7 0 -9 6 6 3
WINGARD, N orm an Edw ard, 1936ECONOMIC AND PETROGRAPHIC EVALUATION
O F GRAVEL RESOURCES IN SOUTHERN
MICHIGAN.
M ichigan S tate U n iv e r sity , P h .D ., 1969
G eology
U niversity M icrofilm s, Inc., A n n A rbor, M ichigan

ECONOMIC A N D PETRO GRAPHIC EVA LUATIO N
OF G RAV EL R ESO U R C ES IN SO UTHERN MICHIGAN
by
-

“H

' i»-"
N orm an E? W ingard

A THESIS
S u b m itted to
M ich igan State U n iv e r s ity
in p a r tia l fu lfillm e n t o f th e r e q u ir e m e n ts
fo r th e d e g r e e o f
DOCTOR O F PHILOSOPHY
D ep a rtm en t o f G eo lo g y
1969

PLEASE NOTE:

Some pag*;s have small
and indistinct type.
Filmed as received.
University Microfilms

A BST R A C T
ECONOMIC AN D FETRO GRAPHIC EVALUATIO N
O F G R A V EL RESO URC ES IN SO UTH ERN MICHIGAN
By
N orm an E . W ingard

A p ilo t stu d y of g la c ia l g r a v e ls in M ich igan w a s u n d ertak en to d e te r m in e
p e tro g r a p h ic v a r ia b le s to b e r e la te d to th e g e o lo g y o f th e d e p o s its and t o th e ir
e c o n o m ic e x p lo ita tio n .
S a m p le s w e r e o b ta in ed o v e r an a r e a o f a p p r o x im a te ly 1 7 ,0 0 0 sq u a r e m i le s
in so u th e r n and w e s te r n M ich igan in in itia l p ilo t and su p p le m e n ta l p h a s e s o f
th e in v e s tig a tio n .
T h e g r a v e l d e p o s its a r e c la s s if ie d g e n e tic a lly on th e b a s i s of th e a p p a r­
en t d om in an t e n v iro n m en t o f d e p o sitio n .

T h is n o r m a lly r e f l e c t s th e la s t c y c le

o f d e p o s itio n fo r m uch i f not m o s t o f th e m a te r ia l c o m p r is in g th e d e p o s it.
A n e s s e n t ia lly h o m o g e n e o u s s u ite o f lith o lo g ie s i s found in a ll s a m p le s .
T he r e la t iv e q u a n titie s o f v a r io u s r o c k ty p e s v a r y w ith in n a rro w lim it s bu t a r e
s y s t e m a t ic o v e r la r g e a r e a s .

T h e se v a r ia tio n s r e la t e to th e g e o m e tr y o f th e

b e d r o c k o u tc r o p s r e la t iv e to flow p ath s o f g la c ia l i c e and g la c io flu v ia l t r a n s ­
p o rta tio n .

T h is s y s t e m a t ic v a r ia tio n sh o u ld a llo w a p p ro x im a te c o m p o sitio n a l

e s t im a t e s t o b e m a d e fo r d r ift m a te r ia ls w ith in th e a r e a .

C erta in lith o lo g ic

ty p e s ca n b e r e la t e d to th e ir b e d r o c k s o u r c e , w h e r e a s o t h e r s , e s p e c ia lly
c a r b o n a te s a r e o ften n o n -d is tin c tiv e .
D istr ib u tio n o f m a t e r ia ls in th e d e p o s its i s a p p a re n tly c a u se d by

N orm an E . W ingard

d ir e c tio n a l d e v ia tio n o f i c e p a th s b e tw e e n d iffe r e n t a d v a n c e s , c h a n g e s o f d ir e c ­
tio n w ith in in d iv id u a l i c e m a s s e s , and d is p e r s io n o f m a t e r ia ls b e c a u s e o f th e
m e c h a n ic s o f i c e m o v e m e n t com p ou n d ed by th e e ff e c t s o f se d im e n t r e - c y c l in g .
P a r t ic le s i z e d is tr ib u tio n in d ic a te s th a t e v e n w h e r e s tr o n g d ir e c tio n a l
o r ie n ta tio n o f th e d e p o s itin g m ed iu m i s r e v e a le d b y c r o s s -b e d d in g , no s ig n if ­
ic a n t r e la tio n s h ip e x i s t s b e tw e e n th is o r ie n ta tio n and th e s i z e d is tr ib u tio n o f
m a t e r ia ls .
P r o g la c ia l d e p o s its d is p la y a s lig h t ly b e t t e r m e a n s o r t in g th an i c e c o n ta ct
d e p o s its , h o w e v e r , th e f o r m e r a r e r a r e ly w e l l s o r t e d .

A w id e r a n g e o f o v e r ­

la p fo r so r tin g v a lu e s b e tw e e n t h e s e c a t e g o r ie s i s in te r p r e te d a s la r g e ly c a u s e d
b y th e e f f e c t s o f p r e v io u s c y c l e s of g la c ia l and p r o g la c ia l a c tiv ity .

P r o g la c ia l

ch a n n el d e p o s its c o n ta in th e h ig h e s t p r o p o r tio n o f sa n d .
P h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f in d iv id u a l p a r t ic le s sh ow g e n e r a lly low but
c o n s is te n t c o r r e la t io n s .
T he in itia l p ilo t p h a s e , b a s e d on p eb b le c o u n ts, v e r s u s the su p p le m e n ta l
p h a se u sin g a p eb b le v o lu m e p r o c e d u r e sh o w s th at e ith e r m eth od c a n b e u s e d
to d e s c r ib e a r e a l v a r ia tio n s in th e d is tr ib u tio n of lith o lig ic com p on en ts; how ­
e v e r , th e r e la t iv e v o lu m e s o f co m p o n en ts m o r e c le a r ly r e la t e to th e n a tu ra l
d is tr ib u tio n s and th e p r o c e d u r e is m o r e e ffic ie n t.
P r o v e n a n c e and d is p e r s a l a r e b a s i c c o n s id e r a tio n s in th e in te r p r e ta tio n
o f th e d is tr ib u tio n o f d r ift m a t e r ia ls .

F a c to r s a r e lo c a tio n of b e d r o c k o u tc r o p

o r su b c ro p b en eath th e d r ift, s tr u c tu r e and d istr ib u tio n o f b e d r o c k u n its,
g la c ia l lo b a tio n , a s s o c ia t e d m o r a in e s or m o r a in a l s y s t e m , and th e type o f
d e p o s it b a s e d on m o r p h o lo g y , s tr u c tu r e , and r e la tio n s h ip s to o th e r
d e p o s its .

N o r m a n E . W ingard

S y s te m a tic r e g io n a l v a r ia tio n s in th e c o m p o sitio n o f d r ift m a t e r ia ls a r e
b e s t r e f le c t e d b y g ro u p in g a ll r o c k ty p e s in to a th r e e com p on en t s y s t e m c o n ­
s is t in g o f c r y s t a llin e s , e l a s t i c s , and c a r b o n a te s .

A fin e r b rea k d o w n o f th e

lith o lo g ic s u ite and o th e r m e a s u r e d v a r ia b le s , in clu d in g s i z e fr e q u e n c y d i s ­
trib u tio n and p h y s ic a l and c h e m ic a l p r o p e r tie s o f in d iv id u a l c o m p o n en ts a r e
n e e d e d o n ly fo r lo c a l o r d e ta ile d s tu d ie s of in d iv id u a l g r a v e l d e p o s it s .
G e n e r a lly h ig h e r c la s t ic co n ten t o c c u r s in d e p o s its r e la te d to th e Saginaw
G la c ia l Lobe th an in t h o s e a s s o c ia t e d w ith th e Lake M ich ig a n L ob e, th e
r e v e r s e situ a tio n m a y o c c u r , h o w e v e r .
C la stic to c a r b o n a te and c r y s t a llin e to to ta l se d im e n ta r y r o c k r a tio m a p s
p r o v id e c o m p lim e n ta r y in te r p r e ta tio n o f p r o v e n a n c e and d is p e r s a l:

e la s tic s

r e la t e p r in c ip a lly to lo c a l s o u r c e s o f d ilu tio n , c r y s t a llin e s to r e s id u a l c o n ­
c e n tr a tio n s p ro d u ced b y se d im e n ta r y r e - c y c lin g and m u ltip le g la c ia tio n s ,
and c a r b o n a te s t o a g e n e r a l b ack grou n d le v e l p rod u ced b y m u ltip le p e r ip h e r a l
so u rces.
R e g io n a l e v a lu a tio n of th e g r a v e ls i s in te r p r e te d in t e r m s o f th e ir
e n g in e e r in g p o te n tia l.

G ra v e l q u a lity w h ich i s depend en t upon th e am ount o f

d e le t e r io u s m a te r ia l p r e s e n t v a r ie s g e o g r a p h ic a lly a s a c o n se q u e n c e o f th e
n o n -u n ifo r m ity o f n a tu ra l in te r a c tio n s .

V a r ia tio n s in lith o lo g ic con ten t c a n

b e u s e d to p r e d ic t th e r a n g e o f p e tro g r a p h ic c h a r a c t e r is t ic s r e la tin g to c o n ­
c r e t e a g g r e g a te s u ita b ility .
M a te r ia l th a t c o n s titu te s good c o n c r e te a g g r e g a te i s th a t w h ic h i s c h e m ­
ic a lly sta b le and p h y s ic a lly sou nd w h en e n c a s e d in p ortlan d c e m e n t and

N orm an E . W ingard

ex p o sed to w e a th e rin g .

D e le te r io u s rock ty p e s found in M ichigan g r a v e ls a r e

p rin cip a lly s h a le , c h e r t, fer ru g in o u s clay c o n c r e tio n s , fr ia b le sa n d sto n e s,
s ilt s t o n e s , and o th er ro ck s w ith p la n es of w e a k n e s s .

P h y sic a l and c h e m ic a l

d u ra b ility m ay b e in flu en ced by c o a tin g s, o r w ea th erin g .
E n g in eerin g t e s t s on c o n c r e te m ade fr o m the g r a v e l sa m p le s show that
c h ert and fer r u g in o u s c o n cretio n s a r e the m o s t h arm fu l com p onents in te r m s
o f fr e e z e -th a w d u rab ility.
The p ercen t of d e le te r io u s m a te r ia ls sh o w s an e x p e c te d in v e r s e r e la tio n ­
sh ip to th e bulk s p e c if ic g r a v ity of the a g g r e g a te and a d ir e c t r e la tio n sh ip w ith
p ercen t a b so rp tio n .

No r e la tio n sh ip w a s o b s e r v e d b e tw e en d e le te r io u s con­

ten t and fle x u r a l o r c o m p r e ss iv e stren g th o f the c o n c r e te .
P o ten tia l a lk a li r e a c tiv ity of th e a g g r e g a te in d ic a te s a probable r e la tio n
to the p e r ce n t o f c h e r t p r e se n t.
The su m of th e en gin eerin g t e s t s on th e a g g r e g a te s s u g g e s ts that heavy
m ed ia sep a ra tio n should b e su ffic ie n t for r em o v in g m o st d e le te r io u s c o m ­
ponents fro m the M ichigan g r a v e ls .

O ver b e n e fic ia tio n can b e avoided b y fo l­

low ing g u id elin e s e sta b lish e d b y r e g io n a l lith o lo g ic a n a ly s is of th e g r a v e l
so u rces.

ACKNOW LEDGEMENTS

The p r o je c t w a s c a r r ie d out under th e a u s p ic e s o f th e R e s e a r c h Lab­
o r a to r y S e c tio n o f th e M ichigan D ep artm en t of S ta te H ighw ays a s a H ighway
P lanning and R e s e a r c h P r o je c t sp o n s o r e d join tly b y th e D ep artm en t and th e
F e d e r a l B u rea u of P u b lic R o a d s.
T hanks a r e due to th e e n tir e la b o ra to ry s t a ff, m any o f w hom con trib u ted
m a te r ia lly w ith p atien t p a rticip a tio n in th e la b o ra to ry w o rk o r w ith c o n v e r ­
sa tio n and id e a s .

It i s not p o s s ib le to c it e e v e r y p e r so n who con trib u ted to

one o r m o r e p h a se s o f th e p r o je c t.
m en tio n .

S e v e r a l, h o w ev e r, do r e q u ir e s p e c ia l

T h ey in c lu d e M . G . B row n , w ho o r ig in a te d th e p r o je c t b y p r o ­

p o sin g th a t a g g r e g a te so u r c e stu d ie s b e done b y th e D ep a rtm en t.

G ordon

Y ettaw and B . P . Shah contrib uted su b sta n tia lly to th e in itia l p etro g r a p h ic
a n a ly s is .

T . A . H erb ert h elp ed to d e v e lo p th e volu m e pebb le a n a ly s is te c h ­

nique b y w o rk in g a s f ie ld a s s is ta n t and la b o ra to ry p e tro g r a p h er in th e su p ­
p lem en ta l p h a se .

M any o f th e id e a s d ev elo p ed h ave b e e n in flu en ced b y con­

v e r sa tio n s w ith M r. H erb ert and by h is c r it ic a l r e v ie w and c o m m e n ts on the
m a n u sc rip t.

ii

CO NTENTS

Page
IN T R O D U C T IO N ................................................................................................................................

1

LOCATION A N D E X T E N T O F A R E A ..................................................................................

4

G E O L O G Y ........................................................................................................................................ .
B e d r o ck ......................................................................................................................................
P le is t o c e n e G eo lo g y o f M ic h ig a n ..................................................................................
Saginaw L o b e ............................................................................................................................
L a n d form s v s . D e p o s it s .....................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
K arnes
K ettle L a k e s ...................................................................................................................
O utw ash P la in s .....................................................................................................
Lake B e d s .........................................................................................................................
D e p o s i t s ......................................................................................................................................
C la s s if ic a t io n o f D e p o s it s ...................
S o u rc e o f M a te r ia ls ...............................................................................................................

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11
H
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P R O C E D U R E S ...................................................................................................................................
P r e lim in a r y F ie ld W ork . ................................
S a m p lin g .......................................................
M ec h a n ic a l A n a l y s i s .................................................................................................
P e tr o g r a p h ic A n a l y s i s .........................................................................................................
S p h e r i c it y .........................................................................................................................
R o u n d n e s s .........................................................................................................................
L ith o lo g ic I d e n tific a tio n ............................................................................................
L ith o lo g ic T e r m in o lo g y ............................................................................................
T h in S e c t i o n s ..........................................
P h y s ic a l and C h em ica l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ........................................................
S u r fa c e T e x t u r e ..........................................................................
C o a t i n g s ............................................................................................................................
F r a c t u r e s .........................................................................................................................
S t r e n g t h ............................................................................................................................
D e g r e e o f W e a t h e r in g ...............................................................................................
O rg a n ic M a tte r ...............................................................................................................
P o te n tia lly A lk a li R e a c tiv e , P r e s e n c e o f S o lu b le s , S u lfid e s ,
o r P o te n tia l B a s e E x c h a n g e ........................................................................

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C h e m ic a l A n a ly s i s ........................... .
C a r b o n a te s .........................................................................................................................
C a lciu m and M a g n esiu m D e te r m in a tio n s o f C arbon ate R o c k s ..............
P o te n tia l A lk a li R e a c t i v i t y .........................
E n g in e e r in g T e s t s of C o n c r e te B e a m s ........................................................................

33
33
34
37
40

PETROLOGY O F G LACIAL G R A V E L S ...............................................................................
F o r m o f D a t a ....................................................................
A n a ly tic a l P r o c e d u r e ............................................................................................................
P h a s e 1 ...............................................................................................................................
P r o g r a m " P e r c e n t " ...........................................................................................
P r o g r a m " L e a st S q u a r e s " ...........................................................................
P h a s e 2 . . .....................................................................................................................
P a r t ic le S iz e A n a l y s i s .....................................................................................
Q u a r tile M e a s u r e s .....................................................................................
S o r t i n g .......................................................................
P h y s ic a l C h a r a c te r is tic s o f P a r t i c l e s ................................................................ . . •
R o u n d n e s s ........................................................................................................................
S p h e r i c i t y ........................................................................................................................
S u rfa c e T e x t u r e ...........................................................................................................
W e a th er in g ........................................................................................................................
S p e c ific G ravity
........................................................................................................
P e r c e n t A b s o r p t io n .....................................................................................................
P h y s ic a l D u r a b ilit y .....................................................................................................
C h em ica l C h a r a c te r is tic s o f P a r t i c l e s .....................................................................
R e la tio n sh ip s b e tw e e n P e tr o g r a p h ic V a r i a b l e s ....................................................
D istr ib u tio n of L i t h o l o g i e s ..............................................................................................
W ithin Individual S a m p le s ........................................................................................
B e tw e e n S a m p le s ...........................................................................................................
S u p p lem en tal Study o f L ith o lo g ic D is tr ib u tio n ........................................................
V olu m e P e b b le A n a l y s i s .........................
L o c a tio n and E x ten t o f E xpanded A r e a o f S tu d y ...........................................
Sa m p lin g P r o c e d u r e .....................................................................................................
L ab oratory P r o c e d u r e ..............................................................................................
P r e lim in a r y H andling........................................................................................
L ith o lo g ic S e p a r a tio n ........................................................................................
In fe r e n c e s fr o m A n a ly s is of L ith o lo g ic D i s t r i b u t i o n .......................................

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A P P L IC A T IO N TO ENGINEERING USAGE O F AGGREGATE M A T E R IA L S. .
A p p lica tio n o f P e tr o g r a p h ic A n a ly s is to C o n cr ete A g g r e g a te S ou rce
E x p lo r a tio n and E v a lu a tio n .....................................................................................
F a c to r s R e la tin g to A g g r e g a te S u i t a b i l i t y ..............................................................
C o a t i n g s ...........................................................................................................................
W ea th erin g ........................................................................................................................
S h a p e ..................................................................................................................................
O ther P h y s ic a l W e a k n e s s e s .................................................................................

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S3
S3
S3
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C h e m ic a l D u r a b i l i t y ..................................................................................................
E n g in e e r in g T e s t R e s u l t s ..................................................................................................
B u lk S p e c ific G ra v ity v e r s u s P e r c e n t P o te n tia l D e l e t e r i o u s ..............
V acuum A b so r p tio n v e r s u s P e r c e n t P o te n tia l D e l e t e r i o u s .................
F r e e z e and Thaw D u r a b ility v e r s u s P e r c e n t P o te n tia l D e le t e r io u s .
F le x u r a l S tren gth ( p s i)v e r s u s P e r c e n t P o te n tia l D e le t e r io u s .............
2 8 Day C o m p r e s s iv e S tren g th v e r s u s P e r c e n t P o te n tia l D e le te r io u s
P o te n tia l A lk a li R e a c tiv ity , D is s o lv e d S ilic a , v e r s u s R e d u ctio n in
A l k a l i n i t y ...........................................................................................................
D e le te r io u s C o n stitu e n ts and B e n e fic ia tio n o f M ich igan G la c ia l G r a v e l
S an d ston e and F e r r u g in o u s C o n c r e tio n s in G r a v e l S o u r c e s o f
C alhoun, E a to n , Ingham and J a c k so n C o u n tie s .................................
High C hert C ontent in A r e a s o f O akland, G e n e s e e , S h ia w a s s e e ,
and L iv in g sto n C o u n ties and th e K a la m a z o o , Calhoun County
A r e a ............................................................................................................................
F e r r u g in o u s C o n c r e tio n s and S h ale C on ten t in A lle g a n and O ttawa
C o u n t i e s ...................
T otal D e l e t e r i o u s .............................................
E x p lo r a tio n fo r G r a v e l A g g r e g a t e ...............................................................................
E v a lu a tio n .........................................................................................................................
G ra v el P etr o g r a p h y A p p lied to E x p lo r a tio n fo r A g g r e g a t e ..........................

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CO NCLUSIO NS.............................................

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SUGGESTIONS FO R FU R TH ER R E S E A R C H .....................................................................

104

R E F E R E N C E S ...................................................................................................................................

105

A P P E N D I X .........................................................................................................................................

115

v

LIST O F T A B L E S

Sand and g r a v e l p r o d u ctio n in M ich igan fro m 1957 to 1967

2

C la s s ific a tio n o f g la c ia l and r e la te d d e p o s its

15

S ie v e s i z e g r a d e s fo r g r a v e l a n a ly s is

24

L ith o lo g ic t e r m s

30

N o m e n c la tu re o f s e d im e n ta r y c a lc it ic and d o lo m itic c a r b o n a te s

35

R e la tiv e abu nd ance o f lim e s to n e and d o lo m ite

36

M ean s p e c if ic g r a v ity fo r e a c h r o c k typ e

48

M edian c o r r e la tio n b e tw e e n p a ir s o f v a r ia b le s fo r 9 9 r ’s -

S iz e 1

50

M edian c o r r e la tio n b e tw e e n p a ir s of v a r ia b le s fo r 9 9 r 's -

S iz e 2

51

M edian c o r r e la tio n b e tw e e n p a ir s of v a r ia b le s fo r 9 9 r ’s -

S iz e 3

51

G en era l data su m m a r y s h e e t fo r in itia l 99 s a m p le s

115

C h em ica l t e s t data

116

S u m m a ry o f s i z e data

1 17

Q u a r tile m e a s u r e s fo r s i z e fr e q u e n c y a n a ly s is

1 18

M ean s p h e r ic ity fo r a ll r o c k ty p e s b y s i z e g r a d e

119

M ean d e g r e e o f w e a th e r in g fo r a ll r o c k ty p e s b y s i z e g r a d e

120

M ean s u r fa c e te x tu r e fo r a l l r o c k ty p e s by s i z e g r a d e

121

M ean r o u n d n e ss fo r a ll r o c k ty p e s b y s i z e g r a d e

122

M ean d u r a b ility f o r a ll r o c k ty p e s by s i z e g r a d e

123

vi

LIST O F T A B L E S (C o n t.)

20.

M ean a b so r p tio n

124

21.

M ean s p e c if ic g r a v ity

124

v ii

LIST OF FIG URES

1.

Index m ap sh o w in g lo c a tio n o f stu dy a r e a

5

2.

G e o lo g ic m ap o f M ich igan

7

3.

G la c ia l g e o lo g y o f so u th c e n tr a l M ich igan

4.

In ferred d is p e r s a l paths fo r g la c ia lly tr a n sp o r te d m a t e r ia ls

19

5.

D ata s h e e t fo r in it ia l p e tro g r a p h ic a n a ly s is

26

6.

P o te n tia l a lk a li r e a c tiv ity

39

7.

S a m p le c u m u la tiv e s i z e fr e q u e n c y d is tr ib u tio n c u r v e

44

8.

100 p e r c e n t d ia g r a m sh o w in g p e r c e n ta g e s o f c r y s t a llin e , c la s t ic
and ca rb o n a te p e b b le s in in itia l stu d y a r e a

63

100 p e r c e n t d ia g r a m sh o w in g p e r c e n ta g e s of c r y s t a llin e , c la s t ic ,
and ca rb o n a te p e b b le s in su p p le m e n ta l stu d y a r e a

63

10.

P e r c e n t ca rb o n a te r o c k s

65

11.

P e r c e n t c la s t ic r o c k s

66

12 .

P e r c e n t c r y s ta llin e r o c k s

67

13 .

C la s tic /c a r b o n a te r a tio m ap

68

14.

C r y s ta llin e /s e d im e n ta r y r a tio m ap

69

15.

S c a tte r d ia g r a m s of p e r c e n t c h e r t v s . e n g in e e r in g t e s t r e s u lt s

79

16.

S c a tte r d ia g r a m s o f p e r c e n t fe r r u g in o u s c o n c r e tio n s v s . e n g in e e r ­
in g t e s t r e s u lt s

80

17.

S c a tte r d ia g r a m s o f p e r c e n t sh a le v s . e n g in e e r in g t e s t r e s u lt s

81

18.

S c a tte r d ia g r a m s o f p e r c e n t sa n d sto n e v s . e n g in e e r in g t e s t r e s u lt s

82

9.

v iii

9

LIST O F FIGURES (C o n t.)

19.

S c a tter d ia g r a m s o f to ta l p o ten tia l d e le te r io u s v s . e n g in e e r in g te s t
r e s u lt s

83

20.

Map o f p e r c e n t fe r r u g in o u s c o n c r e tio n s

90

21.

Map o f p e r c e n t c h e r t

92

22.

Map o f p e r c e n t to ta l d e le te r io u s

97

ix

INTRODUCTION

The study w a s undertaken at the r eq u e st of the R e se a r c h L ab oratory
Section o f the M ichigan D epartm ent o f State H ighw ays.

T he need w a s e x p r e s s e d

fo r m o re d eta ile d know ledge of th e g la c ie r -r e la te d d e p o sits of M ichigan w hich
s e r v e a s the p rin cip al so u r c e o f a g g reg a te m a te r ia ls for c o n crete c o n str u c ­
tio n .
The o r ig in a l sta te d o b je c tiv e s w e re :
1.

"To d ev elo p a c la s s ific a tio n s y s te m fo r g la c ia l a g g r e g a te s b a se d on

g e o lo g ic a l h isto r y and o r ig in .
2.

"To d eterm in e th e en g in eerin g p r o p e r tie s o f a r e p r e se n ta tiv e num ber

o f g la c ia l a g g r e g a te s fro m v a rio u s g e o lo g ic a l backgroun ds.
3.

"To d eterm in e if any c o r r e la tio n s e x is t b etw een g o e lo g ic a l b a ck ­

ground and e n g in e er in g p r o p e r tie s u sed for p red ictin g p erfo rm a n ce of a g ­
g r e g a te s .
4.

"To v e r ify by ex p erim en ta l m ean s w h eth er rea so n a b le p red ictio n for

p erfo rm a n ce o f a g g r e g a te s in p avem en ts can b e m ade by c la s sify in g th e g eo ­
lo g ic a l background of th e a g g r e g a te s. "
The dem and fo r lo w -c o s t a g g r eg a te m a te r ia ls for c o n c re te str u c tu r e s and
highw ays has b e e n con stan tly in c r e a sin g w h ile the m o re r ea d ily a v a ila b le , high
quality s o u r c e s a r e b e in g d ep leted .

M ichigan is th e seco n d la r g e s t producer

o f sand and g r a v e l in th e nation, w ith an annual produ ction in 1966 of o v e r 55

m illio n t o n s , a t th e valu e of n e a r ly 50 m illio n d o lla r s .

P ro d u ctio n fig u r e s fo r

san d and g r a v e l in M ich igan fo r th e 10 y e a r p e r io d o f 1957 th rou gh 1966 a r e
g iv en in T a b le 1.
TABLE 1
Sand and G ra v e l P ro d u ctio n in M ich ig a n fr o m 1957 to 1966

Y ear

M illio n
S h ort T on s

V alue in T h ou san d s o f D o lla r s

R ank in U . S .

1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966

4 1 ,8 3 8
3 9 , 871
4 8 ,0 5 2
4 6 ,9 1 0
5 4 , 603
4 7 ,5 6 3
5 0 ,4 5 8
5 1 ,9 2 1
5 3 ,1 6 8
5 5 ,1 2 3

3 5 ,1 4 4
3 4 ,6 1 6
4 1 ,1 9 3
3 9 ,3 0 4
4 7 ,7 9 0
4 2 ,0 2 9
4 3 ,4 3 3
4 4 ,4 0 5
4 7 ,1 7 6
4 9 ,5 2 1

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

T he o v e r -r id in g p u rp o se o f th e p r o ject i s to e s ta b lis h th e b a s is fo r a
sta te w id e s u r v e y of a l l g r a v e l s o u r c e s in M ich igan .

T o im p le m e n t th e stu d y ,

an a r e a o f M ichigan w a s s e le c t e d fo r in v e stig a tio n w h e r e h e a v ie s t u s e o f a g ­
g r e g a te o c c u r s (exclu d in g th e D e tr o it m e tr o p o litia n a r e ail and, c o n se q u e n tly ,
w h er e th e m o s t c r it ic a l n eed fo r d e ta ile d k n ow led ge o f th e s o u r c e s w a s fe lt.
In itia l w o r k w a s fo c u s e d around fiv e m e tr o p o lita n c e n te r s :

L a n sin g , J a c k so n ,

K a la m a z o o -B a ttle C r e e k , G rand R a p id s, and F lin t.
A ll known p its w e r e v is ite d and, w h e r e g e o lo g ic a lly r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s a m p le s
w e r e c o n s id e r e d o b ta in a b le b y hand s h o v e llin g te c h n iq u e s, w e r e s a m p le d . G en­
e r a lly b e tw e e n 600 and 1000 pounds o f g r a v e l w e r e r e m o v e d fo r la b o r a to ry
a n a ly s is .

S am p lin g w a s done b y cu ttin g v e r t ic a l c h a n n e ls in a s m an y e x p o su r e

3
f a c e s a s p o s s ib le , a u g m en ted by sp o t s a m p le s w h e r e c h a n n el s a m p le s c o u ld not
b e o b ta in ed .
L a b o ra to ry e x a m in a tio n o f th e s a m p le s in c lu d e d p e tr o g r a p h ic d e t e r ­
m in a tio n o f th e p e b b le s , and s p e c ia liz e d a n a ly s e s o f s e le c t e d p e b b le s .

Such

s p e c ia l a n a ly s is in c lu d e d x - r a y d iffr a c tio n , th in s e c t io n , and c h e m ic a l.

E n­

g in e e r in g -ty p e t e s t s w e r e p e r fo r m e d on c o n c r e te s p e c im e n s m a d e fr o m e a c h
s a m p le in o r d e r to c o r r e la t e p o te n tia l e n g in e e r in g p e r fo r m a n c e w ith g e o lo g ic
and p e tr o g r a p h ic v a r ia b le s .
P r e lim in a r y in te r p r e ta tio n o f th e in itia l p ilo t data fr o m 99 s o u r c e s
r e v e a le d th e n eed to ex te n d th e g e o g r a p h ic a r e a o f in v e s tig a tio n .

A su p ­

p le m en ta l stu d y w a s d on e to t e s t d e r iv e d g e o lo g ic a l in f e r e n c e s and to d e v e lo p
and im p le m e n t m o r e e ff e c t iv e f ie ld and la b o r a to r y te c h n iq u e s b a s e d on know­
led g e g a in ed b y th e in it ia l p h a se .

l o c a t io n a n d e x t e n t o f a r e a

T he in itia l stu d y a r e a s p a n s a p p r o x im a te ly 7500 sq u a r e m ile s c o n stitu tin g
m o s t o f th e c e n tr a l p a rt o f th e so u th e r n q u a r te r o f M ic h ig a n 's lo w e r p en in su la
a s sh ow n by th e s o lid lin e on F ig u r e 1.
S e le c tio n of c e n tr a l so u th e r n M ich igan fo r th e stu d y w a s b a s e d on the
c r it ic a l n eed fo r n ea rb y s o u r c e s o f su ita b le m a t e r ia ls fo r c o n c r e te a g g r e g a te .
The s i z e o f th e a r e a w a s c o n s id e r e d a p p r o p r ia te fo r a p ilo t stu d y to d e te r m in e
th e g e n e r a l r e la tio n s h ip on a r e g io n a l b a s i s .

The a r e a i s in clu d ed b e tw e e n

la titu d e s 4 2 ° and 4 3 ° 1 5 T n o rth and lo n g itu d es 8 3 ° 15' and 8 6 ° w e s t .

It co m ­

p r i s e s a ll o r p o r tio n s of 19 c o u n tie s w ith E aton County at it s a p p ro x im a te c e n ­
te r .

T he a r e a c o n ta in s and su r r o u n d s th e fiv e m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s o f L a n sin g ,

J a c k so n , B a ttle C r e e k - K a la m a z o o , G rand R a p id s, and F lin t.
p le m e n ta l stu d y a r e a i s d e s c r ib e d on p age 5 9 .

4

T he su p ­

5

AREA OF
SUPPLEMENTAL
STUDY

i

AREA OF
INITIAL
STUDY

F ig u r e 1 .

Index m ap sh ow in g lo c a tio n o f stu d y a r e a .

GEOLOGY

Bedrock

T he m a te r ia ls that m ak e up th e g r a v e ls and th e oth er g la c ia l d e p o s its a r e
d e r iv e d e n tir e ly fr o m th e u n d erlyin g b e d r o c k o v e r w h ich th e g la c ie r s sp re a d .
In M ichigan th e s e m a te r ia ls w e r e ground out o f th e r o c k s o f th e M ichigan b a s in
u p str ea m fr o m th e ir p la c e o f d e p o sitio n o r w e r e r e m o v e d fr o m th e Canadian
S h ield a r e a o f P r e c a m b r ia n c r y s ta llin e r o c k s in Canada.

F ig u r e 2 i s a g en ­

e r a liz e d g e o lo g ic m ap of M ich igan .
P le is to c e n e G eo lo g y o f M ichigan
T he g la c ia l fe a tu r e s o f th e so u th ern p e n in su la , d e v e lo p ed during the
W isco n sin a n g la c ia l s ta g e , a r e r e la te d to th r e e ic e lo b e s w hich c o a le s c e d to
fo rm a co n tin en ta l ic e s h e e t, a t th e tim e o f m axim u m ic e e x te n t but w e r e m o r e
o r l e s s d is tin c t du rin g ad v a n ce and r e tr e a t.

T h e s e w e r e th e M ichigan o r Lake

M ichigan Lobe w h ich o ccu p ied th e p r e se n t Lake M ichigan b a s in , th e Saginaw
Lobe w h ich exten d ed so u th w e s te r ly fro m Saginaw B ay, and H u ro n -E rie Lobe
w h ich o ccu p ied th e Lake E r ie b a s i n , th e so u th ern p art o f Lake Huron b a s in ,
and th e p o rtio n o f O ntario b e tw e en the tw o b a s in s .
D e p o sitio n of m a te r ia ls b y ic e and m eltw a te r a s s o c ia te d w ith one o r m o re
o f t h e s e th r e e lo b e s h a s p rod u ced a n o rth -so u th s u c c e s s io n of m o r a in e s . T h e se
a r e d e s c r ib e d in d e ta il e ls e w h e r e (L e v e r e tt and T a y lo r , 1915).

M o ra in es and

LEGEND
JURASSIC
PENNSYLVANIAN

M ISSISSIPPIAN
MISSISSIPPIAN DEVONIAN
D E V O N I AN

SILU RIAN

ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN

PRE - CAMBRIAN

th eir a s s o c ia t e d outw ash d e p o s its in th is p r in c ip a l stu dy a r e a can b e s e e n in
F ig u re 3.
To s im p lify d is c u s s io n , th e s e m o r a in e s w e r e grou p ed b y L e v e r e tt (1915)
into m o r a in ic s y s t e m s .

The s y s t e m s a r e g ro u p s o f a s s o c ia te d m o r a in e s o f a

giv en lobe o r th o se w ith s im ila r in te r lo b a te r e la tio n s h ip s .
M ost o f th e m ajor m o r a in e s o f th e so u th ern h a lf o f th e L ow er P en in su la o f
M ichigan a r e in clu d ed in L e v e r e tt’s K alam azoo and V a lp a r a iso m o r a in ic
s y s t e m s o f th e Lake M ich igan L obe, th e K alam azoo and C h arlotte s y s t e m s o f
th e Saginaw L ob e, and th e M is s is s in a w a , S a la m o n ie , W abash, and F o rt W ayne
m o r a in e s of th e H u ro n -E rie L obe, and th e in te rlo b a te b e lt s b etw een th e Lake
M ichigan and Saginaw L ob es and b e tw e e n th e Saginaw and H u r o n -E r ie L o b es.
The m o r e w eak ly d e v e lo p ed m o r a in e s in clu d e th e S tu rg is and T ekonsha
m o r a in e s, fo r m e d during r e c e s s io n o f the Saginaw L ob e, but b o r d e r in g a ll
th ree lo b e s; th e Lake B o r d e r M orain ic S y stem of th e L ake M ichigan L obe, a
s e r i e s o f w e a k ly d ev elo p ed m o r a in e s in th e Saginaw b a s in ; and the grou p o f
m o r a in e s b e tw e en H uron and E r ie b a s in s in clu d in g th e P o rt Huron M orain ic
S y ste m , th e B irm in g h a m , M t. C le m e n s, E m m e tt, e t c .

T he P o rt Huron

M oraine, h o w e v e r , i s lo c a lly w e ll d e v e lo p ed and la r g e ly continuous alon g m uch
of the e a s te r n s id e o f th e Southern P en in su la (L e v e r e tt and T a y lo r , 1 9 1 5 ).
A la te r r e -a d v a n c e by g la c ia l i c e i s r e p r e s e n te d b y the V a ld e r s T ill.
T his la r g e ly c o n s is t s o f lo w , fla t ground m o ra in e co m p o se d of red t i l l

G B A

UUSKE&ON

GE N

OUTHAIH OA
C l ACIAI. DAA'NAbf

ttA lt

' iO*.OOO

SURFIC1AL GEOLOGY OF SOUTH CENTRAL MICHIGAN
i i n i i

F i g u r e :i.

tiv in trr

> it « >

G la c ia l g eo lo g y o f s o u th c e n t r a l M ic h ig a n .

10
b o r d e r in g L ake M ich igan to th e north, (M elhorn, 1 953).
Saginaw Lobe
T he m a t e r ia ls for th e in itia l stu dy w e r e ta k en p r in c ip a lly fr o m Saginaw
Lobe d e p o s its and, in p a r t, fr o m the con tigu ou s in te r lo b a te a r e a s .

A b r ie f

d is c u s s io n is th e r e f o r e , p r e se n te d .
The c e n tr a l g la c ia l lobe in so u th ern lo w e r M ich igan , th e Saginaw , m oved
so u th w estw ard fro m th e Saginaw b a s in in to Indiana.

T h is lob e m e lte d b a ck

w h ile the Lake M ichigan and H u r o n -E r ie lo b e s s t i l l r e a c h e d in to Indiana.
The r e la tiv e w e a k n e s s o f th e Saginaw L obe a s c o m p a red to it s n eighb oring
lo b e s w a s due to th e fa c t th at b eyon d th e Saginaw b a s in th e ic e tr a v e r s e d
a c r o s s m o r e e le v a te d co u n try .

T h is r e s u lte d in l e s s th ic k n e ss and w ea k er

d ev elo p m en t o f th e ic e (L e v e r e tt and T a y lo r , 1915).
S e v e r a l str o n g m o r a in e s d e v e lo p ed in M ichigan by th e Saginaw Lobe ic e .
L ev erett b e lie v e d that p rom in an t m o r a in e s could b e fo rm e d by r e c e s s i o n o f
th is r e la tiv e ly s m a ll ic e lob e b e c a u s e o f in c r e a s e d lo a d o f d r ift m a te r ia l
c a u sed b y th e c o n v e r g e n c e of th e th r e e lo b e s .

T h is load m a y , in fa ct, have

b een a fa cto r in th e w e a k n e s s of m o v em e n t o f th e Saginaw L obe.
South o f th e Grand R iv e r Channel (occu p ied , in p a rt, b y th e M aple R iv er)
the d istr ib u tio n o f m o r a in e s h a s b e e n g r e a tly in flu en ced b y th e r e la tio n o f the
Saginaw Lobe to th e top ograp h y.
D e sc r ip tio n s o f th e in d ivid u al m o r a in e s in th is group can b e found on

11
p a g e s 238 to 240 o f U . S . G e o lo g ic a l S u rv e y M onograph 5 3 .
L a n d fo rm s v e r s u s D e p o s its
T h e m o s t e x te n s iv e g la c ia l fo r m s a r e r e c e s s io n a l m o r a in e s , ground
m o r a in e s o r t i l l p la in s , lak e p la in s , and g r a v e l o r ou tw ash p la in s .

R eces­

s io n a l m o r a in e s m a rk p o s itio n s o f th e g la c ie r fro n t su b seq u en t to th e b u ild in g
o f th e te r m in a l o r end m o r a in e .

T h e s e r e p r e s e n t t im e s w h en a c c r e tio n o f ic e

and m e ltin g w e r e n e a r ly b a la n c e d .

T h e s e m o r a in e s m ay b e land la id o r w a te r

la id , depend ing on w h e th e r d e p o s itio n w a s on land o r in w a te r ponded in fron t
o f th e g la c ie r .
G round m o r a in e s o r t i l l p la in s l ie b e tw e e n s u c c e s s i v e r e c e s s io n a l m o r a in e s .
T hey in d ic a te a r e a s w h e r e th e r e c e d in g g la c ie r d e p o s its i t s load o f h e te r o g e n e o u s
m a te r ia l w ith ou t s o r tin g .
K arn es.

L o c a lly t i ll p la in s a r e r e w o r k e d b y m e lt w a t e r s .

A "kam e" i s an ic e - c o n t a c t fe a tu r e .

A t l e a s t tw o p r in c ip a l

m eth o d s o f o r ig in h a v e b e e n p o stu la te d (F lin t, 1 9 5 7 , pp. 1 4 7 -1 4 8 ).

One m eth o d

i s th e a c c u m u la tio n o f d e b r is on or in th e s u r f a c e o f sta g n a n t i c e w h ich la ter
m e lt s to le a v e t h is a c c u m u la tio n in a su p p o se d ly c h a r a c t e r is t ic co n e sh a p e .
o th er is fo r a d e lta o r o u tw ash con e to b e b u ilt in fr o n t o f th e i c e .

T he

L a te r m e ltin g

o f th e ic e c a u s e s c o lla p s e on th e s id e tow ard th e i c e and is o la tio n o f th e r e m a in ­
ing m ound.
sh ee t.

In a d d itio n , " k am es" m ay o r ig in a te a s c r e v a s s e f illin g s in th e ic e

A c c o r d in g to S p ark s (1960), "A lthough t h e s e fo r m s a r e r e c o g n iz a b le

12
w h en th e ir in itia l sh a p e i s w e ll p r e s e r v e d , th e y m a y d e g e n e r a te s lo w ly , through
th e a c tio n o f e r o s io n , to s h a p e le s s m ounds o f g r a v e l, at w h ich s ta te it i s v e ry
d iffic u lt to d e te r m in e th e ir o r ig in . M " K am es" th u s , a s w ith m a n y oth er
to p o g ra p h ic f e a tu r e s , a r e p o ly g e n e tic .

T h e ir s u r fa c e e x p r e s s io n o r lan d form

d o e s not n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e s e n t any s p e c if ic d e p o s itio n a l e n v ir o n m e n t.
K ettle L a k e s.

K e ttle s o r k e ttle la k e s a r e ro u g h ly c ir c u la r d e p r e s s io n s ,

fr e q u e n tly o c c u r r in g on o u tw ash p la in s , bu t s o m e t im e s found am on g m o r a in e s ,
o r t i l l p la in s , o r e ls e w h e r e .

T h ey a r e tr a d itio n a lly r e g a r d e d a s havin g fo rm ed

by m e ltin g o f b lo c k s o f i c e that h a v e b r o k e n o ff o f th e m a in m a s s o f th e g la c ie r
du rin g t im e s o f r e t r e a t and a b la tio n .

F e r r i s , e t . a l. (1954), o ffe r an a lte r n a tiv e

to th e c la s s i c a l i c e b lo c k str a n d in g h y p o th e sis fo r th e fo r m a tio n o f k e ttle la k e s
in O akland C om ity, M ic h ig a n , w h ic h sh ow a n o n -ra n d o m a r e a l d istr ib u tio n .
T he e le v a tio n o f th e m a jo r d e e p s in t h e s e la k e s sh ow a p r o g r e s s iv e d eep en in g
in a d ir e c tio n a c c o r d a n t w ith th a t o f th e s lo p e o f th e b e d r o c k to p o g ra p h y . T h is
c o n s is te n c y w ou ld not b e lik e ly fr o m th e ran d om str a n d in g o f i c e b lo c k s .

The

la k e s a p p ea r to o c c u r o v e r p r e - g la c ia l d r a in a g e lin e s w ith th e e le v a tio n of
th e ir d e e p s c o r r e sp o n d in g to th e s u r fa c e o f b a s a l sa n d s and g r a v e ls in th e
ch a n n el.

T h e p r in c ip a l a x e s o f th e d e e p s in a d d itio n , c o r r e sp o n d w ith th e

dom inant fr e q u e n c ie s o f b e d r o c k s h e a r lin e a tio n s (K elly , 1 9 3 6 , p. 2 1 5 ).

P re­

e x is tin g to p o g ra p h ic lo w s , in c lu d in g d r a in a g e lin e s a r e le ft w ith " ic e plugs"
a fte r th e g la c ia l i c e h a s m e lte d o ff th e in te r f lu v e s .

The ic e p lu gs a r e b u rie d

b y th e d e b r is fr o m m e ltin g ic e fr o m h ig h er a r e a s .

Ice r e m a in in g in th e lo w s

m a y p r o te c t th e d e p r e s s io n fr o m su b seq u e n t a d v a n c e s .
m e lt s fr o m th e lo w s le a v in g d e p r e s s io n s .

E v en tu a lly th e ic e

13
Outwash P la in s .

Outwash or g r a v e l p lain s id e a lly a r e d e p o s its w ith an

in tern a l so r tin g in w hich g ran u lar m a te r ia l p r e d o m in a te s.

T h e se g r a v e l d e ­

p o s its w e r e la id down by b ra id ed m eltw a ter s tr e a m s that w e r e overb u rd en ed
w ith se d im e n ts.
Lake B e d s .

L a cu strin e d e p o sits o r old lak e b e d s a r e m ade up of c la y or

sa n d s, e ith e r of w h ich m ay b e lo c a lly predom inan t.

Lake b e d s a r e r e la tiv e ly

fla t, and in so m e p la c e s c o v e r p rev io u s g la c ia l or g la c io flu v ia l d e p o s its .
D ep o sits
The p receed in g d is c u s s io n of the m o r e p rom in en t g la c ia lly r e la te d la n d fo r m s illu s tr a te s th at s im ila r topograph ic e x p r e s s io n s m ay r e s u lt from d iv e r s e
o r ig in s .

S im ila r ly , m a te r ia ls d ep o sited in tw o or m o re a r e a s b y id e n tic a l o r

a llie d p r o c e s s e s n eed not n e c e s s a r ily fo rm su r fa c e e x p r e s s io n s id e n tifia b le b y
p resen t geom orp h ic ter m in o lo g y .
The m a te r ia ls o f g la c ia l and g la c io flu v ia l d e p o s its r e fle c t th e dynam ic
conditions at the tim e of d e p o sitio n .

The m a te r ia ls o f th e d e p o s its m u st, th en ,

b e c o n sid ered a s com p onents of a se d im e n to lo g ic unit r e la ted to th e d y n a m ics.
G eom orphic te r m in o lo g y , w hich h a s long b e e n u se d to d e s c r ib e g la c ia l
and a s s o c ia te d su r fa c e fe a tu r e s , cannot b e u se d in a c la s s ific a tio n sc h e m e
fo r the m a te r ia ls co m p o sitio n o f g la c ia l and r e la te d d e p o s its .
G eom orphology b ein g the p rogency of "P hysiography" i s c la s s ic a lly a d e s ­
crip tiv e study of su r fa c e fe a tu r e s .

The in h erited te r m in o lo g y , u se fu l in d e s ­

c r ip tiv e con text, h a s no s p e c if ic g e n e tic sig n ific a n c e .

Many m orp h olog ic

fea tu re s a r e fo rm ed by a com p lex in te ra c tio n o f s e v e r a l dynam ic p r o c e s s e s ,
both d ep o sitio n a l and e r o sio n a l.

The d yn am ics of se d im e n ta tio n , on th e oth er

14
hand, a r e b y fa r th e d om in an t fa c t o r s c o n tr o llin g th e s i z e fr e q u e n c y d istr ib u tio n
of m a te r ia ls and a s s u c h m u s t b e u s e d a s th e b a s i s o f c la s s if ic a t io n .
O ther f a c to r s w h ic h m u st th en b e ta k e n in to a cco u n t in e v a lu a tin g th e
d e p o sit a r e :

(1) p r o v e n a n c e , s o u r c e o f th e in d iv id u a l c o n stitu e n ts :

(2) d is ­

p e r sa l; and (3) p o s t-d e p o s itio n a l p r o c e s s e s s u c h a s so lu tio n , r e p la c e m e n t,
d e c o m p o sitio n , d is in te g r a tio n , e t c . w h ich m ay a ffe c t th e m a te r ia ls o f th e
d e p o sit to s o m e d e g r e e .
C la s s ific a tio n o f D e p o s its
In o r d e r to sa m p le and e v a lu a te th e c o m p le te sp e c tr u m of g la c io flu v ia l
m a te r ia ls it i s n e c e s s a r y th a t a c la s s if ic a t io n s c h e m e b e u se d th at is b a s e d
on the p r o c e s s e s of se d im e n ta tio n .

F a c to r s c o n s id e r e d a r e d e p o sitio n a l

m ed iu m , su ch a s g la c ia l i c e , m e lt w a te r , e tc .

F ie ld c r it e r ia u se d to r e c ­

o g n ize e a c h c la s s in c lu d e p r im a r y se d im e n ta r y s tr u c tu r e s , g e o m e tr y o f th e
d e p o sit, and te x tu r e o f th e m a te r ia l.

G eo m o rp h ic t e r m s fo r th e a s s o c ia t e d

top ograp h ic fe a tu r e s a r e lis t e d fo r e a c h ty p e o f d e p o s it a s w e ll a s a m en tio n
o f th e str u c tu r e s w h ich m ay b e d is p la y e d .

T ab le 2 l i s t s th e g la c ia l and

g la c ia l- r e la t e d ty p e s o f d e p o s its c o n s id e r e d in th e p r e s e n t stu d y .
An a ttem p t h a s b e e n m a d e to m ake th e c la s s if ic a t io n s im p le and str a ig h t­
fo rw a rd .

One o f th e p r o je c t g o a ls i s to fa c ilita te e c o n o m ic e x p lo ita tio n .

In

o r d e r to m e e t th is g o a l th e r e s u lt s m u st b e in te r p r e ta b le to e n g in e e r s and
o th e r s in te r e s te d in e x p lo r a tio n o f the m a t e r ia ls , a s w e ll a s to g e o lo g is t s .
F ie ld c r it e r ia u s e d to r e c o g n iz e g e o m o r p h ic fo r m s a r e th e s a m e c h a r ­
a c t e r is t ic s w id e ly r e c o g n iz e d b y g la c ia l g e o lo g is t s and e x te n s iv e ly d e s c r ib e d
in th e lite r a tu r e .

R e p e titio n h e r e i s o u ts id e th e sc o p e o f th e stu d y , h o w e v e r ,

TABLE 2
C la s s ific a tio n of G la cia l and R e la te d D e p o s its
G en etic T ype

(1) G la cia l - in c lu d e s
a ll m a te r ia l d e p o s­
ite d d ir e c tly by
g la c ia l i c e .

T e x tu r es and S ed im en tary
S tr u c tu r es
T ill, no app arent s tr a t ­
ific a tio n .

P o s s ib le A s s o c ia te d
Landform
End m o r a in e s - in ­
clu ding both te r m in a l
and r e c e s s io n a l.
M edial m o r a in e s
L a tera l m o r a in e s
Ground m o r a in e s o r
t i l l p la in s.

(2) G la cio flu v ia l m o r a in a l o r m o r a in a lic e con tact

a.

W ater - la id d r ift,
sh o w s w e a k ly d e v e l­
oped str a tific a tio n ,
m ay b e d isco n tin u o u s,
often d isp la y s i c e sh o v e fe a tu r e s .

K am e, K am e c o m p lex ,
a n d /o r r e c e s s io n a l
m o r a in e .

b.

P o o rly so r te d o r c la y s i l t g r a v e ls .

L ocal "outwash" fan
o r c o n e , e tc .

(3) C onfined ic e -c o n t a c t

P o o rly to m o d e ra te ly
s o r te d g r a v e ls .

E sk ers

(4) G la cio flu v ia l d rain­
a ge chann el (con­
fin ed outw ash

M o d era tely to w e ll so r te d
g r a v e ls .

C onfined d ra in a g e
c h a n n e ls ," S p illw a y s ,"
v a lle y tr a in s , K am e
ter r a c e s.

E x te n s iv e c r o s s bedding fo r e s e t d ip s g e n e r a lly
g r e a te r than in (5).
(5) G la cio flu v ia l out­
w ash (unconfined
outw ash)

M o d era tely to w e ll so r te d
g r a v e ls .
C rossb ed d in g at lo w e r
a n g le s than in (4).

15

O utwash p la in s.

16
th e r e a d e r i s r e f e r r e d to F lin t (1 9 5 7 ), T h w a ite s (1 9 5 6 ), L e v e r e tt (1902, 1 9 1 7 ,
1 9 2 9 ), L e v e r e tt and T a y lo r (1 9 1 5 ), L ane (1907), K n e lle r (1 9 6 4 ), B r e tz (1 9 5 5 ),
H uxel and P e tr i

(1965), and o t h e r s .

Id ea lly a c la s s if ic a t io n o f d e p o s its w ou ld h a v e a g e n e tic b a s i s , r e f le c t
a ll c o m p o sitio n a l v a r ia tio n s and b e d e v o id o f su b je c tiv ity in in te r p r e ta tio n .
M ost p r e v io u s r e f e r e n c e s to g la c ia lly r e la t e d d e p o s its h ave b e e n g e o m o r p h ic a lly o r ie n te d .

In m any c a s e s d e p o s its and lan d form h a v e b e e n m is ­

tak en ly c o n s id e r e d id e n t it ie s .

S in ce v a r y in g d e g r e e s o f a s s o c ia tio n e x is t b e ­

tw een lan d form and d e p o s it, r a n g in g fro m c o m p le te to n o n e , th e d e g r e e o f
su b je c tiv ity in v o lv ed in th is ty p e o f in te r p r e ta tio n i s e x tr e m e ly h igh .

T h is

r e s u lt s in c o n fu sio n and m a k e s th e p r a c tic a l a p p lic a tio n s o f w ork so o r ie n te d
e x tr e m e ly im p r o b a b le .
A g e n e tic c la s s if ic a t io n o f g la c ia l and g la c ia lly r e la te d d e p o s its h a s b e e n
u sed by H uxel and P e tr i (1965) in N orth D akota.

T h e ir c la s s if ic a t io n w a s

d e v ise d to f a c ilit a t e th e stu d y o f lo c a l ground w a te r h y d ro lo g y ; h o w e v e r , not
s u r p r is in g ly m any o f th e ir ,fg e o h y d r o lo g ie u n its" a r e s im ila r o r id e n tic a l to
th e d e p o s it ty p e s a r r iv e d a t h e r e .

T h ey r e c o g n iz e d fou r ty p e s o f g la c io flu v ia l

s e d im e n ts , (A) v a lle y o u tw a sh , (B) u n con fin ed o u tw ash , (C) ic e - c o n t a c t
d e p o s its , and (D) u n d iffe r e n tia te d o u tw a sh .
In the p r e s e n t stu d y " u n d ifferen tiated " d e p o s it c a te g o r ie s h ave b e e n
a void ed in an a ttem p t to m ak e th e r e s u lt s u s e a b le to p e r s o n s h avin g little o r
no g e o lo g ic a l tr a in in g .

H uxel and P e tr i d e s c r ib e th e ir " u n d ifferen tia ted out­

w ash" a s "th ick and d is c o n t in u o u s .. . in terb ed d ed la y e r s o f c la y , s i l t s , san d,
and g r a v e l. " M ost o f th is w ou ld p rob ab ly f it in to th e p r e s e n t c la s s if ic a t io n

17
under " m o ra in a l ic e -c o n ta c t" (b) p o o r ly s o r te d c la y o r c l a y - s i l t g r a v e ls .
M ost g la c ia l and g la c io flu v ia l d e p o s its a r e c o m p le x .

O nly in r e la t iv e ly

few c a s e s h ave th e p r o c e s s e s of d e p o s itio n b e e n u n ifo rm s u ffic ie n tly long th a t
a g r a v e l d e p o s it cou ld f it p e r fe c tly in to on e o f th e ab ove c a te g o r ie s .

In m a n y

c a s e s , tw o o r e v e n th r e e o f t h e s e im p lie d m o d e s of d e p o s itio n m ay b e r e ­
fle c te d in on e g r a v e l s o u r c e .

T he c h a r a c t e r is t ic s th a t ap p ear to r e p r e s e n t

the dom in ant p r o c e s s o f d e p o s itio n h a v e b e e n u s e d to s e l e c t a d e p o s itio n a l
c a te g o r y .
S o u rce o f M a te r ia ls
T he lith o lo g ic a n a ly s e s c a r r ie d out h e r e a llo w r e a so n a b ly good in fe r e n c e s
a s to th e b e d r o c k s o u r c e s and r o u te s o f g la c ia l and flu v ia l tr a n sp o r ta tio n o f
m uch o f th e m a t e r ia l m ak in g up th e g r a v e ls .

T h is k n ow led ge i s fu n d a m en ta l

to th e u ltim a te e c o n o m ic g o a l of p r e d ic tin g a g g r e g a te s u ita b ility on a r e g io n a l
b a s is .
A ll g r a v e l s o u r c e s stu d ied in b oth th e b a s ic 99 s o u r c e e v a lu a tio n and th e
su p p lem en ta l 133 sa m p le stu d y co n ta in an e s s e n t ia lly s im ila r s u it e o f
lit h o lo g ie s .

T h e p r in c ip a l d istin g u ish a b le d iffe r e n c e , i s in th e r e la tiv e

q u a n tities o f th e v a r io u s r o c k ty p e s r a th e r than in w id e v a r ia tio n in the s u ite
it s e lf .
The u n ifo rm ity o f th is a s s e m b la g e a s found o v e r th e in itia l 19 county a r e a
and th e a r e a to th e n orth sa m p le d in th e su p p lem en ta l stu d y i s c a u se d b y th e
g e o m e tr y o f th e b ed r o c k o u tc r o p s r e la t iv e to flo w p a th s o f g la c ia l i c e and
g la c io flu v ia l tr a n sp o r ta tio n .

18
T he c o n fig u ra tio n o f the M ich igan b a s in i s su c h th a t g la c ia l a d v a n ce fr o m
any d ir e c tio n p a s s e s o v e r e s s e n t ia lly th e s a m e s e r i e s o f ou tcro p p in g fo r m a tio n s .
T h is c a u se d th e s a m e e s s e n t ia l s u ite of r o c k s to o c c u r in a ll s im ila r ly d e ­
p o site d g la c ia l o r g la c io flu v ia l s e d im e n ts o v e r th e b a s in .

T he r e la t iv e co n ­

tr ib u tio n s fr o m e a c h fo r m a tio n d iffe r s in a m o u n ts p r o p o r tio n a l to the d e g r e e o f
an gu lar co n c o rd a n c e b e tw e e n th e s t r ik e o f th e b e d r o c k and th e d ir e c tio n of
g la c ia l a d v a n c e .

W h ere d ir e c tio n of g la c ia l m o v em e n t b e c a m e ta n g e n tia l to

th e s t r ik e o f th e r o c k s crop p in g out o f th e b a s in s u r f a c e , th e i c e p ick ed up th e
sa m e ty p e o f r o c k m a te r ia l c o n tin u o u sly a lo n g th e c o u r s e , fo r m in g a co n c en ­
tra ted tr a in o f m a te r ia l down s t r e a m fr o m that o u tc ro p .
F ig u r e 4 illu s t r a t e s th e in fe r r e d r e la tio n o f g la c ie r m o v em e n t o v e r th e
o u tcrop p a tte rn o f th e b a s in .

On th e w e s t s id e o f th e L ow er P e n in su la th e d ir e c ­

tio n o f i c e m o v em e n t a lo n g th e e a s t e r n e d g e o f th e M ich igan i c e lobe b e c o m e s
ta n g e n tia l and n e a r ly p a r a lle l in th e s t r ik e o f th e b a s in r o c k s .

T h is i s r e f l e c ­

te d in th e d r ift in K a la m a zo o C ounty and ad jacen t a r e a s b y c o n c e n tr a tio n of
sa n d sto n e and fe r r u g in o u s c o n c r e tio n s d e r iv e d fr o m th e lo w e r M a r sh a ll Sand­
sto n e and th e C old w ater S h a le.
C o n v e r s e ly , w h e r e the g la c ia l a d v a n ce w a s at r ig h t a n g le s to th e s t r ik e
of the o u tcro p a m uch s m a lle r am oun t o f m a te r ia l w a s added to th e i c e , in
p ro p o rtio n to th e s tr a tig r a p h ic th ic k n e s s o f th e ou tcrop p in g lith o lo g ic u n it.
W here th e i c e p a s s e d o v e r a s tr a tig r a p h ic se q u e n c e w ith a dom in ant lith o lo g y
a high le v e l o f c o n c e n tr a tio n i s sp r e a d o v e r a w id e a r e a .

Such a h ig h le v e l

o c c u r s a s a b ack grou n d c o n c e n tr a tio n fo r carb on ate r o c k s a lo n g th e a x is o f th e
Saginaw Lobe (th is stu d y; A n d e r so n , 1 9 6 2 ).

T h e i c e d e e p ly e ro d ed a s i t p a s s e d

1‘)

L EG EN D
JURASSIC

I

1

^

PENNSYLVANIAN
MISSISSIPPIAN
MISSISSIPPIAN DEVONIAN

IT

II

U11111UIUI

D E V O N IAN
SILURIAN

I

ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN

PRE - C A M B R I A N

F ig u r e 4 .

In ferred d is p e r s a l paths for g la c ia lly tr a n sp o r te d m a t e r ia ls .

20
o v e r th e d o lo m ite o f th e N ia g a r a n S e r ie s th a t f o r m s th e e s c a r p m e n t s e p a r a tin g
G eo rg ea n B a y fr o m L ake H uron.

A lthou gh th is d id n ot su p p ly a ll o f c a r b o n a te s

found in d e p o s its o f t h is lo b e it did c o n tr ib u te to a g e n e r a l r i s e in b ack grou n d
le v e l.
M ost o f th e lith o lo g ie s p r e s e n t in th e g r a v e l s u ite h a v e b e e n d e r iv e d fr o m
the r o c k s o f th e p a rt o f th e M ich ig a n B a s in th at u n d e r lie s th e L ow er P e n in su la .
T h o se w h ich h a v e b e e n co n trib u ted fr o m o u tsid e o f th is p art of th e b a s in a r e fr o m
b ed ro ck s o u r c e s in th e U pper P e n in su la and in C anada.

W ith th e e x c e p tio n qf

the N ia g a ra n d o lo m ite s th e s e r o c k s th at a r e f a r - t r a v e lle d a r e m in o r c o m p a re d
w ith th o s e o f lo c a l d e r iv a tio n .

T h e s e f a r - t r a v e lle d c o m p o n en ts c o n stitu te m o s t

o f th e ig n e o u s and m e ta m o r p h ic r o c k ty p e s fr o m th e U p per P en in su la o f M ich­
ig a n and fr o m th e s h ie ld a r e a o f O n ta rio .
A s sig n m e n t of a p eb b le found in th e g r a v e l to a s p e c if ic b e d r o c k u n it ca n b e
done on ly i f th e p a r t ic le p o s s e s s e s d is tin c tiv e id e n tify in g c h a r a c t e r is t ic s know n
to b e a s s o c ia t e d w ith a s tr a tig r a p h ic u n it.
a r e n o n -d is tin c tiv e .

M any r o c k ty p e s found in th e g r a v e ls

T h is i s e s p e c ia lly tr u e fo r c a r b o n a te s , w hich can r a r e ly

b e a s s ig n e d to a s p e c if ic u n it.

S ed im e n ta r y s tr u c tu r e s c a n r a r e ly b e o b s e r v e d

in th e p a r t ic le s and, g e n e r a lly , i f v e s t ig e s o f f o s s i l s r e m a in , th e y a r e to o
b a d ly a b ra id ed fo r s p e c if ic id e n tific a tio n .

T he s a m e a m b ig u ity h old s fo r m an y

o th er se d im e n ta r y r o c k s and ig n e o u s and m e ta m o r p h ic r o c k s a s w e ll.

A s h a le ,

a b a s a lt, o r a q u a r tz ite p e b b le, to b e a s s ig n e d to a b e d r o c k s o u r c e un it m u st
show so m e id e n tifia b le p h y s ic a l, c h e m ic a l, o r s tr u c tu r a l fe a tu r e .
The r o c k ty p e s th a t a r e m o s t fr e q u e n tly id e n tifia b le in t e r m s o f p ro b a b le
str a tig r a p h ic d e r iv a tio n a r e c e r t a in s a n d s to n e s , s o m e c o n c r e tio n s , s l a t e s ,

21

s c h is t s , p h a n eritic ig n eo u s r o c k s , and any r o c k s containing p e tr o life r o u s or
ca rb o n a ceou s m a tte r .
W here the ic e advanced o v e r o ld e r d rift that had b een d ep o sited by e a r lie r
ic e or g la c io flu v ia l a ctio n , th e p r e -e x is tin g d r ift w as in corp orated into the ic e ,
thus g r e a tly d iluting th e n ew ly erod ed f i r s t - c y c l e s e d im e n ts .

Any m o ra in e and

it s a s s o c ia te d p r o g la c ia l d e p o sit m ay thus b e m ade up la r g e ly of se co n d , th ird ,
and m u lticy c le d g la c ia l se d im e n t.

E ach m in or advance and r e c e s s io n w ill have

cau sed s o m e e r o s io n , tra n sp o rta tio n , and d ep o sitio n o f m a te r ia l.
D ir ec tio n a l d eviation o f ic e paths b etw een d ifferen t a d v a n ce s, ch an ges o f
d ir e c tio n ev en w ith in a sin g le i c e m a s s , and d is p e r sio n of m a te r ia ls due to the
m ec h a n ics of ic e m ovem en t com pound th e e ffe c ts o f sed im en t r e -c y c lin g to
produce th e d istrib u tio n of m a te r ia ls found in the s u r fic ia l d e p o s its .

PRO CEDURES

P r e lim in a r y F ie ld W ork
In itia l f ie ld w ork c o n s is te d o f r e c o n n a is s a n c e o f g r a v e l e x p o su r e lo c a l­
itie s .

I ts p u rp o se w a s tw ofold :

(1) to o b s e r v e th e c h a r a c te r o f in d iv id u a l

d e p o s its so th a t a w o r k a b le c la s s if ic a t io n of g la c ia l d e p o s its could b e e s ta b ­
lis h e d w hich w ou ld b e a m en a b le to th e p r a c tic a l g o a l o f th e p r o je c t, y e t
b a sed on sound g e o lo g ic p r in c ip le s , and (2) d e te r m in e tec h n iq u es fo r ta k in g
s a m p le s w ith in th e lim it s o f a v a ila b le f a c i l it i e s w h ich w ou ld s a t is f y th e r e q u ir e ­
m en ts o f the p r o p o se d a n a ly s is .
D uring th e e a r ly p h a se o f th e fie ld w o r k , m e a s u r e m e n ts w e r e m ade to
d e ter m in e th e a ttitu d e o f s e d im e n ta r y s tr u c tu r e s in th e g r a v e l e x p o s u r e s .

T he

str ik e and dip o f f o r e s e t b e d s w e r e m e a s u r e d in a nu m b er o f e x p o s u r e s
throughout th e p its .

T h e n u m b er o f m e a s u r e m e n ts w a s d e te r m in e d b y th e

e x ten t o f e x p o su r e w h e r e th e b e d s could b e d e te r m in e d to b e d e fin ite ly in p la c e .
T h ese w e r e r e p e a te d throughout b oth th e v e r t ic a l and la t e r a l e x te n t o f th e
e x p o su r e .
T h e se m e a s u r e m e n ts w e r e th en p lo tted a s fa c e p o le s on a Schm idt
S tereo g ra p h ic N et.

T he d istr ib u tio n o f p o in ts w a s d e te r m in e d b y a point

counting tech n iq u e and th e d e n sity o f p o in ts fa llin g o n th e p lo t w a s con to u red .
If a dom inant d ir e c tio n of dip w a s e v id e n t fr o m th e p lo t, th e p erp en d icu la r w a s
taken a s the a v e r a g e c u r r e n t d ir e c tio n .
22

23
S a m p lin g
T h e sa m p lin g tec h n iq u e fin a lly u s e d f o r th e b u lk o f th e sa m p lin g w a s
d e c id e d on th e b a s is o f th e o u tc o m e o f th e stu d y o f th e r e la tio n s h ip o f th e
m e c h a n ic a l d is tr ib u tio n to s e d im e n ta r y s t r u c t u r e s .

The la ck o f c o r r e la tio n

b e tw e e n th e a v e r a g e c u r r e n t d ir e c tio n , e v e n w h e r e s tr o n g ly d is p la y e d , and
th e p a r tic le s i z e d is tr ib u tio n r e n d e r e d it o f no ad van tage to continu e th e tim e
co n su m in g p r o c e d u r e o f m e a s u r in g and p lo ttin g f o r e s e t b ed d in g p la n e s .
S in ce th e p u rp o se o f th e stu d y w a s to c h a r a c te r iz e th e g r a v e l d e p o s it, a s
a w h o le , a n e n g in e e r in g ty p e o f sa m p le w a s d e s ir a b le .

A sa m p le th at w o u ld

b e s t r e p r e s e n t th e d e p o s it w ith in th e sc o p e o f tim e and eq u ip m en t lim ita tio n s
w a s d e te r m in e d to c o n s is t o f m u ltip le ch a n n el s a m p le s w h e r e p o s s ib le .

F re­

qu en tly it w a s n e c e s s a r y to o ffs e t th e ch an n el in o r d e r t o o b ta in th e c o m p le te
v e r tic a l s e c tio n .
B e fo r e sa m p lin g , a ll m a t e r ia ls th a t had slu m p ed o v e r th e fa c e o f th e
e x p o su r e w e r e s h o v e lle d a w a y in o r d e r to p r e p a r e a v e r tic a l f a c e .

T he v e r ­

t ic a l e x te n t o f th e e x p o s u r e w a s in c r e a s e d b y d ig g in g dow nw ard to a p r a c tic a l
lim it - e ith e r th e w a te r ta b le o r u n til c a v in g p rev en ted fu r th e r p r o g r e s s .

The

e n tir e v e r tic a l c o lu m n w a s th en sa m p le d b y u sin g a p ic k -m a tto c k and la r g e
sand s c o o p .

A sa m p le c r o s s s e c t io n o f a p p ro x im a te ly s i x sq u a r e in c h e s w a s

v is u a lly e s tim a te d and m a in ta in ed du rin g th e sa m p lin g .

O c c a sio n a lly la r g e r

a r e a s w ould c a v e -a w a y under th e im p a c t o f th e p ic k -m a tto c k but th e e x c e s s
m a te r ia l w a s not b a g g e d .
T h is p r o c e d u r e w a s r e p e a te d fr o m tw o to s i x t im e s through out th e p it.
The num ber of ch a n n el s a m p le s w a s d e te r m in e d b y th e am ount of e x p o su re

24
p r e s e n t.

In th e in itia l p h a se 476 g r a v e l p its w e r e v is it e d , o f w h ich 99 co u ld b e

sa m p le d b y th e m an u al m eth o d s e m p lo y e d .

T h is typ e o f sa m p lin g p r o c e d u r e i s

ad eq u ate o n ly in a c tiv e o r r e c e n tly a c tiv e p i t s .

In o ld e r e x p o s u r e s , w h er e

e x te n s iv e slu m p in g h a s o c c u r r e d o r v e g e ta tio n h a s b e c o m e e s ta b lis h e d , s a m p le s
could not b e ob tain ed in a r e a s o n a b le len g th o f t im e .
M ech a n ica l A n a ly s is
P a r tic le s i z e d is tr ib u tio n w a s d e te r m in e d f o r th e g r a v e l fr a c tio n fo r a ll
99 s a m p le s to the in te r v a ls lis t e d in T ab le 3 .
TABLE 3
S ie v e S iz e G ra d es fo r G ra v e l A n a ly s is
In ch es

M illim e te r s

2
2 - 1 -1 /2
1 -1 /2 - 1
1 - 3 /4
3 / 4 - 5 /8
5 / 8 - 1 /2
1 /2 - 3 / 8
3 / 8 - 3 /1 6
< 3 /1 6

5 0 .8
5 0 .8 - 3 8 .1
3 8 .1 - 2 5 .4
2 5 .4 - 1 9 .0
1 9 .0 - 1 6 .0
1 6 .0 - 1 2 .7
1 2 .7 - 9 .5 1
9 .5 1 - 4 .7 6
< 4 .7 6

A G ilso n s ie v e sh a k e r w a s u se d fo r th e s ie v in g .

A m in im u m o f fiv e m in ­

u te s w a s u s e d fo r a ll s a m p le s .
P etr o g ra p h ic A n a ly s is
T he p e tr o g r a p h ic a n a ly s is o f th e g r a v e l c o m p o n en ts c o n s is te d o f a peb b le
count and v a r io u s su p p lem en ta l t e s t s o f p h y s ic a l and c h e m ic a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s
on s e le c t e d p a r t ic le s .

25

I ts p u rp o se w a s to d e te r m in e th e r e la t iv e abu nd ance o f s p e c if ic r o c k
ty p e s and c e r ta in p h y s ic a l and c h e m ic a l a ttr ib u te s o f e a c h th a t m ig h t b e a r
so m e r e la tio n s h ip t o th e g e o lo g y o f th e d e p o s its and e n g in e e r in g a p p lic a tio n s
of th e m a t e r ia ls .

P r in c ip a lly , th e p e tr o g r a p h ic e x a m in a tio n w a s p e r fo r m e d by m e a n s o f
a b in o c u la r m ic r o s c o p e .

T h e s a m p le s s ie v e d d u rin g th e m e c h a n ic a l a n a ly s is

w e r e r e - s i z e d in to t h r e e g r a d e s :

1- 1/2 - 1
1 - 3 /4

1 -1 /2 - 3 /4

3 /4 - 5 /8
5 / 8 - 1 /2
1 /2 - 3 /8

3 /4 - 3 /8

3 /8 - 3 /1 6

3 /8 - 3 /1 6

T he qu antity in e a c h w a s th en r e d u c e d b y s p littin g to a p p r o x im a te ly 150
p eb b les fo r p e tr o g r a p h ic e x a m in a tio n .

F ig u r e 5 s h o w s th e data s h e e t u s e d to

r e c o r d th e r e s u lt s o f th e p e tr o g r a p h ic a n a ly s is .
A lthough th e > 1 . 5 0 in ch p a r t ic le s w e r e e x a m in e d and r e c o r d e d , th e data
w e r e not u s e d in th e a n a ly s e s s in c e i t w a s not p o s s ib le to o b ta in 150 p a r t ic le s

Size.

PE T R O G R A PH IC ANALYSIS DATA

Figure 5. Data sheet for initial petrographic analysis.

27
to m a in ta in eq u al c l a s s s i z e .

T h e n u m b er o f p a r t ic le s a n a ly z e d p e tr o -

g r a p h ic a lly w a s 450 fo r e a c h o f 99 s o u r c e s fo r a to ta l o f 4 5 , 5 5 0 .
E a ch p a r tic le w a s e v a lu a te d in t e r m s o f th e fo llo w in g v a r ia b le s :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

lith o lo g y
sh a p e (sp h e r ic ity )
r o u n d n e ss
s u r fa c e te x tu r e
c o a tin g s
fr a c tu r e s
str e n g th
d e g r e e o f w e a th e r in g
o r g a n ic m a tte r
p o te n tia lly a lk a li- r e a c t iv e
p r e s e n c e o f s o lu b le s o r s u lfid e s
p o te n tia l b a s e e x c h a n g e

S p h e r ic ity (Shape).

M ethods o f m e a s u r in g and e v a lu a tin g p a r tic le sh a p e

have b e e n p ro p o sed by W ad ell (1 9 3 2 , 1 9 3 3 ), K ru m b ein (1941), Z ingg (1935),
W alz (1936), M arw ick (1936), S c h ie l (1943), and o th e r s .
W ad ell (1932) sh o w ed th at th e sh a p e and r o u n d n e ss a r e g e o m e tr ic a lly
d istin c t c o n c e p ts .

T he sh ap e b e in g in d ep en d en t o f th e a n g u la r ity o r ro u n d n e ss

o f the e d g e s o r c o r n e r s .

Sh ape, fu n d a m e n ta lly , m e a s u r e s th e r a tio o f the

su r fa c e a r e a to th e v o lu m e o f a p a r tic le .

W a d ell d e fin e d s p h e r ic ity a s th e

cube r o o t of th e r a tio o f th e v o lu m e o f th e p a r tic le and th e v o lu m e of th e c ir ­
c u m sc r ib in g sp h e r e :
S p h e r ic ity

6 )

tP

/ 6 ) A3
w h ere D i s th e n o m in a l d ia m e te r o f a p a r tic le and A i s th e long d im e n sio n
o f the p a r tic le w h ich i s eq u al to th e d ia m e te r o f a c ir c u m c r ib in g s p h e r e .

28
K rum bein (1941) sh o w ed th at fo r m o s t p a r tic le s th e n om in al d ia m e te r ,
DP = ABC w h e r e A = lon g a x is , B = in te r m e d ia te , and C = sh o r t a x is of th e
p a r tic le , T h e r e fo r e :
/6 ) A BC

S p h ericity

T he m eth od u sed h e r e w a s p r o p o se d by K ru m bein .

It r e q u ir e s only that

the lo n g , in te r m e d ia te , and sh o r t d ia m e te r s a r e m e a s u r e d and the s p h e r ic ity
is r ea d from a ch art o r c a lc u la te d d ir e c tly .

The s p h e r ic ity i s d e te r m in e d b y

two r a tio s b e tw e e n p a ir s o f th e d ia m e te r s : the in te r m e d ia te to long d ia m e te r
and th e sh o rt to in te r m e d ia te d ia m e te r .

T h is " in te rc ep t m ethod" i s b a s e d on

co m p a riso n o f th e p e b b les w ith a r e fe r e n c e s o lid - a tr ia x ia l e lip s o id .

The

th r ee d ia m e te r s o f the pebb le a r e d efin ed a s m u tu a lly p erp en d icu la r in te r c e p ts .
A v e ra g e s p h e r ic ity can b e d e ter m in e d fo r any group b y adding th e c o m ­
ponent s p h e r ic itie s and d ivid in g by th e num ber of p e b b le s.

F o r th is stu d y , a

pebble c a lip e r w a s c o n str u c te d fo r th e m e a su r e m e n t o f the th r e e m u tu ally
p erp en d icu lar in te r c e p ts .

T h is d e v ic e w a s fa sh io n ed fr o m th e illu s tr a tio n

shown b y K rum bein (1941, p. 65).

F o r a d is c u s s io n o f th e m eth od and techn iqu e

of m e a su r e m e n t, the r e a d e r i s r e fe r r e d to K ru m bein (1941, p . 66).
R o u n d n ess.

W a d ell's m ethod o f d eterm in in g ro u n d n ess r e q u ir e s d e te r ­

m ining t h e r a d iu s of th e in s c r ib e d c ir c l e and th e r a d ii of th e e d g e s and c o r n e r s
of a p r o jec ted im a g e.

The ro u n d n ess i s then d eterm in ed a s th e r a tio of the

a v e ra g e r a d iu s o f cu rv a tu re to th e r a d iu s o f th e in s c r ib e d c ir c l e .

A m uch

fa ste r m ethod w h ich w a s u s e d w a s th at o f K rum bein; w h e r e in th e r o u n d n ess of

29
ea ch p a r tic le i s v is u a lly c o m p a r e d w ith sta n d a r d im a g e s o f know n r o u n d n e ss .
The im a g e s w e r e p h o to g r a p h ic a lly r e p r o d u c e d fr o m K ru m b ein ’s c h a r t.

C o p ie s

w e r e m ad e th at w e r e b o th e n la r g e d and r e d u c e d b y f a c to r s su c h th at th e im a g e
s i z e w a s e q u iv a le n t to th e m e a n d ia m e te r fo r e a c h s i z e g r a d e .

S ta tis t ic a l

stu d ie s of K ru m b ein ’s sh o w ed th a t a v e r a g e v a lu e s fo r r o u n d n e ss o b ta in ed by
th is tech n iq u e a g r e e v e r y c lo s e ly w ith th o s e o b ta in ed b y th e o r ig in a l m eth o d o f
W a d ell.

C ontinued c h e c k s , th rou gh ou t th e p e tr o g r a p h ic a n a ly s is , r e v e a le d

th at d iffe r e n t w o r k e r s c o n tin u a lly g a v e s im ila r and c o n s is te n t v a lu e s .
■

L ith o lo g ic Id e n tific a tio n .

A fte r sh a p e m e a s u r e m e n ts and r o u n d n e ss w e r e

d e te r m in e d , lith o lo g ic id e n tific a tio n o f e a c h p eb b le w a s m ad e b y b r e a k in g th e
pebb le and o b s e r v in g it b y m e a n s of a b in o c u la r m ic r o s c o p e .
L ith o lo g ic T e r m in o lo g y .

B e fo r e sta n d a r d iz in g th e lith o lo g ic te r m in o lo g y

a p p ro x im a te ly 5 0 0 0 p e b b le s w e r e id e n tifie d fr o m 10 s o u r c e s .

T h in s e c t io n s

w e r e m ade to a id in e s ta b lis h in g id e n tity o f s o m e of th e fin e r g r a in e d r o c k s .
In a l l, s o m e 80 d iffe r e n t r o c k t e r m s in c lu d in g m o d ifie r s w e r e r e c o r d e d .

A

sta n d a rd l i s t of r o c k t e r m s w a s th e n e s t a b lis h e d w h ic h in c lu d e d a ll lith o lo g ie s
found in th e g r a v e ls , p lu s s e v e r a l not y e t found b u t thou ght p o s s ib le to o c c u r .
T h is p e r m itte d a f a s t e r , m o r e e ff ic ie n t id e n tific a tio n of lith o lo g ie s and
e lim in a te d th e u s e o f d u p lic a te o r red u n d an t te r m in o lo g y .

T a b le 4 i s th e l i s t

o f r o c k n o m e n c la tu r e u s e d fo r th e r e m a in in g 89 s a m p le s .
M ost o f t h e s e a r e sta n d a rd p e tr o g r a p h ic t e r m s w h ich c a n b e found d e s ­
c r ib e d in any p e tr o g r a p h ic r e f e r e n c e b o o k (Huang, 1962; M o o re h o u se, 1959;
K ru m bein and P ettijo h n , 1938; M iln e r , 1962; S p ock , 1953; P ettijo h n , 1 9 5 7 ).
fe w , h o w e v e r , a r e m o r e s p e c ia liz e d in u s a g e and r e q u ir e ex p la n a tio n .

A

T h e se

30
TABLE 4
LITHOLOGIC TERM S
Ign eou s

M eta m o rp h ic

G ran ite
S yen ite
G ra n o d io rite
D io r ite
Gabbro
P e r id o tite
Dunite
D ia b a se

Q u a r tz ite
M a rb le
S la te
P h y llite
S c h is t
M eta g ra y w a ck e
M e ta a r k o se

F e ls it e
B a sa lt
A m ygd aloid

M in e r a ls (sta te )

P eg m a tite
L am proph yre
C arbon atite
S ed im en ta ry
C o n g lo m era te
B r e c c ia
S an d ston e, g r a y w a c k e
S an d ston e, a r k o s e
S an d ston e, q u a r tz itic
S iltsto n e
C a lc a r e o u s s ilt s t o n e
Shale
C rag
TUI
Coal
Clay

sat
Iron o x id e (lim o n ite , h e m a tite , s e v e r e ly w e a th e r e d fe r r u g in o u s p a r tic le s )
F er ru g in o u s c o n c r e tio n (cla y ir o n sto n e )
L im esto n e
D o lo m itic lim e s to n e
C a lc a re o u s d o lo m ite
D o lo m ite
Chalk
C h ert, I, H, m , o r IV
C hert, ja sp e r
C herty lim e s to n e

31
in clu d e c r a g , a n atu ral c o n c r e te c o m p o se d o f g r a v e l c e m e n te d to g e th e r w ith
ca lciu m ca rb o n a te.

The fo u r c a te g o r ie s o f c h e rt a r e v is u a lly d is tin c t ty p e s

d e sc r ib e d b y M ic h a e ls, e t . a l, (1965) and intend ed to p o s s e s s d iffe r e n t prop­
e r t ie s a ffec tin g e n g in e e r in g u s a g e .
Thin S e c tio n s .

Thin s e c tio n s w e r e m a d e and ex a m in ed fo r a few s e le c t e d

p eb b les w h ich w e r e r e p r e s e n ta tiv e of com m on ly r e c u r r in g lith o lo g ie s and for
w hich id e n tific a tio n w a s u n c e r ta in by m e g a sc o p ic m ea n s o r b in o cu la r
m ic r o s c o p e .
P h y s ic a l and C h em ica l C h a r a c te r is tic s .

P h y s ic a l and c h e m ic a l c h a r ­

a c t e r is t ic s o f ea ch pebble w e r e noted at th e tim e o f the lith o lo g ic id e n tific a tio n .
T h ese in clu d e su r fa c e te x tu r e , p r e se n c e o r a b se n c e o f c o a tin g s , fr a c tu r e s ,
stren g th , d e g r e e o f w e a th e r in g , p r e s e n c e o r a b se n c e of o r g a n ic m a te r ia l, or
other con tam in atin g s u b s ta n c e s w h ich co u ld b e p o te n tia lly h a rm fu l for u s e a s
c o n c re te a g g r e g a te .
S u rfa ce T e x tu r e .

A q u a lita tiv e s c a le w a s u s e d to d e s c r ib e th e s u r fa c e

tex tu re o f e a c h p a r tic le .

E ach tex tu ra l c l a s s w a s a s s ig n e d a num ber a s

fo llo w s :
0 - Sm ooth and Ir r e g u la r

- In clu d es c r y s ta llin e r o c k s . A ll sm o o th
c r y s ta l f a c e s and ir r e g u la r e d g e s and
co rn ers.

1 - Rough

- V ery fin e ly ir r e g u la r s u r fa c e .

2 - S lig h tly Rough

- F in e ly ir r e g u la r s u r fa c e .

3 - S lig h tly P o lish e d

- M ostly se d im e n ta r y p a r t ic le s , s lig h t
s tr e a m rounding a ls o c h a r a c te r iz e d
th ese p a r tic le s .

4 - P o lish e d

- Sm ooth s u r fa c e on g e n e r a lly rounded
p a r tic le s .

32
5 - Sm ooth

- Sm ooth s u r f a c e th at d o e s not in d ic a te
p o lis h in g a c tio n .

6 - c h a lk y

- F r ia b le , e t c .

C o a tin g s.
c o m p o sitio n .

C o a tin g s on p a r t ic le s w e r e c la s s i f ie d b y b oth q u a n tity and
It h a s b e e n e m p ir ic a lly d e te r m in e d th a t a p a r tic le w ith l e s s

than o n e -th ir d o f i t s a r e a c o a te d d o e s not n o r m a lly p ro d u ce any d e le t e r io u s
e ffe c t fo r e n g in e e r in g p u r p o s e s .

T he p a r t ic le s w e r e , th e r e f o r e , c la s s e d a s

th o se w ith (a) no c o a tin g , (b) c o a te d on l e s s than o n e -th ir d o f it s a r e a , and
(c) c o a te d on m o r e th an o n e -th ir d o f i t s a r e a .

T he c o m p o sitio n o f th e co a tin g

w a s a ls o n o ted and c la s s i f i e d a s fo llo w s :
1.

F r ia b le o r l o o s i ly b on d ed m a te r ia l

2.

G ypsum

3.

O p al, e t c .

4.

S ilt o r c la y

5.

CaCO and MgCO
u
O

6.

M an gan ese o x id e s

7.

Iron o x id e s

F ra c tu r es.

T h e s e v e r it y o f fr a c tu r in g in h e r e n t in th e p a r t ic le s w a s

noted a s n o n e, fe w , o r m a n y .

A ny v is ib le p a r tin g w a s c o n s id e r e d a s a f r a c ­

tu r e.
S tren g th .

T he te c h n iq u e u s e d to ju d ge r e la t iv e str e n g th w a s th e tr a d itio n ­

a lly a c c e p te d m eth od o f s u b je c tiv e ly d e te r m in in g th e d e g r e e o f e a s e or d if­
fic u lty w ith w h ic h th e p a r t ic le b r e a k s under a h a m m e r b lo w .

T he p a r t ic le s

33
w e r e r a te d a s s tr o n g , m o d e r a te , o r w e a k .

T h is m eth o d , alth ou gh u s e fu l, i s

not c o n s id e r e d to b e w h o lly ad eq u a te.
T he unit o f str e n g th o r d u r a b ility co d ed fo r th e c o m p u te r d ata r e d u c tio n
p ro g ra m w a s a c o m p o s ite o f th e m e a s u r e d str e n g th and th e nu m ber o f v is ib le
fr a c tu r e s o r o th e r p la n e s o f w e a k n e s s .
D e g r e e of W e a th er in g .

E a c h p a r tic le w a s d e te r m in e d to b e f r e s h or

u n w ea th ered , m o d e r a te ly , o r str o n g ly w e a th e r e d .
O rg a n ic M a tte r .

P e t r o lif e r o u s and c a r b o n a c e o u s m a tte r w e r e r a te d a s

b e in g e ith e r p r e s e n t o r a b se n t.
P o te n tia lly A lk a li R e a c tiv e , P r e s e n c e o f S o lu b le s , S u lfid e s , o r P o te n tia l
B a se E x c h a n g e.

P a r t ic le s fo r w h ich th e lith o lo g y and p h y sic a l d e s c r ip tio n

a c c o r d w ith th o s e know n to b e p o te n tia lly c h e m ic a lly r e a c tiv e w e r e noted
under th e c o lu m n R e m a r k s .
C h em ica l A n a ly s is
C a r b o n a tes.

D u rin g th e p e tr o g r a p h ic e x a m in a tio n th e c a r b o n a te s w e r e

id e n tifie d a s lim e s to n e , d o lo m itic lim e s to n e , c a lc a r e o u s d o lo m ite o r d o lo m ite b y
m e a n s o f a c id r e a c tio n and sta in in g te c h n iq u e s.
w e r e u se d to id e n tify c a lc it e .

A liz a r in r e d a n d f e r r ic c h lo r id e

T h e a liz a r in r e d s p r o d u ce s a d eep r e d s ta in

on c a lc it e but d o e s not a ffe c t d o lo m ite .

F e r r ic c h lo r id e , s im ila r ly m a y b e

u se d to c o lo r c a lc it e b ro w n w ithou t a ffe c tin g d o lo m ite {F ried m a n , 1959).
D o lo m ite o r d o lo m itic lim e s t o n e s w e r e r e c o g n iz e d b y a sp o t t e s t in v o lv in g
p -n itr o b e n z e n e -a z o r e s o u r c in a l (M ann, 1 9 5 5 ).

W hen put in to so lu tio n on th e

ro ck w ith d ilu te H C l, th e o r g a n ic dye i s a d so r b e d b y M g (OH)_ p rod u cin g a
d is tin c tiv e b lu e c o lo r . T h e tim e that it ta k e s fo r th e b lu e c o lo r to ap p ea r i s an

34
in d ic a tio n o f th e am oun t o f M g p r e s e n t.

A d o lo m ite w ill p ro d u ce the c o lo r

w ith in th e f i r s t few s e c o n d s w h ile th e p e b b le s o f in te r m e d ia te c o m p o s itio n
w ill ta k e s e v e r a l s e c o n d s .

A lm o s t any ca rb o n a te r o c k w i l l

p ro d u ce th e b lu e

c o lo r a fte r about o n e m in u te in so lu tio n .
C a lciu m and M a g n esiu m D e te r m in a tio n s o f C arb on ate R o c k s .

T he c a lc iu m

and m a g n e siu m d e te r m in a tio n s w e r e m ad e fo r c a r b o n a te p e b b le s s e le c t e d
fr o m s a m p le s 1 th rou gh 5 0 .

S e v e r a l p e b b le s w e r e s e le c t e d fr o m e a ch o f th e

th r e e c l a s s e s o f ca rb o n a te r o c k s id e n tifie d b y th e b in o c u la r m ic r o s c o p e and
s ta in te c h n iq u e s, th a t i s one o r m o r e id e n tifie d a s lim e s to n e , a s d o lo m itic
lim e s to n e

o r c a lc a r e o u s d o lo m ite , and a s d o lo m ite .

T he r e s u lt s w e r e o b ta in ed b y titr a tio n w ith e th y le n e d ia m in e te tr a c e tic
a c id d iso d iu m s a lt .

T itr a tio n fo r c a lc iu m w a s p e r fo r m e d a t pH 12 w ith

h yd roxy naphtha! b lu e in d ic a to r .
p r e c ip ita te d a s h y d r o x id e .

D u rin g th e p r o c e d u r e th e m a g n e siu m w a s

T he co m b in ed c a lc iu m and m a g n e siu m co n ten t w a s

d eter m in e d b y a se c o n d titr a tio n a t pH 10 w ith c a lm a g ite o r e r io c h r o m e b la c k
T in d ic a to r .

T he m a g n e siu m co n ten t w a s d e te r m in e d a s th e d iffe r e n c e b e ­

tw een the tw o titr a tio n s .

The r e s u l t s a r e r e p o r te d in A p p en d ix T ab le 1 2 .

T he c h e m ic a l a n a ly s e s w e r e run on th e c a r b o n a te s:

(1) to c h e ck on th e

a c c u r a c y o f id e n tific a tio n b y sta in in g and v is u a l m e a n s , and (2) to d e te r m in e
w hat th e r a n g e and a v e r a g e v a lu e s w e r e fo r th e c a r b o n a te s in th e g r a v e ls .
T he r e s u lt s sh ow n in T ab le 12 w e r e u se d to d e fin e th e r o c k in t e r m s o f
i t s o x id e co n ten t.

T he n u m b er fo llo w in g th e hyphen in C olum n 1 c o r r e sp o n d s

to th e v is u a l id e n tific a tio n (1 - d o lo m ite , 2 - in te r m e d ia te , 3 - lim e s to n e ).
Data fo r th e c o m p o sitio n o f c a r b o n a te s i s g iv e n b y P ettijo h n (1957) a s lis t e d
in T a b le 5 .

TABLE 5
N o m e n c la tu r e o f S e d im e n ta r y C a lc itic and D o lo m itic C a rb o n a tes
(A fter P ettijo h n T ab le 8 0 , p. 418)

T ype

L im e sto n e
H igh C alciu m
M a g n esiu m
D o lo m itic L im e sto n e
C a lc itic D o lo m ite
D o lo m ite

P ercent
D o lo m ite

A p p ro x . MgO
E q u iv a len t %

A p p ro x . MgCOg
E q u iv a le n t %

0
0
10
50
90

0
1 .1
2 .1
1 0 .8
1 9 .5

0
2 .3
4 .4
2 2 .7
4 1 .0

to 10
to 10
to 50
to 90
to 100

to 1 .1
to 2 .1
to 1 0 .8
to 1 9 .5
to 2 1 . 6

t o 2 .3
to 4 . 4
to 2 2 .7
t o 4 1 .0
to 4 5 .4

T he r o c k n o m e n c la tu r e d e te r m in e d fr o m th e c h e m ic a l data i s g iv e n in th e
la s t c o lu m n o f T a b le 12.

C o n siste n tly high v a lu e s fo r m a g n e siu m sh o w su b ­

sta n tia l a m o u n ts o f d o lo m ite in a ll but on e s a m p le .
p le s r u n , o n ly o n e , A 1 6 - 3 , i s a p u re lim e s to n e .

Of th e 159 p ow d ered s a m ­

T h e s e r e s u lt s w e r e not

e x p e c te d in a sm u c h a s m o s t c a rb o n a te r o c k s ten d to o c c u r n e a r th e e n d m e m b e r s o f th e s e r i e s .

E v e n though th e " a v e ra g e " lim e s to n e c o n ta in s 7 .9 0

p e r c e n t MgO th is v a lu e r a r e ly o c c u r s s in c e m o s t ca rb o n a te r o c k s co n ta in
e ith e r m u ch m o r e o r m u ch l e s s m a g n e siu m .

M o st lim e s t o n e s , in f a c t , h a v e

l e s s th a n 2 p e r c e n t o r o v e r 19 p e r c e n t M gO.

A n illu s tr a tio n o f th e g e n e r a l

s c a r c it y o f in te r m e d ia te ca rb o n a te r o c k s i s found in a ta b le g iv e n by
P ettijo h n (1957, p. 417) and rep ro d u c ed h e r e a s T a b le 6.

35

TABLE 6
R e la tiv e A bun dan ce o f l i m e s t o n e and D o lo m ite
(fro m P ettijo h n , p . 4 1 7 , 1957)
N u m b er of S a m p le s

P e r c e n t D o lo m ite
0
10
50
90

48
8
5
97

to 10
to 50
to 90
to 100

T h r e e o f th e p o w d ers p rod u ced MgO e x c e e d in g 2 1 .6 p e r c e n t, th e e q u iv ­
a len t to 100 p e r c e n t d o lo m ite .

Su bseq u en t x - r a y d iffr a c tio n a n a ly s is on tw o o f

th e se fo r w h ich s u ffic ie n t pow der w a s le f t o v e r d id not r e v e a l th e p r e s e n c e o f
m a g n e site o r oth er m a g n e siu m -b e a r in g m in e r a ls .
Standard s a m p le s of c a lc it e and d o lo m ite w e r e run b y th e s a m e p r o c e d u r e
in o r d e r to d e te r m in e if a s y s t e m a t ic e r r o r m ig h t b e c a u sin g th e u n ex p ec ted ly
high Mg v a lu e s .

It w a s found th at up to +5 p e r c e n t co u ld o c c u r in th e a b so lu te

v a lu e s .
It i s a s s u m e d th at th e r e la t iv e v a lu e s a r e c o r r e c t and th a t the v is u a l m ea n s
o f id e n tific a tio n w a s e s s e n t ia lly a c c u r a te .
s y s t e m a t ic a lly h igh b y about 2 to 4 p e r c e n t.

The MgO v a lu e s , h o w e v e r , w e r e
A c o r r e c tio n dow nw ard o f 2 p e r ­

cen t MgO w ou ld put a ll v a lu e s in to an e x p e c te d r a n g e .
The g r e a te r n u m b e rs o f c a rb o n a tes o f in te r m e d ia te c o m p o sitio n a r e p a rtly
due to the fa c t that w ith th e e x c e p tio n of 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8 , and 3 8 , m o r e th an one
pebble w a s ground fr o m e a c h p e tro g r a p h ic g ro u p , th e r e b y , c r e a tin g a n a v e r a g e
for th e g ro u p .

36

37
P o ten tial A lk a li R e a ctiv ity
A c h e m ic a l t e s t , e sta b lish e d b y the A m e rica n S o c iety fo r T e stin g and
M a teria ls (ASTM C 289) w a s u sed to d eterm in e the p oten tial a lk a li r e a c tiv ity
o f each so u r c e o f m a te r ia l in Portland c em en t c o n c r e te .

The m ethod d e te r ­

m ined th e p oten tial r e a c tiv ity b y m ea su rin g th e am ount of d is s o lv e d s ilic a and
the red u ctio n o f alk a lin ity of a IN NaOH so lu tio n a llow ed to r e a c t w ith pow dered
sa m p le s ground from the a g g r e g a te .
One thousand g r a m s o f m a te r ia l fo r ea ch a v a ila b le s iz e fr a c tio n w e r e taken
from e a c h r e s e r v e sa m p le .

The m a te r ia l w a s cru sh ed to < 1 /4 in ch in a jaw

c ru sh e r and fu rth er red u ced by m ean s o f a d is c p u lv er iz er to p a ss a #50 s ie v e .
P ow der p a ssin g th e #50 and r eta in e d on a #100 s ie v e w a s te s te d .
The r e a c tio n p ro ced u re in v o lv e s w eigh in g the th r e e r e p lic a te 25 g p ortion s
of the powder into s p e c ia lly m ade n o n -r e a c tiv e , s e a le d r e a c tio n c o n ta in e rs and
adding 25 m l o f NaOH so lu tio n .

The pow dered m a te r ia l i s a llow ed to r e a c t

with IN sod iu m hyd roxid e fo r 24 h ou rs a t 80 C.

N orm ally, th r e e tr ip lic a te

sa m p le s and a blank w e r e run co n c u r re n tly , req u irin g a to ta l of 10 r e a c tio n
co n ta in e rs.
The f ilte r e d so lu tio n obtained is u sed to d eterm in e the d is s o lv e d s ilic a
and red u ctio n in a lk a lin ity .

D isso lv e d s ilic a is d eterm in ed g r a v im e tr ic a lly a s

p r e scr ib e d by th e ASTM M anual (1964, p. 1 9 0 -1 9 1 ).
rep o rted a s: Sc = SiO

D isso lv e d s ilic a is

in m illim o le s p er lit e r .

T he red u ction in alk a lin ity or b a s ic ity o f th e so lu tio n w a s obtained by
titra tio n .

R ed u ction in a lk a lin ity i s rep o rted in m illim o le s p er lite r = R c .

38
D is s o lv e d s i l i c a (Sc) i s p lo tte d on a lo g a r ith m ic s c a l e w h ile r e d u c tio n in
a lk a lin ity (Rc) i s p lo tted a lo n g th e a r ith m e tic o r d in a te (F ig . 6 ).

A c u r v e d raw n

on the g ra p h i s an e m p ir ic a lly d e te r m in e d d iv id in g lin e b e tw e e n a g g r e g a te s
d e te r m in e d to b e p o te n tia lly a lk a lin e r e a c tiv e and t h o s e found to b e in n o c u o u s.
T h o se fa llin g to th e r ig h t o f t h is lin e a r e lik e ly to p o s s e s s a d e le te r io u s d e g r e e
o f a lk a li r e a c tiv ity .
in te r p r e ta tio n .

T he p r e s e n c e o f c e r ta in m in e r a ls m a y p ro d u ce m is le a d in g

Iron and m a g n e siu m c a r b o n a te s and m a g n e siu m s i l i c a t e s , o r

if s o lu b le s i l i c a t e s a r e p r e s e n t, c a lc iu m ca rb o n a te m a y c a u s e s p u r io u s in c r e a s e
in R c and m ay c a u s e a n in c r e a s e o r d e c r e a s e in S c .

T h is m a y a ffe c t th e in d ic a ­

tio n o f p o te n tia l r e a c tiv it y o f th e m a r g in a l a g g r e g a te s .
T h e m a jo r d iffic u lty i s in te r p r e tin g th e r e s u lt s of th e e x tr a n e o u s d e c r e a s e
in a lk a lin ity w h ic h r e s u lt s in th e sp u r io u s in c r e a s e in R c , c a u se d b y d o lo m ite
or fe r r o u s ir o n .

A c c o r d in g to M ie le n z and B en ton (1958) a q u artz a g g r e g a te

w ith 1 p e r c e n t o p a l w i l l b e sh ow n to b e d e le te r io u s b u t in co m b in a tio n w ith
d o lo m ite m ay a p p ea r fr o m th e t e s t to b e in n ocu ou s d u e to p r e c ip ita tio n o f
m a g n e siu m o r ir o n h y d ro x id e and in c r e a s e o f R c .

M ie le n z and B en to n c it e a s

an e x a m p le th at i f 2 . 5 p e r c e n t o p a l w e r e p r e s e n t th e a g g r e g a te w ou ld a p p ea r
d e fin ite ly d e le t e r io u s .

E x tr a n e o u s p r e c ip ita tio n o f h y d ro x id e d o e s n ot o c c u r

if th e am ount o f r e a c tiv e s i l i c a i s h ig h .

W ith 5 p e r c e n t o r m o r e o f o p a l th e

bulk o f th e a g g r e g a te h a s no e ffe c t on Sc and R c .
F in a l in te r p r e ta tio n o f th e r e s u lt i s m ad e in con ju n ctio n w ith th e p e t r o g ra p h ic a n a ly s is and th e f r e e z e -t h a w e x p a n sio n t e s t s (pu 86 ) .

250
.78

240
230

220

I

210
•

200

•*>

190

•m
.U

180
170

W*
160

150
5.* *«
140
*8 7

*26

130
120

100

POTENTIALLY
DELETERIOUS

INNOCUOUS

NO

J

I I I I III
8

10

I
20

J

L I I 1,1/1 I
40

60

80 100

DISSOLVED SILICA = Sc

Figure 6. Potential alkali reactivity.

200

400

600

10

E n g in ee rin g T e s t s o f C o n crete B e a m s
The p r o c e d u r e s fo r th e e n g in e e r in g t e s t s r e la tin g to c o n c r e te b e a m s and
c y lin d e r s a r e g iv e n in d e ta il in ASTM S tan d ard s.
is r e f e r r e d to in th e d is c u s s io n of th e t e s t r e s u l t s .

T h e a p p ro p ria te stan d ard

PETROLOGY OF GLACIAL GRAVELS

F orm o f D ata
The data ga th ered to g eth er w hich c o lle c tiv e ly form th e p etrograp h ic
a n a ly sis c o n s is t of:
1.

F ie ld o b se r v a tio n s

2.

S ie v e a n a ly s e s

3.

P eb b le counts and a s s o c ia te d o b se r v a tio n s and m ea su r em e n ts

4.

C h em ica l a n a ly s e s of carb onate p a r tic le s

5 . T e s t s o f a g g r e g a te sa m p le s inclu ding s p e c ific g r a v ity and p ercen t
ab sorp tion .
A n a ly tica l P ro ced u re
A n a ly s is o f th e p etro g ra p h ic data i s c a r r ie d out in tw o p h a se s.

P h ase 1,

the red u ctio n of ind ividu al pit data and th e ca lcu la tio n o f v a r ia b le s fo r each
sam p le independent of oth er s a m p le s .

P h ase 2 u s e s th e g e n e r a liz e d P h a se 1

data to d eterm in e the b e tw e e n -p it v a r ia b le s.
P h ase 1.

T he f ir s t p h ase i s done by m ea n s of a com p uter o rien ted

a n a ly sis c o n sistin g of tw o p ro g ra m s fo r the red u ctio n of data and ca lcu la tio n
of individual pit s t a t is t ic s .
P ro g ra m "P ercent"
A com puter program w a s w r itte n to c a lc u la te p e r c e n ta g e s and m ean s o f
a ll v a r ia b le s d eterm in ed fo r ea ch pit.

T h e se c a lc u la tio n s a r e su m m a rized on

the data su m m a ry s h e e t (T able 11) and T a b le s 15 through 2 1 .
41

42
M eans w e r e c a lc u la te d in d ep en d en tly fo r e a c h r o c k ty p e in e a c h s i z e g r a d e
and a g a in fo r a ll p a r t ic le s in th e s a m p le w ith r e s p e c t to s p h e r ic it y , r o u n d n e s s ,
te x tu r e , p h y s ic a l d u r a b ility , w e a th e r in g and c o a tin g s .

M ean s w e r e c a lc u la te d

fo r th e la r g e s t s i z e on ly fo r s p e c if ic g r a v ity and a b so r p tio n .
P e r c e n t c a lc u la tio n s in clu d e th e fo llo w in g : p e r c e n ta g e s o f e a ch r o c k ty p e
fo r the e n t ir e sa m p le ; p e r c e n ta g e s of p a r t ic le s o f e a c h ro ck ty p e th at f a ll in to
one o f th r e e d e g r e e c a te g o r ie s (good, b a d , in d iffe r e n t) fo r th e p h y sic a l c h a r ­
a c t e r i s t i c s , i . e . , p h y s ic a l d u r a b ility , w e a th e r in g , te x tu r e , and c o a tin g s;
p e r c e n ta g e o f p a r t ic le s o f a ll r o c k ty p e s fo r th e e n tir e sa m p le that f a ll in to
one o f th e d e g r e e c a t e g o r ie s fo r th e fo llo w in g c h a r a c t e r is t ic s :

c o a tin g s,

w e a th e rin g , p h y s ic a l d u r a b ility , o r g a n ic m a tte r , c h e m ic a lly r e a c t iv e ,
p o ten tia l b a s e e x c h a n g e , s o lu b le s a n d /o r s u lfid e s ; p e r c e n ta g e o f p o te n tia lly
d e le te r io u s m a t e r ia l (for e n g in e e r in g u sa g e) in th e s a m p le .

Z in gg (1935)

sh a p e c l a s s e s w e r e a ls o com p u ted and th e p e r c e n ta g e o f p a r tic le s in e a c h
w a s d e te r m in e d .
P r o g r a m " L e a st S q u ares"
T h is p ro g r a m c a lc u la te d s t a t i s t i c s fo r in d iv id u a l s a m p le s .

It i s b a s ic a lly

a le a s t s q u a r e s a n a ly s is p r o g r a m d e sig n e d to h a n d le th e a v a ila b le d a ta .

Out­

put in clu d ed : c o r r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n t s , su m s o f v a r ia b le s , m ea n s u m s o f
v a r ia b le s , sta n d a rd d ev ia tio n o f v a r ia b le s , s u m s o f s q u a r e s o f v a r ia b le s ,
su m s of sq u a r ed d e v ia tio n s fro m th e m e a n .

43

P h a se 2 .

T h e s e c o n d p h a se o f th e data a n a ly s is w a s to d e te r m in e r e la tio n ­

sh ip s b e tw e e n s a m p le s .

T h e c o m p u te r -o r ie n te d p o r tio n o f th is p h a se c o n s is t s

of:
(a) F a c to r a n a ly s is o f lith o lo g ic d is tr ib u tio n s .
(b) A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e o f p h y s ic a l and e n g in e e r in g v a r ia b le s .
P a r tic le S iz e A n a ly s is
Q u a r tile M e a su r e s
M ech a n ica l a n a ly s is d ata fo r th e g r a v e l fr a c tio n w a s u s e d to c o n str u c t
c u r v e s fo r th e c u m u la tiv e s i z e fr e q u e n c y d is tr ib u tio n .

T he c o n v e n tio n a l m eth od

of c o n str u c tin g t h e s e c u r v e s fo r s a n d - s iz e d m a t e r ia ls i s to p lot th e p a r tic le
d ia m e te r s on a lo g a r ith m ic s c a l e .

A s s u m in g a lo g -n o r m a l d is tr ib u tio n fo r

such s e d im e n ts th is tec h n iq u e s y m m e t r iz e s th e d is tr ib u tio n .
w e w ish to d e a l w ith th e c o a r s e fr a c tio n o f th e d is tr ib u tio n .

H o w e v er , h e r e
F o r th is p u rp o se

the c u r v e s a r e b e s t p lo tte d on a n a r ith m e tic r a th e r th an a lo g a r ith m ic s c a l e .
The p lo ts w e r e c h o se n to g iv e m a x im u m e x p r e s s io n to th e data p o in ts.
sa m p le c u r v e i s sh ow n in F ig u r e 7 .

A

B o th th e v e r y c o a r s e and th e v e r y fin e

ends o f th e d is tr ib u tio n h a v e b e e n ru n o ff th e s c a l e o f th e g rap h in o r d e r to
e m p h a siz e th e sp r e a d o f th e c e n tr a l v a lu e s .

T h e f i r s t and th ir d q u a r tile s w e r e

picked and a s o r tin g c o e ffic ie n t w a s c a lc u la te d (K ru m b ein and P ettijo h n , 1 9 3 8 ).
T he q u a r tile m e a s u r e s , s o r tin g c o e ffic ie n t , and a r ith m e tic q u a r tile d e v ia ­
tio n s a r e a ll g iv e n in T a b le s 13 and 1 4 .

A s o r tin g c o e ffic ie n t i s in ten d ed to

g iv e a m e a s u r e o f th e s p r e a d o f th e d is tr ib u tio n .
b etw een tw o q u a r t ile s .

T h is i s b a s e d on th e r a tio

A m e a s u r e o f th e a s y m m e tr y o r s k e w n e s s m ay a ls o b e

m ade b y co m p a rin g th e m ed ia n v a lu e w ith an a v e r a g e of th e f i r s t and th ird

44

90

SO

PIT 19
70

Q, = 0 .4 70
Qa * O, I 77
Q3 - 0 .050

OO

50

<

40

30

20
IO
0.2

0.1

0 .3

0.4

0.5

0.0

0.7

o.a

0.9

1.0

INCHES

F ig u r e 7 .

q u a r tile s .

S am p le c u m u la tiv e s i z e fr e q u e n c y d istr ib u tio n c u r v e .

A lthough s im ila r c a lc u la tio n s m ay b e m a d e fr o m e it h e r a r ith m e tic ,

g e o m e tr ic , o r lo g a r ith m ic d is tr ib u tio n s , th e u s e o f q u a r tile m e a s u r e s h a s th e
advan tage th at th e y a r e con fin ed to th e c e n tr a l p a r t o f th e fr e q u e n c y d istr ib u tio n
and not su b je c t to th e in flu e n c e o f e x tr e m e p a r tic le s i z e s (K ru m bein and
P ettijo h n , 1 9 3 8 ).
S ortin g
A p e r fe c tly s o r te d s e d im e n t h a s a s o r tin g c o e ffic ie n t o f 1 . 0 .

V a lu e s l e s s

than 2 .5 a r e c o n s id e r e d to b e w e ll s o r te d , 3 . 0 i s n o r m a l and v a lu e s e x c e e d in g
4 .5 in d ic a te p oor s o r tin g (P ettijo h n , 1957 and T r a s k , 1 9 3 2 ).

45
V a lu e s fo r th e m ea n s o r tin g c o e f fic ie n t fo r e a c h o f th e d e p o s it ty p e s co n ­
s id e r e d a r e :
M o ra in a l Ice C o n ta ct D e p o s its (T ype 2)

4 .7 2

C on fin ed Ic e C on tact D e p o s its - E s k e r s (T yp e 3)

4 . 75

P r o g la c ia l C h ann el D e p o s its (Type 4)

4 . 20

P r o g la c ia l F a n and D e lta D e p o s its (T ype 5)

3 .7 7

A c c o r d in g to th e c r i t e r ia o f T r a s k , both c a te g o r ie s o f i c e co n ta ct d e p o s its
a r e p o o rly s o r te d and b o th c a te g o r ie s o f p r o g la c ia l s e d im e n ts a r e "norm al"
or m o d e r a te ly s o r t e d .

In d iv id u a lly , o n ly tw o p its out of 99 a r e " w ell s o r t e d , ”

N o s. 44 and 7 1 , w ith So v a lu e s r e s p e c t iv e ly o f 2 .2 4 and 1 .8 4 .
outw ash d e p o s its .

T h e se a r e both

N o. 44 i s on th e A lle n d a le D elta o f the g la c ia l Grand R iv e r

Channel and N o . 71 is an ou tw ash p la in o r d e lta in J a c k so n County p o s s ib ly
a s s o c ia te d w ith g la c ia l R a is in R iv e r d r a in a g e .

F ifte e n of th e ou tw ash d e p o s its

e x c e e d So o f 4 . 5 and w o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d " p oorly s o r te d . "
T he So in a g e n e r a l w a y r e f l e c t s th e d e g r e e o f r e w o r k in g b y flu v ia l p r o c ­
esses.

The com p oun d n a tu re of g la c ia l and g la c io flu v ia l d e p o s its b rou g h t about

by th e fa c t that e a c h d e p o s it is th e r e s u lt o f th e in te r a c tio n of m o r e th an a
sin g le e p is o d e o f g la c ia l o r flu v ia l a c tiv ity a p p e a r s to b e r e fle c t e d by th e s o r tin g
d isp la y ed b y th e in d iv id u a l d e p o s its .

Som e o f t h e s e , c la s s if ie d a s m o r a in a l,

m ay p o s s e s s a h ig h er d e g r e e o f s o r tin g (lo w er So valu e) than so m e o f th o s e
c la s s e d b y th e ir m o rp h o lo g y a s o u tw ash o r p r o g la c ia l.

T he r e c y c lin g o f m a te ­

r ia ls b y la te r e p is o d e s c r e a te s a c o m p le x ity p re clu d in g th e d ir e c t r e la tio n s h ip
of m o rp h o lo gy and s o r tin g o r any o th e r s in g le p e tr o g r a p h ic c h a r a c t e r is t ic .
The fa c t th a t th e m e a n So fo r p r o g la c ia l d e p o s its i s lo w e r (b e tte r so r te d ) than

46
th e m ea n fo r i c e c o n ta c t d e p o s its in d ic a te s th a t th e la s t e p is o d e , th e o n e by
w hich t h e ir p o s itio n in th e c la s s if ic a t io n i s d e te r m in e d , i s th e m o s t im p o rta n t
s in g le in flu e n c e on s o r t in g .

H o w ev er, th e r a n g e o f v a lu e s fo r in d iv id u a l p its

sh o w s th a t th e p r e v io u s h i s t o r i e s o f th e m a t e r ia l i s v e r y im p o r ta n t in d e te r ­
m in in g th e d e g r e e o f s o r t in g .
P h y s ic a l C h a r a c te r is t ic s o f P a r t ic le s
F o llo w in g i s a d e s c r ip tio n and d is c u s s io n o f th e m e a s u r e d p h y s ic a l prop­
e r t ie s o f in d iv id u a l p a r t ic le s fr o m th e 99 s a m p le s .

S ig n ific a n t v a r ia b ility of

th e s e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s i s d is c u s s e d in c o n n e c tio n w ith e a c h v a r ia b le .

R e la tio n ­

sh ip s b e tw e e n th e v a r io u s c h a r a c t e r is t ic s am o n g s a m p le s a r e p r e s e n te d at
the end o f th e s e c t io n .
R o u n d n e ss.

M axim um and m in im u m r o u n d n e ss fo r a s i z e r a n g e fro m

.3 4 5 4 fo r s i z e 1 sa m p le # 6 and .6 8 5 2 fo r S iz e 1 sa m p le # 4 0 (T a b le 1 8 ).
o f th e s e sa m p le s i t e s a r e co n fin ed outw ash (Gp # 4 ).

B oth

M ean m a x im u m and m in ­

im um r o u n d n e ss fo r a ll s i z e s a r e r e s p e c t iv e ly , .3 8 2 0 and .6 6 4 2 fo r th e sa m e
tw o p it s .

T h e sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n fo r r o u n d n e ss fo r a ll s i z e s r a n g e s fr o m a

low o f . 0865 fo r pit # 5 6 and a high of . 1481 fo r p it # 1 2 .

P it #56 i s a m o ra in a l

d e p o sit (Gp. 2) and #12 i s a co n fin ed ou tw a sh o r v a lle y tr a in .
S p h e r ic ity .

M ean s p h e r ic it y fo r e a c h p it r a n g e s fro m . 7137 fo r pit #51

to .7 8 5 9 fo r p it #5 (T ab le 1 5 ).

T h er e i s no ap p aren t r e la tio n to d e p o s it ty p e ,

so u r c e o f m a t e r ia ls , o r o th e r d e p o s itio n a l v a r ia b le .

S im ila r ly , s p h e r ic ity

d o es not b e a r an y m e a s u r e a b le r e la tio n s h ip to p a r tic le s i z e .
Standard d e v ia tio n s o f s p h e r ic ity fo r e a c h s i z e g ra d e a r e c o n s is te n tly low
fo r a ll p its w ith th e h ig h e s t b e in g 0 .3 4 fo r p it # 5 .

T h is i s th e pit w ith the

47
h ig h est m ean sp h e r ic ity fo r a ll p a r tic le s .

T he la r g e s t and s m a lle s t s i z e g r a d e s

have th e h ig h est s p h e r ic itie s (. 816 and . 808, r e s p e c tiv e ly ) and s i z e 2 (in ter­
m ed iate) is a v e r a g e .

T h is, h o w ev er, i s not a g e n e r a l r e la tio n sh ip .

C o rrela tio n c o e ffic ie n ts for sp h e r ic ity - s i z e a r e n o rm a lly d istrib u ted
for 99 p its and have both th e ir m ean and m ed ian v a lu e s at - . 04.

S p h ericity

d o es not v a ry a p p recia b ly b etw een r o c k ty p e s .
S u rface T e x tu r e.

M ean v a lu e s of su r fa c e te x tu r a l m e a su r e m e n ts a r e u sed

a s an index fo r v a r ia tio n s.

V a lu es a r e g iv en in T ab le 17.

S u rface te x tu ra l

v a ria tio n s show so m e c o r r e la tio n w ith oth er p h y sic a l v a r ia b le s, e s p e c ia lly
w ea th erin g , s p e c ific g r a v ity , r o u n d n e ss, and p h y sic a l d u rab ility.

It d o es not

c o r r e la te w ith sp h e r ic ity and sh o w s no apparent v a r ia tio n w ith s i z e .
C o r re la tio n o f su r fa c e tex tu re w ith oth er p h y sic a l p a r a m e te r s o c c u r s
b e c a u se o f com m on c h a r a c te r is tic s o f c e r ta in lith o lo g ie s su ch a s fr ia b le
sta n d sto n e s, d e n se c h e r ts and lim e s to n e s , e tc .

S tream a c tio n often produ ces

a p o lish on c e r ta in ty p e s o f r o c k s although so m e m ay round but not p o lish . The
data show t h a t c e r ta in r o c k s ten d to c lu ste r in a g iv en su r fa c e te x tu r a l group
and o th e rs s c a tte r w id e ly through s e v e r a l o f th e c a te g o r ie s .
S u rface tex tu ra l v a lu e s a v era g ed from e a ch pit show little v a riation .
N eith er d ifferen t g eo m o rp h o lo g ica l a ffilia tio n s o f d e p o sits nor se d im e n to lo g ic a l
p a ra m eters a r e r e fle c te d by any c o n siste n t su r fa c e tex tu ra l d iffe r e n c e s .
W eathering.

The d e g r e e o f w eath erin g of ro ck p a r tic le s r e s u lts fro m

a ctio n o f p o st-d e p o sitio n a l p r o c e s s e s .

M ean v a lu e s a r e g iv en in T able 16.

W eathering ap p ears to d isp la y no s e le c t iv e e ffe c t r e la tiv e to p a r tic le s i z e . T h ere
is no apparent o v e r a ll in c r e a s e or d e c r e a s e in th e d e g r e e of w ea th erin g w ith

48
ch an gin g p a r t ic le s i z e .

A lth ou gh th e d e g r e e o f w e a th e r in g in flu e n c e s th e p h y s­

ic a l d u r a b ility , i t d o e s not a p p ea r to b e th e b a s ic c a u s a l fa c to r in th e d u ra ­
b ility - s i z e r e la t io n s h ip s .

T h e s e a r e d is c u s s e d u n d er th e h ead in g " P h y sic a l

D u r a b ilit y ."
S p e c ific G ra v ity .
of c o n c r e te a g g r e g a te .

S p e c ific g r a v ity i s a fu n d a m en ta l e n g in e e r in g p r o p e r ty
M ean s p e c if ic g r a v ity fo r e a c h lith o lo g ic group o v e r a ll

99 d e p o s its i s lis t e d in T a b le 7 .

T h e s e data a r e c o n s is t e n t w ith p r e v io u s ly

known v a lu e s fo r lith o lo g ie s and p r e s e n t no new fin d in g s .

No s y s t e m a t ic v a r­

ia tio n b e tw e e n d e p o s its w a s d e te r m in e d .
TABLE 7
M ean S p e c ific G ra v ity fo r E a c h R ock T ype
L ith ology
P h a n e r itic A c id Ign eou s
P h a n e r itic In te r m e d ia te Ign eou s
P h a n e r itic B a s ic Ign eou s
M ic r o -P h a n e r itic Ign eou s
A p h an itic A c id Ign eou s
A p h an itic B a s ic Ign eou s
P e g m a tite
Sandstone
S iltsto n e
C a lc a r e o u s S iltsto n e
Shale
C rag
Coal
Clay
Iron O xide
F e r r u g in o u s C o n c r e tio n s
L im esto n e
D o lo m itic L im e sto n e
D o lo m ite
Chalk
C hert
N o n -F o lia te d M etam orp h ic
F o lia te d M eta m o rp h ic
O thers

S p e c ific G ravity
2 .6 8 7 7
2 .9 1 7 3
2 .9 9 0 1
2 .8 2 6 3
2 .7 2 2 4
2 . 8623
2 .6 3 1 8
2 .2 9 8 8
2 .2 5 8 8
2 .0 2 9 1
2 .5 2 7 4
2 .1 9 8 3
2 .3 7 1 0
2 .1 3 0 3
2 .1 1 2 0
2 .5 8 0 2
2 .5 6 8 5
2 .7 5 3 1
2 .7 3 6 8
1 .9 3 9 2
2 .5 0 3 6
2 .6 7 1 3
2 .6 9 8 4
2 .7 9 3 4

49
P e r c e n t A b so r p tio n .

S in c e a b so r p tio n i s in v e r s e ly r e la te d to s p e c if ic

g r a v ity it s r e la tio n s h ip s to o th e r v a r ia b le s and to d e p o s its a r e s im ila r .

M ea n s

fo r s p e c if ic g r a v ity and a b so r p tio n a r e g iv e n in T a b le s 20 and 21.
P h y s ic a l D u r a b ility .

P h y s ic a l d u ra b ility

i s a m e a s u r e o f th e p h y s ic a l

c h a r a c te r o f th e r o c k that c o r r e la t e s w ith o th e r e x p r e s s io n s o f p h y s ic a l co n ­
d itio n , in clu d in g s p e c if ic g r a v ity , a b so r p tio n , and w e a th e r in g .

A low but

n o n e th e le s s s t a t is t ic a lly v a lid c o r r e la tio n a ls o o c c u r s b e tw e en p h y sic a l d u ra ­
b ility and s u r fa c e te x tu r e .
T h e r e i s no ap p aren t d iffe r e n c e in th e d u r a b ility o f th e th r e e s i z e g r a d e s .
T a b le 19 l is t s th e m ea n v a lu e s fo r d u r a b ility .

T h is m ea n , a s w ith s u r fa c e

te x tu r e and d e g r e e o f w e a th e r in g , i s an in d ex v a lu e d e te r m in e d b y th e a v e r a g e
num ber o f p a r t ic le s fa llin g in to v a r io u s d is c r e t e c l a s s e s .
C h em ica l C h a r a c te r is tic s o f P a r t ic le s
T h e c h e m ic a l n a tu re o f th e in d ivid u al g r a v e l p a r tic le s m ay a ffe c t th e
e n g in e e r in g q u a lity o f th e g r a v e l and i s d is c u s s e d in th e s e c tio n on e n g in e e r in g
u sa g e .

T he p e tr o lo g y o f th e g r a v e l i t s e l f i s b e s t e v a lu a ted by lith o lo g ic c o m ­

p o sitio n w h ich in tu rn r e f l e c t s th e c h e m is tr y o f in d iv id u a l c o n s titu e n ts .
R e la tio n sh ip s b e tw e e n P e tr o g r a p h ic V a r ia b le s
C o r r e la tio n c o e f fic ie n ts w e r e com p u ted fo r a ll c o m b in a tio n s o f p e tr o ­
g ra p h ic v a r ia b le s fo r ea ch p it.

F o r a lm o s t e v e r y co m b in a tio n of v a r ia b le s ,

th e ra n g e o f c o e f f ic ie n t s i s q u ite w id e .

T o d e te r m in e i f th e c o e ffic ie n t v a lu e s

w e r e m ea n in g fu l or s im p ly ran d om ly d istr ib u te d , th e ran k ed c o e f fic ie n t s fo r
c e r ta in co m b in a tio n s w e r e p lo tted fo r a ll 9 9 r 's on p r o b a b ility graph p a p er.

A

str a ig h t lin e w ith a m ean o r m ed ia n valu e of 0 w ou ld r e s u lt if th e d istr ib u tio n

o f r ’s w e r e ran d om .

If, h o w e v e r , the d istr ib u tio n of r ’s w e r e n o n -ra n d o m ,

th e c u r v e w ould b e sk ew ed e ith e r rig h t o r le f t , depending on w h eth er th e c o r ­
r e la tio n w e r e p o s itiv e or n e g a tiv e .
r e la tio n .

S k ew n e ss o f th e c u r v e in d ic a te s tr u e c o r ­

Sp u riou s high o r low c o r r e la tio n s can b e d is r e g a r d e d and th e m ed ian

value u s e d a s th e a c tu a l d e g r e e o f c o r r e la tio n fo r a ll 99 d e p o s its .
T a b le s 8, 9 and 10 l i s t the co m b in a tio n s of v a r ia b le s p lo tte d .

A ll a r e

m o re o r l e s s n o rm a l and th e d e g r e e o f s k e w n e s s i s sh ow n b y th e m ea n and
m ed ian v a lu e.
TA BLE 8
M edian C o r re la tio n B e tw ee n P a ir s
o f V a r ia b le s fo r 99 r ’s - S iz e 1 (1 -1 /2 " - 3 /4 " )

S p ec ific G ravity
A b sorp tion
L ithology
S p h ericity
T extu re
R oundness
W eathering
P h y sic a l D u rab ility

------

-.76
-.02
.0 3
.1 1
-.06
-.27
-.38

£
>
<
K
S
n

S

------

-.02
-.07
.0 4
.09
.34
.37

------

.02
.0 9
0
-.06
-.12

------

.0 2
.10
-.06
-.06

------

.18
-.11
-.15

-.01
-.01

------

.40

e
hi
I—i
«

'S
PS
*
S

«F—i

m

^
J*

O

q

&

g2

co

H
*—i

03
H

H

w

o

5
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E

5Q
J'

TABLE 9
M edian C o r r e la tio n B e tw e e n V a r ia b le s F o r 99 r ' s
S iz e 2 (3 /4 " - 3 /8 " )

L ith o lo g y
S p h e r ic ity
T ex tu re
R o u n d n ess
W eath ering
P h y s ic a l D u ra b ility

02
05
01
,0 8
13

. 02
. 07
. 03
■. 06

.3 7
-.07
-.1 1

.02
-.05

.47
H
M
P
PQ

<
E-*
1— 4

O

§

h-4

ac

w

O

PC

E-i
M

DC
PM

P

CO

w
H
X
W
H

co

i

p
p

«
X
H
<
W
£

CO

O

PC

Q
P
<
OH
H
CO

X
PM

T A B L E 10
M edian C o r r e la tio n B e tw e e n V a r ia b le s F o r 99 r ' s
S iz e 3 (3 /8 " - 3 /1 6 " )

L ithology
S p h ericity
T ex tu re
R ou n d n ess
W eath ering
P h y s ic a l D u ra b ility

--------------

.0 3
.1 1
.0 3
-.09
-.15

—

-.03
.0 7
-.03
- . 02

--------------

-.36
-.12
-.13

--------------

0
-.15

--------------

.28

-------------

Eh
a

X

>*

U
Q
p

o
X
r i
£
3

H

O

fr— 4
i— i

P5
S
PM
CO

51

W
5
H
X
w
H

CO
CO

w
X

p
O
X

O
X

►■■4

PC

w
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H
C

W
£

<
P
Q
P

<
P
►—i

CO

t!
X

PM

52

F o r p a r t ic le s o f the la r g e s t s i z e g r a d e (1 -1 /2 " to 3 /4 " ) , th e h ig h e s t c o r ­
r e la tio n s a r e s p e c if ic g r a v ity and a b so r p tio n .
n e g a tiv e c o r r e la t io n .
-.76.

T h e se p r e d ic ta b ly sh ow str o n g

T he m ed ia n c o r r e la tio n fo r a ll p a r t ic le s m e a s u r e d i s

P h y s ic a l d u r a b ility i s s ig n ific a n tly c o r r e la te d w ith b oth s p e c if ic g r a v ity

and a b so r p tio n .

T h e s ig n s on t h e s e m a y b e co n fu sin g b e c a u s e o f th e co d in g

u sed fo r p h y s ic a l d u r a b ility , w h ich ra n k s the m o s t d u ra b le a s 1 and the le a s t
a s 3.

H igh s p e c if ic g r a v ity , th en , and h igh d u r a b ility (low co d e n u m b er) o c c u r

to g e th e r and, th e r e fo r e , c r e a te a n e g a tiv e c o e ffic ie n t.

H igh a b so r p tio n o c c u r s

w ith low d u r a b ility (high co d e nu m ber) and c r e a te s a p o s itiv e c o e f fic ie n t .
D u ra b ility and w e a th e r in g a l s o sh ow a h ig h ly sig n ific a n t c o r r e la tio n .

The

p o s itiv e r h e r e a g a in in d ic a te s th a t the m o r e w e a th e r e d p a r t ic le s a r e th e l e s s
d u ra b le.

S p e c ific g r a v ity and a b so r p tio n a ls o a r e a ffe c te d b y th e d e g r e e of

w ea th e rin g o f th e p a r t ic le s .

D u ra b ility and s u r fa c e te x tu r e sh ow a lo w e r but

n o n e th e le ss c o n s is te n t c o r r e la tio n .

O ther r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n p e tro g r a p h ic

v a r ia b le s th at a r e l e s s p ron ou n ced but s t i l l c o n s is te n tly p r e s e n t a r e s u r fa c e
tex tu re w ith r o u n d n e ss and w e a th e r in g and s p h e r ic ity w ith r o u n d n e ss .
L ith o logy d o e s not sh ow str o n g r e la tio n to any o f th e o th er v a r ia b le s .
T h is, no doubt, i s due to the la r g e num ber of r o c k ty p e s p r e se n t in th e s u ite .
The r e la tio n s h ip s sh ow n , h o w e v e r , a r e c o n s is te n t throughout a ll 99 d e p o s its .
T he c o r r e la tio n of lith o lo g y w ith p h y s ic a l d u ra b ility i s s tr o n g e s t w h ile
su r fa c e te x tu r e and w ea th e rin g sh ow s o m e a s s o c ia t io n .

It i s in te r e s tin g to

note that no ap p aren t r e la tio n s h ip e x is t s b e tw e e n r o c k ty p e and r o u n d n e ss .
In th e tw o s m a lle r s i z e g r a d e s , s im ila r r e la tio n s h ip s a r e found b e tw e e n
v a r ia b le s .

C o n tr a sts a r e c ite d a s fo llo w s : S u rfa ce te x tu r e and r o u n d n e ss a r e

53
m ore c lo s e ly r e la te d th en in th e la r g e r s iz e c la s s .

R ou n d n ess and d u ra b ility

show a h igh er co n tra st in the s m a lle s t s iz e (3/8" to 3 / 1 6 ”).

The n eg a tiv e sig n

in d ica tes that th e m ore round ap p ear slig h tly m o re d u rab le on the w hole fo r
th is s i z e .

T h is m ay b e due to p la n es of w e a k n ess o r oth er p h y sic a l e le m e n ts

producing a r e la tiv e ly m o re m ark ed red u ction in r o u n d n ess of s m a ll p a r tic le s .
T h is i s an inh eren t prob lem in th e m ea su rem en t o f ro u n d n ess b a s e d on the
num ber o f " c o r n e r s .”
D istrib u tion o f L ith ologies
S e v e r a l a n a ly tica l tech n iq u es w e r e u sed to d e s c r ib e and a n a ly ze the a r e a l
v a ria tio n o f th e lith o lo g ic s u ite .

The p ercen ta g e c o m p o sitio n o f d ia g n o stic a lly

sig n ifica n t r o c k ty p e s a s w e ll a s v a rio u s com b in ation s w e r e p lotted on a r e a l
m ap s.

Much o f the in terp reta tio n of th is data has ap p lica tio n in en g in eerin g

u sage o f th e m a te r ia ls and w ill b e d is c u s s e d in th is con n ection .

The g e o lo g ic a l

sig n ific a n c e i s d is c u s s e d la te r in th is se c tio n .
W ithin Individual S a m p les.

The d istrib u tio n o f r o c k ty p es in each g r a v e l

pit sa m p led is r e p r e se n te d in T able 11.
R ou n d n ess, sp h e r ic ity , te x tu r e , co a tin g s, p h y sic a l d u ra b ility , w eath erin g
and c h e m ic a l d u rab ility a r e d is c u s s e d in g e n e ra l under "P etrography" and need
not b e d e sc r ib e d for ea ch p it.

The data a r e p r e se n te d in T a b le s 12 through 21.

B etw een pit r e la tio n sh ip s w ill b e d is c u s s e d in the n ex t se c tio n .
B etw een S a m p les.

The c o n siste n c y of th e lith o lo g ic su ite b etw een sa m p le s

w as m en tioned e a r lie r in the d is c u s s io n of s o u r c e s o f m a te r ia ls .

The g e n e r a l

content of th is su ite i s g iv en in the d is c u s s io n of th e p etrograp h ic a n a ly s is ,
p. 6 1 -7 1 .

54
F a c t o r s in th e p r e s e n t d is tr ib u tio n o f m a te r ia ls in th e g r a v e ls a r e , (1) b e d ­
ro ck s o u r c e s and th e ir d is tr ib u tio n and e x p o s u r e to g la c ia l and r e la t e d e r o s io n ,
(2) d is ta n c e and d ir e c tio n o f tr a n s p o r t, (3) m o d e o f tr a n s p o r t (ic e , i c e and
w a te r , w a te r ) and d e p o s itio n , and (4) p o s t d e p o s itio n a l a lte r a tio n of th e d e ­
p o site d m a t e r ia ls b y e ith e r c h e m ic a l or p h y s ic a l m e a n s .
In te r a c tio n b e tw e e n e a ch o f th e s e fa c to r s and th e r e la t iv e im p o r ta n c e o f
ea ch d e te r m in e s th e fin a l p r o p e r tie s o f e a c h lith o lo g y at e a c h s i t e .

T h ese,

h o w e v e r , a r e fu n d am en tal p h y s ic a l p a r a m e te r s w h ich a r e b a s ic to any d e p o s it
but not e a s ily r e s o lv e d to s p e c if ic s a m p le s i t e s .

R a th er an e m p ir ic a l a n a ly s is

o f t h e s e f a c t o r s i s u s e d to e x p la in th e lith o lo g ic d istr ib u tio n in t e r m s o f lo c a l
a r e a l p a r a m e te r s .
F a c to r s (1) and (2) h a v e b e e n d is c u s s e d under ’’S o u rc e o f M a te r ia ls"
p. 1 7 ^ 2 1 , w h ile (3) m od e o f tr a n sp o r t and d e p o s itio n is b ey o n d th e s c o p e o f
th is stu d y .

T h e s p e c if ic e f f e c t s o f th e in te r a c tio n o f w a te r and ic e tr a n s p o r t

w ithin th e r e g io n o f stu d y i s tak en in to a cco u n t su b se q u e n tly , p. 6 1 -7 1 .
P o s t d e p o s itio n a l c h a n g e s p r in c ip a lly e ffe c t th e so lu tio n o r p r e c ip ita tio n
o f so lu b le m in e r a ls and s a l t s .

P r e c ip ita tio n o f CaCO

O

o c c u r s alon g e x p o se d

fa c e s o f c o a r s e str a ta w h ich s e r v e a s c h a n n e ls o f ground w a te r m ig r a tio n .
T h is p r o d u ce s th e m a t e r ia l r e f e r r e d to a s c r a g .

In s e v e r a l o f th e s e s a m e

d e p o s its in c ip ie n t a lte r a tio n of f e ld s p a r s in th e con tain ed r o c k s i s p rod u cin g
the d e p o sitio n of m in u te n e e d le - lik e c la y c o a tin g s on th e p e b b le s .

O xid ation

has c a u se d th e p a r tia l o r c o m p le te d is in te g r a tio n o f s o m e p a r t ic le s co n ta in in g
fe r r o u s c a r b o n a te s and o f s o m e b a s ic and in te r m e d ia te ig n e o u s r o c k s .

D io r ite s

in s o m e c a s e s a r e d e c o m p o se d to th e p oin t o f p h y sic a l d is in te g r a tio n .

L each in g

55
o f c a r b o n a te s , co m m o n in g la c ia l t i l l s in s o m e a r e a s ,d o e s not a p p ea r to b e
im p o rta n t in the g r a v e l d e p o s its .
A s e r i e s o f fa c to r a n a ly s e s w a s p e r fo r m e d in a n e ffo r t to fu r th e r c la s s if y
th e 99 s o u r c e s o f g r a v e ls and to ob tain a c le a r r e la tio n s h ip o f t h e s e d e p o s its
to th e known g e o lo g y of th e r e g io n .
B a s ic a lly , fa c to r a n a ly s is i s a n a n a ly tic a l p r o c e d u r e u s e d to r e d u c e th e
num ber o f v a r ia b le s and t o d e lin e a te new and fe w e r ind ep en d en t u n d erly in g
fa c t o r s .

T h e in te r c o r r e la tio n s am ong th e v a r ia b le s c o n stitu te th e b a s ic data

fo r fa c to r a n a ly s is .

The p r o c ed u r e s e a r c h e s th e c o r r e la tio n c o e f fic ie n t s fo r

r e la tio n s h ip s , g r o u p s , s im ila r v a r ia b le s , and th e n d e r iv e s a h y p o th e tic a l fa c to r
s p e c if ic to e a ch grou p .
The m o s t fr e q u e n tly u se d o p tion fo r e x tr a c tin g fa c to r s i s th e p r in c ip a lfa c to r s o lu tio n .

U sin g t h is tech n iq u e a f i r s t fa c to r i s e x tr a c te d w h ich a c co u n ts

fo r the la r g e s t p r o p o r tio n o f v a r ia tio n in th e o b s e r v e d m e a s u r e s .

A se c o n d

ind ep en d en t fa c to r i s th en d e te r m in e d th a t a c c o u n ts fo r a m a x im u m o f th e
r e s id u a l v a r ia tio n .

T he p r o c e s s i s con tin u ed u n til th e to t a l v a r ia tio n i s e x ­

p lain ed .
The fa c to r p a ttern th a t h a s b e e n d e te r m in e d i s th en u s u a lly m a th e m a tic a lly
ro ta ted to a r r iv e at a s im p le r s tr u c tu r e o r p attern and th e m o s t m ea n in g fu l
p o s itio n s fo r th e f a c t o r s .

The ro ta te d so lu tio n s m ay p r o v id e a b a s is fo r th e

c o n str u c tio n of a m o d el to e x p la in the in itia l v a r ia tio n o r s e r v e fo r o th e r

F a c to r a n a ly s is , th e n , i s e s s e n t ia lly a s o p h is tic a te d data r e d u c tio n te c h ­
nique.

T horough tr e a tm e n t o f fa c to r a n a ly s is ca n b e found in C a tte ll (1952)

56
and H arm on (1 9 6 0 ).
" F a cto r A:

T h e co m p u ter p r o g r a m u se d in t h is stu d y i s d e s c r ib e d in

P r in c ip a l C om p on en ts and O rth ogon al R o ta tio n , ” T e c h n ic a l R e p o r t

N o. 3 4 , C om p uter In stitu te fo r S o c ia l S e r v ic e s R e s e a r c h , M ich igan S ta te
U n iv e r s ity .
L ith o lo g ic data fe d in to th e fa c to r a n a ly s is r o u tin e w e r e a r r a n g e d in to
c a te g o r ie s w h ic h w o u ld p e r m it a s s ig n m e n t o f in d iv id u a l s a m p le s in to s im ila r it y
c a te g o r ie s b y m e a n s o f th e m a x im u m fa c to r lo a d in g s d e r iv e d b y v e r im a x r o ta ­
tio n .

E igh t d iffe r e n t s e t s o f input d ata w e r e u s e d fo r s e p a r a te r u n s .

T h e se

in clu d e both ran k ed lith o lo g ic data and a c tu a l p e r c e n ta g e v a lu e s c o m p ile d in to
fou r d iffe r e n t g ro u p in g s c h e m e s .
The u s e o f b oth ra n k ed and a c tu a l p e r c e n ta g e data p r o v id e s a c h e c k on
th e p o s s ib ility th at s m a ll flu c tu a tio n s in th e p e r c e n ta g e data m ig h t a lte r the
lo a d in g s and m a sk th e g r o s s r e la tio n s h ip s .

On th e o th er hand, th e d e g r e e to

w hich one lith o lo g ic g ro u p d iffe r e d fr o m an o th er m ig h t b e m o r e g e o lo g ic a lly
sig n ific a n t th an th e s im p le fa c t that o n e i s m o r e abundant than a n o th e r .
The f i r s t s e t o f data a n a ly z e d b y th e fa c to r a n a ly s is r o u tin e c o n s is te d o f
17 lith o lo g ie s .

T h e s e w e r e s e le c t e d fr o m th e 24 g r o u p s in c lu d e d in th e p e tr o ­

g rap h ic a n a ly s is b y o m is s io n o f s e v e n low fr e q u e n c y m e m b e r s w h o se p r e s e n c e
or a b s e n c e w a s lik e ly to b e ran d om o r fo llo w a P o is s o n d is tr ib u tio n .
F our s e t s o f output w e r e o b ta in ed fo r both th e ran k ed and th e p e r c e n ta g e
data input.

S ep a r a te so lu tio n s in d iv id u a lly r e s o lv e d th e v a r ia tio n s in th e data

into tw o, t h r e e , fo u r , and fiv e f a c to r s on th e b a s i s o f th e m a x im u m ro ta te d
fa cto r lo a d in g s.

57
S im ila r s e t s o f s o lu tio n s w e r e o b ta in ed fo r th e su b se q u e n t fa c to r a n a ly s e s
b a se d on th e data r e o r g a n iz e d in to fe w e r v a r ia b le s .

T h e s e v e n v a r ia b le input

y ie ld e d up to fiv e r o ta te d fa c to r lo a d in g s, th e fo u r v a r ia b le a n a ly s is su p p lie d
two and th r e e w a y lo a d in g s and th e th r e e v a r ia b le a n a ly s is lo a d ed tw o w a y s .
E a ch s o lu tio n to th e fa c to r a n a ly s is w h en p lo tte d on a m a p o f th e a r e a
sh o w s th e a r e a l d is tr ib u tio n o f s a m p le s th a t fa ll in to th e a s s ig n e d fa c to r c a t­
e g o r ie s .
O nly th o s e s o lu tio n s th at a p p ea r e d to y ie ld so m e th in g o f s ig n ific a n c e to
the g e o lo g y o f th e d e p o s its o r e n g in e e r in g u s a g e o f th e m a te r ia ls i s d is c u s s e d
b elo w under ’’In fe r e n c e s" p . 61 •
S u pp lem ental Study o f L ith o lo g ic D istr ib u tio n
The lith o lo g ic r e s u lt s o f th e above p ilo t stu d y p r e s c r ib e d th at a new s e t
o f e x p e r im e n ta l data sh o u ld b e g a th e re d and e x a m in e d .
new p h a se w a s t h r e e -fo ld :

The p u rp o se o f th e

(1) to d e v e lo p and im p le m e n t a m o r e e ffic ie n t p ro ­

ced u re fo r sa m p lin g d r ift m a te r ia ls (p oten tial a g g r e g a te s o u r c e s fo r e c o n o m ic
p r o je c ts) to d e te r m in e la r g e s c a le a r e a l v a r ia b ility .

(2) E xten d th e g e o g r a p h ic

a r e a o f in v e s tig a tio n to t e s t d e r iv e d in fe r e n c e s r e g a r d in g a r e a l v a r ia b ility of
the lith o lo g ic s u ite .

(3) G ather a d d itio n a l in fo r m a tio n to v e r ify and expand th e

in fe r e n c e s r e g a r d in g th e e ff e c t s o f g la c ia l d is p e r s io n and o th er g e o lo g ic a l
p a r a m e te r s .
V olum e P e b b le A n a ly s is .

I n fe r e n c e s both o f g e o lo g ic a l and e c o n o m ic s i g ­

n ifica n ce a r e draw n fr o m th e d istr ib u tio n o f m a te r ia ls in th e d r ift.
T he a r e a l d is tr ib u tio n o f th e q u a lity c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e m a te r ia l fo r
highw ay o r c o n str u c tio n a g g r e g a te i s in te r p r e te d and th e r e b y m ad e m o r e

58
p r e d ic ta b le b y m e a n s o f th e r e c o n s tr u c tio n o f th e flo w p ath s of g la c ia l i c e , th e
r e s u ltin g d is p e r s a l p a tte r n s fo r th e m a t e r ia ls , th e ir p r o v e n a n c e , and th e dy­
n a m ic fa c t o r s c o n tr o llin g d e p o s itio n and r e w o r k in g .

The q u a lity o f n atu ral

m a te r ia ls fo r u s e a s a g g r e g a te i s a fu n ction o f th e r e la t iv e a m o u n ts o f th e d if­
fe r in g c o m p o n en ts m e a s u r e d by v o lu m e r a th e r than n u m b ers o f p e b b le s .

T h is

h a s b e e n d o cu m en ted b y s tu d ie s of fr e e z e -th a w r e s is t a n c e o f c o n c r e te and o th e r
d u ra b ility s tu d ie s m ad e by th e M ich igan D ep a r tm en t of S tate H igh w ays R e s e a r c h
L ab oratory and oth er a g e n c ie s .

L a r g e r p a r tic le s h a v e b e e n c le a r ly show n t o

b e m o r e h a r m fu l th an s m a ll, if th e y a r e su b je c t to e x p a n sio n o r d is in te g r a tio n
w hen e n c lo s e d in c o n c r e te .
S im ila r ly r e la t iv e q u a n titie s o f d iffe r in g m a te r ia ls in a g la c io flu v ia l
d e p o sit a r e m o r e d ir e c t ly in te r p r e ta b le in t e r m s o f p r o v e n a n c e , tr a n sp o r ta tio n ,
d e p o sitio n and p o s t d e p o s itio n a l h is to r y in t e r m s o f volu m e r a th e r than n u m b ers
of p e b b le s.
A s i z e r a n g e o f p a r t ic le s o r g la c ia l d r ift con tain in g th e g r e a t e s t v a r ia b ility
in lith o lo g ic con ten t w a s d e te r m in e d b y A n d e r so n (1962) to b e b e tw e e n 1 /2 and
one in c h d ia m e te r s .

A lthough th e p r e se n t stu d y sh o w s no c o n s is te n t r e la tio n ­

sh ip b e tw e en s i z e and lith o lo g y , th e u s e of t h is s i z e r a n g e fo r th e a n a ly s is o f
the m a t e r ia ls h a s th e ad v a n ta g e o f e lim in a tin g any p o s s ib le sp u r io u s s i z e e f ­
f e c t s , and g r e a tly f a c ilit a t e s the sa m p lin g p r o c e d u r e .
T he u s e o f v o lu m e sa m p lin g fo r s e d im e n to lo g ic a l a n a ly s is p r o v id e s a
num ber o f a d v a n ta g es o v e r th e tr a d itio n a l p eb b le cou n tin g tec h n iq u e .

T h e se

in clu d e s m a lle r sa m p le s i z e , e lim in a tio n o f m u ltip le s i z e g r a d in g , s p e e d , and
sim p lifie d data h an d lin g.

A n a n a ly tic a l r e s u lt can b e ob tain ed c o n s is tin g o f

59
fe w e r e le m e n ts w h ich i s m o r e r e a d ily ex p la in ed in te r m s o f th e g e n e tic h is to r y
o f th e d e p o s it.
L o ca tion and E x ten t o f Expanded A r e a o f Study.

The a r e a c o v e r e d fo r the

su p p lem en ta l stu dy i s sh ow n b y th e b ro k en lin e on th e index m ap (F ig . 1).

It

e x ten d s th e o r ig in a l stu d y a r e a to in clu d e p r a c tic a lly a ll o f th e w e s te r n h a lf o f
th e Southern P en in su la o f M ich igan .

The exten d ed a r e a c o v e r s a p p ro x im a tely

9000 sq u a r e m ile s .
Sam p lin g P r o c e d u r e .

A s in g le sa m p le fr o m th e 1 / 2 - i n . to 1 -in . pebb le

population w a s obtain ed fr o m e a c h o f 138 to w n sh ip s in th e w e s te r n h alf of th e
L ow er P e n in su la .

The s a m p le s w e r e ta k en fro m fie ld e x p o s u r e s in g r a v e l p its

or oth er m an m ad e e x c a v a tio n s .

G ra v el p its w e r e p r e fe r r e d lo c a tio n s for

sa m p lin g b e c a u s e o f th e a d d ition al se d im e n to lo g ic a l data a v a ila b le , but w h ere
p its w e r e not p r e se n t ro a d cu ts o r any o th er su ita b le e x p o su r e s w e r e sa m p le d .
Many p its had f r e s h v e r tic a l e x p o s u r e s , in w hich c a s e th e sa m p le c o n s is te d o f
an in te g ra te d c o m p o site o f grab s a m p le s or a v e r tic a l chann el fro m a ll g r a v e l
str a ta p r e s e n t.

W here e x p o su r e w a s a b sen t a lag sa m p le w a s obtain ed from

th e p eb b les e x p o se d at th e s u r fa c e .

T h e se la g sa m p le s w e r e su b seq u en tly

found to b e u n su ita b le and w e r e e lim in a te d fr o m th e a n a ly s is .

The 1 / 2 - in . to

1 -in . p eb b les w e r e se p a r a te d b y hand s ie v in g through sq u a r e m e sh s c r e e n s and
8 to 10 pounds w e r e b a g g ed fo r la b o ra to ry a n a ly s is .
L ab oratory P r o c e d u r e
P r e lim in a r y H andling
In th e la b o ra to ry th e s a m p le s w e r e f i r s t w a sh ed to r e m o v e c la y lum ps and
fin e m a te r ia l ad h erin g to th e p e b b le s.

T h e w a sh ed p eb b les w e r e then p la ced in

60
a 2000 m l b e a k e r to o b ta in an a p p r o x im a te in itia l v o lu m e .

T h e p e b b le s w e r e

a g ita ted in th e b e a k e r to o b tain m a x im u m packin g and m o r e p e b b le s w e r e added
to b rin g th e le v e l to 2000 m l m a rk .

F o r th is p r o c e d u r e th e b e a k e r w a s in it ia lly

fille d w ith w a te r w h ich w a s a llo w e d to s p i ll out a s it w a s d is p la c e d b y th e peb­
b le s .

T h is h e lp e d to p r o te c t th e b e a k e r fro m b r e a k a g e d u rin g fillin g and r e ­

duced fr ic tio n b e tw e e n p e b b les to a id p a ck in g .
L ith o lo g ic S e p a r a tio n
The t w o - lit e r v o lu m e of p e b b le s w a s th en s e p a r a te d in to te n lith o lo g ic
groups:
phic,

(1) e x tr u s iv e ig n e o u s ,

(2) in tr u s iv e ig n e o u s ,

(4) n o n -fo lia te d m e ta m o r p h ic ,

(ch ert),

(7) s a n d s to n e ,

c r e tio n s , and

(5) c a r b o n a te ,

(8) s h a le and s ilt s t o n e ,

(3) fo lia te d m e ta m o r ­
(6) s ilic e o u s se d im e n t

(9) fe r r u g in o u s c la y con ­

(10) o th e r s .

T h is s im p lifie d c la s s if ic a t io n w a s e m p lo y e d s o th at r a p id v isu a l id e n tific a ­
tion w ould b e p o s s ib le .

E ach c a te g o r y i s b a s e d on e a s i l y v is ib le c r it e r ia y e t

r eta in s a ll s ig n ific a n t e le m e n ts n e c e s s a r y fo r th e in te r p r e ta tio n of th e g e o lo g ic
o rig in o f th e m a t e r ia ls fo r th e p u r p o se o f r e g io n a l e v a lu a tio n a s w e ll a s r e ta in ­
ing id en tity o f d e le te r io u s c o m p o n e n ts fo r e n g in e e r in g u s a g e .

A b in o c u la r

m ic r o s c o p e , g iv in g m a g n ific a tio n s o f s e v e n to 30 t im e s w a s u s e d fo r p a r t ic le s
when id e n tity w a s q u e stio n a b le by n ak ed e y e o b s e r v a tio n .
The v o lu m e of e a c h lith o lo g ic c a te g o r y w a s d e te r m in e d b y w e ig h in g a ll of
the p eb b les in e a c h g ro u p , f i r s t in a i r , and th en in w a te r .
i s equal to th e v o lu m e in cu b ic c e n tim e t e r s .

The w e ig h t d iffe r e n c e

W eigh t d ata and v o lu m e w e r e

r e c o r d e d in ta b u la r fo r m to f a c ilit a t e tr a n s fe r o f th e d ata to punch c a r d s fo r
s ta tis tic a l tr e a tm e n t.

61
In fe r e n c e s fr o m A n a ly s is o f L ith o lo g ic D istr ib u tio n
T he a r e a l v a r ia tio n in th e lith o lo g ic s u ite i s p ro b a b ly th e m o st g e o lo g ic a lly
sig n ific a n t fa c to r in th e in te r p r e ta tio n o f th e P le is t o c e n e g e o lo g y o f th e r e g io n .
B a sic c o n s id e r a tio n s in th e a r e a l in te r p r e ta tio n o f th e d istr ib u tio n o f d rift
m a te r ia ls a r e p r o v e n a n c e and d i s p e r s a l .

F a c to r s th at m ig h t e n te r in to the

in te r p r e ta tio n a r e : b e d r o c k o u tc ro p o r su b c r o p b e n e a th the d r ift, s tr u c tu r e
and d istr ib u tio n o f b e d r o c k u n its (F ig . 2 ), g la c ia l lo b a tio n , a s s o c ia t e d m o r a in e
or m o r a in ic s y s t e m , and th e ty p e o f d e p o s it b a s e on m o rp h o lo g y , s tr u c tu r e ,
and r e la tio n s h ip s to o th e r g la c ia lly r e la te d d e p o s its .

In te r p r e ta tio n of th e p e r ­

cen ta g e d is tr ib u tio n w a s a ttem p ted r e la t iv e to th e b e d r o c k and the s u r f ic ia l
g eo lo g y .
The fa c to r a n a ly s is (p. 57 )b a se d on th e o r ig in a l 99 s a m p le s in itia te d th e
in te r p r e tiv e p h a se o f th e lith o lo g ic a n a ly s is .
The g e n e r a l o u tc o m e o f th e fa c to r a n a ly s e s w a s th a t w h en m o r e than th r e e
v a r ia b le s a r e u s e d th e o u tc o m e i s d iffic u lt to in te r p r e t m ea n in g fu lly and th a t
when th e data a r e r e d u c e d to a s im p le c la s s if ic a t io n th e fa c to r a n a ly s is b e ­
co m e s tr a n sp a r e n t and u n n e c e s s a r y s in c e t h is s im p lif ie d d a ta a r e m o r e e a s ily
in te rp re ted d ir e c t ly .
is thus o b v ia ted .

T h e n eed fo r in tr ic a te s t a t i s t i c a l m a n ip u la tio n of th e data

R ed u cin g the c o m p le x ity o f th e a n a ly s is h a s th e ad va n ta g e o f

allow in g th e in v e s tig a to r to s e e c le a r ly the n a tu ra l v a r ia tio n in th e c o m p o sitio n
of th e m a te r ia ls d ir e c t ly r e f le c t e d in a u s e fu l r e s u lt.
T he in te r p r e ta tio n o f th e fa c to r a n a ly s e s b rou gh t th e in v e s tig a tio n fu ll
c y c le , fro m an e x te n s iv e lith o lo g ic b rea k d o w n o f th e g r a v e l s a m p le s , req u irin g
a co m p lex s t a t is t ic a l a n a ly s is , to a h ig h ly s im p lif ie d r o c k c la s s if ic a t io n

62
c o n sistin g o f on ly th e m o s t b a s ic lith o lo g ic c a te g o r ie s : c r y s t a llin e s , e l a s t i c s ,
and c a r b o n a te s.

W hen th e d istr ib u tio n o f sa m p le s i t e s i s ad eq u a tely d e n s e and

c o v e r s a su ffic ie n tly la r g e a r e a , th is s im p le tr ip a r tite c la s s if ic a t io n r e f le c t s
m o st c le a r ly th e a r e a l d istr ib u tio n of m a te r ia ls in t e r m s o f th e g e o lo g ic a l
a g e n c ie s r e s p o n s ib le .

M ore s p e c if ic a lly , th e d istr ib u tio n o f d r ift m a t e r ia ls

can b e r e la te d to lin e s o f g la c ia l and p r o g la c ia l d is p e r s io n .
F ig u r e s 8 and 9 a r e 100 p ercen t t r ia n g le s .
of the th r e e lith o lo g ic c a te g o r ie s .

T h ey r e p r e s e n t th e d istr ib u tio n

E ach c o r n e r o f th e tr ia n g le r e p r e s e n t s 100

percent c r y s ta llin e , c la s t ic , or carb on ate c o m p o n e n ts.
r e se n te d by one p oin t.

E ach sa m p le is r e p ­

T h e d ia g r a m s illu s t r a t e th e r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e en

lith o lo g ie s in th e d r ift m en tio n ed e a r lie r ; although in te r n a lly h e te r o g e n e o u s,
that is con tain in g a la r g e a s s e m b la g e o f r o ck ty p e s , th is a s s e m b la g e i s u n ifo rm
over th e e n tir e a r e a .

A c lic h e s o m e tim e s ap p lied to th is situ a tio n is "hom o­

geneous in it s h e t e r o g e n ie t y ." T h is i s show n by th e tigh t c lu s te r in g o f p o in ts.
A v ery s m a ll ra n g e of c o m p o sitio n e x is t s in te r m s of p o s s ib le v a lu e s .

T h is

m eans that an y in fe r e n c e s to b e m ade fr o m th e lith o lo g ic v a r ia b ility in g r a v e ls ,
m ust b e m ade on th e b a s is of r e la tiv e ly su b tle v a r ia tio n in b r o a d ly d efin ed
lith o lo g ic c a t e g o r ie s .
T he above fin d in g s in d ic a te that sig n ific a n t r e g io n a l v a r ia tio n s in th e c o m ­
p osition of th e g r a v e ls a r e b e s t r e f le c t e d b y g r o s s lith o lo g y .
The fin e break d ow n o f the lith o lo g ic s u ite and oth er m e a su r e d v a r ia b le s ,
including s i z e fre q u en cy d istr ib u tio n and p h y sic a l and c h e m ic a l p r o p e r tie s of
individual co m p o n en ts s e r v e b e s t fo r lo c a l o r d e ta ile d s tu d ie s o f ind ividu al
g ra v el d e p o s its .

63

CARBONATE

F ig u r e 8. 100 p e r c e n t d ia g ra m
sh ow ing p e r c e n ta g e s o f c r y s ­
ta llin e , c la s t ic , and ca rb o n a te
p eb b les in in itia l study a r e a .

eo

40

\/

-----8 0 -----

CLASTIC

CARBONATE

/A

.

F ig u r e 9. 100 p e r c e n t d ia g ra m
sh ow in g p e r c e n ta g e s of c r y s ­
ta llin e , c la s t ic , and carb on ate
p e b b les in su p p lem en ta l stu d y
area.

•*

80

40

\/

-----8 0 -----

CRYSTALLINE

CLA STIC

64
T he in itia l 99 d e p o s it s , p r in c ip a lly in th e Saginaw L obe c lu s t e r e d around
60 p e r c e n t c a r b o n a te w ith a l l b u t fiv e c o n ta in in g l e s s th an 5 p e r c e n t c la s t ic
ro ck s (F ig . 8 ).

A n e a r ly id e n tic a l c lu s te r in g o f p o in ts o c c u r s a g a in fo r th e

su p p lem en ta l s a m p le s ta k en fr o m th e s a m e lo b e (F ig . 9 ).

S om ew h at h ig h er

carb onate v a lu e s g e n e r a lly r e la t e to M ich igan L obe d e p o s it s , h o w e v e r , an
in d efin ite r a n g e of o v e r la p o c c u r s su c h th at a ra n d o m ly c h o s e n sa m p le fro m a
Saginaw Lobe d e p o s it

m a y h a v e a h ig h er p r o p o r tio n o f c a rb o n a te th an c e r ta in

M ichigan L obe s a m p le s .
P e r c e n ta g e s o f th e m a jo r r o c k c a te g o r ie s fo r a ll 232 s a m p le s w e r e p lo tted
on a r e a l m a p s th a t a ls o sh ow r o c k o u tcro p .
11, and 1 2 .

T h e s e a r e in c lu d e d a s F ig u r e s 1 0 ,

T h e s e m a p s a r e d e s c r ip t iv e o f th e d is tr ib u tio n of m a t e r ia ls and

in te r p r e tiv e in t h e m s e lv e s .

H o w e v er , f a c i e s in te r p r e ta tio n i s fa c ilita te d by

c o n sid er in g th e a r e a l d is tr ib u tio n o f th e r a tio s o f (a) c la s t ic to ca rb o n a te r o c k s ,
and (b) c r y s t a llin e to s e d im e n ta r y r o c k s .
The lith o lo g ic r a tio m a p s ( F ig s . 13 and 14) w e r e s u p e r im p o s e d o v e r a
m ap sh o w in g a r e a s o f th in d r ift and o u tc r o p fo r th e exp an d ed stu d y a r e a .

D ata

again in clu d e a ll 232 s a m p le s .
F ig u r e 13 sh o w s th e r a tio o f c la s t ic to ca rb o n a te r o c k s .
of c ir c l e s r e p r e s e n t in c r e a s in g c la s t ic - c a r b o n a t e r a tio .

In c r e a s in g s i z e s

S am p le s i t e s w h e r e

no a p p r e c ia b le e la s t ic s o c cu r a r e u n m a rk ed .
The d is tr ib u tio n of r a tio v a lu e s fo r m s a c o m p le x p a tte rn .

A con tou r m ap

o f the d is tr ib u tio n w ou ld ap p ea r unduly c o m p lic a te d and w ould m o r e lik e ly
co n fu se than a id th e in te r p r e ta tio n .

The c ir c le - p o in t p lo t, h ow ever, sh o w s o n ly

the a ctu a l d is tr ib u tio n o f r e la t iv e v a lu e s and i s e a s ily in te r p r e te d in te r m s of

65

•T IT

F igure 10.

P ercent carbonate rock s.

66

, 9.1

.T T

'I*

i?o

•4.T

IfJ

M

Figure 11.

P ercent c la stic ro ck s.

F igure 12.

P ercen t cry sta llin e ro ck s.

68

oo

F igu re 13.

C la stic/ca rb o n a te ratio m ap.

69

T H M D M F T ( L I » * THAN
5 0 -fT )

C O H T O U * I K T C m M k * 0.1

F igure 14.

C ry sta llin e/sed im en ta ry ratio map.

70
the s e v e r a l e le m e n ts in v o lv ed in th e tra n sp o r ta tio n and d e p o sitio n of the
m a te r ia ls .
D rift m a te r ia ls b e in g c a r r ie d into th e c e n tr a l p art o f so u th e r n M ichigan
on the n o r th w e st, e a s t and so u th e a st, a r e sh ow n b y th e a r r o w s on th e m a p to
have a g e n e r a lly high r e la tiv e c a rb o n a te co n ten t.

T h e se m a te r ia ls a r e d e r iv e d

from known s o u r c e s and p rovid e e x p e c te d v a lu e s .

A few c ir c le d p oin ts in the

north o f the a r e a d e r iv e th e ir c la s t ic con ten t fr o m K ew eenaw an and C am brian
sa n d sto n es that c ro p out alon g th e sou th s h o r e of Lake S u p e r io r .

In th e south

of the a r e a the ap p aren tly sp otty d istr ib u tio n of h ig h er c la s t ic a r e a s is e x ­
plained by th e d is p e r s a l p attern o f F ig u r e 4 r e la tiv e to th e d istr ib u tio n o f a r e a s
o f thin d r ift and su b c ro p o r o u tcro p .
F ig u r e 14 i s a plot o f the r a tio o f c r y s ta llin e r o c k s to se d im e n ta r y r o c k s .
The c r y s t a llin e /s e d im e n ta r y r a tio i s m o r e c o n s is te n t in it s a r e a l sp r e a d than
the c la s tic /c a r b o n a te r a tio .
data.

T h is p e r m its th e co n v en tio n a l con tou rin g o f the

In terp reta tio n i s c o n s is te n t w ith that o f th e c la s t ic /c a r b o n a te d istr ib u tio n

d is c u sse d a b o v e.
T he h ig h e st c r y s ta llin e c o n c en tr a tio n s o c cu r in a Y -sh a p e d p attern that
lie s ju st in s id e the in te r lo b a te z o n e s on th e Saginaw Lobe s id e .

R a th er than

rela tin g to the a r e a s o f lo c a l b e d r o c k a s on th e p r e v io u s m ap, th e c r y s ta llin e
high is b e s t ex p la in ed a s r e s u ltin g fr o m r e s id u a l m a te r ia ls le ft o v e r fro m
e a r lie r c y c le s o f g la cia tio n ; p o s s ib ly e v e n p r e -W is c o n sin a n .

L e v e r e tt (1915)

a sc rib ed n ative copper in the d r ift in L ow er M ich igan and O hio to have co m e
from th e n o r th w est.

L ater w o r k e r s (H o rsb erg and A n d e rso n , 1956, and

A n derson, 1962) r e g a r d e a r lie r g la c ia l m o v em en t to h ave ad van ced along

topograph ic lo w s , fo llo w in g a g e n e r a lly north to sou th path p a r a lle l t o the a x e s
of the p r e se n t g r e a t la k e s .

E ith e r w ay c r y s ta llin e r o c k s w ou ld b e c a r r ie d in

from the Lake S u p erior r e g io n o r c r y s ta llin e a r e a s e a s t of th e r e .

The p r e se n t

pattern h a s r e s u lte d fro m r e -w o r k in g o f th e o ld e r d r ift b y g la c ia l and r e la te d
flu v ia l a g en ts con com m itan t w ith th e b rin gin g in of la r g e q u a n tities o f c a r ­
bon ates by la te r g la c ia l e p is o d e s .

In term ed ia te v a lu e s o f th e c r y s ta l l in e /s e d ­

im ent r a tio o u tsid e o f th e c e n tr a l high ow e th e ir p a ttern to lo c a l in flu e n c e s o f
m ixing by g e n e r a lly inw ard r a d ia lly m ovin g ic e and outw ard flow in g m e ltw a te r s .
L ocal r ed u ctio n s in th e c r y s ta llin e /s e d im e n t r a tio that c r e a te the ir r e g u la r
pattern on the south s id e of th e e a s te r n lim b of the c r y s ta llin e high a r e c a u sed
by the c la s t ic ad d ition fro m lo c a l s o u r c e s .

The d e p r e s s io n o v e r A lle g a n

County, on th e so u th w est r e s u lt s fro m m ix in g in o f M is sissip p ia n and P enn­
sylvan ian s h a le s and sa n d sto n e s r e m o v e d fro m the e a s t s id e of the Lake
M ichigan b a s in .
The p a ttern s o f tra n sp o rta tio n and d is p e r s a l su g g e s te d h e r e p ro v id e the
fram ew ork to e s tim a te th e g r o s s lith o lo g ic content an yw h ere w ith in the a r e a .
Knowing th e d e le te r io u s com p onents that occu r in a s s o c ia tio n w ith ea ch o f the
th ree b a s ic lith o lo g ie s w ill p e r m it an e s tim a te of p e r c e n t o f d e le te r io u s m a te ­
r ia ls to b e e x p e cted at any s p e c if ic s it e along w ith th e ap p roxim ate p h y sic a l
and c h e m ic a l p r o p e r ite s of th e a n ticip a ted d e le te r io u s com ponent.

A c cu ra c y

of th is p red ictio n w ill b e b a sed la r g e ly on that of th e p r e se n tly e x is tin g pub­
lish ed d e sc r ip tio n s o f th e s o u r c e r o c k s and on d e ta ile d d e s c r ip tiv e stu d ie s
su g g ested h e r e to b e c a r r ie d out on c e r ta in b ed ro ck fo r m a tio n s.
g e stio n s fo r fu rth er r e s e a r c h , p. 104).

(See su g ­

A P P L IC A T IO N TO ENG INEERING USAGE
O F AG G REG ATE M ATERIALS

A p p lica tio n o f P e tr o g r a p h ic A n a ly s is to S o u rc e E x p lo r a tio n and E v a lu a tio n
T he fo llo w in g c o n s id e r a tio n s r e le v a n t to e n g in e e r ing u s a g e o f g r a v e ls
a r e b a s e d on p e tr o g r a p h ic and g e o lo g ic data and fin d in g s p r e se n te d a b o v e .
The lith o lo g ic c o m p o s itio n and s i z e g ra d in g o f M ich igan g la c ia l g r a v e ls r e s u lt s
from th e c o m p le x in te r a c tio n o f m u ltip le g e o lo g ic c a u s e s in clu d in g in te n s ity
and d u ration o f e r o s io n , tr a n s p o r ta tio n , and su b se q u e n t w e a th e r in g o f th e
com ponent m a t e r ia ls , th e ir s o u r c e s , d ir e c tio n s o f g la c ia l m o v e m e n t, e ff e c t s
of m ix in g b y r e p e a te d g la c ia l m o v e m e n ts , in t e r s p e r s e d w ith r e p e a te d p e r io d s
of fu rth er m ix in g and d e p o s itio n b y flo w in g m e lt w a t e r s fr o m the i c e .
G ra v el q u a lity w h ich i s d ep en d en t upon s i z e g ra d in g and th e am oun t of
d e le te r io u s m a te r ia l p r e s e n t v a r ie s g e o g r a p h ic a lly a s a c o n se q u e n c e o f th e
n o n -u n ifo rm ity o f t h e s e n a tu ra l in te r a c tio n s .
V a r ia tio n s in th e lith o lo g ic c o n ten t r e s u ltin g fr o m t h e s e in te r a c tio n s a r e
of s e v e r a l s c a l e s o f m a g n itu d e.
cern ed h e r e .

T he l a r g e - s c a l e v a r ia tio n s a r e t h o s e con­

T h e s e v a r ia tio n s can b e u s e d to p r e d ic t th e ran ge o f p e tro g r a p h ic

c h a r a c t e r is tic s r e la tin g to c o n c r e te a g g r e g a te s u ita b ility fr o m s o u r c e s w ith in
the stu dy a r e a .

S m a lle r s c a le v a r ia b ility in th e p e tr o g r a p h ic c h a r a c te r o f

g r a v e l s o u r c e s m u s t s t i l l b e e v a lu a te d b y in d ivid u al p r o d u c e r s .

72

73
M a te r ia l th at c o n s titu te s good c o n c r e te a g g r e g a te i s th a t w h ic h i s c h e m ic a lly
sta b le and p h y s ic a lly sou n d w h en e n c a s e d in P ortlan d c e m e n t and su b je c te d to
a tm o sp h e r ic w e a th e r in g .

T h e r e le v a n t p h y s io c h e m ic a l p r o p e r tie s a r e d e t e r ­

m ined b y m e a n s o f p e tr o g r a p h ic a n a ly s is .
T e c h n iq u e s o u tlin ed b y M ather and M ath er (1950) and M ie le n z (1946) p r o ­
vid e a g e n e r a l b a s i s fo r a g g r e g a te p e tro g r a p h y .

M o d ific a tio n o f b a s ic p r o ­

c e d u r e s w i l l g e n e r a lly le a d to th e m o s t e ff e c tiv e p r o c e d u r e fo r c h a r a c te r iz in g
the d e p o s its in a s p e c if ic s o u r c e .
R e g io n a l e v a lu a tio n a s p e r fo r m e d h e r e p r o v id e s th e fo llo w in g in fo r m a tio n
that can b e d ir e c t ly a p p lie d to th e p r e d ic tio n o f e x p e c te d a g g r e g a te q u a lity w ith in
the study a r e a :
1.

G en er a l lith o lo g ic co n ten t o f g r a v e l.

2.

A p p r o x im a te p r o p o r tio n o f d e le te r io u s r o c k t y p e s .

3.

N a tu re o f d e le t e r io u s r o c k ty p e s .

The r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n th e m o r e fin e ly d e ta ile d p e tr o g r a p h ic v a r ia b le s
d e ter m in e d in th e p ilo t p h a s e o f th is study a r e d raw n fr o m a s a m p le p o p u la tio n
that s t a t is t ic a lly a p p r o a c h e s in fin ty and a r e ta k en o v e r an a r e a s u ffic ie n tly
la rg e (7500 sq u a r e m ile s ) th a t th e y can b e a s s u m e d to e x te n d to g la c ia l g r a v e ls
throughout M ich igan .

T h is b ack grou n d o f in fo r m a tio n , w h en co u p led w ith th e

reg io n a l lith o lo g ic v a r ia tio n s a s d e te r m in e d b y th e m e th o d s o f th e su p p le m e n ta l
p h a se, ca n p ro v id e a c o m p le te b a s i s o f p r e d ic tio n o f r e g io n a l tr e n d s o f a g ­
g r eg a te q u a lity .

A s a lr e a d y p o in ted ou t, s p e c if ic s i t e s o r p it s , h o w e v e r , s t i l l

r eq u ire th e ir own d e ta ile d a n a ly s is .

G rading c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , in p a r tic u la r ,

have no p r e d ic ta b ility o v e r la r g e a r e a s .

74
F a c to r s R e la tin g to A g g r e g a te S u ita b ility
T h e su ita b ility o f an a g g r e g a te d ep en d s on both i t s p h y s ic a l and c h e m ic a l
so u n d n e ss.

Much lite r a tu r e h a s b e e n a m a s s e d th a t d e s c r ib e s t h e s e ch a r ­

a c t e r is t ic s in d e ta il (s e e r e f e r e n c e s ) and th e y n eed on ly b e tou ch ed on h e r e .
B a s ic a lly d e le te r io u s p a r t ic le s can b e r e g a r d e d a s e ith e r p h y s ic a lly o r
c h e m ic a lly h a r m fu l, h o w e v e r , a p a r tic le m ay b e both p h y sic a lly unsound and
c h e m ic a lly r e a c tiv e .

S e d im en ta ry fo r m a tio n s in M ich igan co n trib u te th e s e

doubly h arm fu l m a te r ia ls to g r a v e ls in th e fo rm o f s h a le , c h e r t and fe r r u g in o u s
c la y c o n c r e tio n s.

O ther p h y s ic a lly unsound m a te r ia ls c o n s is t of fr ia b le sa n d ­

s t o n e s , s ilt s t o n e s , and c e r ta in o th e r r o c k ty p e s th a t ten d to sp lit o r b r e a k a lo n g
p la n e s of w e a k n e s s .

C r y sta llin e r o c k s o u r c e s in th e N o rth ern P en in su la or...

Canada p ro v id e fo lia te d m eta m o r p h ic and c e r ta in ig n e o u s r o c k s th at a r e p h y s­
ic a lly n on -d u rab le due to c h e m ic a l w e a th e rin g or p o s s e s d e le te r io u s sh ape
c h a r a c t e r is t ic s .
C oatings
C oatings on a g g r e g a te p a r tic le s m ay b e e ith e r p h y sic a lly or c h e m ic a lly
d e le te r io u s o r in n o cu o u s.

C lay, s i l t , fin e sand o r s m a ll p e b b le s cem en ted to

p a r tic le s u r f a c e s ,if not fir m ly bound to th e p a r tic le , m ay r ed u c e c e m e n ta g g r e g a te b on din g,

hi th e g r a v e ls a n a ly z e d h e r e th e cem en tin g a g e n ts a r e

e ith e r ca rb o n a tes o r o x id e s and a r e not e x c e s s iv e ly w a te r so lu b le or r e a c tiv e
in c o n c r e te .

S u lfa te s and oth er w a te r so lu b le m a t e r ia ls a r e known a s e n c r u stin g

or cem en tin g a g e n ts in s o m e a r e a s and w h e r e th e y o c c u r a r e c h e m ic a lly d e le t e ­
r io u s .

If w ea k ly o r p o o rly bonded e n c r u sta tio n s o r c h e m ic a lly r e a c tiv e c o a tin g s

o c c u r in la r g e q u a n tities th e fle x u r a l str e n g th and d u ra b ility o f th e c o n c r e te
m a y be r e d u c e d .

75
W eath ering
E x te n siv e w e a th e r in g o f c e r ta in r o c k ty p e s th at a r e c h e m ic a lly u n sta b le
under a tm o sp h e r ic c o n d itio n s m a y p rod u ce a g g r e g a te p a r tic le s th at a r e phys­
ic a lly n o n -d u r a b le .

S om e c a r b o n a te s, s ilt s t o n e s , s h a le s and b a s ic ig n e o u s

r o c k s m a y b e a lte r e d b y w e a th e r in g p r o c e s s e s in v o lv in g o r g a n ic a c id s , fr o s t
a ctio n , and so lu tio n b y p e r c o la tin g ground w a te r .

W eath ered p a r t ic le s a re

c h a r a c te r iz e d by low d e n s ity or cru m b ly s u r fa c e te x tu r e .

R e sid u a l p rod u cts

o f w e a th e rin g in clu d in g c la y m in e r a ls , o x id e s , s u lfa te s , and carb on ate m ay o r
m ay not b e d e le t e r io u s .

S om e r o c k ty p e s p rod u ce d e le te r io u s a lte r a tio n pro­

ducts d u rin g w e a th e r in g w h e r e a s o th e r s m ay b e c o m e o n ly p a r tia lly gran u lated
w ith little c h e m ic a l a lte r a tio n .

The e ffe c t o f w ea th erin g on d u rab ility o f a

p a r tic le in c o n c r e te m u st b e se p a r a te ly ev a lu a ted fo r e a ch r o c k typ e con tain ed
in th e a g g r e g a te .
T he m o s t co m m o n p h y s ic a lly n o n -d u ra b le o r w e a th e r e d p a r tic le s a r e
stro n g ly w e a th e r e d ig n e o u s and m eta m o rp h ic r o c k s , lea c h e d carb on ate r o c k s,
s h a le s , and iro n o x id e s .
Shape
S h a le, s la te and fo lia te d m eta m o rp h ic r o c k ty p e s a r e often c o n sid e r e d
d e le te r io u s b e c a u s e of th e ir c o n c r e te m ix c h a r a c t e r is t ic s .

T h ey p rod u ce a

h a rsh m ix w hich r e q u ir e s e x c e s s w a te r to m ake i t w o r k a b le .

In ad d ition ,

d isc or ro d sh a p e s m ay r e f le c t in te r n a l w e a k n e s s e s su ch a s fr a c tu r e s o r
la m in a tio n s.

T h e se sh a p e s a r e m e a su r e d a s Z ingg c l a s s e s I and IV (s e e

p etro g ra p h ic a n a ly s is and A p pend ix).

76
O ther P h y s ic a l W e a k n e ss e s
L a m in a tio n s, f r a c tu r e s , a n d s c h is to c ity o f a g g r e g a te p a r tic le s su ch a s
s c h is t , s la t e , s h a le , s ilt s t o n e , g n e is s , and so m e lim e s to n e p r o v id e p la n es of
w e a k n e ss th a t m ay le a d to fa ilu r e of c o n c r e te b y in c r e a s e d s u s c e p tib ility to
c h e m ic a l and m ec h a n ic a l atta ck .
Soft o r fr ia b le p a r t ic le s su ch a s fr ia b le sa n d sto n e , s h a le ,s ilt s t o n e and
w ea th ered c r y s ta llin e s a r e u n d e sir a b le b e c a u s e o f low str e n g th , e la s t ic it y
and a b r a sio n r e s is t a n c e .

R o ck s w ith w ea k ly bonded hard g r a in s su c h a s so m e

sa n d sto n e s m ay b e d istin g u ish e d fr o m th o s e w ith w ea k ly bonded s o ft g r a in s .
The fo r m e r m ay not b e a s h arm fu l a s th e la tte r if not abundant.
S e v e r a l e a s ily id e n tifia b le r o c k ty p e s h a v e u n d e sir a b le p ore c h a r a c t e r is t ic s .
T h e se in clu d e so m e ty p e s o f c h e r t, fe r r u g in o u s c o n c r e tio n s, s h a le , and s i l t s to n e s .

T h e s e r o c k s con tain in te rc o n n ec ted v o id s o f l e s s than fou r to fiv e

m ic r o n s th at p rod u ce high c a p illa r ity but d ra in at h y d r o sta tic p r e s s u r e s in
e x c e s s o f th e t e n s ile str en g th o f th e c o n c r e te .

A b so rb ed w a te r not e x p e lle d

during the fr e e z in g c y c le expands and i f th e p a r tic le i s n ear th e s u r fa c e o f a
pavem en t c a u s e s a popout.

If su ch p a r tic le s a r e d e e p ly em b ed ded in th e p a v e­

m ent and i f the p avem en t i s su b je cte d to h eavy tr a ffic th e e n tir e s la b m a y d is ­
rupt.
C h em ica l D u ra b ility
Som e r o c k s a r e su b je c t to e x p a n siv e c h e m ic a l r e a c tio n .
p rob lem i s the " a lk a li-a g g r e g a te " o r " a lk a li-s ilic a " r e a c tio n .

T he m o st com m on
H ere, r o c k s

w ith f r e e s i l ic a r e a c t w ith th e a lk a li p r e se n t in th e c em en t to p rod u ce s ilic a t e
g e ls in th e c o n c r e te .

T h e s e g e ls g e n e r a te h y d r o sta tic p r e s s u r e w h ich m a y

77
d isr u p t o r o th e r w is e d e te r io r a te th e c o n c r e te .

In M ich ig a n r o c k s found to

co n ta in f r e e s i l i c a a r e r e la t iv e ly few in v a r ie ty and g e n e r a lly c o n s is t o f c h e r t s ,
o r c h e r ty lim e s t o n e s , s i l ic e o u s s h a le s and p h y lite s .
A se c o n d a lk a li r e a c tio n c a lle d th e " a lk a li-c a r b o n a te " r e a c tio n h a s b e e n
found to c a u s e e x te n s iv e d a m a g e to c o n c r e te in c e r ta in n eig h b o rin g s t a t e s and
Canada.

C a refu l e x a m in a tio n o f c a r b o n a te s w a s m ad e in t h is stu d y t o d e t e r ­

m in e if c e r ta in lo n g -te r m r o a d fa ilu r e cou ld b e lin k ed to th is c a u s e .
T he r e a c tio n i s p rod u ced on ly b y v e r y fin e g r a in e d a r g illa c e o u s ca rb o n a te
r o c k s o f in te r m e d ia te c o m p o sitio n (c a lc a r e o u s d o lo m ite s o r d o lo m itic lim e ­
s to n e s ) th at d is p la y in d is tin c t la m in a tio n s.

A g g r e g a te p a r t ic le s o f th is e x a c t

d e s c r ip tio n w e r e not found in an y o f th e a n a ly z e d s a m p le s .

R o c k s ap p ro x ­

im a tin g th is d e s c r ip tio n w e r e su b je c te d to s p e c ia l x - r a y and c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is
to d e te r m in e c la y co n ten t and w e r e e x a m in e d a fte r in c o r p o r a tio n in c o n c r e te
b eam s.

No in d ic a tio n w a s found to s u g g e s t that th is p r o b le m o c c u r s in M ich­

ig a n a g g r e g a te s .
O ther p o te n tia l c h e m ic a l r e a c tio n s in c lu d e b a s e e x ch a n g e r e a c tio n s by
z e o lit e s and c la y m in e r a ls , d e c o m p o s itio n b y su lfid e m in e r a ls th a t w o u ld p ro ­
du ce s u lfu r ic a c id , and s o lu tio n o f w a te r s o lu b le m in e r a ls su ch a s c h lo r id e s
and s u lfa t e s .

N one of t h e s e r e a c tiv e m a t e r ia ls i s p r e s e n t to any sig n ific a n t

d e g r e e in any o f th e a n a ly z e d s a m p le s .
O rgan ic m a tte r p r e s e n t in a g g r e g a te p a r t ic le s w ill in h ib it h yd ratio n o f
P ortland c e m e n t o r p ro d u ce a b n o rm a l h yd ration p r o d u cts w h ic h w ill d e c r e a s e
th e str en g th o r d u ra b ility o f th e c o n c r e te .

Such h a r m fu l m a te r ia l c o n s is t s o f

ca rb o n a ceo u s m a te r ia l lik e c o a l o r w ood y m a t e r ia ls and p e tr o life r o u s o r

78
b itu m in o u s m a tte r d is s e m in a te d in th e r o c k .
E n g in ee rin g T e s t R e s u lt s
O f th e o r ig in a l 99 s a m p le s , s u ffic ie n t m a te r ia l r e m a in e d a f t e r th e p e tr o ­
g ra p h ic e x a m in a tio n fo r e n g in e e r in g t e s t in g .

F i r s t vacu u m a b s o r p tio n and

bulk s p e c if ic g r a v ity d e te r m in a tio n s w e r e m a d e (ASTM C 1 2 7 ).

T h r e e ea ch

3 by 4 b y 16 in . c o n c r e te b e a m s and fo u r e a c h 4 b y 8 in . c o n c r e te c y lin d e r s
w e r e th en m a d e fr o m th e a g g r e g a te u s in g a 5 .5 sa c k c o n c r e te and 5 p e r c e n t
a ir e n tr a in m e n t.

A fte r 14 d a y s m o is t c u r in g a t 100 p e r c e n t r e la t iv e h u m id ity

the b e a m s w e r e su b je c te d to a r a p id fr e e z in g and th aw in g p r o c e d u r e .

F a ilu r e

w a s in d ic a te d by m e a n s o f a s o n ic m o d u lu s.

S ev en ty p e r c e n t o f th e p r e te s t

valu e w a s c o n s id e r e d to r e p r e s e n t f a ilu r e .

T h e t e s t p r o c e d u r e i s d e s c r ib e d

in d e ta il in A m e r ic a n S o c ie ty fo r T e s tin g and M a te r ia ls S tan d ard s C 2 9 1 -6 1
and C 2 1 5 -6 0 .

E a ch b ea m w a s th en t e s t e d fo r fle x u r a l str e n g th w ith th ird

point lo a d in g (ASTM C 7 8 - 5 9 ).

T he 4 in . c y lin d e r s w e r e t e s t e d fo r c o m p r e s ­

s iv e str e n g th a fte r 28 d a y s of m o is t c u r in g .

P o te n tia l a lk a li r e a c tiv it y o f th e

99 in d iv id u a l s a m p le s w a s a ls o d e te r m in e d b y c h e m ic a l t e s t s (ASTM C 289)
d e sc r ib e d on page 37 .

The r e s u l t s a r e p lo tted on F ig u r e 6.

S c a tte r d ia g r a m s w e r e p lo tted to d e te r m in e r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n

(1)

ind ividu al p o te n tia lly d e le t e r io u s ty p e s o f m a te r ia l and th e e n g in e e r in g t e s t
r e s u lt s (F ig s . 15 th rou gh 18) and (2) th e to ta l p o te n tia lly d e le te r io u s ro ck
ty p e s and th e s a m e e n g in e e r in g t e s t s (F ig . 1 9 ).

th e

25

ZS

CHERT

IS

u is

PERCEN T

20

10

K 10

s

00

s

10

15

20

FREEZE- THAW DURABILITY

25
30
35
( OURABILITY FACTOR 3

4400

40

4000

4000

5200
5000
5400
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, P SI

0000

5000

-q
(O
25

20

PERCEN T

CHERT

»

H
S
u

15

Iu

z

u
s
?

10
5

0
0

2

3

4
PERCENT ABSORPTION

5

0

0

SO

100

150

200
250
300
FLEXURAL STRENGTH, P.S.L

350

Figure 15. Scatter diagrams of percent chert v s. engineering test resu lts.

400

450

C O N C R E T IO N

i
u
c

i-

i

CLAY

IR O N S T O N E

8

5u

PERCEN T

iz
u
it

0

s

10

IS

20

25

30

35

40

4400

5000

4000

FftCUE-THAW DURABILITY ( DURABILITY FACTOR)

5200

5400

saoo

3900

6000

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, RS I.

00

o

PERCENT

CLAY

IR O N S T O N E

C O N C R E T IO N

10

10

9

9

a

8

7

7

6
5

e
3

4

4

3

3

2

2
I
0

0
0

2

4

PERCENT, ABSORPTION

5

6

0

50

no

ISO

200

250

300

350

400

450

FLEXURAL STRENGTH, P S I

Figure 16. Scatter diagrams of percent ferruginous concretions vs. engineering test resu lts.

10

SHALE

hi
_J

5m

PERCENT

iu

cu
is;
2

I
0
0

5

10

15
30
20
25
FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY (DURABILITY FACTOR)

35

4400

40

4600

4800

5000

5200

5400

5600

5600

6000

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, RS.I

00

SH A LE

10

PERCEN T

u
u
a.
hi

2

I
0
0

10

30

40

PERCENT ABSORPTION

SO

60

0

50

100

150

200
250
300
FLEXURAL STRENGTH, P. SI

350

Figure 17. Scatter diagrams of percent shale vs. engineering test resu lts.

400

450

30

30

PER CEN T

SA N D STO N E

U 20

0

3

10

20

25

15
30
FREEZE - THAW DURABILITY (DURABILITY FACTOR)

35

4800

40

4800

5200
5400
5000
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, RSI.

3500

3800

BOOO

00

to
30

30

SA N D STO N E

r
o

PER C EN T

k
Z
HI
U
It

u
a

100
PERCENT ABSORPTION

150

2 50
200
300
FLEXURAL STRENGTH, RSJ.

350

Figure 18. Scatter diagrams of percent sadnstone vs. engineering test results.

400

4 50

83
450

2.9

400

350

2 7

I
300

k

O

£m

2 5

O 250

24

2 200

2.3.
2 0

% P O T E N T IA L

30

40

50

150

D E L E T E R IO U S

100
5 0

50

20

X P O T E N T IA L

30

40

50

D EL ET ER IO U S

6000

5800
2. 0

5600

5400
i

%

20

P O T E N T IA L

30

40

50

D E L E T E R IO U S
5200

40

5000

4800

5 t 20

t- J
Q5

4800

I

«

20

PO T E N T IA L

30

D E L E T E R IO U S

40

50

IO

2 0

% P O T E N T IA L

30

40

D EL ET ER IO U S

F ig u r e 19. S c a tte r d ia g r a m s o f to ta l p o ten tia l d e le te r io u s v s . e n g in e e r
in g t e s t r e s u l t s .

50

84
D ia g r a m s fo r th e fo u r m o s t abundant p o te n tia lly d e le t e r io u s r o c k ty p e s;
c h e r t, s a n d s to n e , s h a le , and fe r r u g in o u s c o n c r e tio n s a r e p lo tted a g a in s t th e
v a r io u s t e s t r e s u lt s in F ig u r e s 1 5 , 1 6 , 17 and 1 8 .
A lth ou gh tr e n d s can b e r e c o g n iz e d fr o m th is s e t o f d ia g r a m s , th e fa c t that
so m e s a m p le s h ave r e la t iv e ly few p a r t ic le s o f a p a r tic u la r d e le te r io u s ty p e
c r e a t e s a c e r ta in am ount o f e x tr a n e o u s s c a t t e r that ten d s to clou d th e in te r ­
p r e ta tio n .
sc a tter .

C om bining th e in d iv id u a l p o te n tia lly d e le t e r io u s ty p e s r e d u c e s th is
T he p e r c e n t o f p o te n tia lly d e le te r io u s m a te r ia l of F ig u r e 19 w a s

c a lc u la te d by co m b in in g th e p e r c e n ta g e s o f sa n d sto n e , s ilt s t o n e , c a lc a r e o u s
s ilt s t o n e , s h a le , ir o n o x id e , fe r r u g in o u s c o n c r e tio n s and c h e r t. T h e se p e r ­
c e n ta g e s a r e p lo tted a g a in s t th e e n g in e e r in g t e s t r e s u l t s .

D is c u s s io n i s

p r e s e n te d b e lo w .
B ulk S p e c ific G ra v ity v e r s u s P e r c e n t P o te n tia l D e le te r io u s , F ig u r e 19 (a).
A g e n e r a l in v e r s e r e la tio n s h ip i s o b s e r v e d b e tw e e n s p e c if ic g r a v ity and
p e r c e n t p o te n tia l d e le t e r io u s .

T h is i s an e x p e c te d r e s u lt and, in fa c t, h eavy

m ed ia s e p a r a tio n d ep en d s upon th is e s ta b lis h e d r e la tio n s h ip .
A fe w p o in ts in th e u p p er rig h t o f th e d ia g r a m r e p r e s e n t s a m p le s con ­
ta in in g h igh c o n c e n tr a tio n s o f c h e r t and fe r r u g in o u s c o n c r e tio n s .

S p e c ific

g r a v ity d e te r m in e d fo r in d ivid u al p a r t ic le s o f c h e r t and fe r r u g in o u s c o n c r e ­
tio n s d u rin g th e p e tr o g r a p h ic e x a m in a tio n in d ic a te th at b oth of th e s e d e le te r io u s
ty p e s h a v e a w id e r a n g e o f v a lu e s .

In m o s t c a s e s , h o w e v e r , th e y c a n b e

r e m o v e d b y h e a v y m e d ia se p a r a tio n .
ch ert i s 2 .3 0 to 2. 6 8 .

T he o v e r a ll r a n g e o f s p e c if ic g r a v ity fo r

F o r fe r r u g in o u s c o n c r e tio n s th e r a n g e i s 1 .7 to 3 . 4 .

85
V acuum A b so r p tio n v e r s u s P e r c e n t P o te n tia l D e le te r io u s , F ig u r e 19 (b).
T h is d ia g r a m in d ic a te s a d ir e c t r e la tio n b e tw e e n high a b s o r p tio n and h ig h
d e le te r io u s c o n ten t.

T h is i s in a g r e e m e n t w ith c u r r e n t a g g r e g a te s p e c if ic a t io n s

w h ich lim it th e am oun t of s o ft p a r t ic le s (high a b so r p tio n , low s p e c if ic g r a v ity )
in p r o c e s s e d m a t e r ia l.

T h e g r a v e l u s e d to m a k e th e t e s t b e a m s and c y lin d e r s

w a s bank run (u n trea ted ), th e r e fo r e th e co n ten t o f p o ro u s m a te r ia l w a s h ig h .
The h ig h e s t a b so r p tio n o c c u r s in s a m p le s w ith a s m u ch a s 40 p e r c e n t sa n d ­
sto n e , s h a le , s ilt s t o n e , and c h e r t.

T h e se s a m e s a m p le s w h en in c o r p o r a te d in

t e s t b e a m s p ro d u ced e a r ly f r e e z e -th a w fa ilu r e and low fle x u r a l s tr e n g th .
F r e e z e and Thaw D u ra b ility v e r s u s P e r c e n t P o te n tia l D e le t e r io u s , F ig u r e 19 (c ).
A d u r a b ility fa c to r w a s c a lc u la te d fo r e a c h o f th e t e s t b e a m s b y the m eth o d
of ASTM Standard C 2 9 1 .

T he s o n ic m od u li o f th e b e a m s a r e m e a s u r e d at

r e g u la r in te r v a ls in th e fr e e z e -th a w c y c lin g .

W hen th e m od u lu s of a b e a m

r e a c h e s 70 p e r c e n t of th e o r ig in a l v a lu e th e b e a m s a r e r e m o v e d fr o m t e s t in g .
T he s c a t t e r d ia g r a m sh o w s a grou p in g in th e a r e a g r e a t e r than 17 p e r c e n t
p o ten tia l d e le te r io u s m a te r ia l and a d u ra b ility fa c to r o f 17 w h ich i s eq u a l t o
73 fr e e z e -th a w c y c l e s .

Of th e 5 6 s a m p le s 75 p e r c e n t fa ll w ith in th e b o u n d a r ie s

o f th is a r e a .
S e v e r a l f a c to r s th at a r e not t e s t e d h e r e m a y in flu e n c e f a ilu r e in th e b e a m s .
T hey in c lu d e th e s i z e o f th e t e s t b ea m (the 3 b y 4 b y 1 6 - in . sta n d a r d b e a m w a s
u sed in th is stu d y ), th e m a x im u m s i z e of th e a g g r e g a te (1 in . m axim u m u s e d
in the p r e s e n t stu dy) and th e s p e c if ic d e le te r io u s r o c k ty p e s c a u sin g fa ilu r e .
The in te r a c tio n o f t h e s e v a r ia b le s i s
p r e se n t t im e .

b e in g e x a m in ed by fu r th e r te s tin g a t th e

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F le x u r a l Strength (psi) v e r s u s P e r c e n t P o ten tia l D e le te r io u s , F ig u re 19 (d).
The fle x u r a l str en g th w a s te s te d a fte r th e b e a m s had b e e n su b jected to
fr e e z e -th a w te s tin g .

The groupin g of p o in ts on th e s c a tte r plot in d ic a te s that

a lm o st h a lf th e b e a m s d isru p ted in te r n a lly ca u sin g sig n ific a n t w eak en in g .
T h ese b e a m s had v a lu e s fr o m 40 - 200 p s i.

The rem a in in g b e a m s had s i g ­

n ifica n tly l e s s in te rn a l d isru p tio n and th e ir v a lu e s ran ged fro m 275 - 425 p s i.
T he s c a tte r e d v a lu e s fo r fle x u r a l stren g th r e la tiv e to th e p ercen t o f
p o ten tia lly d e le te r io u s m a te r ia ls d o e s not in d ica te any sig n ific a n t c o r r e la tio n .
28 D ay C o m p r e ssiv e Strength v e r s u s P e r c e n t P o ten tia l D e le te r io u s , F ig u r e 19 (e ).
F our inch c y lin d e r s w e r e t e s te d fo r c o m p r e s s iv e stren g th a fter 28 d ays of
m o ist cu rin g.

No r e la tio n b e tw e en c o m p r e s s iv e stren g th and th e am ount of

p o ten tia lly d e le te r io u s m a te r ia l i s app arent.
P o ten tia l A lk ali R e a c tiv ity , D iss o lv e d S ilic a , v e r s u s R ed u ction in A lk a lin ity ,
F ig u re 6.
F ig u re 6 is a plot o f th e d is s o lv e d s ilic a (Sc) on a lo g a r ith im ic s c a le
v e r s u s the red u ctio n in a lk a lin ity on an a r ith m e tic s c a le .

A n e m p ir ic a lly

d eriv ed cu rv e on th e graph r e p r e s e n ts the d ivid in g lin e b etw een p oten tia lly
d e le te r io u s and inn ocu ous a g g r eg a te (ASTM C 2 8 9 ).
The data p oin ts fa ll in tw o g r o u p s, one divid ed by th e cu rv e on th e rig h t,
and the oth er a d is p e r s e d group o f eigh t points on the le ft.
When th is data is exam in ed in conjunction w ith the p etrograp h ic r e s u lt s a
g e n e ra l r e la tio n w ith th e ch ert conten t i s su g g e ste d .

T he am ount of c h e r t

p r e sen t on the inn ocu ous sid e i s l e s s than on th e p o ten tia lly d e le te r io u s s id e ,
but th is r e la tio n i s not a b so lu te .

Much s c a tte r i s p r e se n t s in c e r e la tiv e ly high

and low v a lu e s f a ll on e ith e r s id e of th e c u r v e .

T h is i s probably c a u sed by the

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p r e s e n c e o f s e v e r a l ty p e s o f c h e r t found in th e g la c ia l g r a v e l.

U n til a p o s itiv e

b a s is o f d is tin c tio n o f in n o cu o u s v e r s u s d e le te r io u s c h e r t ty p e s i s d ev elo p ed
th is m eth od w ill b e o f lim ite d v a lu e .
D e le te r io u s C o n stitu te n ts and B e n e fic ia tio n o f M ich igan G la c ia l G ra v el
T he b u lk o f the g r a v e l a g g r e g a te p rod u ced and u s e d in high w ay c o n str u c tio n
in so u th e r n L ow er M ich ig a n i s up grad ed b y h e a v y m e d ia se p a r a tio n (HMS) o f th e
lig h te r , d e le t e r io u s p a r t ic le s from th e sou n d m a te r ia l.

V a r io u s m eth o d s of

b e n e fic ia tio n and th e ir a p p lic a tio n s a r e not w ith in th e s c o p e of th e p r e se n t d is ­
c u s s io n , h o w e v e r , m e n tio n i s m ade o f th e a p p lic a tio n o f HMS to s p e c if ic prob­
lem a r e a s in so u th e r n L ow er M ich igan .
E x a m in a tio n of th e g la c ia l g r a v e l h a s sh ow n that th e d is tr ib u tio n o f d e le te ­
r io u s r o c k ty p e s to b e q u ite v a r ia b le but p r e d ic ta b le w ith in c e r ta in lim it s .

The

p r e s e n c e o f c e r ta in d e le t e r io u s r o c k ty p e s su c h a s c h e r t, s h a le , fe r ru g in o u s
c o n c r e tio n s , and sa n d sto n e a r e found in d e fin ite d is p e r s a l p a tte r n s .

T h is m e a n s

that g la c ia l flo w paths b e tw e e n th e o r ig in a l s o u r c e r o c k and th e point o f d e p o s i­
tio n m a y b e r e c o n s tr u c te d to aid in g r a v e l s o u r c e e v a lu a tio n .

T h e lith o lo g ic

c o m p o sitio n o f th e g la c ia l d r ift w a s c o n tr o lle d b y th e d ir e c tio n s o f ic e m o v e ­
m en t, th e b e d r o c k o v e r w h ich th e i c e m o v ed and th e n a tu re o f th e d ep o sitio n a l
m ed ia .

S am p lin g of g r a v e l p its and o th er e x p o s u r e s o f d r ift h a s y ie ld e d data

w hich w h en p lotted on S ta te -w id e m a p s p o s itio n th e s e flo w p ath s and d is p e r s a l
p a tte rn s ( F ig s . 4 , 1 0 - 1 4 , 2 0 -2 2 ) .

T h e s e data m ay th en b e a p p lie d to c a s e s in

w hich s p e c if ic d e le te r io u s ty p e s m u s t b e e lim in a te d .
H eavy m ed ia s e p a r a tio n w ill a lm o s t a lw a y s p ro d u ce a c c e p ta b le m a te r ia l
u sin g a s p e c if ic g r a v ity o f fr o m 2 . 55 to 2 . 6 0 .

H o w ev er, w h e r e th e d istr ib u tio n

88
o f d e le te r io u s ty p e s i s known th is high a g r a v ity liq uid m ay not b e n eed ed and
"over b e n efica tio n " w ill in c r e a s e the c o s t o f th e a g g r e g a te .

In th e c a s e o f new

d e p o s its p r e lim in a r y , lo c a l qu ality e v a lu a tio n u sin g th e r e g io n a l in fo r m a tio n
gained in th is stu d y m ay id en tify a r e a s o f low d e le te r io u s con ten t w hich m ay
r ed u c e th e o v e r a ll b e n e fic ia tio n c o s t s .

W here fer ru g in o u s c o n c r e tio n s a r e

abundant e v e n a 2 . 60 g r a v ity w ill not r e m o v e a ll d e le te r io u s p a r t ic le s .

In

th is c a s e s p e c ia l b e n e fic ia tio n tec h n iq u es m a y have to b e u sed .
The p rob lem in a r e a s w ith s p e c if ic d e le te r io u s r o c k ty p e s is d is c u s s e d
b e lo w .
San d ston e and F e r r u g in o u s C o n cretio n s in G ravel S o u r c e s of Calhoun,
E aton , Ingham and J a ck so n C ou n ties
T he g la c ia l g r a v e ls in th e four county a r e a s o f C alhoun, E aton , Ingham
and

J a c k so n c o u n tie s,

have p a r tic u la r ly high co n c en tr a tio n s o f fr ia b le

sa n d sto n e and fe r r u g in o u s c o n c r e tio n s .

The so u r c e fo r th e sa n d sto n e and

so m e o f th e F e ~ c o n c r e tio n s is th e lo w er M a rsh a ll S an dstone o f M is sissip p ia n
age.

T he r e m a in d e r o f th e F e -e o n c r e tio n s a r e attrib u ted to th e C oldw ater

Sh ale.

A r e a s o f o u tcro p fo r th e s e fo r m a tio n s can b e d e ter m in e d fro m F ig u r e 2

and the v a r io u s p e r c e n ta g e m a p s.

The p e r ce n ta g e o f sa n d sto n e r a n g e s fr o m

5 p ercen t to 25 p er cen t w h ile th e p e r c e n ta g e o f c o n c r e tio n s r a n g e s fr o m l e s s than
1 . 0 p ercen t to 10 p e r c e n t.

The r a n g e o f abundance o f th e s e m a te r ia ls i s

la r g e ly c o n tr o lle d by th e p ro x im ity o f o u tc ro p lo c a tio n s to th e g r a v e l pit
lo c a tio n s.
To m e e t s p e c ific a tio n s fo r highw ay a g g r e g a te g r a v e l fr o m low qu ality
s o u r c e s ,s u c h a s m ay o c cu r in th is fou r county a r e a ,m u s t b e up grad ed by

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b e n e fic ia tio n .

H eavy m ed ia sep a r a tio n (HMS) of th e lig h te r d e le te r io u s

p a r tic le s i s the m o st com m on m ethod.

F er ru g in o u s c o n c r e tio n s, h o w ev er,

m ay not y ie ld to heavy m ed ia sep a r a tio n even w ith a liquid of g r a v ity 2 . 6 .

The

co n c r e tio n s often have rem an en t s id e r ite (FeCO ) c o r e s w ith a 3 . 8 s p e c if ic
O
g r a v ity .

A ll fer ru g in o u s c o n c re tio n s h ave varyin g am ounts o f lim on ite

(F e O , S. G. 3 . 6 - 4 .0 ) .
6 O
carb on ate.

T his o c c u r s a s a w ea th erin g product o f the iron

F u rth er w ea th erin g in a su b a e r ia l en viron m en t m ay red u ce p a rts

of the F e -c o n c r e tio n to an ’’iro n b e a r in g c la y . M T h is i s the te r m m o st p r e ­
valent in e n g in e er in g lite r a tu r e .

S ta tistic a l data obtained in th e p r e se n t study

in d ica te th at o v er fifty p ercen t o f the r e la tiv e ly unw eathered F e -c o n c r e tio n s
h ave a s p e c ific g r a v ity g r e a te r than 2 . 6.

B roken and w ea th ered F e -c o n c r e tio n s

m ay have d e n s itie s a s low a s 1 .7 w h ile the u n w eath ered , in ta ct on es m ay have
v a lu es up to 3 .4 .

lo c a t in g a g r a v e l pit in an a r e a w ith a high proportion of

c o n cretio n s m ay b e fru str a tin g fo r th e p rod u cer b e c a u se of r e je c tio n of p r o c e s ­
se d m a te r ia l and fo r th e con tractor who m ay not m e e t co n stru ctio n sc h e d u le s
due to la ck of su ita b le a g g r e g a te .

E a r ly fr e e z e -th a w fa ilu r e o f ev en r e c e n t

p avem en ts b e c a u se of F e -c o n c r e tio n s in d ic a te s that the p rob lem m ay b e p r e se n t
ev en a fter HMS p r o c e s s in g .
C arefu l s e le c tio n o f new s o u r c e s in th is fou r county a r e a m ay y ie ld g r a v e l
which contains few er F e -c o n c r e tio n s thus m aking it m o re p ro fita b le to produce
sp e c ific a tio n m a te r ia l.

H ighest p e r ce n ta g es o f ferru g in o u s co n c re tio n s occu r

in sou th ern Ingham and e a ste r n Jack son co u n ties (F ig . 20).

F r ia b le san d ston e

w hich m ay be d e le te r io u s has a s im ila r but m o re w id e sp re a d d istrib u tio n .
E xp loration fo r new g r a v e l s o u r c e s in w e ste r n J a ck so n , Calhoun and sou th ern

F ig u re 20.

Map o f p ercen t ferru g in o u s c o n c r e tio n s

91

E aton c o u n tie s sh o u ld r e d u c e th e p e r c e n ta g e o f F e - c o n c r e t io n s .

A r e d u c tio n

o f th e to ta l F e - c o n c r e t io n s w ill y ie ld g r a v e l w ith low g r a v ity d e le t e r io u s m a te ­
r ia ls w h ich can b e r e m o v e d w ith a h e a v y m ed ia liq u id o f fro m 2 . 5 0 to 2. 55
s p e c if ic g r a v ity .
H igh C h ert C ontent in A r e a s o f O akland, G e n e s e e , S h ia w a s s e e , and
L iv in g sto n C o u n ties and th e K a la m a z o o , C alhoun County A r e a .
T w o a r e a s in so u th e r n L ow er M ich ig a n w ith an u n u su a lly h igh c h e r t co n ­
ten t in th e g r a v e l d e p o s its can b e o b s e r v e d in F ig u r e 21. T he p e tro g r a p h ic data
fro m fo u r te e n g r a v e l p its in the O akland, G e n e s e e , S h ia w a s s e e and L iv in g sto n
County a r e a sh o w s ten p its w ith a c h e r t con ten t g r e a te r than 14 p e r c e n t.
pit had 2 7 . 8 p e r c e n t c h e r t p r e s e n t.

In th e K a la m a zo o , C alhoun county a r e a

s e v e n p its h a v e v a lu e s g r e a te r than 1 6 . 2 p e r c e n t.
1 6 . 2 p e r c e n t to 2 3 . 8 p e r c e n t.

One

T he r a n g e in v a lu e i s fr o m

T h e m ea n fo r t h is a r e a i s 1 9 . 4 p e r c e n t.

T he a r e a o f O akland, G e n e s e e , S h ia w a ss e e and L iv in g sto n c o u n tie s l ie s e n ­
t ir e ly w ith the b o u n d a r ie s o f th e Saginaw G la c ia l L ob e. T he d e p o s its in th is a r e a
a r e a r e s u lt of e r o s io n and d e p o s itio n b y g la c ia l i c e fanning outw ard fr o m th e
n o r th e a s t-s o u th w e s t a x is of Saginaw B ay and it s so u th w estw a rd con tin u ation .
G la c ia l e r o s io n took p la c e on th e e x p o se d b e d r o c k w h ich fla n k s Saginaw Bay
(F ig . 4 ).

The c h e r ty B a y p o rt L im e s to n e (U pper M is s is s ip p ia n a ge) i s found

in o u tcro p in t h e s e a r e a s .

The lo c a lly high c o n c e n tr a tio n s o f c h e r t in the p its

o f th is a r e a a r e la r g e ly due to the p r o x im ity o f th e c h e r t b e a r in g B ayp ort
F o r m a tio n .

T he r e g io n a l c h e r t le v e l in th e Saginaw g la c ia l lob e d e p o s its i s

a p p r o x im a te ly te n p e r c e n t.

T h is in d ic a te s th at p o s s ib ly a s m uch a s 15 p e r c e n t

o f th e to ta l c h e r t w a s d e r iv e d fr o m lo c a l B a y p o rt o u tc ro p s on ly a few m ile s

92

^ •1 4 *

F igu re 21.

Map of p ercent ch ert.

93
aw ay.

T he b ack grou n d c h e r t le v e l of 10 p e r c e n t i s p rob ab ly due to g la c ia l

e r o s io n fr o m th e Lake H uron b a s in w h ic h i s u n d e rla in b y a th ic k s e q u e n c e of
lim e s to n e and d o lo m ite m uch o f w h ic h i s c h e r t b e a r in g .

T h e T r a v e r s e G roup

o f fo r m a tio n s and th e D undee L im e s to n e fo r m a tio n o f th e O non daga G roup a ls o
a p p ear to h a v e c o n trib u te d c h e r t to th e g la c ia l g r a v e l.
C hert p e r c e n ta g e s in th e K a la m a z o o , C alhoun cou n ty a r e a r a n g e fr o m
1 6 . 2 p e r c e n t to 2 3 . 8 p e r c e n t.

T h is high c o n c e n tr a tio n o f c h e r t i s p ro b a b ly

c a u sed by r e s id u a l e n r ic h m e n t due to flu v ia l b rea k d o w n o f th e w e a k e r r o c k
ty p e s .

T he g r a v e l p its s a m p le s a ll lie a lo n g th e K a la m a zo o R iv e r w h ich during

d e g la c ia tio n w a s a t o r r e n tia l m e ltw a te r s t r e a m .

M eltw a ter fr o m both th e

Saginaw and Lake M ich ig a n g la c ia l lo b e s had o u tle ts v ia th e g la c ia l K a la m a zo o
R iv e r s y s t e m .

T h is p rod u ced an e n v ir o n m e n t w h ic h e lim in a te d m o s t o f th e

w ea k c la s t ic r o c k ty p e s and th u s in c r e a s e d th e o v e r a ll p e r c e n ta g e o f th e m o r e
r e s is ta n t c h e r t.
The o r ig in a l s o u r c e fo r m a tio n s fo r th e c h e r t found in L ake M ich igan
g la c ia l lo b e d e p o s its a r e s tr a tig r a p h ic a lly c o r r e la t iv e w ith th e fo r m a tio n s
w h ich su p p lie d th e c h e r t in th e Sagin aw L obe d e p o s its .

T h e s e in c lu d e m o s t of

th e c h e r t b e a r in g D evon ian a g e c a r b o n a te s and th e U pper M is s is s ip p ia n B a y ­
port L im e sto n e (F ig . 2 ).

C h ert v a lu e s fo r m o s t o f th e Lake M ich iga n Lobe

d e p o s its a r e f a ir ly u n ifo rm e x c e p t w h e r e flu v ia l e n r ic h m e n t h a s ta k e n p la c e .
T h is i s e x p la in e d b y th e fa c t th a t m o s t o f th e c a r b o n a te (and c h e rt) w a s d e r iv e d
fro m L ake M ich igan b a s in o u tc r o p s w h ich o c c u r o v e r a la r g e a r e a .

T h is e x ­

p la in s th e d is p e r s e d b ack grou n d c h e r t l e v e l s fo r th e e n tir e S ta te that r a n g e
from b e tw e e n 4 p e r c e n t to 8 p e r c e n t d ep en d in g upon th e p r o x im ity o f th e

94
o r ig in a l s o u r c e r o c k s .
S o m e o f th e m o r e p orou s c h e r ts that a r e low in s p e c if ic g r a v ity a r e e a s ily
r e m o v e d by h ea v y m e d ia liq u id s .

T he r a n g e in s p e c if ic g r a v it ie s i s fr o m 2 .0

to 2 .7 depend ing upon th e ty p e of c h e r t.

N o d e fin itiv e c r it e r ia h a v e y e t b e e n

d eterm in ed to d is tin g u ish th e d e le te r io u s c h e r t ty p e s fr o m th e n o n -d e le te r io u s .
The g e n e r a lly low c h e r t l e v e l s , h o w e v e r , p o s e few p r o b le m s s in c e HMS
b e n e fic ia tio n w ill r e m o v e m o s t o f th e c h e r t w h ich in m o s t a r e a s i s not c r it ic a l.
F e r r u g in o u s C o n cr etio n s and Sh ale C ontent in A lle g a n and Ottawa
C o u n ties.
F e r r u g in o u s c o n c r e tio n and sh a le l e v e l s a r e a b n o rm a lly high in e le v e n
sa m p le s fro m A lle g a n and O ttawa c o u n tie s .

T h is p ro b lem a ls o e x te n d s to the

south in to V an B uren County beyond th e lim it s of th e p r e se n t sa m p lin g .
T he high le v e ls o f fe r r u g in o u s c o n c r e tio n s ra n g e fr o m 1 .4 p e r c e n t to
10. 8 p e r c e n t.

T he m e a n v a lu e i s a p p ro x im a te ly 6. 0 p e r c e n t.

High v a lu e s

su ch a s th e s e p o s e th e sa m e b e n e fic a tio n p r o b le m s d is c u s s e d fo r th e Ingham ,
J a ck so n , E aton , and C alhoun county a r e a .
T h e o r ig in a l s o u r c e fo r the F e -c o n c r e t io n s in th is a r e a i s th e C oldw ater
Shale w h ich d ir e c tly u n d e r lie s the g la c ia l d r ift.

The C oldw ater a l s o contrib uted

sh a le p e b b le s w h ich o c c u r in ab n o rm a lly high c o n c en tr a tio n s throughout th e
area.

The s h a le , h o w e v e r , r e a d ily y ie ld s to HMS due to it s low s p e c if ic

g ra v ity .

95

The v a lu e s fo r both F e -c o n c r e tio n s and sh a le a r e g iv en b elow :

F e -C o n c r e tio n s

Sam ple N um ber

Shale

1 -1 4

2.1%

2.7%

2 -1 2

2 .9

3 .5

2 -1 3

6 .2

10. 8

2 -1 4

4 .9

------

3 -1 2

0 .5

9. 8

3 -1 3

2 .0

10.4

3 -1 3 (2)

4 .0

5 .9

3 -1 4

2 .7

5. 8

4 -1 1

0 .5

2. 5

4 -1 2

3 .1

5 .4

5 -1 3

4 .7

1 .4

5 -1 5

0. 6

1 .4

F ro m in sp e ctio n of the data it i s in fe rr ed that s m a ll s c a le flu ctu atio n s
in the h y d ra u lic s of the lo c a l d ep o sitio n a l en viron m en ts a r e la r g e ly r e sp o n s ib le
for g r a v e l qu ality in the a r e a .

High sh a le v a lu e s in d ic a te a l e s s vig o ro u s

flu v ia l en viron m en t w h ile low sh a le v a lu e s in d icate m o re in te n se flu vial a c tiv ity .
T h is m ean s that b e n e fic ia tio n can b e red u ced b y locating new g r a v e l p its along
the m ajor d rain age ch an n els w h er ev e r p o s s ib le .

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T o ta l D e le te r io u s
The net e ffe c t o f a l l p o te n tia lly d e le t e r io u s c o m p o n en ts i s sh ow n b y the
m ap of p e r c e n t to ta l d e le t e r io u s (F ig . 22).

T h e d istr ib u tio n of v a lu e s on

th is m ap r e f l e c t s th e su m o f th e s p e c if ic d e le t e r io u s ty p e s d is c u s s e d a b o v e .
A r e a s o f high v a lu e s r e la t e to a c o n s id e r a b le d e g r e e to th e d is tr ib u tio n of
ch e rt s in c e th is com p on en t is th e m o s t fr e q u e n t s in g le d e le te r io u s ty p e .
Soft and fr ia b le c la s t ic r o c k s , h o w e v e r , in c r e a s e th e to ta l d e le t e r io u s co n ­
ten t s ig n ific a n tly in th e so u th e r n part o f th e a r e a .
E x p lo ra tio n fo r G r a v e l A g g r e g a te
E x p lo r a tio n fo r g r a v e l can b e v iew ed a s to s e p a r a te p h a se s:
e v a lu a tio n .

lo c a tio n and

E x p lo r a tio n g e n e r a lly c e n te r s arou n d e x is tin g s t r e a m s o r str e a m

ch a n n els w h e r e q u a n titie s of g r a v e l a r e u s u a lly abundant.

B e c a u s e flu v ia l

a c tio n o ften in c r e a s e s th e q u a lity by r e m o v in g th e s o f t or d e le te r io u s p a r t ic le s ,
th e s e a r e a s p ro v id e h igh q u a lity a g g r e g a te .

On th e o th e r h an d, g la c ia l d r ift

that w a s d e p o s ite d d ir e c t ly b y m e ltin g ic e o r m e ltw a te r s t r e a m s w hich flow ed
from th e r e c e d in g i c e m a s s e s o ften c o n ta in s p oor q u a lity m a t e r ia ls b e c a u s e
of high c o n c e n tr a tio n s of so ft p a r t ic le s .
E x p lo r a tio n fo r g r a v e l in a g la c ia te d te r r a n e i s so m e w h a t m o r e d iffic u lt
than in n o n -g la c ia l a r e a s b e c a u s e th e s u r fa c e f o r m s m ay b e n o n d istin c tiv e
and lo c a l p o c k e ts o f g r a v e l m a y fo r m , r a th e r than b r o a d , c h a n n e lle d d e p o s its .
Id en tifica tio n o f g la c ia l d e p o s its w h ic h m ay co n ta in g r a v e l on th e o th er hand,

F igu re 22.

Map of p ercen t total d e le te r io u s.

98

m a y b e a id e d by th e fa c t th at s o m e f e a tu r e s a r e to p o g r a p h ic a lly p o s itiv e and
m a y h a v e a r e c o g n iz a b le " m o rp h o lo g y . " S u r fic ia l g e o lo g y m a p s , to p o g ra p h ic
m a p s, a e r ia l p h otograp h s and s o i l m a p s a id in th e lo c a tio n o f lik e ly s o u r c e
areas.

S u r fic ia l g e o lo g y m a p s in g la c ia te d r e g io n s w ill sh ow a r e a s o f o u tw a sh

(d e p o s its w a te r la id at th e i c e m a r g in s , h e n c e " w ash ed out") th at co n ta in th e
bulk o f th e g r a v e l and sa n d .

T op ograp h ic m a p s and a e r ia l p h otos at a la r g e r

s c a le w ill show o th e r f e a tu r e s w h ic h lo c a lly m ay b e of s ig n if ic a n c e .

E v a lu a tio n
O nce a g r a v e l d e p o s it i s lo c a te d it m u s t b e e x a m in e d and e v a lu a te d m o r e
fu lly .

T he h o r iz o n ta l and v e r t ic a l e x te n t, th e g ra d in g and th e q u a lity o f m a te r ­

ia l p r e s e n t a r e a l l fa c t o r s w h ich m u st b e c o n s id e r e d i f th e d e p o s it i s to b e d e v e lo p e d
and o p e r a te d p r o fita b ly .

T e s t p its o r b o r e h o le s m u st b e e x c a v a te d to e s t a b lis h

th e s i z e and v a r ia tio n s w ith in th e d e p o s it.

The sp a c in g o f th e e x c a v a tio n s is

d e te r m in e d b y th e am ount of in fo r m a tio n d e s ir e d .

S a m p le s m u st b e ta k en at

both v e r t ic a l and h o r iz o n ta l in t e r v a ls to a s s e s s th e am oun t of u s e a b le m a t e r ia l
p r e s e n t, b e in g c a r e fu l to in s u r e th at th e s a m p le s a r e r e p r e s e n t a t iv e .

G ravel

q u ality i s d e te r m in e d b y s e p a r a tin g a p o r tio n of th e s ie v e d m a te r ia l fo r
p etro g r a p h ic e x a m in a tio n .

P e tr o g r a p h ic a n a ly s is o f g la c ia l g r a v e l in M ich ig a n

w ill sh ow v a ry in g a m o u n ts o f d e le te r io u s p a r t ic le s both lo c a lly and r e g io n a lly .
N o r m a lly e n g in e e r in g sa m p lin g is fo r th e p u rp o se o f m e a s u r in g la t e r a l
v a r ia tio n o n ly .

F o r t h is p u rp o se a c o m p o s ite s a m p le i s d e s ir a b le .

v e r tic a l ch a n n el s a m p le s a r e b e s t .

U su a lly

V e r tic a l v a r ia b ility in th e m a t e r ia ls o f a

99
g la c ia l g r a v e l d e p o s it, h o w e v e r , d o e s e x is t and ca n b e m e a s u r e d and e v a lu a te d .
In th is c a s e , s e p a r a te h o r iz o n s sh o u ld b e s e p a r a te ly sa m p le d and e x a m in e d .
T h is ty p e o f sa m p lin g m ig h t b e of b e n e fit to ta k e a d v a n ta g e o f n a tu ra l s o r tin g
a c tio n in d e p o s its w h e r e a m a jo r ch an ge in th e d e p o s itio n a l m ed ia o r s o u r c e o f
m a te r ia ls h a s o c c u r r e d d u rin g th e t im e o f i t s a c c u m u la tio n .
G ra v el P e tr o g r a p h y A p p lied to E x p lo r a tio n fo r A g g r e g a te
T he p e tr o g r a p h e r w i l l p la y an in c r e a s in g r o le in g r a v e l e x p lo r a tio n a s th e
su pp ly o f good q u a lity a g g r e g a te d im in is h e s .

C e r ta in a r e a s o f M ichigan h a v e

un usual p r o b le m s w ith r e g a r d to d e le t e d o u s r o ck ty p e s w h ic h m ay b e s o lv e d
b y c r it ic a l p e tr o g r a p h ic e x a m in a tio n .

S a m p le s fo r p e tr o g r a p h ic e x a m in a tio n ca n b e o b tain ed b y fie ld p e r so n n e l
and r e tu r n e d to the L a b o ra to ry or th e p e tro g r a p h er ca n sa m p le and e x a m in e
th e m a te r ia l o n - s it e .

M ost e x p lo r a tio n in v o lv e s sa m p lin g m a t e r ia l fr o m t e s t p its and b o r e h o le s .
W hen th e p e tro g r a p h ic e x a m in a tio n i s m ade in th e fie ld , a la r g e a r e a ca n b e
e v a lu a te d 'in a s h o r t t im e .

E x c a v a tio n eq u ip m en t c a n b e m oved im m e d ia te ly

to a new s i t e d e te r m in e d by th e t e s t r e s u l t s ob tain ed fr o m th e p r e c e d in g s i t e .
T he o n - s it e ev a lu a tio n i s , t h e r e fo r e , m o r e e c o n o m ic a l s in c e d r illin g c r e w s
can o p e r a te a t m a x im u m e ffic ie n c y in t e r m s o f th e p e tr o g r a p h ic in fo rm a tio n
g a in ed .

100

T he g ra d in g o f m a te r ia l p r e se n t in a d e p o sit u s u a lly can b e d eter m in e d
a p p ro x im a te ly b y v isu a l e s tim a tio n in th e fie ld .

S a m p le s from a fr e s h w o rk in g

cut can b e s ie v e d for m o r e s p e c if ic in fo r m a tio n if th e q u ality o f th e g r a v e l is
a c c e p ta b le enough to w a rra n t fu rth er e x p lo r a tio n .
T h e te c h n ic a l equ ip m en t n eed ed fo r fie ld p e tr o g r a p h ic ex a m in a tio n i s
e a s ily tr a n sp o r te d to th e job s i t e .

T he equip m en t in c lu d e s a s e le c t io n o f s i e v e s

to s e p a r a te the c o a r s e a g g r e g a te , so r tin g c a n s , a v a r ia b le pow er b in o cu la r
m ic r o s c o p e and a quantity o f w a te r fo r w a sh in g s a m p le s .
The a ctu a l p etro g ra p h ic id e n tific a tio n m ay b e u n dertak en in e ith e r o f tw o
w a y s.

T h e f i r s t i s th e sta n d a rd ASTM M ethod of r e la tin g the fre q u en cy of

lith o lo g ie s on a count b a s i s .

T h is m eth od r e q u ir e s a d d ition al s ie v in g and

s e le c t io n o f 2 0 0 p e b b le s in e a c h s iz e g r a d e .

The s e c o n d m ethod i s b y th e

v o lu m e pebble a n a ly s is a s d e v e lo p ed in th e p r e se n t stu d y (p. 59 ).

T he m eth od

r e la t e s the fre q u en cy o f in d ivid u al r o c k ty p e s (or grou p in g of r o c k s) b y co m p a rin g
th e ir v olu m e to a n o r ig in a l v o lu m e o f m a te r ia l.

T he volu m e d e te r m in a tio n s

can b e m ade b y w a te r d is p la c e m e n t o r by u sin g A r c h im e d e s p r in c ip le .
L ith o lo g ic id e n tific a tio n n e e d s o n ly to p ro v id e e ffic ie n t data fo r th e e c o n o m ic
p u rp o se.

M ichigan g la c ia l g r a v e ls con tain a w id e v a r ie ty of r o c k ty p e s , h o w ev er,

the sig n ific a n t d e le te r io u s ty p e s a r e e a s ily id e n tifia b le .
T he c o m p o sitio n and p h y sic a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f d e le te r io u s com p on en ts
a r e d e te r m in e d in e a r ly e x p lo r a to r y ev a lu a tio n .

A fte r a pit i s e s ta b lis h e d ,

continuing q u a lity c o n tr o l e v a lu a tio n can b e m ain tain ed by a s im p lifie d c l a s s i f i ­
ca tio n

o f m a t e r ia ls r e q u ir in g on ly r e c o g n itio n o f th e d e le te r io u s r o c k ty p e s .

T h e d e le t e r io u s s u ite h a s on e m e m b e r , th e fe r r u g in o u s c o n c r e tio n , w h ic h
r e q u ir e s a d d itio n a l c a r e on th e p art o f th e p e tr o g r a p h e r .

F e - c o n c r e t io n s h a v e

a r a n g e in s p e c if ic g r a v ity fr o m 1 .5 to 3 . 5 d ep en d in g upon th e ir in te r n a l c o m ­
p o s itio n .

T h e F e - c o n c r e t io n , w h e r e found in ab u n d an ce, m u st b e tr e a te d by

h e a v y m ed ia se p a r a tio n at a high g r a v ity o f 2 .6 0 to in s u r e e lim in a tio n .

O ften

th e F e - c o n c r e t io n w ill b e n o n -u n ifo r m ly d is tr ib u te d through out a d e p o s it.

T h is

m e a n s th a t c lo s e a tten tio n m u s t b e paid to a r e a s o f high c o n c e n tr a tio n d u rin g th e
e x p lo r a tio n p h a se of pit d e v e lo p m e n t s o th at e c o n o m ic o p e r a tio n c a n b e m a in ­
ta in e d d u rin g p rod u ction .

CONCLUSIONS

1.

A c la s s if ic a t io n o f g r a v e l d e p o s its w h ich ca n b e u se d fo r e c o n o m ic

ev a lu a tio n is b a s e d on th e v is u a l a p p ea ra n ce o f th e m a te r ia ls in the f ie ld .

A s­

so c ia te d lan d form i s o f se c o n d a r y im p o r ta n c e.
2.

M ech a n ica l a n a ly s is in d ic a te s that m ean s o r tin g of the g r a v e l d e p o s its

d iffe r s s lig h tly b e tw e e n ic e - c o n t a c t and p r o g la c ia l d e p o s its , w ith the pro­
g la c ia l d e p o s its b e in g b e tte r s o r te d .

T h is i s p r im a r ily c a u se d by h ig h er san d

content in th e p r o g la c ia l d e p o s its .
3.

P h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f in d ivid u al p a r tic le s d isp la y low but con­

s is t e n t c o r r e la tio n s , h o w e v e r , do not s e r v e to d iffe r e n tia te s a m p le s on any
b a s is o f c la s s if ic a tio n .
4.

L ith o lo g ic a n a ly s is su p p lie s th e d e fin itiv e c r it e r ia fo r a g g r e g a te s o u r c e

ev a lu a tio n .

A n e s s e n t ia lly u n iform a s s e m b la g e o f r o c k ty p e s o c c u r s o v e r th e

e n tir e a r e a o f so u th e rn and w e s te r n L ow er M ich igan .

T he g e n e r a l u n ifo rm ity

o f th e s u ite i s in te r p r e te d a s la r g e ly c a u se d by m ix in g b e c a u s e of r e c y c lin g of
m a te r ia ls d u rin g m u ltip le p h a se s o f g la c ia tio n and g la c io flu v ia l r ew o rk in g .
S ig n ifica n t r e g io n a l v a r ia tio n s in th e c o m p o sitio n o f th e g r a v e ls a r e
r e fle c te d b y g r o s s lith o lo g y .

A th r e e com p onent s y s te m c o n sistin g o f c r y s t a l­

lin e , c la s t ic , and ca rb o n a te r o c k s , r e la t e s to p r o c e s s e s o f tra n sp o rta tio n and
d e p o sitio n .

A lith o fa c ie s typ e o f a n a ly tic a l app roach c e n te r e d on th e s e co m ­

ponents i s in te r p r e te d in t e r m s of th e fin a l d is p e r s a l o f th e m a te r ia ls .
102

A m ore

103
d e ta ile d breakdow n of the lith o lo g ic s u ite , s iz e freq u en cy d istrib u tio n , and
p h y sica l and c h e m ic a l p r o p e r tie s o f ind ividu al com p on en ts a r e u sefu l fo r lo c a l
o r d eta iled s tu d ie s of in d ivid u al g r a v e l d e p o s its .
5.

L ith ologic a n a ly s is p r o v id e s a b a s is fo r p red ictio n of r e g io n a l tren d s

o f a g g r e g a te q u ality. V a ria tio n s in g r o s s lith o lo g y r e la te d ir e c tly to am ounts of
p h y sic a lly and c h e m ic a lly unsound m a te r ia ls .

E n g in eerin g t e s t r e s u lts of th e

m a te r ia ls , in tu rn , in d ica te th at the e x p e cted reg io n a l le v e ls o f d e le te r io u s
p a r tic le s can , in m o st c a s e s , b e r e m o v e d by h eavy m ed ia sep a ra tio n .
6.

A few s p e c ific d e le te r io u s r o ck ty p e s ca n u su a lly b e c ited a s the

m ajor a g g r eg a te p rob lem fo r g e n e r a l geograp h ic r e g io n s .

The lith o lo g ic

a n a ly s is su p p lie s su ffic ie n t in fo rm a tio n to e x p lo re for b e s t s o u r c e s to m in im iz e
the d e le te r io u s m a te r ia ls and to m ake reco m m en d a tio n s for b en e ficia tio n .
7.

P etrograp h ic ev alu ation o f a g g r eg a te s o u r c e s fo r exp lo ra tio n or oth er

p u rp o ses can b e e ffe c tiv e ly done in th e fie ld w ith a s m a ll amount of equipm ent
by the volum e pebble tech n iq u e.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTH ER RESEAR CH

T he v o lu m e p eb b le a n a ly s is s y s t e m o f lith o lo g ic a n a ly s is m u st b e a p p lie d
to th e r e m a in in g a r e a s o f th e S ta te.

In th is w ay th e in te g r a te d p ic tu r e w ill b e

e s ta b lis h e d o f th e g e o lo g ic h is to r y and p r o c e s s e s th a t d istr ib u te d th e g la c ia l
m a t e r ia ls .

T h is w ill e n a b le th e r a n g e o f a g g r e g a te q u a lity to b e e s tim a te d on

a S ta te -w id e b a s i s .
D e ta ile d s m a ll a r e a s tu d ie s fo r a g g r e g a te s o u r c e e v a lu a tio n s a r e n e c ­
e s s a r y w h e r e s p e c if ic in fo r m a tio n i s sou gh t in con ju n ction w ith p ro d u ctio n .
S in ce it w a s not the p u rp o se o f th is r e p o r t to c h a r a c te r iz e s p e c if ic s o u r c e s ,
th is a s p e c t h a s on ly b e e n m e n tio n e d , bu t i s n ot d e v e lo p e d h e r e .
F u r th e r in sig h t w ith th e s p e c if ic q u a lity c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f a g g r e g a te
m a t e r ia ls in th e g r a v e ls w ill b e g a in e d b y d e ta ile d and s y s t e m a t ic stu d y o f
th e b e d r o c k u n its fr o m w h ic h th e y w e r e d e r iv e d b y th e g la c ia l and r e la te d
p ro cesses.

M o st im p o rta n t o f t h e s e to b e stu d ie d a r e th e c a r b o n a te s o f

M is s is s ip p ia n a g e and th e c la s t ic fo r m a tio n s o f P en n sy lv a n ia n a g e .

104

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S.

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New Y o rk .

Ill

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APPEN D IX

115

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I ♦ IV

PE R C E N T TO TA L D E L E T E R IO U S

m iniiiiiiiiigiiniii
m

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SPHERICITY

m

1191191111^

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PH Y SIC A L

DURABILITY

1111111119!

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m

AGGREGATE S P E C IF IC GRAVITY
AGGREGATE PE R C E N T A B SO R PT IO N

FRCEZ.E “ THAW

D U RA BILITY

F L E X U R A L ST R E N G T H . P S I.
C O M P R E SS IV E

S T R E N G T H . P. S. I

116

TA BLE 12
CHEM ICAL T E ST DATA
te m p le

N o.

1 -1
1 -2

C eO .
p e rc e n t

2 6 .9
3 0 .3

M rO ,
p e rc e n t

2 6 .7

1 9 .2

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

2 9 .6

2 0 .1

1 7 .9

C a l d t l c D o lo m ite

3 7 -2

3 0 .9

2 1 .0

D o lo m ite
D o lo m ite

1 9 -3

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

3 7 -3

3 8 .4

1 0 .1

D o lo m ltlc

D o lo m ite
D o lo m ltlc

2 0 -1

3 0 -1

D o lo m ite
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite
D o lo m ltlc lim e s to n e

2 -3

4 3 .1

4 .2

3 -1
3 -2

3 0 .2

1 6 .1
9 .8

3 -3

4 7 .3

1 .8

4 -1
4 -2

2 9 .7

20. 0

2 6 .3

1 6 .3

4 -9

4 2 .6

fi. 0

5 -1
5 -2
5 -3

2 0 .5
3 2 .8

1 1 .6
6 .6
5 .4
2 0 .4
1 8 .3

L im e s to n e

4 1 -1
4 1 -2

2 7 .6
3 0 .1

1 8 .2
1 9 .2

4 1 -3

3 2 .9

1 0 .2

1 9 .8

D o lo m ite

2 9 .1

L im e s to n e

4 3 .2

2 0 .4
6 .7

D o lo m ite
D o lo m ltlc l i m e s t o n e

D o lo m ite
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

2 4 -1

2 7 .0

2 0 .2

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

4 2 -1
4 2 -2

3 0 .0

2 5 .6

1 9 .1
1 8 .6

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

2 4 -2

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

2 4 -3

3 7 .4

1 2 .1

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

4 2 -3

2 4 .3
3 2 .9

1 6 .9

D o lo m ltlc

1 1 .9

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

2 5 -1

2 9 .1

1 9 .6

D o lo m ite

4 3 -1

3 0 .6

2 5 -2
2 5 -3

2 9 .8

1 9 .9

D o lo m ite

4 3 -2

2 7 .9

2 0 .4
1 6 .0

D o lo m ite
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

4 0 .7

9 .7

D o lo m ltlc lim e s to n e

4 3 -3

3 7 .1

1 1 .6

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

2 6 -1

2 1 .2
1 6 .6

2 6 .9

1 8 .3

C a l d t l c D o lo m ite

4 4 -2

3 1 .3
3 4 .0

1 9 .1

C a lc ltlc D o to m lte

1 2 .1

C a l d t l c D o lo m ite

2 6 .7

1 8 ,2
1 6 .2
8 .S

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite
D o lo m ltlc L im e s to n e

D o lo m ltlc

C a lc ltlc

L im e s to n e

D o lo m ite

2 6 -2

D o lo m ite
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

4 4 -1

C a l d t l c D o lo m ite

2 9 .9
2 4 .6

D o lo m ltlc

2 6 -3

3 1 .1

1 5 .8

C a ld tlc

J o lo m lte

4 4 -3

3 0 .5
2 7 .4

2 1 .1
1 6 .8

D o lo m ite
D o lo m ite

4 5 -1
4 5 -2

3 3 .6

4 5 -3

D o lo m ite
L im e s to n e

2 2 .6

D o lo m ite

2 7 -1

2 0 .0

D o lo m ite

2 7 -2
2 7 -3

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

D o lo m ite
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

2 0 .8

D o lo m ite

4 6 -1

2 9 .8

2 0 .3

2 9 .7

1 9 .2

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

4 6 -2

2 9 .6

D o lo m ltlc L im e s to n e

2 8 -3

3 8 .4

7 .2

D o lo m ltlc

4 6 -3

3 8 .9

1 9 .7
7 .0

D o lo m ite
D o lo m ite
D o lo m ltlc

D o lo m ite

2 9 -1

2 0 .6
1 9 .6

D o lo m ite

4 7 -1

3 0 .3

2 1 .3

D o to m lte

2 9 -2

2 8 .0
2 9 .0
4 6 .6

3 .9

D o lo m ite
D o lo m ltlc l i m e s t o n e

4 7 -2

2 9 -3

3 1 .1
4 7 .8

2 1 ,1
2 .8

D o lo m ltlc

3 0 -1

2 9 .8

2 0 ,8

4 8 -1

D o lo m ite

3 0 .1

1 9 .5

4 1 .0

9 .9

3 1 .3
3 0 .5
4 4 .4

2 0 ,8

3 0 -2
3 0 -3

D o lo m ite
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

2 1 .5
5 .1

D o lo m ltlc lim e s to n e

3 1 -1

3 0 .4

2 1 . r.

D o to m lte

3 1 -2
3 1 -3

2 8 .7

1 9 .3

3 6 ,1

1 1 .6

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite
D o to m lte

D o lo m ite
D o lo m ite

3 3 .4

4 .2

1 1 -1
1 1 -2

3 0 .0

2 0 .1

3 1 .5
3 6 .7

1 6 .4
7 .3

C e lc ltlc D o lo m ite

1 1 -3

D o lo m ltlc

1 2 -1
1 2 -2
1 2 -3

2 9 .5
3 0 .3
4 8 .1

2 1 .6

D o lo m ite

1 4 .1
2 .6

D o lo m ltlc

1 3 -1
1 3 -2

1 2 .8
2 9 .8

D o lo m ltlc

L im e s to n e

lim e s to n e

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite
L im e s to n e

D o lo m ltlc L im e s to n e
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

1 9 .3
5 .6

D o lo m ltlc

1 9 .3
1 3 .9

C a lc ltlc D o to m lte
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

3 2 -1
3 2 -2

3 0 .7

D o lo m ltlc lim e s to n e

3 2 -3

3 7 .1

2 0 .2
1 9 .6
8 .6

D o lo m ite
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

3 3 -1
3 3 -2

2 9 .4

2 0 .4

2 6 .2

D o lo m ltlc

3 3 -3

3 0 .3

1 7 .9
8 .6

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

3 4 -1

2 9 .0

1 9 .6

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

3 4 -2

2 7 .3
3 6 .7

1 6 .7

2 9 .5

1 8 .7
5 .5

1 6 -1
1 6 -2

3 0 .9

1 6 .3
1 4 .0

1 6 -3

3 1 .6

1 1 .4

1 7 -2

2 8 .6

1 9 .4
1 8 .8

1 7 -3

3 6 .4

8 .1

1 8 -1
1 8 -2

2 9 .4
2 7 .0

1 6 -3

4 1 .9

7 .5

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

1 2 .2

1 0 -3

2 0 .4

2 5 .2
3 2 .7

D o lo m ite

2 9 .3

1 9 .1

3 .4

C a ld tlc

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite
D o lo m ltlc L im e s to n e

2 8 -1
2 8 -2

2 8 .4

9 .1

C a l d t l c D o lo m ite

2 6 .6

2 3 -2
2 3 -3

1 0 -2

26. 7

C n lc itlc D o lo m ite

2 3 -1

9 .8

1 7 -1

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

1 2 .5

D o lo m ite

D o lo m ite
D o lo m ltlc L im e s to n e

L im e s to n e

2 0 .7

2 6 .6

D o lo m ite

1 7 .9

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite
D o lo m ltlc

2 0 .1

2 7 .9
3 0 .4
4 3 .7

2 0 .9

2 6 .5
3 3 ,1

D o lo m ltlc L im e s to n e

3 8 .9

1 5 -3

3 0 .7

4 0 -3

4 ,4

9 -3

1 5 -1
1 5 -2

4 6 -1
4 0 -2

4 1 .0

1 0 -1

3 4 .4
4 6 .9

C a lc ltlc

2 7 .6

lim e s to n e

1 4 -2
1 4 -3

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

2 2 -2
2 2 -3

lim e s to n e

2 7 .4

1 1 .0

1 9 .4
2 1 .0

D o lo m ltlc

3 5 .6

D o lo m ite
D o lo m ite

D o lo m ltlc L im e s to n e

3 0 .0
3 1 .8
3 4 .0

2 2 .0
2 0 .6

3 9 -3

2 9 .8

D o lo m ite
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

D o lo m ltlc

1 3 -3

3 9 -1
3 9 -2

2 2 -1

M a g n e e la n L im e s to n e

5 .8

7 .2

D o lo m ite
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

6 .2

6 .7

1 9 .1

D o lo m ltlc lim e s to n e

6 .9

3 1 .2

1 8 .7

2 1 .2

1 9 .1

4 2 .3

4 2 .4

3 1 .2

2 7 .6
1 3 .1

2 1 -2
2 1 -3

2 7 .6

3 7 .3

2 0 .5

3 8 -2
3 8 -3

D o lo m ltlc

2 7 .1

2 9 .8

2 9 .8

D o lo m ite

2 0 .0
1 4 .5

7 -2
7 -3

6 -3

D o lo m ite

2 0 .1
4 .0

3 0 ,0

7 -1

8 -1
8 -2

2 2 .5

2 7 .1

2 1 -1

L im e s to n e

lim e s to n e

2 7 .9

2 0 -3

L im e s to n e

3 7 -1

2 0 -2

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

D o lo m ltlc

3 2 .1
4 5 .6

3 .1

1 2 .4

4 7 .9

6 -3

1 4 -1

N am e

3 6 .7

7 .7

2 7 .4
2 9 .0

M gO ,
p e rc e n t

2 8 .3

2 1 .6

6 -2

C aP,
p e rc e n t

1 9 -1

2 9 .2

9 -1

S a m p le N o.

1 9 -2

3 6 .0

29. B

N am e

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

2 -2

4 4 .3

M gO ,

C e lc ltlc D o lo m ite
C a l d t l c D o lo m ite

2 -1

6 -1
6 -2

C aO ,

p e rc e n t p e rc e n t

1 6 .5
1 2 .9

3 6 .9

S a m p le N o.

1 5 .4

3 5 .8

1 -3

N am e

L im e s to n e

lim e s to n e

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

3 4 -3

2 8 .6

8 .0

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

3 5 -1
3 5 -2

3 1 .7

2 0 .6
1 7 .6

D o lo m ltlc L im e s to n e

3 5 -3

3 6 .5

7 .0

2 2 ,0

D o lo m ite

3 6 -1

D o lo m ite

3 6 -2

2 1 .8
2 9 .0

1 4 .3

2 0 .7

D o lo m ltlc l im e s to n e

3 6 -3

5 0 .3

2 .3

1 9 .4

lim e s to n e

D o lo m ltlc L im e s to n e

D o to m lte
D o lo m ltlc

lim e s to n e

4 7 -3

4 8 -2
4 8 -3
4 9 -1
4 9 -2

3 0 .5
2 6 .9

4 9 -3

3 6 ,9

5 0 -1

3 0 .1

6 0 -2

3 0 ,2
4 3 .4

5 0 -3

2 1 .1

lim e s to n e

D o lo m ite
lim e s to n e

D o lo m ite

D o lo m ite
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

1 9 .3
5 ,0

D o lo m ltlc lim e s to n e

2 0 .7
2 0 ,3

D o lo m ite
D o lo m ite

5 .9

D o lo m ltlc

lim e s to n e

D o lo m ltlc l i m e s t o n e
D o lo m ite

A 1 6 -1
A 1 6 -2

2 9 .6

2 0 .4

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

2 8 .2

1 9 .8

D o lo m ltlc L im e s to n e

A 1 6 -3

5 4 .5

0 .9

D o lo m ite

A 1 7 -1

2 9 .8

2 0 .1

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

A 1 7 -2
A 1 7 -3

2 8 .6

1 4 .7

C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite

2 9 .5

2 0 .3

D o lo m ite

A 1 8 -1
A 1 8 -2

3 0 .7

2 1 .3
2 1 .7

D o lo m ite

D o lo m ltlc L im e s to n e
C a lc ltlc D o lo m ite
'C a l d t l c D o lo m ite
D o lo m ltlo

lim e s to n e

A 1 6 -3

3 0 .5
3 3 .5

2 .4

D o lo m ite
D o lo m ite

High C a l c i u m

lim e e to m

D o lo m ite

D o lo m ite
D o lo m ltlc lim e s to n e

TABLE 13
SUMMARY OF SIZE DATA

■type*

Type4

Type 3
(Confined Ice Contact)

(Ice Contact)
S
0

M
a

Md

1
2
8
9
19
20
21
32
34
35
36
37
46
55
56
62
64
68
72
73
77
78
79
80
82
86
87
94
95

.255
.257
.324
.368
.372
.304
.288
.481
.635
.774
.260
.160
.586
.385
.382
.625
.682
.492
.218
.296
.463
.767
.162
.511
.251
.210
.710
.346
.666

.073
.125
.149
.155
.177
.113
.087
.209
.302
.334
.036
.027
.182
.074
.202
.194
.147
.095
.080
.259
.035
.374
.015
.120
.040
.040
.230
.090
.171

5.02
2.94
2.91
4.13
3.08
3.81
4.10
3.06
2.75
4.23
5.15
5.11
3.99
5.77
2.69
4.23
4 .1 6
5.63
3.02
5.27
8.09
3.66
8.94
6.09
10.07
4.34
5.19
3.37
6.14

T
5t

12.229
0.422
N = 29

4.135
0.143

136.94
4.72

S
0

Pit
No.

M
a

Md

.080
.010
.130
.189
.044
.018
.016
.114
.154
.059
.136
.102
.176
.269
.158
.204
.051
.262
.270
.154
.165
.160
.228
.219
.086
.268
.126
.265
.089
.230
.143
.055
.025
.040
.110
.081

3.24
3.46
2.48
5.44
2.91
3.39
2.79
3.51
3.22
4.32
2.89
4.09
4.25
4.66
4.50
4.91
4.11
2.69
2.98
3.11
2.92
3.09
2.24
4.12
4.61
4.86
4.27
5.16
4.22
6.23
3.24
5.40
10.05
9.89
3.79
4.32

3
4
13
14
15
28
29
31
39
51
52
54
58
59
61
63
69
70
71
96
98
99

.101
.232
.070
.128
.293
.349
.195
.556
.696
.640
.335
.750
.288
.436
.332
.230
.307
.362
.158
.277
.312
.485

.010
.056
.013
.054
.117
.130
.035
.239
.255
.155
.191
.276
.075
.112
.209
.092
.065
.079
.055
.083
.065
,110

T
X

7.532
0.342

4.086
0.113
N = 36

151.36
4.20

Pit
No.

M
a

Md

S
0

Pit
No.

M
a

Md

74
75
81
83
85
88
89
90
91
92
93

.494
.520
.372
.355
.130
.460
.391
'.579
.253
.412
.246

.155
.173
.065
.062
.010
.165
.109
.135
.075
.140
.064

4.20
3.60
7.83
5.52
8.12
3.66
4.07
4.86
3.64
2.89
3.91

T
X

4.212
0.383

1.153
0.105
N = 11

52.30
4.75

5
6
7
10
11
12
16
17
18
22
23
24
25
26
27
30
33
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
47
48
49
50
53
59
60
65
66
76
84
97

.305
.823
.259
.542
.186
.813
.142
.312
.272
.208
.296
.264
.426
.564
.495
.487
.348
.476
.500
.322
.293
.274
.325
.120
.279
.334
.449
.256
.311
.172
.413
.383
.184
.284
.343
.256

T
X

12.716
0.353

S
0

2.88
3.69
3.00
3.13
3.05
4.08
4.48
3.72
4.22
4.32
2.55
4.36
4.70
5.51
3.46
3.03
4.70
3.32
1.84
3.91
4.60
4.46

2.476 83.01
3.77
0.112
N = 22

M ' A rithm atic mean diam eter
a
M . = Q uartile median diam eter
a
Sq = Sorting coefficient

117

Pit
No.

Type S
(Unconfined Outwash)

(Confined Outwash)

118

TABLE 14
©UARTILE MEASURES FOR SIZE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
S o rt.
C o e ff.
P it N o.

S o rt.
C o eff.

Q u a rt. D ev .
A rlth .
P it N o .

T ype
Q 1

D e p o s it1

D e p o s it1

Q 2

«1

*1

<

* 3

« 3

* 3

2

° 3

Q u a rt. D ev .
A rlth .

Q 1

T ype

V

9 3
2

1

2

0 .3 2 B

0 .0 7 3

0 ,0 1 3

25. 23

5 .0 2

0 .1

x 57

51

4

0 .6 1 6

0 ,1 5 5

0 .0 3 3

1 8 .6 7

4 .3 2

0 , 291

2

2

0 .3 4 8

0 .1 2 5

0 .0 4 0

8 .7 0

2 .9 4

0 .1

x 54

52

4

0 ,4 3 5

0 .1 9 1

0 .0 6 7

6 .4 9

2 .5 5

0 .1 8 4

3

4

0 .0 5 6

0 .0 1 0

0 ,0 0 7

8 .2 9

2. 88

0. 026

53

3

0 .3 2 1

0 .0 8 9

0 .0 1 8

1 7 .8 3

4 .2 2

0 .1 6 1

4

4

0 .2 1 8

0. 056

0. 016

1 3 .6 2

3 .6 9

0 ,1 0 1

54

4

1 ,0 6 5

0 .2 7 6

0 .0 5 6

1 9 .0 2

4 .3 6

0 . 504

5

3

0. 272

0 .0 8 0

0 .0 2 6

1 0 .4 6

0 .1 2 3

55

2

0. 333

0 .0 7 4

0 .0 1 0

3 3 .3 0

6

3

0 .0 4 8

0 .0 1 0

0 . 004

1 2 .0 0

3 .4 6

0 .0 2 2

56

2

0 .5 1 5

0 .2 0 2

0 .0 7 1

2 .4 8

0 .1 2 9

57

3

0 .1 5 5

0 .0 3 0

0 .2 8 7

0 .0 7 5

3 .2 4

7

3

0 .3 0 9

0 .1 3 0

0 .0 5 0

6 .1 8

8

2

0 .3 9 9

0 .1 4 9

0 .0 4 7

8 .4 4

2 .9 1

0 .1 7 6

58

4

5 .7 7

0 .1 6 1

7 .2 5

2 .6 9

0 . 222

3 8 .7 5

6. 23

0. 075

0 ,0 1 3

2 2 .0 8

4 .7 0

0 .1 3 7
0. 235

0 . 004

9

2

0. 528

0 .1 5 5

0 . 031

1 7 . 03

4 .1 3

0 .2 4 8

59

4

0. 486

0 .1 1 2

0 .0 1 6

3 0 .3 7

5 .5 1

10

3

0 .7 4 0

0 .1 8 9

0 .0 2 5

2 9 .6 0

5 .4 9

0 .3 5 1

60

3

0 ,6 6 9

0 .2 0 9

0 . 056

1 1 .9 5

3 .2 4

0 .1 8 1

11

3

0 . 1S2

0 .0 4 4

0 .0 1 8

8 .4 4

2 .9 1

0 .0 3 1

61

4

0 ,6 6 9

0 .2 0 9

0 . 056

1 1 .9 5

3 .4 6

0 .3 0 6

1 1 .5 0

12

3

0 .0 1 8

0 .0 0 6

3 .3 9

0 .0 3 1

62

2

0 .7 8 8

0 .1 9 4

13

4

0 .0 7 2

0 .0 1 3

0 .0 0 8

9,

00

3 .0 0

0 .0 3 2

63

4

0 .2 6 6

0 .0 9 2

0. 029

9 .1 7

3 , 03

0 .1 1 8

14

4

0 .1 5 7

0 .0 5 4

0 .0 1 6

9 . 81

3 .1 3

0. 070

64

2

0 .8 6 3

0 .1 4 7

0 . 050

1 7 .2 6

4 .1 6

0 .4 0 6

15

4

0 .3 4 5

0 .1 1 7

0 .0 3 7

9 .3 2

3 .0 5

0 .1 5 4

65

3

0 .3 2 1

0 .0 5 5

0 .0 1 1

2 9 .1 8

S. 40

0 .1 5 5

16

3

0 .0 7 8

0 .0 1 6

0 .0 1 0

7 .8 0

2 .7 9

0 .0 3 4

66

3

0 .1 1 0

0 .0 2 5

1 1 0 .0 0

10. 05

0. 054

17

3

0 .3 5 7

0 .1 1 4

0 .0 2 9

1 2 .3 1

3 .2 2

0 . 164

67

1

0 .5 4 2

0 .1 5 3

0. 0 0 1
0 . oso

3 ,6 8

0 .2 5 1

18

3

0 .4 0 6

0 .1 5 4

0 .0 3 9

1 0 .4 1

3 .2 2

0 .1 8 3

68

2

0 .4 7 6

0 .0 9 5

0 .0 1 5

19

2

0 .4 7 6

0 .1 7 7

0 .0 5 0

9. 52

3 .0 8

0 .2 0 8

69

4

0 .2 6 5

0 .0 6 5

0 .0 1 2

2 2 .0 6

4 .7 0

0 .1 2 6

3 .8 1

0 .1 6 9

70

4

0 .2 5 4

0 .0 7 9

0 .0 2 3

1 1 .0 4

3 .3 2

0 .1 1 5

0 .1 5 8

71

4

0 .1 0 2

0 .0 5 5

0 . 030

3 .4 0

1 .8 4

0 .0 3 6

0. 069

0 . 044

1 7 .9 1

1 3 .55<
3 1 .7 3

4 .2 3

S . 63

0 .3 7 2

0. 230

2

0 .3 6 4

0 .1 1 3

0 . 025

1 4 .5 6

21

2

0 .3 3 6

0 . 087

0. 020

1 6 .8 0

4 .1 0

22

3

0 .2 2 4

0 . 059

0. 012

1 8 .6 7

4 .3 2

0 .1 0 6

72

2

0 .2 2 8

0. 080

0 .0 2 5

9 .1 2

3 .0 2

0 .101

23

3

0 .3 7 4

0 .1 3 6

0 .0 4 5

8 .3 1

2 .8 9

0 .1 6 4

73

2

0 .2 5 9

0 .0 6 1

0 . 009

2 8 .7 8

S . 27

0 .1 2 5

24

3

0. 370

0 .1 0 2

0 .0 2 2

1 6 .8 2

4 .0 9

0 .1 7 4

74

6

1 7 .7 0

4 . 20

0 . 250

25

3

0 .5 9 8

0 .1 7 6

0 . 033

1 8 .1 2

4 ,2 5

0. 282

75

6

0 .5 4 5

0 .1 7 3

0 .0 4 2

1 2 .9 8

3 .6 0

0 .0 4 0

0 .0 0 2

9 8 .0 0

9 .8 9

0 .0 9 7

0 .0 3 5

0 .0 0 3

6 5 .3 3

8 .0 9

0 . 096

20

26

3

0 .5 3 1

0 . 823

0 .2 6 9

0. 038

2 1 .6 6

4 .6 6

0 ,3 9 2

76

3

0 .1 9 6

4 ,5 0

0 .3 0 9

77

2

0 .1 9 6

0 .1 5 5

0 . 030

0 . 251

27

3

0. 650

0 .1 5 8

0 .0 3 2

2 0 .3 1

26

4

0 .3 8 6

0 .1 3 0

0 .0 2 3

1 6 .7 8

4 .0 8

. 0 .1 8 1

78

2

1 .0 7 2

0 .3 7 4

0 .0 8 0

1 3 .4 0

3 .6 6

0. 496

29

4

0 .1 8 1

0 .0 3 5

0. 009

2 0 .1 1

4 .4 8

0 .0 8 6

79

2

0 .0 8 0

0 . 015

0 .0 0 1

80. 00

8 .9 4

0 .0 3 9

30

3

0 .7 0 1

0 . 204

0. 029

2 4 .1 7

4 .9 1

0 .3 3 6

80

2

0 .5 5 7

0 .1 2 0

0 .0 1 5

3 7 .1 3

6 .0 9

0 .2 7 1

31

4

0 .7 3 3

0. 239

0 .0 5 3

1 3 .8 3

3 ,7 2

0 .3 4 0

81

6

0 .3 0 6

0 . 065

0 ,0 0 5

6 1 .2 0

7 .8 3

0 .1 5 0

32

0 . 601

0 .2 0 9

0 .0 6 4

9 .3 9

3 .0 6

0 .2 6 8

82

2

0 .2 2 9

0 .0 4 0

0 .0 0 2

1 1 4 .5 0

1 0 .0 7

0 .1 1 3

33

2
3

0 .1 6 9

0 . 051

0 .0 1 0

4 .1 1

0 .0 7 9

83

6

0 .3 0 5

0. 062

0 .0 1 0

30. 50

5 .5 2

34

2

0 .8 2 4

0 .3 0 2

0 .1 0 9

7 .5 6

2. 75

0 .3 5 7

84

3

0 .3 6 0

0 .1 1 0

0 .0 2 5

1 4 .4 0

3 .7 9

0 .1 6 7

35

2

1 .0 7 5

0 .3 3 4

0 .0 6 0

1 7 .9 2

4 .2 3

0 .5 0 7

85

6

0. 066

0. 010

0 .0 0 1

6 6 .0 0

8 .1 2

0 .0 3 2

1 6 .9 0

0 .1 4 7

36

2

0 .1 8 6

0 .0 3 6

0 .0 0 7

26. 57

5 .1 5

0 .0 8 9

86

2

0 .1 5 1

0 .0 4 0

0 .0 0 8

1 6 . 87

4 .3 4

0 .0 7 1

37

2

0 .1 3 1

0 .0 2 7

0 .0 0 5

2 6 .2 0

5 .1 1

0 , 063

87

2

0 .9 7 2

0. 230

0 .0 3 6

2 7 .0 0

5 .1 9

0 .4 6 8

66

0 .2 2 9

38

3

0 .6 0 0

0 .2 6 2

0 .0 8 3

7 .2 3

2 .6 9

0 . 258

6

0 .1 6 5

0 .0 3 7

1 3 .4 1

3 .6 6

4

u .6 9 3

0 .2 5 5

0 .0 5 0

1 7 .8 6

4 .2 2

0 .4 2 1

39

fl

0 .4 9 6

39

0 .1 1 5

0 .1 0 9

0 .0 2 5

1 8 .6 0

4

07

0 ,1 9 6

0 .0 8 0

8 .8 5

2 .9 8

0 .3 1 4

90

6

0 .5 9 0

0 .1 3 5

0 .0 2 5

2 3 .6 0

4 .8 6

0 .2 8 2

40

3

0 .7 0 8

0 .2 7 0

41

3

0 .4 2 5

0 .1 5 4

0 .0 4 4

9 .6 6

3 .1 1

0 .1 9 0

91

6

0 .2 6 5

0 .0 7 5

0 .0 2 0

1 3 .2 5

3 .6 4

0 .1 2 2

42

3

0 .4 2 7

0 .1 6 5

0 . 050

8 .5 4

2 .9 2

0 .1 8 8

92

6

0 .3 9 4

0 .1 4 0

0 .0 4 7

8 .3 8

2 .8 9

0 .1 7 3

43

3

0 .4 0 0

0 .1 6 0

0 .0 4 2

9 .5 2

3 .0 9

0 .1 7 9

93

6

0 . 233

0 .0 6 4

0 .0 1 5

1 5 .5 3

3 .9 1

0 .1 0 9

44

3

0 .4 7 5

0 .2 2 8

0 .0 9 5

5 .0 0

2 .2 4

0 .1 9 0

94

2

0. 284

0 .0 9 0

0 .0 2 5

1 1 .9 6

3 .3 7

0 .1 2 9

45

3

0 .0 6 8

0 .0 1 9

0. 004

1 7 .0 0

4 .1 2

0 .0 3 2

95

2

0. 795

0 .1 7 1

0 .0 2 1

3 7 .8 6

6 .1 4

0 .3 8 7

46

2

0 .6 8 5

4 .6 1

0 .1 4 2

96

4

0. 273

0 .0 9 3

0 ,0 1 8

1 5 .1 7

3 .9 1

0 .1 2 7

47

3

0 .2 9 8

0. 086

0 .0 1 4

2 1 .2 9

4 .6 1

0 .1 4 2

97

3

0 .2 8 0

0 .0 8 1

0 .0 1 5

1 8 .6 7

4 .3 2

0 .1 3 2

48

3

0 .2 8 3

0 .0 6 8

0. 012

2 3 .5 8

4 .8 6

0 .1 3 5

98

4

0. 253

0 .0 6 5

0 .0 1 2

2 1 .0 8

4 .6 0

0 .1 2 0

99

4

0 .4 9 6

0 .1 1 0

1 .0 2 5

1 9 .8 4

4 .4 6

0 .2 3 5

0 .1 8 2

0. 014

2 1 .2 9

49

3

0 .4 5 7

0 .1 2 6

0. 025

1 8 .2 8

4 .2 7

0 .2 1 6

50

3

0 .2 4 0

0. 065

0. 009

2 6 . 67

5 .1 6

0 .1 1 5

1.

G la c la i

2.

G U c lo -fJ u v .

3.

C o n f in e d O u tw a s h

Ic e C o n ta c t

4.

O u tw a s h D e lta o r

5.

G la c lo -la c u s trln e

6.

E a k e rs

P la in

119

TABLE 15
MEAN SPHERICITY FOR A L L ROCK T Y P E S BY SIZE GRADE
_
P it
N o.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

sp o s it
T ype

IC
IC
UO
UO
CO
CO
CO
IC
IC
CO
CO
CO
UO
UO
UO
CO
CO
CO
IC
IC
IC
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
UO
UO
CO
UO
IC
CO
IC
IC
IC
IC
CO
UO
CO
CO
UO
UO
UO
UO
IC
CO
CO
CO
CO

X
X
S iz e 1
A ll S iz e s
( 1 - 1 / 2 to ( 1 - 1 / 2 to
3 / 1 6 in . ) 3 / 4 in . >
.7 2 8 3
. 7525
. 7570
.7 8 0 3
.7 8 5 9
. 7574
.7 6 8 2
.7 5 2 8
.7 4 2 0
.7 3 1 7
.7 4 6 2
.7 3 8 7
. 7334
. 7322
.7 6 0 7
.7 4 9 6
.7 4 0 3
.7 3 3 5
.7 4 3 2
.7 4 7 8
.7 6 2 2
.7 5 6 8
.7 5 0 7
.7 4 4 4
.7 3 2 9
.7 3 0 9
.7 4 3 1
.7 4 5 1
.7 3 2 5
.7 3 8 1
.7 5 3 7
. 7377
.7 3 9 6
.7 5 3 8
.7 4 9 3
.7 4 9 0
.7 5 2 8
.7 4 8 8
.7 5 2 7
.7 4 7 4
.7 4 8 6
.7 3 9 3
.7 5 8 1
.7 4 1 1
.7 3 2 2
.7 4 0 0
.7 4 1 9
.7 2 0 3
.7 2 9 1
.7 1 4 7

.7 3 1 2

-----

.8 0 3 9
. 8205
.8 1 5 8
.8 6 1 2
.7 7 1 4
.7 5 0 8
.7 3 2 6
.7 4 5 4
.7 5 4 1
.7 5 3 0
.7 7 3 6
.7 3 4 6
.7 5 9 8
.7 1 4 1
.7 3 8 5
.7 5 2 7
.7 5 5 2
.7 4 9 0
.7 7 1 7
.7 5 6 9
.7 5 4 0
.7 4 4 7
.7 3 8 3
.7 3 5 0
.7 3 7 7
.7 5 6 7
.7 3 3 9
.7 4 0 3
.7 5 1 1
.7 4 4 0
.7 4 8 1
.7 5 1 0
.7 4 2 2
.7 5 0 0
.7 4 8 5
.7 5 2 3
.7 4 8 4
.7 5 1 5
.7 5 9 3
.7 2 8 1
.7 6 3 7
.7 4 9 6
.7 2 9 3
.7 4 8 8
.7 4 8 3
.7 4 0 0
.7 3 3 3
.7 2 8 6

_
X
S iz e 2
(3 /4 to
3 /8 in .)

X
S iz e 3
( 3 / 8 to
3 /1 6 in .)

.7 3 2 5
.7 4 1 8
.7 5 1 7
.7 6 3 1
. 7433
.7 4 5 0
.7 5 4 1
.7 5 6 4
.7 5 2 7
.7 2 4 9
.7 3 8 7
.7 2 6 3
.7 3 4 3
.7 3 4 1
.7 8 4 3
.7 5 4 2
.7 4 9 0
.7 4 1 0
.7 3 3 1
.7 5 6 3
.7 5 8 6
.7 6 9 0
.7 5 0 1
.7 4 3 4
.7 3 7 2
. 7395
.7 3 6 9
.7 3 8 7
.7 2 1 1
.7 2 9 2
.7 6 0 4
.7 3 3 7
.7 3 5 2
.7 5 6 0
.7 4 7 2
.7 4 9 4
.7 5 9 1
.7 4 5 9
.7 5 2 6
.7 4 3 5
.7 3 8 3
.7 3 8 2
.7 5 1 8
.7 3 6 0
.7 2 6 5
.7 4 8 0
.7 4 7 1
.7 1 7 9
.7 2 9 3
.7 2 0 3

.7 2 1 0
.7 3 8 5
.7 4 1 3
.7 4 8 3
. 8077
. 7408
.7 7 9 3
.7 4 7 5
.7 4 0 3
.7 2 9 5
.7 4 6 7
.7 4 3 0
.7 2 9 1
.7 3 0 0
.7 3 7 9
.7 5 9 8
.7 3 1 0
.7 0 6 8
.7 4 3 5
.7 3 8 1
.7 5 4 8
.7 4 5 2
.7 4 7 9
.7 4 3 5
.7 2 3 1
.7 1 7 9
.7 5 4 6
.7 3 9 8
.7 4 2 6
.7 4 5 5
.7 4 9 4
.7 3 5 5
.7 3 5 4
.7 5 4 7
.7 5 8 6
.7 4 8 0
.7 4 9 5
.7 4 8 8
.7 5 7 1
.7 4 7 1
.7 4 7 6
.7 5 1 7
.7 5 7 7
.7 3 7 5
.7 3 9 3
.7 2 4 3
.7 3 1 7
.7 0 2 9
.7 2 5 2
.6 9 5 4

P it
N o.

D e p o s it
Type

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99

UO
UO
CO
UO
UO
IC
CO
UO
UO
CO
UO
IC
UO
IC
CO
CO
G
IC
UO
UO
UO
IC
IC
C IC
C IC
CO
IC
IC
IC
CO
C IC
TO
C IC
CO
C IC
IC
IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
IC
IC
UO
CO
UO
UO

X
X
S iz e 1
A ll S iz e s
( 1 - 1 / 2 to ( 1 - 1 / 2 t o
3 /1 6 i n . ) 3 /4 i n . )
.7 1 3 7
. 7210
.7 1 4 4
. 7131
.7 2 4 8
.7 4 4 3
.7 4 4 4
.7 2 6 6
.7 4 2 7
.7 5 5 5
.7 4 0 0
.7 3 6 6
.7 3 3 2
.7 3 6 6
.7 6 2 0
.7 7 2 5
.7 4 7 4
.7 6 8 0
.7 5 0 0
.7 4 9 1
.7 6 7 6
.7 6 9 1
.7 5 3 0
.7 6 3 6
.7 6 1 7
.7 5 7 1
.7 6 4 5
.7 5 1 7
.7 4 8 3
.7 4 0 0
.7 5 8 3
. 7559
.7 6 0 4
.7 5 3 5
.7 4 1 6
.7 5 3 8
.7 7 3 5
.7 4 8 1
.7 4 6 5
.7 4 8 7
.7 5 2 8
.7 3 8 4
.7 3 4 7
.7 4 4 7
.7 1 5 3
.7 2 5 7
.7 3 9 9
.7 2 3 7
.7 3 6 5

.7 1 7 4
.7 5 1 3
.7 3 7 1
.7 2 8 1
.7 5 1 7
.7 5 9 1
.7 3 6 2
.7 3 2 6
.7 4 5 6
. 7597
.7 5 6 5
.7 3 6 8
.7 4 3 7
.7 4 4 6
.7 5 1 0
.7 4 4 3
.7 3 4 6
.7 6 3 0
.7 4 9 3
.7 4 7 9
.7 7 3 4
.7 4 1 7
.7 4 1 1
.7 7 3 4
.7 6 4 0
.7 5 4 8
.7 6 7 2
.7 4 7 9
.7 5 3 7
.7 3 8 9
.7 5 2 1
.7 4 5 7
.7 7 6 2
.7 5 9 7
.7 4 5 2
.7 6 2 9
.7 7 0 9
.7 4 8 6
.7 6 5 5
.7 3 8 6
.7 6 0 7
.7 3 6 5
.7 5 2 1
.7 4 8 9
.7 4 3 0
.7 3 4 7
.7 6 1 4
.7 3 2 4
.7 5 2 3

X
X
S iz e 3
S iz e 2
( 3 / 8 to
( 3 /4 to
3 / 8 in . ) 3 / 1 6 in .
.7 1 7 3
.7 2 1 0
.7 2 3 6
.7 2 0 7
.7 2 9 7
.7 4 2 5
. 7545
.7 4 3 1
.7 5 9 8
. 7551
. 7206
.7 6 3 1
.7 4 6 2
.7 6 7 1
.7 4 4 4
.7 5 4 2
.7 4 1 3
.7 6 7 8
.7 4 8 7
.7 4 0 7
.7 6 6 1
.7 6 7 7
.7 5 5 8
.7 5 6 7
. 7653
.7 6 0 4
.7 6 6 0
.7 5 2 3
.7 4 4 8
.7 2 6 0
.7 5 4 4
.7 5 7 4
.7 5 5 1
.7 4 5 8
.7 4 1 6
.7 5 1 4
.7 6 0 3
.7 3 2 5
.7 6 4 9
.7 6 5 0
.7 4 5 4
.7 3 2 7
.7 4 2 6
.7 5 5 0
.7 1 9 2
.7 4 2 4
.7 5 1 5
.7 3 4 5
.7 2 9 6

.7 0 7 3
. 0910
. 6874
. 6898
. 6930
.7 3 1 1
.7 4 2 5
,7 0 4 0
.7 2 2 6
.7 5 1 5
. 7435
.7 0 9 8
.7 1 1 6
. 6986
.7 9 0 4
.8 0 8 4
.7 7 0 5
.7 7 3 7
.7 6 0 8
.7 5 8 6
.7 6 7 1
.7 8 9 6
.7 6 2 1
.7 6 0 6
.7 5 5 7
.7 5 4 9
.7 6 0 3
.7 5 9 9
.7 4 9 0
.7 5 4 9
.7 6 8 5
.7 6 4 6
.7 4 9 9
.7 5 5 1
.7 4 4 3
.7 4 9 4
.7 7 3 5
.7 6 3 0
.7 3 6 6
.7 4 9 5
.7 5 7 4
.7 4 6 9
.7 0 9 1
.7 3 0 3
.6 8 5 2
.7 0 0 0
.7 0 6 2
.7 0 4 0
.7 2 7 8

120

T A B L E 16
MEAN DEGREE OF WEATHERING FOR A L L ROCK T Y P E S BY SIZE GRADE

_
P i t D e p o s it
No,
T ype

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

IC
IC
UO
UO
CO
CO
CO
IC
IC
CO
CO
CO
UO
UO
UO
CO
CO
CO
IC
IC
IC
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
UO
UO
CO
UO
IC
CO
IC
IC
IC
IC
CO
UO
CO
CO
UO
UO
UO
UO
IC
IC
CO
CO
CO

_

X
X
S iz e 1
A ll S i z e s
( 1 - 1 / 2 to ( 1 - 1 / 2 to
3 /1 6 i n . ) 3 /1 6 i n . )
1 .6 1 8
1 .9 5 5
1. 864
1 . 896
1 .8 2 2
1 .8 2 5
1 .7 3 6
1 .7 8 0
1 . 813
1 .8 0 4
1 .6 9 3 3
1 . 629
1 .4 4 8
1 .5 8 9
1 .4 9 7
1 .6 2 3
1 .4 8 4
1 .7 5 1
1 .7 3 1
1 .4 8 4
1 .6 6 2
1 .6 1 1
1 .6 7 3
1 .4 8 9
1 .4 1 6
1 .3 4 2
1 .2 5 3
1 .3 1 3
1 .4 1 8
1 .4 1 3
1 .4 3 1
1 .4 4 0
1 .4 0 2
1 .3 4 7
1 .3 8 2
1 .4 6 2
1 .3 6 9
1 .3 0 0
1 .2 2 7
1 .2 6 2
1 .2 5 1
1 .1 8 4
1 .2 4 7
1 .3 7 2
1 .5 4 7
1 .3 7 4
1 .3 5 8
1 .2 8 1
1 .4 3 0
1 .3 6 5

1 .5 4 4
---------------

1 .7 6 9
1 .9 2 2
1 .8 0 3
1 .7 2 7
1 .7 5 7
1 .7 7 7
1 .8 7 5
1. 607
1 .7 5 3
1 .6 6 1
1 .8 4 6
1 .7 6 8
1 .6 6 0 0
1 .7 1 4
1. 608
1 .7 3 3
1 .8 8 4
1 .4 9 3
1 .7 4 6
1 .5 5 5
1 .8 9 3
1 .5 1 4
1 .6 0 0
1 .4 8 3
1 .2 6 0
1 .5 7 3
1 .3 3 3
1 .5 4 4
1 .5 0 3
1 .3 2 0
1 .4 7 3
1 .4 1 2
1 .4 3 3
1 .6 0 4
1 .4 4 2
1 .3 7 4
1 .3 0 7
1 .3 4 9
1 .3 5 6
1 .2 9 3
1 .2 6 0
1 .2 8 0
1 .4 4 0
1 .4 0 8
1 .4 0 4
1 .2 6 0
1 .4 9 7
1 .2 1 8

...

X
X
S iz e 3
S iz e 2
( 3 / 8 to
(3 /4 to
3 /8 i n . ) 3 /1 6 in .)
1 .5 9 3
1 .9 6 6
1 .9 2 0
1 . 907
1 .8 1 3
1 . 826
1 .7 8 6
1 .7 6 7
1 . 713
1 .9 2 0
1 .7 9 3
1 .6 0 0
1. 604
1 .8 6 3
1 .5 4 0
1 .5 4 6
1 .3 8 0
1 . 833
1 .5 9 3
1 . 6200
1 .5 4 7
1 .8 2 7
1 .4 2 0
1 .4 8 0
1 .3 9 3
1 .2 6 0
1 . 267
1 .2 2 0
1 .8 0 7
1 .5 0 0
1 .3 7 3
1 .4 2 0
1 .4 3 3
1 .3 8 0
1 .4 0 7
1 .2 6 0
1 .4 0 0
1 .3 2 7
1 .2 2 0
1 .1 6 0
1 .2 5 3
1 .1 0 7
1 .3 0 0
1 .2 - 3
1 .4 7 3
1 .4 5 6
1 .3 2 9
1 .3 0 2
1 .4 8 3
1 .3 7 3

1 .7 2 0 0
1 .9 4 0
1 .8 2 7
1 .8 0 0
1 .8 2 6 7
1 . 826
1 . 626
1 . 800
1 . 813
1 .8 2 7
1 .5 5 3
1 .6 3 3
1 .2 6 0
1 .2 3 5
1 .2 8 9
1 . 666
1 .4 4 2
1 .6 8 7
1 .7 2 7
1 .3 4 0
1 .7 2 7
1 .4 3 3
1 .7 0 7
1 .4 5 3
1 .2 5 3
1 .2 8 7
1 .2 3 3
1 .1 4 7
1 .1 1 3
1 .1 8 7
1 .4 2 0
1 . 580
1 .3 0 0
1 .2 5 3
1 .3 0 7
1 .5 2 7
1 .2 8 7
1 .1 6 7
1 .1 5 3
1 .2 8 0
1 .1 4 0
1 .1 5 3
1 .1 8 7
1 .6 2 4
1 .6 3 3
1 .2 6 0
1 .3 5 3
1 .2 8 0
1 .3 0 0
1 .5 0 7

P it
N o.

D e p o s it
Type

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99

UO
UO
CO
UO
UO
IC
CO
UO
UO
CO
UO
IC
UO
IC
CO
CO
G
IC
UO
UO
UO
IC
IC
C IC
C IC
CO
IC
IC
IC
CO
C IC
IC
C IC
CO
C IC
IC
IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
IC
IC
UO
CO
UO
UO

X
X
X
S iz e 1
S iz e 2
A ll S i z e s
( 1 - 1 / 2 to ( 1 - 1 / 2 to ( 3 / 4 t o
3 /1 6 i n . ) 3 /1 6 i n . ) 3 /8 i n . )
1 .3 7 1
1 .3 1 6
1 .3 2 2
1 .4 7 1
1 .3 3 6
1 .3 4 2
1 .4 0 7
1 .4 0 9
1 .3 0 9
1 .4 3 6
1 .4 1 9
1 .4 7 3
1 .4 5 1
1 .4 4 7
1 .3 2 5
1 .3 2 0
1 .4 6 0
1 .4 5 6
1 .3 0 7
1 .3 1 6
1 .3 1 4
1 .3 2 0
1 .3 1 6
1 .2 7 7
1 .4 0 8
1 .2 5 3
1 .1 5 2
1 .5 6 7
1 .4 7 4
1 .3 9 6
1 .2 3 6
1 .2 4 7
1 .1 3 8
1 .3 4 9
1 .3 7 3
1 .2 2 8
1 .5 4 0 0
1 .2 7 3
1 .3 5 6
1 .4 7 8
1 .4 7 8
1 .3 4 9
1 .3 0 0
1 .3 0 7
1 .4 7 3
1 .2 5 6
1 .4 1 6
1 .4 3 6
1 .5 3 3

1 .4 1 9
1 .2 7 9
1 .4 0 4
1 .5 5 0
1 .4 7 3
1 .3 3 8
1 .2 9 3
1 .3 0 0
1 .2 5 3
1 .3 4 7
1 .5 4 0
1 .5 3 3
1 .4 1 2
1 .5 2 0
1 .3 2 7
1 .3 5 9
1 .7 3 1
1 . 687
1 .4 8 6
1 .0 8 0
1 .5 1 2
1 .5 3 1
1 .5 7 3
1 .4 5 9
1 .7 1 1
1 .3 3 9
1 .0 7 3
1 .4 8 6
1 .6 6 2
1 .5 2 8
1 .1 6 0
1 .3 4 8
1 .1 0 0
1 .4 0 0
1 .3 3 3
1 .3 4 2
1 . 660
1 .2 1 1
1 .3 3 8
1 .3 9 5
1 .3 0 1
1 .5 1 0
1 .4 4 3
1 .4 0 7
1 .4 8 1
1 .4 0 7
1 .6 2 4
1 .4 6 7
1 .5 5 3

1 .3 1 3
1 .3 2 7
1 .2 5 3
1 . 593
1 .1 6 7
1 .3 2 0
1 .4 1 3
1 .4 7 3
1 .4 4 0
1 .6 2 7
1 .3 1 5
1 .5 3 3
1 .4 5 3
1 .5 2 0
1. 299
1 .4 0 0
1 .3 4 0
1 .3 2 7
1 .1 8 0
1 .3 7 3
1 .1 3 3
1 .3 5 1
1 .1 9 3
1 .2 3 3
1 .4 3 3
1 .0 5 3
1 .0 6 0
1 .6 7 3
1 .3 3 3
1 .4 6 0
1 .1 4 7
1 .1 4 7
1 .1 4 0
1 .1 5 3
1 .4 6 7
1 .2 3 3
1 .4 6 0
1 .2 8 0
1 .2 4 7
1 .5 2 0
1 .4 0 7
1 .3 1 3
1 .2 0 7
1 .1 6 0
1 .3 9 3
1 .1 1 3
1 .1 5 3
1 .4 4 7
1 .5 2 7

X
S iz e 3
( 3 / 8 to
3 / 1 6 in . )
1 .3 6 0
1 .3 3 3
1 .3 0 0
1 . 273
1 .3 6 7
1 .3 5 3
1 .5 1 3
1 .4 5 3
1 .2 3 3
1 .3 3 3
1 .3 9 5
1 .3 3 3
1 .4 8 7
1 .2 8 7
1 .3 4 9
1 .2 1 5
1 .2 8 7
1 .3 4 7
1 .1 1 1
1 .4 9 3
1 .3 8 0
1 .1 5 3
1 .1 8 0
1 .1 2 8
1 .0 8 0
1 .3 8 3
1 .3 2 4
1 .5 2 7
1 .5 1 3
1 .2 0 7
1 .4 0 0
1 .2 5 3
1 .1 7 3
1 .4 9 3
1 .2 6 7
1 .1 2 7
1 .4 8 7
1 .3 2 7
1 .4 0 7
1 .5 0 0
1 .7 0 0
1 .2 2 7
1 .2 5 3
1 .3 5 3
1 .4 1 3
1 .2 4 7
1 .4 6 7
1 .3 9 3
1 .5 2 0

121

T A B L E 17
M EAN SURFACE T E X T U R E FOR A L L ROCK T Y P E S B Y SIZE GRADE
_
P it
N o.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

D e p o s it
Type

IC
IC
UO
UO
CO
CO
CO
IC
IC
CO
CO
CO
UO
UO
UO
CO
CO
CO
IC
IC
IC
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
UO
UO
CO
UO
IC
CO
IC
IC
IC
IC
CO
UO
CO
CO
UO
UO
UO
UO
IC
CO
CO
CO
CO

X
X
A ll S iz e s
S iz e 1
( 1 - 1 / 2 to ( 1 - 1 / 2 to
3 /1 6 in .) 3 /1 6 i n . )
2 .3 4 0
3 .5 2 4
3 .0 8 2
3 .1 6 2
3 .3 7 1
2 . 935
3 .1 7 4
3 .2 9 1
3 .2 2 2
2 . 600
2 .7 0 0
2 .3 6 0
2 .4 3 9
2 .2 3 3
2. 846
2 .4 8 9
2 .7 0 5
2 .1 8 4
2 .7 1 3
2 .8 5 8
2 .4 4 9
2 .7 4 7
2 . 642
2 . 600
2 . 993
2. 840
3 .0 9 3
2. 820
2 .4 7 1
2 .3 9 3
2 .6 3 6
2 .8 2 2
2 .6 9 8
2 .9 3 6
2 .9 9 3
2 .6 7 1
2 .5 8 9
3 .2 8 4
2 .5 1 1
2 .9 9 6
2 . 929
3 . 073
2 .7 0 7
3 .4 9 4
2 . 761
2 .5 3 0
2 .9 9 5
3 .0 9 1
2 . 846
3 .0 5 1

2 .1 6 7 8

------

3 .0 6 4
3 .5 1 2
3 . 622
2. 818
3 .0 2 8
3 .5 7 1
3 .4 7 9
2. 574
2 .1 6 4
2 .3 8 7
2 .3 8 4
2. 029
3 .1 8 0
2 .0 4 7
2 .6 2 2
2 .0 8 7
2 .0 6 8
3 . 053
2 .1 2 7
3 .1 0 2
2 .0 5 3
2 .3 3 1
2 .5 4 0
3 .5 1 7
3 .7 0 0
2 .8 0 7
3 .0 4 0
2 .2 0 4
2 .4 0 3
3 .2 7 3
2 .6 6 7
2 .8 0 4
3 .2 0 0
2 .4 9 7
2 .4 1 3
3 . 669
2 .6 6 0
2 .5 9 7
2 .6 7 8
3 .7 2 0
2 .6 8 5
3 .8 4 0
2 . 800
2 .8 0 3
2 .4 6 5
2 .6 6 0
3 .6 2 4
3 .2 8 2

_

.
X
X
S iz e 3
S iz e 2
( 3 / 8 to
( 3 /4 t o
3 /8 i n . ) 3 /1 6 in . )
2 .3 8
3 .4 2 0
3 . 207
3 .1 0 7
3 .2 8 7
2 .9 8 6
3 .1 7 3
3 .3 2 7
3 . 080
1 .7 8 0
3 .0 8 7
2 .0 4 6
2 .3 4 2
1 .9 6 6
2 . 233
2 .9 8 0
2 . 627
2 .1 1 3
3 .1 7 3
2 .3 4 7
3 . 027
2 .2 1 3
3 .2 0 7
2 .8 7 3
3 .1 8 7
2 .4 4 0
2 .2 4 0
3 .2 6 0
2. 280
2 .4 4 7
3 . 213
2 .5 7 3
2 .2 7 3 3 .3 0 0
2. 767
2 .7 8 7
2 .7 7 3
3 .2 7 3
2 .6 3 3
2 .7 9 3
3 .2 0 0
2 .5 6 1
2 .4 7 3
3 .8 4 0
2 . 833
2 .1 4 1
2. 906
2 .9 5 3
2 .4 0 9
2 .8 6 7

2 .4 4 6 7
3 .4 0 0
2 .9 0 7
2 .9 9 3
3 .2 4 0
2 .9 1 3
2 .1 3 3
3 .0 3 3
3 .2 2 7
3 .3 4 7
2 . 860
2 . 646
2 .5 4 0
2 .5 8 4
3 .1 2 8
2 .1 8 6
2 .8 8 5
2 .3 5 3
2 .8 9 3
3 .1 7 3
2 .2 2 7
2 .9 2 7
2 .6 6 7
2 .6 1 3
3 .2 5 3
2 .5 6 0
3 .3 4 0
2 .3 9 3
2 .0 9 3
2 .5 4 0
2 .3 0 0
2 .6 2 0
3 .1 5 3
2 .7 0 7
3 . 013
2 .7 0 7
2 .5 2 7
2 .9 4 0
2 .2 4 0
3 . 593
2 .9 0 7
2 .9 3 3
2 .9 4 7
2 .7 9 8
2 .6 4 0
2 .6 2 0
3 .4 8 7
3 .6 6 0
2 .4 8 7
3 .0 0 7

P it
N o.

D e p o s it
Type

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99

UO
UO
CO
UO
UO
IC
CO
UO
UO
CO
UO

rc
UO
IC
CO
CO

G
IC
UO
UO
UO
IC
IC
C IC
C IC
CO
IC
IC
IC
CO
C IC
IC
C IC
CO
C IC
IC
IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
IC
IC
UO
CO
UO
UO

X
X
A ll S i z e s
S iz e 1
( 1 - 1 / 2 to ( 1 - 1 / 2 to
3 / 1 6 i n . ) 3 / 1 6 in . )
2 .9 7 8
2 .9 9 3
2 .8 8 9
2 .7 8 4
2 . 867
2 . 647
2 .5 4 7
3 .5 0 7
3 . 060
2 .9 6 9
3 .1 0 4
3 .5 1 6
2 .8 3 8
3 .3 8 7
3 .2 2 9
3 .1 3 8
3 .2 6 9
3 .2 3 3
2 .9 0 8
3 .3 6 0
3 .4 5 2
2 .6 9 3
3 .0 4 4
3 .1 4 9
3 .2 8 3
3 .1 1 0
3 .0 8 5
2 .8 9 3
2 .8 5 5
2 .5 6 3
2 .6 8 0
2 .4 5 1
2 .4 6 4
2 .5 9 3
2 .7 8 8
2. 220
2 .0 4 4
2 .6 5 3
2 .4 4 9
2 .3 7 1
2 .1 9 3
2 .2 5 3
2 .0 0 9
2 .1 4 9
1 .8 5 8
2 .2 9 8
1 .8 0 2
3 .1 6 9
2 .7 4 0

2 .9 1 9
2 . 986
2 . 829
2 .7 1 8
3 . 180
2 .4 5 3
3 . 020
2 . 813
3 .0 9 3
2 .7 0 7
3 .6 3 3
3 .6 4 7
2 .7 9 7
3 .7 2 3
2 .9 1 3
2 .6 4 1
3 .6 9 6
3 .5 1 0
2 .4 9 3
3 . 627
3 .5 1 2
2 .7 1 9
3 .7 0 0
3 .6 6 2
3 .4 7 7
2 .7 4 8
3 .0 8 0
2 .4 3 1
2 .9 8 7
2 .5 1 4
2 .5 4 0
2 . 658
2 .5 2 0
2 .4 6 7
2 .0 6 7
2 . 225
1. 830
2 .6 8 0
2 .1 6 8
1 . 864
2 . 089
2 .5 0 3
2 .1 0 1
2 .0 5 3
2 .0 8 5
2 .6 5 3
2 .2 2 1
2 .9 2 7
2 .5 6 7

_
X
X
S iz e 2
S iz e 3
( 3 / 8 to
( 3 /4 t o
3 / 8 in . ) 3 / 1 6 i n . )
3 .4 5 3
3 . 153
2 . 933
3 .3 4 0
2 . 627
2 .4 0 7
2 . 200
3 .3 4 7
3 .7 3 3
2 . 660
2 .7 2 5
3 .5 4 0
2 .8 1 3
3 .5 6 7
3 .2 9 9
3 .5 4 7
2 .7 5 3
2 .7 2 0
3 .2 9 3
3 . 560
3 .3 8 7
2 .4 5 3
2 .7 9 3
2 .5 8 0
3 .5 6 7
3 .1 6 0
3 .2 8 0
3 .4 0 0
2 .4 7 3
2 .5 5 3
2 .8 7 3
2 .2 5 3
2 .5 0 7
2 .6 4 0
3 .1 5 3
2 .2 6 7
2 .0 7 3
2 .3 7 3
2 .4 7 3
2 .7 3 3
2 .2 6 7
2 .1 0 7
1 .8 8 0
1 .9 7 3
1 .7 8 0
2 .1 0 7
1 .2 0 0
3 .2 5 3
2 .7 8 0

2. 540
2 . 853
2. 900
2 .2 8 7
2 . 793
3 . 060
2 .4 2 0
3. 360
2 . 353
3 . 540
2 .9 0 4
3 .3 6 0
2 .9 0 7
2 .8 6 0
3 .4 7 7
3 .0 2 7
3 .3 6 0
3 .4 6 7
3 .0 2 8
2 .8 9 3
3 .4 8 0
2 .9 1 3
2 . 640
3 . 208
2 . 807
3 .3 6 9
2. 890
2 .8 6 0
3 .1 6 7
2 .6 2 0
2 .6 2 7
2 .4 4 0
2 .3 6 7
2 .6 7 3
2 .5 1 3
2 .1 8 7
2 .1 7 3
2 .9 2 0
2 .7 0 0
2 .4 7 3
2 .1 7 3
2 .1 5 3
2 . 047
2 .4 2 0
1 .5 5 3
2 .1 3 3
1 . 993
3 .3 2 7
2 . 873

122

TABLE 18
MEAN ROUNDNESS FOR A L L ROCK TYPES BY SIZE GRADE
_
P it
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

D e p o s it
Type

1C
1C
UO
UO
CO
CO
CO
IC
IC
CO
CO
CO
UO
UO
UO
CO
CO
CO
IC
IC
IC
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
UO

VO
CO
UO
IC
CO
IC
IC
IC
IC
CO
UO
CO
CO
UO
UO
UO
UO
IC
CO
CO
CO
CO

-

X
X
A ll S iz e s
S iz e 1
( 1 - 1 / 2 to ( 1 - 1 / 2 to
3 /1 6 i n . ) 3 /1 6 i n . )
.5 6 0 0
.4 5 4 9
.4 5 9 3
.4 3 8 2
.4 4 9 8
.3 8 2 0
.4 3 3 1
.4 5 8 4
.4 9 8 4
.5 4 4 2
.5 6 6 9
.5 1 9 2
.4 9 2 3
.5 4 5 2
.5 7 4 4
.5 3 9 8
.5 2 0 3
.5 7 3 3
.4 5 7 1
.4 7 2 9
.4 7 7 4
.4 5 2 9
.5 1 2 4
.4 5 3 8
.5 1 4 9
.5 3 3 3
.5 1 8 0
.5 5 9 8
.5 1 0 9
.5 7 4 4
.4 9 4 2
.5 5 1 3
.5 3 4 9
.5 3 3 6
.5 3 7 8
.5 4 2 0
.5 5 8 9
.5 5 9 1
.6 0 8 2
.6 6 4 2
.6 4 9 1
.6 6 2 0
.6 5 9 1
,6 5 1 7
.6 2 2 3
.6 0 3 8
.6 2 1 3
.6 4 1 4
.6 3 5 0
.6 3 8 5

.5 4 6 3

-----

.5 0 5 1
.4 7 2 9
.4 7 8 7
.3 4 5 4
.4 4 5 7
.4 9 2 8
.5 1 6 7
.6 1 1 5
.5 9 3 8
.4 7 5 8
.4 2 3 1
.5 4 4 9
.5 0 3 3
.6 1 2 7
.5 3 0 1
.5 9 4 0
.5 3 8 3
.4 3 6 0
.5 0 7 7
.4 2 3 2
.5 2 7 3
.5 2 5 7
.5 6 2 7
.4 9 9 3
.5 2 2 7
.5 9 9 3
.4 3 6 7
.5 3 3 3
.4 8 9 3
.5 1 2 7
.5 7 8 7
.5 9 0 5
.5 1 4 0
.6 0 4 0
.5 8 4 6
.6 1 3 7
.6 2 2 0
.6 8 5 2
.6 7 3 2
.6 3 2 7
.6 4 3 8
.6 4 2 7
.6 0 0 0
.6 1 4 3
.6 3 6 5
.6 4 9 3
.6 4 5 6
.6 3 0 9

X
X
S iz e 2
S iz e 3
( 3 / 8 to
( 3 / 4 to
3 / 8 in . > 3 /1 G in . >
.5 7 3 3
.4 6 4 0
.4 5 0 7
.4 3 2 7
.4 4 1 3
.3 8 0 0
.4 5 2 6
.4 5 1 3
.5 1 0 7
.5 6 6 7
.5 3 7 3
.5 8 6 7
.4 7 2 5
.5 6 7 8
.6 5 0 0
.5 4 2 7
.5 7 2 0
.5 6 8 0
.4 3 8 0
.5 5 2 0
.4 1 9 3
.5 3 7 3
.4 4 0 7
.4 1 1 3
.4 7 9 3
.5 7 0 0
.5 7 0 0
.5 0 0 0
.5 5 2 0
.5 8 4 0
.4 3 1 3
.6 0 4 7
.5 7 8 7
.4 7 0 7
.5 7 0 0
.5 2 0 0
.5 4 9 3
.5 5 8 7
.6 3 1 3
.6 8 6 0
.6 3 1 3
.6 7 8 0
.6 7 2 7
.6 5 5 3
.6 1 7 3
.6 0 8 7
.6 2 0 8
.6 3 6 9
.6 3 0 2
.6 3 7 3

. 5593
.4 4 0 0
.4 4 8 0
.4 0 9 3
.4 3 5 3
.3 8 8 0
.4 0 7 3
.4 4 0 7
.4 8 0 0
.4 7 8 7
.5 7 0 6
.4 6 9 3
.5 1 2 0
.5 2 4 8
.5 6 9 8
. 5966
.4 6 1 7
.5 5 8 0
.3 9 6 0
.4 3 0 7
.4 9 4 0
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P it
N o.

D e p o s it
Type

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99

UO
UO
CO
UO
UO
IC
CO
UO
UO
CO
UO
IC
UO
IC
CO
CO
G
IC
UO
UO
UO
IC
IC
C IC
C IC
CO
IC
IC
IC
CO
C IC
IC
C IC
CO
C IC
IC
IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
IC
IC
UO
CO
UO
UO

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X
X
X
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. 6000
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. 6286
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. 6500
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. 5900
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.5 9 5 4
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. 6560
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.6 2 1 3
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. 6 200
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. 6300
. 6537
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. 6580
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.5 4 1 3
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.5 1 8 7
.5 8 7 3
.5 7 2 0
.6 1 6 7
.6 0 5 3
.5 9 8 0
.5 8 2 7
.4 8 5 3
.5 3 5 3
.5 4 0 0
.5 7 0 7
.5 6 1 3
.5 7 8 0
.5 8 0 7
.5 8 3 3
.5 7 0 0
.5 4 6 7
.5 4 8 0
.5 7 3 3
.5 1 4 0
.6 4 5 3
.6 3 0 7

X
S iz e 3
( 3 / 8 to
3 /1 6 in .)
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. 6360
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. 5807
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. 6560
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. 6047
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. 6100
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T A B L E 21
M EAN SP E C IF IC GRAVITY

T A B L E 20
M EAN A BSO R PT IO N
m t D e p o sit
T ype
N o.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

IC
IC
UO
UO
CO
CO
CO
IC
IC
CO
CO
CO
UO
UO
UO
CO
CO
CO
IC
IC
IC
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
UO
UO
CO
UO
IC
CO
IC
IC
IC
IC
CO
UO
CO
CO
UO
UO
UO
UO
IC
CO
CO
CO
CO

X
S iz e 1
( 1 - 1 /2 to
3 /1 6 I n . )
1 .3 8 9

-----

1. 843
1 .7 6 6
2 .0 0 3
1 .1 9 3
1 .2 0 2
1 .5 7 8
2 .2 9 1
2 .2 1 0
1 .9 9 4
4 .9 5 7
3 .9 1 7
2 .6 4 2
1 .5 5 4
3 . 178
1 .7 7 6
1 .6 5 8
2 .3 3 7
1 . 122
1 .4 1 2
1 .5 9 5
1. 809
2 .3 0 2
1 .3 2 5
1 .5 5 3
1 .6 1 0
.6 8 6
2 . 055
1 .5 2 7
2 .7 7 2
1 .4 0 5
1 .1 8 7
1 .8 8 2
1 .7 2 0
3 .1 0 4
2 .3 6 5
1 .7 0 8
1 .9 2 4
1 .6 4 9
1 .4 2 5
1 .2 7 1
1 .5 6 5
1 .7 2 3
4 .8 4 9
2 .3 4 4
2 .2 4 8
1 .8 9 4
1 .9 0 8
1 .9 0 5

P it
N o.

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
• 97
98
99

D e p o s it
Type

UO
UO
CO
UO
UO
IC
CO
UO
UO
CO
UO
IC
UO
IC
CO
CO
G
IC
UO
UO
UO
IC
IC
C IC
C IC
CO
IC
IC
IC
CO
C IC
IC
C IC
CO
C IC
IC
IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
C IC
IC
IC
UO
CO
UO
UO

X
S iz e 1
( 1 - 1 /2 to
3 /1 6 i n . )
2 .2 5 2
1 .7 4 2
1 .5 5 9
3 .9 4 4
2 .2 8 1
1 .8 0 2
2 .7 4 0
3 .5 6 9
2 .2 2 0
2 .2 0 9
3 .4 9 2
2 .4 4 6
2 .5 5 4
3 .6 8 4
2 .7 9 3
2 . 649
3 .9 2 2
3 . 638
3 . 804
3 .5 0 5
3 .1 0 3
3 .1 3 6
3 .1 3 5
2 .4 6 3
3 .5 1 0
2 .4 2 2
1 .9 0 3
3 .3 5 3
4 .2 1 0
2 .4 2 2
1 .7 1 8
1 . 884
1 .4 9 9
1 .4 8 2
3 .6 5 3
1 .8 8 0
4 . 631
1 .5 2 7
1 .4 9 2
2 . 233
1. 878
2 .3 8 6
1 1 .4 5 6
4 .3 9 1
1 .2 8 6
1 .1 6 9
1 .6 8 8 8
1 .1 3 2
1 . 884

P it
N o.

D e p o s it
Type

1
2
3
4
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
44
50

IC
IC
UO
UO
CO
CO
CO
IC
IC
CO
CO
CO
UO
UO
UO
CO
CO
CO
IC
IC
IC
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
UO
UO
CO
UO
IC
CO
IC
IC
IC
IC
CO
UO
CO
CO
UO
UO
UO
UO
IC
CO
CO
CO
CO

X
S iz e 1
( 1 - 1 /2 to
3 /1 6 I n . )
2 .6 8 5

-----

2 . 669
2 . 666
2 .6 3 7
2 .6 7 2
2 .6 8 9
2 .6 7 4
2 . 650
2 .6 9 0
2 .5 8 9
2 .4 5 0
2 .4 0 1
2 .5 4 1
2 . 631
2 .5 0 0
2 .6 3 0
2 . 614
2 .5 8 4
2 .7 0 0
2 . 653
2 .6 3 6
2 .6 2 8
2 .5 7 3
2 .6 5 1
2 .6 6 6
2 .6 9 5
2 .7 0 0
2 .5 5 8
2 . 638
2 .6 1 5
2 .6 7 4
2 .6 8 6
2 .6 8 5
2 .C S 0
2 .5 8 2
2 .5 9 8
2 .6 4 3
2 . 687
2 . 653
2 .6 5 0
2 .6 1 4
2 .6 0 1
2 .5 9 2
2 .3 7 5
2 .5 7 1
2 .5 4 8
2 .6 1 3
2 . 590
2. 591

P it
No.

D e p o s it
Type

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99

UO
UO
CO
UO
UO
IC
CO
UO
UO
CO
UO
IC
UO
IC
CO
CO
G
IC
UO
UO
UO
IC
IC
C IC
CIC
CO
IC
IC
IC
CO
C IC
IC
C IC
CO
CIC
IC
IC
C IC
CIC
CIC
C IC
CIC
C IC
IC
IC
UO
CO
UO
UO

X
S iz e 1
( 1 - 1 /2 to
3 / 1 6 in . )
2. 816
2. 617
2 . 658
2. 537
2. 605
2. 558
2 .5 3 5
2 .3 7 0
2 .5 7 7
2 . 588
2 .5 3 9
2. 625
2 .5 4 3
2 .5 0 7
2 .5 3 3
2. 549
2 .5 3 9
2 .5 4 2
2 .4 6 9
2 .5 4 9
2 .5 3 2
2 .4 7 2
2 .5 3 4
2 .5 6 7
2 .5 1 1
2 .5 7 2
2 .6 1 8
2 .5 0 3
2 .3 6 3
2 .6 4 7
2 . 623
2 .6 2 8
2 . 639
2 . 626
2 .4 8 7
2 .6 1 7
2 .3 8 4
2 .6 6 2
2 .6 3 3
2 .6 2 7
2 .6 0 0
2 .7 3 3
2 . 651
2 .5 6 7
2 .6 5 4
2 . 633
2 .5 9 4
2. 665
2 .6 2 0