I
I

71-23,169
CAJUCOM, Edilberto Zalvidea, 1934MICHIGAN SUMMER TRAIL USERS: A PILOT
STUDY OF USER PATTERNS AND CHARACTERISTICS.
Michigan State University, Ph.D., 1971
Agriculture, forest recreation

U n iv e rs ity M ic ro film s , A XEROX C o m p a n y , A n n A rb o r, M ic h ig a n

MICHIGAN SUMMER TRAIL USERS:

A PILOT STUDY

OF USER PATTERNS A N D CHARACTERISTICS
By
Edilberto Zalvidea Cajucom

A THESIS

S ubmitted to
Michigan State University
in partial f ulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
D O C T O R OF P H I L OSOPHY
Department of Resource Development
1971

PLEASE NOTE:
Some pages have small
and indistinct type.
Filmed as received.
University Microfilms

ABSTRACT
MICHIGAN SUMMER TRAIL USERS:
A PILOT STUDY
OF USER PATTERNS AND CHARACTERISTICS
By
Edilberto Zalvidea Cajucom

This study was primarily concerned with obtaining
preliminary indications of summer recreational trail use
patterns and user socio-economic characteristics in
Michigan.

The information developed in this study may

prove useful in the management, development,
tration of recreation areas.

Also,

and adminis­

the information may

serve as a guide in deciding on the equitable allocation
of land for various recreational pursuits.

An objective

of the study was also to test the use of self—administered
questionnaires as a means of gathering data.
In data collection, eleven survey stations were
selected in various parts of the state.

These stations

were all within the jurisdictional areas of the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources and the United States
Forest Service and were mostly concentrated along the
Michigan Riding and Hiking Trail.

A t each of these

unmanned stations a sign and a box containing

Edilberto Zalvidea C a j u c o m
questionnaires were installed at the trailhead.
was conducted from June 15 to September 30,

The survey

1969.

No m o t i ­

vational technique nor administrative encouragement was
employed in eliciting response from trail users.

The p u r ­

pose was to test and evaluate the degree of responsiveness
of trail users in filling out questionnaires on a purely
voluntary basis.
Respondents of age eleven or above were asked to
complete the questionnaire.

Only one memb e r of e ach

family was requested to respond.

Personal interviews of

both respondents and nonrespondents w e r e conducted to
ascertain the reliability and validity of the d ata o b ­
tained.

The information obtained was coded, and p r o cessed

using data processing equipment.

Descriptive and s t a ­

tistical analyses were completed.
In general,

hiking and horseback riding appear to

be the predominant methods of travel used on trails.
Motorcycling or motorbiking and bicycling were lightly
represented.

Trail users were composed of younger age

groups in both hiking and riding pursuits.

"One family

and children" and "groups of friends" were the p r e d o minant
group composition.

Trail user heads of families w ere

mostly professionals with seventeen or m o r e years of
education and had an annual income of $10,000 or more.
In the statistical analyses of data,

testing

differences between proportions reveal significant

Edilberto Zalvidea Cajucom
differences in selected variables in seven out of nine
survey stations.

It showed that sex, age, camping partici­

pation, education, professional occupation, and annual
income were significantly different between users of two
stations.

Significant differences were also found in the

case of other variables such as place of residence of
users, availability of camping opportunities, and user's
group composition.
In the chi-square analysis tests of significance,
significant differences were found between variables such
as method of travel, age, sex, reasons for choosing trail,
camping frequency, group composition, trail use fre­
quency, occupation, and education of users.
Response on self-administered questionnaires,
except for two survey stations

(Ludington and Pinckney),

was not believed very substantial in this study.

This

could be attributable to some factors such as lack of
motivational technique or publicity, excessive length of
the questionnaire used, ineffective administration of the
questionnaire,

short duration of the study, difficulty of

some questions asked or probably mere apathy on the part
of trail users.

On the average, only two out of ten

trail users filled out questionnaires at the five locations
observed.

However,

it is believed that the study gives

some indications of trail use patterns and user charac­
teristics in the state of Michigan.

AC KNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude and
appreciation to all those, who in one way or another, have
contributed to the successful completion of this disser­
tation.
To Dr. Michael Chubb, major professor,

thesis

advisor, and Director of the Recreation Research and
Planning Unit, goes my heartfelt appreciation for his
untiring guidance in all phases of the study.
couragement,

His en­

active involvement, allotment of research

funds, and making available the assistance of the Recre­
ation Research and Planning Unit's staff, were largely
responsible for the realization of this study.
I would also like to officially and personally
convey my debt of gratitude to Dr. Raleigh Barlowe

(Chair­

man, Department of Resource Development) who was mainly
responsible for my coming to this university.

His under­

standing and generosity in various ways including ex­
tension of assistantship have had an immense influence
upon my education and life.
Sincere appreciation also goes to Professor
Louis F. Twardzik

(Chairman, Department of Park and

Recreation Resources)

for the department's support of this

project and for his counsel in the early stage of my course
work.
To the members of m y Guidance Committee,
Milton H. Steinmueller,

Daniel E. Chappelle,

Drs.

and Donald P.

White,

I express my appreciation for their patience, g u i ­

dance,

and constructive evaluation of my courses and

program of study in general.
To the cooperating agencies,

specifically the

Michigan Department of Natural Resources and the United
States Forest Service

(Cadillac, M i c h i g a n ) , their sincere

help and support in the m o s t difficult phase of the study
(data collection)

are gratefully acknowledged.

Special thanks are also extended to the following
individuals:
Louis L. Lanier,

for his assistance in practically

all the phases of the study from questionnaire design to
data collection.
Dr. Dennis C. Gilliland

(Department of Statistics

and P r o b a b i l i t y ) , for suggestions and guidance in the sta­
tistical design and analysis of data.
John Kohmetscher, John Teeter, W i l l i a m Allard,
and James M u l l i n

(Applications P rogramming Unit, Mi c higan

State University Computer L a b o r a t o r y ) , for programming
and processing of various data.

W i l l i a m H. C o l b u r n and J a m e s O a k w o o d of the R e c r e ­
ation R e s o u r c e P l a n n i n g Division,
Nat ural Resources,

M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of

for a s s i s t a n c e in the study p l a n and

r e p r o d u c t i o n of m a t e r i a l s i n c l u d e d in A p p e n d i x A.
Paul Rearick,
Parks Division;

C h a r l e s Leeson, J a m e s Hine of the

Paul B r i g h a m of the F o r e s t r y Division,

and

other m e m be r s of the M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l R e ­
sources p a r t i c u l a r l y the field staff,

for the c o n s t r u c t i o n

of q u e s t i o n n a i r e boxes a n d the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and r etrieval
of the c o m p l e t e d ques t i o n n a i r e s .
Ed w i n Y oungblood,

Wayne Worthington,

R o n a l d Scott,

and M y r o n Smith of the U n i t e d Sta t e s F o r e s t Service,

for

their c o o p e r a t i o n and i n v a l u a b l e support.
Paul S c h n e i d e r of the D e p a r t m e n t of Re s o u r c e
D e v e lopmen t for his g e n e r o u s h elp in the grap h s and
illustrations i n c l u d e d here.
Lastly,

1 w o u l d like to a c k n o w l e d g e the untiring

assistance of m y wife,
cation,

Guadalupe.

Her patience,

dedi­

and e n c o u r a g e m e n t h a v e b e e n an i n s p i r a t i o n

especially under the m o s t trying circu m s t a n c e s .

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
I.

Page
INTRODUCTION ..................................
Objectives ..................................
Significance of the S t u d y .................
Scope and Limitations of the Study . . .
Survey of Similar Studies in Other States.
Selection of Study Areas
.................
As s u m p t i o n s..............................
H y p o t h e s e s ..............................
Sub-hypotheses..........................
Definitions of Terms U s e d .............

II.

DATA COLLECTION AND PR E P A R A T I O N.........

1
3
4
6
8
11
12
13
14
15
18

Questionnaire D e s i g n ....................
18
20
Pre-testing of Questionnaires.........
Questionnaire Box Design and Installation.
Questionnaire Administration and
M a i n t e n a n c e ..............................
25
Observations and Personal Interviews
.
.
Location and Description of Study Areas
.
31
L o c a t i o n ..............................
Description of Stations in the National
F o r e s t .................................
37
Description of Stations in the State
F o r e s t .................................
39
Description of Stations in State Parks .
Coding and Processing of Completed
Questionnaires ...........................
III.

GENERAL PROFILE OF TRAIL USERS

.............

Method of T r a v e l .......................
51
Age and S e x ..............................
52
Camping Participation
....................
Choice of T r a i l .......................
54
Recreational Activities Along the Trail
.

v

21
27
31

42
46
51

52
56

Chapter

IV.

Page
Group C o m p o s i t i o n ............................
Time of U s e ...................................
Meth o d of Trail Travel in Past Twelve
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Months.
As s o c i a t e d Activities in Past Twelve
Months.
........................
Number of Times Trail U s e d in Past Twelve
M o n t h s ..........................................
Socio-Economic C h aracteristics of the
F a m i l y ..........................................
Trail User's Comments and Recommendations .

58
60

STATISTICAL ANALYSES A N D R E S U L T S ..............

75

Testing the Differences Between P r o ­
portions or Percentages for Uncorrelated
D a t a ..........................................

76

Explanation of T e c h n i q u e s .................
Stations and V a r iables Tested
. . . .

76
79

Summary and Interpretation of Results

62
64
65
67
72

.

Comparison 1:
Ludington and Pinckney.
Comparison 2:
Highland and Lost C r e e k
Comparison 3:
Goose Creek and Mud Lake
Comparison 4:
Highland and Ludington.
Comparison 5:
Lost Creek and Pinckney
Comparison 6:
Goose Creek and Lost
C r e e k .................
Comparison 7:
Highland and Mud Lake .
Comparison 8:
Goose Creek and Pinckney
Comparison 9:
L u d ington and Mud Lake.
2
Chi-Square (x ) Tests of Significance
.

.

81

.
.

81
85
85
86
87

.
.
.

87
88
88
89

.
.
.
.

Stations Selected and Methods Used.
.
.
Goose Creek Trail C a m p ....................
Highland State Recreation A r e a . . . .
Ludington State Park
. . . . . . .
M u d Lake Trail C a m p ............................
Pinckney State Recreation A r e a . .
. .
V.

90
90
95
98
100
102
104

SUMMARY AND C O N C L U S I O N S ............................ 106
Survey Methods U s e d ............................ 106
Trail Use Patterns and Users' Profile
. .
112
Statistical Analysis Significance.
. . .
118

vi

Chapter
VI.

Page

R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S ...............................

121

Trail Research M ethodology.................
Facility and M a n a gement....................

121
125

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

.................................

128

APPENDICES
Appendix
A.

Responses on Self-Administered Question­
naires ........................................

B.

Self-Administered Questionnaire Sample

C.

Sample of Optical Scan S h e e t s ..............

159

D.

Variables and Categories Used in Chi-Square
(x2) Tests of S i g n i f i c a n c e .................

161

Example of Test of Significance:
Differences Between Proportions.............

164

Advantages of Using and Method of Computing
Chi-Square Values
...........................

169

E.
F.

vii

.

133
.

155

LIST OF TABLES
Table
1.

2.

3.

Page
Location and Station Number of Study Areas
Showing Usable and Non-usable Responses
O b t a i n e d .....................................

47

Results of Tests of Significance for
Differences Between Proportions for
Selected Survey S t a t i o n s ....................

82

2

Chi-square (x ) Tests of Significance of
Relevant Behavioral and/or Socio-economic
Characteristics of Various Trail Users .

93

L I S T OF F I G U R E S
Figure
1.

2.
3.
4.

Page

Front V i e w of Q u e s t i o n n a i r e B o x S h o w i n g
Sep a r a t e Slots for B l a n k and C o m p l e t e d
Qu e s t i o n n a i r e s ................................

22

Sign In s t a l l e d at O n e S u r v e y Sta t i o n
Po i n t i n g to the B o x L o c a t i o n ..........

24

Map of M i c h i g a n S h o w i n g S t u d y Areas, M a j o r
Cities, and H i g h w a y s .....................

33

Section of M i c h i g a n ' s N o r t h e r n L o w e r P e n i n ­
sula Showing the M i c h i g a n R i d i n g and
Hi k i n g T r a i l ...............................

35

5.

Dis t r i b u t i o n of R e s p o n d e n t s b y Sex and A g e

.

53

6.

Reasons Given for C h o o s i n g S p e c i f i c Trail.

.

55

7.

M e d i a by W h i c h U s ers L e a r n e d o f T r a i l

8.

Type of Group U s i n g T r a i l ..................

59

9.

H i s t o g r a m Showing B e g i n n i n g and C o m p l e t i o n
of T r i p ...................................

61

. . .

10.

M e t h o d of T r a v e l for the P a s t T w e l v e M o n t h s

11.

A s s o c i a t e d A c t i v i t i e s U n d e r t a k e n for the
Past Twelve M o n t h s .................

57

.

63
66

12.

O c c u p a t i o n of H e a d o f F a m i l y ..............

69

13.

H i s t o g r a m S howing E d u c a t i o n a l L e v e l of H ead
of F a m i l y ...................................

70

Fami l y Total A n n u a l I n c o m e ..................

71

14.

ix

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Among the various aspects of outdoor recreation
management and administration, the investigation of trail
use and users has received little attention and consider­
ation.

Because little emphasis has been given to recre­

ational trails by outdoor recreation researchers and
policy-makers,

information on trail use patterns and

preferences and user socio-economic characteristics is
scanty and in some instances entirely nonexistent.
Although fewer people participate in the recre­
ational use of trails than in camping or picnicking,

it

is a significant aspect of recreation land management.
Hiking, horseback riding, and other uses of trails are
important recreational activities.

As the report on the

nationwide trail study entitled Trails for America states:
Walking, hiking, and bicycling are simple pleasures
within the economic reach of virtually all citizens.
Horseback riding, even though increasingly expensive
for urban dwellers, is available to a large portion
of Americans.
Opportunities to enjoy these basic
activities have become increasingly limited for the
American people as the society has urbanized and as
economic development has preempted areas which had
earlier been devoted to outdoor recreation areas.
Today, with more leisure time and with rising amounts
1

2
of disposable income available for recreation users,
more and more Americans are seeking relaxation and
physical and spiritual renewal in the enjoyment of
the traditional simple pleasures.^
In Michigan,

trails play a significant role in the

overall recreational pattern.

The state has a trail system

considered to be one of the finest in the country.
reported that:

It is

"Michigan, with 650 miles of trail, m ain­

tains one of the most ambitious trail programs in the M i d ­
west.

A new shore-to-shore riding and hiking trail extends

for 200 miles from the towns of Elberta and Empire on Lake
Michigan,

to Tawas City on Lake Huron."

2

it has the

largest bicycle trail system in the country totaling 193
miles and a substantial length of horseback riding trails
(186 miles) exceeded only by the states of Arkansas, Cal i ­
fornia, Ohio, and Washington.

The Michigan Riding—Hiking

Trail across the upper part of lower Michigan, which is
271 miles in length,

is considered one of the longest in

the country.
In the series of meetings involving staff members
of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources

(repre­

sented by the Parks and Forestry Divisions), the United
States Forest Service, and the Michigan State University
Recreation Research and Planning Unit

(Departments of

^ U .S ., Department of I n t e r i o r , Bureau of Outdoor
Recreation, Trails for America:
Report on the Nationwide
Trail Study (Washington, D . C . : Government Printing Office,
December, 1966), p. 13.
2I b i d ., p. 113.

3
Resource Development and Park and R e c r e a t i o n R e s o u r c e s ) ,
it was agreed that the Unit should embark on a study of
trail use patterns and user characteristics.
of the

study,

types ofinformation desired,

naire,

the location of study areas,

box construction and installation,

The design
the q u e s t i o n ­

and the questionnaire
were d i s cussed and

agreed upon by the staff of the agencies concerned.
Although this study could not be exhaustive in view of
time and financial constraints,

it is believed to be of

use for policy and m anagement d e c i s i o n purposes in r e cr e­
ation area administration.
Objectives
The present
to be a pilot study

research p roject was p r i m a r i l y intended
of trail user survey methodology.

The

main objectives were to:
1.

Observe and obtain experience c o n c erning the
factors affecting trail user and use studies
in Michigan.

2.

Test the use of a self— admin i s t e r e d q u e s t i o n ­
naire as a means of g a t hering data on trail
use and users.

3.

T est specific questions r e g a r d i n g use and
users to determine their usefulness and
practicality for future surveys.

4.

Obtain some basic statistical data on trail
use and user characteristics in order to be

4
able bo d e t e r m i n e the s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r ­
istics and p r o b l e m s of such data.

This i n f o r ­

m a t i o n w i l l be of g r e a t v a l u e in f u t u r e survey
s a m p l i n g design.
5.

O b t a i n p r e l i m i n a r y i n d i c a t i o n s of t r ail use
p a t t e r n s , trends in usage,

a n d the s o c i o ­

e c onomic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f trail u s e r s on
some s e lected r e c r e a t i o n a l trails in
Michigan.
6.

C o n d u c t tests to d e t e r m i n e if there are s ta­
tistically significant differences between
the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of u sers
of d i f f e r e n t trails.
S i g n i f i c a n c e of the S t udy

A t p r e s e n t there are no a v a i l a b l e d a t a o n trail
use patterns and users*

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s for p r a c t i c a l l y

all types of p ark and forest r e c r e a t i o n a r eas in Michigan.
The inform a t i o n o b t a i n e d in this study w i l l be use f ul as
a m a n a g e m e n t g u i d e for m a k i n g sound d e c i s i o n s in the
m a n a gement and d e v e l o p m e n t of r e c r e a t i o n areas.

This

study will be v a l u a b l e in a l l o c a t i n g r e s o u r c e s for v a r i o u s
recreational purposes.

It w i l l a t t e m p t to o b t a i n i n f o r ­

ma tion on the types of p e o p l e u s i n g trails,
ences,

and the v o l u m e of trail use.

their p r e f e r ­

C o m p e t i t i o n and

conflicts in the use of trails w ill a l s o be identified.

5
Such problems will only be resolved if data on users are
obtained and carefully examined and evaluated.
example,

For

the United States Forest Service is considering

the possibility of providing separate trails for mot o r­
cycles.

Data on trail use and users in this regard are

necessary for decision-making purposes.
Recreation and tourism in this country have
advanced tremendously in the last few years.

In Michigan

alone it is estimated to be more than a billion dollar
industry representing the second largest income-producing
activity.^

It has been estimated that in Michigan state

park areas alone over 409,000 families camped in 1969 and
more than 75,000 had to be turned away because of lack of
space and overcrowding.

The figures do not include

visitors in recreational areas under federal, regional,
county jurisdiction,
agencies.

and other state resource—managing

This is just an indication of the recreation

explosion taking place in the state where competition in
the use of lands for various recreational pursuits is
t

becoming evident.

Every piece of land acquired has to be

justified and the demand for each recreational activity
or potential users supported by actual use and user data.
Hence, data on trail use patterns and users'

character­

istics are essential if recreation policy-makers and

V

^■Robert O. Dodge,
(December, 1970), 44.

"Michigan," Parks and R e c r e ation,

6
planners are -to p l a n s c i e n t i f i c a l l y and p r o v i d e s a t is­
faction for this type of user.
Furthermore,

d a t a o b t a i n e d in this study w i l l be

useful in both the c u r r e n t a n d long-range p l a n n i n g of m a j o r
r e source-ma n a g i n g age n c i e s in the state e s p e c i a l l y in
setting forth p l a n n i n g g u i d e l i n e s for land a c q u i s i t i o n
and d e v e lop m e n t of a d d i t i o n a l out d o o r r e c r e a c t i o n areas
and facilities to m e e t the g r o w i n g demands of r e c r e a t i o n —
ists.
Scope a n d L i m i t a t i o n s of the Study
A l t h o u g h this study attempts to o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n
w h ich is to some d e g r e e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of o v e r a l l r e c r e ­
ational trail use and users in Michigan,
considered e x h a u s t i v e and conclusive.

it c a n n o t be

T ime and f i n a n c i a l

constraints p r e v e n t e d the s e l e c t i o n of an a d e q u a t e l y large
sample w h i c h w o u l d be truly r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of trail users
at m a n y d i f f e r e n t locations and at d i f f e r e n t times.

How­

ever, a n attempt w a s m a d e to select trails or trail systems
under the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n or j u r i s d i c t i o n of the U n i t e d
States F o re s t S ervice and M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l
Resources w h i c h m a y be c o n s i d e r e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of some
typical situations and,
poses of the study.
follows:

therefore,

a d equate for the p u r ­

The li m i t a t i o n s of the study are as

7
1.

On site self-administered questionnaires were
used rather than personal interviews or mailed
questionnaires, because the intention was to
develop a technique that could be used for
continuous data gathering.

It would be un­

realistic to expect considerable amounts of
funds to be available for large scale inter­
views or mailings year after year.
2.

Only a limited number of survey stations in
the Lower Peninsula of Michigan could be
selected because of budget limitations.
Station distribution was concentrated in the
northern portion and southeastern part of the
Lower Peninsula eliminating entirely the
southwestern and northeastern sections because
of budgetary limitations.

3.

Data collection was limited to the summer use
of trails, specifically from June 15, 1969 to
September 30, 1969.

4.

Self-administered questionnaires were used to
obtain

information on behavioral and socio­

economic characteristics of trail users since
budget limitations precluded personal inter­
views.
5.

No publicity, inducement or encouragement of
any sort was used by the researchers or cooper­
ating agency personnel to elicit information

8
or higher response rates f r o m trail users.
F i l l i n g out of q u e s t i o n n a i r e s was purely a
voluntary m a t t e r o n the p a r t of the r e s p o n d ­
ents .
Survey of Similar Studies in
Oth e r States
Before embarking on the study,

letters w ere sent

to various universities t h r o ughout the country,
cally those with forestry,

conservation,

specifi­

natural resources,

or park and recreation resources departments,

soliciting

information on complementary studies undertaken concerning
the recreational use of trails.

The m a i n purposes were

to avoid possible duplic a t i o n of studies and to detect
similar studies w h ich w o u l d be useful references concern­
ing methods.
recreation,

Similar requests were m a d e to various public
forestry,

managing agencies.

conservation,

and other resource-

M o s t of those who replied w e r e not able

to provide useful information.

Some schools or agencies

said they would be em b a r k i n g o n similar studies soon.

The

great majority did not have studies o n recreational trails
and did not have plans of conducting such studies in the
foreseeable future; m o s t said they w o u l d be very inter­
ested in a report on the p r e s e n t p r o j e c t w h e n it is
finished.
Publications c o n c erning trails received by the
Recreation Research and Pla n n i n g Unit from these agencies
were mainly concentrated on trail concepts,

inventory.

9
design, standards, policies, development, maintenance, and
rules and regulations.

For instance, the recently pub­

lished A State Trail Study^ by the Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources and Outdoor Recreation Trails in New
York

2

by the New York Division of Parks and Outdoor Recre­

ation Conservation are two of the most comprehensive state
publications on recreational trails dealing largely with
the management and administrative aspects; but these are
not the major concerns of the present study.

However, two

research publications entitled Hiking on Camels Hump3 by
the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, and A Trail
4
Use Survey by the Canadian National Park Service are
research studies similar in some respects to the study
undertaken herein.

The former deals only with the hiking

use of trails along the Camels Hump area of Vermont;
whereas the latter concentrates with hiking in two

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, A
State Trail Study (Madison:
Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources, 1969).
2

New York State Council of Parks and Outdoor
Recreation, Outdoor Recreation Trails in New York State
(Albany, N. y TI bohservation Department, 1969).

3
F.
O. Sargent, Hiking on Camels Hump (Burlington,
Vt.: Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, University
of Vermont, July, 1969).
4

J. W. Thorsell, A Trail Use Survey:
Banff and
Yoho National P a r k s , Recreational Research Report 33
(Canada:
National Park Service, February, 1968).

10
Canadian national park, areas.

The present project differs

somewhat from these since it deals with areas administered
by a number of agencies and both riding and hiking are
included as activities.

Two other important studies on

wilderness trails are worth mentioning.
and the other by Wenger and Gregersen.

2

One is by W e n g e r 1
The first study

deals with the factors influencing effectiveness in terms
of increase in response for the information obtained
through unmanned registration stations.

The second report

discusses the effect of non-response on representativeness
of information obtained by the same method.

Most of the

variables used in both studies above were similar to those
of the present study except that on site self— administered
questionnaire rather than a mailed questionnaire and more
variables on behavioral and socio-economic characteristics
of trail users are used in the latter.
In general, research studies dealing with trail
use patterns and user characteristics are still scanty.
In Michigan there has been no known study of any kind of
trail use and user characteristics.

1W . D . W e n g e r , J r . , A Test of Unmanned Regis­
tration Stations on Wilderness Trails;
Factors Influenc­
ing Effectiveness, U.S. Forest Service Research Paper
PNW-16 (Portland, Oregon:
Pacific—Northwest Forest and
Range Experiment Station, November, 1964).
2

W. D. Wenger, Jr. and H. M. Gregersen, The Effect
of Non-response on Representativeness of Wilderness—Trail
Registration Information, U.S. Forest Service Research
Paper PNW-17 (Portland, Oregon:
Pacific Northwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station, November, 1964).

11
S election of Study A r e a s
Ten stations in park and forest areas in both
state and federal lands were selected by r e s e a r c h e r s in
consultation w i t h the personnel of the c o o p e r a t i n g a g e n ­
cies.

The following criteria w e r e used in the selection

process:
1.

The study areas selected were con f i n e d to
Michigan's L o w e r P e n i n s u l a where the p o p u ­
lation is concentrated.

2.

A good number of survey stations w e r e concen­
trated in the northern part of the L o w e r
Peninsula where there is c o n s i d e r a b l e use of
trails.

The well-esta b l i s h e d M i c h i g a n Hiking-

Riding Trail is located in this r e g i o n and
several stations were at points alo n g it.
3.

The stations selected had to be g r o u p e d w i t h i n
reasonably proximate geographic areas in order
to facilitate administration and s upervision
for economic reasons.

This a r r a n g e m e n t was

also deemed necessary to m i n i m i z e the i nci­
dence of vandalism.
4.

Representation of various kinds of trails such
as those w h ich could be considered as p r i ­
mar i l y hiking trails#
trails#

horse trails#

etc.# was another goal.

bicycle

Also#

it was

an objective to obtain a g o o d r e p r e s e n t a tion
of various types of trail users.

12
Assumptions
It was assumed that:
1.

The study areas selected within the adminis­
tration of the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources

(Forestry and Parks divisions) and

United States Forest Service were reasonably
representative of the various trails on lands
within the state of Michigan under juris­
diction of these agencies.
2.

The study areas chosen were believed to be
some of the most popular and widely used
recreational trails within the state.
(Administrators and field staff do not have
quantitative information on the number of
trail users.)

3.

The method of data collection in the form of
a self-administered questionnaire would elicit
adequate information or responses from trail
use r s .

4.

The data from the responses obtained would
give preliminary indications of trail use
paterns and socio-economic characteristics
of Michigan trail users.

5.

Upon analysis and interpretation of the data
obtained, weaknesses and strengths of the
study methods used could be objectively

13
evaluated and recommendations subsequently
made for future studies.
6.

Personal interview techniques of eliciting
data obtains valid information and therefore
can be used

to test the reliability of the

self-administered questionnaires.
Hypotheses
1.

The first hypothesis of this study is that
self— administered questionnaires will give
reliable data concerning trail use patterns
and the socio-economic characteristics of
trail users.

2.

The second hypothesis is that there is no
statistically significant difference between
selected socio-economic characteristics of
trail users at certain pairs of survey
stations.

3.

The third hypothesis is that there is no
statistically significant correlation or
statistical significance between a selected
pair of behavioral and/or socio-economic
characteristics of trail users within the
same survey station.

14
Sub-hypotheses
The s e lected s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t e s t e d
in r e l a t i o n to H y p o t h e s i s

2 are r e p r e s e n t e d by the f o l l o w ­

ing sub— hypotheses:
1.

T h e r e is no d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the p r o p o r t i o n
of m a l e trail users at the two stations.

2.

T h e r e is no d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the p r o p o r t i o n
of trail use r s who w e r e m o r e than thirty y e a r s
of age at the two stations.

3.

T h ere is no d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the p r o p o r t i o n
of trail users w h o w e r e c a m p e r s at the two
stations.

4.

T h e r e is no d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the p r o p o r t i o n
of trail users who w e r e from f amilies w h o s e
h e a d had r e c e i v e d s e v e n t e e n or m o r e y e ars of
e d u c a t i o n at the two stations.

5.

T h e r e is no d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the p r o p o r t i o n
of trail u s e r s w h o w e r e from families w h e r e
the head of family was in a p r o f e s s i o n a l o c c u ­
p a t i o n at the two stations.

6.

T h e r e is no d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the p r o p o r t i o n
o f trail users w h o w e r e from f amilies w h i c h
h a d $10,000 or m o r e a n n u a l income at the two
stations.

The s u b - h y p o t h e s e s for s e lected p a i r s of b e h a v i o r a l
and/or s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of trail u s e rs t e s t e d

15
in relation to Hypothesis 3 are presented in Table 2 (see
Chapter III).
Definitions of Terms Used
The following are definitions adopted for this
study.
S t a t i o n .— This indicates the location of a
questionnaire box containing self— administered question­
naires and an instructional and directional sign.
T ra ilhead.— It is the place on a trail where
users begin or end hiking or riding.
T r a i l .— This term means a m a n-made or natural
track through a forest and/or open space used by hikers
or riders for recreational purposes.

This is contrasted

with a nature trail which is usually comparatively short
and is equipped with interpretative devices.
Respondent.— A trail user who is eleven years old
or older who attempts to complete a question and either
returns it in the box or mails it in afterwards.
Non-respondent.— A person who does not complete
a question nor place it in the box or m ail it in even if
he picks up a q u e s t i o n n a i r e .
Personal O b s e r v a t i o n .— This signifies observation
trail users in the field concerning their behavioral

16
characteristics and whether or not they completed a self­
administered questionnaire.
Field I n t e r v i e w .— It is a face— to— face interrogation
between an interviewer and the respondent for purposes of
eliciting information from the latter pertinent to the
research problem.
Self— administered Q u e s t i o n n a i r e .— It is a printed
sheet of paper containing a series of questions w h ich is
deposited in a box at an unmanned trailhead station for
trail users to fill out.

After completion,

it is either

deposited in the same box or mai l e d in to the adressee.
Open-e n d e d Q u e s t i o n s .— These are questions that
elicit a free response rather than a structured one such
as in required in a "yes" or "no" or multiple choice
question.
Trail C a m p .— It is a campsite specifically designed
or constructed for horseback riders.
equipped w i t h toilet facilities,

It is generally

fireplaces,

and a water

pump for overnight campers and pro v i d e d w i t h a picket
line and watering place for horses separated from the
camping location.
Organized G r o u p .— A group of trail users who are
there by reason of belonging to the same organization.

17
Examples are g r o u p s f r o m o r g a n i z a t i o n s such as the Boy
Scouts,

M i c h i g a n T r a i l Riders'

Cons e r v a t i o n C y c l e Club.

Association,

o r the M i c h i g a n

CHAPTER II
DATA COLLECTION AND PREPARATION
Questionnaire Design
The primary objective in deciding on the design
features of the questionnaire was to obtain the desired
information from the largest number of respondents in the
most accurate form possible.

Questions asked were limited

to those which would directly elicit information on trail
use patterns and socio-economic characteristics of varied
trail users.

The portions of the questionnaires which

necessitated opinionated responses,

comments,

and/or

recommendations were open-ended rather than conventionally
structured to give the respondents more freedom to speak
out their minds.

It is also felt that open-ended questions

would elicit responses which are more realistic, reliable,
and valid than structured.
The question sequence technique,
printed questionnaire,

color of the

and other techniques of survey

methodology which have elicited more responses in pre­
vious studies were considered in the design of the

18

19
questionnaire used herein.*

For instance, a blue colored

questionnaire was u s e d in this study because this color
produced slightly larger numbers of responses according
to Crapo and Chubb.

2

The quest i o n n a i r e itself was divided

into three m a i n groups of questions p u r posely arranged in
the following sequence.
of general questions.

The introductory part was made up
The m i d d l e por t i o n was composed of

socio-economic c h aracteristics items w i t h the last part
largely consisting of op e n - e n d e d questions concerning
opinions and recommendations.

The m a i n reason for such

an arrangement was b a sed on the premise that a respondent
tends to react more favorably to questions that necessitate
short and direct answers than to those requiring lengthy
evaluations such as opinions or recommendations.

Since

the socio-economic c h aracteristics p o r t i o n was an impo­
sition on the p rivacy of the respondent,

it was placed in

the middle section on the assumption that such items would
probably be completed once the respondent has started
filling out the questionnaire.
Inasmuch as the rate of response has also been
found to be dependent on factors such as sponsorship of
^One study that m a y be specifically cited is the
recent report of D. C r a p o and M. Chubb, R e c r e a t i o n Area
Day-Use Investigation Techniques:
A Study of Survey
M e t h o d o l o g y Technical Report No. 6 (East Lansing,
Michigan:
Recreation Re s e a r c h and Pla n n i n g Unit, Depart­
ment of Park and Recrea t i o n Resources, M i c h i g a n State U ni­
versity, January, 1969).
2I b i d . , p.

97.

20
the survey,

q u e s t i o n n a i r e length,

questionnaire attractive­

ness, a n d the ease of c o m p l e t i o n a n d return,
in p r e viou s studies,

as r e p o r t e d

these factors w e r e c o n s i d e r e d in the

d esi g n of the q u e s t i o n n a i r e

(see A p p e n d i x B ) .1

In general,

the language u s e d was fairly s i m p l e a n d s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d
that e v e n an e l e v e n —y e a r — old r e s p o n d e n t
q u a l i f i e d to fill o u t questionnaire)

so

(youngest deemed

w o u l d not have d i f f i ­

culty in c o m p l e t i n g it.
P r e - t e s t i n g of Q u e s t i o n n a i r e s
In order to d e t e r m i n e if t h e r e w e r e p r o b l e m s in
q u e s t i o n interpretation,

the q u e s t i o n n a i r e w a s p r e — t e sted

before final reproduction.

Some forty cop i e s of a m i m e o ­

graphed v e r s i o n of the q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w e r e p r e - t e s t e d at
two locations

(Highland State R e c r e a t i o n A r e a and P i n c k n e y

State R e c r e a t i o n A r e a ) .

2

The r e p r e s e n t a t i v e r e s p o n d e n t s

consisted of b o t h m a l e a n d female h i k e r s and r i d e r s r a n g ­
ing from twelve to f i f t y - t h r e e y e ars of age.
dis t r i b u t i o n o f q u e s t i o n n a i r e s ,

In the

the r e s e a r c h e r s saw to it

that a fairly g o o d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of a g e and sex of r e ­
spondents w ere i n c l u d e d to m a k e such p r e - t e s t s v a l i d and
reliable.

^~I b i d . , pp.
2

20-24.

For e c o n o m i c reasons, o n l y these two a r e a s w ere
selected for p r e - t e s t i n g b e c a u s e they w e r e the nea rest
from the home base a n d w e r e c l o s e to e a c h other.

21
After examining and evaluating the responses given,
minor modifications in the wording or content of some
questions were made where the responses indicated that
difficulties had occurred.

The revised questionnaire was

then printed in the Recreation Research and Planning Unit's
normal style.

The main features of this style are:

the main questions are in large heavy type,
separate the main questions, and

(1)

(2) heavy lines

(3) instruction boxes are

shaded.
Questionnaire Box Design and
Installation
The design of the box to contain the self­
administered questionnaires was simple but functional.
Both the blank and completed questionnaires were contained
in one box in separate compartments

(Figure 1).

Blank

questionnaires were accessible to respondents at the bottom
and completed questionnaires were dropped in the slot p ro­
vided at the top.

The slot at the bottom of the box was

designed so that blank questionnaires could be obtained
only a few at a time to prevent wastage.

Boxes were made

of three-quarter-inch exterior type weatherproof plywood
stained with the brown color normally used by the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources and United States Forest
Service for signs.
Each box was installed at the end of the trail
being studied.

A signboard was erected about thirty to

fifty feet up the trail from the box informing the hikers

22

Figure 1.— F r o n t V i e w of Q u e s t i o n n a i r e Box
Showing Separate Slots for B l a n k and C o m p l e t e d Q u e s t i o n ­
naires

23
and/or riders of the study.
"Riders and Hikers Stopl
Information Card"

The wording on the signs was

Help Plan Your Trails.

(see Figure 2).

Fill Out

This is similar to the

wording used by Wenger in that it is in a firm tone with­
out the use of "please."^

Wenger found that this approach

was more effective in eliciting information from trail
users compared with more mildly toned signs although the
question of the effect of the authoritarian approach on
the reliability and representativeness of responses was
not tested.

Aside from the information on the box, and

the instructions on the questionnaire as to who should
complete questionnaires, no other devices nor media were
employed to encourage participation in the survey.

Com­

pletion of questionnaires was, therefore, purely voluntary
on the part of the respondents.
In installing boxes and signs at each station, the
original idea was to locate boxes near trail exits where
they could be hidden from non-users of the trail who might
pass by on an adjacent road or use an adjacent area.
However, on the advice of agency field staff the boxes
were installed in the open, right at the trailheads,
because of the anticipated problems with vandalism.

Most

of the boxes were located far from the agency's office or

1W e n g e r , A Test of Unmanned Registration Stations
on Wilderness Trails:
Factors Influencing Effectiveness,
p. is.----------------------- — ------------ a----------------

24

Figure 2.— Sign Installed at One Survey Station
Pointing to the Box Location

25
headquarters a n d therefore not w i t h i n the r e g u l a r in­
spection or pat r o l routine of the f i eld staff,

thus m a k i n g

them v u l n e r a b l e to vandalism.
Boxes w e r e m o u n t e d o n p o s t s a n d e r e c t e d b e l o w eye
level facing trail exits.
trail camps,

For trail s y s t e m s e n d i n g in

boxes w e r e i n s t a l l e d r i g h t in the m i d d l e of

the camp near the f i r eplace w h e r e trail c a m p e r s u s u a l l y
congregate.

In some study are a s w h e r e trail u s e r s were

expected to come from b o t h d i r e c t i o n s on the trail,

two

signs were installed on o p p o s i t e sides p o i n t i n g to the
box location.

E ach box in these areas c o n t a i n e d o nly a

few blank q u e s t i o n n a i r e s since f e w r e s p o n d e n t s w e r e
anticipated.

However,

in o t h e r s t u d y a r e a s such as in

state parks or r e c r e a t i o n a r e a s w h e r e a large v o l u m e of
visitors w ere expected,

ample blank questionnaires were

deposited to insure c o n t i n u i t y of supply.

Pencils,

erasers,

and sharpeners were f a s t e n e d to each box for the use and
convenience of respondents.
Questionnaire Administration
and M a i n t e n a n c e
A f t e r the boxes w e r e i n s t a l l e d at the agr e ed
locations,

the c o o p e r a t i n g ag e n c i e s ,

n a m e l y the P a rks

Division and F o r e s t r y D i v i s i o n of the D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l
Resources and the H u r o n - M a n i s t e e N a t i o n a l F o r e s t of the
United States F o r e s t Service,

took c h a r g e of the a d m i n i s ­

tration and m a i n t e n a n c e in the f i e l d d u r i n g the m o n t h s of
June, July, August,

and September.

However,

the field

26
staff still continued to administer and maintain the
questionnaire boxes until October of 1969.

Returns con­

tinued to be mailed in by the agencies# particularly by
the state park and recreation areas.

Some responses were

mailed in by individual respondents even after the end of
October.
In order to insure that the survey was administered
in a uniform manner, specific instructions were sent to the
agency field staff concerned.

These instructions covered

the filling of boxes with blank questionnaires and the
mailing of completed questionnaires back to the Recreation
Research and Planning Unit.

Fieldmen were instructed not

to encourage trail users to fill out the questionnaire nor
to participate in question completion except for purposes
of clarification.

Pencils and the supply of question­

naires were to be checked at least once a week and com­
pleted questionnaires mailed back as soon as collected.
To facilitate dispatch of completed questionnaires,
stamped self-addressed,

large brown envelopes were

furnished by the Unit to all administering agencies.

In

anticipation of vandalism problems, a spare questionnaire
box and set of signs were sent to each study location for
replacement purposes.
Fieldmen were requested to report any incidence
of vandalism so that immediate replacement could be
effected in order to maintain continuity.

Every effort

27
was m ade to anticipate p ossible field problems in advance
and offset these difficulties by designing adequate
questionnaires and procedures.
O b servations and Personal Interviews
In order to a s c e r t a i n the reliability and validity
of the information o b t a i n e d by the self— administered
questionnaires,

actual field observ a t i o n and personal

interviews were c o n ducted in some selected a r e a s .
locations involved were Lu d i n g t o n State Park,
State Recreation Area,
Mud Lake Trail Camp,

The

Highland

P inckney State Recreation Area,

and Scheck's Place Trail Camp.

For

budgetary reasons, only these five areas were selected.
They were the stations w h i c h received the highest number
of responses.

Other stations,

especially those located

along the M i c h i g a n Riding and Hiking Trail, were assumed
to have similar trail u ser characteristics and use patterns
to one or m o r e of the five selected.

Hence,

conducting

interviews at these other areas was not essential.
Observations w e r e m a d e of trail users both enter­
ing and leaving the trail under study.

For m a k i n g o b jec­

tive observations on g r o u p or individual behavior,

ad­

vantages and d i s a dvantages of the meth o d men t i o n e d by
Crapo and Chubb w e r e c o nsidered.^

Hidden observers

stationed themselves at a trail exit adjacent to a

^■Crapo and Chubb,
pp. 12-14.

Investigation T e c h n i q u e s ,

28
q ues t i o n n a i r e box, w h e r e trail user's b e h a v i o r and r e ­
actions could be observed.

B o t h r e s p o n d e n t s and non-

respondents 1 r e a c t i o n s w e r e o b s e r v e d t h r o u g h o u t the day
starting early in the m o r n i n g until late in the afternoon.
Some of the f i n d i n g s of the o b s e r v a t i o n s m a d e are p r e ­
sented at the e n d o f this section.
Some i n t e r v i e w s w e r e also c o n d u c t e d of b o t h those
who co m p l e t e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s and those who simply i g n o r e d
them.

For those w h o c o m p l e t e d the q u e s t i o n n a i r e s ,

only

some m a j o r q u e s t i o n n a i r e items w e r e p i c k e d o u t and a s k e d
again to test the v a l i d i t y of the i n f o r m a t i o n p r e v i o u s l y
given on the q u e s t ionnaire.

In order to m a t c h this i n t e r ­

view i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h the q u e s t i o n n a i r e s a c t u a l l y s u b ­
mitted by the same respondents,

the c o m p l e t e d q u e s t i o n ­

naires, w h i c h h a d b een p r e v i o u s l y n u m b e r e d in s e q u e n c e
from 1 to 5 or 1 to 10

(depending on the f r e q u e n c y u s e of

the t r a i l ) , w e r e t a k e n o u t of the q u e s t i o n n a i r e b o x and
comparisons of the data were made.

Inconsistencies were

noted w h er e they occurred.
Since there w e r e only two r e g u l a r i n t e r v i e w e r s
and observers,

and since the interviews w e r e c o n d u c t e d

for bot h r e s p o n d e n t s and n o n - r e s p o n d e n t s , it w a s d e c i d e d
that emphasis s h o u l d be put on the latter.

The purpose

here was to be able to o b t a i n ad e q u a t e i n f o r m a t i o n on
non-respondents and c o m p a r e it later w i t h the r e s p o n d ­
ents' be h a v i o r a l and s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of

29
the saunae study trail to see if differences existed between
them.

In conducting interviews of non— r e s p o n d e n t s , it was

decided to use a systematic sample with a random start.
In selecting a sample of respondents for each survey
station, the researcher first determined which would be
the first user to be interviewed.

For example,

if fifty

people are expected to use the trail and five interviewees
(or a one-tenth sampling fraction)

are to be obtained,

the

first respondent was selected by moving a pencil over a
random number table^ without looking and letting the pencil
down without consciously selecting a location.

If the

pencil happened to point at a two-digit number say 04,
then the first sample would be the fourth qualified re­
spondent to pass by the box.

The second sample would be

the eighth person, and the third the t w e l f t h , e t c . , until
the desired total number of interviews was obtained.

If

the expected population size of trail users was not likely
to be realized due to less participation during the day
of observation,

then the table of random numbers was used

to obtain a higher frequency of sampling.
In all cases, however,

the frequently recommended

sampling fraction of one— tenth of the population was set

random number table consists of a number of
elements which occur in random sequence and frequency.

30
as the lower limit of interview frequency used in order to
1
be able to make valid statistical inference.
The following is a summary of the behavioral
patterns and reactions of both respon d e n t s and nonrespondents observed at the five locations selected:
1.

Some trail users w o uld pass by the box and
fill out a q u e stionnaire after using the trail
as intended.

2.

A few others would pull out a questi o n n a ire
upon entering the

trail,

read it briefly,

and then put it back in the box.
3.

Others w o uld stop

by the box, r e a d the in­

structions on the

outside and then proceed

along the trail wit h o u t taking out a
questionnaire.
4.

Some would stop by the box,

read the in­

structions, pull out a questionnaire,

pocket

it, and proceed along the trail.
5.

People leaving the trail would stop by the
box, pull out a questionnaire, and fill it
out.

6.

Others leaving the trail w o uld pass by the
box without filling out a questionnaire.

^Dean J. Champion, Basic Statistics for Social
Research (Scranton, P a . : Chandler Publishing Company,
1970), p. 14.

31
7.

Others would pull out a questionnaire, scan
it briefly and finally put it back inside.

8.

Teenage girls were generally more serious than
teenage boys in attempting to complete
questionnaires.
Location and Description of Study Areas

Location
The following are the study areas under each
respective administrative agency:
United States Forest Service, Huron—Manistee
National Forest
Caberfae Area
Gordon Creek Trail Camp
Lost Creek Sky Ranch
Michigan Department of Natural Resources,
Forestry Division
Four Mile Trail Camp
Goose Creek Trail Camp
Mud Lake Trail Camp
Scheck's Place Trail Camp
Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Parks
Division
Highland State Recreation Area
Ludington State Park
Pinckney State Recreation Area

32
Of the above ten locations,

the P i nckney State

Recreation Area and Highland State Recreation A r e a are
most accessible to large numbers of users because of the
large urban population centers nearby and the nat u r e of
the transportation systems involved.

The cities of A n n

Arbor, Jackson, Lansing—East Lansing,

Flint, Pontiac,

and

Detroit alone have a combined population of approximately
2,092,000

(Figure 3).1

In 1969, a total of 725,718 day-

use visits and 10,386 camping permits were r e c o r d e d at
these two recreation areas.

2

These areas were used at

full capacity as evidenced by the "Turn A w a y Data R e p o r t ”
(1969)

showing 2,208 day-users and 1,068 campers w h o were
3
turned away.
M u c h of this use originated in the u r ban
centers of southeastern Michigan.
Pinckney Recreation Area is located in the western
portions of Livingston and W a s h t e n a w counties.

It is

fifty miles from Detroit, using Interstate Highway 96 and
only twenty-five miles from the city of A n n Arbor.

^U.S., Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
Census of Population of Mi c h i g a n (preliminary r e p o r t s ) ,
1970.
2

Data obtained from the tabulated state p ark
attendance and camp p e r m i t s , Parks Division, M i c h i g a n
Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, Michigan, 1969.
Hereinafter referred to as Park A t t e n d a n c e .
3

From "Turn Away D ata Sheet," Parks Division,
Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing,
Michigan, 1969.

33

CA8ERFAE AREA

-

1

BOOSE CREEK
s TRAIL CAMP
^ i_- -+-S --r iT_ ~ F O FOUR
U R MILE
MILE
-t—
J
TRAIL CAMP
J^W i
t
^
_
CREi
^ LOST CREEK
SKY RANCH
^ T:!«-rg .c-Odi!!oc,.i V BOkoON CREEK
’RAIL CAMP

___
MUD LAKE
TR AIL CAMP-{
**™ ^
I
SCHECK'S PLACE -

i_
*

! ^

'

'uuUrnIctiwitm’

Muskegon
HIGHWAYS
O
•

MAJOR C IT IE S
SURVEY STATIONS

♦

NI

Detroit

'Kolamazog

HIGHLAND STATE
RECREATION AREA
PINCKNEY STATE
RECREATION AREA

Figure 3.— Map of Michigan Showing Study Areas,
Major Cities, and Highways

34
Highland State Recreation Area is approximately fifteen
miles west of Pontiac on State Highway M-59 and roughly
forty miles northwest of Detroit.

It is in Oakland County,

the most populous county in M i c h i g a n with m o r e than 900,000
people.^
Another location under the supervision of the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources which was
selected for the study was

Ludington State Park which

had a record attendance of 430,974 day—use visits and
11,005 camping permits in 1969.

2

It is situated approxi­

mately eight miles north of Ludington and strategically
located on a wooded sand dune area between Lake Michigan
and Hamlin Lake.

A l though it is quite a distance from the

major population centers of southeastern Michigan,

it is

one of the most popular state parks in the whole state.
Four locations were selected in Michigan state
forests, namely:

Mud Lake Trail Camp,

Trail Camp, Goose Creek Trail Camp,
Camp.

Scheck's Place

and Four Mile Trail

These trail campsites are under the administration

and management of the Forestry Division of the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources.

All are located along

the main section of the Michigan Riding and Hiking Trail
in the northern part of the Lower Peninsula

Bureau of the Census,

(Figure 4).

1970 C e n s u s .

2
Department of Natural Resources,

Park Attendance.

Existing
Proposed

iflGwctm

s«u*rou

w
Ul
^3

NMBWUE

UWOTT

Figure 4.— Section of Michigan's Northern Lower Peninsula Showing
the Michigan Riding and Hiking Trail

36
Both Mud Lake and Scheck's Place trail camps are in Grand
Traverse C o u n t y , the former on the western side and the
latter in the eastern portion.

Goose Creek and Four Mile

trail camps are in Crawford County with Goose Creek in the
northwestern section, whereas Four Mile Camp is east of
Interstate Highway 75 on Four Mile Road.
Two other locations along the Michigan Riding and
Hiking

Trail

were included.

They are the Lost Creek Sky

Ranch and Gordon Creek Trail Camp in the Huron—Manistee
National Forest of the United States Forest Service, based
at Cadillac, Michigan.

The former site is located in

Oscoda County and the latter in Iosco County.

The majority

of the trail users at both the state forest and national
forest locations mentioned above are horseback riders
although the trail system is designed for both riding and
hiking.

The tenth station designated as a study location

was at Caberfae in Wexford County.

It is also in the

Huron-Manistee National Forest and is used mostly for minior motor-biking.

It is not associated with the Michigan

Riding and Hiking Trail.
Practically all the locations listed above which
are on the Michigan Riding and Hiking Trail are accessible
from several directions.

If a horseback rider were to

engage in a shore-to— shore ride from Empire Camp to Gordon
Creek, it would take him at least sixty-eight hours or
two days and twenty hours to complete his 272-mile journey

37
based on average speed of four miles per hour.^

The

shore-bo— shore brail bogebher wibh bhe various associabed
brail camps are relabively easily accessible from regional
populabion cenbers especially pobenbial users in Traverse
Ciby

(populabion 17,687), Ludington

Manisbee

(populabion 8,889),

(populabion 7,762), Cadillac

(populabion 9,832),

and Alpena with a populabion of 13,661.

2

However,

bhe

roajoriby of bhe riders usually came from bhe densely popu—
labed areas furbher soubh as Muskegon,
Lansing, Kalamazoo,

Grand Rapids,

and Debroib where such exbensive brail

riding opporbunibies are nob available.
The following is a brief descripbion of bhe main
feabures of bhese ben locabions

(sbabions).

Descripbion of Sbabions in
bhe Nabional Forest
"Recreabion"

is one of bhe mulbiple uses of bhe

nabional foresb sysbem in bhe counbry.

Ib sbeadily gains

nabionwide recognibion and increased parbicipabion from
people of all walks of life.

There are approxiraabely one

million acres comprising bobh bhe Huron-Manisbee nabional
foresb sysbem in bhe sbabe of Michigan which boasbs of

^Michigan Trail Riders, I n c . , Michigan*s HikingRiding Trail (Traverse Ciby, Mich.:
Chamber of Commerce,
1969).
2
Bureau of bhe Census,

1970 Census.

38
an estimat e d 1,675,200 v i s i t o r days w i t h c a m p i n g alone
registering 442,400 v i s i t o r days s p e n t . 1
Caberfae A r e a .— C a b e r f a e is l o c a t e d w i t h i n a 58 0acre parcel of some 465,140 acres of M a n i s t e e N a t i o n a l
Forest lands in the v i c i n i t y of Cadillac,

Michigan.

It

is one of M i c h i g a n ' s m o s t p o p u l a r a n d h e a v i l y u s e d ski
resorts during the w i n t e r months.

D u r i n g the summer,

the

trail syst e m c r i s s c r o s s i n g the n a t i o n a l f o r e s t is u s u ally
used for hiking, motorbiking,

and h o r s e b a c k riding.

O t her

recreational o p p o r t u n i t i e s o f f e r e d in the a r e a are p i c n i c k ­
ing and camping.

The q u e s t i o n n a i r e b o x w a s i n s t a l l e d at

the end of the trail w h ere it i n t e r s e c t s a p e r p e n d i c u l a r
unimproved access r o a d l eading to the m a i n highway.

Two

signboards were i n s t a l l e d to i n f o r m trail users coming
from the access road or those s t a r t i n g f r o m the p r i vate
concessionnaire's e s t a b l i s h m e n t w h e r e m i n i b i k e s are rented
out by the h o u r .
Gordon C r e e k T r a i l C a m p .— L o c a t e d in the H u r o n
National F o r e s t this site is the last w o o d e d trail camp
for horseback riders c o m i n g f r o m w e s t e r l y direction.

It

is nine miles n o r t h w e s t of E a s t T a w a s on F o r e s t H i g h w a y 4.
It is fully d e v e l o p e d for horses,
and hikers.

as w e l l as for riders

It is the m o s t p o p u l a r trail c a m p w i t h i n

Tawas district for three reasons:

it is v e r y close to

^U.S. F o r e s t Service, M a n a n d His E n v i r o n m e n t :
Huron-Manistee N a t i o n a l F o r e s t s (Cadillac, M i c h . : u T s .
Department of Agriculture, 1969).

39
Tawas and East Tawas,

it has a self-guided interpretative

trail, and it is close to the Lumberman's Monument which
is quite an attraction for both local and state resi­
dents.

The questionnaire box was installed at trailhead

where riders usually dismount coming from the Tawas area.
It was hidden from non-rider campers or picnickers who
might be using the campsite.
Lost Creek Sky R a n c h .— This is actually a
privately-operated concession within the Huron National
Forest.

The owner of the ranch has horses that are rented

out to riders.

He operates a lodging place and eating

establishment specifically for trail users.

The trail

system which the concessioner helped develop is now part
of the Michigan Riding and Hiking Trail.

He has a com­

plete outfitting service for horseback riders and extends
guide service upon request.

He advertises his establish­

ment and the services he offers both locally and state­
wide.

The questionnaire box was installed by him near

his ranch at the trailhead to insure that only those who
actually used the trail would fill out the questionnaire.
Description of Stations in
the State Forest
Generally, the Michigan state forest system,

like

other public state forests in the country, is managed on
a sustained yield and "multiple use" basis covering over
3,760,000 acres

(largely concentrated on the Upper

40
Peninsula and northern por t i o n of the Lower P e n i n s u l a ) .
The Michigan state forest system is m a n a g e d for t i m b e r ,
water, wildlife,

forage,

and out d o o r recreation.

The

upsurge of out d o o r r e c r eation p a r t i c i p a t i o n has spurred
the establishment and d e v e l o p m e n t of m ore campground areas
strategically located in p r o ximity to population centers.
Some recreational o p p o rtunities are found on the
state forests although the facilities p r ovided may not
be as sophisticated as those found in the state park
system.

For instance, p r a c t i c a l l y all state park camp­

grounds and picnic areas are equipped with flush toilet
system and running water in contrast w ith the pit toilet
and well or pump as a source of w a ter found on state
forest c a m p g r o u n d s .

El e c t r i c a l outlets are provided in

most state park areas w h i c h are not found on state forest
recreational areas.

However,

due to congestion of campers

and day-users in most state parks,

they are likely to

choose state forest campgrounds as an alternative.

There

has been a sharp increase of state forest campground users
and day users in the last five years.
Goose C r e e k and Four Mile Trail C a m p s .— These two
trail camps are located w i t h i n the 152,111—acre A u Sable
State Forest in C r a w f o r d County.

They are, respectively,

approximately four miles n o r theast of Grayling of North
Down River Road and one and one-half miles south of Au
Sable River.

They are a p p r o x i m a t e l y twenty miles apart.

41
Each is e q u i p p e d w i t h the same basic f a c i l i t i e s s p e c i f i ­
cally d e s i g n e d for h o r s e b a c k riders u s i n g the M i c h i g a n
Riding and Hik i n g Trail.
ing areas,

p i c n i c tables,

parking lot,

a well,

T h e s e facilities i n c l u d e c a m p ­
h i t c h i n g p o s t s for horses,

and toilet.

Generally,

a

t h ese trail

camps are located a d j a c e n t or near s h a l l o w r i v e r s or
streams w h e r e r i d i n g horses can be w a t e r e d a t s p e c i f i c a l l y
designated areas.

Some trail camps are p u r p o s e l y d e s i g n e d

for o v e r ni g h t c a m p e r s and long d istance h o r s e b a c k riders.
Facilities are limited and not as e x t e n s i v e as those f o u n d
in a typical state forest c a m p g r o u n d w h ere c a m p e r s stay
for extended periods.

The d istance b e t w e e n these trail

camps varies from a m i n i m u m of three m i l e s to a m a x i m u m
of fifty-five miles.
A q u e s t i o n n a i r e b o x and a sign w e r e i n s t a l l e d at
each of the above stations right in the o p e n f i eld a d j a c e n t
to the water p u m p a n d b u l l e t i n board.

The box w a s v i s i b l e

even at a c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s t a n c e for h o r s e b a c k r i d e rs c o m ­
ing from o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s of the trail.
Mu d L ake a n d S c h e c k 1s P l a c e Trail C a m p s .— W i t h i n
the 103,570-acre F ife L a k e State Forest in G r a n d T r a v e r s e
and Wexford c o u n t i e s are M u d Lake a n d Sch e c k * s P l a c e trail
camps.

M u d Lake is one m i l e n o r t h of I n t e r l o c k e n on M — 137

and one and o n e — h a l f m i l e s w e s t on U S — 131.

S c h e c k *s P l a c e

is approximately two m i l e s n o r t h of M a y f i e l d o n G a r f i e l d
and three m i l e s e a s t on Hobbs Road.

F a c i l i t i e s f o und at

42
these two locations are similar to those at Goose Creek
and Four Mile trail camps.

A t all four of these trail

camps there are also separate regular camping facilities
such as picnic tables*
toilet* etc.

hitching posts for horses* a well,

However* Mud Lake is m ore attractive to

campers and riders than Scheck's Place because of the
presence of the lake in the former which offers other
recreational opportunities such as fishing and canoeing.
These camps are only twenty— five miles or approximately
six hours riding time from each other.
Since Mud Lake is a wooded area,
questionnaire box were installed there.

two signs and a
The box was in­

stalled adjacent to the camp fire and the water pump.
signs were

erected approximately thirty to

the box on

opposite direction

users of the study.

In contrast*

of

The

fifty feet from

the trail informing trail

Scheck's Place being an

open area*

the box was placed

in

the open along the trail

leading to

the watering place for horses.

Only one sign

was installed about five feet in front of the box which
was clearly visible for all trail users even at a con­
siderable distance.
Description of Stations
in State Paries
Unlike the state and national forest areas in­
volved* where recreation is only one of the five main
uses under the guiding policy of multiple use*

the

43
M i c higan state p a rks and r e c r e a t i o n a r e a s are p r i m a r i l y
for p r e s e r v a t i o n a n d recreation.

S o m e of the state p a r k

systems f u n c t i o n s , w h i c h are t y p i c a l of m a n y o t h e r

state

park s y s t e m s , are the following:
1.

P r e s e r v i n g and m a k i n g a v a i l a b l e for p u b l i c
e n j o y m e n t areas and f e a t u r e s o f n a t u r a l b e a u t y
h a v i n g statewide significance.

2.

P r e s e r v i n g and m a k i n g a v a i l a b l e for p u bl i c
e n j o y m e n t areas and f e a t u r e s h a v i n g h i s t o r i c
a s s o c i a t i o n of s t a t e w i d e interest.

3.

S e t t i n g a s i d e and m a k i n g a v a i l a b l e to the
p u b l i c areas for o u t d o o r r e c r e a t i o n w h i c h are
p r o p e r l y located and d i s t r i b u t e d to serve the
state as a whole.

4.

Providing appropriate facilities and con­
v e n i e n c e s in the v a r i o u s units a c c o r d i n g to
the p u b l i c needs,

and operating, m a i n t a i n i n g ,

and p r o t e c t i n g the e n t i r e s y s t e m for m a x i m u m
p u b l i c be n e f i t . ^
L u d i n g t o n S t ate P a r k .— T h i s is o n e of the m o s t
popular state p a r k s in Michigan.

Its e x c e l l e n t s h o r e l i n e

areas on Lake M i c h i g a n and H a m l i n L a k e and the 3,711 acres
of sand dunes largely c o v e r e d w i t h c o n i f e r o u s a n d h a r d w o o d

M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of C o n s e r v a t i o n , S t a t e P a r k s
of Michigan:
A R e p o r t of the Past, a L o o k to the F u t u r e
(Lansing:
M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of C o n s e r v a t i o n , 1957),
p. 31.

44
forest are the m a i n p h y s i c a l a t t r i b u t e s

that attract thou­

sands of u s e r s

to this a r e a e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g the s u mmer

months.

lar g e c a m p g r o u n d s w i t h a t o t a l of 414

Three

sites,

and a m p l e p i c n i c a r e a s a n d s w i m m i n g b e a c h e s o n b o t h lakes
are the p r i n c i p a l r e c r e a t i o n a l
attractive

facilities.

Another

f e a t u r e is an o u t s t a n d i n g t w e n t y — f i v e —m i l e

trail s y s t e m w h i c h is s u i t a b l e for b o t h s h o r t a n d c o m ­
paratively

long d i s t a n c e hiking.

system serves many

T h i s w e l l - m a r k e d trail

interesting and scenic points

in the

park p a s s i n g t h r o u g h w o o d e d d u n e a r eas o v e r m u c h of its
length.
S i n c e s o m e o f its t r a i l s c o n n e c t at s o m e p o i n t s
and p a r k v i s i t o r s e n t e r the t r a i l in v a r i o u s

t r a i l heads,

only the m o s t u s e d t r a i l s y s t e m w a s c h o s e n a n d the q u e s t i o n ­
naire b o x w a s

i n s t a l l e d at its exit.

H i g h l a n d S t a t e R e c r e a t i o n A r e a .— A p p r o x i m a t e l y
forty m i l e s n o r t h w e s t o f D e t r o i t is the 5,406 H i g h l a n d
State R e c r e a t i o n Area.
marshes,

lakes,

T h i s p a r k c o n s i s t s of fields,

s t reams,

and w o o d l a n d of v a r i o u s species.

It is p a r t i c u l a r l y s u i t a b l e for g r o u p s

studying conser­

vation e d u c a t i o n a n d a c e n t e r is o p e r a t e d for this p u r p o s e
by the DNR.
study.

T r a i l s are a v a i l a b l e for h i k i n g a n d n a t u r e

A bridle trail system also traverses

area for h o r s e b a c k — r i d i n g e n t h u s i a s t s .

the w o o d e d

A m o n g the m a j o r

r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s p u r s u e d by p e o p l e a r e camping,
picnicking,

swimming,

fishing,

h o r s e b a c k riding,

a nd

45
hiking.

Autumn color tours, esthetic enjoyment at other

times of the year,
also undertaken.

limited hunting, and dog training are
The area's proximity to large centers

of population is of great value especially to day—users.
The questionnaire box was installed near the private
concessionaire's house where the horseback riders usually
come out after using the trail system within the state
recreation area.

Although the study area was under oper­

ation through a concessioner,

the recreation agency took

care of the administration of the questionnaires.
Pinckney State Recreation A r e a .— This area is
located fifty miles from Detroit via X— 96.

It consists

of 9,343 acres characterized by m any irregular hills,
lakes of varying sizes, and numerous clear streams.

The

major activities participated in by users are sightseeing,
skiing,

fishing, boating, and canoeing besides the usual

camping and picnicking.
its outstanding features.
available.

A hiking trail system is one of
Both short and long trails are

They are constructed purposely to pass through

various types of vegetation and varied topographical
features to give a panoramic view of the surrounding
countryside.
Inasmuch as the trailhead in this area was fre­
quently used as both entrance and exit by various types
of park visitors,

the questionnaire box and sign were

installed facing up the trail so that users leaving the

46
trail w o u l d be m o r e likely to p a r t i c i p a t e in the study
than those b e g i n n i n g to use the trail.
Coding and P r o c e s s i n g of
Completed Q u e s t i o n n a i r e s
T h e r e w e r e a c t u a l l y ten sit e s or study areas
included in the survey.

However,

two s t a t i o n n u m b ers w e r e

assigned to H i g h l a n d State R e c r e a t i o n a l Area:
senting h i k i n g

one repre­

(station 5) and the o t h e r h o r s e b a c k riding

(station 6).
The sta t i o n s w e r e a r r a n g e d in a l p h a b e t i c a l order
and a s s ign e d c o n s e c u t i v e numbers as s h own in T a b l e 1.
Each c o m p l e t e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e r e c e i v e d f r o m the field was
marked w i t h the a p p r o p r i a t e number for q u i c k i d e n t i f i ­
cation and r e t r i e v a l purposes.

O n l y fully c o m p l e t e d

questionnaires a n d a few w h i c h w e r e at least o n e - h a l f to
three-fourths c o m p l e t e d i n c l u d i n g the key q u e s t i o n s w e r e
coded and processed.

Tho s e c o n t a i n i n g i n a p p r o p r i a t e

responses w e r e e l i m i n a t e d e v e n if some of the i n f o r m a t i o n
given a p p e a r e d to be sensible.

Q u e s t i o n n a i r e s f i l led out

by respondents less than e l e v e n y e a r s old w e r e also re ­
jected.

T h e r e w e r e a c t u a l l y 694 u s a b l e c o m p l e t e d

questionnaires i n c l u d e d in the study w h i c h c o uld be
considered v a l i d and reliable.
B e f o r e the coding of the u s a b l e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s
could be started,

a code b o o k h a d to be prepared.

the case of the o p e n - e n d e d questions,

In

the c o d i n g was

TABLE 1

LOCATION AND STATION NUMBER OF STUDY AREAS SHOWING USABLE AND
NON-USABLE RESPONSES OBTAINED
Box
S tatio n
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
T o tal

Location o f
Study Areas
Caberfae
Four M ile
Goose Creek
Gordon Creek
Highland
(h ik in g )*
Highland
(h -rid in g )
Lost Creek
Ludington*
Mud Lake*
Pinckney*
Scheck1s Place*

T o tal
Responses
Turned In

Number o f
Usable
Responses

Number o f
Non-Usable
Responese

Percent
(%)

Usable

19
12
42
22

13
9
34
14

6
3
8
8

68
75
81
64

62

27

35

44

84
29
519
65
170
34

46
27
338
55
102
29

38
2
181
10
68
5

55
97
65
85
60
86

1068

694

374

♦Personal in te rvie w s were conducted a t th is study area. The purpose was to
cross-check r e l i a b i l i t y o f some responses obtained through se lf-a d m in iste re d question­
naires and also to o b ta in some in d ic a tio n s on nonrespondents1 behavioral and socio­
economic c h a ra c te ris tic s .

48
based on the actual responses obtained.

Inasmuch as some

of the answers g i ven in the open-ended questions were
identical,

they were consolidated to a few categories.

Those few responses w h i c h could not be included in any of
the categories outlined for coding purposes were classi­
fied under " o t h e r ” designation.

Those that were com­

pletely out of categorical context were classified as
"inappropriate."

W i t h the aid of the code book,

the

researcher and undergraduate research aides transferred
the information from the questionnaires to mark-sense
optical scan sheets.

These sheets w e r e prepared with

numbered spaces for each item on the questionnaire.^
Check coding was conducted on every tenth coded sheet to
insure the accuracy of all codings and to check for double
coded lines w h i c h w o u l d automatically be rejected by the
mark sense reading machine.

After check coding,

the

coded sheets w e r e run through an automatic m a r k sense
reading m a c h i n e w h i c h p u n c h e d the necessary data p r o c e s s ­
ing cards.

These cards were then submitted to the

Michigan State University Computer Laboratory for the
preparation of c ontingency tables.
All the information obt a i n e d from the respondents
and the coding u sed for d i f ferent categories are shown
with corresponding frequencies and percentages in
Appendix A.
^See A p p e n d i x C for samples of optical scan sheets
used in coding in this study.

49
Potential users' place of residence, feasibility
of administration and supervision of the stations were
also largely taken into consideration in their selection
and establishment.
As was mentioned earlier, observations and inter­
views were conducted for both respondents and nonrespond­
ents to ascertain the validity and reliability of the data
obtained.

Such interviews were conducted

and 8, and August 10, 21, 22, 23,

on September 7

24, and 25.

Some of the

observations made were included in the conclusion portion.
Interviews of respondents showed consistencies of infor­
mation given when compared with their completed answers.
Hence, data obtained may be assumed to be valid and re­
liable.

Random interviews of nonrespondents were also

subsequently made and found to exhibit the same patterns
of responses as those given by the respondents.

Again, it

can be assumed that data obtained from the respondents
were reasonably representative to the total samples re­
ceived from the survey stations established.

However,

in some areas where the use of the trail was limited to
one type such as hiking in the case of Ludington and
Pinckney, method of travel was not used as a variable
to compare with the other characteristics of trail users
to preclude biased comparison or interpretation inasmuch
as the other survey stations were

exposed to various

types of uses.

aspects of the data.

However, in other

50
trail users m a y be compared and contrasted using identi­
cal variables.
In the absence of any other data on trail use
patterns and user characteristics in Michigan,

it is be­

lieved that the data obtained will have useful applications
in indicating the types of trail use and users.

Findings

in this study cannot be considered necessarily r e p r esenta­
tive for the whole state in v i e w of the limited number of
survey stations establ i s h e d and the number of responses
obtained.

Six h u n d r e d and ninety— four usable q u e s t ion­

naires were a c quired in this study.

Data from all stations

were included in the overall analysis.

However,

the

number of responses at certain stations was insufficient
to permit statistical tests for all variables between or
within individual stations.

C H A P T E R III
G E N E R A L PROFILE OF T R A I L U S ERS

In this chapter,

the data a nalysis and i n t e r p r e ­

tation wil l be b a s e d solely on frequency c o u n t s a n d p e r ­
centages p r o d u c e d in the initial c o m p u t e r t a b u l a t i o n s .
Statistical ana l y s i s co n c e r n i n g the r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n
specific var i a b l e s w i l l be covered in the n e x t chapter.
M e t h o d of Travel
At the e l e v e n stations w h e r e the study was c o n ­
ducted,

trail users w e r e asked to i n dicate their m e t h o d of

travel.

Based o n the total re s p o n s e s received,

that traveling on foot still predominates.

it appears

A total of 47 5

respondents or 70.4 per cent of the total w e r e h i k e r s w h i l e
148 users

(21.9 p e r cent)

Category I) .

were horseback riders

(Appendix A,

M o t o r c y c l i n g or m i n i — b i k i n g was t h i r d in im­

portance w i t h 30

(4.4 per cent)

respondents.

Bicycling

was the least u s e d m e t h o d of travel w i t h o n l y 7 (1.0 pe r
cent) of the r espondents involved.

51

52
Age and Sex

\

Respondents were asked their

age and sex.

The

responses show that trail users are predominantly from
the younger age groups.

Respondents in the 11— to 15-

year-old groups were most numerous with 142
cent)

(21.8 per

followed closely by the 16— 20 age group with 134

(20.6 per cent)
ents with 110

responses and the 31-40—year-old respond­

(16.9 per c e n t ) .

The 41-50 age group with

93 (14.3 per cent) responding was also well represented.
The age groups with the least representation were the 51—
60-year-old group with 38

(5.8 per cent)

the above 60-year—old group with 16
pants (Appendix A, Category X I ) .

4 08

(2.5 per cent) partici­

The distribution

by age and sex is shown in Figure 5.
of respondents,

responding and

Of the total number

(64.5 per cent) were males.

breakdown of trail users'

of users

This

ages is similar to the result

obtained in a study in V ermont.1

It also shows that few

people over 50 years of age use trails for hiking.
Camping Participation
To ascertain the proportion of those camping in
connection with the use of the trail this question was
asked, "Did you camp last night?"

A total of 382

(56.2

per cent) said they camped while the others did not
(Appendix A, Category I I I ) .

When asked whether they

1Sargent, Hiking on Camels H u m p , p. 4.

t

Number of Respondents

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

M[

450
408 (64.5%)

Sex
] 225 (35.5%)

F[

R e s p o n d e n t s ' A g e , Years

60+

[""

| 16 (2.5%)
] 38 (5.8%)

51-60 [

] 93 (14.3%)

41-50 [

1 110 (16.9%)

31-40 [
26-30 [

] 56 (8.6%)

J

21-25

63 (9.7%)
134 (20.6%)

16-20
11-15

Age

142 (21.8%)
20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Number o f Respondents
Figure 5 .—D is trib u tio n o f Respondents by Sex and Age

54
would cam p in the s u c c e e d i n g night,
said they would.

376

(55.5 per cent)

S o m e camp e d o n l y o v e r n i g h t w h i l e others

camped for as long as a w e e k or more.

M o s t hikers s t ayed

in the same c a m p s i t e d u r i n g t h e i r r e c r e a t i o n a l experience.
Riders g e n e r a l l y m o v e d from one c a m p s i t e to another.
Camping at a s u c c e s s i o n of d i f f e r e n t sites a l o n g the
trail was usual for those u s i n g the M i c h i g a n R i d i n g and
Hiking Trail.

C a m p i n g along trails is g e n e r a l l y not

possible in M i c h i g a n state p a r k s in that cam p e r s are
required to use d e v e l o p e d c a m p g r o u n d s and the l ocation
of these does not f a c i l i t a t e such usage.
C h o i c e of Trail
Tr ail u s e r s h a v e a v a r i e t y of r e a s o n s for s e l e c t ­
ing a p a r t i c u l a r trail.
trail,

W h e n a s k e d why they chose the

the m a j o r i t y said it w a s

with 129 r e s p o n d e n t s
principal reason.

" i n t e r e s t i n g and scenic"

(20.6 p e r cent)

g i v i n g this as the

"Love for h i k i n g and/or riding" was

the second m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e a s o n given w i t h 63
per cent)

r e s p o n d i n g in this category.

given were "like it b e t t e r than others,"
curiosity,"

"by accident,"

"close to home,"

"nature o b s e r v a t i o n , "

"for fun or

"have b e e n on it before,"

etc.

A few gave

"no choice,"

"well-marked,"

a n d "read a b o u t it in brochures"

as their r e a s o n s for s e l e c t i n g the trail
Category VII,

o t h e r reasons

"friend*s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , "

"satisfactory length,"

(10.1

F i g u r e 6).

The question,

(Appendix A,
"How d i d you learn

55

20

Number of Respondents
60
80
100

40

A |

140
1129
(2 0 .6 %)

B I

[ 63

c I ......

46

(7.3%)

D |___

45

(7.2%)

E |

43

(6.9%)

«

(6.7%)

F

1

G

I 39
1

31

(5.0%)

KEY

1 1

1

30

(4.8%)

J 1

1

30

(4.8%)

28

(4.5%)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.

K

1
1 14

(2. 2%)

M (—

| 9 (1.4%)

N □

8 (1.3%)

o □

7 (1.1%)

P □

5 (.8%)

(10.1%)

(6.2%)

H L

* L_

120

Q l_______________________ |57

Interesting, Scenic
Love Hiking and/or Riding
Like it Better Than Others
For Fun or Curiosity
By Accident
Satisfactory Length
Have Been on it Before
No Choice
F r i e n d s ' Recommendation
Close to Home
Water-oriented
Nature Observation
Michigan Trail Riders Assoc.
Well-marked
Through 4-H Trail Ride
Brochure, Leaflet, Map
Other

(9.1%)

Figure 6.— Reasons Given for Choosing Specific Trail

56
about this trail?" was also asked.
(20.1 per cent)

The maj o r i t y or 129

stated that "mention on a map, brochure,

or trail guide" had been the stimulus.

The next m o s t

important methods were learning about the trail "through
friends” (100 or 15.6 per cent),

"having been on it before"

(78 or 12.1 per c e n t ) , "coming on it by accident"
12.0 per cent), or "seeing signs"

(77 or

(62 or 9.6 per cent).

A few of the trail users learned about the trail through
clubs or associations such as the M i c h i g a n Trail Riders
Association,'*' a conservation club,

the Automobile Club of

Michigan, or even through their church.
tisement, w o r d of m o u t h

Private adver­

(other than friends)

and parents

also played a role in public i z i n g the location and inter­
esting features of some trails

(Appendix A, Category

VIII; Figure 7).
Recreational A c t i v i t i e s A l o n g the Trail
Many of the people using trails do not just hike
or ride.

M o s t of them engage in a v ariety of other recre­

ational activities along the trail.
recreational activities

(if any)

W h e n asked,

"What

did you undertake along

this trail?", various activities w e r e given.

Of these

It is a non-profit as s o c i a t i o n organized for the
"purpose of p r o moting the use and d evelopment of horseback
trails throughout Mic h i g a n and encour a g i n g outdoor edu­
cation in Michigan's natural resources."
As of August,
1969, it had a me m b e r s h i p of a p p r oximately 4 00 families.

57
N u m b e r of R e s p o n d e n t s
40
60
80
100

20
A |

"

120

'

1129
(2 0 .1 %)

—
B

I

C

I

D

I ....

E

1

F

1

G

I

H

I

IlOO

I 62
I 34
I 27

I--------- 1 22

(3.4%)

J

I_____ __I

(3.0%)

K

I

(2.2%)

i---- 1
/i *t«.\
*
111 (1.7%)
I

10

N--- I--1 9

O

□

P

Q

Q

I

(1.6%)
(1

(12.1%)

I 77

(12.0%)

(9.6%)

(4.2%)

(3.4%)

MI

I 78

(15.6%)

(5.3%)

I 22

I 14

140

4 %)

'

5 (.8%)

KE-Y
A.

Map, Brochure, T r a i l Guide
T h r o u g h Fri e n d s
C.
Have B e e n on it Before
d .
By A c c i d e n t or Cha n c e
E.
Signs
F - M i c h i g a n Trail Riders Assoc.
G.
T h r o u g h Parents, Relatives
H‘
of M o u t h
I. Club, O r g a nization, Assoc.
J . C o n s e r v a t i o n C lub
K - O f f i c e or Headqu a r t e rs
L . C l o s e to Home
M - Newspaper
N . Private Advertisement
O.
H e a r d A b o u t It
P.
Tri p l e A A A - A u t o m o b i l e Club
Q . Other

3 (.5%)
I 21

(3.3%)

Figure 7 . — M e d i a by W h i c h Users L e a r n e d of Trail

58
(not considering hiking and horseback riding),^- the
following are the patterns of participation
from greatest to lowest):
swimming

birdwatching

(15.8 per cent), photography

(arranged

(25.2 per cent),

(9.2 per cent),

sightseeing

(8.5 per cent), and camping/picnicking

(7.9

per cent).

Some other minor activities engaged in along

trail accounted for 33.4 per cent of those responding.
Group Composition
When the respondents were asked as to their group
composition, various categories were mentioned.
of 163

(26.1 per cent)

A total

trail-using parties were composed

of "one family including children."

The second most

frequently reported type of group was "a group of friends"
with 136 responses
couple" with 109
with 72

(21.8 per cent)

followed by "one

(17.4 per cent), and "organized group"

(11.5 per cent).

Only a few users

(7.6 per cent)

prefer to hike or ride alone and "two families"
cent) seldom hike together.

(6.9 per

Other types of groups such

as "father-son," "mother— s on," "mother-daughter,"
of boy friends,"

"group

"group of girl friends," etc. accounted

for 8.8 per cent of trail use

(Appendix A, Category X;

Figure 8).

Hiking and/or riding were not considered as
activities in computing the corresponding percentage
indicated.

f
Number of Respondents
20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180
ll63 (26.1%)

one family and children
1136 (21.8%)
group of friends
1109 (17.4%)
one couple
I72 (11.5%)
organized group
|47 (7.5%)
one person alone
1 43 (6.9%)
two families
I 55 (8.8%)
other

Figure 8.— Type of Group Using Trail

£

60
Time of Use
Question 9 provided information concerning the
time during the summer months when trail use takes place.
It reveals that the month of August was the time when the
majority of hikers and horseback riders were using the
trails with some 315
for the month.

(50.2 per cent) responses received

September was the second busiest month

with 130 (20.7 per cent)

starting a trip at that time.

July was chosen by only 96 (15.3 per cent)

trail users.

Trail use was practically negligible for the months of
May and June with only 8 (1.3 per cent)
their trips then.

users starting

These early vacationers may be repre­

sented by retired people or working people without children
in school

(see Figure 9).

Question 9 also indicated that there was no signifi­
cant pattern in the distribution of the beginning of trail
trips within a given month.

However,

the time of day when

recreationists usually begin their trip, ranges from 8:00
A.M. to 6:00 P.M. with the greatest number 149

(27.1 per

cent) beginning between 10:00 A.M. and 12:00 noon.

Less

traveling is done early in the morning and late in the
evening (Appendix A, Category X I ) .

The survey also reveals

that trail hikers are on the trail between one and four
hours depending on the length of the trail being used and
the endurance of the hikers.

Most of the hikers spend at

least the whole day for the experience, whereas many of
the horseback riders spent a number of days on the trail.

(Number of Respondents)

300

200

Month

(Number of Respondents)

100

100

200

300

April

3 (.47%) |May

5 (.8%)

96 (15.1%) | ~

315 (50.2%)£

| June

| 2 (.36%)

| Ju ly

^81

] August

(14.8%)

£

] 270 (49.2%)
o

130 (20.7%)[

] September

54 (8.6%) [------1 October

] 123 (22,4%)

|----- 1 52 (9.5%)

November

Q 17 (3.1%)

December

|| 2 (.36%)

24 (3.8%)Q Other

| 2 (.36%)

Figure 9 .—Histogram Showing Beginning and Completion o f T rip

62
M e t h o d of Trail T r a v e l in
P a s t T w e l v e MontFTs
In o r der to d e t e r m i n e the v a r i o u s m e t h o d s of trail
travel used by the r e s p o n d e n t s d u r i n g the p a s t twelve
months#

trail users w e r e asked to i ndicate the a p p r o x i m a t e

number of times they h a d used seven m e t h o d s o v e r t hat
period.

A total of 43

(26.5 per cent)

said they e n g a g e d

in horseback r i d i n g a t least one or two times#
per cent)

47

(29.0

had p a r t i c i p a t e d three to six times and 21.0

per cent h a d p a r t i c i p a t e d seven to t w e n t y — e i g h t times.
However#

a further 18.5 p e r cent i n d i c a t e d t hat they h ad

traveled by h o r s e b a c k o n a trail d u r i n g the p r e v i o u s
twelve m o n t h s b u t d i d not i ndicate the n u m b e r of times
(Appendix A, C a t e g o r y X I I I ) .
M o t o r b i k e riding and b i c y c l i n g w e r e a l s o s i g n i f i ­
cant activities o n trails.

Some 20

(29.9 p e r cent)

indi­

cated that they u s e d m o t o r b i k i n g one to two times in the
past twelve m o n t h s w i t h 11
three to four times.

(16.4 p e r cent)

However,

18

u s i n g same

(36.5 p e r cent)

stated

that they used tra i l s five to ten times a y e a r for the
same purpose.

B i c y c l i n g w a s u s e d by 24

having used it three to ten times.
method more than ten times w i t h 18
indicating the n u m b e r of times.
tioned by 21
two times.

(51.2 per cent)

(31.2 per cent)

The r e s t u s e d the same
(23.4 per cent)

not

Snowmobiling was m e n ­

r e s p o n d e n t s u s i n g it o ne to

T r ail skiing and s n o w s h o e i n g w e r e r e p o r t e d by

a total of 27 r e s p o n d e n t s

(see F i g u r e 10).

Percent

40

20

119/28%

| 60/14%

1-2 Times

C

43/27%

|

24/31%

5/38%

5/35%
Note:

| 59/ 13%

3-4 Times

5-6 Times

22/14%

25/15%

11/16%

20/30%

I

9/13%

9/11% | 7/9% |

1/8%

1/7%

80

60

2/15%

H iking

Horseback Riding

|

M otorbiking

B ic y c lin g

Snowshoeing

T r a ils k iin g

F ir s t three sections o f bar represent 1-2 tim es, 3-4 tim es, and 5-6
tim es, method o f tra v e l frequency, re s p e c tiv e ly . Numbers w ith in each
bar represent number o f p a rtic ip a n ts and corresponding percentage o f
p a r tic ip a tio n .
Figure 10.—Method o f Travel fo r the Past Twelve Months

100

64
As s o c i a t e d Activities in Past
Twelve Months
In addition to methods of travel,

trail users were

also asked about the types of activities they have engaged
in for the past twelve months w h ich were associated with
their trail use.
(41.4 per cent)

Besides hiking and horseback riding,

48

trail users reported that they engaged in

fishing at least one or two times, whereas 29

(25 per cent)

did some form of fishing at least three to six times.
Although 19

(16.4 per cent)

in fishing,

they did not men t i o n the number of times they

did it.

Nature study,

stated that they participated

camping,

and sightseeing were the

next most important activities engaged in by recreation­
ists in connection with their use of trails.
respondents

(26.5 per cent)

engaged in nature study at

least one or two times while 78
six times.

Another 67

Some 7 4

(27.9)

(24 per cent)

at least three to

participated in the

same activity but failed to mention the frequency.
ing was mentioned by 77

(35.2 per cent)

engaged in it one to two times and 61

Camp­

respondents who

(27.8 per cent)

ranging from three to six times a year.

A total of 49

(22.4 per cent)

participants did camp but did not say

how many times.

In connection with sightseeing as an

activity associated w i t h the use of trail,

77

(35.2

per cent) participated at least once or twice and 54
(19.9 per cent)

at least three to six times.

Some 84

65
also e n g a g e d in s i g h t s e e i n g but the f r e q u e n c y w a s n ot
indicated.
B i r d w a t c h i n g was also m e n t i o n e d by 27
cent)

users.

(21.1 per

T h e y p a r t i c i p a t e d in this a c t i v i t y at least

one or two times.

The m a j o r i t y r e p r e s e n t i n g 36.7 per cent

did p a r t i c i p a t e b u t failed to i n dicate h o w m a n y times.
most of the q u e s t i o n n a i r e s examined,
ties of nature study,

sightseeing,

In

the c o m b i n e d a c t i v i ­

birdwatching,

and c a m p ­

ing were u sually e n g a g e d in by the trail users.
The study also r e v e a l e d that h u n t i n g and rock
hunting were the ac t i v i t i e s e n g a g e d in least by trail
users

(see Figure 11).
N u m b e r of T i m e s T r a i l Used in
Past T w e l v e M o n t h s
To d e t e r m i n e trail use f r e q u e n c y w i t h i n a t w e l v e ­

month period by the same individual,

the question,

"How

many times have y o u u s e d this trail in the p a s t twelve
months?" was asked.

The r e s p o n s e s s h o w that 321

(55.6 per

cent) of the r e c r e a t i o n i s t s u sed it at least one or two
other times.

A total of 94

least three or four times,

(16.3 per cent)
and 67

u s e d it at

(11.6 p e r cent)

they had been on it five to six times.

said

T h e r e s t u s e d the

same trail m ore than six times w i t h 9 (1.6 p e r cent)
ing used it m ore than thirty— f o u r times.
of the information obtained,

hav­

Upon examination

it a p p e a r s that the great

Percent

0

20

40

80

48/41%

19/16%

1-2 Times

3-4 Times

10/9%
5-6 Times

14/42%

41/10%

6/19%

74/27%

42/15%

77/35%

67/25%

27/21%

36/13%

33/15%

30/11%

24/9%

8/6% 11/9%

31/38%
Note:

60

100

Fishing

Hunting

Nature Walks

28/13%

Camping

Sightseeing

Birdwatching

11/13%

10/12%

Rock Hunting

F ir s t three sections o f bar represent 1-2 tim es, 3-4 tim es, and 5-6
tim es, method o f tra v e l frequency, re s p e c tiv e ly . Numbers w ith in each
bar represent number o f p a rtic ip a n ts and corresponding percentage o f
p a r tic ip a tio n .
Figure 1 1.—Associated A c t iv itie s Undertaken fo r the Past Twelve Months

67
majority used the same trail only once or twice w i t h i n
a period of one year.
Socio-Economic Characteristics
°f the F a m i l y 1
According to the responses obtained,

the m a j o r i t y

of the heads of the families of the trail users were in
the 41- to 50-year-old bracket with 222
reporting.

(35.4 per cent)

This was followed by those w i t h i n the 36 to

40 years of age group accounting for 114
It was also interesting to note that 17

(18.2 per c e n t ) .
(2.7 per cent)

reported a head of the family b e low 20 years of age.
There were 24
years old.

(3.0 per cent)

heads of families over 60

The 51-60 age group was r epresented by 9 0

(14.3 per cent)

respondents while the 21- to 35-year-old

heads of families had 160

(25.5 per cent)

in it.

Most trail user family heads were professionals
with 221 respondents

(34.5 per cent)

in that occupational category.

indicating they were

This was closely followed

by skilled workers with 139 responses

(22.7 per cent).

The other occupations given included clerical and sales
(49 or 8.0 per cent),
semi-skilled

self-employed

(40 or 6.5 per cent),

(48 or 7.9 per cent) ,
service worker

4.9 per cent), unemployed and student

(30 or

(30 or 4.9 per cent) .

1In this portion of the q u e s tionnaire it m a y or
may not be possible that the respondents are the heads
of families.
No attempt was made to isolate the r e s p o n d ­
ents who were not the heads of families.

68
Farm opera t o r ,

housewife,

cations a c c o u n t e d

retired,

and other c l as s i f i ­

for the r e s t o f the r e s p o n s e s

(see

Figure 12) .
As

far as e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t w a s c o n c e r n e d ,

the g r e a t m a j o r i t y of

f a m i l y h e a d s h a d s e v e n t e e n or m o r e

years of s c h o o l i n g w i t h 187
this category.

(30.1 p e r cent)

T h e r e w e r e 147

responses

(23.9 p e r cent)

families w h o h a d t w e l v e y e a r s o f e d u c a t i o n .
(32.5 per cent)

in

h e a d s of

Over

200

h a d r e c e i v e d m o r e than t w e l v e y e a r s b u t

less than s e v e n t e e n y e a r s of

formal schooling.

A negligi­

ble numb e r of f a m i l y h e a d s h a d o n l y e l e v e n y e a r s of e d u ­
cation

(see F i g u r e

13).

The r e s p o n s e s
cent)

f u r t h e r r e v e a l e d t h a t 198

(36.5 per

families h a d an i n c o m e of f r o m $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 t o $ 1 4 , 0 0 0

per annum.

S o m e 111

(20.4 p e r cent)

indicated their family

income was in the $ 1 5 , 0 0 0 to $ 2 4 , 0 0 0 b r a c k e t .

For those

families e a r n i n g $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 or o v er,

(8.6 per

cent) w ere r e c o r d e d w h i l e 19

37 r e s p o n s e s

(8.6 p e r cent)

s t a t e d t hat

the family w a s e a r n i n g less t h a n $ 3 , 0 0 0 p e r year.
remainder r e p o r t i n g

T he

f a m i l y e a r n i n g s o f m o r e t h a n $3,000

but less than $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 n u m b e r e d 178

(22.8 p e r cent)

Appendix A, C a t e g o r i e s XIX,

X X II,

closely at the e d u c a t i o n a l ,

occupational,

patterns of the f a m i l i e s

a n d XXIII).

(see

Looking

and income

r e p o r t e d in t h i s sur v e y ,

it

appears that h i g h inc o me , p r o f e s s i o n a l

families generate

much of the use o f r e c r e a t i o n a l t r a i l s

(see F i g u r e

14).

r

Number o f Respondents
40

80

120

160

200

P rofessional

240

J211 (34.5%)

S k ille d Workers

139 (22.7%)

c

C le ric a l & Sales

] 49 (8.0%)
] 48 (7.9%)

Self-employed
S e m i-skille d Workers

[

]

40 (6.5%)

Service Workers

[

Unemployed & Students

f

U n skille d Workers

I

Farm Operators

r~l 13 (2.1%)

R etired

□

13 (2.1%)

Housewife

□

9 (1.5%)

Other

□

12 (2 .0%)

... 1 30 (4.9%)
| 30 (4.9%
I 16 (2.6%)

Figure 12.—Occupation o f Head o f Family

70

Num b e r of Individuals
20

40

60

80

100

120

14 0

160

17 C
t 58

15 I

~l

34

14 1

(9.4%)

(5.5%)
1 53

13 I

Years of Education

200

I185

16 I

(8.6%)

I55 (8.9%)

i? I
11 I

180

t 147
I

15 (2.4%)

I

10 I

(23.9%)

27

(4.4%)

9 I

I

16 (2.6%)

8 I

|

17 (2.8%)

7 I1

(.2%)

6
5 I1

(-2%)

4
3
2 |2

(.3%)

1 I 1

(.2%)

Figure 1 3 . — His t o g r a m Showing Educational
Level of Head of Family

(30.1%)

I

Number of Individuals

Annual

Income

20
Under $3,000

I

$3,000-$5,000

I

40

60

80 100 120 140 160 180 200

I19 (8.6%)
I 36 (6.6%)
] 51 (9.4%)

$6,000-57,000
$8,000—$9,000
$10,000-$14,000

91 (16.8%)

C

] 198 (36.5%)

$15,000-$24,000

111 (20.4%)

$25,000 and Over

I

1 34 (6.3%)

Other

□ 3 (.6 %)

Figure 14.— Family Total Annual Income

•si
H

72
When respondents were asked to indicate their
permanent residence various responses were obtained.
Information revealed that 501
gan residents.

(84.5 per cent) were M i c h i ­

Some 2 5 (4.2 per cent)

as their residence while 34
Illinois and 14

(5.7 per cent) were from

(2.4 per cent)

15 (2.5 per cent)

registered Indiana

from Minnesota.

The other

came from the other parts of the country.

Within the state of Michigan, the majority of trail u s e r ’s
permanent residence was distributed as follows

(arranged

according to greatest total number of county residents):
Wayne

(13.6 per cent), Oakland

(10.1 per cent), Washtenaw
per cent), Muskegon
cent).

(11.0 per cent), Kent

(6.9 per cent), Ottawa

(4.9 per c e n t ) , and Gratiot

(5.3

(4.3 per

As shown above, although some counties were

fairly represented as residence of trail users, other
counties were not represented at all

(Appendix A, Category

XVI) .
Trail User's Comments and Recommendations
Besides hiking or horseback riding as the major
uses of trails, users were asked questions such as,

"What

did you enjoy most on this trail or connecting trails?"
in order to obtain more information concerning other
activities that they might have enjoyed.

"Scenery, beauty,

and nature study" were given by 249 respondents
cent) as the things they enjoyed most.
trees, birds,

(44.9 per

"Observation of

fish and plants" was the second major

73
enjoyment e x p e r i e n c e d along the trail as r e p o r t e d by 74
(13.4 per cent).

"Privacy,

"hiking, wal k i n g ,

riding,

tranquility, and solitude,"

and exercise," and

"presence of

river and lake" w e r e the other things e n j o y e d w i t h 7.3
per cent,

10.6 pet'cent,

registering,

and 7.2 per cent p a r t i c i p a n t s

respectively.

Wh e n u s e r s w e r e asked w h a t r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s they
would like to m a k e c o n c e r n i n g trail improvements for their
enjoyment,

re s p o n s e s rev e a l e d both re a l i s t i c as w e l l as

unrealistic suggestions.

For instance,

129

(29.2 per

cent) r e c o m m e n d e d m o r e and better m a r k e d trails.
trast, 41

(9.3 per cent)

In c o n ­

users p r e f e r r e d trails in a

relatively n a t u r a l state w i t h o u t further improvements.
Others req uested m o r e camp sites and r e s trooms

(11.3 p er

cent); the p r o v i s i o n of b e n c h e s and trash cans

(13.4 per

cent);

and m o r e d r i n k i n g fountains or w a t e r

A few users

(6.5 p e r cent)

(7.5 p e r cent).

suggested that m o t o r c y c l e s and

other m o t o r i z e d veh i c l e s be b a n n e d on the t r a i l s .
In r e s p o n s e to the question,

"What

'services'

do

you feel should be p r o v i d e d along or at the ends of this
trail?", a n u m b e r of intere s t i n g suggestions w e r e obtained,
although some listed r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s similar to their
responses to the p r evious question.
"more maps,

leaflets,

by 45 trail users

S uggestions

for

labels, and s i g n s ” w e r e i n d i c ated

(14.2 p e r cent)

and 90

(28.3 per cent)

requested for "more d r i n k i n g fountains or w a t e r pumps."
"Food machines and c o n c e s s i o n stands" were m e n t i o n e d b y

74
36 (11.3 per cent)

as their preference.

Requests for

"some rest areas and c a m p g r o u n d s ," "more picnic t a b l e s ,
benches, and better restrooms" were also prominent.
At the end of the questionnaire, trail users were
asked to give general remarks or comments.

About 60 per

cent of trail users said that they enjoyed their use of
the trail and complimented the agency on an excellent
trail system.

However, a few

(8.9 per cent) were still

requesting more campsites and better trails.
(10.7 per cent)

Others

alleged that some of the questions were

long, hard, and too personal, especially the socio­
economic ones.

A few also complained about the trail

being too muddy or sandy, while others emphatically sug­
gested authorities should not allow pets in the camp­
grounds

(Appendix A, Categories XXIV to XXVII) .

CHAPTER IV
S TATISTICAL ANALYSES AND RESULTS

Because of the limited number of responses obtained
at practically all of the stations, not m a n y n o n p arametric
statistical tools could be used to conduct tests of signifi
cance between and among the variables.^-

Personnel of the

Department of Statistics and Probability and the Co mputer
Center at Michigan State University were consulted for
statistical advice in this regard.

Since no single sta­

tistical met h o d wou l d adequately test for significance
among all the variables involved,
two techniques be used.

it was recomm e n d e d that

Testing the differences between

proportions was r ecommended to test the significance of
selected variables between stations.
chi-square

On the other hand,

(x ) analysis was suggested to test the s i g n i f i ­

cance between variables within the same station.

The

first test was conducted using a desk calculator while
the latter was run on the university CDC 3600 computers.

^Only at Ludington State Park where sufficient
responses obtained for an indepth statistical analysis
since each cell had a frequency of at least 5, wit h o ut
reduction in number of categories.

75

76
T e s t i n g the D i f f e r e n c e s B e t w e e n P r o p o r t i o n s
or P e r c e n t a g e s for U n c o r r e l a t e d D a t a
Explanation of T e c h n i q u e s
The m a i n p u r p o s e of t h i s t e s t w a s to d e c i d e w h e t h e r
or not the d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t w o s a m p l e p r o p o r t i o n s or
percentages of d a t a

for a v a r i a b l e

at t w o s t a t i o n s w a s

significant or c o u l d be a t t r i b u t e d t o chance.

It is i m ­

portant that t h i s t e s t b e c a r r i e d o u t b e f o r e i n t e r p r e t i n g
differences in a t t i t u d e s o r s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
of various trail u s e r s .
To i l l u s t r a t e t h i s k i n d of test,
below is given: 1

SD

the b a s i c

formula

P

where
SD
P

= S t a n d a r d e r r o r of t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n
two p r o p o r t i o n s .

P 1 = P r o p o r t i o n of G r o u p

1.

p 2 = P r o p o r t i o n of G r o u p 2.
= N u m b e r o f G r o u p 1.
N 2 = N u m b e r o f G r o u p 2.
*1 = 1 “ P 1
q2

=

1

“

P2

1
C h a m p i o n , B a s i c S t a t i s t i c s for S o c i a l R e s earch,
pp. 130-39; N. M. D o w n i e a n d R. Wl H e a t h , B a s i c S t a
tistical M e t h o d s (2nd e d .; N e w Yorks
Harper &'R o w ,
P u b l i s h e r s , 1 9 6 S ) , pp. 146-51.

77
Using this formula, the standard error of the
difference between two proportions can be computed and
then the test of significance can be made by using the
"Z" test, based on the formula:

The obtained " Z" value is then checked against the
tabular value of Z for areas under a normal curve to deter­
mine if the null hypothesis

(HQ ) is rejected or not.

it is rejected at a given level of significance

If

(say 5

per cent) then the difference between two population pro­
portions being tested can be concluded to be significant
and not likely to have occurred by chance.
The formula below for standard error should be
used when the values of "N" are at least 30 and when the
proportions are extreme; that is "P" is less than
greater than .90.

.10 or

In this case, standard error of the

difference of proportions in the two groups is based on
the proportion in the two groups combined.

or

78

s D_ =

■'P

/**

JL
+ N_L
N,

where,
„

P 1N 1 + P 2N 2
N1 + N2

q = 1 - P
The rest of the symbols are the same as those used
g
in the previous formula.
After computing
Dp , a test of
significance is determined by using the "t" test.

The

formula for this test is:
.

P1 - P2
S°P

After solving for the value of " t " , the test of
significance can be made by checking this value obtained
against the value for "t" given in a set of statistical
tables.
Downie and Heath m e n t i o n e d that the "t" test
" . . .

can be used with large samples as well as with

small ones.

With large samples,

the d i f f erence in the

The procedure is similar to that for the "Z" test
above except that a value for the "degrees of freedom" is
considered.
To obtain the degrees of freedom in the "t"
test, the sum of the number of degrees of freedom in each
of the samples is taken.
For example, if Ni = 25 and
n 2 - -30, then the degrees of freedom (df) = (Ni - 1) +
(N2 - 1) or df = (25 - 1) + (30 - 1) w h i c h is equal to 53.

79
results w i l l be trivial;

w i t h smaller samples, m o r e r e l i ­

able results are obtained.

. . .

Hence,

in all of the

tests r e l a t i n g to the d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n p r o p o r t i ons of
variables for the v a r i o u s

stations,

the "Z" test or " t M

test has b e e n u s e d as appropriate.
Stations and V a r i a b l e s T e s t e d
The fo l l o w i n g pairs of stations w e r e s e lected for
testing in this section of the statis t i c a l analysis:
1.

L u d i n g t o n State Park and P i n c k n e y State R e c r e ­
a t i o n area.

2.

H i g h l a n d State R e c r e a t i o n A r e a and Lost Creek
Sky R a n c h .

3.

G o ose C r e e k T r a i l C a m p and Mud Lake Trail
Camp.

4.

H i g h l a n d S t ate R e c r e a t i o n A r e a and L u d i n g t o n
S t ate Park.

5.

L o s t C r e e k Sky Ranch and Pi n c k n e y State R e c r e ­
ation Area.

6.

G o o s e C r e e k Trail C a m p and L o s t C r e e k Sky
Ranch.

7.

H i g h l a n d S t a t e R e c r e a t i o n A r e a and Mud Lake
T r a i l Camp.

8.

G o o s e C r e e k Trail C a m p and P i n c k n e y State
R e c r e a t i o n Area.

9.

L u d i n g t o n S t a t e Park and Mud Lake Trail Camp.

^Downie and Heath,

St a t i s t i c a l Methods, p.

149.

80
Data for the above paired stations hypotheses were
tested for significant differences in the following trail
users characteristics:

sex composition, camping partici­

pation, education level, occupation,

and income.

(For

detailed statement of hypothesis in each of the paired
stations, refer to Chapter I and for sample of calcu­
lations see Appendix E ) .
The purpose of comparison number 1 was to detect
any significant differences in characteristics between the
trail users at a western Michigan vacation— oriented park
(Ludington) and a southern Michigan recreation area more
strongly oriented toward weekend use and closer to p opu­
lation centers

(Pinckney).

The second comparison was made

in order to show any differences in characteristics b e ­
tween trail users who rent their horses from concessionnaires for short time use

(at least one hour— Highland)

and those who either own a horse or rent one for long time
use (at least half day— Lost Creek Sky R a n c h ) .

Comparison

number 3 was made to test the assumption that trails
located adjacent to one another and having the same pri­
mary use will have similar trail users.
Comparison number 4 was intended to test the
hypothesis that horseback riders renting horses at High­
land state Recreation Area would generally have different
socio-economic characteristics than hikers at Ludington.
In comparison number 5, predominantly long-distance

81
horseback riders at Lost C r e e k are compared w i t h hikers
at Pinckney.

Horseback riders of Goose Creek T r ail Camp

who own their horses are compared in number 6 w i t h Lost
Creek riders w h o predominantly rent h o r s e s .

Two groups of

horseback riders are again compared in number 7 but the
two riding trail systems

(Highland and Mud Lake)

graphically far apart and of variable length.

are g e o ­

Both com­

parisons 8 and 9 are p r i marily concerned with comparison
of h i k e r s ' and riders * socio-economic characteristics w i t h
one pair of stations far apart
and the other pair

(Goose Creek and Pinckney)

(Ludington and Mud Lake)

comparatively

close to each o t h e r geographically.
Summary and Interpretation
of Results
The results of the tests of differences between
proportions are summarized in Table 2.

A detailed example

of the data used for the tests in comparison number 1
(Ludington and Pinckney)

is contained in Appendix E.

A

summary of the actual " Z" and "t" values for all nine c o m ­
parisons is given in T a ble 2.
Comparison 1;
and Pinckney

Ludington

The significance in the difference of proportion
of male or female trail users bet w e e n the L u d ington and
Pinckney stations may be attributed to the d i f f erence in
family camping opportunities and m o r e attractive features
found in the former than in the latter.

The ma l e / f e male

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84
proportions o b t a i n e d at P i n c k n e y and L u d i n g t o n are
and .61/.39/

respectively.^

.75/.25

It appears that the m a l e p r o ­

portion of trail users a t P i n c k n e y e x c e e d e d t h ose of
Ludington.

Besides/

trail u s ers of P i n c k n e y m a y be

considered a l s o as d a y -users

(non-campers)

most of them d i d n o t camp as shown by the

ina s m u c h as
.30/.70 p r o ­

portion of c a m p i n g / n o t camping re s p o n s e s o b t a i n e d c o m p a r e d
with those of L u d i n g t o n w h e r e the m a j o r i t y w e r e campers on
account of the

.69/.31 p r o p o r t i o n given.

is more of a family r e c r e a t i o n a l activity,

Since camping
it is likely

that the p r o p o r t i o n of m a l e campers to female campers
would be a p p r o x i m a t e l y equal.
L u d i n g t o n day - u s e r s

(40 p e r cent)

gave "one family

and children" as their type of g r o u p in c o n t r a s t w i t h
P i n c k n e y ’s 18 p e r cent.
were groups of friends

M o s t of P i n c k n e y ’s trail users
(22 per cent).

Hence,

it is b e ­

lieved that trail users in L u d i n g t o n w e r e likely to d i f f e r
from those of P i n c k n e y in some of the above r e s p e c t s .
However,

the m a i n s i g n i f i c a n c e e x i s t i n g b e t w e e n the two

study areas in terms of e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t of trail
users appears to b e that there w e r e m o r e users in P i n c k n e y
who have had s e v e n t e e n or m o r e years of e d u c a t i o n than
those at Ludington.

This s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e in p r o ­

portion m a y b e a t t r i b u t a b l e to the u r b a n - o r i e n t e d and
1

See A p p e n d i x A for d e t a i l e d t abulations of these
and other p r o p o r t i o n s d i s c u s s e d here.

85
greater percentage of retired trail users at Pinckney
than in L u d i n g t o n .
Comparison 2:
Highland
and Lost Creek
Between Highland State Recreation Area and Lost
Creek Sky Ranch, only tests on difference between age and
camping participation proved significant.

The main reason

may be due to the high frequency of young trail users who
prefer short time horseback riding in Highland than at
Lost Creek Sky Ranch where the group was more heterogeneous.
Besides, it is reasonable to believe that those who engage
in long distance horseback riding are more likely to camp
than those who participate on a hourly basis as in the
case of Highland.

For instance,

frequency counts show

that there were approximately 8 5 per cent users at Lost
Creek Sky Ranch who camped compared with only 14 per cent
at Highland.

Based on observations made at Highland, it

appears that m o s t users were teenage boys and girls repre­
senting 43 per cent

(11-15 years of age) who were usually

composed of groups of friends.

Whereas at Lost Creek Sky

Ranch about 77 per cent of the trail users were 11 to 30
years old and mostly composed of organized groups who
predominantly engaged in long distance horseback riding.
Comparison 3;
and Mud Lake

Goose Creek

The trail users at Goose Creek Trail Camp and
Mud Lake Trail Camp exhibit quite different patterns of

86
characteristics compared with those previously discussed.
They are significantly d i f ferent in the number of p r o ­
fessional trail users and their earning capacity of
$10,000 or m o r e per year.

It appears that approximately

33 per cent of M u d Lake users were professionals compared
to only 7 per cent at Goose Creek.

Similarly,

7 5 per cent

of the former earned $10,000 or m o r e annually compared
with 59 per cent of the latter.

Inasmuch as these groups

of users w ere not significant in their camping p a r t ici­
pation and level of educational attainment,

their signifi­

cance in professional status and earning capacity m a y be
attributed to the place of residence of users.
urban or suburban residents, generally,
better of than rural-oriented residents.

That is,

are financially
The greatest

percentage of Mud Lake trail users appears to be from
Grand Traverse County

(33 per cent)

and Wayne County

(18

per c e n t ) , while the Goose Creek users are most l y from
the less populated counties such as Dickinson, Mackinac,
Montcalm, etc.
Comparison 4:
ana Ludington

Highland

Highland and L u d ington users were significantly
different in the proportion of m a l e participants, years
of age, And educational attainment.
at Highland

M o s t of the users

(privately-operated short time horseback

riding) were teenage boys and girls compared w i t h Ludington

87
(mostly hiking)

w h e r e m a l e p a r t i c i p a n t s predom i n a t e d.

Disproport i o n a t e age d i s t r i b u t i o n e x i s t i n g b e t w e e n the
two areas

(with p r e d o m i n a n t adult p a r t i c i p a n t s at L u d i n g -

ton) m a k e s the user p r o f e s s i o n a l status c o m p a r i s o n s i g n i f i ­
cant .
Comparison 5:
and Pinckn e y

L ost C r eek

Lost C r e e k and P i n c k n e y area users w e r e a c t u a l l y
a comparison b e t w e e n h o r s e b a c k riders and hikers,
spectively.

re­

S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s in the p r o p o r t i o n of

male p a r t i c i p a n t s and camping p a r t i c i p a t i o n exists b e t w e e n
the two stations.

It appears t h a t there was a 5 2-48 p er

cent m a l e / f e m a l e p a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t i o for h o r s e b a c k ridi n g
at Lost C r e e k c o mpared to a 75-2 5 p e r c e n t m a l e / f e m a l e
ratio for h i k i n g at Pinckney.

As to be expected,

distance h o r s e b a c k riders c a m p m o r e than hike r s
ratio of 85 per cent to 30 per cent.

Hence,

long

in the

there w ere

significant differ e n c e s b e t w e e n h i k e r s and h o r s e b a c k
riders in b e h a v i o r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a l t h o u g h s o m e w h a t
insignificant in the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s such
as level of e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t a n d e a r n i n g capacity.
Comparison 6&
G o ose C r e e k
and Lost C r e e k
Tests of va r i a b l e s b e t w e e n these two surv e y
stations d i d n o t i n dicate s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s .

They

indicated that trail users in b o t h areas h ave a p p r o x i ­
mately the same sex, age, c a m p i n g p a r t i c i p a t i o n ,

education

88
level, occupation, and income characteristics.

The simi­

larities in the characteristics mentioned m a y be attributed
to membership in the same kind of trail user groups since
both could be considered predominantly long distance horse­
back riders.

Besides, these two areas were geographically

adjacent to each other and it would be logical to expect
that users of adjacent areas are more likely to exhibit
similar characteristics as was found in other comparisons
such as between Ludington and Mud L a k e .
Comparison 7:
and Mud Lake'

Highland

The Highland and Mud Lake analysis was actually a
comparison between two kinds of horseback riders:
rents his horse from the concessioner

one who

(Highland) generally

on an hourly basis and one who owns the horse or rents
one usually for long distance riding.

Out of the six

variables tested only age distribution and camping p a r ­
ticipation appear to be significant.
in the preceding comparisons)

It is apparent

(as

that more young participants

are involved in short time horseback riding activity at
Highland than are able to participate in trips involving
days or weeks of riding.
Comparison 8;
and Pinckney

Goose Creek

The main purpose of comparing Goose Creek and
Pinckney trail users was to find out whether differences

89
in behavioral and socio-economic characteristics exist
between horseback riders and hikers to two d i s t a n t l y
located areas.

The hypothesis here was logically that

there should be differences since users of one a rea do
not necessarily have the same characteristics as those of
the other.

The tests of variables in this case supported

the fact that there indeed existed significant differences
in camping participation, educational attainment,
fessional status, and earning capacity.

pro­

As r evealed p r e ­

viously, the long distance riders had a greater pr o p ensity
to camp than the h i k e r s .

There appear to be m o r e p a r ­

ticipants who were college graduates
Pinckney)

than riders

(44 per cent at

(13 per cent at Goose C r e e k ) .

This

was also supported by the higher frequency of professionals
(39 per cent)

as hikers compared with riders

(7 per c e n t ) .

The same trend was also observed with the annual income
of $10,000 or more with hikers
with riders

(67 per cent)

c o mpared

(59 per c e n t ) .

Comparison 9:
and Mud Lake'

Ludington

In the comparison between trail users of Ludington
(hikers) and Mud Lake

(riders) , it appears that there was

no significant difference for any of the six variables
tested.

The result was somewhat the opposite of the one

obtained between Goose Creek and Pinckney users above
where all the variables tested w e r e significant except
for male and age p r o p o r t i o n s .

H o w e v e r , it m a y be noted

90

that in the p r e v i o u s c o m p a r i s o n
Pinckney)
d istance

(between G o o s e C r e e k and

the s t u d y a r e a s i n v o l v e d w e r e at c o n s i d e r a b l e
f rom e a c h o t h e r w h e r e a s in t his

the s t a t i o n s w e r e c l o s e t o e a c h oth e r .

l ast c o m p a r i s o n
It c a n b e d e d u c e d

from these d i s t a n c e a n d l o c a t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t u s e r s
of r e c r e a t i o n areas c l o s e to e a c h o t h e r g e o g r a p h i c a l l y are
more l i kel y to h a v e s i m i l a r s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
than users of t w o s e p a r a t e a r e a s d i s t a n t f r o m e a c h other.
This d e d u c t i o n m a y b e a p p l i c a b l e e v e n if t h e a r e a s c o n ­
cerned h a v e i d e n t i c a l o r d i f f e r e n t r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s .
In this case, p a r t i c i p a n t s m a y b e h i k e r s or r i d e r s o r both.
H e n c e , the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s u c h u s e r s
would n o t c o n s i d e r a b l y v a r y f r o m e a c h other.
Chi-Square

(x 2 ) T e s t s o f S i g n i f i c a n c e 1

Stations S e l e c t e d a n d
Methods Used
C h i - s q u a r e t e s t s of s i g n i f i c a n c e w e r e u s e d in
this study for d a t a f r o m the f o l l o w i n g s t a tions:
1.

Goose Creek Trail Camp

2.

Highland State Recreation Ar e a

3.

Ludington State Park

4.

Mud Lake Trail Camp

5.

Pinckney State Recreation Area

1 The a p p r o p r i a t e n e s s a n d a d v a n t a g e s of u s i n g x 2
test in this s t u d y are d i s c u s s e d in A p p e n d i x G.

91
The reason for the above selection was primarily
based on the high "cell"'*' frequency obtained at these
stations.

Each cell should have at least an expected

frequency of 5_ to make the use of x
reliable.

2

2

analysis valid and

Hence, the higher the expected frequency

obtainable in various categories in each question, the
greater the reliability of the x
other hand,
the x

value estimate.

On the

lower expected frequencies tend to overestimate

value.

Reduction of categories means a correspond-

ing increase in expected frequencies which will eventually
result to a reduction in the chi-square value.

This r e ­

duction tends to result in "acceptance” of the hypothesis
2
being tested.
Since the x value is a function of the
number of categories, caution was observed in "collapsing"
the number of categories in order to obtain a more reliable value of x

2

•

However, some responses were grouped

into a reduced number of categories especially where the
3
expected frequency was less than 5.
All the x

2

design and analysis was done by the

Applications Programming Unit as outlined by the researcher
and processed through the university CDC 3600 computer

^Cell frequency is defined here as the number of
responses in a given category.
2

Champion, Basic St a t i s t i c s , p. 134.

3
The author decided on a regrouping of categories
which would not obscure valuable information.

92
using the Analysis C o n t i n g e n c y Tables program.

The x

2

values obtained were compared individually with the c r iti­
cal values from statistical tables for the corresponding
degrees of freedom.

This comparison e stablished the sta­

tistical significance or lack of significance for each
of the variables tested.

Both the sample and mathematical

table values for all the tests at each of the five stations
with their corresponding degrees of freedom are summarized
in Table 3.^
Nine major variables w e r e selected and tested in
this study.

They are as follows:

A.

Method of travel

B.

Age

C.

Sex

D.

Reason for choosing trail

E.

Camping frequency

F.

Group type

G.

Trail use frequency

Chi-square tests of two v a r iables is said to be
significant if the computed value is g r e a t e r than the sta­
tistical table value for a g i ven level of significance (5
per cent is used here) and the corresponding degree of
freedom.
For i n s t a n c e , referring to Table 3 for "Travel
Method & Age" characteristics (row 1) the chi-square values
under Goose Creek Trail Camp is 25.900 for the sample and
is 36.415 for the statistical tables.
Since the sample
value is less, the variables tested (travel m e t h o d and age
in this case) are said to be not s i g n i f i c a n t . 'this means
that the method or met h o d s of travel used b y trail users
such as by foot, bicycle, horseback or oth e r m e ans are
not significantly related to their age distribution.

TABLE 3
CHI-SQUARE (x2) TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE OF RELEVANT BEHAVIORAL AND/OR SOCIO-ECONOMIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS TRAIL USERSa

non
B O B in a i tM J. (4)

0

uo bo b

S u l o f <1»
D r fttlm li
U «
Cktnturlatlra
A.

T ra n l Hath. 4 A ft

a . wo

I1
Of* O t

* e ra n j t f f *
» U lt l^ f
" 1 . H *lk l f
’ em u* i
* SloOtMOU* f
* T ra il Ora f
* u jo ja m
"

50.270
2.110
9.000
0.000
1.222
5.215
0.100
14.290

50.021 14 B
5.5*1
2 B
15.507 1 B
5.400 4 B
5.5*1
2 B
21.024 12 B
21.024 U B
20.04* 10 B

4 C tM |
*
"
"
"
"
*
*
"
"
*
■ ■
■ ■

T ff«
iu ii« f
M in M lko f
C m i «a f
itik u M ir a t
T ra il Dm t
lit o a n t
Im ra a a te tM

10.755 12.5*2
1.505 1.001
2.025 5.9*1
.917 1.041
.075 1.001
1.252 5.551
0.100
5.551
1.2*4 7.015

V. Chrara 4
*
*
"
*
"
■
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rm < * f
ll« k c m la ( (
Ite M lM

•

a*

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*

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*
‘

D.

.4

1.211
20.271
5.50*
J.I47
4.01*
27.715
17.074
0.5*1
1.000
21.527

*
*
•
"
"
"

C.

u ,

gC

10.415
9.000
7.015
20.04*
7.015
7.015
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12.717 24.554
14.041 10.307
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10.520 11.107
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20.511 17.452 21 B 100.702 50.100 42
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21.157 11.010 20 B
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5.055 11.507 0 B
7.1*5 10.919 9 SB

r

21.021
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T r i l l t 4 Coney O rig in
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9.400
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7.542
3.343
1.004
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7.234
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t o i f i t l M t lie u — o d itio o

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2.589 12.592
17.913 21.024
24.781 43.773
23.852 21.026
24.709 28.869
19*729 21.026
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12
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13.200
2.904
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3.637
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20
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10.955
14.425

18.307
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4.813
5.210

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22.594
5.007
24.050
44.292
7.127
27.321
19.390
15*34!

20.019
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43.773
21.024
28.049
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20.069

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com puter c h l* M u o rt v a tic .
^ S ta tis tic a l t i t l e rht-square vs I t * .
‘ fiejirpc o f f r e a lm .

ft
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20.459
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20.997 28.869
3.230 12.592
16.326 21*026
44.378 43.773
9.817 21.024
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16.329 21.026
18.637 28.869

18
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16.352
11.799
3.913
16,761
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18
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S ta tis tic a lly s ig n ific a n t <S) and not s ig n ific a n t ( f t ) .
^fragutncy.

h

3.011
7.447
12.114
20.503
to .n e
20.110
20.421
9.342

IU lt( t
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40.361
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4.767
2.444
5.304
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7,299

S
2
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2

a e

11.070
5.991
11.070
9.480
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b h

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2.250
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3.802
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4
s 12.731
7.204
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11,990
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95
H.

Oc c u p a t i o n

X.

Education

The various categories wit h i n these nine major
variables are listed in detail in App e n d i x A.
ables were tested against each other

These v a r i ­

(where appropriate)

for each study area and the results tabulated as shown
in Table 3.

They were selected not only because of the

socio-economic characteristics of trail users that are of
primary interest but also because they had m ore than the
required m i n i m u m frequencies suitable for x

2

analysis.

Goose Creek Trail Camp
When travel m e t h o d

(3A)^" was individually tested

against the other eight variables enumerated above, the
occupation, education,

and recommendations variables

appear to be significantly related to it.
variables such as age,

sex,

The other

"reasons for choosing the

trail," type of group, camping participation

(camping or

not c a m p i n g ) , camping frequency, trail use frequency,
sightseeing frequency,

income,

"enjoyment"

in the use of

trail, etc. w ere not significant w hen correlated with
the method of travel used.
The significant relationship between the method of
travel and o c c u pation of trail users could be attributed

1The information in parentheses in these d i s ­
cussions refer to the hypothesis number of variables or
characteristics as shown in Table 3.

96
to the large p r o p o r t i o n of users w h o w e r e o n h o r s e b a c k
at this s t a t i o n since m o s t h o r s e b a c k riders

(69.6 per

cent) w e r e in the s k i l l e d and s e m i - s k i l l e d o c c u p a t i o n a l
group.

N o t e v e n one was in a p r o f e s s i o n a l o c c u p a t i o n and

the rest of the o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p i n g s w e r e p o o r l y r e p r e ­
sented.

In e d u c a t i o n a l attainment, m o s t Goose C r e e k Trail

Camp resp o n d e n t s

(70 per cent) w e r e in the 8- to 12 -year-

old group, w h i l e a b out 13 per cent h a d r e c e i v e d s e v e nteen
or more years of schooling.

Since m o s t users at this

station w e r e h o r s e b a c k riders,

it is not su r p r i s i ng that

their r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d in two areas
directly r e l a t e d to trail riding;

b e t t e r and m o r e m a r k e d

trails w e r e s u g g e s t e d b y 23.8 per cent,

and m o r e campsites,

restrooms, etc. w e r e r e c o m m e n d e d by 3 8.1 per cent.
The age v a r i a b l e

(3B) w h e n t e s t e d a g a i n s t selected

characteristics such as type of group,
nature study frequency,
significance.

c a m p i n g frequency, etc.

frequency,
showed no

T h e s e same sets of c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w ere

tested a g a i n s t sex v a r i a b l e
was found.

hiking,

However,

(3C) and still n o s i g n ificance

"reasons for c h o o s i n g the trail"

(3D)

appeared to be s i g n i f i c a n t w h e n m a t c h e d a g a i n s t camping
frequency.

The s i g n i f i c a n c e c o u l d be a t t r i b u t e d to the

predominant choice of G r o u p I
and Group II

(well-marked,

(interesting,

scenic, etc.)

s a t i s f a c t o r y length)

than in

the three r e m a i n i n g g r o u p s .^
^For
Appendix D .

"collapsed" ca t e g o r i e s or n e w g r o u p i n g s see

97
Whether camping participation

(3E) is related to

some of the socio-economic characteristics, only occupation
and education appear to support this hypothesis.
appear to be more who camped
did not

(25 per cent).

There

(7 5 per cent) than those who

Besides, the occupational distri­

butions of users were concentrated on the combined clericalsales, skilled and semi-skilled workers categories

(88 per

cent) and the rest distributed in the remaining three
occupational groups and none in the professional level.
The same pattern of percentage distribution of users
appears to be true in the educational aspect where those
who camped have had eight to twelve years of schooling
(68 per cent)

than those who had more education

(32 per

cent) .
It was anticipated that trail users who usually
come in various groups

(3F) such as "one family and chil­

dren," "two families,"

"one couple,"

"organized group,"

"alone," "group of friends," and various combinations of
the above categories were dependent on each other in some
way.

For instance, one family and children can be assumed

to camp or make use of the trail more frequently than one
couple or families with no children.

Also that an organ­

ized group is likely to camp longer and more frequently
than one couple or individual person.

That this same

organized group is likely to be within the same occu­
pational, educational, and income bracket.

However, when

98
these various group types were interacted with the
selected characteristics not even one showed significance.
S i m i larly , the frequency of trail use

(3G) appears to have

no dependence at all on the place of residence, occupation,
education, and income of trail users.
No significant difference was obtained w h e n occ u ­
pation variable

(3H) was tested for possible degree of

dependence on "enjoyment" reason given and education of
users.

Trail users education

(31) has also nothing to do

with the enjoyment he gets out of trail use participation.
However, it appears that his education has something to
do with the recommendation he makes.

Those who were the

eight to twelve years educational bracket

(92 per cent)

tended to request m o r e and better marked trails with more
campsites and other facilities such as drinking fountains,
restrooms, etc.

The others, however, w ith higher e d u ­

cational attainment
schooling)

(but less than seventeen years of

prefer to "leave the trail as is" and recommend

the banning of m o t o r i z e d vehicles and motorcycles.
Highland State Recreation Area
At this station, the "travel method" used appears
to be significantly related to occupation, enjoyment,

and

recommendations m a d e b y trail users but again, this is not
surprising since the great majority of the users
cent) were horseback riders.

(97 per

(This high proportion is

because the station is located on a bridle trail used by

99
the clients of the c o n c e s s i o n - o p e r a t e d riding s t a b l e ) .
The signi f i c a n c e in the

"enjoyment" reasons g i v e n and

r ecommendation aspects m a y be also attrib u t e d to the
greater p e r c e n t a g e of h o r s e b a c k riding o p p o r t u n i t y e x i s t ­
ing c o m pa r e d w i t h the o t h e r s .
No s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n e i t h e r age or
sex was e v i d e n t e x c e p t in the case of sex and c a m p i n g
frequency w h e r e m a l e s
than females

(75 per cent)

(25 p e r c e n t ) .

was o b s e r v e d w h e n

camped m o r e

f r e q uently

No signif i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p

"the reasons for cho o s i n g the trail" was

tested a g a i n s t the v a r i a b l e s as shown on Table 3.
C a m p i n g p a r t i c i p a t i o n appeared to be r e l a t e d to
both o c c u p a t i o n and education;
users did not camp.

about 83 p e r cent of the

T h e largest o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o ups among

the campers w e r e professionals,

skilled workers,

skilled or related workers, w i t h 33 per cent,
and 27 per cent,

respectively.

and s e m i ­

2 3 per cent,

The m a j o r i t y of those w h o

did camp had e i g h t to sixteen years of sc h o o l i n g

(86 per

cent) while m o s t of the remainder had s e v e n t e e n or m o r e
years

(14 p e r c e n t ) .
In c o m p a r i n g types of group,

trail use frequency,

occupation, and e d u c a t i o n of the trail users w i t h the
selected var i a b l e s as u sed in G o ose Cre e k analysis, the
2
X tests indicated the r e l ationships were all i n s i g n i f i ­
cant.

100
Ludington State Park
"Method of travel" cannot be considered as a v a r i ­
able for this particular area and tested against selected
trail users' characteristics as in other survey stations.
The reason was because at Ludington "hiking" is the only
trail use actually permitted.

Of the 328 respondents,

316 (96.4 per cent) gave hiking as their method of travel
and the rest mentioned bicycling
riding

(.6 per c e n t ) , horseback

(1.8 per c e n t ) , motorcycling

other methods of travel

(.3 per c e n t ) , and

(.9 per cent)

indicating some may

have violated park regulations.
The x

2

tests of significance between age and group

type and sightseeing frequency revealed significant re ­
lationships at Ludington.

Though there is a fairly good

representation of all age classes,

there is a significant

concentration of respondents in the "one family and chil­
dren" category

(39 per c e n t ) .

is not represented at all.

Category 4 (organized group)

Sightseeing frequency was

highest among the younger users

(11-20-year-old group)

which contained 4 3 per cent of all the trail users.

Some

114 (78 per cent) of the respondents used the same trail
three or more times a year while the rest only once or
twice a y e a r .
The variables sex and "reasons for choosing a
trail" did not show any significant correlations with the
other variables tested.

However, camping participation

was significantly related to both group type and place

101
of residence
who camped
not

(county).

Responses show that trail users

(71 per cent)

(29 per c e n t ) .

(48 per cent)

The ma j o r i t y of these trail users

belonged to group type Category I (one

family and children)
categories.

greatly exceeded those w h o did

and uniformly distributed in other

Camping participation was significantly

related to place of residence since concentration of
users was observed in Kent
c e n t ) , Mus k e g o n

(10 per c e n t ) , Wayne

(6 per c e n t ) , Oakland
per c e n t ) .

(17 per c e n t ) , Ottawa

(11 per

(7 per c e n t ) , M a s o n

(6 per c e n t ) , and out-of-state

(17

The rest of the Michigan counties had only

less than 6 per cent users and none at all in others.
The group
use frequency and
relationship.

type variable when tested against trail
occupation of trail users, reveal

some

Besides the predominant group of users

belonging to "one family and children" w h ich has been
found in the preceding discussion,

there exists a big

difference in proportion between those who used the same
trail one to two times and those using it three or more
times.

The data show that 64 per cent of the overall

trail users used the same trail one or two times c ompared
with those using same more than t w i c e .

The pattern of

use seems to be logical inasmuch as people only go to
the same place at

least once or twice a year except

haps for those who live closeby
is possible.

where

per­

frequency of use

As regards the existing significance between

group type and occupation of users, the responses clearly

102
reveal that m o r e users

(44 p e r cent)

are a p r o f e s s i o n a l

category c o m p a r e d w i t h the s k i l l e d w o r k e r s

(25 p e r cent)

and other lower o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p s such as s e m i - s k i l l e d
and unskilled c o mbined
students,

and retired

(15 per cent)
(4 per cent) .

a n d t o t a l u nemployed,
The n u m b e r of times

a trail is used w i t h i n a year a p p e a r s to h a v e a d i r e c t
bearing on the o c c u p a t i o n of trail users.

Aside

from

the greatest number of users w h o w e r e p r o f e s s i o n a l s as
reported above, m a n y of these users of v a r i o u s o c c u p a t i o n a l
groups

(65 per cent)

used the trail at least one to two

times, and the rest three or m o r e times.

No significance

was found in the interactions b e t w e e n the o c c u p a t i o n ,
enjoyment and r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s v a r i a b l e s n o r b e t w e e n the
education, e n j o y m e n t and r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s variables.
Mud Lake Trail Camp
W h e n m e t h o d of travel was c o m p a r e d w i t h the age
and sex of trail user for p o s s i b l e d e p e n d e n c e ,

a greater

degree of s i gnificance w a s o b s e r v e d w h i c h d i d n o t show
in other study areas p r e v i o u s l y discussed.
mation ob tained show that m a n y u s e r s

The i n f o r ­

(62 p e r cent)

re­

sorted to h o r s e b a c k riding as t h e i r m e t h o d o f t r a v e l and
the age d i s t r i b u t i o n of users w a s c o n c e n t r a t e d in the 11to 20-year-old b r a c k e t

(46 per cent) .

The same trends

emerge w h e n s e x is used as the o t h e r variable.
participation
trail users.

(58 p e r cent)

Male

e x c e e d e d that b y female

103
In the other x

2

tests conducted, age versus group

type and recommendations seem to have significant relation­
ships.

As before, users appear to be clustered within the

11- to 20-year-old bracket

(44 per cent) while the group

composition seems to fall within the "group of friends"
category

(43 per cent) with organized group

next in percentage.

(19 per cent)

Recommendations made in Group III

(more c a m p s i t e s , restrooms, benches, drinking fountain,
etc.) made up 50 per cent of the total responses.
"Reasons for choosing the trail" and camping
participation variables when interacted against the same
characteristics used in other x
significance.

2

tests, did not show any

However, group type compared with the e d u ­

cation variable of users exhibited some significance.
Aside from the tendency of users to be within the "group
of friends"

(39 per cent)

category, these users mostly

belonged to the group with thirteen to sixteen years of
schooling

(43 per c e n t ) .

The tests indicated that the

frequency of using the trail has some dependency on the
users' place of residence.

It appears that about 6 7 per

cent of trail users had used the same trail about five to
thirty-four times compared with the remaining 2 3 per cent
using it one to two times and 10 per cent from three to
four times.

The majority of these users were concentrated

only on a few counties such as Grand Traverse
Barry (10 per c e n t ) , Wayne

(47 per c e n t ) ,

(17 per c e n t ) , and the rest to

104
the other eight counties equally represented and none at
all in the remaining counties.

It did not show any

significance in the rest of the variables tested.
Pinckney State Recreation Area
The situation in Pinckney regarding use of the
trails is similar to that in Ludington where the trail
system is principally established for hiking purposes.
Of the 104 total respondents,

101

(97.1 per cent)

hiking as their method of travel on trail.
(.9 per cent) reported bicycling and two

reported

One individual

(1.9 per cent)

mentioned motorcycling or motorbiking as their means of
travel method.

Again, method of travel will not be used

here as a variable since hiking in this particular survey
station could be considered an exclusive use of the trail.
Test between age and type of group variables indi­
cate some degree of relationships.

The significance could

be attributed to the greater proportions of "one family
and children"

(18 per c e n t ) , "one couple"

and "group of friends"

(23 per cent)

(18 per c e n t ) ,

representation of

trail users than the other group types.

Camping partici­

pation and type of group of users were also correlated
in the sense that those who did not camp
greatly exceeded those who did

(70 per cent)

(30 per c e n t ) .

Users came from relatively few counties.

Washtenaw

County accounted for 37 per cent, Wayne 30 per cent, and
out-of-state origins 8 per cent.

Users'

type of group

105
and o c c u p a t i o n w e r e also found to be s i g n i f i c a n t w h i c h
could be a t t r i b u t a b l e to the large p r o p o r t i o n of p a r t i c i ­
pants in the one

family and children,

group of friends c ategories.
fessionals

<44 per cent)

one couple,

and

The h i g h p e r c e n t a g e of p r o ­

p a r t i c i p a t i n g was s i g n i f i c a n t in

this r e g a r d .
E d u c a t i o n and r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s appear to be
significantly c o r r e l a t e d as at Goose C r e e k Trail Camp.
It appears that r e c o m m e n d a t i o n II

(better and m o r e m a r k e d

trails) w i t h 48 p e r cent r e s p o n d i n g ,
III

(more campsites,

restrooms,

favor, we r e r e s p o n s i b le

etc.)

and r e c o m m e n d a t i o n
w i t h 25 per cent in

for this correlation.

The o t her

variables t e s t e d did not ind i c a t e s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n ­
ships .

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Survey Methods Used
Self-administered questionnaires are generally the
quickest and the cheapest method of collecting trail user
information compared to mailed questionnaires or interviews.
Self-administered questionnaires, once filled out and
deposited in the box provided, can readily be retrieved.
Mailed questionnaires, on the other hand, involve con­
siderable time and money in the preparation for mailing
and retrieval purposes.

Less personnel are also required

in the former than in the latter.
In comparison with interviews, self-administered
questionnaires require considerably less personnel and
expense.

Of course, there are both advantages and d i s­

advantages in using each of the above mentioned methods
in data collection.

Detailed explanations on the strengths

and weaknesses of these methods may be referred to the
study by Crapo and Chubb.^

In the present study, however,

^Crapo and Chubb, Investigation Techniques, pp.
*

106

107
self-administered questionnaires seemed to be adequate and
commensurate w ith the number of personnel involved, and the
number of survey stations established.

Besides, r e spond­

ents have had more freedom to speak their minds in selfadministered questionnaires than in interviews.
Furthermore,

self-administered questionnaires are

advantageous over interviews in that they:
. . . generally require less skill to administer
. . . can insure uniformity from one m e a s u r e m e n t
situation to another. . . . Respondents have c o n f i ­
dence in their anonymity and this can have greater
sense of freedom to express views they think m a y be
contrary to those h eld by the m a j o r i t y . . . place
less pressure on the subject for immediate response
. . . can usually be adapted so that it d o e s n ' t inter­
fere w i t h the operation of a recreation area. . . .
Personnel antagonism to investigators, w h ich m a y
lead to a refusal to give the desired information
is avoided.1
In some instances, questions whi c h are too personal
or strictly confidential can be more readily obtained
through self-administered questionnaires than by inter­
views.

As M o ser states,

"Some people may answer certain

questions— perhaps those of a personal or embarrassing
nature more willingly and accurately w hen not face to face
with interviewer who is a complete stranger to them." 2
This situation was observed in the field, especially
during the interview of n o n r e s p o n d e n t s .

^I b i d ., pp.
2

gation
p. 177.

Interviewees

22-23.

C. A. Moser, Survey Methods in Social Investi­
(London:
Heinemann Educational B o o k s , Ltd. , T?T58),

108
were q u ite

frank in a n s w e r i n g o p i n i o n a t e d q u e s t i o n s or

those w h i c h c a l l e d for r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s .

However,

in the

s o c i o - e c o n o m i c p o r t i o n s of the q u e s t i o n n a i r e such as i n ­
come, educ ation,

and o c c u p a t i o n ,

ferred n ot to m a k e comments.

many respondents p r e ­

T his a t t i t u d e o n the part

of the r e s p o n d e n t s g r e a t l y a f f e c t s the v a l i d i t y and
reliability of d a t a o b t a i n e d in interviews.
In general,

r e s p o n s e o n the s e l f - a d m i n i s t e r e d

q u e s t i o n n a i r e s , e x c e p t for two s t a t i o n s
Pinckney) , w a s n o t substantial.^*
two out of ten tra i l users

(Ludington and

O n the average, only

(20 p e r cent)

w o u l d fill out

questionna i r e s at the five s t a t i o n s w h i c h w e r e observed.
The n o n r e s p o n s e w a s e v e n h i g h e r in i n t e n s i v e l y u s e d areas
such as in L u d i n g t o n w h e r e trail use r s w o u l d just pass by
the b ox e s p e c i a l l y if some o t h e r use r s w e r e there filling
out q u e s t i o n n a i r e s at t hat instant.

T his

low p e r c e n t a g e

of response c o u l d be a t t r i b u t e d to some of the following
factors.

In the first p l a c e no induce m e n t ,

e n c o u r a gement,

or p u b l i c i t y o f a n y k ind w a s u s e d to e l i c i t r e s p o n s e from
trail users.

T h e p u r p o s e h ere w a s to m a k e the filling out

of q u e s t i o n n a i r e s p u r e l y v o l u n t a r y on the p a r t of the
users.

Then t h e r e w e r e a n u m b e r o f m e c h a n i c a l pro b lems

which m ay have i n f l u e n c e d response.

The w r i t i n g b o ard

^In t e rms o f t o tal r e s p o n d e n t s , t h e s e two areas
alone r e g i s t e r e d m o r e t h a n 50 p e r cent.
However, in p e r ­
centage of responses, all the s u r v e y s t a t i o n s w e r e m o r e or
less p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y r e presented.

109
attached to the box was only large enough for one r e ­
spondent at a time.

Hence, when trail users came out of

the trail in groups, only one person could complete the
questionnaire at one time.

This situation was especially

true in crowded areas such as in Ludington and Pinckney.
Lack or absence of benches where respondents could sit
down while filling out the questionnaire is also believed
to be one reason for low response.
The length of the questionnaire may also have
been an important factor in the limited response.
questionnaire was probably too long.

The

There were twenty-

three items in all; this exceeds the length and complexity
of questionnaires used in previous trail studies.^

Many

would-be-respondents were observed returning questionnaires
to the box without completing them after momentarily
glancing over the questions.

Those who had started filling

out the questionnaires often left several items unfinished.
Questions 7, 11, and 19 to 23 were mostly left blank
Appendix B ) .

(see

These questions were believed to have

demanded too m u c h time on the part of the r e s p o n d e n t s.
At some stations, the questionnaire box was found to be
empty at the time of observation and pencils either gone

^Crapo and Chubb, however, revealed that length of
the questionnaire was not a major factor in influencing
response to self-administered questionnaires employed in
state park day-user s t u d i e s . See Crapo and C h u b b , Investi­
gation T e c h n i q u e s , p. 97.

110
or unshar p e n e d .

This unfavorable situation would u n ­

doubtedl y t e n d to less e n p o s s i b l e r e s ponse.
T h e c o l o r o f the q u e s t i o n n a i r e b o x a n d signs u s e d
seemed n o t to a t t r a c t the a t t e n t i o n of some t r a i l u s e r s
especially those w h o w e r e s o m e w h a t a b s o r b e d in t h e i r
thoughts w h i l e traveling.

W h e n this s u r v e y e q u i p m e n t was

installed u n d e r trees at some d i s t a n c e
it was h a r d l y n o t i c e a b l e .

f rom the p a s s ersby,

A l t h o u g h it is g e n e r a l l y d e ­

sirable t hat the c o l o r of the signs u s e d s h o u l d be as
harmonious w i t h the e n v i r o n m e n t as po s s i b l e ,

it a p p ears

advisable for r e s e a r c h p u r p o s e s to use b r i g h t e r c o lors
if they are to b e c o m e m o r e c o n s p i c u o u s .

Extreme brevity

in w o r d i n g shou l d a l s o be u s e d to m a k e an i m p a c t o n u s e r s ,
especially o n h o r s e b a c k r i d e r s , w h o o f t e n c a n o n l y g l a n c e
at the sign.

Larger lettering on a contrasting background

should be tested.
One q u e s t i o n n a i r e b o x is n o r m a l l y s u f f i c i e n t on
trails used for h i k i n g only.

At trailheads

for trails

used by h o r s e b a c k r i d e r s , o t h e r s t a t i o n s s h o u l d be p r o ­
vided w h e r e s h o r t c u t s e x i s t a n d a t m a j o r m o u n t i n g p o i n t s
specifically for t h o s e w h o m i g h t h a v e m i s s e d the first
box for some reason.

When possible, boxes

s h o u l d be

located in o p e n areas t o i m p r o v e v i s i b i l i t y w i t h some
shade for the c o m f o r t of r e s p o n d e n t s .
also be spacious

The site s h o u l d

for h o r s e b a c k ride r s b e c a u s e o f the i n ­

creased l i k e l i h o o d of stock m i l l i n g a r o u n d to t h e i r
inconvenience and d i s p l e a s u r e .

Ill
It: was anticipated that vandalism might take a
heavy toll of the questionnaires and questionnaire boxes.
However, no major violations occurred except for minor
infractions such as few pieces of torn questionnaires
strewn near the station.

This constructive attitude of

the users toward the study was an indication of their
cooperation and interest in the project.
In many of the responses received, there appear to
be confusion in answering some of the questions.

For in­

stance, in Questions 5 and 6 some of the answers given
were identical or at least very similar

(see Appendix B

for questions and Appendix A for answers giv e n ) .

This

same confusion appeared in answering Questions 20 and 21.
Thus, there was some information received which could have
been more useful in data analysis if follow-up questions
were asked.

Consider for instance Question 2.

If the

question, "Are you the head of the family?" had been
asked, then it would have been possible to isolate trail
users who were not heads of the families from those that
were.

Again, the structure of Question 7 resulted in

problems during coding and analysis of data.
When the study design was made and the collection
of data was started, there was no data on trail use to
work with.

There was not even an indication of how many

responses would be obtained or how well the questions
would be answered.

Therefore, it was not possible to

112
determine in advance the precise statistical techniques to
be used in the analysis phase.
more of "convenience

The data collected were

samples" where methods of analysis

would have to be devised to make desirable inferences.
In future research undertakings along these l i n e s , it
will be possible to specify data objectives more exactly.
However, such objectives should be flexible and workable
enough to fully benefit from insights concerning inter­
pretation of data derived during the collection stage.
Trail Use Patterns and U s e r s 1 Profile
As was previously mentioned, only limited survey
stations were included in this study primarily due to
time, personnel, and budget constraints.

Only eleven

stations or study areas were established in the Lower
Peninsula and none at all in the Upper Peninsula.

Most

of these survey stations were concentrated in the northern
portion of the Lower Peninsula along the well-established
Michigan Riding and Hiking Trail.

They were assumed to

be reasonably representative compared with the other
existing trails in the state of Michigan because of the
representation of various kinds of trails such as those
which could be considered as primarily hiking trails,
horse trails, etc.

The Lower Peninsula's population con­

centration, the origin of potential trail users, and the
amount of trail use were also factors used in site
selection.

Furthermore, the survey stations' geographic

113
proximity to one another w h ich w o u l d facilitate a d m i n i s ­
tration and supervision of questionnaire boxes and
questionnaires, was also considered for economic reasons.
In short, the m a x i m u m amount of information that could
be obtained at the least expense w i t h a reasonable degree
of sample representativeness was a primary consideration.
The responses obtained through self-administered q u e s t i o n ­
naires were believed fairly representative for purposes
of this study to show some indications of trail use
patterns and user socio-economic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
Al t h o u g h hiking appears to be the predominant
method of travel on trails followed by h o r seback riding,
motorcycl i n g / m o t o r b i k i n g , and bicycling,

this cannot be

considered a typical trail use pattern for individual
trails.

The results show that 7 0.4 per cent of the total

respondents were involved in hiking.

This was largely

due to Ludington State Park and Pinckney State Recreation
Area users being predominantly hikers.

This is u n d e r ­

standable since hiking in these areas was m o r e or less
the exclusive use of the trail because of the regulations.
However, in other survey stations along the Mi c h i g a n Riding
and Hiking Trail where varied use of the trail is allowed,
a fairly good representation of horseback riding as well
as hiking took place.

M o t o rcycling/motorbi king and

bicycling were lightly represented.

Horseback riding

seems to predominate in m ost of the areas along the
shore-to-shore riding and hiking trail.

In

114
c o n c e s s i o n - o p e r a t e d areas w h e r e horses w e r e r e n t e d out to
users on e i t h e r a short or long time basis,

it seems this

kind of trail use is p o p u l a r amo n g y o u n g e r people.

In

both areas s t u d i e d m o r e than 50 per c e n t of the users in
each s t a t i o n w e r e

from the 11- to 20 - y e a r - o l d group.

The

more than 6 0 - y e a r - o l d p a r t i c i p a n t s in h o r s e b a c k riding
were n e g l i g i b l y represented.

This t r e n d in use and user

age p a r t i c i p a t i o n are very similar to the findings in the
"National R e c r e a t i o n Survey" c o n d u c t e d by the O u t d o o r
Recreation R e s ources R e v i e w C o m m i s s i o n
stated that "Younger ages,

(ORRRC) w h e r e it

12 to 17 years, p a r t i c i p a t e in

horseback riding at rates s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r than o t her
ages

. . . the r a t e d e c l i n e s w i t h age, p a r t i c i p a t i o n being

quite i n s i g n i f i c a n t for t h ose over 6 5 . " 1
Hiking app e a r s to be m o r e p r e d o m i n a n t in m o s t
state parks and r e c r e a t i o n areas than along the M i c h i g a n
Riding and Hiki n g Trail.

This could be p r o b a b l y due to

short d i s t a n c e h i k i n g p r e f e r e n c e s by trail users or
probably b e c a u s e o f use d e s i g n a t i o n or r e g u l a t i o n in such
areas.

However,

two areas in this trail syst e m

Road and G o r d o n Creek)

(Four Mile

r e g i s t e r e d quite a n u m b e r of hikers.

The reason m a y be a t t r i b u t e d to their a c c e s s i b i l i t y to
paved highway roads than o t h e r survey stations w h i c h were
mostly re m o t e l y l o c a t e d c o n n e c t e d b y d i r t roads.
1

O R R R C , N a t i o n a l R e c r e a t i o n S u r v e y , Study Report
19 (Washington, D.C.:
G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g Office, 1962),
p • 13.

115
Motorcycling or motorbiking appears to be less on the
riding and hiking trail.

This lower rate of participation

could be attributed to the unsuitability of the terrain or
due to incompatibility with other trail users.

Based on

interviews and comments obtained from some re s p o n d e n ts,
motorcycles or any motorized vehicles create unbearable
noise that is annoying and
as well as hikers.

disturbing to horses and riders

Hence, they suggested that they should

be banned from the trail system.

However,

in Caberfae

where the trail has been specifically designed and e s tab­
lished for motorcyclists or motorbike r i d e r s , these users
predominate.
Based on the total responses received, about 42
per cent of trail users in Michigan appear to be p redomi­
nantly from the younger age groups.

The male participants

exceeded the female and that the majority

(56 per cent)

of

the respondents camped in connection with their use of the
trail.'*'

it appears that scenic, interesting, and strategi­

cally located trails are the features preferred by trail
users.

Aside from hiking and horseback riding as the

major uses of the trail, approximately 4 3 per cent of
trail users engaged in swimming, photography, sightseeing,
picnicking, etc. to some extent along the trail.

"One

family and children" and "groups of friends" seem to be

^Those who camped in connection with the use of
the trail largely apply to horseback riders than to state
park users or campers who might have used the trail inci­
dental to their camping.

116
the predominant group composition of trail users.
of families of trail users

Heads

(35 per cent) w e r e m o s t l y p r o ­

fessionals w ith seventeen or more years of education.
Approximately 37 per cent of these users had an annual
income of $10,000 or more.
Many respondents usually use the same trail at
least one to two times wit h i n a twelve-month period.

It

appears that A u g u s t was the m o n t h w h e n the m a j o r i t y of
hikers and riders w ere in the field w i t h September next in
frequency of use.

For the months of M a y and June, use of

the trails was light.

However,

as late as October,

a sub­

stantial number of hikers and riders were still in the
field.

Although hiking and horseback riding w e r e the

predominant activities participated in by trail users,
these same hikers and riders indicated they had engaged
also in motorbiking and bicycling on trails w i t h i n a
twelve-month period.

In connection w ith the activities

participated in along the trails,

fishing, nature study,

camping, and sightseeing appear to be the predominant
activities.
Only twenty-one respondents engaged in snowmobiling
while twenty-seven trail users participated in trailskiing
and snowshoeing.
Some 249

(45 per cent)

trail users indicated

"scenery, beauty, and nature study" as the features of
trail they enjoyed most.

As to their recommendations,

117
129

(29 per cent:) s u g g e s t e d m o r e and b e t t e r m a r k e d trails*

In contrast,

41

(9 p e r cent)

users p r e f e r r e d trails to

remain in a c o m p a r a t i v e l y n a t u r a l state.
vices preferred,

"more maps,

leaflets,

were suggested.

Re q u e s t s for m o r e

labels,

also c l e a r l y emphasized.

and signs"

"drinking fountains or

water pumps" w e r e p r o m i n e n t l y mentioned.
"more p i c n i c tables, benches,

R e g a r d i n g se r ­

The d e s i re for

and b e t t e r restrooms" was

N e v e rtheless,

abo u t 60 p er cent

of the trail users said they e n j o y e d their use of the
trail in q u e s t i o n and c o m p l i m e n t e d the agency on an
excellent trail system.
M o s t of the findings in this study w ere v e r y similar
to those o b t a i n e d in o t h e r studies co n d u c t e d by Sargent,
2
3
Thorsell,
and ORRRC
s p e c i f i c a l l y in the b e h a v i o r a l and

i

socio-economic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of trail users w h i c h is
surprising in that these studies involved m o r e remote
natural areas.
For instance,

However,

they d i f f e r in some respects.

in this study, y o u n g e r m a l e and female

participants s e e m to e m e r g e the m a j o r i t y o f t r ail users,
whereas T h o r s e l l r e p o r t e d a d ult m a l e s and females as the
predominant participants.

The m a i n d i f f e r e n c e could be

attributed to the u s e r - o r i e n t e d a n d i n t e r m e d i a t e type of

■^Sargent, C a m e l s H u m p .
2

T horsell, Trail Use S u r v e y .

3
ORRRC,
pp. 34-36.

N a t i o n a l R e c r e a t i o n S u r v e y , pp.

13-15 and

118
areas involved in this study.

Besides, the variety of

recreational opportunities offered to the users in these
areas, they are relatively more easily accessible and less
expensive to reach for the majority of users than remote
national park a r e a s .

In c o n t r a s t , the survey areas in

Thorsell's study were two national parks which are c o n ­
sidered "resource-based" in Clawson's classification of
outdoor recreation a r e a s .^

These areas are generally far

from centers of population and considerable expense, time,
and travel are involved in getting there.
Statistical Analysis Significance
Testing differences between proportions reveal
that significant differences existed in the variables
tested for some of the respondents in seven out of nine
stations

(Table 2).

It shows that sex, age, camping

participation, education, professional occupation, and
annual income were significantly different between users
of two stations.

Significant differences were also found

in the case of some other variables such as place of
residence of users, availability of camping o p p o r t u n i­
ties, and differences in user's group composition.

it

was also interesting to note that statistical significance
was found to exist in some variables between riders at two
stations, between hikers at two st a t i o n s , and between riders
M a r i o n Clawson and Jack Knetsch, Economics of
door Recreation (Baltimore:
The Johns Hopkins P r e s s , 1966) ,

pp7 36-38.-----

119
and hikers at two s t a t i o n s .

For i n s t a n c e , riders at Goose

Creek and Mud Lake show significant difference in their
occupations and income.

Hikers in L u d ington and Pinckney

appear to be significantly different in camping p a r t i c i ­
pation, education, and sex distribution.

Whereas riders

at Goose Creek and hikers at Pin c k n e y e xhibit significant
differences in their camping participation, education,
occupation, and income

(see Table 2).

In the chi-square

2

(x ) analysis tests of signifi­

cance, significant difference was found to exist between
variables such as method of travel,

age, sex, w h y trail

was chosen, camping frequency, group type, trail use fre­
quency, occupation, and education of users

(Table 3).

For

instance, significant relationship was found to exist b e ­
tween user travel met h o d and his occupation, education,
also the recommendations he makes.

and

His m e t h o d of travel

had also some dependence on his group composition,

camping

participation, sex, age, and the e n j oyment he gets out of
trail use.
Statistical analysis also show significant d i f f e r ­
ence between user's age and group composition,
frequency, and recommendation he makes.

sightseeing

User's sex d i s t r i ­

bution had also some relationships w i t h his camping fre­
quency, group composition, and e n j oyment he derives from
the use of the trail.

Reasons for choosing the trail had

also some dependence on the camping frequency of the user.

120
Camping p a r t i c i p a t i o n was
w i t h occupation,
use frequency.

found, to be s i g n i f i c a n t l y related

education,

g r o u p c o m p o s i t i o n of trail

O n the o t h e r hand, g r o u p c o m p o s i t i o n of

trail users had b e e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h their occupation,
cation,

and trail use

frequency.

edu­

Trail use frequency was

also found to be r elated to the place of r e s i d e n c y and
occupation of the trail user.
It is i n t e r e s t i n g to note, however,

t h a t there was

no signif i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e at all b e t w e e n the user ' s o c c u ­
pation and the e n j o y m e n t he derives out of trail use and
the recom m e n d a t i o n s he makes.

However,

his e d u c a t i o n w as

found to have some r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n he
makes.

The e x i s t i n g d e p e n d e n c e found in these tests of

statistical s i g n i f i c a n c e m a y be true in one or more
stations b u t n o t n e c e s s a r i l y true in the others as r e ­
ported in T a b l e 3.

CHAPTER VI
RECOMMENDATIONS
Trail Research Methodology
1.

Inasmuch as most: long distance -brail systems,

especially the Michigan Riding and Hiking Trail, cross
jurisdictional boundaries such as state, federal, and
private lands, cooperation and coordination in management
and research undertakings of various agencies involved
should be encouraged.

Data on present use patterns and

user characteristics in the existing recreational trails
in Michigan should be obtained, analyzed, and evaluated
before long-range management planning are formulated and
implemented.

Conflicts in uses and competition for the

use of recreational lands can only be solved with knowl­
edge of

various existing uses.

Hence, if socially

desirable allocation of recreational lands is to be made
which will satisfy various kinds of forest and park users,
collection of data on trail use and user characteristics
is desirable.
2.

Further research on trail use patterns and

user characteristics in Michigan should be conducted to
obtain a more reliable data than secured from the present
121

122
study.

Short self-administered questionnaires should be

used to elicit higher response.

Questionnaire's content

should be carefully worded and only the m ost desirable and
useful information should be asked.

Personnel of the Un i ­

versity Applications Programming Unit should be consulted
during the initial stage of questionnaire design concerning
the kinds and chronology of data anticipated to be c ol­
lected to avoid programming complications later.

This

teamwork between the programmer and researcher saves
valuable time and unnecessary expense.
3.

Research on trail use and users should be co

ducted for a duration of at least two years although a
longer period of time is desirable to be able to make good
comparisons, especially on variances and trends taking
place.

The purpose here is to be able to obtain repre­

sentative, reliable, and valid data.

Trail users are

known to be highly mobile and generally diffused over a
wide area.

Since field access to them is difficult, u n ­

certain, and time-consuming, representative samples can
only be obtained through collection of adequate samples
at many different locations.

A min i m u m of two years and

a maximum of four years are recommended for this kind of
study.

Also there should be an adequate number of p e r ­

sonnel tc interview nonrespondents at sample stations
in order to determine the representativeness of the c o l ­
lected data.

Samples should also be collected from the

Upper Peninsula trail users in order to make reliable

123
inferences c o n c e r n i n g trail use p a t t e r n and u ser c h a r a c ­
teristics on a sta t e w i d e basis.
4.

In o r d e r to have a g ood count of all user

trails the w h o l e y e a r - r o u n d for p u r p o s e s of p o p u l a t i o n size
determination,

an intensive stu d y at several trails should

be conducted.

B o t h s i n g l e —use and m u l t i p l e - u s e trails

should be studied.

P h o t o e l e c t r i c b e a m c ounters should be

installed at these trailheads.

The b e a m should be in ­

stalled at a h e i g h t such that the light will strike a p art
of the us e r ' s b o d y to p r e v e n t d o u b l e counting.

The only

major c o u n t i n g e r ror a n t i c i p a t e d w o u l d be for u s ers p a s s ­
ing the c o u n t e r s i d e —b y — s i d e .
normally narrow,
major problem.

However,

since trails are

such u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n is u n l i k e l y to be a
It can be c o n t r o l l e d for e x p e r i m e n t a l

purposes by c o n s t r i c t i n g

the t r a i lheads to a s s u r e s i n g l e ­

file formation of trail users w h e n leaving a n d e n t e r i n g
the trail.

To insure the r e l iability, validity,

and

representativeness of the d a t a o b t a i n e d usi n g this t e c h ­
nique, y e a r - r o u n d c o l l e c t i o n of d a t a for a n u m b e r of years
should be c o n d u c t e d to d e t e r m i n e trail use p a t t e r n s and
the total n u m b e r of trail users for all seasons.

The

population d ata o b t a i n e d from these sample tra i l s w o u l d
be reliable a n d c o u l d be used in p l a n n i n g survey s ampl i n g
on other trails.

This t e c hnique has not yet b e e n u s e d in

trail use d a t a gathering.
and is, therefore,

However,

it appears p r o m i s i n g

r e c o m m e n d e d to the r e s e a r c h e r s if

124
reliable data on trail use patterns and users' popu­
lation sizes are to be obtained.
5.

Simple or stratified random sampling should

be used in the sample selection since it is one of the
most reliable and unbiased methods of data collection.
Samples that were used in past trail use or wilderness
studies have often been merely "convenience samples" and
in others "judgment samples,"^

Most of the reasons for

structuring such sampling were purely economic, particu­
larly the lack of personnel to gather the necessary data.
If data on this aspect of resource management are to be
made reliable, valid, representative, and useful for
recreation resource-planners and decision-makers,

large

scale simple or stratified random sampling is recommended
for future research undertakings.
6.

Self-administered questionnaires can be used

efficiently and effectively to obtain adequate, reliable,
and valid data from various trail users concerning their
trail use patterns and socio-economic characteristics.
To achieve this end, it is recommended that various moti­
vational techniques and administrative encouragements
should be used to increase response rates.

For instance,

administering agencies should inform trail users of the
importance of the study and encourage them to fill out

■^Wenger, Factors Influencing Effectiveness; L. C.
Merriam, Jr. and R. B. Ammons, The Wilderness User in
Three Montana Areas (Minnesota:
University of Minnesota,

lSeU).-------------------

125
questionnaires.

These agencies usually put out publi­

cations or leaflets distributed free to forest or park
users.

If such surveys are given publicity in these

leaflets, a higher response rate may result.

Question­

naire boxes should be located in spacious and convenient
areas where trail users usually congregate.

Benches

should be provided for the comfort of the respondents
while filling out questionnaires.
Facility and Management
The following recommendations are referred to the
various agencies whose trails or trail systems were in­
cluded in this study:
1.

There is a growing need for improved trail

systems within recreational areas to cater specifically
to the needs of hikers and riders.

This is especially

true in urban or user-oriented areas such as state parks
and state recreation areas which are intensively used
during the summer months.

For instance, in some recre­

ation areas, portions of the trails consisted of rotting
and unstable "corduroy"

(wooden p o l e s ) .

Tall grasses and

tree branches covered parts of some trails making them
impassable to u s e r s , they deserve proper maintenance and
elimination of obstacles that may be hazardous to trail
users.
2.

Inasmuch as "scenery, beauty, and nature

study" were the major reasons for trail user's

126
participation,
locations,

overlooks,

e s p e c i a l l y in strategic

s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d for the use and e n j o y m e n t

of various hikers and h o r s e b a c k r i d e r s .

This is e s p e c i a l l y

recommended a l o n g the M i c h i g a n Ridi n g and H i k i n g Trail
system.

Some of the facilities in trail camps need

improvement,

r e n o v a t i o n or r e p l a c e m e n t if they are to

be e f f i ci e n t l y u s e d a n d n o t abused by users.

Some h i t c h ­

ing posts w e r e o b s e r v e d to be rotting, missing,
nonexistent.
places

or e n t i r e l y

Bank e rosion was n o t i c e a b l e in some w a t e r i n g

for horses.

This should arouse c o n c e r n on the part

of the a d m i n i s t e r i n g agencies and r e s u l t in steps being
taken to p r e v e n t fur t h e r soil e r o s i o n and gra d u a l ban k
deterioration.
3.

Benches, w a t e r pumps,

and trash cans should be

provided o r i n s t a l l e d at str a t e g i c locations a l ong the
trail for the use and c o n v e n i e n c e of trail users.

These

facilities should be p r o v i d e d e s p e c i a l l y on long trail
systems and in places far from o t h e r r e c r e a t i o n a l areas.
Such r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w e r e p r o m i n e n t in the responses r e ­
ceived from trail users themselves.
4.

M o t o r c y c l e s , motorb i k e s ,

and other m o t o r i z e d

vehicles s h o u l d be b a n n e d from m a j o r and i n t e n s i v ely u s e d
hiking and r i d i n g trails.

It is b e l i e v e d that these

methods of travel on trails are not c o m p a t i b l e w i t h o t h e r
methods because of the n o i s e and d i s t u r b a n c e c r e a ted and
the consequent d i s p l e a s u r e of o t her trail users.

Man y

127
hikers and horseback riders who were interviewed and a
significant number of questionnaire respondents indicated
that they objected to motorcyclists or motorbike riders
using the same trail.

It is probably desirable that

separate trails should be designed and established
specifically for these types of users.

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Stations o n Wi l d e r n e s s Trails:
Factors Influencing
E f f e c t i v e n e s s ! U.S. Forest Service Research Paper
P N W - 1 6 . P o r t l a n d , Oregon:
Pacific Northwest
F o r e s t and Range Experiment Station, November, 1964

F

132
Wenger, W. D., Jr., and G r e g e r s e n , H. M.
The E f f ect of
N o n r e s p o n s e on R e p r e s e n t a t i v e n e s s of W i l d e r n e s s
T r a i l R e g i s t r a t i o n I n f o r m a t i o n * U.S. F o r e st
S e r v i c e R e s e a r c h Paper P N W - 1 7 . Portland, Oregon:
P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t F o r e s t and Range E x p e r i m e n t
Station, November, 1964.
W i s c o n s i n D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l Resources.
A State Trail
S t u d y . Madison:
W i s c o n s i n D e p a r t m e n t of N a t ural
Resources, 1969.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A
RESPONSES ON S E L F —ADMINISTERED
QUESTIONNAIRES

A P P E N D 1X
R ESP

NO,

CATEGORY

STATION 1
No.

I . Method o f Travel
Foot
B icycle
Horseback
M otorcycle/M otorbike
Other
Total

Sex
Male
-rtasale
T otal

111. Caaped Last Night?
Yes
No
T otal

7.

7.69

9
3
13

69.23
23.070
100.00

- A B M 1 S 1 S T E RED

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

No.

No.

No.

4
1

SELF

2
1
2

X

44.44
22.22

11.11

9

22.22
100.00

1
2
2

11.11
22.22
22.22

1-

11.11

X

4
1
23
3
2
33

12.12
3.03
69.69
9.09
6.06
100 00

10.71
21.42
3.57
17.85
21.42
10.71
14.28

5

-

35.71

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10

No.

X

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

27

100.00

35 71
14.28
14.28
100.00

1
2
1
3
2
4
1
14

7.14
14.28
7.14
21.42
14.28
28.57
7.14
100.00

39

100.00

27

2
3
3
5
6
8

8.00
12.00
12.00
20.00
16.00
32.00

19
14
5
4
I
1

43.18
31.81
11.36
9.09
2.27
2.27

9
7
2
2
3
3

25

100,00

44

100.00

60.86
39.13
100.00

15
20
35

14.81
85.18
100.00

6
38
44

22.22

100.00

9

100.00

28

100.00

12

100.00

20
6
26

76.92
23.07
100.00

100.00

100.00

88.88
11.11
100.00

12

13

8
1
9

12

100.00

14
9
23

5
8
13

38.46
61.53
100.00

5
4
9

55.55
44.44
100.00

22
12
34

64.70
35.29
100.00

10
3
13

76.92
23.07
100.00

4
23
27

1
5
3
1

7.69
38.46
23.07
7.69

13

1 11.11

26
2

100.00

2

23.07

37
1

2.56
94.87
2.56

27

3
6
1
5
6
3
4

3

X

1

1
5
2
2
14

....

QV E S T I ON 1 A I R E S

X

X

3.73 316
96.34
2
.60
6
1.82
88.83
7.43
1
.30
3
.91
100.00 328 100.00

34.61
26.92
7.69
7.69
11.53
11.53

9

X

I

STATION l l |

TOTAL

No.

No

X

X

32
9
3
53

16.98 101
B
97.11
1
.96
1
60.37
19
16.98
2
1.92
5.66
100.00 104 100 00

28.57 175 '0 .3 7
3.57
7 1.03
67.85 148 21.92
30 4.44
15 2,22

14.28 142 21.77
21.42 134 20.55
7.14 63 9.66
7.14 56 8.58
14.28 110 16.87
25.00 93 14.26
7.14 38 5.82
3.57 16 2.45

IT

SB 1MT ■—

26

75
54
24
23
61
46
18
9
100.00 310

24.19
17.41
7,74
7.41
19.67
14.83
5.80
2.90
100.00

8
16
6
5
2
5
7
5
54

14.81 21
29.62 22
11.11 16
8
9.25
3.70 20
9.25 14
12.96
9.25
100.00 101

100.00

4
6
2
2
4
7
2
1
2B

42.85
57.14
100.00

12
11
23

52.17 190
47.82 121
100.00 311

61.09
38.90
100.00

31
22
53

58.49 76
41.50 25
100.00 101

75.24
24.75
100.00

18
10
28

64.28 408 64.45
35.71 225 35.54

13.63
86; 36
100.00

23
4
27

85.18 227
14.81 100
100.CO 327

69.20
30.48
100.00

30
24
54

55.55 31
44*44 73
100.00 104

29.80
70.19
100.00

19
10
29

65.51 382 56.15
34.48 299 43.84
100.00 68 i 10W "

20.79
21.78
15.84
7.92
19.80
13.86

1
S tatio n numbers re fe r to t r s i l lo ca tio n s at Caberfae, Four-m ile Road, Goose Creek, Gordon Creek, Highland (h ik in g ). Highland (Horseback r id in g ) , Lost Creek Sky Ranch, Ludington
State Park, Mudlake, Pinckney, and Scheck's P la ce ,re sp e ctive ly.

2
This percentage and succeeding percentages fo r a l l s ta tio n s may not n e ce ssa rily amount So e x a c tly 100T, due to rounding o f f e rro rs as recorded by the computers.

|>
4
4

133

11. Respondents Age and Sex
Age
11-15
16-10
21-25
26-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
60 +
fo ta l

1

O N

O N S E S

A

MM

SELF

NO.

CATEGORY

A D M I N

1 S T

E R E

D

Q U E S T

STATION 1

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION A

STATION 5

NO.

No.

So.

No.

So.

3

X

X

X

X

7.

I O N N A 1 R E s

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10

STATION 11| TOTAL

No.

No.

No.

So.

So.

So.

X

%

75.00

1
1

33.33

1

5

1

33.33

7
3

36.84
15.78

1

5.26

1

2
18

129
29
12
4

33.33
66.66

1

33.33
100.00

3
19

15.78
100.00

4
9

44.44
100.00 ~ ~ 3 ~ 100.00

6
6

100.00
100.00

1
22

X

3.44

0.48

1
1
1

5.55
5.55
5.55

2

11.11

11

61.11

9.09
81.81

1

1
3

X

55.55

2

25.00
100.00

t

4.54

26.31
5

1
4

X

4.54
100.00

62.31
14.00
5.79
1.93

7
1

24.13
3.44

2
3
2
8
4

6.89
10.34
6.89
27.58
13.79

.48

20
9.66
11
5.31
207 100.00

I
29

3.44
100.00

1

3.22

20
6

64.51
19.35

4
31

12.90

2

TT

11.11
■ ra rs r

«o.

S'

X

4
1.13
2
.56
7
1.99
6
1.70
8
2.27
6
1.70
18
5.12
141 40.17
32
9.11
12
3.41
4
1.13
2
.56
3
.65
2
.56
19
5.41
4
1.13
21
5.98
6
1.70
20
5.69
349^68

134

IV . Caareround Name
C a r r le v ille
F our-w ile T r a il Camp
Maniatee R iver
Gordon Creak
Gooae Creek
Au Sable Lodge
McKinley
Beechwood
Pine*
Cedar Camp
Anderton
Mud Lake T r a il Camp
In te rlo ch e n State Park
Gtaat Lake
Scheck'a Place
Grand Traverae Saddle Camp
Crooked Lake
B ruin Lake
Ludington State Park
Other
T otal

-

h
I

t

i
~

393

V. Camping Tonight?
Yea
No
T otal

V I. Caautftround Name
Stewart Creek
Maniatee River
Gooae Creek
Loat Creek Sky Ranch
Beechwood
Pinet
Cedar Camp
Anderaon
Mud Lake Camp Ground
In te rlo ch e n State Park
Boardman'a River
Scheck'a Place
Ralkaaka
Crooked Lake
Bruin Lake
Ludington State Park
Other
T o ta l

4
9
13

30.76
69.23
100.00

2

66.66

7
2
9

77.77
23.22
100.00

1

20.00

23
11

67.64
32.35

IT"100. bo

9
69.22
30.76
4
13 Too.ob

4
4
3

18.18
13.66

11

50.00

1

4.54

50.00

5
22

18.51
81.48
100.00

~TT~
l

5
39

11.36
88.63

U

100.00

17
9
26

16.66

1
1
15

1
1

12.50

2
2

65.38 225
34.61 102
100.00 327

33.33
33.33

33.33
100.00

4
5

80.00
100.00

3
22

13.63
100.00

3
8

37.50 __ 1__ 16.66
100.00
6 100.00

130
30
5.88
7
4

1

5
5

100.00
100.00

1
17

40
12

76.92 28
23.07 75
100.00 103

27.18
72.81
100.00

13
16
29

44.82 376 55.53
55.17 301 44.46
100.00 577 100X

.48
.48

88.23

2

1
3

68.80
31.19
100.00

62.50
14.42
3.36
1.92
.48
.96

1

.48

22
5.38
9
100.00 208

10.57
4.32
100.00

5
13
2
3
8
6

1
38

13.15
34.20
5.26
7.89
21.05
15.78

2.69
100.00

1

2

16.66

1

8.33

3.57

7
2
17
6
1
3
28

60 71
21.42
3.57
10.71
100.00

IT

58.33
16.66

100.00

B
6
3
15
143
30
8
14
17
4
3
15
8
■18
6
23
31
352

2.27
1.70
.85
4.26
40.62
8.52
2.27
3.97
4.82
1.13
.85
4.26
2.27
5.11
1.70
7.09
8.23
1001

1|

*T<

1(

]

]
L

l!

S E L F

NO.

CATEGORY

Why T r a il Chosen
Close to my home
In te re s tin g , Scenic, Nice Location
F rie n d 's Reconmendatior.
No Choice
By Accident
Well-marked
Michigan T r a il Riders A ssociation
Love H iking & /or Riding
Have Been On I t Before
Nature Observation
A-H T r a il Ride
S a tis fa c to ry Length
L ike I t B e tte r Than Others
For Fun o r C u rio s ity
W ater-Oriented
Brochure, L e a fle t, Map
Other
T otal

A c t iv it ie s Undertaken Along T ra il
A c t iv it y I
Swimming
H iking o r Walking
Horseback Riding
S ight-seeing
Birdwatching, F ish in g , Nature
Photography
Camping/Picnicking
Other
T otal

STATION 2

Ho.

No.

X

1
5

41.66

2

16,66
1

2

7.

16.66

16.66

A D M I N I S T E R E D

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10 STAHIOH 11 TOTAL

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

X

2
5
3

6.45
16.12
9.67

1
I
4
4
1

3.22
3.22
12.90
12.90
3.22

1
4
1

3.22
12.90
3.22

I

2
2

15.38
15.38

2
2

15.38
15.38

1

7.69

16.66

3
12

25,00
100.00

3

27.27

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

1
1

7.69
7.69

1
3
1
1
2

8
1
3

1

4.54
13.63
4.54
4.54
9.09

2
12
3
4
2

I

5.40
32.43
8.10
10.81
5.40

1
2
6
2
2

36.36
4.54
13.63

3
3
1

8.10
8.10
2.70

9.09

1
3
1

2.70
8.10
2.70

22

100.00

2
37

5-40
100.00

1
26

1
I

1

16.66

3
6

50.00
100.00

4
31

12.90
100.00

2
13

15.38
100.00

1

12.50

9

29.03

2
2
4

15.38
15.38
30.76

1

4.00

5

12.19

7.69
7.69
7.69

1
5
5
5
1

4.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
4.00

3
19

7.31
46.34

6
1

14.63
2.43

5

20.00

2

6
3
3

X

3.84
7.69
23.07
7.69
7.59

X

9
76
11
12
If

.2.93
24.67
3.57
3.89
6.16

6

1.94

14
27
7

4.54
8.76
2.27

17
31
11.53 25
28
3
3.84 23
100.00 308

5.51
10.06
8.11
9.09
0.97
7.46
100.00

23.07
11.53

X

5
5
3
1
2

10.63
10.63
6.38
2.12
4.25

1
23

2.12
48.93

4
2

X

No.

4
15
3
6
10

4.08
15.30
3.06
6.12
10.28

8
5
1

8.16
5.10
1.02

8.51
4.25

16
4
7

16.32
4.08
7.14

1
2
3

2.12
100.00

1
18
98

1.02
18.36
100.00

1

1
47

7

13.72
9
I
10
11
13
19
4

9.18
1.02
10.20
11.22
13.26
19.38
4.08

18
3
2
1

18.36
3.06
2.04
1.02

X

No.

X

_

2(?

11,53 30
15.38 129
30
11.53 31
3.84 43
8
3.84
11.53
9
11.53 63
3.84 39
14
7
3.84 42
7.69 46
11.53 45
28
3.84
5
57
100.0C 626

4.79
20.60
4.79
4.95
6.86
1.27
1.43
20.06
6.23
2.23
1 .11
6.70
7.34
7.18
4.47
0.79
9.10
100X

14
1

48.27
3.44

4
2
2
1

13.79
6.89
6.89
3.44

1
1

3.44
3.44

2

6.89

3 .a
100.00

5.28
3 42
1.55
12.13
15.55
9.64
11.97
2.95
1.71
20.06
2.17
4.19
0.77
1.39
3.42
0.46
3.26
1007.

3
4
3
1
1
3
3
1

135

How T r a il Learned
Michigan T r a il Riders A ssociation
Club, O rganisation, Assoc;.Cluirch
Nevspaoer
Have Been On I t Before
Through Friends
Sign o r Signboards
By Accident o r Chance
Conservation Club
Close To Hone
Map, Brochure, T r a il Guide
O ffic e o r Keadouerters
Through Parents, R elatives
Heard About I t
F tlv a te Advertisement
Word o f Mouth
T r ip le AAA
Other
Total

STATION 1

-

1
1
2
2
1
1

9.09
9,09
18.18
18.18
9.09
9.09

2
2
1

25.00
25.00
12.50

2

25.00

3
8

9.67
25.80

4
2

12.90
6.45

1

3.22

1

3.22

1
1
1

1

100.00

8

100.00

1

14.28

1
3
2

12.50
37.50
25.00

2

28.57

U

4
7

57.14
in n nn

2

25.00
I r t f l rtrt

I
1
1
31

3.22
3.22
3.22
100.00

2

9.52

13
I
2

61.90
4.76
9.52
4.76
9.52

1
2
i

nn nf\

2
13

15.38
100.00

3
2
2
1

27.27
16.18
18.18
9.09

1
1
1

9.09
9.09
9.09

11

ia a

4.00

I
25

4.00
100.00

7

33.33

3
8
2

14.28
38.09
9,52

4
1

9.75
2.43

2

4.87

41

100.00

1

3.44

28

I

4.76

96.55

3

1
2
1
7
8
2
26

3.84
3.84
2
55
33
36
32
4
6
96
9
16
1

0.64
n .7 4
10.64
11.61
10.32
1.29
1.93
30.96
2.90
5.16
0.32

11

3.54

9
100.00 310

2.90
100.00

11.53

3.84
7.69
3.84
26.92
30.76
7.69

12
1
5
1

52.17
4.34
21.73
4.34

1
2
1

4.34
8.69
4.34

5
66
I
15
28
12
8
44

2.79
36.87
0.55
8.37
15.64
6.70
4.46
24.58

3
2
16
3
7
6

5.88
3.92
31.37
5.88
13.72
11.76

6

11.76

I

1.96

51

100.00

12
I
12
2
2

32.43
2.70
32.43
5.40
5.40

4
4

10.81
10.81

7
98

7.14
100.00

1
29

26

50.00

2
1
7

13
4
1
8

25.00
7.69
1.92
15.38

1
5

34
22
10
78
.00
62
77
19
11
29
14
27
5
9
22
3
21
643

12.5< 38 9.40
6.2! 108 26.73
43.7' 70 17.32
25 6.18
53 13.11
6.2
21 5.19
17 4.20
72 17.82
31.2

SELF

HO.

CATEGORY

- ADMINISTERED

QUESTIONNAIRES

STATION 1

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

No.

No

X

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

3
I

60.00
20.00

X

X

1

X

X

X

2

STATION 9

STATION 10

STATION 1

No.

No.

X

No.

50.00
25.00
5.55
5.55

5
1
I

5
36

13.88
100.00

1
1
4
13

1

4.76

1

12.50

2

25,00

11.11

2
8

9.52
38.09

3

37.50

1
11.11
6
44.44
9 100.00

2
8
21

9.52
38.09
100,00

2
8

25.00
100.00

7
2

58.33
16.66

1
1

14.28
14.28

1
1

14.28
14.28

1
2
7

14.28
28.57
100.00

I

X

TOTAL .
No.

X

S
X

IX . A c t iv it ie s Undertaken Along T r a il
Tine 1
One Hour
Two Hour*
Three Hour*
Four Hour*
Five Hour*
S ix Hour*
Seven Hour*
Other
ttta l

Tiae 2
One Hoar
Two Hour*
Three Hours
Four H otr*
Five Hours
S ix Hours
Seven Hours
Other
T otal

A c t iv it y 3
Swinging
Hiking/W alking
Horseback Riding
Sightseeing
Birdwatching, F ishing , Nature
Photography
C n p in g /P ic n ic k in g
Other
T otal

2
2

1

20.00
40.00
40.00

1

5

100.00 ~ T ~ 100.00

1
1

1

20.00

100.00

25.00

3
1
1
2
3
16

2
1
2

6.25

5
1
1

62.50
12.50
12.50

18.75
6.25
1
6.25
12.50
12.50
50.00
100.00 1 " 100.00

20.00
10.00
20.00

1

25.00
25.00
100.00

1
1

50.00
50.00

5
12

1

100.00

10.00

4
10

40.00
100.00

1
I

14.28
14.28

18
3
2
2
1

41.66
100.00 ~

I
1

4
1

16.66
25.00
8.33
8.33

100.00

25.00

I
1
4

2
3
1
I

1

100.00

5

1

100.00

1

r

i
i

100.00

100.00
100.00

1
1

—

100.00
100.00

i
1
2

14.28
42.85
14.28
100.00 T

50.00
50.00
100.00

100.00

1
2

1
4

6.66
26.66

1

6.66

1

6.66

8
15

100.00

3

37.50

2

25.00

80.00

100.00 ~ T 100.00

52.38
29.36
7.93
3.96
2.38
3.17

3
3

3

100.00

25.00
16.66
2.77
38.88
100.00

1

16.66

18
4

78.26
17.39

1

16.66

1

4.34

12.50
25.00

8

8
4
3
1
1
3
3
4
27

24.62
14.81
11.11
3.70
3.70
11. U
11.11
14.81
100.00

8.33
8.33

9
6
1
14
36

1
2

50.00

1

1
1

18
9
2
2

33.33

16.66
16.66

38.46 125 43.25
7.69 65 22.49
22 7.61
7.69 18 6.22
6 2.07
7,69 12 4.15
7.69
6 2.07
30.76 35 12.10
ioo' . oo

100.00

50.00
100.00 ~ T 100.00

1
1

66
37
10
5
3
4

53.33
1
0.79
100.00 126 100.00

100.00

20.00

1

1
3
1
7

69.23
11.53
7.69
7.69
3.84

100.00
100.00

4
6

66.66
100.00 ~23~ 100.00

2
3
5

40.00
60.00
100.00

11
8
9
2
26
8
7
33

10.57
7.69
8.65
1.92
25.00
7.69
6.73
31.73

31
11
I
3
1
1
5
15
68

45.58
16.17
1.47
4.41
1.47
1.47
7.35
22.05
100%

1
3
6

16.66
50.00
100.00

1
1
1

50.00
50.00
50.00

I
I
1

7.69
7.69
7.69

1

50.00

1

7.69

1

50.00
100.00

5

3
12

25.00
100.00

3 23.07
’ 53.84

“

T oo T *

136

A c t iv it y 2
S vim in g
H iking o r Walking
Hor*eback R iding
Sightseeing
Birdwatching, F iahing, Nature
Photography
Capping/ P icn ickin g
Other
T otal

1

S E L F
HO.

CATEGORY

-

A D M I N I S T E R E D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION 1

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10 STATION 1

No.

No.

No.

No.

No,

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

IX. Tine 3
One Hour
THo Hours
Three Hours
Four Hours
Five Hours
S ix Hours
Seven Hours
Other
T o ta l

When T rip Began
Month
A p r il
May
June
J u ly
August
September
October
Other
T otal

Dav
1st
2nd
3rd
4 th
5th
6 th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11 th
12th

100.00

1
1

1

2

15.38

2
2
2
5

15.38
15.38
15.38
38.46

13

100.00

7
1
3
2
13

53.84
7.69
23.07
15.38
100.00

2

15.38

I

7.69

1

7.69

2
1

22.22
11.11

4

a . 44

1
11.11
1
11.11
9 100.00

4
12.90
9.67
3
16.12
5
9
29.03
3
9.67
5
16.12
6.45
2
31 100.00

1
5
2

11.11
55.55
22.22

4
13
1

1

11.11

to

100.00

1
29

13.79
44.82
3.44
34.48
3.44
100.00

1
1

3.57
3.57

3
1
2

10.71
3.57
7.14

9

I

11.11

2
3

22.22
33.33

2
1

1

11.11

I

2
3
4
1

16.66
25.00
33.33
8.33

2

16.66

11

3
7

100.00

30.00
70.00

9
1
12
2
1
I
1
27

3
19
1

100.00

2

50.00
100.00

3.63 18
1.81 10
12.72 18
20.00 12
10.90
9
41.81 23
9i08 12
100.00 102

17.64
9.80
17.64
11.76
8.82
22.54
11.76
100.00

1

14.70
33.33
5
3.70
44.44
6
17.64
7.40
4
11.76
3.70
5
14.70
3.70 11
32.35
3.70
3
8.82
100.00 34 ” 156.00

116
23
49
8
18
52
27
293

39.59
7.84
16.72
2.73
6.14
17.74
9.21
100.60

2
1
7
11

1
3
40.00 39
60.00 144
82
28
1
100.00 298

0.33
1.00
13.08
48.32
27.51
9.39
0.33
100.00

2

4.25

11
27
4
2
47

23.40
57.44
8.51
4.25
2.12
100.00

8
37
27
9
18
99

8.08
37.37
27.27
9.09
18.18
100.00

19
4
7
10
3
11
9
7
7
13
9
5

6.35
1.33
2.34
3.34
1.00
3.67
3.01
2.34
2.34
4.34
3.01
1.67

2
2
7
1

4.44
4.44
15.55
2.22

1

2.22

1
2
3

2.22
4.44
6.66
2.22

6
12
2
2
2
I
4
4
1
10
6

6.06
12.12
2.02
2.02
2.02
1.01
4.04
4.04
1.01
10.10
6.06

100.00

2
I
1

8.69
4.34
4.34

1

4-34

1

4.34

4
I

17.39
4.34

7.14
3.57

3.57

1 16.66

100.00

23

3 50.00
1 16.66

100.00

2

I
11
1
7
2
11

2
17
24

4.44
37.77
53.33

10
15

1
45

2.22
2.22
100.00

25

1
1
1
2
5
2
3
I

2.27
2.27
2.27
4.54
11.36
4.54
6.81
2.27

2

4.54

1
10

50.00

100.00

1 100.00

13.04
82.60
4.34

No.

4.54
50.00
4.54
31.81
9.09
100.00

1

4.00

5

20.00

7

28.00

6
23
5
5i

1

1

100.00

1 16.66

6 1001

3
1
5
8
2

6
2

11.11 163 26.08
3.70 43 6.88
18.51 109 17.44
29.62 72 11.52
7.40 47 7.52
22.22 136 21.76
7.40 55 8.80

47

100.00 £45 loot

17
12

3
5
96
58.62 315
41.37 130
54
24
100.00 627

29

1
1

3.44
3.44

1
I
3

3.44
3.44
10.34

1

3.44

0.47
0.79
15.31
50.23
20.73
8.61
3.82
1002

33 5.28
23 3.68
19 3.04
23 3.68
13 2.08
26 4.16
17 2.72
16 2.56
11 1.76
29 4.64
26 4.16
11 1.76

137

One Fatally 6 Children
Tno F m llie s
One Couple
Organised Group
One Person Alone
Group o f Friends
Other
T otal

2

No.

TOTAL

S E L F

NO.

CATEGORY

X I. Day
13th
14th
ISch
16th
17th
16th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th
31»t
T otal

-

A D M I N I S T E R E D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION I

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION T

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10 STATION 11 TOTAL

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

7.69

1 11.11

1

3.57

7.69

1

1

15.38

7.

10.00

3.57
3

23.07
7.69

1
4

2
1
1
4
100.00

9

100.00

2
2

8.69
8.69

3

1

13

4.34
4.34

1

2.27

1
1
1

2.27
2.27
2.27

30.00

7.69

1 11.11

1
1

13.04

11

25.00

1
1

4.00
4.00

1
1

4.00
4.00

5

20.00

3.57
14.28

1
1

3.57
7.14
3.57
3.57
14.28

28" 100.00

1

1
2

1

10.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
10.00

1

4.34
4.34

1

4.34

To~ 100.00 IE

100.00

1

4.76

1

4.76

1
4
4

1
1
44

2.27
9.09
9.09

2.27
2.27
100.00

1

1

4.00
4.00

1

4.00

IT

100.00

1

4.54

17
12
5
6
10
8
11
13
7
5
4
19
15
9
14
9
8
8
15
299

5.68
4.01
1.67
2.00
3.34
2.67
3.67
4.34
2.34
1.67
1.33
6.35
5.01
3.01
4.68
3.01
2.67
2.67
5.01
100.00

1

2.22

5

11.11

6

13.33

1
1

2.22
2.22

1
6
3
I
45

2.22
13-33
6.66
2.22
100.00

No.

5
3

5.05
3.03

6
1
3
7
3
2
2
7
2

6.06
1.01
3.03
7.07
3.03
1.01
2.02
2.02
7.07
2.02

2
1
4
99

2.02
1.01
4.04
100.00

1

No.

2
1
4
1

6.89
3.44
13.79
3.44

2
4
2
1

6.89
13.79
3.44
6.89
3.44

2

6.89

1

3.44

TT

100.00

1

25
4.00
20
3.20
9
1.44
12
1.92
15
2.40
20
3.20
18
2.88
41
6.57
17
2.72
21
3.36
14
2.24
24
3.84
25
4.00
24
3.84
19
3.04
13
2.08
20
3.20
19
3.04
21
3.36
624 1002

Tise

1-2 AH

2-3 AH
3-4 AH
4-5 AM
5-6 AM
6-7 AH
7-8 AM
8-9 AM
9-10 AM
10-11AM
11-12AM
12-1 PH
PM
2-3 PH
3-4
4-5 PM
5-6 PH
6-7 PM
7-8 PM
8-9 PM
9-10 PM
10-11FM
11-12FM
Other
T otal

1

6.25

14.28
3
2
11
18
46
39
14
37
30
17
16
13
10
3

1.14
0.76
4.19
6.87
17.55
14.88
5.34
14.12
11.45
6.48
6.10
4.96
3.81
1.14

2

0.76

1
18.13
100.00 262

0.38

6.25
25.00
8.33
25.00
8.33

1-2

8.33

FM

1
1
4
1
1
2

6.25
6.25
25.00
6.25
6.25
12.50

1
I
1

6.25
6.25
6.25

11.11

3
1
1

33.33
11.11
11.11

1
1
1

11.11
11.11
11.11

42.85
14.28

8.33
1

1

8.33

1
3
1
2
5
5
1
1

4.76
14.28
4.76
9.52
23.80
23.80
4.76
4.76

1
3
3
9
2
4
10
7
1
2

2.32
6.97
6.97
20.93
4.65
9.30
23.25
16.29
2.32
4.65

1
9

4.54
40.90

2
I

9.09
4.54

4

18.13

14.28
14.28

1
12

1

6.25

8.33

100.00

7

100.00

16

100.00

9

100.00

21

100.00

1
43

2.32
100.00

4
22

100.00

1
2
2
2
4
9

2.38
4.76
4.76
4.76
9.52
21.42

4
2
9

9.52
4.76
21.42

2
1

4.76
2.38

2
1
1

4.76
2.38
2.38

42

100.0(1

2

2.10

1

5.00

I
7
8
14
10
8
16
12
5
5
2
2

1.05
7.36
8.42
14.73
10.52
8.42
16.84
12.63
5.26
5.26
2.10
2.10

1
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
2
1

5.00
10.00
5.00
10.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
5.00
10.00
10.00
5.00

2

10.00

3
os

3.15
ioo on

on

in n nn

1
2
5
6
6
27
48
83
66
33
72
72
32
33
22
16
4
3
4
1
4
9

0.18
0.36
0.91
1.09
1.09
4.91
8.74
15.11
12.02
6.01
13.11
13.11
5.82
6.01
4.00
2.91
0.72
0.54
0.72
0.36
0.72
1.63
inn*

H
U
_co
1

S E L F

m.

CATEGORY

X II. then T rip Completed
Month
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Other
T otel

A D M I N I S T E R E D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION I

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10 STATION 11

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

5
1
3
2

6
2
1

45.45
9.09
27.27
18.18

66.66
22 22
11.11

I
7
8
9

3.84
26.92
30.76
34.61

1

3.84

11

100.00

JL Tbo.oo IT

100.00

2

18.18

5
1

20.00
4.00

1
2
3

4.00
8.00
12.00

1
I

10.00
4.00

3
6
1

30.00
60.00
10.00

To“ 100.00

l

2
11
1

9.09

i
i

1

9.09

4
I
I

11.11
11.11
44.44
11.11
11.11

3
4
1

1

4
1

12.00
16.00
4.00

2

18.18

1
1

I
I

9.09
9.09

2
1

4.00

1

4.00

18.16

1

1

11

2.36

100.00

T~ 100.00

~

3
1

30.00
10.00

1
1
1

10.00
lO'.flO
10.00

2

4.76

1
2
5
2
3
1

2.38
4.76
11.90
4.76
7.14
2.38

7.14

100.00

10.00
100.00 ~

1
100.00 256

4.16

1
1
3

4.16
4.16
12.50

28.57
7.14
2

4.76

7.14

1

2.38

7.14
7.14

1
1
I

2.38
238
2.38

14.28

10

23.80

7.14
1
4
3

1
1
9

IT

1
37.5b 34
62.50 123
70
26
1

7.14

4.00

4.00

9
15

1

11.11

I

...

1

9.09
1

2

2.38
40.47
54.76

10.00

1
1

1
17
23

~14~ 100.00 "4 2 * 100,00

1
1

14.28
78.57
7.14

7.14
100.00

1
1
42

2.38
9.52
7.14

2.38
2.38
100.00

6
1
1

2

25.00
4.16
4.16

8.33

1

4.16

5

20.83

2

8.33

IT

100.00

20
5
8
8
3
10
9
8
5
9
9
5
12
11
5
3
7
7
14
10
5
4
2
10
14
10
9
8
9
10
10
259

0.39
13.28
46.04
27.34
10.15
0.39

9
30
5
3
1

18.75
62.50
10.41
6.25
2.08

0.39
100.00 ~48~ 100.00

7.72
1.93
3.08
3.08
1.15
3.86
3.47
3.08
1.93
3.47
3.47
1.93
4.63
4.23
1.93
1.15
2.70
2.70
5.40
3.86
1.93
1.54
0.77
3.86
5.40
3.86
3.47
3.08
3.47
3.86
3.86
100,00

1
9
2
3
1

2.08
18.75
4.16
6.25
2.08

2

4.16

2

4.16

1

2.08

3

6.25

6
32
25
9
13
1
1
87

No.

6.89
36.78 12
28.73 10
10.34
14.94
1.14
1.14
100.00 J L

6
10
2
1
3
1
4
3
1
9
5

6.97
11.62
2.32
1.16
3.48
1.16
4.65
3.48
1.16
10.46
5.81

3
3

3.48
3.48

I

TOTAL
No.

2
0.36
81 14.75
54.54 170 49.18
45.45 123 22.40
52
9.47
17
3.09
2
0.36
2
0.36
100,00

1

4.54

1

4.54

36
18

12
21
15
23

3

I
1

13.63

4.54
4.54

21
22
12
23
18
13
17
18

12
1

108

3
1
2

6.25
2.08
4.16

6

12.50

1
2
1

2.08
4.16
2.08

3
2
2
6
2
1
3
2
7
2

3.48
2.32
2.32
6.97
2.32
1.16
3.48
2.32
8.13
2.32

2

2.32

3
86

3.48
100.00

3

13.63

3
2
1
1
3

13,63
9.09
4.54
4.54
13.63

2

9.09

9
13
15
16
33
15

10
8
27
26
24
16

10
12
13

7
48

14.58
100.00

TT

I

22
100.00

6.54
3.27
2.18
3.81
2.72
4.18
3.81
4.00
2.18
4.18
3.27
2.36
3.09
3.27
2.18
1.63
2.36
2.72
2.90

6.00
2.72
1.81
1.45
4.90
4.72
4.36
2.90
1.81
2.18
2.36
4.00

139

Dey
le t
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21at
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29 th
30th
31«t
T otel

-

S E L F
HO.

CATEGORY

-

A D M I N I S T E R E D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION 1

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

%

STATION ?

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10 STATION I

No.

No.

No.

NO.

No.

TOTAL
No.

HI. Time

1-2

0.46
0.46

1
2

3.33

1

8.33

1
2
3
5

8.33
16.66
25.00
41.66

14.28
1

16.66

25.00

10.00
10.00

1

16.66

4

66.66

37.50
12.50
12.50

14.28
14.28

10.00

10.00

20.00
10.00

28.57
28.57

10.00

1
2
2
10
2
3
7
9
3
2

2.38
4.76
4.76
23.80
4 76
7.14
16.66
21.42
7.14
4.76

1
1
4
5
4

4.54
4.54
18.18
22.72
18.18

1

4.54

1

4.54

12.50

10.00
6_ 100.00

X III.M ethod* o f Travel For The P a it 12 Monthi
(i> H iking
*
I- 2 Timet
3-4
5-6
7-8
9-10

50.00
16.66

B

100.00

2

66.66

1

33.33

1
10

10.00
100.00

7

1
1QQ.0Q 42

2.38
100.00

100.00

12

25.00

4
3
2

22.22
16.66
11.11

1

25.00

3
1

16.66
5.55

1

25.00
1

5.55

1

5.55

3

16.66

2

U 18

18

100.00

11

100.00

62.50

4
3
2

36.36
27.27
18.18

12.50
16.66

II-12

25.00

25.00

16.66
100.00

3

100.00

8

100.00

4

100.00

5
22

4
10
22
31
19
21
30
28
18
17
11
3

22.74
100.00 217

1.84
4.60
10.13
14.28
8.75
9.67
13.82
12.90
8.29
7.83
5.06
1.38

1.19

1
2

3.33
6.66

3
4
2
10
3

10.00
13.33
6.66
33.33
10.00

3

0.43

10.00

2
9
1
8
6
20
9
11
9
3
1

2.38
10.71
1.19
9.52
7.14
23.80
10.71
13.09
10.71
3.57
1.19

1
3
84

1.19
3.57
100.00

24
11
13
3
5
2
1
3
4
2
1

28.57
13.09
15.47
3.57
5.95
2.38
1.19
3.57
4.76
2.38
1.19

2
1
3

13
2
84

15.47
2.38
100.00

I
2
9

10Q.QQ

30

100.00

68
25.37
40
14.92
14.17
38
14
5.22
19
7.08
6
2.23
1
0.37
6
2.23
7
2.61
4
1.49
4
1.49
2
0.74
0.74
2
2
0.74
52
19.40
3
1.11
268 100.00

6
1

54.54
9.09

2

18.18

1

9.09

I

9.09

11

100.00

0.21
0.43

0.21

3.33
0.46

PM

13-14
15-16
17-22
23-28
29-34
35-45
46-56
56 +
Checked
Other
Totel

1

11.76
11.76
11.76
17.64
17.64
5.88
17.64
5.88

8
24
26
56
37
59
62
70
45
28
17
4

1.75
5.27
5.71
12.30
8.13
12.96
13.62
15.38
9.89
6.15
3.73
0.87

2
0.43
1
0.21
10
2.19
17 '100.00 455 1001

22.22 119 28.19
11.11 60 14.21
33.33 59 13,98
18 4.26
31 7.34
11 2.60
3 0.71
10 2.36
11 2.60
6 1.42
4 0.94
6 1.42
2 0.47
2 0.47
11.11 72 17.06
8 1.90
22.22
100.00

£22 1001

140

1-2 AM
2-3 AM
3-4 AM
4-5 AM
5-6 AM
6-7 AM
7-8 AM
8-9 AM
9-10 AM
10-11AM
11-12AM
12-1 PM
PM
2-3
3-4 PM
4-5 PM
5-6 PM
6-7 PM
7-8 PM
8-9 PM
9-10 PM
10-llPM
11-12PM
Other
T otel

S E L F

NO.

CATEGORY

-

A D M I N I S T E R E D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION 1

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10 STATION 1

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

No. __ X _

TOTAL
No,.___x _

Method* o f Trevel fo r the Pest 12 Months

2

1

1

2
4

(c) M otorbike Riding
1-2 Tine*
3-4
"
5-6
7-8
"
9-10
”

(d) B icyclin g
1-2 Tine*
3-4
5-6
7-8
9-10
"

50.00

100.00

1
8
2
1

4.76
38.09
9.52
4.76

1

4.76

1
1

4.76
4.76

1
3
2
21

4.76
14.28
9.52
100.00

1
2

16.66
33.33

1
1

1

20.00

2

100.00

20.00

9
2
5
1

29.00
6.45
16.12
3.22

2
I
1
20.00

2

6.45
3.22
3.22
6.45

40.00

1
1
4

3.22
3.22
12.90

2

100.00

1

50.00

2

20.00

s

100.00

2

100.00

n

1
1

4.54
4.54

100.00

57.14
14.28

2

I
1

9

55.55

1
1
2

5.55
5.55
11.11

1

5.55

1

16.66

1

16.66

13.63
4.54
100.00

16.66
3
1
5.55
18 100.00

6
3
3

20.00
10.00
10.00

5
3
1

41.66
25.00
8.33

2
1

6.66
3.33

1
1

8.33
8.33

1
2
1

3.33
6.66
3.33

11
30

20.00
6.66
6.66

33.33

13.33

14.28

2

3

2
1
15

1
0.61
2 1.33
13.33 30 18.51
6.66 _a_ a m
100.

37.50

20
11

37.50

9

29.85
16.41
13.43
2.98
10.44

1
1
2
1

1.49
1.49
2.98
1.49

2
1
1

2.98
1.49
1.49

7.69

10.00

100.00

1
8.33
12 100.00

43 26.54
20.00 22 13.58
40.00 25 15.43
6.66 4
2.46
6,66 2
4.32
6
3.70
1
0.61
4
2.46
6.66 7
4.32
2
1.33

50.00

7.69

6.66
10

100.00

3
6
1
1

1

36.66

30.76
7.69
7.69
7.69
15.38

33.33

66.66

33.33

1

1

36.36
13.63
22.72

3
1
22

t

30.00

1

8
3
5

50.00

50.00

20.00
20.00

11*12 "
13-14 "
15-16 "
17-22 11
23-28 "
29-34 "
35-45 "
46-56 "
56 +
"
Checked
T otel

50.00

100.00

66.66

6

16.66
100.00

3

100.00

1

50.00

1

100.00

14.28

-mw
2

66.66

1

33.33

I

2

16.66

33.33

_________ 2
100.00 15

13.33
100.00

17
7
2

32.69
13.46
3.84

6

11.53

2 15.38
13 100.00

1

50.00

1
1

12.50
12.50

9im
67

4 166.60

1
2
3

11.11
22.22
33.33

1

24 31.16
9 11.68
50.0( 7
9.09

1

5 0 .«

9

11.68

141

(b) Horiebeck Riding
1-2 Tines
3-4
5-6
7-8
9-10
"
11-12 "
13-14 "
15-16 "
17-22 "
23-28 "
29-34 "
35-45 "
46-56 "
56 +
Checked
Other
T otal

SELF

(
HD.

CATEGORY

STATION I

E l l . Method« o f Travel fo r the Post 12 Month*
(d) B icyclin g
11-12 Tines
13-14 "
15-16 "
17-22 "
23-28 "
29-34 "
35-45 "
46-56 "
56 +
Checked
____
T otel

( f ) T r e iltk iin g
I - 2 Tines
3-4
5-6
"
7-8
M
9-10
"

2

2

STATION 2

STATION 3

I

STATION A

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION ^

10
STATION 8

50.00

t

100.00

100.00

STATION I I

No:

■N o T I”

No.

1

100.00

1

100.00

1

3

100.00

2
6

1

11.11

T

TOTAL
No.

2.59
1.29
2.59
1.29
1.29

16.66
1

100.00

STATION 10

1.92
1.92
1.92
1

2

STATION 9

33.33
100.00

100.00

I 100.00

1.92

15
52

1.92
28.84
100.00

1

20.00

1
1
1

20.00
20.00
20.00

1

20.00

5

100.00

1

14.28

1

14.28

1

50.00

1

11.11

2

100.00

9

100.00

1
1
1

20.00
20.00
20.00

11.11

1

50.00

1
1
5

20.00
20.00
100.00

2

50.00

2

2
2.59
I
1.29
28 23.36
100.00 77 1001

5
I
2
1
1

38.46
7.69
15.38
7.69
7.69

1

7.69

I
7.69
1
7.69
13 100X

5

35.71

1

7.14

1

7.14

1
1

7.14
7.14

II-12 "
13-14 "
15-16 "
17-22 "
23-28 "
29-34 "
35-45 "
46-56 "
56 +
"
Checked
Totel

1

1

100.00

1

14.28

4
7

57.14
100.00

1

50.00

2

100.00

1
4

25.00

25.00
100.00

5 35.71
14 1001

142

(e) Snovshoeing
1-2 Tines
3-4
"
5-6
"
7-8
"
9-10
"
11-12 "
13-14 "
15-16 "
17-22 "
23-28 "
29-34 "
35-45 "
46-56 "
56 +
"
Checked
T otel

* A D M I N I S T E R E D

r

S E L F

NO.

CATEGORY

A D M I N I S T E R E D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION 1

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION S

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10 STATION 1

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

X I I I . Method! o f Trevel fo r the Feet 12 Months
(g) Snooapbtling
1
1-2 Tines
11
3-4
11
5-6
11
7-8
II
9-10
1
11-12 II
15*16 II
17-22 11
1
23-28 11
II
29-34
II
35-45
1
46-56 1
11
56 +
Checked
T otel

-

i

3

33.33

2

7.

100.00

1

100.00

1

100.00

1
1

7.

25.00
25.00

2

100.00

5
1
1

41.66
8.33
8.33

2

50.00

1

25.00

33.33
1

100.00

100.00

1

100.00

1

100.00

1

100.00

1
4

3

60.00

1
1

20.00
20.00

3
1
I

42.85
14.28
14.28

25.00
100.00

2

100.00

1

8.33

4
12

33.33
100.00

1
4

25.00
100.00

28

4

44.44

3

40,00
17.14
7.14
2.85
4.28

1
3
1
1
1

1.42
4.28
1.42
1.42
1.42

1
12

1.42
17.13
100.00

21 51.21
3 7.31
3 ; .31
1 2.43
2 4.87
1 2.43
2 4.87

5

100.00

2
7

28.56
100.00

8 19.50
41 lOTO

143

2

No.

25.00

33.33

TOTAL

H T .Aeedcleted A c t iv it ie s fo r the Peat 12 Monthe
(e) Fiehing
I - 2 T i-e *
3-4
"
5-6
7-8
9-10
"

50.00
1

50.00
20.00
20.00

50.00

20.00
1

II-12 "
13-14 "
15-16 "
17-22 "
23-28 "
29-34 "
35-45 "
46-56 "
56 +
"
Checked
T otel

66.66

60.00

2

100.00

1

100.00

10

10.00
100.00

2

100.00

2

50.00
25.00

2

50.00

1
5

20.00
100.00

50.00

33.33

3

100.00

1

100.00

1

25.00

4

25.00
100.00

12
5
2

70

1 11.11
2

1
3

11.11
33.33

1

11.11

1

11.11

3
9

33.33
100.00

3

50.00

2

33.33

1
I

33.33 48
33.33 19

22.22
1

1 11.11

33.33

10
2
6
2
1 0.86
5 4.31
1 0.86
1 0.86
I 0.86
1

9

100.00

3

41.37
16.37
8.62
1.72
5.17
1.72

0 .8 6

19 16.37
100.00 116 100Z

(b) Hunting
I- 2 Tines
3-4
5-6
7-8
9-10
"

II-12 "
13-14
15-16
17-22
23-28
29-34

"
"
"
"
H

1

1

25.00

50.00
50.00

33.33
16.66
8.33
8.33
25.00

8.33

I

14
4
100.00 6
1
3

41.93
9.67
19.35
6.45
12.90

1

3.22

S E L F

CATEGORY

STATION 1

STATION 2

No

So

I

X

•

A D M I N I S T E R S

STATION 3

STATION 4

X

No

X

25.00
100.00

1

25.00

I
2

11.11
22.22

2

22.22

1
1
1
1

1

11.11

1

11.11

Ho

D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION 5
No

X

STATION 6
So.

X

STATION 7
No

X

STATION 8
Ho

X

STATION 9
No

X

STATION 10
Ho

X

STATION 11
No

X

TOTAL
No_

t

Aaaociated A c t iv it ie s fo r the Peat 12 Months
(b) Hunting
35-45 Tinea
46-56 "
56 +
"
Checked
T o ta l

I
2

100.00 ~ 4 ~ 100.00

~ T ~ 100.00 ~ T ~ 100.00

12

100.00

44
20
21
7
11
6

26.99
12.26
12.88
4.29
6.74
3.68

1
8

0.61
4.90

2
1

1.22
0.61

2
6.44
~ T ~ 100.00 ~ T ~ 100.00 81 1002

(c) Nature Valka
2
1

66.66
33.33

1
3

3

25.00
75,00

100.00 J L 100.00

16.66
16.66
16.66
16.66

2
9

22.22
100.00

2
6

33.33
100.00

6
5
I
1

40.00
33.33
6.66
6.66

1

20.00

1

20.00

2
5

12.50
31.25

2
2

12.50
12.50

1
3
15

6.25
18.75
100.00

1
1
1

20.00
20.00
20.00

1

20.00

3
1
2

37.50
12.50
25.00

2
8

25.00
100.00

3
1

75.00
25.00

I
1

2

50.00
50.00

3
2
1

23.07
15.38
7.69

1

7.69

2

15.38

42
25.76 4
100.00 163 100.00 13

30.76
100.00

16
8
6
1
2
1

32.65
16.32
12.24
2.04
4.08
2.04

1
2
1

2.04
4.08
2.04

1
10
49

2.04
20.40
100.00

16
4
4
1

47,05
11.76
11.76
2.94

1

2.94

l
l
i

16.16 74 26.52
16.66 12 15.05
16.66 >6 12.90
1
3.94
5.37
5
1
3.94
1.07
3
L2 4.30
1
0.35
1
0.35
1.07
3
1
0.35
0.71
2
67 24.00
279 10R 1

i
i

16.66
16.66

2

33.32
100.00

1
4
4
1
1

7.14 77
28.57 33
28.57 28
7.14 6
7.14 7
3
3
2
7.14
7.14 3
1
1
1
1
7.14 49
100.00 219

1

(d) Canping
1-2 Tines
3-4
"
5-6
7-8
"
9-10
"
11-12 "
13-14 "
15-16 "
17-22 "
23-28 ”
29-34 "
35-45 ••
46-56 "
56 +
"
Checked
Total

i

I

100.00

50.00

6
5
5

33.33
27.77
27.77

50.00
100.00 ~ T ~ 100.00

2
15

13.33
100.00

3

33.33

3
5

60.00
100.00

1

5

20.00
100.00 j T

38.94
8.42
9.47
3.15
5.26
3.15
3.15
1.05

5
4
3

19.23
15.38
11.53

3
I

11.53
3.84

I

1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
24.20
100.00

10
26

21.25
10.00

3
2

100.00

2
18

11.10
100.00

1
1
1
23
96

44.44
22.22

1

16.66

34
16

0
1
2

37
8
9
3
5
3
3
1

1
1
1

2.94

38.46
100.00

6
33

17.64
too.oo

1
14

20.00
13.33

15
4

39.47
10.52

1

35.15
15.06
12.78
2.73
3.19
1.36
1.36
0.91
1.82
1.36
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
22.40
lOOt 1

(e) S ig h tie e ln g
1-2 Tinea
3-4
"

5
1

55.55
11.11

i

50.00

2
4

15.38
30.76

4
2

20.00 67
30

24.B1
11.11

144

1-2 Tines
3-4
5-6
"
7-8
"
9-10
"
11-12 "
13-14 "
15-16 "
17-22 "
23-28 "
29-34 "
35-45 ’*
46-56 "
56+
"
Checked
T g £ * l_

S E L F

HO.

CATEGORY

STATION 1

X

Ho.

-

STATION 2
No.

X

A D M I N I S T E R E D

STATION 3

STATION 4

No

Ho.

X

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

X

STATION 10

STATION 8

STATION 9

Ho.

X

Ho

14
9
11
7
1
1
4
2
3
2
3

8.68
5.62
6.87
4.37
0.62
0.62
2.50
1.25
1.87
1.25
1.87

1

6.66

3

7.89

2

13.33

2
1

5.26
2.63

1

6.66

I
2

2.63
5.26

52
2
100.00 ~~9~ 100.00 ~ 6 ~ 100.00 161

32.50
1.25
100.00

6

40.00

STATION 5

STATION 6

No

%

No.

2
1
1

15.38
7.69
7.69

X

STATION 7
Ho.

X

X

Ho.

X

STATION 11
Ho.

I

TOTAL
Ho.

.

I

XIV. Associated A c t iv it ie s fo t the Pest 12 Months
(e) Sightseeing
5-6 Times
7-8
"
9-10
”
11-12 "
13-14 "
15-16 "
17-22 "
23-28 "
29-34 "
35-45 "
46-56 "
56 +
"
Checked
Other
T otel

1

1

11.11
1

50.00
1

1

ii.u

u .ii

1

11.11

2

22.22

1

16.66

1
1

16.66
16.66

11.11
1

1

11.11

9

100.00

4
2

44.44

100.00 1 ~ 100.00

3

25.00

75.00

~T~100.00

I

7.69

2

15.38

~

2

33.33

TjT100.00

8
I
37

40.00 24
11
19
11
I
1
5
20.00 7
4
3
3

2

1

8.88
4.07
7.03
4.07
0.37
0.37
1.85
2.59
1.48
1 .11
1.11

21.05
1
20.00 84 31.10
2.63
100.00 ~ 5~
B70 1001

( f ) Birdvetching
1-2 Times
3-4
"
5-6
"
7-8
9-10
"
11-12 "
13-14 "
15-16 " “
17-22 "
23-28 "
29-34 "
35-45 "
46-56 "
56 +
"
Checked
T o ts l

1
1
1

50.00
50.00

2

66.66

3
1

42.85
14.28

2

66.66

14.28

12
2
7
4
10
5

13.95
2.32
8.13
4.65
11.62
5.81

1

14.28

1
4
1
1
1

1.16
4.65
1.16
1.16
1.16

38
86

44.18
100.00

l

2

37.03
12.96
11.11
1.85
3.70
1.85

1

100.00

1

1

100.00

1

100.00

T~ 100,00

1
3

33.33
100.00

1
7

14.28
100.00

1
3

33.33
100.00'

33.33
33.33

100.00

33.33

1
1

I

1

1
1

100.00
100.00

l

7
4
1
1

33.33
19.04
4.76
4.76

2
1
1

9.52
4.76
4.76

50.00
100.00

4
21

19.04
100.00

100.00

4
2
4

28.57
14.28
28.57

50.00

2

100.00

27 21.09
8 6.25
U 8.59
6 4.68
10 7.81
6 4.68
3
5
2
1
2

2.34
3.90
1.56
0.78
1.56

47 3 6 .7 1 .

~2~

128 ibdi

(g) "oek Hunting
I - 2 Time*
3-4
5-6
"
7-8
9-10
"

II-12 "
13-14
15-16
17*22
23-28

"
"
"
"

3

100.00

20
7
6
1
2
1

3.70
t

ft f

31 37.80
U 13.41
10 12.19
1 1.21
2 2,43
1 1.21

2

2.43

H
J

S E L F

NO,

CATEGORY

-

A D M I N I S T E R E D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION 1

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10 STATION 11 TOTAL

No,

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

7.

1

No.

No.

XIV. Aeeocletcd A c t iv it ie s fo r the Pe»C 12 Months
(g) Rock Hunting
Chocked
Totel

3

100.00

1

100.00

6
1
3

46.15
7.69
23.07

1
1
2

16.66
16.66
33.33

14
11
I

43.75
34.37
3.12

1

16.66

2

6.25

I

16.66

3

66.66
100.00

1
3

33.33
100.00

7

87.50

1

12.50

15
3
3
2

62.50
12.50
12.50
8.33

1

4.16

1

100.00

15
6
5
1
1
3
1

38.46
15.30
12.82
2.56
2.56
7.69
2.56

2

5.12

1
1

100.00
100.00

13
26.07
55 100.00

1

15
4
6

57.59
15.30
23.07

183
44
25
11
9
5
3
5

63.32
15.22
8.65
3.80
3.11
1.73
1.04
1.73

8
6
6
2
3
6
1
1

20.51
15.38
15.38
5.12
7.69
15.38
2.56
2.56

1

3.84

1

0.34

1

2.56

1
1
1
100.00 289

0.34
0.34
0.34
100.00

3
2

7.69
5.12

3

39

100.00

76

7

2.25

5
1
1
8

1.61
0.32
0.32
2.58

4
1

1.29
0.32

1Q0. 0Q 14

21.42
100.00

20 24.38
82 lOOt

XV, Tlaee T r e ll Used In 12 Month*

Totel
Nonreiponie

1

7.69

1
1

7.69
7.69

13

100.00

1

6

100.00

3.12

1
3.12
1
3.12
1
3.12
32 100.00

8

100.00

24

100.00

3
2

7.69
5.12

39

100.00

26

50
15
6
1
1

65.78
19.73
7.89
1.31
1.31

7
3
9
I
1

2
1

3.93

1

100.00'"25

28.00 321 55.63
12.00 94 16.29
36.00 67 11.61
4.00 18 3.11
4.00 15 2.59
17 2.94
7 1.21
7 1.21
8.00
4 0.69
4.00
5 0.86

4.00

9
13

1.55
1.88

100.00 S77 1001
167

XVI. Petgenent Residence
Cou n tie *:
Alcone
A lger
Allegen
Aloen*
A n trle
Arenec
fterege
Berry
Bey
Bensie
Berrien
Breach
Celhoun
Csst
C herlevoix
Cheboygen
Chippev*

7.69

15.38

5.55

14.81

5

11.11

1

2.22

I

1

3.70

3.70

7

1.11

20
1
2
8

3.19
0.15
0.31
1.27

4
2

0.63
0.31

146

1*2 T ia e t
II
3-4
II
5-6
n
7-8
M
9-10
11-12 II
13-14 M
15-16 II
17-22 n
23-28 11
29-34 •1
11
34 +
Other

S E L F

NO.

CATEGORY

-

A D M I N I S T E R E D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION 1

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10 STATION 1

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

X

TOTAL

No.

XVI, Permanent Residence
Counties:

Clsre

1
1

C lin to n
Crawford
D elta
Dickinson
Eaton

14.28
14.28

taet

3.33

1

3.33

2

0.64

1
3
3

0.15
0.47
0.47

1

0.32

2

0.31

6

1.93

10

1.59

27
11

4.31
1.75
0.15

7.40

0.32
3

10.00

1

4.25

6

33.33
13.33

1

2.22

0.64
0.96
1.93

1
1

2.22
2.22

17.41

1

2.22

7.69

15

11 40.74
1
3.70

1.

0.32

2

1

15.38

1

3.33
3.33
3.33

14.28

7.69

4

1
1

7.69
7.69

7.40

13.33

2.25
0.32

54

4

2
19
2

0.31
3.03
0.31

3
5
7

0.47
0.79
1.11

3.70 63

10.06

4.25

3.70
1.06

2

2.12

1

3.33

1

14.28

2

6.66

I

4.16

4.16

8

8.33

3

8.33

4

14.81

1

19

1

1

7.69

0.32

10.00

2.22

3.19

2

2.12

6.12
1

1.06

2 2.12

7.69
7.69
31

2

0.15
0.31

3.70

7

1 .11

15

2.39

1

3.70 21

3.35
0.15

1

3.70 10

1.59

3
4

0.47
0.63

31

4.95

1

0.32
2.25

3

1

3

7.40

10.00

1

147

Genesee
Gladwin
Gogebic
Grand Traverse
G ra tio t
H ills d a le
Houghton
Huron
Ingham
Io n ia
Iosco
Iro n
Is a b e lla
Jackson
Kalsaosoo
Kalkaska
Kent
Keweenaw
Lake
Lapeer
Leelanau
Lenawee
Livin g sto n
Luce
Mackinac
Hacoab
Manistee
Marquette
Mason
Mecosta
Menominee
Midland
Missaukee
Monroe
Montcalm
Montmorency
Muskegon

1

2

SELF
NO.

CATEGORY

STATION 1

- ADMINISTERED

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

QUESTIONNAIRES
STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10

STATION 11

TOTAL

X

NO.

No.

No.

No.

18
1

5.80
0.32

3

2

0.64

3

0.47

33

10.64

13

5.27

5

1.61

1
8

0.15
1.27

1

0.32

No.

I

I

It

%

XVI. Pernanent Residence
Counties:
Newaygo
Oakland
Oceana
Ogeaaw
Ontonagon
Oaceola
Oscoda
Otsego
Ottawa
Presque I s le
Rosconon
Saginaw
Sanilac
S choolcraft
Shiawassee
S t. C la ir
S t. Joseph
Tuscola
Van Buren
tfashtenaw
Wayne
Wexford
Other
T o ta l

2

13.38

1

14.28

1

14.28

1

4

13.33

1

3

15.38
7.69
23.07
100.00

9
2
2

69.23
15.38
15.38

14

58.33

17

47.22

4

14.81

6.66

5

5.31

59 11.02
1
0.15

14.28
2

2
1
3
13

7.69

15.38

1

2.22

1

2.22

B

17.77

35
28

45 100.00

1

3.70

37.23
29.78

2
2

7.40
7.40

7
94

7.44
100.00

1
27

3.70
100.0

10.00
1

7.69
1

4.16

1
2

3.33
6.66

1
1

7.69
7.69

7

29.16

10

27.77

4

7

100.00

2
30

6.66
100.00

13

100.00

24

100.00

1
36

8

100.00

27

93.10

12

100.00

24

92.30

28

90.32

15

1

3.22

7

2.77
7
100.00 27

14.81

1

0.32

2
4
2

0.64
1.29
6.77

25.92 52
16.76
100.00 310 100.00

.1
0.15
2
0.31
0.47
3
1
0.15
1
0.15
0.47
3
6.86
43
85 13.57
1
0.15
73 11.66
626 1001

X V II, State
Michigan
Indiana
I llin o is
Minnesota
Ohio
Wisconsin
Canada
Other
T otal

1

3.84

1

13

100.00

8

100.00

2
29

6.89
100.00

12

100.00

1
26

3.84
100.00

2
31

6.45
100.00

23

65.21 226
21
30.43 18
4.34

9
2
1
5
100.00 282

80.14
7.44
6.38

41

83.67

87

92.55

4

8.16

1

l r.06

3.19
0.70
0.35
1.77
100.00

1

2.04

3

3.19

3
49

6.12
100.00

1
2
94

1.06
2.12
100.00

24
2

26

92.30 501
7.69 25
34

84.48
4.21
5.73

14 2.36
2 0.33
2 0.33
15 2.52
100. OC 593 1001

h*
00

]

S E L F

NO.

CATEGORY

-

A D M I N I S T E R E D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION 1

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

STATION 9

No.

No

X

No.

1

No

X

No.

No.

No

No

No

1
1

12.50
12.50

2
2
4
3
3
11
5
1
31

6.45
6.45
12.90
9.67
9.67
35.48
16.12
3.22
100.00

1

8.33

26
4
30

66.66
13.33
100.00

2
4
5
11
2
1
2

6.89
13.79
17.24
37.93
6.89
3.44
6.89

X

X

X

X

X

X

STATION 10

STATION 1

No

No

X

X

TOTAL
No.

-

X

X U III. Head o f Fam ily: Age & Sex
Age
•20
21-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-50
51-60
60 +
T otal

25.00
16.66
50.00
8.33

2
2
2

25.00
25.00
25.00

12

100.00

8

100.00

12

100.00

9

100.00

12

100.00

9

100.00

2
4

18.18
36.36

2

28.57

1

9.09

2
1

28.57
14.28

1
1
1

9.09
9.09
9.09

1
3
3
2
2
12

8.33
25.00
25.00
16.66
16.66
100.00

11

100.00

11

100.00

2

16.66

I
6

8.33
50.00

2

16.66

4.16
8.33
16.66
8.33
8.33
45.83
4.16
4.16
100.00

2
4
4
3
12
11

5.55
11.11
11.11
8.33
33.33
30.55

2
2
2
4
13
3

36

100.00

26

23
4
27

85.18
14.81
100.00

30
2
32

93.75
6.25
100.00

22

9
1
3
5

36.00
4.00
12.00
20.00

10
1
3
14
7

26.31
2.63
7.89
36.84
18.42

2
1
1
2
1

8.00
4.00
4.00
8.00
4.00

1
2

2.63
5.26

7
7.69 17
7.69 24
7.69 34
15.38 70
50.00 105
11.53 43
14
100.00 314

2.22
5.41
7.64
10.82
22.29
33.43
13.69
4.45
100.00

1
3
6
3
3
11
14
5
46

2.17
6.52
13.04
6.52
6.52
23.91
30.43
10.86
100.00

4
11
10
8
18
36
3

4.44
12.22
11.11
8.88
20.00
40.00
3.33

90

100.00 298
10
100.00 308

96.75
3.24
100.00

47
5
52

90.38
9.61
100.00

40.06
6.95
9.27
22.B4
6.95
3.97
2.64
0.33
2.98
2.31
0.66
0.99
100.00

16
3
1
9
1
4

33.33
6.25
2.08
18.75
2.08
8.33

6
1
3
3
1
48

12.50
2.08
6.25
6.25
2.08
100.00

14.B9
51.06

3
8

11.53
30.76

17
43
56
61
11A
222
90
24
627

2.71
6.85
8.93
9.72
18.18
35.40
14.35
3.82
100X

100.00

3
2
1
4
12
5
1
28

10.71
7.14
3.57
14.28
42.85
17.85
3.57
100.00

85
?
93

91.39
8.60
100.00

21
2
21

91.30 584 94.34
8.69 35 5.65
100.00 619 1001

35
6
5
15
2
5
2

39.32
6.74
5.61
16.85
2.24
5.61
2.24

6
4
2
4
2
1

12

13.48

3
1

3
4
89

3.37
4.49
100.00

3
26

23.07 211 34.53
15.38 48 7.85
7.69 49 8.01
15.38 139 22.74
7.69 40 6.54
3.84 30 4.90
16 2.61
13 2.12
11.53 30 4.90
3.84 13 2.12
10 1.47
11.53 12 1.96
100.00 611 10OX '

6
27

10.90
49.09

9

64 14.61
56.25 203 46.34

Sex
Hale
Female
T o ta l

22

XIX.Head o f Family Occupation
P rofessional
Self-employed
C le ric a l and Sales
S k ille d Workers
S e m i-skille d Workers
Service Workers
U n skille d Workers
Farm Operators
Unemployed 6 Students
R etired
Housewife
Other
T o ta l

1
1

100.00

1
1
29

3.44
3.44
100.00

12

100.00

25

100.00

36

100.00

24

25.00 121
16.66 21
4.16 28
12.50 69
16.66 21
8.33 12
8.33
8
8.33
1
9
7
2
3
100.00 302

12.50
37.50

4
8

20.00
40.00

I
4

16.66
66.66

5
6

33.33
40.00

3
11

9.67
35.48

1
5

5.88 35
29.41 120

14.28
14.28
1

1

9.09

11

100.00

7

5
2

55.55
22.22

1
3

8.33

6
4
1
3
4
2
2
2

XX. Family Members - Hale ARes
Male 1
5 6 less
6-15

149

3
2
6
1

1
2
4
2
2
11
1
1
24

S E L F

10.

CATEGORY

-

A D M I N I S T E R E D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION 1

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10

STATION 11 TOTAL

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

1

No.

XX. F a i l r MtBbert-Male Ate*
M alt 1
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-60
60 +
T o ttl

1

1

11.11

4

50.00

6
1

30.00
5.00

5.00
100.00

40.00
20.00
40.00

4

1

11.11

9

100.00

X

100.00

1
20

1

50.00

1
3

25.00
75.00

2
1
2

1

50.00

X

26.66

15
1
1

48.38
3.22
3.22

11

16.66
100.00

IS

100.00

~5T 100.00 TT

64.70

59
7
7
6
1
100.0b 235

25.10
2.97
2.97
2.55
0.42
100.00

10
2

38.46
7.69

2
1
26

7.69
3.84
100.00

21
1

~

4
1
1
1

38.18
1.8o

25.00 135 30,82
6.25 13 2.96
6.25
9 2.05
6.25 11 2.51
3 0.68

100.00 1 6 ~

H ilt 2
5 & le t *
6-15
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-60
60 +
T o t tl

100.00

2
2

40.00
40.00

1

20.00

5

100.00

X

100,00

1
1
2

25.00
25.00
50.00

~T

100.00

T

i

50.00
50.00

6
7

6.25
37.50
43.75

2

~

100.00

1
6
2

11.11
66.66
22.22

15
83
24

12.00
66.40
19.20

5
22
5

IS . 15
66.66
15.15

12.50

3

2.40

1

3.03

100.00

9~ 100.00 125

100.00

83.33
16.66

9
32
12
1
2
2

15.51
55.17
20.68
1.72
3.44
3.44

~

100.00

1
4
4

11.11 26 12.68
44.44 125 60.97
44.44 47 22.92
1 0.48
6 2.92

T
150

2

1
1

N tlt 3
5 & lt t t
6-15
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-60
60 +
T o t tl

T 100.00

4

100.00

~ 4 ~ 100.00

4
2

——

6

66.66
33.33

100.00

5
1

~r

100.00

3

~T

100.00

100.00

58

100.00

10
4

100.00 ~

8
4

66.66
33.33

100.00

1
12
5

5.26
63.15
26.31

1

5.26

TT

l
2

100.00 ~

33.33
66.66

11
68
34
1
2
4

9.16
56.66
28.33
0.83
1.66
3.33

100.30

M olt 4
5 & la ti
6-15
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-60
60 +
T o t tl

1

100.00

1

50.00

1

100.00

1
2

50.00
100.00

1

100.00

1

2
3
1
1

66.66
26.66

28.57
42.65
14.28
14.28

1 100.00

6.66
1

100.00

15

100.00

4
4
2

36.36
36.36
18.18

1

9.09

7

100.00

1

100.00

2 7.40
17 62.96
5 16.51
1 3.70
1 3.70
1 3.70
27 lOOt

N t lt 5
5 & I* * *
6-15
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-60
60 -f
T o t tl

1
2

33.33
66.66

2

3

1 0 0 .0 0

1

1 0 0 .0 0

100.00

11

t A A Aa

66.66
33.33

50.00
33.33
16.66

1 100.00

5 18.51
13 48.14
7 25.92
1 3.70
1 3.70

S E L F

m.

CATEGORY

-

A D M I N I S T E R E D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION 1

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION 1

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10 STATION 11

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

mq.

7,

7.

1.

%

No.

T

TOTAL

No.

XX. Family Hambers-Male Ages
Hale 6
5 & less
6-15
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-60
60 +
T otal

1
1

100.00

1

100.00

2
2
7
4
5
2

9.09
9.09
31.81
18.18
22.72
9.09

5
11
4
6
7

15.15
33.33
12.12
18.18
21.21

1
10
4
1
3
2

33

100.00

21

3
11
9
1
2
1

11.11
40.74
33.33
3.70
7.40
3.70

2
10
3

12.50
62.50
18.75

1

6.25

1

1

100.00

1
1

50.00
50.00

1 100.00

100.00

1 100.00 2 100.00 1 100.0

100.00

1 16.66
3 50.00
2 33.33

6 1001

XXI. Family Memberg-Fensle Ages
Female 1
4
2

36.36
18.18

2
3

18.18
27.27

11

37.50
12.50

I
2
5
7
4
5

4.16
8.33
20.83
29.16
16.66
20.83

8

100.00

24

2
2

50.00
50.00

2
2

25.00
25.00

3
1

100.00

2
1

50.00
25.00

1

25.00

4

100.00

4

3

50.00

1
2

I
I
1

16.66
16.66
16.66

6

100.00

4.76
47.61
19.04
4.76
14.28
9.52

16
45
33
60
86
34
7
100.00 281

100.00

3
4
1
2
1
11

27.27
36.36
9.09
18.18
9.09
100.00

22

100.00

4
1

57.14
14.28

1
4

20.00
80.00

7
I

66.66
33.33

2

28.57

100.00

7

100.00

5

100.00

3

100.00

27

100.00

16

33.33
66.66

1
2
2
1

16.16
33.33
33.33
16.66

3
1

75.00
25.00

2
1
5

20.00
10.00
50,00

I
9
2

8.33
75.00
16.66

3
2

33.33
22.22

3

33.33

2

20.00

10

100.00

5.69
16.01
11.74
21.35
30.60
12.09
2.49
100.00

2
5
10
2
5
8

5.88
14.70
29.41
5.88
14.70
23.52

32

100.00

4

100.00

1
11
21
15
19
6
2
75

1.16
15.06
28.76
20.54
26.02
8.21
5.B8
100.00

7
15
10

18.91
40.54
27.02

4
1

10.81
2.70

1
4
1
8
7
1
22

27 5.00
4.54 85 15.74
18.18 100 18.51
4.54 100 18.51
36.36 143 26.48
31.81 74 13.70
4.54 11 3.03
100.0 540 lOOt

Female 2
5 & leaa
6-15
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-60
60 +
T otal

10
99
50
9
11

5.58
55.30
27.93
5.02
6.14

100.00 179

100.00

18
68
18
4
7
3

15.25
57.62
15.25
3.38
5.93
2.54

11.11
100.00 118

100.00

22 7.28
7 43.75 157 51.98
8 50.00 89 29.47
I
6.25 11 3.64
21 6.95
2 0.66

4

100.00

37

100.00

16

8
9

42.10
47.36

3
8
7
1

15.78
42.10
36.84
5.26

6
2

2

10.52

19

100.00

19

100.00

100.0

302 100%

Female 3
5 & less
6-15
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-60
60 +
T otal

3

100.00

6

100.00

4

100,00

12

100.00

1
9

26 12.09
66.66 113 52.55
22.22 48 22.32
7 3.25
1 11.11 14 6.51
6 2.79
1 0.46
9 100.0 215 1001

151

5 & leas
6-15
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-60
60 +
T o ta l

S E L F

NO.

CATEGORY

-

A D M I N I S T E R E D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION 1

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATON 7

No.

No.

No.

So.

No.

No.

No.

X

X

X

7.

X

T

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10

STATION

TOTAL

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

X

X

X

XXI. F a u lty Henbers-Femile Ages
Feaale 4
5 & leaa
6-15
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-60
60 +
T o ta l

1
1

50.00
50.00

2
1

66.66
33.33

1

100.00

2
L

66.66
33.33

2

100.00

3

100.00

1

100.00

3

100.00

1
1

50.00
50.00

1

100.00

2
2

40.00
40.00

1

100.00

1

20.00

1

1

7
25
3
2
1

18.42
65.78
7.89
5.26
2.63

1

50.00

1
6
1

10.00
60.00
10.00

1

50.00

1
1

10.00
10.00

100.00

38

100.00

2

100.00

10

100.00

io o . oo

5
17
3
1
3

17.24
58.62
10.34
3.44
10.34

1
7
1

10.00
70.00
10.00

3
3
2

37.50
37.50
25.00

1

10.00

10

100.00

8

100.00

2

100.00

100.00

1 33.33
2 66.66

3

100.00

11
39
7
2
3
1

17.46
61.90
11.11
3.17
4.76
1.58

63 1001

Feaale 5

2
1

3

66.66
33.33

100.00

2

100.00

1

100.00

5

100.00

1

1

100.00

1

100.00

29

100.00

2
3

40.00
60.00

1 100.00

1

100.0(1

9 14.75
35 57.37
11 18.03
1 1.63
4 6.55
1 1.63
61 1001

Feaale 6
5 & la a i
6-15
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-60
60 +
T o ta l

1 100.00

1

100.00

1

100.00

1

100.00

2 22.22
6 66.66

1 11.11

5

100.00

1
2

0.32
0.65

1
2

0.16
0.32

1

0.32

1

0.16

1
9
6
10
6
71

0.32
2.96
1.97
3.28
1.97
23.35

2

100.00

9 1001

X X II, Head o f Family Education
1 Year
2 Years
3
"
4
"
5
"
6
"
II
7
H
8
II
9
10 II
11 It
12 II

1

8.33

1
1
1

8.33

14.21
14.28

2
4
2
13

6.45
12.90
6.45
41.93

I

7.69

1
1
2

7.69
7.69
15.38

3.84
3.84

1
1
3

1
12

46.15

12

2.85
2.85
8.57
2.85
34.28

4.16
4.16
4.16
8.33
12.50

3
1
3
1
8

6.12
2.04
6.12
2.04
16.32

2
4
1
1
19

4.49
1.12
1.12
21.34

2
6

2 0.32
17 2.76
16 2.60
27 4.39
8.00
15 2.43
24.08 147 23.90
8.00

152

5 & less
6-15
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-60
60 +
T otal

S E L F

NO.

CATEGORY

STATION 1

-

A D M I N I S T E R E D

Q U E S T I O N N A I R E S

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

No

Mo.

No.

No.

T

1

3.84

7.

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10 STATION

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

T

TOTAL

No.

X X II, Head o f Family Education
13 Years
14 "
15 "
16 "
17 o r wore______________
T o ta l

mil. T o ta l

12

16.66
8.33
8.33
25.00
25.00
100.00

1

8.33

1
1

14.28
14.28

2
1
7

28.57
14.28
100.00

1
2

14.28
28.57

4
2

12.90
6.45

4
31

12.90
100.00

1
4
3
3
11
3
2
27

3.70
14.81
11.11
11.11
40.74
11.11
7.40
100.00

4
12
2
1
2
2

15.38
46.15
7.69
3.84
7.69
7.69

3
26

11.53
100.00

2
5
8

9.52
23.80
38.09

1

4.76

5
21

23.80
100.00

1

7.69

4
6
13

7.69
46.15
100.00

2

16.66

2
3
2
3
12

16.66
25.00
16.66
25.00
100.00

2
2
3
1
1

11
26

42.30
100.00

1
2
4
5
6
5

4.00
8.00
16.00
20.00
32.00
20.00

25

100.00

18.18
18.18
27.27

2
10

9.52
47.61

9.09
9.09

8

38.09

2
18.18
11 100.00

1
21

4.86
100.00

1
5
1

4.76
23.80
4.76

1

13
21

5
2
4
2
4
35

14.28
5.71
11.42
5.71
11.42
100.00

2

8.00

2
4
4
6
24

30
26
23
16.66 24
25.00 94
100.00 304

9.86
8.55
7.56
7.89
30.91
100.00

2
8
1
10
12
49

4.08
16.32
2.04
20.40
24.48
100.00

4
13
27
55
95
53
19
100.00 266

1.50
4.88
10.15
20.67
35.71
19.92
7.13
100.00

2
2
2
4
21
9

5.00
5.00
5.00
10.00
52.50
22.50

40

7.69 21
42.30 129
3.84
5
11.53 21
45
11.53 25
19.23
6
3.84 15
100.00 267

7.86
48.31
1,87
7.86
16.85
9.36
2.24
5.61
100.00

20
51
13
44
16
2
8
8.33 39
100.00 193

10.36
26.42
6.73
22.79
8.29
1.03
4.14
20,20
100.00

8.33
16.66

6

6
4
9
39

6.74
6.74
4.49

10.11

4.00

55

12.00 53
4.00

34
58
2B.OO 187
25 lQQ.OO 615

12.00

8.94
8.61
5.52
9.43
30.08
1001

89

43.82
100.00

100.00

6
6
5
10
32
16
8
83

7.22
7.22
6.02
12.04
38.55
19.27
9.62
100.00

23

13.04 19
13.04 36
13.04 51
17.39 91
26.08 198
17.39 111
37
100.0 543

8.57
6.62
9.39
16.75
36.46
20.44
6.81
1001

3
20
3
7
1
5
1
6

6.52
43.47
6.52
15.21
2.17
10.86
2.17
13.04
100.00

7
36
4
9
13
2
4
10
85

8.33
42.35
4.70
10.58
15.29
2.35
4.70
11.76
100.00

5 19.23 51
12 46.15 249
1
3.14 23
4 15.38 59
3.84 74
1
2
7.69 40
3.84 18
1
40
26 100.0 554

7.33
44.94
4.15
10.64
13.35
7.22
3.24
7.22
lOOt

6
9
4
5
7
1

13.63
20.45
9.09
11.36
15.90
2.27

12
44

27.27
100.00

7
24
4
3
4
2
6
13
63

11.11
38.09
6.34
4.76
6.34
3.17
0.52
20.63
100.00

Family Income

Under $3,000
$3,000-$5,000
$6,000-$7,000
$8 ,000-$9,000
$10,000-$14,000
$15,000-$24,000
$25.000 aod over
T otal

3
7
1
12

25.00
58.33
8.33
100.00

4
4
1

36.36
36.36
9.09

3
1

4 2 .B5
14.28

7

100.00

2
2
1

40.00
40.00
20.00

2
3
9
5
4
25

8.00
12.00
36.00
20.00
16.00
100.00

1
11
I
13
3

3.33
36.36
3.33
43.33
10.00

2
3
5
7
6
23

8.69
13.04
21.73
30.43
26.08

3
3
3
4
6
4

m v , Thlng> Enjoyed On t r a i l
P rivacy, T ra n q u ility , & S olitude
Scenery, Beauty, and Nature
Good T r a il & Caap F a c ilit ie s
H ikin g , W alking, R idin g, Exercise
Trees, B ird s, F ish, P la n ts, Bridges
R iver, Lake, water
Sightseeing and Adventure
Other_______________________

i
1
11

9.09
9.09
100.00

2
Leave T r a il As Is
4
B e tte r A More Marked T ra ils
1
More Campsites, ReBtrooms, e tc .
1
Provide Benches, Trash Cans, e tc .
More D rin kin g Fountains, Water
Keep Motor Vehicles A Motorcycles O ff
Ban Hunting and M otorcycling
4
Other
12
T otal

16.66
33.33
8.33
8.33

5

100.00

1

33.33

1
30

2
11
1
3

3
5
1
3.33
100.00 26

XXV. Recwaaendations

33.33
100.00

2

3

66.66

100.00

4
2
1

1
2
to

40.00
20.00
10.00

10.00
20.00
100.00

4.76

1
12
1
3
2

3.57
42.85
3.57
10.71
7.14

9
9
1
3

61.90
100.00

9
28

32.14
100.00

2
24

37.50
37.50
4.16
12.50

1
6
6
1
5
2
2
23

4.34 41
9.27
26.08 129 29.18
26.08 '50 11.31
59 13.34
7.46
4.34 33
2.71
21.73 12
8.69 17
3.84
B. 69 101 22.85
100.0 442 1007.

h
-C
.1

SELF

NO.

CATEGORY

- ADMINISTERED

QUESTIONNAIRES

STATION 1

STATION 2

STATION 3

STATION 4

STATION 5

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

STATION 9

STATION 10

STATION 11 TOTAL

No

No

X

No.

No

No.

No

X

No

X

No

No.

No.

No

1

33.33

2
2
2
3
3
3

13.33
13.33
13.33
20.00
20.00
20.00

I
3
3
5
3
I

5.88
17.64
17.64
29.41
17.64
5.88

15

100.00

1
17

1
3
2

10.00
30.00
20.00

X

X

Z

X

X

X

X

X

NO

C

X

XXVI. S e rv le t* Suggested
Hare R e it Aree* end Campgrounds
3
37.50
More Hepi, L e e fle tt, L ib e l* , 4 Sign* 2
25.00
More P ic n ic Table*, Bench**, Trashcans 1 12.50
Enough D rinkin g Fountains, Pump*, E tc.
Adequate And B e tte r Rei t roosts
Food Machine*, Concession Stands
F irs t-A id S ta tio n , In te rp re ta tio n
Other
2
25.00
T otal
8 100.00

1

1
3

33.33

33.33
100.00

2

18.18
18.18

3

60.00

21.42

4

36.36

1

20.00

35.71
7.14

1

9.09

2

2
18.18
11 100.00

1
5

20.00
100.00

1

14.28

14

35.71
100.00

4
16
20
43
17
21
10
5.88 15
100.00 146

2.73
10.95
13.69
29.45
11.64
14.38
6.84
10.27
100.00

2
8
50
39
9
5
7
8
1
1
18
148

1.35
5.40
33.78
26.35
6 .0B
3.37
4.72
5,40
0.67
0.67
12.16
100.00

2
1
3
11
6
2

5.55
2.77
8.33
30.55
16.66
5.55

2
11
3
12
4
7

3.92
21.56
5.88
23.52
7.84
13.72

11
36

3.55
100.00

12
51

23.52
100.00

6
5
4

27.27
22.72
18.18

2
3
5
7
2

5.26
7.89
13.15
18.42
5.26

7

31.81

8

21.05

22

100.00

11
38

28.94
100.00

1
8.33
2 16.66
2 16.66
5 41.66

18
45
34
90
34
8.33 36
8.33 11
50
100.0< 318

5.66
14.15
10.69
28.30
10.69
11.32
3.45
15.72
IOOX

7
26
75
5 29.41 70
I
5.88 15
6
3 17.64 11
1
5.88 31
3
1
5.88
5
2 11.76 40
17 100.0 289

2.42
8.99
25.95
24.22
5.19
2.07
3.80
10.72
1.03
1.73
13.82
1001

1
1
12

XXVII. Remark*
1
1
2

1

14.28
14.28
28.57
1

1

2
7

100.00

8.33

3
4

25.00
33.33

1
2

8.33
16.66

1
12

8.33
100.00

2
1

28.57
14.28

2
2
1

20.00
20.00
10.00

5

50.00

1

10.00

100.00

1
2
10

10.00
20.00
100.00

3
3
5
2

17.64
17.64
29.41
11.76

1

5.88

14.28

28.57
100,00

1

100.00

3
7

42.85
100.00

10

2
1
17

11.76
5.88
100.00

4

23.52

154

Leave T r a il As Is
E xce lle n t T r a il System
Rice T r a il and Park
Enjoyed T r a il and Spay
Hark T r a ils B etter
Have Bean On This T r a il Hany Times
Provide More Campsite*
Some Questions Long, Hard, & Personal
D on't Allow Pets
T r a il Too Sandy and Muddy
Other
T o ta l

APPENDIX B
SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE SAMPLE

The information y o u give will be used to help plan trail
s ystem improvements and provide the activities yo u enjoy.

You may remain anonymous unless you wish to give your n a m e .
Your help will be greatly appreciated.
This study is being conducted by the Recreation Research and
Planning Unit, Department of Park and Recreation Resources,
Michigan State University in cooperation wit h Michigan Depart­
ment of Natural Resources and the U.S. Forest Service.
1 W H A T IS YOUR PRESENT METHOD OF TRAVEL ON THIS TRAIL?
Check one
On foot
□

2

Bicycle

WHA T IS Y OUR AGE AND SEX?

O ther

(specify)

years

□

3 DID YOU CAMP LAST NIGHT?
If yes, give name of campground.

4

W I L L YOU CAMP TONIGHT?

|

| YES

If yes, give name of campground.

5

WHY DID YOU CHOOSE THIS TRAIL?

6

HOW DID YOU LEARN ABOUT THIS TRAIL?

155

male

156

7

WHAT RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES <IF ANY) DID YOU UNDERTAKE ALONG
THIS TRAIL? Please list: then and indicate the approximate
time spent on each.
Activity

8

9

10

Time

(hours)

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES YOUR GROUP USING THE
TRAIL TODAY?
Check one t
| | one family &children
| |one person alone
□

two

families

□

group of friends

□

one

couple

□

Other (specify)

□

organized group_________________ ______________________

WHEN DID YOU BEGIN YOUR PRESENT TRIP ON THIS TRAIL OR
CONNECTING TRAILS?
Date
______________________
T i m e ____
WHEN WILL YOU COMPLETE YOUR PRESENT TRIP ON THIS TRAIL OR
CONNECTING TRAILS?
Date
Time

1 1 INDICATE THE VARIOUS METHODS OF TRAVEL AND TYPES OF ACTIVITIES
ASSOCIATED WITH YOUR USE OF TRAILS DURING THE PAST YEAR.
In each case, state the approximate number of times you did
each activity in tha past 12 months.
Method of Travel
On Trails

No. of
times

Associated Activi­
ties Along Trails

Hiking

Fishing

Horseback-riding

Hunting

Motor-bike riding

Nature walks

Bicycling

Camping

Snowshoeing

Sightseeing

Trail-skiing

Bird watching

Snowmobiling

Rock hunting

Other * (specify)

Other:

(specify)

No. of
times

157

]2 HOW

MANY TIMES HAVE YOU USED THIS TRAIL IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS?

Number of rimes

PPSWPW II.IJU P W ,,

r&rvR* vwha

taftxs -tB*itic

B B ABL*:9Q*.

| 3 WHERE IS YOUR PERMANENT RESIDENCE?
Town or City

rAkjLi OBAMA& & & } $ ’
■
B1, AWBV

(Please indicate zip code.)

County

State

Zip Code

1 4 WHAT IS THE AGE A N D SEX OF THE "HEAD OF YOUR FAMILY"?
Acre:

years

□

Male

□

Female

1 5 WHAT IS THE OCCUPATION OF THE "HEAD OF YOUR FAMILY"?
Occupation

(not organization)

1 5 GIVE THE AGE AND SEX OF EACH FAMILY MEMBER LIVING IN YOUR
HOUSEHOLD.
(Do not include "head of the h o u s e h o l d " ) .
Male - ages __

__

Female - ages.

1 7 WHICH OF THE ANSWERS BELOW BEST INDICATES THE TOTAL YEARS OF
EDUCATION COMPLETED BY THE "HEAD OF THE FAMILY"?
Check one*

□□□□□□□□□□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17
or more

|8 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES THE TOTAL INCOME OF YOUR
FAMILY IN 1969? Check one:
□

under $3,000

□

□

$8,000 - 9,999 □

□

$25,000 and over

$3,000 - 5,999

□

$6,000 - 7,999

$10,000 - 14,999

□

$15,000 - 24,999

158

19
20

W H A T D I D YO U E N J O Y M O S T ON THIS T R A I L O R C O N N E C T I N G TRAILS?

W H A T R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S W O U L D YOU LIKE T O M A K E C O N C E R N I N G
IMPROV E M E N T O R CHANGES N E C E S S A R Y FOR THI S T R A I L T O MAK E
Y O U R R E C R E A T I O N A L A C T I V I T I E S M O R E E NJOYABLE?

21

W H A T “SERVICES" DO YO U FEEL SH O U L D BE P R O V I D E D ALONG O R A T
T H E ENDS OF THIS TRAIL?

22

PLE A S E STATE T H E DAT E A N D T I M E YOU C O M P L E T E D TH E Q U E S T I O N ­
NAIRE .
D ate •

23

Time *

REMARKS t

THANKS F O R Y O U R H E L P I

If you hava

it to:

H A V E A N EN J O Y A B L E A N D SAFE TRIP HOME1

aooidantally

oarriad

thia

oar'd a w a y p l a a a a

Raoraation Raaaarah and Planning Unit
Dapartmant of Park 4 Raoraation Raaouroae
R o o m 3 IS N a t u r a l R a a o u r a a m B u i l d i n g
Miohigan Stata Univaraity
East LaneingM Miohigan 488S3

mail

APPENDIX C
SAMPLE OF OPTICAL SCAN SHEETS

159

Summer Trail Use Study,
Identification Number
zijzz ::2 - 3 5 ---- 6 --

8=

8=

9 -=
9 -'---

9.,,
.....

no
camp name
2 3 5=
.
5 _ 6
why chosen?
fiow l e a r n e d ?

1

I

1

3 actlvity3l

6

7

8

7

81

1 1 E I-£3 E E *;
'

If

2f

1

lc

group
||

Z 3 47
tim e

Ip

gf

5

6

7

8

9 z

9

::z::
9

month trip complete
te d
ff' **f:
oc : rid- ae=

W

if®
“3=
y-o- ™„
feipe
1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

5": 5*” 7::: 8‘
_____

_ _ _ „

„ _

hlrsebacl riling7'

8

bicycling
snowshoeing
4 .., .5 6 6
trailskilng

e

s n o w m o b i 1 ing
4
5
6
other

1

2

3

1

2

1

2

3^ J S^ n8
5
6
hunt ing
nature walks
3
5
.
5
6
camping

2

1

2

*9*
i
1

2

3

state
4
4

5
5

14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40

8:

9

7

8

9

42
44
46
48
50
52

7

8

9

7

8

9

7

8

9

54
56
58
60

Deck 1
zl Z 2 Z z^zzz 4 =4 zz 7 zz
Jf=*=: =6 = 7 =
©=-= 1 = = 2 === 3 ==
— 4 0 — 5 0 ■- 6 0
-=13 = -2 # - 2 5 — 3 0
GLamped l a s t nij^nt
ntr :--“
yiST
;*==
©===
*== *==
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
'
X
©=-

-8=

—

—

1

2

Qz

-l::z

6 -- Z? ZZ
3 === ^zz
__ t i m e I s
time
3 === 3 ===
=6 == 7 ZZ
time £ :
month trip began?
tny j n
oe
jy
eg
sp
:::::

0
1
3F-=
0 === T ~

6

3

7

2 :z

2

4=

.....

0

-:1z

8
804
= =

3

4

5

ZJ-.Z

34=;=

=5

zgz

8

*=:

7

8;

*

-7 *

:8:

6 :

0

1 z 2z z y

4

5

6

7

:Q,

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0

1

2

3

5

6

7

8-:

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0

1

2

3

4;

5

6

7

8

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8::

-■

62

3 b i r d w a t c E iing
ng6
ing
3 r^ck hunS1D8
5
6
other
times o n trail
3:z= 8===
county
„
3

9

10
12

7

sightseeing
1

¥ T'

2
i
4
6
8

1969

6
6

8

9

7

8

9

_

„

7

8

7

7=== 8=

7

8

64
66
68
70
72

9
-----

74
76
78

o

9

80

QZ

3r”

3 === =*==

T r' 2

3

zi p
.....

1

.

2 :

3

__

4
—
4

=8-

-4r--.
code
5

6

7

8-;

....

5

6 =

7

zgzz

160
Summer Trail Use Study, 1969
Deck 2

‘Identification Number
--6-6-

7 =: =

*5 0

« 6 0

- :6 :

7 ,3 3

7

=::

8

-"

:::::

**6 0

604-

is;::

**6 0

604*

===:=

*6 0

604-

:::::

684-

:::::

:

7
7

==6=

7

-

6

:=6 -

=====
8

="

8

===

2

===

4

:::::

6

9"-

33=3=

=3333

:r 0 -

4===

3=333

33333

* =

33=33

33333

m=33

333=3

=====

=1=33

2=33

3=3 =

8

2

“-"

4=33

4=3 =

0

3=3=3 -5 = 3 = - 4 5 =

r-.3==

1

2

33=3= -5= = = - 4 5 = - 5 5 =

33333

14

—

-4 5 =

-4 5 =

-55

333=3

16

33=3= - 5 " 3

-4 5 =

-3 5 =

-0 5 =

3333=

1

333=3 - 3 = t =

-2 5 *

-2=5? -3 5 =

33333

9

"

:

20

22

8===

9"=

24

8===

«==:

28

33=3=
=0 =

_g=== -25s - 2 5 =
=!==■-

3? 33

3 5 3 3

=3=33

333=3

333=3

£==

:::::

:::::

33333

3==33

=6==

=7=33

3033

=9=3

==3=3

333=3

==o *== 2=== =?==

=§===

-6 0

6

-5 0

6 0 *

3=3=3

6 0 *

=3=33

33SSI

6 0 *

=====

333=3

-*6 0

-4* -OO
-^45= -J80
" h7
- ^ 6

3^333

9-

====

-5 5 =

-3 5 =

0=3

1

- ‘4 5

-3 5 = -5 5 =

=7:33

=33=3
sex

1

8

=5=33

8

3 5 :3

■A. . . e n j o y m | n t ^

0

6

.

===*?

694s

33333

=====

!■
OUT

333=3

3=33=

3? 33

3033

3 9 3 3

=*==

=9=3

services

26

::s:

=5=

-:-

604-

recommend a?"i<ons
month
—
**89“

8

604-

« W

-SSfiO 6 0 4 -

2*education.

8

?===

=====
8 :::

.::::

=3=3=
9===
=====

==8:

4=33

3 = ::

=33=3

3=3=3

=====

32

3=0=

4=33

3 = ::

34

:::::

33” :

:::::

30

5==

=6==

=s==

=6==

3^3

=8==

=#==

33=33

33333

33333

33=33

w :;

=8==
3 3 333

33=3=

3333=

5 "

*===

=5==

4 ”

=?==

:::::

:::::

:::::

:::::

3 3 333

APPENDIX D
VARIABLES AND CATEGORIES USED IN
CHI-SQUARE

(x2 ) TESTS OF

SIGNIFICANCE

APPENDIX D
VARIABLES A N D CATEGORIES USED IN
CHI-SQUARE

(X2 ) TESTS OF

SIGNIFICANCE
Hypothesis Num b e r 3
3a.

M e th o d of Travel

1

2

Foot
Bicycle
Horseback
Motoreyele/motorbike
Other
3b.

Age

3b.

11-15
16-20
21-25
26— 30
31-40
41-50
51-60
60+
3c.

years
years
years
years
years
years
years
years

Sex
Male (M)
Female (F)

Camping Participation
Camping
Not camping

All variables w i t h asterisks (*) have been "col­
lapsed" to raise cell frequencies above 5, thereby m a k i n g
the x 2 values calculated por t r a y the true nature of things.
Original categories m a y be seen in A p p e n d i x A.
2

Variables tested at 5 per cent level of s i g n i f i ­

cance •
161

162
3d.

Why Trail Chosen*
Group I
Group
Group
Group
Group

3e.

One family and children
Two families
One couple
Organized group
One person alone
Group of friends
One person alone

Camping Frequency
Group X
Group XX

3g .

(f)

1-2 times
3-56 times
(f)

1-2 times
3-4 times
5-3 4 times

Occupation11
Group
Group
Group
Group

X
II
XXX
IV

Group V
Group VI
3j

1-2 times
3-56 times

Trail Use Frequency
Group X
Group XX
Group XXX

3i.

(f)*

Sightseeing Frequency
Group X
Group X X

3h.

9

Type of Group
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

3f.

XI
III
XV
V

Interesting, scenic, nice location
nature observation
By accident
Well-marked, satisfactory length
Like it better than others
For fun or curiosity

Professional
Clerical and sales
Skilled workers
Semi-skilled, service, unskilled, and
farm operators
Unemployed, students, and retired
Housewife and other

Education*
Group X
Group XX
Group XII

8-12 years
13-16 years
17 or more years

163
3k.

Income'
Group
Group
G r ou p
Group

X
II
III
XV

31.

Enjoyment*

3m.

En joyment*
Group X
Group II
Group III

3n,

Less $3,000-$5,000
6,000- 9,000
10 ,000-14,000
15,000-or m o r e

Privacy, tranquility, solitude, scenery,
b e a u t y , and nature
Hiking, walking, riding, exercise,
sightseeing, and adventure
Trees, birds, fish, plants, bridges,
r i v e r , l a k e , and water

Recommendation*
Group X
Group XX
Group XXX
Group IV

Leave trail as is
Better and more m a r k e d trails
M o r e campsites, restrooms, benches, trash
c a n s , d r inking f o u n t a i n s , water
Keep m o t o r i z e d vehicles off the trail,
ban hunting and m o t o r c y c l i n g

APPENDIX E
EXAMPLE OF TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE:
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROPORTIONS

APPENDIX E
EXAMPLE OF TEST OF SIGNIFICANCES
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPORTIONS

For Ludington State Park
Area (10)
HO:

1.

(8) and Pinckney State Recreation

There is no difference in the proportion of male
frail users between the two recreational a r e a s .1
(Pi = p 2 >
2

Given d a t a .

Male

Station
Ludington
Pinckney
Total

Female

190
76

121
25

266

146

X . S I ) (.ssy +
/
"Til-

M/F Ratio

L75Mj25)

.61/.39
.75/.25

Total
311
101
412

_ /7OT25T = .051

Calculations and tests of significance will be
included here in detail for Ludington and Pinckney only.
For other park and/or forest a r e a s , procedures used and
variables tested were the same but will not be shown.
2

Data included here and those for succeeding tables
were directly obtained from Appendix A.
164

165
HO:

2.

There Is no difference in -the proportion of frail
users more than 30 years of age between the two
recreational areas.
(P^ — P 2 ^ *
Given d a t a :

Station

> 30
Years

<_ 30
Years

>30/<_30

Total

Ludington
Pinckney

134
34

176
67

.42/.58
.34/.66

310
101

168

243

Total

SD

= / < ^ 2 w . 6„581, +

S

- .054
_ _ .42 - .34
z = — TT553---

HO:

3.

Station
Ludington
Pinckney
Total

411

= srm -1- m u =

.054

.080
iao
7 5 3 T ~ x -48

There is no difference in the proportion of trail
users who camped between the two recreational
areas
(pi - p 2 >
Given data:

Camp e d

Did Not Camp

227
31

100

258

173

73

C/NC
69/.31
30/.70

Total
327
104
431

166
SD

= / U 6 ^327—

S

= .052

+

- /7TTOTB7 - .052

up
_ _ .69 - .30 _ .39

TU^l

z
HO:

4.

There
users
tween
(pi Given

is no difference in the proportion of trail
who had 17 or more years of education be­
the two recreational areas

P2>
data:

Station

Education
17 or More

<17

Ludington
Pinckney

94
99

210
50

133

260

Total

_ _

7&5T ~ 7*50

SD

= / (‘31j0469) +

SD

= .056
__ -.13
z = .31 - .44 =
<05g

z — -2 .32

>17/<17
.31/.69
.44/.56

Total
304
89
393

= ✓.00325 = .056

167
HO:

5.

There is no difference in the proportion of trail
users who were professionals between the two
recreation areas
(Pi = p 2 >
Given data:

Station

Professional

Ludington
Pinckney
Total

121
35

181
54

156

235

/(.40)
Dp

-

/

NonProfessional

( . 6 6 )'

------T n —

.40/.60
.39/.61

Total
302
89
391

<.39> (.61)
+

P/NP

^-mrnr

ffg------------- 0 0 3 4 6

_ _ .40 - .39 _ .01
2 = — rirsrs----z = 0.17
HO:

There is no difference in the proportion of trail
users who had $10,000 or more annual income between
the two recreational areas
(Pi = p 2 >
Given data:

Station
Ludington
Pinckney
Total

Income
$ 1 0 ,0 0 0 >

Income
<$10,000

167
56

99
27

223

126

$ 1 0 ,0 0 0 /
<$ 1 0 , 0 0 0
.63/.37
.67/.33

Total
266
83
349

89*0- = z
650*

*0*-

=

SS.Q.’_ .

6S0 * =

89T

z

L9* - £9*
S

APPENDIX F
ADVANTAGES OF USING AND METHOD OF
COMPUTING CHI-SQUARE VALUES

APPENDIX F
ADVANTAGES OF USING AND M E T H O D OF
C OMPUTING CHI-SQUARE VALUES

"Chi-square

2

<x ) statistics" also k n own as n o n —

parametric or distribution-free statistics has m a n y a p p l i ­
cations.

It tells us whether our observations differ from

what we could expect by chance.

"Chi-square is u sed as a

test of significance w h e n w e have data that are e x p r essed
in frequencies or data that are in terms of p e r c e ntages or
proportions and that can be reduced to frequencies."^
Many of its applications are with discrete d ata as w e l l
as continuous data that can be reduced to categories.
This m e t h o d is useful in this study since the d a t a o b ­
tained are recorded in f r e q u e n c i e s , p e r c e n t a g e s , or p r o ­
portions and various categories.

It is helpful in the

sense that tests conducted with this m e t h o d w o u l d d e t e r ­
mine whe t h e r or not observations m a d e by the r e s e a r c h e r
are different from what is expected b y chance at a certain
level of significance.
^Downie and Heath, Statistical Methods, p.

169

160.

170
Some of the advantages of chi-square test are the
following:
1.

Popular measure of significance of difference
for nominal-level information.1

2.

Determination of whether observed results are
consonant with those predicted by some theory.

3.

2

No assumptions are necessary about the shape
of the parameter distribution.3

4.

Categories can be increased or decreased
depending on the desired degree of precision.

5.

Observed values of x

2

can fc>e interpreted with

the use of tabular values.
In solving the x
v2 =

2

values a basic formula is used:

1(0 - E)2
E

where,
O = the frequency of observations in any particular
category.
E = the frequency of observations expected under
the probability model in any particular cate­
gory .
2
X = the numerical value which tells whether or not
observations obtained could have occurred by
chance.
1Champion, Basic Statistics, p. 136.
2

A. Pierce, Fundamentals of Nonparametric Statistics (Belmont, C a l i f .: Dickenson Publishing C o . , Inc.,
1576), p. 195.
3

Downie and Heath, Statistical Methods, p. 160.

171
Example:

A researcher is interested in testing

-the hypothesis that in Group A, males and females are
equally represented in a particular sample.
Null Hypothesis

(Hq ) :

The number of m a les is equal

to the number of females in Group A.
A lternative Hypothesis

(H^):

The number of males

is not equal to the number of females in G r oup A.
The d a t a o b tained are tabulated below:
Group A:

Observed Frequencies:

Males

15

Females

25

Total

40

(N)

Group A:

E x pected F r e q u e n c i e s :

Males

20

Females

20

Total

40

(N)

U sing the formula above the x

2

value can be readily

obtained

bution and w i t h corresponding level of significance
5 per cent)

and degree of freedom,

the observed x

2

(say
value

can be evaluated either significant o r not significant.
In the above example the tabular value for x

2

at 5 per cent

172
level of significance and one degree of freedom is 3.841.
Since the calculated x

2

value 2.50 is less than the x

2

tabular value 3.841, it can be concluded that the observed
difference in sex distribution in Group A is not signifi­
cant.

Hence, the null hypothesis stands.

The preceding

solution is an example of a one-way table chi-square
analysis.

The same basic principle holds for two-way

contingency tables which are used to compare two vari­
ables at a time.