u catio n .

A

n a tio n a l o rg a n iz a tio n w hich h a s had i t s g r e a t e s t s u c c e s s in la rg e
m e tro p o lita n sc h o o l d i s t r i c t s .
C o lle c tiv e B a rg a in in g —
C o lle c tiv e N e g o tia tio n s - P r o f e s s io n a l N eg o tiatio n s
T h re e t e r m s w hich h av e b e e n u se d in te rc h a n g e a b ly in th e
lite ra tu re .

B a s ic a lly , tw o p a r t i e s s ittin g down and red u cin g th e ir

m u tu a l c o n c e rn s to a w ritte n a g re e m e n t b y w hich th e ir re la tio n s h ip
i s g o v e rn e d f o r a g iv en p e rio d of tim e ,
C o n g re s s o f School
A d m in is tr a to r A s s o c ia tio n s
A lo o s e ly o rg a n iz e d a d m in is tra tiv e o rg a n iz a tio n w hich w as
fo rm e d a f t e r th e a d m in is tr a tiv e a s s o c ia tio n s d is a ffilia te d fro m the
M ich ig an E d u c a tio n A s so c ia tio n .

DCT
(T he D e p a rtm e n t of
C la s s r o o m T e a c h e rs )
A d e p a rtm e n t of th e M ich ig an E d u c a tio n A s so c ia tio n w hich,
b e fo re d is a ffilia tio n by a d m in is tr a to r s , h ad th e s a m e r e la tio n s h ip
to th e p a r e n t MEA a s did th e a d m in is tra tiv e o rg a n iz a tio n s .
F a c t-fin d in g
A q u a s i ju d ic ia l p ro c e d u re a v a ila b le to sc h o o l d i s t r i c t s
w h e re m e d ia tio n h a s fa ile d to re s o lv e an im p a s s e .

T he p ro c e d u re

c o n s is ts of a n in fo rm a l h e a rin g , u s u a lly p u b lic , w h e re both p a r tie s
to th e d is p u te p r e s e n t a rg u m e n ts f o r th e ir p o s itio n on d isp u te d
is s u e s .

W ith in a s h o r t tim e the o ffic e r i s s u e s a p u b lic r e c o m m e n ­

d a tio n fo r s e ttle m e n t.

T he re c o m m e n d a tio n is n o t binding on e ith e r

p a r ty .
M A ESF
(T he M ic h ig an A s s o c ia tio n of
E le m e n ta r y School P r in c ip a ls )
A n a s s o c ia tio n w h ich w as, u n til 1968, a d e p a rtm e n t o f th e
M ich ig an E d u c a tio n A sso c ia tio n .

T he a s s o c ia tio n w as in d e p en d en t,

although lo o s e ly tie d to th e C o n g re s s of School A d m in is tr a to r A s s o ­
c ia tio n s .

10
MAPS
(T he M ich ig an A s s o c ia tio n of
P rin c ip a ls! and S u p e rv is o rs )
A n a d m in is tra tiv e d iv is io n of th e M ich ig an E d u ca tio n A sso c ia tio n w k .ch w a s fo rm e d in 1968 w hen th e s u p e rin te n d e n ts , e l e ­
m e n ta r y p r in c ip a ls , an d s e c o n d a ry p r in c ip a ls le ft th e M EA.
MASA
(T he Mich: g an A s s o c ia tio n
of School A d m in is tra to r s )
A n a s s o c ia tio n of s u p e rin te n d e n ts and c e n tr a l o ffice p e r ­
so n n e l w h ich w a s f o r m e r ly a d e p a rtm e n t of th e M ich ig an E d u ca tio n
A s s o c ia tio n ,

It w as lo o s e ly tie d to th e C o n g re s s of A d m in is tra to r

A s s o c ia tio n s ,
MASCD
(T he M ich ig an A s s o c ia tio n
of S u p erv in io n and
C u rric u lu m D ev elo p m en t)
A n a s s o c ia tio n of p eo p le c o n c e rn e d w ith c u r r ic u lu m .

It i s

c u r r e n tly a d e p a rtm e n t o f th e M ic h ig an E d u c a tio n A sso c ia tio n .
MASSP
(T he M ichi g an A s s o c ia tio n of
S eco n d a ry S chool P r in c ip a ls )
A n a s s o c ia tio n w hich, u n til 1967, w as a d e p a rtm e n t of th e
M ich ig an E d u ca tio n A s s o c ia tio n .

A f te r i t s d is a ffilia tio n it b e c a m e

11
an in d e p en d en t o rg a n iz a tio n lo o s e ly tie d to th e C o n g re s s o f School
A d m in is tr a to r A s s o c ia tio n s .
MBA
(M ichig an E d u ca tio n
A sso c ia tio n )
A s ta te a f f ilia te of th e N a tio n a l E d u c a tio n A s so c ia tio n .
U n til 1966 it r e p r e s e n te d both te a c h e r s and a d m in is tr a to r s in M ic h i­
g an .

W ith th e d is a ffilia tio n of th e s u p e rin te n d e n ts , se c o n d a ry

p r in c ip a ls , an d e le m e n ta ry p r in c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n s , it w a s p r im a r ily
a n a s s o c ia tio n of c la s s r o o m te a c h e r s .
M e d iatio n
A p ro c e d u re g ra n te d to sc h o o l d i s t r i c t s in th e M ich ig an
P u b lic E m p lo y e e s R e la tio n s A ct (Act N o. 336 of th e P u b lic A c ts of
1947 a s am en d ed ) and d efin ed in the M ich ig an L a b o r M e d iatio n A ct
(A ct No. 176 of the P u b lic A c ts of 1939 a s am en d ed ).

T h is p r o ­

c e d u re a llo w s th e M ic h ig an L a b o r M e d iatio n B o a rd to a s s ig n an
im p a r tia l th ir d p a r ty t o sc h o o l d i s t r i c t s e x p e rie n c in g d iffic u lty w ith
t h e i r n e g o tia tio n s .

T h e th ird p a r ty i s p aid by th e S tate o f M ichigan.

M FT
(M ichig an F e d e ra tio n
o f T e a c h e rs )
A s ta te a f f ilia te of th e A m e r ic a n F e d e ra tio n of T e a c h e r s
r e p r e s e n tin g te a c h e r s in e ig h te e n K -1 2 d i s t r i c t s in M ich ig an .

T he

12
la r g e s t d is t r ic t r e p r e s e n te d is D e tro it.

The M F T , lik e it s n a tio n a l

p a r e n t, h a s d is c o u ra g e d m e m b e rs h ip b y a d m in is tr a to r s .
NEA
(N atio n al E d u ca tio n
A sso c ia tio n )
A n a tio n a l a s s o c ia tio n o f e d u c a to rs co m p o sed of a d iv e r s e
s e t of o rg a n iz a tio n s tie d to it in a v a r ie ty of r e la tio n s h ip s .

It i s th e

l a r g e s t ed u c atio n a s s o c ia tio n in th e U nited S ta te s and h a s a f f ilia te s
in e v e ry s ta te .
O ffice of
A d m in is tra to r S e rv ic e s
A d iv is io n o f th e M ich ig an E d u catio n A s s o c ia tio n w hich
p ro v id e s s e r v ic e s and h a s r e s p o n s ib ility fo r m e m b e r s of M APS.
P .A . 379
(P u b lic A ct 379)
A M ich ig an le g is la tiv e a c t p a s s e d in 1965 w hich gave p u b lic
e m p lo y e e s, in clu d in g te a c h e r s , th e rig h t to n e g o tia te c o n tra c ts w ith
th e ir e m p lo y e rs .

T h is a c t a ls o p ro v id e s s e v e r a l p r o c e s s e s f o r th e

r e s o lu tio n of im p a s s e s .

T h ese p r o c e d u r e s in c lu d e m e d ia tio n , f a c t-

finding, and u n f a ir la b o r p r a c tic e h e a rin g s .

T he r e s p o n s ib ility f o r

a d m in is te rin g th e a c t i s in th e h a n d s of th e S tate L a b o r M ed iatio n
B o a rd ,

I-

13
PERA
(P u b lic E m p lo y e es
R e la tio n s A ct)
See P . A . 379 fo r d e fin itio n .
S trik e
A s tr ik e f o r p u rp o s e s of th e a c t i s th e o rg a n iz e d no n a p p e a ra n c e of te a c h e r s a t th e tim e d e s ig n a te d by th e b o a rd of e d u ­
c a tio n fo r th e opening of sch o o l.
H y p o th e se s
The re v ie w of th e li t e r a t u r e in d ic a te s th a t th e r e a r e s e v e r a l
v a r ia b le s w h ich h av e b ee n tr a d itio n a lly r e la te d to te a c h e r m ilita n c y .
T h e s e v a r ia b le s a p p e a r in th e w ritin g s of a u th o rs th a t h a v e b e e n
c o n c e rn e d w ith th e field of n e g o tia tio n s .

S ince p r in c ip a ls h av e t r a ­

d itio n a lly r i s e n fro m th e ra n k s of te a c h e r s , th e r e is good r e a s o n to
b e lie v e th a t th e s e v a r ia b le s w ill h a v e a s i m i l a r r e la tio n s h ip to
p r in c ip a l m ilita n c y .
1.

The s e le c te d v a r ia b le s th a t h av e b e e n tr a d itio n a lly a s s o ­
c ia te d w ith te a c h e r m ilita n c y sh o u ld show a s tro n g r e l a ­
tio n s h ip to th e p r in c ip a ls ' fe e lin g s to w a rd th e ir rig h t to
n e g o tia te .

j

L

14
2.

The s e le c te d v a r ia b le s th a t h av e tr a d itio n a lly b e e n a s s o ­
c ia te d w ith te a c h e r m ilita n c y sh o u ld show a s tro n g r e l a ­
tio n s h ip to p r in c ip a ls ' d e s i r e to n e g o tia te a lo c a l c o n tra c t.
R a tio n a le
The tim e f a c to r w as e x tre m e ly im p o rta n t in a stu d y of

p r in c ip a ls and n e g o tia tio n s in M ich ig an .

T he o p p o rtu n ity to stu d y

t e a c h e r s a s th e y o rg a n iz e d fo r n e g o tia tio n s h a s e s s e n tia lly b een
lo s t.

T he o rig in a l im p e tu s fo r n e g o tia tio n s h a s p a s s e d and it h a s

b e c o m e a c c e p te d p r a c tic e in a lm o s t a l l th e sc h o o l d i s t r i c t s in
M ic h ig an .

T he a b ility to look a t th is ch an g e a s it m a y ta k e p la c e

s ti ll e x is te d f o r p r in c ip a ls and a ls o f o r te a c h e r s and p r in c ip a ls in
so m e o th e r .s ta te s .
T he fa c t th a t lit e r a tu r e on th e v a r ia b le s e ffe c tin g the
o rg a n iz a tio n o f p r in c ip a ls f o r n e g o tia tio n s w a s e x tre m e ly lim ite d
m a k e s i t n e c e s s a r y to m a k e an a s s u m p tio n .

T hat a s su m p tio n i s

th a t th e in fo rm a tio n r e la te d to te a c h e r s n e g o tia tio n s m a y , a t le a s t
in p a r t, ap p ly to p r in c ip a ls a s w e ll.

If th is a s su m p tio n w a s show n

to be f a ls e , it w ould c a ll in to q u e s tio n f u r th e r in v e s tig a tio n in to th e
p r e s e n c e o f c a u se an d e ffe c t r e la tio n s h ip s b etw een th e p r e d ic to r and
c r ite r i o n v a r ia b le s in th is stu d y .

A lthough th is stu d y d id not a tte m p t

to e x p la in c a u s e and e ffe c t, it w ill a tte m p t to p o in t th e w ay and

15
re fin e th e co n d itio n s u n d e r w hich a d d itio n a l s tu d ie s m ig h t be co n ­
d u cted .
T h e re a r e s e v e r a l r e a s o n s to f e e l th a t th is a s s u m p tio n of
tr a n s f e r a b ility w a s v a lid .

The p o p u la tio n of p r in c ip a ls i s d raw n

a lm o s t e n tire ly fro m th e p o p u latio n o f te a c h e r s .

A p r in c ip a l m u s t

h av e s e r v e d w hat could b e c o n s id e re d a n a p p re n tic e s h ip a s a te a c h e r .
A s th e job of p r in c ip a l ev o lv ed fro m th e co n cep t of a m a s t e r te a c h e r ,
th e p r i n c i p a l 's p o s itio n h a s tr a d itio n a lly b een s e e n a s a n e x te n sio n
of th e te ach e r* s p o sitio n .

E v en w ith th e s e p a r a tio n of te a c h e r s

fro m a d m in is tr a to r s in M ich ig an and e ls e w h e re , the p r in c ip a l h a s
found h im s e lf in th e m id d le r a th e r th a n a fu ll-fle d g e d m e m b e r of
th e a d m in is tra tio n .
T he p rin c ip a l, u n lik e m o s t a d m in is tr a to r s , sp e n d s th e
m a jo r ity o f h is tim e w o rk in g d ir e c tly w ith and f o r te a c h e r s .

T he

p rin cip a l* s job d o e s not is o la te h im fro m te ach e r* s p ro b le m s b ut
a c tu a lly m a g n ifie s th e m b e c a u s e o f t h e i r e x tre m e im p o rta n c e to th e
s u c c e s s o f h is jo b .

In m a n y s y s te m s ev e n h is s a l a r y w a s b a s e d on

th e s u c c e s s of th e te a c h e r - b o a r d n e g o tia tio n s.
U n til r e c e n tly in M ich ig an b oth th e te a c h e r s and p r in c ip a ls
w e re m e m b e r s of th e s a m e s ta te e d u c a tio n a l a s s o c ia tio n .

The

m a jo r ity o f te a c h e r s and p r in c ip a ls b elo n g ed to th e M ich ig an E d u ­
c a tio n A s s o c ia tio n , w hich saw i t s e l f a s a n o rg a n iz a tio n r e p r e s e n tin g

16
a c r o s s - s e c tio n of th e ed u c atio n al com m unity.

The w ritin g s of th e

p re s e n tly in d ep en d en t p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n s in d ic a te th a t th ey have
not yet re so lv e d the q u e stio n of th e i r re la tio n s h ip s w ith te a c h e r s .
The v a ria b le s u se d in th e o rig in a l q u e s tio n n a ire have v a r y ­
ing d e g re e s of a c c e p ta n c e in th e lit e r a tu r e , although a ll h av e been
se e n a s re la te d to te a c h e r m ilita n c y .
The s tu d ie s u sin g th e M EA -N EA a ttitu d e stu d y q u e s tio n ­
n a ir e give su p p o rt to se x , e x p e rie n c e le v e ls , p o sitio n , and p a r tic i­
p ation in a s tr ik e a s v a ria b le s re la te d to m ilita n c y —th a t m ilita n c y
being defined a s se e in g the rig h t to s tr ik e a s n e c e s s a r y .
B e ca u se th e m e d ia tio n and fa c t-fin d in g p r o c e s s e s a lm o st
alw ay s p re c e d e a s tr ik e , th e r e w as good re a s o n to b e lie v e th a t if
having a s tr ik e h a s h ad an effect on th e p o p u latio n , both m e d iatio n
and fa c t-fin d in g m ay a ls o h av e had a sig n ific a n t effect.

A s s tr ik e s

h av e b een re la tiv e ly r a r e in r e la tio n to the n u m b e r of d is t r ic ts in
th e to ta l population, a sig n ific an t re la tio n sh ip w ith fa c t-fin d in g o r
m e d ia tio n m a y be m u ch m o re u se fu l.
T he se x and p o sitio n (e le m e n ta ry --s e c o n d a ry ) v a r ia b le s
se e m e d to h av e a good d e a l in com m on.

A ll th r e e r e s e a r c h stu d ie s

rev iew ed and th e lite r a tu r e on n eg o tiatio n s in d ic a te d an im p o rta n t
re la tio n s h ip fo r sex and p o sitio n .
*

a r e m e a s u rin g a com m on fa c to r.

It is p o s sib le th a t both v a r ia b le s
B ecau se of th e h is to r ic re la tio n sh ip

17
betw een fe m a le s and e le m e n ta ry sch o o ls and m a le s and se c o n d a ry
sc h o o ls, it is q u ite p o s sib le th a t u sin g both m e a s u r e s m a y be a
redundancy.
Both th e M EA -N EA stu d y and th e a u th o r-c o n d u c te d stu d y
in d icated th a t e x p e rie n c e is im p o rta n t in ev alu atin g the m ilita n c y of
e d u c a to rs.

E x p e rie n c e and ag e m a y have th e sa m e ty p e of r e la tio n ­

sh ip a s sex and p o sitio n , b e c a u s e g e n e ra lly th e m o re e x p e rie n c e the
p e rs o n h a s h ad th e o ld e r he w ill be.

B ecau se of the s m a ll n u m b e r

of ex cep tio n s, th e s e two v a r ia b le s m ay a ls o be m e a s u rin g one
fa c to r.
B oth th e M EA -N EA stu d y and th e a u th o r-c o n d u c te d stu d y
in d icated th a t p a rtic ip a tio n in an e x tre m e a c tio n su ch a s a s tr ik e
w as re la te d to a m ilita n t a ttitu d e a s defined by th e q u e stio n stu d ied .
F o r p rin c ip a ls , b e c a u se of th e i r iso la tio n fro m th e n eg o tiatio n
p r o c e s s , th e fa c t th a t th e y m a y h ave been a m e m b e r of a n eg o tiatin g
te a m on e ith e r sid e of th e ta b le m a y be im p o rta n t.

It w as a lso

re a so n a b le to a s s u m e th a t h aving had a re p r e s e n ta tiv e of th e p r in ­
c ip a ls g ro u p on th e n eg o tiatin g te a m m ay h av e an effect on th e ir
attitu d e to w ard n eg o tiatio n s.
A lthough the s ta te p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n s h av e been in
fe rm e n t, th e y w ill continue to b e th e le a d e r s in th e d ire c tio n th e
p rin c ip a ls fin a lly d ecid e to tr a v e l.

The n o n -m e m b e r g ro u p

18
r e p r e s e n ts a p o w er g ro u p w ith in th e p ro fe s s io n , although not an
o rg a n iz e d one.

If th e in d e p en d en t p rin c ip a ls h av e a com m on

opinion c o n c e rn in g n e g o tia tio n s, i t could h a v e a profound e ffe c t on
th e u ltim a te p o sitio n of th e s ta te a s s o c ia tio n s .
A s th e in d ep en d en t s ta te p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n s c u r r e n tly
r e p r e s e n t a m a jo rity of th e p r in c ip a ls in M ich ig an , th e y h ave had
th e r e s p o n s ib ility to a tte m p t to d e fin e the p o s itio n o f th e a s s o c ia ­
tio n s to w a rd n e g o tia tio n s.

As an ex ten sio n o f th is th ought, th e

o ffic e rs of th e a s s o c ia tio n s sin c e 1965 sh o u ld r e p r e s e n t to a m o r e
in te n s e d e g re e th e a ttitu d e s of t h e i r a s s o c ia tio n s .

T h is should be

tr u e of o ffic e rs a t th e lo c a l, s ta te , o r n a tio n a l le v e l, although th e
th r u s t a t ea ch le v e l m a y n o t be e q u a l.

B oth m e m b e rs h ip and holding

office in a p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n w ould s e e m to be p r e s e n t r e a s o n ­
ab le p r e d ic to r v a r ia b le s .
B e c a u se th e p rin c ip a l w a s the acknow ledged m a n - in - th e m id d le, b oth p o le s, th e te a c h e r s an d the a d m in is tr a to r s , ten d to
le a d h im in o p p o site d ir e c tio n s .

T he ex ten t o f h is id e n tific a tio n

w ith e i th e r e x tre m e sh o u ld give a f a ir ly a c c u r a te in d ic a tio n of th e
princip al* s fe e lin g s to w a rd n e g o tia tio n s.

I f b oth th e a d m in is tr a to r s

and te a c h e r s continue th e ir p o la r re a c tio n s to n e g o tia tio n s, a r e s o ­
lu tio n of th e p r in c ip a ls ' p ro b le m should b r in g a g r e a t e r id e n tific a ­
tio n w ith one of th e tw o g ro u p s.

19
T he eco n o m ic c irc u m s ta n c e s of te a c h e r s h a s b ee n one of
th e m o st p e rv a s iv e v a r ia b le s m en tio n ed in th e l i t e r a tu r e .

E d u c a to rs

h av e tr a d itio n a lly b een u n d e rc o m p e n sa te d c o n s id e rin g t h e i r tra in in g .
The eco n o m ic s itu a tio n m a y w e ll h av e a th re s h o ld e ffe c t.

In d iv id u als

m a y s e e a c e r ta in m o n e ta ry in p u t a s s a tis f a c to ry , w ith a n y in c r e a s e
bein g of d e c re a s in g im p o rta n c e .

F o r s p e c ific in d iv id u a ls th is

e c o n o m ic th re s h o ld m a y v a ry w idely.
A lthough the in c r e a s e in th e n u m b e r o f te a c h e r s fro m b lu e c o lla r b a c k g ro u n d s h a s not b e e n d r a m a tic , th e fa c t th a t th e r e now
s e e m to be m o re th an 50% w ould in d ic a te th a t th is v a r ia b le would be
im p o rta n t.

A s th e s tim u lu s fo r n e g o tia tio n s in th e p u b lic s e c to r

ca m e th ro u g h enab lin g le g is la tio n o r ex e cu tiv e o r d e r , th e e x iste n c e
of a sig n ific a n t n u m b e r in th e p o p u latio n w ith a f a m ilia r ity w ith c o l­
le c tiv e b a rg a in in g m ay b e m o re im p o rta n t th an an y in c r e a s e .
The s iz e of the d i s t r i c t se e m e d to be e s p e c ia lly im p o rta n t
a s it a ffe c ts the a ttitu d e s of p eo p le w ith in the o rg a n iz a tio n to w ard
th e need f o r a fo rm a liz e d p r o c e s s of d e c isio n -m a k in g .

A s th e

sc h o o l d is t r ic t in c r e a s e s in s iz e , the m e m b e r s of th e o rg a n iz a tio n
m a y e ith e r a tte m p t to fo rm a liz e and c o n c e n tra te th e ir re la tio n s h ip s
o r a tta c h th e m s e lv e s to w h o e v e r th e y p e rc e iv e to be th e r e a l
d e c is io n - m a k e r s .

20
T h e above d is c u s s io n w ould in d ic a te th a t th e r e m a y e x ist
a s e t of v a r ia b le s w hich h av e b een a s s u m e d to be r e la te d to e d u ­
c a to r a ttitu d e s to w a rd n e g o tia tio n s.

T h e se v a r ia b le s w e re :

1.

Sex

2.

P o s itio n ( e le m e n ta ry - - s e c o n d a r y )

3.

P e r s o n a l e x p e rie n c e w ith e x tre m e a c tio n
A.

S trik e

B.

F a c t-fin d in g

C.

M e d iatio n

4.

E x p e rie n c e in th e p ro fe s s io n

5.

A ge of th e p e r s o n

6.

E x p e rie n c e w ith n e g o tia tio n s
A.

P e r s o n a l e x p e rie n c e

B.

R e p re s e n ta tiv e e x p e rie n c e

7.

M e m b e rs h ip in a s ta te p r in c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n

8.

L e a d e r of a p r in c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n

9.

Id e n tific a tio n w ith te a c h e r s o r a d m in is tr a to r s

10.

E c o n o m ic p o sitio n

11.

S ize of th e e d u c a tio n a l u n it

12.

B ack g ro u n d e x p e rie n c e w ith c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g .

21
O v erv iew
In C h a p te r II of th is stu d y s e v e r a l a r e a s of l i t e r a t u r e w e re
rev ie w e d f o r th e i r c o n trib u tio n to a b e tte r u n d e rs ta n d in g of p o s s ib le
fa c to r s re la tin g to m ilita n c y in p u b lic e d u c atio n .
w a s not c o n so lid a te d in a s in g le a r e a .

T h is in fo rm a tio n

T h e r e f o re th e re v ie w in clu d ed

s e v e r a l d iffe re n t s e c tio n s in an a tte m p t to in c o rp o r a te a s m uch
im p o rta n t in fo rm a tio n a s p o s s ib le .
W ithin C h a p te r III th e d e s ig n of th e p r o je c t w a s p re s e n te d .
In clu d ed w a s a d is c u s s io n on th e s a m p le and i t s r e la tio n s h ip to th e
to ta l p r o je c t.

A lso in c lu d ed w as in fo rm a tio n on th e in s tru m e n ta tio n

u s e d in th e stu d y and a p r e s e n ta tio n o f th e s ta tis t ic a l h y p o th e se s
w hich w e re te s te d .

In a d d itio n , th e r e w a s a th o ro u g h d is c u s s io n of

th e m eth o d of a n a ly s is u se d w ith th e d a ta c o lle c te d .
In C h a p te r IV th e a n a ly s is of th e r e s u lt s of th e stu d y w as
p r e s e n te d .

T h e se r e s u lt s w e re d is c u s s e d in d e ta il w ith a feelin g fo r

t h e i r s tr e n g th s an d w e a k n e s s e s .
W ith th is o u tlin e in m in d , th e d is s e r ta tio n b e g in s w ith a
re v ie w of th e lit e r a tu r e .

C H A PTER H
REVIEW O F L IT E R A T U R E

In tro d u c tio n
T h e re w e re two p r im a r y p ro b le m s th a t m a k e a rev ie w of
th e l i t e r a t u r e in th e a r e a s of p r in c ip a ls and n e g o tia tio n s d iffic u lt.
F i r s t , th e id e a th a t p u b lic e m p lo y e e s m ig h t h av e th e sa m e
rig h ts to n e g o tia tio n s a s th e i r fello w e m p lo y e e s in th e p riv a te s e c to r
haB only h a d a c c e p ta n c e w ith in th e la s t te n y e a r s .

T h at p r in c ip a ls

and s u p e r v is o r s could an d d e s ir e d to ta k e ad v a n tag e of th e s e s a m e
s ta tu te s is a n even m o r e re c e n t p o s s ib ility .
T h e p a s s a g e of th e T a ft-H a rtle y A ct in 1947 e ffe c tiv e ly
d e s tro y e d th e a m b itio n s of fo re m e n and s u p e r v is o r s in th e p r iv a te
s e c to r fo r n e g o tia tio n s r ig h ts e q u a l to the em p lo y ee on th e lin e . *
T h e a c t w a s p a s s e d in r e s p o n s e to v ig o ro u s o rg a n iz a tio n a l
a c tiv ity b y th e la b o r u n io n s.

A s th e a c tiv ity now ta k in g p la c e in th e

pu b lic s e c t o r a p p ro a c h e s th e le v e l of a c tiv ity at th e tim e of th e
C h a r l e s T. S ch m id t, J r . , "T h e Q u e stio n of th e R e c o g n i­
tio n of P r in c ip a ls and O th e r S u p e rv iso ry U n its in P u b lic E d u ca tio n
C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g ,11 L a b o r L aw J o u r n a l (May, 1968), p. 284.
22

23
T a ft-H a rtle y A ct, v a rio u s le g is la tu r e s m a y w e ll be thinking of
s im ila r actio n .

W h eth er s ta tu te s su ch a s th is a r e en acted m a y w ell

depend on th e a ttitu d e of the p r in c ip a ls and th e le v el of su p p o rt
g e n e ra te d by th e ir o rg a n iz a tio n s.
Secondly, th e need fo r d a ta on how p rin c ip a ls fe e l about
n eg o tia tio n s fo r th e m s e lv e s w as n o t a s im p o rta n t b e fo re th e p r i n ­
cipal* s le g a l rig h t to n eg o tiate w a s re c o g n iz e d .

B e fo re the p a s s a g e

of PA 379 in 1965, th e le v e l of n e g o tia tio n s a c tiv ity in M ichigan and
th ro u g h o u t th e n atio n w as v e ry low .
b een on te a c h e r- b o a r d re la tio n s h ip s .

E ven s in c e 1965 th e fo cu s h a s
The p rin c ip a l, h is ro le in

n e g o tia tio n s and n eed fo r o rg a n iz a tio n h a s ju s t re c e n tly becom e
im p o rta n t to h im .

An a r tic le in a M ich ig an p r in c ip a ls p u b lic atio n

w a rn s:
T he gap betw een a d m in is tra tiv e le v e ls is b eco m in g m o re
s e r io u s and m ig h t e a s ily o v e r-sh a d o w th e te a c h e r- b o a r d
b reec h .
B r ie f Review of N e g o tiatio n s H is to ry
T he f i r s t sig n ific a n t a tte m p t to re s o lv e la b o r-e m p lo y e r
co n flict in th e U nited S tates cam e in 1935 w ith th e p a s s a g e of th e
N atio n al L a b o r R e la tio n s A ct, a ls o known a s th e W agner A ct.
L ie b e rm a n .s a y s of th is act:
2

F r itz P in is , "No P la c e to H ide, " T he M ichigan E le m e n ta ry
P r in c ip a l, XXXXI, No. 1 (S e p tem b e r, 1966), p. 4.

24
W ithout q u e stio n , th e W ag n er A ct w as one of th e m o s t sig n ific a n t
la b o r law s e v e r e n a cte d in th e U nited S ta te s. I t w as b a s e d in
p a r t upon th e view th a t e m p lo y e r r e f u s a l to p e r m it e m p lo y ee s
to o rg a n iz e and to b a rg a in c o lle c tiv e ly w ith th e ir e m p lo y e r
th ro u g h th e o rg a n iz a tio n of t h e i r own ch o ice w as a m a jo r cau se
of in d u s tria l co n flict.
It is in te re s tin g to note th a t p a s sa g e of p u b lic em ployee
le g is la tio n w as a stim u lu s r a th e r th an a re s p o n s e to co n flict.

T h is

w as e s p e c ia lly tr u e in th e a r e a of p u b lic ed u catio n .
TA BLE I
NUM BER O F TEA C H ER STRIKES IN U. S.
BY SCHOOL YEAR
School Y e a r

N u m b er of S trik e s

1960-61

3

1961-62

1

1962-63

2

1963-64

5

1964-65

8

1965-66

17

T o tal

36

S o u rce: N atio n al E d u c a tio n A sso c ia tio n , U rb an
R e s e a rc h S e rie s (A ugust, 1966), p. 3.

3

M yron L ie b e rm a n and M ic h a e l H . M oskow , C o llec tiv e
N eg o tiatio n s f o r T e a c h e r s (C hicago: R and M cN ally and C o ., 1966),
p. 68.

25
In th e U nited S ta te s, fo rty -s e v e n p e rc e n t of th e s tr ik e s by
4
te a c h e r s o c c u rre d in th e 1965-66 sch o o l y e a r .
(T ab le I)
The M ichigan situ a tio n w a s one th a t w as ev en m o re v o la tile .
P u b lic sc h o o ls b ec am e th e field f o r th e d efin itio n o f th is new kind
TABLE II
EDUCATIONAL STRIKES AND SLOWDOWNS
IN MICHIGAN

School Y e a r

N u m b er of S trik e s
and Slowdowns

1965-66
T e a c h e rs
A ll em p lo y ees

9
11

1966-67
T e a c h e rs
A ll em p lo y ees

4
16

1967-68
T e a c h e rs
A ll em p lo y ees

43
52

1968-69
T e a c h e rs
A ll em p lo y ees

21
30

S ource: R o b e rt G: H ow lett, in a sp e e c h g iv en to a
F e d e r a l M ed iatio n and C o n c iliatio n S erv ice
S e m in a r in A tla n ta, G e o rg ia (J a n u a ry 23,
1969).

4

N atio n al E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n , U rb an R e s e a rc h S e rie s
(A ugust, 1966, p. 3.

of re la tio n s h ip .

S trik e s and slow dow ns by te a c h e rs in M ichigan

show a d r a m a tic in c r e a s e sin c e 1965,

(T a b le II)

The d e c re a s e of te a c h e r co n flicts to 21 in 1968-69 w as th e
r e s u lt of m o re so p h is tic a tio n ab o u t the p r o c e s s of n eg o tia tio n s on
both s id e s of th e ta b le .

A s R o b e rt H ow lett, C h airm an of the M ic h i­

gan L a b o r M ediation B o ard , sa id :
C o llectiv e b a rg a in in g in 1968 w as v a s tly im p ro v ed o v e r th at
in w hich o u r m e d ia to rs a s s is te d in 1966.
It is q u ite p o ssib le th a t th is co n flic t in public ed u catio n w as
in a d ev elo p m en tal sta g e w hen P A 379 w as p a sse d in 1965,

T his

s ta tu te m ay h ave only r e le a s e d feelin g s th a t w ere p r e s e n t u n d e r th e
s u rfa c e fo r m an y y e a r s .
The T a ft-H a rtle y A ct of 1947 (L a b o r M anagem ent R e latio n s
A ct) w as p a s s e d by C o n g re ss b e c a u s e of th e felt need f o r b alan cin g
of e q u itie s in th e la b o r-m a n a g e m e n t field.

W h ereas th e W agner A ct

s tro n g ly en co u rag ed co lle c tiv e b arg ain in g , th e T a ft-H a rtle y A ct
0
p la ced th e g o v ern m en t in a m o re n e u tra l p o sitio n .
D u rin g th e p e rio d fro m th e T a ft-H a rtle y A ct to 1960 th e r e
w as little m o v em en t to w ard n eg o tiatio n s in th e public s e c to r .
g

In

R o b e rt G. H ow lett, in a sp eech g iv e n to a F e d e r a l M ed ia­
tio n and C o n cilatio n S erv ice S e m in a r,in A tla n ta , G e o rg ia (Ja n u a ry 23,
1969).
6

L ie b e rm a n and M oskow , C o llectiv e N eg otiations fo r
T e a c h e rs , p. 75.

.V i i

27
1946 the N orw alk T e a c h e rs A sso c ia tio n n eg o tiated an a g re e m e n t th a t
w a s a p p a re n tly th e f i r s t c o lle c tiv e a g re e m e n t of an independent
7
a s s o c ia tio n .
In 1957 th e N orw alk te a c h e r s neg o tiated a n a g re e m e n t
w hich contained an a p p e a ls p ro c e d u re .

T h is i s thought to be the

f i r s t a g re e m e n t to p ro v id e an a p p e a l p ro c e d u re , n eg o tiated u n d er
g
w h at i s now called p ro fe s s io n a l n eg o tiatio n s.
At the tim e the N o r­
w alk T e a c h e rs A sso c ia tio n w as a ffilia te d w ith th e NEA.
In 1961 P re s id e n t K ennedy ap pointed a sp e cia l ta s k fo rc e
to study th e p ro b lem of em p lo y ee -m a n ag e m en t re la tio n s in the
f e d e r a l g o v ern m e n t.

A fte r re c e iv in g th e r e p o r t of the ta s k fo rc e ,

P r e s id e n t K ennedy is s u e d E x ecu tiv e O rd e r 10988 on J a n u a ry 17,
1962.

T h is o r d e r g u a ra n te e d f e d e ra l e m p lo y ee s the rig h t to join

o rg a n iz a tio n s of th e ir ch o ice.
T h is o r d e r (10988) w as sig n ific a n t not only in f e d e r a l
em p lo y ee re la tio n s but a ls o , it s tim u la te d in te r e s t in p u b lic em p lo y ­
e e s th ro u g h o u t th e U nited S tate s.
R eview of N eg o tiatio n s in E d u catio n
T he A m e ric a n F e d e ra tio n of T e a c h e rs w as fo rm e d in 1916
on a p la tfo rm of r a is in g th e s ta n d a rd s of th e teach in g p ro fe s s io n by
7

T . M. S tinnett, J a c k H. K lein m an n , and M a rth a L. W a re ,
P ro f e s s io n a l N eg o tiatio n s in P u b lic E d u catio n (New Y ork: M acm illa n C o ., 1966), p. 7.
8Ibid.

28
s e c u rin g th e co n d itio n s e s s e n tia l to th e b e s t p ro fe s s io n a l s e rv ic e .

g

The A P T is a ffilia te d w ith th e A F L -C IO , w h ich is a c o n fe d e ra tio n of
la b o r o rg a n iz a tio n s .
T he A F T w as fo rm e d on a s tr a ig h tfo r w a r d p led g e to ap ply
tr a d e union m e th o d s of c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g to ed u c atio n .

A s su ch ,

it s a ttitu d e to w a rd th e in c lu s io n of p r in c ip a ls in its b a rg a in in g u n its
h a s b e e n n e g a tiv e .

T he F e d e ra tio n p e r m its lo c a ls to d ec id e on an

in d iv id u a l b a s is w h e th e r to a c c e p t p r in c ip a ls , but sc h o o l s u p e r in ­
te n d e n ts , d e a n s , and c o lle g e p r e s id e n ts a r e p ro h ib ite d fro m m e m b e r ­
sh ip by th e n a tio n a l c o n s titu tio n of th e A F T . ***
S e v e ra l ch a n g es se e m e d to be in p r o g r e s s ,- e s p e c ia lly in
s ta te s su ch a s C o n n e cticu t, w h e re p r in c ip a ls a r e s p e c ific a lly
in c lu d ed u n d e r th e law .

A lso , th e C lev elan d F e d e ra tio n of P r i n c i ­

p a ls and S u p e rv is o rs v o ted to a c c e p t a new 1869 c o n tra c t. ** The
C F P S r e p r e s e n ts about 200 of th e 407 a d m in is tr a to r s in the s y s te m .
It i s a ls o in te r e s tin g to s e e th a t union a ffilia tio n fo r p r in ­
c ip a ls m a y ex ten d beyond th e A F T .

The P h ila d e lp h ia School

g

M ic h a e l H, M oskow , T e a c h e r s and UnionB, U n iv e rs ity of
P e n n sy lv a n ia , W h arto n School of F in a n c e an d C o m m e rc e , I n d u s tr ia l
R e s e a rc h U nit (P h ila d e lp h ia : 1966), p. 98.
^ L i e b e r m a n and M oskow , C o lle c tiv e N eg o tiatio n s fo r
T e a c h e r s , p. 34.
* ^ B u reau of N atio n al A ff a irs , G o v e rn m e n ta l E m p lo y e e s R e la ­
tio n s R e p o rt, No. 282 (W ashington: J a n u a r y , 1968), p. B -1 0 .

29

P rin c ip a ls A ss o c ia tio n re c e n tly voted to a ffilia te w ith th e T e a m s te rs .
It w as s ta te d th a t a ffilia tio n w ith the T e a m s te r s w as ch o sen to open
up lin e s of co m m u n icatio n w ith th e a d m in is tra tio n .

12

The q u estio n of w h e th e r se c o n d -lin e a d m in is tr a to r s and
s u p e rv is o rs should b e a d m itte d to m e m b e rs h ip h a s n e v e r b ee n co m ­
p le te ly re s o lv e d by th e A F T o r i t s s ta te a ffilia te s .

It w ould s e e m

th a t th e y a r e leav in g th e m s e lv e s open f o r m o v em en t in e ith e r d ir e c ­
tio n ,

A s m o r e s ta te s allow n e g o tia tio n s fo r a d m in is tr a to r s , th e

F e d e ra tio n m a y b eco m e m o re a g g r e s s iv e in th e i r o rg a n iz a tio n of
th is g ro u p .

T h is w ould se e m e s p e c ia lly tr u e in s ta te s w h e re s e p a ­

r a te a d m in is tra tiv e u n its a r e allo w ed .
The N ational E c u c a tio n A sso c ia tio n w a s founded on th e
b a s is of a " p ro fe s s io n a l o rg a n iz a tio n , " It sought to in clu d e a ll
c e rtific a te d em p lo y ee s o f the sc h o o l d is t r ic t in one o rg a n iz a tio n .
T h is o rg a n iz a tio n w as to f u r th e r the im p ro v e m e n t of th e p ro fe s s io n a l
s ta tu s of te a c h e r s .
B e fo re 1966 th e NEA w a s not v e ry co n c e rn e d w ith n e g o tia ­
tio n s, and in fa c t, e a r ly in it s h is to r y th e NEA cla im e d th a t d is c u s sio n s of te a c h e r s a la r ie s w e re " u n p ro fe ss io n a l. "

13

12I b id . , No. 280 (Ja n u a ry , 1969), p. B -8 .
13

M oskow , T e a c h e rs an d U nions, p. 94.

30
In 1962 th e NEA p a s s e d a re s o lu tio n w hich s ta te d :
The N atio n al E d u c a tio n A s so c ia tio n c a lls upon i t s m e m b e rs and
upon b o a rd s of ed u c atio n to s e e k s ta te le g is la tio n and lo c a l
b o a rd a c tio n w h ich c le a r ly and fo rm a lly e s ta b lis h e s th e s e rig h ts
f o r th e te a c h in g p r o f e s s io n .1
T h is dem and fo r m o r e v ig o ro u s le g is la tio n in th e a r e a of n e g o tia tio n s
m a rk e d th e N E A 's f i r s t r e a l co m m itm e n t to a c tio n in th is a r e a .
T he 1963 re s o lu tio n on p ro fe s s io n a l n e g o tia tio n s contained
a p a r a g r a p h on m e th o d s of b a rg a in in g w hich w as a ls o in c lu d ed in th e
1962 re s o lu tio n .

It sta te d :

U n d er no c irc u m s ta n c e s should th e re s o lu tio n of d iffe re n c e s
b etw een p ro fe s s io n a l a s s o c ia tio n s and b o a rd s of ed u c atio n be
sought th ro u g h ch a n n e ls s e t up f o r h an d lin g in d u s tr ia l d isp u te s.
The t e a c h e r 's s itu a tio n i s c o m p le te ly u n lik e th a t of an in d u s tria l
em p lo y ee. A b o a rd of e d u c atio n i s n o t a p r iv a te e m p lo y e r, and
a te a c h e r is not a p r iv a te em p lo y ee. B oth a r e p u b lic s e rv a n ts .
B oth a r e c o m m itte d to s e r v e th e com m on, in d iv is ib le in te r e s t
of a l l p e r s o n s and g ro u p s in th e co m m u n ity in th e b e s t p o ssib le
ed u catio n fo r t h e i r c h ild re n . T e a c h e r s and b o a rd s of ed u catio n
can p e r f o rm t h e i r in d is p e n s a b le fu n c tio n s only if th e y a c t in
t e r m s o f th e ir id e n tity of p u rp o s e in c a rr y in g out th is c o m m it­
m e n t. I n d u s tr ia l- d is p u te s c o n c ilia tio n m a c h in e ry , w hich
a s s u m e s a c o n flic t of in te r e s t and d iv e r s ity of p u rp o s e betw een
p e r s o n s and g ro u p s , i s not a p p r o p r ia te to p r o fe s s io n a l n e g o tia ­
tio n in p u b lic e d u c a tio n .15
T h is r e f e r e n c e to in d u s tr ia l m e th o d s i s of in te r e s t m a in ly b e c a u se
it w a s not co n tain ed in th e 1964 re s o lu tio n .
14

S tin n ett, K lein m an n , and W a re , P r o f e s s io n a l N eg o tiatio n s
in P u b lic E d u c a tio n , p. 11.
15

N atio n al E d u c a tio n A ss o c ia tio n , A d d re s s e s and P ro c e e d ­
in g s , Vol. 101 (W ashington: 1963), p. 465.

31
The 1964 th ro u g h 1967 re s o lu tio n s re m a in e d e s s e n tia lly th e
sa m e .

W ithin th is p e rio d th e n a tio n a l o rg a n iz a tio n w as in the p r o ­

c e s s of try in g to d efin e it s re s p o n s ib ilitie s to both its s ta te and lo c a l
o rg a n iz a tio n s .

\
i

The 1968 re s o lu tio n contained ite m s w hich had n e v e r
a p p e a re d b e fo re .

T h e se in clu d ed binding a r b itr a tio n fo r th e g r ie v ­

ance p ro c e d u re , r e le a s e d tim e fo r n e g o tia tio n s, ex ten sio n of nego­
tia tio n s to in stitu tio n s of h ig h e r ed u catio n , and th e reco m m en d atio n
of n e g o tia tio n s fo r s ta ffs of p ro fe s s io n a l o rg a n iz a tio n s .

16

P o s s ib ly th e m o st im p o rta n t clu e to th e a ttitu d e change of
th e NEA w as a s e p a r a te re s o lu tio n w hich a p p e a re d fo r th e f i r s t tim e
in 1968.

U n d er re s o lu tio n 68-19, "W ith d raw al of S e r v ic e s ," it

re a d s :
It (the a s so c ia tio n ) re c o g n iz e s th a t u n d e r co n d itio n s of s e v e r e
s t r e s s , cau sin g d e te r io ra tio n of th e e d u c atio n al p ro g ra m , and
w hen good faith a tte m p ts a t re so lu tio n h ave b e e n re je c te d ,
s tr ik e s have o c c u rre d and m a y o c c u r in th e fu tu re . In such
in s ta n c e s , th e A sso c ia tio n w ill o ffe r a ll of th e s e r v ic e s a t its
._
com m and to th e a ffilia te co n c ern ed to h elp re s o lv e th e im p a s se .
The NEA h a s alw ays m a in ta in e d su p p o rt f o r an a ll-in c lu s iv e
b arg ain in g u n it.

In s ta te s w h e re they h av e in flu en c e on the n e g o tia ­

tio n s law th e s ta tu te s h ave p ro v id ed th a t a l l c e rtific a te d p e rs o n n e l
16I b id ., V ol. 106 (1968), p. 526.
17Ib id ., p. 527.

32
below th e su p e rin te n d e n t should b e in clu d ed in one unit.

A lthough

o th e r s ta te s allow s e p a r a te a d m in is tra tiv e and te a c h e r u n its ,
M ichigan h a s b e e n unique in th a t th e s ta te ed u catio n a s s o c ia tio n and
the a d m in is tr a to r s have sought co m p lete se p a ra tio n .
S tate N eg o tiatio n s L aw s
L aw s th a t g o v ern n eg o tiatio n s in th e p u b lic s e c to r a r e not
u n ifo rm .

They d iffe r in both the p o sitio n s th e y c o v e r and th e ir la b o r

o rie n ta tio n .

T h e se law s have com e in to being p r im a r ily in th e la s t

five y e a r s , and th e r e is little doubt m an y m o re w ill com e.

A b r ie f

outline and rev iew of th e p re s e n t s ta tu s e s w ill illu s tr a te th e b ro a d
ran g e of p ro b le m s .
A lask a .
(A laska S ta tu te s. 1962,
T itle 23, se c . 2 3 .4 0 .0 1 0 2 3 .4 0 .0 3 0 )
The A la sk a sta tu te s ta te s th a t a p o litic a l su b d iv isio n m ay
e n te r in to a la b o r a g re e m e n t w ith an o rg a n iz a tio n w hose m e m b e rs
fu rn is h s e r v ic e s to th e su b d iv isio n ,

No p ro v isio n of the s ta tu te

would n e g a te the p o s s ib ility of a s e p a r a te a d m in is tra tiv e u n it.
18

18

N atio n al E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n , N eg o tiatio n s R e s e a rc h
D ig e s t, No. 1 (A p ril, 1967), p. C -12.

33
C a lifo rn ia
(C a lifo rn ia S ta tu te s , 1965,
C h a p te r 2041)
The C a lifo rn ia s ta tu te s ta te s th a t b o a rd s of ed u catio n s h a ll
m e e t and co n fer w ith re p r e s e n ta tiv e s of em p lo y ee o rg a n iz a tio n s,
upon re q u e s t.

If m o re th a n one o rg a n iz a tio n r e q u e s ts re co g n itio n ,

a c o m m ittee s h a ll be fo rm e d w hose co m p o sitio n s h a ll r e p r e s e n t th e
s a m e ra tio a s e x is ts in em p lo y ee m e m b e rsh ip .

T his w ould e lim i­

n a te s e p a ra te a d m in is tra tiv e u n its in m o s t c a s e s b ec au se of the
s m a ll n u m b e r of m e m b e rs involved.

19

C onnecticut
(P u b lic A ct 298 of 1965
a s am ended by
P u b lic A ct 752 of 1967)
The b arg ain in g u n it m ay be a ll-in c lu s iv e , re p re s e n tin g a ll
c e rtific a te d p ro fe s sio n a l em p lo y ee s below th e ra n k of s u p e rin te n ­
d en t; o r th e em p lo y ees m a y v o te to f o rm two s e p a r a te u n its , one
u n it re p re s e n tin g p o sitio n s re q u irin g a te a c h in g o r sp e c ia l s e r v ic e s
c e rtific a te an d th e second re q u irin g a n a d m in is tra tiv e o r s u p e rv is o ry
c e rtific a te .

on

19I b i d ., p. C -13.
20

I b i d ., Vol. 1, No. 1 (S ep tem b er, 1967), p. C - l .

34

4

F lo rid a
(F lo rid a S ta tu te s A n n o tated ,
C h a p te r 230, s e c . 2 3 0 ,2 2 (1 ))
The F lo rid a s ta tu te allo w s county b o a rd s to re c o g n iz e
c o m m itte e s of c e rtific a te d p e rso n n e l w hen re so lv in g p ro b le m s con­
c e rn in g sa m e .

C o m m ittee m e m b e rs s h a ll in clu d e a ll le v e ls of

in s tru c tio n a l and a d m in is tra tiv e p e rso n n e l.
s e p a r a te a d m in is tra tiv e u n its v e ry d ifficu lt.

T h is law w ould m ake
21

M ary lan d
(A nnotated Code of M a ry la n d ,
S ectio n 175 of A rtic le 77)
The M ary lan d s ta tu te s p e c ifie s an a ll-in c lu s iv e u n it r e p r e ­
se n tin g a ll c e rtific a te d p r o fe s s io n a l em p lo y ees ex c ep t the s u p e rin ­
te n d en t and p e rs o n s d esig n a te d by th e sch o o l e m p lo y e r to a c t in a
n e g o tiatin g ca p ac ity .

The a ll-in c lu s iv e u n it and p ro v is io n fo r

e x c lu siv e re p re s e n ta tio n would lim it s e p a ra te a d m in is tra tiv e b a r g ain in g u n its .

22

M a s s a c h u s e tts
(M a ss a c h u s e tts A c ts of 1965,
C h a p te r 763)
The M a s s a c h u s e tts s ta tu te m a n d a te s n e g o tia tio n s w ith a
re c o g n iz e d o rg a n iz a tio n .

No d ir e c t d efin itio n of a b a rg a in in g unit

21I b id ., No. 1 (A p ril, 1967), p. C-16.
22

I b id ., V ol. 1, No. 10 (June, 1968), p . C - l.

35
i s g iven.

It w ould be p o ssib le u n d e r th is a c t to reco g n ize s e p a ra te

a d m in is tra tiv e b a rg ain in g u n its .

23

M ichigan
(P u b lic A ct 379, 1965)
The M ichigan S tatute g iv e s em p lo y ee s the rig h t to o rg an iz e
and b a rg a in w ith th e ir e m p lo y e rs.

The H ills d a le d e c isio n by the

M ichigan L ab o r M ediation B o ard in te r p r e ts th e te r m "em p lo y ee" a s
including p rin c ip a ls .

P ending a p p e a l, p rin c ip a ls and s u p e rv is o rs

have th e rig h t to fo rm s e p a r a te b arg a in in g u n its .

24

M innesota
(M innesota S ta tu te s of 1967,
C h a p te r 633)
T his s ta tu te d e fin e s a te a c h e r a s any p e rs o n below the ran k
of su p e rin te n d e n t.

R e p re se n ta tio n f o r m o re th a n one te a c h e rs

o rg a n iz a tio n is on a ra tio b a s is .

If a s e p a ra te a d m in is tra tiv e o rg a n i­

zation w e re fo rm e d , th ey would v e r y seld o m h ave a m e m b e rsh ip
la rg e enough to be aw ard ed a m e m b e r on th e n eg o tiatin g co m m ittee.
2^

I b id ., No. 1 (A p ril, 1967), p. C -1 7 .

24l b i d . , p. C -20.
25

I b id ., Vol. 1, No, 1 (S ep tem b er, 1967), p. C -3 .

25

36
N e b ra sk a
(L e g isla tiv e B ill 485)
T his s ta tu te gave c e rtifie d sch o o l p e rso n n e l th e rig h t to
m e e t and co n fe r w ith sch o o l b o a rd s p ro v id in g th at b o a rd w ill re c o g ­
n iz e th e em ployee o rg a n iz a tio n .

If m o re th a n one o rg a n iz a tio n

p e titio n s fo r reco g n itio n , th e b o a rd s h a ll re c o g n iz e the o rg a n iz a tio n
w hich h a s e n ro lle d a m a jo rity of th e c e rtific a te d em p lo y ees f o r the
p re c e d in g y e a r.

26

New J e r s e y
(C h a p te r 303,
L aw s of 1968)
The New J e r s e y s ta tu te m a n d ate s b arg ain in g w ith a p p ro ­
p r ia te u n its but d o e s not d efin e th o se u n its .

In public sc h o o ls the

only ex clu sio n i s th e su p e rin te n d e n t o r ch ief a d m in is tra tiv e o ffic e r
of th e sch o o l d is t r ic t.

S ubject to le g a l in te rp re ta tio n , the law would

allow s e p a ra te a d m in is tra tiv e u n its .

27

New Y ork
(C hapteiv392 of
L aw s of 1967)
The New Y ork s ta tu te r e q u ir e s p u b lic em p lo y e rs to neg o ­
tia te w ith em p lo y ee o rg a n iz a tio n s w hich h av e been reco g n ized .
Oc

I b id ., p. C -3.
27

I b id ., Vol. 2, No. 3 (N ovem ber, 1968), p. C - l .

The

37
law m ak es no ex c lu sio n of p rin c ip a ls o rg a n iz a tio n s n o r e x c lu d es
m u ltip le b a rg a in in g u n its in one a d m in is tra tiv e su b d iv isio n .

P rin ­

c ip a ls could le g a lly o rg a n iz e and b a rg a in a s a s e p a r a te group su b je c t to a n eg a tiv e ru lin g by a c o u rt.

28

O regon
(C h ap ter 390
of 1965)
U n d er th e O reg o n s ta tu te th e lo c a l sch o o l b o a rd s h a ll
c e rtify an em p lo y ee o rg a n iz a tio n re p r e s e n tin g a m a jo rity of th e
c e rtifie d p e rs o n n e l below the ran k of su p e rin te n d e n t.

A s only one

o rg a n iz a tio n m a y be reco g n ized and th is m u s t b e a ll-in c lu s iv e , th is
law would ex clu d e s e p a r a te re c o g n itio n of p rin c ip a ls .

29

Rhode Islan d
(C h ap ter 146
o f 1966)
T h is s ta tu te s p e c ific a lly ex c lu d e s p rin c ip a ls and a s s is ta n t
p rin c ip a ls fro m p ro v is io n s of th e a c t.
not org an ize and b a rg a in u n d e r th is a c t.
OO

oq
on

T h e re fo re p rin c ip a ls m a y
30

I b i d ., No. 2 (May, 1967), p. C - l,
I b id ., p. C -6 .
I b id ., p. C -7 .

38

T ex a s
(No citation)
The T ex as s ta tu te s ta te s th a t sc h o o l tr u s te e s and th e ir
a d m in is tra tiv e p e rs o n n e l m ay m e e t and c o n fe r w ith te a c h e r s .

T his

law i s so w eak th a t any a d m in is tra tiv e o rg a n iz a tio n would s e e m d iffic u lt, although p o ss ib le .

31

W ashington
(S essio n L aw s of 1965,
C h a p te r 143)
The W ashington s ta tu te p ro v id e s fo r re c o g n itio n of a n a llin c lu siv e b a rg a in in g u n it w hich r e p r e s e n ts a ll c e rtific a te d em p lo y ees
w ith in the sc h o o l d is tr ic t excluding th e c h ie f a d m in is tra tiv e o ffic er.
T h is law w ould not allow fo r s e p a r a te a d m in is tra tiv e b arg ain in g
u n4*
its .

32

W isco n sin
(C hapter~663,
L aw s of 1961)
The W isco n sin sta tu te p ro v id e s m u n ic ip a l e m p lo y ee s the
rig h t to o rg a n iz e and be re c o g n iz e d by th e i r e m p lo y e rs .

The law

3 lI b i d ., V ol. 1, No. 1 (S e p tem b e r, 1967), p. C -6.
QO
I b i d ., No. 2 (May, 1967), p. C -9 .

39
d o es not ex clu d e any p u b lic sch o o l p e rs o n n e l.

It w ould be p o ss ib le

to o rg a n iz e s e p a r a te a d m in is tra tiv e u n its u n d er th is p ro v isio n .

33

The P r in c ip a l in M ichigan
Since 1965 the w in d s of change h ave blown c o n s iste n tly
a c r o s s th e p rin c ip a ls of M ich ig an .

In 1965 the M ichigan e d u c a tio n

A sso c ia tio n , lik e its p a re n t o rg a n iz a tio n , the NBA, h ad taken th e
p o sitio n th a t it should not b ec o m e an o rg an iz atio n re p re s e n tin g only
te a c h e r s .

Both th e M ichigan A ss o c ia tio n of E le m e n ta ry School

P r in c ip a ls and th e M ichigan A ss o c ia tio n of Secondary School P r i n ­
c ip a ls w e r e p re v io u sly d e p a rtm e n ts of th e MBA. A s d e p a rtm e n ts
th e y m a in ta in ed th e ir own o ffic e rs and r u le s but w e re lo o se ly a s s o ­
ciate d w ith the o th e r d e p a rtm e n ts , in clu d in g the D e p a rtm e n t of
C la s s ro o m T e a c h e rs .
T he o rig in a l p o sitio n of p rin c ip a ls when faced w ith te a c h e r b o a rd n e g o tia tio n s w as to w ith d raw .

A s atten tio n w as in c re a s in g ly

focused on th is re la tio n s h ip , th e p rin c ip a l saw h is p o w e rs and
re s p o n s ib ilitie s being e ro d e d .

S hils and W h ittier co m m en t on th e
*

p ro b lem :
33
34
1965).

Ib id ., p. C -10.
M ichigan E d u catio n A s so c ia tio n D ire c to ry (E a st L ansing:

40

O bviously, th e principal* s p r e r o g a tiv e s have b een u n d e r fire
and g ra d u a lly w h ittled down by the n eg o tiatio n s. Too m any
d is t r ic ts h av e ig n o red p rin c ip a ls and h ave not p e rm itte d th em
to p a r tic ip a te o r even to be co n su lted d u rin g the p r o c e s s of
n e g o tia tio n s. O ften p rin c ip a ls a r e th e la s t to le a r n about w hat
happened a t th e b arg a in in g ta b le. The te a c h e rs a r e b e tte r
in fo rm ed and d ro p in to the principal* s office and te ll h im about
th e i r new r ig h ts . W ithout ad eq u ate r e p re s e n ta tio n fo r p r in ­
c ip a ls on th e n eg o tiatin g te a m , ite m s a r e n eg o tiated w hich
m ig h t m ake it im p o s sib le fo r th e p rin c ip a l to do h is jo b .
It b ecam e m o re a p p a re n t to the p rin c ip a ls th a t th e y m u st
ta k e an a c tiv e p a r t in n e g o tiatio n s.

S hils and W h ittie r, w ritin g on

th e ro le of p rin c ip a ls , said:
P rin c ip a ls h av e to be in clu d ed sin c e th e y w ill h av e to a d m in is te r
th e c o n tra c t in sch o o l and a r e in th e b e s t p o sitio n of d isco u n tin g
th e im p a ct of d em an d s on sch o o l a d m in is tr a to r s .
A M ichigan school b o a rd p re s id e n t, w ritin g in the M ichigan
E le m e n ta ry P r in c ip a l, sta te d :
The p rin c ip a l i s an im p o rta n t m an to have on y o u r " te a m ."
D o n 't d e le g a te h im a s an o b s e rv e r. If m o re th a n one i s a v a il­
ab le , a lte r n a te th em a s r e s o u r c e p e r s o n s and a s m e m b e rs of
th e " te a m . " B ecau se of the unique p o sitio n th ey occupy in the
s y s te m they ca n c o n trib u te su b s ta n tia lly to th e w hole p ro b lem
of n eg o tiatio n . ^
35

E d w ard B. S hils and T a y lo r C. W h ittie r, T e a c h e r s ,
A d m in is tra to rs , and C o llectiv e B a rg a in in g (New Y ork: T h o m as
C ro w ell C o ., 1968), p. 534.
36I b id ., p. 329.
37

Ja n V an Sweden, "T h e P r in c ip a l—N eg o tiato r o r O b­
s e r v e r ? " T h ^ M ic h ig a iU S le m e n ta ^
XXXXI, No. 3
(Ja n u a ry , 1967), p. 10.

41
R eco g n itio n o f th e p rin c ip a l w as a ls o m ade b y AASA in
th e ir book, The School A d m in is tra to r and N e g o tia tio n s:
If th e p rin c ip a l and s u p e rv is o r function a s " b y s ta n d e rs " they
w ill h av e m in im u m in v o lv em en t in the n eg o tia tio n p r o c e s s - p e rh a p s none a t a ll.
If r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s of p rin c ip a ls and s u p e r v is o r s p a rtic ip a te on
th e a d m in is tra tiv e te a m a s r e g u la r m e m b e rs , th e y w ill be ab le
to u n d e rsta n d b e tte r w hat i s going on.
If a h a n d s -o ff attitu d e w as not p ro d u c tiv e , w hat is the
a p p ro p ria te p o sitio n ?

In th e la s t two y e a rs m an y p eo p le have begun

to fe e l th a t th e e m p h a sis on the p rin c ip a l a s a m e m b e r of the n eg o ­
tia tin g te a m waB not th e b e s t m ethod of p ro te c tin g th e rig h ts of th e
p rin c ip a l.

They fe lt th a t th e p rin c ip a ls m u s t s ta r t to tak e a m o re

p o sitiv e p o sitio n .

F o s k e tt and W olcott, w hen re p o rtin g on a study

of th e s e lf-im a g e s of e le m e n ta ry sch o o l p rin c ip a ls , said :
At a tim e w hen th e p ro fe s s io n is asking f o r in novation in the
in s tru c tio n a l p r o c e s s and w hen th e s c h o o ls a r e being ask ed to
stre n g th e n th e ed u c atio n al p ro g ra m , a m b iv a le n c e re g a rd in g the
ro le of e le m e n ta ry sch o o l p rin c ip a ls m a y be u n fo rtu n a te if it
gg
m e a n s th a t th e c a p a c itie s of p rin c ip a ls cannot be fu lly u tiliz e d .
P rin c ip a ls w e re beginning to feel th a t they m u s t d efin e th e ir
r o le s and re s p o n s ib ilitie s w ithout w aiting f o r th em to evolve out of
38

T he A m e ric a n A sso c ia tio n of S chool A d m in is tra to rs , The
School A d m in is tra to r and N eg otiations (W ashington: 1968), p. 39.
39

Jo h n M. F o s k e tt and H a r ry F . W olcott, "S e lf-Im a g e s
and C om m unity Im a g e s of the E le m e n ta ry . S chool P rin c ip a l, " E d u ­
ca tio n a l A d m in is tra tio n Q u a r te r ly , Vol. 3, No. 2 (Ohio S tate U niv e rs ity : S pring, 1967), p . 181.

42
te a c h e r- b o a r d n eg o tiatio n s.

The A d v iso ry B o ard to NASSP*s S tatus

and W e lfare C o m m ittee had ca lle d upon th e NASSP to stre n g th e n s ta te
and lo c a l p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n s .

40

A t th e sa m e tim e p eo p le, such a s B en jam in E p ste in , who
h av e w ritte n s e v e r a l a r tic le s on the principal* s ro le in n eg o tiatio n s
w e re saying:
P rin c ip a ls m u st m ak e c e rta in th a t s ta te le g is la tio n g iv e s them
the r ig h t to b a rg a in s e p a r a te ly —a p riv ile g e th ey m ay n e v e r u se .
They m u s t a lso dem and th e ir own g rie v a n c e m a c h in e ry fo r a p ­
p ealin g d e c isio n s m ade by s u p e r io r s , . . .
Som e people view th e m o v em en t to w ard b e tte r o rg an ized
p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n s w ith th e sa m e f e a r th ey had f o r te a c h e rs
o rg a n iz a tio n s .

But o th e rs , su ch a s D r. J a m e s D udley of th e U ni­

v e r s ity o f M ary lan d , se e th is a s a n o rm a l p r o g re s s io n to w ard a
m a tu re o rg a n iz a tio n .

D r. D udley s ta te s :

L e ss co m p eten t m an ag em en t p e rs o n n e l w ill view w ith a la r m
the developing autonom y and p ro fe s s io n a l le a d e rs h ip of p r in c i­
p a ls (ju st a s l e s s com p eten t p rin c ip a ls view w ith a la r m th e
developing p o w er of te a c h e r s ) , but h ig h e r a d m in is tr a to r s , who
a r e s u p e rio r in p ro fe s s io n a l le a d e rs h ip , w ill w elco m e th e s e
d evelo p m en ts a s in h e re n t in a m a tu rin g p ro fe ss io n .
^ E d u c a tio n U. S. A . , p. 133.
41l b i d . , p. 133.
42

J a m e s D udley, "T h e E le m e n ta ry P r in c ip a l— The M an in
th e M iddle, " re p rin te d fro m th e P a c e S e tte r , the m a g a z in e of the
M aryland D e p a rtm e n t of E le m e n ta ry School P rin c ip a ls (M arch ,
1967).

m.

43
T h is m a tu ra tio n p r o c e s s h a s ta k e n a r a t h e r u n u su a l d ir e c tio n
in M ich ig an ,

It r e p r e s e n te d a s itu a tio n w h e re a d m in is tra tiv e d e p a r t­

m e n ts of th e M ich ig an E d u ca tio n A s s o c ia tio n , f o r v a rio u s r e a s o n s ,
h av e s e e n fit to s e p a r a te th e m s e lv e s and c r e a te in d ep en d en t a s s o c i a ­
tio n s .

W ith th is , th e M EA h a s a tte m p te d to r e p la c e th e s e d e p a r t­

m e n ts w ith a n O ffice o f A d m in is tra to r S e r v ic e s .

T h is led to a

s itu a tio n w h e re , by d is r e g a rd in g th e A F T , th e r e s t i l l e x is ts c o m ­
p etin g p r in c ip a ls o rg a n iz a tio n s w ith in a " p r o f e s s io n a l a s s o c ia tio n
co n c ep t. "
The p u b lic g e n e s is of th is s itu a tio n could b e tr a c e d d ir e c tly
to 1965 and th e p a s s a g e of P u b lic A ct 379, alth o u g h 1964 b ro u g h t
s ta te m e n ts th a t w ould s e e m to in d ic a te c o n c e rn on th e p a r t of th e
th en a d m in is tra tiv e d e p a rtm e n ts of M EA.

T he M A E SP in a D e c e m ­

b e r 1964 re s o lu tio n fe lt th a t a g r e e m e n ts sh o u ld in c lu d e both te a c h e r s
and p r in c ip a ls :
T h at th e M A ESP p led g e i t s fu ll s u p p o rt to th e d ev elo p m en t and
p ro m o tio n of w r itte n p ro fe s s io n a l n e g o tia tio n a g r e e m e n ts w hich
w ill in c lu d e eq u al voting r ig h ts fo r a l l c e rtific a te d p e rs o n n e l. ^
In a s im ila r re s o lu tio n th e M A ESP e n d o rs e d the n eed fo r
continued a s s u r a n c e of th e ir r ig h ts ;
43

" P r in c ip a ls E n d o rs e P . N. A g re e m e n ts , " M ich ig an E d u ­
c a tio n A s s o c ia tio n J o u r n a l N ew s, V ol. 42, No. 9 (D e c e m b e r 15,
1964), p . 1.

44
In su p p o rtin g p ro fe s s io n a l n eg o tiatio n a g re e m e n ts betw een
b o a rd s of ed u catio n and r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s of th e te a c h in g p r o fe s ­
sio n , th e M A ESP a ffirm e d th a t should a b o a rd o f ed u catio n
re c o g n iz e a s o le n eg o tiatin g ag en cy , the M A ESP w ill continue
to in s is t th a t a l l m e m b e rs of th e te a c h in g p ro fe s s io n , in c lu d ­
ing a d m in is tr a to r s , be a s s u r e d o f th e ir d e m o c ra tic rig h ts to
p a r tic ip a te in th e fo rm u la tio n of o b je c tiv e s and g o a ls. *4
In 1864 th e MEA w as try in g to m a in ta in its e lf a s an a llin c lu siv e o rg a n iz a tio n .

D r. E . D. K ennedy, w ritin g in th e MEA

J o u rn a l, s ta te d th a t te a c h e r s and a d m in is tr a to r s can liv e in the
sa m e u n it even though one of th e p a r tie s is n eg o tiatin g .

45

A t th e

sa m e tim e it w as reco g n ized th a t m a jo r ch an g es w ould h av e to be
m ade.

A r e p o r t on th e M a rc h m e e tin g of M A ESP s ta te d in an e d i­

to r ia l:
E ffo rts to c la r ify the p o sitio n of th e e le m e n ta ry sch o o l p r in ­
c ip a l w ith in th e P u b lic E m p lo y e e s R e la tio n s A ct w e re th e
m a jo r c o n c e rn s of th e n e a rly 1, 000 e le m e n ta ry p rin c ip a ls at
th e 40th an n u al c o n fe re n c e .
The e m p h a sis both w ithin and w ithout th e p rin c ip a ls o rg a n i­
z a tio n s w as c o o p e ra tio n .

A s R alph B a r r , P r e s id e n t of M AESP,

s ta te d in an e d ito ria l:
44

" P rin c ip a ls E n d o rs e P . N . , " M ich ig an E d u catio n A s s o ­
c ia tio n J o u rn a l N ew s, Vol. 42, No. 17 (A p ril 15, 1964), p. 4.
45

E . D. K ennedy, "T h e R ole of School E x e c u tiv e s, " M ichi­
g an E d u ca tio n J o u r n a l, V ol. 43, No. 10 (Ja n u a ry , 1966), pp. 18-19.
46

" P r in c ip a ls Seek L eg a l T o o ls ," M ich ig an E d u catio n
A s s o c ia tio n J o u rn a l News, V ol. 43, No. 18 (M arch 18, 1966), p. 2.

I

45
I am v e r y s u re th a t a g r e a t m a jo rity of th o se in ed u catio n a re
p ro fe s sio n a lly m inded and th a t th ey r e a liz e th at only th ro u g h
co h esio n of effo rt can w e a tta in our goals fo r boys and g ir ls ,
a s w e lL a s attain in g o u r g o a ls fo r th o se of us in th e education
field . 47
A t th e tim e the MEA h ad develo ped it s " u m b re lla concept"
and a g a in D r. K ennedy outlined th e steps ta k e n by h is o rg a n iz a tio n
to re s o lv e th e co n flicts:
An ad h o c co m m ittee com posed of the p r e s id e n ts of MASA,
MASCD, DCT, MASSP and M AESP m e t to ev alu ate s te p s th at
m ig h t be tak en .
Six c o n fe re n c e s w e re h eld aro u n d the s ta te . O v er 800 atten d ed.
It w as th e co n sen su s of th o se p re s e n t th a t ev e ry e ffo rt should
be m ad e to p r e s e r v e a c lo se re la tio n s h ip with one a n o th e r .48
D u rin g th e la tte r p a r t of 1966 both th e e le m e n ta ry and
se c o n d a ry p rin c ip a ls voted not to d is a ffilia te but both o rg a n iz a tio n s
fe lt th a t a r e s tr u c tu r in g of th e M EA w as n e c e s s a ry .
D u rin g th is p erio d the MASSP voted to becom e one s ta te w ide d is tr ic t,

49

and th e M AESP su p p o rted a p ro p o sa l to p ro v id e

n e g o tia tio n s f o r a d m in is tra tiv e u n its .

50

4 "*R alph B a r r , "T he W inds of C tiange, " The M ichigan E le m e n ta ry P r in c ip a l, XXXXI, No. 2 (Nov^ r a b e r , 1966), p. 3.
4 ®E. D. K ennedy, "W ithin the School F a m ily ," M ichigan
E d u catio n J o u rn a l, V ol. 44, No. 14 (D ecem b er, 1966), p. 2,
49

"S ec o n d ary School P rin c ip a ls V o te fo r P ro fe s s io n a l
U n ity ," M EA N ew s, V ol. 44, No. 16 (D e ce m b er 9, 1966), p. 1.
cn

" P r in c ip a ls P lan R e fe re n d u m ," ib id . , Vol. 44, No. 27
(M arch 17, 1967), p. 1.

46
W ithin th is tim e , th e dem anded r e s tr u c tu rin g n e v e r took
p lace and the ag itatio n f o r d isa ffilia tio n g rew th ro u g h 1967.

At i t s

D e c e m b e r convention th e MASSP fo rm a lly voted to d is a ffilia te fro m
th e M EA .

51

In J a n u a ry th e M AESP B o ard of D ir e c to r s reco m m en d ed

th at b e c a u s e of the confusion of ro le s and re s p o n s ib ilitie s it would
be b e s t fo r both g ro u p s to w ork in d ep en d en tly .

52

convention, MAESP vo ted 494-44 to d is a ffilia te .

D u rin g th e ir 1968

53

E ven though th e s e v o tes cam e w ith in a s h o rt sp an of tim e ,
the s ta te m e n t by M AESP se e m e d to hold hope fo r b e tte r re la tio n s:
E v en though th is a c tio n m ay m a rk th e end of an e r a , it is d eep ly
h oped th at it m ay m a rk th e beginning of a m u tu a lly fru itfu l
re la tio n sh ip of a d iffe re n t n a tu re .
J o e W hite, P r e s id e n t of M A ESP, attem p ted to explain th e
re a s o n s fo r d isa ffilia tio n in two e d ito ria ls :
A d m in is tra to r m e m b e r s of MEA w e re p laced in th e p o sitio n
of a p p a re n tly su p p o rtin g an a s s o c ia tio n w hose co lle c tiv e b a r ­
g ain in g o b jectiv es in m an y lo c a l sc h o o l d is tr ic ts co llid ed w ith
th e principal* s b e s t in te r e s ts and w e lfa re . The s itu a tio n h a s
®*"MASSP D is a ffilia te s fro m M E A ,11 ib id . , V ol. 45,
No. 1,7 (Jan u a ry 12, 1968), p, 1.
52

"B o ard S u g g ests D ignified E x i t , " M ichigan E d u catio n
A sso c ia tio n Jo u rn a l N ew s, Vol. 45, No. 17 (E a st L ansing:
J a n u a ry 12, 1968).
"MAESP D is a ffilia te s , " ib id . . Vol. 45, Ntf. 23 (M arch 8,
1968), p . 1.
5^"B o ard S u g g ests D ignified E x it," p. 2.

47
re s u lte d in th e w ith d ra w a l fro m M EA of the superin ten d en t* s
and se c o n d a ry p r in c ip a l's a s s o c ia tio n s a s w e ll a s o u r own.
»

W h a t's .happening on th e M ichigan sc e n e to th e re la tio n s h ip s
betw een p ro fe s s io n a l edu catio n a s s o c ia tio n s i s n o t the r e s u lt of
A ct 379, not due to the a c tiv itie s of z e a lo ts on M . E. A. «s Staff,
n o r to the d is a ffilia tio n of M. A. S. A . fro m M. E . A . T hey a r e
only fo c a l p o in ts in the p a n o ra m a of w h a t's happening s ta te
w ide, n atio n ally , and g lo b ally in t e r m s of b ro a d s o c ia l and
p o litic a l ch an g es o c c u rrin g a t a b e w ild erin g v elo city .
On M ay 23, 1968, th e M ichigan A sso c ia tio n of P rin c ip a ls
and S u p e rv iso rs w a s e s ta b lis h e d u n d er th e MEA.

57

Ju dging fro m p u b lic atio n s and a r tic le s su ch a s "S chool
B o ard W ar on A d m in is tra to r s , "

58

it w ould se e m th a t m e m b e rs of

M APS w ould be th e m o s t m ilita n t and m o s t co m m itted to n e g o tia ­
tio n s fo r p rin c ip a ls a s a s e p a r a te unit.
L e tte r s to p rin c ip a ls in d icated th a t th e ir p la tfo rm ad v o cated
a s tro n g p o sitio n .

A s one l e t t e r said:

The P u b lic E m p lo y e es R e latio n s A ct does p e rm it th e
o rg a n iz a tio n of a d m in is tra to r u n its fo r n eg o tiatin g p u r ­
p o s e s . School p rin c ip a ls s h a re w ith te a c h e r s an id e n tity
55

Jo e W hite, " P r e s i d e n t 's M e s s a g e ," The M ichigan E le ­
m e n ta ry P r in c ip a l, XXXXII, No. 4 (M arch , 1968), p. 3.
56Jo e W hite, "A D e c isio n in th e M aking, " i b i d . , XXXXI,
No. 5 (M ay, 1967), p. 3.
"M APS E n d o rs e d , " MEA N ew s, Vol. 45, No. 34 (Ju n e 7,
1968), p. 1.
58

M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n , School B o a rd s W a r on
A d m in is tra to rs ( L e tte r fro m O ffice of A d m in is tra to r S e rv ic e s ,
1967).

48
of p u r p o s e - -th e im p ro v em en t of ed u catio n and of th e w e ll-b e in g
of e d u c a to r s - -a n d should a ls o ta k e advantage of th e o p p o rtu n ity
p ro v id ed th e m , a s w e ll a s te a c h e r s , u n d e r n eg o tiatio n s law to
u tiliz e fully th e ir le a d e rs h ip ro le in the im p ro v e m e n t of th e
p ro fe s s io n and its con d itio n s of em p lo y m en t.
In M a rc h of 1969 a p a ir of re s o lu tio n s w as p re s e n te d to th e
M ichigan E d u catio n A s s o c ia tio n 's R e p re s e n ta tiv e A sse m b ly .

P ro ­

p o sa l X sought to e s ta b lis h a M ich ig an A sso c ia tio n of P rin c ip a ls and
S u p e rv is o rs (MAPS) w ithin th e MEA and c r e a te MAPS d is t r ic ts .

It

a ls o d e le te d th e confusing lan g u ag e co n cern in g a d m in is tra tiv e
m e m b e rs h ip in d is t r ic ts w h e re no MAPS c h a p te r e x iste d o r w h ere
th e y w e re excluded fro m th e lo c a l te a c h e r s a s s o c ia tio n .

MAPS

m e m b e rs h ip w as s e p a ra te d fro m the n o rm a l M EA m e m b e rsh ip .
P r o p o s a l Y d u p licated p ro p o sa l X in it s handling o f s tr u c tu r e and
m e m b e rs h ip , but it inclu d ed a se c tio n w hich gave MAPS voting
r e p r e s e n ta tio n on th e MEA B o ard of D ir e c to rs .
Both p ro p o s a l X and p ro p o s a l Y w e re ta b le d a t th e R e p re ­
s e n ta tiv e A sse m b ly u n til th e fa ll of 1969.

The M APS office is c u r ­

re n tly u n d e r th e fie ld d irec to r* s office in th e M EA.

A s of Ju n e ,

1969, it had no s e p a r a te s ta ff r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s .
W ith th e re c e n t a c tio n by th e MEA B o ard of D ir e c to r s d i s ­
so lv in g th e s e p a r a te s ta ff p ro g ra m fo r h ig h e r ed u catio n , it would
59

O ffice of A d m in is tra to r S e rv ic e s , The P rin c ip a l and
PA 379 (E a st L ansing: M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n , 1967),
p. 2.

49'
s e e m th e M EA is m o v in g to w ard a p ro g ra m c o n c e n tra tin g on K -12
te a c h e r s .

If th is tr e n d is c o n s is te n t, th e F a ll R e p re s e n ta tiv e

A s s e m b ly w ill not lik e ly ad o p t any p ro p o s a l th a t w ill p ro v id e s e r ­
v ic e to a d m in is tr a to r s .

It i s m o re lik e ly th e MEA w ill se e k an

ac c o m m o d a tio n w ith th e e x is tin g p rin c ip a ls g ro u p s in o r d e r to be
in a p o sitio n to m o v e if th e p r e s e n t s itu a tio n ch an g es.
The a d d itio n o r d e le tio n of a p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n a ffilia te d
w ith th e M EA w ill u ltim a te ly h av e a n effect on th e e x te n t to w hich
n e g o tia tio n s f o r p r in c ip a ls ta k e s p la c e .

A lthough th e lit e r a tu r e

w ould in d ic a te a p o la riz a tio n of p r in c ip a ls o rg a n iz a tio n s , it i s sim p ly
to o e a r ly and to o confusing to p re d ic t a d e fin ite d ir e c tio n fo r e ith e r
o rg a n iz a tio n , a s s u m in g both o rg a n iz a tio n s s u rv iv e .
T he p o sitio n of th e p rin c ip a ls in M ich ig an i s ju s t in th e
p r o c e s s of b ein g fo rm e d .
and uniq u e.

T h is p o sitio n d e fin ite ly w ill be changed

T he a ttitu d e of in d iv id u al p r in c ip a ls to w ard n e g o tia ­

tio n s fo r t h e i r lo c a l a s s o c ia tio n s w ill w ithout doubt h av e an effect
on th e p o sitio n of t h e i r s ta te a s s o c ia tio n s .
T he H ills d a le CaBe
A n ev en t w hich h a s h ad th e m o st profound e ffe c t on th e
th in k in g of p r in c ip a ls in M ichigan i s th e H ills d a le C a se .

The c a s e

a r o s e w hen th e H ills d a le C om m unity S chools P rin c ip a ls and

50
S u p e rv iso ry A ss o c ia tio n sought re c o g n itio n a s a b arg a in in g agent
u n d e r PA 379.

The sch o o l b o a rd opposed th is re c o g n itio n on fo u r

g ro u n d s th a t w e re o utlined in th e ir b r ie f b e fo re th e L ab o r M ediation
B oard: (1) s u p e r v is o r s and e x e c u tiv e s have no rig h ts to co lle c tiv e
b a rg ain in g u n d e r PER A (P u b lic E m p lo y e es R e la tio n s A ct); (2) a s s u m ­
ing, arg u en d o , th a t PE R A allo w s su ch r ig h ts to p rin c ip a ls and o th e r
s u p e rv is o rs , th is B o ard (L ab o r M ed iatio n B o ard ) should deny su ch
rig h ts a s a m a tte r of public p o licy ; (3) th e p ro p o se d u n it is in a p p ro ­
p r ia te b e c a u se it co n tain s six s ta ff s p e c ia lis ts who a r e su p e rv is e d
by se v en p rin c ip a ls , a ls o in cluded in the u n it; and (4) PSA (H illsd a le
P rin c ip a ls and S u p e rv iso rs A sso c iatio n ) m a y not be c e rtifie d a s
e x c lu siv e r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s of p rin c ip a ls and te a c h e rs* s u p e r v is o r s ,
sin c e it is a ffilia te d w ith th e s ta te o rg a n iz a tio n (MEA), w hich i s th e
p a re n t o rg a n iz a tio n of m any te a c h e r o rg a n iz a tio n s , including th e
o rg a n iz a tio n of te a c h e r s in th e p e t itio n e r 's d is tr ic t.

60

The c a s e w as h e a rd b efo re a t r i a l e x a m in e r and a t a fu ll
h e a rin g b efo re th e State L a b o r M ediation B o a rd .

T hat B o ard held

th e follow ing w ith r e s p e c t to ea ch of th e is s u e s : (1) a u n it of s u p e r ­
v is o r s p ro p e rly fa lls u n d e r P A 379; (2) th e b o a rd (L a b o r M ediation
60

D e c isio n and O rd e r in th e m a tte r of H ills d a le C om m unity
S chools (em p lo y er) and H ills d a le C om m unity School P rin c ip a ls and
S u p erv iso ry A sso c ia tio n (p e titio n e r) and M ichigan E d u catio n A s s o ­
ciatio n (sp e c ia l in te rv e n o r) (D ecem b er, 1968), pp. 2 -3 .

B oard) h a s no rig h t to find c o n tra ry to th e in te n t of th e le g is la tu re ;
(3) th e com b in atio n of p rin c ip a ls and s u p e rv is o rs w a s an a p p ro p ria te
u n it; and (4) p rin c ip a ls should h ave fre e choice a s to th e a p p ro p ria te
o rg a n iz a tio n to r e p r e s e n t th e m .
T he H illsd a le d e c isio n h a s had th e effect of focusing a tte n ­
tio n on th e p r in c ip a l's rig h t to n eg o tiate in s e p a ra te u n its .

T h is

q u e stio n w ill b eco m e m o re im p o rta n t a s n eg o tiatio n s m ove to w ard
m o re m a tu re re la tio n s h ip s both in M ichigan and in o th e r p a r ts of the
U nited S ta te s.
C a u se s o f U n re st
O ne of th e c e n tr a l p u rp o se s a s outlined w as to e x p lo re th e
re le v a n c e of s e v e r a l w e ll-a rg u e d c a u se s of conflict in public sc h o o ls
to p rin c ip a ls in th e S tate of M ichigan.

A lthough th e r e is little

e m p iric a l su p p o rt fo r an y c a u s a l fa c to rs re la te d to p u b lic sc h o o l
m ilita n c y , th e re s e e m s to be so m e a g re e m e n t in th e lite r a tu r e a s
to p ro p o sed c a u s e s .
M oskow, in h is book on n e g o tiatio n s, c ite s th r e e m a in
a r e a s of co n flict: (1) co n flict o v e r th e a llo c a tio n of funds; (2) co n ­
flic t o v e r th e r u le s th a t g o v ern th e em ploym ent re la tio n s h ip of
te a c h e r s ; and (3) co n flict o v e r th e p ro fe s s io n a l fu n ctio n of the
te a c h e r.
61

Moskow, Teachers and Unions, p. 2.

52

A lm o s t a l l w r i t e r s in th e n e g o tia tio n s a r e a ev e n tu ally
com m en t on th e c a u s e s of tu rm o il.

T h e s e c o m m e n ts fe ll in to th e

th r e e g e n e r a l a r e a s c ite d above.
T h e f ir s t a r e a , a llo c a tio n o f funds, i s u su a lly a p rim e
a r e a of d is c o n te n t.

D o h e rty and O b e r e r saw s a l a r i e s a s one of th e

m o st im p o r ta n t p ro b le m s :
A m a le te a c h e r w ith fam ily o b lig a tio n s h a s b u t th r e e w ay s to
r e a c t to th e low in co m e h is o cc u p atio n p ro v id e s . O ne is to q u it
te a c h in g , and a s w e have se e n , m an y do. A n o th e r i s to b ec o m e
re c o n c ile d to a lo w e r s ta n d a rd of liv in g th a n o th e r p ro fe s s io n a l
g ro u p s enjoy, an d a p p a re n tly a g r e a t m a n y te a c h e r s h av e
a c c e p te d th is lo t. A th ird w ay i s to ta k e a n o th e r jo b , to " m o o n ­
lig h t, " and m a le te a c h e r s do th is to a g r e a t e r ex ten t th a n an y
o th e r o c c u p a tio n a l group in o u r so c ie ty .
I t should b e pointed out th a t, in lig h t o f th e re c e n t a c tiv ity
in M ich ig an , th e re w ould se em to b e a fo u rth a l te r n a tiv e - - th a t
a lte r n a tiv e b eing c o lle c tiv e n e g o tia tio n s .
S tin n e tt, K lein m an n , and W a re c la im th a t s a l a r i e s a r e one
f a c to r but th e to ta l la c k of c o m m itm e n t to e d u c a tio n is a n o th e r.
U n d er " C a u s a l F a c t o r s , " th ey say :
It i s obvious th a t te a c h e rs h av e in c r e a s in g ly ta k en th e p o sitio n
th a t th e y w ill n o lo n g e r r e ly s o le ly upon b o a r d s and le g is la tu r e s
f o r ad e q u a te re m u n e ra tio n , but w ill th e m s e lv e s b ec o m e v ig o r ­
o u sly involved in th e s e a r c h f o r eco n o m ic ju s tic e .
62

R o b e rt E . D o h erty and W a lte r E . O b e r e r , T e a c h e r s .
School B o a rd s , and C o lle c tiv e B a rg a in in g : A Changing of th e G u a rd ,
New Y o rk S tate S chool of In d u s tria l an d L a b o r R e la tio n s (Ith aca:
C o rn e ll U n iv e rs ity , 1967), p. 15.

53
A s a n in te g ra l p a r t o f th e i r s e a r c h f o r ec o n o m ic ju s tic e ,
te a c h e r s have g ro w n in c re a s in g ly b i t t e r a t th e n e g le c t of
s c h o o ls by o u r a fflu e n t s o c ie ty . 83
I t i s obvious th a t w ith th e in c r e a s in g re lu c ta n c e of lo c a l
ta x p a y e r s to vote a d d itio n a l ta x e s , and th e f e a r s e e n in le g is la to r s
of in c r e a s in g rev en u e a t th e s ta te and n a tio n a l le v e ls , w e m a y not
soon s e e a n end to c o n flic t in th is a r e a .
T h e second a r e a of c o n flic t w as em p lo y m en t r e la tio n s h ip s .
It had no e a s y a n s w e rs .

It in v o lv ed m a n y g ro u p s and i t to u ch ed

m an y v ita l p o in ts.
C la s s s iz e an d th e p ro b le m s it b ro u g h t p ro v id e d a good
e x a m p le of a n is s u e th a t in v o lv e s th e se r e la tio n s h ip s .

D o h e rty and

O b e r e r s a id th a t c l a s s s iz e w a s th e n u m b e r one p r io r i ty fo r n e g o tia tio n s in a s u rv e y of e le m e n ta r y and s e c o n d a ry te a c h e r s .

64

T h e MEA M odel C o n tra c t w hich w a s d is trib u te d to a l l lo c a l
M EA u n its co n tain ed a f a ir ly s tro n g s e c tio n on c la s s s iz e ,

65

and a

r e c e n t re v ie w of 480 of th e M ich ig an c o n tr a c ts in d ic a te d th a t 286 of
63

S tin n ett, K lein m an n , and W a re , P r o f e s s io n a l N eg o tiatio n s
in P u b lic E d u c a tio n , p . '4.
64

D o h erty an d O b e r e r , T e a c h e r s , School B o a rd s , and C o l­
le c tiv e B a rg a in in g ; A C hanging of th e G u a rd , p. 20 .
65

M ichigan E d u ca tio n A s s o c ia tio n , MEA S am ple P r o f e s ­
sio n a l A g re e m e n t 1 9 6 7 -7 0 , pp . 10-11. .

54
th e c o n tr a c ts co n tain ed so m e r e f e r e n c e to s p e c ific c la s s s iz e
n u m b e rs .

66

T h is r e s e a r c h r e p o r t in c lu d ed M F T c o n tra c ts .

An even m o r e re le v a n t c o n tra c t p ro v is io n w as th e g rie v a n c e
p ro c e d u r e .

T he M EA c o n tra c t re v ie w in d ic a te d th a t 465 out of 480

sc h o o l d i s t r i c t s had so m e k ind of g rie v a n c e p ro c e d u re an d th a t 202
h ad b in d in g a r b itr a tio n .

67

A n o th e r c a u se w hich w ould f a ll in th is se co n d a r e a w as the
tr e n d to w a rd la r g e r sc h o o l d i s t r i c t s .

S peaking o n th is s u b je c t,

L ie b e rm a n and M oskow sa id :
A lso , th e s e n s e of p e r s o n a l p a rtic ip a tio n in p o licy m ak in g i s
e a s ily lo s t in a la r g e sc h o o l s y s te m . T h is lo s s c r e a te s th e
n eed f o r m e c h a n is m s by w h ich la r g e n u m b e rs of te a c h e r s can
in flu e n c e p o lic y o r e x p r e s s t h e i r v ie w s e ffe c tiv e ly . 99
And M oskow c o m m e n ts ab o u t la r g e d is t r ic ts :
A p p a re n tly the m e rg in g o f s m a ll sc h o o l d i s t r i c t s in o r d e r to
o b tain e c o n o m ic s of s c a le h a s th e added r e s u lt of f u r th e r
s e p a r a tin g the c la s s r o o m te a c h e r fro m th e d e c is io n m a k e r s in
th e d i s t r i c t . 69
T h is tre n d to w a rd l a r g e r d i s t r i c t s h a s n o t end ed , a t le a s t
in M ich ig an .

A ll m a jo r s e g m e n ts of th e e d u c a tio n a l co m m u n ity a r e

66

U n p u b lish ed a n a ly s is o f 480 1968-69 M ich ig an C o n tra c ts
by th e M ich ig an E d u ca tio n A s s o c ia tio n R e s e a rc h D iv isio n .
67Ib id .
68

L ie b e rm a n and M oskow , C o lle c tiv e N e g o tia tio n s fo r
T e a c h e r s , p . 59.
69

Moskow, Teachers and Unions, p. 4.

55
includin g in t h e i r le g is la tiv e p r o g ra m s a re c o m m e n d a tio n fo r g r e a t e r
co n so lid atio n of e x istin g sc h o o l d i s t r i c t s .
The tr e n d to l a r g e r d i s t r i c t s m a y in c r e a s e th e lik lihood of
fo rm a l b u r e a u c r a tic m o d e ls being in s titu te d in th e d is t r i c t s .

T h is

r e s u lt s in a g r e a t e r d is ta n c e b etw een in d iv id u a ls and th e r e a l
d e c is io n -m a k in g p o w er.

A lthough th e r e a r e s e v e r a l p ro p o s a ls f o r

a lte r in g th is b u r e a u c r a tic situ a tio n , m o s t la r g e o rg a n iz a tio n s in
ed u catio n h a v e h ad little s u c c e s s in th is a r e a .

A s th e la c k of

d e c is io n -m a k in g b e c o m e s ev id en t to th e p a r tic ip a n ts , th e y ten d to
fo rm a liz e and c o n so lid a te w hat lit tle p o w er r e m a in s o r a tta c h th e m ­
s e lv e s in so m e m a n n e r to th e r e a l d e c is io n - m a k e r s .
T he th ir d a r e a o f c o n flic t c o n c e rn e d th e p ro fe s s io n a l fu n c ­
tio n of th e in d iv id u a l.

T h is p ro b le m is p ro b a b ly th e m o s t d iffic u lt

to so lv e th ro u g h n e g o tia tio n s .

It is a p ro b le m th a t d o e s not e x is t to

th e sa m e d e g re e in th e p r iv a te s e c t o r - - f i r s t b e c a u s e th e r e is little
la y c o n tro l o r p u b lic c o n tro l o v e r a r e a s of d e c isio n -m a k in g , and
se c o n d ly b e c a u s e th e r e a r e few p r o f e s s io n a ls w ho com e u n d er c o l­
le c tiv e b a rg a in in g a g re e m e n ts o u tsid e of e d u c atio n .
It i s d iffic u lt to s e p a r a te th is a r e a of co n flict fro m th e
se co n d a r e a , e m p lo y m e n t r e la tio n s .

M any m ig h t sa y th a t the

e m p lo y e e -e m p lo y e r re la tio n s h ip a u to m a tic a lly n e g a te s ca llin g a
te a c h e r a p r o fe s s io n a l.

A lthough th is m a y b e tr u e , m an y of th e

56
m a s te r a g re e m e n ts w r itte n in M ich ig an have a tte m p te d to d e a l w ith
th e p ro b le m of p r o fe s s io n a l fu n ctio n .

70

A s long a s te a c h e r s s e e

p r o fe s s io n a lis m a s a g o al, it w ill h av e to be ta k e n in to ac co u n t w hen
d ealin g w ith lo c a l te a c h e r a s s o c ia tio n s .
It i s q u e stio n a b le w h e th e r w ritin g su ch p ro v is io n s in to a
c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g a g re e m e n t w ill in c r e a s e th e fle x ib ility o f th e
in d iv id u al te a c h e r.

W h a te v e r th e e v e n tu a l o u tco m e, it w ould s e e m

th e te a c h e r s of M ich ig an a r e c o m m itte d to th is c o u rs e .
A lthough m a n y of th e p ro p o se d c a u s e s of u n r e s t in e d u c a ­
tio n w e re co n c e rn e d w ith a r e a s of co n flic t, s e v e r a l o th e rs have
b een r e g a rd e d a s m a k in g a c o n trib u tio n .

T h is se co n d s e t of f a c to r s

r e la te s m o r e to the b ac k g ro u n d of th e in d iv id u al o r to th e p o sitio n
th e p e r s o n p r e s e n tly o c c u p ie s.
T h e sex d iffe re n c e s am o n g te a c h e r s i s one of th e m o s t
com m only o ffe re d v a r ia b le s in te a c h e r m ilita n c y .

L ie b e rm a n and

M oskow p o in t out th a t th e p e rc e n ta g e of m e n in th e te a c h in g r a n k s
h as riBen from 16. 6% in 1930 to 31.4% in 1964.
70
71

71

Teaching for

M EA S am ple A g re e m e n t, pp. 3 -23.

L ie b e rm a n and M oskow , C o lle c tiv e N eg o tiatio n s fo r
T e a c h e rs , p . 22.

57
w om en h a s tra d itio n a lly p ro v id ed a second in c o m e.

In 1965-66 only

21.8% of th e M ichigan fem a le te a c h e r s w e re u n m a rrie d .

72

A s the

p e rc e n ta g e of m en in c r e a s e s , th e c o n c e rn fo r ad e q u ate co m p en sa­
tio n b ec o m es m o re im p o rta n t b e c a u se m e n a r e m o r e often th e
ex c lu siv e w age e a r n e r s in th e fam ily .

It w as q u ite p o s sib le th a t a s

s a la r ie s and eco n o m ic f a c to rs b e c a m e p r im a r y r e a s o n s fo r n eg o ­
tia tio n s , the re la tiv e im p o rta n c e of the se x d iffe re n c e would in c r e a s e .
D o h e rty and O b e r e r a ls o in d ic ated th a t th e in c r e a s e o f m a le s in th e
te ach in g p ro fe s s io n m a y be th e m o s t im p o rta n t fa c to r fo r th e p u r p o s e s of t h e i r stu d y o f n eg o tiatio n s in ed u catio n .

73

T h is w as

e s p e c ia lly tr u e b e c a u se of th e in c r e a s e s in th e e le m e n ta ry and
ju n io r high sc h o o ls.
A n o th er o ften -m en tio n ed ca u se of m ilita n c y in ed u catio n
w a s th e in c r e a s e of te a c h e r s w ho cam e fro m b lu e -c o lla r , r a th e r
th a n w h ite -c o lla r , b a c k g ro u n d s.

In 1957 th e p ro p o rtio n of te a c h e r s

w hose f a th e rs w ere b lu e - c o lla r w o rk e rs w as 47%.

74

p e rc e n ta g e h a d in c re a s e d to s lig h tly m o re th a n 50%.

In 1961 th a t
75

T his type

72

M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n , M ichigan P u b lic School
T e a c h e r 1965-66 (1967), p. 32.
73

D o h erty and O b e re r, T e a c h e rs , School B o a rd s , and C ol­
le c tiv e B arg ain in g : A Changing o f th e G u a rd , p. 20.

75

L ie b e rm a n and M oskow , C o llec tiv e N eg o tiatio n s fo r
T e a c h e rs , p. 22.

58
of te a c h e r m ig h t b rin g to th e p ro fe s sio n a m uch g r e a t e r e x p e rie n c e
w ith and o rie n ta tio n to co lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g a s a re a s o n a b le and
su c c e s s fu l m eth o d of re so lv in g d is p u te s w hich o c c u r in so m e fo rm
in e v e ry w o rk situ atio n .
At th e p re s e n t tim e th e re is a lm o s t no d a ta on v a r ia b le s
th a t affect th e need fo r and th e a ttitu d e to w ard n eg o tiatio n s.

The

in fo rm a tio n th a t d o es e x is t i s re la te d to te a c h e r- b o a r d n e g o tia tio n s.
T h re e re c e n t a tte m p ts to d efin e and d e lin e a te v a r ia b le s
affectin g n eg o tiatio n s h av e been co m p leted .

The f i r s t study w as

done c o o p e ra tiv e ly by th e M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n and th e
N atio n al E d u ca tio n A sso c ia tio n ,

76

A random sa m p le of M ichigan

te a c h e r s in M EA d is t r ic ts w e re a sk e d to resp o n d to a q u e stio n n a ire
co n cern in g t h e i r e x p re s s e d a ttitu d e s to w ard th e ir in v o lv em en t and
know ledge o f a b ro ad ra n g e of ite m s th a t have b e e n n eg o tiated a t th e
lo c a l le v el.

In ad d itio n , s e v e r a l q u e stio n s w e re included d ea lin g

w ith q u e stio n s su ch a s , "In y o u r opinion is th e r e so m e d is tr u s t
betw een y o u r lo c a l a s s o c ia tio n and th e lo c a l sc h o o l b o a r d ? " A
second ran d o m sa m p le w a s taken and ra n c o n c u rre n tly w ith the
f i r s t sa m p le.

T h is seco n d population c o n siste d of d is tr ic ts w h e re

an im p a s s e h a d d elayed a sch o o l opening sin c e 1965.
76

T he seco nd

M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n , A S urvey of T e a c h e r
A ttitu d es C o n cern in g N eg o tiatio n s (1968).

59
sa m p le re c e iv e d th e sa m e q u e s tio n n a ire .

T h e re sp o n s e r a t e for

both g ro u p s w as good: 81% and 80% r e s p e c tiv e ly .
The q u e s tio n of m o s t in te r e s t w a s , "D o you b e lie v e the
rig h t o f te a c h e r s to s tr ik e i s n e c e s s a r y to th e negocia tin g o f s a tis fa c to ry a g r e e m e n ts ? " A lthough th e q u e stio n i s not d ir e c tly conc e rn e d w ith n e g o tia tio n s a s a p r o c e s s , it did g iv e c<om e in d ic a tio n
a s to th e depth o f c o m m itm en t to c o lle c tiv e b a r g a irin g in th e sc h o o ls.
On th e q u e s tio n o f th e rig h t to s tr ik e , a c n i-s q u a re a n a ly s is
r e v e a le d th a t t h e r e w as a sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e a t h e . 05 le v e l, 1
d e g re e of fre e d o m , b etw een m a le s and f e m a le s who re s p o n d e d yes
d e fin ite ly and no d e fin ite ly .

M a le s o v e rw h e lm in g ly felt th a t the

rig h t to s tr ik e w a s n e c e s s a r y , w h ile fe m a le s o v erw h elm in g ly felt
i t w a s not n e c e s s a r y .

The c h i- s q u a r e w a s 48. 92.

W hen e le m e n ta r y and s e c o n d a ry a n s w e r s Were co m p ared ,
i t w as found th a t m o r e e le m e n ta r y people fe lt th a t the r ig h t to s tr ik e
w a s not n e c e s s a r y w hile m o r e se c o n d a ry p e o p le felt it w a s n e c e s ­
sa ry .

T h is re la tio n s h ip w a s s ig n ific a n t a t th e . 05 le v el, 1 d e g re e

of fre e d o m , w ith a c h i- s q u a r e of 11. 46.

In lig h t of the f i r s t r e la ­

tio n s h ip d is c u s s e d , th e e le m e n ta r y -s e c o n d a ry re la tio n s h ip se e m s
re a s o n a b le and m a y w e ll be a p ro d u c t of th e s a m e v a r ia b le s .

This

i s tr u e b e c a u se o f th e g r e a t e r n u m b e r of fe m a le s in e le m e n ta ry and
m a le s in s e c o n d a ry .

T h is q u e s tio n m ig h t w e ll b e pro b ed in a la te r

60
study by tak in g a look a t m a le s and fe m a le s by g ra d e o r d iv isio n
le v el.
A th ird a n a ly s is looked at th e te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e of th e
te a c h e r in th r e e c a te g o rie s :
y e a r s o r m o re .

1 to 5 y e a r s , 6 to 15 y e a r s , and 16

A c h i-s q u a re a n a ly s is of th e 2 X 3 ta b le p ro d u ced

a c h i-s q u a re of 31. 13.

T h is w as sig n ific a n t a t the . 05 le v e l w ith

2 d e g r e e s of fre e d o m .

T h e re w as no d iffe re n c e betw een the f i r s t

and seco n d le v e ls of e x p e rie n c e , a s both h ad th e s a m e d is trib u tio n
of re s p o n s e s .
n ec essary .

Both e x p e rie n c e le v e ls fe lt the rig h t to s tr ik e w as

The th ir d le v e l of e x p e rie n c e had th e o p p o site d is tr ib u ­

tio n , w ith a g r e a te r n u m b e r of re sp o n d e n ts feeling th e rig h t to s tr ik e
w as not n e c e s s a ry .
An ad d itio n a l a n a ly s is w as done on th e p re v io u s q u estio n
u sin g th e e n tire re s p o n s e p o pulations of th e im p a s s e and non­
im p a s s e g ro u p s.

T h is re la tio n s h ip w as sig n ific a n t a t th e . 05 le v e l,

I d e g re e of fre e d o m , w ith a c h i-s q u a re of 31. 85.
th at tw o v a ria b le s m a y be o p e ra tin g h e r e .

It would se e m

The g e n e r a l population

of te a c h e r s in th e im p a s s e sch o o ls m ay b e d iffe re n t an d the e x p e r i­
ence of going th ro u g h a s tr ik e m ay h ave a lte r e d th e ir a ttitu d e s .
T he second stu d y in th is a r e a w a s conducted by the a u th o r
w ith m e m b e rs of th e M ichigan State U n iv e rs ity E x te r n P ro g ra m .
77

77

B enson M u n g er, unpublished stu d y of th e M ichigan S tate
U n iv e rsity E x te rn P r o g r a m , 1969.

61
S e v e ra l of th e q u e stio n s fro m th e M EA -N EA stu d y w e re u se d ,
including th e q u estio n on the te a c h e r s ' rig h t to s tr ik e .

A lthough

only tw o -th ird s of th e p a rtic ip a n ts a r e p rin c ip a ls , w ith th e o th e rs
being p r im a r ily c e n tr a l office p e rso n n e l, th e d ata m ig h t give clu es
fo r fu tu re in v e stig a tio n .
A gain, looking a t the q u estio n re g a rd in g th e te a c h e r s '
rig h t to s tr ik e , th e re i s a sig n ific an t re la tio n s h ip betw een the
a n s w e r and w h e th e r th e re sp o n d e n ts w e re m a le o r fe m a le .

The

c h i-s q u a re i s 4 .1 1 , sig n ific an t a t th e . 05 le v el, 1 d e g re e of f r e e ­
dom .

A lthough m o re re sp o n d e n ts in both c a te g o rie s fe lt th e rig h t

to s tr ik e w as not n e c e s s a r y , th e fem ale c a te g o ry h ad only one
excep tio n to th a t re s p o n s e .

In th e m a le c a te g o ry th e re s p o n s e s

w e re fa irly ev en ly divided.
W hen co m p arin g e x p e rie n c e le v e ls , the 1 to 5 y e a r and
6 to 15 y e a r c a te g o rie s w e re com bined in o r d e r to ob tain an ex p ected
freq u en cy w ith h igh enough v a lu e s.

The c h i-s q u a re fo r th is r e l a ­

tio n sh ip w as 2. 48, w hich w as not sig n ific an t a t th e . 05 le v e l w ith 1
d e g re e of fre e d o m , although it is sig n ific a n t a t th e . 20 le v e l w ith 1
d e g re e of fre e d o m .

T h e re w as so m e in d ic atio n th a t th is lin e of

in v e stig a tio n should not b e d ro p p ed b e c a u se of th is in fo rm atio n .
The to ta l population of e x te rn s w as co m p ared to both the
im p a s s e and n o n -im p a s s e te a c h e r p o p u latio n s.

A gain the q u estio n

62

of th e n e c e s s ity of th e rig h t to s tr ik e w as the p a r t of th e q u e stio n ­
n a ire u se d in th e a n a ly s is .

T h e re w as no sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e

betw een th e e x te rn s and th e g e n e ra l te a c h e r p opulation, w ith a c h is q u a re of 1 .7 0 , although a m a jo rity of both g ro u p s fe lt the rig h t to
s tr ik e w as not n eeded.

W ith th e im p a s s e te a c h e r population a c h i-

s q u a re of 7, 89 in d ic a te d a sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e at th e . 05 le v e l
w ith 1 d e g re e of fre e d o m .

A la rg e m a jo rity of the im p a s s e p o p u la­

tio n fe lt th e rig h t to s tr ik e w as n e c e s s a r y , w h ile the e x te rn s w e re
f a ir ly ev en ly divided on th e q u estio n .
T he th ird study w a s an unpu b lish ed d is s e r ta tio n by P a tr ic k
C a rlto n w hich looked a t th e a ttitu d e s of in s tru c tio n a l p e rs o n n e l in
N orth C a ro lin a to w ard c o lle c tiv e n e g o tia tio n s.

78

In sp ite of the fa c t th a t th e stu d y d e a lt m a in ly w ith te a c h e r b o ard n eg o tiatio n s, th e re w e re two g ro u p s of p rin c ip a ls in cluded in
th e sa m p le .
Two m e a s u r e s of a ttitu d e s w e re u se d in th e study, (1) an
a u th o r-c o n s tru c te d c o lle c tiv e actio n s c a le u sin g L ik e rt-ty p e ite m s
to e lic it a ttitu d e s to w ard c o lle c tiv e a c tio n by te a c h e r s , and (2) th e
K e rlin g e r and K aya E d u catio n Scale I, u sin g L ik e rt-ty p e ite m s to
78

P a tr ic k W. C a rlto n , " A ttitu d e s of C e rtific a te d I n s tr u c ­
tio n a l P e r s o n n e l in N orth C a ro lin a T ow ard Q u e stio n s C oncerning
C o llec tiv e N egotiation and ' S anctions, 1" (unpublished P h .D . d i s ­
s e rta tio n , U n iv e rsity of N o rth C a ro lin a , a t C hapel H ill, 1966).

63
m e a s u r e f a c to rs re la tin g to P r o g r e s s iv is m and T ra d itio n a lis m .

The

a n a ly s is u se d w as both P e a r s o n - P r o d u c t M om ent c o r r e la tio n s and
tw o-w ay a n a ly s is of v a ria n c e .
T h e re w e re s e v e r a l u s e fu l co n c lu sio n s d raw n fro m the
stu d y .

T h e re w as a sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e b etw een m a le and fem ale

p rin c ip a ls , w ith m a le s s c o rin g h ig h e r on th e co lle c tiv e a c tio n s c a le .
(CX. 01).

The r e a s o n s fo r th e s e d iffe re n c e s w e re sa id to be the

g r e a t e r eco n o m ic s e c u r ity of th e p rin c ip a ls and th e ir reco g n itio n of
a d d itio n a l a d m in is tra tiv e p ro b le m s .

It would se e m th a t econom ic

s e c u r ity w ould h av e little in flu en ce a s the q u e s tio n s p e rta in e d to
te a c h e r- b o a r d n e g o tia tio n s.

A b e tte r m e a s u r e o f re la tiv e econom ic

s e c u r ity w ould be to focus th e p r in c ip a ls ' a tte n tio n on th e ir own
n e g o tiatio n p o sitio n .
S u m m ary
N eg o tiatio n s fo r pu b lic e m p lo y ee s h a s b een a v e ry re c e n t
d ev elo p m en t w hich h a s had a profound e ffe c t on education, its
d ire c tio n and its s ty le .

The p r iv a te s e c to r h a s had a long h is to ry

of c o lle c tiv e n eg o tiatio n s in clu d in g s e v e r a l sig n ific a n t law s such a s
th e W agner A ct and th e T a ft-H a rtle y A ct.

A lthough p riv a te s e c to r

n eg o tiatio n s had g r e a t im p a c t on th e econom y, th e sw iftn e s s of
im p le m e n ta tio n in th e p u blic s e c to r h a s ca u sed a g r e a t d e a l of t u r ­
m o il and u n e a s in e s s .

64
In 1957 th e N o rw alk A s s o c ia tio n n e g o tia te d a m a s te r
c o n tra c t w ith t h e i r b o a rd o f ed u catio n .

F ro m th a t tim e th e r e h a s

b ee n a heavy, in c r e a s e in b oth th e sco p e an d am o u n t of c o lle c tiv e
n e g o tia tio n s w ith p u b lic em p lo y e e s.

The is s u a n c e of E x e c u tiv e

O r d e r 10988 by P r e s id e n t K ennedy in 1962 s tim u la te d in te r e s t by
p u b lic e m p lo y e e s, e s p e c ia lly o u tsid e ed u catio n .
S ta te s su ch a s W isc o n sin h av e h a d n e g o tia tio n s law s sin c e
th e e a r ly I 9 6 0 's , but th e y se ld o m e x p lo re d th e p o s s ib ilitie s th e s e
la w s h e ld .

In 1965 s e v e r a l s ta te s p a s s e d la w s g iv in g public

em p lo y ee s th e rig h t to b a rg a in w ith t h e i r e m p lo y e rs .

In so m e

s ta te s th is law a p p lie d only to te a c h e r s an d o th e r s o - c a lle d p r o f e s ­
sio n a l e m p lo y e e s.
379.

1965 w a s th e y e a r M ich ig an p a s s e d P u b lic A ct

B e c a u se M ich ig an m o v ed s o ra p id ly in adopting th is p r o c e s s ,

it b e c a m e th e fo c a l po in t f o r m an y of th e p e rs o n n e l re la tio n s p r o b ­
le m s in ed u catio n .
M uch of th e s tim u lu s fo r n e g o tia tio n s in ed u catio n cam e
fro m th e c o m p etitio n b etw een th e N atio n al E d u ca tio n A ss o c ia tio n and
th e A m e ric a n F e d e ra tio n of T e a c h e rs ,

T he A F T h ad o rg a n iz e d

its e lf f o r th e e x p r e s s p u rp o s e of ap p ly in g th e p r iv a te s e c to r c o l­
le c tiv e so lu tio n s to ed u c a tio n .

T he NEA f o r m a n y r e a s o n s , in c lu d ­

in g i t s s tro n g ti e s to a d m in is tr a to r s , h ad tra d itio n a lly ta k en a
s tro n g sta n d a g a in s t tr a d e union m e th o d s.

A s m a n y o th e r s ta te s

65
p a s se d n e g o tia tio n s la w s , s e v e r a l s ta te a s s o c ia tio n s m oved to a c c e p t
c o lle c tiv e n eg o tia tio n s a s a to o l to ac h iev e g o a ls th a t th e y w an ted .
T h ese v a rio u s s ta te a s s o c ia tio n s h ad an in flu e n c e on th e NEA an d it
b ec am e m o r e in te r e s te d in th e n e g o tia tio n p r o c e s s .
The m o v e m en t by th e N EA h a s c a u se d th e d iffe re n c e s
betw een th e A FT an d th e NEA to b eco m e b lu r r e d .

T h is h a s b e e n

e s p e c ia lly tr u e in M ich ig an , w h e re the e n tir e s ta te i s co m m itted
to n e g o tia tio n s fo r re s o lu tio n of t h e i r p ro b le m s .
S ev eral s t a t e s c u r r e n tly h av e le g a l m a c h in e ry w hich a llo w s
p r in c ip a ls to n e g o tia te e ith e r in d iv id u a lly o r a s a p a r t of the
te a c h e r s ' group.

T h e r e is in c r e a s e d in te r e s t in th e u s e of c o lle c ­

tiv e b a rg a in in g by m id d le m a n ag em en t in ed u c a tio n .

A lthough a t th e

p re s e n t tim e th e re i s little a c tiv ity , th e d ir e c tio n an d in te n s ity of
fu tu re m o v em en t in th e a r e a w ill depend on th e a c c e p ta n c e of th e
in itia l a tte m p ts .

I f th e f ir s t c o n tr a c ts a r e s u c c e s s fu l and im p ro v e

th e p o sitio n of p r in c ip a ls and s u p e r v is o r s , th e r e w ill b e g r e a t e r
p r e s s u r e to change th e le g a l s itu a tio n s .

New la w s th a t a r e c o n te m ­

p lated w ill be w ritte n to in clu d e p ro v is io n s f o r p r in c ip a ls and
a tte m p ts w ill also b e m a d e to ch an g e e x istin g law s to a c c o m m o d a te
th e n e e d s of p r in c ip a ls .
T he p r in c ip a ls in M ich ig an have b ec o m e m o r e ac tiv e
b e c a u se o f som e v e r y u n u su a l s itu a tio n s .

A s th e te a c h e r s of

66
M ichigan m oved in to f u ll- s c a le n e g o tia tio n s th e r e la tio n s betw een
the ME A and th e a d m in is tra to r a s s o c ia tio n s b ecam e s tra in e d .
A lthough th e MEA tr ie d to m a in ta in its e lf a s an a ll-in c lu s iv e o rg a n i­
za tio n , d u rin g th e school y e a r 1967-68, b oth the e le m e n ta ry sch o o l
p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n and th e se c o n d a ry sc h o o l p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia ­
tio n voted to fo rm a s s o c ia tio n s in d ep en d en t of its p r i o r p a re n t
o rg a n iz a tio n .
In 1968 th e M ichigan L a b o r M ediation B o a rd so lid ified the
rig h t of p rin c ip a ls and s u p e r v is o r s to 'n e g o tia te a s a s e p a ra te u n it.
In th is d e c isio n it w as a ls o a ffirm e d that p rin c ip a ls should h av e fre e
choice a s to th e a p p ro p ria te o rg a n iz a tio n to r e p r e s e n t them .
T he c a u se s of u n r e s t in p u b lic ed u catio n h a v e not b een
e x p lo re d s y s te m a tic a lly , b u t th e r e is d ire c tio n fro m so m e of the
w r ite r s in th e a r e a of n e g o tia tio n s and fro m th e few e x p lo ra to ry
stu d ie s th a t have b een conducted.
M any w r ite r s , su c h a s D o h erty and O b e r e r and S tinnett,
K leinm an n , and W are, in d ic a te th a t s a la r ie s a r e an im p o rta n t f a c to r
in th e m ilita n c y of public e m p lo y e e s.

A lso , th is eco n o m ic f a c to r

is m o r e e x te n siv e than ju s t s a la r ie s .

It extended to m an y o th e r

a r e a s su ch a s c la s s s iz e , r e le a s e d tim e , an d o th e r c o n tra c t ite m s
w hich have a m o n e ta ry e le m e n t.

67
S e v e ra l w r i t e r s in d ic a te d th a t th e in c re a s in g s iz e of school
d is t r ic ts h a s b een and w ill continue to be a sig n ific a n t f a c to r in th e
changing sch o o l p e rs o n n e l re la tio n s h ip s .
A change in th e d is trib u tio n of te a c h e r s by sex w as m e n ­
tioned a s a ca u se of ch an g es in th e sc h o o ls.

O th e r in d ic a tio n s of th e

im p o rta n c e of th is v a ria b le w e re picked up in a l a t e r a n a ly s is of
r e s e a r c h stu d ie s.
T h re e re c e n t r e s e a r c h s tu d ie s w e re rev iew ed .

The f ir s t,

by the M EA -N EA , stu d ied te a c h e r s ' a ttitu d e s to w ard n e g o tiatio n s.
On the q u e s tio n of th e te a c h e r s ' rig h t to s tr ik e th e r e w as sig n ific a n t
d iffe re n c e (0C< 05) betw een m a le s and fe m a le s, w ith m a le s feeling
it m o re n e c e s s a r y .

T h e re w as a sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e ((X . 05)

betw een e le m e n ta ry and se c o n d a ry te a c h e rs , w ith th e se c o n d a ry
people h av in g a h ig h e r p ro p o rtio n of y e s re s p o n s e s .
a lso a sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e

{(X. 05)

T h e re w as

betw een le v e ls of e x p e rie n c e ,

w ith th e h ig h e st le v e l se e in g th e rig h t to s tr ik e a s not n e c e s s a r y and
th e o th e r tw o le v e ls se e in g it a s n e c e s s a r y .
In ad d itio n , th e population of te a c h e r s who had u n d erg one
the e x p e rie n c e of a s tr ik e in th e ir d is tr ic t d iffe re d sig n ific an tly

((X. 05)

fro m th e g e n e ra l te a c h e r population.
T he seco n d stu d y w as conducted w ith th e M ichigan State

U n iv e rsity A d m in is tra tiv e E x te rn s , u sin g s e v e r a l q u e stio n s fro m

68
the p re v io u s ly c ite d M E A -N E A stu d y .

U sing th e q u e s tio n of the

te a c h e r s ' rig h t to s tr ik e and a sig n ific a n c e le v e l of . 05 w ith a c h is q u a re a n a ly s is , th e r e w a s a sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e b etw een m a le s
and fe m a le s .

T h e m a le s saw th e rig h t to s t r i k e a s n e c e s s a r y .

W hen e x p e rie n c e le v e ls w e r e co m p ared th e r e w a s no s ig n ific a n t
d iffe re n c e , alth o u g h th e r e se e m e d to be a lo g ic a l tre n d in th e d a ta
th a t w ould in d ic a te th is v a r ia b le is w o rth lo o k in g a t in o th e r w ays.
The th ir d stu d y w a s an u n p u b lish ed d is s e r ta tio n b y
P a tr ic k C a rlto n a t th e U n iv e rs ity of N o rth C a ro lin a .

H is stu d y

d ea lt w ith th e a ttitu d e s of N o rth C a ro lin a s c h o o l p e rs o n n e l to w ard
n e g o tia tio n s.

A t th e . 01 le v e l u sin g a t - t e s t , th e r e w as a sig n ific a n t

d iffe re n c e b etw een m a le s and fe m a le s on an a u th o r- c o n s tru c te d c o l­
le c tiv e a c tio n s c a le .

T h is w a s a n o th e r in d ic a tio n of th e im p o rta n c e

of th e s e x v a r ia b le .
The n e e d fo r change h a s b eco m e e v id e n t only re c e n tly .

T he

p rin c ip a ls in m a n y s ta te s h a v e th e m o tiv a tio n to u se the p r o c e s s of
n e g o tia tio n s to im p ro v e t h e i r situ a tio n .

If th is p r e s s u r e b e c o m e s

in te n s e , i t could h a v e a s m u ch o r m o r e e ffe c t on e d u c atio n a s the
ch an g es th a t h av e o c c u rre d th ro u g h te a c h e r n e g o tia tio n s .

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

P o p u la tio n
T h e p o p u latio n fo r p u rp o s e s of thiB stu d y w as c o m p ris e d
of th e e le m e n ta r y and s e c o n d a ry sc h o o l p r in c ip a ls in M ich ig an
sch o o l d i s t r i c t s .

T h is p o p u la tio n w a s lim ite d to sch o o l d i s t r i c t s

w ith five (5) o r m o re p r in c ip a ls on th e sta ff.
T he o p e ra tio n a l d e fin itio n of th is p o p u latio n w a s th e above
d efined p r in c ip a ls lis te d in th e M ich ig an E d u ca tio n D ir e c to r y and
B u y e r’ s G uide 1 9 6 8 -6 9 . * T h is guide w a s u se d a s th e b a s is fo r
defin itio n o f th e p o p u latio n b e c a u se it r e p r e s e n te d a f a ir ly co m p lete
and o b je ctiv e m eth o d of o b ta in in g a lis tin g of M ich ig an p r in c ip a ls .
T he p r e s e n t s ta te of th e m e m b e rs h ip l i s t s of v a r io u s p r in c ip a ls
o rg a n iz a tio n s i s su ch th a t a c o m p le te l i s t w ould be v e ry d iffic u lt to
obtain.

In ad d itio n , th is ty p e o f l i s t w ould ex clu d e any n o n -a ffilia te d

p r in c ip a ls .
^M ich ig an E d u c a tio n D ir e c to r y and B u y e r ’ s G uide 1968-69,
M ichigan E d u c a tio n D ir e c to r y (L a n sin g : 1968).

69

70
The to ta l n u m b e r o f p rin c ip a ls in d is t r ic ts w ith five (5) o r
m o re p rin c ip a ls on the s ta ff is two thousand s ix h u n d red and fifteen
(2615).

T h is r e p r e s e n ts two h u n d red and n in e tee n (219) school

d is tr ic ts .

T h ese sch o o l d is t r ic ts w e re p la ced in fo u r (4) s tr a t a on

the b a s is of sc h o o l d is tr ic t population.
The s t r a t a a r e lis te d on th e follow ing page.
Sam ple
The sa m p le w as ran d o m ly d raw n fro m each s tra tu m such
that th e to ta l fo r a ll s tr a t a would eq u al th e to ta l sa m p le s iz e .

A

tab le of ran d o m n u m b e rs w as u se d fo r th e sam p lin g p r o c e s s .

P rin ­

cip als w e re s a m p le s a s in d iv id u als and w ithout re p la c e m e n t.
The s t r a t a , s e e n a s a p e rc e n ta g e of th e to ta l population,
w as a s follow s:
N u m b er of P rin c ip a ls

% of P o p u lation

S tratu m I

290

11 .0 9

S tratu m U

392

1 4 .9 9

S tratu m III

522

1 9 .9 6

Stratum IV

1411

53. 96

2615

100.00

S tra tu m 1^
D e tro it
S tra tu m II
(20, 000 stu d e n ts and o v er)
D e a rb o rn
F lin t
G rand R ap id s
L ansing
L ivonia
P o n tiac
Saginaw
W a rre n
W ayne
S tra tu m III
(10, 000 - 19, 999 stu d e n ts)
A nn A rb o r
B a ttle C re e k
B ay C ity
B enton H a rb o r
B irm in g h am
E a s t D e tro it
F a rm in g to n
G ard en C ity
G ro s s e P o in te
Ja c k so n
K alam azo o
L incoln P a r k

M idland
M uskegon
P o r t H uron
P o rta g e
R o se v ille
R o y al Oak
Southfield
T a y lo r
U tic a
W alled L ake
W a te rfo rd

S tra tu m IV
(L e s s th an 10, 000 stu d e n ts)
196 sch o o l d is tr ic ts

2

D etroit w as used a s one Btratum b ecau se of it s s iz e in
relation to other sch ool d is tr ic ts.

72
Sam ple Size
The o v e ra ll sa m p le s iz e w as d e te rm in e d by sp ecify in g a
p re c is io n of 5% and a confidence in te r v a l of .9 5 .

U sing a p = . 5

and q = . 5 a s th e m o st c o n s e rv a tiv e e s tim a te , th e follow ing equation
w as solved f o r n:

1 .9 6

V

1 /4 n = .0 5 3
n = 384

T h is sa m p le r e p r e s e n ts m o re th an 5% of th e population and
th e re fo re th e fin ite sa m p le c o r r e c tio n w a s used to c o r r e c t th e s a m ­
ple s i z e .^
2615 - 384
= 8 5 .3 5
2614
<85.35) 1. 96

V

1 /4 n = .0 5
n = 280

3

M a ry E lle n M cSw eeney, "S u m m ary of S electio n P ro c e
d u re s fo r a S tra tifie d C lu s te r S am ple" (unpublished n o te s).
4

N - n
F in ite sa m p le c o r r e c tio n = ^ _ y
w h e re N = th e population s iz e
n - th e sa m p le s iz e

73

T his sa m p le i s d is trib u te d o v e r the s tr a t a a s follow s:
%

N u m b er in Sam ple

S tratu m I

11.09

31

S tratu m II

14.99

42

S tratu m III

19. 96

56

S tratum IV

5 3 .9 6

151

100.00

280

The s u b je c ts w e re co n tacted by m a il.

E ach re q u e s t con­

tain ed one copy of th e q u e s tio n n a ire , a co v e r le tte r ex p lain in g th e
n a tu re and p u rp o se of th e stu d y , and a stam p ed envelope a d d re s s e d
to th e in v e s tig a to r.

At th e end of tw o w eeks a follow -up le tte r w as

sen t to a ll n o n -re sp o n d e n ts .

T his l e t t e r a lso in clu d ed a co v e r

le tte r , an a d d itio n a l copy of th e q u e s tio n n a ire , and a n o th e r stam p ed
envelope w ith a r e tu r n a d d r e s s .

A copy of a l l c o rre sp o n d e n c e can

be found in A ppendix A.
A s o u tlin ed in a p re v io u s s e c tio n , th e to ta l ran d o m sa m p le
contained 280 s u b je c ts .
r a te of 92%.

T he to ta l re s p o n s e w a s 257, f o r a re s p o n se

O f th a t to ta l th e r e w e re 12 re s p o n s e s th a t fo r v a rio u s

re a s o n s , su ch a s in c o m p le te re s p o n s e s , w e re not u sa b le .
gave a u sa b le re s p o n s e r a te of 89%.

T his

74
TA BLE III
RETURN R A T E S BY STRATUM
N u m b er
R e tu rn e d

S tra tu m

N u m b er
in S tra tu m

R e tu rn R a te

I

25

31

81%

II

37

42

88%

III

52

56

93%

IV

143

151

95%

In s tru m e n ta tio n
The in s tru m e n t u se d in th e stu d y w a s one th a t w as
developed in th e a b s e n c e o f an y know n a lte r n a tiv e ,

It w as not

d esig n ed to m e a s u r e an y u n d e r ly in g , s c a le of a ttitu d e s to w ard n e g o ­
tia tio n s .

It w as c o n s tru c te d to g a th e r both d a ta on th e s e le c te d p r e ­

d ic to r v a r ia b le s and th e e x p r e s s e d opinions of the s u b je c ts to w a rd
the p r in c ip a ls ' rig h t to n e g o tia te and th e ir d e s ir e to n e g o tia te a
lo c a l c o n tra c t.
T he f i r s t p a r t of th e q u e s tio n n a ire d e a lt w ith d e m o g ra p h ic
d ata on each re s p o n d e n t.

S e v e ra l d e m o g ra p h ic ite m s w e re s t r a i g h t ­

fo rw a rd and w ould b e found in m o s t s ta n d a rd q u e s tio n n a ire s .

O th e r

ite m s c o v e r a r e a s w hich w e re s p e c ific to an d unique to th is p a r tic u la r

75
situ a tio n .

T h ese q u e stio n s w e re developed fro m th e rev iew of th e

re le v a n t lite r a tu r e in th e a r e a of n eg o tiatio n s fo r p u b lic e d u c a to rs.
S e v e ra l of th e d em o g ra p h ic ite m s w e re re c o n s tru c te d
b e c a u se o f in fo rm a tio n about p rin c ip a ls found in a stu d y by th e
5

M ichigan A sso c ia tio n of E le m e n ta ry School P rin c ip a ls .

For

in sta n c e , w hen th e e x p e rie n c e ite m w as o rig in a lly c o n s tru c te d it
contained six s e p a r a te c a te g o rie s .

B ecau se o f the d is trib u tio n

found in th e M AESP stu d y, i t w as d ecid ed to re d u c e th e s e c a te g o rie s
to th re e .

It w as a ls o d ecid ed th a t so m e ite m s , su c h a s d e g re e held,

should b e elim in a te d .
T he second p a r t of th e q u e s tio n n a ire contained two c r ite rio n
q u e stio n s w hich d e a lt w ith th e p ro b le m of n e g o tia tio n s fo r p rin c ip a ls .
T h is c e n tr a l p ro b lem w as tr e a te d fro m tw o d iffe re n t p o in ts of view.
The f i r s t re la te d to th e e x p re s s e d a ttitu d e s to w ard th e rig h t of
p rin c ip a ls to n eg o tiate.

The seco n d re la te d to the e x p re s s e d a t t i ­

tude to w ard n e g o tia tio n s in th e i r own sc h o o l d is t r ic ts .

The f ir s t

questio n w as g e n e ra l in n a tu re and th e seco n d w as sp e c ific to th e
lo c al d is tr ic t.
The p r e d ic to r v a r ia b le s u sed in th e stu d y w ere:
c

M ichigan C o n g re s s of School A d m in is tra to r A s so c ia tio n s,
1968-69 S a la ry S urvey (M arch , 1969),

76
1.

E x p e rie n c e in the jo b

2.

A ge of th e su b je ct

3.

Sex of th e su b je c t

4.

A d m in is tra tiv e p o sitio n

5.

M e m b e rsh ip in a s ta te p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n

6.

P a r tic ip a tio n in te a c h e r- b o a r d n eg o tiatio n s (3)

7.

C u r r e n t econom ic p o sitio n

8.

H o ld e r of a s s o c ia tio n office

9.

N o n -n o rm a l d is tr ic t n eg o tiatio n s
a.

M ed iatio n

b.

F a c t-fin d in g

c.

S trik e

10,

P a r e n ts m e m b e r of a la b o r union

11,

Id e n tific a tio n w ith te a c h e r s o r a d m in is tr a to r s (2)

12,

Size of th e s u b je c t's d is tr ic t.
R e s e a rc h H y p o th eses

1.

T he s e le c te d v a r ia b le s th at h av e b een tra d itio n a lly a s s o c i­
ated w ith te a c h e r m ilita n c y cannot acco u n t fo r a p e rc e n ta g e
of v a ria n c e th a t is sig n ific a n tly g r e a t e r th an z e r o w hen u sed
to p re d ic t th e p r in c ip a ls ' r e s p o n s e s to th e q u estio n of th e ir
rig h t to n e g o tia te .

77
2.

T he s e le c te d v a r ia b le s th a t h av e b ee n tr a d itio n a lly a s s o c i ­
a te d w ith te a c h e r m ilita n c y cannot a c c o u n t f o r a p e rc e n ta g e
of v a ria n c e th a t i s sig n ific a n tly g r e a t e r th an z e r o w hen u se d
to p r e d ic t th e p rin cip a ls* r e s p o n s e s to th e q u e s tio n o f th e ir
d e s ir e to n e g o tia te a lo c a l c o n tra c t.
A n a ly s is
The a n a ly s is of th e d a ta in th is stu d y w a s th ro u g h th e u s e of

tw o b a s ic s ta tis t ic a l p r o c e d u r e s .

T he f i r s t w a s fa c to r a n a ly s is , w hich

w as u se d p r im a r ily a s a d e s c r ip tiv e p r o c e d u r e , and se co n d ly , m u ltip le
r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is , w hich w a s p r im a r ily a p re d ic tiv e p ro c e d u re .
H ie f a c to r a n a ly s is w as the s ta n d a rd f a c to r a n a ly s is p r o ­
g ra m a v a ila b le th ro u g h th e C o m p u te r In s titu te fo r S o cia l S cien ce
R e s e a rc h a t M ich ig an S tate U n iv e rs ity .

The a n a ly s is ch o sen w a s a

p rin c ip a l co m p o n en ts a n a ly s is w ith fa c to r c u t-o ff a t e ig e n v a lu e s le s s
th a n 1. 00.

Two ro ta tio n s w e re co m p u ted w ith ro ta te d fa c to r lo a d in g s

given fo r each ro ta tio n .
v e rim a x .

The tw o ro ta tio n s w e r e q u a rtim a x and

T h is a n a ly s is sh o u ld p ro d u c e an in te r c o r r e la tio n m a tr ix ,

a fa c to r loading m a tr ix fo r a ll v a r ia b le s and a l l f a c to r s , a ta b le of
e ig e n v a lu e s, and ta b le s o f ro ta te d f a c to r lo a d in g s fo r a l l v a r ia b le s
w ith an eig en v alu e g r e a t e r th a n 1. 00.
Two s e p a r a te ty p e s of m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is w e re
u se d .

B oth w e re s ta n d a rd c o m p u te r p r o g ra m s a v a ila b le a t M ich ig an

78
State U n iv e rs ity th ro u g h CISSE.

T he f i r s t is a le a s t s q u a re s ad d

p ro g ra m w hich p ro d u c e s a ta b le of s im p le c o r r e la tio n s fo r a ll
v a r ia b le s and a m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n c o e ffic ie n t u sin g a ll v a r ia b le s .
The se c o n d p r o g ra m is a le a s t s q u a r e s d e le te w h ich s t a r t s w ith a ll
v a r ia b le s to com p u te a m u ltip le r e g r e s s i o n c o e ffic ie n t and th e n p r o ­
ceed s to d e le te v a r ia b le s th a t do not m e e t th e p re d e te rm in e d s i g ­
n ific a n c e le v e l.

T he m u ltip le r e g r e s s i o n c o e ffic ie n t is g iven a f t e r

each v a r ia b le is d e le te d .
The factor a n a ly sis w as UBed in ord er to lo g ic a lly redu ce
the num ber of v a ria b les that would have to be d ealt with in the
m ultiple r e g r e s s io n a n a ly sis.

The intent w as to choose the v a r i­

able in each sign ifican t factor with the highest load in gs that a ls o
loaded n ea r ze ro on a ll other sig n ifica n t fa c to r s —the sig n ifica n ce
of a fa cto r being determ ined by having an eigen value g rea ter than
1. 00.

T his n se t of v a ria b les w as then to be u sed a s the v a r ia b le s

in th e m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n p ro g ra m .

T h e re is s u p p o rt fro m K a is e r

fo r u sin g a n eig en v alu e of 1. 00 a s a c u t-o ff p o in t in th e fa c to r
a n a ly s is .

An eig en v alu e c u t-o ff c a n n o t be c o n s id e re d a sig n ific a n c e
0

H e n ry R. K a is e r , " C o m m e n ts on C o m m u n a litie s and th e
N um ber of F a c t o r s , " p a p e r re a d M ay 14, I9 6 0 , a t an in fo rm a l
co n feren c e on "T h e C o m m unality P ro b le m in F a c to r A n a ly s is ,"
held a t W ash in g to n U n iv e rs ity a t St. L o u is, and sp o n so re d by P r o ­
f e s s o r P h ilip H. D uB ois,

g

79
te s t but can b e thought of a s a ttem p tin g to lim it the n u m b e r of f a c to r s
to f a c to rs w ith th e g r e a te s t p o ss ib le ex clu sio n of e r r o r v a ria n c e .
T h e re w e re s e v e r a l p o in ts of r e f e r e n c e u sed d u rin g th e
a n a ly s is .
1.

T h e se p o in ts a r e o utlined below:
The fa c to r a n a ly s is w as in ten d ed tp ach iev e p a rsim o n y in
th e d a ta .

T h e re should b e a s e t of fa c to rs w h ich n u m b e rs

le s s th a n the to ta l n u m b e r of v a r ia b le s .
fa c to rs should be of so m e im p o rta n c e .

E a c h of th e se
The v a ria b le s th a t

c o m p ris e ea ch fa c to r should be lo g ic a lly r e la te d .
2.

One v a ria b le fro m each f a c to r should have th e h ig h est
f a c to r loading on th a t f a c to r w ith n e a r z e ro f a c to r lo ad in g s
on a l l o th e r f a c to rs .

3.

A m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is u sin g a l l v a r ia b le s should
p ro v id e m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n co e ffic ie n ts (R) w hich acco u n t
2

fo r a re a s o n a b le am ount of v a ria n c e (R ).
4.

U sing th e su b s e t of v a r ia b le s id e n tified th ro u g h fa c to r
a n a ly s is , a m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is should p ro v id e a
m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n co e ffic ien t (R) w hich ac c o u n ts fo r a
2

re a s o n a b le am o u n t of v a ria n c e (R ) in re la tio n to th e am ount
of v a ria n c e acco u n ted fo r u sin g a ll v a ria b le s .
5.

U sing a le a s t s q u a re s d e le te p ro g ra m of m u ltip le r e g r e s ­
sio n a n a ly s is , th e m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n co efficien t (R) w ith
<

80
v a r ia b le s th a t p ro d u ce sig n ific a n c e a t the . 05 le v e l should
2

a cco u n t fo r a re a s o n a b le am ount of v a ria n c e (R ).
6,

2

The am ount of v a ria n c e acco u n ted fo r (R ) a f te r each v a r i ­
ab le i s d elete d should show v e r y little d e c r e a s e .
S u m m ary
T h is stu d y w a s conducted u sin g a tw o -p ag e q u e s tio n n a ire

with six te e n p r e d ic to r v a r ia b le s and tw o c r ite r io n v a r ia b le s .

The

q u e stio n s w e re m a in ly d em o g ra p h ic in n a tu re and r e p re s e n te d a r e a s
th a t th e lite r a tu r e on n e g o tia tio n s h a s r e p r e s e n te d a s being re la te d
to m ilita n c y in ed u catio n .

(See A ppendix A . )

A sa m p le of 280 e le m e n ta ry and se c o n d a ry p rin c ip a ls w as
ran d o m ly d raw n fro m th e to ta l M ichigan p rin c ip a l p o pulation of
2615.

T his population r e p r e s e n ts sc h o o l d is t r ic ts w ith at le a s t five

(5) p rin c ip a ls on the sta ff.

The sa m p le w as s tr a tifie d on the b a s is

of s iz e of th e sch o o l d is tr ic t.

S tra tu m 1 re p r e s e n te d D e tro it.

S tratu m II r e p r e s e n te d d is t r ic ts w ith 20, 000 stu d e n ts o r m o re .
S tratu m III r e p r e s e n te d d is t r ic ts w ith 10, 000 to 19, 999 stu d e n ts.
S tratu m IV r e p r e s e n te d d is t r ic ts w ith l e s s th an 10, 000 stu d e n ts.
E ac h su b je c t re c e iv e d a n in itia l q u e s tio n n a ire and a follow up l e t t e r if th e y had not re p lie d w ith in tw o w eek s.

Both p ie c e s of

c o rre sp o n d e n c e contained a c o v e r l e t t e r , a q u e s tio n n a ire , and a

81

s ta m p e d , a d d r e s s e d en v elo p e.

T h e re w a s a to ta l r e s p o n s e r a te of

92% (257), w ith a u sa b le r e s p o n s e r a te o f 89% (245).
A f a c to r a n a ly s is w a s u se d to b rin g p a rs im o n y to th e d ata
by re d u c in g th e n u m b e r o f v a r ia b le s to b e handled in th e su b se q u e n t
r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is .
A m u ltip le r e g r e s s i o n a n a ly s is w as com puted u s in g the
su b s e t o f v a r ia b le s show n to b e m o st r e p r e s e n ta tiv e of e a c h fa c to r.
A s th e u s e fu ln e s s o f th e r e s u lt s w as su b je c tiv e , th e r e w e re
s e v e r a l in te r p r e ta tio n g u id e s o u tlin ed , su c h a s: th e o rth o g o n a lity of
the sig n ific a n t f a c to r s a s a r e s u l t of th e f a c to r a n a ly s is , th e to ta l
v a ria n c e ac co u n te d f o r by th e r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is u sin g a l l v a r ia b le s ,
and th e r e la tiv e v a ria n c e a c c o u n te d f o r u sin g only th e v a r ia b le s
found to be sig n ific a n t th ro u g h th e le a s t s q u a re s d e le te p ro g ra m .
T he r e s e a r c h h y p o th e se s w e re :
The s e le c te d v a r ia b le s th a t h a v e been tr a d itio n a lly a s s o c i­
ated w ith te a c h e r m ilita n c y c a n n o t a c c o u n t fo r a p e rc e n ta g e of
v a ria n c e th a t i s s ig n ific a n tly g r e a t e r th a n z e ro w hen u se d to p re d ic t
the p rin c ip a ls* r e s p o n s e s to th e q u e s tio n of t h e i r rig h t to n e g o tia te .
The s e le c te d v a r ia b le s th a t h a v e been tr a d itio n a ll a s s o c i­
ated w ith te a c h e r m ilita n c y c a n n o t a c c o u n t fo r a p e rc e n ta g e of
v a ria n c e th a t i s sig n ific a n tly g r e a t e r th a n z e ro w hen u s e d to p re d ic t
the p r in c ip a ls ' r e s p o n s e s to th e q u e stio n of th e ir d e s ir e to n e g o tia te
a lo c a l c o n tra c t.

C H A PTER IV
ANALYSIS O P RESULTS

T h is stu d y w as d esig n ed to ex am in e a s e t of se le c te d
v a ria b le s th a t h av e tra d itio n a lly b een a s s o c ia te d w ith m ilita n c y in
education, fo r th e ir re la tio n sh ip to p rin c ip a ls .

F ro m th is e x a m in a ­

tion, it w as su g g e sted th a t a s u b s e t of v a r ia b le s would e m e rg e w hich
would a c c u ra te ly p re d ic t th e e x p re s s e d a ttitu d e s of M ichigan p r in c i­
p als to w ard n eg o tiatio n s.
The only a lte ra tio n in the study c o n c ern ed th e two v a r ia b le s
re la tin g to th e id e n tific a tio n of p rin c ip a ls w ith te a c h e r s o r a d m in ­
is t r a to r s , * T h e re w as a good d e a l of confusion in the a n s w e rs to
th e se q u e stio n s.

M any of th e s u b je c ts e ith e r le ft th e q u estio n s blank

o r checked b oth a lte rn a tiv e s .

B e ca u se it w as n e c e s s a r y to u s e

equal n u m b e rs in a ll c a te g o rie s fo r th e a n a ly s is , e ith e r the q u estio n
had to be e lim in a te d o r a ll q u e s tio n n a ire s w ith fau lty re s p o n s e s had
to be tak en out of the a n a ly s is .

B e ca u se d ro p p in g q u e s tio n n a ire s

*See A ppendix A, q u e stio n s n u m b e r elev en and tw elve.

82

83
would have r e s u lte d in a g r e a tly re d u c e d sa m p le , th e d e c is io n w as
m ade to e lim in a te th e two q u e s tio n s in v o lv ed .
B e c a u se th e stu d y w a s e s s e n tia lly d e s c r ip tiv e and p r e d ic ­
tiv e , a n u m b e r of g u id e p o s ts w e r e o ffe re d fo r u s e a s p o in ts of
ev alu atio n and to o u tlin e th e p a th th e a n a ly s is w ould ta k e .

T h is

c h a p te r w ill d is c u s s ea ch o f th e s e g u id e p o sts in th e o r d e r o f p r e ­
se n tatio n .

At ea c h s te p , th e d a ta re le v a n t to th a t ste p w as p r e ­

sen ted .
1.

T h e fa c to r a n a ly s is w a s in te n d ed to a c h ie v e p a rs im o n y in
th e d a ta .

T h e re sh o u ld be a Bet o f f a c to r s w hich n u m b e rs

le s s th an th e to ta l n u m b e r of v a r ia b le s .
f a c to r s sh o u ld be of so m e im p o rta n c e .

E ach o f th e s e
T he v a r ia b le s th a t

c o m p ris e e a c h f a c to r should be lo g ic a lly r e la te d .
TA BLE IV
VARIABLES COM PRISING FACTORS
WITH EIGENVALUES EXCEEDIN G 1. 00
F a c to r L oading

V a ria b le
F a c to r I
H as y o u r p r e s e n t d i s t r i c t 's te a c h e r - b o a r d
n eg o tiatio n s e v e r go n e to m e d ia tio n ?

0 .8 4 6 1

H as y o u r p r e s e n t d i s t r i c t 's te a c h e r - b o a r d
n eg o tiatio n s e v e r go n e to fa c t-fin d in g ?

0 .9 1 4 3

84
TABLE IV --C o n tin u ed
V a ria b le

F a c to r L oading

H as y o u r p r e s e n t d i s t r i c t ' a te a c h e r- b o a r d
n eg o tiatio n s e v e r gone to a s tr ik e ?

0 .7956

Size of the s u b j e c t 's d is tr ic t

0 .5 7 1 9
F a c to r II

How m any y e a r s of e x p e rie n c e have you h ad
a s a p rin c ip a l?

0 .8 5 6 9

What is y o u r a g e ?

0. 8207
F a c to r HI

Have you e v e r p a rtic ip a te d in te a c h e r- b o a r d
n eg o tiatio n s a s a m e m b e r of a n eg o tiatin g
te a m ?

-0 .5 3 6 9

H as any p rin c ip a l in yo u r d is t r ic t e v e r
p a rtic ip a te d in n eg o tiatio n s in th at d is t r ic t
a s a m e m b e r of a n eg o tiatin g te a m ?

-0 .8 4 0 5

Should a p rin c ip a l p a rtic ip a te in te a c h e r - b o a r d
n eg o tiatio n s a s a m e m b e r o f th e n eg o tiatin g
te am ?

-0 .6 0 4 7

F a c to r IV
Sex

0 .6373

W hat i s y o u r p re s e n t p o sitio n ?

0.7765

W hat is y o u r p r e s e n t s a la r y ?

0.5577
F a c to r V

Have you e v e r h eld office in a lo c a l, s ta te , o r
n atio n al p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n sin c e 1965?

0 .7192

85
TABLE IV --C o n tin u ed
V a ria b le

F a c to r Loading

H as e ith e r of y o u r p a r e n ts b e e n a m e m b e r
of a la b o r u n io n ?

0 .6 3 5 8

F a c to r VI
A re you p r e s e n tly a m e m b e r of a s ta te
p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n ?

-0 .8 0 6 5
0 .5 6 2 0

Size of th e s u b j e c t 's d is tr ic t

TABLE V
EIGENVALUES FOB FACTORS WITH
EIGENVALUES G REA TER THAN 1 .0 0
F a c to r

E ig en v a lu e

I

3 .2 3 6 3

II

1.8367

III

1 .5 7 0 8

IV

1 .3423

V

1 .1 4 8 4

VI

1 .0 4 1 4

A ll of th e p r in c ip a l v a r ia b le s in ea ch o f th e six f a c to rs
w ith eig en v alu es g r e a t e r th a n 1. 00 w e re lo g ic a lly re la te d , although
a ll the re la tio n s h ip s h ad not b een a n tic ip a te d in p re v io u s c h a p te rs .

86
F a c to r one in clu d ed th e v a ria b le s : (1) H as y o u r p re s e n t
d i s t r i c t 's te a c h e r- b o a r d n eg o tiatio n s e v e r gone to m e d ia tio n ?
(2) H as y o u r p re s e n t d i s t r i c t 's te a c h e r- b o a r d n eg o tiatio n s e v e r
gone to fa c t-fin d in g ?

(3) H as y o u r p re s e n t d i s t r i c t 's te a c h e r- b o a r d

n eg o tiatio n s e v e r gone to a s tr ik e ? and (4) W hat is th e siz e of th e
s u b je c t's d is t r ic t?

M ediation, fa c t-fin d in g and a s tr ik e c o m p rise

le v e ls of w hat m ig h t be lab eled " e x tre m e a c tio n by th e d is tr ic t. "
As such th e y should be re la te d .

The s iz e of th e d is t r ic t w as p o s i­

tiv e ly r e la te d to a ll th r e e " e x tre m e ac tio n " v a r ia b le s .

T his in d i­

cated a re la tio n sh ip b etw een th e la r g e r d is t r ic ts and th e u se of
m ediatio n , fa c t-fin d in g , and a s tr ik e .

T h is w as c o n firm a tio n of the

fact th a t a m a jo rity of th e p ro b le m situ a tio n s , e s p e c ia lly s tr ik e s ,
o ccu r in th e la r g e r sc h o o l d is tr ic ts .
F a c to r two in clu d ed th e v a ria b le s :

(1) How m an y y e a r s of

e x p e rie n c e h av e you had a s a p rin c ip a l? and (2) W hat i s y o u r a g e ?
T his w as c o n s iste n t w ith th e in fo rm a tio n a s p re s e n te d th at age and
ex p e rien ce a r e u su a lly re la te d in m o st s itu a tio n s , w ith o ld e r s u b ­
je c ts having m o re e x p e rie n c e .
F a c to r th r e e in clu d ed th e v a ria b le s : (1) H ave you e v e r
p a rtic ip a te d in te a c h e r- b o a r d n eg o tiatio n s a s a m e m b e r of a n e g o ­
tia tin g te a m ?

(2) H as any p rin c ip a l in y o u r d is t r ic t e v e r p a r tic i­

pated in n eg o tiatio n s in th a t d is tr ic t a s a m e m b e r of a n eg o tiatin g

87
te a m ? and (3) Should a p r in c ip a l p a r tic ip a te in te a c h e r - b o a r d
n e g o tia tio n s a s a m e m b e r of a n eg o tiatin g te a m ?

T h is f a c to r

in v o lv es th r e e v a r ia b le s w hich r e la te to th e s u b je c t's in v o lv e m e n t
in and i n t e r e s t in n e g o tia tio n s.

A lthough o n ly 35. 5% of the p r in c i­

p a ls h ad p a rtic ip a te d in n e g o tia tio n s, 73. 9% w e re in d i s t r i c t s w h ere
p rin c ip a ls h ad p a rtic ip a te d , and 67. 8% th o u g h t p r in c ip a ls sh o u ld
p a r tic ip a te .

A ll th r e e v a r ia b le s h av e a com m o n focus.

F a c to r fo u r in c lu d ed th e v a r ia b le s :

(1) Sex of th e su b je c t,

(2) W hat i s y o u r p r e s e n t p o s itio n ? and (3) W hat is y o u r p r e s e n t
s a la r y ?

T he p o sitio n and s a la r y v a r ia b le s w e r e p o s itiv e ly re la te d ,

in d ic atin g h ig h e r s a l a r i e s fo r s e c o n d a ry p r in c ip a ls .

T he s e x v a r i ­

a b le s w e r e r e la te d n e g a tiv e ly to b oth p o sitio n and s a la r y , in d ic a tin g
a h ig h e r p e rc e n ta g e of fe m a le s in e le m e n ta ry sch o o l a s p rin c ip a ls .
The a c tu a l p e rc e n ta g e s in th e stu d y w e re : e le m e n ta ry , 27. 8%; and
se c o n d a ry , 1.4% .
F a c to r five in c lu d e d th e v a r ia b le s :

(1) H ave you e v e r h eld

office in a lo c a l, s ta te , o r n a tio n a l p r in c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n sin c e
1965? and (2) H as e ith e r of y o u r p a r e n ts b e e n a m e m b e r o f a la b o r
union?

The p o sitiv e re la tio n s h ip in d ic a te d th a t having a u n io n p a re n t

m a k es it m o r e lik e ly a p rin c ip a l w ill h av e h e ld a n a s s o c ia tio n office.
A f a m ilia r ity w ith o rg a n iz a tio n s w ould m a k e it m o re lik e ly th a t a
p rin c ip a l w ould be a c tiv e in h is a s s o c ia tio n , and hav in g a union

88
p a re n t would p ro d u ce m o r e o p p o rtu n ity f o r in v o lv em en t in an
o rg an iz atio n th a t is w o rk re la te d .
F a c to r six in cluded th e v a ria b le s :

(1) A re you p re s e n tly

a m e m b e r o f a s ta te p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n ? and (2) W hat i s the
siz e of the s u b j e c t 's d is t r ic t?

A n eg ativ e re la tio n s h ip in d icated th a t

th e s m a lle r d is t r ic ts have h ig h e r p e rc e n ta g e s of m e m b e rs h ip th an
la r g e r d is t r ic ts .

T h is r e s u lt w as m a in ly a function of th e v e ry low

p e rc e n ta g e o f m e m b e rsh ip in s tra tu m one, w hich w as D e tro it.

The

p e rc e n ta g e w a s 18.2% in s tra tu m one, c o m p a re d to 75. 0%, 86. 3%
and 82. 4% in s tr a t a tw o, th r e e , and four.
2.

One v a ria b le fro m each fa c to r should have th e h ig h e st
f a c to r loading on th a t fa c to r w ith n e a r z e r o fa c to r lo ad in g s
on a l l th e o th e r fa c to rs .
A ll six p r im a r y f a c to rs contained a v a ria b le w ith a high

fa c to r loading on th a t fa c to r and n e a r z e r o fa c to r lo ad in g s on a ll
o th e r p r im a r y f a c to rs .

In only tw o c a s e s w e re th e n o n -p rim a ry

fa c to r lo ad in g s m o re th a n 0 .1 1 0 0 , and b o th c a s e s w e re a s s o c ia te d
w ith the v a r ia b le co n cern ed w ith the holding of office in a lo c al,
s ta te o r n a tio n a l p rin c ip a ls a s so c ia tio n .
w e re -0 ,3 1 2 2 and -0 .2 0 9 1 .

T h ese fa c to r loadings

TABLE VI
VARIABLES WITH HIGHEST FACTOR LOADINGS

F a c to r
V ariab le
I

H

m

IV

V

VI

How m any y e a rs of ex p erien ce
have you had a s a p rin c ip a l?

0.0209

0.8569

-0.0 7 2 4

0.0301

-0.1087

0.0542

What is y o u r p re s e n t p o sitio n ?

0.0936

-0.0035

-0.0007

0.7765

0.1079

0.0862

A re you p re se n tly a m e m b er of
a sta te p rin c ip a ls a sso cia tio n ?

0.0418

-0 .0 1 6 0

0.0012

-0.0663

0.0209

0.8065

0.0057

-0.8405

-0 .0 0 6 4

-0.0545

0.0103

H as any p rin c ip a l in your
d is tr ic t e v e r p a rtic ip a te d in
negotiations in th at d is tric t a s a
m e m b e r of a negotiating te am ?

-0 .8 1 0

H as y o u r p re s e n t d istrict* s
te a c h e r-b o a rd negotiations
e v e r gone to fact-fin d in g ?

0.9143

-0 .0 5 0 9

0.0022

0.0454

0. 0248

0. 0164

H ave you e v e r held office in a
lo c al, s ta te , o r national
p rin c ip a ls a sso c ia tio n sin ce
1965?

0.1086

-0.3122

-0.0227

-0.0200

0.7192

-0.2091

90

3.

A m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is u sin g a l l v a r ia b le s should
p ro v id e m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n c o e ffic ie n ts (R) w hich acco unt
2

f o r a re a s o n a b le am ount of v a ria n c e (R ).
TABLE VII
M U L T IPL E REGRESSION ANALYSIS RESULTS USING
A L L PRED IC TO R VARIABLES WITH
CRITERION QUESTIONS ONE AND TWO
C rite rio n Q u estio n

R

R2

Do you fe e l p r in c ip a ls should have th e
rig h t to n eg o tiate w ith th e ir b o a rd s of
ed ucatio n ?

0 .2 6 7 2

0 .0 7 1 4

Do you fe e l y o u r lo c a l p rin c ip a ls g ro u p
should n eg o tiate a c o n tra c t w ith y o u r
lo c a l b o ard o f ed u c atio n ?

0 .4 0 6 6

0.1653

2

T he R fo r c r ite r io n q u estio n one, w hich d e a lt w ith the
p rin c ip a ls ' rig h t to n e g o tiate, fa ils to m e e t th e . 05 sig n ific an c e
le v e l w ith F = 1 .2 3 , 14/230 df.
2

T he R fo r c r ite r io n v a ria b le tw o, w hich d e a lt w ith th e
d e s ir e to n e g o tia te a lo c a l c o n tra c t, m e e ts the . 05 le v e l of s ig n ifi­
cance w ith F = 3. 28, 14/230 df.
T he m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n co e ffic ien t (R) f o r th e c r ite r io n
v a ria b le w hich d e a lt w ith th e p r in c ip a ls ' rig h t to n e g o tia te w as
0.2672 , accounting f o r 7.14% of the v a ria n c e .

T he p re d ic tiv e

a b ility of th e s e le c te d v a ria b le s w as l e s s th an h ad b ee n a n tic ip a te d .

91
T h e m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n co e ffic ie n t (R) fo r th e c r ite r io n
v a ria b le w h ich d e a lt w ith th e d e s ir e to n e g o tia te a lo c a l c o n tra c t w as
0. 4066, acco u n tin g fo r 16. 5% of th e v a r ia n c e .

A gain th is p re d ic tiv e

a b ility w a s le s s th a n had b e e n a n tic ip a te d .
4.

U sin g th e s u b s e t of v a r ia b le s id e n tifie d th ro u g h f a c to r
a n a ly s is , a m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is sh o u ld p ro v id e a
m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n c o e ffic ie n t (R) w h ich a c c o u n ts fo r a
2

re a s o n a b le am ount of v a r ia n c e (R ) in r e la tio n to th e
am o u n t of v a ria n c e ac co u n te d f o r u sin g a ll v a r ia b le s .
TA B LE VIII
M U L T IPL E REGRESSION ANALYSIS RESU LTS
USING THE SIX VARIABLES ID E N T IFIED
THROUGH FACTO R ANALYSIS®
C r ite rio n Q u e s tio n

R

R2

Do you f e e l p rin c ip a ls sh o u ld h a v e th e
rig h t to n e g o tia te w ith th e ir b o a r d s of
ed u c atio n ?

0 .1 2 1 5

0 .0 1 4 8

Do you f e e l y o u r lo c a l p r in c ip a ls g ro u p
should n e g o tia te a c o n tra c t w ith y o u r
lo c a l b o a rd of e d u c a tio n ?

0 .2 5 4 2

0. 0646

The six v a r ia b le s w e re :
1. How m a n y y e a r s of e x p e rie n c e h av e you had a s a
p r in c ip a l?
2 . W hat i s y o u r p r e s e n t p o sitio n ?

92

3.
4.
5.
6.

A re you p re s e n tly a m e m b e r of a s ta te p rin c ip a ls
a s s o c ia tio n ?
H as any p rin c ip a l in y o u r d is tr ic t e v e r p a r t i c i ­
p ated in n eg o tiatio n s in th a t d is tr ic t a s a m e m b e r
of a n eg o tiatin g te a m ?
H as y o u r p r e s e n t d istric t* s te a c h e r- b o a r d
n eg o tia tio n s e v e r gone to fa c t-fin d in g ?
H ave you e v e r held office in a lo cal, s ta te , o r
n a tio n a l p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n sin ce 1965?

The m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n co e ffic ien t (R) fo r c r ite r io n
v a ria b le one, w hich d e a lt w ith th e p r in c ip a ls ' rig h t to n e g o tia te ,
w as 0.1215, w hich acco u n ted fo r 1. 48% of the v a ria n c e .

C om pared

w ith 7,14% f o r th e to ta l s e t of v a r ia b le s , th is p e rc e n ta g e show ed a
f a ir ly la rg e d e c re a s e .
The m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n co efficien t <R) fo r c r ite r io n v a r i­
ab le two, w hich d e a lt w ith th e p r in c ip a ls ' d e s ir e to n e g o tia te a lo cal
c o n tra c t, w as 0. 2542, w hich accounted fo r 6. 46% of th e v a ria n c e .
T h is p e rc e n ta g e show ed a f a ir ly la rg e d e c r e a s e fro m 16. 5% u sin g
a ll v a ria b le s .
5.

U sin g a le a s t s q u a re s d e le te p ro g ra m of m u ltip le r e g r e s ­
sio n a n a ly s is , th e m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n co efficien t (R) w ith
v a r ia b le s th a t p ro d u ce sig n ific a n c e a t th e , 05 le v e l should
2

acco u n t fo r a re a s o n a b le am ount of v a ria n c e (R ).

93
TABLE IX
M U L T IPL E REGRESSION ANALYSIS RESULTS USING
VARIABLES THAT PRODUCE AN ANOVA
M EETIN G THE . 05 L E V E L O F SIGNIFICANCE

C r ite rio n Q u estio n

R

R2

N u m b er of
V a ria b le s

Do you fe e l p rin c ip a ls should
have the rig h t to n eg o tiate
w ith th e ir b o a rd s of e d u c a ­
tio n ?

0.0000

-0 .0 0 0 0

0

Do you fe e l y o u r lo c a l
p rin c ip a ls g ro u p should
negotiate a c o n tra c t w ith y o u r
lo c al b o a rd of ed u catio n ?

0.2518

0 .0634

2

fl

T he v a r ia b le s u se d w e re :
1. A re you p r e s e n tly a m e m b e r of a s ta te p rin c ip a ls
a s s o c ia tio n ?
2 . H as y o u r p r e s e n t d i s t r i c t 's te a c h e r- b o a r d n e g o ­
tia tio n s e v e r gone to fa c t-fin d in g ?

When th e le a s t s q u a re s d e le te p r o g ra m w as com puted u sing
the su b se t of six v a r ia b le s , th e re w e re no v a r ia b le s ab le to m e e t the
. 05 sig n ific a n c e le v e l on c r ite r io n q u e stio n one, w hich w as co n ­
cern ed w ith th e p r in c ip a ls ' rig h t to n eg o tiate.

On c r ite rio n q u estio n

two, w hich d e a lt w ith th e p r in c ip a ls ' d e s ir e to n eg o tiate a lo c a l
c o n tra c t, th e r e w e re tw o v a r ia b le s w hich m e t th e . 05 sig n ific a n c e
lev el.

T h ese w e re a s s o c ia te d w ith m e m b e rs h ip in a s ta te p rin c ip a ls

a s so c ia tio n and the d i s t r i c t 's e x p e rie n c e w ith fact-fin d in g .

94
6.

2

The am ount of v a ria n c e acco u n ted fo r (R ) a f te r e a c h
v a ria b le i s d e le te d sh o u ld show v ery lit tle d e c re a s e .
TA BLE X
M U L T IPL E REGRESSION ANALYSIS RESULTS
A F T E R EACH ITERATION IN THE
LE A ST SQUARES D E L E T E PROGRAM

C rite rio n Q u e stio n
Do you fe e l p rin c ip a ls should
have th e right to n e g o tia te w ith
th e ir b o a rd s of e d u c a tio n ?

Do you fe e l y o u r lo c a l
p rin c ip a ls group sh o u ld
n eg o tiate a c o n tra c t w ith y o u r
lo c a l b o a rd of e d u c a tio n ?
•

V a ria b le s a
D eleted

R

R2

0 . 1215

0.0148

4

0 . 1197

0.0143

2

0 . 1151

0.0132

6

0 . 1051

0.0111

5

0 . 0918

0 .0 084

3

0 . 0705

0 .0 050

1

0 . 0000

-0 .0 0 0 0

0 . 2542

0.0646

6

0 . 2542

0.0646

2

0 . 2542

0.0646

4

0 . 2541

0.0646

1

0 . 2518

0 .0634

a The s ix v a r ia b le s w e re :
1 . How m any y e a r s of e x p e rie n c e have you h ad a s a
p r in c ip a l?
2. W hat i s y o u r p r e s e n t p o sitio n ?
3. A r e you p r e s e n tly a m e m b e r o f a s ta te p rin c ip a ls
a s s o c ia tio n ?

95

4.
5.
6.

H as any p rin c ip a l in y o u r d is tr ic t e v e r p a r tic i­
p ated in n eg o tia tio n s in th a t d is t r ic t a s a m e m b e r
of a n eg o tiatin g te am ?
H as yo u r p r e s e n t d is tric t* s te a c h e r- b o a r d
n e g o tia tio n s e v e r gone to fa c t-fin d in g ?
H ave you e v e r held o ffice in a lo c a l, s ta te , o r
n a tio n a l p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n s in c e 1965 ?

W ith c r ite r io n v a ria b le one, w hich co n cern ed the p r in c i­
p a ls ' rig h t to n eg o tia te , the m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is could
account f o r 0. 00% of th e v a ria n c e .
using a ll s ix v a r ia b le s .

T h is co m p ared to only 1. 48%

On c r ite r io n v a ria b le tw o, co n cern ed w ith

the d e s ir e to n eg o tiate a lo c a l c o n tra c t, th e am ount of v a ria n c e
accounted fo r show ed a d e c re a s e of only 0.12% , fro m 6. 46% to
6.34%.
B e ca u se of th e d is s a tis fa c tio n w ith the am o u n t of v a ria n c e
accounted fo r u sin g th e six v a r ia b le s fro m the f a c to r a n a ly sis , a
le a s t s q u a re s d e le te p ro g ra m w as ru n u sin g a ll fifte e n v a ria b le s .
The p u rp o se w as to c o m p a re th e v a r ia b le s re m a in in g w hen th e . 05
le v el of sig n ific a n c e w as m e t u sin g fifte e n v a r ia b le s w ith th e v a r i ­
ab les re m a in in g w hen the . 05 le v e l of sig n ific an c e w as m e t u sin g
six v a ria b le s .
W hen a le a s t s q u a re s d ele te p ro g ra m w as com puted u sin g
a ll p r e d ic to r v a r ia b le s , each c r ite r io n v a ria b le p ro d u ced two v a r i ­
ab les w hich m e t th e . 05 le v e l of sig n ific a n c e .

E a c h of th e se s e ts

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TABLE XI
M U L T IPL E REGRESSION ANALYSIS RESULTS
A F T E R SELECTED ITERATIONS IN THE
LEAST SQUARES D E L E T E PROGRAM
USING A L L PRED IC TO R VARIABLES a

C r ite rio n Q u estio n

Do you fe e l p rin c ip a ls should
have th e rig h t to n eg o tiate w ith
th e ir b o a rd s of ed u catio n ?

Do you fe e l y o u r lo c a l
p rin c ip a ls g ro u p should
n eg o tiate a c o n tra c t w ith y o u r
lo c a l b o ard of education ?

V a ria b le s
U sed

R

A ll

0. 2672

0 .0 7 1 4

1, 2, 3, 4,
6 ,8 ,9 ,
10, 11, 13

0 . 2627

0 .0 6 9 0

1,2 ,6 ,
9,11

0 . 2252

0. 0507

9, 11

0 . 1913

0 .0 3 6 6

A ll

0 .4 0 6 6

0. 1653

1, 2 , 3 , 5 ,
6 ,7 ,1 0 ,
1 1 ,1 2 ,1 5

0 , 4038

0.1631

I ,5 ,1 0 ,
I I ,1 5

0 . 3879

0. 1505

11,15

0 . 3598

0. 1294

R2

T he re m a in in g v a r ia b le s w e re :
9. H as y o u r p re s e n t d istric t* s te a c h e r- b o a r d n eg o ­
tia tio n s e v e r gone to m e d ia tio n ?
11. H as y o u r p re s e n t d istric t* s te a c h e r- b o a r d nego­
tia tio n s e v e r gone to a s tr ik e ?
15. Size of th e subject* s d is tr ic t.

97
of v a r ia b le s a lso acco u n ted f o r an am ount of v a ria n c e w hich w a s
c lo se to th e to ta l u sin g a l l v a r ia b le s th a n the s u b s e t of six v a r i ­
a b le s .
O n c r ite rio n v a r ia b le one th e p re d ic to r v a r ia b le s w hich
m e t the sig n ific a n c e le v e l w e re the d i s t r i c t 's e x p e rie n c e w ith
m ed iatio n an d its e x p e rie n c e w ith a s tr ik e .

T hey acco u n ted f o r

3. 66% of th e v a ria n c e , co m p a re d to 7.14% using a l l v a r ia b le s .

On

c r ite rio n v a ria b le tw o, th e p r e d ic to r v a ria b le s w e re the d i s t r i c t 's
e x p e rie n c e w ith a s tr ik e and th e siz e o f the d is tr ic t.

They acco u n ted

fo r 12. 94% of the v a ria n c e , co m p ared to 16. 31% u sin g a ll v a r ia b le s .
TABLE XII
FREQUENCY COUNTS ON CRITERION VARIABLES ONE AND TWO
C rite rio n Q u estio n

% A n sw erin g Y es

Do you fe e l p rin c ip a ls should have th e rig h t
to n eg o tiate w ith th e ir b o a rd s of ed u catio n ?

89.8%

Do you fe e l y o u r lo c a l p r in c ip a ls group
should n e g o tia te a c o n tra c t w ith y o u r lo c a l
b o a rd of ed u c atio n ?

61.2%

T h e p e rc e n ta g e of s u b je c ts a n sw e rin g in th e a ffirm a tiv e fo r
e a c h c r ite r io n v a ria b le w as 89. 8% fo r th e q u estio n d ealin g w ith the
rig h t of p rin c ip a ls to n e g o tia te and 61. 2% fo r th e q u estio n d e a lin g

98
with th e d e s ire to n e g o tia te a lo c a l c o n tra c t.

Both p e rc e n ta g e s w e re

g r e a te r th an h ad b ee n an ticip ate d .
S u m m ary
T his stu d y w as d esig n ed to ex am in e a s e t o f s e le c te d v a r i ­
ab les th a t have tra d itio n a lly b een a s s o c ia te d w ith m ilita n c y in e d u c a ­
tion.

The in te n t w as to pro d u ce a s e t of v a r ia b le s th a t would

a c c u ra te ly p re d ic t the a ttitu d e s o f M ich ig an p rin c ip a ls to w ard n eg o !

tia tio n s fo r th e m s e lv e s .
The o n ly d ev iatio n in th e o rig in a l s e t of v a r ia b le s w a s the
deletion of q u e stio n s e lev en and tw elv e on th e q u e s tio n n a ire .

T h ese

question s d ea lt w ith th e principal* s id e n tific a tio n w ith te a c h e r s o r
a d m in is tra to rs .

A s th e a n s w e rs to th e s e q u e stio n s w e re m a in ly

blank o r double m a rk e d , th e q u e stio n s w e re e lim in a te d fro m th e
a n a ly sis.
The f a c to r a n a ly s is p ro d u ced a s e t of six f a c to r s w ith
eigen v alu es g r e a t e r th a n 1 ,0 0 .

B a ch of th e v a r ia b le s th a t c o n s ti­

tuted f a c to rs one th ro u g h six w e re lo g ic a lly re la te d , although not
a ll the re la tio n s h ip s h ad b een d is c u s s e d in th e p re v io u s c h a p te rs .
A ll of th e six f a c to rs p ro d u ced a v a ria b le th a t loaded v e ry
high on th e p r im a r y f a c to r and n e a r z e ro on a ll o th e r f a c to r s .

T h ese

v a ria b le s d ealt w ith th e subject* s e x p e rie n c e a s a p rin c ip a l, h is
p re se n t p o sitio n , h is m e m b e rsh ip in a s ta te p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n ,

99

h is p rin c ip a ls g ro u p re p r e s e n ta tio n on a n e g o tiatin g te a m , h is
d i s t r i c t 's e x p e rie n c e w ith fa c t-fin d in g , and h is holding of a lo c al,
s ta te , o r n a tio n a l a s s o c ia tio n o ffice.
T he m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is u sin g a l l fifteen v a r ia b le s
p ro d u ced a co e ffic ien t of 0.2672 on th e c r ite r io n v a r ia b le s d ealin g
w ith th e p r in c ip a ls ' rig h t to n e g o tia te .
7.14% of the v a ria n c e .

T h is so lu tio n ac c o u n ts fo r

The m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n co efficien t on the

c r ite r io n v a r ia b le d e a lin g w ith the d e s ir e to n eg o tiate a lo c a l con­
tr a c t w as 0 .4 0 6 6 , ac co u n tin g fo r 16.53% of th e v a ria n c e .
U sing a m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is on th e six v a r ia b le s
id e n tified th ro u g h th e f a c to r a n a ly s is , th e so lu tio n acco u n ted fo r
1.48% of th e v a ria n c e on th e c r ite r io n v a r ia b le d ealin g w ith th e
rig h t of p rin c ip a ls to n e g o tia te and 6.46% on th e c r ite r io n v a ria b le
d ealin g w ith th e d e s ir e to n eg o tiate a lo c a l c o n tra c t.
U sin g a le a s t s q u a r e s d e le te p ro g ra m o f r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is
w ith a , 05 sig n ific a n c e le v e l, tw o v a r ia b le s m e t th e sig n ific an c e
le v e l w ith c r ite r io n v a ria b le tw o.

T h ese tw o v a r ia b le s d e a lt w ith

m e m b e rs h ip in a s ta te p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n and th e s u b je c t's
d i s t r i c t 's e x p e rie n c e s w ith fa c t-fin d in g .

T h e se tw o v a ria b le s could

account fo r 6. 34% of th e v a ria n c e on th e c r ite r io n v a ria b le r e la te d
to th e d e s ir e to n e g o tia te a lo c a l c o n tra c t.

The so lu tio n f o r c r ite r io n

v a ria b le w a s not re le v a n t b e c a u se i t re d u c e s to 0. 000%.

The

100
v a ria n c e a c co u n te d f o r on th e se c o n d c r ite r io n v a r ia b le sh o w s a
d e c r e a s e o f 10.19% fro m the c o m p lete s e t of v a r ia b le s .

I t showed

a d e c r e a s e of 0.12% fro m th e s u b s e t of s ix v a r ia b le s .
W ith the u s e of th e l e a s t s q u a re s d e le te p r o g r a m , a ll fifteen
v a r ia b le s w e re e n te r e d .

W hen th e . 05 s ig n ific a n c e le v e l w a s m et on

c r ite r io n v a r ia b le o n e, d ea lin g w ith th e rig h t of p r in c ip a ls to nego­
tia te , two v a r ia b le s re m a in e d .

The f i r s t d e a lt w ith th e s u b je c t's

d i s t r i c t 's e x p e rie n c e w ith m e d ia tio n and th e se c o n d w ith th e d i s t r i c t 's
e x p e rie n c e w ith a s tr ik e .

W hen the .0 5 s ig n ific a n c e le v e l w as m et

on the s e c o n d c r ite r i o n v a r ia b le , d ea lin g w ith th e d e s ir e to n egotiate
a lo c a l c o n tra c t, t h e r e w e re a l s o two v a r ia b le s re m a in in g .

T hese

co n c ern ed th e s u b j e c t 's d i s t r i c t 's e x p e rie n c e w ith a s tr ik e and th e
s iz e of th e s u b j e c t 's d is tr ic t.

T he v a r ia n c e .acco u n ted f o r on c r i ­

te rio n v a r ia b le one u sin g th e tw o re m a in in g v a r ia b le s w a s 3. 66%.
T h is show ed a d e c r e a s e of 3. 48% fro m th e so lu tio n u sin g a l l v a r i­
a b le s.

T h e v a ria n c e acco u n ted f o r on c r ite r io n v a r ia b le tw o using

th e two re m a in in g v a r ia b le s w a s 12, 94%, show ing a d e c r e a s e of
3.59% .
R e s e a rc h h y p o th e sis o n e w as a c c e p te d a t th e . 05 le v e l of
s ig n ific a n c e .
R e s e a rc h h y p o th e sis tw o w as r e je c te d a t th e . 05 le v e l of
sig n ific a n c e .

CH A PTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND IM PLICATIONS

The fa c to r a n a ly s is w as u se d to red u ce th e n u m b e r of
v a r ia b le s u sed in th e m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is .

The o rig in a l

assu m p tio n w as th a t if a s u b s e t of th e o rig in a l fifteen v a r ia b le s
could be obtained fro m o rth o g o n al f a c to r s , th is s u b s e t of v a r ia b le s
would r e p r e s e n t th e m o st u s e fu l v a r ia b le s a v a ila b le .
The fa c to rs w e re o rth o g o n al w ith th e p rin c ip a l v a r ia b le s
in each fa c to r w id ely s e p a ra te d fro m th e o th e r v a ria b le s in te r m s
of fa c to r lo ad in g s.
AU th e v a r ia b le s w ith in each fa c to r w e re lo g ic a lly re la te d ,
although a ll th e s e p o ssib le re la tio n s h ip s had not b ee n c o v e re d in
e a r l i e r se c tio n s of the d is s e r ta tio n .
F a c to r one co n c ern ed th e d istric t* s e x p e rie n c e w ith m e d ia ­
tion, fact-fin d in g , and a s tr ik e .

It a ls o included th e siz e of the
*

subject* s d is tr ic t.

In th e n o rm a l c o u rs e of im pasB e n e g o tia tio n s,

m e d ia tio n is follow ed by fa c t-fin d in g and s tr ik e .

Not a ll d i s t r i c t s

th a t s t a r t m e d ia tio n w ill s tr ik e , but th a t seq u en ce of ev e n ts i s fa irly

101

102
w e ll-e s ta b lis h e d both by p r e s s u r e fro m the te a c h e r a s s o c ia tio n s and
by th e r u le s of th e M ichigan State L a b o r M ediation B o a rd .

A s su ch

a re la tio n s h ip e x is ts , it i s not s u r p r is in g th a t th e s e v a ria b le s should
c o m p ris e one fa c to r.

T he siz e of th e s u b je c t's d is t r ic t h a s a fa c to r

lo ad in g of 0. 5719 c o m p ared to a ra n g e of 0. 7956 - 0. 9143 fo r the
o th e r v a ria b le s in th a t fa c to r.

In ad d itio n , th e s iz e v a ria b le w as

s p lit a lm o s t ev en ly b etw een the f i r s t and six th f a c to r.

B e ca u se they

w e re lo g ic ally re la te d to th e v a r ia b le s in both f a c to rs , and b e c a u se
the ad d itio n a l v a r ia b le s in each f a c to r w e re n e a r z e ro , the v a ria b le
w as inclu d ed in both f a c to r s .

The s iz e of the d is tr ic t h a s t r a d i ­

tio n a lly been a s s o c ia te d w ith s tr ik e actio n by te a c h e r s .

Since 1966,

51% o f the s tr ik e s in M ichigan h av e o c c u rre d in d is tr ic ts w ith m o re
than 5, 000 p u p ils, * w h ile only 18% of th e d is t r ic ts in M ichigan have
e n ro llm e n ts o v e r 5, 000.

2

F a c to r tw o con tain ed the v a r ia b le s d ea lin g w ith th e age
and e x p e rie n c e o f th e s u b je c ts .

T h is re la tio n s h ip i s c e rta in ly

lo g ic al, a s ea ch in c re m e n t in e x p e rie n c e a ls o b rin g s an in c re m e n t
in ag e.
^Office of P ro f e s s io n a l N e g o tiatio n s, M ichigan E d u catio n
A sso c iatio n , D elayed School O penings (In fo rm atio n sh e e t p re p a re d
fo r ME A staff).
2

M ichigan E d u ca tio n A sso c ia tio n , M ichigan P u b lic School
D is tr ic t D ata 1968-69 (E a s t L an sin g : M ichigan E d u catio n A s s o c ia tion, 1968).

103
F a c to r th re e co n c e rn e d th e s u b je c t's e x p e rie n c e and
a ttitu d e to w ard th e in v o lv em en t of p rin c ip a ls on n eg o tiatin g te a m s .
Both th e fa c to r lo ad in g s and th e p e rc e n ta g e s of in v o lv em en t in d ic a te
a re la tio n s h ip and com m on e le m e n t, e s p e c ia lly in the v a ria b le s
r e la tin g to a p rin cip al* s group e x p e rie n c e and th e ev alu atio n of
p rin c ip a ls p a rtic ip a tio n .

Only 35, 5% of th e s u b je c ts h ad p a rtic i~

pated in n eg o tiatio n s; b u t 73.9% w e re in d is t r ic ts w h e re a p rin c ip a l
had p a rtic ip a te d in n e g o tia tio n s, and 67. 8% o f th e s u b je c ts thought
p rin c ip a ls should p a r tic ip a te in n e g o tia tio n s.
a r e f a ir ly high.

T h ese p e rc e n ta g e s

The lite r a tu r e w ould in d ic a te th at v e ry few d is t r ic ts

u s e p rin c ip a ls on the n eg o tia tin g te a m .

T h is in fo rm a tio n d o es not

ev a lu ate the q u a lity of th e p rin cip al* s p a rtic ip a tio n , b u t it d o es in ­
d ic a te g r e a t e r n u m b e rs o f p a rtic ip a tin g p rin c ip a ls th a n had been
a n tic ip a te d .
F a c to r fo u r co n c ern ed th e subject* s se x , p o sitio n , and
s a la r y .

The h ig h e r s a la r ie s fo r se c o n d a ry p rin c ip a ls i s co n firm ed

by a r e p o r t by the N atio n al E d u catio n A s so c ia tio n show ing h ig h e r
3
s a la r ie s fo r se c o n d a ry p r in c ip a ls in a ll e n ro llm e n t s t r a t a u se d .
The h ig h e r p e rc e n ta g e of fe m a le p rin c ip a ls in e le m e n ta ry sch o o ls
is c o n s iste n t w ith the d is trib u tio n o f fe m a le s betw een e le m e n ta ry and
3

N atio n al E d u ca tio n A sso c ia tio n , S a la ry S chedules fo r
P rin c ip a ls 1 9 6 7-68, R e s e a rc h R e p o rt 1968-R5 (W ashington: N a­
tio n a l E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n , 1968), p. 9.

104
se c o n d a ry .

It is a lso c o n siste n t w ith the la r g e n u m b e r of fem a le
4
te a c h e rs a t th e e le m e n ta ry le v el.
F a c to r five v a r ia b le s re la te d to th e holding of office in a
lo cal, s ta te , o r n atio n al p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n and having a p a re n t
who w as a m e m b e r of a la b o r union,

T h e re s e e m s to be no p a r tic u ­

l a r su p p o rt fo r th is re la tio n s h ip in the lite r a tu r e a s it c o n c e rn s edu­
cational a s s o c ia tio n s .

T h e re is so m e a g re e m e n t fro m c o m m e n ta to rs

such a s D o h erty and O b e r e r th a t th e r e is a n in c re a s in g n u m b e r of
te a c h e rs fro m b lu e -c o lla r b ack g ro u n d s.

5

T h is would c e rta in ly

m ean te a c h e r s w ith g r e a t e r e x p e rie n c e w ith w o rk - r e la te d o rg a n iz a ­
tio n s and m a y w ell p ro d u ce te a c h e r s who w ill tak e a g r e a t e r in te r e s t
in th e ir a s s o c ia tio n s .
F a c to r six co n cern ed m e m b e rsh ip in a s ta te p rin c ip a ls
a sso c ia tio n a s its p r im a r y v a ria b le .

The fa c to r w as a lso re la te d

to the s iz e of the s u b je c t's d is tr ic t.

T his re la tio n s h ip w as m a in ly

due to the v e r y low p e rc e n ta g e of m e m b e rsh ip in th e f ir s t s tr a t a
(D etroit).
4

A ll the o th e r s t r a t a w e re n e a rly equal, w ith p e rc e n ta g e s

M ichigan E d u ca tio n A sso c ia tio n , A Survey of T e a c h e r
A ttitudes C o n cern in g N e g o tia tio n s, R e s e a rc h R e p o rt M R-1 (E a st
L ansing: M ichigan E d u ca tio n A sso c iatio n , 1968), p. 38.
g
R o b e rt E. D o h erty and W a lte r E . O b e re r, T e a c h e r s ,
School B o a rd s and C o llectiv e B arg ain in g : A Changing of th e G u a rd ,
New Y ork S tate School of In d u s tria l and L a b o r R e latio n s (Ithaca:
C o rn ell U n iv e rsity , 1967), p. 8.

105
of m e m b e rsh ip b eing 75. 0%, 86. 3%, and 82. 4% fo r s tr a t a two, th r e e ,
and fo u r.

One fa c to r w hich m ay in flu en ce th is low m e m b e rsh ip

p e rc e n ta g e is th e fact th a t D e tro it p rin c ip a ls c u rre n tly n eg o tiate a
c o n tra c t w ith th e ir lo c a l b o a rd of ed u catio n .

B ecau se of th is and

b e c a u se th e ir s iz e p ro d u c e s a la rg e lo c a l m e m b e rsh ip p o te n tia l,
th ey m ay p la c e m o re e m p h a sis on m e m b e rs h ip a t th e lo c a l lev el.
B e c a u se of th e good r e s u lts o b tain ed fro m th e fa c to r a n a ly ­
s is , th e s ix v a r ia b le s u se d in th e m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is
a p p e a re d to b e th e b e s t p o s sib le su b se t.
C r ite rio n q u e stio n one w as co n cern ed w ith the p rin cip al* s
attitu d e to w ard th e rig h t of p rin c ip a ls to n e g o tia te a c o n tra c t.

The

value of th is c r ite r io n v a ria b le w as a lm o st co m p letely d im in ish e d
b ec au se of the d is trib u tio n of a n s w e rs , 89. 8% of th e s u b je c ts having
in d icated th a t th ey felt p rin c ip a ls should h av e th e rig h t to n e g o tia te .
A s th is p e rc e n ta g e w as la r g e , i t m ade th e r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is v e ry
d ifficu lt.

B e c a u se of th is situ atio n , th e e m p h a s is in th e re m a in d e r

of th is d is c u s s io n w ill be on th e second c r ite r io n v a ria b le d ealin g
w ith th e a ttitu d e of p rin c ip a ls to w ard n eg o tiatio n of a c o n tra c t in
th e ir lo c a l d is tr ic t.
2

B e c a u se of th e d iffe re n c e b etw een R v a lu e s, th e r e se em e d
to be a good d e a l o f q u estio n a s to w h e th e r th e fa c to r a n a ly s is had
p roduced th e b e s t p o ss ib le su b s e t of v a r ia b le s .

106
In o r d e r to check th is p ro c e d u re , a le a s t s q u a re s d e le te
p ro g ra m w as com puted u sin g a ll fifteen v a r ia b le s .

T his p ro c e d u re

re s u lte d in tw o re m a in in g p r e d ic to r v a ria b le s w hen the . 05 le v e l of
sig n ific an c e w as m e t.

T h e se tw o v a ria b le s w e re :

siz e of th e s u b ­

je c t' s d is t r ic t and p a rtic ip a tio n in a s tr ik e by th e p r in c ip a l's d is tr ic t.
Both v a r ia b le s had th e lo w est fa c to r loading of th e v a ria b le s th a t
m ade up ea c h fa c to r to w hich th e y w ere re la te d .
v a ria b le s w e re d is trib u te d a c r o s s the six f a c to r s .

In addition, both
The fa c to r lo a d ­

in g s w e re a t le a s t 0 .1 0 0 0 on th r e e fa c to rs fo r th e v a ria b le d ea lin g
w ith a s tr ik e and fo u r f a c to rs fo r the v a ria b le d ea lin g w ith th e s iz e
of the s u b j e c t 's d is tr ic t.
T he o rig in a l in te n t of th e fa c to r a n a ly s is w as to re d u c e the
nu m b er of v a r ia b le s to a n u m b e r th a t could be h an dled in a m u ltip le
r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is ,

It w as a s su m e d th a t i f a fa c to r could p ro d u ce

a v a ria b le th a t had a high f a c to r loading on one fa c to r w ith n e a r
z e ro lo ad in g s on a ll o th e r f a c to rs , it would be r e p re s e n ta tiv e of th a t
fa c to r and w ould th e re fo r e c o n trib u te to th e p re d ic tiv e a b ility of the
re g r e s s io n a n a ly s is .
In a s im ila r s itu a tio n i t would be p o ss ib le to u se fa c to r
s c o re s in th e r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is .

E ven though a good arg u m e n t

could be m a d e fo r th is p ro c e d u re , it would s ti ll re q u ire know ledge
of a ll the d e s ir e d re d u c tio n in m o s t c a s e s ,

It w ould not p ro d u ce th e

107
d e s ire d re d u c tio n in th e n u m b er of v a r ia b le s n eed ed fo r the r e g r e s ­
sion a n a ly s is .
The n o rm a l p ro c e d u re f o r u sin g a m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n
a n a ly s is i s to a tte m p t to id en tify th e b e s t o r d e r f o r th e v a r ia b le s
to b e a n a ly z e d .

A s th e r e w as v e ry little v a ria n c e acco u n ted f o r in

the a n a ly s is u sin g d e le te p ro g ra m s on both th e to ta l and s u b s e t of
v a ria b le s , th e re se e m e d to be little re a s o n to ta k e th is ad d itio n a l
step.
The s u b je c ts a p p a re n tly had a good d e a l o f tro u b le w ith the
two q u e s tio n s re la tin g to th e ir id e n tific a tio n w ith te a c h e r s o r
a d m in is tra to rs .

M any of th e q u e s tio n n a ire s had n o te s w ritte n next

to th e s e q u e stio n s w ith co m m en ts lik e , "It d ep en d s on the situ a tio n , "
This a r e a should p ro b a b ly be e x p lo re d in s e v e r a l se c tio n s , ea c h
re la tin g to a d iffe re n t seg m en t of th e r o le and d u tie s of the p rin c ip a l.
It is f a ir ly obvious th at th e a n s w e rs to c r ite r io n v a ria b le
one w e re so o n e -sid e d th a t it had a n effect on th e a n a ly s is .

It does

not se e m f a ir to m a k e th is sam e c r itic is m of the seco n d c r ite r io n
v a ria b le .
It i s a ls o p o ss ib le th a t th e v a ria b le s im p ly did not h av e
enough ran g e.

T h is p r e s e n ts a p ro b le m b e c a u se th e v ita l q u e stio n

is not, d o es th e p rin c ip a l have a te n d en cy to w ard w anting to n eg o ­
tia te a c o n tra c t, but w h e th e r th a t p e r s o n a c tu a lly w an ts to n e g o tia te

108

it.

T h is m ig h t be h an dled th ro u g h a s e r i e s of q u e s tio n s th a t re la te

to th e c e n tr a l q u e stio n .

The c r ite r io n v a ria b le w ould be the to ta l

yes r e s p o n s e s on th e s e r ie s of q u e s tio n s.

U n fo rtu n ately th is s till

le a v e s u n a n sw e re d th e q u e stio n of w h e th e r the p e rs o n w ants to
n eg o tiate a c o n tra c t.

The c e n tr a l q u e stio n could b e in clu d ed a s p a r t

of th e s e r i e s on th e q u e s tio n n a ire but u se d a s a check when th e o th e r
v a ria b le s a r e u se d in th e a n a ly s is .
T h e re i s r e a s o n to think th at th e p r e d ic to r v a r ia b le s m ay
not h av e th e ra n g e to m ake a c c u r a te p re d ic tio n s .

It would be p o s ­

sib le to expand th e ra n g e by com bining s e v e r a l v a r ia b le s .
could be done w ith th e h elp of th e fa c to r a n a ly s is .

T his

F o r in sta n c e ,

the v a r ia b le s re la tin g to e x p e rie n c e w ith m e d ia tio n , fact-fin d in g ,
and a s tr ik e m ig h t b e com bined w ith e le m e n ts su ch a s the n u m b e r
of s tr ik e s to p ro d u c e a v a ria b le of " e x tre m e a c tio n ," w hich w ould
have a f a ir ly w ide ra n g e of re s p o n s e s .
C o n clu sio n s
1.

R e s e a rc h h y p o th e sis one w as a c c e p te d .

T he se le c te d

v a r ia b le s th a t h av e tra d itio n a lly b een a s s o c ia te d w ith
te a c h e r m ilita n c y w e re not ab le to p ro d u ce a m u ltip le r e ­
g r e s s io n co e ffic ien t th a t is g r e a t e r than z e r o on th e c r i t e ­
rio n v a ria b le d ealin g w ith th e p r in c ip a ls ' rig h t to n e g o tiate.

109

2.

R e s e a rc h h y p o th e sis two w as re je c te d .

The se le c te d

v a ria b le s th a t h ave tra d itio n a lly been a s s o c ia te d w ith
te a c h e r m ilita n c y w e re ab le to p ro d u ce a m u ltip le r e g r e s ­
sio n co efficien t th a t is g r e a t e r th an z e r o on th e c r ite rio n
v a ria b le d ealin g w ith th e p r in c ip a ls ' d e s ir e to neg o tiate a
lo c a l c o n tra c t.
A lthough th e s e le c te d v a r ia b le s w e re a b le to p ro d u ce a
r e g r e s s io n co efficien t th a t w a s g r e a t e r than z e ro on the
c r ite r io n v a ria b le w hich d e a lt with th e p r in c ip a ls ' d e s ir e
to n eg o tiate a lo c a l c o n tra c t, th e co efficien t w as not high
enough to be of any p re d ic tiv e value.
3.

A lthough th e co m p lete s e t of fifteen v a r ia b le s u sed in th e
stu d y acco u n ted fo r only a s m a ll am ount of v a ria n c e on
e ith e r c r ite r io n v a ria b le , th e re w e re tw o s u b s e ts of two
v a r ia b le s ea ch w hich acco u n ted fo r an am ount of v a ria n c e
n e a rly eq u a l to th e o rig in a l am ount.

4.

T h ese tw o s u b s e ts w e re c o m p rise d of th r e e s e p a r a te
v a ria b le s d ealin g w ith the d i s t r i c t 's e x p e rie n c e w ith
m e d iatio n , a s tr ik e , and th e s iz e of th e d is tr ic t.

A s a ll

th r e e v a r ia b le s w e re in clu d ed in the f i r s t fa c to r, it would
se e m th a t th is fa c to r d o m in a te s the a n a ly s is .
5.

P rin c ip a l p a rtic ip a tio n in te a c h e r- b o a r d n eg o tiatio n s w as
g r e a te r th a n th e lit e r a tu r e would in d ic a te .

110
6.

T h e lo c a l p rin c ip a ls g ro u p w ith th e g r e a te s t e x p e rie n c e in
n e g o tia tin g a lo c a l c o n tra c t had a m e m b e rs h ip p e rc e n ta g e
in th e s ta te p r in c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n w hich w a s m u c h lo w e r
th a n m e m b e rsh ip p e rc e n ta g e s in o th e r sc h o o l d is t r ic ts .
T h is m a y w ell h av e b e e n a r e s u lt of e ith e r t h e i r n e g o tia ­
tio n s e x p e rie n c e o r t h e i r la rg e s ta f f m e m b e rs h ip .

7.

A m a jo rity of th e M ich ig an p r in c ip a ls fe lt th a t p rin c ip a ls
sh o u ld h av e th e rig h t to n e g o tia te a c o n tra c t w ith t h e i r
lo c a l b o a rd of e d u c a tio n .

8.

A m a jo rity of th e M ic h ig an p r in c ip a ls fe lt t h e i r lo c a l
p r in c ip a ls g ro u p sh o u ld n e g o tia te a c o n tra c t w ith t h e i r
lo c a l b o a rd of e d u c atio n .
F u tu r e R e s e a rc h
F o r an a r e a a s la r g e a s n e g o tia tio n s, no stu d y can a d e ­

q u ately c o v e r a ll p o ssib le to p ic s .

T his stu d y s u g g e s ts s e v e r a l

p o ssib le a r e a s of in v e s tig a tio n w hich co u ld be fru itfu lly p u rsu e d .
T h e re is n o re a s o n to a s s u m e th a t th is l i s t i s in an y w ay ex h a u stiv e .
It sim p ly c o n s titu te s a s e t of s u g g e s tio n s to be c o n s id e re d w hen
doing a d d itio n a l w o rk .
1.

T he su g g e stio n s a r e a s follow s:

It h a s b een su g g e ste d th a t one o f th e m a jo r r e a s o n s f o r the
la c k of p re d ic tiv e a b ility is th e f a c t th a t M ich ig an p rin c ip a ls

Ill

a lre a d y fa v o r p rin c ip a ls h av in g th e rig h t to n e g o tia te and
se e th e n eed fo r p r i n c i p a l 's m a s te r c o n tra c ts at the lo c a l
le v e l.

T h e re fo re , th is stu d y should be re p lic a te d in s e v e r a l

o th e r s ta te s having v a ry in g d e g re e s of co m m itm en t to
n e g o tia tio n s.

The d is trib u tio n of fa v o ra b le a ttitu d e s to w ard

n e g o tia tio n s should be co m p ared to th e p re d ic tiv e a b ility of
th e s e le c te d v a ria b le s ,
2.

The sa m e s e le c te d s e t of v a r ia b le s should be u se d in a
m u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is w ith c r ite r io n v a r ia b le s th at
h ave a g r e a te r ra n g e of p o s s ib le re s p o n s e s .

3.

The sa m e s e le c te d v a r ia b le s should b e u sed in a m u ltip le
r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is w ith c r ite r io n v a ria b le s th a t d e a l w ith
m e th o d s of en fo rc e m e n t of p rin c ip a l c o n tra c ts .

T h e se

q u e s tio n s could r e la te to m e d iatio n , fa c t-fin d in g , a s tr ik e ,
binding a r b itr a tio n , etc.
4.

The sa m e s e le c te d v a r ia b le s should be u sed in a m u ltip le
r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s is w ith c r ite r io n v a ria b le s d ealin g w ith
the co n ten ts and d ep th of ite m s p rin c ip a ls fe e l should be
in clu d ed in th e ir c o n tra c ts .

5.

C o m p ariso n s tu d ie s should be conducted d ealin g w ith th e
d iffe re n c e betw een a ttitu d e s in d is t r ic ts w ith a m a s te r
c o n tra c t fo r p rin c ip a ls and d is t r ic ts w ith no p rin c ip a l

112
m a s te r c o n tra c t.

T h e se s tu d ie s could c o n c e n tra te on ite m s

su ch a s :
a.

m e th o d s of e n fo rc e m e n t of n e g o tia tio n s and c o n tra c ts ;

b.

ty p e o f ite m s th a t n eed to be c o v e re d in m a s te r
c o n tra c ts w ith p rin c ip a ls .

6.

A study should be conducted looking a t th e re la tio n s h ip s
b etw een s ta te p r in c ip a l a s s o c ia tio n s , th e lo c a l p rin c ip a l
a s s o c ia tio n , and the in d iv id u al p r in c ip a ls .

T his should be

a lo n g itu d in al stu d y d esig n ed to d e ta il th e ch an g es th at
e m e rg e o v e r a p e rio d of five to te n y e a r s .
7.

A p ro je c t should be s ta r te d to stu d y th e ch an g es th a t a r e
taking p la c e w ith in a d m in is tra tiv e re la tio n s h ip s , su ch a s
s u p e rin te n d e n t-p rin c ip a l, p r in c ip a l- p rin c ip a l, and
p r in c ip a l- p r o f e s s o r .

T h is sh o u ld be a lo n g itu d in al stu dy

o v e r a p e rio d of fiv e to te n y e a r s .
8.

A study of the r o le p e rc e p tio n s b etw een p rin c ip a ls and
te a c h e r s should be in s titu te d in s e v e r a l s ta te s w ith v a ry in g
d e g r e e s of te a c h e r in v o lv em en t in n e g o tia tio n s.

If g r e a t e r

u s e of n eg o tia tio n s by p rin c ip a ls b e c o m e s a re a lity , th is
stu d y should be conducted on a lo n g itu d in al b a s is to look
a t th e r o le p e rc e p tio n ch an g es th a t o c c u r o v e r tim e .

113
B e tte r in fo rm a tio n on th e v a r ia b le s th a t a ffe c t n e g o tia tio n s
w ill p ro d u c e m o r e re a s o n e d an d in te llig e n t d e c isio n s in a n a r e a th a t
w ill in flu en c e a ll of ed u c atio n .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

B ooks
D oherty , R o b e rt E . , an d O b e re r, W a lte r E . T e a c h e rs , School
B o a rd s , and C o llec tiv e B arg ain in g : A Changing o f the
G u a rd . Ith a c a , New Y o rk : New Y ork S tate School of
In d u s tria l and L ab o r R e la tio n s, 1967.
L ie b e rm a n , M yron, an d M oskow , M ic h ae l H. C o llectiv e N eg o tia­
tio n s fo r T e a c h e r s . C hicago: Rand M cN ally and C o .,
1966.
M oskow, M ic h ae l H. T e a c h e rs and U n io n s. P h ila d e lp h ia : U ni­
v e r s ity of P e n n sy lv a n ia , 1966.
N ational E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . A d d re s s e s and P ro c e e d in g s .
V ol. 101, W ashington: 1963.
Shils, E d w ard B . , and W h ittie r, T a y lo r C. T e a c h e rs , A d m in is tra ­
t o r s , and C o llectiv e B a rg a in in g . New Y ork: T h o m as
C ro w e ll C o ., 1968.
Stinnett, T . M . ; K lein m an n , J a c k H . ; and W a re , M a rth a L.
P ro f e s s io n a l N eg o tiatio n in P u b lic E d u ca tio n . New Y ork:
M a cm illan C o . , 1966.
J o u r n a ls an d P e rio d ic a ls
B a r r , R alph. "T he W inds of C hange. " The M ichigan E le m e n ta ry
P r in c ip a l, XXXXI, No. 2 (N ovem ber, 1966).
C ronin, J o se p h H. "S chool B o a rd s and P r in c ip a ls B efo re and A fte r
N eg o tiatio n s. " Phi D e lta K appan (N ovem ber, 1967).

114

115
D udley, J a m e s . "T h e E le m e n ta ry P r in c ip a l— The M an in the M id d le ."
P a c e S e tte r (M arch , 1967).
F o sk e tt, Jo h n M ., and W olcott, H a r r y F . " S e lf-Im a g e s and C om ­
m u n ity Im a g e s of th e E le m e n ta ry School P r in c ip a l ." E d u ­
c a tio n a l A d m in is tra tio n Q u a r te r ly , V ol. 3, No. 2 (Spring,
1967).
K ennedy, E . D ale. "T he R ole of School E x e c u tiv e s . " M ichigan
E d u ca tio n J o u r n a l, V ol. 43, No. 10 (Jan u a ry , 1966).
Kennedy,. E . D ale. "W ithin th e School F a m ily ." M ichigan E d u c a ­
tio n J o u r n a l, V ol. 44, No. 14 (D ecem b er, 1966)”
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . " B o a rd S u g g ests ' D ignified
E x i t . »" M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n J o u rn a l N ew s,
V ol. 45, No. 17 (Ja n u a ry 12, 1968).
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . "M A ESP D is a f f ilia te s ." M ichigan
E d u ca tio n A sso c ia tio n J o u r n a l N ew s, Vol. 45, No. 23
(M arch 8, 1968).
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . "M A PS E n d o rs e d . " M ichigan
E d u ca tio n A sso c ia tio n J o u r n a l N ew s, Vol. 45, No. 34
(June 7, 1968).
M ichigan E d u ca tio n A sso c ia tio n . "M ASSP D is a ffilia te s fro m M EA. "
M ich ig an E d u ca tio n A sso c ia tio n J o u r n a l N ew s, Vol. 45,
N o. 17 (Ja n u a ry 12, 1968).
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . " P r in c ip a ls E n d o rse P . N ,"
M ich ig an E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n J o u r n a l N ew s. Vol. 42,
No. 17 (A p ril, 1964).
M ichigan E d u ca tio n A sso c ia tio n . " P r in c ip a ls E n d o rse P . N.
A g re e m e n ts ." M ich ig an E d u ca tio n A ss o c ia tio n Jo u rn a l
N ew s, V ol. 42, No. 9 (D e ce m b er 15, 1964).
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . " P r in c ip a ls P lan R eferen d u m . "
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n J o u r n a l N ew s. V ol. 44,
No. 27 (M arch 17, 1967),

116
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . " P rin c ip a ls Seek L eg al T ools. "
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n J o u rn a l N ew s, V ol. 43,
No. 18 (M arch 18, 1966).
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . "S ec o n d ary School P rin c ip a ls
V ote fo r P ro fe s s io n a l U nity. " M ichigan E d u ca tio n A s s o c ia ­
tio n J o u rn a l N ew s, V ol. 44, No. 16 (D ecem b er 9, 1966).
P in is , F r i t z . "No P la c e to H ide. " The M ichigan E le m e n ta ry
P r in c ip a l, XXXXI, No. 1 (S ep tem b er, 1966).
P in is , F r i t z . "No T im e to L o se . " The M ichigan E le m e n ta ry
P r in c ip a l. XXXXII, No. 5 (M ay, 1968).
Schm idt, C h a rle s T . , J r . "T h e Q u estio n of th e R eco g n itio n of
P r in c ip a l and O th e r S u p e rv iso ry U n its in P u b lic E d u catio n
C o llec tiv e B a rg a in in g . " L ab o r Law J o u rn a l (M ay, 1968).
Van Sweden, Ja y . "T h e P rin c ip a l-N e g o tia to r o r O b s e r v e r ? " T he
M ichigan E le m e n ta ry P r in c ip a l, V ol. XXXXI, No. 3
(J a n u a ry , 1967).
W hite, Jo e . "A D e c isio n in th e M aking. " The M ichigan E le m e n ta ry
P r in c ip a l, XXXI, No. 5 (May, 1967).
W hite, J o e . "P re sid e n t* s M e ssa g e . " The M ichigan E le m e n ta ry
P r in c ip a l. XXXXH, No. 4 (M arch , 1968).
P u b lic a tio n s of L e a rn e d S o cie tie s
and O th e r O rg a n iz a tio n s
A m e ric a n A sso c ia tio n of School A d m in is tra to r s . The School
A d m in is tra to r and N e g o tia tio n s. W ashington: 1968.
B ureau of N atio n al A ffa irs. R e p o rt No. 282. G o v ern m en tal
E m p lo y e es R e latio n s R e p o rt. W ashington: 1968.
M ichigan C o n g re s s o f School A d m in is tra to r A s so c ia tio n s.
S a la ry S u rv ey . M a rc h , 1969.

1968-69

M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n
D ire c to ry . E a s t L an sin g , M ichigan: 1965.

117
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n
Sam ple P ro fe s s io n a l A g re em e n t 1967-70. E a s t L an sin g,
M ichigan: 1968.
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . M ichigan P u b lic School T e a c h e r
1965-66. E a s t L an sin g , M ichigan: 1967.
M ichigan E d u ca tio n A sso c iatio n . School B o a rd s W ar on A d m in ist r a t o r s . L e tte r fro m O ffice of A d m in is tra to r S e rv ic e s,
1967.
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . M ichigan P u b lic School D is tr ic t
D ata 1968-69. E a s t L an sin g , M ichigan: 1968.
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c iatio n . R e s e a rc h R e p o rt M R -1, A.
S urvey of T e a c h e rs A ttitu d e s C o n cern in g N eg o tia tio n s.
E a s t L an sin g , M ichigan: M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n ,
1968.
N ational E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . N eg o tiatio n s R e s e a rc h D ig e s t,
No. 1 (W ashington: A p ril, 1967).
N ation al E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n .
No. 2 (M ay, 1967).

N eg o tiatio n s R e s e a rc h D ig e s t,

N atio n al E d u catio n A sso c iatio n . N eg o tiatio n s R e s e a rc h D ig e s t,
Vol. 1, No. 1 (W ashington: S ep te m b er, 1967).
N ational E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . N eg o tiatio n s R e s e a rc h D ig e s t,
V ol. 1, No. 10 (June, 1968).
N ational E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . "W ith d raw als of S e rv ic e by
T e a c h e rs . " N atio n al E d u catio n A ssociation* s U rban
R e s e a rc h S e r ie s . A ugust, 1966.
N ational E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . N eg o tiatio n s R e s e a rc h D ig e s t,
Vol. 2, No. 3 (N ovem ber, 1968),
N ational E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n . R e s e a rc h R e p o rt 1968-R 5. S a la ry
S chedules fo r P rin c ip a ls 1967-68. W ashington: N ational
E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n , 1968,

118
N ation al School P u b lic R elatio n s A sso c ia tio n . " P rin c ip a ls F ig h t
fo r E x is te n c e ." E d u catio n U. S. A . W ashington: 1968.
O ffice of A d m in is tra to r S e rv ic e s. The P rin c ip a l and PA 379. E a s t
L an sin g , M ichigan: M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c ia tio n , 1967.
O th e r S o u rces
C a rlto n , P a tr ic k W. "A ttitu d es of C e rtific a te d P e rs o n n e l in N orth
C a ro lin a T ow ard Q u e stio n s C oncerning C o llectiv e N eg o tia­
tio n and S anctions. " U npublished P h .D . T h e sis, U n iv e r­
s ity of N o rth C a ro lin a, 1966.
H ow lett, R o b e rt G. Speech to a F e d e r a l M ed iatio n and C o n ciliatio n
S e rv ic e S em in ar in A tla n ta , G eo rg ia, J a n u a r y 23, 1969.
K a is e r, H e n ry F . "C o m m en ts on C o m m u n alities and the N um ber
of F a c t o r s . " P a p e r p re s e n te d at the C o n feren ce on "T h e
C o m m u n ality P ro b le m in F a c to r A n a ly s is ," W ashington
U n iv e rsity , Mo. May 14, 1960.
M cSw eeney, M a ry E lle n . "S u m m a ry of S electio n P ro c e d u re s fo r a
S tra tifie d C lu s te r S a m p le ." U npublished n o te s.
M ichigan E d u catio n A sso c iatio n . D elayed School O p en in g s. In fo rm a ­
tio n sh e e t p re p a re d fo r M EA sta ff.
M ichigan E d u ca tio n A sso c iatio n . U npublished A n a ly sis of 480,
1968-69 M ichigan T e a c h e r C o n tra c ts.
M ichigan E d u ca tio n D ire c to ry . M ichigan E d u catio n D ire c to ry and
Buyer* s G uide 1968-69. L an sin g , M ichigan: 1968.
M ichigan L a b o r M ediation B o a rd . "D ec isio n and O rd e r in th e
M a tte r of H ills d a le C om m unity Schools (E m p lo y er) and
H ills d a le C om m unity S chools P rin c ip a ls and S u p e rv iso ry
A sso c ia tio n (P e titio n e r) and M ichigan E d u catio n A s s o c ia ­
tio n (S pecial In te rv e n o r), D e c e m b e r, 1968.
M unger, B enson S. U npublished stu d y of the M ichigan S tate U n i­
v e r s ity E x te rn P ro g ra m . 1969.

A PPE N D IC E S

A PPEN D IX A
CORRESPONDENCE

1X9

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

b a s t la n s in o • m io c o a n *bm j

COLUOI OF EDUCATION • ERICKSON HAU.

Dear Fellow Educator:
The re la tio n sh ip s among educators 1n Michigan and
throughout the United S tates has been a to p ic of Intense
concern 1n the second h a lf of th is decade. Unfortunately
there 1s a general lack of Information about the
p r in c ip a l's ro le . The enclosed qu estionnaire 1s p a rt of
a study dedicated to a b e t te r understanding o f these
re la tio n sh ip s from the p r in c ip a l's p o in t of view.
Although the questionnaires are coded so
of re tu rn may be k ept, a l l mailing l i s t s
a t the conclusion o f the study and In no
be a v a ila b le or published by Individual

accurate records
w ill be destroyed
case will Information
or school
d istric t

The Information w ill be used 1n completing my Ph.D.
d is s e r ta tio n which w ill be published and a v a ila b le through
Michigan S tate U niversity o r U niversity Microfilms 1n Ann
Arbor.
Because a sampling process was used,
questionnaires have been Issued. In
study a high percentage of return 1s
needed to complete the questionnaire
minutes.

a small number of
order to complete a v a lid
necessary. The time
1s approximately th r e e (3)

We e a rn e stly hope t h a t you w ill be able
you f o r your time and consideration.

Ben Munger
Research Fellow
Michigan S tate U niversity

to a s s i s t

us. Thank

Dr. David Smith
Department o f Administration
and Higher Education
Michigan S ta te U niversity

120
P le a s e ch eck th e a p p r o p r ia te box f o r e a c h q u e s tio n .

1.

How m a n y y e a r s of e x p e rie n c e h a v e you h a d a s
a p r in c ip a l?
I

2.

I 0 -5

□

6-W

□

15 and m o r e

W hat i s y o u r ag e ?
|---- |

20-29

|

|

30 - 39

I

I 40-49

I

|

□
3.
&

4.

50 - 59
60 and o v e r

Sex

□
□

M ale
F e m a le

W hat i s y o u r p r e s e n t p o sitio n ?
I
□

|

E le m e n ta r y p rin c ip a l (K -6)
S e c o n d a ry p rin c ip a l (7-12)

[ P le a s e check y o u r m a jo r re s p o n s ib ility ]

121
5.

6.

7.

A re you p re s e n tly a m e m b e r of a s ta te principal* s
a s s o c ia tio n ?
I

I Y es

I

I No

H ave you e v e r p a r tic ip a te d in te a c h e r- b o a r d
n eg o tiatio n s a s a m e m b e r of a n eg o tiatin g te a m ?
I

I Y es

I

I No

H as an y p rin c ip a l in y o u r d is tr ic t e v e r
p a rtic ip a te d in n eg o tia tio n s in th a t d is t r ic t a s
a m e m b e r of a n eg o tia tin g te am ?
□
I

8.

I No

Should a p rin c ip a l p a rtic ip a te in te a c h e r- b o a r d
n e g o tia tio n s a s a m e m b e r of th e n eg o tiatin g
te a m ?
□
I

9.

Y es

Y es
I No

H as y o u r p r e s e n t d istric t* s te a c h e r- b o a r d
n eg o tiatio n s e v e r gone t o :
Y es

No

□ □
□ □
□ □

m e d ia tio n ?
fa c t-fin d in g ?
s tr ik e ?

122
1 0 . W hat i s y o u r p r e s e n t s a l a r y ?
□

Below $12, 000

□

$ 1 2 ,0 0 0 - 1 4 ,9 9 9

□

$15, 000 o r above

11. Do you Identify p r im a r ily w ith :
□
j

th e te a c h e r s in y o u r d i s t r i c t ?
| th e a d m in is tr a to r s in y o u r d is tr ic t ?

12. Should a p rin c ip a l id e n tify p r im a r ily w ith :
□
I

th e te a c h e r s in the d i s t r i c t ?
| th e a d m in is tr a to r s in th e d is t r ic t?

13. H ave you e v e r h eld office in a lo c a l, s ta te , o r
n a tio n a l p rincipal* s a s s o c ia tio n sin c e 1965?
□

Yes

□

No

14. H as e ith e r of y o u r p a r e n ts been a m e m b e r of a
la b o r u n io n ?
I

I

Y es

I

I

No

123
15. Do you fe e l p rin c ip a ls should have th e rig h t to
n e g o tia te w ith th e ir b o a rd s of e d u c a tio n ?
□

Y es

□

No

16. Do you fe e l y o u r lo c a l p rin c ip a ls g ro u p should
n e g o tia te a c o n tra c t w ith y o u r lo c a l b o a rd of
ed u c a tio n ?
I

I

Y es

I

I

No

124

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

bast lansino

•

ihchioan

4bmj

COLLEGE OP EDUCATION • ERICKSON HA1X

Dear Fellow Educator,
This request i s in r e la tio n to the q u estio n n aire sent to
you during th e week of May 5 th . We r e a liz e t h a t you
are involved in a very busy schedule. We would ap preciate
i t i f you could take time to provide us with th e inform ation.
Let me once again assure you th a t no inform ation w ill be
released in a form th a t would compromise the confidence
you have placed in us.
Another qu estio n n aire is enclosed in case th e f i r s t l e t t e r
did not reach you. Thank you f o r your time and co n sid eratio n .

Ben Munger
Research Fellow
Michigan S ta te U niversity

Dr. David Smith
Department o f A dm inistration
and Higher Education
Michigan S ta te U niversity

A PPEN D IX B
NUMBERING GUIDE TO THE
F IF T E E N PRED ICTO R VARIABLES

125
A PPEN D IX B
TABLE XIII
NUMBERING GUIDE TO THE F IF T E E N PR ED IC TO R VARIABLES
V a ria b le N u m b er

V a ria b le

1

How m any y e a r s of e x p e rie n c e have you
h ad a s a p r in c ip a l?

2

W hat is y o u r age ?

3

Sex

4

W hat is y o u r p re s e n t p o sitio n ?

5

A re you p r e s e n tly a m e m b e r of a s ta te
p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n ?

6

H ave you e v e r p a r tic ip a te d in te a c h e r b o a rd n e g o tia tio n s a s a m e m b e r of a
n eg o tiatin g te a m ?

7

H a s any p r in c ip a l in y o u r d is tr ic t e v e r
p a rtic ip a te d in n eg o tia tio n s in th a t d is tr ic t
a s a m e m b e r of a n eg o tia tin g te a m ?

8

Should a p r in c ip a l p a rtic ip a te in te a c h e r b o a rd n eg o tiatio n s a s a m e m b e r of the
n e g o tiatin g te a m ?

9

H a s y o u r p r e s e n t d i s t r i c t 1s te a c h e r- b o a r d
n eg o tia tio n s e v e r gone to m e d ia tio n ?

10

H a s y o u r p r e s e n t d i s t r i c t 's te a c h e r-b o a rd
n eg o tia tio n s e v e r gone to fa c t-fin d in g ?

11

H a s y o u r p r e s e n t d istric t* s te a c h e r-b o a rd
n eg o tia tio n s e v e r gone to a s tr ik e ?

126
TA BLE X I11--Continued
V a ria b le N u m b er

V a ria b le

12

W hat i s y o u r p r e s e n t s a la r y ?

13

H ave you e v e r h eld office in a lo c al, s ta te ,
o r n a tio n a l p rin c ip a ls a s s o c ia tio n sin c e
1965?

14

H a s e ith e r of y o u r p a re n ts b een a m e m b e r
of a la b o r u n io n ?

IS

S ize of th e s u b j e c t 's d is tr ic t.

A PPE N D IX C
RO TA TED FA C TO R LOADINGS FO R FACTORS
WITH EIG EN V A LU ES G R E A T ER THAN 1. 00

127
A PP E N D IX C
TA BLE XIV
RO TA TED FA C TO R LOADINGS FO R FACTORS
W ITH EIGENVALUES G R E A T ER THAN 1. 00
V a ria b le
1

0 .0 2 0 9

0. 8569

0 .0 7 2 4

0 .0 3 0 1

-0 .1 0 8 7

0 . 0542

2

-0 . 1147

0 .8 2 0 7

-0 .0 4 5 4

-0 .1 3 6 2

0. 1156

-0 .1 3 3 5

3

-0 .1 4 1 6

0.3552

0. 0870

-0 .6 3 7 3

0 .2 4 2 8

-0 . 1194

4

0 . 0936

-0 .0 0 3 5

-0 .0 0 0 7

0 .7 7 6 5

0. 1079

0 . 0862

5

-0 .0 4 1 8

-0 .0 1 6 0

0 .0 0 1 2

-0 .0 6 6 3

0 .0 2 0 9

-0 . 8065

6

-0 .1 3 8 3

0 .1 8 4 8

-0 .5 3 6 9

-0 .3 8 3 8

-0 .0 8 7 1

-0 . 3299

7

-0 .0 8 1 0

0 .0 0 5 7

-0 .8 4 0 5

-0 .0 0 6 4

-0 .0 5 4 5

0 . 0103

8

0 . 1682

0 .0 5 4 4

-0 .6 0 4 7

0 .1062

0 .3 7 1 3

0 . 2148

9

0 .8 4 6 1

0 .0 0 2 0

-0 .0 2 2 6

0 . 0088

-0 .0 1 8 1

-0 . 1039

10

0 .9 1 4 3

-0 .0 5 0 9

0 .0 0 2 2

0. 0454

0 .0 2 4 8

-0 . 0164

11

0 .7 9 5 6

-0 .0 2 5 8

0. 1362

0 .0 2 1 9

-0 . 0268

0 . 2163

12

-0 .2 0 8 8

0 .3 1 9 6

0 .2 5 1 5

0 .5 5 7 7

-0 .0 6 6 0

-0 . 3811

13

0 .1 0 8 6

-0 .3 1 2 2

-0 .0 2 2 7

-0 .0 2 0 0

0 .7192

-0 . 2091

14

-0 .1 6 3 4

0 .2 8 8 6

-0 .0 3 9 6

-0 .0 1 0 0

0 .6 3 5 8

0 . 1297

15

0 .5 7 1 9

-0 .2 0 5 7

-0 .1 1 0 9

0 .0 7 2 4

-0 .0 3 6 5

0 . 5620

A PPEN D IX D
VARIABLE INTERCORRELATION MATRIX BY FACTOR

APPENDIX D
TABLE XV
VARIABLE INTERCORRELATION MATRIX BY FACTOR
F a c to r I
F acto r V ariab le

F a c to r
I

F a c to r
n

F a c to r
m

V ariable
9

F a c to r n

F a c to r III

V ariable V ariab le V ariable V ariab le V ariable
2
10
11
1
6

V ariable V ariable
7
8

9

1.0000

10

0.7063

1.0000

11

0.4940

0.6811

1.0000

1

-0.0242

-0.0516

-0.0214

1.0000

2

-0.1 0 0 4

-0.1722

-0.1 9 6 4

0.5856

1.0000

6

-0.0 4 6 0

-0.1838

-0.1802

0.1517

0.1983

1.0000

7

-0. 0488

-0.0285

-0.1647

0.0462

0.0670

0.2859

1.0000

8

0.0663

0.1432

0.1019

0.0548

0.0245

0.1105

0.2656

1.0000

TABLE XV—Continued

F a c to r V

F a c to r IV
F a c to r V ariab le

F a c to r
IV

F a c to r
V

F a c to r
VI

V ariab le
3

V ariab le
4

V ariab le
12

V ariab le
13

V ariab le
14

F a c to r VI
V ariab le
5

3

1.0000

4

-0.2945

1.0000

12

-0.0867

0.1813

1.0000

13

0.0153

-0.0027

-0.0697

1.0000

14

0.1386

0.0024

0.0060

0.0693

1.0000

5

0.0992

-0.1352

0.1299

0.0401

0.0157

1.0000

15

-0.2765

0.1195

-0 . 3410

0. 0302

-0.1222

-0.3275

V ariab le
15

1.0000